XAVERIAN BROTHERS' LIBRARY BALTIMORE, MD. Case No. ■ / 4 GENERAL GAZETTEER IMPROVED; OR, A NEW AND COMPENDIOUS GEOGRAPHICAL DICTIONARY; CONTAINING A DESCRIPTION OF THE EMPIRES, KINGDOMS, STATES, PROVINCES, CITIES TOWNS, FORTS, SEAS, HARBOURS, RIVERS, LAKES, MOUNTAINS, CAPES, &c. W IN THE KNOWN WORLD ; WITH THE GOVERNMENT, CUSTOMS, MANNERS, AND RELIGION OF THE INHABITANTS ; The Ixtent, Boundaries, and Natural Productions of each Country ; the Trade, M lufactures, and Curiosities of the Cities and Towns ; their Longitude, Lati- tu Bearings and Distances in English Miles, from remarkable places ; and th various events by which they have been distinguished : INCLUDING A *)|TAIL OF THE COUNTIES, CITIES, BOROUGHS, MARKET-TOWNS, AND PRINCIPAL VILLAGES, IN GREAT BRITAIN AND IRELAND: TOGETHER WITH succinct Account of, at least, one thousand Cities, Towns, and Villages in the United States, more than has appeared in any foreign Edition of the same Work; in 'which the numerous mistakes and deficiencies of European Gazet- teers, respecting this country, are corrected and supplied. ILLUSTRATED BY EIGHT MAPS, NEATLY EXECUTED ORIGINALLY WRITTEN BY R. BROOKES, M. D. THE SECOND AMERICAN EDITION, FROM THE LATEST EUROPEAN, WITH GREAT ADDITIONS ASD'iMPRO VEME.VTS IN EVERY PARI. PUBLISHED BY JOHNSON AND WARNER, PHILADELPHIA. AND RICHMOND, VIRGINIA. 1812. DISTRICT OF PENjYS YL VANIA, ss. ******** g E IT remembered, That on the twentieth day of * L S. J February, in the thirtieth year of the Independence of *##****! the United States of America, A. D. 1806. Jacob John- son Sc Co of the said district, have deposited in this office the Title of a Book, the right whereof they claim as Proprietors, in the words following, to wit : " Brookes's General Gazetteer Improved ; or, a new and compendious " Geographical Dictionary, containing a description of the Empires, King- " doms. States, Provinces, Cities, Towns, forts, Seas, Harbours, Rivers, " Lakes, Mountains, Capes, Sec. in the known World. W ith the Govcrn- " ment, Customs, Manners, and Religion of the Inhabitants ; the Extent, " Boundaries and natural Productions of each Country ; the T^afle Ma- " nufactures, and Curiosities of the Cities and Towns; their Longitude, " Latitude, Bearings and Distances in English miles, from remarkable " places; and the various events by which they have been distinguished. 6< Including a detail of the Counties, Cities, Boroughs, Market-towns, and « principal Villages, in Great Britain and Ireland : together with a succinct « Account of, at least, seven hundred Cities, Towns and villages in the Jnit- " ed States, more than has appeared in any preceding Edition otthesame " Work ; in which the numerous- mistakes and deficiencies of European " Gazetteers, respecting this country, are corrected and supplied, tllus- " trated by Eight Maps, neatly executed. Originally written y R. " Brookes, M. D. The first American Edition from the latest ^uro " pean, with great additions and improvements in every part." In Conformity to an Act of the Congress of the United States en- titled, " An Act for the Encouragement of Learning, by securim the Copies of Maps, Charts, and Books, to the Authors and Proprietcs 01 such Copies, during the times therein mentioned." And also to the\ct. entitled, " An Act Supplementary to an Act, entitled, An Act foithe Encouragement of learning, by securing the Copies of Maps, Chartsand Books to the Authors and Proprietors of such Copies during the tnes therein mentioned ;" and extending the Benefits thereof to the Ar of designing, engraving, and etching historical and other Prints." D. CALDWELL, Clerk of t} District of Penn sylvan $ \ ADVERTISEMENT TO THE TWELFTH EDITION". THIS edition has been carefully revised and corrected ; and besides considerable improvements which have been introduced in former edi- tions of this Gazetteer, the publishers have availed themselves of all the latest and most approved publications, which could be of any utility in the compilation of this work. Park's Travels into Africa have been con- sulted, and the alterations introduced by that traveller into the geography of Africa have been particularly attended to ; the late Embassy to Ava, and Journey to Thibet, have been carefully perused, and several altera- tions in the Geography of these countries have been introduced, besides the names of several towns and other topographical corrections. No pains have been spared to render this edition as correct as possible, and every publication has been consulted by the publishers, from which new geo- graphical information could be obtained. The very material changes which have been introduced in the state of the different kingdoms of Europe within these few years, by the vicissitudes of war, or the still more uncertain operations of internal tumult, have been particularly no- ticed, and the historical events have been all brought down to the pe- riod when the work went to press ; and the distances, longitudes, and la- titudes have been given with all possible accuracy. IN addition to the improvements detailed in the foregoing adver- tisement, the present edition being the second of this well known Gazet- teer, that has issued from the American press, contains a description of at least one thousand principal towns, &c. in the United States ; which, doubtless, will render it the most valuable edition of the work that has yet appeared. Am. Ed. 3fe AN INTRODUCTION TO ASTRONOMY AXD GEOGRAPHY. ASTRONOMY, is the science of the celestial bodies ; and Geogra- phy, is a description of the Earth. As these two sciences have in many respects, a necessary connection, we shall take a cursory view of each. OF ASTRONOMY. Astronomy is a science, which has been the study and admiration oi the most remote ages. The true system of the universe appears to have been known in the earliest tirres. Pythagoras in particular, who flourish- ed near 500 years before Christ, was undoubtedly acquainted with the pre- sent doctrine of the planetary motions, which he is supposed to have learn- ed during his residence with some more enlightened nations in the East. Hence this doctrine, for many ages was called the Pythagorean System. This system supposes the Earth at rest in the centre of the universe, and that the heavens revolve round it from east to west, carrying all the celestial bodies along with them, in t,venty-four hours. Being consonant to ap- pearances) it was adhered to for many ages, till happily in the year 1530, the true system was revived by Nicolaus Copernicus, a native of Thorn in Western Prussia. OF THE SOLAR SYSTEM. As by the universe is to be understood the whole frame of nature, to the utmost extent of the creation, by the solar system is meant that portion onh of the universe which comprehends the Sun, planets, satellites, and com cts. Of this system the Sun is the centre ; and there are seven planet: which revolve round him, each in its path or orbit. The names of these planets, in the order of their distance from the Sun, are Mercury, Venus the Earth, Mars, Jupiter, Saturn, and the Georgian. The first two, be cause they move within the orbit of the Earth, are called inferior planets .: and the last four, on account of their movinp; without that orbit, are cal- led superior planets. $ VI INTRODUCTION. THE SUN. The Sun, the centre of our system, the parent of the seasons, and " great delegated source of light and life," is in the form of a spheroid, higher under the equator than about the poles. His diameter is 763-000 miles, his solid bulk a million of times larger than the Earth's; and his distance from the Earth is 95,173, 000 miles This distance is so prodi- gious, that a cannon-ball. v. hich moves at the rate of about eight miles in a minute, would be something more than twenty-two years and a half in go- ing from the Earth to the Sun. A number of maculae, or dark spots, by means of a telescope, may be seen on different parts of his surface. These spots are supposed to be immense excavations in the body of the Sun. They have a motion from east to west ; and as they are observed to r ove quicker when they are near the central regions, it follows that the Sun must be a spherical body, and revolve on his axis. The time in which he performs this revolution is twenty -five days and six hours. THE PLANETS. The planets are all opaque spherical bodies, and have no light of then own, but shine by means of that borrowed light which they receive from the Sun. From the regular appearance antl disappearance of several re- markable dark spots, which, by means of a telescope, are constantly to be seen on their bodies, it may be demonstrated, that each has a motion round its axis, and from their seeming sometimes to be stationary, and at other times retrograde, it is equally certain, they must have a progressive motion round the Sun. As the Earth, moteover, is similar to the other six planets, it may reasonably be concluded! by analogy, that they must be designed for the same purposes, although, fj-om their different proportions of heat and cold, it is not credible that beings of our make and tempera- ment could live upon ail of them. We nov proceed to the consideration of each planet in particular. 1. Mercury, the nearest planet to the aim, revolves round that lumi- nary in about eighty-seven days and twenty-three hours, or little less than three of our months, which is the length of his year. Being seldom seen, however, on account of his proximity to the Sun, and no spots ap- pearing on his disk, the time of his rotation on his axis, or the length of his days and nights is unknown. His distance from the Sun is 36.841,000 miles ; his diameter, 3,100 ;ancl in his annual revolution round the Sun, he moves at the rate of 105,000 miles an hour. These calculations, as well as those of the other planets which follow, are founded on astronomical observations made on the transit of Venus over the Sun, in the year 1761. Mercury seems, when viewed in different positions with a good telescope, to have all the phases or appearances of the Moon, except that he can, at no time, be seen entirely round, or quite full; because his enlightened side is never turned directly toward us, but when he is so near the Sun as to be hid in his beams. 2. Venus, which is the brightest, and in appearance the largest, of all the planets, is the next beyond Mercury. She is 68,891,000 miles from the Sun, and, by moving at the rate of 76,000 miles an hour, completes her annual revolution in 224 days and seventeen hours, or about seven INTRODUCTION. vii months and a half. Her diameter is 7,360 miles, and her diurnal rotation on her axis is performed in twenty-four days and eight hours. When this planet appears to the west of the Sun, she rises before him in the morning, and is called the morning star; and when she appears to the east of that luminary, she shines to the evening, and is called the evening star. She is in each situation, alternately, for about 290 days ; and during the whole of her revolution, appears, through a telescope, to have the various pha- ses of the Moon. 5. The Earth, the next planet beyond Venus, is 95,173,000 miles distant from the Sun, and by travelling at the rate of 58,000 miles an hour, performs its annual revolution in in 365 days, five hours, and 49 minutes, which is the space of our year. This motion, although 120 times swifter than that of a cannon ball, is little more than half the velocity of Mercu- ry in his orbit. The diameter of the Earth is 7,970 miles ; and as it tarns round its axis every twenty-four hours, from west to east, it occa- sions an apparent motion of all the heavenly bodies from east to west, in the same time. The line which it describes in its annual motion is cal- led the ecliptic, and in this line it proceeds from west to east, according to the order of the signs of the zodiac. This motion is the cause of the different seasons of spring, summer, autumn, and winter, and consequent- ly of the different length of day and night in these seasons. The rotation of the Earth on its axis in twenty-four hours, makes it day in those parts which are turned towards the Sun, and night in the parts which are turn- ed from him- It is now received as an incontrovertible truth, that the Earth is of a spherical figure, nearly resembling that of a globe. This is evident from the voyages of several celebrated circumnavigators, who, by steering continually westward,, arrived at length, at the place whence they departed ; which could never have happened, had the Earth been of any other than a spherical figure. This form is also evident from the cir- cular appearance of the sea itself, and the circumstances which attend large objects when seen at a distance on its surface ; for, when a ship is sailing from the shore, we first lose sight of the hull, afterward of the rigging, and, at last, discern the top of the mast only. This is evidently occasioned by the convexity of the water between the eye and the object; for, otherwise, the largest and most conspicuous part would be visibl - the longest. Another proof of the globular form of the Eatth is taken from the circular form of its shadow on the face of the Moon, in the time of an eclipse. The unevennesses on the surface of the Earth, which are caused by mountains and vallies, do not afford an objection to its be- ing considered as a circular body : for the mosi lofty men:. tains bear less proportion to the vast magnitude of the Earth, than the small risings on the coat of an orange do to the orange itself, or a grain of sand to an ar- tificial globe of a foot in diameter. Accordingly, we find, that these tri- lling protuberances occasion no irregularities in the shadow of the earth during the time of a lunar eclipse. It has been demonstrated, however, that the Earth is not a perfect globe. Sir Isaac Newton found, by mathe- matical calculations of the action of gravity on a revolving sphere, that the Earth must be flatted toward the poles; which hypothesis was fully confirmed by the mensuration of a degree in -"Lapland ana France, from which it appeared, that the polar diameter of the Earth is to the equato- rial, as 229 is to 230; or, that the regions of the equator are elevated about thirty -five miles more than those of the poles ; and that the true fig- ■viii INTRODUCTION. ure of the Earth, consequently, was that of an oblate spheroid, or a body nearly resembling an orange. 4. Mars, the next planet beyond the orbit of the Earth, is distant from '.he Sun 1 45,0 14,000 miles. He moves at the rate of 55,000 miles an hour, and completes his revolution round the Sun in little less than two of our years. His diameter is 5,150 miles; and his diurnal rotation on bis axis is performed in twenty-four hours and thirty-nine minutes. He sometimes appears gibbous, but never horned, like the Moon; which evi- dently demonstrates, that his orbit includes that of the Earth, and that he shines not by any native light. This planet is diversified with spots like the Moon ; and from his ruddy and obscure appearance, as well as from other circumstances, it is concluded, that his atmosphere is nearly of the same density, with that of the Earth. 5 Jupiter, the largest of all the planets, is the next in the system be- yond Mars. His distance from the Sun is 494,990,000 miles. He tra- vels at the rate of 29,000 miles an hour, and completes his annual revolu- tion in something less than twelve of our years. His diameter is 94,100 miles ; and by a prodigious rapid motion on his axis, he performs his di- urnal rotation in nine hours and fifty-six minutes. The telescopic ap- pearance of this planet affords a vast field for the curious inquirer. It is surrounded by several faint substances, resembling belts or bands, which are parallel to the plane of its orbit. They are not regular or constant in their appearance ; for sometimes one only is to be seen, and sometimes five ; and, in the latter case, two, of them have been known to disappear during the time of observation. This planet is also diversified with a number of large spots, which are on the brightest parts of the surface ; but, like the belts, they are subject to, various mutations, both in their fi- gure and periods. His moons, or satellites, which are four in number, were discovered by Galileo, in 1610, soon after the invention of the teles- < ope ; but the belts were not discovered till near twenty years after. 6. Saturn, the next planet beyond Jupiter, is 907,956,000 miles from the Sun ; and, by travelling at the rate of 22,000 miles an hour, performs Ids annual circuit round that luminary in about twenty nine and a half of our years. His diameter is 77,990 miles ; and he is surrounded by belts, like Jupiter, by observations on which Dr. Herschel determined, in Janua^ iv 179 4, that his diurnal rotation is performed in ten hours and sixteen minutes. Saturn is observed to be attended by seven satellites. Of these, five were discovered in the last century ; and the other two were first ob- served by Dr. Herschel, in 1783. A magnificent luminous ring encom- passes this planet, at such a distance, that several of the stars may fre- quently be seen between the inward surface of the ring and the body of the planet ; its distance from which is equal to its breadth, which is about 21,000 miles. This ring was discovered by Huygens, about the year 1655. 7, The Georgian, the most remote planet in our system, had esca- ped the observation of every astronomer (at least as a planet) till the 13th [arch 1781, when it was seen by Dr. Herschel, who gave it the name of Georgwm Stylus, as a mark of respect to his present majesty, and to con- vey an idea to posterity of the time and place of the discovery. Its dis- tance from the Sun is 1,316.455,000 miles, which is nineteen times grea- ter than that of the Earth. Its diameter is 55,220 miles ; and it revolves round the Sun at the rate of 7,000 miles an hour, in about 82 years. It shires with a faint steady light, somewhat paler and fainter than Jupiter ; INTRODUCTION. but its apparent diameter being only about four seconds, it can seldom be seen plainly by the naked eye, but may be easily discover -d in a clear night, when above the horizon, by a good telescope. Six satellites, atten- ding upon it have since been discovered. \^0Ok'- THE SECONDARY PLANETS. Besides the primary planets, there are eighteen others, called secon- dary planets, satellites, or moons, which regard their primaries as the centres of their motions, and revolve round them in the same manner as those primaries do round the Sun ; namely, the Moon, which attends our Earth ; the four satellites of Jupiter; the seven that belong to Sa- turn : and the six that attend the Georgian. From the continual change of their phases or appearances, it is evident that these also are opaque bodies, and shine only by the reflection of the light which they receive from the Sun. The Moon which is the constant attendant ojBBfckglobe, is the most conspicuous of these satellites. She accompanM^Hpfearth in its annual progress through the heavens, and revolves roumflrtcon tin u ally by a dif- ferent motion, in the space of a month. The diameter of the Moon is 2,180 miles; her distance from the Earth 240,000 miles; and, in bulk, she is sixty times less than the Earth. The rotation of the Moon on her axis is performed exactly in the same time that she moves once round the Earth, as is evident from her always presenting the same face to us during the whole of her monthly revolution. On viewing the moon through a telescope, the hypothesis of planetary worlds receives additi- onal confirmation. Vast cavities and asperites are observed upon various parts of her surface, exactly resembling vallies and mountains : and every other appearance seems to indicate, that she is a body of the same nature with the Earth. Dr. Hersche], the superiority of whose telescopes is well known, has stated, in the Philosophical Transactions for 1787, his observations on three different volcanoes in the Moon. Several astrono- mers have given exact maps of the Moon, with the figure of every spot, as it appears through the best telescopes, distinguishing each of them by a proper name. One of the most remarkable circumstance: attending the Moon, is the continual change of figure to which she is subject. While that half of her which is toward the Sun is illumined, the other half is dark and invisible. Hence, she disappears when she comes be- tween the Earth and the Sun, because her dark side is then towards us. When she is gone somewhat forward we see a little of her enlightened side, which still increases to our view as she advances, until she comes to be opposite the Sun, when her entire enlightened side is toward the Earth, and she appears with a full illumined orb, which we call the Full Moon ; her dark side being then turned away from the Earth. From the full she decreases gradually as she proceeds through the other haif of her course; showing us less and less of her bright side, every day, till her next change or conjunction with the Sun, and then she disappears as teftte*-^ . l '*f?iffi * : ^lwSSfc ■ ' v * X INTRODUCTION. THE COMETS. Comets, arc solid opaque bodies, of different magnitudes, like the planets. Their number is unknown ; but they have been found to move round the Sun, and to cross the orbits of the planets in all manner of di- rections: They are principally distinguished from the planets by long fiery tails, which continually issue from the side that is furthest from the Sun. The orbits, in which these vast bodies move, are exceedingly long ovals, or very eccentric ellipses, of such amazing circumferences, that iti some parts of their circuit through the heavens, they approach so near the Sun as to be almost vitrified by his heat; and then go off again into the regions of infinite space, to such immense distances, as to be totally deprived of the light and heat which the rest of the planets receive from that luminary. The paths which they describe, and the laws to which they are subject, hayebeen discovered by Newton. Their revolutions are governed throudHfet by the same law, of describing equal areas in equal times, whicl^^^Mfwn to regulate the motions of all the other bo dies in the system.^W OF THE FIXED STARS. What a magnificent idea of the Creator and his works is presented in this account of the solar system!. In the centre is placed the Sun, a stu- pendous bo'dy of fire, around whose orb, the planets, satellites, and comets, perform their revolutions, with an exactness and regularity which must fill the mind with the most sublime conceptions of their divine origin. Who can contemplate the magnitudes and distances of those vast bodies, and not be struck with the wonders of Omnipotence ? But to form some idea, however imperfect, of the extent of the universe, and the more glorious works of creation, we must extend our views to those nu- merous and splendid orbs, which are dispersed far beyond the bounds of our solar system. The fixed stars arc distinguished from the planets by being more lumi- nous, and by continually exhibiting that appearance which we call the twinkling of the stars. But a more remarkable property of the fixed stars (and from which they obtain their name) is their never changing their si- tuation with regard to each other, as the planets do; for although the ro- tation of the Earth, on its axis, occasions an apparent diurnal motion of the whole frame of the heavens, in a contrary direction, yet any two fixed stars being observed, at distant intervals of time, will always be found to preserve the same relative position during the whole of this revolution. The stars which are the nearest to us seem the largest, and are there- fore called stars of the fr.-st magnitude, and soon as far as the sixth, which includes all the stars that are visible without a telescope , and since the invention of that instrument, their number is considered as immense. But the immensity of their number is not alone worthy of admiration ; their immense distance from us, and from each other, must equally exalt 1 INTRODUCTION. xi mr ideas of the wonders of Omnipotence, and the inconceivable extent of the creation. The nearest star to us, or that supposed to be such from being the largest in appearance, is Sirius, or the dog-star ; its distance from the Sun is computed to be above 32 millions of millions of miles, which is further than a cannon ball would fly in seven millions of years. The stars being at such immense distances from the Sun, cannot re- ceive from him so strong a light as they seem to possess, ncr even a de- gree of brightness sufficient to make them visible to us. They, there- fore, shine by their own lustre, and, in this respect, are totally different from the planets. The vulgar and uninformed imagine, that all the stars were made only to give a faint glimmering light to the inhabitants of this globe, although many of these stars are so far from benefiting us, that they cannot be seen without a telescope ; and there are innumerable others which the eye, even by the aid of that instrument can never reach. It cannot be ima- gined therefore, that the omnipotent Creator, who acts with infinite wis- dom, and never acts in vain, should have created so many glorious suns fitted for so many important purposes, and placed at such distances from each other, without suitable objects sufficiently near them to be benefited by their influence. On the contrary, it is reasonable to conclude, that they were created for the same purposes with our Sun; to bestow light, heat, and vegetation, on a certain number of planets revolving round them. And, from analogy we may infer, that all these innumerable systems are with equal wisdom contrived for the accommodation of ra- tional inhabitants; perhaps of still higher orders of intelligent beings, all capable, in the different scales of existence, of a perpetual progression in knowledge and virtue, in perfection and felicity DESCRIPTION OF THE ARTIFICIAL SPHERE. ON the convex part of the terrestrial globe, which is an artificial sphc- icaj body, is truly represented the whole world, as it consists of land and water. The circumference of the globe is divided into 360 degrees, every degree containing 60 geographic miles ; consequently the globe is 21,600 such miles round: but as 60 geographic miles are about 69 miles English measure, the circuit of the globe is therefore 24,840 English miles. The circles represented on the globe are, L.The Equator, and the circles parallel to it. 2. The Meridian, and the rest of the meridinal lines. 3. The Horizon. 4. The Eciiptic. 5. The two Tropics ; and 6. The two Polar Circles. The Equator, or Equinoctial, is a great circle, ninety degrees distant from the poles of the world, and so named, because it divides the world into two equal parts ; that in which the arctic pole is found, is cal- led the northern half ; and that in which the antarctic pole is placed, is the southern halff It is divided into 360 acgrees, or 180 degrees east, xii INTRODUCTION. and the same west, from the first meridian, which on English globes par- ses through London ; and its principal use is to show the longitude of any place, east or west, from such first meridian. When the Sun is in this circle, there is an equality of days and nights all over the world : hence these points are called the equinoxes. The Meridian is a great circle supposed to pass through the poles of the world and those of the horizon, cutting the sphere into two equal parts, the one oriental, and the other occidental. It also passes through the zenith and the nadir in every place, and cuts the horizon at right an- gles. It is called the Meridian, because it marks half the space of time during which the Sun and stars appear above the horizon. As there is an infinite number of zeniths and horizons, the number of Meridians is also infinite; for the Meridian its changed^ as well as the zenith and hori- zon every step wc take toward the east or west ; but if we pass in a right line northward or southward, we still continue under the same Meridian, though we constantly change the zenith and horizon. However, geogra- phers only reckon 360 Meridians, which are supposed to pass through every degree of the equinoctial. It has been customary for geographers to establish a first Meridian ; though this is altogether arbitrary ■ Ptolemy placed it at the island of Ferro, which is the most western of the Cana- ries; but the common method, at present, is for every geographer to make the Meridian of the capital of his country the First Meridian ; and, accordingly, the longitudes in this Dictionary are reckoned east or west from the Meridian of London. The use of the brass Meridian of a globe is to show when it is noon or midnight at the place to which it is applied ; uid also to find the latitude of places, north or south from the equator. The, Ecliptic is a great circle that cuts the equator obliquely, and represents that path in the heavens, which the sun seems to describe by the Earth's annual course round it. It is divided into 12 parts, called signs, and each of those into 30 more, called degrees, corresponding to the 12 months and the days of the month. The Horizon is a great circle, which divides the world into two equal parts or hemispheres, of which one is superior and visible, and the other inferior and invisible. When the Sun is above this circle it is then day, and when it is sunk 18 degrees beneath it, night then commences. This circle is of wood, and the brass meridian is inclosed therein with all the rest of the sphere : it is also immoveable, and on it are marked the de- grees of the 12 signs of the ecliptic, and the days of the 12 months of the year. The Tropics are two small circles parallel to the equinoctial, describ- ed by the first points of the first degrees of the signs termed Cancer and Capricorn, that is, where they touch the ecliptic. They are distant from the equinoctial very near 23 degrees and a half. The Sun describes these Tropics about the 20th of June, and the 21st day of December. When he touehes the Tropic of Cancer, he makes the longe'st day for the in- habitants between the equator and the north pole ; and when he comes to the beginning of Capricorn, he makes the longest day for the people between the equator and the south pole. On the contrary, the shortest day to the former will be when the Sun touches the Tropic of Capricorn, and to the latter when he comes to the Tropic of Cancer. For this rea- son, those points are called the winter and the summer Tropics, or the southern and northern; and they are as it were the two barriers, beyond which the Sun never passes, « INTRODUCTION. xiii The Polar Circles are distinguished by the names of the arctic and antarctic, or the north and the south, and are circles parallel to the equi- noctial. They are termed Polar, because they are near the poles of the world, being only 23 degrees and a half from each pole. The Map, of the World, at the beginning of this book represents the globe, taken out of its horizon, cut through, turned up and squeezed flat. The circles bounding the projection, represent the brass meridian; and the curve lines running across at every 10 degrees, show the latitude, north or south from the equator. The top and bottom are the north and south poles ; and the curve lines uniting them, are the other meridians on the globe, which are drawn at every 10 degrees on the equator, and show the longitude, east or west, from the meridian of London. The equator or equinoctial is the straight line running across the meridians exactly in the middle. The tropics and polar circles are delineated at their proper distances on each side towards the north and south. OF THE ZONES. The Zones are five broad spaces encompassing the globe, and are dis- tinguished chiefly by the temperature of the air. The torrid Zone con- tains all the space between the two tropics, and is so called from, its ex- cessive heat, the Sun being vertical twice every year to all that inhabit it. This circle is about 47 degrees broad. The two temperate Zones are so called from their lying between the two extreme degrees of heat and cold, viz. between the torrid Zone and the frigid Zones, the one be- ing called the Northern temperate Zone, and the other the Southern temperate Zone. These are both 43 degrees broad. Of the two frigid Zones, the one encompasses the arctic or north pole, and extends to the distance of 23 degrees and a half from it; and the other, the antarctic or south pole, to the same distance. OF THE CLIMATES. A Climate is a space of the Earth comprehended between two parai iels, at the end of which the length of the longest days are increased half an hour in the summer season. The better to understand this we must observe, that under the equator the longest day is no more than twelve hours, and that In proportion as we advance toward the polar circle, the days of each climate increase half an hour, till we arrive at the polar cir- cles ; for then the longest days consist of 24 hours. Thus there are 24 Climates* in all, on each side of the equator. It is easy to know in what Climate a city is, by observing the longest day ; as for instance, at Lon- don, where the days are 16 hours long, we need only subtract 12 from the number, and there will remain four; then multiply this by two, and you will have eight, which is the Climate of London, The same may be done on any other Climate. INTRODUCTION. OF THE POINTS OF THE COMPASS. The Earth may be considered, with regard to the four cardinal Points, which are the north, south, east, and west ; and all the points included between them may have respect lo a particular place. By this means we know the situation of the different countries of the world, with regard to each other ; for some are oriental or toward the east, with regard to those that are occidental, or lie westerly of them. Thus Ireland is to the west of England, Poland is to the east of Germany, and Africa is to the south of Europe. We may easily distinguish the points that lie between those that are cardinal : thus, though Spain is to the south of France, yet it likewise lies to the westward thereof : but as they do not lie exactly south or west of each other, Spain may be said to lie southwest of France ; and for the same reason, on the contrary, France will be north- east with regard to Spain. The like may be said of any two other countries. OF THE TERMS USED IN GEOGRAPHY. The word. Geography comes from the Greek, and signifies a description of the Earth. By the Earth is meant the terraqueous globe composed of land and water, and it is commonly called the terrestrial globe. Choro- graphy is the description of a country, province, or county ; as, for in- stance, Dorsetshire. Topography is the description of a particular place, as a town and the like. Hydrography is a description of the water, such as oceans, seas, and lakes. As the Earth may be represented either in the whole, or in part, it forms the difference between geographical charts or maps, which, how- ever, may be reduced to two kinds ; namely, general and particular. Among the former is the map of the world, or planisphere, which shows the two surfaces of the whole terrestrial globe, cut in two by the meri- dian passing through the equinoxes ; as also the maps which describe some principal part of the globe ; such as Europe, Asia, or Africa : and even kingdoms ; as Sweden, Spain, or Great Britain. However, those maps may be called particular, which represent any particular country ; but they are more properly such as give an account only of a part, as Naples in Italy, Normandy in France, and Staffordshire in England. After all, nothing can givc*a better or more general idea of the Earth than a globe, because it is of the same shape and figure ; but as it is im- possible to make one large enough to shew every part of the land and sea distinctly, there is a necessity of having recourse to general and par- ticular maps. Geography, as well as other arts and sciences! has terms proper to it- self, some of which have relation to the land, and others to the water. A Continent is a large part of land that comprehends several countries not separated by any sea : thus Europe is a continent. hlav.d, or Ide, is a portion of land entirely surrounded by water. INTRODUCTION. xv A Peni?iaula, or Chersonesus, is a quantity of land which is joined to a continent only by a neck of the same, it being every where else encom- passed with water ; as the peninsula of the Crimea. An Istinnus, or neck of land, is that part by which a peninsula is joined to the land ; as the isthmus of Suez. A Promontory is a high part of land, which projects into the sea, and is commonly called a Cape, when it appears like a mountain ; but when the advanced part has little elevation, it is termed a Point. Thus the Cape of Good Hope is a mountainous promontory. An Ocean is a large collection of waters surrounding a considerable part of the continent ; such as the Atlantic and Northern Oceans. A Sea is a smaller collection of Waters, when understood in a strict sense, as the Irish Sea ; but, in general, every part of the ocean may be called the sea ; and it is still more general, when the terraqueous globe is said to consist of land and sea. A Channel is a narrow sea, confined between an island and a continent, or between two islands ; as the English Channel, and St. George's Channel. A Gulfis a part of the sea surrounded by land, except in one part, where it communicates with the ocean ; as the Gulf of Bengal, the Gulf of Florida : and yet these are more properly seas than the Mediterranean, the Baltic, and the Black Seas, which properly speaking, are gulfs, as well as the Gulf of Venice. W-^< A Bay is said to differ from a gulf only in being less, and more nar- row at the entrance than within ; but this is far from being true ; for a bay has a wider entrance in proportion than a gulf, and it may be also larger than some gulfs ; as for instance, the Bay of Biscay ; though it must be acknowledged that bays in general are much smaller, ♦^V, A Creek is a small inlet, and is always much less than a bay. A Road is a place upon any coast where there is a good anchorage, and where vessels, in some sense, are sheltered from the wind. A Siruit is a narrow passage which joins two seas, two gulfs, or a sea and a gulf; su Ji as the Sound, near the Baltic ; and the Straits of Gibral- tar, between the Atlantic Ocean and the Mediterranean Sea. A Lake is a collection of standing water surrounded by land, having no visible conimunication with the sea. Thus the Caspian Sea is truly and properiy t lake. Smaller hikes are those of Lagoda, Geneva, and several Others. 4 ' ... , r DESCRIPTION OF A MAP, The top of most modern Maps is considered as the north, the bottom as the south, the right hand as the cast, and the left hand as the west. In old Maps, where this rule is not always strictly followed, a flower de luce is generally placed on some part of it, pointing toward the north, by which the other points are easily known. v n the top of the Map, between the marginal lines, are placed the se- veral figures, which show the number of degrees of eastern or western longitu'.! . '>f every place that is directly under those figures. At the bot- tom Maps are placed ti.e same figures as those at the top ; but in Maps : r I sort, instead thereof are placed the number of hours or 1 xvi -INTRODUCTION. minutes every place in it lies distant, east or west, from its chief town or first meridian. For instance, every place which is situate one degree east of another, will appear to have the Sun four minutes of time before it ; and any one place, situate one degree west of another, will appear to have the Sun four minutes of time after it. Again, a place situate fifteen degrees east of us, as Naples, will appear to have the Sun one complete hour before us at London ; and any place situate fifteen degrees west of us, as the island of Madeira, will appear to have the Sun one hour after us at London: 14 !^!^']!^ On the right and left hand of every Map, between the marginal lines, are placed figures that shew the number of degrees, either north or south latitude which every place parallel with them is distant from the equator. Thus London is situate 5 1 degrees 30 minutes of north latitude ; that is, it is so many degrees and minutes north from the equator. Over most Maps are drawn lines from the top to the bottom, and from the right hand to the left ; those which run from the top to the bottom, are lines of lon- gitude, and those which cross them, lines of latitude ; but these are some- times omitted, when a Map is too full to admit of them. Kingdoms or Provinces, are divided from each other by a row of single points, and they are often stained with different colours. Cities or great towns are made like little houses, with a small circle in the middle of them; but smaller towns or -villages are marked only with little circles. Mountains are imitated in the form of little rising hillocks ; and forests are represented by a collection of little trees. The names of villages are written in a running hand, those of cities in a Roman character, and those of provinces in large capitals. The sea is generally left as an empty space on the Map, except where there are rocks, sands, or shelves, currents of water or wind. Rocks are sometimes made in Maps like little pointed things sticking up sharp in the sea. Sands or shelves are denoted by a great heap of little points placed in the shape of these sands, as they have been found to lie in the ocean, by sounding the depths. Currents of water are described by several long parallel crooked strokes, imitating a cur- rent. The course of winds is represented by the heads of arrows point- ing to the coast toward which the wind blows. Small rivers are described by a single crooked waving line, and large rivers by such double and treble lines made strong and black. Bridges are distinguished by a double lin$ across the rivers. GENERAL GAZETTEER: OR COMPENDIOUS GEOGRAPHICAL DICTIONARY, A A R A A, a river of Dutch Brabant, which waters Helmont, and falls into the Dommel, a little above Bois-le-duc. Aa, a river of the United Provinces, which waters Zwoll, and enters the VecJp, opposite Hasselt. Aa, a small river of Germany in West- phalia, which rises near Minister, waters that city, and falls into the Embs. Aa, a river that rises in the department of Somme in France, becomes navigable near St. Omer, passes on to Gravelines, where it falls into the German ocean. Aa, a river of Corn-land, that rises in Samojitia, and falls into the gulf of Riga. Aa, a river of Swisserland, which rises in the valley of Engelberg, crosses Under, walden, from S to N, and falls'into the Waldstaetter Sea. Near the abbey of En- gelberg, it has a noble cataract. Aar, a large river of Swisserland, which issues from a lake, near Mount Saalberg, in the S of the canton of Bern, and running N W through the whole ex- tent of the lakes of Brientz and Thun to Bern, takes a circuitous course to Sol- eure, whence it flows E to Arburg, and N E to Brug, below which it is joined by ABA the Reuss and Limmar, and then enteTs the Rhine below Zurzach. Gold dust is found in its bed, conveyed to it by the river Emme. Aar is also the name of a' small island in the Baltic. Aarassus, a town of Pisidia in the Hi- ther Asia, thought to be the Anassus of Ptolemy. Aaronsburg, a post town, in Northum- berland county, Pennsylvania ; situated on the X side of Penn's creek, (a branch of the Susquehannah) about 30 miles W of Lewisburg, and 40 of Northumber- land, containing about 300 inhabitants. Aasar, a town of Palestine in the tribe of Judah, situate between Azotus and Askalon. Abacoeva, a town of Media, and ano- ther of Cuna in the Hither Asia. Abacoenum, a town of Sicily, whose ruins are supposed to be those lying near Trippi. Abach a market town of Germany in Lower Bavaria, on the Danube, seven miles S W of Ratisbon. It has a citadel, and is remarkable for Roman antiquities, and some -fine springs of mineral water. Lon. 11 59 E lat. 48 53 N. ** C * 1 ' ; . ; /- ■ w t m * ^hbacoochcc, a r*ivSflR%»e Unnxd StaiS^ * ,ift«V»-f>i|f . IbFilks, or ; I shire, shjJK B E which risc'^Jn the State of Teni < ja«*<*c and, uni(iB»^TTn^4l 1 u^Oakt\isJ^€ iu the territory o^Uie C r e eklnTfiai i irms the Alabaahma. It iaTrs%)t<> Uie~A.tKftiic*re^aff ' i near the latitude of 30 N. Abakanskoi, a town of Siberia, in the province of Tobolsk, seated on the Janes ka. It is provided with artillery, and ha: a garrison. Lon. 94 5 E, lat. 53 5 N. e J\ lilt on. •wood Castle, in Stafford- n a lofty round promon- Abalak, a town in Siberia, two miles from Tobolsk ; famous for an image of the Virgin, constantly visited by a great number of pilgrims ; the clergy carry it every year in procession to Tobolsk. Len. 68 20 E, lat 58 11 N. Abuno, a village five miles S W of Pa- dua, in Italy, famous for warm baths, in one called Bagno di Fango, the patients are covered with the warm mud, in hopes of a cure. Abara, a town in the Greater Armenia, under the dominion of the Turks. Abaraner, a town of Armenia, where the archbishop of Naksivan often resides : he is an Armenian, and yet there are 300 Iloman Catholics said to be in this place. It is 20 miles N of Naksivan. Lon. 63 59 E, lat 39 N. Abascia, or Abcas, a country in Asia, tributary to the Turks, situated on the coast ot the black sea. The people are poor, thievish and treacherous. Their commodities are furs, buck and tiger skins, linen yarn, box-wood, and bees- wax ; but their greatest traffic is in sel- ling their own children, and even one ano.her to the Turks. AbusLaja, a town of Siberia, on the ri- ver Isehim. The church is surrounded by a rampart and palisades, and garrisoned by dragoons. Lon. 69 5 E, lat. 50 10 N. Abasias, a town of Uie Greater Phrygia in Asia.- ■ ^. Abbeville, the principal town of Abbe ville county, South Carolina : seated or: the N W side of St. John's creek, 25 miles N W of Cambridge, 120 W of Columbia, and 229 N \V of Charleston. Here is ; post office, and the seat of the county courts. The county contains about 15>000 inhabitants. Abbeville, a town of France,' in the de- partment of Somme and late province of Picardy, seated in a pleasant valley, where the Somn.e divides into several branches, and separates the town into two parts. A manufacture of woollen cloth was set up here in 1665; they also make sail-clotl., coarse linen, and black and green so. ti- lt is 52 miles b of Calais, and 80 N by AY of Paris. Lon. 1 55 E, lat. 50 7 N. Abbey Boyle. See Boyle. Abben Holm. See Holm. toj^-!fficlaf weavers of Osnaburghs and sailcloth ; ahi rs are employed in white and colour- ed threads. The glory of this place was the abbey, whose stupendous and mag- nificent ruins give some idea of its former magnificence. It was founded in 117b, by W illiam the Lion, and dedicated to the . clebrated Thomas a Becket. It is 15 miles N E of St. Andrews, and 40 N N E ot Edinburgh. Lon. 2 39 W, lat. 56 36 N. Aberdeen. Old., a city in Aberdeenshire, about a mile to the north of the new, at ABE A B I the mouth of the river Don, over which is a fine Gothic bridge of a single arch greatly admired, which rests at both sides on two rocks. The old town was the seat of the bishop, and had a large cathedral, commonly called St. Machers. Two very antique spires and one aisle, which is used as a church, arc now the only remains of it. But the capital build- ing is the King's-college, on the soinh side of the town, which is a large and stately fabric. It is built round a square with cloisters on the S side. The chapel is very ruinous within ; but there still re- mains some woodwork of exquisite work- manship. Aberdeen, New, a handsome city in Aberdeenshire, for largeness, trade, and beauty it greatly exceeds any town in the north of Scotland. It is built on a rising- ground, and lies on a small bay formed by the Dee, over which about two miles from the town is an elegant bridge of seven arches. The buildings, which are of granite from the neighbouring quar- ries, are generally four stories high, and have for the most part gardens behind them, which give it a beautiful appear- ance. On the high street is a large church, which formerly belonged to the Francis- cans. In the middle of Castle street is an octagon building with neat bas relievos of the kings of Scotland from James I. to James Vll. The town-house makes a good figure, and has a handsome spire in the centre. The grammar school is a low but neat building. Gordon's hospital is handsome ; in front is a good statue of the founder ; it maintains 40 boys, who arc apprenticed at proper ages. The in- firmary is a large plain building, and sends out between 8 and 900 cured pa- tients annuall; . But the chief public build- ing in the new town is the Marischal col- lege, founded by earl Marischal in 1593. In both colleges the languages, mathe- matics, natural philosophy, divinity, fee. are taught by very able professors. The harbour, which was formerly w ry dan- gerous, is defended by a pier, erected some y, ars ago ; this pier is 1200 feet in length, and gradually increases in height and thickness, as it appro tches the sea, where the head or rounding is 60 feet diameter at the base, and the perpendi- cular elevation is 38 feet. It was built un- der the direction of Mr. Smeaton, and cost upwards of 17,0001. Beside the coast- ing trade, vessels are sent hence to Nor- way, Holland, Portugal, Sweden, -Spain, and Italy, and to tiie northern states o! Europe. The principal manufacture is stockings. The thread manufacture is likewise carried to great perfection. A manufactory of sailcloth and Osnaburghs has lately been established. They have likewise excellent salmon fisheries. The number of inhabitant? in Old and New Aberdeen, and the suburbs, is estimated at 25,000. Aberdeen is 84 miles N W of Edinburgh. Lon. 1 50 W, lat. 57 6 N. Aberdeensldre, a county of Scotland bounded on the N W of BamfFshire and the river Deveron ; on the N and N E by the German Ocean ; on the S by 1he coun- ties of Kincardine, Angus, and Perth ; and on the W by Invernesshire. Its length, from N E to S W, is 80 miles ; its breadth not quite 30. The N E part, extending toward the river Ythan, is cal- led Buchan. There is much excellent pas- ture in the high parts ; and the level tract, called Strath bogie, contains many well cultivated fields. Aberdour, a village in Fifeshire, on the N coast of the frith of Forth, about 12 miles from Edinburgh. . Aberford, or Aberforth, a town in the W riding of Yorkshire, with a market on Wednesday, for horses, &c. It is 16 miles S.W of York, and 184 N N W of London Lon. 1 21 W, lat. 53 50 N. Aberfraw, a village in the isle of Angle- sey, formerly a place of great account, the princes of N Wales having then a palace here. It is six miles N \V of New- burgh. Abergavenny, a populous well built town in Monmouthshire, containing about 500 houses, with two parish churches, and an old castle. It has a market on Tuesday and Friday, and is 16 miles W of Monmouth, and 143 \V bv N of Lon- don. Lon. .3 5 W, lat. 51 50 N. Abernethy, a town of Scotland, in Stra- thern on the river Tay, formerly the seat of the Pictish kings, and afterward the see of an archbishop. Abevystivitk, a small town in Cardigan- shire, on the Itiddal, near its confluence, with the Istwith, where it falls into Car- digan Bay. The market, on Monday, is considerable. It is 30 miles N E of Car- digan, and 203 W N \V of London. Lon, 4 W, lat, 52 25 N. Abex, a country of \frica, on tin Red Sea, which bounds it on the E ; Abyssinia and Nubia lie on the W ; Eg) pt on the N ; and the coast of Ajan to the S. The principal towns are Ei ucco and Suaqitam which is the capital. It is very sandy and barren, being desatuie of water. The inhabitants are Mahometans. Ab'tud, a town on the coast of Abex, on a high mountain, and reiruakable for its trade in ebony and aromatic plants. J ABL A B R Abiagrasso, a small town of Italy, seat- ed on a canal, in the duchy of Milan Lon. 9 24 E, lat. 45 20 N. Abingdon, a town in Tk-uks, on the Thames, with a market on Monday and Friday. The assizes, sessions, and other county meetings, are often held here. It has a handsome townhall for the assizes, &c, and two churches. The town consists of several well built streets, which centre in a spacious corn-market; and great quantities of malt are made here, and sent in barges to London. It sends two members to parliament, and is six miles and a half S of Oxford, and 56 \V of Lon- don. Lon. 1 12 W ? lat. 51 42 N. Abingdon, a post town, and the princi- pal seat of justice in Washington county, Virginia ; situated on the W side of IIol- stein river, 58 miles S W of ♦Wythe court- house, 300 W )f Richmond the capitaL of the state, and 24 N E of Blountsville in Tennessee, and 408 S W of Washington. Abingdon, a town in Hartford, state of Maryland, of inconsiderable size, con- taining above 300 inhabitants. Here is a college established by the Methodists, and a meeting house belonging to tke same society. Abingdon, a township in Plymouth coun- ty and state of Massachusetts. It is a lit- tle more than 20 miles S E of Boston and contains about 1800 inhabitants. Abingdon, a township in the county of Montgomery and state of Pennsylvania, containing about 1200 inhabitants. The principal village is Jenkinstown where a post-office is kept, 11 miles N from Phila- delphia. Abiid, a town of Beira in Portugal, con- taining upwards of 1300 inhabitants. Lon. 7 10 W, lat. 40 20 N. Abkhas, one of the seven nations in the countries comprehended between the Black Sea and the Caspian. Their prin- cipal and most ancient establishments are on the southern slope of the mountains comprehended between the river Cuban and the Black Sea. They are tributary to the Turks, and are divided into two governments, the western and the east- ern : each subject to a bashaw, commonly chosen out of the principal native fami- lies ; one of whom resides at Sbtchufckale, and the other at Soghumkale. The Abk- has speak an original language, essen- tially different from all the known lan- guages, though appearing to have a very remote affinity to that of the Circassians. They have, at present, very little religion, although they still preserve some traces of Christianity. Their capital is Anacopir formerly Nicopsis. Ablaij, a country in Great Tartary, sub- ject to the Russians : but their chief is a Calmuck prince. Lon. from 72 to 83 E, lat. 51 to 54 N. Abloe, a town in Little Tartary, be- tween the river Dnieper, and the Black Sea. Lon. 33 15 E, lat. 46 20 N. Abnakis, a savage people of North A- merica, between New England and Ca- nada. They hate labour, and could never be brought to cultivate the ground. Abo, a seaport, the capital of Swedish Finland, on the point where the gulphs of Bothnia and Finland unite. In con- tains several brick houses ; but the gene- rality are of wood painted red. Here is a university, founded in 1640, by queen Christiana ; and here likewise is a royal botanic garden, established by the late unfortunate Custavus. The inhabitants export linen, corn, flax, iron, and planks. Abo is an episcopal see, 140 miles N E of Stockholm. Lon. 22 18 E, lat. 60 27 N. Abo-fot, or Abo-hus, an ancient fort in Finland, on a peninsula, near the mouth of the river Aura. It has often suffered from the enemy, and by fire. Abon, Abonu, or Abonis, a town and river of Albion ; the town is supposed to be Abingdon, and the river the Avon. Aboukir, a small town of Egypt situat- ed in the desert between Alexandria and llosetta, rendered for ever famous by the memorable victory gained in Aboukir-bai/, by the gallant admiral Lord Nelson, 1/99. Abontige, Abutish, or Abobibe, a town in Upper Egypt, near the Nile, where there grows plenty of poppies, of which the best opium is made. It is now a mean place. Lat. 26 50 N. Abrahamado.f, a small town in Hun- gary, but well inhabited. Lon. 19 50 E, lat. 46 20 N. Abrantea, a town of Portugal, in Estra- madura, on the river Tajo. It contains 35,000 inhabitants, has four convents, an alms-house, and an hospital. Lon. 7 18 YV, lat. 39 13 N. Abrciro, a town of Tra-los-montes, in Portugal. Lon. 7 10 W, lat. 41 20 N. Abrolhos, dangerous shoals, about 50 miles from the coast of Brasil, near the island of St. Barbie. Abrug-banva, a populous town in Tran- sylvania, situated on the river Ompay, 3.5 miles above Alba Julia, near which are mines of gold and silver. Lon. 23 24 E, lat, 46 50 N. Abvuzzo, a province of Naples, bound- ed on the E by the gulph of Venice, on the N and W by Anconia, Umbria and Campagna di Roma; and on the S by Terra di Lavora and Molisc. It is divid- ed into two parts by the river Pescara, whereof one is called Ulterior, and has 4 A B Y A C H Aquilla for its capital ; and the other Ci- terior, of which Solmono is the capital. Reside the Appennine Mountains, there are two others called Monte Cavallo and Monte Mayallo. This country is fertile in corn, rice, fruit, and saffron ; but the woods abound with bears and wolves. Absteinen, a bailiwick beyond the river Memel, in the circle ofTapieu, belong- ing" to the kingdom of Prussia. It is a mountainous, but pleasant country, and abounds in corn and cattle. Abydos, a town and castle ofNatolia; m the strait of Gallipoli. Lon. 37 36 E, lat. 40 16 N. Abyo, or Abuyo, one of the Philippine islands, where the Spaniards have a fort. Lon. 122 15 E, lac. 10 N. Abyssinia, a kingdom of Africa, bound- ed on the N by Nubia ; on the E by tne Red Sea and Dancala ; on the W by Gor- ham and part of Gingira; and on the S by Gingia and Alaba ; lying between 6 and 20 N lat. and 26 and 40 E lon. It is about 900 miles long and 800 broad. The rainy season continues from April to Sep- tember, which is succeeded, without in- terval, by a cloudless sky, and a vertical sun. Cold nights as immediately follow these scorching days. The earth, not- withstanding these days, is perpetually so cold, as to feel disagreeable to the soles of the feet; partly owing to the six months rain, when no sun appears, and partly to perpetual equality of nights and days. There is no country in the world ihat produces a greater variety of qua- drupeds, both wild and tame ; but ihere are no tigers. The hyenas, however, are very numerous, and dreadful in their ra- vages. Beside many species of eagles, vultures, &c. there is a species of glede, called haddayan, which is very frequent in Egypt, and comes punctually into A- byssinia, at the return of the sun, after the tropical rains ; ami storks cover the plains in May, when the rains become constant: there are few owls ; but these are of an immense size and beauty. The most remarkable insect in the Ttsaltsal or fly, which is so fatal to cattle, that in some particular countries, great emigra- tions are obliged to take place in the be- ginning (;f the rainy season, to prevent all their stock of cattle from being de- stroyed. Even the camel must yield to this insect, for when once attacked, his body, head, and legs, break out into large bosses, which swell, break, and putrefy, to the certain destruction of the mimal. According to Mr. Bruce, the ce- lebrated river Nile has its source in this country, near the village of Geesh, in Ion, 36 55 E, and lat. 10 59 N. Gondaris the metropolis. There is a remarkable coincidence between the customs in the court of ancient Persia and those of A- byssinia The religion of the country is a mixture of Judaism and of the Chris tianity of the Greek church : and the lan- guage is Ethiopic, which bears a great affinity to the Arabic. Acadia. See J\"ova Scotia. Acaviboit, a kingdom on the coast of Guinea, in Africa, whose king is ab- solute, and all his subjects slaves ; which, however, does not prevent them from beirtg haughty and insolent. Acanny, an inland country of Guinea, affording the best gold, in great plenty There is a town or village of the same name. Lon. 30 E, lat. 8 30 N. Acapvlco, a considerable town of Mex- ico, seated on a bay of the S Sea. It has a fine harbour, from whence a ship an nually sails to Manila : and another re- turns annually thence to this port, laden with all the treasures of the E Indies. One of these, laden with silver, was taken by commodore Anson, in i743. Lon. 102 20 W, lat. 17 22 S. Acarnama, the first country of free Greece, bounded on the W by the Sinus Ambraicus, and separated from iEtoliu by the river Achelous on the east. Acaria, a town of S America, in Para- guay, built by the Jesuits in 1624. Lon. 51 5 W, lat. 26 S. Acbarabad. See Agra. Accomack Court House, a village in Ac- comack county, Virginia, situated near the head of the peninsula, 25 miles N of Northampton Court-House, 31 S ol Snow Hill, in Maryland, and 197 S E of the city of Washington. Here is a post-of- fice, and the principal seat of the county courts. Acerenza, a town of Naples, in the pro- vince of Basilicata. It was formerly the see of an archbishop. Lon. 16 5 E, lat. 40 20 N. Acerno, a town of Italy in the citeriov principality of Naples, with a bishop's see, 12 miles N E of Salerno. Lon. 15 6 E lat. 40 45 N. Acerra, a town of Naples, on the rivet Agno, se^en miles N E of Naples. Lou 14 30 E, lat. 40 55 N. Ach, a town of Suabia, in the landgr^- vate of Nellenburg, on the river Ach, 14' miles N E of SchafThausen, Ac/iqcif a town of the island of Rhodes, said to be built by the Heliades. Acfiaia, a province of Turkey in feu- rope, now called Livadia,oi which Athens was the capital. Acluim, a country in Asia, bounded ©n the N by Boutan, on the E by China, on A C H A QU the S by Burmah, and on the W by Ilin- doostan. Acheen, a kingdom in the N W part of the island of Sumatra, now very different from earlier times, when it was powerful enough to expel the Portuguese from the island, and its sovereigns received em- bassies from some of the greatest poten- tates of Europe. Achem is comparatively healthy, being more free from woods and swamps than most other pans of the island. The soil is light and fertile and produces fine fruits, rice, cotton, gold dust^ and sulphur. The Achinese differ from the other Sumatrans and are, in ge- neral, taller, stouter, and much darker complcxioned. They are more active and industrious than their neighbours, and have more sagacity and penetration. They are Mahometans. Acheen, the capital of a kingdom of the same name, in Sumatra, seated on a river which flows into the sea, near the N YV point of the island, about two miles from the mouth : it lies in a wide valley, form- ed like an amphitheatre by two lofty ranges of hills. The river, by emptying itself in several channels, is very shallow at the bar. It is an open town, in the centre of which is the king's palace, a rude piece of architecture, designed to resist the force of an enemy, and sur- rounded for that purpose by a wide and deep moat, and strong walls. The houses are built of bamboos and rough timbers, and are raised some feet from the ground, on account of the place being overflow., d in the rainy season. A barge manufacture of a ihick species of cotton cloth, arftl ot stuff for the short drawers worn by the Malays and Achenese, is ^established here. Payments are commonly made in gold dust, which is carried about in blad- ders. The Achenese are expert and bold navigaiors. The laws of the Achenese are very severe, but the poor suffer chiefly by their severity. Petty theft is punished by suspending the offender from a tree, with a gun, or heavy weight, tied to his feet ; or by cutting off a finger, hand, or leg, according to the nature of the thefc. Many of these mutilated people are to be seen daily in the streets High- way-robbers and housebreakers are drowned ; and their bodies are exposed, a few days, on a stake ; but if a priest be robbed, the offender is burnt alive. An adulterer is not screened by his friends, but is delivered up to the relations of the husband, who take him to a larg, plain, and forming themselves into a circle, place him in the middle ; a large weapon is then delivered to him by one of his fa- mily, and if he can force his way through he is not liable to further prosecution ; but he is generally cut to pieces in an in- stant : and his relations bury him as they would a dead buffalo, refusing to admit the corpse into their house, or to perform any funeral rites. Yet, after all, the Achenese are supposed to be the most dishonest and flagitious people in the EasU Acheen ts 1000 miles S E of Ma- dras. Lon. 95 34 E, lat. 9 22 N. Achmim, a large town of Upper Egypt, on the eastern bank of >he Nile. Though this town be fallen from its ancient splen- dor, it is still one of the most beautiful of Upper Egypt. An Arab prince com- mands there, and the police is well at- tended to. The streets are wide and clean, and commerce and agriculture flourish. It has a manufactory of cotton, stuffs and pottery which are conveyed over all Egypt. It is the same that Hero- dotus calls Chemmisy and Str: bo Pano- ' potts. It has lost i s ancient edifices and much of its extent. Nothing remains of the temple described by Abulfeda, but some stones so large that the Turks have not been able to move them. Achonry, a small town of Ireland, in the county of Sligo, on the Shannon. Achmetschet, a town of Crim Tartary, in the Russian province of Taurida and government of Catharineslaf. Loh. 33 20 E, lat. 45 N. Achyt, a strong town and castle of the Ukraine, on the river Uorsklo, 127 miles W of Kiow. Lon. 36 10 E, lat. 49 32 N. Acierno. See Acerno. Ac/ten, a small town in the duchy of Magdeburg. It has a citadel, and stands on the Elbe, five miles below Dessaw. A coma, a town of New Mexico, seated on a high mountain, with a strong castle. It is the capital of the province. Lon. 104 15 W, lat. 35 N. * Acqs, a town of France, at the foot of the Pyrenees, in the department of Arriege. So called from the hot waters in these parts. Lon. 1 40 E, lat. 43 N. Acqua, a town in Tuscany, noted for warm-baths. Lon. 12 10 E, fat. 43 45 N. Acqua-che-fa , v'eUa, a celebrated fountain ot Naples, in Calabri. Citeriore. It is near the mouth ot the river Crata, and its ruins are called StbtfTi liovinata. * Aequo pendente, a large town of Orvieto, with a bishop's see. It is seated on a mountain near th. river Paglia, 50 miles N bv V/ of Rome. Lon. 12 17 E, lat. 42 43 N. Acquaria, a small town in Frigana; a distno of M.idena, noted for medicinal waters. It is 12 miles S of Modena. Lon. 11 19 E, la. 44 12 N. . Iquasco, a post-town in Prince George's ADA ADO county, Maryland ; lying" on the W side of the" river Patuxent, 9 miles N of Bene- dict, 41 S by W of Annapolis, and 39 S of the city of IVasldngton. Acquavivu, a town of Naples, in Terra di Bari. Lon. 16 20 E, lat. 41 10 N. Acqui, a town of Montserrat, with com- modious baths, and a bishop's see. It is seated on the Bormia, 25 miles N W of Genoa. Lon. 8 35 E, lat. 44 40 N. Acra, a town on the coast of Guinea, where the English, Dutch, and Danes, have forts, and each fort its particular villagg. Lon. 2 W, lat. 5 N. Acre, a seaport of Palestine, formerly celled Ptolemais. It is a bishop's see. It was famous in the time of the crusades, and underwent several sieges ; it has be- come lately very famous for the obstinate resistance it has made, under the conduct, of the gallant Sir Sidney Smith and a handful of English officers, against the reiterated but fruitless attacks of the French army under Bonaparte. It is 28 miles S of Tyre, and 37 N of Jerusalem. Lon. 35 25 E, lat. 32 32 N. Acron, a territory on the Gold coast of Guinea. The Dutch have a fort here cal- led fort Patience : and under it is the village, inhabited only by fishermen. The other inhabitants are husbandmen, and sell their corn to other countries. There is plenty of game, which is very commo- dious for the Dutch factory. This is cal- led Little Acron, Great Acron being fur- ther inland, and a kind of republic. Acrotevi, a town in the island of Santo- rim. Lon. 26 1 E, lat. 36 25 N. Acton, East, a village six miles W of London, noted for its medicinal waters. Acton- Bicrnel, a village in Shropshire, eight miles from Shrewsbury. A parlia- ment was held here in the reign of Ed- ward I. when the lords sat in the castle, and the commons in a barn, which is still standing. A great part of the castie re- mains, the walls exceedingly strong, and adorned with fine battlements and rows of windows curiously carved ; it must have been a magnificent structure. Acton, a township in the county of Cheshire and state of Massachusetts, con- taining about 1000 inhabitants. Adam's Pike, a high mountain in the island of Ceylon ; on the top of which they believe the first man was created. Adams, a county in the state of Penn- sylvania, bordering on ihe state of Mary- land. It contains about 320,000 acres of land, and 16,000 inhabitants. Adams, a township in the state of New Hampshire and county of Grafton. It h but few inhabitants, the census in 1800 being 180. Adams, a county of Mississippi terri- tory, containing about 6000 inhabitants, more than a third of whom are slaves. Adamstoxvn, a village in Lancaster coun- ty and state of Pennsylvania, being about 20 miles NE of Lancaster and the same distance from Heading, the capitol of Berks county. Adand, an ancient and handsome town ofNatolia, in a charming climate, with a bishop's see. It is seated on the Choquen, 25 miles N E of Tarsus. Lon. 36 12 E, lat. 37 26 N. Adda, a river of Swisserland, which rises in the country of ihe Grisons, and falls into the Po, near Cremona. Addison, a township of Somerset coun- ty, in the state of Pennsylvania. It con- tains about 800 inhabitants. Addison, a township of Washington county, in the district of Maine, situated between Englishman's bay and Pleasant river. Addison, the chief town of Addison county, Vermont, seated on the E side of lake Champlain, 10 miles S of Ver- gennes, and 47 N by W of Rutland, the seat of state government. Here is a post- office 509 miles from the city of Wash- ington. The inhabitants may be stated at 800. Adel, a kingdom of Africa, on the S. coast of the strait of Babelmandei. It sel- dom rains here, and yet the country is fruitful, being well watered by rivers. It abounds with wheat, millet, frankincense, and pepper ; and the tails of their sheep weigh 25lb. each. Zeita, its capital, is a rich, town and has a good trado. The in- habitants are Mahometans. Aden, once a rich and considerable seaport of Arabia Felix, 60 miles E of Mocha. Lon. 46 30 E. lat. 13 10 N. Adenburg, or Addeniurg, a town of Westphalia, in the dutchy of Berg, sub- ject to the elector palatine, 12 miles N E of Cologne. Lon. 7 16 E, lat. 51 2 N. Adige, a river of Italy, which has its source to the S of the lake Glace, among the Alps, and runs S by Trent, and E by Verona, into the gulf of Venice. Admiralty Islands, lie in about 2 18 lat. 146 44 long, in tin S Pacific Ocean. They were discovered in 1767. Jdon, a town of Hungary, in the pro- vince of Stuhel-Weissemburg, seated in > fruitful country near the Danube. Lon. 19 25 E, lat. 47 33 N. Adoni, a town of Golconda, in the pen- insula of Hindostan,on one of the branches of the Tfungebadda, It is 175 miles S W of Hydrabad, and 310 N W of Madras; Lon. 77 0E, lat. 15 37 N. Adour, a river of France, which riser A F R in the department of the Upper Pyrenees, and running by Tarbes and Dax, falls into the bay of Biscay below Bayonne. Adra, a seaport of Granada, in Spain, 47 miles S E of Granada. Lon. 2 37 \Y, lat. 36 42 X. Adria, a tow n in the territory of Venice, which gives name to the Adriatic. Sea. Il is a bishop's see, 25 n.iles S S W of Ven- ice. Lon. 12 5 E, lat. 45 8 X. Adriano, a mountain of Spain in Biscay. There is a road over it to Aalba and Old Castile, which is very difficult : at its be- ginning-there is a dark, path of 150 paces, cut through a rock ; .after which is the mountain that must be passed over. The number of inhabitants may be about 100,000. The air is wholesome, and the country very pleasant. It is one of the highest of the Pyrenees ; and is only in- habited by a few shepherds, who live in cottages. Adrianople, a celebrated town of Tur- key in Europe, in Romelia, with an arch- bishop's see ; situate in a fine plain, on the river Marazi, 115 miles N W of Con- stantinople. The grand signior often visits this place. It is eight miles in circumfer- ence, but the streets are narrow and crooked, Lon. 26 27 E, lat 41 45 N. Adriatic Sea. See Venice, Gidf of. Adventure Island, a small island in the 3 Pacifick Ocean, so called from the ship Adventure, in which captain Furneaux sailed. The people are mild and cheer- ful, with little of that wild appearance which savages in general have. They are, however, almost totally devoid of activity or genius, and arc nearly on a level with the wretched natives of Terra del Fuego, Lou. 147 29 W, lat. 43 21 S. Adsonstoion in the state of Xew Jersey, situated about 27 miles X of Morris-town and 24 X W of Patterson. Adula, a mountain of Spain, in Xa- varre, in which are the fountains of the Rhine. Adzenota, a small town of Spain, in Va- lentia, seated on mount Pegna Goloso, Lon. 2 16 W, lat. 3^10 X.^rl AEsfades, or AZgates, three small islands on the W side of Sicily, between Mar- sella and Trapani ; their names are Le- venzo, Favignana, and Maretama. Aegean Sea, now the Archipelago, a part of the Mediterranean, separating Europe from Asia and Africa. AZgimurus, an island on the bay of Car- thage, about 30 miles distant from that city now the Galetta. ARgium, a town of Achaia Proper, fa- mous for the council of the Achxans which usually met there. Ailnwortfi, a township of Xew Hamp- shire state, in the county of Cheshire con I. -lining about 1600 inhabitants. AEolia, a country of Hither Asia, set- tled by colonies of jEolian Greeks. It comprehends all Traas, and the coast of, the Hellespont to the Propontes. Aershot, a town in Brabant, on the river Demur, ten miles E of Mechlin. Lon. 4 49 E, lat 51 IX. Africa, one of the four principal parts of the world; bounded on the X by the Mediterranean ; on the W by the Atlan- tic ; on the E by the isthmus of Suez, the Red Sea, and the Indian Ocean; and on the S by the Southern Ocean. It isapen- insula of prodigious extent, being joined to Asia by the isthmus of Suez, winch is 60 miles over. In its greatest length, from the most northern part to the Cape of Good Hope, it is 4600 miles ; and in the broadest part from ( ape Yerd to Cape Guardafui, it is 3500. The greatest part of it is within the torrid Zone, which ren- ders the heat almost insupportable in many places. However, the coasts in ge- neral are very fruitful, the fruits excel lent, and the plants extraordinary. There are more wild beasts in Africa, than in any other part of the world : there are also some animals peculiar to this coun- try ; as the hippopotamus, or river horse ; the' rhinoceros, with two horns on its nose; and the beautiful striped zebra. Beside these, they have crocodiles, ost- riches, camels, and many other animals not to be met with in Europe. There are several deserts, particularly one of a large extent, called Zahara, which is almost without water ; but these are not quite without inhabitants. There are many- large rivers ; but the chief are the Xile, Xigei*, Senegal and Gambia, the two last having been falsely supposed branches of the Xiger. The most considerable mountains are the Atlas, the Mountains of the Moon, and the Sierra Leone, or the Mountains of the Lions. The inhabi- tants consist of Pagans, Mahometans, and Christians. The first, which possess the greatest part of the country, from the Tropic of Cancer to the Cape of Good Hope, are the most numerous, and are generally black. The Mahometans, who are tawny, possess Egypt and the coast of Barbiary. The people of Abyssinia are denominated Christians, but retain many Pagan and Jewish rites. In the X of Africa are some Jews, who manage all the little trade of that part of the coun- try. The principal divisions of Africa are Barbary, Egypt, Biledulgerid, Za- hara, Xegroland, Guinea, Bornou, Ca- snna, Fezzan, Senna, Xubia, Abyssinia, Abex, Loango, Congo, Angola, Benguela, A G E A G R Mai am an, Zangucbar, Monomotapn, Mo- nomugi, Sofola, Caffraria, and the coun- try of die Hottentots. In 1788, an asso- ciation was formed for the purpose of ex- ploring- the interior regions of Africa: and Mr. Led yard and Mr. Lucas were se- lected as their missionaries. Mr. Led- yard died on his journey. Mr. Luc. s was prevented from pursuing- the plan sketch - ed out for him, and w as oblig-ed to con- tent himself with such imperfect infor- mation as his guides could give him. In 1795, the African association despatched Mr. Park to explore this immense con- tinent. His journey has brought to our knowledge more important facts respect- ing the geography of Africa, than the ac- counts of any former traveller. He has pointed out to us the sources of the great rivers, the Senegal, Gambia, and Niger ; the course of this last he has determined to be from W to E, and thus set this much disputed point for ever at rest. Africa, a seaport town of Tunis, 70 miles SSE of Tunis. It was taken by Charles V. who demolished the fortifica- tions. Lon. 11 10 lat. 35 36 N. Afrique, St. a small town of France, in the department of Averion, six miles E of Vabres. Agades, a kingdom of Africa, in Xe- groland, with a town of the same name, tributary to the king of Tomboctou. It produces excellent senna anc\ manna. Lon. 13 20 E, lat. 19 10 X. Agumenticus, a mountain of Xorth A- merica, in the district of Main. It is a noted landmark for sailors, about eight miles from the sea, in 1 t. 43 16. Agamenticua, a sm; 11 river in the dis- trict of Maine, running into the Atlantic ocean not far from the town of York. It is navigable but a few miles. Agatha, St. a town of Naples, in the Ulterior Principality, with a bishop's see, 20 miles \ E of Naples. Lon. 14 36 E, lat. 41 5 X. Agatton, a town near the mouth of the 1 ormosa, on the coast of Guinea, 80 miles S of Renin. Lon. 7 6 E, lat. 7 20 X. Agile, a town of France, in the depart- ment of Heraul; and late province of Lan- guedoc, seated on the river Herault, a mile and a half from its mouth in the gulf of Lyons, where there is a small fort to defend the entrance. It is 17 miles X E of Xarbonne. Lon. 3 33 E, lat. 45 19 N. Agen, a city of France, in the late pro- vince of Guienne, the episcopal see of the department of Aveiron. It is seated on the Garonne, in a pleasant country Prunes, on account of their antiscorbutic property, form here a considerable ob- ject of commerce ; of which the Dutch take great quantities for long voyages^ Great part of the hemp m the neighbour* hood is manufactured into table hnen, which is sent to Cadiz, and thence ex- ported to the Spanish islands. Here are likewise manufactures of camblets, ser- ges, and sailcloth. Agen is 108 miles SE of Iiourdeaux. Lon. 40 E, lat. 42 12 N. Agenabal. a town of Transylvania : 10 miles X B of Hermanstadt. *Lon. 24 50 E, hu. 46 32 X. Agev, a small town of Catalonia in Spam. Lon. 1 50 E, lat 41 50 X. Agga, or Aggona, a town and country on the coast of Guinea, in which t he Eng- lish have a fort. Lon. 0, lat. 6 X. Aggerhuys, a town of Xorway, and ca- pital of a province of the same name, which is full of mountains. It is 30 mdes X W of Frederickshall. Lon. 10 20 E. lat. 59 30 X. See Christiana. Aghrinu a village in the county of Gal* way, memorable for the victory, gained by king William, over James II. Aghrin, a town in the county of Wick- low, 13 miles SWofWicklow. Lon. 6 21 W, lat. 52-45 X. Agimere, or Azmerc, the capital of a territory of the same name in Hindostan Proper, built at the foot of a very high mountain : on the top of which is a for- tress of great strength. It is 230 miles W of Agra. Lon. 75 20 E, lat. 26 35 N. Agincourt, a village of France, in the department of the straits of Calais and la e county of Artois, seven miles N of Hesdin, famous for the victory obtained oy Henry V, of England, over the French, in 1415. Agmat, a town of Morocco, on a river of the same name, and on the declivity of one of the mountains of Atlas, where the soil is fertile. It is 16 miles S of Mo- rocco. Lon. 7 15 W, lat. 30 56 X. Agmondesham See Amersham. Agnadelha, a village, of the Milanese, famous for a victory gained by Lewis XI L over the Venetians, in 1509, and by die duke of Vend me over prince Eugene, in 1705. It is seated on the canal between Adda and Serio, five miles S E of Cas- sana, and 10 X of Lodi. Lon. 9 26 E, lat 45 25 N. AgnaiiOjvSi circular lake, in the king- dom of Naples, seven miles from Puz- zoli. It is about tialf a mile in diameter, surrounded by mountains ; and on its margin is situate the famous Grotta del Cane. See Cane, Crotta del Agtettt, a seaport town of Sicily, with an excellent harbour. The greatest part of it was destroved bv an earthquake in 1693. Lon. 15 15 E, lat. 37 35 X. Agra, the capital of a prcvinee of the D A I C A I L same name, in Hindostan Proper, on the S bank of the river Jumna, which is sel- dom fordable. It was once the most splendid of all the Indian cities, and now exhibits the most magnificent ruins. About the year 1566, the emperor Acbar made it his capital, and gave his name to it ; since which time it is often named Acbarabad. It was" then a small fbrlified town ; but it soon sprung up to an exten- sive well built city, reguiarly fortified according to the Indian method, and with a fine citadel of red freestone. - Agra is 100 miles S by E of Delhi. Lon. 78 30 B, hit. 27 N. Agreda, a town of Spain in Old Castile, eight miles S W of Taracona. Lon. 2 W, lat. 41 53 N. Agriu, a small, but strong town of Up- per Hungary, with a bishop's see and a citadel. It was taken by the Turks in 1596, and retaken in 1687- It is seated on the river Agria, 47 miles N E of Buda. Lon. 20 10 E, 'lat 48 10N. Agrignan, one of the Ladrone islands, which is 40 miles in compass. Lon. 146 E, lat. 19 40 N. Agua de Pao, a town in the island of' St. .Michael, one of the Azores in the At- lantic. Lon. 25 40 W, lat. 38 N. Aguas Hellas, a town of Portugal, in Estramadura, with a district of two pa- rishes. Lon. 8 5 W, lat. 39 40 N. Aguila, a town of the kingdom of Fez, seated on the river of that name. Agvilur, a town of Spain in the king- dom of Navarre, 24 miles W of Estella. Lon. 2 30 E, lat. 42 35 N. It is also the name of another town in Old Castile. Agurcmde, a small town of France in the department of Indre and late province of Berry. Lon. 2 10 E, lat. 47 20 N. Ahuys, a town of Sweden, strong by situation, in the province of Gothland, with a good harbour, 15 miles S E of Christianstadt. Lon. 14 15E, lat. 56.15 N. Ai, a town of Judea to the north of Jericho, taken by Joshua. AjatQio, or Ajazzo, a line seaport of Corsica on the Vv -side of the island, built on a point of land that juts into the gulf. Lon. 8 50 E, lat. 55 50 N. Ajazzo, a seaport of Natolia, in the province of Caramania, anciently Silesia, seated on the Mediterrane an, 30 miles N ofAntioch, and 40 W ©f Aleppo, where stood the city of Issus, and where Alex- ander fought his second battle with Dari- us. Lon. 33 10 E, lat. 37 N. .•lick, a town of Bavaria, on the Par, taken by the Swedes in 1634, and after- wards burnt. Lon. 11 20 E, lat. 48 30 N. AiChstat, a town of Francoma, capital of a bishopric of the same name. It is re- markable for a curious piece of workman- ship, called the Sun of the Holy Sacra- ment, which is in the church it is of massy gold, and is enriched with 350 diamonds, 1400 pearls, 250 rubies, and other precious stones. This place is mo- derately large, and lies in a valley, on the river Altmul, 30 miles S of Nurem- berg. Lon. 11 10 E, lat. 48 57 N. The bishopric is 45 miles in length, and 17 in breadth. . Aiello, a small town of Naples in A- bruzzo Ulterior, belonging to the here- ditary prince of Modena. Lon. 15 20 E, lat. 41 40 N. Aigle, a town of Swisserland, in the canton of Bern, seated on the Rhone, six miles from its entrance into the lake of Geneva. All the houses, even the mean- est, are built of white marble, found in the neighbourhood. Aigh, a small town of France, in the department of Orne and late province of Normandy, 47 miles S W of Rouen. Lon. 1 E, lat. 48 45 N. Mgncm, St. a town of France, in the department of Loire and Cher and late province of Blasois. It is in the shape of an amphitheatre, at the foot of which runs the river Cher, at the distance of 60 miles from Bourges. Aigue JWorte, a town of France, in the department nf the Mouths of the Rhone and late province of Languedoc. It is very strong, on account of its situation among the morasses, though at some pit- tance from the sea. It had a harbour, which is now choked up. Lon. 4 3E, lat. 43 34 N. Aigue-Perse, a town of France in the department of Puy de Dome and late pro- vince of Auvergne, 18 miles N of Cler- mont, and 261 S of Paris. It has a foun- tain, once regarded as a prodigy, its cold water having the appearance of boiling. The water of this spring is said to be fatal to tlte animals that drink it. Lon. 3 20 E, lat. 46 6 N. Ailah, a town of Arabia Petrea^ on the E side of the Red sea, near the road which the pilgrims take from Egypt to Mecca. Lon, 36 40 E, lat, 29 10 N. Aiiesbury, the largest and most popu- lous town in Buckinghamshire, with a market on Saturday. It consists of seve- ral streets though the houses are not ver>' contiguous ; these lie about the market place, in the middle of which is a convenient hall, in which this town shares the assizes with Buckingham. It is also the centre of the business of the vale of Aiiesbury which occupies the centre of the county, and is one of the most fertile tracts in England. The in- A I X ALA habitants of this town, and its neighbour- hood, supply the London market with early duckling's. They carry this trade to such an extent, that it is said, 30001. have been received at Ailesbury fiom London in six weeks, for that article This town sends two members to parlia ment ; and is 16 miles S E of Bucking- ham, and 41 X W of London. Lon. 42 W, lat. 51 50 X. Aiha, a great insulated rock, to the S of the isle of Arran, in Scotland. Its base is two miles in circumference. It con sists of a stupendous assemblage of pre cipitous cliffs, rising in a wild series forming a pyramidal mountain, 900 feet high, accessible only on the. X E. The lower parts are inhabited by goats and rabbits, and the lofty summits are the refuge of innumerable sea fowls. The depth of water at the base is from 7 to 48 fathoms. The ruins of a chapel, and of a castle, are still seen ; and with- in 30 yards of the latter is a spring of fresh water. . lime, or Axima, a small town in Savoy, on the river Isere. A in, a department of France, lately the province of Bresse. Ainsa, a town of Spain, in Arragon. seated in a plain, on the river Ara. Aire, a town of France, in the depart- ment of Landes and late province of Gas- cony, seated on the river Adour, on the declivity of a mountain, 65 miles S of Bourdeaux. Lon. 16 E, lat. 43 42 X. Aire, a strong town in the department of the straits of Calais, and late provinc e of Artois. It is seated on the river Lis, 22 miles S of Dunkirk, and communicates with St. Omer, bv a canal from the river Aa. Lon. 2 29 E,. lat. 30 42 X. Aisne, a department of France, includ- ing the late provinces of Soissonnois and Vermandois. Aix, an ancient city of France. It was the capital of the late province of Pro- vence, when it had a parliament. It is seated in a plain, where there are hot baths near the river Arc. It is 75 miles E of Montpellicr. Lon. 5 31 E, lat. 43 32 X. Aix, an ancient town of Savoy, on the lake of Bourget. Here are mineral waters, much frequented. It is eight miles X of Chamberrv. Lon. 6 10 E, lat. 45 40 X. Aix, a small island on the coast of Franr.c, between the isle of Oleron and the continent. It is memorable for an in- glorious expedition of the English in 1757, against Rochefort, when they re- turned without doing any thing, except demolishing the fort of this island. It is I 12 miles N W of Rochefort. Lon. 15 W, 1 lat, 46 5 X. Aix-la-chapelle, a free and imperial city of Westphalia. The emperor Charle- magne chose this place for his residence on account of its beauty. He is interred "in the church of Xotre Dame, where they keep his sword and belt, and the Four Evangelists, written in letters of gold, which are made use of at the coronation of the emperors. Its famous mineral wa- ters draw a great number of persons every year. In 1668 and 1748, it was distinguished by two celebrated treaties of peace. The French took it in 1792 ; it was retaken by the Austrians in 1793, and again taken by the French in 1794. It is seated in a bottom, surrounded by mountains, 22 miles X E of Liege. Lon. 6 3 E, lat. 50 48 X. Akissat, the ancient Thyatyra, a town of Xatolia, built in a fine plain 18 miles broad, which produces plenty of corn ami cotton. It is inhabited by about 5000 Mahometans, and is seated on the river. Hermits, 50 miles S E of Pergamo. Lon. 28 30 E, lat. 38 48 X. Alaba, or Aluva, one of the three smal- lest districts of Biscay in Spain, but pretty fertile in rye, barley, and fruits. There are in it very good mines of iron. Vitoria is the capital. Aladulia, a province of Turkey in Asia, between Amasia and the Mediterranean, toward Mount Taurus. The country is rough, rugged, and mountainous ; yet I here are good pastures, and plenty of horses and camels. Alagoa, a town in the isle of St. Mi- chael, one of the Azores. Alais, a town of France, in the depart- ment of Gard and late province of Lan- uedoc, situated on the river Gardon, near a beautiful meadow, at the foot of the Cevennes. It contains 10,000 inha- itants, was lately an episcopal see, and has a citadel. It. is 37 miles X of Mont- pel lier. Lon. 4 10 E, lat. 44 8 X. Aland, a cluster of islands at the en- trance of the gulf of Bothnia, in the Bal- tic Sea. The principal island, which gives natne to the rest, is 40 miles long, and from 12 to 16 broad. It is included in the government of Swedish Finland, and is 75 miles X E of Stockholm. Lon. 20 E, lat. 60 OX. Alabama, a large river in X America that rises in the Mississippi territory, being> formed by the junction of the Aba- coochee and the OakVuskee rivers. This noble stream is joined by the Tombigbee about 90 miles from its outlet in the bay of Mobille. The banks are for the most ALB ALB part seldom overflowed, and the current strong enough to carry boats 350 miles "in 9 or 10 days. Alabama, an Indian village situated on the last mentioned river, inhabited by a tribe of Indians of the same name. Alatamea. a noble river of N America, called also St George's River It rises in the Alleghany mountains, and running S E through Georgia, empties i 1 self, by several mouths, into the Atlantic about 60 miles S W of the river Savannah. Alatri, a town of Italy, in Campagna di Roma, on a hill, with a bishop's see ; 5 miles N W of Vepoli 40 miles 8 E of Rome. Lon. 13 8 E, lat. 41 30 N. Alutyr, a town of Russia, in Asia, on the river Sum, 40 miles E o*" Kasan Alauta, considerable : river of Turkej in Eur >pe, which rises in the mountains that separate Moldavia and Transylvania, runs through Walachia, and falls into ihe D. cube, almost opposite to Nicopolis. Alba, a town of Italy, in Montserrat, with a bishop's see; seated on the rive: Tanaro, 20 miles S E of Turin. Lon. 8 5 E, lat. 44 46 N. Alba-Julia, a city of Transylvania, with a bishop's see, and a university ; situated on the declivity of a hill, near the river Ompias, 25 miles W of Hermanstadt. Lon. 24 E, lat. 46 26 N. Albania, a province of Turkey in Eu- rope, on the gulf of Venice ; bounded by Livadia on the S, by Thessalia and Mace- donia on the E, and on the N b\ Bosnia and Dalmatia. It produces excellent wine ; and the inhabitants are good horse- men, and great thieves- They are Chris- tians of the Greek ehurch, and descended from the ancient Scythians. Durazzo is the capital. Albano, a town of Italy, on a lake of the same name, in Campagna di Roma, with a bishop's see, famous for its excel- lent wine. It stands 15 miles S E of Rome, and for its pleasantness is the summer retirement of a great many Ro- man princes. Lon. 12 50 E, lat. 41 43 N. Albano, a town of Naples, in Basilicata, remarkable for the fertility of the soil, and the nobility of the inhabitants. Albanopolis, a town of Turkey in Eu- rope, formerly the capital of Albania, seated on the river Drino, 43 miles E of Alessio. Lon. 20 12 E, lat. 41 48 N. Alban's, St. an ancient borough of Herts, on the river Coin, so called from St. Alban, who was the first martyr in Eng- land, and was buried on a hill in the nighbourhood. In memory of St. Alban, OfVa, king. of the Mercians, erected an abbey here, calling it St. Alban's, Ed- ward VI. incorporated the town, which is "governed by a mayor, high stew-" ard, recorder, twelve aldermen, &c Here are three churches, beside the an- cient one that belonged to the monastery, which the inhabitants purchased of Ed- ' ward VI for 4001. and is now a parish church. The shrine of St. Alban stood in the east part ; and in the pavement are to be seen six holes, in which the sup- porters of it were fixed. The church of the abbey is remaining to this day. In 1703 a tomb was discovered in this c hunch said to be that of* Humphrey duke of Gloucester; when the leaden coffin was opened, the body was pretty entire, being- preserved in a sort of pickle. Not a vestige besjde this church, remains of the abbey, except the gatew ay. In the church of St. Michael is the monument of the illustrious Francis Bacon, viscount St. Alban's. In the centre of the town stood one of the magnificent crosses, erected by Edward I, in honour of his queen Eleanor ; and a building erected in its stead, in 1703, still retains he name of the Cross. Near the town, is a kind of fortification, supposed by some to be the camp of Ostorius, the Roman propraetor; but others imagine it to have been the site of the Saxon royal palace at Kingsbury. St. Alban's is famous for the victory obtained hy Richard duke of York, in 1455, over" Henry VI ; and for a victory which queen Margaret gained in 1461, over the earl of Warwi ck. This town rose from the ruins of the ancient city of Verulam, nothing of which re- mains except the old walls. The market is on Wednesday and Saturday. St. Al- ban's sends two members to parliament, and is 21 miles N by W of London. Lon. 14 W, lat. 51 45 N. Albany, a fortress belonging to the Bri- tish, on the S W of Hudson's Bay. Lon. 81 20 W, lat. 52 20 N. Albany, a county in the state of New York, rich in soil and w;ell peopled. It is divided into eight townships and con- tains about 42,000 inhabitants. It is a well watered and very thriving country. Albdny, the chief town of Albany coun- ty, New York, and lately become the seat of state government. It is situated on the W side of Hudson river, 160 miles N of the city of New York, and 340 S of Que- bec, in the lat. of 42 36 N, and long, of 73 20 W of London. At the last enume- ration in 1800 it contained 860 dwelling houses and 5309 inhabitants, one tenth of whom were slaves. The whites are a mixture of many nations, but a great pro- portion are the descendants of the early Dutch settlers — The city stands on the side of Tort Grange, a fortification erect- ALB A L C ed by the Hollanders in 1623 ; and is nearly as ancient as New York. It was incorporated by Governor Dougan in 1686, and is now under the jurisdiction of a mayor, aldermen and assistants. — • The situation for trade is admirable, be- ing surrounded by a fertile country and navigable waters, and has become the staple of a very extensive domestic com- merce. The population increases rapid- ly, having gained 1800 persons in the last iten years. — The houses are mostly con- structed on the margin of the river, many of them in the old Dutch fashion, with the gable ends turned to the streets.- though those lately built are in a superior style. It is well supplied with whole- some water, conducted through pipes from a spring five miles distant. — The trade supports one bank of discount and deposit with approved reputation. — The principal public edifices are a hospital, city-hall, a jail, and six or seven houses for religious worship, some of which are handsomely constructed. Albarazin, a town of Spain, in Arra- gon, with a bishop's see, seated on the (.uadalavir, 100 miles E of Madrid. It is an anci. nt and strong place, its wool is the best in Arragon. Lon. 1 16 W, lat. 40 30 N. Albazin, a town of Great Tartary, with a strong fortress to defend it against the Chinese and Mogul Tartars. It is on the road from Moscow to Pekin. Lon. 103 30 E, lat. 54 N. Albemarle, a town of France in the de- partment of Lower Seine and late pro- vince of Normandy. From this town the English family of Keppel take the title of earl. Its serges are irk high esteem. It is seated on the declivity of a hill, 35 miles N N E of Ronen, and 70 N N W of Paris. Lon. 1 30 E, lat. 49 50 N. Albemarle, a county in the state of Vir- ginia, lying between southwest mountain and the blue ridge ; and containing about .18000 inhabitants, nearly one half of whom are slaves. It has many valuable mines of iron ore, and some iron works. Albemarle Sound, a spacious bay in the state of North Carolina, into which .the Pasquo>ank, Chowan, Roanoke, and "se- veral other considerable rivers emptv themselves. It extends into the country from the ocean about 50 miles, and is from 4 o 15 miles in width. Albengua, an ancient strong seaport of Italy, »n the territory of Genoa, with a bishop's see. It is surrounded with olive trei s, but the air is unwholesome. It is seated on the Mediterranean 37 miles S W of Genoa. Lon. 8 3 E, la . 44 4 N. AlHsola, a small town belonging to the republic of Genoa, Here is a porcelain manufacture, and several country houses of the Genoese nobility. It was bombard- ed, in 1745, by the English. Lon. 8 20 E. lat. 44 15 N. Albret i a town of France, in the depart- ment of Landes and late province of Gas- conv, 37 miles S of Bordeaux. Lon. 30 W, lat. 44 10 N Albnrg, a town of Denmark, in N Jut- land, with a bishop's see, seated on a ca- nal 10 miles from the sea, and 30 N of Wiburgh. It has a considerable trade in herrings and corn, and a manufacture of guns, pistols, saddles and gloves ; aerreat number of eels are likewise taken here- Lon. 9 46 E, lat. 56 50N. Albuquerque, a town of Spain, in Estra- madura, defended by an almost impreg- nable castle. It carries on a great trade in wool and cl 1th, ai/d is 22 miles S W of Alcantara. Lon 7 3 W, lat. 38 50 N. Alby, an ancient town of France, lately the capital of the territory of the Aibi- geois in Languedoc, and an archiepisco- pal see. It is situated in the department of Tarn, and contains 10,000 inhabitants. In point of architecture and decorations, the principal church is one of the most curious in France. The inhabitants were called Albigenses ; and were the first that disputed the authority of the pope; they were comdemned by a council here in 1176 It has 4 ga cs Ik rough which you may view all the beauties of a delightful plain, which produces all kinds of grain, excellent wines, flax, hemp, saffron, ani- seed, coriander, and woad. The fine pastures afford wool of a good quality, which is manufactured into knit stock-* ings for the soldiers, ratteens of all co- lours, shalloons, coarse woollens, &c. The wax candles of Alby are equal in whiteness to those of Mans. This town is 42 miles N E of Toulouse, and 335 S of Paris. Lon. 2 14 E, lat. 4415N. Alcala-dc-Guadaira, a town of Andalu sia, in Spain, seated on the river Guada- ira, five miies S E of Seville. Lon. 5 16 W. lat. 37 28 N. Alcala-de-IIanarrz, a large handsome town of Spain, in New Castile, with a fa- mous university, a fine library, and a castle. Ir is seated on the river Henarez, 15 miles E N E of Madrid. Lon. 3 6 W, lat. 40 26 N. Alcala-de-ReaU a tOM T n of Spain, in An- dalusia with a famous monastery ; seated near the river Salado, six miles S of Se- ville. Lon. 5 22 W, lat. 37 38 N. Alcuma, a h -ndsome town of the United Provinces, 'n N Holland,, hi the environs, they make the best butter and cheese in Holland, .and have the finest tulips. -It is ALC ALE IT miles N by W of Amsterdam. Lon. 4 44 E, lat. 52 40 N. Alcamo, a town of Sicily, in the valley of Mazaro, at the foot of Mount Boni- fati. Lon. 13 52 E, lat. 38 2 N. Alcantara, a small but strong town of Spain, in Estramadura, and the chief place of the knights of that name. It has a magnificent bridge over the Tajo, built by Trajan. It was taken by the earl of Galway in 1706, but retaken the same year. It is 42 miles N by W of Seville. It gif^s name to one of the three orders of k'nghthood. Lon. 6 7 W, lat. 39 20 N. Alcantara, a town of Spain, in Andalu- sia. Lon. 5 10 W, lat. 37 40 N. Alcassar, a city of Barbary in the king- dom of Fez. It was formerly a city of great note, but is now fallen into decay, so that of fifteen mosques there are only two that they make use of. Lon. 12 35 W, lat. 35 15 N. Alcaraz, a town of Spain, in La Man- cha, defended by a strong castle, and has a remarkable ancient aqueduct ; it is si- tuate near the source of the Guadalqui- ver, 135 miles- S S E ofMadrid. Lon. 2 5 W, lat. 38 28 N. Alcazar, a town of Spain in New Cas- tile, on the river Guadamana. It has a fortress on a high hill, and lies in a very fruitful country, 100 miles N W of Car- thagena. Lon. 4 20 W, lat. 38 15 N. Alcazar Leguer^ town in the kingdom of Fez, seated on the straits of Gibraltar. It was taken by Alphonso, king of Portu- gal, in 1468 ; but soon after abandoned. Lon. 5 30 W, lat. 35 N. Alcazar-de-Sal, a town of Portugal, in Estramadura, with a castle reckoned im- pregnable. They make fine white salt here, whence the town takes its name. It is seated on the river Cadoan, 15 miles from the sea, and 35 S E of Lisbon. Lon. 9 W, lat. 38 18 N. Alcmaer, a city in the United Provin- ces, about 4 miles from the sea, 15 from Haerlem, and 18 from Amsterdam. In 1799 it was taken by the British in their unfortunate expedition to Holland, who were forced soon after to abandon it. Alconchon, a castle of Spain, on the fron- tiers of Estramadura, seated on the river Alcaraque, that falls into the Guadiana, 20 miles S by W of Badajoz. Lon. 6 58 W, lat. 38 12 N. Alcoutim, a small town of Portugal, in Algarva, seated on the river Guadiana, 16 miles from its entrance into the gulph of Cadiz, and 22 N N E of Tavira. Lon. 7 20 W, lat. 37 20 N. Alcudia, a town in Majorca, consisting of about 1000 houses, between two large harbours. Lon. 3 E, lat. 39 50 N. Ahlborongh, a borough and seaport in Suffolk, pleasantly seated in a dale, be- tween a high hill and the sea, with a market on Wednesday and Saturday. A river runs on the S W ; and the harbour is tolerably good, but small. The town was formerly much longer; but the sea has taken away whole streets. It sends two members to parliament. It is forty miles E of Bury, and 94 N E of London. Lon. 1 42 E, lat. 52 16 N. Aldborough, a borough in the W riding of Yorkshire, on the Ouse, which sends two members to parliament. It is fifteen miles N W of York, and 205 N by \V of London. Lon. 1 10 W, lat. 54 8 N. Aldea, a town of Portugal, in Estrama- dura, 10 miles S E of Lisbon. Lon. 8 55 W, lat 38 36 N. Alderbury, a village in Wiltshire, on a healthy hill, two miles from Salisbury, and near the Avon. It carries on a ma- nufacture of fustians, and received consi- derable damage by a fire in 1777, when 200- houses were destroyed. Alderhohn, a pleasant island of Sweden, formed by the three arms of a river, run- ning through Gentle, a town of Norland, in Sweden. A considerable trade is car- ried on here in planks and deals. Alderney, an island in the English chan- nel; it is eight miles in compass, separated from the coast of Normandy, by a strait called the Race of Alderney, which is a very dangerous passage, on account of the rocks under water. It is a healthful island, and fruitful in corn and pasture ; but has only one church, in a town of t lie. same name. Lon. 2 7 W, lat. 49 45 N. Alderette, a small town of Portugal, in Alentejo, on the river Caia, which falls into the Guadiana, a little below Badajoz. It is f miles S E of Portalegre. Lon. 7 25 W, la>. 39 2 N. Alentejo, a fertile province of Portugal, bet ween the Tajo and the Guadiana. The inhabitants are very industrious. Alencon, a large handsome town of France, in the department of One and late province of Normandy. Near it are stone quarries, fit for building, wherein is found a sort of chrystal like Bristol stories. It is seated in an open country, abounding in all sorts of corn and iVuits, on the river Sart, 20 miles N of Mans, and 97 S W of Paris. Lon. 10 E, lat. 48 18 N. Aleppo, the capital of Syria, inhabited by Turks, and four sorts of Christians, who have each a bishop and a church, and the free exercise of their religion. The city and suburbs contain 235,000 per- sons. Next to Constantinople and Cairo, ir*is the most considerable city in the ALE ALE Turkish empire. It is situated in the vast plain, which extends from the Orontes to the Euphrates, and which towards the south terminates in the desert. It is built on eight hills, on the highest of which the castle is erected, and is supposed to be the castle of Berxa. The houses are large and commodious, having terraces on their tops, and generally sky-lights in form of a dome, to let the light into the rooms, which from their loftiness, the gilding on the window-shutters, cup- boards, &c. have at first entrance a very agreeable effect. The streets are carefully paved ; have gutters and a foot pavement on each side ; and the middle of the street is laid with brick, the small end upwards, for the convenience of horses. There is also a cleanliness observed here, unknown to the other cities of Turkey, there being ass drivers who go about the city and take up the rubbish and dust, which eacli inhabitant is obliged to s weep together. The mosques are numerous and some of them magnificent. Before each of them is an area, with a fountain in the middle, designed for ablutions before prayers. The bazars or market-places are long co- vered narrow streets, on each side of which are a great number of small shops, just sufficient to hold the tradesman and his goods, the buyer being obliged to stand without. The situation of Aleppo rising from a few springs, and cause the whole to be overflowed in winter. The extent of the surface prevents this water from being of any great depth ; so that it is soon evaporated by the sun, when it leaves a cake of salt, in some places half an inch thick ; and, in April, people are employed to gather this salt, which is sufficient to supply all this part of the country. Aleppo is seated on a small brook, 70 miles E of Alexandretta, and 170 N by E of Damascus. Lon. 37 20 E, lat. 35 45 N. Ale si a, called Alexiaby Livy and others ; a town of the Mandubii, a people of Celtic Gaul. Alessano, a town of Naples, in the pro- vince of Otranto, with a bishop's see, 15 miles S W of Otranto. Lon. 18 25 E, lat. 40 10 N: Alessia, a town of Albania, with a bi- shop's see, near the mouth of the Drino. Eon. 20 6 E, lat. 42 8 N. Alescio, a town of Turkish Dalmatia, with a bishops' see, seated on a mountain, 25 miles from Spalatro. Alet, a town of France, in the depart- ment of Aude and late province of Lan- guedoc. It was lately an episcopal see, and is remarkable for its baths, and for the grains of gold and silver found in the stream which runs from the Pyrenees, at the foot of which it stands. It is seated besides the advantage of a rich and fruit- ' on the river Aude, 15 miles S of Carcas- i'ul soil, possesses also that of a stream of sone. Lon. 2 25 E, lat. 42 59 N. fresh water, which never becomes dry. Xear Aleppo, its banks are covered with a fertile earth, and laid out in gardens, or rather orchards, which in a hot coun- try, and especially in Turkey, cannot but Aleutean Islands. See Archipelago, Northern. Alexandretta, or Seanderoon, a town of Syria, in Asia, at the extremity of the Mediterranean sea, and the seaport of be delightful. The city is itself one of Aleppo, from which it is distant 28 or 30 the most agreeable in Syria. On whate- j leagues. It is now properly speaking no- vel* side it is approached, its numerous i thing else but a village without walls, in minarets and domes present an agreeable which the tombs are more numerous than prospect to the eye, fatigued with the j the houses, and which entirely owes its continued sameness of the brown and parched plains. Aleppo is the emporium of Armenia and the Diarbekar ; sends ca- ravans to Bagdad and into Persia ; and communicates with the Persian gulf and India, by Bassora, with Egypt and Mecca by Damascus, and with Europe by Alex- andretta and Latakia. Their chief com- modities are raw or spun cottons, clumsy linens fabricated in the villages, silk stuffs manufactured in the city, copper, coarse cloaths, goats -hair, the gall-nuts of the Kourdestan, the merchandise of India, such as shawls and muslins. Eighteen miles S E of Aleppo, is a large plain, cal- led the Valley of Salt, bounded by low rocky hills, which form a kind ol natural basin, that retains the rain descending- xistence to the road which it commands. This is the only road of all Syria, where vessels anchor on a solid bottom, without their cables being liable to chafe : but in other respects it has many inconveni- encies. It is infested, during winter, by a peculiar wind, which rushing from the snowy summits, frequently forces ships to drag their anchors several leagues. But the worst circumstance is the extreme unwholesomness of the air. It may be affirmed that this every year carries off one third of the crews of the vessels which remain here during the summer, nay, ships frequently lose all their men in two months. To this baneful epidemic^ Alexandretta from its situation seems to be irremediably condemned ; for the plain from the rocks, together with the water on which the town is built is so low and ALE ALF flat, that the rivulets finding- no declivity can never reach the sea. On this ac- count, while the heats are excessive, the principal inhabitants retire to the neigh- bouring- villages, among the mountains, where there is excellent water and deli- cious fruits. It is 70 miles W of Aleppo. Lon. 36 23 E, lat. 36 35 N. Alexandria, a strong and considerable town of Italy, belonging to the duchy of Milan, with a bishop's see, and a strong castle. It was taken by Buonaparte when he over-ran Italy, retaken by Suwarrow, and since taken by the French, June 1800. It is seated on the Tanai-o, 40 miles S by E of Milan. Lon. 8 43 E, lat. 44 55 N. ' Alexandria a town of Virginia, on the south bank of the river Potomac, about 160 miles from the ocean. It is the capi- tal of a county of the same name, and carries on a considerable trade ; the an- nual exports amount to about 600,000 dollars, chiefly to the West Indies. It has some handsome public buildings, such as an episcopal church, bank, aca- demy, court-house &c. The situation is elevated and pleasant, but the water so bad, that the inhabitants are obliged to semi nearly a mile for what is drinkable. The original settlers laid out the streets on the plan of Philadelphia It contains up- wards of 500 houses, many of which are handsome, and 4000 ,inabitants. Nine miles below the town, on the Virginia bank of Potomac, where it is nearly two miles wide, is Mount Verrion, the cele- brated seat of general Washington. Alex- andria is ten miles S from Washington, and 100 miles N of Richmond. Lon. 77 8 W, lat. 38 30 N. Alexandria, a township in Hunterdon county New Jersey, situated on the river Delaware, opposite to Easton in Pennsyl- vania, It has about 200U inhabitants. Alexandria, a township in Grajfton coun- ty and state of New Hampshire, It con- tains about 500 inhabitants. Alexandria, or Sounder in, an ancient and once rich and famous town of Egypt, now much decayed, though there are still some remains of its ancient splendour. This city was built by Alexander the Great, about 333 years before Christ, and was a league and a half long, by one- third in breadth, which made the circum- ference of its walls about four leagues. Luke Mareotis bathed its walls on the south, and the Mediterranean on the north. It was intersected lengthwise by straight parallel streets. This direction left a free passage to the northerly wind, which alone conveys coolness and salu- brity into Egypt. A street of 2000 feet wide began at the gate of the sea, and terminated at the gate of Canopus- This street, the handsomest in the uni- verse, was intersected by another of the same breadth, which formed a square at their junction of half a league in circum- i ference. At present the city of Alexan- dria is reckoned to have about 14,000 or 15,000 inhabitants; a strange colluvies of different nations, as well as from various parts of the Turkish empire. The pre- sent condition of Alexandria is very des- picable, being now so far ruined, that the rubbish in many places overtops the houses. The famous tower of Pharos has long since been demolished, and a castle, cailed Farillon, built in its place Some parts of the old walls of the city are yet standing, and present us with a masterpiece of ancient masonry. But what m;jst engages the attention of tra vellers is the Pillar of Pompey, as it is commonly called, situated at a quarter of a league from the southern gate. It is composed of red granite. The capital is Corinthian with palm leaves, and not indented. It is nine feet high. The shaft and the upper member of the base are of one piece of 90 feet long, and 9 in diameter. The base is a square of about 15 feet on each side. This block of mar- ble, 60 feet in circumference, rests on two layers of stone bound together with lead Nothing can equal the majesty of this mo- nument ; seen from a distance, it overtops the town, and serves as a signal for ves- sels. Approaching it nearer, it produces an astonishment mixed with awe. One can never be tired with admiring the beauty of the Gapital, the length of the shaft, nor the extraordinary simplicity of the pedestal. It was formerly a place of great trade, all the treasures of the East Indies being deposited there : but since the discovery of the Cape of Good Hope, tii is trade is in a great measure lost This place is subject to the grand signior, who, however, has but a limited authori- ty. It is seated on the most westerly branch of the river Nile, 125 miles N W of Cairo. It was taken by the French under Buonaparte in their predatory ex- pedition to Egypt, but they have been forc ed to abandon it. Lon. 31 11 E, lat. 30 21 N. Alexandria, a post town of Huntingdon county, Pennsylvania ; standing on the Frankstown branch of the river Juniata, 25 miles S by W of Centre furnace, 43 W of Lewistown, and 190 of Philadel- phia, with about 200 inhabitants. Alfacs, the name of certain islands near the mouth of the Ebro, in the prin- cipal, ty o Cat; .Ionia, in Spain. Alfeizerao, a town of Portugal, in Es>« ALG ALG tramadura, on the sea side. Lon. 9 10 W. lat 39 3u N. Alfeld, a town of Germany, in the bi- shopric of Hildesheim, 15 miles S S W of Ilildesheim. Lon. 10 4 E, lat. 51 38 N. Alfidena, an ancient town of Naples, in Abruzzo Ceteriore. Lon. 14 20 E, lat. 41 48 N. Alford, a town in Lincolnshire, with a market on Tuesday : seated on a small brook, six miles from the sea and 20 N of Boston. Lon. 1 E, lat. 53 16 % Afford, a township of Berkshire, in the state of Massachusetts, situated about 140 miles westward from Boston, and containing- about 600 inhabitants. Alfred, a post town of York county, Maine ; situated on the Mousam river, 576 miles from Washing-ton city. In 1800, the township contained 900 inhabitants. Alfreton, a town in Derbyshire, with a market on Monday ; pleasantly seated on a small hill, 13 miles N of Derby, and 141 NNW of London. Lon. 1 25 W, lat. 53 8N. Algagiola, a small fortified seaport in Corsica. It was almost destroyed by the malcontents in 1731, but has since been restored. Lon. 8 55 E, lat. 42 30 N. Algarva, a province of Portugal, 67 miles in length, and 20 in breadth : bound- ed on the W and S by the sea, on the E by the Guadiana, and on the N" by Alen- teio. It is fertile in fig's, almonds, dates, olives, and excellent wine ; the capital is Pharo. Algexira, a strong* town of Spain, in An- dalusia, on the straits of Gibraltar ; but at present in a mean condition, the har- bour being decaved. It is 10 miles N W of Gibraltar. Lon. 5 22 W, lat. 36 14 N. Algher or Alceri, a town of Sardinia, on the NVV coast, with a bishop's see. Lon. 8 40 E, lat. 40 40 K. Algiers, one of the states of Barbary, bounded on the E by Tunis, on the N by the Mediterranean, on the S by Mount Atlas, and on the W by Morocco. It ex- tends 600 miles from E to W. The air is verv temperate, and the land toward the fertile in corn. The valleys are full of fruit ; but a great part is dry, mountainous, and barren. The melons have an exquisite taste, some of which are ripe in summer, and others in winter. The stems of the vines are so large, that a man can hardly grasp them with his arms; and the bunches of grapes are a foot and a half long. It is divide^ into three provinces, namely, TIemsarn on the W, Titerie on the S, and Constantia to the E of the city of Algiers. The Turks, who have the government in their hands, are not above 7000 in number ; and yet the moors, or natives of Africa, have no share in it. It is only a kind of republic under the protection of the grand signior, and it is governed by a sovereign called the dey, but he can do nothing of conse- quence without the council of the Janis- saries. The Arabs, who live in tents, are a distinct people, governed by their own laws and magistrates, though the Turks interpose as often as they please. The dey of Algiers is an absolute monarch, but elected by the Turkish soldiers, and frequently deposed, and put to death by them. The revenues of the government arise from the tribute paid by the Moors and Arabs, a detachment of the army be- ing sent into each province every year to collect it ; and the prizes they take at sea sometimes equal the taxes they lay upon the natives. The dey has several thou- sand Moors in his service, both horse and foot : and the deys or viceroys of the provinces, have each an army under his command. Their religion is Mahometan- ism, and their language a dialect of the Arabic. They have likewise a jargon, composed of Italian, French, and Spanish called Lingua Franca, that is understood by the common people and merchants. The complexion of the natives is tawny, and they are strong and well made. Algiers, a large and strong town of A- frica, in Barbary, the capital of the king- dom of Algiers It is built on the decli- vity of a mountain, and is in the form of an amphitheatre next the harbour ; inso- much, that the houses appearing one above another, make a very fine appear- ance from the sea. The tops of the houses are all flat, for which reason they walkuprn them in the evening to take the air ; besides, they are covered with earth, and serve for a sort of gardens. The streets are narrow, and serve to keep off the extreme heat of the sun. The mole of the harbour is 500 paces in length, ex- tending from the continent to a small is- land, where there is a castle and a large battery of guns. The number of inhabi- tants is said to be 100,000 Mahometans, 15,000 Jews, and 4000 Christian slaves. Their chief subsistence is derived from their piracies, for they make^prizes of all Christian ships that are not at peace with them. The country about Algiers is adorned with gardens and fine villas, wa- tered by fountains and rivulets ; aud thi- ther the inhabitants resort in the hot sea- sons. Algiers tho' it has, for ages, brav- ed the resentment of the most powerful states in - Christendom, it is said, could make but a weak defence against a regu- lar siege. The emperor Charles V. in 1541, lost a fine fleet and army, jn an ex- EL a e-". *• 1 -:-«; A LI ALL pedition against it. The English burnt their vessels in the harbour in 1615 and 1670 It was bombarded by the French in 1688. In 1775, the Spaniards made a descent near the city with a formidable army, but were defeated with great slaughter. In 1784, they sent a powerful fleet to attack 'the forts that defend the harbour; but they were repelled by the Algerines, although they made eight suc- cessive attacks with great spirit and bra- very. In 1767, the Algerines took the lead of the other states of Barbary, in re- fusing to pay any longer their usual tri- bute to the Porte. Algiers is situate op- posite Minorca, 380 miles W of Tunis. Lon. 2u|8 Ei >laV34 $ ^••'^ P PJ Alhama, a town of Spain, in Granada. A little below it are hot baths, accounted the best in Spain. It is seated in a val- ley, surrounded by craggy mountains, 25 miles SW of Granada. Lon. 3 24 W lat. 36 56 N. Jllhambra, the ancient fortress and re- sidence of the Moorish monarchs of Gra- nada. In many countries may be seen excellent modern as well as ancient ar- chitecture, both entire and in ruins: but nothing to be met with any where else can convey an idea of this edifice, ex- cept the decorations of an opera or the tales of the genii. The first place you come to is the court called the communa, or common baths ; an oblong square with a deep basin of clear water in the mid- dle ; two flights of marble steps leading down to the bottom , on each side a par- terre of flowers, and a row of orange trees. The c eilings are gilt or painted, the lower part of the walls is mosaic, dis- posed in fantastic knots and festoons, a work so novel, so exquisitely -finished, as must afford a stranger the most agree- able sensations, while he treads this m>a- gic ground. Opposite the door of the commuaa, is another leading into the apartment of the lions, an oblong court 100 feel in length and 50 in breadth, en- vironed with a colonnade. The gate that leads into the hull of the two sisters, ex- ceeds all the rest in proportion of orna- ments, and in beauty of prospect, which it aifords through a range of apartments, where a multitude of arches terminate in a large window open to the country. In a gleam of sunshine, the variety of tints and lights thrown upon this enhlade are uncommonly rich. It is seated near the confluence of the Oro with the Xenil, 125 miles SW of Murcia, and 225 S of Ma- drid. Lon. 3 30 W, lat. 37 8 N. AUcant, a seaport of Spain, in Valen- cia ; remarkable for its excellent wine, and the fertility of its soil, which pro- duces excellent fruits, and plenty of rose- mary of an extraordinary size. The cas- tle, on a high rock, was reckoned im- pregnable ; but it was taken by the Eng- lish in 1706. It was likewise taken by the French and Spaniards, after a siege of almost two years ; and then part of the rock was blown up. It is scaled on the Mediterranean, on a bay of the same name, 25 miles S of Valencia. Lon. 0, lat. 38 16 N. Aligata, a town of Sicily, remarkable for corn and good wine. It is seated on a peninsula, 22 miles SE of Gergenti. Lon. 13 48 E. lat. 37 UN.*, Allahabad, a city of Oude, in Hindoo stan proper, seated at the confluence of the two great rivers, the Ganges and Jumna. It was founded by the emperor Acbar, who intended it as a placei of arms : but its fortifications will hardly resist the battering of a field-piece. It is 470 miles NYV of Calcutta. Lon. 82 E, lat. 24 45 N. Allburg, a township in Franklin conn ty and stale of Vermont. It is situated on the Michiscoui bay and contains about 1000 inhabitants. Alleghany, the name of one of the wes- tern counties of Pennsylvania, of which Pittsburg is the capital. It abounds with fossil coal, and some mines of iron and copper. The land is generally rich, and the country is growing fast in population. Tt is supposed at present to contain 20,000 inhabitant^v'^'^^^ilip ' Alleghany, or Appalachian Mountains, a long range of mountains in N America, between the Atlantic, the Mississippi, and the lakes ; extending nearly parallel with the seacoast, 900 miles in length, and from 60 to 200 in breadth. The different ridges which compose this immense range have different names in the different states. Advancing from the Atlantic, the first ridge of Pennsylvania, Virginia, and North Carolina, is the Blue Ridge, or South Mountain, from 130 to 200 miles from the sea, and about 4000 feet high from its base. Between this and the North Mountain, spreads a large fertile vale. Next lies the Alleghany, which is the principal ri'dgo, and has been descrip- tively called the back-bone of the United States. Beyond this is the long ridge cal- led the Laurel Mountains, in a spur of which, in lat. 36 is a spring of water, 50 feet deep, very cold, and as blue as in- digo. From these several ridges proceed innumerable nameless branches or spurs. The Kittatiny, or Blue Mountains, run through the northern parts of New Jersey ancWennsylvania. These mountains are not confusedly scattered and broken, ris- ALL A L M ing here and there into high peaks over- topping- each other, but stretch along- in uniform ridges, scarcely half a mile high. They spread as they proceed S, and some of them terminate in high per- pendicular bluffs. Others gradually sub- side into a ley^l country, giving rise to the rivers w hich run southerly into the gulf of Mexico. In the back parts of Pennsylvania, scarcely one acre in ten of this range is capable of culture : but this is not the case in all parts ; for numerous tracts of fine arable and pasture land in- tervene between the ridges, having gene- rally a rich black soil. Indeed, some of the mountains will admit of cultivation almost to their tops. Alleghany Iliver, is an important stream in the western part of Pennsylvania. The head waters have their rise in the N part of Pennsylvania near New York state and nearly in an E and W centre of the state. Winding a NW direction it passes in;o New York, and then taking a SW course through a fertile part of Pennsylvania, joins with the Monongahela at Pittsburg, and forming the Ohio river. A very slight inspection of the Map of Pennsylvania will convince a person that this river will at some future day, perhaps not very dis- tant, be the channel of communication between the Great Western and Easteri ladelphia and the Ohio waters, giving the industrious planter a choice of a mar- ket either in the Gulf of Mexico, or in the metropolis of his own state, one at a distance of 2000 miles, the other not more than 300 from his own door. Allc/n/rch, a village of Worcestershire. It has an alms-house founded in 1580, and the Roman Ickneld street passes through it. The bishop of Worcester had formerly a palace here. ; and the church, several parts of which are of Saxon architecture, contains many antique monuments. It is five miles E by N of Bromsgrove. Aliegranza, one of the Canary islands, lying to the N of Graciosa, and to the E of St. Clare. There are several castles that defend the harbour. Allendorf t a smalltown in the landgra- vate of Hesse Cassel, remarkable for its salt-works, and three stone bridges. It is seated on the Weser, 15 miles E of Cassel. Lon. 9 59 E, lat. 51 19 N. Allen's Fresh, a small town in Charles count}', Maryland. SSW of Baltimore, It lies about. 90 miles and about 50 S of waters. At present the transportation is considerable on one of its small branches French creek is the only stream of con sequence which the Alleghany receives from the westward. This creek has its source near Lake Erie, from which to Waterford the commencing point of navi- gation there is a portage over a turnpike of 14 miles. Upwards of 70,000 bushel of salt from the Onondaga works in New 1'ork, were entered in one year at Erie a considerable portion of which descend- ed French creek and the Alleghany for the supply of the different Ohio river towns. It is the Eastern branches of the Alleghany which interlocking with the navigable branches of the Susquehanna make this river of great importance to the state of Pennsylvania. Of these branches, Toby's creek from the NW and Kiskimenetas river from the SW are the most conspicuous. The navigable branch- es of the former approach the navigable waters of the \V branch of the Susque- hanna within 20 miles, while the navi- gable head waters of the former may be connected with the navigable waters of Juniatta by a portage of 25 miles. Thus nature has left comparatively but little for the exertions of man to form a. com- plete water communication betweewPhi- the city of Washington. Allemtown, a township in Rockingham county, and state of New Hampshire ; about 25 miles NW of Exeter, and about 40 from Portsmouth. It has but few in- habitants. Allentoivn, a town in Monmouth coun- ty, New Jersey, 10 miles SE of Tren- ton, 22 S by W of Monmouth courthouse, and 40 NE of Philadelphia. — And a vil- lage, in Northampton county, Pennsyl- vania, 6 miles SW of Bethlehem, 18 of Easton in the same direction, and 56 N of Philadelphia. Post offices are establish- ed at both these small towns. Aller,^ a river which rises in the duchy of Magdeburg, waters Zell, and falls into the Weser below Verden. Alleria, a decayed town in Corsica, a bishop's see, and the place where king- Theodore first landed in 1736. Lon. 8 50 E, lat. 42 5 N. Allier, a department of France, lately the province of Bourbonnois. Alloa, a commercial town, on the Frith of Port.h , about 20 miles higher up the river than Lcith, and five miles E of Stir- ng. It consists of one spacious street, well paved, and shaded with rows of lime trees. Here is a custom-house for the convenience of shipping in this part of the north, and it is the resort of all the coal vessels in the neighbourhood. It has a glass-house and some other manu- factures. Lon. 3 45 W, lat. 56 10 N. Almacarron, a seaport of Spain, in the province of Murcia, at the mouth of the ALP A LS Guadalantine, near the Mediterranean, j 20 mik s SW of Carthagena. Lon. 56 \V, lut. 37 28 N. Almanza, a town of New Castile, re- markable for the defeat of the allies, by the French and Spaniards, in 1707, when most of the English were killed or taken, having been abandoned by the Portuguese horse at the first charge. It is 50 miles SW of Valencia. Lon. 56 W, lat. 38 54 N. Almeda, a town of Portugal, in Estra- madura, seated on the Tajo, opposite Lisbon. Lon. 9 4 W, lat. 38 33 N. Almedia, a town of Portugal, in the province- of Tra-los-montes, on the con- fines of Leon, 17 miles N W of Civadad Rodrigo. Lon. 6 15 W, lat. 40 45 N. Almeida, a fortified town of Portugal, in \ he province of Beira, on the river Coa. Lon. 8 15 W, lat. 40 38 N. Almendvalaio, a town of Spain, in Es- tramadura, near the borders of Portugal. Lor. 5 6 W, lat. 38 36 N. Almeria, a seaport of Spain, in the pro- vince of Granada, with a bishop's see, seated on the river Almcria, 62 miles SE f Granada. Lon. 2 W, lat. 36 51 N. Almissa, a small but strong town, at the mouth of the Cetina, in Dalmatia, famous for its piracies. It is 10 miles E of Spalatro. Lon. 17 45 E, lat. 44 4 N. Almondbury, a village in the West riding of Yorkshire, 2 miles SSEof Huddersfield. Almo?idsbury . a village in Gloucester- shin . eight miles N of Bristol. Almunecar, a seaport town in the king- dom of Granada, seated on the Mediter- ranean, with a good harbour, defended by a strong casvle, 30 miles SSE of Alhama. Lon. 3 45 W, lat. 36 30 N. Alnwick, the county town of Northum- berland, with a market on Saturday. It is seated on the river Alne, and is a popu- lous well-built town, with a town-house. It has three gates, which remain almost entire, and show that it was formerly sur- rounded by a wall. It was defended by an old iUitely Gothic castle, the seat of the chike of Northumberland, which has been lately repaired and beautified. It is 30 miles N of Newcastle, 26 S of Ber- wick, and 305 N by W of London. Lon. 1 30 W, lat. 55 25 N. Most, a town of Flanders, or the river Dender, in the mid-wa) between Brussels and Ghent. Lon. 4 12 E, lat. 50 58 N. Alpnach, a town of Su isscrland, in Un- derwrtldtn, seated on lake Alpnach, an arm of the lake of the Four ( antons, with which it unites near Stantzstadt. Alps, the highest mountains in Europe, separating Italy from France and Germa- ny. They begin on the side of France to- wards the Mediterranean, between the territory of Genoa and county of Nice ; and terminate at the gulf of Carmero, which is part of the gulf of Venice. They consist of lofty chains of mountains, ran- ging one upon another, with only narrow valleys between. They are composed of stupendous rocky masses, two, four and even six being piled upon each other, and from 4000 to 12000 feet high. There are few passes over them, and those of diffi- cult access. Swisserland takes up a good part of these mountains, or rather the vallies between them. The famous Han- nibal attempted to cross the Alps on the side of Piedmont, in the winter season, when he invaded Italy, and lost most of his elephants among them. Alps, Upper, a department of France, comprehending part of the late province of Daunhiny. Alps, Lower, a department of France, containing part of the late province of Florence. Alpuxares, high mountains of Granada in Spain, near the coast of the Mediterra- nean, inhabited by the Moriscoes, who carefully cultivate the ground, which produces excellent wines and fruits. Alresford, a town in Hampshire, with a market on Thursday. It has about 200 houses, two principal streets, which are large and broad, and a small manufacture of linseys. It is 18 miles ENE of South- ampton, and 57 WSW of London. Lon. 1 1 W, lat. 51 6 N. Alsace, a late province of France, boun- ded on the E by the Rhine, on the S by Swisserland and Franche Comte, on the W by Lorrain, and on the N by the pala- tinate of the Rhine, now in the depart- ments of the Upper and Lower Rhine. It is a very fertile country, producing plenty of all sorts of corn, wine, pasture, wood, flax, tobacco, pulse and fruit. There are mines of silver, copper, and lead, as well as mineral waters. It is diversified with pleasant hills, and mountains covered with forests, in which are pine trees 120 feet high. The language is the German, it having been part of the empire. Alsace, a township of Berks county, in the State of Pennsylvania, on the east side of the river Schuylkill. It contains about 1200 inhabitants. Alsen, an island of Denmark, in the Lit- tle Belt, or entrance into the Baltic, be- tween Sleswick and Funen. It has no- thing remarkable, but two castles, and is 100 miles W of Gopenhagen. Alsfehl an ancient town of Germany, in the lundgravate of Hesse Cassel, 12 miles NW of Marburg. It is an ancient ALT A M A town, and its inhabitants were the first of this coumry who embraced the refor- mation. Lon. 9 E. lat. 50 55 N. Alsheda, a town of Sweden, in the pro- vince of Smoland, near which a gold mine ■WuS discovered in 1738. Alston-Moor, a town in Cumberland, with a market on Saturday, seated on a hill, at the bottom of which runs the Tyne, with a stone bridge over it ; and near the town is plenty of lead ore. It is 20 miles E by S of Carlisle, and 303 NNW of Lon- don. Lon. 2 14 W, lat 54 50 N. Altamont, a lown of Naples, in Calabria Citerior, 15 miles NW of Basigniano. Lon. 16 22 E, lat. 39 50 N. Altamura, a town of Naples, in the ter- ritory of Bari, at the foot of the Appen- nines. Lon. 16 58 E, lat. 41 6 N. Altea, a seaport of Valencia, in Spain. It was taken in 1705, in favour of the arch- duke Charles ; but lost after the famous battle of Almanza. It is seated on the Mediterranean, 42 miles SE of Valen- cia, and 110 S by E of Madrid. Lon. 15 E, lat. 38 34 N. Altena, a flourishing- seaport of Germa- ny, in the duchy of Holstein, c ;mmodi- ously seated on the Elbe, in the vicinity of Hamburg-. The Danes built it in that situation, that it might rival Hamburg in commerce. It was burnt by the Swedes in 1712, but has been since beautifully re- built. Lon. 9 52 E, lat. 53 37 N. Altenburg, a town of Germany, in the circle of Upper Saxony, with a strong castle. It is seated on the Pleisse, 20 miles S of Leipsic. Lon. 12 28 E, lat. 50 59 N. Altenberg, a town of Transylvania, 18 miles S ot Weissemburg. Lon. 23 15 E, lat. 46 N. Altenburg or Oxvar, a town of Lower Hungary on the Danube, 15 miles S of Presburg, and 40 S E of Vienna. Lon. 17 13 E, lat 48 K. Altenburg, or Oldenburg, an ancient v town ipf. Germany in Holstein. *'"*mL Altesson, a town of Piedmont, between the rivers Dore and Stura, near Lauvene- rie. Lon. 7 20 E, lat. 44 36 N. Altetey, a town and castle of Germany, in the Palatinate of the Rhine, 15 miles'S W of Mentz. Lon. 8 12 E, lat 49 40 N. Altkirch, a town of France in the de- partment of the Upper Rhine, on the river Ille, 45 miles SSW of Strasburg. Lon. 7 20 E, lat. 47 40 N. Altmore, a town of Ireland, in thecoun ty of Tyrone, seven miles NW of Dun- gannon. Lon. 6 45 W, lat. 54 43 N. Alton, a town in Hampshire, seated on the river Wey, with a market on* Satur- lagr. It has one church, a famous free- school, a large manufacture of plain and figured baragons, ribbed druggets, & ser- ges de Nismes ; and round the town are plantations of hops. It is 18 miles ENE of Southampton, and 48 WSW of London. Lon. 56 VV, lat. 51 22 N. Alton, a township of Strafford county, in 4he State of New Hampshire, contain- ing about 1000 inhabitants. Altorf. a town of Germany, in the terri- tory of Nuremburg, with a famous univer- sity, a library, and a physic garden. It is 10 miles SE'of Nuremburg/lon. 11 22 E, lat. 4920N. Altorf, a town of Germany, in the circle of Suabia, 20 miles NE of Constance, and subject to the house of Austria. Lon. 9 30 E, lat. 47 50 N. Altorf, a town of Swisserland, capital of the canton of Uri, seated near the mouth of the river Russ, on the lake of Lucern, 20 miles SE of Lucern. Lon. 8 25 E, lat. 46 55 N. Altringham, a town in Cheshire, with a market on Tuesday, 10 miles E of War- rington, anc 180 NW of London. Lon. 2 32 W, lat. 53 23 N. Alva-de-Tormes, a considerable town of Spain, in Leon, with a strong castle, seat- ed on the Tormes, 12 miles SE of Sala- manca. Lon. 5 4 W, lat. 41 N. Alvesto?i, a village in Gloucestershire. On the top of a hill near the Severn, is a large round camp, called Oldbury, where several antiquities have been dug up. It is eight miles N by E of Bristol. Alzira, a town of Spain in Valencia, on the river Xucar, 17 miles S of Valencia- Lon. 10 E, lat. 39 6 N. Amadan, or Hamadan, a town of Persia, 200 miles NE of Bagdad. Lon. 47 4 E, lat. 35 15 N. Amadia, a trading town of Asia, in Curdistan, belonging to the Turks ; seat- ed on a high mountain, 40 miles SE of Gezira. Lon. 41 5 E, lat. 36 5 N. Amah, an island in the Baltic, near Co- penhagen, from which it is separated by a canal. It is four miles longhand two broad, and is chiefly peopled by the des- cendants of a colony from E Friesland, to whom the island was consigned by Christian II, at the request of his gueen, for the purpose of supplying her with ve- getables, cheese and butter. From the intermarriages of these colonists with the Danes, the present inhabitants are chiefly descended ; but as they wear their own dress, and enjoy peculiar privileges, they appear a distinct race,. It has two church- es, in which the ministers preach occa- sionally in Dutch and Danish. The men wear broad-brimmed hats, black jackets, full-glazed breeches of the same colour A MA AM B loose at the knee, and tied round the waist. The women are chiefly dressed in black jackets and red petticoats, with a piece of blue . glazed cloth bound on their heads. The island is laid out in gardens and pastures ; and still, accord- ing- to the original design, supplies Cop- enhagen with milk, butter, and vegetables. Amal, a town of Sweden, in the pro- vince of Gothland, with a good harbour on lake Wenner, 175 miles SW of Upsal, It carries on a great trade in timber, deals, and tar. Lon. 12 40 E, lat. 59 N. Amalfi, an ancient town in the Citerior Principality of Naples, and an archbish- op's see. Flavio Gioia, who is said to have invented the mariner's compass, about the beginning of the 14th century, was a na- tive of this town. It is seated in a char- ming country, on the western coast of the gulf of Salerno, 13 miles SW of Saler- no. Lon. 14 45 E, lat. 40 28 N. Amand, St. a town of France in the de- partment of Cher, and late territory of Bourbonnois, seated on the river Cher, 20 miles S of Bourges. Lon. 2 30 E,lat. 46 45 N. Amand, St. a town of France, in the department of the North and in the late French Flanders, seated on a Scarpe, se- ven miles N of Valenciennes. It had lately a celebrated abbey, which is now plundered. When the Prussians and Austrians, invaded France in 1792, it was taken by them, but evacuated on their retreat. Lon. 3 35 E, lat. 50 27 N. Amantea, a seaport town of Naples, in Calabria Citerior, near the bay of Eufe- mia, 20 miles SW of Cosenza. Lon. 16 10 E, lat. 39 12 N. Amapalla, a seaport of N America, in Guatimala, seated on a gulf of the same name, 220 miles SK of Guatimala. Lon. 86 40 W,lat. 12 30 N. Amasia, an ancient town of Natolia, the birthplace of Strabo, the geographer. It is the residence of a bashaw, and gives its name to the province it stands in, where there are the best wines and fruits of Na- tolia. It was destroyed by an earthquake, July 3, 1794. It is seated near the river Casalmack, 36 miles N of Tocat. Lon. 36 0E, lat 40 31 N. Amazon, or Orelhma, a great river of S America, which has its source in Peru, not far from the Pacific Ocean, and run- ning E falls into the Atlantic Ocean by 84 channels, which in the rainy season over- flow their banks, and fertilize the country. Its course is between 4 and 5000 miles, including all its windings. Its mouth is 150 miles broad; and it receives, in its progress, near 200 other rivers, many of which have a course of 5 or 600 leagues, some of them not inferior to the Danube or the Nile; and 1500 miles from its mouth, it is 30 or 40 fathoms deep. Amazonia, a country in S America, bounded on the N* by Terra Firma and Guiana, on the E by the Atlantic Ocean and Brasil, on the S by La Plata, and on the W by. Peru. It is 1200 miles long, and 960 broad. It was discovered In 1580, by Francisco Orellana, who sailed down the river Amazon to the Atlantic. Ob- serving companies of women in arms on its banks, he called the country Amazonia, and gave the name of Amazon to theTl-' ver. But this was probably a fiction, for M. Condamine could perceive no such women. It is generally a flat region, abounding in woods, lakes, rivers, bogs, and morasses. The soil is very rich and fertile ; the trees and plants are verdant all the year. The rivers and lakes are infested by alligators and water-serpents. Their banks are iphabited by different tribes of Indians, governed by petty sove- reigns, the marks of whose dignity are a crown of parrots feathers, a chain of li- ons teeth or claws hung round his neck, and a wooden sword which he carries in his hand. The Spaniards have made ma- ny vain attempts to settle this country. On that part of the coast between Cape North and the mouth of the Amazon, the Portuguese, indeed have some settle- ments. Amberg, a handsome town of Germany, capital of the Upper Palatinate of Bavaria. It has a strong castle, and is seated on the river Ills, 40 miles E of Nurem- burg. Lon. 12 7 E, lat. 49 20 N. Ambert, a town of France in the de- partment of the Puy de Dome and late province of Auvergne, seated in a beau- tiful valley, on the river Ore. It was re- markable, before the French Revolution, for the great number of paper manufac- turers in its vicinity, and for its trade in coarse laces, camlets, Sx. It is 21 miles E of Issoire, and 300 S by E of Paris. Lon. 3 50 E, lat. 45 25 N. Ambleside, a town of Westmoreland, with a market on Wednesday, seated on Winander-mere, 13 miles NYV of Kendal, and 271 NNW of London. Lon. 3 6 W, lat. 54 28 N. ' ■ Ambleteuse, a seaport of France, in the department of the Straits of Calais and late province of Picardy, eight miles N of Boulogne, defended' by a battery of cannon. Lon. 1 41 E, lat, 50 49 N. Amboise, a town of France, in the de- partment of Indre and Loire and late province of Touraine, seated at the con- fluence of the Loire and Massee. The staircase of the castle, being without steps, may be ascended to the very top. A M E AME Here Lewis XL instituted the order of St. Michael ; and here in 1506, was formed the famous conspiracy against the Guises, known by the name«of Amboise. It, is! 12, miles E of Tours, and 118 S by W of I'aris. Lon. 5i E, hit. 47 25 X. " |PJ Amboy, sometimes called Perth Amboy, the capital of East Jersey, in Middlesex county. This town is finely situated for a seaport, lying- open to Sandy-hook, and approachable from the sea with any wind that blows. Some efforts have been made to introduce commerce, but with small success, the exports having hardly ever exceeded 60,000 dollars per annum. The inhabitants are about 600. — It lies in the lat. of 40 35 N. and Long- of 75 W, 35 miles from New York, and 70 from Phi- ladelphia. Amboyna, an island of Asia, in the In- dian Ocean, with a garrison tawn of the same name. It is the chief of the Mo- luccas, and remarkable for the quantity of cloves and nutmegs it produces. The English and Dutch had factories here at the beginning- of the 17th century ; but the Dutch expelled the English, and tor- tured them with the most savage cruelty. The natives wear large whiskers, and their dress is only a slight piece of stuff wrapped round their middle. The men buy their wives of their paients, and if they prove barren, the marriage is void. They are generally Mahometans ; but there are some Roman catholics among them. Lon. 127 E, lat. 4 S. . lmbresbun,, a town in Wiltshire, with a market on Friday, and three fairs; six miles X of Salisbury, and 78 W of Lon- don. Lon. 1 40 W, lat 51 11 X. Ambrym, one of the new Hebrides, in the S Pacific Ocean. Lon. 168 12 E, lat. 16 10 X. Amedabad, a large and populous city of Indostan, and the capital of the province of Guzerat. It is one of the best forti- fied places in India, but was taken by ge- neral Goddard, in 1780, from the Poonah Mahrattas to whom it was restored in 1783. It stands in a beautiful plain on the banks of a navigable river that falls in- to the gulf of Cambay, 321 miles N of Bombay. Lon. 72 37 E, lat. 22 58 X. Amedangur, a city of Hindoostan in the Deccan ,• once the capital of the soubah of the same name, which now is better known by that of Dowlatabad. This city was the residence of the emperor Au- rungzebe, during- his conquest of the Deccan, and the Carnatic. It is 181 miles by Poonah, from Bombav. Lon. 75 E. lat 19 10 X. Amelia, an episcopal city of Italy, in the state of the church, in the duchy of Spo- letto, 20 miles SW of Spoletta, and 45 X of Rome. Lon. 12 30 E, lat. 41 33 N. Amelia, a county in the state of Virgi- nia, lying between the waters of the Not- toway and Appomatox rivers. It contains about 8000 inhabitants. Amenia, a township of Duchess county, in the state of "New York. It contains about 4000 inhabitants. America, one of the four parts of the world, and by much the largest. It is bounded on all sides by the ocean, as ap- pears from the latest discoveries ; it being* formerly supposed to join to the north east part of Asia. It took its name from Americus Vespucius, a Florentine, who is said to have discovered that part of the country seated under the line. But America was first discovered by Christo- pher Columbus, a Genoese, in 1401. It is called the Xew World with great proprie- ty ; for not only the men, but the birds and beasts differ, in some respects from those known before. It has likewise a great number of trees and plants, that grew no where else, before they were transplanted to other places. All the men, except the Eskimaux, near Green- land, seem to have the same original ; for they agree in every particular, from the straits of Magellan, in the S, to Hudson's Bay, in the X. Their skins, unless daubed with grease or oil, are of a red copper colour, and they have no beards, or hair on any other part of their bodies, except the head, where it is black, straight, and coarse. Many are the conjecture^ about the peopling of this vast continent, and- almost as various as their authors America is so long, that it takes in not only all the Torrid, but also the Terripe- jate and part of the Frigid Zones. It i^ hard to say how main different languages there are in America, a vast number be- ing spoken by the different, people in dif- ferent parts ; and as to their religion, there is no giving- any tolerable account of it in general, though some of the most civilized among- them seem to have wor- shipped the sun. The principal motive of the Spaniards in sending so many co- lonies here, was the thirst of gold ; and indeed they and the Portuguese are pos- sessed of all those parts where it is found in greatest plenty. This immense conti- nent is divided into X and S America, which are joined by the isthmus of Da- rien. -It has the loftiest mountains in the world, such as those that form the im- mense chain called the Andes ; and the largest rivers, such as the Amazon, Plata, Oronoko, Mississippi, Illinois, Missourie, Ohio, St. Lawrence, Hudson, Delaware, Susquehannah, Potomac, ike. Beside the A M I AMP Indians who inhabit the interior parts, and the United States of America, who possess most of the territory that former- ly belonged to Great Britain, the different European powers have rich and flourish- ing' colonies here. The United States possess, New England, New York, New Jersey, Pennsylvania, Delaware, Mary- land, Virginia, North and South Caro- lina, Keiuucky ; and all the country to the N of the Ohio, extending from Penn- sylvania on the E, the lakes on the N, and the Mississippi on the W. The coun- tries possessed by Great Britain, are, La- brador or. New Britain, Upper and Lower Canada, Nova Scotia, and New Bruns- wick. In N America, Spain possesses East and West Florida, Louisiana, New Mexico, California, and old Mexico or New Spain ; in S America, they have Terra Firma, Peru, Chili, and Paragua. In S America, the Portuguese have Bra- sil : the French Cayenne ; and the Dutch, Surinam, both in Guiana. Amersfort, a town of the Netherlands, in Utrecht, seated in a fertile country on the river Embs, 12 miles E of Utrecht. Lon. 5 22 E, lat. 52 14 N. Amersham, or Agmondesham, a borough of Bucks, consisting of about 200 houses with a market on Tuesday. It sends two members to parliament, and is 26 miles S E of Buckingham, and 29 NW of London. Lon. 35 W, lat. 51 40 N. Ameabury, a town in Essex county, and State of Massachusetts, about four miles from Newburyport, and fifty miles N by E from Boston. It is a flourishing place, being situated on a navigable river. Ameicell, atownship of Hunterdon coun - ty, in the State of New Jersey, about 34 miles N byE of Philadelphia It contains about 7000 inhabitants. Amherst, a post town of Hillsborough county, New Hampshire. It lies on the Souhegan R. 18 miles E of Peterborough. 19 W of Londonderry, and about 6 W by S of Portsmouth, containing about 2000 inhabitants. Amherst { a. township of Hampshire coun- ty, and State of Massachusetts, about 90 miles W of Boston, with about 1500 inha- bitants. Amherst, a popidous county in the State of Virginia, containing about 20,000 inha- bitants, one third slaves. It is separated from Bedford county in the same State by James River. Amily, a township' of Berks county, in the State of Pennsylvania. It is situated on the NE side of Schuylkill river, and contains about 1000 inhabitants. Amid, a town < f Natolia. 4 J miles E of Amasia. Lon. 36 40 E, lat. 40 30 N. Amien, a principal city of Mesopotamia, called Ammxa by Ptolemy ; it is situated on a high mountain, on the borders of As- syria, on the Tigris, where it receives the Nimphius. Amiens, an ancient city of France, in the department of Somme and late pro- vince of Picardy. The cathedral was one of the* largest and most magnificent in France, previous to the French revolu- tion. Three branches of the river Som- me enter this city. It was taken by the Spaniards in 1597, but retaken by Henry IV, who built a citadel here. It has ma- nufactures in linen and woollen cloth, es- tablished by Colbert, which employ in the city and adjacent country 30,000 people. It is 20 miles SE of Abbeville, and 75 N of Paris. Lon. 2 28 E, lat. 49 54 N. Ammercot a fort in Hindoostan Proper, in a very extensive sandy desert, between the Indus, the territories of Agimere and Moultan, and the Puddar. This place is celebrated as the retreat of the emperor Humaioon, during his troubles ; and here was born his son, the illustrious Acbar, It is 190 miles N by E of Tatta. Amol, a town of Asia, in Usbec Tarta- rv, seated on the river Gihon, 60 miles W of Bokhara. Lon. 64 30 E, lat. 39 20 N. Amorgus, an island of the Archipelago, fertile in wine, oil, and corn. The best parts belong to a monastery ; and the greatest inconvenience of this island is the want of fuel. It is 30 miles in cir- cumference, and 67 N of Candia. Lon, 26 15 E, lat. 36 20 N. Amonoosuck, Upper and Lower, names of two rivers in the state of New Hamp- shire, both of which rise in the White mountain, and both of them fall into the Connecticut river, about thirty miles apart. Amour, a river of Asia, whose source is in Siberia ; it runs E through Chinese Tartary, and falls into the bay of Corea. Amay, an island on the SW coast of China. The English had a factory here, but abandoned it, on account of the im- positions of the inhabitants. Amphipolis, a town of Turkey in Eu- rope, anciently the capital of Macedonia, on the river Strvmon, 70 miles NE of Sa- lonichi. Lon. 24' 16 E, lat. 41 38 N. Amplepuis, a town of France in the de- partment of Rhone and Loire. It is ce- lebrated for its wines, and is 16 miles E of Roanne. Ampthill, a town in Bedfordshire, with a market on Thursday, seated pleasanth between two hills, but in a barren soil It is six miles S of Bedford, and 45 NW of London. Lon. 30 W, lat. 52 6 N- ANA AND Ampurias, a seaport of .Spain, in Cata- tonia, seated at the mouth of the river Fluvia, 60 miles NE of Barcelona. Lon. 3 6E\lat. 42 5 N. Amras, a very strong- castle in Ger- many, seated in the Tirol, two miles SE of Inspruck. It is remarkable for a rich library, adorned with the portraits of many learned men. Lon. 11 29 E, lat. 47 9 N. Amsterdam, a township of Montgomery county, in the state of New York. Amsterdam, a Urge, rich and populous city in Holland, capital of the United Provinces. The walls are high, and well fortified; and the bridge which joins the . rampart is built over the river Amstel, % and is one of the finest pieces of Archi- ■C, tecture in these parts. Few cities have * their public buildings so fine, numerous, and well kept. Here are many handsome churches, and hospitals for persons of all religions and countries. The exchange is one of the principal ornaments of trie city, and the harbour is one of the larges 1 and finest in Europe, where a vast num- ber of merchant ships may always be seen; though there is a bar at its en- trance, which is, however, a great secu- rity against foreign enemies. The foun- dation of this town is laid upon piles, driven into a morass, and under the stadthouse alone are 13,000. The streets are spacious and well paved, and most of .them have canals, with rows of trees on each side. It is computed to be about half as big as London. It surrendered to the king of Prussia in 1787, when that prince invaded Holland, in favour of the stadtholder, but was evacuated on the restoration of the latter to his rights. Since it surrendered to the French in 1795, its trade has greatly diminished, j and its merchants have been impoverish- ed by tiie repeated exactions of their ra pacious conquerors. It is seated at the confluence of the rivers Amstel and \V; t, 65 miles N of Antwerp, 175 E by X of London, 240 N bv E of Paris, and 560 W of Vienn . Lon. 4 50 E, lat. 52 23 NT. Amivell, a village near Ware, in Hert- fordshire, famous for giving rise to th sew River, which supplies. London wiiii Am.vell, a township in Washington county and state of Pennsylvania. It con- tains about 1600 inhabitants. Anadir, a considerable river of Sibe- ria in Asia, that falls into the Eastern Ocean. Anagni, a small town of Italy, in Cam- pagna di Roma ; a bishop's see, 32 miles E of R >me. Lon. 13 25 E, lat. 41 56 N. Jtmcerpir, thife capita) of the nation of thAAbkhas, on the river Makai, which falls below it into the Black Sea. Anattom, an island, one of the New Hebrides, in the South Pacific Ocean, Lon. 170 9 E. lat. 20 10 S. Ancarano, a town of Italy, in the mar- quisate of Ancona, five miles N of Ascoli, and 82 NE of Rome. Lon. 13 29 E', lat. 42 48 N. Ancaster, a small town in Lincolnshire 9 15 miles S of Lincoln. It was anciently a Roman village, on a Roman highway, and lies under a hill abounding with an- tiquities, for— * Ancenis, a town of France, seated on the Loire, in the department of Lower Loire and late province of Bretagne, 20 miles E of Nantes. Lon. 15 W, lat. 47 15 N. Anclam, a town of Germany, in Pomc- ran ia, on the river Pene, 20 miles S of Gripsyyald. Lon. 14 2 E, lat. 53 52 N. . Incober, a territory on the gold coast of Guinea, having a river of the same name Mowing through it, the banks of which are adorned with lofty trees. On the western bank is a populous village. Ancocus, a river of the stale of New Jersey, falling into the river Delaware about 6 miles below Burlington. Ancona, a province in the ecclesiastical State. Ancona, an ancient town and citadel of Italy, on the gulf of Venice, in the mar- quisate of Ancona. It was originally built upon a hill, and the cathedral stands upon the highest part, but the houses have been gradually extended down the side of the eminence toward the sea. The •ommerce of Ancona has rapidly increas- ed of late years ; for which it is indebted c<) pope Clement XIT, who made it a free port, and buih a mole, to render the har- bour safe : it is erected on the ruins of die ancient mole, raised by the emperor frajan, and is above 2000 feet in length, 100 in breadth, and about 60 in depth :'] om the surface of the s*t-a. The triumphal arch of Trajan, remains id most entire* with its inscription. The street! are nar- row and uneven, the cathedral is a low and dark structure ; and though the front is covered with marble, the architecture has neither beauty nor regularity. Here likewise Clement erected a lazaretto, which adyances a little way into the sea, in the form of a pentagon, and is a noble as well as useful edifice. Ancona was taken by the French in 1796. It is 116 miles N by E of Rome. Lon. 13 35 E, lat. 43 38 N. Andalusia, a province of Spain, 250 miles in length, and 150 in breadth. It is bounded on the S by Granada, on the J * AND AND iV by Algarva and the Atlantic, oajthe N by Estramadura, and on the E by Mur- eia. The Guadalquiver runs through its whole length ; and it is the best, most fertile, and trading part in Spain. The capital is Seville. Andaman Islands, on the E side of the entrance into the bay of Bengal. The in- habitants are the most savage in the whole world. They go quite naked, the women wearing a fringe round their mid- dle. The men are crafty and revengeful ; and frequently express their aversion to strangers in a loud and threatening tone of voice. Sometimes they appear docile and quiet with the most hostile intent. Andaye, a fortified town of France, in the department of the Lower Pyrenees and late territory of Basques, famous for its brandy. It is situate at the mouth of the river Bidassoa, opposite Fontarabia in Spain, 18 miles SW of Bayonne. Lon. 1 45 W, lat. 43 25 N. Andely, a town of France, in the de- partment of Eure and late province of Normandy, parted by a paved causeway into two li tie towns called Great and Lit- tle Aridely, a mile from each other. Great Andely is in a valley, on the little river Gambons. It is 20 miles SE of Kouen, and 60 N\V of Paris. Lon. 1 30 E, lat. 49 20 N. r*Jk$Hk Andernach, an ancient city of Germany, in the electorate of Cologne, seated on the Rhine, 10 miles NW of Coblentz. Lon. 7 22$ lat. 50 29 N. Andero, St. a seaport of Spain in the bay of Biscay, where the Spaniards build and lay up some of their men of war. It is 60 miles W of Bilboa. Lon. 4 30 E, lat. 43 25 X. Andes, or Cordilleras, a chain of moun- tains in South America, which running from the most northern part of Peru, to the Straits of Magellan, are the longest and most remarkable in the world. They divide the whole southern part of Ame- rica, and run a length of 430(T'Jnfles. They are much superior in height to any Other mountains ; for the plain of Quito,, which may be considered as the base of the Andes, is elevated further above the sea than the top of the Pyrenees ; and* they rise, in different places, more than one' third above the Peak of Tenenfie, once thought to be the highest land i. the ancient hemisphere. The Andes may literally be said to hide theirhcads in the clouds : the storms often roll, and the thunder, bursts below their sun. nuts, which, though exposed to the rays of the sun in the torrid zone, are covered with everlasting snow. From experiments made with a barometer on the mountain of Co- topaSi, it appeared that its summit \\ a elevated 6252 yards above the surface of the sea, something more than three geo- graphical miles. In these mountains, there are said to be 16 volCanos. Anrf'jver, a borough in Hampshire, with a market on Saturday. It sends two members to parliament, and is governed by a mayor. It is 10 miles N by W of Winchester, and 65 W by S of London Lon. 1 20 W, lat. 51 14 N. M Andover, a town in Essex county, Mas- sachusetts, about 20 miles N of Boston — And a town in Sussex county, New Jersey, about 10 miles S by E of New- ton, famous for its iron works. Andover, a township of Windsor coun- ty, in the state of Vermont ; situated on the east side of the Green Mountains, and containing about 1500 inhabitants. Andover, a township of Hillsborough county, belonging to the state of New Hampshire, It has 1500 inhabitants. Andover, a township in the district of Maine, situated between the Amoriscog- gin and Nomecot rivers. It is but thinly settled. ' ^fSrt^^ fe^ ' Andrarwn, a town of Sweden, in Goth- land, three miles S of Christianstadt : where there is the greatest alum work in the kingdom. .if Andrew, St. a parish of Charleston dis- trict, in the state of S Carolina. It is si- tuated »on the Ashley river, and in the year 18^0 contained about 600 free whites with a population of 4500 slaves Andrew, St. a fort of the United Pro- vinces, at the E end of the isle of Bom - mel Wae8tt * Andrew, St. a town of Germany, in Ca- l inthia, with a bishop's see, seated on the river Levant, 95 miles S by W of Vienna Lon. 15 10 E, lat. 46 52 N. Andrew's, St. a city in Fifeshire, with an university. It was formerly the see of an archbishop, and is seated at the bot- lorn of a bay, on the level top of a small hill, extending E and W, having an open prospect of the German Ocean. The town of St. Andrewjs was erected into a royal borough by David I. in the year 1140 and their privileges afterwards con- tirmed. The charter of Malcolm II. is preserved in the toibooth ; and appears . ritten on a bit of parchment, but the contents equally valid with what would at this time require whole skins. Here also are kept the silver keys of the city ; which, for form's sake, arc delivered to the king, if he should visit the place, or to a victorious enemy, in token of sub- mission. In this place, likewise, is to be seen Hie monstrous axe which, in 1646, took oft' the heads of Sir Robert Spots- A N G A NG ^sod and other distinguished loyalists. St. Andrew's is now greatly reduced in the number of its inhabitants , at present scarcely exceeding- 2000. It is impos- sible to ascertain the sum when it was the. seat of the primate ; all that can be known is, that during the period of its splendor, there were between 60 and 70 bakers ; but now 9 or 10 are sufficient for the place. It is a mile in circuit, and contains three principal streets. On en- tering the west port, a well-built street, straight, and of a vast length and breadth, appears ; but so grass-grown, and pre- senting such a dreary solitude, that it forms the perfect idea of having been laid waste by the pestilence. The uni- versity, which was founded by bishop Wardlaw, in 1411, consists of three col- leges. The cathedral, the chapel of St. Regulus, the church of St. Salvator, and the priory, have* been noble Gothic struc- tures. The castle was the scene of the cruelty and punishment of cardinal Beton; the window is still shown, from which he beheld the martyrdom of George Wish- art, who was burnt on the spot beneath; and in this castle he himself was assas- sinated in 1546. The houses, though built of stone, are gone to decay, there being no manufactures to support the numerous inhabitants ; nor is the harbour in a good condition. It is 30 miles NE of Edinburgh. Lon. 2 45 W, lat. 56 18 N. Andria, a town of Naples, in Bari, with a bishop's see, four miles S of Barletta. Lon. 16 32 E, lat. 41 25 N. Andros, an island and town in the Ar- chipelago. The inhabitants are of the Greek church, and have a bishop and se- veral monasteries. The principal riches of this island consist in silks, and the fields are very pleasant and fertile ; be- ing planted with oranges, citrons, mul- berries, pomegranates, and figs. It lies to the N of Candia. Lon. 25 30 E, lat. 37 50 N. Andvoscogg-in, in some maps called the Amariscoggin, a considerable river in the district of Maine. It unites with the Ken- Rebeck river about 18 miles from the ocean, after passing through the richest part of Maine. Anduxur, a town of Spain, in Anda- lusia, seated on the Guadalquiver, de- fended by a castle. It is 35 miles E of Cordova. Lon. 64 7 W, lat. 37 55 N. Anegada, one of the English Virgin islands. Lon. 64 7 W, lat. 18 40 N. Angela, St. a small but strong town of Naples, in Capitanata, five miles N of Manfreclonia, and two from the sea. Lon. 16 13 E, lat. 41 40 N. Angelas, a populous and trading town of Mexico, with a bishop's see. The air is excellent, and the land abounds in corn. It is 62 miles SE of Mexico. Lon. 92 22 W, lat. 19 30 N. Angers, an ancient town of France, in the department of Maine and Loirerand the late province of Anjou. It is seated near the confluence of the Sarte and Loire, and is divided by the Maine into two parts ; the western extending into the plain, and the eastern which rises on the acclivity of a hill. Its environs pre- sent a pleasing view of numerous country houses, upwards of a hundred windmills, well cultivated kitchen-gardens, and emi- nences that produce good white wine The cathedral is an elegant structure : the exquisite neatness of the wainscot of the choir, the width of the nave, and the principal gate, surrounded by three steeples (of which the centre one has no support but the bases of the other two) are particularly admired. In this cathe- dral is the tomb of Rene, king of Sicily, and several bishops, in white marble , and here is shown an urn, which is pre- tended to have been used at the wedding of Cana. Before the late dissolution of convents, monks of every order were to be seen at Angers ; and out of four ab- beys that belonged to the Benedictines, three were particularly beautiful. Here is an academy of Belles lettres, establish- ed in 1685. The inhabitants are comput- ed at 30,000 ; and here is a considerable manufacture of handkerchiefs and sail- cloth. The produce of the slate quarries, at the extremity of the suburb of Bres- signy, forms likewise an important ar- ticle of commerce: this slate is so com- mon, that the most paltry hovel in the suburbs is covered with it; on which ac- count Angers has been called the Black City. The castle, flanked by 18 great round towers, is remarkable only for its advantageous situation on a rock, and the width of its ditches. It is 50 miles E of Nantes, and 175 SW of Paris. Lon. 0- 55 W, lat. 47 30 N. Anghiera, a town of Italy, in the duchy of Milan, and capital of a county of the same name: It is seated on the east side of the lake Maggiore, 30 miles NW of Milan. Lon. 8 40 E, lat. 45 42 N. Anglesey, an island and the most west- ern county of N. Wales. It is 24 miles in length, 14 in breadth, and sends two mem- bers to parliament. It is in the diocese of Bangor, is divided into six hundreds, con- taining two market towns, and 74 parish- es. It Is separated from Carnarvonshire by a long and narrow strait called the Menai. That part of the island which borders this strait is finely wooded, re- A N G callingto the mind its ancient state, when it was the celebrated seat of the Druids, whose terrific religious rites wen- per- formed in the gloom of the thi.kest woods where no soul ever entered but the pri.-st, who at noon, and at midnight, with pale- ness on his brow, and tremor in his s.ep, went thither to celebrate the horrible mysteries in honour of that terrific deitv, whose aspect he yet dreaded more than death to behold. Rude mounds, and heaps of stones, said to be druidical remains, are still to be seen. But a little way within, the whole appears a naked tract, without trees or hedges, watered by nu- merous rills, fertile in grass and corn, and abounding in cattle. Vast quantities of copper are procured from a famous mine on Pans mountain. In the N\V part of the island is a quarry of green marble, intermixed with that curious substance- called asbestos. Angol, a town of S. America, in Chili, 125 miles N of Baldivia. Lon. 72 59 \V, lat. 37 36 S. Angola, a kingdom of Africa, bounded on the N by Congo Proper, on the E by Malemba, on the S by Benguela, and on the W by the ocean. This country pro- duces Indian corn, beans, oranges, lem- ons, and several other fruits. The inha- bitants are very lazy and generally idola- ters, taking as many wives as they think fit. The country is divided among seve- ral petty princes, and the Portuguese have several settlements on the coast; but the English and Dutch traffic with the natives, and purchase a great number of slaves. Angoulesme, a town of France, in the de- partment of Charente and late province of Ang. umois. It stands on a mountain suriouaded by rocks. The river Cha- rente runs at the foot of it ; there were formerly fine paper manufactories in its environs. It is 20 miles W of Limoges, and 250 S by W of Paris. Lon. 0. 14 E, lat. 45 39 N. i Angoumois, a late province of France, bounded on the N by Pbito'u, on the E by Limosin and Marche, on the S by Pe- rigord, and on the W by Saintonge. It is now comprehended in the department of Charente. Angora, a city of Natolia, in the terri- tory of Amasia, formerly Ancyra, com- puted to contain 100,000 inhabitants. It is a Greek archbishop's see, and remark- able for some remains of ant iquitv. The castle has a triple inclosure, and the walls are of white marble and stone, resemb- ling porphyry. Here they breed the finest goats in the world ; and the hair is of a hne white, almost like silk, which they xrork into the finest stuffs, particularly A N K camlets. It is 212 miles SE of Constat tinople. Lon. 32 5 E, lat. 39 30 N. Angra, the capital of Tercera, one of the Azores. It is a bishop's see, and the residence of the governor of the Azores. Lon. 27 7 W, lat. 38 39 N. Angrogna* a town of Piedmont, seven mdes W of Pignerol. Lon. 7 15 E, lat 45 N. Auguilla, or Snake Island, a long and narrow island, so called from its winding somewhat in the manner of a snake. It is woody, but perfectly level ; and is the most northerly of the English Leeward Islands, in the West Indies, 60 miles NW IS l 1 - £ hrlst0 P her ' s - Lon - 62 35 VY, lat. AnguiUaba, a small town of Italv, in the patrimony of St. Peter, 15 miles NW of Rome. Angussliire. a countv of Scotland, (sometimes called Forfar, from the name of the county town) bounded on the X by Aberdeenshire, on the XE by Kincardine- shire, on the E by the German Ocean, on the S by the frith of Tay, and on the W by Perthshire. Its length and breadth are nearly equal, about 35 miles. It has many lakes and hills, but is fruitful in corn and pastures. The principal rivers, are the North and South Esk, over both of which there is a bridge. Anhalt, a principality of Germany, in the circle of Upper Saxony, 42 miles in length, and eight in breadth ; bounded on the S by Mansfield, on the W by Hal- berstadt, on the E by Saxony, and on the N by Magdeburg. It abounds in corn, and is watered by the Salde and the Mulda. Anhalt an island of Denmark, lying in the Categate, eight miles from the coast of Jutland, and 10 from Zealand. It is dangerous to seamen, for which reason there is a lighthouse. Anion, a barren sandy desert on the E coast of Africa, near the Red Sea, lying between 40 and 50 E lon. and between the equator and 10 N lat. Anjcngo, a small tow n and factory on the coast of Malabar, belonging to the East India company. Their merchan- dise consists chiefly in pepper and cadi, coes. Lon. 77 1 E, lat. 9 0N. Anjou, a late province of France, bounded on the X by Maine, on the W by Bretagne, on the S by Poitou, and on the E by I'ouraine. It is now comprehended with the late provinces of Maine and To-nraine, under the departments of Maine and Loire, Indre and Loire, Maine and Sarte. Ankam, a rivulet in Lincolnshire, fa- mous for its fine eels. It empties itself ANN ANT into the Humber, and has been made na- vigable for sloops as far as Glandford bridge. Anna, a town of Arabia Petrea, on the western bank, of the Euphrates, and the pleasantest place in all these parts, there being plenty of olives, oranges, citrons, lemons, pomegranates, and dates. The fields are sown with cotton; and the corn grows extremely high. It is 130 miles W of Bagdad, and 120 SSW of Moussol. Lon. 41 E, lat. 33 35 N. Annamooka, one of the Friendly islands, in the South Pacific Ocean, discovered b\ Tasman in 1643, and visited by capta n Cook in 1774 and 1777- The island is well cultivated in many places, consisting of plantations of yams and plantains. Ma- ny of them are extensive, and often en- closed with neat fences of reed. The bread-fruit and cocoa-nut trees are inter- spersed with little order, but chiefly near the habitations of the natives, who are a friendly people, and much addicted to stealing. It is situated about 187 E lon. and 20 S lat. Annan, the capital of Annandale, a di- vision of Dumfriesshire, seated on the ri- ver Annan, about 60 miles S from Edin- burgh. Lon. 15 4 W, lat. 55 X. Annan, a river of Scotland, which ris- ing in the Moffat Hills, and flowing, in a southerly direction, through Annandale, empties itself into Solway Frith. Annandale, a. district of Dumfriesshire in Scotland, so called from the river An- nan. The mountains in the northern part of this district, sometimes named Moffat Hills, are the highest in the S of Scotland. From these descend the Tweed, the Clyde, and the Annan. Annano, a strong fort in the duchy of Milan, seated on the Tenaro, 12 miles S of Casal. Lon 8 36 E, lat. 44 56 N. Annapolis, the capital of Maryland, in North America, situated at the mouth of the Severn river, 30 miles S of Baltimore. The houses, about 260 and inhabitants 2000 in number, are generally large and elegant. The design of those who plan- ned the city was to have the whole in the form of a circle, with the streets, like ra- dii, beginning at the centre, where the stadthouse stands, and thence diverging into every direction. The principal part of the buildings are arranged agreeable to this plan. The stadthouse is the no- blest building of the kind in America, possesses great wealth though but little commerce. Lon. 77 20 W, lat. 39 N. Annapolis, a fortified town of Xova Sco- tia, in N America. Tt stands on the E side of the bay of Fundy, and has one of the fi- nest harbours in the world. Lon. 64 5 W, lat. 44 52 N. Anne Arundel, a county of the western shore of Maryland, containing 400,000 acres. Most of the land is light. It has considerable quantities of iron ore, and some iron works. The inhabitants amount to about 30,000, including nearly 10,000 slaves. 5»^£jr Annecy, a town of Savoy, in the duchy of Genevois, seated on the river Siers, and on a hike of its own name, about ten miles long, and four broad. It is 70 miles S of Geneva, and 22 XE of Chamberry. Lon. 65 E, lat. 45 53 X. Annobona, an island of Africa, on the coast of Guinea, so called, because it was found out on New-year's-* i .ay. It is well stocked with cattle and fruit, and the air is more healthful than in other islands on the same coast. It abounds with palm- trees, cocoas, oranges, lemons, bananas, and several other fruits j with hogs, goats, sheep and chickens, which are all ex- tremely cheap. Lon. 5 10 E, lat. 1 50 S. . Innonay, a town of France in the de- partment of Ardechy, and late province of Dauphmy, formerly a fine manufactory for paper. It is seated on the confluence of the rivers Cances and Deuim s 12 miles SW of Vienne. Lon. 4 55 E, lat. 45 15 X. Ano-Capri, the largest town in the island of Capri, belonging to the kingdom of Xaples. Anson, a county in the state of Xorth Carolina, extending about 48 miles from E to W, and about 30 miles from X to S. It contains 10,000 inhabitants, one eighth of whom are slaves. The principal town is Wadesborough. Anson, a small town in Kennebeek county and District of Maine ; situated on the west side of Kennebeek river. ^ Anspach, a town and castle of Germany, in Franconia, and capital of the margra- vate of the same name. The king of Prussia found means to prevail upon the present prince to resign his dominions in his favour in consideration of a stated re- venue ; he has since married an English lady and settled in England. The pa- lace at Anspach, which is near the cas- tle, has a remarkable cabinet of curiosi- ties. It is seated on a river of the same name, 25 miles SW of Nuremburg. Lon. 10 47 E, lat. 49 20 X. Anstruther, a borough on the SE coast of Fifeshire, 25 miles' XE of Edinburgh. Lon. 2 34 W. lat. 56 15 X. Anteqidera, a town of Spain, in Grana- da, divided into the Upper and the Low- er. The Upper is seated on a hill, and has a castle ; the Lower stands in a fer- ANT ANT tile plain, and is watered with a great number of brooks. There is a large quantity of salt in the mountain ; and five miles from the tow n, it spring- famous for the cure of the gravel. It is 26 miles N of Malaga. Lon. 4 30 W. lat. 37 1 X. Anteqniera, a town of N America, in New Spain, in the province or Guaxaqua, 75 miles SE of Guaxaqua. Anthony's Nose, a point of land project- ing over the Hudson river, about 50 miles N of New York. Antibes, a seaport of France, in the late province of Provence, now in the department of Van, with a strong castle. Its territory produces excellent fruit ; and it is seated on the Mediterranean, nine miles W of Nice. Lon. 7 13 E, lat. 43 35 N. Anticoste, a barren island of N Ame- rica, lying in the mouth of the river St. Lawrence. Lon. 64 16 W, lat. from 49 to 52 N. Antietetn, a small river in Washington county, Maryland, which falls into the Po- tomac, near Shepherd's town. . Intjgua, one of the English Leeward Islands in the W Indies, about 20 miles in length and breadth. This island having no rivers and but few springs, or such as are brackish, the inhabitants are obliged to preserve the rain water in cisterns. The air here is not so wholesome as in the neighbouring islands, and it is more subject to' hurricanes. It has excellent harbours. The chief produce is sugar, of which it annually makes 16,000 hogs- heads. The capital is St. John's. It is 60 miles E of St. Christopher's. Lon. 62 5 W, lat. 71 5 N. Antilles, the name which the French give to the Caribbee Islands, discovered by Columbus, in 1492. See Lidies, West. Antio, a promontory of Italy, in the pa- trimony of St. Peter, near which is a har- bour lately made. It takes its name from the ancient city of Antium, the ruins of which extend over a long tract of land. Antiocha, or Antioch, an island in the Mediterranean, near Sardinia, taken from his Sardinian majesty, by the French in February 1793, but evacuated soon after. Antioch, now Anihakia, an ancient and celebrated town of Syria, of which itwas formerly the capital ; but it is now a ruin- ous town, whose houses, built with mud and straw, and narrow miry streets, ex- hibit every appearance of misery ; the magnificent ruins which remain are sad memorials of its former grandeur. It is seated on the river Orontes, now called Assi, 15 miles E of the Mediterranean and 40 SW of Aleppo. Lon. 36 45 E, lat. 35 17 N. 4' f^fxflT Antiochetta, a town of Turkey in Asia, in Caramania, with a bishop's see, oppo- site theisland of Cyprus. Lon. 32 15 E, lat. 36-42 N. fflHp^^H Antiparos, the ancient Olearos, an island of the Archipelago, two miles W of Pa- ros. It is only a rock, 16 mdes in circuit ; yet in some parts it is well cultivated, and produces as much barley as serves a small village. It has a grotto, which is one of the. greatest curiosities in nature ; it appears to be about 80 yards high and 100 broad ; and the roof forms a pretty good arcli, which entertains the eye with a vast variety of figures, of white trans- parent chrystalline substance. It was first discovered by an Italian traveller, who gives a very entertaining account of it. " Our candles being all lighted up, (says he) and the whole place completely illuminated, never could the eye be pre- sented with a more glittering or more magnificent scene. The roof all hung with solid icicles, transparent as glass, yet solid as marble. The eye could scarce reach the noble and lofty ceiling ; the sides were regularly formed with spars ; and the whole presented the idea of a magnificent theatre, illuminated with an immense profusion of lights. Lon. 25 44 E, lat. 37 8 N. Antivari, a town of Turkish Dalmatia, with a Greek archbishop's see, 10 miles X of Dolcigno. Lon. 19 10 E, lat. 42 19 N. Antoine, St. a town of France, in the department of Isere and late province of Dauphiny, seated among the mountains, 13 miles E of Lyons. It had a celebrat- ed abbey. It is five miles RE of St. Mar- dellan. Antonio, St. one of the Cape de Verd Islands, 15 miles from St. Vincent. It is full of high mountains, whence proceed streams of excellent water, which render the land very fruitful. The principal town is seated among the mountains. Lon. 25 W, lat. 17 N. Antrim, a county of Ireland, in the pro- vince of Ulster, bounded on the E by St. George's Channel, on the W by London- derry, on the N by the Ocean, and on the SE by Down. It is 46 miles in length, and 28 in breadth, and is pretty fruitful. It contains 56 parishes ; and before the Irish Union, sent 10 members to the Irish parliament. Antrim, the capital of the county of An- trim, at the N end of the lake Lough- Neah. It is a poor place, 13 miles W of Carrickfergus. Lon. 6 6 W, lat. 54 43 N. Antrim, a township of Hillsborough county, in the State of New Hampshire. It lies about 70 miles W of Portsmouth, and contains about 1500 inhabitants. A N Z A P P Antrim, a township of Franklin county, Pennsylvania, bordering on the state of Maryland. It has about 4000 inhabitants. Antwerp, a city of Brabant, capital of the marquisate of the same name, with a bishop's see. It lies in a low, marshy ground on the Scheldt, 24 miles N of Brussels. It is the third city in Brabant, large and well built, containing 22 squares, and above 200 streets, all straight and broad. Most of the houses are of free stone, and have an air of anti- quity, being high, with courts bef >rej and gardens behind. The cathedral is a fine structure, and contained an assemblage of paintings by the greatest masters of the Flemish school, particularly Rubens and Quintin Matsys. But of these it has probably been plundered by the French, who in their progress into Holland took this city. The stadt-house and the ex- change are magnificent structures : the latter is the first building of that kind in Europe, and on its model the exchang-es of London and Amsterdam are built. Its pillars are all of blue marble, and carved, but all in a different manner. Antwerp to- wards the end of the 15th century was one of the most celebrated towns in the world. The Scheldt, on which it stands, being 20 feet at low water, and rising 20 feet more at flood, ships of the greatest burden came up to the keys ; but when the United Province.* formed themselves into a free state, they got the entire com- mand of the navigation of the Scheldt, which ruined the trade of Antwerp, and transferred it to Amsterdam. Among the cloisters, the most remarkable are, the noble and rich Abbey of St. Michael, on the banks of the Scheldt, tiie apartments of which are truly royal. As to the for- tifications of the city, it is environed with a fine wall, planted with rows of trees on each side, with walks between, broad enough for two coaches to go abreast, being also defended by a very strong, large, regular citadel, in form of a penta- gon, erected by the duke of Alva, in 1568, which commands the town and the adja- cent country. Antwerp was taken by the prince of Parma in 1585, after a long and memorable siege. It has been since taken by the French in 1700, by the al- lies in 1706, and by the French in 1746. It has been twice taken by the French, since the beginning of the present war. (1800.) It is 22 miles N of Brussels, 22 NE of Ghent, and 65 S of Amsterdam. Lon. 4 28 E, lat. 51 1.3 N. Anvil, a township of Dauphin county in Pennsylvania, with about 1600 inhabi- Anzerma, a' town and province of Po- payan, in South America, where there aris mines of gold. The town is seated on the river Coca. Lon. 75 25 W, lat. 4 58 N* Aomus, See JBijore. Aousta, a town of Piedmont, capital of a duchy of the same name, and a bish- op's see. It is remarkable for several monuments of the Romans. It is seated at the foot of the Alps, on the river Boria, 50 miles NW of Turin. Lon. 7 30 E, lat. 45 48 N. Aousta, a duchy of Piedmont. It is a valley 30 miles in length, fertile in pas- tures, and all sorts of fruits. Apamea, or Afamea, a town of Syria, on the river Assi, 35 miles S of Antioch. Lon. 36 56 E, lat. 34 32 N. Apanomia, a town of the island of San- torini, in the sea of Candia. It has a spa- cious harbour in the shape of a crescent, which is so deep, that there is no anchor- age. L m. 25 59 E, lat. 36 18 N. Apee, one of the New Hebrides, near Malicollo, in the S Pacific Ocean. Lon. 168 32 E, lat. 16 46 S. Apenrade, a town of Denmark, in Sles- wick, with a citadel, seated at the bottom of a gulf of the Baltic Sea, 27 miles N of Sleswick. Lon. 9 38 E, lat. 55 6 N. Aphiom Karahissart, a town of Natolia „ called Aphiom. It produces a great deal of opium. Lon. 31 48 E, lat. 38 35 N. Apoquinimink, a small river in Newcas - tle county, State of Delaware, which falls into Delaware Bay, a little below Reedy Island. • Appalachian. ^^^mKK^B^W^^^' i Appalachlkolu, a river oi* North Ameri ■ ca, formed by the junction of the Chata- houchee and Flint, which rise in the Al- leghany mountains; and running S unite; and fall into the guif of Mexico. Appamattox, a river of the State of Vir- ginia, rising in Campbell county, and join- ing tiie James- river, near City Point. A quia, a small town in Stafford coun- ty, Virginia. It is about 45 miles below the city of Washington. Apptmnines, a chain of mountains which divide Italy throughout its whole length, as far as the southern extremity of the kingdom of Naples. Hence proceed all the rivers' which fertilize Italy. . i f ;>'';, z -!, a town of Swisserland, ca- pital of the canton of the same name, which is divided, into twelve communi- ties ; six called the interior are Roman catholics ; the six exterior, are protes- tants. It is 40 miles E of Zuric. Lon, 9 31 E,, lat. 47 21 N. Appleby, the county town of Westmore- land, with a good corn market on Mon- day. It has gone greatly to decay, being only one broad street of mean houses. A R A A R A The church stands at the lower end of the town, and at the upper part is the castle and town house. It is seated on the river Eden, by which it is almost surrounded, and sends two members to parliament; and is 10 miles S E of Pen- rith, and 266 WW of London. Lon. 2 34 W, lat. 54 34 N. * ' " " . Ipt, an ancient town of France, in the .lepartraent of the mouths of the Rhone and late province of Provence. There are many fine Roman antiquities, and it is sealed on the Calaron, 20 miles N of Aix, and 25 SE of Orange Lon. 5 30 E, lat. 43 51 N. . $ Apulia, the E side of the kingdom of Naples, on the gulf of Venice. It is di- vided into three provinces, whose mo- dern names are Capitanata, Bari, and Otranto. Apurima, or Aporarfila, a very rapid river of S outh America in Peru. Aqua-Jfegra, a small town of Italy, in the Mantuan, on the river Chiesa, 12 miles W of Mantua. Lon. 10 25 E, lat. 45 12 N. Aquila, a town of Naples, capital of Abruzzo Ulterior, with a bishop's see, and a castle. An earthquake happened here in 1700, by which 24000 persons were killed. It is seated on the Poscara, 52 miles NE of Rome. Lon. 13 39 E, lat. 42 20 N. Aquileia, formerly a trading- town of Italy, in Venetian Friuli, It is seated near the gulf of Venice, 57 miles NE of Venice. Lon. 13 8 E, lat. 46 N. Aquino, a town of X .pics, in Terra di Lavora. It is a bishop's see, but was mined by the emperor Conrade, and now consists of about 35 houses. It was the oirthplace of the Roman satirist, Juvenal, and is 30 miles NW of Capua. Lon. 13 50 E, lat. 41 36 N. Arabia, a country of Asia, bounded on the W by the Red Sea and the isthmus of .Suez ; on the NE by the Euphrates, which divides it from Diarb' kar, the an- cient Mesopotamia ; on the E by the gulfs of Persia and < >rmus ; and on the S by the Indian Ocean. It is divided lino tin-ee Darts, Arabia Petrea, Deserta, and Felix. Arabia Petrea is the smallest of the three, and toward the X, is full of mountains, with few inhabitants, on account of its barrenness. It had its name from tru town Petrea, its ancient capital, now d • stroyed. It differs little from Arabia De- serta, so called from the nature of the soil, which is generally a barren sand ; but there are great Ho ks of sheep, anr; herds of cattle near the Euphrates, where the land is'goo:!. In the desert are great numbers of ostriches, and there is a fine breed of camels in several places. Ara, bia Felix is so called, on account of its fertility with regard to the rest. The Arabs in the desert live wandering lives, removing from place to place, partly for the sake of pasture, and partly to lie in wait for the caravans, which tiiev often rob, as they travel over part of this de- sert from Bassora to Aleppo, and from Egypt to Mecca, in order to visit Maho- met's tomb. Arabia Felix produces frank- incense, myrrh, balm of Gilead, gum arabic, and coffee, of which latter they export prodigious quantities. The famous Mahomet was a native of this country . and his followers, soon after his death, conquered a great part of Asia, Africa, and Europe, establishing their religion wherever they came. It lies between 35 and 60 E loft, and 12 and 33 N lat. ex- tending 1430 miles in length, and 1200 in breadth. Aracan, or lieccan, a country of Asia, bounded on tne N by Roshaan, on the E by Burmah, on the S by the coast of Ava. and on the W by the gulf of Bengal. It is a fertile but not populous country, go- verned by 12 princes, subject to the chief king, who resides in Aracan his capital. In his palace, which is very large, are contained seven golden idols, two inches thick, each of a man's height, and co- vered with diamonds, rubies, and other precious stones. They have only two seasons, the rainy season, which conti- nues from April to October, and the fair season, which includes all the rest of the year r and is called the summer. The in- habitants are idolaters, and the women tolerably fair ; but the longest ears are reckoned the most beautiful, and in these they wear many rings. There are such numbers of elephants, buffaloes, and ti- gers, that but few places are inhabited, on account of the ravages made by these animals. The commodities are timber, lead, tin, and elephants teeth ; and some- times the traders meet with diamonds, rubies, and other precious stones. Aral, a lake of Asia, 200 miles E of the Caspian sea. It is 300 miles in length, and in some places 150 in breadth, It lies between 58 and 62 of E lon. and be- tween 42 and 47 N lat. * •<• Arande-de-Doui'vo, a handsome town oi Spain, in Old Castile, on the Douero, 4 miles E of Valladolid. Lon 3 30 W, lat 41 40 N. Ararat, a high mountain of Asia, ir> Armenia, where it is said Noah's ark rested, ji •^^Mh0^fm§r^' • */r*MM^HH Ararat, a mountain in North Carolina, about 9 miles NW of Bethany, in Stokes county. This is a very lofty mountain. ARC ARD which affords from its top a very exten- sive view of the adjacent country. Arassi, a maritime and populous (own of Italy, in the territory of Genoa, five- miles SW of Albenguay. Lon. 7 56 E, lat. 44 2 N. Arava, a fortress of Upper Hungary, situated on a river of the same name, 72 miles NW of Cassovia. Lon. 20 E, lat 49 30 X. Aran, or Aarau, in Swisserland, de rives its name from the river Aar on which it is seated. It is 27 miles W of Zurk, Lon. 7 50 E, lat. 47 25 X. Arauco, a fortress and town of Chili, in South America, situated in a fine val- ley, on a river of the same name. The natives are very brave, and drove the Spaniards out of their country, though thev had no fire arms. Lon. 73 20 W, lat. 37 30 S. Araxes, or Aras, a river of Asia, which rises in Georgia, and runs SE across Ar- menia, falls into the Kur. Arbe, an episcopal town of the repub- lic of Venice, in an island of the same name, on the coast of Dalmatia, from which it is five miles distant. Arbela, a town of Asia, in Curdistan, where Alexander fought the last battle with Darius. It is about 60 miles SE of Mousul. Lon. 42 25 E, lat. 35 5 X. Arberg, a town of Swisserland, in the canton of Bern, on a kind of island form- ed by the two branches of the Aar. It is 10 miles NW of Bern. Lon. 7 5 E, lat. 47 X. Arbois, a populous town of France, now in the department of Jura, lately in the province of Franche-Comte, famous for its white wines. It is 22 miles SW oi Besancon. Lon. 5 40 E, lat, 46 55 X. Avbon, an ancient town of Swisserland, on the S side of the lake Constance, in Thurgau. The majority of the inhabitants are protestants. It is 12 miles S \\ of Constance. Lon 9 30 E, lat. 47 30 X. Arbroath. See Aberbrothtvick. Arburg, or Aarburg, a town of Swis- serland, in Argau, seated on the Aar, with a citadel cut out of a rock, 12 miles E of Soleure. Arcadia, a town of the Morea, near the gulf of the same "name, and in the province of Belvedere, 22 miles X of Xa- varin. Lon. 21 42 E, lat. 37 24 X. Arceuil, a village of France, three miles S of Paris, remarkable for an aqueduct, which is thought to equal the works of the ancient Romans. It was built in 1624, by Mary de Medicis : its water is distri- buted into different parts of Paris. Archangel, a seaport of Russia, capital of the government of the same name. It » was the only seaport of Russia for many years, and was first resorted to by the English in 1553. Great part of t*e city was burnt to the ground in 1793 : but it is now rebuilding with neatness and even elegance. Archangel is seated on the Dwina, four miles from the .White Sea, and 400 XE of Petersburgh. Lon. 39 E, lat. 64 34 X. Archipelago, a considerable part of the Mediterranean Sea, having Romania on the X, Xatolia on the E, Macedonia, Li- vadia, and the Morea on the W, and the isle of Candia on the S. It is partly in Europe, and partly in Asia, containing 45 principal islands. Archipelago. Northern, four principal groupes of islands, between Kamtschatka and the W coast of America. The first contains 5 : the second 8 ; the third 16 ; and the fourth, 16 ; in all 45. Arcis-snr-Anbe, a small town of France, in the department ot Aube and late pro- vince of Champagne, seated on the river Aube, 15 miles X of Troyes. Lon. 4 12 E^ lat. 48 32 X. Arco, a town and castle in the Tren- tin, taken by the French in 1703, and abandoned soon after. It stands on the river Sarca, 15 miles SW of Trent. Lon. 11 12 E, lat. 46 X. Arcos, a town of Spain in Andalusia, on a craggy rock, at the foot of which runs the Gaudaleto, 28 miles XE of Ca- diz. Lon. 5 46 W, lat. 36 52 X. .Ircot, a city and capital of the Car- natir, in the peninsula of Hindoostan. It is 73 miles W by S of Madras, and 217 E by X of Seringapatam. Lon. 79 E, lat. "12 30 X. Ardcbil, one of the most famous and ancient town9 in Persia, the residence and burial place of many kings ; particu- larly of Shiek Sessi, the author of the Persian sect. Pilgrims resort to this place from all parts of Persia. It is 25 miles E of Tauris. Lon. 48 20 E, lat. 38 15 X. ./;•,'/. -rhe, a department of France, part of the late province of Dauphiny. Ardenbnrg, a town of Dutch Flanders, 10 miles NE of Bruges. Lon. 3 30 E, lat. 51 16 X. Ardennes, a department of France, part of the late province of Champagne, so named from the famous forest of that name. Ardennes, a famous forest lying on the river M*_use, extending, in Cesar's time, far into Germany. What remains of it lies between Thionville and Liege. Ardrah, a small kingdom ot Africa, in Guinea. It lies at the bottom of the gulf of St. Thomas. The inhabitants are very # AUG ARG licentious, and have neither temple nor any place for religious worship. How- ever thfcy are very courageous, and their king was absolute, till the king of Da- homy reduced and burnt the towns. The air is very unwholesome to- Europeans ; yet the natives live to a great age ; but the small pox makes great destruction among them. This country is fertile in Indian corn, palm wine, plants, and fruits, which last all the year ; and they make a great deal of salt. It has a town of the same name. Lon. 3 5 E, lat. 6 X. Jtrdress, a town of France, now in the department of the Straits of Calais, lately m the province of Picardy. It is eight miles S of Calais. Lon. 1 59 E, lal. 50 50 X. Arebo, or Arebon, a town on the Slave Coast of Guinea, at the mouth of the river Formoso. The English had once a fac- tory- here, as the Dutch have still. Lon 5 5 E, lat. 6 N. Arekea, a seaport of the Red Sea, 55 miles from Suaquam. Aremberg, a town of Westphalia, capi- tal of a county of the same name. It is seated on a river, 22 miles S of Cologne. Lon. 7 3 E, lat. 50 22 N". Arensburg, a town of Westphalia, on a hill, in the county of the same name, by the river Roer, 50 miles NE of Cologne. Lon. 8 20 E, lat- 51 25 N. Arensburg, an episcopal see and sea- port in the isle of Oesel. It is included in the Russian government of Riga. Lon. 25 40 E, lat- 50 15 N. Arenshard, a tract in the duchy of Sles- wick, containing the greatest part of the famous rampart, built by the Danish king Cotric, in the beginning of the 9th cen- tury, as a defence against the irruptions of the Saxons. It extends across the country, about nine miles in length. Arewnvald?, a town of the new marche of Brandenburg, on the lake Slauin. Lon. 15 52 E, lat. 53 13 X. Arequipa, an episcopal town of S Ame- ! rca in Peru, seated on a river, \n a fer- tile country, 290 miles S"by E of Lima. Wear it is a dreadful volcano. Lon. 75 30 W, lat. 16 40 S. Arezzo, an ancient episcopal town of ruscany. ll is seated on a mountain, 15 miles W of Citta-di-Castello. Lon. 12 E, htt. 43 27 X. Ar -ai:, or Aargav, a province of Swit- zerland in the canton of Bern. Atgencer, a town of France, seated on the river Meauce, now in the department of Calvados lately in the province of Xor- mandv, 10 miles E of Caen. Lon. 2 W. lat. 49 12 N. Jb'gtntii^ a town of France, in the de- partment of Orne and late province of Xormandy. rt is seated on an eminence, in the middle of a fertile plain, on tin banks of the river Orne, and carries on a considerable trade in lace. It is 12 miles N W of Seez, and 110 W of Paris. Lon 5 E, lat. 48 45 X. Argenteuil, a town of the Isle of France, on the Seine, five miles X W of Paris. It is a very beautiful place, with a fine vine yard ; and in the environs they have quar- ries of the plaster of Paris. Lon. 2 22 E, lat. 48 52 N. Argentiera, a barren island of the Ar- chipelago, which takes its name from the silver mines in it. There is but one vil- lage in the island, and it has no water but what is kept in cisterns. Lon. 23 10 E, lat. 36 50 N. Argentiere, a town of France, in the department of Ardeche and late province of Provence, five miles SW of Aubenes, and 17 W of Viviers. Lon. 4 22 E, lat. 44 30 X. Argenton, a town of France, in the de- partment of Indre and late province of Berry, divided into two parts by the river Creuse. It is 37 miles SW of Bourges. Lon. 1 38 E, lat. 46 35 X. Argos, a seaport of Turkey in Europe, in the Morea, 25 miles S of Corinth. Lon. 23 5 E, lat. 37 30 X. Argostol, a seaport of the isle of Ce- phalonia, opposite Albania ; it is the best harbour in all the island, and the prove- ditor resides in the fortress, which is five miles distant. Arguin, an island and fort of Africa, on the coast of Zahara, 30 miles SB of Cape Blanco. Lon. 17 5 W, lat. 20 30 X. Argun, a river of Asia, which divides the Russian from the Chinese empire. Argun, a town of East Tartary, on the frontiers of the Chinese empire. There are mines of silver and lead near it ; and a pearl fishery in the river Argun. Lon 103 56 E, lat. 42 30 X. Argyle, a township of Washington county and state of Xew York ; situated on the E side of the river Hudson, S oi Kinsburg, and contains about 8000 in- habitants. Argylesliire, a county of Scotland* bounded on the X by Inverness-shire, on the E by the counties of Perth and Dum- barton, on the S and W by the Atlantic Ocean, by which it is broken into islands and peninsulas. Its extent is very con- siderable, being not less than 90 miles in length and 70 in breadth. This county affords a very wild prospect of h ills, rocks and huge mountains, piled upon each other in dreadful disorder, bare, bleak, and barren to the view ; or covered with ARM A R N shagged heath, which in summer is va- riegated with an agreeable bloom of a purple colour. These high grounds, though little fitted for cultivation, afford excellent pasture. Arhusen, a seaport of Denmark, in Xorth Jutland, with a bishop's see. It is seated on the Baltic Sea, at the mouth of the Guda, and surrounded by forests full of game. It is 25 miles S of Wiberg. Lon. 9 50 E, lat. 56 5 N. Ariano, a town of Naples, in Principato Ulteriore, with a bishop's see ; 15 miles E ofBenevento, and 10 NW of Trevico. Lon. 15 19 E, lat. 41 8 N. Ariano, a town of Italy, in the Ferra- resc, on a branch of the river Po, 22 miles NE of Ferrara. Lon. 12 8 E, lat. 45 N. Arica, a seaport of Peru, 550 miles SE of Lima. Here the treasure brought from Potosi is shipped ; and there are many farms employed in the cultivation of Guinea pepper, in which it has a great trade to Lima. Lon. 71 6 W, lat. 18*27 S. Aripo, a town on the west coast of Cey- lon, at the mouth of the river Sarunda. To the east of it is a pearl fishery. Lon. 80 25 E, lat. 8 42 N. Arkanza, a river of Louisiana, which unites with the Mississippi, about the la- titude of 34 X. Ark-low, a seaport of Ireland, in the county of Wicklow, 13 miles S of Wick- low. Lon. 6 5 W. lat. 52 42 N. Aries, an ancient city of France, in the department of the Mouths of the Rhone and late province of Provence. Before the French Revolution it was an archie- piscopal see. The country around is very pleasant, and produces good wine, ver- milion, manna, oil, and fruits. There are a great number of antiquities, of which the amphitheatre and obelisk are the most remarkable ; and the emperor Constantine took great delight in it. It is seated on the Rhone, 12 miles SE of Nismes. Lon. 4 43 E, lat. 43 41 N, Arleshem, a handsome town of Svvisser- land in the bishopric of Basle, where the canons of that city reside. Arlington, a township in Bennington county and state of Vermont. It is situ- ated about 12 miles N of Bennington, and contains about 2000 inhabitants. Arlon, an ancient town of the Austrian Netherlands, now dismantled. It is seat- ed on a mountain, 10 miles NW of Lux- emburg. Lon. 5 56 E, lat. 49 45 N. Armagh, a county of Ireland, bounded on the E by Down, on the W by Tyrone and Monaghan, on the N by Lough Neagh, and on the S by Louth. It is in length 32 miles, and in breadth 17, con- tains 49 parishes, and sends six member to parliament. Armagh, a city of Ii eland, once a con- siderable town, now a small village ; but it gives name to a county, and is the see of an archbishop, who is primate of all Ireland. It is 45 miles SE of Londonder- ry. Lon. 6 34 W, lat. 54 27 N. Armagh, a township of Centre county in the state of Pennsylvania. Armagnac, a late province of Guienne, in France, 55 miles in length and 40 in breadth. This province with Gascony, is now included in the department of Gers. Annenia, a large country in Asia, bounded on the W by the Euphrates, on the S by Diarbeker and Curdistan, on the E by Schirvan, and on the N by Georgia. It is one of the most fertile countries in Asia, being watered by several large ri- vers. Part of it belongs to the Persians and part to the Turks. The inhabitants are much attached to commerce, and un- dertake long journies to carry it on. They are Christiai/S, and have a patriarch and an archbishop. Polygamy is not allowed among them. The country in general is full of mountains and valleys, lakes and rivers, and produces rice, cotton, flax, melons, and grapes. Armentiers, a town of France, in the department of the North Flanders, seat- ed on the Lis, eight miles NW of Lisle. Lon. 3 3 E, lat. 50 40 N. Armiers, a town of France, in the de- partment of North Hainault, seated on ihe Sambre, 20 miles S of Mons. Lon. 4 3 E, lat. 50 7 N. Armiro, a town of Macedonia, on the gulf of Velo, 30 miles SE of Larissa. Lon. 23 22 E, lat. 39 30 N. Armstrong, one of the western counties of Pennsylvania, containing about 5000 inhabitants. Armuijden, a seaport of the United Pro- vinces, m the island of Walcheren, now inconsiderable, the sea having stopt up the harbour. The salt-works are its chief resource. It is three miles E of Middle- burg. Lon. 3 42 E, lat. 51 31 N. Arna, a seaport of Andros, an island of the Archipelago, with a good port. Arnay-le-JJuc, a town of France, in the department of Cote d'Or and late province of Burgundy. It is seated in a valley, near the river Arroux, 25 miles NW of Baune. Lon. 4 26 E, lat. 47 7 N. Arneberg, a town of Germany, in Bran- denburg, on the Elbe, three mdes from Werbern, taken by the Swedes in 1631. Arnedo, a seaport of Peru, 25 miles N of Lima. Arnheim, a town of the United Pro A R R A R U vinces, capital of Guelderland. It is seat- ed on the Rhine, eight miles N of Xime- guen. Lon. 5 50 E, lat. 52 2 N. Arno, a river in Tuscany. It has its source in the Appennines, and passing by Florence and Pisa, falls into the Me- diterranean a little below the latter. Amsheim, a town in Germany, in the palatinate of the Rhine, eight miles from Kretizenach. Amstadt, a town of Thuringia, on the river Gera, 10 miles SW of Erfurt. Lon. 11 15 E ; lat. 50 5^ N. Arona, a town oi "caly, in the duchy of Milan, on the lake Maggiore, SO miies NW of Milan. Lon. 8 35"e, lat. 45 40 N Aro?iches, a town of Portugal, in Alen tejo, on the river Caro, five miles SE of Portalepra. Lon. 7 W, lat. 39 3 X. Arool. a town of the Russian empire seated on the Occa, 200 miles S of Mos cow. It is included in the government of Ktof. Lon. 36 40 E, lat. 51 58 N Arroivsike, an island on the coast of Maine, containing 20.000 acres of land. Arpino, a town of Naples; in Terrad Lavora, eight miles X of Aquino. Lon 13 46 E, lat. 41 44 X. Argua, a town of Italy in the Paduan where is a tomb of the celebrated Pe- trarch. It is 10 miles S of Padua. Lon 11 58 E, lat. 45 13 X. Arques, a town of France, on a river of the same name, in the department of Lower Seine, and late province of Nor mandy. It has an ancient castle, and is four miles SE of Dieppe. Lon. 1 13 E, lat. 49 53 X. Arragon, a province of Spain, bounded on the X by the Pyrenees, which separate it from France, on the W by Xavarre and the two Castiles, on the S by Valencia, and on the E by Valencia and Catalonia The air is pure and wholesome ; but the country, though abounding in rivers, is in want of good water. It is fertile in corn, wine, flax, and fruit, near the ri- vers ; but in other places dry and sandy It produces saffron, and there are many mines of salt. Saragossa is the capital, and the Ebro the largest river. Arran, an island of Scotland, in the Frith of Clyde, between Kintyre and Cun- ningham, 23 miles long and 12 broad. The number of inhabitants are about 7000, who chiefly inhabit the coast, the far greater part of the country being un- inhabited by reason of the vast and bar- ren mountains. It abounds with cattle, goats, black game, and grouse ; and the streams are stored with fish, especially salmon. The climate is very severe, but Salubrious, and many invalids resort hither to drink the whey of goats milk Among the rocks are found iron ore, spar, ana a great variety of beautiful pebbles. On the coast are many wonder- ful caverns, formerly the retreat of Scot- tish heroes, now degraded into a shelter for smugglers. Tradition preserves the memory of Fingal ; and Robert Bruce took refuge in this island, during the time of his greatest distress. Arras, an ancient fortified town of France, in the department of the Straits of Calais and late province of Artois. It was lately an episcopal see, and is divid- ed into two parts, the toion and the city. It is seated on the river Scarp, 12 miles SW of Douav, and 22 NW of Cambrav. Lon. 2 51 E, lat. 50 17 X. Arriege, a department of France, con- taining the late provinces of Couserans and Foix. Arroe, a small island of Denmark iu the Baltic, between the islands of Funen and Alsen. Lon. 10 20 E, lat. 55 10 X. Arrojo-dc-St.-Servu?i, a town of Spain, in Estramadttra, eight miies S of Merida, and 25 E of Badajoz. Lon. 6 20 W, lat. 38 36 X. Arta, an ancient seaport of Turkey in Europe, in Albania, with a Greek arch- bishop's see. It carries on a consider- able trade, and is seated on the river Asdhas, 70 miles XX W of Lepanto. Lon 21 20 E, lat. 39 28 N. Artois, a late province of the French Netherlands. It now forms part of the department of the Straits of Calais. Aruba, an island near Terra Firma, in South America, subject to the Dutch. Lon. 67 35 W, lat. 12 30 X. Ai^ve, a rapid river of Savoy, which rises m Faucignv, and joins the Rhone below Geneva. It has a. cataract near Salenche in Savoy. Its fall is said to be above 1100, feet rushing with great noise and violence from a prodigious impend- ing rock. See Arpenus. Artin, a river of Sussex, which mean- dering through a beauiiful country, falls into the English channel, below Arundel. It is famous for mullets. Arundel, a borough in Sussex, with a market on Wednesday and Saturday. It is seated on the side of a hill, on tlx Arun, where small ships may ride. The castle, the ancient seat of the dukes of Norfolk, stands on the summit of a hill, and is said to be a mile in compass. It is governed by a mayor, sends two mem- bers to parliament, and is eight miles E of Chichester, and 68 SSW of London, Lon. 29 W, lat. 50 55 X. Arundel, a township of York countv. ASH ASI in the district of Maine. It is situated along the Saco river, about 20 miles from York. Arwangen, a castle and village of Swis- serlaud, on the river Aar, over which it has a covered bridge. Arzilla, an ancient seaport of Africa, in the kingdom of Fez, once in posses- sion of the Portuguese, who abandoned if. It is 50 miles SSW of Tangier. Loh. 5 3 W, lat. 35 30 N. Arzina, a river of Russian Lapland, into a bay of which, in 1553, two English ships (which had penetrated as high as the 72 N. lat. to Spitsbergen) were forced by stress of weather ; and their crews were frozen to death. Asaph, St. a city of Flintshire, on the river Elway, where it unites with the Ciwyd ; and over both is a bridge. It is a poor place, of note only for its cathedral. It is 24 miles W of Chester, and 209 N W of London. Lon. 3 36 W, lat. 53 12 N. Ascension, a barren, uninhabited island, in the Atlantic, 600 miles NW of St. He- lena. Lon. 14 18 W, lat. 7 40 X. Aschuffenburg, a town of Germany, sub- ject to tiie elector of Mentz, who has a palace here. It is 40 miles E of Mentz. Lon. 9 5 E, lat. 50 40 N. Ascoli, a populous town of Italy, in the marquisate of Ancona, with a bishop's see. It is seated on a. mountain, at the bottom of .Inch runs the Fronio, 80 miles NE of Home. Lon. 13 29 E, lat. 42 44 N. Ascoli-di-Satriano, an episcopal city of Italy in the kingdom of Naples, st ated on'a mountain 70 miles E of Naples. Lon. 15 50 E, lat. 41 8 N. Aseer, or Aseergur, a strong fortress of the Soubah of Candeish, in the Deccan cf Hindoostan, 20 miles NE of B urban - pour. Lon. 76 E, lat. 21 35 N. Ashborn, a town in Derbyshire, with a market on Saturday, seated between the rivers Dove and Compton, 10 miles NE of Utoxeter, and 139 NNW of London. Lon. 1 44 W, lat. 53 3 N. Ashborough, a small town in Randolph county, N Carolina, about 80 miles \V of Raleigh. Ashburnham, a township of Worcester county, Massachusetts. It lies about 50 miles VVNW of Boston, and contains i about 1000 inhabitants. Ashbvrton, a borough in Devonshire, with a market on Tuesday for wool and yarn, and on Saturday for provisions. It sends two members to parliament, and is one of the four stannary towns. It is seat- ed among the hills (which are remark- able for tin and coprjer) near the river Dart, 19 miles SW of Exeter, and 193 W by S of London. It has a handsome church. Lon. 3 50 W, lat. 50 30 N. Ashby dt la Zoucli, a town in Leicester- shire, with a market on Saturday. It had a castle with a very high tower, great part of which is still standing-, and it has a free school. A canal is now made from this town, which communicates with the Coventry canal. Ashby is 13 miles S of Derby, and 115 NNW of London. Lon 3 50 W, lat. 50 30 N. Ashden, a village in Essex, three miles NE of Saffron Walden. Ashe, a county in the State of North Carolina, containing about 4000 inhabi- tants. Ashford, a township of Windham coun- ty, in the State of Connecticut, lying prin- cipally between the Biggalons and Mount- hope rivers. * Ashford, a town in Kent, with a market on Saturday, and a large church that was formerly collegiate. It is seated on the river Ash or Esh, 24 miles SE of Maid- stone and 57 of London. Lon. 52 E, lat, 51 4 ^•JEjriMEjBre* Ashton-iinder-Line, a village in Lanca- shire, seven miles E of Manchester, with n manufactory of cotton, and an iron foun- Ash-well, a village in Hertfordshire, on the river Rtiee, that issues from a rock at the S end of the town. Near the church are the remains of a Roman camp, which consists of 12 acres of land, inclosed by a deep ditch, and formerly a rampart. It is four miles N of Baldock. Asia, one of the four great parts of the world, situated between 25 and 180 E lon. and between the equator and 80 N. lat. It extends 4,740 miles from the Darda- nelles on the W, to the E shore of Tarta- ry ; and, 4,330 miles from the most sou- thern part of Malacca, to the most north- ern cape of Nova Zembla ; being superior in extent, as well as in many other res- pects, to Africa and Europe. It is sepa- rated from Europe by the Mediterranean, the Archipelago, the Black Sea, the Pa- ins Mxotis, the Don, and the Dwina, and from Africa by the Red Sea and the isth- mus of Suez. All the other parts are sur- rounded by the ocean. The principal countries in this continent, are Siberia, ; Tartary, China, Thibet, Hindoostan, Siam, Burmah, Persia, Arabia, Syria, Palestine, Natol.a, Diarbeckar, Irac, Armenia, Geoi- gia, Curdistan, &c. Asia is looked upon as that part of the world, which, of all others has been most peculiarly distin- guished by heaven. There it was the first man was created ; there the patri archs lived ; there the law was given to Moses, and the greatest and most cele- A b S AST brated monarchies were formed. Lastly, in Asia, Jesus Christ appeared, and from thence it is that the light of the gospel was diffused over all the world. Laws, arts, sciences and religion, almost all had their original in Asia. Asinara, an island in the Mediterra- nean, on the NW coast of Sardinia, 17 miles N by W of Sassari. It is 28 miles in compass. Lon. 8 30 E, lat. 41 N. Askeyton, a borough of Ireland, in the county of Limerick, on the river Shannon. Askrig, a town in the N riding of York- shire, with a market on Thursday, 6 miles S by E of York, and 243 N of London. Lon, 1 W,lat. 53 55 N. Asne\ See Es-ne. Asola, a town of Italy, in Bresciano, 20 miles SE of Brescia. Lon. 10 30 E, lat. 45 48 N. Asolu, a town of Italy, in Trevisano, on a mountain 17 miles NW of Treviso. Lon. 11 36 E, lat. 45 59 X. Asoph, a sea, anciently the Palus Men- tis, lying N of the Blaek Sea, with which it has a communication by the strait of Caffa, the ancient Cimmerian Bosphorus. This sea, which is sometimes called the sea of Zabak, extends 390 miles from SW to XE. Lon. from 35 to 42 E, lat. from 45 to 47 N. Asoph, a district of the Russian empire, in the province of Catharinenslaf, including a large tract of territory to the E and W of Asoph. Catharinenslaf is the capital. Asoph, the late capital of a district of the same name, in Asia, seated near the mouth of the Don, to the E of the sea of Asoph. It has been several times taken and retaken by the Turks and Russians. The branch of the Don, upon which it stands, is now so choked with sand, as scarcely to admit the smallest vessel, which renders the place less important than it was formerly. Lon. 41 30 E, lat. 47 18 X. Asperosa, a town of Turkey in Europe, with a bishop's see, on the coast of the Archipelago, 22 miles SE of Xicopoli. Lon. 24 50 E, lat. 40 58 X. Assa7n, a country of Asia, bounded on Ihe W by Bengal and Bootan, on the X by Thibet, and on the SE and S by Meek- ley. Its capital is Ghergong, and the ri- ver Bu rumpooter flows through the whole length of it. The open parts are marked with population and tillage; the woods abound with elephants. The other inha- bitants of Assam are base and unprinci- pled, have no fixed religion, nor any rule but their inclination. They eat all flesh except human, and even animals that die a natural death. They are enterprising, savage, vindictive and fond of war. They have neither horses, asses, nor camels ; but they are sometimes brought there from other countries. Asses they are fond of, but are so much afraid of a horse that one trooper would put an hundred of them to flight. Assam lies between 91 and 96 E lon. and 25 and 28 N lat. Assancale, a town of Armenia, on the river Aras, 22 miles E of Erzerum. Here are hot baths much frequented. Lon. 41 10 E, lat 39 46 X. Assanchif, a town of Asia, in Diarbeck, seated on the Tigris, 40 miles SE of Di- arbekar. Lon. 40' 20 E, lat. 37 30 X. Assens, a seaport of Denmark, in the island of Funen. It is the common pas- sage from the duchy of Sleswick to Co- penhagen, and is 17 miles SW of Odin- see. Lon. 10 2 E, lat. 55 17 X. Assisio, a city of Italy, in the duchy of Spoleto, on the side of a high mountain. The cathedral of St. Francis is magnifi- cent, and composed of three churches, one above another. It is 70 miles N of Rome. Lon. 12 38 E, lat. 43 X. Assos, a seaport of Xatolia, on a bay of the Archipelago, 12 miles SE of Troas. Lon. 26 36 E, lat. 39 32 X. Assumption, an episcopal city, the cap- ital of Paraguay, in South America. It is a large, populous, and handsome town, and stands in a fertile country, on the ri- ver Paraguay. Lon. 57 40 W," lat. 26 S. As*ynt, a d : strict of Sr/he'rland in •Scotland, containing plenty of limestone and marble. Assyria, a country of Asia, celebrated in ancient history. It comprehended the provinces in Asia now called Diarbec, Curdistan and Irac. Ast'abat, a town of Armenia, three miles from the river Aras, and 12 S of Xuksi van. Lon. 45 30 E, lat. 38 28 X. Asti, an ancient episcopal town of Italy, in Montserrat. It is seated on the Tana- ro, 22 miles E of Turin. Lon. 8 8 E, lat. 43 3 X. Astorga, a very ancient city of Spain, in Leon, well fortified by art and nature, seated in a pleasant plain, 25 miles SW of Leon. Lon. 5 32 W, lat. 42 22 N . Astrabad, a large town of Persia, capi- tal of a province of the same name, on the Caspian Sea, 200 miles X of Ispahan. Lon. 55 35 E, lat. 36 50 X. Astracan, an episcopal city of the Rus- sian ^empire, capital of a province of the same name. It is large and populous, has a good harbour, and is surrounded by- strong walls. It seldom rains here, but. the river Volga, on which it stands, over- flows like the Xile ; and when the water is run off, the grass grows in less than a month. The city of Astracan is about ATH A TL two miles and a half in circumference, surrounded by a brick wall, which is now in u ruinous condition : but, if we com- prehend the suburbs, the circuit will be near five miles. The number of inhabit- ants amounts to 70,000, including Arme- nians and Tartars, as well as a few Per- sians and Indians. All round the city, at the distance of two miles, are seen a great number of gardens and orchards. This city is supposed to have been, in early times, the general staple for the productions of Persia, India, and Arabia. It is seated on an ishmd formed by the river, 50 miles NW of the Caspian Sea. Lon. 47 40 E, lat. 46 22 N. Asturias, a province of Spain, 120 miles in length, and 45 in breadth; bounded on the E by Biscay, on the S by Old Castile and Leon, on the \V by Gal'i- cia, and on the N by the Atlantic. It is divided into two parts, Asturia d'Oviedo, and Asturia de Santillana. This province is full of mountains and forests, and its wine and horses are excellent. It has mines of gold, lapis lazuli, and vermilion, and belongs to the eldest son of the king of Spain, who is styled prince of Asturias. Asylum, a town of Luzerne county, Pennsvlvania, on the SW side of Susque- hannah river, 67 miles NW of Wilkes- barre. Here there is a post-office 327 miles from Wushiiigton. Atacama, a harbour of South America, in Peru. There is a great desert of the same name. Lon. 70 W, lat. 22 U S. Atacapas, a considerable settlement in lower Louisiana, containing about 5000 inhabitants. Atalaiia, a town of Portugal, in Estra- raadura, seated on an eminence, with a strong fortress, live miles S of Tomar. Lon. 7 56 W, lat. 39 25 X Atena, a town of Naples, in Prineipato Citeriorc, 22 miles X of Policastro. Lon 15 58 E, lat. 40 36 N. Ath, a town in Austrian Hainault, seat- ed on the Dender, 12 miles >fr\V of Mons. Lon. 3 44 E, lat. 50 35 N. , Athelney, an island of Somersetshire, at the confluence of the Thone and ['arret, memorable for having afforded shelter to king Alfred. Athens, now called Setmcs, once a cele- brated city, the capital of Ancient Attica, but now of Livadia, in European Turkey. After many revolutions, the Turks finally wrested it from the Venetians ; and it has now not more than 10,000 inhabitants, of whom three fourths are Christians of the Greek church ; the remainder Turks. It is the see of an archbishop ; and is de- fended by a citadel on the summit of a lofty rock. The town stands beneath the citadel ; not encompassing the rock as formerly, but spreading into the plain to the W and NW. Some masses of brick work, standingseparate without the town, belonged perhaps to the ancient wall, of which other traces also appear. The houses are mostly mean and straggling. In the lanes, the high walls on each side, which are commonly white washed, re^ fleet strongly the light of the sun. The streets were very irregular ,• and ancient ly were neither uniform nor handsome There are many magnificent ruins, which testify its former grandeur. It is situated on the gulf of Engia, 100 miles NE of Lacedemon, and 320 S by W of Constan- tinople. Lon. 23 57 E, lat. 38 5 N. Athens, or Tyoga Point, a post town of Luzerne county, Pennsylvania, seated at. the confluence of Tyoga river, with the east branch of the Susquehannah, 9.0 miles NW of Wilkesbarre, and 150 N of Northumberland. — And, a part of Clark county, Georgia, 20 miles SE of Clarks borougti, and 90 NW of Augusta. Atherston, a town in Warwickshire, with a market on Tuesday ; seated on the Anker, indifferently large and well built: 10 miles N of Coventrv, and 104 NW o! London. Lon. 1 30 W", lat. 52 40 N. At/done, a town of Ireumd, in the coun- ty of West Meath, seated on the Shannon , 60 miles W of Dublin. Lon. 7 41 W, lat' 53 22 N. Athol, a district of Perthshire ; a beau- tiful, romantic, and mountainous country, containing some fine lakes. Athol, a township of Worcester coun- ty, Massachusetts, containing about 1200 inhabitants. It is situated about 70 miles W from Boston. Athos, or Monte- Sunt *o, a mountain of Macedonia, in a peninsula, to the S of the gulf of Confessa, about 30 miles in cir- ca inference, and two in perpendicular height. It is inhabited by a great num- ber of Greek monks, who have many for- tified monasteries upon it. Here they cultivate olives and vines ; and are car- penters, masons, &c. leading an austere life, and living to a great age. It is 70 miles E of Sol'oriiehi. Lon. 26 20 E, lat. 40 30 N. Athy, a town of Ireland, in the county of Kildare, and province of Leinster, seated on the river Barrow, 12 miles S of Kildare. Lon. 6 37 W, lat. 52 58 N. Atlantic, or Atlantic Ocean, takes its name from mount Atlas in Africa, and lies between the W continents of Africa and Europe, and the E continent of Ame- rica. Its least breadth, from Guinea in Africa, to Brasil in South America, is 2300 miles. On one side of the equator. A V A AUG it is called the North Atlantic Ocean ; i Ava, a long tract of coast in Asia, and on the other the South Atlantic O- ihc E side of the gulf of Bengal, extend- :ean. ing" from the S extremity of Aracan to Cape Negraias, and divided from Pegu Atlas t a chain of high mountains in A- frica, separating' Barbary from Bdediilge- rid. They are inhabited almost in even- place, except where the extreme cold will not permit. Atooi, one of the Sandwich islands, discovered by captain Cook, in 1778. Towards the NE and \W the face of the country' is ragged and broken ; but to ihe S it is more even The hills rise from the 3ea-s:de with a gentle aclivity and at a little distance back are covered with wood. The natives are of a middle size, and in general stoutly made. They are active, vigorous, and most expert swim- mers, the women with infants at their breasts 6ften leaping over-board in a hea- vy surf, without endangering their little ones. Atri, an episcopal town of Naples, in Abruzzo Ulteriore. It is seated on a crag- gy mountain, four miles from the gulf of Venice, and 10 SE of Teramo, Lon. 13 48 E, tat! 41 35 N t : Atsion, a village in Burlington county. New Jersey, where there is a valuable iron founders', and a post-office ; 26 miles WofTuckerton, 29 E by S of Philadelphia. Attlebury, a town in Norfolk, with a market on Tuesdav, 14 miles NE of Thet- ford and 93 of London. Lon. 1 5 E, lat. j 52 35 N. Attock, a city and fortress of Hindoos- tan Proper, ji the E b:>.nk of the Indus ■ supposed to stand on the site of the Taxi- la of Alexander, where he crosse 1 that river. It is 180 miles N\V of Lahore. Lon. 70 36 E, lat. 32 27 N. Attack, a river which rises in the Tarta- rian mountains, N of llindoostan, passes by Cabul, and flows into the Indus above Attock. Ava, a large . Iver which rises in Thi- bet, and crossing the kingdoms of Bur- mah, and Pegu, falls into the bay of Ben- gal by several mouths. Ava, a large city in Asia, capital of the kingdom of Burmah, and seated on river Ava. The houses are built with timber or Bamboo canes, with tliatched roofs, and lloors made of teak plank or split bamboo. The streets are very straight with rows of trees planted on each side. The royal palace is a mean structure, although very large and built with stone. The. inhabitants are well- shaped, have good features, and an olive complexion ; but the women, who are small, are whiter than the men. Ava is 1150 miles NE of Calcutta. Lon. 96 30 E, lat. 21 X. on the E by the river Ava. Avalon, an ancient town of France, in the department of Yonne and late pro- vince of Burgundv. It is 20 miles SE of Auxerre. Lon. 3*52 E, lat. 47 30 X. Aube, a department of France, the late province of Champagne. Aubenas, a town of France, in the de partment of Ardeche and late province of Dauphiny. It has a manufacture of cloths of Spanish wool, and of red cot- ton, in imitation of Indian handkerchiefs Beside corri and wine, its district pro- duces truffles, oranges, figs, olives, ches nuts, and walnuts' The silk-worm and mulberry -tree succeed well here. Aube- nas is seated on the Ardeche, at the fool of the Cevennes, near the mineral waters of Valtz, and 15 miles NW of Viviers Lon. 4 30 E, lat. 44 40 X. Aubigny, a town of France in the de- partment of Cher and late province' of Berry. It has a castle, and is seated in a fine plain, on the river Nerre. It was a dukedom and belonged to the dukes of Richmond ; and was confirmed to the present duke. At the revolution in France it shared the fate of all other ti- tles of nobility. Aubin, a town of the island of Jersey, with a good harbour and a fort. Aubin da Cormier, a town of France, in the department of Ille and Vilaine and late province of Bretagne ; famous for a battle between viscount Tremouille and the duke of Orleans, afterwards Lewis XII, in 1488, when the latter was made prisoner. It is ten miles E of Bennes. Lon. 1 23 W, lat. 48 15 N. Aubonne, a handsome town of Swisser- land, in the canton of Bern, on a river of the same name, 10 miles W of Lusanne. Lon. 6*30 E, lat. 46 30 N. Auburn, a$town in Wiltshire, with a. market on Tuesday. It is but an indif- seated on a branch of the . ierent towi e Kennet, eight miles NE of Marlborough, and 81 W of London. Lon. 1 32 W, lat 51 31 N. Aubusson, a town of France, in the de- partment of Creusc and late territory of Marche. It had a manufacture of tapes- try, which made it populous. It is seat- ed on the river "Creuse, 37 miles NE of Limoges. Lon. 2 15 E, lat. 45 58 N. Aucaugrel, a town of Africa, capital of the kingdom of Adel, seated on a moun- tain. Lon. 44 25 E, lat. 10 N. v * Audi, an episcopal city of France, in the department of Gcrs, lately an archi- AVE AUG episcopal see, and the capital of Gasco- ny. It lies on the summit and declivity ot a steep kill, at the foot of which runs the Gers. The cathedral is one of the fi- nest in jt'rance ; the buildings are modern " and elegant, and the streets though ge- nerally narrow are clean and well paved. The inhabitants are computed to be 8000 ; and they have manufactures of velvet, serges, crapes, hats and leather. Auch is 37 miles W of Toulouse. Lon. 40 E, lat. 43 39 N. Auckland, Bishop's, a town in the bisho- pric of Durham, with a market on Thurs- day. It is pleasantly seated on the side of a hill, and. noted for i Is beautiful cas- tle and for its chapel, whose architecture is very curious. It is eight miles S by W of Durham, and 251 NNW of London. Lon. 1 31 W, lat. 54 43 N. Aude, a department of France, part of the late province of Languedoc. Aveiro, a town of Portugal, on the lake of Vouga, with a good harbour, 30 miles S of Oporto. Lon. 8 30 W, lat. 40 40 H. Aveiron, a department of France, in- cluding the late province of Rouergue. Avetlino, an episcopal town of Naples, in Principato Citeriore. It was almost ruined bv an earthquake in 1694, and is 25 miles" E of Naples. Lon. 15 E, lat. 40 50 N. Avenche, a town of Swisscrland, in the canton of Bern, formerly capital of Swis- serland, but now shows its former great- ness onlv by its nwns. It is 15 miles W of Bern." Lon. 6 52 E, lat. 46 50 X. Avavno, a lake of Naples, in Terra di Lavora, two miles long, and one broad. Virgil and others have said that the; wa- ter was so bad, that birds drop dead vfchen flying over it, and hence they call \t the lake of hell ; but it is now found to have no poisonous quality ; for birds not only fly over it, but swim upon it. A little to the W of the lake is a cave, where some pretend they went formerly to consult the Cumxan Sybil. There are also some old walls, which some suppose to be the ruins of a temple of Apollo, and others of Pluto. Aversa, a town of Naples, with a bi- shop's see. It is seated in a very fine plain, eight miles N of Naples. Lon. 14 20 E, lat.' 40 59 N. Avcv3js , boro% a post town of Cumberland county, North Carolina ; standing on the E side of the NW branch of Cape Fear river, 35 miles N of Fayettevillc, and 36 S of Raleigh. Aves, or the Islands of Birds, so called from the groat number of birds that fre- quent them. They are 70 miles E by S of Curacoa, and 100 N of the coubt of Terra Firma. Avesncs, a small but strong town of France, in the department of the North and late province of Hainault, seated on the Hesper, 25 miles E of Cambrav, and 1U0 NE of Paris. Lon. 3 58 E, iat. 50 8 N, Aufmiy, a pleasant little island in the lake of Zuric, below Rapperschwyl. Augsburg, an ancient city of Suabia, in Germany. It is a bishop's see, and an im- perial city, or sovereign state, being go- verned by the town-council and the re- presentatives of the burghers, who are hall protcstants and half papists. The churches, town-house, and other public buildings are magnificent. It is sur- rounded by beautiful plains, and large fo- rests, full of all sorts of game. In the bi- shop's palace, the Lutherans presented their confession of faith to the emperor Charles V. in 1550 hence called the con- fession of Augsburg. The bishop is one of the princes of the empire, but has no share in the government of the town. It was taken by the French in 1703, but a- bandoned in the year following, after the battle of Hockstadt, and again taken by them August 24, 1796. It is seated be- tween the rivers Werdach and Lech, 30 miles NW of Munich. Lon. 11 4 E, lat. 48 27 N. Augusta, the capital of Georgia, in N« America, situate on the SW bank of the river Savannah, 120 miles NW of the town of Savannah. The town does not consist of quite 300 houses; but as it is seated on a fine ph in, and enjoys the best soil, with the advantage of a central si- tuation between the upper and lower countries, it is rising into importance. Lon. 82 W, lat. 33 20 N. Augusta, a town of Kennebec county, Maine ; Situated on the N side of Kenne- bec river, 2^piles N of Wiscasset ; 190 NE of BosiHr Here is a post-office 667 miles from Washington. Augusta, a populous county in the State of Virginia, situated on the W side of the Blue Ridge, and watered by the head waters of the Shenandoah. It contains about 12000 inhabitants, with a small proportion of slaves. Augusta, the seat of justice of Bracken county, Kentucky, is a small town de- lightfully situated on a handsome bank of the Ohio river. It is 18 miles below Limestone, and 65 miles from Lexington. Auguste or Austa, an island in the gulf of Venice, on the coast of Dalmatia, near Ragusa, subject to Venice. Lon. 17 E ? gat. 42 55 N. H AUL A UR Augustin, St., a town of North Ameri- ca, on the E coast of Florida. It was ce- ded by the Spaniards to the English in 1763, but restored to them again by the peace of 1783. The town is situated at the foot of a pleasant hill, well covered with trees ; but the coast is too shallow to be approached by vessels that draw more than 12 feet water ; so that this place is ill situated for trade, though it is the chief town of E Florida. Lon. 81 10 W, lat. 30 10 N. Augustine, a cape of S. America, in Brasil, 300 miles NE of the bav of All- Saints. Lon. 35 40 W, lat. 8 30 Si* Augustoiv, a small but strong 1 town of Poland, in Polachia, seated on the Nari- eu, 44 miles N of Bielisk. Lon. 23 40 E, lat. 53 25 N: ... Augustus, Fort, a small fortress of In- verness-shire, at the head of Loch Ness, between the rivers Taarf and Oich. Avigliano, a small town of Italy, in Piedmont, seven miles W of Turin. Lon. 7 38 E, lat. 45 5 X. Avignon, a city of France, capital of a territory of the same name, which de- pended lately on the pope, with an arch- bishop's see, and an university. It was formerly the residence of the popes, who afterward returned to Rome. The church- es are handsome ; that of Notre Dame is ancient but not large, and is one of the best adorned in the city. It is advanta- geously seated on the Rhone, 20 miles E of Nismes. Lon. 4 53 E, lat. 43 57 N. Avila, an ancient town of Spain, in Old Castile. It has an university, and a con- siderable bishopric. It stands in the mid- dle of a fine large plain, surrounded with mountains, and covered wi-h fruit-trees and vinevards, 40 miles NW of Madrid. Lon. 4 35 W, lat. 40 40 N." Aviles, a town of Spain, in Asturias d' Oviedo, on the bay of Biscav, 25 miles N of Oviedo. Lon. 6 5 W, la^3 27 N. Avis, a smell town of Portugal, in Al- entejo, seated on an eminence, with a castle, near the river Avis. Hence the military order of the knights of Avis, have their name. It is 65 miles E of Lis- bon. Lon. 7 40 W, lat. 38 46 N. Aulcester, a.tnvn in Warwickshire, with a market on Tuesday. It was a Ro- man station, as appears from the coins, bricks, &c. often dug up in and near it, and from the Komiln Ickneildstrcet pass- ing through it. It is seven miles W of Stratford upon Avon, and 102 NW of London. Lon. 1 52 W, lat. 52 16 N. Aulps, a town of France, in the depart- ment of Var and late province of Pro- vence. Lon. 6 30 E, lat. 43 40 N. Aumale. See Albemarle. Aunis, lately a small territory of France in Poitou, and now forming part of the department ofl^ower Charente. Avon, a river that rises in Wilts, and coasting the edge of the New forest, falls into the English channel at Christchurch Hay in Hampshire. Avon, a river that rises in Leicester- shire, and running SW by Warwick and Eversham, falls into the Severn,at Tew- kesbury, in Gloucestershire. Avon LoHoer, a river that rises in Wilts, and running W to Bath, becomes naviga- ( ble there, continues its course to Bristol, and falls into the Severn. Avrach, a fortified town of Germany, in the S part of Suabia, and duchy of Wirtemburg, seated at the foot of a mountain, on the rivulet Ermst, 15 miles E of Tubingen. Lon. 9 22 E, lat. 48 26 N. Avranches, an ancient town of France, in the department of the channel and late province of Normandy ; the city is mean but is finely seated on an eminence, near which the See runs about a mile and a . half from the ocean and 30 Eof St. Malo. Lon. 1 18 W, \iit. 48 41 N. Auray, a small seaport of France, on the gulf of Morbihan, in the department of that name and late province of Bre- tagne, eight miles W of Vannes. Lon. 2 53 W, lat. 47 40 N. Aurelius, a post town of Cayuga coun- ty, New York : the township is situated at the head of Owasco lake, between the townships of Junius and Marallus, and contains 300 inhabitants. Aurich, a town of Westphalia, in E Friesland, with :i eastlo, where the count resides. It is seated in a plain surround- ed i.j forests full of game, 12 miles N E of Embden. Lon. 7 12 E, lat. 53 28 N. Aurillac, a populous trading town of France,«jn the river Jordanne, in the de- partment of Cantal and late province of Auvergne. Quantities of lace and velvet are manufactured here. It is 30 miles S W of St. Flour, and 250 S of Paris. Lon. 2 22 E, lat. 44 55 N. . Aurora Island, an island, one of the New Hebrides, in the S Pacific ocean. It is about twelve leagues long, but not above five broad. Lon. 168 24 E, lat. 15 8 S. Aurungabad, a considerable city of Asia, in the Deccan of Hindoostan. It is but a modern city ; owing its rise, from a small town, to the capital of Dowlata- bad, to the great Aurungzebe, from whom it, had its name. It is 260 miles NE of Bombav. Lon. 76 2 E, lat. 19 45 N. AWE AXM Austinville, a village with a post office, in Wythe county, Virginia; situated on the E side of Kanhawa river 24 miles E of Wythe court house, and 366 from the city of Washington. Austria, one of the circles of the Ger- man empire, bounded on the W by Swis- serland ; on the N by Suabia, Bavaria, Bohemia, and Moravia; on the E by Hun- gary ; and on the S by Italy and Croatia. It contains the archduchy of Austria ; the duchies of Stiria, Carinthia, Car- niola, and Goritia ; the county of Tirol ; and the bishoprics of Brixen and Trent. Austria, an archduchy, in the circle of the same name. The river Ens divides it into Upper and Lower : Vienna is the capital of the Lower, and Lintz of the Upper. Austria excels all the provinces of Germany in the fertility of its soil, the plenty of its pastures and the wholesome - ness of the air. Corn, wine, and fruit, are plentiful ; and the saffron better than that of the East Indies. Auiun, an ancient town of France, the episcopal see of the department of Saone and Loire, in the late province of Bur- gundy ; it contains a great many mines, and produces a great quantity of sulphur. It is seated at the foot of three moun- tains on the river of Arroux, which washes its ancient walls, whose ruins are so firm, and the stones so closely united, that they seem almost to be cut out of the solid rock : in this city are the ruins of three temples, one of which was dedi- cated to Janus, and the other to Diana. They have manufactures of tapestry from cows hair and thread, carpets, and cover- 1 lets. Their delft ware is degenerated into earthen, although with little indus- try, their argil would be very proper for porcelain. In St. Martin's church is the tomb of the cruel Brunehaud, whom Gre- gory of Tours mentions as the monster of the sixth century: she was accused of having poisoned her son Childebert, and of having procured the death of 10 kings; by the order of her grandson Clovis II, she was tied to the tail of a wild mare, and thus miserably perished. The cathe- dral of St. Lazarus, the college, and the seminary are worthy of notice. Autun. is -15 miles E by S of Nevers, and 162SEt>f Paris. Lon."4 23 E, lat. 46 57 N. Auvergne, a late province of France, 100 miles in length, and 75 in breadth ; bounded on the N by the Bourbonnois. on the E by Forez and Velay, on the W by Limosin. Querci, and La Mwche, and on the S by Rouergue and the Cevcnnes. ft now forms the two departments of f'antal and Puy-de-Dome. Awe Loch, one of the most beautiful lakes of Scotland, in Argyleshire, 30 miles long, and in some parts, above two broad. It contains many fine little islands, tufted with trees. The river Awe, the outlet of this lake, is discharg- ed into Loch^Etive, at the village of Bun a we. - Auxerre, 311 ancient town of France, in the department of Yonne, lately an epis- copal see of Burgundy, advantageously situated on the Yonne. The inhabitants are computed at 16,000 ; and it contains manv fountains and squares. It is 25 miles S of Sens. Lon. 3 39 E, fat. 47 48 N. Auxoww, a town of France in the de- partment of Cote d'Or and late province of Burgundy, with a castle, an arsenal, handsome barracks, and a foundery for cannon. It is seated on the Saone, over which there is a bridge of 23 arches, and is 17 miles E of Dijon. Lon. 5 29 E, lat. 47 11 N. Awutska-Bay, a harbour of Kamtschat- ka, the safest and most extensive that has been discovered, and the only one in that part of the world, that can admit vessels of a considerable burden. Lon. 158 48 E, lat. 52 51 N. Aivlen, a small imperial town of Sua- bia, on the river Cochen, 15 miles W of Oeting. It was taken by the French in August 1796. Lon. 10 15 E, lat. 48 36 N. Axbridge, a corporate town in Somer- setshire, with a market on Thursday. It is seated on the river Ax under the Men- dip hills, where there is good pasturage, 10 miles NW of Wells, and 132 W of London. Lon.^ W, lat. 51 17 N. Axel, a small fortified town of Dutch Flanders, seated in a morass, 10 miles N of Ghent. It was taken by the French in 1794. Lon. 3 4.; E, lat. 51 15 N. Axholm, an island in the NW part of Lincolnshire, in England. It is formed by the Trent, Dun, and Idle, and is ten miles long and five broad. It is a rich tract, in which much flax is cultivated. Axim, a territory on the Gold Coast of Guinea, containing two or three villages on the sea shore. The inhabitants are generally rich, and sell a great deal of ^old to the English and Dutch. They are likewise industrious in fishing and tilling the ground. The excessive mois- ture of the climate renders it very un- healthy, but it produces plenty of rice, water-melons, lemons, oranges, Sec. The Dutch have a fort and a factory here, called St. Anthony. Axminster, a town of Devonshire, on the river Ax, with a market on Saturday, [t was a place of note in the time of the Saxons, but now contains only 200 houses. Here is a manufacture of broad and nar- A Z O row cloths, and a famous one for carpets. It is 18 miies E by N of Exeter, and 147 W of London. Lon. 3 8 W, lat. 50 46 N. Axum. formerly a large city, and once the capital of Abyssinia. Its ruins are veiy extensive, but consi^ altogether of public building's. It is 125 miles W of the Red Sea. Lon. 36 4 E, lat. 14 6 N. Ayamonte, a seaport of Spain, in Anda- lusia, with a strong castle built on a rock at the mouth of the river Gaudiana, op- posite Castro-Marino, 80 miles NW of Cadiz. Lon. 7 15 W, lat. 37 12 X. Ayleshum a town in Norfolk, witli a market on Saturday, 12 miles N of Nor wich, and 121 NE of London. Lon. 1 17 E, lat. 52 53 N. Aymouth, a town of Scotland, in Ber- wickshire, six miles N of Berwick, for- me iiy fortified to curb the garrison of that town. Lon. 1 46 W. lat. 56 11 N. Ayr, a borough of Scotland, capital of an extensive county of the same name. It is situate on a sand}' plain, on both sides of the river Ayr, over which is a bridge of four arches It appears from history and oiher documents to have been a con- siderable place at the time of the Norman conquest. Its chief trade is in coal and grain ; the fishery being in a manner g'iven up. In the new town are man} g-ood houses and the ruins of a Domini- can monastery, founded by Alexander 11. in 1230. A mile N from the town, is a house called King's Chapel, founded for lepers by Robert Bruce ; the leprosy be- ing a disease so common in those days, as to be the subject of several parliamen- tary statutes. Avr is 65 miles SW of Edinburgh. Lon.' 4 39 E, lat. 55 30 N. Ayrshire, a county of Scotland bound- ed on the W and N by the Frith of Clyde and Renfrewshire, on the E by the coun- ties of Lanerk and Dumfries, and on the SE and S by the shires of Kircudbright and Wighton. It exhibits the shape of two wings, extending to the NW and S W, and forming a vast bay at the mouth of the frith of Clyde. Between its ex- treme points it is about 50 miles ; its greatest breadth is not quite 27 Its most northerly division is Cunningham, the N W angle of which though mountainous, is rich in pasture. Azamar, a small seaport of Africa in the kingdom of .Morocco ; formerly very considerable, but ruined bv the Portu- guese in 1513. Lon. 7 W, lat. 32 50 N. Azem, See Assam. Azof. See Asoph. Azores, or Western Islands, a group *»f islands, in the Atlantic Ocean, between 25 and 33 W lon. and between 37 and 40 N lat, 900 miles W of Portugal, and as BAB many E of Newfoundland. They were discovered by the Flemings in the 15th century, but were afterwards taken pos- session of by the Portuguese, to whom they have been subject ever since. They are nine in number, viz. St. Maria, St. Michael, Tercera, St. George, Gracioso, F\ al, Pico, Flores, and Corvo. The} were called the Azores, from the number of hawks found among them. The two wes- ternmost were named Flores and Corvo, from the abundance of flowers on the one, and pf crows on the other. They are sub- ject to a governor-general, who resides at Angra, in Tercera. No poisonous anr- mal, it is said, is to be found in the A- zorcs, and if carried thither it will ex- pire in a few hours. All of them are fer- tile, and enjoy a salubrious air, but arc- subject to violent earthquakes. B BABELM1XBEL, a strait fcetwfeeft the coast of Africa and Arabia, uniting the Red Sea with the Indian ocean. Near it is a small island and a mountain of the same name. Lon. 44 30 E, lat. 12 40 N. Bubenhaiisen, a town of Suabia, in the duchy of Wirtemburg, five miles N of Tubingen. Lon. 9 4 E, lat. 48 35 X. Babolitza Cai-ethui, or Baboliza, a town of Sclavonia, near the river Drave, be- tween Posega and Zygeth. Babylon, once a famous city in Asia, and perhaps at that time the largest in the world. It is now so ruined, that the place where it stood cannot be discover- ed with any certainty. However, we are sure that it was seated on the river Eu- phrates ; and i:s some think over against Bagdad, which is by many travellers, i falsely called Babylon. This was also the name of a city in Egypt, supposed to i stand near the place where Cairo stands now. What authors tell us concerning the bigness of Old Babylon is almost in- credible ; for they affirm it was 366 sta- dia in circumference, which is about 50 of our statute miles ; however, it was not full of houses ; for within the walls, were not only gardens and orchards, but culti- vated fields. It was divided by the Eu- phrates into two equal parts that com- municated by a stone bridge 624 feet in length, and 30 broad. The tower of Ba- bel, witlfin this city, was built in a square form, 460 cubits high ; and the circumference at the bottom 4 or 5000. The hanging gardens at Babylon were such a prodigious work, that they passed BAD BAG ibr one of the seven wonders of the world; four of them contained each four acres of land, and were supported by vast columns, at the top of a palace 2,500 paces in circumference ; they were dis- posed in the form of an amphitheatre. The walls of Babylon were also so asto- nishing', that these also passed for one of the seven wonders ; they were built of bricks and bitumen ; 5*0 miles in circum- ference, 200 feet high, and 50 thick! There was also a temple consecrated to Belus, whose magnificence corresponded with the grandeur of the city, first the capital of the Assyrian empire, and after- wards that of -the kingdom of Babylon founded by Nabonasser. Baca or Baza, a town of Spain, in the kingdom of Granada, 15 miles XE of Gaudix. Lon. 2 42 W, lat. 37 18 N. Bacano, a village of Italy, in the patri- mony of St. Peter, on a small lake, near a river of the same name, well known on account of the defeat of the Fabi?, in the 277th year of Rome. Bacaseray, a town in the Russian pro- vince of Tauridi, where the late khans of the Crim Tartars were accustomed to reside. It is 70 miles S of Precop. Lorn 35 40 E, lat. 45 30 N. Bacarrach, a town of Germany, in the palatinate of the Rhine, formerly impe- rial. It is famous for its wines, and is seated on the Rhine, 20 miles W of Mentz. Lon. 7 52 E, lat. 49 55 X. Bachian, one of the Molucca islands, in the East Indies, which produces cloves. It is verv fruitful and belongs to the Dutch. Lon. 125 5 E, lat. 25 S. Badajoz, a town of Spain, capital of Estramadura, and a bishop's see. It is seated in a fertile territory on the Gau- diana, over which there is a famous bridge built by the Romans. On this bridge the Portuguese were defeated bv Don John of Austria, in 1661. It is 175 miles S bv W of Madrid. Lon. 6 50 W, lat. 38 32 N. Badelona, a town of Spain, in Catalonia, seated on the Mediterranean, 10 miles N E of Barcelona. Lon. 2 20 E, lat. 41 28 X. Baden, a town of Suat>ia, capital of a margravate of the same name, with a cas- tle, on the top of a mountain-, where the prince often resides. It is remarkable for its baths, whence it takes its name, and is seated near the Rhine, four miles S •>t' Rastadt. Lon. 8 14 E, lat. 48 50 N. Baden, a margravate of Suabia, bound- ed on the X by the Palatinate of the Rhine and bishopric of Spire, on the E by the duchy of Wirtemburg and princi- pality of Fustenburg, on the S by the Brisgaw, and on the. W by the Rhine It is divided into the Upper and the Lower. Baden, an ancient and handsome town in a county of the same name in Swisser- land. It is remarkable for its baths men- tioned by the inhabitants under the names of Aqua: and Thermae Helvetica ; and for the treaty concluded here in 1714, between Germany and Spain. It is seat- ed on the Limmat, 10 miles N"W of Zuric. .Lon. 8 20 E, lat. 47 25 X Baden, a neat little walled town of Austria, famous for its hot baths ; seated on the river Suechat, 15 miles SW of Vi- enna. Lon. 16 25 E, lat. 48 1 X. Badenvjeiller, a town of Suabia, belong- ing to the lower margravate of Baden, seated near the Rhine, 10 miles SE of Friburg. Lon. 7 52 E, lat. 48 1 X. Badge-worth, a village in Gloucester- shire, remarkable for a spring of mineral water, called Cold Po 1, nearly the same as those of Cheltenham. It is seven miles XE of Gloucester. Baeza, a town of Spain, in Andalusia. It is the see of a bishop and has a uni- versity, seated on the Guadalquiver, 15 miles' XE of Jaen. Lon. 3 18 W, lat 37 45 X. Baffin's -Bay, a bay in Xorth America, discovered by Mr. Baffin, an Englishman, who attempted to find out a XW passage that way to the South Sea. It extends from 70* to 80 X latitude. Baffo, a considerable town in the is- land of Cyprus, with a fort near the an- cient Paphos, of which considerable ruins remain, particularly some broken co- lumns, which probably belonged to the temple of Venus. Lon. 32 30 E, lat. 34 50 X. Bagdad, falsely supposed to be ancient Babylon, a populous city, capital of Irac Arabia, seated on the Tigris, and inhabi- ted by Christians, Turks, &c. The city is large and populous ; and the advan- tage of the Tigris is so considerable, with regard to commerce, that although the climate is excessive, hot and in other respects far from being agreeable, yet the number of its inhabitants is computed at 300,000. The revenue would be immense if the government was mild ; but instead of this the bashaw is continually extort- ing money from the poor inhabitants ; from none more than from the Christians and Jews, many of whom are obliged to leave the city. In tW months of June, July, and August, the weather is so ex- tremely hot, as to oblige the inhabitants to live for these months in subterraneous apartments, which are arched over to ad- mit the freer circulation of the air. The houses are generally large, built of brick, BAG B A I and cement, and are arched over ; many of the windows are made, of elegant Ve- netian glass ; the ceilings are mostly or- namented with a kind of checquered work, which has generally a nohle ap- pearance ; most of the houses have a court-yard before them, in the middle of which is a plantation of orange trees, &c. that has a pleasing effect. The soil, which would produce not only every con- veniency of life, but almost every lux- ury, is through the natural indolence of the Turks, in a great measure uncultivated and neglected. The bazars or markets here are large and extensive, being covered over with arches built of masonry, and divid- ed into different streets filled with shops of all kinds of merchandise, to the number of 12,000. On the N side of the town is the citadel which commands the river. In the city are several large beautiful mosques. There are also a number of antique buildings. At the distance of about 10 miles stand the ruins of an ancient tower called the Tower of J\wirod. "Whether this tower was at first of a square or round form is now difficult to determine. The height of the ruin is about 126 feet, the diameter of the largest and middle part about 100 feet. Bagdad was the capital of the Saracen empire, till taken by the Turks in the 13th century ; since which it has been taken and retaken se- veral times by the Turks and Persians ; and last of all by the Turks in 1638. It is 250 miles N by W of Bassora. Lon. 43 52 E, lat. 33 20 X. Baglana, or Bocklana, a country of Ilindoostan, in the Deccan, which ex- tends from the Surat river to Poonah, and is inclosed by a ridge of mountains, called the Gauts. It is bounded on the X by Candeish, on the SW by Visiapour, and on the SE by Dowlatabad. Bagnava, a seaport of Naples, eight miles S of Palma. In this town 3017 persons perished, by the dreadful earth- quake in 1783. Lon' 16 8 E, lat. 38 15 N. Bagnarea, a town of Italy, with a bi- shop's see, in the patrimony of St. Peter, live miles S of Orvieto. Lon. 12 28 E, lat. 42 36 X. Bagnares, a town of France in the de- partment of the Upper Pyrenees and 'ate province of Bigorre. It lies at the foot of the Pyrenees, on the river Adour. 1 1 is much frequented, on account of its hot mineral waters, and is 10 miles SE of Tarbcs. Lon. 12 E, lat 43 3 X. Bagnols, a town of France, in the de- partment of Herault, and late province of Languedoc* near the river Cese, 8- miles SW of Pont St. Esprit. It has a .handsome square and two fountains which rise in the middle of the town. Lon. 4 43 E, lat. 44 10 N. Bahama, or Lucaya Islands situated to the S of Carolina, between 22 and 27 N lat. and 73 and 81 W lon. They extend along the coast of Florida to Cuba, and are said to be 500 in number, some of them only mere rocks, but 12 of them are large, fertile, and in nothing different from the soil of Carolina. These islands were the first fruits of Columbus's disco- veries, but they are all uninhabited, except Providence, and are subject to the Eng- lish, to whom they were not known till 1667, when captain Seyle being driven a- mong them in his passage to Carolina, gave his name to one of them, and, being a second time driven upon it, called it Providence- The cotton seed has been recently introduced into these islands from Georgia, and is well adapted to the soil and climate. Bahar, a country of Hindoostan Pro- per, bounded on the W by Allahabad and Guide, on the N by Xapaul, on the E by Bengal, and on , the S by Orissa. It is subject to the English E India Company ; and most of the saltpetre they export is manufactured in this province, of which Patna is the capital. Baheren Island lies in the gulf of Per- sia, and was once famous for its pearl fishery. Lon. 49 5 E, lat. 26 10 X. Bahus, a strong town of Sweden, capi- tal of a government of the same name, on a rock, in an island, 10 miles X of Got- tenburg. Lon. 11 42 E, lat. 57 52 X. Baia, an inconsiderable town of Xa- ples, in Terra di Lavora ; it was famous, in the time of the Romans, for its hot baths and elegant palaces. Its splendor may be inferred from its innumerable ruins, heaps of marble, moisacs, stucco, and other precious fragments of taste. It flourished in full glory down to the days of Theodoric the Goth ; but the destruc- tion of these enchanted palaces followed quickly upon the irruption of the north- ern conquerors. Loss of fortune left not the Romans the means of supporting such expensive establishments. Xo soon- er had opulence withdrawn its hand than the unbridled s7 e, Urt.iisom'fW Bang/iir, a town of Ireland, in King's county, on the Shannon, 15 miies S of Athlone. Lon. 7 41 W, lat. 53 7 N. Bangor, an episcopal city in Carnar- vonshire, With a market on Wednesday. U was once so considerable, that it wa* called Bangor the Great, and defended by a castle. The principal buildings are the cath' dral, the bishop's palace, and a free school. It is 36 miles W uf St. Asaph, and 251 NW of London. Lon. 4 12 W, lat. 53 12 N. Buncfor, a borough of Ireland, in the county of Down, on the S shore of Car- rickfergus, opposite the town of that name. Lon. 5 42 W, lat. 54 40 N.- Btingor-, a post town of Hancock coun- ty, Maine ; lying on the W side of the r:\x-r Penobscot, at the head of naviga- tion, about 37 miles N of Casting on the same river. Banjar. a river in the island of Borneo; at the mouth of which there is a town, where the English have a factory. Banatcady a village of Surry, noted for its downs, one of the most delightful spots in England, on account of its fine carpet ground, covered with short her- bage, perfumed with thyme and juniper. These downs form a tract of 30 miles, extending, under different denominations* from Croydon to Farnham. Banstead is 13 miles SSW of London. Bantam, a large town on the NW coast of , lava. It is the capital of a kingdom of the same name, with a good harbour, and a castle. It is divided into two towns by a river. The produce is pepper, of which they export vast quantities. Ban- tam, once populous and flourishing, is now a poor and wretched place. Lon. 105 26 E, hit. 6 20 S. Ba,ntry, a town of Ireland, in the coun- ty of Cork, on a bay of the Atlantic, to which it gives name. Lon. 9 25 W, lat. 51 36 N. Jicj>uume, a strong town of France, in the department of the Straits of Calais and late province of Artois, 12 miles SE of Arras. Lon 2 35 L, lat. 50 8 N. Bar, a strong town of Poland, in Podo- lia, on the river Bog, 40 miles NW of Bracklaw. Eo.i. 27 30 E, lat. 49 14 N. Bar, or Barrois, a late duchy of France* lying on both sides the Meuse, between Lorrain and Champagne. It now forms the department of Meuse. Bar-de-duc, a town of France, in the department of Meuse, capital of the late duchy of Bar, with a handsome castle. It is divided into the upper and lower town ; being seated on the side of a hill, 30 miles W of Toul, and 133 E of Paris. Lon. 5 20 E, lat. 48 44 N. Bur-sur-Aube, an ancient town of Trance, in the department of Aube and. late province of Champagne, famous for its wines. It is seated at the foot of a mountain, 18 miles SW of Joinville. Lon. 4 55 E, lat. 48 15 N. Mar-sur- Seine, a town of France, in the department of Aube and late province of Champagne, 20 miles SW of Bar-sur- Aube. Lon. 4 32 E, lat. 48 5 N. Jlum, one of the Hebrides of Scotland, to the S of S List. It is five miles long and three broad. At low water, it al- most communicates with Benbecula; on which account, both islands are some-, times called the Long Island. The W coast of Baras is low, and the soil in many pans Very fertile ; but the ground rises to the E coast, where it is barren. Eon. 7 30 W, lat. 56 55 N Buracou, a seaport of Cuba, 50 miles XE of St. Jago de Cuba. Lon. 76 10 W, lat. 21 X. Baranco de Malambo, a town of S Ame- rica, in Terra 1 irina, with a bishop's see, and a good harbour ; seated on the river Madalena, 75 miles N of Carthagena. Lon. 75 30 W,, lat. 11 40 N. Baranwakr, a town of Lower Hungary, ii A K BAR taken from the Turks in 1684. It is seat- ed on the rivulet Crosso, near the Da- nube, 90 miles NW of Belgrade. Lon. 19 50 W, lat. 45 55 N. Barbadocs, - the easternmost of the Windward Islands, in the W Indies, 25 miles in length, and 15 in breadth. It belongs to the English ; and the number of the whites is about 20,000, who have 100,000 slaves. Their exports are sugar, rum, cotton, indigo, and ginger; and they have most of the fruits common to the climate. The sugar exported hence is whiter and finer than that of any other plantation ; and they have one particular production, called Barbadoes tar, which rises out of the earth, and swims upon ihe surface of the water. This island lias suffered much from hurricanes ; par- ticularly from a dreadful one, Oct- 10, 1780. It is 70 miles E of St. Vincent. The capital is Bridgetown. Barbary, a country of Africa, between the Atlantic Ocean, the Mediterranean Sea, and Egypt, and containing the coun- tries of Barca, Tripoli, Tunis, Algiers, Fez, and Morocco. It is near 2000 miles in length, and, in some places 750 in breadth. It was known to the ancients by the names of Mauritania, Numidia Proper, Africa, and Libya. It is the best country in all Africa, except Egypt. The air is mild, and the soil fertile in corn, dates, almonds, apples, pears, cher- ries, plumbs, citrons, lemons, oranges, with plenty of roots and herbs in then kitchen gardens. Their chief trade con- sists in their fruits, in the horses called barbs, Morocco leather, ostrich-feathers, indigo, wax, tin, and coral. The estab- lished religion is the Mahometan, and there are some .lews; but no Christians, except the slaves. Barbe, St, a town of New Biscay, in Mexico, near which are rich silver mines. It is 500 miles NVV of Mexico. Lon. 107 5 W, lat. 26 N. Barbering, a town of Tuscany, seated at the foot of the Appenine mountains, on the river Sieva, 12 miles N of Flo- rence. Lon. 11 15 E, lat. 43 59 N. BarbezleuXy a town of France, in the department of Charente and late province of Angoumois. It is 45 miles NE of Bour- deaux. Lon. 0, lat. 45 30 N. Barbuda, one of the British Caribbee islands, about 20 miles long, and 12 broad. The inhabitants (about 1500) are chiefly employed in raising corn, an i breeding cattle, for Which they find a ready market in the neighbouring is- la ids. It is the property of the Cod- rington familv, and is 19 miles NE of St. Christopher. "Lon. 61 50 W, lat. 17 49 N. Barca, a country of Barbary, on the S coast of the Mediterranean, between Tri- poli and Egypt. It is a barren desert, in- habited by none but wandering Arabs. Here was seated the famous temple of Jupiter Aramon, so difficult of access on account of the burning sands. Barcelona, a city of Spain, in Catalo- nia, of which it is the capital, seated on the Mediterranean Sea. Its shape is be- tween a square and an oval ; it contains about 15,000 houses, and is defended by a fort, called Mont Joy, which stands on a rocky mountain, a mile W of the town. The city is divided into two parts, the Old and the New, separated from each other by a wall and a large ditch ; the streets are handsome, well paved with large stones, wide, and very clean. It is the residence of a viceroy," is a bishop's see, has a fine university, a mint, a good port, and is adorned with handsome buildings. The cathedral is large, hand- some and adorned with two towers. The arsenal contains arms for several thou- sand men, and docks for the building of gallies. It is a place of great trade, and they make curious works in glass; the knives are likewise in great reputation, as well as the blankets. It is 250 miles E of Madrid. Lon. 2 13 E, lat. 41 26 N. Barcelonetta, a town of France, in the department of the Lower Alps and late province of Dauphinv,12 miles SE of Embrun. Lon. 6 39 E, lat. 44 23 N. Barcelone, a town of the peninsula of Hindoostan, on the coast of Malabar. It was a Dutch factory 130 miles S of Goa. Lon. 74 15 E, lat. 13 25 N. Barcelos, a town of Portugal, on the river Sourdla, 20 miles N of Oporto. Lon. 8 20 W, lat. 41 30 N. Bar de-wick, formerly a larfe town ot Germany, in the duchy of Lunenburg, on the river Ilmenau, 17 miles SE of Hamburgh. Lon. 10 19 E, lat. 53 24 N. Bardsey, a small island of Carnarvon shire, at the N point of Cardigan Bay. Bardt, a town of Germany, in Swedisli Pomerania, with a castle and harbour, near the Baltic, 12 miles W by N of Stral- sund. Lon. 13 12 E, lat. 54 23 N. Bareges, a village of France, much fre- quented on account of its mineral baths U is seated in a valley of the same name, 12 miles S of Bagneres. Baveith, a town of Franconia, in the margravate of Culembach, with a famous college, 15 miles SE of Culembach. Lon. 11 56 E, lat. 50 N. Barefields, a post town in Liberty county, South Carolina, 414 miles from W ashington. Barjeicr, a town of France, in the de- BAR BAR partment of the Channel and late province of Normandy. The cape of that name is 12 miles E of Cherburg, and near it, part of the navy of France was destroyed bv the English, in 1692. It is 175 miles NW of Paris. Lon. 1 6 W, lat. 49 40 N. Hart, formerly a good seaport town of Naples, till its harbour was ruined by the Venetians. It is seated in the gulf of Venice, is the capital of Terra di Bari, and an archbishop's see. It is 20 miles E of Tram. Lon. 17 5 E, lat. 41 26 N. Bari, or Terra di Bari, a province of Naples, on the gulf of Venice. The air is temperate, and the soil fertile ; but there are many serpents and tarantulas. Barkhamstead, a township of Litchfield county, in the state of Connecticut, wa- tered by the branches of Farmington river. It contains about 2000 inhabitants and lies generally NW of Hartford, at the distance of about 25 miles. Barking, a town of Essex, with a market on Saturday, seated on the river Roding, near the Thames, in an unwhole- some air. It is chiefly celebrated for a magnificent nunnery founded in 675; a gateway and a part of the walls of which are still visible. It is seven miles E of London. Lon. 12 E, lat. 51 52 N. Barksdale, a village of Lincoln county, Georgia, with about 1000 inhabitants, one 'hird slaves. Barlett, a township of Grafton county, in the state of New Hampshire, contain- ing 700 inhabitants. Barnard, a township of Windsor coun- ty, in the state of Vermont, containing about 1500 inhabitants. It lies at the dis- tance of about 60 miles NE from Ben- nington. Bumegat, an inlet from the Atlantic ocean, on the E coast of New Jersey, about 70 miles NE from Cape May. Barletta, a handsome and strong town of Naples, in Bari, with a bishop's see, seated on the gulf of Venice, 25 miles \V SW of Bari. Lon. 16 32 E, lat. 41 30 N. Barnard-Castle, a town in the county of Durham, with a market on Wednes- day. It is seated on the river Tees, and has a manufacture of stockings, 30 miles SW of Durham, and 244 NX W of Lon- don. Lon. 1 49 W, lat. 54 35 N. Unmet, a town in Caledonia county, Vermont, situated on the W side of Con- necticut river, 19 miles N of Haverhill, \ew Hampshire. This township is settled principally by emigrants from Scotland, as the name implies, who were estimat- ed at 858 in 1800. Here is a post office 596 miles from Washington. Barnet, a town partly in Middlesex, nd partly in Herts, with a market on Monday. It is in the parish of East Bar net, and situated on the top of a hill, whence it is called High Barnet, and also Chipping Barnet, from a market, granted here, by Henry II. to the monks of St. Alban's. At the meeting of the St. Alban's and Hatfield roads is a co- lumn, with an inscription to commemorate the decisive battle, which wi..s fought 1471 near this place between the houses of York and Lancaster. Barnet is 11 miles N by W, of London. Lon. 5 Vv\ lat. 51 42 N. Barnsboyough, a village in Gloucester county and state of New Jersey, about 14 miles below Philadelphia. Bamestead, a township of Strafford county, in the state of New Hampshire, containing about 1500 inhabitants. It is 30 miles NW of Portsmouth. Barnsley, a town in the W riding of Yorkshire, with a market on Wednesday, and a considerable manufacture of coarse linen. It is seated on the side of a hill, 13 miles N of Sheffield, and 174 N by W of London. Lon. 1 28 W, lat. 53 35 Bamsley, a village of Gloucestershire. It is noted for large quarries of excellent freestone, and 4 miles NE of Cirencester: Barnstaple, a seaport and borough of Devonshire, with a market on Friday, seated on the river Tau, 12 miles E of Barnstaple Bay in the Bristol Channel, 38 mile s NNW of Exeter, and 191 W of London. Lon. 4 5 W, lat. 51 8 N. Barnstable, a town of Barnstable coun- ty, Massachusetts, where there is a post office. It is situated on a bay of the same name about 72 miles SE by S of Boston. The inhabitants arc enumerated at 3000, who depend principally on the sea lor a sustenance, and are accounted among the most expert seamen. Baroach, a town in the Deccan of Hin- doostan, on the S bank of the Nerbudda, 40 miles N of Surat, formerly a very commercial place. Lon. 72 55 E, lat. 21 25 N. I'.urraitx, a fortress of Dauphiny, at the entrance of the valley of Gresivaudan, built by a duke of Savoy in 1597. It is seated on the Isere, six miles S of Cham- berry. Lon. 5 52 E, lat. 45 29 N. Jiarre, a post town of Worcester coun- ty, Massachusetts: it is distant about 60 miles W from Boston, and contains 2000 inhabitants. And a village with a post office in Orange county, Vermont, about 15 miles from Newbury the county town. Barren, a county of Kentucky state, containing about 6000 inhabitants. Barren, a small island, in Chesapeak bay, opposite the mouth of Patuxent river. B A S B AS Barren, Great and Little, two consi- derable branches of Green river, in tlu st.tK of Kentucky. Barrington, a township of Bristol coun- ty, in the state of Rhode Island, situated on the S\V side of Warren river. Barrington, a township of New Hamp- shire about 30 miles NYV of Portsmouth, containing about 3u00 inhabitants. Barrington Great, a township of Berk- shire, Massachusetts, about 150 miles west ward from Boston. Bartholomew, St., one of the Caribbee islands, in tiie "West Indies, 30 miles N of St. Christopher. It is 20 miles in cir- cumference, and has a good harbour. The French ceded it to the Swedes in 1785. Lon. 63 10 W, lat. 17 36 N. Bartholomew St., a parish of South Ca- rolina in the district of Charleston con- taming- about 13,000 inhabitants, three four t Us slaves. Barton, a town in Lincolnshire, situ- ated on the Humber, where there is a ferry into Yorkshire, of great advantage to the town, which is 35 miles N of Lin- coln and 166 of London. Ii has a market on Monday. Lon. 20 W, lat. 53 42 N. Baruth, once a considerable town of Syri;<, with a Christian church, 30 miles NE of Seyda. Lon. 36 30 E, lat. 34 10 N. Basartschick, a town of Turkey in Eu- rope, in Romania. It has a great trade, and is seated on the river Meritz. Lon. 24 40 E, lat. 42 19 N. Basil, or Basle, the capital of the can- ton of Basil, in Swisserland, with a bi- shop's see, and a famous university. It is divided into two parts by the Rhine. The cathedral is an elegant Gothic build ing, but disfigured by a daubing of rose coloured paint, spread over the whole edifice. The great Erasmus is interred here under a marble tomb. The town- house, and fine paintings in fresco, par- ticularly an exquisite piece of the suffer- ings of Christ by Holbein, are much ad- mired. The clocks always go an hour too fast, according to some for tbe quirk despatch of business. The art of making paper is said to have been invented here. They have several manufactures, parti- cularly of ribands and cottons, and carry on an extensive trade. The sumptuary laws are very strict at Basil ; and no per- son is allowed to have a servant behind his carriage. Basle is the largest, and seems to have been once one of ihe most populous towns in Swisserland : but the number of inhabitants is scarcely more than 14,000. Basle has now lost its in- dependence, and has together with all Swisserland been obliged 'o bow to the tyrannical yoke of France, who without even the pretence of a provocation invad- d and laid waste this tranquil country, nd reduced it to slavery. It is 174 miles N by E of Geneva, and 250 E by S of Paris. Lon. 7 29 E, lat. 47 35 N. ,|s Basilicato, a province of Naples a- bounding in corn, wine, oil, cotton, ho- ney, and saffron. Cirenza is the capital. Basitipotamo, a river of Turkey, in Eu- rope; in the Morea, which falls into the gulf of Calochina. It was called Eurotes by the ancients. Basingstoke, a corporate town in Hamp- shire, with a market on Wednesday, 35 miles E by N of Salisburv, and 47 W by S of London. Lon. 1 4 W, lat. 51 19 N. Baskinridge, a post town in Somerset county, New Jersey, on a branch of the Passaic river, 7 miles S\V of Morristown ; famous for the capture of General Lee, by Col. Harcourt of the British army; in the year 17/6. Basques, a late territory of France, which included Lower Navarre, Labourd, and Sould, and now forms, with Berne, the department of the Lower Pyrenees. Bass, a .great insulated rock in the German Ocean, one mile from the coast? of Haddingtonshire, at a small distance from the town of North Bet wick. In sum-' mer this remarkable rock, which over- hangs the sea in a tremendous manner, rising in the 4b rm of a cone, is quite cov ered with the nests, eggs, and young birds of the gannets, or solan geese ; so that it is scarce possible to walk without treading on them. These birds come hith- er to breed. Lon. 2 35 W, lat. 56 3 N. Bassano, a town of Vmcentino, ,in the territory of Venice, on the river Brante, in a country fertile in excellent wine. Lon. 11 24 E, lat. 45 51 N. Basse, a town of France, in the depart- ment of the North and late province of Flanders, famous for the many sieges it has sustained ; but its fortifications are now demolished. It is 18 miles SW of Lisle. Lon. 2 52 E, lat. 50 28 N. Bassee?i,& city and fortress in the Deccan of Hindoostan, opposite the N end of Sal- sette. It is 27 miles N of Bombay: Lon. 72 10 E, lat. 19 19 N. Bassentinvaite-water. a fine lake in Cum- berland, three miles NW of Kes wick. It is four miles lor.g, bounded on one side b; high hills, wooded,_m many places, to their bases ; on the other, by the fields, and the sk'rts of Skiduaw . Basseterre, the capital of St. Christo- pher, built bj the French, before the is- land was ceded to the English in 1713. Basseten^e, the capital of Guadaloupc, in a district of the Same name, in the W part of the island. Tt is defended by a BAT BAT citadel and other fortifications. Lon. 61 59 W, lat. 15 59 X. Bassora, or Bussarah, a city and sea- port of Turkey in Asia, 40 miles NAY of the gulf of Persia. It stands on the Eu- phrates, a canal from which divides the city into two parts ; and over it is a bridge of boats. The houses are con- structed of bricks dried in the sun, and have a very mean aspect. The circumja- cent tract is looked upon by the Arabs to be one of the most delightful spots in Asia, and even as one of the most beauti- ful gardens in the world. The hot winds that blow here are very troublesome to travellers, sometimes overwhelming them with sand driven out of the neighbouring deserts. In 1691, the plague destroyed 8'J.OOO of the inhabitants. It* is 240 miles S by Ejtf Bagdad. Lon. 44 52 E, lat 29 26 N. Bastia, a seaport of Albania, in Turkey in Europe, opposite the island of Corfu, at the mouth of the river Calamu. Lon. 20 20 E, lat. 39 40 X. Bastia, the capital of Corsica, with a good harbour, a strong castle, and a bish- op's see. It surrendered to lord Hood in 1794, but has since revolted to Trance. It is 70 miles SSW of Leghorn. Lon. 9 30 E, lat. 42 36 X. 1 Bastimentos, the name of some small islands near Terra Firma, in South Ame- rica, at the mouth of the bay of Xombre de Dios, with a fort and a good harbour. Bastiog-ne, a town of Austrian Luxem- burg, 25 miles XW of Luxemburg. Lon. 6 0E, lat. 5u0 X. Batacola, a seaport on the coast of .Ma- labar, between Onore and Barcelore. Here are the remains of a once consider- able ci-y, on the banks of a small river, four miles from the sea. The countn produces a good deal of pepper ; the En- glish had a factory here, but were all massacred by the natives, because one of their bull dogs killed a consecrated cow. Bataseck, a tower of Lower Ilungan, on ..»e Danube, 70 miles S of Buda. Lon. 19 2J E, lat. 46 15 X. Batavia, a city of the island of Java, capuai uf all the Dutch settlements in tin / Eas. Indies. In general, the place is ve- ry beautiful and built of white stones ; they have canals in the principal streets, planted on each side with evergreen trees. It is the residence of the governor-gene- ral of all the Dutch colonies in the East Indies. It has a handsome hospital and arsenal ; and all the goods brought from other parts of the East Indies are laid up here, till they are exported to their places of destination. The air is very unwhole- some ; and this place is represented as the grave of European navigators. Short- ly after the Du'ch declared war against England, Batavia was captured by the Bri ish. Lon. 106 51 E, lat. 6 10 S. Batavia, a post town of Green county, Xew-York, situated on Batavia creek, a branch of Schoharrie river, about midway between Bristol and Catskill, being 30 miles AY of the latter. Bath, a city in Somer.set shire, with a market on Wednesday and Saturday.. It has been famous from the time of the Ro- mans, for its hot springs, which are not only used as baths, but internally as a me- dicine. The reputation of these waters has so much increased, That Bath is be- come the principal resort, next to the metropolis, for the nobility and gentry, and the constant residence of many opu- lent invalids, as well as of numerous vo- taries of dissipation. In splendour and elegance of buildings, it exceeds even- town in England; they are constructed of a white stone, and the fronts, which are all three stories high, are adorned with three rows of columns in pairs, of the Doric, Ionic, and Corimhian orders. The principal seasons for the waters are spring and autumn. The poor who come here to drink the waters, may be received into a magnificent hospital. Bath is seated on the Avon, which has been made naviga- ble hence to Bristol : 12 miles ESE of Bristol, and 107 AY of London. Lon. 2 21 \Y, lat. 51 22 X. Bath, a village in Steuben county, with a post-office, 20 miles XV." of the Painted Post, and 120 SE of Xiagara. [ Bath, a village with a post-office, in Berkley county, Virginia ; situated on the S side of Potomack river, about 35 miles W of Winchester, and famous for its warm springs. Bath court-house, a post town of Bath connty,_,Virginia, and the principal seat, of justice, 50 miles W of Staunton, ana 227 of Washingtrm. Bath, an extensive count} in the state of Virginia 1 ; controlling about 6000 Inha- bitants, and famous lor its medicinal wa- ters, particularly two springs, called the warm and hot springs. The springs are ge- nerally strongest in July and August . when they are most frequented. Bath, a post town of Lincoln county, in the district of Maine, about 165 miles X E of Boston. It contains about 1600 in- nabiiau.s, and enjoys a considerable ex- port trade. Bath, a township in Grafton county. s;ate of Xew Hampshire, about 97 miles XW of Portsmouth, on the east bank oi-' Connecticut river. Bath, a small town in Beaufort county, Xorth Carolina. BAY BAY Bath, a village in Rcnsalaer county, state of New-York, near Albany, noted for its medicinal waters. Batha or Bachia, a town of Hungary, in a county of the same name, on the Da- nube, 110 miles BSE of Buda. Lon. 20 40 E. lat. 45 36 N. Battel, a town in Sussex, with a market on Thursday, famous for the decisive vic- tory gained by William I. over Harold in 1066 ; in memory of which he founded here a celebrated abbey, which its re- mains shew to have been a noble struc- ture. This town is noted for a manufac- ture of gunpowder, well known by the name of Battel powder. It is 22 miles E of Lewes, and 57 SE of London. Lon 33 E, lat. 50 55 N. Batecola, a fortified town, on the E coast of Ceylon. Lon. 81 3 E, lat. 5 55 N. Battenburg, a town of Dutch Guelder- land, seated on the N bank of the Mouse, ten miles SW of Nimeguen. Lon. 5 33 E, lai. 51 48 N. Batterse'a, a village in Surry, noted for its fine asparagus. Near it stands a dis- tillery and a curious horizontal airmill. Here Sir Walter St. John founded a free- school ; and here is a timber bridge over the Thames to Chelsea. Battersea is four miles WSW of London. Baton Rouge, a settlement in Louisiana, on the river Mississippi. Here the banks of the river first rise to any considerable height above the elevation of the water in freshes. It is about 60 miles above New Orleans. Here the country is finely improved. Battlefield, a village in Shropshire, five miles N of Shrewsbury, wlv re the decis- ive victory was gained by Henry IV. over Henry Percy, sumamed Hotspur. Battlelo'wn, a post town of Frederick county, Virginia, eight miles W by N of Stevensburg, six E of Winchester, and 79 NW of Washington. Bajaria, one of the circles, of the Ger- man empire, bounded on the W by Sua- bia, on the NW by Franconia, on the NE by Bohemia, and on the E and S by Aus- tria. It contains the duchy of Bavaria Proper, the upper palatinate of Bavaria, the bishoprics of Freisengen and Passau, the duchy of Neuberg, and the archbish- opric of Saltzburg. Bavaria Proper, a duchy, and the prin- cipal part, of the circle of Bavaria. This duchy is 125 miles long from E to W, and 87 broad from N to S. The air is whole- sorne, and the country fertile. It is di- vided into Upper and Lower Bavaria. Its capital is Munich. Bavaria, Upper Palatinate of , sometimes ailed Nordgaw, from its situation in the IN part of the circle of Bavaria. It is a duchy, subject to the elector palatine. Its capital is Aniberg. i Bavay, a town of France, in the depart- ment of the North and late province of Hainault. It is three miles SW of Mal- plaquet, and 12 SW of Mons. Lon. 3 52 E, lat. 50 16 N. Bauge, a small town of France, in the department of Maine and Loire and late province of Anjou. It is seated on the river Coesnon, 18 miles E of Angers. Lon 1 W, lat. 47 30 N. Baugenci, a town of France, in the de- partment of Loire, and late province of Orleanois, seated on a hill, at the foot of which runs the Loire It is famous for its wines, and is six miles W of Orleans. Baume-les-JVo7ie8, a town of France, in the department of Daubs and late provi ice of Franche Comie. It had before the French revolution a rich nunnery, i om which it received its appellation. \l nie is 15 miles SW of Besancon. L M E, lat. 47 24 N. Bausk or Bautko, a small but important town of Courland, on the f rontiers of Po- land, with a castle on a rock. It is ' rat- ed on the river Musza, 15 rr.iies SE of Mittau. Lon. 23 56 E, lat. 56 30 N. | Bautzen, a considerable town of tier- many, and capital of Upper Lusatia, with a strong citadel. It stands on the river Spree, 30 miles E of Dresden. Lon. 14 42 E, lat. 51 10N. Baujc, a town of France, in the depart- ment of the Mouths of the Rhone and late province of Provence. It is built upon a rock, at the top of which is a strong cas- tle 10 miles E by N of Aries. Lon. 4 57 E, lat. 43 43 N. Baivtffy, a town in *the W riding of Yorkshire, with a market on Wednesday, lt is seated on the river Idle, seven miles S bv E of Doncaster, and 152 N of Lon- don. Lon. 1 10 W, lat. 53 27 N. Baya or Baja, a town of Lower Hunga- ry, on the Danube, 32 miles N of Esseck. Lon. 19 59 E, lat. 46 12 N. Bayeux, a town of France, in the de- partment of Calvados and late province of Normandy, once, a bishop's see. It is seated on the river Aure, four miles from the English channel, and 140 W bv N of Paris. Lon. 43 W, lat. 49 16 X. Bayon, a town of France, in the depart- ment of Meurthe and late province of Lorrain, on the river .Moselle, 12 miles S of Nanci. Lon. 6 23 E, lat. 49 38 N. Bayon, or Bayonet, a seaport town of Spain, in Gallicia, situated on a small gulf of the Atlantic, 12 miles W of Tuy. Lon. 8 34 W, lat 42 N. Bayonne, a populous and commercial B E A BE A city of France, in the department of the Lower Pyrenees, and late province oi jK Gascony, seated on the mouth of the river Adour which forms a good harbour. It is divided into three parts. There is a communication between these different parts by a bridge. The Nive and Adour, unite their streams in the middle of this city, and proceed to the sea, at the dis- tance of quarter of a league. The citadel is the strongest in France. The military weapon, the bayonet, bears the name of this city, in which it was invented. The hams and chocolate of Bayonne are fa- mous. It is 25 miles SW of Dax, and I 425 S by W of Paris. Lon. 1 30 W, lat. 43 f 29 N, Bay ore la Four die, a creek or fork of I the Mississippi in Louisiana, which Hows into the gulf of Mexico. On the banks of this creek is a range of settlements for 40 miles. Bazas, a town of France, in the depart- ment of Gironde and late province of Gu- ienne, and Lately an episcopal see. Lon. 2 W, lat. 44 22 N. Heachii-hecuL a promontory on the coast of Sussex, between Hastings and Shora- ham, where the French fleet defeated the English and Dutch in 1690. Lon. 19 E «lat. 50 54 N. . Beacons/ield, a town in Bucks, with a market on Thursday. The Poet Waller died here, and is interred in the church- yard, as is likewise the late Edmund • Burke who resided here. It is 23 miles WNW of London. Lon. 30 W, lat. 51 36 N. Beamlnater, a town in Dorsetshire, with a market on Thursday, seated on the Bert, 15 miles WNW of Dorchester, and 138 W by S of London. Lon. 2 52 W, lat. 50 50 N. Bettrn, a late province of France, boun- ded on the E by Bigorre, on the S by Spa nish Navarre, on the W by Saule and a part of Lower Navarre, and on the N by Gascony and /Vrmagnac. It now forms with Basques, the department of the Lower Pyrenees. Beaucaire, a town of France, in the de- partment of Gard on the Rhone, opposite Tarascon, with which it has a communi- cation by a bridge of boats. It is 10 miles E of Nismes. Lon. 4 39 E, lat. 43 50 N. Beauce, a late province of France, be- tween the Isle of France, Blasois, and Qr- leanois. It now forms the department of Eure and Loire. Beaufort, a small town of France, in the department of Maine and Loire and late province of Aniou, containing about 100 houses. It is 15 miles E of Angers. Lon. 9 W, lat. 47 26 N. Beaufort, a strong town of Savoy, in Italy on the river Oron, 12 miles NE of Monstier. Lon. 6 28 E, lat. 45 50 N„ Beaufort, a district in South Carolina, containing 4 parishes, and a population of about 20000 persons ; about three fourths of whom are slaves. This is a maritime district, and has a considerable propor- tion of light land : the rest yields pretty good crops of cotton, indian corn, rice and indigo. Beaufort, a post town in South Caroli- na, the capital of the last mentioned dis- trict, situated in Port Royal Island. It contains about 800 inhabitants, more than half of whom are siaves. It is a seaport- town and has an excellent harbour ; is 72 miles SW of Charleston, and 60 NE of Savannah, in latitude 32 25 N. and longi- tude 80 10 W. Beaufort, a county of North Carolina, in Newbern district; containing about 6000 inhabitants. Beaufort, a seaport town in North Ca- rolina, the capital of Carteret countv. Lat. 34 47 N. lon. 78 5 W. Heaujeu, a town of France, in the de- partment of Rhone and Loire, and late province of Lyonois, with an old castle: It is seated on the river Ardiere, at the foot of a mountain, eight miles W of Sa- one. Lon. 4 40 E, laL. 46 9 W. Beaumaris, the county town of Anglesey with a market on Wednesday and Satur- day. It is governed by a mayor, and sends one member to parliament. It is 59 miles W by N of Chester, and 241 NW of Lon- don. Lon. 4 15 \V, lat. 53 15 N. • Beaumont, a town of France, in the de- partment of the North and late French Hainault. It was ceded to the French in 1 1684, and taken by the English in 1691, i who blew up the castle. It is seated be- tween the Macse and Sambre, 10 miles K of Maubeuge. Lon. 4 19 E, lat. 50 12 N. Beaumont-de-Lomagne, a town of France in the department of Upper Garonne, on the Gimonc, five miles from the mouth of that river, and 12 SE of Lectoure. Beaumont-le-Roger, a town of France, in the department of Lower Seine and late province of Normandv, 22 miles SW of Rouen. Lon. 56 E, lat 49 7 N. Beaumont-le-Vicomte, a town of France, in the department of Sartc, and late pro- vince of Maine, 10 miles N of Mans. Lon. 12 E, lat. 48 4 N. - Beaumontsur-Oise, a town of France, in the department of Seine and Oise, and late province of the isle of France, seated on the declivity of a hill, on the river Oise, which has a bridge, 20 miles N of Paris. Lon. 2 26 E. lat. 49 9 N. Beaune, a town of France, in the dc- 13 E L B L D part merit of Cote d'Or and late province of Burgundy, remarkable for its excel cut wine. It 25 miles SW of Dijon. Lon. 4 47 E, lat. 47 X. Beanvois, an episcopal city of Fiance, in the department of O.se and late pro- vince of the Isle of Francfe. It was be- sieged in 1463, by the duke of Burgundy, when the women, under the conduct of Jeanne Hachette, forced the duke to raise the siege : and in memory of their exploits, they used to walk first in a pro- cession on the 10th of July, the anniver- sary of their deliverance. It is seated on the river Thesin, 42 miles N of Paris. Lonj 2 5 E, lat. 49 26 N. Beauvoir-siir-Jler, a seaport of France, in the department of Vendee and late province of Poitou, 25 miles SW of Nan- tes. Lon. 1 54 W, lat. 46 53 N. Beaver, a county in the State of Penn- sylvania, watered by the Alleghany river and Beaver creek. It contains about 300,000 acres of land, and 8000 inhabi- tants. The county town is of the same name. It is a small town^situated about 30 miles below Pittsburg. Beuver, a township of Northumberland county. Pennsylvania, with about 1500 in- habitants. Beaver Dam, a township of considera- ble extent, in Northumberland county, Pennsylvania, situated on the' spur of Jackson's mountain. Beuverto-ivn, a village in the Slate of Ohio, about 90 miles XYV of Pittsburg. Bebelinguen, a town of Suabia, in the " duchy of Wirtemburg, seated on a lake from which runs the rivej* Worm, 10 miles NW of Stutgard. Lon. 9 2 E, lat. 48 58 N. Bee, a town of France, in the depart- ment of Lower Seine and late province o! Normandy. Lon. 52 E, lat. 49 14 N. Beccles, a town in Suffolk, on the navi- gable river Waveney, with a market on Saturday. It has a noble church, with a lofty steeple ; and two free schools, one of them with ten scholarships for Ema- nuel College, Cambridge. It is 12 miies SW of Yarmouth, and 108NE of London. Lon. 1 45 E, lat. 52 36 X. Bec-iV-Arieiix., or Bedarieux, a town of Ff&nce, in the province of Ilerault and late province of Languedoc, on the river Obe, 20 miles N of Beziers. Lon. 3 20 E, lat. 43 39 N. Bechin, a town of Bohemia, situated on the river Lausnics, 55 miles S of Prague. Lon. 14 53 E, lat. 49 13 X Backet, a township in Berkshire and State of Massachusetts, about 170 miles W of Boston ; containing about 1000 in- habitants. /> chum, a town of Westphalia, in tke bishopric of Monster, situated at the source of the river Verse, 20 miles SE of Munster. Lon. 8 3 E, lat. 51 44 X. Becmngil, a province of Asia, in Nato- lia, bounded on the N by the Black Sea r on the W by the S a of Marmora, on the 8 by Proper Xatolia, and on the E by the province of Bolli. It was anciently called Bithynia. The capital is Bursa. Brdul, a town in the north riding of Yorkshire, through which passes a Ro- man causeway. It is 10 miles SE of Rich- mond, and' 220 NXYV of London. Lon. 1 25 W, lat. 54 20 X. Beddington, a village near Croydon, in Surry. Here is Beddington Park, the an- cient seat of the Carews, one of the many said to have been the residence of queen Elizabeth. The church is a Gothic pile, with stalls in the aisles, like a cathedral Bedeii or Beding, a village in Sussex, 13 miles W of Lewes, near a river of its >wn r.ame, which runs into the English channel at New Shoreham. Bedtr, a fortified city of the Deccan of Hindoostan, in Dowlatabad, once the capital of a considerable kingdom. It is 80 miles NW of llydrabad. Lon. 78 E, lat. 17 ON. Bedford, a borough, and a county-towY< of Bedf n-dshire, with a market on Tues- day and Saturday. It. is divided into two parts by the Ouse, over which there is a bridge with a gate at each end. It has five churches, and formerly had a strong castle, whose site is now a bowling green It is governed by a mayor, sends two members to parliament, and is 27 miles K by N of Buckingham, and 50 N bv W of London. Lon. 6 30 W, lat. 52 13 N. Bedford, a village with a post office, in West Chester county, New York; a- bout 35 miles North Eastwardly from the city of New York, and has about 2400 in- habitants. ' Bedford, an incorporated town, the ca pital of Bedford county, Pennsylvania, about 210 miles W of Philadelphi ., 106 E by S of Pittsburg, and 150 NW of Wa- shington. The county was divided from Cumberland, and Bedford erected into a county town, March 17/1. It has a pdftt office and about 300 inhabitants. Bedford, a county in the state ofVir^i- nia, situated on the south side of James River, which separates it from Amherst county. It has about 16000 inhabitants about one thijd slaves. Bedford, a township in Massachusetts, about 13 miles NW of Boston. Bedford Levtf, a tract of fenny land, in the Isle or E! , consisting of 300,000acres and extending into the counties of X oi- B E I BEL folk, Suffolk, Huntingdon, Northampton, ' province of the same name, and on the W and Lincoln. After various attempts to , by the Atlant c. drain these fens, in the reigns of Henry] VI. and Charles I. William earl of Bed- ford, in 1649, undertook and completed it ; and, in the reigo of Charles II. a c or- poration was established for the govern- ment of this great level. Bedfordshire, a county in England, hounded on the XE by Huntingdonshire, on the E by Cambridgeshire, on the SE by Herts, on the SW by Bucks, and on the NW by Northamptonshire. Its utmost length is 35 miles, and its greatest breadth 22. The air is healthy; the Ouse, which in its course receives the Ivel, divides it into two parts. Bedminster, a township of Bucks coun- ty, Pennsylvania, containing 1200 inhabi- tants. Btdnore, or Bidanore, a town of the pe- ninsula of Hindoostan, in Mysore. It is 452 miles SE of Bombay, and 187 NW of Seringapatam. Lon. 75 30 E, lat. 14 N. Beduuins, a modern name of the wild Arabs, who live in tents, and are dispers- ed all over Arabia, Egypt, and the North of Africa, governed by their own chiefs, in the same manner as the patriarchs were formerly ; their principal employment is the grazing of cattle. Bed-win, Great, a borough in W iltshire, by prescription, which sends two mem- bers to parliament. It is five miles S W of Hungerford, and 71 W of London. Lon. 133 W, lat. 5122N. Beckmun, a township of Duchess coun- ty, in the state of N. York ; has a popula- tion of 4000. Beemah, a river of Hindoostan, in the Deccan, a principal branch of the kis-tna, joining it near Edghir. It rises in the mountains to the N of Poonah. Befort, a small but strong town of Trance, in the department of Upper Uhine, and late province of Alsace, at the foot ot a mountain, 28 miles W of Basil. Lon. 6 54 E, lat. 47 36 N. Begin, or Beggia, a town of Africa, in the kmg lom of Tunis, with a strong cas- tle, on the declivity of a mountain, 65 miles \V of Tunis. Lon. 11 30 E, lat 36 42 N. Beja, a town of Portugal, in Alentejo. in a fruitful plain, near a lake of the s..me name, 72 miles SE oi' Lisbon. Lon. 7 40 W, lat. 37 58 N ^ Beichlingen, a town of Germany, in Thu- ingia, 17miies N of Weimar. Lon. 11 50 E, lat. 51 22 N. Beira'a province of Portugal, bounded on the N by Tra-los-Montcs and Entre- Ducro e-Minho, on the S by Portuguese Estramadura, on the E by the Spanish Bclcastro, an episcopal town ol Naples, in Calahrio Ultenore, seated on a moun- tain, eight miles from the sea, and 12 SW of San Severino. Lon. 17 5 E, lat. 39 6 N. Belcherton, a post town of Hampshire county, Massachusetts, 15 miles W by N of Brookficld, the same distance E by S of Northampton, and about 80 W of Bos- ton. Belchite, a town of Spain, in Arragon, on the river Almonazir, 20 miles S of Sa- ra, ossa. Lon. 30 W, lat. 41 33 N. Belchoe, a town of Ireland, in the coun- ty ol Fermanagh, seated on Laugh Nilly, 18 miles SE of Ball > shannon. Lon. 7 29 W, lat. 54 20 N. Belclare, a town of Ireland, in the coun- ty of Sligo, 22 miles SW of Sligo. Lon. 8 54 W, lat. 54 1 N. Belem, a town of Portugal, in Estrama- dura, on the N side of the Tajo, a mile from Lisbon, designed to defend the en- trance to that city ; and here all the ships that sail up the river must come to. Here they inter the kings and queens of Poviegat ; and "here is a royal palace. B ^lestat, a town of France, in the de- partment of Arriege, and late county of Foix, remarkable tor a spring, which, it is pretended, ebbs and flows 12 times in 24 hours, as exactly as a clock. Belfast, a borough and seaport of Ire- land, in the county of Antrim, seated on Carrie kt'ergus bay. It is one of the most flourishing commercial towns in Ireland. A canal was cut in 1793, connecting the harbour with Lcugh Neah. Lon. 5 52 W, lat. 54 46N. Belfast, a post town of Hancock County, Ma;m\ mar the mouth of Penobscot river, 31 miles K of Thomastown on Penobscot bay. ' Belgorod, a town of Uussia, and capital of a province of the same name. It is seat- ed 80 miles SE of Bender. Belgrade, a town of Turkey in Europe, the capital of Servia, and a Greek bish- op's see. It is seated on the Danube, a little above its confluence with the Save. The streets, where the greatest trade is carried on, are covered with wood to shel- ter the dealers from the sun and rain. It was taken in 1789, by marshal Landohn, but restored at the peace of Reichenback in 1790. It is 265 miles SE of Vienna, and 400 NW of Constantinople. Lon. 21 2 E, lat. 45 10 N. * • Belgrade, a small town of Romania, in European Tuvkcv, on the strait of Constan- tinople, 20 miles N of that city. Lon. 29 E, law 41 22 N~. Belgrade a township of Kennebeck . K BEL BEN county, in the district of Maine, OH the W side of Kennebeck river. It contains about •100 inhabitants. Belgrado, a town of Italy in Venetian Friuli, 10 miles E by S of Udino. Lon. 12 55 E, lat. 43 56 N. Be/lac, a town of France, in the depart- ment of Upper Vienne, and late province of Limosin, seated on the Vincon, 20 miles N of Limoges. Lon. 1 20 E, lat. 46 10 N. Belle-air, a po^t town of Hartford coun- ty, Maryland, 77 miles from Washington : being- the principal seat of justice, it has a court house and a jail, but few inhabi- tants ; 86 miles SW 'of Philadelphia. Belief ante, a post town of Centre Coun- ty, in tlie state of Pennsylvania, about 238 miles NW of Philadelphia. Bellericu, a township in Middlesex county, Massachusetts, containing about 1500 inhabitants. Bcllegarde, a strong- place of France, in the department of the Eastern Pyre- nees, and late province of Houssillon, above the defile of Pertuis. It is an im- portant place, on account of its being a passage to the Pyrenees. It surrendered to the Spaniards in 1793, but was retaken the next year, after an obstinate defence, and named bv the French government Sud Libre. Lon' 2 56 E, lat. 42 27 N. Bellegarde, a town of France, in the de- partment of Saone and Loire, ana late province of Burgundy, seated on the river Saone, 15 miles NE of Chalons. Lon. 5 10 E, lat. 46 57 N. Belleisle, an island of France, 15 miles from the coast of Brittany. It is a mix- ture of craggy rocks, and pleasant fertile plains. The principal place is Palais, a fortified town with a citadel. It was tak- en by the English in 1761, and restored in 1763. Lon. 3 6 W, lat. 47 17 N. Belleisle, an island of North America, at the moufh of the strait between New Britain and Newfoundland whence the straits take also the name of Belleisle. Lon. 55 25 W, lat. 51 55 N. Bellesme, a town of France, in the de- partment of Orne and late province of Perchc, with an ancient castle, 75 miles SW of Paris. Lon. 42 E, lat. 48 23 N. Belleville, a post town of Mifflin county, Pennsylvania. Belleij, an episcopal town of France, in the department of Ain and late province of Bresse, near the Rhone, 12 miles N of Chamberry, and 250 SE of Paris. Lon. 5 50 E, lat. 45 47 N. Bellingham, a town in Northumberland, with a market on Tuesday, 14 miles NNW of Hexham and 294 of London. Lon. 2 10 W, lat. 55 10N. Bel tin zona, a town of Italy, in the Mi- lanese, it is seateel on the Tesino, five miles above the place where it falls into the Lago Maggiore. Lon. 8 16 E, lat. 46 6 N. Bellunesc, a territory of Italy, belong- ing to the Venetians, lying between Friu- li, Cadorino, Feltrimo, the bishopric of Trent, and Tirol. It has iron mines. Bel- luno is the only place of note. Belluno, a town of Italy, capital of the Bellunese, and formerly a bishop's sei It is seated among the Alps, on the river Piave, 15 miles NE of Feltri. Lon. 12 9 E, lat 43 13 N. Belmonte, a town of Naples in Calabria Citeriore, on the coast of Tuscan Sea, 10 miles W of Cozenza. Lon. 19 5 E, lat. 39 20 N. Belt, Great, a strait of Denmark, be- tween the islands of Zealand and Funen, at the entrance of the Baltic Sea. It is not so commodious, nor so much fre- quented as the Sound. In 1658, it $ras frozen over so hard, that Charles XI! marched over it with a design to take Co- penhagen. ■Belt, Little, a strait to the W of the Cireat Belt, between Funen and North Jut land. It is one of the passages from the Grermafi Ocean to the Baltic, though not three miles in breadth, and ven crooked. Belvedere, a town of Greece, capital of a province of the same name, in the Morea. This province lies on the W coast, and is the most fertile in all the Morea, The town is delightfully situated, 17 miles NE of Chirenza. It is subject to the Turks : and the raisins, called Belvederes, come from this place. Lon. 21 45 E, lat 38 N . Belvider, a post-town in Sussex coun- j ty, New Jersey, about 12 miles above Easton in Delaware, and 10 G by W oft Hope. Belvrir Castle, in Lincolnshire, four miles W of Grantham, the ancient seat of the dukes of Rutland, supposed to have been a 'Ionian station, as many of their antiquities have been dug up here. Its foundation was laid soon after the Norman conquest. Benares, a district of Hineloostan Pro- per, between Bahar and Oude ; contain- ing the circars of Benares, Jionpour, Chunar, and Gazypour. It was ceded to the English in 1775, and produces a cleaj| annual revenue of 380,000/. Benares, a populous city, capital of the district of the same name, in Hindoostan. It is more celebrated as the ancient seat of Bram.inical learning, than on any other BEN BEN iccpunt-; and is built on the N side of the Ganges, which is here very broad, and the banks very high. The streets are narruw ; tbe houses high, and some of them five stories each, inhabited b\ different families. The more wealthy Hindoos, I however, live in detached houses with an open court, surrounded by a wall. Benares is 425 miles SE of Delhi, and 400 NW of Calcutta. Lon. 83 10 E, lat. 25 20 X. Benavarri, a town of Spain, in Arra- gon, 17 miles N of Lerida. Lon. 45 E, lat. 42 11 N. Benuuento, a town of Spain, in Leon. It is seated on the river Ela, 23 miles SE of Astorga. Lon. 5 7 W, lat. 42 4N. Bencoolen, a fort and town on the SW of the island of Sumatra, belonging to the English. The country about Ben- coolen is mountainous and woody ; and there are several volcanos in the island. The chief trade is in pepper. Lon. 102 5 E, lat. 3 49 S. Bendermassen, the capital of a king- dom of the same name, in the island of Borneo, with a good harbour. Lon. 114 40 E, lat. 2 40 S. Bender, a town of Turkey in Europe, in Bessarabia, on the river Dniester, 100 miles NW of Belgorod. It. was the residence of Charles XII. of Sweden, after his defeat at Pultowa. It was taken by the Russians in 1789, but restored by the treaty of Yassa in 1790. Lon. 29 E, lat. 46 58 X. Benedetto, St., a town of Italy, in the Mantuan, 35 miles SE of Mantua. Lon. 11 25 E, lat. 44 44 X. Benedict, a town of Charles county, in the state of Maryland, on Patuxent river. Distant about 68 miles from Baltimore, so. ith-westwar dly . Benesoevf, a town of Egypt, remark- able for its hemp and flax ; seated on the W shore of the Xile, 50 miles S of Cairo. Lon. 31 10 E, lat. 29 10 X. Benevento, a city of Naples, agrceablv situated in Principato Citeriore, with an archbishop's see. It has suffered greatly by earthquakes, particularly in 1688, when the archbishop, afterward pope Be- nedict XI If. was dug out of the ruins alive. It is subject to the pope, and seat- ed near the confluence of the Saboro and Caloro, 35 miles NE of Naples. Lon. 14 57 E, lat. 41 6 N. he :f<-ld, a town of France, in the de- partment of the Lower Rhine and late province of Alsace. It is situated on the river 111, 12 miles SW of Strasburgh. Lon. 7 45 E, lat. 48 24 N. Bengal, a country of Hindoostan Pro- per, bounded on the W by Orissa, and Bahar, on the N by Rootan, on the E by- Assam and Meckley, and on the S by the bay of Bengal. Its greatest extent from W r to E is about 720 miles, and from N to S above 300. The country consists of one vast plain, of the most fertile soil, which, in common with other parts of Hindoostan, annually renders two, and, in some parts, even three crops. It is sometimes subject to such extremes of heat as render it fatal to Europeans. The great cause of the unhealthincss of Ben- gal, however, is owing to the inundations of the Ganges and Burrampooter, by which such quantities of putrescibfe matters are brought down as infect the air with the most malignant vapours when the waters retire. By the latter end of July, all the lower parts of Ren- gal, contiguous to the Ganges and Rur- rampooter, are overflowed, and present a surface of w^ter more than 100 miles wide. As some of the lands in Bengal would receive damage from such a copi- ous inundation, they must for this rea- son be guarded by strong dykes to resist the waters, and admit only a certain quantity. One particular branch of the Ganges is conducted for 70 miles between dykes : and when full, the passengers look down upon the adjacent country as from an eminence. Its principal products are sugar, silk, fruit, pepper, opium, rice, saltpetre, lac and civil. It is com- pared to Egypt for fertility ; the Ganges dividing here into several streams, and, like the Nile, annually overflowing the country. Rengal has been subject, ever since 1765, to the English East India Company. Its annual revenue, including that of Benares is near 1,290000/. and its population is 11,000,000. Calcutta is the capital. Beng-nela, a kingdom of Africa, bound- ed on the N by Angola, on the S by Ma- tain an, on the E by the river Rimba, and on the W by the Atlantic. Its coast be- gins at Cape Ledo on the N, : nd extends to cape Negro on the S, that is, from lat. 9 20 to 16 30 S. The climate is very per- nicious to Europeans. Tbe men wear skins about their waists, and beads round their necks ; and are armed with darts headed with iron, and with bows and ar- rows. The women wear a heavy collar of copper round their neck, a kind of cloth made of the bark of a tree, round their waist, and copper rings on their legs. Bengvela, the capital of a kingdom of tile same name, where the Portuguese have a fort. It lies to the N of the bav of Bengucla. Lon. 12 30 fc, lat. 10 30 S.. ' B E R BER new bridge over the Spree is an eques- trian statue of William the Great, which is esteemed an exquisite piece of work- manship. After this bridge is past, the king's palace appears, which is a grand and superb edifice ; it is four stories high, and the apartments are extremely magnificent. No palace in Europe has such a great quantity of silver-tables, lustres, branched candlesticks, 8cc. The opera house is an elegant modern edi- fice. The arsenal consists of four grand buildings, that form a court in the mid- dle, like a college; each front has three large porticos. There are other things worthy of observation, such as the cabi- net of medals, and of the antiquities be- longing to the king ; and the royal libra- ry which has many scarce books and ma- nuscripts. There is a canal cut from the river Spree to the Oder, on the E, and another thence to the Elbe on the W. It has a communication by water^botli with the Baltic Sea and the German Ocean ; and is seated on the Spree, 42 miles NW of Frankfort on the Oder, and 300 N by W of Vienna. Lon. 13 26 E, lat. 52 32 N. Berlin, a post town of Hartford coun- ty, Connecticut, 10 miles S of Hartford. Berlin, a village with a po6t office in Adams countv, Pennsylvania, six miles N of Abbotstown, 20 S of Carlisle, and about 100 W of Philadelphia. Berlin, a township of Worcester coun- ty, Massachusetts, about 30 miles W from Boston, with a population of 600 persons. Bermuda. Somers, or Slimmer Ishmds, a cluster of small islands, nearly in the form of a shepherd's crook, and surroun- ded by rocks, which render them almost inaccessible to strangers. They lie in the Atlantic Ocean, 500 miles E of Carolina, and are inhabited by the English. They were discovered by Juan Bermudez, a Spaniard ; but not inhabited till 1609, Avhen Sir George Somers was cast away upon them, and they have belonged to Britain ever since. It is universally agreed tiiat the nature of these islands has un- dergone a surprising alteration to the worse since they were discovered; the air being much more inclement, and the soil much more barren than formerly. The town of St. George on St. George's Island, is the capital. Lon. 63 28 W, lat. 32 35 X. 'Bermuda Hundred, or City Point, a port of entry, in Chesterfield county and state of Virginia. It is seated on the W side of James River, about 20 miles below Richmond. It maintains a considerable foreign trade. The total value of its ex- ports is about 100,000 dollars. It is" 300 miles SW of Philadelphia, in lat. 37 18 N. and lon. 77 30 W. Bern, the largest of 13 cantons of Swis- serland, 150 miles in length, and 75 in breadth. It is divided into two principal parts called the German and Roman ; but the last is most commonly called the Pays de Valid. The religion is Calvin- ism, and Bern the capital. Bcni, the capital of the canton of Bern in Swisserland. Here is a celebrated school, a rich library, and 12 companies of tradesmen, in one of which even inha- bitant is obliged to be enrolled before he can enjoy any office. The houses are mostly built of white freestone, and in the principal streets have piazzas or ar- ches under them, for the conveniency of walking in wet weather. The public buil- dings are magnificent. In 1799 Bern was, together with the rest of Swisserland, obliged to surrender to the French. Bern is 70 miles NE of Geneva. Lon. 7 10 E, lat. 46 52 N. Bern, a township of Berks county, Pennsylvania, situated between Schuyl- kill and Tulpehocken creek. Bernard's Toivn, a township of Somer- set county, in the State of New Jersey, containing about 3000 inhabitants. Bernard's To-#n, a township of N Hamp- shire county, State of Massachusetts ; si- tuated about 100 miles W of Boston. Berne, a township in the State of New York and countv of Albany, containing about 5000 inhabitants. Bernard, a town of Germany, in the el- ectorate of Brandenburg, five miles from Berlin, famous for its excellent beer. Beimard Great St., a mountain of Swis- serland, between Vailais and Val-d'Aous- ta, at the source of the river Drance. The top of it is always covered with snow, and there is a large convent, where the monks entertain all strangers gratis for three days, without any distinction of re- ligion. ' Bernay, a trading town of France, in the department of Eure and late province of Normandy, seated on the river Caran- tonne, 20 miles SW of Rouen. Lon. 50 E, hit. 49 6N. Bernburg, a town of Germany, in the principality of Anhalt, where a branch of the house of Anhalt resides. It is seated on the river Sara, 22 miles SW of Mag- deburg. Lon. 11 46 E, lat. 51 51 X. Berncastle, a town of Germany, in the electorate of Treves, with a castle. It is remarkable for its good wine, and is sea- ted on the Moselle, near Trarbach. Berry, a late province of France, fer- tile in corn, fruit, hemp and flax ; and B E R BET ' there is excellent wine in some places. It is now included in the departments of Cher and Indre. Bersella,- a fortified town of Italy, in the Modenese, seated near the confluence of the Lin/a and Po, 10 miles NE of Par- ma. Lon. 10 56 E, Lit. 44 45 If. Bersuire, a town of France, in the de- partment of the two Sevres and late pro- vince of Poitou, 12 miles SWofThouars. Lon. 27 W, lat 46 52 N. Bertie, a county in North Carolina, bounded eastward by the Chowan river, and Albemarle Sound. It contains about 12,000 inhabitants, nearly one half slaves. Bertineroy a town of Italy in liomagna, with a strong 1 citadel and a bishop's see. It is seated on a hill, 50 miles NE of Florence. Lon. 11 40 E, lat. 44 18 N. Bertrafid St., a town of France, in the department of Upper Garonne and late province of Languedoc, 43 miles S of Auch. Lon. 48 E, lat. 42 56 N. Bervie, a seaport at' V ''borough in the county of Kincardine, at the mouth of a river of the same name, 25 miles S\V of Aberdeen. Lon. 2 W, lat. 56 40 N. Berwick, a town and county of itself, on the borders of England and Scotland, with a market on Saturday. It is govern- ed by a mayor ; and was once a strong fortress, of great importance when Eng- land and Scotland were hostile nations. It had a strong castle now in ruins. It is large and populous, has a good trade in corn and salmon, and is seated on the Tweed, over which is a handsome bridge of 15 arches. It sends two members to parliament, and is 147 miles N of York, 52 SE of Edinburgh, and 336 N by \V oi London. Lon. 1 46 W, lat. 55 45 N. Berwick-North , a borough in the coun- ty of East Lothian on the frith of Forth, 30 miles NW of Bcrwiek upon Tweed. Lon. 2 33 W, lat. 56 5 N. Berwickshire, a county of Scotland*, sometimes called the Mers ; bounded on tile E by the German Ocean, on the SE by the Tweed, on the S by Roxbttrgshire, on the W by Edinburgshire, and on the NW by Haddingtonshire. It abounds with corn and grass, and being a low and flat country, is sometimes called the How [Hollow] of the -Mers. The principal ri- vers are the Tweed, Leather, Blackad- der,- White adder and Eye. Berwick, a town of York county, Maine, on the E side of Piscataqua river, about seven miles from York, the county town. It has a post-office, and an ac.ido- my. The township contains 3891 inhabi- tants. Berwick, a village with a post-office, in Northumberland county, Pennsylvania; situated on the W side of Susquehannalt river, opposite to the head of the turn- pike road, between this river and the Le- high, a branch of the river Delaware. It is 16 miles NE of Cattawissey, 37 of Nor- thumberland, and about 35 W of the na- vigable part of the Lehigh. Berwick, (sometimes called Abbots - town) a town of York county, in the. State of Pennsylvania ; about 15 miles W of Yorktown, and 100 of Philadelphia. It con.ains about 1500 inhabitants. Berwyn Hills, lofty hills at the NE an- gle of Merionethshire, beneath which spreads the fine vale, in which flows the infant river Dee. Btsancon, an ancient and populous city of France, in the department of Doubs and late province of Franche Comte. The triumphal arch of Aurelian, and other Roman antiquities are still to be seen. The streets are wide and handsome, and die houses are well built with freestone. It is 52 miles E of Dijon, and 208 SE of Paris. Lon. 6 2 E, lat. 47 13 N. Bessarabia, a territory of Turkey in Europe, between the Danube and the. Dneister, along- whose banks the Tartar inhabitants rove and maintain themselves by their cattle, by husbandry and by rob- bery. Their common food is the fiesh of oxen and Horses, cheese, and mare's milk. Bender is the capital. Bestricia^ a town of Transylvania, re- markable for the goJd mines near it, 85 miles NW of Hermanstadt, and 90 E of Tockay. Lon. 23 45 E, lat. 47 30 N. Betanz'js, a town of Spain in Galicia, seated on the Mandco, on a bay of the Atlantic, 20 miles S of Ferrol. Lon. 7 55* NY, lat. 43 12 N. Betelfagui, a town of Arabia Felix, famous for the vast quantity of coffee bought and sold here to the Europeans. It is 25 miles E of the lied Sea. Lon. 44 30 E, lat. 15 40 N. Bctliabaray a town of Stokes county, North Carolina, chiefly inhabited by Mo- ravians, about 183 miles W of Halifax in the same state. Bethania, a post town of Stokes county, North Carolina ; a Moravian settlement, about four miles distant from Bethabara, their capital town, 10 SW of German- town, and 15 NE of Huntsville. It hfcs about 200 inhabitants. Bethel, a township of Berks county, Pennsylvania, adjoining to another town- ship of the same name, in Dauphin coun- ty. They are both watered by a small stream, called the Little Swatara, and contain about §000 inh.'.bitants. Bethel, a township of York county, in the district of Maine, situated chiefly on BET BEX the south bank of the Androscoggin ri- ver. Bethel, a township of Windsor county, and state of Vermont, about 40 miles from Rutland in the same state. Bethlehem, a town of Palestine, famous for the birth of Christ. It is seated on thfe ridge of a hill, running' from E to W, and has a delightful prospect. It is now an inconsiderable place, but much visit- ed by pilgrims. Here is a church yet en- tire, erected by the famous Helena, in the form of a cross ; also a chapel, called the Chapel of the Nativity," where they pre- tend to show the manger in which Christ was laid ; as also another, called the Cha- pel of Joseph ; and a third of the Holy Innocents. A few poor Creeks reside here. . It is six miles S of Jerusalem. Lon. 35 25 E, lat. 31 50 N. m' Bethlehem, a town of Austrian Brabant, two miles N of Louvain. Lon. 4 49 E, lat. 50 55 N. -*W Bethlehem, a post town in Northampton county, Pennsylvania, the capital of the Moravian colonies in North America. It stands on a branch ot the Lehigh river, a few miles SE of Euston, and 53 N of Phi- ladelphia, in the lat. of 40 37 N. and lon. of 75 14 W. The brethren were settled here by Count Zinzendorf in 1741. In 1800 the town contained 543 irihabitanis, and the township 1343, principally of the same sect. The buildings are not remar- kable for grandeur, or elegance ; but are generally comfortable. They have one house for public worship, a separate a- partment for the residence of the single brethren, and another for the sisters. There are likewise seminaries of learning' in which children of both sexes are taught all the useful and some of the or- namental branches of education ; and so grdat is the reputation of these schools, tor the attention paid to the ' morals as Avell as the literary improvement of the nipils, as to invite them from Philadel- • ina and other capital cities. Bethlehem, a town in Albany county, Xcw York, situated on the W side of Hudson river, eight miles S of the city o! Albany. This township is famous for its dairies, and contained 3095 inhabitants in 1800. B 'thune, a fortified town of France, in the department of the Straits of Calais and late county of Artois, with a castle It is seated on a rock, bv the river Brette, 29 miles E of St. Omcr and 120 N of Pa- ris. Eon. 2 35 E, lat. 50 45 N. Betley, a town in Staffordshire, with a market on Thurschv, 1 Smiles NNYY of Stafford and 156 of London. Lon. 2 10 W, lat 53 5 N. Betlis, a town of Asia, in Curdistan, si 3 tuated on a steep rock, on the frontiers of Turkey and Persia, but subject to its own bey, and a sanctuary for the subjects of the neighbouring powers. It is 150 miles E of Diarbekar. Lon. 42 50 E, lat. 37 30 N. Betinve, a fertile island of Dutch Guel- derland, 40 miles long and 10 broad, con- taining, in that space, eight cities, and several hundred villages. It was the an- cient Batavia, and formerly gave the name of Matavians, to the inhabitants of the Dutch Netherlands ; and it was princi- pally hence that the Dutch spread them- selves over the different provinces. Bevecum, a town of Austrian Brabant, 17 miles S of Louvain. Lon. 4 50 E, lat. 50 36 N. Beveland, N and S, two islands of the United provinces, in Zealand; between the E and W branches of the Scheldt. ■■Bevergorn, a town of Westphalia, 22 miles from Murder. Beverley, a borough in the E riding of Yorkshire, with a market on Wednesday and Saturday, and two churches, beside the minster. It is seated on the river Hull, 9 miles N of Hull and 182 of London. Lon. k 15 W, lai. 53 52 N. Beverunsren, a town of Germany, in the diocese of Paderborn, at the confluence of the Beve and Weser, 22 miles E of Pa- derborn. Lon. 9 30 E, lat. 51 46 N. Beverly, a town in Essex county, Mas- sachusetts, 15 miles N by E of Boston, .md separated from Salem by a bridge. In 1800 the inhabitants were 3881. Beula, a small town in Cambria county P.nr.sylvania, planted chiefly by emi- grants from Wales (C.B.) about 60 miles G of Pittsburg. Bewcastle, avillage in Cumberland, ort die Leven, said to have been built about the time of the Norman conquest. The church is in ruins : and in the churchyard is an ancient cross, with several sculp- tures, on which are illegible inscriptions. Bewdley, a borough of Worcestershire, with a market on Saturday. It sends one member to parliament, and is seated on Uc Severn, 14 miles N of Worcester, and 128 NW of London. Lon. 2 W, lat. 5*2 20 N. Berkley, or Beaulieu, a river which rises in the N of Inverness-shire, and flowimy along the S border of Ross-shire, forms the fine estuary on which stand Inverness and Fort St. George, and which termi- nates in the frith of Murray. Bex, a village of Swisserlrmd, in the canton of Bern, near the town of St. JSfau rice, remarkable for its delightful situ:i tion, and the salt works neai' it, the larg B I E BIL r>st ut' which is entered by a passage cut out of the solid rock. Travellers who have the curiosity to explore these gloo- my abodes, are furnished with lighted torches, itiHl dressed in a coarse habit, for defending them from- the drippings that fall from the roof and sides of the passage. Beziers, a town of France, in the de- partment of lierault and late province of Canguedoc. It is seated near the Royal Canal, on a hill, at the foot of which flows i he Orbrt-, 12 miles XE of Xarbonne. Lon. 3 18 E, lat, 21 N. Biofar, the capital of a kingdom of the same name, in Xegroland, situated to the E of Renin, on the river Los-Camarones. Lon. 17 40 E, lat. 6 10 X. Biana, a town of Hindoostan Proper, remarkable for excellent indigo, 50 miles W of Agra. Lon. 80 50 E, lat. 26 30 N. Biberach, a free -imperial town of Sua- bia. It has a manufacture of. fustians, and is seated in a pleasant valley, on the Reuss, 17 miles SW of Ulm. Lon. 10 2 E, lat. 48 10N. Bicester, or Burcester, a town in Ox- fordshire, with a market on Friday, be- tween Oxford and Buckingham, ~13 miles N of the former and 57 W bv X of London. Lon. 1 10 W, lat. 51 54 X." . Bidache, a town of France, in the de- partment of the Lower Pyrenees and late province of Basques, seated on the river Jiidouse, 12 miles E of Bavonne, Lon. 1 9 W, lat. 43 31 N. Bidassoa, a river of Spain, which has its source in (he Pyrenees, and falls into the bay of Biscay between Andaye and Fonta- rabia. Biddeford, a seaport ahd town corpo- rate in Devonshire, with a market on Tuesday ; seated on the Torridge, over which is a stone bridge of 24 arches. It is a well inhabited trading plaee 16 miles S by W of Ilfracombc, and 203 W of Lon- don'. Lon. 4 10 W; lat. 51 10 X. Biddeford, a port of entry, and post town in Y^rk county, Maine. It is situated on the sea coast, near cape Porpoise, 23 miles S by W of Portland, and 40 XE of Portsmouth, New Hampshire, and con- tains about 1300 inhabitants. Bie<-z, a town of Poland, in Cracowia, remarkable for its mines of Vitriol , seat- ed on the Weseloke, 50 miles SE of Cra- cow. Lon. 21 5 E, lat. 49 50 N. meld, a town of Piedmont, capital of the Bellese, near the river Cerva, 20 miles; W of Verceil. Lon. 7 58 E, lat. 45 35 X. Bielogorod, a strong town of Bessara- bia, on lake Videno, near the Black Sea, 42 miles SW of Oczakow. Lon. 30 10 E, lat. 46 20 X. liichky a town of Poland, in the palati nate of Polachia, near one of the sources of the river Xarew, 100 miles NE of Warsaw. Lon. 23 39 B, lat 52 40 X. Bienne, a town of Russia, in the govern- ment of Smolensko, 80 miles XE of Smo- Lensko, and 170 W of Moscow. Lon. 33 5 E, lat. 55 40 X. tiienne, a town of Swisserland, on a lake of the same name, at the foot of Mount Ju- ra. It is 17 miles XW of Bern. Lon. 7 10 E, lat. 47 11 X. - JHeroliet. a town of Dutch Flanders, two miles X" of Sluvs. Lon. 3 39 E, lat. 51 21 X. Big Bone Lick Creek \ a small stream in Woodford county, state of Kentucky ; fa- mous on account of the animal bones of an enormous size that have been found here. Some have supposed these to be the bones of the Mammoth, and others of a uon descript animal. Biggleswade, a town in" Bedfordshire, with a market on Wednesday, one of the greatest barley markets in England. It is d on the lvei, over which is a neat stone bridge, 10 miles NW of Bedford, and 45 XXW of London. Lon. 21 W, lat. 52 6 X. Jligorre, a late province of France, bounded on the X by Armagnac, on the E by Comminges, on the W by Beam, and on the S by the Pyrenees. It is now in- cluded in the department of the Upper Pyrenees. Bijinagiir. See Bisnagw\ Bijore, a' province of Hindoostan Pro- per, between the rivers Indus and Attock, having Cabul on the W, the Bockharian mountains on the X, Cashmere on the E, and Peishore on the S. It is 40 miles from X to S, and 30 from E to W. It is full of mountains and wilds, inhabited by a sa- vage and turbulent race. Bilboa, a city of Spain, capital of Bis- cay, with a good harbour. Its exports are wool, sword-blades, and other manufac- tures in iron and steel. It is remarkable for the wholesomeness of its air, and the fertility of the soil about it. It is seated at the mouth of Ibaicabal which enters the bay of Biscay, -50 miles W of St. Sebas- tian, and 180 X of Madrid. Lon 3 10 W, lat. 43 33 X. Bildeston, a town in Suffolk, with a market on Wednesday. It has one large church, about a quarter of a mile from the town, and is seated on the river Bre- ton. The only business of the town con- sists in spinning of yarn. It is, 12 miles S E of Ruvv, and 63 XE of London. Lon- 55 E, la*." 52 16 X. lUledulgerid, a country of Barbary, bounded on the X by Tunis, on the E by BIN B I R Tripoli, on the S by Guergula, and on the W by Tuggurt. It lies between 5 and 11 1 E Ion. and 28 and 32 N lat. The air is wholesome but hot, and the soil yields a great deal of barley. Bilcvdt, a town of Germany in Westpha- lia, in the county of Ravensburg, seven miles SE of Ravensburg'. Lon. 8 50 E, lat. 52 10 N. Billericay, a town in Essex, with a mar- ket on Tuesday. It is seated on a hill, before which opens a beautiful prospect over a rich vallev, to the Thames, nine miles SW of Chelmsford, and 23 E of London. Lon. 31 E, lat. 51 30 N. Bellerica, a post town of Middlesex county, Massachusetts, about 20 miles NW of Boston, and 10 S of Dracut on the Merrimack river. It contained 1383 inhabitants in 1800. Billingspon, a village in New Jersey, on the liver Delaware, about 12 miles be- low Philadelphia. Here was a fortifica- tion during* the war of Independence, which defended the channel of the river. Billom, a town of France, in the depart- ment of Puy-de-Dome and late province of Auvergne, 15 miles SE of Clermont. Lon. 3 28 E, lat. 45 41 N. Bihna, a burning desert of Africa, to the SE of Fezzan, between 21 and 25 ]N lat. Bilsden, a town in Leicestershire, 96 miles N by W of London. Lon. 51 W, kit. 52 35 N. Bilson, a town of Westphalia, in the bishopric of Liege, on the river Demer, 15 miles N of Liege. Lon. 5 29 E, lat. 50 50 N. Bimini, one of the Bahama islands, near the Channel of Bahama, eight miles in length, and as much in breadth. It is verv woody, and difficult of access on ac- count of the shoals, but is a very pleasant place,* and inhabited by the native Ameri- cans. Lon. 79 30 W, lat. 25 N. Bimlepatam, a seaport of Golconda, in the Deccan of Hindoostan, seated on the bav of Bengal, 12 miles X of Yisagapa- tam. Lon '83 5 E, lat. 18 W. Bimr'o%\ a small town of Spain, in Va- lencia, remarkable for good wine ; seat- ed near the Mediterranean, 20 miles S of Tortosa. Lon. 35 E, lat. 40 33 N. Bi7ich, a little fortified town of Aus- trian llainafilt, nine miles E of Mons. Lon. 4 15 E, lat. 50 24 N. /Winchester, a village on the river Were, near Durham. Several inscriptions and monuments shew it to have been the Ro- man Yinovhim; many Roman coins are dug up here, which are called Binches- tet Pennies ; and two altars have been discovered from which it appears that the 20th legion was stationed in this place. Bincaz.i, a seaport of Africa, in the kingdom of Tripoli, 140 Riles W of Derna. Lon. 19 10 E, lat. 32L£0 N. Binfield, a village in Berkshire, in Windsor forest, three miles N by E of Okin t u,ham. Binfield was the scene of Pope's youthful days, and here -he wrote his Windsor Forest. Bingen, an ancient town of Germany, in the archbishopric of Mentz, seated at the place where the river Nahe falls into the Rhine, with a stone bridge over the former. It is 15 miles W by S of Mentz. Lon. 8 E, lat. 49 49 N. Bingham, a town in Nottinghamshire, with a small market on Thursday, nine miles E of Nottingham, and 120 N by W of London. Lou. 51 W, lat. 52 58 X. Biorneburg, a town of Finland, in Swe- den near the mouth of the Kune, in the gulf of Bothnia, 75 miles N of Abo. Lon 22 5 E, lat. 61 42 N. Bir, or Beer, a town of Diarbeck in Turkey in Asia, with a castle, where the governor resides. It stands on the E bank of the Euphrates, near a high moun- tain, in a fruitful country. It is" 50 miles NE of Aleppo. Birkenfeld, a town of Germany, capi- tal of a county of the same name, in the circle of the Upper Rhine. It surrender- ed to the French in 1794, and is seated near the river Nahe, 22 miles SE of Treves. Lonr 7 14 E, lat. 49 55 N. Birmingham, a township of Chester county, in the state of Pennsylvania, about 22 miles south of Philadelphia. Birmingham, a township of Delaware county, Pennsylvania, lying on the east side of Brandywine creek, containing about 700 inhabitants. Hirmingliam, a large town in Warwick- shire, with a market on Thursday. It is no corporation, and therefore free for any person to settle there ; which has con- tributed greatly not only to the increase )f buildings, but also of the trade, which is the most flourishing of any in England for all sorts of iron work, besides many oti;er curious manufactures. It has two churches ; one in the lower part of the town, which is an ancient building, with a lofty spire ; the other, a grand modern structure having a square stone tower, with a cupola, and turret above it ; it has also two chapels and several meeting houses. It had an elegant theatre, which was burnt in 1792. Birmingham has been long famous for its hardware manufac- tures ; but of late years, by great addi- B I S B I T tions to its trade from a vast variety of articles, such as metal buttons, buckles, plated goods, japanned and paper ware, See it, has become more populous than any of the modern trading- towns in Eng- land. They export their goods in great quantities to foreign countries, where, in point of cheapness and elegance, they are unrivalled. It is plentifully supplied with coal by means of a canal to Wed- nesbury ; and it has a communication with the Great Trunk from the Trent to the Severn, by a branch passing by Wol- verhampton. The improved steam en- gines, made here by Bolton and Watt, deserve to rank high among the produc- tions of human ingenuity ; their applica- tion to various mechanical purposes, and particularly to the draining of mines, places them among the most valuable in- ventions of the age. Birmingham is 17 miles NW of Coventry and 116 of Lon- don. Lon. 1 50 W, lat. 52 30 N. Birviesca, a town of Spain, in Old Cas- tile, 15 miles N of Burgos. Lon. 3 30 W, lat. 42 .35 N. JBisaccia, a small handsome town of Naples, in Principato Ulteriore, with a bishop's see, 15 miles XE of Couza. Lon. 15 40 E, lat. 41 3 X. Biscay, a province of Spain, bounded on the X by the bay of Biscay^ on the S by Old Castile, on the W by/ the Astu- rias, and on the E by Upper Navarre. It contains three divisions ; Biscay Proper, Guipuscoa, and Alava. It is 27 miles in both length and breadth, and produces apples, oranges, and citrons ; it has also wood for building ships, and mines of iron and lead. The Biscayers are the best seamen of Spain. Their language is ac- counted aboriginal, aitd is unmixed with either French, Latin or Spanish. Bilboa is the capital. Biscay, Bay of, an extensive bay of the Atlantic, between Cape Ortegal, in lon. 7 35 W, lat. 43 48 X, and the isle of Ushant, in lon. 5 W, lat. 48 30 X. Biscay, JYew, a province of X America; in Mexico, noted for its silver minesi Bischojishem, a town of Germany, in the archbishopric of Mentz, on the rfrer Tau- betvtwo miles W of Wurtzburg. Lon. 9 10 E, lat. 49 40 N. Biscliqfs Zell, a town of Swisserland, in Thurgau, with a castle. The inhabitants were independent, and governed by a su- preme council. But their government has been since overturned by the French. It is seated at the confluence of the Sitter and Thur, 12 miles S of Constance. Lon. 9 13 E, lat. 47 27 N. Bischxveillen, a fortress of France, in the department of Upper Rhine and late province of Alsace, five miles W of the Rhine. Lon. 7 51 E, lat. 48 40 X. Biseglia, a populous town of Xaples, in Terra di Bari, with a bishop's see, near the gulf of Venice, six miles E of Trani. Lon. 16 45 E, lat. 41 28 X. Miserta, a seaport of Tunis, in Africa, near the place where Utica once stood, 37 miles XW of Tunis. Lon. 9 46 E, lat. 37 10 X. Bishop and his Clerks, dangerous roc ks on the coast of Pembrokeshire, near Si David's. Lon. 5 20 W, lat. 51 57 X. Bishops-shiktand. See .iuckland. Bishops-Castle, a borough in Shrop- shire, with a market on Friday; It sends two members to parliament, and is seat- ed near the river Clun, eight miles E of Montgomery^ and 152 WNW of London. Lon. 2 55 W, lat. 52 22 N. Bishops- Stortf or d. See Stortford. Bisignano, a town of Naples, in Cala- bria, with a strong fort, and a bishop's see. It is seated on a mountain, near the river Boccona, 18 miles X of Coscnza, and 133 SE of Naples. Lon. 16 20 E, lat. 39 38 N. Bisley, a village in Surry, noted for a spring called St. John Baptist's Well. It is three miles X of Woking. Bisnagur, a town of the peninsula of Hindoostan, in Mysore, seated on the ri- ver Tungebadra. It was the capital of the ancient kingdom of Xarsinga, and when visited by Cesar Frederic in 1567, w ! as a large city. It is 140 miles E by S of Goa. Lon. 76 io E, lat. 15 30 N. Bissagos, a cluster of islands on the coast of Xegroland, 200 miles SE of the river Gambia, in-11 N lat. Bissda, an island in the coast of Africa, a few leagues to the SE of the river Gam- bia. The island is about 35 or 40 miles in circumference. So rich is the soil of Bis- saa, that wheat and maiz spring up to the size of Indian corn. The cattle also are of an extraordinary size, and seem to keep pace with the luxuriant growth of the corn. Bistriez, a town of Transylvania, on a river of the same name, 142 miles NE of Coloswar. Lon. 25 3 E, lat. 47 33 X. Bitche, a fortified town of France, in the department of Moselle and late pro- vince of Lorrain, with a castle, on a rock. It is seated at the foot of a mountain, near the Schwelb, 30 miles X by W of Stras- burg. Lon. 7 44 E, lat. 49 5 N. Bitonio, an episcopal town of Naples, in Terra di Bari, test miles WSW of Bari, and 117 E by X of Naples. Lon. 16 30 E, lat. 41 6 N. * BL A BLE Blacky a river in Vermont, which ris- ing in Rutland county, passes through the country in a SE course to the Con- necticut river, with which it unites near Charleston. Black, a river in the state of New York. It rises in Herkemer county, and running nearly a northwest course through Onei- da county, falls into lake Ontario near Brownsville. Black River, a river of North Carolina, which unites with Cape Fear river, about 20 miles above Wilmington, in the same state. Blackbaiik, a town of Ireland, in the county of Armagh, seven miles S of Ar- magh. Con. 6 35 W, lat. 54 29 N. Blackburn, a town in Lancashire, with a market on Monday. It carries on a vast trade in calicoes lor printing, and is seat- ed near the Derwent, 203 miles NNW of London. Lon. 2 35 W. lat. 53 42 N. Black Forest, a forest of Germany, in the W of the circle of Suabia. It is part of the ancient Hercynian forest. Blackheath, an elevated plain, five miles SE of London, commanding beautiful prospects, and adorned with handsome villas. Blackpool, a village in Lancashire, much resorted to for sea-bathing. Black Sea, the ancient Euxine, bound- ed on the N by Tartary Taurica, and the sea of Asoph ; on the E by Mingrelia, Circassia, and Georgia ; on the S by Na- tolia : and on the W by Romania, Bul- garia, and Bessarabia. It lies between 33 and 44 E lon. and 42 and 46 N lat. Blacktvater, a river of Ireland, running through the counties of Cork and Wakr- ford into Youghall bay. Black-vater, a. river in Essex, which rises in the NW of the county, is joined by the Chelmer at Maiden, and enters the estuary, to which it gives the name oi Blackwatcr Bay. Bladensburg , a town in Prince George county, Maryland, where there is a post office, six miles from the city of Wash- ington, on the post road to Baltimore, and 35 miles from the latter. Blair Jlthol, a village in Perthshire, in an angle formed by the rivers Tilt and Garry. Close by it is Blair Castle, a castle belonging to the duke of Athol ; and in its vicinity are many romantic waterfalls. Blair Athbl is 28 miles NW of Perth. BlaisoiSy a late province of France, which now forms the department of Loir and Cher. Blamont, a town ofTrance, in the de- partment of Meurthc and late province ot Lorrain, seated on the little river Ve- zouze, 12 miles S of Luneville. Lon. 6 52 E, lat. 48 40 N. Blanc, a town of France, in the depart- ment of Indre and late province of Bern , with a castle, seated on the river Crease", 35 miles E of Poitiers. Lon. 1 13 E, lat. 46 38 N. Blanco, a cape of South America, in Pa- tagonia. Lon. 64 42 W, lat. 47 20 S. Blanco, a cape of Peru, on the South Sea, 120 miles SW of GuiaquiL Lon. 83 W, lat. 3 45 S. Blanco, a cape of Africa, on the Atlan- tic Ocean, 180 miles N of the river Sene- gal. Lon. 17 10 W, lat. 20 55 N. Blanford, a corporate town in Dorset- shire, With a market on Saturday. In 1731, the town was nearly burnt down ; but rose from its ruins more beautiful than before. It has the greatest manufac- ture of shirt buttons, in England. It is pleasantly seated on the river Stour, near the Downs, 18 miles NE of Dorchester, and 104 W bv S of London. Lon. 2 14 W, lat. 50 53>*.' Blanes, a seaport of Catalonia, in Spain near the river Tordera, 20 miles S of G i- ronne. Lon. 2 50 E, lat. 41 40 N. Blankenberg, a town and fort of the Austrian Netherlands, situate on the Ger- man Ocean, eight miles NE of Ostend. Lon. 3 4 E, lat.' 51 22 N. Blankenaerg, a town of Westphalia in the duchv of Burg, 12 miles E of Bonn. Lon. 7 30 E, lat. 50 42 N. Blanjcetiburg, a town of Germany, in the circle of Lower Saxony, capital of a county of the same name, subject to the duke of Brunswick Woifenbuttle. It is 45 miles SL of Woifenbuttle. Lon. 11 10 E, lat. 51 50 N, Blaregnies. See JIalplaquet; Blaubeitren, a town of Suabia, in the duchv of Wirtemburg, 11 miles W of Ulm. Lon. 9 55 E, lat.' 48 22 N. Blai/e, an ancient town of Guienne in France, in the department of Gironde, with a strong castle ; it is seated on the Gironde, which is here 3800 yards wide. Its trade consists in the wines of the ad- jacent country. Its harbour is much fre- quented, and the ships which go to Bour- deaux are obliged to leave their guns h.re. It is 17 miles N of Bourdeaux. Lon. 35 W, lat, 45 7 N. Blechingly, a borough in Surry, by pre- scription, that sends two members to par- liament. It is seated on a hill, which commands extensive prospects, 20 miles S of i.ondon. Lon. 0, lat. 51 15 N. Blenheim, a village in Suabia, memor- able for the victory gained over the French, August 2, 1704, by the dub- of BOC b on o n c tl Marlborough. It is seated on the Danube, three miles NE of Hochstet, and 27 NE )f Ulm. Lon. 10 35 E, lat. 48 40 N. Blenheim House, near "Woodstock, in Oxfordshire, a noble palace, built in ho- nour of the duke of Marlborough, at the xpense of the nation, in commemoration f his victory at Blenheim. Blockzyl, a town of the United Provin bour of Carthagena, in S America. It i ; defended by several forts, which were all taken by the English in 1741. Bocca-del-Drago, a strait between the island ot Trinidad and Andalusia in Terra Firma, in S America. Bochetta, a chain of mountains, in the territory of Genoa, over which is the road leading from Lombard v to Genoa. On the res, in Overyssel, with a fort, seated at I peak of the highest mountain is a pass the mouth of the Aa, on the Zuider Zee, ' where there is a good harbour, eight miles NE of Steenwick. Lon. 5 39 E. lat. 52 44 N. Blois, an ancient commercial city of France, lately the capital of Blaisois, now inchided in the department of Loir and Cher. It is seated on the banks of the river Loire, partly on a plain, partly on an eminence, in the midst of one of the most which will hardly admit three men to go abreast : this pass, is properly, the Bo- chetta ; for the defence of which there are three forts. It is the key of Genoa, and was taken in 1746 by the Austrians. Bockholt, a town of Westphalia, in the diocese of Munster, 20 miles E of Cleves. Lon. 6 22 E, lat. 51 42 N« Boccing, a large village in Essex, ad- joining to Braintree It has a great ma- agreeable countries in France. The castle nufacture of baize, and is 41 miles NEof is the ornament of this city. The most re- London. Lon. 40 E, lat. 51 56 N. markable thing in this castle is a fine Bodmin, a borough in Cornwall, with a long gallery ; adorned with many curious market on Saturday. It sends t wo mem - and uncommon pieces ; it is in the midst [hers to parliament, and is 32 miles NE of " Falmouth, and 234 W bv S of London I of two gardens, one of which is full of fruit-trees ; and the other of parterres, fountains, cascades, and marble statues brought from Italy. The town-house is a tolerable building, and stands on a street, vhich terminates on the quay, where is a ublic walk, that has a fine prospect on the Loire, over which there., is a hand- some bridge. The country about Blois produces corn, wine, cattle, and game of every kind, and the waters a great quan- tity of fish. It is seated on the Loire, 47 miles W of Tours, and 100 SW of Paris. Lon. i 25 E, lat. 47 35 N. Bloneiz, a town of Poland, in the pro- vince of W'arsovia, 20 miles W of War- saw. Lon. 20 35 E, lat. 52 10 N. Bloomjield, a small town in Essex coun- tv, New Jersey, about 5 miles N of New Ark. Blockley, a township of Philadelphia county, state of Pennsylvania ; situated on the W side of Schuylkill, about three miles from the city; containing about §1200 inhabitants. " Blyth, a town in Nottinghamshire, with a market on Thursdav. It is 23 miles N \ r \V of Newark, and 146 N bv W of Lon- don. Lon. 1 10 W, lat. 53 22 N. Bobenhausen, a town of Germany, Li Weteravia, with a castle, three miles SE of Francfort on the Main, and seated on the river Gersbrentz. Bobio, an episcopal town of Italy, in the Milanese, on the Trebia, 25 miles SE of Pavia. Lon. 9 12 E, lat. 44 45 N. Bocat, a valley of Syria, in Asia, in which are the famous ruins of Balbec. Jiocca-Chica, the entrance into the har- Lon. 4 40 W, lat. 50 32 N. Bodbn, a fortified town of Turkey in Europe, in Bulgaria," with an Archbi- shop's see ; seated on the river Danube, 26 miles W of Yiden. Lon. 23 54 E, lat. 44 10 N. Bodroch, a town of Ilungarv, on the Danube, 100 miles SE of Buda." Lon. 19 52 E, lat. 45 55 N. Boeschot, a town in the province of Aus- trian Brabant, seated ori the river Nethe, 12 miles NE of Mechlin. Lon. 4 42 E, lat! 51 8 N. Bog, a river of Poland, which runs SW through Podolia and Budziac Tartary, falling into the Black Sea, between Ocza- kow and the river, Dnieper. Bodlio, a town of Italy, in the county of Nice, 25 miles NW of Nice. Lon. 7 6 E, lat. 44 2 N. Bogota, the capital of New Granada, in Terra Firma, in South America, near which are gold mines. Lon. 73 53 W, lat. 4 N. Bohemia, a kingdom of Europe, bound- ed on the N by Misnia and Lusatia, on the E by Silesia and Moravia, on the 5 by Austria, and on the W by Bavaria. It is 200 miles in length, and 150 in breadth, and is fertile in corn, saffron, hops, and pasture. In the mountains are mines of gold and silver, and, in some places they find diamonds, granates, cop- per, and lead. The Boman catholic re- ligion is the principal ; though there are many protestanls. The chief rivers are lie Sluldaw, Elbe, and Oder. Their lan- guage is Sclavonian, with a mixture of BOK German. It is subject to the house of Austria. The capital town is Prague. Bohemia, a river in the eastern shore of Maryland, which unites with Elk river a few miles above its junction with Chesa- peak bay. Bojador, a cape of Africa, in Negroland, discovered by the Portuguese in 1412, and doubled by them in 1433. Lon. 14 27 W, Lit. 2612 N. Boiano, an episcopal town of Naples, in the Molise, at the foot of the Appen- nines, near the river Tilerno, 45 miles N of Naples. Lon. 14 40 E, lat. 41 30 N. Boitnitz, a town of Upper Hungary, in the county of Zoll, remarkable for its baths, and the quantity of saffron about it. Lon. 19 10 E, lat. 48 42 N. Bois-k-Dvc, a large well fortified town of Dutch Brabant, between the Dommel and Aa, situate amon g Morasses, 22 miles E by N of Breda, 45 NE of Antwerp, and 45 SSE of Amsterdam. It is the capital of a district of the same name. It was taken by the Dutch in 1629, and bv ihl French in 1794. Lon. 5 16 E, lat. 51 40 N. Bokhara, a city of Usbec Tartary, capi- tal of Bokharia. In 1219 it was besieged by Jenghiz Khan, taken and destroyed, but was by his orders rebuilt, and is now large and populous. It is seated on a rising ground, with a slender wall of earth, and a dry ditch. The houses are low, built mostly of mud ; but the cara- vansaries and mosques, which are nume- rous, are all of brick. The bazars, or market-places which have been stately buildings, are now mostly in ruins. Here is also a stately building for the education of the priests. Great numbers of Jews and Arabians frequent this place ; though they are frequently deprived of all their property by the khan or his attendants at pleasure. It is 138 miles W by S of Sa- marcand. Lon. 65 50 E, lat. 39 15 N. Bokharia, Bocharia, or Bucharia, a ge- neral name for all that vast tract of land lying between Karazm, and the sandy de- sert bordering on China. It is divided into Great and Little Bukharia. Great Bukharia is situated between 34 and 46 N lat. and 76 and 92 E lon. It is bounded on the N by the river Sir ; on the E by the kingdom of Kashgar, on the S by Persia and the peninsula within the Ganges, and on the W by the country of Karazm. It is an exceeding rich and fertile country ; the mountains Abound with the richest mines ; the valleys are of an astonishing fertility ; the fields are covered with grass the height of a man, and the rivers abound with excellent fish.. Little Bukharia is sufficiently populous and fertile ;• but the great elevation of its land, joined to the BOL height of the mountains which bound it in several parts, renders it much colder than from its situation might be expect- ed. It contains rich mines of gold and silver. Bolabola, one of the Society islands, in the South Pacific Ocean, four leagues NW of Otaha. Lon. 151 52 W, lat. 16 32 S. Bolcheresk, a town of Kamtschatka, on the river Bolchoireka, 22 miles from its mouth, in the sea of Okotsk. Lon. 156 37 E, lat. 52 54 N. Boleslape, or Buntzlau, a town of Sile- sia, on the Bobar, 17 miles NE of'Lig- nitz. Lon. 16 10 E, lat. 51 12 N. Bolingbroke, a town in Lincolnshire, with a market on Tuesday, seated at the source of a river, which falls into the Wit ham. It is 29 miles E of Lincoln, and 131 N by E of London. Lon. 7 E, lat. 53 12 N. BolisJaiv, a town of Bohemia, 30 miles NE of Prague. Lon. 15 22 E, lat. 50 25 N. Bolkwoitz, a town of Silesia, 12 miles S of Glogaw. Lon. 16 29 E, lat. 51 58 N. Bologna, an ancient city of Italy, capi- tal of the Bologmese, with an archbish- op's see, and a university. It lies at the foot of the Appenninc mountains, in a fruitful plain and salubrious air. The! river Saronia runs near its walls, and the" Reno, which turns 400 mills for the silk works, through the city. There are a great number of palaces, particularly the Palazzo Publico, in which the cardinal legate, or viceroy of the pope, resides. In the area before this palace, is a noble marble fountain, the principal figure of which, a Neptune in bronze, eleven feet high, the workmanship of Giovanni di Bologna, is highly esteemed. The ana- tomical theatre, beside its museum, is adorned with statues of celebrated phy- sicians. The church of St. Petronius is the largest in Bologna ; and on the pave- ment of this, Cassini drew his meridian line. There are 168 other churches. The private houses are well built, aud the ci- ty contains 80,000 inhabitants. They carry on a considerable trade in silks . aud velvets, which are manufactured here in great perfection. The surround- ing country produces immense quanti- ties of oil, wine, flax, and hemp, and fur- nishes all Europe with sausages, macca- roni, liqueurs, essences, and even lap- dogs. It is seated at the foot of the Ap- pennines, 22 miles SE of Modena, and 175 NW of Rome. Lon. 11 21 E, lat. 44 so n. • ■ M'Sm'/ ''' Bolognese, a province of Italy, in the territory of the church, bounded on the N by the Ferrarese, on the W by Mode- B O M B O N na, on the S by Tuscany, and on the E by Komagna. It is watered by many small rivers, which render the soil the mosi fertile of any in Italy. It produces all sorts of grain and fruits, particularly muscadine grapes, which are in high es- teem. The country round Bologna seems one continued garden. The vineyards are not divided by hedges, but by rows of elms and mulberry trees ; the vines hang- ing in festoons, from one tree to another, in a beautiful manner. There are also mines of alum and iron. Bologna is the capital. Bolsenna, a town of Italy, on a lake of the same name, 45 miles N of Rome. Lon. 12 13 E, lat. 42 38 N. Bolsxoaert, a town of the United Pro- vinces, in W Friesland, eight miles N oi Slooten. Lon. 5 25 E, lat. 53 3 N. Bolton, a town of Lancashire, with a market on Monday. It has been enrich- ed by the manufacture of fustians, coun- terpanes, dimities, and muslins. It is 11 miles NW of Manchester, and 239 X NW of London. Lon. 9 35 W, lat. 53 33 N. Bolton, a township of Worcester coun- ty in the state of Massachusetts, about 36 miles W of Boston. It contains about 1000 inhabitants. Bolzano, a town of Germany, in the Ti- rol, on the river Eisach, Si miles X ol Trent. Lon. 11 26 E, lat. 46 35 X Bomal, a town of Austrian Luxemburg on the river Ourt, 20 miles S of Liege. Lon 5 38 E, lat. 58 18 N. Bombay, an island of Hindoostan, one of the three presidencies of the English East India Company, by which their ori- ental territories are governed. It is si- tuated on the \V coast of the Ueccan, se- ven miles in length, and 50 in circum- ference. It came to the English bv the marriage of Charles II. with Catharine of Portugal. It contains a strong and capacious fortress, a large city, dockyard and marine arsenal. The ground is bar- ren, and good water scarce. It was for- merly counted very unhealthy ; but, by draining the bogs, and other methods, the air is greatly altered for the better. It has abundance of cocoa-nuts, but scarce any corn or cattle. The inhabitants are of several nations and very numerous. It is 150 miles S of Surat. Lon. 72 38 E, lat. 18 58 X. Bomene, a seaport of the United Pro- vinces, in Zealand, on the N shore of the island of Schowen. Lon. 4 E, lat. 51 42 N. ; Bommel, a town of the United Pro- vinces, in the isle of Overflacke, seven miles W of Williamstadt. Bommel, a handsome town of Dutch Gueiderland, in the island of Bommei- Waert, seated on the Waal, six miles N E of Huesden. Bommel-Waert, an island of Dutch Gueiderland, formed by the junction of the Waal and the Maese. ft is 15 miles long and five broad. It was taken by the French in 1794. Bonaire, an island of South America, near the X coast of Terra Firma, to the SE of Curacoa, belonging to the Dutch. Lon. 68 18 W, lat. 12 16 X. Bcm.ventiira, a bay, harbour, and fort of South America, in Popavan, 90 miles E of Cali. Lon. 75 18 W, [at* 3 20 X T . Bojiavista, the most eastern of the Cape de Verd Islands. Lon. 22 47 W, lat. 16 OX. Bonuvista, a cape on the E side of the island of Xewfoundland . Bmdou is bounded on the E by Bam- boilk ; on the SE and S by Tenda, and the Simbani Wilderness*; on the SW by YVoolli ; on the W by Foota Torra ; and on the X by Kajaaga. The country, like that of YVoolli, is very generally covered with woods, but the land is more elevated, and towards the Falc nie river rises into considerable hills. In native fertility the soil is not surpassed, (according to Mr. Park,) by any part of Africa. From the central situation of Bcndou, between the Gambia and Senegal rivers, it is become a place of great resort, both for the Sla- tees, who generally pass through it, in go- ing from the Coast to the interior coun- tries ; and for occasional traders, who frequently come hither from the inland countries, to purchase salt. By means of the duties, which are very'heavy, the king of I'ondou is well supplied with arms and ammunition; a circumstance which makes him formidable to the neighbouring States. The chief inhabitants are the Foulahs who are in general of a tawny complexion, with small features, and soft siiky hair. They are naturally of a mild and gentle disposition, but the uncharita- ble maxims of the Koran have made them less hospitable to strangers, and more re- served in their behaviour than the Man- dingoes. They evidently consider all the Xegro natives as their inferiors ; and when talking of different nations, always rank themselves among the white people. Their government differs from that of the Mandingoes chiefly in this, that they are more immediately under the influence of the Mahomedan laws ; for all the chief men (the king excepted) and a large ma- jority of the inhabitants of Bondou, are Mussulmen, and the authority and laws of *he Prophet, are ever}' where looked upon BOK as sacred and decisive, in llie exercise of their faith, however, they are not very intolerant towards such of their country- men as still retain their ancient supersti- tions. Religious persecution is not known among them, nor Is It necessary ; for the system of .Mahomet is made to extend it- self by means abundantly more effica- cious, establishing small schools in the different towns, where many of the Pagan as well as Mahomedan children are taught to read the Koran, and in- structed in the tenets of the Prophet, the Mahomedan priests fix- a bias on the minds, and form the character of their young disciples-, which no accidents of life can ever afterwards remove or alter. Many of these little schools Mr. Park vi- sited in his progress through the country, and observed with pleasure the great do- cility and submissive deportment of the children. Bonhampton, or B 'onum, a village of New Jersey, in Middlesex county, about half way between Brunswick and Woodbridge. lionifacio, a seaport of Corsica, well fortified and populous ; 37 miles S of Ajaccio. Lon. 9 20 E, lat. 41 25 N. Bonn, an ancient city of ( .'ermany, in the electorate of Cologne, and tl}e re- sidence of the elector, whose gardens are magnificent and open to the public. It contains 12,000 inhabitants, and has a flourishing university. It is seated on the Rhine, ten miles S by E of Cologne. Lon. 7 12 E, lat. 50 45 X. Bonna, or Bona, a seaport of Africa, in the kingdom of Algiers. It was taken by Charles V. in 1535. and is 206 miles E of Algiers. Lon. 6 15 E, lat. 36 2 N. Bonnes table, a town of France, lately in the province of Maine, now in the de- partment of Sarte, 15 miles NE of Mans. Lon. 30 E, lat. 48 11 N. Bonneval, a town of France, in the de- partment of Eure and Loire and late pro- vince of Beauce. It is seated on the Loire, eight miles N of Chateaudun. Lon. 1 20 E, lat. 48 12 X. Bonneville, a town of Savoy, capital of Paucigny, seated on the river Arve, at the foot of a mountain called the Mole. Tt is 20 miles S of Geneva. Lon. 6 10 W, lat. 46 32 X. Boodge-boodge, a town of Hindoostan Proper, capital of the rajah of Cutch, 330 miles XE of Surat. Lon. 68 E, lat. 23 16 N. Boonesbvrg, a small town in Washing- ton county, Maryland. 1 1 has a post of- fice about 60 miles from the city of Wash- ington. Boonetoion, a village with a post office, . in Morris county, New Jersey, 9 miles X of Moivistown, and 29 XW of Newark, between iiockaway and Newton. Bootan, a country NE of Hindoostan Prop, r, between bengal and Thibefr$bf which last it is a feudatory. The Sou- thernmost ridge of the Bootan mountains rises near a mile and a half perpendicular above the plains of ISengal, in a horizontal distance of only 15 miles ; and from the summit the astonished traveller looks back on the plains, as on an extensive ocean beneath him. The capital is Tas- sasudon . Boffiiigek, a free imperial town of Sua- bia, on the river Egvpt, four miles E of Awlan. Lon. 10 2i E, lat. 48 55 X. Boothbay, a township in the district "of Maine, belonging to Lincoln county. It lias about 2000 inhabitants. Boppurt, a town of Germany, in the archbishopric of Treves, at the foot of a mountain, near the Rhine, eight miles S of Coblentx. Lon. 7 35 E, lat. 50 16 X. Borch, a town of the duchy of Magde- burg, on the Elbe, 14 miles NE of Magde- burg. Lon. 12 2 E, lat. 52 19 N. Borchloen, a town of Westphalia, in the bishopric of Liege, 15 miles NW of Liege Lon. 5 31 E, lat. 50 50 N. • Bordentown, a post town in Burlington county, New Jersey, seated on the E sidc of the river Delaware, 11 miles NE of Bur- lington, and about 26 of Philadelphia. Tills town possesses a considerable trade, being the common rendezvous of a line of stages between Philadelphia and Amboy. Borehdm, a village in Essex, three miles NE of Chelmsford, famous for a stately fabric, built by Henry VIII. which though now ruinous, was once the mos.t magnificent building in this country. Borgo, a town of Sweden, on the gulf of Finland, 20 miles NE of Hclsingfors Lon. 25 40 E, lat. 60 34 X. Borgoforte, a town of Italy, in the duchy of Mantua, on the river Po, 10 miles S of Mantua. Lon. 10 53 E, lat. 45 X. Borgo-San-Domino, an episcopal town of Italy, in the duchy of Parma, 15 miles XW of Parma. Lon." 10 6 E, lat. 44 58 N. Borgo^ di-San-Sepulchro, an episcopal town of Tus,canv, 40 miles E of Florence. Lon. 12 r E, lat." 43 32 N. Borgo-val-di-taro, a small town of Italy, in the duchy of Parma; 20 miles SW of Parma. Lon. 10 16 E, lat. 44 30 N. Bovja, a town of Spain, in Arragon, 12 miles SE of Tarazona. Lon. 1 16 W, lat. 42 6 X. Boviqnen, an island of the West Indies, near Porto-Rico. The English settled here, but were driven away by the Spani- ards. It is uninhabited, though fertile, and B O R B O R the water good. Here is a great number of land crabs, whence some call it Crab Island. Lon. 66 W, lat. 1$ N. Borkelo, a strong town of the United Provinces, in Zutphen, on the river Bor- kel, 10 miles E of Zutphen. Lon. 6 18 E, lat. 52 11 N. Bormi'j, a town of the country of the Grisons, capital of a county of the same name, bounded on the S by the state of Venice, on the E by the territory of Aus- tria, and on the S and W by Caddea. It contains about 1000 inhabitants, and has a desolate appearance. The houses are of stone plastered : a few make a tolerable figure amid many with paper windows ; and several, like the Italian cottages, have only wooden window shutters. It is 40 miles SE of Coire. Lon. 10 5 E, lat. 46 25 N. Borneo, an island in the Indian Ocean, discovered by the Portuguese in 1521, before the. discovery of New Holland, thought to be the largest in the world, being 1800 miles in circumference. It is seated under the equator, that line cut- ting it almost through the middle. It is almost of a circular figure, abounds with gold, and the finest diamonds in the In- dies are found in its rivers, being pro- bably washed down from the hills by tor- rents. It produces likewise riee, pep- per, fruits and bees-wax, which last is used instead of money. The beasts are oxen, buffaloes, deer, goats, elephants, tigers and monkeys. This island has fine rivers especially toward the W and S. The rainy season continues for eight months in the year, and, as during that time all the flat country is overflowed, the air is rendered very unheal tbful, and the inhabitants are forced to build their houses on floats which they make fast to trees. The houses have but one floor with partitions made of cane. The peo- ple are very swarthy, and go almost nak- ed. There are Mahometans on the sea- coast; but the rest are Gentoos. The ca- pital, of the same name, is large and po- pulous, with a good harbour, and'seated on the NW side. Lon. 112 27 E, lat. 4 55 N. Bomhoem, an island of tlie Baltic Sea, 50 miles SE of Schonen in Sweden. Lon 14 56 E, lat. 54 55 X. JBornou, an extensive country in Africa, bounded on the NW by Fezzan, on the N by the desert of Bilma, on the SE by Cashna, and on the SW by Nubia. It ex- tends from 12 to 22 degrees of lon. and from 17 to 21 degrees of N lat. The nor- thern part is poor, and like the rest of the provinces of Zaara : but all the rest is i well watered by springs and rivers that tumble down with a dreadful noise from the mountains : rendering the country prolific in corn, grass, and fruits, and giving it a pleasing aspect. The eastern and western frontiers are divided into mountains and valleys, the latter being all covered with flocks of cattle, fields of rice and millet, and many of the moun- tains with wood, fruit-trees, and cotton. The climate is said to be characterized by excessive, though not by uniform heat. Two seasons, one commencing soon after the middle of April, the other at the same period in October, divide the year. The first is introduced by violent winds, that bring with them, from the S E and S an intense heat,* with a deluge of sultry rain, und such tempests of thun- der and lightning as destroy multitudes of the cattle and many of the people. At the commencement of the second season, the ardent heat subsides ; the air be- comes soft and mild, and the weather perfectly serene. The complexion of the natives is black ; but they are not of the Negro cast. The dress of the greater part consists of shirts of blue cotton ma- nufactured in the country, of a red cap imported from Tripoli, and a white mus- lin turban from Cairo. Nose-rings of gold are worn by the principal people. But the only covering of the poorer sort, is sometimes a kind of girdle for the waist. They cultivate Indian corn, the horse- bean of Europe, the common kidney bean, cotton, hemp, and Indigo. They have figs, grapes, apricots, pomegranates, le- mons, limes, and melons. Horses, asses, mules, dogs, horned cattle, goats, sheep, and camels (of the flesh of w hich they are very fond) are the common animals. Their bees are so numerous, that the wax is often thrown away as an article of no value. Their game consists of the partridge, wild duck, and ostrich, the flesh of which they prize above every other. Their other wild animals are the lion, leopard, civet cat, wolf, fox ; the elephant, which is not common, and of which they make no use ; the antelope, camelopardalis, crocodile, and hippopo- tamus. They are much infested with snakes, scorpions, cent ipedes, and toads. More than thirty different languages are said to be spoken in Bornoil and its de- pendencies ; and the reigning religion is the Mahometan. Their monarchy is elec- tive. On the death of the sovereign, the privilege of choosing a successor from among his sons, is conferred on three persons, whose age and character for wisdom, are denoted by the title of el- ders. These retire to a sequestered place, the avenues to which are guarded ; and M BOS while their deliberations last, the prin- ces ure confined in separate chambers of the palace. The choice being" made, they proceed to the apartment of the sove- reign elect, and conduct hhn to the gloomy place where the corpse of his fa- ther, that cannot be interred till the con- clusion of this awful ceremony, awaits his arrival. There the elders expatiate to him on the virtues and defects of his deceased parent; describing with pane- gyric or censure, the measures that ex- alted or sunk the glory of his reign. The sultan is said to have 500 ladies in his seraglio, and that his stud likewise con- tains 5'JO horses. lie has a vast army, which consists almost entirely of horse ; the sabre, lance, pike, and bow, are their weapons of offence, and a shield of hides is their armour. In their manners the people are courteous and humane : they are passionately fond of play, the lower clashes of draughts; and the higher ex- cel in chess. The capital is of the same name. Bornou, the capital of the empire of Bornou, situated in a flat country, on the banks of a small river. It consists of a multitude of houses, neatly plastered, both within and without, with clay or mud ; but they are so irregularly placed, that the spaces between them cannot be called streets. Their mosques are con- structed of brick and- earth ; and they have schools, in which the Koran is taught, as in the principal towns of Bar- bary. The royal palace, forming a kind of citadel, is built in a corner of the town. Bornou is surrounded by a wall, and is 650 miles SE of Mourozok. Lon. 27 30 E, lat. 19 40 N". Bcroughbridye, a borough in the N rid- ing of Yorkshire, with a market on Sa- turday ; seated on the Ure, over which is a stone bridge. It sends two members to parliament ; and is 17 mules N\V oi York, and 218 N bv W of London. Lon: 1 25 \V, lat. 54 10 N. Borrtnodale, a dreary district in the S part of Cumberland, abounding, beyond any other part of the world, with the finest sort of b lack lead or wad; the mines of which are only opened at inter- vals, and then carefully closed again, lest this precious substance should be- come too common. Copper, lead, and calamine, are also found in this tract. Borrovostovjiness, or Bojicss, sl village oi Linlithgowshire, on the frith of Forth, surrounded with coal pits and salt pans. It has a.good port, but its trade is not on the increase. Jiosa, an ancient seaport of Sardinia, with a bishop's see, and a castle, on a ri- 15 O S vcr of the same name, 17 miles SE of Al- geri. Lon. 8 50 E, lat. 40 29 N. Bascawen, a township of Hills borough county, state 6? New Hampshire, situat- ed on the W side of the Merrimack river, about 10 miles N of Concord. * Bosco, or Boschiy a town of Italy, in the Milanese, seated on the Arbc," five miles E of Alexandria. Lon 8 52 E, lat. 44 54 N. . Boscobel, a village in Shropshire, nine miles SE of Newport, noted for*the Oak, in which Charles M as hid, and saw the parliament soldiers pass by in quest of Kim, after the battle of Worcester. The tree is now almost cut away by travellers. Bosna Serago, a large and strong town of Turkey and capital of Bosnia, seated on the river Bosna, 110 miles S\V of Bel- grade. Lon. 17 57 E, lat. 44 40 N. ■Bosnia, a province of Turkey in Eu- rope, bounded on the N by Sclavonia, on the E by Scrvia, on the S by Albania, and on the W by Croatia and" Dalmatia Ceraio is the capital. Bossiney, a borough in Cornwall, that sends two members to parliament. It is seated on the Bristol Channel, 17 miles NW of Launceston, and 233 W by S of London. Lon. 4 40 W, lat. 50 45 N. Bost, a strong town of Persia, capital of Sablestan. Lon. 64 15 E, lat. 31 50 N. Boston, a borough of Lincolnshire, seat- ed on both sides of the YVitham, not far from its influx into the sea ; but its har- bour can admit vessels of inferior burden only. It has a navigation from Lincoln, partly by the YVitham, and partly by a canal, at the termination of which, in Boston, is a large and curious sluice ; .aid there is another canal to Bourn. It s a flourishing town, with a spacious market-place, end the tower of its Cothic church is one of the most lofty and ele- gant of the kind, and a noted seamark. It is 37 miles SE of Lincoln, and 115 N of London. Lon. 5 E, lat. 53 1 N. Boston, the capital of Massachusetts, as well as of all the New England States, containing 2870 dwelling houses, and 24,937 inhabitants. It is seated at the bottom of Massachusetts bay, on a pen- insula which was called by the Indians Shaumut, the first buildings being erect- ed in 1631. The entrance is narrow and difficult, but the harbour is safe, and ca- pacious enough to contain 500 sail of shipping in a good depth of water. — The quays and wharves are convenient, one of the latter, called the Long Wharf ex- pending 600 yards into the bay with a breadth of 100 feet, and far excels any other structure of the kind in the United States.— The principal public buildings BOT BOU are, a State House, a grand and superb edifice, erected in 1795, Fanucl Hall, an alms house, work house, bridewell, and 16 places of religious worship, besides banks and theatres. Some of these build- ing's are finished in a style of great ele- gance. — The entrance into the harbour is defended by a castle, formerly called Castle William, on which are mounted about -0 pieces of heavy artillery, be- sides many of a smaller size. — Great part of the town is built in a semi-cir- cular form fronting the harbour, on which side it appears to great advantage. — The streets are irregular, with exception of a few, particularly the main street which leads from the long wharf, and exhibits thence a pleasing prospect of the town house, and a double range of well built dwelling houses. — It lies in the lat. of 42 23 X, and Ion. of 70 52 W of London, 252 miles NE of New York, 347 of Philadel- phia, and about 481 from the city of Washington. Boston New, a township of Hillsbo- rough county, state of New Hampshire, situated on a branch of Piscataqua river, about 6 miles NW of Bedford. It con- tains about 1700 inhabitants. Bosworth, or Market Bosworth, a town in Leicestershire, with a market on Wed- nesday, seated on a high hill, and fa- mous for the battle which decided for ever the contest between the houses of York and Lancaster. It is 13 miles NW of Leicester, and 106 NNW of London. Lon. 1 18 W, lat. 52 40 N. Botany Bay, a bay of New S Wales, op' the E coast of New Holland, so called from the gre^t quantity of herbs found on the shore. It was originally fixed on for a colony of convicts from Great Bri- tain, which, in the sequel, took place at port Jackson, 15 miles further to the N. Lon. 151 22 E, lat. 34 S. Botavy Island, a small island in the South Pacific Ocean, to the SE of New Caledonia. Lon. 167 16 E, lat. 22 26 N. Botetourt, a large county in the State of Virginia, containing about 10,000 inhabi- tants. It is watered by the head branches of Fluvanna river, and situated between the Blue Ridge and Alleghany mountain* Bottetourt, the capital of Gloucester county, Virginia, about 18 miles from York." Bothnia, a province in Sweden, on a gulf of the same name, which divides it into two parts, called E and W Bothnia. Botesdule. See Buddcsdale. Botwar, a town of Suabia, in the duchy of Wurtcmburg, 15 miles SE of Hailbron. Lon. .9 .12 W, lat. 49 9 N. Botzenburg, a.town of Germany, in the duchy of Mec klenburg, on the river Elbe. Lon. 10 48 E, lat. 53 30 N. Bova, an episcopal town of Naples, near the Appennines, 28 miles SE of Reggie. Lon. 16 20 E, lat. 37 50 X. Bouchain, a fortified town of France, in the department of the North and h.te French Hainault, divided into two parts by the Scheldt. It is nine miles Wof \ a- Jenciennes. Lon. 3 21 E, lat. 50 18 N. Bonchart, a town of France, lately in the province of Touraine, now in the depart- ment of Indre and Loire, situated in an island of the rive* Vienne, 15 miles SSW of Tours. Boudry, a town of Svvisserland, in the county of Neufchatel. Lon. 6 40 E, lat. 47 1 X. Bouillon, a town of France, in the duchy of the same name, and territory of Luxem- burg. It has a castle seated on an almost inaccessible rock, near the river Semois, 12 miles N of Sedan. Lon. 5 20 E, lat. 49 45 N. Bovignes, sl town of the Austrian Ne- therlands, in Namur, on the river Meuse, ten miles S of Namur. Lon. 4 50 E, lat. 50 19 N. Bovino, an episcopal town of Naples, in Capitanata, seated at the foot of th» Ap- pennines, 15 miles NE ofBenevento. Lon. 15 15E, lat. 41 17 N. Boulog7ie, a large seaport of France, in the department of the Straits of Calais and late province of Boulonnois. The harbpur has a mole for the safety of the ships ; and which at the same time prevents it from being choaked up. It is seated at the mouth of the Lianne, 14 miles S of Calais. Lon. 1 42 E, lat. 50 44 N. Boimdbrook, a village in Somerset coun- ty, New Jersey, situated-on the E bank of Raritan. Bourbon, a county in the State of Kentuc- ky, situated between Kentucky and Lick- ing rivers, with about 16000 inhabitants. Bourbon, an island of Africa, in the In- dian Ocean, 60 miles long, and 45 broad. There is not a safe harbour in the island ; but many good roads for shipping. It is for the most part mountainous, but in some places there are very beautiful and fertile plains. It is a fertile island ; pro- ducing in particular, excellent tobacco. The French settled here in 1672, and had some considerable towns in the island ; but it now belongs to the English East In- dia Companv. It is 300 miles E of Mada- gascar. Lon. 55 30 E, lat. 20 52 N. Bourbon Land, a town of France, in the department of Saone and Loire, and late province of Burgundy, remarkable for its BOU B O U castle and hot baths. It has a large marble pavement, called vhe Great Bath, which is a work of the Romans. It is 15 miles SW ©f Aul urn Lon. 4 6 E, lat. 46 47 N. Bowbon V.irchtimbeau, a town ot'France, in die department of Allier and late pro- vince of Bourbonnoij, situated in a bottom, near the river Allier. It is 15 mik s W of Monlins, and 362 S of Paris. Lon. 3 5 E, lat. 46 35 N. Bourbonne-lcs Bains, a town of France in the department of Upper Maine and late province of Cnampagne, famous for its hot baibs. It is 17 miles E of Langres. Lon. 5 4 o E, lat. 47 54 N. Bourbonnois, a late province of France, bounded on die N by Nivernois and B r- ry, on the W by Berry and a small part of Marche, on the S by Auvergne, and on the E by Burgundy and Forez. It abounds in corn, fruit, pasture, wood, game and wine. It now tonus the department of Allier. Bourdeaux, an ancient city of France, in t e department of Gironde, and late province of Guienne. It is built in the form of a bow, of which the river Garonne is ihe string*. This river is bordered by a large quay, and the water rises four yards at full tide, for which reasons the largest vessels can come up to it very readily- The ancient city of Bourdeaux, though considerable in point of size, was ill built, badly paved, without police, or any oi these municipal regulations, indispensa- bly requisite to render a city splendid or elegant. It has entirely changed its ap- pearance within these last 40 years. The public edifices arc very noble, and all the •streets newly built are regular and hand- some. The quays arc four miles in length, and die river itself is considerably broad- er than the Thames at London bridge. The ruins of a very large amphitheatre yet remain, constructed under the empe- ror Galienus, built of brick ; likewise se- veral aqueducts. It is 87 miles S of Ro- chelle, and 325 SVv' of Paris. Lon. 34 W, lat. 44 50 N. Bourdincs, a town of the Austrian Ne- therlands, in Namur, five miles NW of Huy. Lon. 5 E, lat. 50 35 k. Bourg, a town of France, lately in the province of Bresse. Near this place is the magnificent church and monastery of the late August ins. Bourg is seated on the river Hessousse, 20 miles SE of Ma- con, and 233 of Paris. Lon. 5 19 E, lat. 46 11 N. Bonrg-y a town of France, lately in the province of Guienne, now in the depart- ment of Gironde, with a good harbour on tlvj Doi-gogne, near the point of land formed by the junction of that river \wti» the Garonne, which is called the Bec-d' Ambez. It is 15 miles N of Bourdeaux, Lon.O 30 W, lat. 45 5 N. Bourg, a town of the island of Cay- enne, in S America. Lon. 52 50 W, lat. 5 2N. Bourganeuf, a town of France, lately in the province of Marehe* now in the de- partment of ('reuse. It had formerly an archiepiscopal see. and university. Bour- ganeuf is seated on the river Taurion, 20 miles NE of Limoges, and 200 S of Paris. Lon. 1 35 E, lat. 45 59 N. Bo urge 8, an ancient city of France in the department of Cher and late province of Berry. It is the birth place of Lewis, XI. the Nero of France ; and the celebrat- ed preacher Bourdaloue. It is seated on the rivers Auron and Yevre, 25 miles N W of Nevers. and 125 S of Paris. Lon. 2 28 E, lat. 47 5 N. Bourget, a town of Savoy, «n a lake of the same name, six miles N of Chamber- ry. Lon. 5 50 E, lat. 45 41 N. Bourg-la-Reine, a town of France, one league S of Paris. Bowmont, a town of France, in the de- partment of Upper Marne and late pr6- .vince of Champagne, 22 milps E bv N of Chaumont. Lon. 5 43 E, lat. 48 1.4 N. Bourn, a town in Lincolnshire, with a good market on Saturday. It is seated near a spring called Bourn Well-head, from which proceeds a river that runs through the town. From Bourn is a na- vigable canal to Boston. It is 35 miles S of Lincoln, and 97 N of London. Lon. 20 W, lat. 52 42 N. Bouro, an island in the Indian Ocean, betwe en the Moluccas and Celebes. It produces nutmegs and cloves, cocoa, and banana trees, and many vegetables intro- duced by the Dutch. " The banks of the rivers are infested by crocodiles of an astonishing size, who devour such beasts as fall in their way ; and men are protect- ed from their fury by no other method than carrying torches. Bouro is 50 miles in circumference. Lon. 127 25 E, lat. 3 30 S. Bovrton-on-the-hill, a village in Glou- cestershire, on the side of a hill, with a fine prospect into Oxfordshire. It is five miles from Stow, and 30 from Glou- cester. Bonrton-on-the-~vater. a village, one mile from the preceding place, watered bv a river that rises near it, which here spreads 30 feet wide, and over which is a stone bridge. Adjoining' to it is a Ro« man camp, where coins and other anti- quities are dug up. BOY BRA Boussac, a town of France, in the de- partment of Creuse and late province of Marche, with a castle almost inaccessi- ble, 25 miles NE of Gueret. Bouton, an island in the Indian Ocean 12 miles SE ofCelebes. The inhabitants are small but well shaped, and of a dark olive complexion. Their religion is Ma- hometanism. Lon„ 123 30 E, lat. 5 S. Bow, a town in Devonshire, with a market on Thursday. It is seated at the source of a river that falls into the Taw, 14 miles NW of Exeter, and 188 W by S of London. Lon. 3 49 W, lat 50 50 N. Bow, or Stratford le Bow, a consider- able village in Middlesex, two miles EN E of London. It is said that the bridge here, was the first stone one built in Eng- land, and that from its arches it received the name of Bow. Bow, a township in Rockingham coun- ty and state of New Hampshire, on Mer- rimack river. It contains about 1000 in- habitants. Bowdoin, a township of Lincoln coun- ty, in the district of Maine, near the mouth of the river Kennebec, and about 160 miles NE of Bost n. Bowling Green, a village with a post- office, in Caroline county, Virginia, 84 miles from Washington, and 22 S of Fre- dericksburg on the Rappahannock. Boxford, a township of Essex county, in the state of Massachusetts, about 16 miles W of NcWbury-port. Boxley, a village in Kent, hear Maid- stone, famous for an abbey of Cistertian monks, founded by William earl of Kent in 1146, the remains of which still exist. In this abbey, Edward II. granted the charter to the city of London, empower- ing them to elect a mayor from their own body. Boxtel, a town of Dutch Brabant, on the river Bommel, eight miles S of Bois-le- duc. Lon. 5 15 E, lat. 51 32 N. Boxthnde, a town of Lower Saxon v, in the duchy of Bremen seated on a brook which falls into the Elbe, 12 miles SW of Hamburg. Lon. 9 45 E, lat. 53 26 N. Boyle, or Jlbbey Boyle, a borough of Ireland, in the county of Roscommon. It is seated near lake Key, 23 miles N of Roscommon. Boylestown, a township of Worcester county in Massachusetts, about 9 miles E of Worcester. It contains about 1200 inhabitants. Bozrah, a township of New London county, state of Connecticut, containing 1100 inhabitants. J'oync, a river of Ireland, which rises in Queen's county, and ruins by Trim and Cavao, into the Irish channel, below Drogheda. Here the decisive battle was fought between James EL and William III. Boyolo, a town of Italy in the duchy of Mantua, capital of a territory of the same name, subject to the house of Austria. It is 15 miles SW of Mantua. Lon. 10 35 E, lat. 45 6 N. Braan, a river of Scotland* which de- scending from the hills of Perthshire, E of loch Tay, falls into the Tay above Dunkeld. Upon this river is a grand scene, at a place called the Rumbling Bridge. Under an arch, thrown over a narrow chasm, between two projecting rocks, the river is precipitated in a fall of near 50 feet. Brabant, a duchy of the Netherlands, bounded on the N by Holland, on the N E by Guelderland, on the E by Liege, on the S by Namur, and on the W by Hai- nault, Flanders, and Zealand. Bracciano, a town of Italy in the pa- trimony of St. Peter, on a lake of the same name, 12 miles NW of Rome. There are some celebrate d baths to the W of the town. Lon. 12 24 E, lat. 42 N. Bracken, a county in the state of Ken- tucky, containing about 3000 inhabitants. Bracklaw, a strpng town of Poland in Podolia, on the river Bog, 85 miles E of Kaminieck. Lon. 28 50 E, lat. 48 49 N. Brackley, a borough in Northampton- shire, with a market on Wednesday. It is seated on the river Ouse, and contains two churches, and had formerly a col- lege, now a freeschool. It lies 18 miles S of Northampton, and 64 NW of London. Lon. 1 10 W, lat. 52 2 N. Bradesley, or Badesley, a village near Broomsgrove, in Worcestershire, where are the ruins of a superb abbey, founded by empress Maud, mother of Henry. II. Bradfield, a town in Essex, with a market on Thursday, 16 miles N of Chelmsford. Lon. 30 E, lat. 51 58 N. Bradford, a town in Wilts, Avith a market on Monday. It is the centre of the greatest manufacture of superfine cloths in England, which it shares with the surrounding towns of Trowbridge, Melksham, Corsham, and Chippenham. It is seated on the Avon, 11 miles W of Devizes and 102 of London. Lon. 2 20 W, lat. 51 20 N. Bradford, a town in the W riding of Yorkshire, with a market on Monday. It is seated on a branch of the Aire, 36 miles SW of York, and 193 NNW of Loudon, and has a trade in shalloons, everlastings, &c. which are made in the neighbourhood. Lon. 1 40 W," lat. 53 49 N. Bradford, There are two townships of this name, in tjie state of Pennsylvania, BRA BRA distinguished as E. and W Bradford, and containing about 2000 inhabitants. They are contiguous and situated about 30 miles westward from Philadelphia. Bradford, a township of Essex county Massachusetts, situated on the S side of Merrimack river, 10 miles W of New- burypo.t. • Bradford, a townsh'p of Hillsborough county, New Hampshire, 20 miles E of Charleston. Brae-Mar, a fertile vale in Aberdeen- shire, surrounded b\ rugged precipices. Here the earl of Mar began the rebel- lion in 1715. It is 27 miles NW of Aber- deen. Braga, a town of Portugal, capital of Entre-Minhoe-e-Douero, seated on the river Cavado, 180 miles N of Lisbon. Lon. 8 29 W, lat. 41 42 N. Braganza, the capital of the duchy of Braganza, in Portugal. It is seated on the Sabor, 32 miles NW of Miranda. Lon 6 30 W, lat. 42 2 N. Braila, a town of Turkey in Europe, in Walachia, on the Danube. It has a castle taken by the Russians in 1711, but afterward given back. Brailo-w, a town of Poland, in Podolia, on the river Bog, 30 miles NW of Brack- law. Lon. 28 0E, lat. 49 12 N. Brain le Comte, a town of Austrian Hainauit, 15 miles SW of Brussels. Lon. 4 6 E, lat. 50 41 N. Braintree, a town in Essex, with a market on Wednesday, noted for a con- siderable manufacture of baize. It is 12 miles N of Chelmsford, and 41 NE of London. Lon. 40 E, lat. 51 55 N. Braintree. a township of Norfolk coun- ty, in the state of Massachusetts, about 8 miles from Boston. Braintrem, a' town in Luzerne county, Pennsylvania, on the SW side of the ri- ver Susquehannah. It has a post-office 303 miles from Washington. Brakel, a town of Westphalia, in the bishopric of Paderborn, seated on the rivulet Brught, 12 miles E of Paderborn. Lon. 9 12 E, lat, 51 46 N. Bralio, a mountain of the Alps, in the country of the Grisons. which separates the valley of Munster from the county of Bormio. Bramant, a town of Savoy, on the river Arck, 35 miles NW of Turin. Lon. 7 5 E, lat. 45 25 N. Bramber, a borough in Sussex, that sends two members to parliament. It is 47 miles S bv W of London. Lon. 12 W, lat. 50 52 N. Brampton, a town in Cumberland, with a market on Tuesday. It is seated on the river Itshin, near the Picts Wail. It >s eight miles NE of Carlisle, and 311 N \W of London. Lon. 2 40 W, lat. 54 58 N. Brampton, a village in Hcrefordshi one mile S of Ross. Here are the ruins >f a magnificent castle. Brancaster, a village in Norfolk, the ancient Branodunum, a considerable Ro- man city, where ancient coins have been frequently dug tip. Branchon, a town of the Austrian Ne- therlands, in Namur, on the river Me- haigne, eight miles N of Namur. Lon. 4 40 E, lat. 50 36 N. Brandeh, a town of Bohemia, on the river Eibe, 10 m.les NE of Prague. Lon. 14 45 E, lat. 50 15 N. Brandenburgh, a country of Germany, bounded on the N by Pomerania and Mecklenburg ; on the E by Poland ; on the S by Silesia, Lusatia, Upper Saxony, and Magdeburg ; and on the W by Lu- nenburg. It is divided into five princi- pal parts ; the Old Marche, Pregnitz, the Middle Marche, Uncker Marche, and the New Marche. Berlin is the capital ; and the principal rivers are the Eibe, Havel, Spree, Ucker, Oder, and Warte. The greatest part of the inhabitants are Lutherans ; but the Papists are tolerated. Brandenburg, a town of Germany, di- vided into the Old and New Town, by the Havel, which separates the fort from both. It is 26 milts W of Berlin. Lon. 14 5 E, lat. 52 45 N. Brandon, a village in Suffolk, seated on the Little Ouse, over which is a bridge, and a ferry at a mile's distance. It is 12 miles N of Bury. Brandon, a post town of Rutland cotin- .ty, Vermont, 16 miles N of Rutland the county town, with about 1000 in- habitants. Brandy-wine, a township of New Castle county, Delaware, situated between De- laware river and Brandy wine creek. Brandy-wine, a considerable stream which rises in Chester county Pennsyl- vania, and empties into the Delaware ri- ver, in the state of Delaware. Il is dis- tinguished for the numerous merchant mills erected near its mouth. Brandford, a township of New Haven county, Connecticut, situated on Long Island Sound. Branska, a town of Transylvania, on the river Merish, 35 miles S ofWeis- semburg. Lon. 24 15 E, lat. 46 N. Brazil, a country of South America, which gives the title of prince to the heir apparent to the crown of Portugal. It lies between the equinoctial line and the Tropic of Capricorn, bcin£ 1560 miles tft length, and 1000 in breadth. It 'was dis- BRA B R E covered in 1500 by Alvarez Cabral, a Por- tuguese, who was forced upon it by a tem- pest. The air of this country, though within the torrid zone, is temperate and wholesome. The soil is fertile, and pro- duces sugar; tobacco, Indian corn, and several sorts of fruits and medicinal drugs. The wood brought from Brasil, and hence so called, is of great use in dy- ing red ; and within the country there is gold, and several sorts of precious stones. The Portuguese chiefly inhabit the coast; for they have not penetrated far into the country. The inland parts are. full of peo- ple, of different languages ; but they all agree in wearing no sort of clothes They are, of a copper colour, with long coarse black hair on 'their heads, but without any on the other parts of their bodies, like the rest of the Americans. They have no temples nor any other sign of religion ; and they make no manner of scru- ple to marry their nearest relations. They have huts made of the branches of trees, and covered with palm leaves. Their knives are made of a sort of stone and split canes ; and they have baskets of dif- ferent sizes, chiefly made of palm leaves. Their arms are bows, arrows, and wood- en clubs. When they travel they fasten their hammocks between two trees, and sleep all night therein. The Portuguese divide Brasil into fifteen governments, which are governed by a viceroy, who re- sides at St. Salvador, the capital. The Prince of Portugal and his court resides here. Br asm, one of the Shetland Islands, where is the noted Brassa Sound, in which 1000 sail may at once find commo- dious mooring. Brassaiv, or Cronstadt, a strong town of Transylvania, on the river Burczel, 50 miles E bv N of Hermanstadt. Lon. 25 55 E, lat. 46 35 N. Braitleborough, a town of Windham county, Vermont ; situated on the W side of Connecticut River, 36 miles E of Ben nmgton, 9 S of Pultney, and has about 2000 inhabitants. The "post office is 445 miles from Washington. Braubach, a town of Germany, in We- teravia, with a castle, seated on the Rhine, eight miles S of Coblentz. Bravnaw, a town of Germany, in Low- er Bavaria, seated on the river Kiun. 25 miles SW of Paussau. Lon. 13 3 E, lat. 48 10N. Brawisburg; a town of Poland, in New Prussia, with a commodious harbour, seated near the Baltic, 50 miles E of Dantzic. Lon. 20 6 E, lat. 54 22 N. Braunfdd, a town of German;. , in the county of Solms, with a handsome pa- lace, 26 miles N by W of Francfort. Lon. 8 32 E, lat. 50 21 N. Brava, a town of Africa, on the coas' of Ajan, with a pretty good harbour. It is 80 miles from Magadoxo. Lon. 43 25 E, lat. 1 20 N. Bravo, one of the Cape-de-Verd Is- lands, remarkable for excellent wine, and inhabited bv the Portuguese. Lon. 24 59 W, lat. 14 52 N. Bray, a seaport of Ireland, in the coun- ty of Wicklow, seated on St. George's Channel, 10 miles S of Dublin. Lon. 6 1 W, lat. 53 11 X. Bray, a village in Berkshire, seated on the Thames, one mile S of Maidenhead. Brazza, a town and island on the coast of Dalmatia, in the gulf of A r enice, oppo- site Spalatro, and subject to Venice. Lon. 17 35 E, lat. 43 50 N. Breadalbane. See Albany. Brechin, a borough in Angusshire, washed by the river Southesk, over which there is a stone bridge of two large arches. It is a royal borough, and with four others sends a member to par- liament. It lies at eight miles distance from Montrose, and the tide flows with- in two miles of the town. The cathedral is a Gothic pile, supported by 12 pillars. The steeple is a handsome tower, 120 feet high ; the four lower windows in form of long narrow openings- The lop is bat- tlemcnted, and from it rises a handsome * spire. At a small distance from the aisle stands one of those singular round tow- ers, whose use has so long baffled the conjectures of antiquaries. The castle of Brechin was built on an eminence a little S of the town, and was gallantly defend- ed against the English in 1303, by Sir Thomas Maule. Its manufactures of coarse linen and sail-cloth are at present prosperous, it has a weekly market on Tuesday, to which great quantities of yarn are brought from the country for sale ; there are also here several fairs through the year for cattle. It is 70 miles NE of Edinburgh. Lon. 2 18 E, 'at. 56 40 N. Brecknock, or Brecon, the capital of Brecknockshire, calied by the Welsh Ab- ber-Honddey, and seated at the conflu- ence of the Honddey and Usk. It is an ancient place, as appears by the Roman coins that are often dug up here. It sends one member to parliament, and is 34 miles NW of Monmouth, and 162 W bv N of London. Lon. 3 22 W, lat. 51 54 N. Brecknockshire, a county of S Wales, 39 miles in length, and 27 in breadth ; bounded on the E by Herefordshire and Monmouthshire, on the S by Glamorgan- B R E B RE shire, on the "VV by Carmarthenshire and Cardiganshire, and on the N by Radnor- shire. It is full of mountains, some of which arc exceedingly high, particularly Monuchdenny Hill, not far from Breck- nock ; but there are large fertile plains and vallics, which yield plenty of corn, and feed great numbers of cattle. Its principal rivers are the Wye and the Usk. Brecknock, a township of Lancaster county* in the State of Pennsylvania ; si- tuated at the bottom, of the Coneways Hill's. It contains about 900 inhabi- tants. Breda, a city of Dutch Brabant, large populous, and well bu ill. It is regularly fortified after the modern way, and is one of the strongest places on the Dutch fron- tiers. It is seated on the river Meek, in a marshy country, which may be over- flowed and rendered inaccessible to an army. It is 22 miles W by S of Bois-le- duc, 25 XXE of Antwerp, and 60 S of Am- sterdam. Lon. 4 50 E, hit. 51 35 N. Brege.ntz, a town of Germany, capital of a county of the same name, in the Ti- rol. It is seated on the lake of Constance, 70 miles NB of Appenzel. Lon. 9 45 E, lat. 47 27 N. Bvehar, the most mountainous of the Scillv Islands, 30 miles W of the Land's End." Lon. 6 42 W, lat. 50 2 X. Brele, a river of France, which divides the department of Lower Seine from that of Somme, and watering Eu, enters the English channel. Bremg-arten, a town of Swisserland, in the free lower bailiwics, watered by the Reuss between the cantons of Zuric and Bern. The inhabitants deal chiefly in pa- per ; and are Papists. It is divided into the Upper and LowvrTown, has a hand- some bridge over the Reuss, and is 10 miles W of Zuric. Lon. 8 17 E, lat. 47 20 X. Bremen, a considerable town of Ger- many, capital of a duchy of the same name, with an archbishop's see, which is secularized. It is divided by the Weser into the Old and New Town. In 1739, while the inhabitants were asleep, the magazine of powder was set on fire by lightning, and all the houses were sha- ken, as if there had been an earthquake. It is 22 miles E of Oldenburg. Lon. 8 48 E, lat. 53 6 X. Bremen, a duchy of Germany, in the Circle of Lower Saxony, lying between the Weser and the Elbe, of which the former separates it from Oldenburg, and the other from Holstein. The air is cold ; but the country is fertile and well peo- pled. It formerly belonged to the S wedes., but was sold to the elector of Hanover, in 1716. In the winter it is subject to in- undations, and particularly in 1617, on Christmas-day, several thousand cattle, were drowned; beside several hundreds of men. Bremen is the capital. Bremenivoerd, a town of Germany, in the duchy of Bremen, 27 miles X of Bre- men. Lon. 8 45 E, lat. 53 33 N. Brent, a town of Devonshire, with a market on Saturday, 26 miles SW of Ex- eter, and 200 W by S of London. Lon. 4 2 E, lat. 50 33 X. * Brent, a river in Somersetshire, which rises in Selwood Forest, on the edge of Wilts, and falls into Bridgevvater Bay. Brente, a river which rises in the bish- opric of Trent, and falls into the gulf of Venice, opposite that city. Brentford, a town in Middlesex, with a market on Tuesday. It is seated on the Thames, into which at the W end of the town, flows a rivulet called the Brent. Here the freeholders of Middlesex choose the knights of the shire. It is divided into Old and New Brentford, in which last are the church and market-house. It is seven miles W of London. Lon. 10 YV, lat. 51 26 X. Brentwood, a town in Essex, with a market on Thursday. It stands on a fine eminence, 11 miles WSW of Chelmsford, and 18 EXE of London. Lon. 25 E, lat, 51 36 X. Brenttoood, a township of Rockingham count}', in the state of Xew Hampshire, about 20 miles southwestwardfrom Ports- mouth. It contains about 1000 inhabi- tants. ; Brescia, a town of Italy, capital of Bresciano, with a citadel, and a bishop's see. It is seated on the Garza, 95 miles W of Venice. Lon. 10 5 E, lat. 45 51 N. Bresciano, a province of Italy, in the territory of Venice ; bounded on the N by the country of the Grisons and the bishopric of Trent; on the E by lake Garda, the Veronese, and the Mantuan ; on the S by the Mantuan and the Cremo- ncse; and on the W by Cremasco, Ber- gamo, and the Valteline. It is watered by several small rivers, and is full of towns and villages, of which Brescia is the capital. Bresello, a town of Italy, in .the Mode- nese, on the river Po, 27 miles XW of Modena. Lon. 10 41 E, lat. 44 50 N. Breshnv, a large, rich, and populous town of Germany, capital of Silesia, with a bishop's see, and a university It is seated at the conflux of the Oder and Ola, which last runs through several of the streets. All the houses are built with stone, and it is surrounded by good walls, strengthened with ramparts and R RE B R I other works. There are two islands near it , formed by the Oder ; in one of which is a church, whose tower was burnt by lightning in 1730; in the other called Thum, is the cathedral. The royal pa- lace was obtained by the Jesuits, where they founded a university in 1702. The two principal churches belong- to the Protestants ; near one of which is a col- lege. It is 112 miles NE of Prague, and 165 N of Vienna. Lon. 17 8 E, lat. 51 3*8. \ *' riitfcriJV~r' r' - ; ••' Bresse, a late province of France, which now forms the department of Ain. It is bounded on the N by Burgundy and Franche Comte, on the E by Savoy, on the S by the Yiennoies, and on the W by the Lyonois. Bressici, or Brzesk, the capital of Po- lesia in Poland, seated on the river Bog, 100 miles E of Warsaw. It is a fortified town, and has a castle built upon a rock. Mere is a synagogue, resorted to by the Jews, from all the countries in .Europe. Lon. 24 6 E, lat. 52 4 N. Bressuire, a town of Prance, lately in the province of Poitou, now included in the department of the Two Sevres. Brest, a town of France, in the depart- ment of Finisterre and late province of Brittany, with a castle seated on a crag- gy rock by the sea-side. The streets are narrow, crooked, and all upon a declivi- ty. The quay is above a mile in length. The arsenal was built by Lewis XIV. whose successor established a marine academy here in 1752. This is the best port in France, and has every accommo- dation for the navy. The English at- tempted in vain to take this place in 1694. It is 30 miles SE of Morlaix, and 325 W of Paris. Lon. 4 50 M , lat. 48 2gN. ' Bretagny, or Brittany, a late province of France, 150 miles in length, and 112 in oreadlh. It is surrounded by the ocean except on the E where it is united to Anjou, Maine, Normandy, and Poitou. The air is temperate, and it has large' forests. It now forms the departments of the North Coast, Finisterre, Isle and ViHaine, Lower Loire, and Morbinan. Breteuil, a town of France, in the de- partment of Lower Seine and late pro- vince of Normandy, seated on the Iton, 15 miles SW of Evrcux, and 65 W of Pai^i. Lon. 1 E, lat. 48 56 N. Breton, Cape, an island of North Ame- rica, between 45 and 47° N lat. separat- ed from Nova Scotia by a narrow strait called Canso, and is 100 miles in length, and 50 in breadth. It is a barren coun try, subject to fogs throughout the year, ffnd covered with snow in the winter. There is an excellent fishery on this coast. It was confirmed to England by treaty in 1763. See Louisbonrg. Brevordt, a town of Dutch Guelder- land, 24 miles SE of Zutphen. Lon. 6 25 E, lat. 52 2 N. Bveyoers-ftaven, a good harbour on the N end of the island of Chiloe, on tire coast of Chili. The Dutch landed here in 1643, designing to get possession of some part of Chili ; but they were driven from thence by the Spaniards and na- tives. Lon. 74 6 W, lat. 42 30 S. Brewers, a post town, in Washington county, district of Maine ; near the line which separates the district from the British province of New Brunswick. Brexvood, a town in Staffordshire, with a market on Tuesday, 10 miles S by W of Stafford, and 130 NW of London. Lon. 2 5 W, lat. 52 43 N. Brey, a town of Westphalia, in the bishopric of Liege, 14 miles N of Maes- tricht. Lon. 5 39 E, lat 51 4 N. Briancon, a town of France, in the de- partment of Upper Alps and late pro- vince of Dauphiny, with a castle seated on a craggy rock. It is remarkable for the manna gathered in its neighbourhood, which at first appears on the leaves, and small branches of a sort of pine-tree ; but they make incisions into the bark, to get larger quantities.- It has a noble bridge over the Durance, and had a handsome church ; it is 17 milos NW of Embrun. Lon. 6 25 E, lat. 44 46 N. Briuire, a town of France, in the de- partment of Loiret and late province of Orleanois, seated on the Loire, and re- markable for a canal of communication between that river and the Seine. It is 35 miles SE of Orleans, and 88 S of Paris. Lon. 2 47 E, lat. 47 40 N. Bridgend, a town in Glamorganshire, with a market on Saturday: seated on the Ogmore, which divides it into two parts* joined bv a stone bridge. It is 7 fniles \V by N of Cowbridge, and 178 W of London. Lon. 3 38 W, lat. 51 30 N. Bridgeluimpttm, a post town of Suffolk count}', in the state of New York ; situa- ted at the NE end of Long Island. Bridgeport, u town in Fairfield county, Connecticut, situated on Long Island Sound, on the E side of Sasco river, op- pose to Fairfield, 10 miles SW of .Strat- ford and 10 NE of Norwalk. Here is a post office 304 mile,s from JVashhigton. Bridgetown, the capital of the island of Barbadoes, situated in the inmost part of Carlisle Bay. It contains 1500 houses, and would make a figure in any kingdom of Europe. The streets are broad, the houses well built and finished, and their N B R I B R I rents as high as such houses would lei for in London. The Mjharves and quays are convenient, and the forts strong. The church is as large as some ca'.hedrals, and it has a fine organ. Here also is a freeschool, an hospital, and a college ; the latter erected by die society for pro- pagating the gospel, pursuant to the will of colonel Codrington, who endow- ed it with 2000/. a vear. Lon. 50 36 VY, lat. 13 5 X. Bridgetown, a post town of Cumberland county, Maine, about 40 miles NVV of Portland. Bridgetown, a post town in Cumber- land county, Maryland, 120 miles from Washington. Bridgetown, a principal town of Cum-- berland county, New Jersey, 14 miles S of Salem, 48 X by W i'rom Cape May, and about 50 from Philadelphia. Here is a post office 185 miles from Washing-ton. Bridgetown, a town m the state of Ne'tfj Jersey, between YVoodbridge and Eliza- beth town. Bridgenorth, a borough in Shropshire, with a market on Saturday ; seated on the Severn, which divides it into the Up- per and Lower Town, joined by a stone bridge. It sends two members to par- liament, and is 20 miles W by X of'jJi.- mingham, and 139 NW of London. Lon. 2 28 W, lat. 52 36 X. ' Bridgewater, a borough An Somerset- shire, with a market on Thursday and Saturday, and a large handsome church. It is seated on the river Parret, over which is a stone bridge, and near it ships of 100 tons burden may ride. It is eight miles S of the Bristol Channel, 31 SSW of Bristol, and 137 W bv S of Lon- don. Lon. 3 10 W, lat. 51 7 x! Bridgewut,')-, a post town in Plymouth county, Massachusetts, 22 -miles S of of Boston. In 1800 the township contain-' ed 5200 inhabitants. B.ldgewater, a considerable township of Somerset county, New Jersey, con- taining about 2000 inhabitants. Bridlington, or Burlington, a seaport in the E riding of Yorkshire, with a mar- ket on Saturday. It is seated on a creek near Flamborough-head, with a commo- dious quay for ships, and is a place of good trade, 36 miles X of Hull and 208 of London. Lon. 5 W, lat. 54 8 X. Bridpovt, a borough in Dorsetshire, with a market on Saturday. It is seated between two rivers, and had once a har- bour, which is now choked up with sand. It is 12 miles YV of Dorchester and 135 \V bv S~ of London. Loiu 2 52 \Y, lat. 50 42 X. Bndport, a township of -Addison coun- ty, Vermont, lying on the E side of lake Chi mplalfi; Britg, a handsome town of Silesia, ca- pital of a territoiy of the same name, with a college, and an academy for the nobility. It is seated on the Oder, 20 miles SE of Bresiaw. Lon. 17 35 E, lat. 5o 5yJ X Brett, a town of the United Provinces, capital of the island of Voorn, seated at the mouth of the Maese, 13 miles SYV of Rotterdam. Lon. 4 23 E, lat. 51 50 X. Brientz, a lake of Swisserland, in the canton of Bern, three leagues long and one broad. The Aar runs through the whole extent of this lake, and unites it to that of Thun. Brienx, St., a town of France, in the department of the North Coast and late province of Brittany, with a good har- bour. It is seated near the English Channel. 50 miles X\V of Rennes. Lon. 2 38 \V, lat. 48 31 X. B'-iey, a town of France, now in the department of Moselle, lately in the pro- vince of Lorraine, seated near the river Manse, 30 miles XE of St. Michael. Brigg. See GhiJidfordbridge. Br.g/itelm.ston, or Brightoii, a seaport in Sussex, with a market on Thursday. It was a poor town, Inhabited chiefly by fishermen, but having become a fashion- able resort for sea-bathing, it has been enlarged by many handsome houses, with public rooms, Jkc. It is the station of ■:he packet-boats, to and from Dieppe, and is 56 miles S of London, and 74 XVv~ of Dieppe. Lon. 6 E, lat. 50 52 N. Bngnolles, a town of France, in the department of Yar and late province "of Provence, famous for its prunes. It is seated among mountains, in a pleasant countrv, 325 miles SSE of Paris. Lonro* 15 E, iat. 43 24 X. Brihteegii, a town of Spain, in N< w Castile, seated at the foot of the moun- tain Tajuna, 43 miles NE of Madrid. Lon. 4 10 W, lat. 40 50 N. Brimfield, a township of Hampshire county, Massachusetts, situated on the E side of Connecticut river. It contains about 1500 inhabitants. Bhmpsfield, a village in Gloucester- shire, at the source of the river Stroud, where are the foundations of a castle long destroyed. It has also a nunnery. It is seven miles SE of Gloucester. ,' , Brindici, an ancient seaport of Naples, in Otranto, with an archbishop's see, and a fortress. It ,is seated on the gtjlf of Venice, 32 miles E of Tarento. k Lon. 18 15 E, lat. 40 45 N. Brinn, a town of Moravia, where the assembly of the states meet. It is seat- B R I B R I i ed at tire confluence of the Zwitta and Swart, 53 miles X of Vienna, and 27 SW of Olnuitz. Lon. 16 40 E, lat. 49 6 N. Jirioude, in France, the name of two towns, a mile distant from each other now in the department of Upper Loire, lately in the province of Velay. Old Bri- oude is seated oa the river Allier, over which is a bridge of one arch, whose di- ameter is 173 feet. It is 16 miles S of Issoire, and 225 S by E of Paris. Lon. 2 50 E, lat. 45 16 X. " Briqueras, a town of Piedmont, in the valley of Lucern, three miles from the town of that name. Lon. 7 34 E. lat. 44 56 X. Brisach, Old, a town of Suabia, once the capital of Brisgaw, seated on the Rhine, over which is a bridge of boats, 25 miles S of Strasburg. Lon. 7 49 E, lat. 48 2 N. Brisach, New, a fortified town of France, in the department of Upper Rhine, and "late province of Alsace. It is built opposi.e Old Brisach, about a rnilj from the Rhine, and 23 S of Stras- burg. Lon. 7 40 E, lat. 48 5 X. Brisgaw, a territory of Suabia, on the S side of the Rhine, which separates it from the department of Upper Rhine. Brissac, a town of France, in the de- partment of Maine and Loire, and late province of Anjoti, seated on the river Aubence, 13 miles S of Angers. Lon. 27 W, lat. 47 20 N. Bristol, a city and seaport in Glouces- tershire and Somersetshire ; to which lasr county it was accounted to belong", before it formed a separate jurisdiction. In wealth, trade, and population, it has long been reckoned the second in this kingdom. It is seated at the confluence of the Avon with the Fronae, ten miles from the influx of the Avon into the Se- vern. Bristol has a prodigious trade ; for it is reckoned that hence 2000 ships sail yearly. The tide rising to a great height in these narrow rivers, brings vessels of considerable burden to the quay. But the largest ships are discharg- ed at Kingroad four miles below the city, and the goods are brought to the quay by lighters. There are some con- siderable woollen manufactures ; and no less than 15 glass-houses, and a sugar refinen' which is one of its principal ma- mifactures. For supplying the city with water there are six public conduits ; and handsome hackney coaches may be hired at reasonable rates. Hither is a great re- sort in thejfummer of invalids as well as other company ; for whose accommoda- tion and entertainment there is a pump- room, ball-room, coifee-house, with ta- verns, and a great number of elegant lodging houses, both below, on a level with the well, and above in the delight- ful village of Clifton, which is situated on the brow of a hill, from whence there are downs extending several miles where the company ride out for exercise. It has 18 churches, beside the cathedral, a ondge over the Avon, a custom-house, and an exchange* The Hot Well, about a mile from the town, on the side of the Avon, is much resorted 1#o : It is of great purity, and has obtained a high reputa-. '-ion in consumptive cases. In St. Vin- cent's Rock, above this well arc found ihose native chrystals, so well known under the name of Bristol stones. Be- sides this well, there is a cold spring which gushes out of a rock on the side' of a river that supplies the cold bath. Here are used sledges instead of carts, because the vaults and common sewers would be injured by them. Bristol is go- verned by a mayor, has a market on Wednesday, Friday, and Saturday, and sends two members to parliament. It is 12 miles WNW of Bath, 34 SSW of Glou- cester, and 124 W of London. Lon. 2 36 W . lat 51 28 X. Bristol, a post town, in Lincoln coun- ty, Maine ; situated on Booth bay, 12 miles SE of Wiscasset, and 200 XE of Boston. Bristol, a seaport and post town, the capital of Bristol county, Rhode-Island, situate 13 miles X of Xcwport, and 24 SE of Providence. The situation is heal- ihv and agreeable ; the inhabitants about 1700. Bristol, a post town in Bucks countv, Pennsylvania; seated on the YV bank of the river Delaware, opposite to Burling- ton, and 20 miles above Philadelphia. The inhabitants are about 600. It is the thoroughfare of most of the land stages that travel between Philadelphia and Xew York, and is noted for a medicinal barh. w > i Bristol, a cape of Sandwich Land in the Southern Ocean. Lon. 161 \Y, lat. 19 2X. Bristol, a county in the state of Mas- sachusetts. It is a populous county and contains about 35,000 inhabitants, and several considerable towns. Bristol, a township of Hartford coun- ty, in the state of Connecticut, about 17 miles to tine W of Hartford. It has about 3000 inhabitants. Britain, or Great Britain, the most considerable of all the European islands, extending 550 miles from X to S, and 290 from E to W. It lies to the X of France, from which it is separated by BRO BRO Hie English Channel. The ancient name of the island was Albion, which, in pro- cess of time gave way to that of Britain, by which it was known to Julius Cxsar. The general division of the Island is into England, Scotland, and Wales. Britain, JVeiv, a country in N Ameri- ca, commonly called the Esquimaux country. It is subject to Great Britain ; and lies between 50 and 70 N laf. and be- tween 50 and 100 W Ion.' There arc in- numerable lakes and morasses, which are covered with ice and snow a great part of the year. The principal settlements belonging to the English Hudson's Hay Company are Churchill, Nelson, New Se- vern, and Albany on the W side of Hud- son's Bay. Britain, Neiv, an island to the N of New Guinea. It is divided into two islands by a strait through which Capt. Carteret sailed in 1767. New Britain lies in Ion. 152 19 E, and lat. 4 S. The; inhabitants are black, and .woolly -head- ed, like negroes, but have not their flat noses and thick lips. B rives-la- Gaillarde, an ancient town of France, in the department of Correz and late province of Limosen. It is seated near the confluence of the Correze and the Vezere, in a delightful valley, and has a handsome hospital and college ; and a fine walk, planted with trees, which surrounds the town, and adds to the beauty of its situation. It is 37 miles S of Limoges, and 220 S by W of Paris. Lon. 1 25 E, lat. 45 15 X. Brixcn, a town of Germany, in the Tirol, capital of the bishopric of the same name. It is seated at the conflu- ence of tbe Rientz and Evsoch, 15 miles E of Tirol, and 40 N of Trent. Lon. 11 47 E, lat. 46 45 N. Brixen, a bishopric of Germany, in the Tirol. It is surrounded with mountains which produce excellent wine. The bi- shop is a prince of the empire. JBrizen, or Brietzen, a town of Ger- many, in the middle marche of Branden- burgh, seated on the river Adah, 12 miles NE of Wirtemberg. Broadfield. a post town of Westmore- land county, Virginia; 96 miles from Washington. Broadkill, a village with a post office, in Sussex county, Delaware, on Broad- kill creek, about ten miles from Lewis- town. Broad JRiver, a river of South Carolina, at the mouth of which is seated the town of Beaufort. Brodera, a principal fortress and town of Hindoostan Proper, in Guzerat, in the NE part of the tract lying between tbe rivers Tapty and Myhie. It is 95 miles S by W of the former, and 195 NE of the latter. Lon. 73 HE, lat. 22 15 N. Brod, or Brodt, a strong place of Hun- gary, on the river Save, famous for a battle gained by the Turks in 1688. It is 20 miles SE of Posega. Lon. 19 25 E, lat. 45 20N. Brod-JVemeki, or Teutch-Brod, a town of Bohemia., seated on the river Sozawa, 20 miles S by E of Czazlaw. Lon. 15 40 E, lat. 49 33 N. Broek, a town of Westphalia, in the duchy of Berg, the capital of a county of the same name ; seated on the iioer, 11 miles N of Dusseldorp. Lon. 6 53 E, lat. 51 23 N. Brock, a beautiful village in north Hol- land, six miles from Amsterdam. The inhabitants, though peasants only, are all rich. The streets are paved in mo- saic work, with variegated bricks. The houses are painted on the outside, and look as fresh, as if quite new. The gar- deny are adorned with china vases, grot- tos of shell-work, trees, and flowers ; with borders composed of minute par- ticles of glass, of different colours, and disposed into a variety of forms. Behind the houses and gardens arc meadows, full of cattle grazing ; the out houses are likewise behind, so that waggons, carts, and cattle, never enter these neat streets. Broken-Baii, a bay of New S Wales, on the E coast of New Holland. It is form- ed by the mouth of a great river called the Hawkesbury. Lon. 151 27 E, lat. 33 34 S. Bromley, a town in Kent, with a market on Thursday, situated on the river Ka- vensburn. Bromley is 10 miles S by E of London. Lon. 6 E, lat, 51 23 N. Bromley, a town in Staffordshire, with a market on Tuesday. It was formerly called Abbots-Bromiey, and afterwards Pagcts-Bromley, being given to lord Pa- get when Henry VIII. plundered the ab- hies. It is seven miles E of Stafford, and 130 NW of London. Lon. 1 35 W, lat . 52 50 N. Bromley, a village near Bow, in Middle- sex.. It had formerly a monastery, the church of which is still used by the inha- bitants. Brompton, a village in Middlesex, two miles W by S of London. Brompton, a village in Kent, situated on an easy ascent from Chatham, and con- taining the fine barracks for the military of that garrison. Bromsgrove, a town in Worcestershire, seated on the river Salwarp. It is a pretty good town, 15 miles NNE of Worcester, BRO BRU and 115 NW of London. Lon. 1 50 W, lat 52 25 N. Jk, Bromyard, a town in Herefordshire, with a market on Tuesday. It is 18 miles W of Worcester, and 125 WNW of London. Lon. 2 20 W, lat. 50 8 % Bronno, a town -of Italy, in the Mila- nese, 10 miles SE of Pavia. Lon. 9 26 E, lat. 45 6 N. Brooke, the most northerly county of Virginia, situated in an angle formed by the river Ohio and the state of Pennsyl- vania. Its chief town is Wheeling. Brookefield, a township in the county Chenango and state of New-York, contain- ing about 2500 inhabitants. Brookfield, a town of Worcester county, Massachusetts, of great antiquity, being settled as early as 1660, 15 miles SW of Worcester. In 1800 the township con- tained 3284 inhabitants. Brookfield, a town of Fairfield county, Connecticut, on the W side of Housato- nick-riyer, about eight miles NE of Dan- bury. "iJf ■ Brookhaven, a town on Long Island, in Suffolk county, New-York, 14 miles SE of Smith town, and about 60 E of New- York. The township contains 4122 inha- bitants : the post office is 317 miles from TV ashington. Brookington, a post town of Amelia county, Virginia, at the distance of 182 miles from Washington. Brooklyn, a town of Kings county, New York, pleasantly situated at the W end of Long Island, opposite the city of New York. Here are about 2400 inhabitants, and a post office. Brooklyn, a post town of Windham county, Connecticut, situated on the Quinboug, a branch of the river Thames, between Pomfret and Canterbury. Brookville, a post town, in Montgo- mery county, Maryland, on the W side of the river Pautuxent, 20 miles from Wash- ington. Broom Loch, and an extensive sait-wa- ter and arm of the sea, in Rosshire, on the W coast of Scotland. It has long been noted for its excellent herrings, and is esteemed one of the best fishing stations on the coast. Brora, a seaport on the E coast of Su- therlandshire, Scotland. Here is a coal mine which was lately worked, and the coal used in the manufacture of salt ; but it cannot be carried to any distance, as it takes fire on being exposed to the air. Brora is 40 miles N by E of Inver- ness. Brora, a river in Sutherlandshire, which issues from a lake of the same name. Above the town of Brora, it forms several fine cascades ; and, below that village, falls into the British Ocean. Brouage, a town of .France, in the de- partment of Lower Charente and late pro- vince of Saintonge. Its salt works are the finest in France, and the salt is called Bay salt, because it lies on a bay of the sea. It is 17 miles S of Eochelle, and 170 SW of Paris. Lon. 1 4 W, lat. 45 52 N. Brouca, a town of Sicily, on the S side of tiie gulf of Catania, 15 miles S of Cata- nia. Lon. 15 30 E, lat. 37 25 N. Brouershaven, a seaport of the United provinces, in the island, of Schor.en, nine miles SW of Helvoetsiuvs. Lon. 4 15 E, lat. 51 40 N. Brnnifield, a township of York county, Maine, on the Sacs river. Bro-wnsburg, a town in RocKbridge county, Virginia, 22 miles S by W of Staunton, and 200 from Washington. Here is a post office. Bro~a>nsville,' sometimes called Red Stone Old Fort, is a post town in Fayette county, Pennsylvania; situated on the E side of the river Monongahela, 12 miles NW of Union, 25 SE of Washing- ton, and 35 S of Pittsburg. It is in the centre of a settlement of Friends. This town is connected with Bridgeport by a chain bridge thrown across Dunlap's creek, a small stream of water running between them. Both together contain about 200 houses and 1000 inhabitants. Brownsville is in a flourishing state, be- ing in the centre of a well cultivated and rich country. It is the general rendez- vous of emigrants from Virginia and Maryland, on their passage down the Ohio. Bruchsal, a town of Germany, in the bishopric of Spire, seated on the river Satz, five miles SE of Philipsburg. Lon. 8 36 E, lat. 49 11 N. Brvgg, or lirnvg, a town of Swisser- land, in Argau, seated on the river Aar, over which is a bridge. -It is 22 miles SE of Basil. Lon. 8 4 E, lat. 47 21 N. Bruges, a large episcopal city of Aus- trian Flanders, once the greatest trading town in Europe ; but in the 16th ceta tury, the civil wars occasioned by the tyranny of Philip II. drove the trade first to Antwerp, and then to Amsterdam. It is seated in a plain, eight miles from the sea, and has a communication by canals, with Ghent, Ostend, Sluys, Newport, Funics, Ypres, and Dunkirk. Bruges has been often taken and retaken* the last time by the French, in 1794. It is eight miles E of Osttnd. Lon. 3 5 E. lat. 51 12 N. Brvgge, or Eruggen, a town of Lower 13 R U B R Y Saxony in the bishopric of Ilildesheim, six miles from the city of that name. Lon. 10 5 E, lat. 52 6 N. Brugneto, an episcopal town of Italy, in the territory of Genoa, at the foot of the Appenines, 35 miles SE of Genoa. Lon. 9 3uE, lat. 44 15 N. Brunetto, a strong and important place in Piedmont, near Susa, which it defends. Brunsuttle, a sea port of 5 in-many, in Holstein at the mouth of (lie Elbe, 13 miles NW of Gluckstadt. Lon. 9 2 E, lat. 54 2 N. Brunswick, a country of Germany, in the circle of Lower Saxony, bounded on the N by Lunenburg, on the W by ihe circle of Westphalia, on the S by Hesse, and on the E by Anhalt, Halt* -rstad , and Magdeburg. The principal rivers are the Wesar, Ocker, and Lyne. It is divided into three principalities , Wolfen- buttle, Grubenhagen, and Calenberg, which also comprehends the duchy of Gottingen. The principality of Wbjfen- buitle has its own dukes ; but the other two belong- to the elector of Hanover. Brunswick, a large city of Germany, in the duchy of Brunswick. It was for- merly an imperial and hanseatic town, till it was taken by the duke of II runs - wick Wolfenbuttle in 1671, who built a citadel to keep it in awe. In the square before the castle is a famous stone sta- tue, with a lion made of block-tin, done after the life. The number of inhabitants is about 24,000. It is seated on the Ocker, 55 miles W of Magdeburg 1 . Lon. 10 42 E, lat. 52 25 X. B run wick, a post town of Georgia, in North America, in Glynn county. It has a safe harbour capable of containing a numerous fleet of men of war; from its situation, and the fertility of the inland country, it promises to be a place of con- sequer ce. It is 70 miles WS W of Savan- nah, and 752 from Washington, Lat. 31 10 N, lon. 8 2 \V. Brunswick,. a city of New Jersey, in North America, situate on the Iiaritan 12 miles above Perth Amboy. Its situa- tion is low and unpleasant ; but the inha- bitants are beginning to build on a plea- sant hill which rises at the back of the town. They have a considerable inland trade, and many small vessels belonging to the port. Here was formerly a flourishing < college, called Queen's college, but has declined. Brunswick, J\*ew, in North America, i one of the two provinces into which Nov;, i Scotia was divided in 1784; bounded on the W by New England, on the N by Ca- nada, on the E by the gulf of St. Law- i , rence, and on the S by the bay of Fundy . and Nov a Scotia. St. John's is'the capi al. Brtmsioick, a county in the state of Vir- i ginia, situated between the Nottoway and Moherrin rivers, containing about 18000 inhabitants. Brunswick, a county of North Carolina, in Wilmington district; situated between Cape Fear river and South Carolina, con- taining 5000 inhabitants. In this county is a town of the same name. Brunswick, a town in the county of Cumberland and district of Maine, about 80 miles NE of Portland. It is a place of considerable trade in lumber. Brussels, the capital of Brabant, and seat of the governor of the Austrian Low Countries. It is a rich and handsome city, and has many magnificent public buildings, and walks. No city in Europe, except Naples and Genoa, makes a finer appearance at a distance ; but like them it is all up and down hill. It is encom- passed with a double brick wall, and has s ven gates: but being seven miles in compass, is too large to hold out a long siege. In Brussels are seven fine squares or market places; that of the great mar- ket is one of the most beautiful in the world. The town house takes up one quarter of it; and has a very high stee- ple, on the top of which is a brazen sta- tue of St. Michael, fifteen feet high. The nunnery called the Beguinage is like a little town, being surrounded by a wall and ditch, and has little streets^ where each nun has an apartment. This nun- nery exists no longer, being abolished with several others, by the French, when they took Brussels, in 1794. It is seated partly on an eminence, and parth on the rivulet Senne. It has a communication with the Scheldt by a fine canal, and is 22 miles S of Antwerp, 26 SE of Ghent, and 148 X bv E of Pans. Lon. 4 21 E, lat. 50 51 N." Brvton, a town of Somersetshire, with a market on Saturday, a free-school* founded by Edward VI.; and a stately almshouse, consisting of the ruins of a priory. It is seated on the river Brew, 12 miles SE of Wells, and 1 09 W of London. Lon. 2 38 W, lat. 1 7 N. Bmyiers, a town of France, in the de- partment of the Vopges and late province of Lor rain, 22 miles S bv E of Luneville. Lon. 6 50 E, lat. 40 18 N. Brinjns-bridge, a town of Ireland, in the county of Clare, seated on the Shannon, eight miles N of Limerick. Lon. 8 34 W, lat. 52 50 N. Briian, a county in the state of Geor- gia, containing about 6000 inhabitants. It BUC B U E is watered by the Ogeechee river, and bounds eastward ly on the Ocean. Bua, an island of the gulf of Venice, on the coas of Dalmatia, near the town o: Traou, called likewise para'idge Island, because frequented by those birds. Buarcos, a town of Portugal in the province of Beira, 27 miles S of Aveira. Lon. 8 30 W, lat. 40 13 N. Iiuc/um, a district in the NE part of Aberdeenshire, from the sea to the river Ythan, on the S. Buchanness, the most eastern promon- tory of Scotland, situated in the district of Buchan, in lon. 1 26 W, lat. 57 28 N. Between this promontory and the town of Peterhead is the place called the Boi- lers of Buchan ; a large oval cavity, sunk into the steep rocks on the coast, to the depth of 150 feet. Boats frequently sail into this awful pit, under a natural arch opening to the sea at the E end, and ic- sembling the window of some great ca- thedral. At a little distance, is a vast in- sulated rock, divided by a narrow and ve- ry deep chasm from the land ; and in the middle of the rock, many feet above the level of the water, is a large triangular aperture, through which the sea, in a storm, rushes with a tremendous noise. Buchaio, a free imperial town of Suabia, on the Tedersee, with a monastery, v hose abbess has a voice in the diet of the empire. It is 27 miles SW of Clm. Lon. 9 40 E, lat. 48 10 N. Bucharest, a large and strong town o r Walachia, where thehospodar comm<>n!\ resides. It is 45 miles SE of Torgovisto. Lon. 26 57 E, lat. 45 7 N. Bouc/iom, a free imperial town of Su- abia, on the lake of Constance, 18 miles E of Constance. Lon. 9 42 E, lat. 47 41 X. Buckenhum, a town in Norfolk, with a market on Saturday, 12 miles E by N of Thetford. and 97 NE of London. Lon. 1 6 E, lat. 52 34 X. Buckjield, a post town of Cumberland county, Maine, 10 miles W of Turner, on the Andrascog. in river, and about 5b miles N of Portland. The inhabitants of the township were 1000 at the last census. Buckingham, the chief town in Buck- inghamshire, with a market on Saturday. It is seated on low ground, and almost surrounded by the 6u.se, over which are three stone budges. There was formerly a castle, on a mount, in the middle of the town. 1^ sends two members to parlia- ment, and is 25 miles NE of Oxford, and 57 NW of London. Lon 58 W, lat. 51 56 N, * JK* ^ :'. > ••' at ! Buckinghamshire, or Bucks, a county f England, bounded on the N by North- amptonshire ; on the E by Bedfordshire, Herts, and Middlesex ; on the W by Ox- fordshire, and on the S by Berks. It is 39 miles in length, and 18 in breadth, of an oblong form whose greatest extent is from N to S. It sends 14 members to parliament, and lies in the diocese of Lincoln. Its principal rivers are the Thames, Coin, Ouse, and Tame. Buckingham, a county in the state of Virginia;, situated between James and. Appomattox rivers ; containing 15000 in- habitants. Buckland, a village with a post-office, in Prince William county, Virg-inia, 42 miles from Washington, in a SW diree* tion. Bucks County, one of the three original counties of Pennsylvania; very populous and highly improved. It is bounded eastward for many miles by the river De- laware. It contains 4t>0,000 acres of land, and about 30,OU0 inhabitants. . The prin- cipal town and seat of justice is Newton, situated 24 miles NE of Philadelphia. Buckstoivn, a post 'town of Hancock county, Maine, with 624 inhabitants. Buda, the capital of Lower Hungary, situated on the side of a hill, on the Da- nube. The churches and public buildings are handsome. In the adjacent country are Vineyards, which produce excellent w ine ; and hot badis that were in excel- lent order, with magnificent rooms, while the Turks had possession of this place. It is 105 utiles SE of Vienna, and 560 N W of Constantinople. Lon. 18 22 E, lat. 47 25 N. UudUesdale, a town in Suffolk, with a market on Thursday, with a small chapel, It is seated in a valley, 15 miles NE of Bury, and 88 NE of London. Lon. 1 4 E, lat. 52 22 N. Budelich, a town of Germany, in the ai bishopric of Treves on the Traen, ten miles L of Treves. Lon. 6 55 E, lat. 49 50 N. Budoa, a strong episcopal town of Dal- matia, subject to the Venetians; It was almost ruined by an earthquake in 1667- It is 30 mih-s SE of Kagusa. Lon. 18 58 E, lat. 42 30 A". Budrio, a town of Italy in the Bolog- nese, whose adjacent fields produce large quantities of fine hemp. It is eight mile s E of Boiogna. Lon. 11 37 E, lat. 44 30 N. Biuhueis, a town of Bohemia, 70 miles S of Prague, and 85 NW of Vienna. Lon. 14 52E, hit. 48 55 X. Buen Ayre. See Bonaire. Bumos Jiyres, a country of South Ame- rica, belonging to the Spaniards. This name given from the pleasantness of the B ifL BUR climate, is extended to the country lying between Tucumaa on the E, Paraguay on the N, and Terra Magellanic*, on the S. No country in the world abounds more in horned cattle and horses, where ihe greatest expense of a horse or a cow is the catching it. In such abundanc- are these useful animals, that the hide alone is- deemed of any value, as this constitutes a main article in the trade of the country. JLon. 58 31 W, hit. 34 35 S. „ j Buenos „4j/?r.v, or Civ: dud tie la Trinidad, the capital of the country called Buenos Ay res in South America, was founded in the year 1735, under the direction of Don Pedro de Mendoza, at that time gover- nor. It stands on a point called C;.pe Bianco, on the S Vide of the Plata, 50 miles from the sea, fronting a small ri- ver. The situation is in a fine plain, ri- sing by a gentle ascent from the river ; and truly delightful, whether we regard the temperature of the climate, the ferti- lity of the soil, or the beautiful verdure which overspreds the whole face of the country. The city is very considerable •in extent, containing 3000 houses. The streets are straight, broad and pretty e- qual in the heights and dimensions of the buildings. Most of the buildings are of chalk or brick, except the cathedral, a magnificent structure- composed chiefly of stone. Buffaloe, a township of Northumber- land county, Pennsylvania. It is watered by a creek of the same name, which falls into the W branch of the Susquehannah ; after watering a fertile strip of land, cal- led Buffaloe valley. — This is also the name of several other townships in the western counties of Pennsylvania. Bugia, a province of Algiers, in Africa, surrounded with mountains, and very fer- tile in corn. Bugia, a seaport of the kingdom of Al- giers, at the mouth of the Major, on a bay of the Mediterranean. It is 75 miles E of Algiers. Lon. 3 58 E, hit. 36 49 N* Builtk, a town in Brecknockshire, seat- ed on the Wye, over which is a wooden bridge into Radnorshire. It has a mar- ket on Monday and Saturday, and is 12 miles N of Brecknock, and i7l W by X of London. Lon. 3 14 W, hit. 52 8 N. Bids, a town of France, now in the de- partment of Drome, lately in the province of Dauphiny, 40 miles SW of Cap. Bukari, a small but well built town of Hungarian Dalmatia, with a harbour on the gulf of Bikeriza, near the gulf of Ve- nice, ten miles NE of Veglia. Lon. 14 59 E, lat. 45 29 N. Bulac, a town of Egypt, on the Nile, two miles W of Grand Cairo, being thej seaport of that city. On the N side of it is the Calisch, whose banks are cut every year to convey the waters of the Niie, by a canal, to Grand Cairo. Lon. 31 22 E lat. 30 2 N. Bulam, an island of Africa, at the mouth of the Rio Grande. The soil is good ; and as it was uninhabited, a set- tlement of free blacks was formed here, in 1792, by the English, who purchased it of the neighbouring king, but has been since entirely relinquished. Lon. 15 W, lat. HON. Bulgaria a province of Turkey in Eu- rope, bounded on the N by Walachia, on the E by the Black Sea, on the S by Ro- mania and Macedonia, and on the W by Servia. Bulness or Boivjiess, a village in Cum- berland, at the end of the Picts Wall, on die Solway Frith. It was a Roman sta- tion, called Blatum Bulgium ; and hence Antoninus began his Itinerary. It is 13 miles W by N of Carlisle. Bullitt o, a county in the State of Ken- tucky containing about 4000 inhabitants. This name is given also to a famous Salt Lick, in the same state. Bullock, a county in the state of Geor- gia, containing- about 2,500 inhabitants. Bundela, or Bundelcund, a territory of Hindoostan Proper, on the SWof the ri- ver J unna, and separated from it by a narrow tract of a low country. It is sur- rounded by the dominions of Oude, Be- nares and the Mahrattas. It is a moun- tainous tract of more than 100 miles square, and contains the celebrated dia- mond mines of Panna, with some strong fortresses. Chatterpour is the capital Lon. 79 75 E, lat. 25 N. Bungay, a town in Suffolk, with a mar- ket on Thursday, seated on the Wavney, which is navigable hence to Yarmouth. It is 36 miles N by E of Ipswich, and 107 NE of London. Lon. 1 30 E, lat. 52 35 N. Bungo, a kingdom of Japan, in the is- land of Ximo, whose capital is Lunay. Buntingford, a town of Herts, frith a market ol Monday, seven miles S of Roys- ton, and 31 N by E of London. Lon. 6 E, lat. 51 58 N. Buragrug, a river of Barbary, in the kingdom ot Fez, which falls into the At- lantic Ocean, a: the town of Sallee. Burella, or Civita Burrella, a town of Naples, in Abruzzo Citeriore, 20 miles S of Lanciano. Lon. 14 48 E, lat. 41 58 N. Buren, a town of Dutch Cuehlerland, which s ives the title of count of Buren to the prince of Orange. It is 22 miles W of Nimeguen. Lon. 5 12 E, lat. 51 53 N. BUR BUR Buren, a town of Westphalia, in the bishopric of Paderborn, seined on the Al- ine, 10 miles S of Paderborn. Lon. 8 53 E, lat. 53 16 X. Bur en, a town of Swisserland, in the canton of Bern, seated on the river Aar, between Arberg, and Sole^ure. Burford, a town in Oxfordshire, with a market on Saturday ; seated on the river Windrush, and noted for the making- of saddles, and for the downs in its neigh- bourhood. It is 17 miles W by N of Ox- ford, and 71 W of London. Lon. 1 33 W, lat. 51 49 X.. Burg, a tvtvn of the Dutch Xetherlands in Zutphen, seated on the Old Yisel, 18 milts E of Ximeguen. Lon. 6 15 E, lat. 52 59 X. Burgaip, a town and castle . O B U R BUT caster, and 208 XXW of London. Lon. 2 15 W, lat. 53 46 N. Burjitislcnul, a boro\\ sends a member to. parliament alternately with Caithness- shire. Butler one of the western counties in the State of Pennsylvania, bordering in its SE corner on the river Alleghenny. This county contains about 50C0 inhabi- tants, and 400,000 acrts of land. \ Butrago, a town of Spain, in Xew Cas- tile, seated on the Lozova, 30 miles X bv E of Madrid. Lon. 3 5 W, lat. 40 46. N. Butrhito, a seaport and episcopal town of Turkey in Europe, in Albania, on the canal of Corfu, and at the entrance of the gulf of Venice, 30 miles S of Chimaera. Lon. 20 9 E, lat. 39 49X. Buttermcre Water, a lake in Cumber- land, eight miles SW of Keswick, two miles long, and nearly one broad. This lake is called the Upper Lake, and near a mile from it, to the XE is the Lower ■ B Y B CAB Lake, called also the Cromack Watei The river Cocker flows through both these lakes to Cockermouth. Butternuts, a town of Otsego county, New York. The township has 1390 inha bitants, and the post office is 440 miles from Washington. Button's Bay, the N part of Hudson's Bay, through which attempts have been made to discover a NW passage o Chi na. It is so called from Sir Thomas But- ton, who h00 persons. Caernarvon, a small township in Berks county, Pennsylvania. Cae'rleon, a town in Monmouthshire, with a market on Thursday. It was a Roman town, as is evident from the an- tiquities found here ; and it has the ruins of a castle It is seated on the Usk, 19 miles SW of Monmouth, and 148 W by N of London. Lon. 3 W, lat. 51 40 N. Caerphilly, a town in Glamorganshire, with a market on Thursday, five miles N ofLandatt", and 158 W of London. Lon. 3 18 W, lat. 51 33 N. Caer-ivent, a village in Monmouthshire, famous for a beautiful tesselated pave- ment, discovered here in 1777; and as- serted to be superior to any such tlisco- vered on this sitle the Alps, and equal to those preserved at Portici. Caffa y a tow n of the Crimea, with an excellent harbour, it is seated- on the Black Sea, 150 miles XE of Constanti- nople. Lon. 35 45 E, lat. 45 8 X. Caffa, Strait of, the ancient Cimme- • rian Bosphorus, a strait that forms the communication between the Black Sea and the sea of Asoph. Caffraria, a very extensive country of Africa, bounded on the X by Xegroland and Abyssinia, on the W by part of Gui- nea, Congo, and the sea; on the S by the Cape of Good Hope, and on the E by the , sea. The CafTres are tall and well pro- portioned ; and, Tn general, evince great courage in attacking lions and other beasts of prey. Their colour is a jet black, their teeth while as ivory, and their eyes large. The clothing of both sexes is the same, consisting entirely of the hides of oxen, which are as pliant as cloth. The men wear tails of different animals tied round their thighs ; pieces of brass in their hair, and large ivory rings on their arms ; they are adorned also with the hair of lions, and feathers fastened on their heads, with many other fantastical ornaments. They are extreme- ly fond of dogs, and if one particularly pleases them, they will give two bullocks in exchange for it, their whole exercise is hunting, fighting, or dancing. The, are expert in throwing their lances, and in time of war, use shields made of the hides of oxen. The women are employed in the cultiv. tion of their gardens and corn. They cultivate several vegetables, which are not indigenous to the country, as tobacco, watermelons, kidney beans, and hemp. The men have great pride in their cattle ; and cut their horns in such a way as to fee able to turn them into any shape they please ; whan they wish their they greatly revere. They are governed by an hereditary king, whose power is very limited, receiving no tax, and hav- ing no troops at his command; being permitted to take as many wives as he pleases, he has a larger portion of land to cultivate, and a greater number of cattle to tend and feed. His cabin is nei- ther higher, nor better decorated than the rest; and his whole family live around him, composing a group of 12 or 15 htits. The distance of the different hordes makes it necessary that they should have inferior chiefs, who are appointed by the king. Cagli, an ancient episcopal town of Ita- fy, in the duchy of Urbino, at the foot of the Appennines, 20 miles S of Urbino. Lon. 12 42 E, lat. 43 26 X. Cagliari, an ancient and rich city, ca- pital of Sardinia, with an archbishop's see, a university, a castle, and a good harbour. Lon. 9 14 E, lat. 39 27 X. Cuhokia, a post town in Indiana terri- tory, and St. Clair county, standing on the E side of the river Mississippi, 64 miles X by W of Kaskaskias, and 963. from Washington. Cahors, a considerable town of France, in the department of Lot and late pro- vince of Querci, with a bishop's see, and a university. It is seated on a peninsu- la made by the river Lo% and built part ly on a craggy rock. There are three bridges over the river. The cathedral is a Gothic structure, and has a large square steeple. Cahors is 50 miles XW of Albv, and 287 S of Paris. Lon. 1 32 E, lat."44 26 X. C'ajanaburg, the capital of E Bothnia, in Sweden, on lake Caiania, 300 miles X E of Abo. Lon. 27 45E, lat. 64 13 X. CdjfCzio or Cajizzo, an episcopal town of Xaples, in Terri di Lavora, 22 miles C A I C A L / NE of Naples. Lon. 14 34 E, lat. 41 10 N. Caicos, islands of the West Indies, to the N of St. Domingo, which take their name from the principal one. Lon. 71 3o W, lut. 21 40 N. Caifong, a large and populous city ot China, seated on the Hoang-ho, in the province of Honan. When besieged by the rebels in 1642, they cut the dikes of the river, which drowned 30 .',000 of the inhabitants. Lon. 113 27 K. tut. 35 N. Caiman Islands, in the West Indies, to the NW of Jamaica, between 81 and 86 W lon. and 21 N lat. Caira, a post town and ihe capital of Cumberland county, Virginia, 190 miles from Washington. A name, commemo- rative of French madness, very impro- perly given to an American seat of jus- tice ! Cairngorm, a mountain of Scotland, in the E of Inverness-shire, famous for beau- tiful rock crystals of various tints, some of which having the lustre of fine gems, bring a high price. Its ^ lofty top is patched with snow. Cairo, or Grand Cairo, a large citv, capital Of Egypt, with a castle built on a. rock. It is divided into the New and Old cities ; Old Cairo is on the E side of the Nile, and almost uninhabited. New Cairo is a mile from the river Nile, and seven miles in circumference. The streets are so narrow and winding, that it is impos- sible to follow their direction amid the multitudes of houses which stand crowd- ing on each other. The castle includes the palaces of the sultans of Egypt, now almost buried under their own ruins ; domes overthrown, heaps of rubbish, gilding, and pictures, the colours of which have defied corroding time, state- ly marble columns s1 ill standing, but in general without capitals ; such are the tokens of its former magnificence. From Joseph's hall, there is a delightful pros- pect over the city, the pyramids, and all the country round. It "was probably a, terrace to : that magnificent room which is now open on the top, and is adorned with lar;?e beautiful pillars of red gra- nite. There are several public bagnios, very handsome within, and used as places of refreshment and diversion, especially for the women, who go there twice a week; but the wives of great men hav< baths at home. It is exceedingly popu- lous ; several families living in one house, and a number of people living in each room ; and in the busy time of the day, the streets are so crowded, that it is dif- ficult to pass along. The women have greater liberty here than in any part of the Turkish empire ; and there are par- ticular streets where the courtesans sit at the doors, richly dressed. The Calish is a canal which conveys the waters of die Nile into the city; it is 20 feet broad, and has houses on each side of it. As soon as the water begins to rise, they close the mouth of the canal with earth, and place a mark, to show the time when this and all other canals in the kingdom are to be opened, which is done with :_creat solemnity. There are not less than 300 mosques in Cairo, the lofty minarets >f which present a very picturesque ap- pearance. The Europeans have consuls and factors here ; and it was a place of very great trade, before the discovery of the Cape of Good Hope. It was taken by the French under Buonaparte, in their late expedition to Egypt. It is 100 miles S of the mouth of the Nile. Lon. 31 27 E, lat. 30 2 N. Cairoan, or Kairoan, a town of the kingdom of Tunis, on the river Magrida, 80 miles S of Tunis. Lon. 10 12 E, lat. 35 20 N. WBLEl*"* ? ■ Caithnesshire, the most northerly coun- ty of Scotland, bounded on the E by the ocean, on the S and SW by Strathnaven and Sutherland. On the N it is washed by the Pentland frith, which flows be- tween this country and the Orkneys. Its greatest exttmt-is 35;iniles from N to S, and 20 from E to W. A vast ridge of hills forms the SW boundary, ending in the promontory called the 6rd of Caithness. Along the side of this steep hill, im- pending, in a manner, above the sea, a winding road is cut, which is the only entrance into this shire from the S. The climate is good, and the soil around the coast very improveable. Its chief ex- ports are beef, meal, barley, butter, cheese, yarn, skins, feathers, and kelp. English is chiefly spoken on the coast,., but in the highlands the Gaelic prevails. Calabria, a country of Naples, divided into Calabria Citeriore, and Calabria Ul- teriore, or Hither and Further Calabria. The first is one of the 12 provinces of Naples, bounded on the S by Calabria Ulteriore, on the N by Easilicata, and on the W and E by the Mediterranean. Cojseriza is the capital. Calabria Ulteri- ore is washed by the Mediterranean on the E, S, and W, and bounded by Cala- bria Citeriore on the N. Reggies the capital. This country was entirely de- solated by the earthquakes in March and February 1783. Beside the destruction of many "towns, villages and farms, above 40,000* people perished by this calamity. Stupendous alterations were occasioned on the face of the country. Mountains C A L C A L were split, and valleys formed in an in- stant ; new rivers began to flow ; others choaked up by the falling in of the hills were converted into lakes or sunk in.o the earth and destroyed, plantations were removed from their situations, and hiiis carried to places far distant. The earthquakes (for there were many shocks) vented their greatest force from the foo\ of the Appenmnes, extending westward to the sea, in all which vast tract, there was not a single village or town, which was not either totally destroyed, or very much damaged. jt. frjjEtflff *t • Calahorra, an episcopal town of Spain, Ml old ( astile, on the side of a hill, which extends to the Ebro, 70 miles E of Bur- gos. Lon. 2 7 W, lat. 42 12 N. Calais, a seaport of France, in the de- partment of the Straits of Calais and late province of Picardy, with a citadel. It is built in the form of a triangle, one side of which is towards the sea. The forti- fications are good ; but its greatest strength is its situation among the marsh- es, which may be overflowed at the ap- proach of an enemy. In time of peace there are packet boats which go twice a week between Dover and Calais. It is 21 miles ESE of Dover, and 152 NT of Pa- ris. Lon. 1 56 E, lat. 50 58 X. Calais, a township of Caledonia county, in the state of Vermont, about 100 miles NE of Bennington. Calais, St, a to wnjpf France, in the de- partment of Sarte and late province ol Maine, 16 miles NW of Yendome. Calamata, a town of Turkey in Europe, in the More a- It stands on the river Spinarza, eight miles from the Mediter- ranean. Lon. 21 55 E, lat. 3/ N\ Calamianes, three small islands of A- sia, between Borneo and the Philippines and Nof Parage. Lon. 118 5 E, lat. 11 ». Calatajutl, a town of Spain, in Yrragon, at the confluence of Xalon and Xiloca, with a castle on a rock, 37 miles. S\V of Saragossa. Lon. 1 9 W, lat. 41 42 N. Calatrava, a town of Spain, in Xew Castile, the chief place of the military or- der of the knights of Calatrava. It is seated near the Quad i ana, 80 miles S of Madrid. Lon 3 20 W, lat. 39 4 X. Calben, a town of Germany, in the old marche of Brandenburg, with a good castle 32 miles N of Magdeburg. Cakar, a town of the duchy of Cleves, seated near the Rhine, eight miles SE of Clev s. Lon. 5 55 E, lat. 51 40 N. Calcinato, a town of Italy, in the Man- tuan, remarkable for a victory gained over the Austrians, by the French, in 1706. It is 25 miles XE of Milan. Loji. 9 52 E, lat. 45 45 X. Calcutta, or Fort William, the empo- rium of Bengal, situated on the E side of the Hoogly, or western arm of the Ganges, 100 miles from the sea, in the bay of Bengal. It is a modern city hav- ing risen on the site of the village of Goviripour, about 90 years ago. It ex- tends from the western point of Fort William, along the banks of the river, al- most to the village of Cossipoor, four miles and a half; the breadth, m many- parts inconsiderable. Generally speak- ing, the description of one Indian city is a description of all ; being all built on one plan, with very narrow and crooked streets ; an incredible number of reser- voirs and ponds, and a great many gar- dens interspersed. A few of the streets are paved with brick. The houses arc variously built: some of brick, others with mud, and a greater proportion with baniDoos and mats : these different kinds of fabrics, intermixed with each other, lonn a motley appearance. Those of the latter kinds. are invariably of one story, and covered with thatch ; those of brick seldom exceed two floors, and have flat terraced roofs : the two former classes far outnumber the last, which are so thinly scattered, that fires, which often happen, do not, sometimes, meet with the obstruction of a brick house through a whole street. Although by much the greatest part of Calcutta is built upon this plan, \et the quarter inhabited by j the English is an exception to this rule of building; being* composed entirely of brick-buildings, many • of which have more the appearance of palaces than of private houses. The line of buildings that surrounds two sides of the espla- nade of the fort is magnincent : and it adds greatly to ihe superb appearance, ihJfcthe houses are detached from each o^|Wr, and insulated in a great space. The buildings are all on a large scale, from the necessity of having a free cir- culation of air in a climate, the heat of which is extreme.' The general approach to the houses is by a Bight of steps with great projecting- porticoes, or surround- ed by colonades or arcades, which give •hem the appearance of Grecian temples. But the remainder of the city, and by much the greater part, is built as before described. Within these 20 or 25 years, Calcutta has been wonderfully improved btjjth in appearance and in the salubrity of the air, for the streets have been pro- perly drained, and the ponds filled up. It is supposed to contain at least 500,000 CAL C A L inhabitants. The mixture of European ancbAsuiLic manners that may be observ- ed nere is curious : coaches, phxtons, chaises, with the palanquins and hacker- ies of the natives, the passing ceremo- nies of the Hindoos, and the diHerem appearances of die fakirs form a sight more extraordinary, perhaps, than any other city can present. The hackery here mentioned is a small covered car- riage upon two wheels, drawn by. bul- locks, and used generally for the female part of the family. The Ganges is navi- gable up to the town for the largest .ships that visit India.- Here is the seat of the governor -general and council of Bengal, who have a control over the pre- sidencies of Madras, Bombay, and Ben- coolen. Here is likewise a supreme court of judicature, in which justice is dispensed according to the laws of En- gland, b)' a chief justice and three pu- isne judges. In 1756 Calcutta was taken by the Sou bah of Bengal, who forced the feeble garrison, to the amount of 146 persons, into a prison called the Black Hole, a cube of 18 feet, out of which on- ly 23 came alive. It was retaken the next year; the victory of Plassey follow- ed ; and ijhe inhuman sou bah was de- posed, and put to death by his successor. Immediately after this victory the erec- sion of Port William commenced, which is superior to any fortress in India. Cal- cutta is 1030 miles NNE of Madras, ton. 88 28 E, lat. 22 23 N. Colder; a river in Yorkshire, which rises on the borders of Lancashire, and falls into the A he eight miles below Wakefield. It is navigable the greater part of its course. Caldersburg; a township of Caledonia county, Vermont, situated about 10 miles W of Connecticut river. Caledonia, a county in the state of Ver- mont, having Connecticut river on t||p E and Orleans county in the same state, on i.he W. It contains about 560,000 acres c«f land, and 12000 inhabitants. Caledonia, New, a large island, in the S Pacific Ocean, extending from 19 to 22 S lat. and from 163 to 167 E Ion. It was discovered by captain Cook, in 1774. The inhabitants are stout, tall, and in general well proportioned, their hair and beards black, and much frizzled, so as to be somewhat woolly in some individu- als ,• they besmear their faces with black pigment; and their only covering is a wrapper made from the bark of a tree, or of leaves. They cultivate the soil with sonic art and industry, but subsist ebdefly on roots and fish. Their houses are circular like a bee hive, and full ss; c lose and warm. The framing is of small spars and reeds ; and both sides and roof are thick, and close covered with thatch made of dried grass, and the floor laid with dry grass. They deposit their dead in the ground, and decorate the grave of their chiefs with spears, darts, paddles, * he. all stuck upright in the ground $ about it. Calender?, a castle of Lower Saxony, capital of the duchy of Brunswick Calen- berg, sea ed on the river Leina, 10 miles S of Hanover. Loti. 10 5 E, lat. 52 15 N. Cali, a town of Terra Firma, in Popay- an, in a valley of the same name, on the river Canca. The governor of the pro- vince generallv resides here. Lon. 77 5 W, lat. 3 15 N. Calicut, a country on the coast of Mal- abar, 62 miles in length, and as much in breadth. It produces pepper, ginger, aloes, and rice ; and the frees are always green. There' is a tree which produces a kind of dates, from which is obtained sugar and oil. Calicut, a city, capital of a country of the same name, on the coast of Malabar. It was the first Indian port visited by European shipping ; being discovered by the Portuguese, when they came to the 1 K Indies by the Cape of Good Hope, in 1498, and was then the most flourishing- place on the Malabar coast. The English have a factory here..: It is 320 miles W S\V of Madras. Lon. 74 24 E, lat. 11 18 X. California, a peninsula of N America, in the N Pacific Ocean, separated from the W coast of America, by the Vermi- lion sea, or Gulf of California ; extend- ing S3^, from lat. 32 N to Cape St Lucar, in latt 23 N. It was discovered by Cor- tes in 1536; and is said to have been vi- sited by Sir Francis Drake, in 15?8, and to have received from him the name of New Albion. This latter name, which belongs to no part of the peninsula, but to a country further X, between 37 and 45 latitude; the harbour of Sir Francis Drake being situated in about 110 2 > W lon. and 38 23 N lat. At last, on the ex- pulsion of the Jesuits, who were said to have studiously depreciated the country, the court of Madrid appointed don Jo- seph Galvez to visit this peninsula. His account of the country was favourable ; he found the pearl fishery on its coast to be valuable, and he discovered mines oi gold of a very promising appearance. At present, however, California (the natural history of which is very little known * still remains among the most desoluU CAM CAM and useless districts of the Spanish em- pire. Callao, a seaport of S America, in Peru. The harbour is the best in the S Sea. It was almost totally destroyed by. an earth- quake, in 1746. It is five miles from Li- ma, of which it is the port. Lon. 76 53 W, lat. 12 2 S. Calla Swung, a town of the Island of Bouton, in the Indian Ocean. It is a mile from the sea, on the top of a hill, encompassed with cocoa-nut trees. There is a stone wall round the town, and the houses are built on posts. The religion of the inhabitants is the Mahometan, and they speak the Malayan language. The people are small, well-shaped, and of a dark olive colour. Lon. 123 45 E, lat. 50 S. Callen, a town of Ireland, in the coun- ty of Kilkenny, 10 miles SW of Kilken- ny. Lon. 7 6 W, lat. 53 28 N. Calloo, a fortress of* the Netherlands, in the territory of VVaes, on the Scheldt, subject to Austria; it is five miles W of Antwerp. Lon. 4 20 E, lat. 51 13 N. Calmar, a strong seaport of Sweden in the province of Smoland, divided from the isle of OelaKd, by a strait about se- ven miles broad in its narrowest part. It is 150 miles SW of Stockolm. Lon. 16 27 E, lat. 56 40 N. Cain, East and West, two townships of Chester county, in the State of Pennsyl- vania. They are separated by a branch of the Brandy wine, and contain together about 2J00 inhabitants. Cain?, a bor nigh in Wiltshire, with a market on Tuesday. It sends two mem- bers to parliament, and is seated on a ri- ver of the same name, 25 miles E of Bristol, and 88 W of London. Lon. 1 59 \\~, lat. 51 30 X. Calvudo*, n department of France, comprehending part of the late province of Normaudy. Culv.-rt, a county on the Western shore of Maryland ; situated between Chcsapeak buy and Patuxent river, and bounded on the N by Ann Arundel coun- ty. It contains about 90UU inhabitants, one half slaves. Calm, an episcopal town of Naples, in Terra di Lavora, eight miles N of Capua. Lon. 14 19 E, lat. 41 15 X. Calvi, a town of Corsica, on a craggy mountain and gulf of the same name, with a strong fortress and a good har- bour. It is 32 miles SW of Bawtia. Lon. 9 16 E, lat. 42 26 X. Cam, or Grant, a river which rises in Herts, and running NE by Cambridge in- Ouse, to which river it is navigable from Cambridge. Camarat, a seaport of France, in the department of Finisterre and late pro- vince of Brittany. It stands on a bay of the same name. Cambay, a large city of Hindoostan Proper, in the province of Guzerat. Its products and manufactures are inferior to those of few towns in India; for the coun- try abounds in corn, cattle and silk ; and cornelian and agate stones are found in its rivers. The inhabitants are noted for embroidery ; and some of their quilts have been valued at 40/. It is subject to the Poonah Mahrattas, is the port of Amena- bad, from which it is distant 56 miles. Lon. 72 10 E, lat. 22 25 N. Cambodia, a kingdom of Asia, bounded on the N by Laos, on the E by Cochin- China and Ciampa, and on the S and W by the gulf and kingdom of Siam ; divi- ded by a large river called Mecan, or Cambodia, which annually overflows the country in the rainy season, between June and October. Cambodia, the capital of a kingdom of the same name in Asia, seated on the river Mecan, or Cambodia, 150 miles from its mouth. Lon. 104 5 E, lat. 13 10 N. Cambray, a fortified city of France, in the department of the North and late pro- vince of the Cambresis. It has a citadel and fort, and a considerable manufacture of cam bricks, which took their name from this city. It is seated on the Scheldt, 22 miles SE of Arras, and 102 N of Paris. Lon. 3 20 E, lat. 50 11 N. Cambresis, a late province of France, 25 miles in length ; bounded on the N and E by Hainault, on the S by Picardy, and on the W by Artois. Cambray is the capital ; and it is now comprehended in the department of the North. Cambria, a county in the State of Penn- sylvania. The chief town is Beulah. Cambridge, the county-town of Cam- bridgeshire, and seat of a celebrated uni- versity. It takes the name of Cambridge from the bridge over the Cam, which di- vides the town into two parts. It is go- verned by a mayor, who, on entering up- on his office, takes an oath to maintain the privileges of the university. The town-hall and shire -house are the only buildings of note that do not belong to the university; the county-goal is the, gatehouse of an ancient castle, built by William the Conqueror. The university- is supposed to have been founded during the heptarchy. It enjovs great privile- ges and is governed by the chancellor, the high steward, the vice chancellor, CAM C A M tnd several other inferior officers. It. contains 12 colleges and 4 halls, which, unlike tliose at Oxford, have equal privi- leges with the colleges. The colleges are Peter House, Corpus Christi or Hen- net, King's, Queen's Jesus, Christ's, St. John's, Magdalen, Trinity, Emmanuel, and Sidney Sussex. The halls are Clare, Pembroke, Trinity and Catharine. Of the colleges, Peter House is the most an- cient, being founded in 1257; and King's and Trinity colleges the most considera- ble. King's college is the noblest foun- dation in Europe, and the chapel, for its contrivance and extent, its hue carved work in wood and stone, and painted windows, is one of the finest pieces of Gothic architecture in the world. The library, chapel, 8cc. of Trinity college justly place it in the first rank. The o- ther structures belonging to the univer- sity are the senate house, a fine edifice, which with St Mary's church, the schools, the University library, and other build- ings forms a noble square. Here is also a botanical garden, and a general hospi- tal, called Addenbroke's, from the name of the founder. Cambridge has 14 pa- rishes, and is pretty large ; but the situa- tion is low and dirty. It sends four mem- bers to parliament, two for the borough and two for the university. It is 17 miles S of Elv, and 51 N by E of London. Lon 4 E, lat. 52 12 N." Cambridge, a village in Gloucester- shire, near Berkley, on the river Cam. Cambridge, a post town in Middlese x county, Massachusetts. It has 2450 in- habitants, and a flourishing university, which consists of four elegant brick hou- ses, and is, with respect to its library, philosophical apparatus, and professor- ships, the first literary institution in A- merica. It was established in 1638, and has generally from 120 io 150 students. Tt lies in the'lat. of 42 23 N, and lon. 71 7 W, about three miles from Boston. Cambridge, a town of Washington county, and state of New York, about 43 in des N of Albany. The population is about S000. Cambridge, the chief town of Dorches- ter county, Maryland. It is situated on the S side of Choptank river, about 12 miles above its entrance into Chesapeak bay. Cambridge, a town of South Carolina, the principal seat of justice for the dis- trict of Ninety Six. It is about 160 miles N \V of Charleston. Cambridgeshire, a county of England, bounded on the W by Lincolnshire, iOJt the NE by Norfolk, on the E by Suffolk, on the S by Essex and Heits, and on the W by the counties of Huntingdon, Bed- ford and Northampton. It extends 50 miles from N to S, and 25 from E to W. It lie s in the dioceses of Ely and Nor- wich ; it contains 17 hundreds, a city, a university, seven market-towns, and 163 parishes ; and sends six members to par- liament. The principal rivers are the Grant, Ouse, Nen and Cam. The fens called Bedford Level, consist of 30,000 acres of marshy ground, which receive all the waters of the middle part of Eng- land, which do not run into the Thames or the Trent. And in the latter part of the year, when they are overflowed by water, they appear covered with fogs ; so tha; while the higher grounds of the ad- jacent country glitter with the beams of the sun, the isle of Ely appears wrapt in a mist. See Bedford Level. Camden, a post town in Kershaw coun^ ty, South Carolina; situated on the E side of Wateree river, 35 miles NE of Columbia, and 158 X by W of Charleston It has about 1000 inhabitants, and was the scene of two considerable actions be- tween the British and American armies during the war. Camden, a district of South Carolina. It contains 7 counties, and 3b\000 inhabi- tants. It has the Watetee river running through the middle of it, , . . f^*.-*^ Cumbden, a county of Edenton district, in the State of North Carolina. It con- tains about 5000 inhabitants'. Camden, a village in Gloucester count} New Jersey, on the E bank of the river Delaware, opposite to Philadelphia. Camelford, a borough in Cornwall, with a market on Friday, seated on the river Camel, 24 miles W of Launceston, and 229 W hy S of London. It is governed by a mayor, and sends two members t© parliament. A great quantity of yarn is spun in this place and its neighbourhood Lon. 4 55 W, lat. 50 42 N. Camerino, an ancient and populous town- of Italy, in the patrimony of St. Pe- ter, with a bishop's see. It is seated on a mountain near the Appennines and the river Chiento, 37 miles SW of Ancona Lon. 13 E, lat.43 15 N. Camiyiha, a seaport of Portugal, in the province of Entre-l)mero-c-Minho, at the mouth of the river Minho, 12 miles N of Viana. Lon. 8 29 W, lat. 41 50 N. Cummin, a district of Prussian Pome- rania, convened into a principality, in favourofthehou.se of Brandenburg in the treaty of Westphalia. Colberg is the capital. Cammiiiy a seaport of Prussian Pome C A M CAN rania, in the principality of the same name ; seated on the Oder, opposite the isle of Wollin, 30 miles X of Stetin. Lon. 14 55 E, lat. 54 4 X. Campagna, or Campania, a town of Na- ples in Principato Ulteiriore, with a bish- op's see, 40 miles SE of Naples. Lon. 15 19 E, lat. 40 35 X. Campagna di Roma, anciently La Hum, a province of Italy, in the Ecclesiastical S;ate, extending- 60 miles SE along the Mediterranean, to the frontiers of Na- ples, formerly the most delightful and most populous country in the world ; few villages, little cultivation, and scarcely any inhabitants are now to be seen : no trees, no inclosures ; nothing, in short, but the scattered ruins of temples and tombs, which present the idea of a country depopulated by pestilence. Rome is the capital. Campbelton, a borough of Scotland, in Argyleshire, situated on a bay toward the S extremity of the peninsula of Cantyre, of which it is the capital. It has a good harbour, and is now a considerable place, for which it is principally indebte d to its being the general rendezvous of the fish- ing vessels that annually visit the W coast. It is ten miles W of the isle of Arran. Lon. 5 42 W, lat. 53 29 N. . Campbell, a county of Virginia, separa- ted from Amherst county by James ri- ver. It abounds with iron ore, and con- tains a population of 10,000 persons. It is situated between Charlotte and Fran- klin counties, and watered by the branch- es of Staunton river. Campbelltown, a town of Dauphin county Pennsylvania, situated 13 miles E of Har- iri sburg. Cumprlen, a town in Gloucestershire, with a market on Wednesday, 22 miles X"E of Gloucester, and 87 WWVof Lon- don. Lon. 1 50 W, lat. 52 4 X. Campeachv, a town of Mexico, in South America, in the peninsula of Yucatan, on the E coast of a bay of the same name. It is noted for logwood, which, however, does not grow very near it. It is defen- ded by a good wall, and strong forts, but ! is neither so rich, nor carries on such :i trade as formerly, it having been the port for the sale." Lon. 90 57 W, lat. 20 N. See Honduras. Campden, a town of the United Pro- vinces in Overyssel, with a citadel, and a port almost choked up. It was taken by the Dutch in 1578, and by the French in 1672: but they abandoned it in 16JT3. It is seated near the mouth of the Yssel, on the Zuidcr Zee, 44 miles XE of Am- sterdam. Lon. 5 55 E, lat. 52 38 n£/£ Campoti, a town of Naples in Abruzzo Ulterlore, 23 miles N by E of Aquila- Lon. 43 57 E, lat. 42 42 N. Campo 3 fa jar, a town of Portugal, in Alentejo, 100 miles E of Lisbon. Lon. 74 W, lat. 38 53 N. Camprcdon, a town of Spain, in Catalo- nia, at ihe foot of the Pyrenees, and on (he river Ter, 45 miles X of Barcelona. Lon. 2 16 W, lat. 42 X. Canaan, a township of Columbia, New \ ork, situated about 30 miles SE of Al- bany. Canaan,, the country so named from Canaan the son of Ham. It lies between the Mediterranean and the mountains of Arabia, and extends from Egypt to Phe- nicia. It is bounded to the E by the mountains of Arabia ; to the S by the wilderness of Paran, Idumca and Egypt ; to the W by the Mediterranean ; and the N by the mountains of Libanus. Its length is about 70 leagues, and its breadth in some places 30. Canaan, a post town in Kennebec conn- ty, Maine ; situated on the W side of Kennebec river, 10 miles E of Noridg- work, 68 N of A\ iscasset, and 230 NE of Boston. Canaan, a post town of Litchfield coun- ty, Connecticut, near the line that di- vides this state from Massachusetts ; si- tuated on the llousatonic river, 18 miles N of Litchfield the shire town, and 47 N W of Hartford. Canaan, a post town in Grafton coun- ty, Xew Hampshire, on the Mascany river, about 12 miles Y. of Dartmouth college. Canada, a large country of North A merica, bounded on the X by Xew Bri- tain, on the E by the gulf of St. Law- rence, on the S by Xpw Biunswick and the United States, and on the W by un- known lands. It lies between 6l and 81 W lon. and 45 and 52 N lat. and was discov- ered by John and Sebastian Cabot, father and son, in 1497. This country, in gen- eral, is pretty good ; but the winter con- tinues for six months very severe. The laild that is cleared, is fertile, and the wheat sowed in May is reaped at the end of August. The climate is not very dif- ferent from that of the northern British colonies ; it has a much severer winter ; and like most of the American tracts that do not lie too far to the X, the sum- mers are very hot and exceeding plea- sant. They have a great variety of an- imals, such as stags, elks, deer, bears, foxes, martins, wild cats, ferrets, wea- sels, hares and rabbits. The marshes, and lakes with which this country abound swarm with otters and beavers, which are highly valued for their furs, which form CAN CAN a principal article of commerce in Cana- da. Canada turpentine is greatly esteem- ed for its balsamic qualities, and for ita use in disorders of the breast and sto- mach. The different tribes of Indians, or originally natives in Canada, are al- most innumerable ; but they have been Nobserved to decrease in population where the Europeans are most numerous, owing chiefly to the immoderate use of spiritu- ous liquors. Canada was conquered by the English in 1759, and cor finned to them by the peace of 1763. In 1774, this country was formed into a province, cal- led Quebec, from the name of the capi- tal ; a government was instituted confor- mably to the French laws of Canada ; and the Roman Catholic re.igion was es- tablished. In 1791, the country was di- vided into two provinces, Upper Canada, and Lower Canada, of which latter pro- vince Quebec is the chief town ; and a constitution in imitation of that of En- gland, was given to each of these pro- vinces. Cananjohaivij, a township of Montgo- mery county, in the State of New York ; situated on the Mohawk river, about 40 miles westward from Schenectady, and contains about 3000 inhabitants. Cananore, a large seaport on the coast of Malabar. It was ceded by Tippoo Sul tan, regent of Mysore, to the English East India Company, in 1792- Lon. 74 10 E, lat. 12 N. Canandaigua, a post town, and the principal seat of the courts in Ontaria county, New-York. It is seated at the E end of Canandaigua lake, 16 miles \V of Geneva, and 26 E of Hartford. Ca?iara, a province on the coast of Malabar, subject to the regent of Mysore. Its most northerly port is Onore, in lat. 14 20 N. Canaria, or The Grand Canary, the principal of the Canary Islands, about 180 miles from the coast of Africa, which gives name to the whole. It is a fruitful island, and famous for the wine that bears its name; the temperature of its air is delightful : and it abounds with good wa- ter, with trees, herbs and delicious fruits. Here are two wheat harvests, in Februa- ry and May, and the corn makes bread as white as snow. It is 42 miles long, and 27 broad ; and lies 18 leagues W by S of Fuertaventura. Lon. 15 34 W, lat. 28 14 N* Canary Islands, anciently called the Fortunate Islands, on account of their temperate healthy air and excellent fruits, are seven in number, lying in tht Atlantic Ocean, near the continent of Africa ; namely, Palma, Ferro, Gomera, Teneriffe; Canaria, Fuertaventura, and Lancerota ; to which may be added se- veral smaller isles, as Graciosa, Roccas, Allegranza, St. Clare, Infierno, and Lob* os. From these islands the Canary birds originally came. The NE point of these is in lon. 15 38 W, lat. 28 13 N. Canary, the capital of the island of Ca- naria, with a bishop's see, an inquisition, supreme council of the Seven Islands, and a castle seated on a hill. They have sugarhous'. s, in which a great quantity of sugar is made. The wine called Sack, has hence been often termed Canary. It is computed that 10,000 hogsheads are sent annually to Eng land in time of peace. Lon. 15 50 W, lat. 28 4 N. CancaHe, a bay on the coast of France, 10 miles E of St. Maloes, where the Eng- lish made a descent, under the duke of Maryborough in 1758, and hence proceed- ed to burn the ships at St. Maloes Candahar, a rich trading city of Asia,' capiial of a kingdom of the same name. While the Persian and Mogul empires were severally undivided, itw r asthe fron- tier fortress of Hin ioostan toward Per- sia : and was esteemed the key of the western provinces of the latter, and not unfrequently changed masters, although very strong by situation, being surroun- ded by fens and rocks. It is 145 miles SW of Cabul. Lon. 67 15 E, lat. 33 N. Candahar, a kingdom of Asia, betweeft the river Indus and Persia, bounded on the N by Cabul, on the E by Lahore, on the SE by Moultan, and on the W by Persia. The dominions of the king of this country extend westward to the neighbourhood of the city of Tarshish; including generally Cabul, Candahar, Chizni, Gaur, Paishawur, Korasan, and Seistan ; this tract is not less than 800 miles in length; its breadth is not well known, and on the E side of the Indus, he possesses the territory of Cashmere, and some districts above the city of At- tock. A shmed Abdalla the founder of this kingdom, was originally the chief of an Afghan tribe, named Abdal, (whence the name Abdalli) who was slript of his country by Nadir Shah, in 1739- On the death of Nadir, he suddenly appeared among his former subjects, and erected a considerable kingdom in the eastern part of Persia, adding to it most of the pro- vinces to the W of the Indus, which had been ceded by the Great Mogul to Nadir Shah, together with Cashmere on the E of that river. Candia, an island in the Mediterrane- an, formerly Crete, and to the S of the Archipelago. The capital, of the same name, though populous formerly, is little C AN CAN better than a desert, there being nothing but rubbish, except at the bazar or mar- ket-place ; and the harbour of Candia is now fit for nothing- but boats; but the walls of the town are standing, and it is the see of a Greek archbishop. This is- land was taken by the Turks, in 16&9, after a war of 25 years. It was attempt- ed to be retaken by the Venetians, in 1692, without effect. The products are corn, wine, oil, wool, silk and excellent honey. The climate of Candia is delight- ful. The heal is never excessive ; and in the plains violent cold is never ft It. In the warmest days of summer the air is cooled by breezes from the sea. Except December and January the whole year is one continued fine day. The sky is al- s ways unclouded and serene ; the winds mild and refreshing breezes. The motili- ty tains are covered with a great number of '.^ odoriferous plants. In a word front the hills, the vales and the plains, on all hands ^jrthcre arise clouds of exquisite perfumes, ^ which embalm the air and render it a luxury to breathe it. Candia is 200 miles ¥ in length, and 50 in breadth. It is 500 miles bW of Constantinople. Lon. 25 18 E, lat. 35 18 N. Candia, a township of Rockingham county, state of New Hampshire ; lying about 24 miles westward from Ports- mouth. Candeish, a rich and populous province, in the Deccan of Hindoostan, subject to the Poonah Mahrattas. It is bounded on the N by Malwa, on the E by Berar, on the 8 by Dowlatabad, and on the W by ;.:Baglana. Candlemas Isles, near the coast of Sandwich Land. Lon 27 13 W, lat. 57 lo s. Candy, a kingdom of Ceylon, contain- ing about a quarter of the Island. It is full of hills, whence rivulets proceed, which abound with fish. The inhabitants are dexterous in turning these rivulets to water their land, which is fruitful in rice, pulse, and hemp. The kinp: is absolute, and his subjects are idolaters. Candy, the capital of a kingdom of the same name, in the island of Ceylon. It was often burnt by the Portuguese, when they were masters of these coasts. Lon. 80 42 E, lat. 7 45 N. Cane, Grotto del, a famous grotto, on the banks of Lake d'Agano, seven miles from Puzzoli, in the kingdom of Naples. A suffocating vapour rises a foot above the bottom of this cave, and is destruc- tive to animal life. A dog having' his head held in this vapour, is convulsed in a few minutes, and soon after falls motion - ltiss to the earth. The fellows who at- tend at the cave, have always some mise- rable dogs, with ropes about their necks, ready for this cruel purpose. Canea, a considerable town of the is- stand of Candia, with a good harbour. The environs are adorned with forests of olive-trees, mixed with fields, vineyards, gardens, and brooks, bordered with myr- tle-trees, and laurei-roses. Lon. 24 15 E, iat. 35 20 N. Caneto, a town of Italy,dn the Mantuan, on the river Oglio, often taken and reta- ken bv the Fiench and Austrians. It is 20 miles W of Mantua. Lon. 10 22 E, lat. 45 9 N. Canfield, a small town with a post of- fice, in Trumbull county, Ohio, 28 miles X by W of Fort M'lntosh, and 321 from Washington. Cavgerecora, a large river of the pen- insula of Hindoostan. It has its source in the Can's, and running SW to the coast of Malabar, enters the Indian Ocean, four miles to the N of mount Dil- la ; before which its^ course is parallel with the seacoast for about 11 miles, be- ing separated only by a spit of sand Caniaderngo Lak-e, a narrow lake of North America, ,in the state of New-York, six miles \V of lake Otsego, and nine miles long. Canina, the capital of a district of the same name, in the N part of Albania, a province of Turkey in Europe, lying near the entrance of the gulf of Venice, eight miles N of Valona. Lon. 19 25 E, lat. 41 12 N. Cannay, one of the western isles of Scotland", SW of the isle of Skye. This island is fertile, and is noted for vast ba- saltic columns, which rise above each other to a great height, in man)- succes- sive ranges, each separated from the other by a stratum of pebbly concretions On the E side of the island, the tops of an immense number of these columns ap- pear at low water, forming a sort of cause- way of surprising extent, the stirface of which is smooth and regular, Lke an or- dinary paved street. Canoe. See Canoh-a. Canoge, the ruins of which are at pre- sent of great extent, is a town of Min* doostan Proper, in the province of Agra, seated on the Ganges, near its conflu- ence with the Cahni. It. is now reduced to the size of a middling town. It is said to have been built more than 1000 years before the Christian era, and to have been the capital of ail Hindoostan, tinder the predecessor of Poms, who fought against Alexander. In the 6lh century, it was said to contain 30,000 shops, in which betel-nut was sold. It CAN CAN is 127 miles SE of Agra. ton. 80 13 E, lat. 27 3 N. Canobia, a town of Italy, in the Mila- nese, on lake M&gffiore, 35 miles NN'W of Milan. Lon. 8 44 E, lat. 45 55 N. Canoniait, an island in Narragarzet bay, belonging to the slate of Rhode Is- land. The soil is fertile and well culti- vated ; the inhabitants are about 600. Canonsburg, a post town 18 miles SW I of Pittsburg, situated on the W side of! Charter's creek in Washington county, j Pennsylvania. Canosa, a town of the kingdom of Na- ples, in Terra di Barri. Between Cano- ijo and the river Osanto, are still some traces of the ancient town of Cannae, in the plain of which was fought the cele- brated battle 1 between Hannibal and the Romans. Lon. 16 33 E, hit. 41 30 N. Canso, a seaport of Nova Scotia, in North America on a strait which sepa- rates Nova Scotia from Cape Breton. Near this town is a fine fishery for cod. Lon. 60 55 W, lat. 45 20 N. Constat, a town of Suabia, in the duchy of Wirtemberg, seated on the Neckar, two miles NE of Stutgard. Lon. 9 1-i E, lat 48 53 N. Cant af, a departmcnt.of France, in- cluding part of the laic province of Au- vergne. The capital is St Flour. Cantazufio, an episcopal town of Na- ples, in Calabria Citeriore. It is seated near the sea, 20 miles E of Nicastro. Lon. 16 47 E, lat. 39 3 N. Canterbury, an ancient ci'y, the capi- tal of Kent, with an archbishop's see, the metropolitan of all England. The cathe- dral, a large structure, was once famous for the shrine of Thomas Becket, to which so great was the resort, and so | rich the offerings, that Erasmus, who was an eye witness of its wealth, says, j the whole church and chapel in which he j was interred, glittered with jewels. But Henry VIII. in 1538, not only pillaged j this rich shrine, but caused the saint to he eited in court, tried, and condemned as a traitor; ordering his name to be struck out of the calendar, his bones to' be burnt, and his ashes thrown into the air. In this cathedral are interred Henry IV. and Edward the Black Prince. The city has likewise 14 parish churches ; the remains of many Roman -ntiquities ; and an ancient castle, with walls and a deep ditch. It is governed by a mayor, and possesses a share of the silk manu-l facturcs introduced by the "Walloons, who lun\-. here a church under the cathe- dral. It sends two members to parlia- ment., and is seated on the river Steur, 26 miles ESE of Rochester and 56 of Loudon. Lon. 1 4 E, lat. 51 19 N. Canterbnry, a town in Windham coun- y, Connecticut, on the Quinaboag river, 10 miles E of Windham, and 15 N by. E of Norwich, with 1627 inhabitants. Here is a post office 412 miles from Wash- ington. Canterbury, a township of Rockingham county, New Hampshire, situated on the Merrimack river, 15 miles W of Concord. Can tin, Cape, a promontory of the At- lantic Ocean, on the coast of Morocco. Lon. 9 5 W, lat 32 49 N. Canton, a township in the state of Mas- sachusetts. It is situated in Norfolk county and contains about 1200 inhabi- tants. Canton, a township of Washington countv, Pennsylvania. The population about* 1200. Canton, or Quangtong, one of the sou- thern provinces of China ; bounded on the NE by Fokien : on the N by Kiangsi, on the W by Quan-si, and the kingdom Tonking, and every where else by the sea,. The country is diversified with lulls and plains, and the soil is in general so fertile that it produces two crops annual- ly Canton is the capital. Canton, a large, populous, and wealthy city of China, capital of the province of that name, stands on the, river Taa, one of the finest in the empire. The build- ings of Canton are in general low, con- sisting of one story and a ground floor, which is covered with earth or red tiles to keep it cool ; but the houses of the most respectable merchants and manda- rins are comparatively lofty, and well built. The streets of Canton arc long and narrow, paved with flintstones, adorn- ed at. intervals with triumphal arches, which have a pleasing effect, and are much crowded with people. In Canton there are no carriages. The better sort" of people are carried about in chairs ; but the common sort walk barefooted and bareheaded ; and their goods are carried by porters. At the end of every street is a barrier, which is shut every evening, as well as the gates of the city ; so that people are obliged to be at home early. The river is covered with barks, which have apartments in them for families, where uiany reside. The number of in- habitants is computed at 1,000,000, but later calculations have made them consi- derably less. Lon. 133 12 E, lat. 23 7N. CantweWs Bridge, a post town in New Castle county, (Del.) 9 miles S of St. Georges, and 19 of New Castle. Cavivre, a southern division of ArgAlc* CAP CAR shire in Scotland. It is a narrow penin- sula 50 miles long", and from five to eight broad. To the S the peninsula termi- nates in a great promontory, surrounded by a group of dangerous rocks, called the Mull of Can tyre. The soil, in gene- ral, is fertile. . Caorlo, a small island in the gulf of Venice, on the coast of Venetian Friuli, 20 miles SW of Aquileia. It lias a town of the same name, with a bishop's see. Lon. 12 30 E, lat. 45 42 X. Capacio, an episcopal town of Naples, in Prineipato Citeriore, 16 miles S of Sa- lerno. Lon. 15 E, lat. 40 20 X. Cape Breton. See Breton, Cape ; and other Capes, in like manner, see under their respective names. Cape Cod, a point of land in Massachu- setts, at the entrance of Massachusetts bay. Lat. 42 X, lon. 71 W. Cape Fear, a cape at the entrance of Cape Fear river, in the state of North Carol inn. Lat. 34 N, lon. 78 W. Cape Fear River, the most consider* sble river in North Carolina. It rises principally in Rockingham and Guilford counties ; whence it pursues aSSE course to the Atlantic ocean. Cape *lfay, a point of land in the state of New Jersey, formed by the Atlantic ocean and the bay of Delaware, in the lat. of 39 N, and lon. of 74 30 W. Capelle. a town of France, now in the department of Aisne, lately in the pro- vince of Picardy, eight miles NE of Guise, taken by the Spaniards in 1636 but retaken the vear after. Lon. 3 5u E, lat. 49 58 N. Cape .May Court House, the principal scat of justice in Cape May county, New Jersey, situated a few miles N of Cape May. 34 SE or" Bridgetown, and 71 oi Philadelphia, in the lat. of 39 X and 75 W Here is a post office 231 miles from Washington. Cape st an* a town of France, in the de- partment of Aude and late province of Languedoc, near the river Aude and the fiunous canal of Languedoc. Lon. 3 8 E, lat. 43 21 X. Capitanata, a province of Naples bounded on the X by the gulf of Venice, on the E by Terra di Bail, on the S by Basilicata and Principato Ulteriore, and on tile W by Molise and Abruzzo. The capital is Manfredonia. ^sflP*' Capo Fino, a barren rock, in the terri- tory of Cenoa, with a castle on its east- ern peak. Near it is a small harbour of the same name, 13 miles ESE of Cenoa. Lon. 8 56 E, lat, 44 20 N. ' Capo D'lstria, a town of Italy, in Ve- netian Istria, on the gulf of Triest, whose principal revenue consists in wine and salt. It is 8 miles S of Triest. Lon. 14 6 E, lat. 45 49 X. Caprala, an isle in the Mediterranean Sea, to the NE of Corsica, on which it depends. It has a strong castle, and is 15 miles in circumference . Lon. 10 E, lat. 43 5 X. Capri, an island of Xaples, in the Me* diterranean, opposite Sorento, famous for being the retreat of the emperor Ti- berius. A vast quantity of quails conic here every year, forming the principal revenue of the bishop, who is hence cal- led the Bishop of Quails. It is five miles in length and two in breadth. Capri, the capital of an island of tin: same name, with a strong castle. It was once a delightful place, embellished witli magnificent works, which were -demo- lished after the death of Tiberius. Lon. ,14*8 E^ml 40 llWr^ fcCapua, a town of Xaples, in Terra di Eavora, with an archbishop's see. It is two miles from the ancient Capua, and was built out of it s- ruins. It was taken by the Austrians in 1707 ; and is seated on the Volturno, 15 miles X of Xaples. Lon. 14 19 E, lat. 41 Caraccas, a district of South America, in Terra Firma, included in the W pan of the province of Venezuela'. It is bound- ed on the N by the gulf of Mexico, on the E by Cumana, and on tn'e S by New Cranada. The coast is rocky and moun- tainous, interspersed with small fertile; valleys, blessed in general with a clear air and wholesome climate. The chief town is Caraccas. The commerce of tliis town was for a long time open to all the subjects of i he Spanish Monarchy. But in 1728 a company wsfe formed, who ob- tained an exclusive right of trading to this part of the world. »t is sometimes called the Company of Caraccas, and sometimes the Company of Guipiscoa, from the province of Spain, in which it is established. St. Jagp c!e Leon is the ca - pital. Caramania, a province of Turkey in Asia, in the S part of Nutoliau Most of the houses have turrets so contrived as to cool the rooms in summer. Satalia is the capital. Carqpianta, a province of Terra Firma, 1} on both f.ides the river Canca ; bounded on the X by the district of Car- i.hagena, on the E by New Granada, on the S and W by Popayan and Panama. It is « yalley surrounded by high moun- tains, and there are rivulets whence the natives get very good salt. Caramanta, the capital of a province of that name in Terra Firma, seated on the C A K CAR Cauca, 240 miles NNE of Popavan. Lotv. 75 15 W, lat. 5 13 X. Carango, an inconsiderable island in the E Indies, near Bombay. It affords nothing 1 but some rice, fowls and goals. Carara, a town of Tuscany, in the principality of Massa, between Massa and Sarzana, five miles from each. Near this place are quarries of marble of vari- ous colours. Lon. 9 55 E, lat. 44 5 N. Carasu, a river of Natolia, which rises in Caramania, crosses part of Aladu'a, and falls into the Mediterranean. Cjiram JWeslro, a river of Romania, which rises in mount Rhodolpho, and falls into the Archipelago. Carasui, a lake in Bulgaria, said to be 55 miles in circumferem e, and to con- tain several islands. It is formed by a branch of the Danube, not far from its entrance into the Black Sea. Caravacca, a to\vn of Spain, among the mountains near the river Segura, in Mur- cia. It is 50 miles NW of Carthagena. Lon. 2 5 W, lat. 38 5 N. Carcassone, an ancient town of France, in the department of Aude and late pro- vince of Languedoc. it is divided inu- tile Upper and Lower Town by the Aude, over which is a stone bridge. In the Up- per Town are a strong castle and the ca- thedral. The Lqwei* town is square, built after the modern^taste, and kep. very neat by means of an aqueduct, which brings the water of the Aude to different fountains. The Upper town, which is also called the City, is very ancient, and in the castle are preserved some old re- cords written on the bark of trees. Here are manufactures of all sorts of cloth.. I 1 is 15 miles \V of Narbonne, and 400 S oi Paris. Lon. 2 25 E, lat. 43 14 N. Cardiff, a borough ofS Wales iu Gla- morganshire, with a market on Wednes- day and Saturday. It is a large and weli built town, and has a cas'.le, a wall, and four gates. It is seated on the Taafe 4 Over which is a bridge, and it l»as a con- s': derable trade with Bristol; for vessels, of small burden may come to the bridge. The castle, though much decayed, makes a grand appearance at this time, and the walls of the castle are very strong and thick. The constable of the castle is th< chief magistrate, whom they call mayor. Near the town are some iron-works : and a canal, extending 25 miles hence, to the iron-works at Merthyr-Tidvil. In the castle, died Robert, duke of Normand; , eldest son of William the Conqueror, after having been blinded, and confined 28 years, by his brother Henry I. Cardiff is 12 miles E of Cowbridge, and 164 W of London. Lon. 3 12 W, lat. 51 30 N. Cardigan, the county-town of Cardi- ganshire, with a maiket on Tuesday and Saturday ; situated on the river Tyvy,over which is a handsome stone bridge. The walls and castle are gone to ruin. It is governed by a mayor, sends one member to parliament, and is 33 miles XE of St. David's and 2 15 WNW of London. Lon 4 38 W, lat. 52 10 N. Cardigan Bay, on the coast of Cardi- ganshire, at the mouth of the Tyvy, ex- tending to Barsey island in Carnarvon shire. It is 40 miles from one cape to the other, and affords secure shelter for ships. Cardiganshire, a county of S Wales, bounded on the N by Merionethshire and Montgomeryshire, on the E by Radnor- shire and Brecknockshire, on the S by Carmarthenshire, and Pembrokeshire, and on the W by Cardigan Bay. It ex- tends 42 miles from N to S and 20 from K to W i and is divided into five hun- dreds, containing six market-towns, and 64 parishes. It lies in the diocese of St. David's, and sends two members to par- liament. The air is milder here than in most parts of Wales. To the S and W are plains fruitful in corn ; but the N and E parts are a continued ridge of moun- tains, however there arc cattle bred in ill parts ; but they have neither wood ;ior coals of their own for fuel. They have fish in plenty with fowls both tame md wild. Near the rivers are great num- bers of otters ; and in the valleys are se- veral lakes. The mountains abound with veins of lead and* silver ore ; and the mines have been worked several times to great advantage: Sir Hugh Middlccn is said to have cleared 2000/. a month, for several years together, which enabled him to bring the New River water to London ; but he expended the whole oh that gTeaf object. The principal rivers are the .Tyvy, the Rydal, and the 1st - with. Cardona, a town of Spain, in Catalo- nia, with a castle. Near it is an inex- haustible mountain of salt, of several co- Lurs, which,, when washed, becomes white; and there are vineyards, which produce excellent wine. It is seated on m eminence, near the river Cardenero, 30 miles NW of Barcelona. Lon. 1 30 E, lat. 41 36 X. • Careliay the eastern part of Finland Tt belongs partly to the Swedes, and partly to the Russians. See Wiburgh. Carentan, a town of France, in the de- oartment of the Channel and late pro- vince of Normandy, with an ancient cas- de; eight miles from sea. Lon. 1 4 W, lat. 49 16 N. CAR CAR Cariati, a town of Naples, in Calabria Citeriore, with a bishop's see. It is two miles from the gulf of Taranto. Lon. 17 19 E, lat." 39 35 N. Caribbean^ Sea, tllat part of the Atlan- tic, lying between Cuba, St. D>mingo, and Porto Rico on the X, and Terra Fir- ing on the S. It was formerly culled the North Sea; for the Spaniards having crossed the isthmus of Darien from N to S, gave the sea they discovered the name of the South Sea, and this, of course, the North Sea, although with respect to the American continent, the Pacilic is the western, and the Atlantic the east- ern ocean. Caribbee Islands, the most eastern is- lands of the West Indies divided into Windward and Leeward islands. As the Caribbee islands are all between the tro- pics, their inhabitants are exposed to perpetual heat. In those places where the wind does not bldw, the air is exces- sively hot, and none but easterly winds contribute to refresh it. The torrents of rain which fall refresh the air ; bat their humid exhalations render the cli- mate unhealthy. Carig-nano, a town of Piedmont, in a district of the same name, seated on the river Po, three miles S of Turin. Lon. f 45 E, lat. 44 57 N. - Cariman Java,_% cluster of islands to the N of Java, at the principal of which ships touch for refreshments^ in their vovage to Borneo. Lon. 110*12 E, lat. 5 56 S. Carinola, an episcopal town of Naples, in Terra di Lavora, seated near Mount Mas sieo, 25 miles N\V r o( Naples. Lon. 14 18 E, lat. 41 15 N. Carmthia, a fertile duchy of Germ an y in the circle of Austria, bounded on the X by Austria, on the E by Stiria, on the 8 by Carniola and Friuli, and on the W by Tirol and Saltzburg. Clagenfurt is the capital. Carisbrook Castle, an ancient castle, near Newport, in. the Isle of Wight, where Charles L was imprisoned,' l Cari.-io, an episcopal town off irecv , in the E part of the island of Ne'Topont. Lon. 24 45 E, lat. 33 4 N. . ,Ji Car/insf/onl, a seaport of Ireland, on Carlingford Day, in the county of Lowth, 21 miles N of Drogheda. Lon. G W, Carlisle, an ancient city, the capital of Cumberland, with a market on. Satur- day. It is walled round, and p}ea9antly situated above a rich tract of meadows, bordering the Eden and two other ri- vers, which here unite their streams. Th2 gates of this city arc called the Ev'- Iish, Irislj , and Scotch. It has a easily, on i he W side of the town , and the ca- thedral is a stately structure. The east- ern part, which is the newest, is a curi- ous piece of workmanship. The choir, with the aisles, is 7l feet broad , and has a stately E window, 48 feet high and 30 broad, adorned with curious pillars. Car- lisle has a considerable manufacture of printed linens and checks, for which 3000/. per annum is paid in duties, and is noted for the making of whips and rish-hooks. It was taken by the rebels in 1T45, but retaken by the duke of Cum- berland. It is governed by a mayor, sends two members to parliament, and is 60 miles S of Edinburgh, and 301 NNW of London. Lou. 2 53 W, lat. 54 56 N. Carlisle, a post town and the capital of Cumberland county, Pennsylvania, situ- ated on the south side of Conedogwinuet creek, 18 miles W by S of Ilarrisburg, 37' N by W of York,' about 54 NW oY Lancaster, and 124 of Philadelphia. The county was divided from' Lancaster, and Carlisle made the principal seat of jus- tice of Cumberland county, January 1/49- 50. The town is pleasantly situated, and the houses aje built principally with bricks, plain and commodious. The streets are laid out in straight lines, and f>f a convenient width. Here is a semi- nary of learning, called Dickenson col- lege, which has hitherto been conducted u hh good reputation ; the late principal, Dr.-NesLit, being a teacher of distinguish- ed learning and piety. At the last enu- meration in 1800 the inhabitants amount- ed to 2032. ' Carhrj, or Ciiihcrlovgh. a county of Ireland, in We province of Leiu-Uer, 28 mile; in length, and eiglvfc in breadth; hounded on the E by Wiekh v. and Wex ford, on th ■> W hy Queen's county and Kilkenny, and on |Jie N by Kddare. * -Cu<'h-ti), or Catfyerlmigh, a town of Ire- land, in a county of die same name, n the river Barrow, 16 miles NE of Kilken- ny.' Lon. 7 14 W, lat. 52 48 ••' CarUnvkz, a t<>wn of Scbuonift, seated oh the Danube, 33 miles NW of Belgrade. Lom 20 5 E, lat. 44 45 N. ' CurUcvoua, or Carhcroon, a seoport of Sweden, in the province of Elcl ingem It derives its origin and name from Charles XI. who first laid the foundations of a new town in 1080, and removed the fleet from Stockholm io this place on ac- count of its advantageous situation in the centre of the Swedish seas, and the superior securitv of its harbour, which has depth of water for fu-st-rate ships to carry t heir lower tier of guns ; the en- r ice into this harbour is defended by CAR CAR two strong' forts. The greatest part of the town stands upon a small rocky is- land, which rises gently in a bay of the Baltic . tlie subuYbs extend over another small rock, and along the mole, close to the basin where the fleet is moored. The way into the town from the main land is carried over a dyke to an island, and from thence along 1 two long wooden bridges-, joined by a barren rock. The town contains about 18,000 inhabitants ; and the suburbs are fortified toward the land by a stone wall. Formerly, vessels in this port, when careened and repair- ed, were laid upon their sides in the open harbour ; until a dork was hollowed in the solid rock, in 1724., capable of re- ceiving a first rate man of war. A pro- ject for constructing 30 covered docks, and other improvements, was begun in 1759; but they have proceeded slowly. One dock was finished in 1779, and gives an idea of the expence and greatness of the plan : the bottom and sides are of hewn granite; rows of granite pillars support the roof, and bear rather the ap- pearance of a colonade to a temple than a receptacle for ships. Carlscronais 220 miles SW of Stockholm. Lon. 15 26 E, lat. 56 20 N. , Carlstudt, the capital of Croatia, on the river Kulp, 140 mil -s S of Vienna., Lon. 15 21 E, lat. 46 2 N. Carlstudt, a town of Sweden, in Wer- meland, on die island of Ting walla, which is formed by two branches of the Clara Elbe. It is a bishop's see. The town con- tains 1500 inhabitants, who carry on a trade in iron and wood across lake Wen ner. It is 133 miles W ^Stockholm. Lon. 13 43 E, lat.' 59 161iWf Carlstudt, it town of Germany, in the bishopric of Wurtzburg, seated on the Maine, 16 miles N of Wurtzburg. Lon. 9 12 E, lat. 49 56 N. Carmagniola, a trading town of Pied- mont, with a strong citadel. It was taken by the French in 1691, but retaken, by prince Eugene the same year. It is seat- ed oh a small river, which runs into the Po, 14 miles S of Turin. Lon. 7 45 E, lat. 44 51 N. tiarmartlven, the county-town of Car- marthenshire, with a market on Wednes- day and Saturday. Tt is seated on the river Towy, over which is a stone bridge, to which small vessels may come up. It was once fortified with a*wall and a cas- tle, now in ruins. It sends one member to parliament, and is 24 miles SE of Car- digan, and 207 W bv N of London. Lon. 4 23 W, lat. 51 52 IT. Varmarthemhire, a county of South Wales, 35 miles in length, and 20 in breadth; bounded by Cardiganshire on the N, the Bristol channel on the S, Breckn ck and Glamorganshire on the E, and Pembrokeshire on the W. It lies in the diocese of St. Davids ; containing eight market-towns and 87 parishes ; and sends two members to parliament. Its principal rivers are the Towy, Tyvy, and Ta .fe. It is fruitful in corn and grass, having many pleasant and rich meadows, also wood-coal, and sea-fish, especially salmon, which is exceeding good. The air is mild and wholesome, it not being so mountainous as the other counties of Wales. CarmeU a mountain in Palestine, no- ted for having been the retreat of the prophet Elias, and for a monastery of Carmelites. It is 50 miles N of Jerusa- lem. Carmona, a town of Italy in Austrian Frittli, on a mountain near the river In- dri, seven miles NW of Goritz. Lon. 13 - 23 E, lat. 46 25 N. ; Carmona, an ancient town of Spain, in Andalusia. The gate toward Seville is one o£ the most extraordinary pieces of antiquity in all Spain. It is 25 miles E of Seville. Lon. 4 48 W, lat. 37 24 N. Carnarvon, the county town of Carnar- vonshire, with a market on Saturday. It is seated on a strait of the Irish sea, call- ed Menai, and carries on a considerable trade with Ireland and the principal En- glish ports. It is a place of great strength, as well by nature as art, being sur- rounded on all sides, except the E, by the sea and two rivers Carnarvon sends one member to parliament, and is governed ' by the constable of the castle, who, by . * patent is always mayor. Tt is seven miles SWof Bangor, and 251 XW of London. Lon. 4 20 W, lat. 53 8 N. Carnarvonshire, a county of North Wales, 50 miles in length, and 13 in breadth : bounded on the N and W by | the Irish Sea, on the S by Merionethshire, and on the E by Denbighshire. It lies in the diocese of Bangor, and is about 40 miles in length, and 20 in breadth. The principal rivers are the Seint and Con- way : the last of which rivers, though its course is onl\ 12 miles, is navigable by ships of good burden for more than half its length. The air is piercing, owing partly to the snow that liesseven or eight months of the yenr on the mountains, and partly to the great number of lakes, which are said to be not fewer dian 60. Its central part is occupied by the famed Snow don, and the several craggy sum- mits, deep dells, moors, charms, °nd lakes, which constitute its dreary re,- gions; Cattle, sheep, and goats, are al- CAR CAR most its sole rural riches. These are fed, during the summer, very high on the mountains, tended by their owners, who reside for that season in temporary huts, and make butter and cheese for their own consumption. The prospects around are rude and savage in the highest de- gree ; but not without a mixture of beauty, when the dimensions of the vales admit the varieties of wood, water, and meadows. Many rare vegetables, met with only on the most elevated spots, grow here. Copper mines have been worked in various parts of these moun- tains, and are at present about Llanberris. Other places afford lead ; and quantities of stone, excellent for hones, are dug near Snowdon; to the bleak region of whicl the vale of Conway below, in fertility and beauty, forms a very pleasing contrast Carnatic, a country of the peninsul: of Hindoostan, extending from the Gun toor circar, along the whole coast of C<>- romandel, to Cape Comorin ; including its appendages, which are Tanjore, Ma- ravar, Trichinopoly, Madura, and Tine velley. It is 570 miles from X to S, but no where more than 120 wide, and com- monly no more than 75. The annual re venue of the nabob of Arcot, its sove- reign, is stated at about 1,500,000/. out of which he pays a subsidy of 160,000/. to the English East India company, to ward the expense of their military esta blishment. The British possessions in the Carnatic are confined chief!} to the tract called the Jaghire, whose annua revenue is 150,000/ There is, besides, a land revenue dependant on Madras, of 725,000/. The Carnatic is rich, fertil and populous ; and contains an incredi- ble number of fortresses ; public monu- ments too, the unequivocal marks of ci- vilization and opulence, are more com- mon here than in the northern parts o! India. In 1787, the East India company took the whole administration of the Carnatic, and the collection of the na- bob's revenues, into their own hands. Arcot is the capital. Carnesville, the county town of Franklin county, in the state of Georgia, about 60 miles NW of Columbia, in the same state . Camiola, a province of Germany, in the circle of Austria ; bounded on the X by Carinthia and Stlria, on the E by Sclavonia and Croatia, on the S by Mor- lachia and Istria, and on the W by Friu- li. It is full of rocks and mountains, some of which are cultivated, others na- ked and barren, and others continually buried in snow: Laubach is the capital. Carolina North, one of the United States of America ; bounded on the N by j Virginia, on the E by the Atlantic on the S by South Carolina and Georgia, and on the AV by the Mississipi. "it is 758 miles long, and 110 broad ; divided into eight districts and 58 counties. This country is seated between the extremi- ties of heat and cold; the heat being more troublesome in summer, than the cold in winter. The air is generally se- rene and clear the greatest part of the year, but in February the inhabitants have a custom of burning the woods, which causes such a smoke as would seem to proceed from a thickness in the air. Beside the vegetable products com- mon to America, there are ground peas, which run on the surface of the earth, and are covered by hand with a light mould, and the pods grow under ground ; they are eaten raw or roasted, and taste much like a hazle nut. Cotton also is universally cultivated here. The most remarkable of their trees is the pitch pine, which affords pitch, tar, turpentine, and various kinds of lumber. Among their medicinal herbs and roots, this country abounds with the ginseng, Vir- ginia and Seneca snake-root, and lion's- heart, a sovereign remedy for the bite of a serpent. The indigo is however inferi- or to what comes from the Caribbec Is- lands. The inhabitants of this state were estimated, in 1790, at 210,000 whites, and 60,000 negroes. Newbern is the capital. Carolina South, one of the United States of America ; bounded on the E by the Atlantic, on the N by North Carolina, and on the S and S\V by the river Savan- nah, which divides it from Georgia ; its western boundary has not yet been accu- rately ascertained. It is 200 miles long, and 125 broad ; divided into 7 districts and 35 ©unties. Beside Indian corn, wheat, &c. for home consumption, large quantities of tobacco, and some indigo and wheat, are raised for exportation. Their rivers are large, and abound with delicate fish ; be- sides waterfowl of different kinds. The number of white inhabitants has been es- timated at 80,000; the negroes the same number, but some compute the latter to be 120,000. Columbia is the capital. Caroliiuis, or Carolhje Islands. See Phi- lippines;, JVew. Caroline, a county of the Eastern shore of Maryland. It is situated on the E side of Choptank river, having Queen's county on the N, and Dorchester on the S. It contains about 200,000 acres of land, and 10,000 inhabitants. Caroline, a populous county in the state of Virginia, bounded on the NE by the iver Bappahannock, which separates it from King George's county. It contains CAR CAR about 20,000 inhabitants, a great propor- tion slaves. Carpathian Mountain. 1 }, mountains which divide Hungary and Transylvania from Poland. /-PP? Carpentras, an episcopal town of France, in the late province of Provence, and capital of Venaissin. Before the French revolution, it w as subject to the pope* It is seated on the Anso-*, at the foot of a mountain, 14 miles NK of Avig- non. Lon. 5 6 E, lat. 44 8 N. Carpi, a town of Italy, in the Mode- nese, with a castle, eight miles N of Mo- dena. Lon. 11 16 E, lat. 44 41 % Carpi, a town of Italy in the Veronese, seated on the Adige, 24 miles SE of Ve- rona. Lon. 11 39 E, lat. 45 10 N. Carrick on Sure, a town of Ireland, in Tipperary, 14 miles NW of Waterford. Lon. 7 10 W, lat. 52 24 N. Carrickfergus, a populous borough and seaport of Ireland, in Antrim, with a castle. It is seated on a bay in the Irish Channel, of the same, name, 85 miles N of Dublin. Lon. 5 46 W, lat. 54 43 X. Carron, a river of Stirlingshire, which rises on the S side of the Campsey Hills, and flows int6 the Frith of Forth, below Falkirk. Its stream is small and scarcely deserves the notice of the tra- veller ; yet there are lew rivers which have been the scene of so fiaany memora- ble transactions. When the Roman em- pire was in its glory, the banks of Carron were its boundaries on the XW, and An - tonius' wall, which was raised to mark the limits of that vast empire, ran paral- lel to this river for several miles. Two miles from its source, it forms a line cas- cade, called the Fall of Auchinlilly. Carron, a village in S^ irlingshire, Scotland, remarkable for its extensive f'oundery, belonging to the Carron Com- pany, on the river Carron, one mile from Falkirk, consisting- of the greatest iron works in Europe. All sorts of iron good s are made in it. from the most tri- fling article to a cannon that discharges a ball of 42 pounds. The short piece of ordinance called a carronadc, ami intro- duced into the navy in the last Avar, was first made here, and hence received its name. These works were erected in 1761 ; before which time there was not a single house on the spot. At present the buildings are of vast extent, and the ma- chinery^ constructed by Mr. Smeaton, is the first in Britain, both in elegance and correctness ; 6500 tons of iron are smelt- ed annually from the mineral with pit- coal, and cast into cannon, cylinders, &c. In one place, where coal is converted in- to coak, by discharging it of its sulphur, and the fire spreads of course over a large surface, the volumes of smoke, the spiry flames, and the suffocating heat of the t ,limmerir.g air, are wonderfully affect- ing ; and at night, its glare is inconceiva- bly grand. How vast the fire is we may con- ceive, when we are told that it often burns 100 tons of coal in a day. The fire of the furnace thus roused becomes a glowing spot, which tiie eye can no more look at than at the sun. Under such intense heat the rugged stone instantly dissolves in streams of liquid iron. r Cart, the name of two rivers in Ren* frewshire, distinguished by the appella- tions of Black and White. Cartama, a town of Spain in Granada, at the foot of a mountain near ihe river Ctiadala Medina, eight miles XW of Ma- laga. Lon. 4 43 W, lat. 36 40 X. Carter, a county 1 in the State of Ten- nessee, with about 6000 inhabitants. Carteret, a county of Xtwbern district, in the State of Xorth Carolina. It is a maritime county, anil bounds on Pamlico".. Sound, with a population of about 5000 inhabitants. The capital, Beaufort. Cartersville, a post town in Towhattan count}-, Virginia, about 40 miles from Richmond, and 173 from the city of Washington. Carteret Island, an island in the South Pacific Ocean, seen by captain Carteret in 1767. It is six leagues long from E to W. Lon. 159 14 E, lat. 8 26 S. Ctirthage, a famous city of antiquity in Africa, which for many years disputed the empire of the world with Pome, but was at length razed by the Romans. Some of the ruins are to be seen on the coast of the Mediterranean, 10 miles XE of Tu- nis, near a promontory called cape Car- thage. Lon. 10 25 E, lat. 36 50 X. Carthage, a town of Xew Spain, in Cos- ta Rica, with a bishop's see, 360 miles WXW of Panama. Lon. 85 45 W, lat. 10 15 S. Carthage, or Jlloore Court-House, a post own, and the principal seat, of justice of Moore county, Xorth Carolina, about 40 miles from Fayetteville, and 390 from Washington. Carthagena, a seaport of Spain, in Mur* cia, built by Asdrubai, a Carthaginian general, and named after the city of Carthage. It has the best harbour in Spain, but nothing else very considerable. It was taken by Sir John Leake in 1706, but the duke of Berwick retook it. It is seated on a gulf of the same name, 27 miles S of Murcia. Lon. S V/, lat. 3737 X. Carthagena, a province of South Aipe-r rica, in Terra Firma, bounded on the W by the isthmus of Darien, en the XW CAS CAS -and N by the Cavribbean Sea, on the E , happened here in 1783, by which the by St. Martha, and on the S by Pop a van. princess Gerace, and upwards of 4000 in- It is a mountainous country ; but has habitants, lost their lives. - many well watered and fertile vallies ;' Cusbin, or Casivin, a town of Persia, in yet, beiBg" thinly peopled, it is ill cuHi- Irac Agemi, where several of the kings vated. The climate is exceedingly un- ' Carthagena, the capitals the province of Carthagena, in Terra Firm a, one of the most populous, opulent, and beauti- ful cities in South America. Its harbour is the safest and best fortified in the^Jpi- nish American dominions. This was not the only circumstance, to which Cartha- gena owed its splendour and importance ; it was chosen as the port in which the galleons should first beg-in to tr: de, on their arrival from Europe, and, to which they were directed to return, in order to prepare for their voyage homeward. The fortifications both of the city and suburbs are built after the modern man- ner and lined with free stone. The streets are broad, uniform and well pav- ed. All the houses are built of stone or brick, only one story high, neat, and furnished with balconies of wood, which is more durable in that climate than iron, the latter being* soon corroded by the acrimonious quality of the atmosphere. Ft was taken by the English in 1585, and by the French in 1697, who found a great booty:. but admiral Vernon, in 1741, though he had taken the castles, was o- bliged to abandon the siege. Lon. 75 26 W, lat. 10 24 Jti Cartmel, a town in Lancashire, with a market on Monday, and a 'handsome church, built like a cathedral. It is seated among the hills calle d Cartmei Fells, not far from the sea, and near the river Kent, 12 miles X bv W of Lancas- ter, and 260 XNAV of London. Lon. 3 6 W, lat. 54 12 N. Carver, a township of Plymouth coun- ty, Massachusetts. There is a post-of- fice in the township, 440 miles from Washington. Carivur, a seaport on the coast of Ma- labar, subject to the regent of Mysore. It is 60 miles S by E of Goa. Lon. 74 34 E, lat. 15 X. , Coital, a town of Italy, in Montserrat, with a citadel, and a bishop's see. It is seated on the river Po, 37 miles XE of Turin. Lon. 8 27 E, lat. 45 13 X. Caeal Maggiore, a town of Italy, in the duchy of Milan. It was forced to surrender to the French in May 1796, and is seated on the river Po, 20 miles SE of Cremona. Lon. 10 35 E, lat. 44 ■ ^Casal JVnwa, a town of Xaples, in Ca labria L'lteriore. A terrible earthquake of Persia have resided. Nadir Shalt built a palace here, inclosed by a wall a naile and a half in circumference ; like- wise the town is incircled by a wall four miles in circuit. It carries on a great trade, and is seated near the high moun- tain Elwend, where there are fine quar- ries of white marble, 180 miles X of Is- rK.b an. Lcn. 52 16 E, lat. 35 30 X. Pascals, a town of Portugal, yj Es- trnmarlura, at the mouth of the Tajo, 17 miles E o! Lisbon, Lon. 8 43 W, lat. 38 40X. Ccschanu. See Caisovu:. •> Casco Bay, a bay of Xorth America, in the state of Massachusetts, and district of Maine, between Cape Elizabeth and Cape Small Point. It is 25 miles wide, ,;;d interspersed with small islands. Lon 69 30 W, lat. 44 5 X. Caskel, a town of Ireland, in Tippc- rarv, with an archbishop's see, 13 miles NW of Clonmel. Lon. 7 33 W, lat. 52 26 X. - Cashgvr, a city of Asia, capital of a country of the same name. It stands at the foot of the Hiinmaleh mountains, and enjoys a good trade with the neighbour- ing countries. Loh. 73 25 E, lat. 41«30 X. Cashmere, a province of Hindoostan Proper, subject to the king of Candahar, bounded on the W by the Indus, on the X by Himaleh Mount, and on the E and S by Lahore. The valley or country of Cashmere is 80 miles long, and 40 broad; and is celebrated for its romantic beau- ties, the fertility of the soil, and the temperature of the atmosphere. All these particulars may be accounted for, when it is considered, that it is an elevated and exlensive valley, surrounded by steep mountains that'tower above. the re- gions of snow ; and that its soil- "is com- posed of the mud deposite d by a capital river, which originally formed* its wateis into a lake that covered the whole val- ley, until it opened itself a passage, through the mountains,- and left this fer- tilized valley an. ample field to human in- dustry, and to the accommodation of a happy race. It appears that the periodi- cal rains, which almost deluge the rest of India, are shjit out of Cashmere by the height of the mountains, so that onlv light showers fall there ; these however are in abundance enough to feed some hundreds of cascades, which are precipi- tated into the valley, from every part of this stupendous and romantic* bulwark CAS CAS that encircles it. The soil is the richest that can be conceived, and its produc- tions those of the temperate zone. A vast number of streams, from all quarters of the valley, bring their tribute to the Chelum, the parent of the soil, and a large navigable river. Many lake s are spread over the surface, and some of them contain floating islands. In a word, the whole scenery is beautifully pictu- resque ; and a part of the romantic cir- cle of the mountains makes a part of every landscape. The superstition of the inhabitants lias multiplied the places of worship of Mahadeo, Bes'chan, and Bra- ma. All Cashmere is holy land, and mi- raculous fountains abound. They are constantly subject to earthquakes ; and, to guard against the most terrible ef- fects, all their houses are built of wood. Among other curious manufactures of Cashmere is that of shawls ; and the de- licate wool of which they are made is the product of a species of goat of this country, or of the adjoining. Thibet. Here are bred a specie's of sheep, called Hundoo, which are employed in carrying burdens. The Cashmereans have a lan- guage of their own, said to be anterior to that of the Sanscrit ; and a religion too, it is thought, different from that of the Hindoos. Cashmere, a large city of Hindoostan Proper, capital of the province or valley of Cashmere. It is seated on both sides of the Chelun, 285 miles E bv S of Cabul. Lon. 73 11 E, lat. 33 49 N. Cashna, an extensive empire of Africa, part of the region called Negroland ; bounded on the N by Fezzan and Zahara, on the S by the Niger, and on the E by Zamphara and Bornou. It resembles Bor- nou in climate, soil, and natural produc- tions, and in the colour, genius, religion and government of the people. The rains, indeed, are less violent than those of Bo rnou'. Its monkies and parrots (but seldom seen in Bornou) are numerous, and of various species. The common people are less courteous in Cashna than in Bornou. A thousand towns and vil- lages are said to be included in this em- pire, which, like Bournou, consists of different tribes or nations, subject to the domin ion of one ruling power. Cashna, the capital of the empire of Cashna; in Africa, 970 miles S by W of Mesurata, in 16 20 N lat ; Casimir, a town of Poland, in the pa- latinate of Lublin. Lon. 22 3 E, lat. 51 OX. Caspian Sea* a great inland sea of Asia; bounded on the N by the country of the Kalmucs,'On the E by a tribe of the Tur- comans, on the S by Persia, and on the W by Georgia and Circassia. It is 680 miles in length, reckoning from Gurief to Medshetifar, and in no part more than 260 miles in breadth. It has no tide ; and, on account of its frequent shoals, is navigable only for vessels drawing from 9 to 10 feet water ; it has strong currents, and, like all inland seas, is subject to violent storms. There are certain winds that domineer over it with such absolute swj(y, that vessels are often deprived of every resource, and in the whole extent of it there is not a port that can truly be called safe. Its waters are brackish. The fishery is a nursery for sailors. The Uralian Cossacs enjoy the right of fish- ing on the coast 47 miles on each side of the river Ural ; and the inhabitants of Astracan have an exclusive privilege oh the remaining shoves belonging to Rus- sia. The fish, which are chiefly salted and dried, form a considerable article of consumption in the Russian empire. Seals are the only quadrupeds that inhabit the Caspian sea, but they are in such quan- tities, that they afford the means of sub- sistence to great numbers of people. The Caspian abounds with sea-dogs, which are hunted and caught in great numbers. Lon. from 48 to 53 E, lat. from 37 to 47 N. , Cassano, a town of Italy, in the duchy of Milan, with a castle, memorable for 'he defeat of prince Eugene by the duke de Vendome, in attempting to force the passage of the Adda. Cassano is seated on the Adda, 15 miles NE of Mi- lan. Lon. 9 24 E, lat. 45 30 N. Cassano, a town of Naples, in Calabria Citeriore, with a bishop's see, 35 miles N of Cosen/.a. Lon. 16 20 E, lat. 39 55 N. Cassel, the capital of the landgravate of Hesse-Cassel, divided into the Old and New Town. The streets are broad, the market places spacious, and there are four churches. The castle, or pa- lace, whence there is an extensive and delightful prospect, is built of free stone. The gardens, the arsenal, and the cabi- net of curiosities, deserve the attention of travellers. It is seated on the Fulda, 40 miles S of Paderborn. Lon. 9 29 E, lat. 51 19 N. Ctissel, a town of France, in the de- partment of the North, and late French Flanders, seated on a mountain, whence may be seen 32 towns, and the German Ocean, though 50 miles from it. It is 10 miles NE of St. Omer. Lon. 2 36 E, lat. 50 48 N. Cassel, a strong town of Germany, in the circle of the Lower Rhine, situated on the Rhine, opposite Mentz, with. CAS CAS which it has a communication by a bridge of boats. Cassovia, or Cashaiv, a strong town of Hungary, with a fine arsenal, seated near the river Horat, 55 miles NE of AgTia. Lon. 21,25 E, lat. 46 48 N. Castanovitz, a town of Austrian Cro- atia, seated on the river Unna, which divides that country from Turkey. Lon. 17 19 E, lat. 45 40 N. Castelamara, a town of Naples, in Prin- cipato Citeriore, with a bishop's see, and a good harbour, 15 miles SE of Naples. Lon. 14 35 E, lat. 41 40 N. Castel-Aragonese> a seaport of Sardi- nia, with a bishop's see, 20 miles NE of Sassari. Lon. 9 IE, lat. 40 56 N. Castel-Baldo, a town of Italy, in die Veronese, oc the river Adige, 35 mires SE of Verona. Lon. 12 7 E, lat. 45 5 X. Casttlbar, a town of Ireland, in the countv of Mayo, 35 miles X of Gahvav. Lon. 9 15 W, lat. 53 54 X. Castel-Branco, a town of Portugal, ca- pital of Beira, situated on the river Lyra, 38 miles X\V of Alcantara. Lon. 6 40 W, lat. 39 52 N. Castel-de-Vide, a town of Portugal, in Alentejo, eight miles N of Portalegre. Lon. 7 31 W, lat. 39 15 N. Castel-Folit, a town of Spam, iri Cata- tonia, on an inaccessible eminence, near tile river Fulvia, 15 miles W of Gironna. Castel-Gondolfo, a village in Canipagna eLi Roma, near Lake Albano. Near this village is die villa Barbarini, within the gardens of which are the ruins of an im- mense palace, built by the emperor Do- mitian. It is 10 miles S by E of Rome. Castel-Jaloux, a town of France, lately in the province of Guienne, now in the department of Lot and Garonne. It is seated on the Avance, 20 miles E of Ba- zas. Lon. 25 E, lat. 44 20 N. Castel-Nuovo, a town of Venetian Dal- matia, situated on the gulf of Cataro, 12 milts N bv W of Cataro. Lon. 18 29 E, lat. 42 36 *N. Castel-Rodrigo, a town of Portugal, in the province of Tra-los-Montes, 30 miles NVV of Cividad-Rodrigo. Lon. 6 22 W, lat. 41 N. Castel-A'uovQ-di-Carfagnana, a town of Italy, in the Modenese, with a strong fort. It is the capital of the valley of Carfagnana, and seated on the river Ser- chio, 17 miles above Lucca. Lon. 10 40 E, lat. 44 5 N. Castellane, a town of France, in the department of the Lower Alps, and late province of Provence. It is seated on the Verdon, in a hilly country, 27 miles S by E of Senez. Lon. 6 34 E, lat. 43 55 N. t H» * i Gastellon, a town of Spain, in Catalonia", five miles XW of Roses. Lon. 24 58 E, lat. 42 18 N. Casta Inaudary, a town of France, in the department of Aude, and late province of Languedoc, on an eminence. The Lan- guedoc Canal here forms a bason about 3600 feet in circumference. Castelnau- darv is 15 miles Wof Carcassonne. Lon 2 E, lat. 43 19 X. Castiglione, a town of Italy, in the Manv Uian, with a Castle. It was taken by the French on August 3, 1796. It is 20 miles X W of Mantua. Lon. 10 32 E, lat-, 45 23 X. Castile, the principal and most opulent the kingdoms into which Spain was Wrmerly divided. It now forms the two provinces of Oid Castile andXew Castile. Castile, Old, a province of Spain, 192- miles in length, and 115 in breadth ; bounded on the S by New Castile, on the E by Arragon and Navarre, on the N by Biscay and the Asturias, and on the W by Leon. Burgos is the capital. Castile, New, or Toledo, a province of Spain, 200 miles in length, and 184 in breadth ; bounded on the X by Old Cas- tile, on the E by Arragon and Valencia, on the S by Murcia and Andalusia, and on the W by Estramadura. It is divided into three parts ; Argaria to the N, Man- cha to the E, and Sierra to the S. Ma- drid is the capital. Castile del Oro, or A*ew Castile, in A- merica. See Terra Firma. Custillara, a town of Italy, in the duchy of Mantua, six miles NE of Mantua. Lon. 10 54 E, lat. 45 14 N. Castillon, a town of France, in the de- partment of Gironde. and late province of Guienne ; famous for a victory gained by the French over the English in 1451. It is seated on the Dordogne, 25 miles E of Bourdeaux. Lon. 2 E, lat 44 52 N. Castuie, a post town in Hancock coun- ty, Maine ; situated on the E side of Pe- nobscot bay, 4 miles S of Penobscot, in the lat. of 44 24 N, and lon. of 68 31 W. It is a place of cons iderable foreign trade, and has about 1000 inhabitants. Castle-Carif, a town in Somersetshire, with a market on Tuesday, 12 miles SE of Wells, and 112 W by S of London. Lon. 2 42 W, lat. 51 5 N. CustlerComb. a town in Wiltshire, so called from its ancient castle. It former- ly had a market. It is 12 miles NNE of Bath. C as tie-He ding-ham > a village in Essex, seven miles SW of Sudbury. Castle-Rising; a borough in Norfolk, which had a market, now disused, on ac- I count of its harbour- being choked up, C A T CAT but it is governed by a mayor, and sends two members to parliament. The castle, whence it has its fl'ante, has now fallen into ruins. It is seven miles NE of Lvnn, and 103 XNE of London, Lou. 30'E, lat 50 52 X. Custleton, a village in the peak of Der- byshire, at the foot of a rock above 250 feet high, on which are the remains of a castle, ascribed to "William Peverel, na- tural son of the Conqueror. Castleton, a post town, in Rutland county, state of Vermont, situated 20 miles E of Mount Independence, con- taining about 1200 inhabitants. Caqfletoivn, a township of Richmond county, state of • New-York. It is situ^ ted on Staten island, and contains abo^i 1100 inhabitants. Cusileto-um," the capital of the isle of "Man, with a castle, but of 'no great im- portance, on account of its distance from the rockv and shallow harbour. Lon. 4 35 W, lat. 53 55 N. Caston, a town in Norfolk, with a mar- ket on Monday, 10 miles NXW of Nor- wich, and 113 NE of London. Lon. 1 22 E, lat. 52 48 N. Castor, a town in Lincolnshire, with a market on Saturday, 15 miles NE of Lin- coln, and 159 N of London. Lom > 9W, lat. 53 30 N. Castres, a town of France, in the de- partment of Tarn, and late province of Languedec, of which it was recently an episcopal see. It is seated in a fine val- ley, on the Agout, 20 miles ,S of Alby. Lon. 2 20 E, lat. 43 37 X". Castro, a town of Italy, in the patrimo- ny of St. Peter, 40 miles NW of Home. Lon. 11 54 E, lat. 42 23 N. Castro, a maritime town of the king- dom of Naples, six miles S of Otranto. Lon. 18 31 E,1at. 40 16 N., Castro, a town of South America, in Chili, capital of the island of Chiloe. It is 180 miles S of Ealdivia. Lon. 75 5 W, lat. 42 4 S. Castro-Marinoi a town of Portugal, in Algarve. it is strong by situation, an J seated near thdfcnouth of the Guadiana, 55 miles S of Beja. Lon. 7 12 W^lw. 37- 6N. . A ..- -tX • Castro-Verepia, a town 93, it was en- tirely swallowed up by an earthquake, which buried 18,060 people in the ruins. It is 52 mdes SW of Messina. Lon. 15 29 E, Lat 37 36 N. Catanzaro, a town of Naples, in Cala- bria Ulteriore, with a bishop's see, seat- ed on a mountain, 15 miles SW of Bel- fas tro. Lon. 16 48 E, lat. 39 N. Cataro, a town of Venetian Dalmatia, with a castle, and a bishop's see ; seated on a gulf of its own name, 30 miles Vv~ of Scutari. Lon. 18 40 E, lat. 42 40 N. Catcau. - See Chateau -CamAi-esis. Catenate, a gulf between Sweden and Denmark, by which the Baltic communi- cates with the ocean. Catharineslaf, or Ecatervineiitfaf, a go- vernment of the Russian empire, divided into two provinces ; namely, Cadiarinen- •slaf, which includes New Russia, aild the late government of A soph ; and Taurida which includes the Crimea. Catharmenslaf, the capital of a province of the same name, built by the late em- press of Russia : and its name signifies The Glory of Catharine. It is seated near the confluence of the Kiltzin and Samara, 178 miles NE of Chefson. Lon. 35 15 E, lat. 47 23 N. Catharine's, St. the principal island on the cotist of the S part of Brasil, with a harbour defended by several forts. It is 27 miles long, but not more than six >r3ad. Lon. 49 17 W, lat. 27 35 S. Catharine's, St. an island on the coast of Georgia, in the lat. of 31 30 X. and lon. of 81 W. CAV CAU Catmandu, the capital of Xapaul, in Ilindoostjin Proper, 445 miles E of Delhi. Lon. 84 51 E, lat. 28 6 N. Cato, a military tow nship in the State of New -York ; situated about 25 SW of Oswego. Catoite, Cape, the XE promontory of Yucatan, in N America,* where the Eng- Iish adventurers from Jamaica, first at- tempted to cut log-wood. Lon. 86 30 "W, lat. 22 10 X. See Honduras. Catskill, a town in Green county, Ne$r York ; situated on the W side of Hudson river, at the mouth of Catskill creek, 8 miles from the city of Hudson, and 135 X of New York. Here is a post office. Cattack or Cuttack, the capital of Oris- sa, a province of Hindoostan, in the Dec can. It is a post of consequence on the Mahanuddy, as it lies on the only road between Bengal and the Northern Cir- cars. Cattack is seated on the Maha- nuddy, near its influx into the bay of Bengal, 220 miles SW of Calcutta. Lon. 86 1 E, lat 20 51 N. Cattarick, a village near Richmond, in the W riding of Yorkshire. It has a bridge over the river Swale, and a sort of cataract near it, from which it seems to have derived its name. It appears to have been a great city in the time of the Romans, one of whose highways crossed the river here, on the banks of which are the foundations of great walls, and a mount cast up to a vast height. Many coins and urns have been dug up here. > The final destruction of this city was by the Danes. Cattaivessy, a thriving post town on the E bank of Susquchannah river in Nor- thumberland county, Pennsylvania, at the distance of 21 miles E bv X of Northum- berland, and 150 miles NW of Philadel- phia. It has about 1500 inhabitants. Catmck, a village of Holland, on the German Ocean, near which, the only branch of the Rhine that retains its ori- ginal name, is lost in the sands. It is 6 miles X by W of Leyden. Cava, a considerable and populous town of Xaples, in Principato Citeriore, with a bishop's see ; seated at the foot of Mount Metelian, three miles W of Salerno. Lon. 14 55 E, lat. 40 26 N. Cavaillon, a town of France, in Yenais- sin. It lately had an episcopal see, and was subject to the pope. It is seat- d on the Durance, 20 miles SE of Avignon. Lon. 5 17 E, lat. 43 34N. Cavan, a county of Ireland, in the pro- vince of Ulster, 47 miles in length, and 23 in breadth ; bounded on the N by Fer- managh and Monaghan, on the E by the latter county and Louth, on the YV by Leitrim, and on the S by Lonford, West Meath and East Meath. It has but two towns of any note, Cavan and Kilmore. It sent six members to the Irish parlia- ment, and it contains 37 parishes. Cava/i, a borough of Ireland, capital of the countv of Cavan, 60 miles NW of Dublin^ ; Lon. 7 23 W, lat. 54 51 N. Caucams, a very high mountain of Asia, being one of that great ridge of moun- tains that runs between the Black and Caspian seas. These mountains are inha- bited by seven distinct nations, each speaking a different language : namely, the Turcomans, the Abkhas, the. Circas- sians, the Ossi, the Kisti, the Lesguis, and the Georgians. They have fine com- plexions and the women are beautiful. Of this ridge mount Caucasus is the high- est and most difficult to pass. It is 36 leagues over, andthe summit 8 leagues in breadth. The top is perpetually covered with snow, but the other parts are very fruitful, abounding in honey, corn, fruits; hogs and large cattle. Caucasus, a government of the Russian empire, divided into the two provinces of Astracan and Caucasus. The province of Caucasus comprises the Cuban, and all that district to the E and S, now in the possession of Russia, between the rivers Don and Cuban, and between the Black Sea and the Caspian, extending as far as the confines of Georgia. Caudebec, a rich and populous trading town of France, in the department of Lower Seine and late province of Nor- mandy, at the foot of a mountain, near the Seine, 18 miles NW of Rouen. Lon. 1 26 E, lat. 49 31 N. Cavendish, a post town of Windsor county, Yermont ; situated on the X side of Black river, between Weathcrsfield and Ludlow, 32 miles SE of Rutland river, containing 1016 inhabitants. Cariaua, an island of S America, at the mouth of the river Amazon, 90 miles in circumference, and of a triangular form, with its base to the ocean. It lies under the equinoctial line in lon. 50 20 W. Cauvcry, or Cavery, a considerable ri- ver of the peninsula of Hindoostan, which rises among the Gauts, and watering Se- ringapatam and Tanjore, enters the bay of Bengal, by several mouths, between Cuddalore and Trichinopoly. Caviva, a town in the isiand of Manil- la, with a strong castle, a harbour, and a dock. It is 10 miles from the city of Manilla. Caune, a town of France, in the de- partment of Tarn and late province of Languedoc, seated near the mountain*), . R C A Z C E L where the river Agout has its source. It is 21 miles NE of Castres. Lon. 2 43 E, lat. 43 40 N. Cauterets, a village of France, in the department of the Upper Pyrenees and late province of Bigorre, noted for its mineral water. It is 18 miles SWof Bag- neres. Caioood, a town in the E riding of Yorkshire, with a market on Wednesday, 12 miles S of York, and 186 NW of Lon- don. Lon. 1 W, lat. 53 47 N. Caxamalca, a town of Peru, capital of a territory of its own name. It was not- ed for a sumptuous palace belonging to the Incas and a magnificent temple dedi- cated to the sun. It is 300 mires NNE of Lima. Lon. 74 53 1 \V, lat. 7 25 S. Caxton, a town in Cambridgeshire, with a market on Tuesday, 10 miles W bv S of Cambridge, and 49 N of London. Lon. 10 W, lat. 10 N. Caya, a river of Portugal which rises near Portalegre, and running SE divides Spain from Portugal, and falls into the Guadiana, at Badajoz. Cayenne, a rich town and island on the coast of Guiana, in South America, ca- pital of the French settlements there, and b. unded on the W by the Dutch colony of Surinam. The French settled here in 1635, but left it in 1654, and it was suc- cessively in the possession of the Eng- lish, French, and Dutch; but the latter were expelled by the French in 1677. The island is about 16 miles in circum- ference, and is only separated from the continent by two rivers. By a particular formation, uncommon in islands, the land is highest near the water-side and low in the middle. Hence it is so full of moras- ses, that all communication between the different parts of it is impossible, with- out taking a great circuit. Cayenne pep- per, sugar, and coffee, are the principal commodities. Lon. 52 15 W, lat. 45 6 X. Cayuga, a county in the state of New York ; bounded on the E by Onondago and Ontario and Steuben counties on the \V. It has a small lake of the same name, extending 1 nearly through the middle of it. Cayuga, the principal town of a coun- ty, bearing the same name, in New York state. Here is a post-office, 439 miles from Washington. Cazenovia, a post" town of Chenengo, county, New-York ; situated at the head of Chenengo river, about 40 miles S W of Whitestown, and 494 from Washington. Cazimer, a town of Little Poland, in the palatinate of Lublin, seated on the Vistula, 80 miles E of Zarnaw. Lon. 22 3 E, lat. 51 N. Cebu, one of the most southerly of the Philippine mountains. Cecil, a county in the state of Mary- land, situated on the eastern shore of Chesapeak bay, at the NE corner of the state. It contains about 10,000 inhabi- tants. The capital is Elk town. Cedar Creek, a water of James River, in Virginia, in the county of Rockbridge j remarkable for its natural bridge, which is one of the most astonishing woiks of Nature. It stands on the ascent of a hill, which seems to have been cloven through its length by some great convulsion. The fissure, just at the bridge, is by some admeasurements 250 feet deep, 45 wide at the bottom, and 90 at the top. This, of course, determines the length of the bridge and its height from the water. Its breadth in the middle is about 60 feet, but more at the ends, and the thickness of the mass at the summit of the arch about 40 feet. A part of this thickness is constituted by a coat of earth, which gives growth to many large trees. The residue, with the hills on both sides, is one solid rock of lime- stone. This bridge gives name to the county of Rockbridge, and affords a com- modious passage over a valley, which cannot be crossed elsewhere for a con- siderable distance. Cedonga, a town of Naples, in Princi- pato Ulteriore, with a bishop's see ; seat- ed at the foot of the Appennines, 12 miles NW of Melfi. Lon. 15 38 E, lat. 41 5N. Cefalonia, a considerable island of the. Mediterranean, on the coast of Livadia, and opposite the gulf of Lepanto. It is fertile in oil, and excellent muscadine wine. It is subject to the Venetians, and vhe capital is of the same name. Lon. 20 36 E, lat. 38 22 N. Cefahi, a seaport of Sicily, in the val- ley of Demona, with a castle, and a bi- shop's see. Lon. 13 58 E, lat. 38 25 N. Celano, a town of Naples, in Abruzzo Ulteriore, a mile from the lake of Celano Lon. 13 39 E, lat. 41 56 N. Celebes, or Macassar, an island in the Indian Ocean, to the E of Borneo. The heat would be insupportable but for the N winds and the rains, which overflow this country, and for which reason the in- habitants build their houses on piles of wood ten feet high. The fruits are ripe all the year. The natives are Mahome- tans, and the best soldiers in these parts. The Dutch have strong forts here, by which thev keep the natives in awe. Lon. from 116 to 124 E, lat. from 1 30 N to 5 30 S. Celtiberia, a county of the Hither Spain, CER CEY along the SW side of the river Iberus though sometimes the greatest part of Spain was denominated Celtiberia. Tbj people were brave and warlike, and theii cavalry in particular was excellent. Cenada, an ancient town of Italy Trevisano, with a bishop's see, 18 miles N of Trevigio. Lon. 12 26 E, lat. 46 2 N Cenis, a mountain, which is a part of the Alps, and separates the marquisate of Susa from the Morianne. Centerville, a post town of Queen Ann's county, Maryland, situated on Corsica creek, a branch of Chester river, 17 miles S of Chestertown, and 20 N of Easton Centerville, a post town of Fairfax county, Virginia, eight miles from Fair- fax court house, and 26 from Wash ington. Cenu, a town of Terra Firma, eight miles S of Carthagena. Lon. 75 24 W, lat. 10 19 X. Czram, an island in the Indian Ocean one of the Moluccas, to the W of New Guinea, 140 miles in length, and 40 in breadth, it is mountainous and woody and the Dutch once had a fortress to keep the natives in subjection, and to defend the Sj^ce Islands, having destroyed the clove-trees here. Lon. from 126 to 129 E, lat. 3 OS. Cerdagna, a small district, partly of Spain, in Catalonia, and partly of France in the department of the Eastern Pyre- nees, and late province of Roussillon. Puy- cerda is the capital of the Spanish part, and Mont Lewis of the French. Ceretiza, a town of Naples, in Calabria Citeriore, with a bishop's see ; seated on a rock, 12 miles NW of St. Severino. Lon. 17 2 E, lat. 39 23 N. Ceret, a town of France, in the depart- ment of the Eastern Pyrenees, and late province of Roussillon, with a magnifi- cent bridge of one arch over the Tet. It is 12 miles from Perpignan. Lon. 2 46 £, lat. 42 36 N. Cerigo, an island of the Archipelago, to the S of the Morea, and to the N of Candia, formerly known by the name of Cytherea, and noted for being the birth- place of Venus. It is 45 miles in circum- ference, full of mountains, and has a small town of the same name. Lon. 23 22 E, lat. 36 20 N. Cerines, a seaport of Cyprus, with a castle, and a Greek bishop's see. Lon. 33 35 E, lat. 35 59 N. Cemey, North, a village in Gloucester- shire, near the downs where Cirences- ter races are run. In an adjacent field is a camp of considerable extent. It is four miles from Cirencester. Certdsa. a celebrated Carthusian mo- nastery in the duchy of Milan, four miles from Pavia. Its park is surrounded by a wall 20 miles in circumference, and con- tains several villages. Cervera, a town of Spain, in Catalonia, on a river of its own name, 22 miles NW of Tarragona. Lon. 1 9 E, lat. 41 25 N. Cervia, a seaport of Italy, in Romagna, with a bishop's see ; seated on the gulf of Venice, 10 miles SE of Ravenna. Lon. 12 17 E, lat. 44 30 N. Cesena, a town of Italy, in Romagna, with a bishop's see ; seated on the Savio, 15 miles SE of Ravenna. Lon. 12 20 E, lat. 44 25 X. Ceite, a seaport of France, in the de- partment of Iierault and late province of Languedoc, seated at the place where the Canal of Languedoc begins, between Montpellier and Agde, on the Mediter- ranean Sea. Lon. 3 42 E, lat. 43 23 N. Ceva, a town of Piedmont, on the Ta- naro, with a fort, eight miles SE of Mon- dovi. It was taken by the French in April 1796. Lon. 8 10 E, lat. 44 26 N. Ceve?ines, a mountainous country in the S of France, in which, after the re- vocation of the edict of Nantz, a remnant of the persecuted Huguenots took re- fuge. Ceuta, a seaport of Africa, with a bi- shop's see. "John, king of Portugal, took it from the Moors in 1415, but it now belongs to Spain. It is seated on the straits of Gibraltar. Lon. 5 20 W, lat, 35 50 N. Ceylon, a large island in the Indian Ocean, 250 miles in length, and 195 in breadth. In general the air is very good, nd though the country is full of moun- tains, there are fertile vallies. In some places there are rich mines, whence are got rubies, sapphires, topazes, and other itones of less value. Here is abundance of wood for all sorts of uses, and some proper for dying red. It is remarkable Hot abundance of cinnamon ; and in the [•doni of Candy is plenty of very large ardamoms. The pepper here is so good, that it sells dearer than that of other places. One of the most remarkable trees in Ceylon is the tallipot, which grow s straight and tall, and is as big as the mast of a ship ; the leaves are so large as to cover 15 or 20 men ; wben dried, they are round, and fold up like a fan. The natives wear a piece of the leaf on their head when they travel, to shade them from the sun, and they are so tough that they are not easily torn, though those that wear them make their way through the woods and bushes. Every soldier carries one, and it serves for his C H A C H A tent. Common deer are found in this is- ; land in great abundance, as well as (lui- nea deer : but the horned cattle are both very small and very scarce. They have the largest and best elephants in the world ; and the woods are infested by ti- gers, the most terrible of all ravenous be us is. They abound also with snakes of a monstrous size, one of which has been known to devour a tiger at one meaifltfr. Ives saw one fifteen feet long, and thirty inches in circumference. Spi- dery centipedes, and scorpions, also grow here to an enormous size. Mr. Ives saw a spider here as large as a tu.;.d, with brown hair upon it, and legs as thick as the shank of a tobacco pipe. A scorpion taken out of a piece of wood was eight inches long, from head to tail, exclusive of the claws ; and the shell was as hard as that of a crab. The inhabi ants are divided into several tribes, from the no- bleman to the maker of mats, and all the children follow 1 the same business as their fatiiers ; nor is it lawful to marry into any other tribe. They are Pagans; and though they acknowledge a supreme God, they worship none but the inferior sort, and among these they reckon the sun and moon. In their temples are images, well executed, though their fi- gures are monstrous : some are of silver, copper, &c. The different sorts of gods have various priests, who have all some privileges. Their houses are small and low, with walls made of hurdles, smooth- ly covered with clay, and the roofs thatched. They have no chimnies, and their furniture is only a few earthen ves- sels, with two copper basins, and two or three stools ; none but the king being al- lowed to sit in a chair. Their food is ge- nerally rice, and their common drink is water, which they pour into their mouths out of a vessel like a tea-pot, through the spout, never touching it with their lips. There are some inscriptions on the rocks, which must be very ancient, for they are not understood by any of the present in- habitants. The Portuguese were the first Europeans who settled on this island ; but the Dutch soon drove them a war, and established themselves on all the principal places along the coast. In February 1796, all the Dutch forts and settlements were taken by the English. Lon. from SO to 82 E, lat. from 6 to 10 X. Chablais, a province of Savoy, bound- ed on the N by the lake of Geneva, on the E by Yallais, on the S by Faucignv, and on the \V by the Genevois. Thonon is the capital. Chablis, a town of France, in the de- partment of Yonne and late province of Burgundy, remarkable for white wines. It is 15 miles E by X of Auxerre. Lon. 3 59 E, lat. 47 42 N. Chaco, a large country in South Ame- rica, situated between 19 and 37 S lat. It belongs to the Spaniards by whom it was conquered in 1536. It is not natu- rally fruitful, but abounds in gold mines, which are so much the more valuable, tha* they are easily worked. Chactaws, or Flat Heads, a tribe of In- dians, between the rivers Alabama and Mississippi, in the W part of Georgia. They have 43 towns and villages contain- ing i2,123 souls, of which 4,041 are fight- ing men. Chacktoole Bay, a bay in Norton Sound, discovered by Captain Cook in 1778. Lon. 162 47 W, lat. 64 31 C/ueronea, the last town or rather vil- lage of Beotia, towards Phocis, the birth place of Plutarch; famous for the defeat of the confederate Creeks by Philip of Mace don. Chagre, a for£ of South America, in the province of Darien, at the mouth of a river of the same name, to the SW of Porto-Bello. It was taken bv Admiral Vernon in 1740. Lon. 80 *7 W, lat. 9 20 X. Chtiis-Dieu, a town of France, in the department of Upper Loire, and late pro- vince of *Velay. Its Benedictine abbey was much celebrated. It is 12 miles E of Brioude. Lon. 3 4 E, lat. 45 15 N. Chahlea. See Irac Jlrabia. Chalons -sur- Sao >ne, an ancient city of France, in the department of Saone and Loire, lately an episcopal see in the pro- vince of Burgundy. It is the staple of iron for Lyons and St. Etienne, and of the wines for exportation. The great Roman way from Lyons to Boulogne passed by Chalons ; and here are various indica- tions of Roman magnificence, particular- ly the ruins of an amphitheatre. Chalons is seated on the Saone. 35 miles S of Di- jon. Lon. 4 57 E, lat. 46 47 X. Chaloiis-siir-.Marne, a city of France, in the department of Marne, lately an epis- copal see in the province of Champagne. It contains 15,000 inhabitants, who car- ry on a considerable trade in shalloons and other woollen stuffs. Here is an aca- demy of *the sciences, arts, and belles- lettres. Chalons is seated on the rivers Marne, ]\fau, and Xau, : . 40 miles SW of Verdun, and 95 E of Paris. Lon. 4 27 E, lat 43 57 X. Chamb, a town of Germany, in the cir- cle of Bavaria, capital of a county of its own name, seated on the river Chaml. 37 miles XE of Eatiabon. Lon. 12 55 R, lat. 49 14 X. C H A C H A Chamberry, a populous town, the capi- tal of Savoy, with a castle. It is water- ed by many streams, which have their sources in St. Martin's Hill, and run through several of the streets. There are piazzas under most of the houses, w here people may walk dry in the worst weather. It has large and handsome suburbs, and in the centre of the tow n is the ducal palace. The principal church is St. Leger, and the Jesuits college is the most magnificent of all the monas- teries. It was taken by the French in 1792. It is 27 miles NE of Grenoble, and 85 NW of Turin. Lon. 5 50 E, lat. 45 35 N. Chambersburg, a post town, and the principal town of Franklin county, Penn- sylvania ; situated on the Conegocheague creek, 11 miles SW of Shippensburg, 50 of Carlisle, and 157 W of Philadelphia. This is a very thriving town, being seat- ed in the bosom of a very fertile valley, flfcind a populous settlement. diamond, a town of France in the de- partment of Rhone and Loire and late province of Lyonois, with a strong cas- - tie, on the river Giez, 17 miles S of Ly- ons. Lon. 4 55 E, lat. 45 29 N. Champagne, a late province of France, 162 miles in length, and 112 in breadth, bounded on the N by Hainault and Lux- emburg, on the E by Lorrain and Franche Comte, on the S by Burgundy, and on the YV by the Isle of France and Soissonnois. It now forms the depart- ment of Ardennes, Aube, Marne, and Up- per Marne. Champlain, Lake, a lake of North A- merica, 80 miles long, and 14 in its broadest part. Lon. 74 10 W, lat. 45 N. Champlaitito'ivn, a town in Clinton coun- ty, New York ; situated on the W side of Lake Champlain, near its junction with the Sorrel river : being on the border of Canada. Here is a post office, 591 miles from Washington. Chanceford, a considerable township of York county, in the state of Pennsylva- nia/ situated on the W side of Susque- hannah i*iver. Chancha, a rich and considerable town of Egypt, five miles from Cairo, at the entrance of the desert which leads to Mount Sinai. Chanda, a considerable city of Berar, * .in the Dec can of Hindoostan, subject to the chief of the Eastern Mahrattas. It is seated on a branch of the Godavery, 70 G miles S of Nagpour. Lon. 79 40 E, lat. 20 10 N. Chandernagore, a large town of Hin- doostan Proper, in Bengal. It was a French settlement, and had a very strong fort, destroyed by admiral Watson in 1757; and, in 1793, the English again dispossessed the French of this settle- ment. It is'a neat and pretty large tow n, and is seated two leagues and a half a- bove Calcutta, with an excellent harbour. Chand'crsvi/le, a post town in the dis- trict of Maine, situated on a river of the same, about 10 miles SE of Machias. Chang-hai, a town of China, in the province of Kiang-nan. In this town, and the villages dependant on it, are more than 200,000 weavers of common cotton cloth. Chan-tovg, a province of China, boun- ded on the E by Petcheli and part of Honan, on the S by Kiang-nan, on the E\ by the sea, and on the N by the sea and part of Petcheli. The country is well watered by lakes, streams, and rivers ; but is nevertheless liable to suffer from drought, as rain falls here but seldom. The locusts also sometimes make great devastation. However, it,abounds great- ly in game ; and there is • perhaps no country where quails, partridges, and pheasants, are sold cheaper, the inhabi- tants of this province being reckoned the keenest sportsmen in the empire. The province is greatly enriched by the river Yun, called the Grand Imperial Canal, through which all the barks bound to Pekin must pass in their way thither. The duties on this canal alone amount to more than 450,000/. annually. The canal itself is greatly admired by Euro- pean travellers on account of its strong and long dikes, the banks decorated with cut stone, the ingenious mechanism of its locks, and the great number of natu- ral obstacles which have been overcome in the execution of the wo;k. The capi- tal is Tsi-nan-iou. CJtanmanning, a city of Thibet, which has been the residence of the grand La- ma. It is 130 miles W of Lassa. Lon. 89 45 E, lat. 31 N. Channeray, a village in Ross-shire, near the Frith of Man av, 30 miles W of Elgin. Chan-xi, a province of China, and one of the smallest in the empire, is bound- ed on the E by Petcheli, on the S by Ho- nan, on the W by Chen-si, and on the N by the Great wall. The climate is healthy and agreeable, and the soil gene- rail) fertile, though the country is full of mountains. Some of these last are rough, wild, and uninhabited; but others are cul- tivated with the greatest care from top to bottom, and cut into terraces forming a very agreeable prospect; while some have on their tops vast plains, no less fer- tile than the richest lowlands. These C H A C H A mountains abound with coal, which the inhabitants pound and make into cakes with water; a kind of fuel, which though not very inflammable, affords a strong and lasting fire, when once kindled. Here are five cities of the first class, and eighty-five of the second. Chantilly, a town ofJPrance, celebrated for a fine forest, and magnificent hunting seat, which belonged before the late re- volution, to the prince of Cor.de, who had made it one of the most delightful places in the world. It is 17 miles N by E of Paris. Lon. 2 36 E, lat. 49 11 N. Cliao-hing-fou, a city of China, in the province of Tche-kiang. It has eight ci- ties of the third rank under its jurisdic- tion. The inhabitants of this district are said to be the greatest adepts in chica- nery of any in China. Indeed they are so well versed in the laws, that the go- vernors of the provinces and great man- darins choose their secretaries from a- mong them. Chao-tcheo-fou, a city of China, in the province of Quang-tong, situated between two navigable rivers, and celebrated for a monastery of the Bonzes, in its neigh- bourhood. " Lon. 114 22 E, lat. 25 N. Chaparang, or Dsaprong, a considerable city of Thibet, seated on the southern- most of the two heads of the Ganges, not far westward from the lakes Mansa- rour and Lanken. Lon. 78 42 E, lat. 34 N. Chapell Hill, a post town of Orange county, North Carolina, situated on a branch of Cape Fear river, about 14 miles S of Hillsborough, and 24 W of Ra- leigh. Cfiapel in Frith, a town in Derbyshire, with a poor market on Saturday, seated on the confines of the Peak, seven miles SE of Manchester, and 165 NNW of London. Lon. 1 55 W, !at 53 22 N. Chaptico, a town in St. Mary's county, Maryland, 12 NW of Leonardtown, and 56 from Washington. Here is a post of- fice. Charabon, a seaport on the N coast of Java, in the Indian Ocean, 150 miles E of Batavia. Lon. 109 10 E, lat. 6 S. Charcot, Los, a province of South A- merica, in Peru. It has the finest silver mines in the world. La Plata is the ca- pital. See Potosi. ' Chard, a town in Somersetshire, with a market on Monday ; seated on the side of a hill, six miles W of Crewkerne, and 141 W bv S of London. Lon. 3 18 W, lat. .50 52 N. Charente, a department of France, in- eluding the late province of Angoumois. Charente, Liraer, a department of France, consisting of the two late pro- vinces of Aun.s and Saintonge. Saintes is the capital. Charenton, the name of two towns in France, the one upon the Marmaude, in die department of Allier, the other on he river Seine, four miles S of Paris; once famous for its protestant church. Charlesburg, a post town of Montgome- ry count}, Maryland, 26 miles N of Washington. Charles City, a town of Virginia, in a county of the same name, on the N side of James river, 35 miles SE of Richmond, and 167 from Washington. Churite, a town of France, in the de- partment of Nievre, and late province of Nivernois. The town derives its name from the charity of the late prior of the Benedictine Clunistes, upon whose boun- >\ it subsisted in a time of scarcity. Lon. 3 10 E, lat. 47 10 N. Charlemont, a borough of Ireland, in. the county of Armagh, seated on the ri4P ver Blackwater, six miles S of Dungan- non. Lon. 6 57 W, lat. 54 44 N. Charlemont, a fortified town of the Ne- therlands, in the county of Namur, ced- ed to the French by the treaty of Nime- guen. It is seated on the Meuse, 25 miles SW of Namur. Lon. 4 40 E, lat 50 6 N. Charlemonte, a township of Hampshire county, Massachusetts, containing about 1000 inhabitants. Charleroy, a town of the Austrian Ne- therlands, in the county of Namur, built by the Spaniards in 1666. It has been frequently taken and retaken, the last time by the French in 1794. It is seat- ed on the Sambre, 18 miles W of Namur. Lon. 4 30 E, lat. 50 20 N. Charles, a county in the state of Ma- ryland, on the W side of Chesapeak. It is divided from the state of Virginia by die river Potomac. It contains about 260,000 acres of land, and a population of 20,000 persons. Charles, a river, in the state of Massa- chusetts, which flows into Boston har- bour, near that town. Charles, Cape, a promontory of Virgi- nia, on the N side of Chesapeak Bay. Lon. 75 50 W, lat. 37 12 N. Charles, Cape, a promontory on the SW part of the strait entering into Hudson's Bay. Lon. 75 15 W, lat. 62 10 N. Charles, Fort, a fortress of Ireland, at the entrance of Kinsale harbour. Lon. 2 23 W, lat. 51 1 N. Charleston, the principal town of Charleston county, and the metropolis of the state of South Carolina. It was planted in 1669, at the confluence of Coo- C H A C H A per and Ashley Rivers, in the lat. of 32 50 N, and Ion' of 80 15 W. Ashle> ri- ver is navigable 20 miles above the city by vessels of considerable burden; biu it being" placed on alow spot of ground, and in the vicinity of the ocean, it is subject to be inundated by high tides ; and has often suffered from this cause, as well as by fires and tremendous whirl- winds. Charleston is nevertheless a ca- pital of great riches and commerce ; tlu exports of 1803 amounting to §7,811,108 — The banks ot the rivers above and be- low the town are beautified with fine plan- tations, and walks, interspersed with rows of trees. The streets that lie E and W run in straight lines, from river to river, and are intersected by others at right an- gles, though they have one common fault of being too narrow, some of them being not above 35 feet wide. Most, if not all of them are provided with subterranean drains that cany off the water and filth of the city. — The houses lately built are principally of brick, and some of them in a style of comparative grandeur and elegance. The chief public edifices are an exchange, a state-house, a bank, an armoury, and a public alms-house, with ten or a dozen places of religious wor- ship. Here are two banks, besides a branch of the United States' bank. The inhabitants in 1800 amounted to 18,824, nearly one half of them slaves. The en- trance of the harbour is defended by a fort on Sullivan's Island, about six milu below the city. This fort repelled the attack of a British fleet under Sir P. Par- ker, in the revolution war, with a very destructive effect to the assailants. Charlestori, a town of North America in the state of Rhode Island and count) of Washington. It is remarkable for bi.- ing the residence of the greater purl of th«* Indians that still remain (to the num- ber of 5«jC) in this state. They are pe xeable and well disposed toward the government, and speak the English lan- guage. Charleston, a town on the SW side of the island of Nevis, in the West Indies It is the seat of government, and defend- ed by a fort. Lon. 62 50 W, lat. 16 10 N. Charlestarsn, a post town in Cheshire county, New Hampshire ; situated on the E side of Connecticut river, 12 miles N of Walpole, 38 S of Dartmouth College, and 80 W by N of Portsmouth. Charlestovm, the principal town of Mid- dlesex county, Massachusetts opposite to Boston, from which it is separated by Charles river, over which is c nstructed one of the most elegant bridges in the U- nited States. It contains about 2000 in- abitants. Charlestoivu, a post town of Jefferson county, Virginia, 73 miles from Wash- ington. Charlestovm^ a town in Cecil county, Maryland ; situated on the W side of North East River, near its mouth, 10 miles W of Elk t on and 47 E by N of Bal- timore. Here is a post office. Charleston, an island at the bottom of Hudson's Bay. Lon. 79 5 W, lat. 52 3 N. Charleville, a borough of Ireland, in the county of Cork, 30 miles N of Cork. Lon. 8 30 W, lat. 52 23 N. Charleville , a town of Fraace, in the. department of the Ardennes and late province of Champagne. The streets are as straight as a line, and the houses of an equal height, covered with slate. Here is a magnificent square, and in the centre a handsome fountain. It is seated on the Me use, near Meziers, from which it is separated by a bridge and a causeway ; 15 miles NW of Sedan, and 115 NE of Paris. Lon. 45 E, lat. 49 50 N. Charlotte, a post town on the E side of Lake Champlain, in Chittenden county, Vermont ; at the distance of 10 miles S of Burlington, and 13 N of Vergennes. Charlotte, a town in Virginia, the capi- tal of Charlotte county, 30 miles N of ' •falifax, and 100 SW of Richmond. Charlotte, the principal town of Meck- ! nburg count/, North Carolina ; situated ba Sugar Creek, a branch of Catabaw ri-; ver, 46 miles S of Slatesville, and about :!ie same distance SW of Salisbury. Charlotte-town, formerly lioseau, the ca- pita.! of Dominica, 21 miles SE of Prince tt'. perl's Bay. on a point of land on the SW side of the island. Lon? 61 25 W, lat. 15 25 N. ; ' Charlotte's, Queen, Ishinl, an island in he South Sea, first discovered by Cap- lain WallS in the Dolphin. It has abun- dance of good water, cocoa-nuts, palm- nuts, and scurvy grass. The inhabitants are of a middle stature, and dark com- plexion, with long hair hanging over their shoulders. Charlottesville, a post town and the ca- pital of Albemarle county, Virginia, situ- ated on Rivannah river, 42 miles E by S of Staunton, and 85 NW of Kichmor.d. Charlton, a village in Kent, on an emi- nence that commands a fine view of the Thames. Charlton is six miles E3E of London. Charlton, a township of Worcester count)*, in the state of Massachusetts, with about 2500 inhabitants. C H A C H A Charlton, a township of Saratoga coun-| ty, New York, with about 2000 inhabi- tants. Chanties, a town of France, in the de- partment of the Yosges and late province of Lorrain, sen ted on the Moselle, over which is a handsome bridge, eight miles E of Mirecourt. Lon. 6 17 E, lat. 48 21 K. Charn-vood, or Charley Forest, _a rough open tract in the NW part of Leicester- shire. CharoHes, a town of France, in the de- partment of Saone and Loire, and late province of Burgundy. It has a ruinous castle, an% is seated on the Jleconce, 24 miles WNW of Macon. Lon. 4 24 E, lat. 46 28 N. Charost, a town of France, in the de- partment oT lndre and late province of Berry, seated on the Arnon, six miles NE of Issoudun. Lon. 2 10 E, lat. 47 1 N. Chartiers, a township in Washington county, Pennsylvania, situated on a creek of the same ' name, which falls into the Ohio below Pittsburg. " Chartres, an ancient city of France, in the department of Eure and Loire, and late province of Beauce. The cathedral is one of the finest in France, and its steeple much admired. The principal trade consists in corn. It is seated on the Eure, 45 miles SW of Paris. Lou. 1 34 E, lat. 48 27 N. Chartreuse, or Grand Chartreuse, lately one of the most celebrated monasteries iii France, eight miles N of Grenoble, now converted into a kind of arsenal. Lon. 5 49 E, lat. 45 20 N. Charybdis, a famous whirlpool, in the Strait-of Messina, on the coast of Sicily, opposite the celebrated Scylla, in Italy. According to the poets, it was very for- midable to mariners ; but it is said to have been entirely removed by the dreadful earthquake in 1783* On di- ving into it, there were found vast gulphs and whirlpools below, which produce all the commotion on the surface of the water. Chatavghque, a lake in Ontario county, New York, near the line which divides that state from Pennsylvania, and about ten miles from the SE side of Lake Erie. Chateau-Bryant, a town of France, in the department of Lower Loire and late province oY Britanny, with an old castle, 24 miles S of Rennes. Lon. 1 16 W, lat. 47 46 N. Chuteait-Cambresis, a town of France, in the department of the North and late province of the Cambresis, with a magni- ficent palace, which belonged to the arch- M j bishop of Cambray. It is famous for a j treaty concluded between Henry II. of France and Philip II of Spain ; and is 12 miles SE of Cambrav. Lon. 3 40 E, lat. 13 7 N. Chateau-CJdnon, a town of France, in the department of Nievre, and late pro- vince of Nivernois, with a considerable manufacture of cloth. It is seated on the Yonne, near the source of that river, 36 miles E of Nevers. Lon. 4 8 E, lat. 47 ON. Chateau-jRauphin, a strong castle of Pi- edmont, 18 miles W by N of Saluces. It was taken by the French and Spaniards in 1744, and restored in 1748, by the treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle. phateau-du-Loir, a town of France, in the department of Sarte and late province of Maine, famous for sustaining a siege of seven years against the count of Mans. It is seated on the Loir, 22 miles SE of Mans, and 97 W of Paris. Lon. 30 E, lat. 47 40 N. Chateau-Dim, an ancient town of France in the department of Eure and Loire, and late province of Beauce. Here is a castle, and a holy chapel, built by the fa- mous count of Dunois. The streets are straight ; the houses uniform ; and the great square is very spacious. It is seat- ed on an eminence, near the Loire, 30 miles N of Blois, and 72 SW of Paris. Lon. 1 22 E, lat. 48 4 N. Chateau-Goriticr, a town of France, in the department and late province of Maine, seated on the river Maine, with a castle. It has a mineral spring ; its trade consists in linens ; and it is 22 miles NW of Angers, and 147 SW of Paris. Lon. 36 E, lat, 47 47 N. Chat can- Landon, a town of France, in the department of Seine and Marne, and late province of the Isle of France. It lately had an Augustine Abbey, seated on a hill, five miles S of Nemours, and 50 S bv E of Paris. Lon. 2 38 E, lat. 48 11 N. Chateaulin, a town of France, in the de- partment of Finisterre and late province of Brittany, 18 miles N of Quimper, on the river Auzon where there is a salmon- fishery. Chht'eau-Meilidnt, a town of France, in the department of Cher, and late province of Berry, nine miles E of Chatre. Here is a castle, with a tower said to have been built by Julius Cesar. Chateauneuf, a town of France, in the department of Cher and late province'of Berry, 16 miles S of Bourges. It is the the name of other two inconsiderable towns of France. C II A C K A Chateaitnei/f, a town of France, in the department of Eure and Loire, and late province of Beauce, 12 miles NEof Char- Chateavneuf, a town of France, in the department of Maine and Loire and late province of Anjou, seated on the Sarte, 12 miles. X of Angers . Chateau-Renaud, a town of France, in the department of Indre and Loire, and late province of Touraine, 20 miles NW of Amboise, and 88 SW of Paris. Lon. 1 1 W, lat. 47 33 N. Chateuroux, a town of France in the late province of Berry. It has a manu- facture of cloth, and is seated in a plea- sant plain, on the Indre, 15 miies SW or Issoudun, and 148 S of Paris. Lon. 1 5 B, lat. 46 46 N. Chateau- Ti hierry, a town of France, in the department of Aisne and late prov- ince of Champagne, with a castle on an eminence, seated on the river Maine. It is the birth place of the inimitable La Fontaine ; and is 27 miles SW of liheims, 'and 97 NW of Paris. Lon. 3 33 E, lat. 49 2 N. Chatel,*. town of France, in the depart- ment of the Vosges and late province of Lorrain, seated on the Moselle, 8 miles E of Mirecourt. Chatel-Chalon, a town of France, in the department of J urn and late province of Franche Comt£, remarkable for its late Benedictine nunnerv, 20 miles £ of Dole. Lon. 5 38 E, lat. 46 46 N. Chatdlleratilt, a town of France, in the department of the Vienne and lute pro- vince of Poitou, seated on the Yienr.e, over which is a handsome stone bridg-e. It is noted for its cutlery, watchmaking, and the cutting 1 of false diamonds. < It gives the title of duke to the Scotch duke of Hamilton. It is 22 miles NNE of Poitiers, and 168 SSW of Paris. Lon. 44 E, lat. 46 50 N. Chatham, a town in Kent, adjoining - Rochester, and seate'd on the Medway. It is one of the principal stations of the royal nary ; and the yards and magazines are furnished with all soils of naval stores. It has about 500 houses, mosth low, and .built with brick; the streets are narrow and paved , and it contains about 3000 inhabitants. The principal emplo) - ment of the labouring hands is ship building in the king's yard - nd private docks.' It has a market on Saturday, a church, a chapel of ease, and a ship used as a church for the sailors. It is 31 miles ESE of London. Lon. 36 E, lat. 51 22 N. « Chatham, a post town in Barnstable county, Massachusetts, near Cape Mala- bar, 22 miles E of Barnstable. Standing* near the sea shore, the principal employ- ment of the inhabitants is fishing. CJititliam, a town in Chesterfield coun- ty, South Carolina, on the W side of Great Pedee river, 16 miles N of Green- ville. Here is a post office, 427 miles from Washington. Cluithum, a township of Grafton county, in the state of New Hampshire. Chatham, a township of Columbia county, New \ork, with about 5000 inha- bit an us. Cha/ham, a township of Middlesex county, Connecticut, situated on the E side of Connecticut river, near Middle- ton. Chatham, a populous county in the state of North Carolina, and district of Hillsborough. It is watered by the head streams of Cape Fear river, and contains about 12000 inhabitants. Chatillon—Lzs—Dombes, a town of France, in the department of Ain and iate province of Bresse, 12 miles W of Bou rg. Chatillon-svr-I/idre, a town of France, in the department of Indre and late pro- vince of Berry, 10 miles S of Loch.es. Lon. 55 E, hit. 47 22 N. Chatillon-nnr-JVlartie, a town of France, in the department of Marne and late pro- vince of Champagne, 27 miles S of Uheims. Lon. 4 5E, lat. 48 53 N. 'ChatiUon-sur-Seine, a town of France, in die de partment of Cote d'Or and late province of Burgundy, divided into two by the river Seine. It has ironworks in its neighbouihcod, and is 36 miles NW of Dijon. Lon. 4 35 E, lat. 47 42 N. Chutoque, a lake of N America, in the state of New York. It is the source of the river Conawongo, which runs into the Alleghany. The lower end of it, whence the river proceeds, is in lat. 42 10 N. From the NW of this lake to Lake Erie is nine mile s. Chatre, a town of France, in the de- partment of Indre and late province of Horry, seated on the river Indre 37 miles from Hourgres. L. carries oti a confide-* cable trade in cal^e. Lcn. 1 55 E, lat. 46 35 N. Chatsworth, a village in the* Peak of Derbyshire, near the river Derwent, six miles W of Chesterfeld, It was the prison of Mary queen of Scots, for 17 years, in memory of which the new Soelgings that are built, instead of the old, arc called the queen of Scots apart- ment. %K. Chaves, a town of Portugal, in the pro- vince of Tra-los-Montes, seated at the foot of a mountain, on the river Tamega. CHE CHE Between the town and the suburb Mag- 1 dalena is :ni old Roman stone bridge H is 30 miles SW of Braganza. Lon. 7 W, lat. 41 45 N. Chaumont, a town of France, in the de- partment of Upper Marne and late pro- vince of Champagne. The principal gate of the church of the college is much ad- mired. It is seated on a mountain, near the river Marne, 14 miles S of Joinville. Lon. 5 9 E, lat. 43 8 N. Chaumonty a town of France, in the de- partment of Oise and late province of the Isle of France, 30 miles N W of Paris. Lon. 2 7 E, lat. 49 18 X. Chainvi, a town of France, in the de- partment of Aisne, on the river Oise, 20 miles E of Noyon. Lon. 3 18 E, lat. 49 17 N. Chebrechin, a town of Poland in the province of Russia, and palatinate of Belskow. Lon. 23 51 E, lat. 50 35 N. Cheudle, a town in Staffordshire, with- a market on Saturday, seated on tin most fertile part of the Moorl-md, 12 miles NE of Stafford. Lon. 1 56 W, lat. 53 N. Cheam, a village in Surry, adjoining + o which is the site of the village of Co- dington, or Cudington, where Henry \\W. built the palace^wf Nonsuch, so much ct lebraledby Camden and Heuuner, for its magnificence. Cheam is 13 miles SSW of London. C1ieat s a river in the state of Virginia, which mes in Randolph county, aud al- ter running a northwardly course falls into the Monongahela, near the line thai divides that state from Pennsylvania. A" its June. ion with the Monongahela it is a- bou't 200 yards wide. Chebukto, a harbour, near Halifax in Nova Scotia. Lon. 63 18- W, lat. 44 45 N. Chedery a village in Somersetshire, fa- mous for its cheeses, which are as larue as those of Cheshire. It is three miles E of Axhridife. Chtd-worthy a village in Gloucester- shire, four miles WSW of Northlech. situated on the declivitv of two hills. In tliis parish, ; one of the princi- pal of the Rajpoot states, in Hindoostan Proper. It consists, in general of high mountains, divided by narrow vallies; or of plains environed by mountains, acces- sitve only by narrow passes or defiles ; in effect one of the. strongest countries in the world ; yet having a sufficient extent of arable land, of dimensions equal to the support of a numerous population, and blessed with a mild climate, being; between 24 and 28 X lat. It is tributary to the Mahra'ttas. Cheitove, or Oudipovr, a town, in a pro- vince of the same name, in Hindoos lart Proper It Mas a fortress and city o$ great extent , situated on a mountain ; but it has been in ruins since the time of Au- rungzebe, in 1681, and had once before experienced a like fate from the hands of Acbarin 1567. It is 120 miles S bvE of Nagpour. Lon. 74 56 E, lat. 25 21 N. Chelm, a town of Poland, in Red Rus- sia, capital of a palatinate of its own name, with a bishop's see. It is 100 miles ES E of Warsaw. Lon. 23 29 E. lat. 51 20 X. Chelmer, a river in 'Essex, which rises near Thaxted, and flows by Dunmow and Chelmsford to Maltlen, where if joins 'he Blackwater, and forming the estuary called Blackwater Bay, or Maiden water, enters the German Ocean. Chelmsford^ the county town of Essex, situated m a beautiful valley, at the con- iluence of the Chelmer and Can, with a market on Friday. It consists of the own and hamlet of Moulsjiam, parted from each other by the river Can, over which is an elegant stone bridge of one rch. In the town are the church, a magnificent shire-house, a freeschool, a ne'w^ conduit which affurds a plentiful supply of water, and. a neat theatre : the •lamlet contains the *new couniy-gaol, and hree meeting houses. In 1793 an act parliament was obtained, to make the Chelmer navigable hence to Maiden, •helmsford is 21 miles WSW of Colches- er, and 29 ENE of London. Lon. 033 E, iat. 51 43 N. Clielmsfurd, a post town of Middlesex • ounty, Massachusetts, 22 miles NW of Boston, and about 1300 inhabitants. Chelsea, a fine village situated on the \ bank'Qf the river Thames, a mile W 'of Westminster, remarkable for a magni- ficent hospital of invalids and old decre- pit soldiers, and for % the noble rotundo in. :he garden of Ranelagh house, to which a great deal of fine company resort in summer, and which is one of the noblest structures of the kind in Europe. Here is also an excellent physic garden,' be- longing to the company of apothecaries. Chehea t a town in the state of Massa- chusetts ; situated in Suffolk county, and the neighbourhood of Boston. Cheltenham , a township of Montgome- ry county, in the state of Pennsylvania. It joins to Philadelphia county, and has a population of 800 inhabitants. C/ieltetiham, a town in Gloucestershire, with a market on Thursday ; and voted for its mineral waters, which are some- CHE CHE what like those of Scarborough. It is ^nine miles NE of Gloucester, and 95 W m by N of London. Lon. 2 21 W, lat. 51 55 N. • CJtehea Landing, on the W side of Thames river, in New London county, Connecticut, at the distance of 14 miles N from New London. Here is a past office- /*•'*" .Chelrm, or Jhyhim, a river of Hindoos- tan Proper, being the-westernmost of the five eastern branches of the river Indus. It rises above Cashmere, waters that ci- ty, and flowing through the province of that narn^e, in a SE direction, joins the Indus fjelow Moultan. It is joined by a vast number of streams in its course. This river is the famous Hydaspes of Alexander and is sometimes called Behut. Chenango, a post town of Tyoga coun- ty, New York, situated on the N side of Tyoga river, 10 miles N\V of Athens or Tyoga point. In 1800 the township con- : tained 1149 inhabitants. Chenango, a post town in the state of New\ York, and in a county of the same name : situated near the junction of. the Chenango river with the Susquehannah, and contains about 1300 inhabitants. Chen-si, one of the most extensive pro- vinces of China, bordering on the great wall. It is divided into two parts, the eastern and western, and contains eight cities of the first rank, and 106 of the se- cond and third. It is fruitful, commer- cial, and rich, but subject to long droughts ; and clouds of locusts some- times destroy every thing that grows in the fields ; these insects the Chinese c. t boiled. In Chen-si, arc rich gold mines, which, for political reasons are not. al- lowed to be opened. Singan-fou is the capital. Chen-yan, or Mmg-iUn, the capital of Eastern ChiiK-se Tartary (or country of the Mantchew Tartars) and cf a depart- ment of the same name, which is 'bound- ed on the S by the great wall of China. ChepeUo, an island in the bay of Pana- ma, three miles from the city of Panama, which it supplies with provisions and fruit. Lon. 80 15 AV, lat. 8 46 N., Chepxto~iv, a town in Monmouthshire, with a market on Saturday. It is seated on the side of a hill, on the Wye, near its confluence with the Severn Jt is walled round, has a handsome high bridge over the river, and sends provi- sions and other commodities to Bristol. The tide is said to rise higher here than in any other part of Europe, it swelling to 50 or 60 feet perpendicular. It is 18 miles N of Bristol, and 127 W of Lon- don. Lon. 2 36 W, lat. 51 42 N. Cher, a department of France, includ- ing part of the late province of Berry. Bourges in the capital. Cherasco, a considerable town of Pied- mont, capital of a territory of the same name, with a strong citadel, to which the duke of Savoy retired in 1706, du- ring- the siege of Turin. It is seated at the confluence of the Sturia and Tanaro, upon a mountain, 24 miles SE of Turin. Lon. 7 58 E, lat. 44 45N. C^heraiv Court Jfovse, the principal seat of justice, in Durlington county, South Carolina, situated on the S side of Black Creek, a branch of the Great Pedee. Here is a post office "424 miles from Wash- ington. Cher a*u District, a v district in the state of South Carolina, of which Cheraw Court House is the principal seat of justice, is a rich and populous country, containing nearly 20,000 inhabitants. Cherbourg, a seaport of France, in the department of the Channel and late' pro- vince of Normandy. It is remarkable for the seafight between the English and French in 1692, when the latter were beat, and upwards of twenty of their men of war burnt near Cape la Hogue. The English landed here in August 1758, took the town, with the ships in the ba- sin, demolished the fortifications, and ruined the other works which had been long begun for the purpose of enlarging the harbour, and rendering it more safe and convenient. Cherbourg is 50 miles N W of Caen. Lon. 1 33 E, lat. 49 38 N. Cheresoui, a town of Turkey in Asia, capital of Curdistan, 150 miles N of Bag- dad. Lon. 44 15 E,' lat. 35 50 N. Cherry Island, in the Northern Oceaw, between Norway and Greenland. Lon, 20 5 E, lat. 74 30 N. Cherty VaHSy, a post town in Otsego county, New York, 12 miles NE of Coop- er's town, and 60 W of Albany. Cherso, an island in the gulf of Ve- nice*, with a town of the same name, near Croatia, belonging to the Venetians. The soil is stony ; but it abounds in wine, cattle, oil, and excellent honey. Lon. 14 40 E, lat. 45 11 N. Ghersm, the capital of New Russia, in the g- A ernment of Catharineslaf. It Is a new town erected by Catflkrine II. on the N bank of the Dnciper, lO^iiles below the mouth of the Ingulec. It is intend- ed to be the principal mart of all the commodities of export and import. It has a dock, for the construction of large vessels from which several men of war and merchant ships have been already launched. It is supplied with fuel by reeds onlv, of which there is an inex- CHE haustible forest in the shallows of the Dneiper, opposite the town. Rails, and even temporary houses, are made of them. They are tall and strong-, and af- ford shelter to various kinds of aquatic birds, some of which are very beautiful. The fortifications are made, and the plan- tations formed, by malefactors, who amount to some hundreds. In 17S7, the empress made a triumphant journey to this capital, and met the emperor Joseph II. Her intention it is s'aid, wes to be crowned here queen of Taurica, and em- press of the East. But the design, what- ever it was. did not take place ; and she was content to have inscribed over one of the gates of the city, " Through this gate lies the road to Byzantium." In this place, in 1790, the excellent Mr. Howard, so well known for his plans of reform of the different hospitals and pri- sons of Europe, fell a victim to his in- defatigable humanity. Cherson is 50 jndcs E of Oczakow. Lon. 33 10 E, lat. 46 5 X Cherlsev, a town in Surry, with a mar- ket on Wednesday. It is seated in a low Wet situation not far from the river Thames, over which is a handsome stone bridge of seven arches. It is seven miles W of Kingston, and 20 W bv S of Lon- don, Lon. 20 W, lat. 51 25 X. Cherz, an ancient town of Poland, in Masovia, 15 miles from Warsaw. Lon. 21 8 W, lat. 52 1 X. Chesapeak, one of the largest bays in the known world. Its entrance is be- tween Cape Charles and Cape Henry in Virginia, 12 miles wide, and it extends 270 miles to the X, 1 dividing Virginia from Maryland, through this extent it is from seven to 18 miles broad, and gene- rally nine fathoms deep - r affording many commodious harbours, and a safe navi- gation. It receives the Susquchannah, Potomac, Rappahannoc, York, andJaitaes Rivers, which are all large and naviga- ble. Lon. 7& W, lat. 3& 45 X. Che-sham, a town in Bucks, with a market on Wednesday, 12 miles SE of Ailesburv, and 29 W bv X of London. Lon. 36 W, lat. 51 42 X. Cheshire, an English county palatine, bounded on the X by Lancashire, on the NE by Yorkslgre, on the E by Derby- shire, on tlm vSE by Staffordshire, on the S by Shropshire, on the W by Denbigh- shire and Flintshire, and on the XW by the Irish Sea. This county extends 33 miles from X to S, and 42 from E to W, without including a peninsula 13 miles in length tmd six in breadth, which pro- jects into the Irish Sea, or a narrow tract of land which stretches between CHE Lancashire and Derbyshire, to Yorkshire, on the NE. It is supposed to contain^ 125,000 inhabitants. It is divided into^ seven hundreds, containing one city, 11 market-towns, and 101 parishes. In many places of the country are peat mosses, in which are often found trunks of fir trees, sometimes several feet under ground, that are used by the inhabitants both for fuel and candles. Here also are many lakes and pools well stored with fish ; besides the rivers Mersee, Weaver, Dane, and Dee, which last falls into a creek of the Irish sea, near Chester. The coun. try is generally level, the highest hills in it are about Erodsham ; and ils exten- sive pastures feed a great number of cows, whose milk is peculiarly rich, and of which is made excellent cheese, for which this country is chiefly remarkable. This cheese has a peculiar flavour, and is not inferior to any of Europe.* Such quantities of tliese cheeses are m;>':< , that London alone is said to take annually 14,000 tons ; and vast quantities are also sent to Bristol, York, Scotland, Ireland, &c. This county is likewise famous for its salt springs at Xamptwich, Middle- wich, Xorthwich, and Winsford ; and, at Xorthwich, there are va„* pits of solid salt rock. Cheshire K a township of Berks county, in the state of Massachusetts, about 130 miles from Boston, containing 1300 in- habitants. Cheshire, a township of Xew Hav.-n county, Connecticut, tiistant about 15 miles from Xew Haven City, and contain- ing about 2500 inhabitants. Chester, the capital of Cheshire, with a market on Wednesday and Saturday. It is a very ancient city, supposed to have been founded by the Romans, ami plainly appeals to have been a Roman station, by the many antiquities which have been and are still discovered about the town; the walls are near two miles in circumference, and there are four gates, towards the four cardinal points. 1,1 has a strong- castle, in which is the shire-hall, and 10 churches, besides the cathedral. The structure of the princi- pal streets, is very singular. They are as if excavated out of the earth and sunk many feet below the surface ; the carri- ages drive far beneath the level of the kitchen^ on a line with ranges of shops. The houses are mostly' of wood, with galleries, piazzas, and covered walls be- fore them ; by which not only the shops, but those who are walking about the town are so hid that one would imagine there were scarce any inhabitants in it, though it is very populous. The back i ♦ CHE C H I courts of all the houses are on a level with the ground ; but to go into any of the four principal streets, it is necessary to descend a flight of several steps. It has a constant communication whh Ire- land, this and Holyhead being the prin- cipal places of taking shipping for Dub- lin. It has a manufacture of gloves, and a considerable traffic of shop goods into Nv*rih Wales. It gives the title of earl to the prince of Wales, is governed by a mayor, sends two members to parlia- ment, and is a bishop's see. It is 20 miles S by E of Liverpool, 38 SW of Manchester, and 182 NW of London. Lon 3 3 E, lat. W, 52 12 N. Chester County, one of the three origi- nal counties of Pennsylvania, populou^ and well cultivated. Besides its own li- mits, it formerly contained what is now called Delaware county. It is divided into 39 townships, and contains a popu- lation of about 35,0'-X) inhabitants. Chester, (originally culled Upland,*) a post town and the capital ot Delaware county, Pennsylvania; seated on the W side of the river Delaware, 15 miles be- low Philadelphia, and 13 NE of Wil- mington. This is a very ancient town, was the seat of the first Legislature, after the arrival of William Penn, fcut has long been stationary in point of growth. It has about 1000 inhabitants. Chester, a county of Pinkney district, in the state of S Carolina. It is plcntifulh watered by Pishing and Rocky creeks, and produces large crops of wheat, rye ;i nd indian corn. The inhabitants are about 10,000. The chief town is Ches- ter, situated on a branch of Sandy river. Chester, a township of Windsor coun- ty, Vermont, having a post office, and about 2000 inhabitants. Chester, a post town of Rockingham county, New Hampshire. It is situated on the E side of Merrimack river, about 30 miles westward from Portsmouth. Chester, West, the chief town of Ches- ter county, in the state of Pennsylvania, about 25 miles W of Philadelphia* Cheater, a town in Rockingham county, New Hampshire, 30 miles westward from Portsmouth, and about the same distance NW of Newbury -Port. Here is a post- office 528 miles from Washington. Chesterfield, a town in Derbyshire, with a market on Saturday, and a handsome church remarkable for its curved spire. Chesterfield is seated on a bill, between the rivulets Ibber and JRother, 22 miles N of Derbv, and 149 NNW of London. Lon. 1 27 W, lat. 53 18 N. Chesterfield, a post town in Cheshire county, New Hampshire ; situated on the E side of Connecticut river, 11 miles W of Marlborough, and opposite to Brattle boro', Vermont. It contained 2161 in- habitants at the last census in 1800. Chesterfield, a town of Essex county, New-York, having a post-office 547 milt t. from Washington. Chesterfield, a populous county in the state of Virginia, situated between James and Appamatox rivers. It contains about 14000 inhabitants, nearly one half slaves. Chesterfield, a post town . in Caroline county, Virginia, 34 miles S of Frede- ricksburg- on the Rappahanoc, and ll)»2 from Washington. Chestertu-zvJi. the chief town of Kent county, Maryland; situated on Chester river, 17 miles N of Centerville, and about the same distance SW of George- town, on Sassafras river. It is a post town and the seat of a college. Cheviot, a district in Northumberland, to the SW of Wooller, on the hol ders of Scotland, famous for the fiee chace, much used here by the English and Scots gentry. The adjacent country being hil- ly is called the Cheviot Hills, of which one is so high that it is seen 60 miles of]', and is the first land discovered by ships coming from the E. This is the Cheviot famous for the fierce encounter between the English and Scots under the earls Percy and Douglas, which i# celebrated in the ballad of Chevy Chace. Chiapa-de-los-Indios, a large town of North America, in Mexico, in a pro- vince of its own name. Lon. 96 5 W, lat 15 16 N. Chiapa-el-Real, a town of North Ame - rica, in Mexico, in a province of its own name, with a bishop's see. Its principal trade consists in cocoa-nuts, cotton, and sugar. Lon. 94 45 W, lat. 17 10 N. Chiarenza, a seaport of Turkey in Eu - rope, in the Morea, opposite the island of Zante. Lon. 21 35 E, lat. 37 50 N. Chiuri, a town of Italy, in the Bres- ciano, where the Imperialists defeated the French in 1701. Lon. 10 17 E, lat 45 30 N. Chiuro-Monte, a town of Sicily, on a mountain, 25 miles W of Svracuse. Lon. 14*59 E, lat. 37 3 N. Chiavenna, a town of Swisserland, ca pital of a county of the same name, un- der the sovereignty of the Grisons. It is. a trading place, especially in wine and delicate fruits ; but its chief support is the transport \)f merchandise, it being the principal communication between the Milanese and Germany. Chiavenna is seated near the lakes of Chiavenna and Como. Lon. 9 19 E, lat. 46 19 N. Chiavenna, hoqhetto di, a small lake C H I of the country of the Grisons, in Swis- serland, near the town of Chiavenna, re- markable for its delightful views, which are wild and magnificent. It is surround- ed by barren rocks, craggy, and rising into spires sprinkled with snow. The bases of these dreadful precipices are lose in the overshadowed water, dange- rous on account of its malignant vapours, and affording" no asylum, scarcely a l:md- ing* place, to the crews of thor-' frail boats, which are caught unwarily in the violent storms to which it is subject. Chicasaios, a nation of Indians, settled on the head branches of the Tombecbe, Mobile, and Yazoo rivers, in the NW corner of Georgia. The number of these Indians has been reckoned at 1725, of which 575 are fighting men. They have seven towns, the central one of which is in Ion. 89 43 W, lat. 34 23 N Chichester, the capital of Sussex, with a market on Wednesday and Saturday. It is surrounded with a wall, which has four gates answering to the four cardinal points ; from which run two streets that cross one another in the middle and form a square, where the market is kept, and where is a fine stone piazza built by bi- shop Red. The principal manufacture is malt and needles. Its market is noted for fish, wheat, barley, malt and oats : the finest lobsters in England, are bred in the Lavant, and it is observable, that this river unlike most others is very low in winter, but in summer often overflows its banks. It is 61 miles SW of London. Lon. 48 W, lat. 50 50 N. CM Chester, Upper and Lower, two town- ships of Delaware comity, Pennsylvania. They are contiguous, and the eastern- most bounds on the river Delaware. Chiekfa, a town of Turkey in Europe, in the Morea. It was taken "by the Vene- tians in 1685 ; but the Turks retook it. Lon. 22 28 E, lat. 36 25 N. Chiemsee, a lake of Germany, in Bava- ria, which contains an island and town of the same name, with a bishop's see. The island is 17 miles in circumference, and the town is 22 miles WSW of Saltzburg. Chieri, a fortified town of Piedmont, seated on the declivity of a hill, in a pleasant country, bounded on all sides by hills covered with vines. It is eight miles E of Turin. CJufti, a town of ^Naples, capital of A- bruzzo Citeriore, with an archbishop's see. It is seated on a.molintain near the river Pescara, eight miles SW of Pes- cara, Lon. 15 7E, lat. 42 20 N. ChigxoelL, a village in Essex, near Ep- ping Forest, noted for a freeschool, founded by archbishop Harsnett, who C H I had been vicar of this place. Chigwcll is 10 miles NE of London. Chihiri, or Port-Cheer, a seaport of Arabia Felix, which carries on a con- siderable trade. Lon. 49 25 E, lat. 14 40 N Chilesbnrq; a post town in Caroline county, Virginia, on the E side of Pa- in unkey river, 32 miles S by W of Fre- dericksburg, on the Rappahannoc, arid 90 miles from Washington. Chili, a large country of South Ame- rica, on the coast of the South Pacific Ocean, discovered by Diego d'Almagro in 1525. The mountainous part of it is still possessed by the Puelches, Araucos, and other tribes of its original inhabi- tants, formidable neighbours to the Spa- niards, with whom, during two centu- ries, they have been obliged to maintain almost perpetual hostility suspended only by a few intervals of insecure peace. The Spanish colonies, therefore, are dispers- ed on the borders of the South Sea,- to an extent of about 900 miles. They are parted from Peru by a desert of 80 leagues in breadth, and bounded by the island of Chiloe, at the extremity next the straits of Magellan. The climate of Chili is the most delightful in the New World. Though bordering on the Tor- rid Zone, it never feels the extremities of heat, being rendered cool and agree- able by its vicinity to the Andes. The fertility of the suH corresponds with 'lie benignity of the climate, and is wonder- fully accommodated to European produc- tions, which have all improved in that happy climate. The most valu .hie of these, corn, wine, and oil, abound in Chili, as if they had been native in the country. The horned cattle are of a lar- ger size than those of Spain ; and its horses excel in beauty and spirit, the fa- mous Andalusian race from which they sprung. Nature" too has enriched Chili with valuable mines of gold, silver, cop- per,, and lead. Yet with all these advan- tages Chili has no direct communication with the mother-country. Their trade is confined to Peru, Paraguay, and the savages on their frontiers. Chili is go- verned by a chief, who is absolute in all civil, political and military affairs, and is also independent of the viceroy. In the whole extent of Chili there arc not above 80,000 white inhabitants, and 240,000 negroes and people of a mixed race. Chilicntha, the,capital of Ross county, in the state of Ohio ; situated on the W side of Sciota river about 50 miles by land, above its confluence with Ohio river. It is surrounded by a large body CHI CHI of fine lands, and possesses the advan- tage of an extensive inland navigation . it contains about 200 houses, of which several are mercantile stores, and two printing offices that publish weekly news- papers. Here is a post-office, but the seat of government for the state has been recently transferred to another place. C/iilka, a lake in the Deccan of Hindoo- stan, which bounds the five Circars on the N. It is 40 miles in length from NE to SW, and >n most places 11 or 15 wide, with a narrow slip of sandy ground be- tween it and the sea. It has many in- habited islands on it. On the NW it is bounded by a ridge of mountains, a con- tinuation of that which extends from the Mahanuddy .to the Godavery river, and shuts up the Circars towards the conti- nent. It affords an agreeable diversity of objects; mountains, islands-, and for- ests ; and an extended surface of water, with boats and small vessels sailing on it. To those who sail at some distance from the coast, this lake has the appear- ance of a deep bay ; the slip of land not being visible. Chiloe, an island of South America, on the coast of Chili, 125 miles in length, and 17 in breadth. The principal town is Castro. Chiltern, a chain of chalky hills, run- ning from E to W through Buckingham- shire, and forming the S part or the county. They are covered, in various parts, with woods : and some of the emi- nences are of considerable height, and afford rich prospects. The air on these heights is extremely healthful; the Soil, though stony, produces good cropa of wheat and barley. This district belongs to the crown, which, for time immemo- rial, has had an officer under it, with the title of Steward of the Chiltern Hun- dreds. » Chimay, a town of France, in the de- partment of the North, and late province of Hainault, seated on the river Blanche, 20 miles SSWof Charleroy. Lon. 4 15 E, lat. 50 N. ClanHeva^ an ancient town of Turkey in Europe, nVAlbania, capital of a territory of the same name, including a chain of mountains, of which one part- is free, and the other subject to the Turks. Ib la seated on a rock at the entrance of the gulf of Venice, 29 miles N of Corfu. Lon. 20 8 E, lat. 40 8 N. Chimbeigh, a town in Devonshire, with a market on Wednesday. It is almost surrounded bv the river Dart ; and is 21 mile* NW of Exeter, and 195 W bv S of London, Lon. 3 53 W, lat. 50 57 N. China; an extensive empire in Asia, bounded on the N by Tarjtary, from which it is separated by a great wall, 500 leagues in length ; on the E by the Yel- low Sea and the Chinese Ocean • on the S by that ocean arid the kingdoms of Tonquin, Laos, and Burmah ; a»id on the W bv Thibet. It lies between 100 and 125 E lon. and 20 and 41 N lat. It is 2000 miles from N to S, and 1500 from E to W, and divided into 15 provinces, which contain 4402 walled cities, divid- ed into classes, the civil and the milita- ry ; .the civil class contains 2045, and hat of the military 2357. It is in gene- ral a plain and level country, with few mountains of any note, but the rivers are very numerous and considerable ; though the water commonly used is of a very in- different quality, and sometinles requires boiling to render it fit for use. The nu- merous rivers are of great service for the inland navigation of the country, and it is besides assisted by such numbers of canals as £re not to be met with in any country of the world. These are formed in a maniier superior to that of other na- tions ; the principal being lined with hewii stone, so deep that they are able to carry vessels of any burden, and ex- tending in some places 1000 miles in length. They are furnished with stone quays, and sometimes with bridges of a surprising construction. The. "vessels are fitted with all the conveniences o f ,Ufe, and it has been supposed that the empire of China contains as many inhabi- tants by water as by land. Their navi- gation, however, is slow, and they are sometimes drawn by men. According to the calculations of faiher Amiot, China contains 200,000,000 inhabitants. Aston- as this may appear to Europeans, Abbe Ci osier is of opinion that this ac- count is by no means exaggerated ; and he himself not only states all the calcu- lations of Amiot, but gives a variety of reasons, from circumstances almost pe- culiar to China, to account for this won- derful population in that remote corner of Asia. The climate and soil are vari- ous, as the different provinces are nearer to, or vemote from, the S ; severe cold being felt at Pekin, while the southern provinces are exposed to excessive heat. In several of the provinces, the land yields two crops. a-ycar ; yet, though the husbandman cultivates it with such care, as not to (lose , the smallest portion of ground, China has been often desolated by famine. Its numerous mountains (which are cljtrfly in the N and W par' s of the empire) contain mines of iron, tin, copper, quicksilver, gold, and silver ; but those of gold and silver are not per- C H 1 CHI mi t ted to be opened ; the emperors hav- ing always feared, lhat if the peopli should be exposed to the temptation of these artificial riches, they would be in- duced to neglect t!ie more useful labours of agriculture. Quarries of marble, eoal mines, lapis lazuli, rock crystals, pre- cious stoneS, and a kind of sonorous stones, of which musical instruments are composed, are abundant in China. They have potter's earth too of such va- rious and superior kinds, that their cele- brated fine porcelain will ever remain unrivalled. The whole of the finest is reserved for the emperor, so that none of it ever conies into the hands of other per- sons, unless it happen to be cracked or otherwise damaged in such a manner as to be unworthy of being 1 presented to the sovereign. There is some doubt there- fore, if any of the finest Chinese porce- lain was ever seen in Europe. Besides the fruits peculiar to the country, China produces the greater 1 part of those of Europe ; but (excepting the grapes and pomegranates) they are much inferior. Oranges were first brought us from Chi- li:'-. They have also lemons, citrons, the tse-tse, a kind of fig- peculiar to China ; the li-tchi, of the size of a date, its stone covered with a soft juicy pulp of an ex- quisite taste, but dangerous when eaten to excess : the long-yen,, or dragon's- eyes, its pulp white, tart and juicy, not so agreeable to the taste, but more whole- some than the li-tchi. The Chinese; sur- pass us in the art of managing- kitchen- gardens, and have a number of vege-, tables unknown to us. They cultivate even the, bottom of their waters ; the beds of their lakes, ponds and rivulets, producing crops unknown to us, particu- larly of the pitsi, or water chesnut, the fruit of which (found in a cover formed |jy its root) is exceedingly wholesome, and of a very delicate taste. The moun- tains and vast forests abound with wild animals of every species; but that valu- able quadruped, the musk-deer is pecu- liar to it. Of their birds, the most beau- tiful in China, and perhaps, in the world, is the kir.-hi, or golden fowl. The com- plexion of the Chinese is a sort of tawny, and they have large foreheads, small eyes, short noses, large ears, long beards, and black hair ; and those are thought to be the most handsome who are the most bulky. The women affect' a great deal of modesty, and are remarkable for their little feet. The men endeavour to make as pompous an appearance as pos- sible, when they go abroad; and yet their house's are mean artel low, consist- ing only of a ground floor. Learning, with the arts and sciences in general, is much cultivated in this country. The government is absolute, and the emperor is more unlimited in his authority than any o: her monarch upon earth ; his edicts .d-e respected through the empire, as if they came from a divinity ; he aione has the disposal of all places, and merit alone, real or supposed, raises to an office, lie has likewise the privilege of choosing his successor, and there have been several instances of his making use of ibis right ; but the chief mandarin has permission to tell him of his faults. He Looks upon his subjects as his children, and professes to govern them with pater- aal affection. Their empire is very an- cient, and they pretend that it existed many thousand years before Noah's flood ; it is generally allowed to have continued 4000 years. The annual revenues of the crown are computed at 41,000,000/. ster- ling, and the horse are said to consist of 5,000,000 in time of peace ; but they have no enemies to cope with. The prin- cipal defence of the empire against a foreign enemy is the great wall which separates China from Tartary, extending more than 1500 miles in length, and of such thickness that six horsemen may easily ride abreast upon it. It is flanked with towers two bowshots distant from each other ; and it is said that a third of the able-bodied men in the empire, were employed in constructing it. The work- men were orderc d under pain of death to place the materials so closely, that not the least entrance might be afforded for any instrument of iron ; and thus the work was constructed with such soli- dity, that it is still almost entire, though 2000 years have elapsed since it was con- structed. Their religion is Paganism. The Chinese are allowed only to have one wife, whose, rank and age must be nearly equal to that of their husbands ; but they are allowed.. to have several con- cubines, whom they admit into their house s without any formality, after pay- ing the parents a sjum of money, and en- tering into a written engagement to use their daughters well. Divorces are al- lowed in China in cases of adultery, mu- tual dislike, incompatibility of tempers, jeal iusy, &c. No husband, however, can put away or sell his wife until a divorce . is legally obtained ; and if this regula- tion be not strictly observed, the buyer and seller become equally culpable. If a wife lately married, privately withdraws herself from her husband, he may imme- diately commence an action at law, by the sentence of which she becomes his slave, and he is at liberty to sell her to C H I CHI whom be pleases. On the other hand, if an husband leaves his wife for three years, she is at liberty, after laying her case before the mandarins, to take ano- ther husband -, but if she were to antici- pate their consent, she would be liable to a severe punishment. The Chinese pretend to have a great veneration for 5 their ancestors ; and some keep images of them in their houses, to w hich they pay a sort of adoraiion. They have laws which regulate the civilities and cere monious salutations they pay to each other, for which reason they always ap- pear to be extremely goodnatured ; and yet they are as deceitful as any people it: the world. Their writing 1 is very parti- cular, for every letter is a word, and consequently they have as man) r letters or characters, as words in their lan- guage. All their towns are so much alike, that thuse who know one, are ac- quainted with all. Pekin is the capital. Ckinca, a seaport of Peru, seated on a river, in a valley 'of its own name, 90 miles S of Lima. Lon. 76 15 W, lat. 13 10 S. ^sWM Chinon, an ancient town of France, in ' the department of Indre and Loire, and late province of Touraine, with a castle, in which Henry II. king of England ex pired. Chinon is the birth-place of Ka- bclais and of Quillet. It is seated on the Vienne, 10 miles X of- Richelieu, and 150 S\V of Paris. Lon. 22 E, lat. 47 12 X. Chinsitra, a town of Hindoostan Pro- . per, in Bengal. It is a settlement of the Dutch, and is seated on thus river Hoogly, nearly midway he: ween Chan- dernagore, anidhe old town of Hoogly. It contains sevcraF good houses, and a church, with a little* mole projecting- into the river. It was taken by the Eng- lish in 1795. - f / . '^|^EfiBP^fe5^ ' Chimj^a. town of the Xetherlancls, ca- pital of a county of the same name, in Austrian Luxemburg, 57 miles W of Lux- emburg. Lon. 5 37 B, lat. 49 45 X. . Chios, Scio, or Kio, by the Turks cal- led Satc'i Saduci, an island lying near the coast of Ionia, in Asia Minor, about 100 miles* ,W of Smyrna. It is mountainous and rocky, and about 100 miles* in cir- cuit The number of* its inhabitants is f almost incredible, having, besides others, upwards of a million of Greeks, who have 300 churches here, besides chapels and monasteries. It abounds with excel- lent wines ; and from thence the ancients had their nectar. Chios, the capital of the above island. It stands on the E coast, is as well built as most of the towns in the Levant, the Genoese h'avihg been long in the posses- sion of it. The natives pretend that Ho- mer was born here, and shew a place they call his school, at the foot of mount Epos, about four miles frcm the citjv Lon. '27 5 E, lat. 38 6 X. Chiov.rlic, an ancient town of Romania, with the see of a Greek bishop. It is seated on a river of the same name, 47 miles VV of Constantinople. Lon. 27 57 E^lat: 41:|||p> TrWEs^ ChiQ-zo, anciently Fossa Claudia, a town and island of Italy, in the territory of Venice, Wuh a bish >p's see, and a harbour defended by a fort It is 18 miles 3 of Venice. Lon. 12 9 E, lat. 45 J7 N/ ' ' • : ' Clipfcvkcm, a borough in Wilts, with, a murfet on Saturday. It sends two members to parliament ; and is seated on the Avon, over' which is a stone bridge of 16 arches, 21 miles E of Bris- tol, and 94 W of London. Lon. 2 8 W, lat. 51 27 X. Chirk, a village S of Wrexham, in Den- bighshire. It had formerly two castles, on the top of a hill, one of which seems o have been jrmagniliccnt structure. Chislchvr'st, a village in Kent, near Bromley. Here is Camden Place, the ancient seat of earl Camden, and the re- sidence of the celebrated antiquary ot* that name, who died here. Here like- wise were born Sir Xicholas Bacon, and Sir Francis Wals'mghani. It is 11 miles ESE of London. v C/iis:nc, a seaport of Xatolia, on the strait that parts the continent from the isle of Scio. It was anciently called Cys- sus, was celebrated for the^reat victory which the Romans gained here over the fleet of Antiochus, in 191 BC, and has been distinguished by the destruction of she Turkish fleet by tire Russians in ' [isvjlek, a village in Middlesex, on the -Thames. Here is Chiswick House, a. celebrated villa of the duke of Devon- shire, built by the earl of Burlirfgton, after a design of Palladio. In the church- yard is a monument to Hogarth, with an epitaph by Garrick. ii is five miles W by S of Lordoih ' ChitQ_i, the capital of a province of the same name in the Hither India. This city is supposed to have been the seat of Ponis's dominions, who engaged Alex- ander. It lies 256 miles XE of Surat, and is subject ro the Great Mogul. Lon. 76 10 E, lat 23 30 N/ML V$$j ChiUr, a city of Piedmont in Iraj$j si- tuated on the Po, ten miles X of Turin ; it was taken by the French after a gal- lant defence in 1705, but recovered by CHO CHR the confederates the following year ; it is subject to the king of Sardinia. Lon. 7 35 B, lat. 45 12 N. Chitro, a town of Macedonia, on the bay of Salonichi, where the mother, wife; and son of Alexander were murdered by Cassander ; and where Perseus was de- feated by the Romans. Lon. 22 35 E, lat. 40 20 W* CJtitterdrbog, a town of the peninsula of Hmdoostan, in Mysore, 117" miles N by W of Seringaoatam. Lon. 76 15 E, lat. 145 n. •' ^.9^0SFfflf Chivas, a town of Piedmont, which has been several times taken and reta- ken. It is so advantageously situated near the river Po, that it is ealled the key of Italv. It is 12 miles XE of Turin. Lon. 7 47 E, lat. 45 13 X. Chiusi, an episcopal town of Tuscany> poorly peopled, on account of its un- wholesome air. Tt is 35 miles SE of Si- enna. L6n. 10 52 E, lat. 43 X. Chiiiiqye, a town of Turkey in Asia, capital of Natolia Proper, and the resi- dence of the Grand Signior before the taking of Constantinople. Tt is seated on the river Avala, 75 miles E of Bursa. Lon. 30 47 E, lat. 39 30 X. Choczim, a town of Moldavia, oil the Dniester. It surrendered in 1783 :o the Russians and Austrians, but ww? restor- ed to the Turks at the subsequent peace. It is 110 miles XW of Jassy. Lon. 26 25 W. lat. 43 46 X. Cholet, a town of France, in the de partment of Maine and Loire, and lat«. province of .\njou r with a castle, 170 miles SWof Paris. ' Lon. 45 W, lat. 47 .10 X. 'Chonat, an episcopal town of Hungary, capital of a county of the same name, on the Merich, 25 miles E of Segedin. Lon. 21 4 E, lat. 46 20 X. > T* ' >' v^**i C.hoptuub, a navigable river on the Eastern shore of Maryland, which rising in Queen Ann county, rims nearly in S direction to, near Cambridge, and flows from thence westwardly into Cliesapfe'ak bay. Charges, a town of France, in the de- partment of the tipper Alps and late pro- vince of Dauphiny, burnt bv the duke o! Savoy in 1692. It is 10 miles E of Gap Lon. 6 23 E, lat. 44 35 X. Ghorley, a town in Lancashire, With a market on Tuesday. It is seated near the source of a rivulet called Chor, not far from the river Yarrow, six miles SSE of Preston, and 205 XW of London. Lon* 2 45 W, lat. 5 J 33 X. Ch'noon, a county of North Carolina, in Edenton district, hounded eastward by the river Pbrquimons, and westward b\ the river Chowan; on the S by Albe- marle sound, and X by the state of Vir- ginia Clw-wky a town on the coast of Mala- bar, with a harbour for small vessels* which is fortified. It is 15 miles S of Bombay. Lon. 72 45 E, lat. IS 42 X. Chremnitz, the chief mine town in Up- per Hungary, 90 miles XE of Presburg. Lon. 19 27 E, lat. 48 59 X. Christchurdi, a borough in Hampshire, with a market on Monday. It is a pret- ty good town, is governed by a mayor, sends two members to parliament, and is seated at the confluence of the Avon and Stour, 98 miles SW of London. Lon. 1 46 W, lat. 50 45 X. Christ Church, a parish of Charleston district, in the state of Virginia, con- taining 3600 inhabitants, 3500 of whom are slaves. Christiana, a village with a post-office, in New Castle county, Delaware; seated on Christiana creek, n;ne miles above Wilmington, and 37 SW of Philadel- phia. Christiania, a city of Southern Norway, in the government of Aggerhuys, situated at the extremity of a fertile \ alley, form- ing a semicircular bend along the shore of the beautiful bay of Biorning, which forms the X extremity of the gulf of Christiania. The castle of Aggerhuys is built on a rocky eminence on the W side of the bay, at a small distance from the city. The town is divided into the city, the suburbs of Waterlandt, Peterwigen, and Fierdingen ; the fortress of Agger- mys ; and the old town of Opsloe or An- sloe. The streets are carried in a straight line, and at right angles to each other, arc uniformly 40 feet broad, and -cry neat and clean. The inhabitants ..mount to about 9^00. The city was re- built in its present situation by Christian IV. after a 'plan designed by himself. The governor is 'the chief governor of Norway, and presides m tne high court of justice. Opsloe was the site of the old city, burnt in 1624. It contains the episcopal palace. Chris' iania has an ex- cellent harbour, and carries on a consi- derable tn de. Its principal exports are tar, soap, iron, copper, planks, cleals, and alum. The planks and deals are of superior estimation to those sent from A- merica, or from Russia and the other parts of the Baltic. It has 136 privileged sawmills, of which 100 belong to a sin- gle family of the name of Anker. Chris- tiania is 30 miles from the open sea, and 290 X bv W of Copenhagen. Lon. 10 50 e, ^^^SBSK^S^tKK^tB^ 1 ^ Chriskanople,** strong seaport of Swe- C H U CHU den, on the Baltic, and capital of Blek- ingen. It is 13 miles N'B of Carlescro.on. Lon. 16 47 E, lat. 56 26 X. Christianburg, a fort of Africa on the gold coast ot Gutnea, subject to the Danes. Lon. 1 55 E, lat. 4 io N. Christianstadt, a town of Sweden, in the territory of Blekingen. The town, is small, but neatly built, and is esteemed the strongest fortress in Sweden. The houses are all of brick, and mostly stuc- coed white. The town is seated in a marshy plane, close to the river Helge-a, which flows into the Bal ic at Alius, about the distance of 20 miles, and is •navigable only for small craft of seven tons burden. The inhabitants have ma- nufactures of silken stuffs, and carry on a snii.ll degree of commerce. It is 5u miles XE of Copenhagen. Lon. 14 10 E. lat. 56 25 X. Christiansville, a post town in Meck- lenburg county. Virginia, on the Meher- rin river, 243 miles from Washington. Christina, St., one of the islands in the South Pacific Ocean, called the Maroue- sas. Lon. 139 9 W, lat. 9 56 S. Christmas Island, an island in the N Pacific Ocean, so named by Captain Cook, on account of his first landing there on Christmas day. It is 45 miles in circumference, uninhabited, and de- stitute of fresh water ; but has abun- dance of fine turtle. Lon. 157 30 W, lat. 1 59 N. Christmas Sound, a sound of South A- raerica^ in Terra del Fuego. Lon. 70 2 W, lat! 55 21 S. Christopher, St., or St. KitCs, one of the Leeward Islands in the West Indies, 60 miles W of Antigua. It was formerly inhabited by the French and English : but, in 1713, it was ceded to the latter. It is 20 miles in breadth, and seven in length, and has high mountains in the middle, whence rivulets flow, which are of great use to the inhabitants. Between the mountains are dreadful rocks, horrid precipices, and thick woods ; and in the SW parts, hot sulphureous springs at the foot of them. The air is good,' the soil light, sandy, and fruitful; but it is sub- ject to hurricanes. The produce is chief- ly sugar, cotton, ginger, indigo, and the tropical fruits It was taken bv the French in 1782, but restored the" next year. Basseterre is the capital. Chudleigh, a town in Devonshire, with a market on Saturday; seated near the river Teigne, nine miles SW of Exeter; and 185 W bv S of London. Lon. 3 39 W, lat. 50 38 X. Chunar, a fort of Ilindoctftan Proper, in the province of AllaliabSw It is seat- ed on the Ganges, 20 miles above Be- nares, and is built on a n-ek, which is fortified all round by a wall, and towers at various distances. At the end, over- looking the river, is situated the cita- iei, which has formerly been strong-. This fort is said to be of the hig'hest an tjquity, and originally built by the Hin- doos. In the citadel is an altar, consist- ing of a plain black marble slab, on which the tutelary deny of the place is tradi- tionally supposed to be -seated at all times, except from sunrise till nine in the morning, whence is at Benares ; du- ring which time, from the superstition of the Hindoos, attacks may be made with a prospect of success. Chunar has al- ways been considered as a post of great consequence on the Ganges, from its in- sulated situation, projecting forward to a great extent, and being of considera- ble height. It was unsuccessfully at- lemptedby the English in 1764 : the next year it was surrendered to i.hem : they restored it to the X T abob of Oude at the subsequent peace ; but in 1772 it was finally ceded to the English by that prince, in exchange for Allahabad. At this place is kept the magazine of ammu- nition and artillery for the brigade of Cawnpore. It is 385 miles NW of Cal- cutta. Lon. 85 50 E, lat. 25 10 N. Chunaub, or Jenaub, a river of Hin- doostan Proper, one of the five eastern branches of the Indus. It runs through Cashmere and Lahore, between the Che- lum and the Rauvee. Its general course is from XE to SW, and after leaving Jummoo, is through a flat country, gra- dually approaching to the Chelum. It is united with both these rivers at some , distance above Moultan. Its junction with the Chelum, about 50 miles above Moultan, is effected with great violence and noise, and no less danger to naviga- tors. The Chunaub is the Ace sines of Alexander. Chun-te-fou, a city of China, in the pro- vince of Petchcli, with nine populous cities of the third rank under its juris- diction. Church-Stretton, a town in Shropshire, with a market on Thursday, 14 miles S of Shrewsbury, and 153 WNW of Lon- don. Lon. 2 46 W, lat. 52 32 X. Churchill Fort, a fort on Church -hill river, on the E side of Hudson's Bay. • Lon. 4 3 W, lat.^8 48 X. Church-hill, a post town of Queen Anns' county, Mainland, situated on South East Creek, a branch of Chester river, about nine miles E by S of Chester town, and the same dist ance N bv E of Centre* viHe. . "• Mk > \ "... ">x jJsS, "i • "• • ; C I N C I N Chuaan. an island on the E coast of China, where the English East India company had once a factory. Lon. 124 E, lat. 30 N. Ciampa, a kingdom of Asia, bounded on the E and S by the Indian ocean, on the N by Cochin-China, and on the W by Cambodia. Ctcliti, or CicJu^h, a frontier town oi Dalmatia, on a rocky hill on tlije W bank of the Narentha. It was taken fr em tin Turks, by the Venetians, in 1691. Lon. IS 22 E, la*. 43 29 N. CMey, an ancient town of Germany, in Upper Carniola. It is the capital of a county of the same name, and seated on . the Saan, 36 miles NE of Laubach. Lon. 15 15 E, lat. 46 31 N. Cimbrisham, a seaport of Sweden, in Schonen. Lon. 13 30 E, lat. 56 40 N. Cinaloa, a province and town of New- Spain, in ihe audience of Galicia, on the E side of the gulf of California. The coun- try abounds in corn, cattle, and cotton, and is rendered extremely picturesque, by a number of beautiful cascades of clear water that fall down from the mountains. The aborigines in this province have nei- ther laws nor kings to punish any crime. They seem to be among the rudest peo- ple in America united in the sociaf state : they neither cultivate nor sow, but de- pend on the spontaneous productions of the earth, or on hunting or fishirig. About the year 1771, the Spaniards in their ex- pedit jns against the fierce tribes in this A anel he province of Sonora, discovered that these neglected and thinly inhabited provinces abounded in the richest gold mines, and might soon become as popu- lous and valuable as any part of Spanish America; and, accordingly, -the popula- tion in these parts has since very much increased. The town is seated on a river of the same name. Lon. 92 10 W, lat. 2615 Cincinnati, the chief to wn of OYio state, situated. on the NW Vide of Ohio river, between the Great and Little Miamies. It is built on the first and second bank pf the river, the principal part being on the lower ; and contains about 400 dwel- ling houses, with 2300 inhabitants. This is the most flourishing town in all the western country, Pittsburg excepted ; and it progresses accordingly in every article of .improvement. It has most of the useful and some useless artizans of the Atlantic towns; such as copper- smiths, silver-smiths,, wa. chmakers, hat- ters, sadlevs, &c. wh.ri find constant em- ployment, and good prices for their work. There is also a considerable manufactory of cotton goods, <;nd a., extensive brewe- ry. A company has lately been incorpo- rated in this town, under the name cf mia?ii exporting company, with the privi- lege of erecting a bank. The market is abundantly supplied with a variety of meats, poultry, &c. at very moderate pri- ces. The growth of this place has been vccelerated by its commo'dious situation for trade, its temperate and healthy cfi- ma\e, and the fertility of the adjacent country, for many ndies. — Cincinnati is 300 miles SSW from Pittsburg, 60b from Philadelphia, and 90 from Lexington, tire I i i'.cipal :own of Kentucky. Lat. 3y 6 N, and lon. 85 44 W. CiheguilUif a town of New Mexico in the province of Sonera. When tLe Spa- ndrels attacked the natives in Cinaloa and Sonora (see Cinaloa) they here enter- ed a plain of 14 leagues in extent, in which, at the depth of only 16 inches, they found gold in great abundance, and in grains of great size and weight. The consequence was, that in 1771 above 2000 persons were settled in Cineguilla, under the government and inspection of proper magistrates and ecclesiastics. Lon. 96 23 \Y, lat. 35 5 N. , Ciney, a town of the Netherlands, in the archbishopric of Liege, eight miles E of Dinant. Lon. 4 57 E, lat. 50 18 -N Cinqve Ports, certain ports on the coast of Kent and Sussex, so called, by way of eminence, on account of their superior importance, as having been thought by our kings to merit a particular regard for their preservation against invasion. 1 hey were five in number, when their first charter was granted by William L in 1077. These were Dover, Hastings, Hythe, Romney, and Sandwich ; to which were afterward added, Winchelsea, Sea"- ford, and Kye. That king appointed a constable of Dover Castle (who is now called Lord Warden of the Cinque Porty) and invested him with the command of these parts, whose inhabitants had con- siderable privileges. Amongst others, t hey were each of them to send two ba- rons to represent them in parliament; they were to be exempted from subsi- dies and aids ; their heirs were to be free from personal wardship, notwithstanding !*ny tenure ; and they were to be im- pleaded in their own towns, not else- where. For these privileges, they were obliged to supply the government with 57" ships, at 40 days notice, and to pay their crews during 15 days. At that pe- riod, the opulent traders of London were styled barons; a privilege, which was enjoyed likewise by the merchants of these ports, whose representatives, to this dav, are stvled barons of the Cinque Ports! #* - '''^SflHBr^ C I R C I R Cintra, a cape of Portugal, in Estra- by their own princes, lords, and judges » madui-a, called the Keck of Lisbon, on but these administer justice in the name the N side of the entrance of the Tajo. of the emperor, and in matters of impor On it miles 38 46 N. CiotaU a seaport of France, in the de- partment of the Mouths of the Rhone is a town of the same name, 14 tance, not without the presence of the W of Lisbon. Lon. 9 30 W, lat. Russian governors, being- all obliged to take the oath of allegiance to his impe- rial majesty. The apparel of she men of Circassia, is much the same with that of and late province of Provence, defended j the N;.gayans ; only their caps are some- by a strong fort. It is famous for Mus- 1 ihing larger; and their cloaks being cadine wine, and is«seated on ihe bay of ' likewise of coarse cloth or sheep skins, Laquee, between Marseilles and Toulon Lon. 5 46 E, lat. 43 12 N. Circars, J\'orthem. five provinces on the W coast oi the bay of Bengal. They were originally denominated Northern, from their position in respect to Madras, on which they depend. Of the five North- ern circars, Cicacole, Rajamundry, El- lore, and Condapilly are in the posses- sion of the English, and Guntoor is in the hands of the Nizam. The first four ex- tend from the N bank of the Kistna to Chilka Lake ; forming a narrow slip of country 350 miles long, and from 26 to 75 broad, bounded by mountains and ex- tensive forests on the side opposite the sea. The English circars had been ce- ded to the French, by the Nizam of the Deccan, in 1753 ; but they were con- quered by colonel Clive in 1759, and pro- duce an annual revenue of 360,000/. See Guntoor. Circassia, a large country of Asia, si- tuated* between 45 and 50 degrees of N latitude, and between 40 and 50 of E lon- gitude. It is bounded by Russia on the N ; by Astracan and the Caspian sea on the E; by Georgia and Dagistan on the S ; and by the river Don, the Palus Me- otis, and the Black Sea on the W. This country has long been celebrated for the % extraordinary beauty of its women ; and here it was that the practice of inoculat- ing for the small pox first began. Terki, the principal city, is seated in a very spa- cious plain, very swampy, towards the sea side, in 43 deg. 23 min. N latitude : it is about three wersts in compass, well fortified with ramparts and bastions in the modern style, well stored with can- non, and has always a considerable garri- son in it, under the command of a gover- nor. The Circassian prince who resides here, is allowed 500 Russians for his guard, but none of his own subjects ar* permitted to dwell within any part of the fortifications. Ever since the reduc tion of those parts to the obedience of Russia, they have pat in ail places of strength, not only Russian garrisons and governors, but magistrates, and priests for the exercise of the Christian religion yet the Circassian Tartars are governed are fastened only at the meek with a string, and as they a're not large enough 1 to cover the whole body, they turn them round according to the wind and wea- ther. The men here are much better favoured than those of Nagaya, and the women extremely well shaped, with ex- ceeding fine featun s, smooth clear com- plexions, and beautiful black eyes, which, with their black hair hanging in two tresses, one on each side of the face, give them a most lovely appearance : they wear a black coif on their heads, covered with a fine white cloth tied un* der the chin. During the summer they all wear only a smock of dhers colours, and that open so low before, that one may see below their navels : this, with their beautiful faces always uncovered (con- trary to the custom of most of the other provinces of these parts}, their good hu- mour and lively freedom in conversation, altogether render them very attracting ; notwithstanding which they have the re- putation of being very chaste, though they seldom, want opportunity; for ac- cording to the accounts of a late travel- ler, it is an established point of good manners among them, that as soon as any person comes in to speak to the wife, the husband goes out of the house : but whether this continency of theirs pro- ceeds from their own generosity, to re- compence their husbands for the confi- dence they put in them, or has its foun- dation only in fame, he pretends not to determine. The bridegroom pays Tor his bride a marriage present, consisting of arms or a coat of mail, but he must not see her, or cohabit with her, without the greatest mystery ; and this reserve con tinues during life. The father makes the bride a present on the wedding-da)', but reserves the greater part of what he ir- tends to give her till the birth of her first child. On this occasion she pays him a visit, receives from him the re- mainder of her portion, and is clothed by him in the dress of a matron, the princi- pal distinction of which consists in a veil. Until this time, the dress of the women is much like that of the men, ex- cepting that the cloak is longer, and fre- C I R C IR quently white, a colour never worn by men : the cap too is generally red or rose-coloured. Before marriage, the youth of. both sexes see each other freely at the little rejoicings which take place on fes- tivals. Before the bail, the young men show their activity and address in a va- riety of military exercises, and the most alert have the privilege of choosing the most beautiful partners. Their musical instruments are a long flute v ith only three stops, a species of mandoline and a tambourin. The dances are in the Asiatic style, with little gaiety or ex- pression ; the steps difficult, but not graceful. The women participate in the general character of the nation : they take pride in the courage of their hus- bands, and reproach them severely when defeated. They polish and take care of the armour of the men. Their lan- guage they have in common with the other neighbouring Tartars, although the chief people among them are also not ignorant of the Russian : their re- ligion is Paganism ; for notwithstanding they use circumcision among them, they have neither priest, ale or an, or mosque, like other Mahometans. Every body here offers his own sacrifice at pleasure, for which, however, they have certain days, established rather by custom than any positive command; their most so- lemn sacrifice is offered at the death of their nearest friends ; upon which occa- sion both men and women meet in the field to be present at the offering, which is an he-goat ; and having killed, they flay it, and stretch the skin with the head ^nd horns on, upon a cross at the top of a long pole, placed commonly in a quickset hedge (to keep the cattle from it); and near the place the sacrifice is offered by boiling and roasting the flesh, which they afterwards eat. When the feast is over; the men rise, and havioo: paid their adoration to the skin, and muttered over some certain prayers, the women withdraw, and the men conclude the ceremony with drinking a great quan- tity of aquavit*; and this generally ends in a quarrel before they part. The face of the country is pleasantly diversified with mountains, valleys, woods, lakes, and rivers ; and, though not much culti- vated, is far from being unfruitful. In summer the inhabitants quit the towns, and encamp in the fields like the neigh- bouring Tartars ; occasionally shifting their stations along with their flocks and herds. Besides game, in which the country greatly abounds, the Circassians eat beef and mutton ; but that which they prefer to all others is the flesh of a young horse: Their bread consists of thin cakes of barley meal, baked upon the hearth, which they always eat new ; and their usual drink is water or mare's milk ; from the latter of which they dis- til a spirit, as most of the Tartar nations. They allot no fixed hours for the refresh- ments of the table or sleep, which they indulge irregularly, as inclination or convenience dictates. When the men make excursions info an enemy's coun- try, they will pass several days and nights succesively without sleeping; but, at their return, devote as much time to repose as the space in which they had be- fore withheld from that gratification. When they eat, they sit cross-legged on the floor, the skin of some animal serv- ing them instead of ia carpet. In remov- ing from one part of the country to ano- ther, the women and children are carried in waggons, which are a kind of travel- ling houses, and drawn by oxen or camels, they never using horses for draught. Their breed of the latter, however, is reckoned exceeding good ; and they arc accustomed to swim almost any -river on horseback. The women and children smoke tobacco as well as the men ; and this is the most acceptable commodity which a traveller can carry with him in- to the Tartar countries. There are here no public inns, which indeed are unne- cessary ; for so great is the hospitality of the people, that they will contend with each other who shall entertain any stranger that happens to come among them. — The principal branch of their traffic is their own children, especially their daughters, whom they sell for the use of the seraglios in Turkey and Per- sia, where they frequently marry to great adv antage, and make the fortune of their families. Whatever may have been the original religion of this people, they have been successively converted to Christianity and Mahometanism, and have now no religion or worship among them. They break, without scruple, such oaths as they have taken on the bible and the koran : but there are certain forms of oaths, and certain places, in the neigh- bourhood of their ruins (supposed to be remains of Christian churches) which in- sure their fidelity. Their courage, great as it is, is not proof against religious ter- rors. Like all barbarians, they believe that what is called accident may be in- fluenced by particular ceremonies. The Circassians have not any letters of their own ; those among them who wish to write their language being obliged to make use of Arabian characters. Cirencester, a considerable borough in C I V C L A Gloucestershire, with a market on Mon- day and Friday. It is seated oil the ri- ver Churn, and was a plact- of great ac- count in tlie time of the Romans. The ruins of the walls aud streets are to be seen m the adjacent meadows where ma- ny Roman coins, checquered pavements, and inscriptions of marble, have been found. It had also a castle and an abbey. Many Roman antiquities have been dis- covered ; and here the Roman roads crossed each other. It is one of the greatest marts in England for wool, sends two members to parliament, and is 18 miles SE of Gloucester, and 89 W of London. Lon. 1 58 W, lat. 51 43 N. Cirenza, a town of Naples, capital of BasiiicaU, with a bishop's see. It is seat- ed on the river Brandono, at the foot of the Appennines, 97miles E of Naples. Lon. 16 10 E, lat. 40 44 N. CittadeUo, a seaport and capital of Mi- norca, on the W side of that island. Loir. 3 34 E, lat. 39 54 N. Citta-di-Castello, a populous city of Ita- ly, capital of a county of the same name, in Umbvia, with a bishop's see. It s seal- ed on the Tiber, 27 miles SW of Urbi- no. Lon. 12 18 E, lat. 43 32 N. Citta-jYuova, a city of Italy, in the mar- quisate of Ancona, containing 16 church- es and convents within its walls, and 15 without. It is seated on the gulf of Ve- nice, 10 miles S of Lorctto. Lon. 13 40 E, lat. 43 16 N. Citta-J\*uova, a seaport of Venetian Istria, with a bishop's see, 60 miles E of Venice. Lon. 14 2 E, lat. 45 .36 N. City Point, a post town of Prince George county, Virginia ; situated on the S side of James river, 1 1 miles NE of Pe- tersburg, 24 miles SE of Richmond, and 169 from Washington. Ciudad-Real, a town of Spain, capital of Mancha. The inhabitants arc noted for dressing leather for gloves. It is two miles from the Guadiana, and 90 S of Ma- drid. Lon. 3 25 W, lat. 38 58 N. Ciiulud-Jlodrig-o, a town of Spain, in Leon, with a bishop's see, seated on the river Aquada, 40 miles SW of Salaman- ca. Lon. 5 58 W, lat. 40 33 N. Civita-di-Frinli, a small but ancient town of Italy, in Venetian Friuli, seated on the Natisona, 10 miles E of Udena. Lon. 13 15 E, lat. 46 12 N. Civita-di-Penna, an ancient town of Naples, in Abruzzo Ulteriore, with a bishop's see, near the river Salino, 35 miles NE of Aquila. Lon. 14 52 E, lat. 42 27 N. Civitu-Castellana, a town of Italv, in Campagna di Roma, on a high rock, at the foot of which is a river, which falls into the Tiber. It is 25 miles NW of Rome. Lon. 12 35 E, lat. 42 25 N. Civita-Vecchia, a seaport of Italy, in the patrimony of St. Peter, with an arse- nal. Here the pope's gallics were for- merly stationed, and it was a free port ; but the air is unwholesome. It is 35 miles NW of Rome. \ Lon. 11 51 E, lat. 42 5 N. Clackmannan, a small town in Scot- land, and capi.al of the county of the same name. It is seated on the N shore of the Forth, and stands on a hill, on the top of which is a castle, commanding a noble prospect. A large square tower m this castle derive.?, its name from the illustrious Robert Bifjce, whose great sword and casque al L.here preserved. A large sword is alsoF.shown, said to have belonged to Sir John Graham, the faithful attendant of the heroic Wallace. It is 23 miles N by E-of Glasgow. Lon. 3 40 \V, lat. 56 5 N. Clackmannanshire, a county of Scot- land, bounded on the E by Fifeshire, on the N and W by Perthshire, and on the S by the Forth. It is eight miles in length, and live in breadth. The country is plain and fertile towards the Frith, pro- ducing corn and pasture in abundance. This shire, with Kinross, sends one mem- ber to parliament. It is watered by the rivers Forth and Devan. Cktcfcnfart, a town of Germany, capi- tal of Car'u.thia, 50 miles SW of Vienna. Lon. 14 20 E, lat. 46 53 N. t lair, St. a township of Bedford county, Pennsylvania, containing about 3000 in- habitants. Qiair, St. a county in the territory of Indiana, containing about 2000 inhabi- tants. Clair, St. a lake of North America, half way between the Jakes Huron and Erie, 90 miles in circumference. It re- ceives the waters of (he great lakes Su- perior, Michigan, and Huron, and dis- charges them, through the strait called Detroit, into the lake Erie. CUnneci, a town of France, in the de- partment of Nievre and late province of Xivernois. Clameci is seated at the con- fluence of the Beuvrcn and \onne, 1 12> miles S by E of Paris. Lon. 3 36 E, lat. 47 28 N. Claplum, a village in Surry, noted for many hawdsome villas, which chiefly sur- round a beautiful common. In the old parish church divine service is perform- ed at funerals only, ; an elegant new church having been err cted on the com- mon, but without an adjoining cemetery' Clapham is three miles SSW of London, Clara, St. a small island of South A- C L A CLE merica, in Peru, in the bay of Guayaquil, 70 miles SW of Guaiaquii. Lon. 82 20 W, lat. 2 20 S. Clare, St., a small island, or rather rock, one of the Canaries, between Lan- cerota and Allegranza. Clare, a town of Suffolk, with a mar- ket on Monday. The ruins of a castle and of a collegiate chin ch are still visi- ble ; and here is a manufacture of baize. It is seated near the Stour, 15 miles S of St. Edmund's Burv, and 56 NE of Lon- don. Lon. 36 E," lat. 52 12 N. ' Clare, a county of Ireland, in the pro- vince of Munster, 55 miles in length, and 38 in breadths bounded on the E andS by the Shanpofo, which separates'it from Tipperary,/CQmeric, and Kerry; on the W by the Atlantic, and on the N by Galway. ' It contains two market-towns and 76 parishes, and before the Irish union 'sent four members to the Irish par- liament. Clare, a town of Ireland, capital of a county of the same name, 17 miles NW of Limeric. Lon. 8 46 W, lat. 52 52 N. Claremont, a town in Cheshire county, New Hampshire. It has a post office, and contains 1900 inhabitants. Clarendon, a county of Camden dis- trict, South Carolina, situated between Santee and Weenar rivers. It contains about 5000 inhabitants, the major part slaves. Clarendon, a township of Vermont, si- tuated in Rutland county, about 40 miles NE of Bennington, and containing- 2000 inhabitants. \ Clarendon, a village, three miles E of Salisbury, where Henry II. summoned a council of the barons and prelates, in 1 164, who enacted the laws, called the Con- stitutions of Clarendon; and here were two palaces built by king- John. CUirens, or Chatillard. a village of Swis- scriand, in the Pays de Vaud, -delight- fully situated, not far from Vevay, on an t rninence, whose declivity slopes gradu- ally towards the lake of Geneva. Clarfcibiirg, a post town in Montgo- mery county, Maryland, 29 miles from Washington. Clarksburg, the principal town of Har- rison county, Virginia, situated on the main branch of Monorigahela river, 36 miles S by W of Morguniown. Clarksburg, a post town in Jacksor. county, Georgia, situated on the N fork of the Appalachy river, 110 miles NW of Augusta, and 704 from Washington, with a post office. Clr.rkesville, a post town, and the ca- pital of Montgomery county, Tennessee ; situated on the N side of Cumberland river, about 45 miles N W of Nashville,, and 790 from Washington. Claude, St., a handsome'eity of France, in the department of Jura and late pro- vince of Tranche Comte" ; with a bishop's see. It is seated between three high mountains, on the river Lison, and owes its origin to a celebrated abbey, built in 425, in this then barren and uninhabited - country. The cathedral is extremely ele- gant. In this city are many public foun- tains with lacge basins, it is 35 miles NW of Gene\a. Lon. 6 18 E, lat. 46 24 N. Claverack, a post town in Columbia county, New York, 5 miles E of Hudson. Clausenburg, a town of Transylvania, on the river Samos, 60 miles NW of Her- manstadt. On one of the gates is an in- scription in honour of the emperor Tra- jan. Lon. 23 20 E, lat. 46 53 N. Clay, a town in Norfolk, seated on an arm of the sea, between two rivers, 20 miles NW of Norwich. Here are some large salt-works. Clear, Cape, a promontory of a little island on the S of Ireland. Lon. 11 15 W, lat. 51 18 N. Clebuni, a town in Shropshire, with a market on Thursday, seated on the river R a, 28 miles SSE of Shrewsbury, and 136 NW of London. Lon. 2 23 W, lat. 52 21 N. - Clerac, or Clair ac, lately in the pro- vince of Guienne, now in the department of Lot and Garonne. It is seated on the river Lot, 10 miles NW of Agen. Lon. 25 E, lat. 44 20 N. Clermont, a county of Camden district, South Carolina, bounded on the W by Waterce river, which divides it from Richland county in the same state. It contains 5000 inhabitants. Clermont, a town of France, in the de- partment of Meuse and late territory of Ban ois, 127 miles NW of Paris. Lon. 5 9 E, lat. 49 34N. Clermont, a town of France in the de- partment of Oise and late provir.ee of the Isle of France, 87 miles N of Paris. Lon. 2 25 E, lat. 49 25 N. Clermont, a considerable city of France, in the department of Puy de Dome, and late province of Auvergne, with a bi- shop's see. Many Roman antiquities are (bund in the neighbourhood. There are aUo some mineral springs ; and that of the suburb St. Allyre has formed a natu- ' ral bridge over the brook into which it falls ; it is called the Mineral Bridge, and carriages may pass over it. Cler mont contains 30,000 inhabitants, and has manufactures of ratteens, druggets, serges, and leather. It is the birth place G L I C L W of the celebrated Pascal ; and Is 300 miles S of Paris. Lon. 3 10 E, *lat. 45 47 N. Clermont, a town in Columbia county, New York, on the E side of Hudson ri- ver, and 15 miles S of the city of Hud- son. The township has 1150 inhabitants. The post office is 361 miles from Wash- ington. Clery, a village in France, nine miles SW of Orleans, once famous for the pil- grimages to our lady of Clery. Here was the tomb of that monster Lewis XL who appeared, in white marble, as the saint and the patriot king-. Gierke's Island, lies in the North Pa- cific Ocean, between the coast of Kamt- schatka and that of North America. It was discovered by Captain Cook in 1778, and was so named in honour of captain Gierke, his second in command. A land- ing" could not be effected. Near its E ex- tremity is a little island, remarkable for having- three elevated rocks upon it. It is quite uninhabited. Lon. 169 30 W, Fat. 63 15 NT. Clevea, a duchy of Germany, in the circle of Westphalia, divided into two parts by the Rhine. It is a fine country, delightfully variegated with hills, woods, fields, towns and villages ; and is subject to the king of Prussia. Cleves, a city of Westphalia, capit al of the duchy of Cleves. It is seated on the eastern side of three hills, about a mile W of the Rhine ; with which it commu- nicates by means of a canal, which is large enough for great barges. It has a castle built by Julius Carsar. It has been often taken and retaken ; the last time by the French in 1794. It js 15 miles SE bfNimcgtien. Lon. 5 50 E, lat. 51 45 N. Clevbroolc, Great and Little, two villa- ges in Leicestershire, on the NW side of Lutterworth. They are supposed to have been a part of CLeycester, situated one- mile to the W, which was a flourishing city of the Romans, and where their bricks and coins have been frequently found. Ctief, a town in Northamptonshire, with a market on Tuesday, 30 miles NE of Northampton, and 88 NNW of Lon- don. Lon. 37 W, lat. 52 53 N. Clifton, a village in Westmoreland, three miles SSE of Penrith, noted for a skirmish between the king's forces and the rebels in 1745, in which the latter had the advantage. Clifton, a village m Gloucestershire, near Bristol, noted for the' hot well in its neighbourhood, upon the lower Avon, at the foot of St. Vincent's rock. Clinch, a navigable river of The state of Tennessee, which rises in Clinch moun- tain, and after running through Powell's valley, flows into the Tennessee river at SW point. Clinton, one of the northern counties of New York, being bounded on the N by Lower Canada, and E by lake Cham- plaine. The contiguity of this county with the British dominions has opened a considerable trade between them. The inhabitants are estimated at 10,000. Clinton, a post town in Dutchess coun- ty, New York. The township is well settled, containing at last census 5208 inhabitants, 340 miles from Washington. Clissa, a fort of Dalmatia, taken from the Turks by the Venetians. It is 'seat- ed on a craggy mountain, six miles N of Spalatro. Lon. 17 31 E, lat. 44 10 N. Clisson, a town of France in the de- partment of Lower Loire, and late pro- vince of Bretngne, on the river Seure, 12 miles S of Nantes. Lon. 1 28 W, lat. 47 1 N. Clithero, a borough in Lancashire, with a market on Saturday, and the remains of an ancient castle. It sends two mem- bers to parliament, and is seated near Pendil Hill, 36 miles SE of Lancaster, and 213 NNW of London. Lon. 2 21 W, lat. 53 54 N. Gtogker, an episcopal town and borough of Ireland, in Tyrone. Lon. 6 50 W, lat. 54 30 N. Clonmel, a borough of Ireland, in the county ofTipperary, seated on the river Sure, 19 miles SE of Tipperary. Lon. 7 27 W, lat. 52 14 N. Cloud, St., a town of France, four miles W of Paris, seated on the Seine. Here was lately a magnificent royal palace, gardens, and a beautiful cascade. Cloyne, an episcopal town and borough of Ireland, in the county of Cork, 16 miles E of Cork, Lon. 8 W, lat. 51 54 N. Chiny, a town of France in the depart- ment, of Saone and Loire and late pro- vince of Burgundy, remarkable for its late famous Benedictine abbey. It is seat- ed on the Grosne, 10 miles NW of Ma- con. Lon. 4 33 E. lat. 46 24 N. Cluse, a town of Savoy, in Faucigny, seated on the Arve, 22 miles SE of Ge- ne* a. Lon. 6 29 E, lat. 45 57 N. Clwy.l, a celebrated vale of Denbigh- shire, extending from its upper end to the Irish Sea., above 20 miles : its breadth varying from three to eight, according to the approach or recess of the high mountains inclosing it, through which, in different part:i, are gaps formed by nature lor entrances. A river of the same name, which rises in the middle of the county, runs along this vale,- and kav- COB C O C ir.g' entered Flintshire, falls into the Irish Clyde, a river in Scotland, which aris- ing 1 in Annanclale, fulls into the sea over against the isle of Bute. Near Lanerk, this river runs, for several miles, be- tween high rocks covered with wood, and in its course exhibits many aston- ishing" cataracts. At Sionebyres, it is confined within a very narrow bed, and makes one entire shoot, falling about 60 feet over a perpendicular rock ; the water then pouring over another precipice, is dashed into a deep chasm beneath. The horrid and incessant din with which this is accompanied, unnerves and over- comes the heart. At Cora-lin, the falls are seen to most advantage from a soli- tary and ruined tower in a garden, plac- ed in a lofty situation. The cataract which is precipitated at least 100 feet between two vast rugged precipices, is full in view, seen over the tops of trees and bushes, precipitating itself for an amazing* way, from rock to rock, with short interruptions, forming a rude slope of various foam. The sides are bounded by vast rocks, clothed on their tops with trees : on the summit and very verge of one is a ruined tower, and in front a w T ood overtoptby a verdant hill. A path conducts the traveller to the beginning of the fall, into which projects a high rock in floods insulated by the water ; and from the top is a tremendous view of the furious stream. In floods, the rock and tower have been observed to shake in such a manner as to spill water in a glass standing on a table in the castle. Clyde, a river of Orleans county, Ver- mont, which falls into lake Memphrama- gog, at its SE corner. Clydesdale, a wild district in the S part of Lanerkshire. Amid the moun- tains here, particles of gold have some- times been washed down by the rains and streams of water; but this tract is chiefly remarkable for producing metals of inferior worth. The veins of lead lie mostly N and E, and their thickness, which seldom exceeds 40 feet, varies greatly in different parts. The scanty pasture here feeds some sheep and cattle. Const Castle, Cape, the principal set- tlement of the English on the coast of Guinea, with a strong citadel. It is 30 miles E by N of St. George del Mina. Lon. 0, lat. 5 6 N, Cob ham, a village in Dinwiddie coun- ty, Virginia, situated on the S side of James river,; opposite to James town, and about 12 miles S of Williamsburg. Coblentz, an ancient city of Germany, in the electorate tif Treves. Over the Rhine i§, a bridge of twelve arches, built for the convenience of the inhabitants of Coblentz and the adjacent places. The castle appears to be almost inaccessible to an enemy, and entirely commands the city of Coblentz. It was taken by the French in 1794. It is seated at the con- fluence of the Rhine and Moselle, 50 miles NE of Treves. Lon. 7 32 E, lat. 50 24 N. Coburg, a town of Germany in the cir- cle of Francbnia, capital of a principality of the same name, with a college, a fort, and a castle. This town, and its princi- pality, belongs to the house of Saxony. It is seated on the Itch, 20 miles N of Bamberg. Lon. 11 18 E, lat. 50 22 N* Coca, a town of Spain, in Old Castile, near which is a strong castle for state prisoners. It is seated among mountains, at the confluence of the Morvedro and Elezena, 25 miks NNE of Segovia. Lon. 3 34 W, lat. 41 17 N. Cocalico, a township of Lancaster coun- ty, Pennsylvania, situated on Conestogoe creek, about 15 miles N of the borough of Lancaster. The population about 4000. Cochieim, a town in the electorate of Treves, formerly imperial. It was forc- ed to surrender to the French in 1794, and is seated on the Moselle, 25 miles SW of Coblentz. Lon. 7 2 E, lat. 50 12 N. Cochin, a seaport on the coast of Ma- labar, in Travancore. It is a Dutch set- tlement, and was captured b\ r the Brit- ish fleet in 1795. It is 120 miiles S by E of Calicut. Lon. 75 30 E, lat. 10 N. Cochin China, a kingdom of Asia, bounded on the E by the Eastern Ocean, on the N by Tonquin, on the W by Cam- bodia, and on the S by Ciampa. It abounds in gold, raw silk, and drugs. It is annually overflowed and consequently fruitful in rice. They have likewise su- gar-canes ; but no grapes, and therefore they drink a liquor brewed from rice. The religion of the inhabitants is much the same as that of China. Their cities and towns have gates at the end of each street, which are shut every night : and if any fire break out in a ward, all the inhabitants are destroyed, except the women and children. Cockburne, a township of Grafton coun- ty, New Hampshire, situated on the E side of Connecticut river, between Cole- brook and N Stratford. Cocke, a mountainous county in the state of Tennessee, and Washington dis- trict. It is watered by the N Olachuckey and Big Pigeon rivers. Cocker, a river which rises in the S of Cumberland, and flowing through the lakes of Buttermere, Cromack-water, and C O H COL Lowes-water, joins the Derwent, below Cockermouth. Cockermonth, a populous borough in Cumberland, with a market on Monday. It lies between the Derwent and Cocker, over which latter are two stone bridges ; and between two hills, on one of which, stands a handsome church ; and on the other a stately castle. It has a square building, and is strengthened with seve- ral square towers; on each side of the inner gate are two dungeons capable of holding 50 persons in either ; they are vaulted at the top, and have only a small opening in order to lower through it the unhappy prisoner into this dire prison. It sends two members to parliament, and is 27 miles SW of Carlisle, and 290 NN W of London. Lon. 3 25 W, lat. 54 42 N. Coconato, a town of Piedmont, remark- able for being the birthplace of Colum- bus. It is 20 miles E of Turin. Lon. 8 9 E, lat. 45 5 N. Cod, Cape, on the S side of Boston Bay, in the state of Massachusetts, in North America. Lon. 70 18 W, lat. 42 N. Codogno, a town of Italy in the duchy of Milan. It was taken by the French in May 1796. It is seated near the conflu- ence of the Adda and Po, 33 miles E of Pavia. Lon. 10 49 E, lat. 45 6 X. Coesfeld, a town of Germany, in the territories of the bishop of Munster, where he often resides. It is seated near the river Burkel, 22 miles SW of Mun- ster. Lon. 7 30 E, lat. 51 48 N. Coevorde?i, a fortified town of the Unit- ed Provinces in Oveiysscl, seated in a morass, 30 miles S of Groningen. Lon. 6 44 E, lat. 52 44 N. Cognac, a town of France, now in the department of Charente, lately in the province of Angoumois, with a castle, where Francis I. was born. It is remark- able for excellent brandy, and is seated on the Charente, 17 miles W of Angou- lesme. Lon. 10 W, lat. 45 44 N. Cogni, an ancient town of Turkey in Asia, inCaramania, in a country abound- ing in corn, fruits, pulse, and cattle. Here are sheep, whose tails weigh 30 pounds. It is 270 miles SE of Constanti- nople; Lon. 35 56 E, lat. 37.56 N. Cohaiwj, a river of New Jersey, which rises in Salem county, and enters the bay of Delaware, about 8 miles below Green- wich. Cohasset, a' seaport town, in Norfolk county, Massachusetts, about 25 miles NE of Boston. It has a post-ofhec, and 900 inhabitants. Cohgeshal, a town in Essex, with a market on Saturday, and a manufacture of baize. It is seated on the river Black* water, 43 miles Er suffer- ing them to throw any obstacles in their way.,' Corfe-Castle, a borough in Dorsetshire, ith a market on Thursday. It is seat- ed in a peninsula, called the Isle of Pur- beck, on a river, between two hills, on one of which stands the castle, formerly a place of great importance. It is 21 miles E of Dorchester, and 120 W by S of London. Lon. 2 4 W, lat. 50 36 N." Corfu, an island of the Mediterranean, near Albania, subject to the Venetians, and the, most important place they have in these parts, because it commands the gulf of Venice. It is defended by an im- pregnable castle. The capital is of the same name, with a handsome metropolis COR COR ran church of the Creeks, on the E coast. Lon. 20 E, lat. 39 40 N. Coria, an episcopal town of Spain, in Leon ; seated on the Alagon, 120 miles SW of Madrid. Lon. 5 30 W, lat. 40 N, Corinth, now called Corantho, or . G'o- rame, a celebrated ci;y, in the Morea, with a Greek archbishop's see. It was one of the most important places in Greece, on account of its situation on the isthmus into the Morea ; its castle on the top of an almost inaccessible rock; its harbours on the gulphs of Lepunto arid Engia ; its riches, and its architects, sculptors and painters, who were the skilful in Greece. It is now greatly decayed ; for the houses are not conti- guous, but intermixed with fields and gardens, which make it look like a vil- lage. The country about it abounds with corn, wine and oil, and from the castfe is a fine prospect over the sea to the E and W, and a fertile country N and S. The inhabitants are chiefly Christians of the Greek church. It is forty miles N VV of Athens. Lon. 23 3 E, lat. 38 14 N. Corinth, Isthmus of, in the Morea, a neok of land which joins the Morea to Livadia, and reaches from the gulf of Le- punto to that of Engia. The narrowest part of it is six miles over ; and on a mount there, called Oneius, were former- ly celebrated the Isthmian games. Julius Cesar, Caligula, and Nero, in vain at- tempted to cut a channel through the isthmus ; they therefore built a wall a- cross it, called Ilexaniilium, because it was six miles in length. This was de- molished by Amurath II. rebuilt by the Venetians, and levelled a second time by Mahomet II. Corinth, a township of Orange county, Vermont, situated between Washington and Moreton townships, about. 12 miles W of Mount Sawer. It contains 1500 in- habitants. Corita, a town of Spain, in Leon, 23 miles E of Salamanca. Lon. 5 49 W, lat. 41 5 i\ T . Cork, a county of Ireland, in the pro- vince of Munster, 80 miles in length, and 50 in breadth ; bounded on, the W by K rry and the Atlantic, on the N by Li- merick, on the E by Waterford, and on the S and SE by St. George's Channel. It contains 232 parishes, and before the Irish Union sent 26 members to parlia- ment. It is fertile and populous, and has two remarkable rivers, the Blackwater and I^ee. Cork, the capital of the county of Cork, with a bishop's see. It is a neat, wealthy and populous place, on the river Lee, where it has a commodious harbour. It is the first town of Ireland for trade ex- cept Dublin. It was taken by the earl of Marlborough in 1690. It is 14 miles from St George's Channel, and 124 SW of Dublin. Lon. 8 23 W, lat. 51 54 N. Cor/in, a town of Prussian Pomerania, seated on the river Persant, eight miles SE of Colherg. Lon. 15 47 E, lat. 54 16 N. Cormmtin, a fortress on the Gold Coast of Guinea, belonging to the Dutch. Near it is the town, which is large and popu- lous. Lon. 15 \V, lat. 5 30 N. Cormery, a town of France, in the de- partment of Indre and Loire and la.e pro- vince of Touraine. it had before the French revolution a rich Benedictine ab- bey, and is seated on the Indre, eight miles from Tours. Lon. 28 E, lat. 47 30 N. Comet, a castle on the island of Guern- sey. Lon. 2 40 W, lat. 49 30 N. 'Corneto, a town of Italy; in the patri- mony of St. Peter, with a bishop's see, seated on the Marta, 3 miles E of the sea, and 37 NW of Rome. Lon. 11 53 E, lat. 42 15 X. Cornish, a township of York county, Maine. It is a mountainous country, si- tuated on Saco river, and not very po- pulous. '-jA Cornish, a township of Cheshire county, in the state of New Hampshire. It has a post office and about 1500 inhabitants. It is situated on the E side of Connec- ticut river, about 20 miles N of Char- leston. Cornwall, a county which forms the SW exiremity of England ; bounded on the E by Devonshire, on the-S by the English Channel, and on the NW by St. George's Channel. This county is 80 miles long, 40 broad, and 250 in circumference, con- taining 960,000 acres, and 126,000 in- habitants. Its chief rivers are the Ta- mar, Tale, Cober, Loo, Camel, Fowe, JIaile, Lemara, Kense and Aire. Its prin- cipal capes or head lands are the Land's End, the Lizard, Cape Cornwall, Dead- man's Head, Rame Head, &c. and a clus- ter of islands, 145 in number called the Scilly isles, supposed formerly to have belonged to the mainland, though now 30 miles distant ; abounding with ant: quities particularly druidical. As Corn - wall is surrounded by the sea on all sides except the E, the summers are less hot, and the winters less cold, than in other parts of England, and the spring and harvest are observed to.be more back COR COR ward. High and sudden winds are also more common in this than in other coun- ties of England. The soil, as it is shal- low, is not very fruitful, especially in the centre or the hilly par's ; the valleys are very pleasant and fertile, yielding gieat plenty both of corn and pasture. The Phenicians early visited these coasts, some think, 400 or 450 years before Christ. It derives its chief importance from its minerals. The mines of tin are numerous, and arc in general, very rich in ore ; these have rendered this county famous in all ages. There has been some- times found a small quantity of gold and silver, but not worthy of notice. With the metalline ores are intermixed large quantities of mundic and arsenic. Many sorts of stones are also found here, par- ticularly moorstone which is used both in buildings and for millstones ; when po- lished, it appears more beautiful than any of the marble kind, and makes the rich- est furniture, as tables, chimney pieces, &c. but being exceedingly hard, the po-, lishing is expensive. The copper mines are also numerous, and rich in ore. In many cavernous parts of the rocks are found transparent crystals, called Cor- nish diamonds, they being very brilliant when well polished. This county was ene of the places to which the ancient Britons retreated, whose language was retained even to this century, but it is now quite extinct. The king's eldest son is born duke of Cornwall, and derives a revenue, not only from lands apper- taining to the duchy, but from the mines of tin and copper ; he has under him an officer, called lord warden of the Stanna- ry Courts, whose jurisdiction extends over the mines and miners of Cornwall and Devonshire ; and he appoints in his privy council, the sheriff of the former county. Launceston is the capital. Corn-watt, a post town in Litchfield countv, Connecticut, 10 miles NW of Litchfield, and 42 W by N of Hartford, with 1614 inhabitants. Cornwall, a township of Addison coun- ty, Vermont, situated between Bride- port and. Middleburg, and between the S end of lake Champlaine and Otter ri- ver. It has about 1500 inhabitants. Coromandel, Coast of, the most eastern part of the Hither India, lying between 10 and 20 deg. N lat. and 79 30 and 86 30 E Ion. It is terminated by Golconda on the N, by the bay of Bengal on the E, by Madura on the S, and by Bisnagar Proper on the W. Some geographers consider the southern limit of Golconda to be Cape Comorin, and the northern Masulipatam. On this coast, Madras or Fort. St. George, Pondicherry, and many other Euroj)ean forts and factories are situated, from whence chintz, calicoes and muslins are exported to Europe, to- gether with some diamonds. There is not a port for large ships on the whole coast. Madras is the principal town. Coron, a seaport of the Morea, seated on a bay, 15 miles SE of Modon. Lon. 21 50 E, lat. 36 50 N. Coronation Cape, a cape of the island of New Caledonia, in the S Pacific Ocean. Lon. 167 8 E, lat. 22 5 S. Corregio, a town of Italy, capital of a territory of the same name in the Mode- rnise, with a castle, 9 miles NE of Reggio. Lon. 11 12 E, lat. 44 46 N. Correze, a department of France, con- taining the late province of Liniosin. It takes its name from a river, which falls into the Vezere, after having water- ed Tulles and Brives. Tulles is the ca- pital. Corsham, a town in Wilts, where the Saxon king Ethelred had a palace. Here are some considerable clothiers. It is 4 miles SW of Chippenham. Corsica, an island in the Mediterranean, between 8 and 10 E lon. and 41 and 43 N lat. On the S it is separated from Sar- dinia, by the strait of Bonifacio ; to the E it has the Tuscan Sea ; to the N the gulf of Genoa ; and to the W it is oppo- site the coasts of France and Spain. It is 150 miles from X to S, and from 40 to 50 in breadth. On the coast are many excellent harbours. The air is very un- wholesome, and the land hilly, full of stones, and cultivated very poorly ; how - ever the vallies produce wheat, and the hills fruits, viz. olives, figs, grapes, al- monds, and chesnuts. They have horses also of a very fiery nature. Besides, there are mines of iron, and a great deal of fish and coral on the coast. There is a ridge of mountains, which divide the island into two parts, the N and S. The capital is Bastia. It belonged to the Genoese, but the natives having for many years taken up arms against them, that state surrendered its right to the king of France. After the French revolution in 1789, Corsica was admitted as an eighty-third department of France, at the particular request of a deputation, of which Paoli was at the head. In conse- quence, however, of some events which followed the revolution of 1792, Paoli re- volted; the French, by the assistance of the English, were expelled from the island ; and Corsica, on the 19th of June 1794, was declared annexed to the crown COS COT of Great Britain, according- to a new con- stituiion, which had been previously formed. It has since revolted to France and the English viceroy has been recal- led. Corsoer, a town of Denmark, on the W side of the isle of Zealand, on a pen- insufa, in the Great Belt. It has a good harbour for light vessels, and is defend- ed by a citadel. Lon. 11 12 E, lat. 55 12 X. Corte, a town of Italy, in the island of Corsica, seated partly on the foot, and partly on the declivity of a rock, at the confluence of the Tavignano and Heston- ica. On the point of a rock, rising above the rest, at the back of the town is the castle, which has only one winding pas- sage to climb up, in which only two per- sons can go abreast. It is 27 miles SW of Bastia. Lon. 9 26 E, lat. 42 6 N. Cortis, a town of Germany, in the bi- shopric of Liege, 10 miles XE of Ramil- lies. Lon. 4 59 E, lat. 50 46 N. Cortlandt, a township of West Chester county, in the state of New York, con- taining 3000 inhabitants. From its vici- nity to the capital it has been well set- tled and highly improved. Corto?ia, a town of Tuscany, with a bi- shop's see, and a famous academy, 32 miles E of Sienna. Lon. 11 52 \V, lat. 43 20 N. Coninna, a seaport of Spain, in Gali- cia, at the mouth of the Groyne. It is situated on a fine bay of the Atlantic Ocean, about 32 miles N of Compostella. Lon. 8 19 W, lat. 43 18 X. Coi-vo, the smallest island of the A- zores. It derives its name from the abundance of crows found upon it. It has about 600 inhabitants, who cultivate wheat and feed hogs. Lon. 315 W, lat. 39 42 X. Coryvrckan, a dangerous whirlpool on the W coast of Scotland, between the isle of Scarba and the X point of that of Jura. It is so named from a young Dan- ish prince who perished in this place : its dreadful vortex extends above half a mile in circuit. Corzola, an island in the gulf of Ve- ftice, on the coast of Dalmatia. Lon. 17 E, lat. 43 16 X. Cosenza, a city of Xaples, capital of Calabria Citeriore, with an archbishop's see, and a castle. It is seated on the river Crate, 11 miles from the sea, and 105 SE of Xaples. Lon. 16 10 E, lat. 39 20 X. Coslin, a town of Prussian Pomerania, 10 miles E of Colberg. Come, u town of France in the depart- r rt of Xievre and late province of Xi- vernois. It is seated at the confluence of the Loire and Xoain, 88 miles S oi Paris. Lon. 3 6 E, lat. 47 23 X. Cossacs, a people inhabiting the con- fines of Poland, Russia, Tartary, and Turkey. They are divided into the Kosakki-sa-Parovi, the Kosakki-Donski, and the Uralian Cossacs. The Cossacs are tall and well made, with aquiline noses, and a good mein. They are har- dy, vigorous and brave ; but fickle and wavering; the women are handsome, well shaped, and complaisant to strangers. The Uralian Cossacs dwell in villages, along the banks of the Ural, and their chief tow n is Uralsk. The country which the Kosakki-sa-Parovi inhabit, is called the Ukraine : and their tow r ns are built of wood after the manner of the Rus- sians. The Kosukki-Donski, dwell on both sides of the Don, are under the protection of Russia, and profess the same religion. See Ukraine and Uralian Cossacs. Cossimbazar, a small city of Hindoos- tan Proper, in Bengal* nearly adjacent to Moorshedabad. It has been at all times the residence of the different Eu- ropean factors, this being the centre of their trade. It is seated on an island, in Hoogly River, 110 miles X of Calcutta. Lon. 85 3S E, lat. 23 40 X. Costapiazzar, the highest mountain of Turkey in Europe, in Romania, ancient- ly called Haemus. Costa Jiicn, a province of Xorth Ame- rica, in Xew Spain, bounded on the N E by the gulf of Mexico, on the SW by the Pacific Ocean, on the XW by Xica- ragua, and on the SE by Veragua. Xew C;.rthage is the capital. Cotbus, a town of Lower Lusatia, sub- ject to the king of Prussia. It is noted for excellent beer, pitch, and the culti- vation of flax. It is seated on the river Spree, 60 miles S bv E of Berlin. Lon. 14 12 E, lat. 51 36 X. Cote iVor, a department of France, con- taining part of the late province of Bur- gundy. Dijon is the capital. Cotes du Nord, a department of France, so named from its northerly maritime position, containing part of the late pro- vince of Bretagne. St. Brieux is the ca- pital. CotigniaC) a town of France, in the de- partment of Var and late province of Pro- vence, on the river Argens. Cotesu-old, or Cots-a-old Hills, a long tract of high ground in the E part of Gloucestershire. Affording in many pla- ces a fine short grass for the feed of sheep, and others are devoted to the I growth of corn. cou C R A Coney, a town of France, in the de- nartment of Aisnc, nine miles X of Sois- soos. L«;n. 3 13 E, hit. 49 31 X. Coventry, a cily in Warwickshire, which, with Lichfield, is a bishop's see. It is a county of itself, governed by a mayor, and sends two members to .par- liament. The houses being" mostly old, and built of wood and plaster, with sto- ries projecting' over each other, make a mean appearance. The town-house is much admired for its painted windows, representing scver.il king's 1 and others that have beeji benefactors to the city. At present it?s principal branch is that of silk ribands ; some gauzes, camblets, and Listings are also made here. It has a communication with the Staffordshire Grand Trunk, by a canal to Fradley ; and by another canal/which joins the Oxford canal at ilraiinston, it has a com- munication with the Thames. Coventry is 91 miles NW of London. Lon. 1 28 W, Lit. 52 28 X. Coventry, a township of Chester coun- ty, Pennsylvania, situated between French creek and the river Schuylkill, opposite to Pottsgrove. Coventry, a township of Kent, Rhode- Island, adjoining 1 the state of Connecti- cut on the W, and Warwick township on the E. It is famous for its Cheese - dairies, and contains about 2000 inha- bitants. Coventry, a town in Tolland county, Connecticut, 14 miles W of Windham, and 19 E of Hartford, with about 2000 inhabitants. Here is a post office. Covoerden, a town of the United Pro- vinces, in Overyssei, with a fortress hi the marshes, strong both by nature and art. It is 35 miles XE ot'Deventer. Lon. 6 35 E, lat. 52 46 N. Covrland, a duchy of Europe, bound- ed on the N by the Baltic, on the E h\ Livonia, and on the S and W by Poland. It is divided into Courland Proper and Semigallia ; its length is about 150 miles, and its breadth is in some places 30, i' ; /others scarcely 10, and towards the SE it stretches to a point. The count]-' swells into gentle hills, and is fertile i:' corn, hemp, and flax. It is nominally ;i feucbtory province of Poland, but, in rc T ality, dependant on Russia. Mittau is the capital. Conrtray, a town of the Austrian Xc- therlands, on the river Lis, 22 miles E of Ypres. It was taken by die French in April 1794, in whose possession it still remains. Lon. 3 6 E, lat. 50 50 X. Coitsemnr, a late province of France, lying* along- the river Satat, and forming-, with Fofe, the department of Arriegc. Coulance.t, a seaport of France, in ike department of the. Channel and late pro- vince of Xm-mandy. It is 22 miles X of Avranches. Lon. 1 23 E, la,. 49 3 X. Coiitras, a town of France,, in the de- partment of Dordogne and late province of Perigord, seated on the Dordogne, 20 miles XE of Bourdeaux. Lon. 3 W, lat. 40 4 X. Coivbridge, a corporate town in Glamor- ganshire, with a market on Tuesday. It is called, by the Welsh, Pont-Van," from the stone bridge over the river, which soon after falls into the Bristol Channel. The streets are broad and paved ; and here the assizes for the county are held. It is 12 miles W of Cardiff and 176 of London. Lon. 3 33 V/, lat. 51 28 X. . Cowes, a seaport on the XE side of the isle of Wight, 8 miles SW of Portsmouth. Lon. 1 15 W, lat. 50 46 X. Coxsuclcie, a township of Green coun- ty, and stnte of Xew York, situated on the W side of the Xorth river, about 20 miles X of the city of Hudson. It is a thriving- country, and contains about 6000 inhabitants. Coymamt, a township of Albany coun- ty, Xew York; situated on the W side of the Xorth river, between Kenderhook and Bethlehem, and containing 3000 in- habitants. Cozmnel, an island of Xorth America, on the E coast of Yucatan, where Cortex landed and refreshed his troops, before he attempted the conquest of Mexlbo. It abounds with fruits, pulse, cattle, and fowls. The original natives possess this island, but are subject to Spain. Or abb Island. See Boriquen. Cracatoa, the southernmost of a cluster of islands in the entrance of the straits of Sunda. The population is considerable, and its coral reefs afford small turtles in abundance,. Lon. 105 56 E, lat. 8 6 S. Cracow, a city, formerly the capital of Poland, where the kings were elected and crowned. It was once almost the centre of the Polish dominions, but since the partition of Poland in 1774, it is In- come a frontier town. Cracow stands in an extensive plain, watered by the Vistu- L, which is broad but shallow : the city •nd its suburbs occupy a vast tract of '■ round, but are so badly peopled, that they scarcely contain 16,000 inhabitants. Many of the streets are broad and hand- some ; but almost every building bears the most striking marks of ruined gran- deur : The churches alone seem to have preserved their original splendour. The devastation of this unfortunate town was begun by the Swedes at the commence- ment of the present century, when it was C R A CRE lesieged and taken by Charles XII. but ihe mischiefs it suffered from that ravaglr of the North were far less destructive than those it experienced during the late dreadful commotions, when it underwent re peated sieges, and was alternately in possession of the Russians and confede- rates. The effects of cannon, grape and musket shot, are still discernible on ihe walls and houses. In a word, Cracow ex- hibits the remains of ancient magnifi- cence, and looks like a great capital in ruins : from the number of fallen and fal- ling houses one would imagine it had late- ly been sacked, and that the enemy had left it only yesterday. The town is sur rounded with high walls of brick, strength- ened by round and square towers, of whimsical shapes, in the ancient styles of fortification : The university of Cra- cow was formerly, and not unjustly, cal- led the mother of Polish literature as it principally supplied the other seminaries with professors and men of learning ; but its lustre has been greatly obscured by the removal of the royal residence to Warsaw, and still more by the late intes- tine convulsions. When the general in- surrection broke out, in 1794, against the Prussian and Russian usurpers of the Po- lish territory, Kosciusko, the chief o c the patriotic insurgents, expelled the Rus- sian garrison from this city, on the 24th of March 1794 ; but having marched, in the sequel, to the protection of Wars uw, Cracow surrendered to the Prussians, on the 15th of June. It is seated on the Vis- tula, 130 miles SSW of Warsaw. Lon. 19 50 E, lat. 50 10 N. Craigmillar, a ruinous castle, 2 miles S E of Edinburgh, in which Mary queen of Scots resided, after her return from Pa- ris, in 1562. Her French retinue were lodged in an adjacent village, thence cal- led Little France. Crail, a borough in Fifeshire, at thr- mouth of the Frith of Forth, 7 miles ST-', of St. Andrew's. Lon. 2 36 W, lat. 56 15 X. Orftinbiirg, a town of Germany, in Car- niola, on the river Save, 20 milts XW of Laubach. Lon. 14 5 E, lat. 46 36 X. Crammond, a small village of Midlothian Scotland, remarkable for the traces of a Roman station. Crammond Water, a river in Edinburgh- shire, called also the Almond. For seve- ral miles it divides this county from Lin- l'uhgowshire, and falls into the Frith of Forth, at the village of Crammond. Cranbourn, a town in Dorsetshire, with a market on Wednesday. It is well wa- tered with streams, and hps a fine chase which extends almost to Salisbury. It is 38 miles XE of Dorchester, and 94 W of London. Lon. 1 51 W, lat. 50 54 X. Cranberrypk small post town in Mid- dlesex county, Xew Jersey; situated on a branch of Millstone river, about 12 miles XE of Ailentown. Cravbrook, a town in Kent, with a mar- ket on Saturday, 13 miles S of Maidstone, and 52 SE of London. Lon. 39 E,lat. 51 ,4 x. n tiuBnm ^' - Ty: •{. Cranganore, a town and fort on the coast of Malabar, until lately subject to the Dutch by whom it was taken from the Portuguese in 1662. Cranganore is seat- ed at the mouth of a river. 24 miles XV by W of Cochin. Lon. 76 30 E, lat. 10 23 X. . Cranston, a township in Providence county, Rhode Island ; situated between Providence river on the E, and Sciticase township on the W, and containing about 1800 inhabitants. Crato, a town of Portugal, in Alentejo, 7 miles E of Portalegra. It has 29 parish- es, under its jurisdiction, beside ihe ca- pital priory belonging to the order of Malta. Lon. 7 20 W, lat. 39 6 X. Crure?i, a county of X Carolina, in Xewbern district, containing about 8000 inhabitants It is sittiated on both sides of the river Xeus. The capital is Xew- bern, lat. 35 10 X, and lon. 77 W. Crmvford, one of the XW counties of Pennsylvania. It has Erie county on the X, and Mercer and Venango on the S, and is watered by the streams of French creek. The inhabitants are estimated at 3500. Crecy, or Cressy, a village of France, in the department of the Straits of Ca- •ais and late province of Picardy, remar- kable for the victory gained by Edward 111. in 1346. It is 32 miles S by E of Calais. ' n iiHfiSSKS^ ; ^\-'-f y Crediton, a town in Devonshire, with a market on Saturday. It has a considera- ble manufacture of serges, and is seated between two hills, 12 miles XW of Exe- ter, and 181 W by X of London. Lon. 3 45 W, lat. 50 49 X. Creeto-um, a small port of Scotland, on the E side of Wigton Ray, in Kirkcud- brightshire. Hoe several sloops are constantly employed in carrying seashells coastwise, or importing coal and lime from Cumberland. Creijf, a town in Perthshire, with an annual fair for cattle, one of the gre test in Scotland. It is seated on the Earn, 20 miles W of Penh. Creil, a town of Fi ance, now in the de- partment of Oise, lately in the province IRE C RI of the Isle of France, seated on the Oise, five miles E of Seniis. Lon. 2 43 E, lat. 49 13 X. iyj fl Crema, a town of Italy, capital of Cre- masco, with a bishop's see. It is seated on the Scrio, 20 miles N of Piacentia. Lon. 9 50 E, lat. 45 25 X. Cremiu, a town of France, in the de- partment of Isere ,and hue province of Dauphiny. It is seated at the foot of a mountain near the Rhone, 20 miles XE of Vienne. Lon. 5 20 E, lat. 45 44 N. Cremnitz, the principal mine-town of Upper Hungary, 70 miles XE of Presburg. Lon. 19 6 E, lat. 48 32 X. Cremona, an ancient town of Italy, ca- pital of the Cremonese, defended by a strong castle. The streets are broad and straight, the houses well-built, the churches handsome, and the squares large. It was the see of a bishop, and had a university. It is seated on the Po, 30 miles XW of Parma. Lon. 9 58 E, lat. 45 8 X. Cremonese, a territory pf Italy, in the duchy of Milan, bounded on the E by Mantua, on the X by Bresciano, on the W by Cremasco, and on the S by Parma. It is fertile in wine and fruits. Cremona is the capital. (gtempen, a town of Germany, in the duchy of Holstein, five miles from Ham- burgh. Cresapsburg, a post town of Allegha- ny county, Maryland, on the W side of Potomac river, seven miles SW of Cum- berland, eight X of Frankford, and 155 from Washington. Cre-tcentino, a town of Piedmont, on the river Po. It was taken by the French in 1704, and bv the allies in*1706. It is 20 miles NE of Turin. Lon. 8 E, lat. 45 20 X. Crexpii, a town of France in the depart- ment of Oise and late province of the Isle of France, 32 miles XW of Paris. Lon. 2 35 E, lat. 49 10 X. _ Crest, a town of France, in the depart- ment of Drouse and late province of Dauphinv, seated on the Drome, 15 miles SE of Valence. Lon. 5 26 E, lat. 44 40 X. Crevecceur, a town of France in the department of the Xorth and late pro- vince of Cambresis, on the Scheldt, five miles S of Cambray. Lon. 3 20 E, lat. 50 6 X. Crevecceur, a town and fort of Dutch Brabant, at the confluence of the Dom- mel with the Maese, four miles XW of Bois-le-Duc. It was taken by the French in 1794, when they overran Hol- land. O euse, a department of France, con- taining the late province of Marche. Gue- rct is the capital. Creutznach, a town of Germany, in the circle of the Lower Rhine, with a castle, on an eminence. It has been frequently taken during the present war, the last time by the French in 1796. It is seated on the Nahe, over which is a stone bridge, 20 miles SW of Mentz. Lon. 7 55 E, lat. 49 44 X. Crewkeme, a town in Somersetshire, with a market on Saturday. It is seated near a branch of the Parret, 25 miles S of Wells, and 132 WS W of London. Lon. 3 W, lat. 50 50 X. Crexosville, a post town of Goochland county, Virginia, lying on the S side of South Anna river, a branch of Pamunkey river, 20 miles SE of Columbia Court- house, and 122 from Washington. Crickho-wel, a town in Brecknockshire, with a market on Thursday. It is seat- ed on the river Usk, 10 miles SE of Brecknock, and 149 W by X of London Lon. 3 7 W, lat. 51 49 X. Cricklade, a borough in Wilts, with a market on Saturday. It is almost sur- rounded by the Thames ; and is 25 miles W by S of Oxford, and 83 W bv X of London. Lon. 1 50 W, lat. 51 38 *X. Crimea, or Crim Tartary, the ancient Taurica Chersonesus, a peninsula in A- sia, bounded on the S and W by the Black Sea ; on the X by the province of Catharinenslaf, w ith which it communi- cates by the isthmus of Perekop ; and on the S by the sea of Asoph, and the strait of Caffa. The moun tainous parts were inhabited by the Tauri, probably a colony of Scythians ; and Its coasts on the W, the E", and the S, by Creeks. The Scy- thians were driven out by Mithridates ; the Greeks by the Sarmatians ; and these again by the Alani and Goths, a north- ern hord of Scythians. The Hungarians, die Cossacks, and Tartars succeeded in their turn ; while the Genoese in the 12th century, held a temporary and precarious possession of the seaports, which they were obliged to yield to the Turks in 1475. At the peace of 1774, the Tartars of the Crimea were declared independent. The mountains are well covered with woods' fit for the purpose of ship-build- ing, and contain plenty of wild beasts. The valleys consist of fine arable land; on the sides of the hills grow corn and vines in great, abundance, and the earth is rich in mines. But these mountaineers are as careless and negligent as the in- habitants of the deserts: slighting all these advantages ; and, like their breth- ren of the lowlands, are sufficiently happy C R O CRO if they are in possession of a fat sheep and as much bread as serves them to eat. In 1783, the Russians took possession of the country with an army ; the following year, it was ceded to them by the Turks ; and the peaceable possession of the whole was secured to them in 1791, by the cession of the fortress of Oczakow. The Crimea is divided into two parts, by mountains which run E and W. The N division is flat, poor, and fit for pasturage only. In the S parts, the valleys are as- tonishingly productive, and the climate extremely mild, from the exclusion of those violent winds by which the N di- vision is frequently incommoded, lie- sides the ports of Kerth and Jenikale, the road of Caffa, and the harbour of Ba- luclafa, there is, near Sebastapol, one of the finest harbours in the world. The Crimea now forms one of the two pro- vinces of the government of Catharinen- slaf, under the name of Taurida; in some late maps it is called Taurica. Achmet- schet was made the capital in 1785. Croatia, formerly a part of the ancient TUyricum, now a province of Hungary, bounded on the N by Sclavonia, on the E by Bosnia, on the S by Dalmatia, and the gulf of Venice, and on the W by Car - niola. The greatest part of it belongs to the house of Austria. Carlstadt is the capital. Croia, a town of Albania, with a bish- op's see, seated near the gulf of Venice, 13 miles XE of Durazzo. Lon. 19 27 E, lat 42 6 N. Croisic, or Croisil, a town of France, now in the department of Lower Loire, lately in the province of Bretagne. It is seated on the bay of Biscay, between the mouths of the Loire and Vilaine, 35 miles W of Nantes. Lon. 2 31 W, lat. 47 17 N. Croix, St. a river of North America, which forms the NE boundary of the United States, and falls into the Bay of Fundy. Cromack-ivater, a lake of Cumberland, between Buttcrmere -water and Lowes- water, with each of which it is connected by the river Cocker. It is four miles long, and near half a mile over ; beauti fied with three small isles, one of them a rock. Cromarty, a county of Scotland, which comprehends part of a peninsula on the S side of the Frith to which it gives name. It is bounded on all sides by Ross-'' shire, except on the E, where it is bound- ed by the Murray Frith. It is 12 miles from E to W, and three is its greatest breadth. Cromarty, the capital of the shire of Cromarty, at the mouth of the Frith of the same name. It is 16 milts N of In- verness. Lon. 3 53 W, lat. 57 44 N. Cromer, a town in Norfolk, with a mar- ket on Saturday. It is seated near the German Ocean, and formerly had two churches, one of which, with several houses, was swallowed up by the sea. The inhabitants are now chiefly fisher- men ; and the best lobsters, on this part of the coast, are taken here. It is 22 miles N of Norwich, and 127 NE of Lon- don. Lon. 1 15 W, lat. 53 N. Cromford, a village in Derbyshire, on the river Derwent, two miles N of Wirks- worth. Cronach, a strong town of Germany, in the bishopric of Bamberg, with a citadel, 25 miles NE of Bamberg. Lon. 11 35 E, lat. 50 27 N. Cronborg, a strong fortress of Den- mark, on the isle of Zealand, near Elsi- nore, which guards the passage of the. Sound. Not far from this is Hamlet's Garden, said to be the spot where the mur- der of his father was perpetrated. Lon. 12 54 E, lat. 56 N. Cronenburg; a town of Germany, in the landgravate of Hesse Cassel, with a castle. It is seated at the foot of a moun- tain, 10 miles N of Francfort, on the Maine. Lon. 8 40 E, lat. 49 55 N. Croiistadt, a town and fortress of Rus- sia, on the island of Ketusari, in the gulf of Finland. It has a good harbour, which ' is the station of the Russian fleet, and great magazines of naval stores, as well as docks and yards for building ships. It is 12 miles V/ of Petersburg. Lon. 29 56 E, lat. 59 56 N. Cronstadt, a town of Transylvania. See BrassaU. ^SsSR Cross Creek, a township in Washington county, Pennsylvania, about 30 miles S\V of T'ittsbui'g. It contains 2000 in- h ab itano^l^afcg i. Cross Roads, a village in New London township, Chester county, Pennsylvania. Situated betA'een London Grove and Lit- tle Britain, near the Maryland line, and about 18 miles westward from Wilming- ton in Delaware state. Crossxvicks, a village in Burlington county, New Jersey, situated on Cross- wick's creek, 8 miles SE of Trenton. Crosten, a handsome town of Silesia, capital of a principality of the same name, at the confluence of the rivers Bobar and Oder, in a country abounding with wine and fruit. The bridge over the Oder is fortified ; and it is 35 miles NW of Glo- gaw. Lon. 15 49 E, lat. 52 5 N.,„, Croton, a river of Connecticut state, which rises in Fairfield township, and CUB C U L after passing into the state of New- York tails into the North river near Tarppan. Crotona, a town of Naples, in Cala- bria Citeriorc, on the gulf of Taranto, with a bishop's see, and a citadel, 15 miles SE of St. Severina. Lon. 17 27 E, .at. 39 9 N. Crouch, a river in Essex, which rising- near Homdon, terminates its course in the German Ocean, between Bun. ham, and Foulness Island. Crowland, a town in Lincolnshire, with a market on Saturday. It has three streets, separated from each other by watercourses, whose banks are supported by piles, and set with willow trees. Il is 11 miles N of Peterborough, and 93 N by W of London. Lon. o' 10 W, lat. 52 41 N. Crown Point, formerly a strong fort of the British, at. the ext ranee of L:;ke Champiam, now a post town of Essex county, New York, with about 950 in- habitants, and distant 502 miles from Washington. Croydon, a town in Surry, with a mar- ket on Saturday It is seated near the source of die Wandle, surrounded in a manner with hills, and has an hospital and freeschool, founded by archbishop "Whitgitt. In the church are many fine monuments of the archbishops of Can- terbury, who had here an ancient palace, which was alienated from the see, by an act of parliament, in 1780 : the building, and adjoining premises, are now occu- pied by some manufactures. Croydon is : nine miles S of London. Lon. 1 \V, lat. 51 20 N. Cruxhaven, a small maritime town of Germany, in the N part of the duchy of Bremen, seated at the mouth of the Elbe, 70 miles NW of Hamburgh. Cuba, an island of the West Indies, at the entrance of the gulf of Mexico, 700 miles in length, and 87 in breadth. On the E side it begins at 20 20 N la1 . touches the tropic of Cancer on die N, and extends from 74 to 85 15 W lon. It lies 60 miles to the W of Hispaniola, 25 leagues N of Jamaica, 100 miles to the E of Jucatan, and as many to the E of Cape Florida. It commands the entrance of the gulphs both of Mexico and Florida, as also the windward passages. It was discovered by Columbus, in* 1492. The Spaniards are entirely masters of it, hav- ing extirpated the natives. The soil is not extremely fertile ; but there are pas- tures sufficient to feed a great number of sheep and hogs, which were original- ly brought hither. There are several iorts of mines in the mountains, and fo- rests full of game. The produce is su- gar-canes, ginger, cassia, wild cinna- mon, and very good tobacco, called by the Spaniards Cigarros. The hills run through the middle of the isLnd from E to W, but near the coast the land is ge- nerally level, and many rivulets flow from the hills to the ?s and S. The hun- dredth part of this island is not yet clear- ed. The true plantations are all confined to the beautiful plains of the Havannah, and even those are not what they might be. This island was taken by the Eng- lish in 1761, but restored by the peace of 1763. It is 75 miles N of Jamaica, and Havannah is the capital. Cuba, or Alcuba, a town of Portugal, in Alentejo, 36 miles S by E of Evora. Lon. 7 10 W, lat. 38 N. ' Cubagua, a barren island of South A- menca, between that of Margaretta and Terra Firma, where the Spaniards, in 1509, established a fishery of pearls. Lon, 54 30 W, lat. 10 15 N. Cuban, a large river, formed by the junction of many streams that rise in the countries between the Black Sea and the Caspian. It divides the Abkhas and Cir- cassians from part of Taurica. and falls into the Black Sea. Cuban, or Cuban Tartary, a country of Asia, in the Russian province of Tau- rica; bounded on the W by the sea of Asoph ; on the N by the river Don, which separates it from Europe ; on the E by the desert of Astracan ; and on the S by the river Cuban, which divides it from Circassia and the country of the Abkhas. Cuckjieki, a, town in the county of Sus- sex, with a market on Friday j 13 miles NW of Lewes, and 40 S by W of London Lon. 12 W, lat 51 4 N. Cuddalore, a town on the coast of Co- romandel, belonging to the English, very neju* the place where Fort St. David once stood. It is naturally a strong situation. It was taken by the French in 1781 ; and, in 1783, it stood a severe siege against the English, which was elided by the intelligence received of the peace. It is 80 miles S of Madras. Lon. 79 45 E, lat. 11 41 N. Cuddapa, a town of the peninsula of Hindoostan, ceded by Tippoo Sultan to the Nizam of die Deccan. It is seated on the Pennar, 95 miles W by N of its en- trance at Gangapatnam, into the bav of Bengal, and 14-G NW of Madras. Lon. 78 47 E, lat. 14 3 N. Cuen-.a, a town of Spain, in New Cas - tile, with a bishop's see, on the rivei- Xucar, 74 miles E by S of Madrid. Lon. 1 55 W. lat. 40 7 N. Culezibach, a town of Franconia, capi CUM CUM tal of a margravate of the same name, ! breadth does not exceed 40. It is well -with a citadel. It is seated on the Maine, watered with rivers, lakes, and foun- 25 miles NE of Bamberg. Lon. 11 33 E, tains ; but none of its streams are navi- lat. 50 11 N Culemburg a town of Dutch Guelder- gable. In some high mountains. places The there are very- air is keen and land, on the river Leek, 12 miles SE of piercing- on the^e mountains towards the north ; and the climate is moist, as in all li illy countries. The county produces great quantities of coal, some lead, abun- dance of the mineral earth called black lead, several mines of lapis calaminaris; and an inconsidc* ..hie pearl -fishery On the coast near Kavenglass. The Skiddaw is the principal mountain; and the chief rivers are the Eden and Derwent. This county and the adjoining one of West- moreland, are celebrated for their lakes, which have been repeatedly described by Utrecht. Lon. 5 12 E, lat. 51 58 N. Culiacan, a town of North America, in Mexico, capital of a province of the same name. It is opposite the S end of Cali- fornia. Lon. 10 85 W, lat. 24 X. • Cullen, a small town on the coast of Banffshire, 40 miles NW of Aberdeen. Near it are seen t hree lofty spiring rocks, formed of flint v masses, called the Three Kings of Cullen. Lon. 2 40 W, lat. 57 40 X. GidUtoiij a town in Devonshire, with a market on Thursday, seated on the Cully, 17 miles SE of" Exeter, and 154 W by S of London. Lon. 3 6 W, lat. 50 46 X. Cullodiii, a village in Scotland, three miles E of Inverness, where the duke of Cumberland gained a decisive victory over the rebels, in 1746. Collumpton. See Columbton. Culm, a town of Western Prussia, with a bishop's see. It is seated near the Vis- tula, 60 miles S of Dantzic. Lon. 18 30 E, lat. 53 24 X. Cnhnore, a town of Ireland, in the county of Londonderry, seated on the eoast of Loughfovle, five miles N of Lon- donderry. Lon. 7 3 W, lat. 55 8 N. Culpepper, a rich and extensive county in the state of Virginia ; bounded on the N by Fauquier county, on the S by Or- ange, on the E by P. William county, and on the W by the Blue Ridge, which separates it from Rockingham. The po- pulation is estimated at 18000. The ca pi tal is Fairfax. Culpepper, a post town, and the capital of Culpepper county, Virginia, 20 miles X of Orange Court-house, 45 NW of Fre- dericksburg on the Rappahannoc, and 76 from Washington. Culross, a borough on the Frith of Forth, in a tract of country between Clackmananshire and Kinrosshire, which is reckoned an appendage of the county of Perth. Here is a magnificent palace with 13 windows in front, built about the year 1590, by Edward lord Kinloss. Lon. 3 34 W, lat. 56 4 N. Cumana. See Comuna. Cumberland, a county of England, bounded on the N by Scotland : on the E by Northumberland, Durham, and Westmoreland; on the S by Lancashire, and on the W by the Irish Sea and Sol- way Frith. The length from north tc pouth may amount to 55 miles, bu 4 . the the pen and pencil. The lakes in Cum- berland are the Derwent -water, Bas- scnthwaite-waler, Buttennero3i>atcr, Gro- in ack- water , Lo wc s - w a t er , Vis- w at e v, W e s t - wa t e r , En n e r d, al e - w a t e r , E I d e r - w a- ter, Broad-water, &vC. Carlisle is the capital. Cumberland, the principal town of Al- leghany county, Maryland ; situated at the junction of Wilis creek with the Po- tomac river, 148 miles from Washing- ton. Hither retreated the remains of Braddock's armv, after their defeat near Fort Pitt in 1755. Cumberland, a county of Pennsylvania, 37 miles long, and 28 broad. The inha- bitants were reckoned in 1790, at 18,243. Carlisle is the capital. Cumberland County, a county in the state of Virginia; situated between the Appomatox and James rivers, and dis- tant about 20 miles from Richmond. It contains about 10,000 inhabitants, on<* half slaves. Cumberland, a county in the state of New Jersey. It is bounded by Delaware bay on the SE, and by Salem county on the X and W, and contains 10,000 in- habitants. Cumberland, a county in the district Of Maine, extending from the Atlantic ocean to the line which divides the United States from Canada. It contains 25 town- ships and 40,000 inhabitants. Cumberland, a county of Fayette dis*- trict, North Carolina. It is watered by Cape Fear and BJack rivers, ajid contains about 8000 inhabitants. The principal town Fayetteville. Cumberland, a county in the state of Kentucky, bounded on the N by Barren county, and on the S by the state of Ten- nessee, and situated on the S side of 6reat Barren river. It contains about 4000 inhabitants. Cv.mberUmd, a large river of the United C U H C Y P States, which rises in the Cumberland mountains, and running S\V through thtr state of Tennessee, enters Christian county in Kentucky, and thence pursues an NVV course until it unites with the Ohio. It is 300 yards wide at its mouth, and is navigable by large vessels up to Nashville, in Tennessee. Cumberland, a township of Providence county, Rhode Island, situated on the N E side of Patucket river, and bounded on the E and N by the state of .Massachu- setts. It contains about 2000 inhabi- tants. Cumberland Mountains, a considerable range of mountains in the United States, but the great body of them is situated in the state of Tennessee; running through the whole extent of that state from W to E about 350 miles. Cumbrtiu, Great and Little, two islands in the FritlT of Clyde, to the E of the isle of Bute. The former is remarkable for its excellent freestone quarries, and the ruins of an ancient cathedral dedicated to St. Columba. Cunningham, the most northerly divi- sion of Ayrshire. The N\V angle of this district, though mountainous affords rich pasturage. Its chief town is Irvin. Citpav, a royal borough of Fifeshire, and the county -town. It is seated in a rich valley on the N side of the Eden, eight miles WSW of St. Andrew's. Lon. 2 55 W, lat. 56 15 N. Cupar in Angus, a small town in For- farshire, Scotland, wholly employed in the manufacture of linen cloth. Fair, Thursday before Easter. Curacao, an island of South America, to the N of Terra Firma, subject to the Dutch. It is 25 miles in length, and 12 in breadth, and its trade consists in su- gar and skins. The principal town is St. Peter, at the NE extremity of the island. Eon. 69 15 W, lat. 12 22 N. Curdistun, a country of Asia, seated between the Turkish empire and Persia, lying along the eastern coast of the river Tigris, and comprehending great part of ancient Assyria Some of the inhabitants live in towns and villages, and others rove from place to place, having tents like the wild Arabs, and being robbers like them. Their religion is partly Christianity and partly Mahometanism ; but they are very loose in regard to •.it her. Ci'iria-Maria, an island on the coast of Arabia Felix, opposite the mouth of the liver Prim. Lon. 55 25 E, lat. 17 N. Oimituh, a county of North Carolina, situated in the NE corner of the state, bounded on the E and N by Currituck inlet and the ocean, and on the W by Camden county. It contains about 7000 inhabitants. Cursoliers, a small island of Livadia, in the gulf of Patras, formerly called Ec- hanades. Curzola, an island in the gulf of Ve. nice, on the coast of Dalmatia, about 20 miles long. It belongs to the Venetians, and has a town of the same name, with a bishop's see. Lon. 17 15 E, lat. 36 N. Cushat, a river of North Carolina, | which falls inso Albemarle Sound. dishing, a township of Lincoln coun- ty, in the distria of Maine ; situated on St, George's river, about 50 miles NE of Portland. Cusset, a town of France, now in the department of AUier, lately in the pro- vince of Bourbonnois, 17 miles N of Ro- anne. Lon. 4 5 E, lat. 46 17 \. Custrin, the capital of the new marche of Brandenburg, with a castle, seated at the confluence of the Oder and Warta. In 1760, it was bombarded and reduced to ashes by the Russians. Custiin is 46 miles E bv N of Berlin. Lon. 14 40 E, lat. 52 40 N. Cutais, a town of Turkey, the capital oflmeritia and the residence of its so- vereign. The remains of its cathedral seem to prove that it was once a consi- derable place, but it now scarcely de- serves the name of a village. Loh. 43 E, lat. 43 35 N. Cutch, a territory in Hindoostan Pro- per, governed by a rajah, and situated on the SE of Sindy : the E branch of the Indus separating the two countries. It extends along the N coast of the gulf of Cutch, and is separated from Guzerat by the river Puddar. Cuzco, a town of Peru, formerly the residence of the Incas. It is seated at the foot of a mountain, and is built in a square form, in the middle of which is the best market in all America; four large streets terminate in the square, which are all as straight as aline, and regard the -four quarters of the world. It contains eight large parishes, and five religious houses, and the number of the inhabitants is about 50,000, of which three-fourths are the original Americans. Streams. of water run through the town, which are a great convenience in so hot a country where it seldom rah s. - It is 320 miles S of Lima. Lon. 73 47 W, lat. 12 OS. Cyprus, an island in the Mediterra- nean, near tiie coast of Syria. The soil is an excellent fertile clay; and, if the c z o DAG natives were industrious, they might make it a paradise. The exports of the island are silk, wool and wine. Nicosia is the capital. Cyr, St. a village of France, two miles from Versailles, celebrated for a nunne- rv, founded by Lewis XIV. under the pa- tronage of madame de Maintenon, who was herself the abbess till her death in 1719. This nunnery has been abolished since the French revolution. Czackthurn, a strong place of Austria, between the rivers Drave and Muhir, 100 miles 9 of Vienna. Lon. 17 10 E, lat. 46 44 H. 7 JCzaslau, a town of Bohemia, capital of a circle of the same name. Here is the highest tower in Bohemia, and near this place the king of Prussia gained a vic- tory over the Austrians in 1742. It is seated on the river Crudenka, 40 miles SE of Prague. Lon. 15 33 E, lat. 49 50 N. Czenstofcj-a, a town of Poland, in Cra- covia, with a fort, in which is kept a rich treasure, called the Treasure of the Virgin Mary. The pilgrims flock hither so much for the sake of a convent near it, that it is called the Loretto of Po-j land. It is sealed on the river Watte, 50 mUes N by W of Cracow. Lon. 19 15 E, lat. 50 48 N. Czcrcassi, a town of Russia, in the Uk- raine, with a castle. It is seated near the Dnieper, 85 miles SE of Kiow. Lon. 32 5 E, lat. 49 N. • Czernic, a town of Carniola, in the cir- cle of Austria. It is remarkable for its lake, which is 15 miles in length, and five in breadth, and produces fish and corn every year ; for when the waters fall from the mountains, it becomes full, and abounds with fish ; and, after some time it sinks into the earth, and then it is cultivated, and produces grass and corn. Lon. 15 E, lat. 46 6 N. Czernikmi, a town of Russia, capital of a duchy of the same name, with a castle. It is seated on the Dezna, 70 miles N by E of Kiow. Lon. 31 53 E, lat. 51 29 N. Czersho, a town of Poland, on the Vis- tula, 20 miles NW of Warsaw. Loh. 21 31 E, lat. 52 26 N. Czongrodt, a town of Hungary," capital of a territory of the same name, at the confluence of: the Teisse and Keres, 13 miles N of Sagedin. Lon. 20 54 E, lat. 46 36 N. D BABUL, a town of the Deccan of Hindoostan, on the coast of Concan, 75 miles S by W of Bombay. Lon. 72 50 E a lat. 18 N". Dacca, a city of Hindoostan Proper, on the E quarter of Bengal, beyond the principal stream of the Ganges, although a very capital branch runs near it. It is the provincial capital of this quarter, and is the third city in Bengal in point jf extent and population. Indeed, with- in the present century it has been the ca- pital of ail Bengal. It has a vast trade in muslins, and manufactures the most delicate ones among those which are most sought after in Europe ; the cotton is produced within the province. Dacca is situated 100 miles above the mouth of the Ganges, and 180 by the road from Calcutta. It is 160 miles' NE of Calcutta. Lon. 90 25 E, lat. 23 55 N. hachaviy a town of Bavaria, where the elector has a palace, with fine gardens. It is seated on a mountain near the river Amber, 10 miles NW of Munich. Lon. 11 30 E, lat. 48 20 N. Dachstein, a town of France, in the department of Lower Rhine and late pro- vince of Alsace, with a palace that be longed to the bishop of Strasburg. Lon. 7 45 E, lat. 48 35 N. Dafar, or Dofar, a town of Arabia Felix, seated on a bay of the same name, on the SE coast. Lon. 53 25 E, lat. 16 30 N. tktgenham, a village in Essex, nine miles E by N of London. A great breach « \ s made here by the Thames, in 1703- J)aghestan, a province of Asia, bound- ed on the E by the Caspian Sea, on the W by the mountains of Caucasus, on the N by Circassia, and on the S by Schir- van. It is inhabited by Tartars, and is subject to Russia. Dagno, a town of Albania, capital of the district of Ducagni, with a bishop's see : seated near the confluence of the Drino and Nero, 13 miles SE of Scutari. Lon. 19 39 E, lat. 42 30 N. Dago, or Dagao, an island in the Bal- tic, on the coast of Livonia, between the gulfs of Finland and Riga. It is of a tri- angular figure, and is 20 miles in circum- ference, and has two castles, called Da- D A H gerwort ami Paclcn. Lon, 22 56 K, lat. 58 44 X. Dagsborough, a town in Sussex count}', Delaware, lying on Pepper Creek, a stream that runs into llehoboth Bay, and about 18 miles S of Lewistown. It has a post office and about 1400 inhabitants. Dakly the finest river of Sweden, which flows through. Dalecartia and Ges- tricia, and falls into the gulf of Bothnia, to the E of Gcsle. Xear. Escarleby, it forms a celebrated cataract, scarce in- ferior to the fall of die Rhine at Lauffen. Dtihomy, a kingdom of Africa, on the coast of Guinea, to the X of Whidah. It is supposed to reach from the sea coast about 500, or 200 miles inland, though no European has * penetrated above half the distance ; the capital Abo- may, lies about 99 50 N lat. ; and between the 3d and 4th deg. E Ion. reckon e I from the meridian of Greenwich. Tiie soil is a. deep, rich clUEy, with a little sand on the surface. But there is not to be found a stone so large as an egg in the whole country, so far as it has been visited by the Europeans, so that a pair of stones, which they use for grinding corn, weigh- ing together about 12 or .14 pounds, arc sold for five shillings. The country a- bounds with buffaloes, deer, sheep, goats, hogs, poultry of various kinds, particu- larly Guinea hens, and Muscovy ducks ; and the lakes are plentifully stored with iish. Their religion consists of a jumble of superstitious nonsense, of which it is impossible to convey any idea to the reader. Their government is the most perfect despotism that exists perhaps on tiie face of the earth. There is no inter- mediate degree of subordination between the king and the slave, at least in the royal presence, where the prime minister is obliged, to prostrate himself with as much abject submission as the meanest subject. On his entrance into the palace, he crawls towards the apartment of au- dience, on his hands and knees, till he ar- rives in the royal presence, where he lays himself flat upon Ids belly, rubbing his head in the dust, and uttering the most humiliating expressions. White visitors are honoured with a glass of some cor- dial liquor, filled by the king's own hand ; which, if refused, is apt to give offence. Favours of this kind are received with a- vidityby his own subjects, om account of the honour conferred upon them. The subject lies on his back while the king holds the bottle to his mouth. He must drink till the royal hand be withdrawn, which sometimes does not happen till the whole contents be emptied, especially when he has a mind to sport with the DAL drinker. A considerable standing an.u is maintained, who must lipid theni selves in readiness to take the field at the command of the sovereign. Within the different palaces, likewise, are immured no less than 3000 women, of whom se- veral hundreds are trained to the use of arms. These warriors are regularly ex- ercised, and go through their evolutions with as much expertnesv, as the male sol- diers.. The kind's palace is Surround* d with a' clay wall of a quadrangular form, and about 20 feet high. In the middle of each side is a guard house, with two centinels at the gate, and a guard of arm- ed women and eunuchs within. On the thatched roofs of these guard houses are ranged, on small wooden stakes, many hu- man skulls. Such of the inner apart- ments as the Europeans have an opportu- nity of seeing, consist of large courts, communicating with each other, gene- rally square or oblong, encompassed b\ ciay walls. In each of them is a sort of piazza, or shed, formed of posts about se- ven feet, planted in the ground, at th< distance of about 12 or 14 feet from the wall. The whole has somewhat the re- semblance of an assemblage of farm yards, with long thatched barns, hovels for cat- tle and carts, and low mud walls to sepa- rate them from each other. Dulaca, an island of the Red Sea, op- posite the coast of A hex, 72 miles in length, and 15 in breadth. It is fertile, populous, and remarkable for a pearl fish- ery. The inhabitants are Negroes, and great enemies to the Mahometans. Dalebwg, a town of Sweden, capital of Dalia, seated on the Lake Wenner, 50 miles X of Gottenburg. Lon. M 59 E, lat. 58 32 N. DnlecarUa, a province of Sweden, near Norway, 175 miles in length and 100 in breadth. It is full of mountains, abound- ing in mines of copper and iron, some of which are of a prodigious depth. The towns are small ; and the inhabitants arc rough, robust, and warlike. Daliciy a province of Sweden, bounded on die X by D decarlia, on the E by Wer- m land and Lake Wenner, on the S by Gothland, and on the N by Norway and the sea. , .^j'^ j Kl^M Dalkeith, a town in Edinburgshire, with a great weekly market for corn and oatmeal. The palace of Dalkeith is a magnificent structure, the seat of the duke of Bnccleugh. It is six miles SF» of Edinburg. Lon. 3 12 W, lat. 55 54 X. Dahnatia, a country of Europe, for- merly a kingdom. It is bounded on the V by Bosnia, on the S by the gulf of Ve- nice, on the E by Servia, and on the W DAM DAN by Croatia. It is divided into Venetian, Turkish, Ragusan, and Hungarian Dal- matia. Spalatro is the capital of Vene- tian, and Herzegovina of Turkish Dal- matia : Ragusa is capital of the republic of Ragusen : the Hungarian part con- tains five districts, and Segna is the capi- tal. The air is wholesome and die soil fruitful. See Jhrlachia. Dalton, a town in Lancashire, with a market on Saturday. It is seated at the source of a river, in a champaign country, not far from the sea ; and the ancient castle is made use of to keep the records and prisoners for debt in the liberty of Furness. It is 16 miles NW of Lancas- ter, and 273 XXW of London. Lon. 3 18 W, lat. 54 UN. Dalton, a post town in Grafton county, New Hampshire, situated on the E side of Connecticut river. Dalton, a township of Berkshire, Mas- sachusetts, about 130 miies W of Boston. Dam, a town of the United Provinces, in Groningen, seated on the Dams'er, three miles from the sea, and 15 SW of Embden. Lon. 6 48 E, lat. 53 22 N. Dam, a town of Prussian Pomerania, seated on the Oder, 10 miles SE of Ste- tin. Lon. 14 50 E, lat. 53 31 N. Damar, a famous town of Arabia Fe- lix. Lon. 49 25 E, lat. 16 N: Damascus, now called Sham, an ancient city, of Syria, the form of .vhich is an ex- act square, each side being a mile and a half long. It had three walls now almost entirely ruined ; and of the several su- burbs which it formerly had, there re- mains only one, which extends three mil^s in length. The extraordinary nufactures among which that of sabres and knives has been most famous. It is an archbishop's see, and contains great numbers of Christians and Jews. It stands on the river Barida, 112 miles S of Antioch, and 112 NE of Jerusalem. Lon. 37 E, lat. 33 45 N. Damawi, a seaport of the Deccan of Hihdoostan, at the entrance of the gulf of Cambay. It is subject to the Portu- guese, and is 50 miles S of Surat. Lon, 72 25 E, lat. 20 20 N. Damgartin, a town of Swedish Pome- rania, with a castle, seated on the Reck- nils, 18 miles W of Stralsund. Lou. 12 57 E, lat. 54 16 X. Damietta, an ancient and rich town of Egypt, seated at one of the eastern mouths of the Nile, with a good har- bour. It is rounded in a semicircle, two leagues and a half from the mouth of the Nile. It has several squares, the most considerable of which still retains the name of Menchie. The bazars are filled, with merchants. Spacious khans, col- lecting- under their porticos the stuffs of India, the silks of mount Lebanon, sal- ammoniac, and pyramids of riceproclaim that it is a commercial town. The houses, particularly those on the banks of the river, are lofty. They have in ge- neral handsome saloons, built on the top of their terraces, which are open to eve- ry wind, where the Turks pass their life in smoking. Several large mosques a- dorned with lofty minarets are dispersed over the town. The port of Damietta is constantly filled with a multitude of small boats and vessels. It carried on a *reat trade with Syria, Cyprus, and Mar- >cauty of this place is owing to several | seilles. They export great quantities of ' rice, which is cultivated in the neigh- bouring plains. The tongue of land on which Damietta is situated, straitened on one side by the river, and on the other by the W extremity of lake Mcnzale, is only from two to six miles wide from E to W. It is intersected by innumerable rivulet9 in every direction, which render it the most fertile spot in Egypt. It is there that nature lavishing profusely her pomp .aid riches, presents flowers, fruits and harvests at every season of the year. Da- ?nietta was taken by the French in their expedition to Egypt, 1799. Damiuwj, St. a town of Italy in Mont- >erra-i, 18 miles W by N of Vercelli. Lon. 8 E, lat. 45 33 N. Damme, a strong town of Flanders, seated on the camd between Sluys and Bruges. Dan, a river of North Carolina, which rising in the state of Virginia, runs in a serpentine course near the line which di- streams which run across the fertile plain of Damascus, and water all the gar- dens, supply the public fountains, and run into every house. The most remark- able things are the caravansaries, which consist of long galleries, supported by marble pillars, and surrounding a large square court. The houses are buiit of vvood, with their fronts backward, and v.ithln a court; in the streets there isno- thing to.be seen but walls without win- dows, and yet the in sides are richly u domed. The castle is like a little town having its own streets and houses, and the famous Damascus steel was kepi here in a magazine. The mosques are the handsomest buildings, of .which there a>-e about 2000 the most stately of which >.\*as a Christian church. Here is a street «. ])ich runs across the city and suburbs in a direct line, on each side of which art shops, where all sorts of rich merchan- dise are sold ; and they have several ma- DAN D A R tides the two states. Near Mecklenburg it fulls into the river Roanoke, ami loses its name in that of the greater stream. D anbury, a village in Essex, situated on a hill, 5 miles E of Chelmsford, and 16 Wof the sea. The spire of the church was burnt by lightning in 1750, but wa» soon after rebuilt, and forms a seamark. Danbary, a post town of Fairfield coun- ty, Connecticut, 10 miles N of Ridgefield, and about 33 ISVV of New Haven. This town and a large quantity of military stores lodged there were burnt by die British troops in 1777- Danby, a town in Rutland county, Ver- mont, 21 miles S of Rutland. It has a post office, and about 1500 inhabitants. Dandridge, a small town in .Jefferson, Tennessee, about 36 miles eastward from Knoxvdle. Danger, Isles of, three islands in the S Pacific Ocean, seen by commodore Byron in 1765. They appeared crowded with people, but were so surrounded by rocks and breakers, that it was unsafe to at- tempt to land. The commodore suppo- sed them to be the islands seen by Qui- ros, in the beginning of the 17th century, and named Solomon's Islands. Lon. 169 28 W, lat. 10 15 S. Danneberg, a town of Germany, in the circle of Lower Saxony, seated on the Tetze, near the Elbe, 40 miles SE of Lu- nenberg. Lon. 11 29 E, lat. 53 4 N. Dantzic, the capital of Western Prus- sia, standing on a branch of the Vistula, about 4 miles above where it falls into the Baltic ; in lon. 16 36 E, lat. 54 20 N. This city is famous in history on many accounts, particularly that of its being formerly at the head of the Hanseatic as- sociation, commonly called the Hanse- towns. It is large, beautiful, populous, and rich ; its houses generally are five stories high ; and many of its streets are planted with Chesnnt trees. The houses are well built of stone or brick, six or se- ven stories high ; and the granaries are still higher, to which the ships lie close, and take in their lading. The establish- ed religion is the Lutheran ; but Papists, Calvinists and Anabaptists are tolerated. The inhabitants have been computed at 200,000, but other computations have made them considerably less. In 1700, Upwards of 30,000 persons died of the plague. It has now lost its independence, being forced to submit to the king of Prussia, who forcibly usurped the sove- reignty, in a second partition of the I J o- lish dominions. Besides corn, of which great quantities are exported, they trade in naval stores, and a great variety of other articles. It is seated on the Vis- tula, near the gulf of Angil, in the Baltic, 30 miles SE of Marienburg, and 160 NW of Warsaw. Danube, the largest river in Europe, called the Ister by the ancients. It rises at Doneschingen, in Suabia, and flows NE by Ulm ; then E through Bavaria and Austria, by Ratisbon, Passau, Ens, and Vienna : it then enters Hungary, and runsSE by Presburg, Buda and Belgrade: after which it divides Bulgaria, from Morlachia and -Moldavia, discharging it- self by several channels into the Black Sea. It begins to be navigable for boats at Ulm, and receives several large rivers as it passes along. It is so deep between Buda and Belgrade, that the Turks and Germans have, had men of war upon it ; yet it is not navigable to the Black Sea, on account of the cataracts. See Dones- clmigen. Danvers, a township of Essex county, Massachusetts, about five miles N ot' Salem, containing about 2700 inhabi- tants. Danville, a small town of Pittsylvania county, Virginia, situated on the Dan ri- ver, a branch of the Roanoke : here is a post office, 302 miles SW from Washing- ion. Danville, a post town in Northumber- land county, Pennsylvania, on the N side of Susquehannah river, 13 miles NW of Northumberland. Danville, a town of Mercer county, Kentucky, once the capital of the state ; situated on the W side of Dicks river, a branch of the Kentucky, 40 miles S by E of Frankfort : here is a post office, and about 300 inhabitants. Danville, a post town of Caledonia coun - ty, Vermont, 7 miles W of South Johns- bury, containing 1544 inhabitants, mostly emigrants from Scotland. Darby, a village of Lower Darby town- ship, in Delaware county, and state of Pennsylvania, situated on the E side of Darby" creek, 7 miles S W of Philadel- phia. Darby, Upper and Lower, two contigu- ous townships, situated in the SE corner of Delaware county, Pennsylvania, and containing about 1600 inhabitants. The medial distance from Philadelphia, about 8 miles. Darda* a town and fort of Lower Hun- gary, built by the Turks in 1686, and ta- ken by tiie Austnans the next year. It is seated on the Drave, at the end or^the bridge of Fsseck, eight miles S of Baran- whar, and 80 NW of Belgrade. Lon. 19 56 E, lat. 45 45 N. Dardanelles, two castles of Turkey ; on each side the ancient Hellespont, now D A R D A R the strait of Gallipoli, the SW entrance of which they command; the one is cal- led Sestos, seated in Romania ; the other Abydos, in Natolia. At the latter, the cargoes of all ships sailing- from Con- stantinople are searched. Lou. 26 30 E, lat. 46 X. Darel-Hamara, a town of the kingrlom of Fez, built by the Romans. Its trade consists in oil and corn; and it is seated on a mountain. Lon. 6 35 W, lat. 34 20 X. Darien, or Terra Firma Proper, a prov- ince of Terra Firma, in South America. It lies plong- the coast of the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans, and is particularly distin- guished by the name of the Isthmus of Darien, and by some writers, the Isth- mus of Panama. It is bounded on the X by the gulf of Mexico, on the E by the river and gulf of Darien, on the S by Po- payan and the Pacific Ocean, and on the W by the same ocean and Veragua. It extends in the form of a crescem, round the bay of Panama. It is 300 miles in length, but not above 60 broad ; but this isthmus which binds together the conti- nents of Xorth and South America, is strengthened by a chain of lofty moun- tains, stretching through its whole ex- tent, which render it a barrier of solidi- ty sufficient to resist the impulse of two opposite oceans. The mountains are co- vered with forests almost inaccessible. The country is mountainous and barren, and the lowlands are overflowed with perpetual rain, so that the inhabitants, in many places build their houses upon trees, to be elevated from the damp soil, and the odious reptiles engendered in the putrid waters. The natives g*o na- ked ; and the men have a silver plate fas- tened to their nose, which hangs over thair mouths, in the shape of a half- moon ; the women have a ring hanging down in the same manner; and they have also several chains of teeth, shells, beads and the like, hanging down from the neck, to the pit of the stomach- The men clear the plantations, and the wo- - men cultivate them. The girls are em- ployed in picking and spinning' cotton, which the women weave, and the cloths are chiefly used for hammocks. Each man has several wives, who live toge- ther in great harmony. They have no distinction of days or weeks, but reckon their time by the course of the moon. The animals are the same as in other coun- tries of the same climate. The principal towns are Panama and Pcrto Bello. Darien, a river and gulf of South A- merioa, in Terra Firma, which divide the provinces of Darien and Carthagena. hi 169.5, the Scotch obtained a charter from king William, empoweVing them to form a settlement on the XW point of this gulf, but met with such discourage- ment from the jealousy of the maritime powers of Europe, and particularly of the Dutch East India Company, that they were obliged to abandon their de- sign. Darien, a post town in M'Intosh coun- ty, Georgia, lying on the X side of Ala- tamaiia river, near its mouth ; 63 miles S of Savannah, and 709 from Washington, in the lat. of 31 23 X. and lon. of 80 10 W. Darking, or Dorking, a town in Surry, with a market on Thursday, noted for corn and poultry. It is seated on the ri- ver Mole, 23 miles SW of London. Lon. 14 W, iat. 51 17 N Darlaston, a village near Stone, in Staf- fordshire, where are the remains of a castle, on a hill. Darlington, a town in the county of Durham, with a market on Monday, sea- ted in a flat, on the river Skerne, which falls into the Tecs. It has a spacious market-place, and a long stone bridge over the river. A curious water machine for grinding- optical glasses, and spinning linen yarn has been erected here, the in : vention of a native of the town. Darling- ton is 19 miles S of Durham, and 239 X bv W of London. Lon. 1 25 W, lat. 54 32 X. Darlington, a county of Cheraws dis- trict, South Carolina, situated on the S W side of the great Pedee river, and in- tersected nearly in the middle by Black creek, one of the branches of said river It contains about 8000 inhabitants. Darmstadt, the capital of the landgra- vate of Hesse Darntstadt, with a castle, where its own prince generally resides. It has handsome suburbs and a good col- lege. It is seated on a river of the same name, 30 miles XW of Heidelberg. Lon. 8 40 E, lat. 49 43 X. Dart, a river in Devonshire, which ri- ses at the foot of Dartmoor Hills, cros- ses Dartmoor to Ashburton, and falls into the English Channel, at Dartmouth. Dartford, a town in Kent, with a market on Saturday, seated on the Da- rent, not far from its influx into the Thames. Here are the remains of a fine nunnery, founded by Edward III. The town is finely watered by two or three very good springs, and is full of inns, by reason of its being a great thoroughfare from London to Dover. It is 16 miles E . by S of London. Lon. 16 E, lat. 51 25 X. Dartmoor, an extensive Moorish tract. dait D E A in Devonshire, bounded on the N by bleak hills, and extending southward quite through the centre of the county to the sea. It is watered by the river Dart. Dartmouth, a borough of Devonshire, with a market on Friday. It is seated near the river Dart, near its fall into the sea. and has a spacious harbour defended by a fort. It has a considerable trade to the S of Europe and to Newfoundland, as well as a share in the coasting i rafiic. It contains three churches, an i is 30 miles SSW of Exeter, and 204 \V bv S of L.mdon. Lon. 3 45 W, lat. 50 22 N. Dartmouth* a township of Massachu- setts, in Bristol county. It is situated on the NW side of Buzzard's bay, about 75 miles S of Boston. Dasscn-Eyland, or Isle of Deer, one of the three small islands to the N of the Cape of Good Hope ; so called, on ac- covjit of the great number of deer which were first carried thither in 1601. Here are also sheep whose tails weigh 19 pounds. Lon. 18 7 E, lat. 33 25 S. Daventry, a corporate town in North- amptonshire, with a market on Wednes- day. It is governed by a ma} or, and seated on the side of a hill, 10 miles W of Northampton and 72 NW of London. Lon. 1 10 W, lat. 52 15 N. David's, St., a city in Pembrokeshire, with a market on Wednesday ; seated in a barren soil, on the river Hen, scarcely a mile from the sea-shore. It was once a considerable place, and the cathedral is said to have the highest roof of any in England, It is 24 miles NW of Pem- broke, and 255 W by N of London. Lon. 5 15 W, lat . 51 56 N. David, Fort St., an English fort, on the coast of Coromandel. It was taken and destroyed by th"e French in 1758, and has not vet been rebuilt. It is 80 miles S of Fort St. George. Lon. 79 45 E, lat. 11 30 N. Davis 9 Straits, an arm of the sea, be- tween Greenland and North America, discovered by captain Davis, in 1585, when he endeavoured to find out an NW passage. Davidson, acount)'' in the state of Ten- nessee ; situated on the W side of Cum- berland mountains, in the district of Me- ro. It contains about 10,000 inhabitants. The capital is Nashville. Daun, a town of Germany, in the elec- torate of Treves, seated on the Lezer, at the foot of a mountain, on which is a castle. It is 12 miles N of Mont Royal Dauphin, a county of Pennsylvania, 45 miles long, and 25 broad. In 1790, the inhabitants were computed at 18,177. Harrisburg is the capital. Davphin, Fort, a fort built by the French, on the E coast of Madagascar. Lon. 45 10 E, lat. 24 55 S. Dauphiny, a late province of France, extending 40 leagues from N to S, -and 36 from E to W ; bounded on the W by the Rhone, on the N by the Rhone and Savoy, on the S by Provence, and on the E by the Alps. In the mountains, which are branches of the Alps, are bears, cha- mois, marmonts, eagles, hawks, &x. The vallies afford wheat, and the hills, in the vicinity of the Rhone, excellent wines, olives, ar.d silk. Mines of iron, copper, and lead, have been woikcd here to great advantage. The principal rivers are the Rhone, Durance, Isere, and Drome. It now forms the departments of Drome, Isere, and upper Alps. Dax, or Acqs, an ancient town of France, in the department of Lantlcs and late province of Gascony, with a bi- shop's see, and some famous hot baths. It is seated on the Adour, 24 miles NE of Bayonne, Lon. 1 W, lat. 43 42 N. Deadman's-Jfead, a cape in Cornwall, between St. Maw's and Fowey. Dead Sea, a lake of Palestine, into which the river Jordan runs. It is 70 miles long, and 20 broad, inclosed on the E and W by high mountains. It abounds in bitumen. It is supposed to be the site of Sodom and Gomorrha. Deal, a village of -New Jersey ; situat- ed on the sea shore in Monmouth county, famous as a watering place. Deal, a seaport in Kent with a market on Thursday. It is seated on the strait of Dover, and is a member of the Cinque Port of Sandwich, governed by a mayor. It hss about 1000 houses, which ;ire most- ly built of brick. The inhabitants amount to 4500, and, as no manufacture is car- ried on here, they chiefly depend on the seafaring men who resort hither. The port is defended by two castles ; Deal 01' Walmer castle to the S, and Sandown castle to the N. Between this place and the Godwin Sands, are the Downs, where the ships usually ride at their leaving or coming into the river Thames. It is se-* 1 ven miles S bv E of Sandwich, and 72 E bv S of London. Lon. 1 29 E, lat. 51 13 N$MpJfc> ' Dean, a town in Gloucestershire, with a market on Monday. It had its name from the forest of Dean, in which it is seated, 11 miles W of Gloucester and 112 WSW of London. Lon. 2 31 W, lat. 51 50 N. Dean, a forest in Gloucestershire, in- cluding that part of the county which lies ' between the Severn and the shires of Mon • mouth and Hereford. DEE DEL Deben, a river in Suffolk, which rises i near Debenham, and expands into a long narrow arm of the German Ocean, a little to the N" of Harwich. Debenham, a town in Suffolk, with a market on Friday, seated near the head of the Doben, on the side of a hill, 24 miles E of Bury St Edmund's, and 84. N E of London. Lon. 1 17 E, lat. 52 22 N. Debrecen, a town of Upper Hungary, capital of a district of the same name. It is 107 miles E of Buda. Lon. 22 11 E', lat. 47 32 N. Deccan, an extensive tract of country iii Asia, which, in is ordinary accepta- tion, means only the countries situated "between Hindoostan Proper, the Carna- tic, and Orissa, that is the provinces of Candeish, Dowlatabad, Visiapoiir, Gol- conda, ?nd the W part of Berar. It is bounded on the N by the river Xerbudda, by Beng-al, and by Bahar; and the river Kistna forms its separation on the S from the peninsula of Hindocstan. Candeish, Visiapour, and a part of Dowlatabad, are subject to the Mahrattas ; the remainder, to the Nizam of the Deccan. Decise, an ancient town of France, in the department of Nievre and late pro- vince of Nivernois, seated in an island formed by the Loire, 16 miles SE of Xe- vers. Lon. 4 31 E, lat. 46 50 X. Dtckendorf, a town of Lower Bavaria, seated near the Danube, 37 miles SE of Ratisbon. It was taken by the Swedes in 1641. Lon. 12 55 E, lat. 48 42 X. Deddington, a town in Oxfordshire, with a market on Tuesday. It is 16 miles X of Oxford, and 70 WNW of London. Lon. 1 12 W, lat. 52 2 X. Dedham, a village in Essex, noted for an ancient large church, which has a fine Gothic steeple. It is six miles X of Colchester. Dedham, a town of Xorfolk county, Massachusetts : situated on the S side of Charles river, about 11 miles from Boston. It has a post office and 1973 in- habitants. Dee, a river of X Wales, which rises in Merionethshire, in X Wales, and runs E to the borders of Denbighshire, Where turning X it washes the walls of Chester, and then with a broad channel falls into the Irish Sea. Dee, a river of Scotland, which rises in Aberdeenshire, amid the mountains of Mar Forest, and flows through a wild country till it reaches the fertile vale of Brae-mar, whence it proceeds in an eas- terly direction to Aberdeen, below which it falls into the British Ocean. Over it there is a bridge of seven arches'.^ It abounds with salmon, so as to form one iof the greatest salmon fisheries in Scot- land. Dee, a river of Scotland, which rises in the XW part of Kircudbrightshire, and joining the Ken, below Xew Gal- loway, falls into the Irish Sea, at Kirk- cudbright. Deeping, a town in Lincolnshire, with a market on Thursday. It i^ seated on the Welland, in a fenny country, six miles E of Stamford, and 90 X of Lon- don. Lon. 21 W, lat 52 42 X. Deerfiehl, a post town of Hampshire count) - , Massachusetts; lying on the W side of Connecticut river 5 miles S of Greenfield, and about 90 westward from Boston. Deerfield, a township of Xew Hamp- shire, situated in Rockingham county, on the E side of Merrimack river, and between Candia and Xorfhwood. It is about 25 miles westward from Ports- mouth, and contains 2000 inhabitants. Deerhnrst, a village three miles S of Tewkesbury, in Gloucestershire, sub- ject, by its low situation, to frequent in- undations from the Severn. Deering, a township of Hillsborough county, Xew Hampshire, situated about 50 miles W of Portsmouth, and contain- ing 1500 inhabitants. Dc-i/ise, or Deynse, a town of Austrian Flanders, seated on the Lis, ei;;ht miles SW of Ghent. Lon. 3 39 E, la:'. 50 59 *N. Delaware, one of the Cnited States of America, bounded on the X by Pennsyl- vania, on the E by Delaware river and b y, and on the S and W by Maryland. It is 90 miles long and 16 broad. The climate in many parts is unhealthy. The land is generally \>nv and flat, which oc- casions the waters to stagnate, and the inhabitants are consequently subject to intermitting fevers. It is divided into three counties, Xewcasile, Kent, and Sussex ; and in the convention held at Philadelphia in 1787, the inhabitants were computed at 37,000. According to the census of 1790, they amounted to 59,000 ; in 1800, they had risen to 64,273 ; and by the last enumeration (of 1810) they are stated at 72,674. This being generally a- flat country, there are no considerable rivers flowing through it; Indian river, Christiana, and Brandy- wine are the chief; but the latter two may more properly be denominated creeks. Xor has it any considerable towns. Wilmington may be considered as the principal, which contains about 1000 houses ; though Dover situated on Jones' creek is the metropolis or seat of government.* The principal productions are wheat, rye, barley, Indian corn, and DEL DEL fcnckwheat; with most of thfe common culinary vegetables. Their marsh mea- dows yield large crops of coarse grass, and their orchards an abundance of ex- cellent fruits. The staple commodities of the state, of which considerable quan- tities are exported annually are wheat, flour and lumber. The amount of the annual exports is about 150,000 dollars. The most numerous religious sect is that of the Presbyterians ; though there is a considerable number of Episcopalians. Friends, Baptists, Methodists, &c\ The form of government admits of no religi- ous establishment. The constitution is administered by a Governor, Seriate, and house of Representatives, who are all elected by the people ; and every free white citizen, who is of legal age, has resided in the state two years, and paid taxes, enjoys the right of suffrage. Stela-ware, a county of Pennsylvania, 20 miles long, and 11* broad. In "1790 it contained 9,483 inhabitants. Chester is the capital. Delaware, a river of X America, which rising in the state of Xew York, in Lake Ustayantho, divides New York from Penn- sylvania, and passes through Delaware Pay to the Atlantic, having Xew Jersey on the E side, and Pennsylvania and the state of Delaware on the \Y. From the mouth of this bay, at Cape Henlopen, to Philadelphia, it is 118 miles, with a suf- ficient depth of water for a 74 gun ship ; above Philadelphia it is navigable for sloops up to the great falls at Trenton ; and for boats that carry eight or ten tons, 40 miles higher- Delaware Bay, a bay of X America, "tf Inch is 60 miles long, from Cape Hen- lopen to the entrance of the river Dela- ware at Bombay-hook. It is so wide in- some parts, that a ship, in the middle of it, cannot be seen from the land. It opens into the Atlantic, between Cape Ilenlopen on the S, and Cape May on the X. These capes are 18 miles apart. Delaware, a mountainous county in the state of Xew York. It is bounded on the X\V by the river Delaware, which separates it from Pennsylvania, having the Popackton and Mohawk branches of the same river running through the mid- dle of the county. It has Ulster county on the SE and Schohairie on the X. Delft, a city of the United Provinces, in Holland. It is clean and well-built, with canals in the streets, planted on each side with trees. It is about two miles in circumference ; and has a fine arsenal well furnished. It is noted for a considerable manufacture^ of earthen ware known by the name of Delft ware. It is seated on the Schie, eight miles N W .of Rotterdam, and 30 SW of Amster- dam. Lon. 4 24 E, lat. 52 4 N. Delft share i', a fortified town of Hol- land, on the N side of the Maese, with a canal to Delft, &.c. It is between Rot- terdam and Schiedam, not three miles from each. Delfzy, a fortress of the United Pro- vinces, in Groningen. It is seated on the river Damster, 13 miles NE of Gro- ningen. Delhi, a province of Hindoostan Pro- per, bounded on the XW by Lahore, on the NE by Serinagur, on the E by the Rohilia country, on the S by Agra, and on the "VY by Moultan. Having been the seat of continual wars for above 50 years, it is almost depopulated ; and a tract of country that possesses every advantage that can be derived from nature, con- tains the most miserable of inhabitants. It is now all that remains to the Great Mogul of his once extensive empire. Ddlii, the capital of a province of the same name, in Hindoostan Pr per, seat- ed on the river Jumna. It is the nomi- nal capital of all Hindoostan, and was the actual capital during the greatest part of the time since the Mahometan conquest. In 1738, whin Nadir Shah invaded Hindoostan, he entered Delhi, and dreadful were the massacres and fa- mine that followed; 100,000 of the inha- bitants perished by the sword; and plunder, to the amount of 62,000.000^. sterling', was said to be collected. The same calamities they endured on the sub- sequent invasions of Abdalla, king of Candahar. Delhi is 880 miles NXE of Bombay. Lon. 77 40 E, lat. 28 37 X. pelichi, a river of Albania, the Ache- ron of the ancient poets, who feigned it to be in hell. Dehnenhorst, a town of Westphalia, in the county of Dehnenhorst, belonging to Denmark. It is seated on the Delm, near the Weser, eight miles SW of Bre- men. Delm, an island of the Archipelago, now called Dili. There are abundance of fine ruins supposed to be of the tem- ples of Diana and Apollo, whose birth- place it is said to be. It is six miles in circumference, but now destitute of in- habitants. Lon. 25 59 E, lat 37 30 X. Delphi, or Delphos, a town of Livadia, seated in a valley, near mount Parnas- sus. It was famous for the oracle of Apol- lo, which people came from all parts to consult. Dehperg, a town of Swisserland, in the bishopric of Basle, 10 miles NW of So- leure. Lon. 7 23 E, lat. 47 17 X. DEN DEN Delta, a part of lower Egypt, between the branches of the Nile and the Medi- terranean. The ancients called it the isle of Delta, because it is in the shape of a triangle, like the Greek letter of that name. It is 130 miles along' the coast from Damietta. to Alexandria, and 70 on the sides, from the place where the Nile begins to divide itself. It is the most plentiful country of all Egypt, and it rains more here than in other parts ; but its fertility is chiefly owing to the in- undations of the Nile. The principal towns on the coast are Damietta, Roset- ta, and Alexandria. Demer, a river which rises in the bi- shopric of Liege, waters HasseU, Diest, Sichem, Arschot, and Mechlin, below which it joins the Sennc, and takes the name of Rupel. Demerary, a settlement formerly be- longing to the Dutch in Guiana, on a river of the same name, three leagues W of Paramaribo. It was taken by the Eng- lish in April 1796. Demmin, an ancient town of Swedish Pomerania, in the duchy of Stetin, seat- ed on the river Peen. Lon. 13 22 E, lat. 53 52 N. Deihona, a fort of Piedmont, on the river Sture, 10 miles SW of Coni. Lon. 7 28 E, lat. 48 18 N. De?iain, a village of France in the de- partment of the North and late province of Haiifault. It is seated on the Scheldt eight miles W of Valenciennes. Denbigh, the county -town of Denbigh- shire, situate on the side of a rocky hill, on a branch of tlve river Clwyde. Its ruined castle, with its vast inclosure crowning the top of the hill, forms a striking object. It has a market on Wed- nesday, sends one member to parliament, and is 27 miles W of Chester, and 208 N\V of London. Lon. 3 35 W, lat. 53 11 N. Denbighshire, a county of Wales, bound- ed on the S by Merioneth and Montgo- mery shires, on the N by Flintshire and the Irish Sea, on the W by Caernarvon and part of Merionethshire. It is about 40 miles long and 21 broad. The air is wholesome, but sharp ; the county being- pretty hilly, and the snow lying long on the tops of the mountains. The soil in general is barren. The chief commodi- dies are black cattle, sheep, goats, rye, and lead ore. The county sends two members to parliament. Di-nder, a river of Austrian Hainault, which waters Leuze, Ath, Lessincs, Gratnmont, Ninove, and Alost, and joins the Scheldt at Dendermonde. Dendermonde, a city of Austrian Flan- ders, with a strong citadel. It was takeu by the French in 1794, when they over- ran Holland. It is surrounded by marshes and fine meadows, which can be covered with water, and is seated at the conflu- ence of the Dender and Scheldt, 16 miles W of Mechlin. Lon. 4 10 E, lat. 51 3 N. Denia, an ancient seaport of Spain, in Valencia. It is seated at the foot of a mountain, on the Mediterranean, 52 miles E of Alicant. Lon. 36 E, lat. 38 44 N. Denmark, a kingdom of Europe, bound- ed on the E by the Baltic Sea, on the W and N by the ocean, and on the S b^ Ger- many. The country is generally flat, and the soil sandy. The air is rendered fog - gy by the neighbourhood of the seas and lakes, of which it is full, but i\ has no considerable river. Denmark, properly so called, consists of Jutland and the is- lands of Zealand andFunen, with the lit- tle isles about them ; but the king of Denmark's dominions contain also Nor- way, and the duchies of Holstein, Old'h ■ burg, and Delmenhorst. The govern- ment is an absolute hereditary monarchy. The inhabitants are Protestants since ,the year 1522, when they embraced the con- fession of Augsburg. By an actual nu- meration in 1759 the inhabitants were said to amount to 2,444,000 souls. Their whole revenue, including what it receiv- ed at Elsineur, amounts to about 1,002,000^. sterling yearly. The military force consists of 70,000 men, cavalry and Infantry, the greatest part of which con- sists of a militia which leceive no pay, but are exercised every Sunday. The fleet consists of about 36 ships of the line, and 18 frigates ; but many of the ships being old, and wanting repairs, if they can send out 25 ships upon the greatest emergency, this is supposed to be the most they can do. They have 26,000 re- gistered seamen, who cannot quit the kingdom without leave. The produce o£ Denmark consists in pitch, tar, fish, oil, and deals. Copenhagen is the capital. Dennis, a post town in Barnstable county, Massachusetts, about eight miles from Barnstable the shire town, contain- ing 1400 inhabitants. Denton, the capital of Caroline county, Maryland ; standing on the E side of Choptank river, about seven miles E of Hillsborough and eight S of Greensbo- rough. Here is a post office, court house, &c. Demjs, St., afamotis town of France, in the department of Paris. Here is an an- cient and magnificent church, in which were the tombs of many of the French kings : and in the treasury, among other D E R D E R curiosities, the swords of St. Lewis and the Maid of Orleans, and the sceptre of Charlemagne. It is seated on the river Crould, near the Seine, five miles N of Paris. Lon. 2 26 E, hit. 48 56 N. Drptford, a town of Kent, tour miles E of London. It lias a bridge over the ri- ver at Ravensbourn, near its influx into the Thames, where it once had a deep ford from whence it had its name. It is re- markable for Us fine docks and for the king's yard and storehouses. It was an- ciently called West Greenwich' It is di- vided into Upper and Lower Deptford, and has two parish churches. Here is an hospital, incorporated by Henry VIII. called Trinity House of Deptford Strond. It contains' 21 houses : a more modern structure, and a finer one, called Trinity Hospital, contains 38. Both these are for decayed pilots, or masters of ships, or their widows, who have a handsome monthly allowance. Deptford is four miles E of London. Lon. 4 E, lat. 51 30 N. Derbcnt, a seaport and fortress of Per- sia, in the province of Schirvan, on the W coast of the Caspian Sea. The town is inhabited chiefly by Persians, Tartars, and a few Armenians. It is said to have been built by Alexander the Great, and is surrounded by high brick walls. The fortress surrendered to the Russians, in May 1796, after a siege of ten days. It is seated at the foot of Mount Caucasus. Lon. 50 E, lat. 42 8 N. Derby, the county town of Derbyshire, wi th a market on Friday. It is seated on the Derwent, over which is a handsome stone bridge : and a brook runs through the town, under several stone bridges. It has five churches, of which All Saints is the chief, noted for its beautiful tower. In 1734, a machine was erected here by sir Thomas Lombe, for the manufacturing of silk, the model of which was brought from Italy. Derby possesses also a cou- / siderable manufacture of silk, cotton, and fine worsted stockings ; and has a fa- bric of porcelain, equal, if not superior in quality, to any in the kingdom. Seve- ral hands are employed in the lapidary and jewellery branches ; and Derbyshire marbles, spars and crystals are wrought into a variety of ornamental articles They likewise carry on a great trade in wool, corn, malt, and ale, of which consi- derable quantities are sent to Londot: Derby sends two members to parliament, and is governed by a mayor. It is 36 miles N of Coventry, and* 126 NNW of London. Lon. 1 25 W, lat. 52 53 N. Derby, a town in New Haven county Connecticut, with a post office ; situated on a branch of Stratford river> eight milgs W of New Haven. Derby, See Darby. • Derbyshire, an English county, bound- ed on the N by Yorkshire, on the E by Nottinghamshire, on the S by Leicester- 'shire and Warwickshire, on the W by Staffordshire, and on the NW by Chesh- ire. .It lies in the diocese of Lichfield and Coventry, sends four members to par- liament, and contains six hundreds, 11 market towns, and 106 parishes. It is near 59 miles in length from south to north ; about 34 in breadth on the north side, but on the south no more than six. The air is pleasant and- healthful, espe- cially on. the east side ; but on the west, about the peak, it is sharper and more subject to wind and rain. The soil is very different in different parts of the county; in the E and S parts it is very fruitful in all kinds of grain ; but in the west, beyond the Derwent, it is barrel* and mountainous, producing nothing but a little oats. There is, however, plenty of grass in the valleys, which afford pas- ture to a great number of sheep. This part of the county is called the peak, from a Saxon word signifying an emi- nence. Its mountains are very bleak, high and barren ; but extremely profita- ble to the inhabitants. They yield great quantities of the best lead, antimony,, iron, scythe-stone, grind-stones, marble, alabaster, a coarse sort of crystalf azure, spar, and pit-coal. In these mountains are two remarkable caverns, named Pool's Hole, and Elden-hole. The principal ri- vers are the Derwent, Dove, Erwash, and Trent. Dereham, a town in Norfolk, with a market on Friday. The market is noted f>r wool and yarn. It is 14 miles W of Norwich, and 100 NNE of London. Lorn 1 E, lat. 52 42 N. Derenburg, a town of Lower Saxony, in the principality of Halberstadt. Dereote, or Deironte, a town of Egypt , in the isle formed by the canal from Cai- ro to Rosetta. Here is a magnificent tem- ple. Lon. 31 45 E, lat. 30 40 N. Derne, a town of Barbary. It is the capital of a district in Tripoli near the coast. Lon. 31 45 E, lat. 30 40 N. Derp x a town of Russia, in the govern- ment of Riga, witli a bishop's see, and a university. It lies near the river Ambec, 50 raiies NW of Pskof. Lon. 26 15 E, lat 58 30 N. Derry, a township of Westmoreland county, Pennsylvania, situated betweeii the Kiskeminctas river and Loyalhannou creek, and containing 2500 inhabitants. There are several other townships of D E V D E V the same name, in the state of Pennsyl- vania. J)eruyter, a post town in Chenango county,. New York, with about 320 inha- bitants, 466 riniles from Washing-ton. Dei-went, a river in Devonshire-, which rises in the high Peak, passes Derby, and empties itself into the Trent on the bor- ders of Leicestershire. Der-went, a river t>f Yorkshire, which rising- in the X riding, flows into the Ouse, below York. Derwekt, a river of Durham, which flow- ing for some time between Durham and Northumberland, falls into the Tyne, a- bove Newcastle. Derwent, a river of Cumberland, which flowing through the lakes of Derwent- water, and Bassenthwaile-water to Cock- ermouth, enters the Irish Sea, near Workington. J)er~ t vent--iontei\ a lake of Cumberland, in the vale of Keswick. It is three miles in length, and a mile and a half wide. Five islands rise oift of this lake, which add greatly to the beauty of the appear- ance. On one of them is an elegant mo- dern-built house. Desecula, one of the French Caribbee Islands, in the West Indies. It is 10 miles long and five broad, and is gene- rally the first land that is made in sailing lo the West Indies. Lon. 61 20 W, lat. 16 40 X. fltceada, or Cope Desire, the southern point of the straits of Magellan, in S A- merica, at the entrance of the South Sea. Lon. 74 18 W, lat. 53 4 S. DeescTiv, a strong town of Germany, i; the circle of Upper Saxony, and province of Hanbalt. It belongs to its o\\ n princ<-, and is se ated on the Kibe, 37 miles N o' i .<•' :. sic. Lon. 12 22 E, lat. 51 53 N. Dethmolil, a town of Westphalia, on the ri\er Wehera, 15 miles N of Paderborn. Lon. 8 55 E, lat. 52 N. Detroit, a post town of Indiana Terri- tory, situated on the W side of a strait of the 9-amc name, Which connects lake "St. Clair with lake Erie, in the lat. of 42 22 N, and lon. of 83 W. This is a principal staple of the fur trade between the Unit- ed States and the Indians ; it is strongU fortified, and contains 2j00 inhabitants ■ mostly Canadians. Detroit, of Indiana teir lory in the U- nited States which connects luk< S.. Ciair, with the XW corner of lake Erie. Dettingen, a village of Germany, in the territory of Ilanau. The French were de- feated in 1/43 by George II. It lies be- tween Hanau and Aschaffcnburg, four miK s from each. Deva, a seaport of Spain, on the bay of Biscay, in the province of Guipuscca, 15 mihs'SE of Eiiboa. Lon. 2 40 W, lat, 43 24 X. Deveuto, a town of Bulgaria, with a Greek archbishop's see, se. ted on die ri- ver Paniza, 65 miles XE of Adiianople. Lon. 37 33 E, lat. 42 33 N. Beventcr., a city of the United Pro- vinces, the capital of Overyssel, with a university. It is surrounded by strong walis, and seated on the river Yssel, 50 mJes E of Amsterdam. Lon. 5 56 E, lat. 52 18 N. Devetto, or Zagoria, a town in Bulga- ria, not far from the see of a Greek arch- bishop, It is situated near the Black Sea, 106 miles N of Constantinople. Lorn. 27 22 E, lat. 42 25 N. Devizes, a borough in Wilts with a market on Thursday, and a manufacture of serges and other woollen stuffs. It is seated on a hill, sends two members to parliament, and is 24 miles XW of Salis- bury, and 89 W of London. Lon. 2 2 W, lat." 51 20 N. Devon, a river of Perthshire, over which, in the beautiful vale of Glendevon, is a great curiosity, called the Rumbling Bridge. It consists of one arch, thrown over a horrible chasm, worn by the river, about 80 feet deep, and very narrow. In other places, the river has forced its way, in a surprising manner, through the rocks. At the Caldron-lin, it has worn away the Softer parts of the stone, and formed im- mense pits, into which the water falls with a tremendous noise. Below this, the whole river is precipitated in one shec, from a height of 40 feet. Devonshire, an English county, 69 miles long, and 64 broad. It is 287 miles in circumference, of which its ma- r.time coast is nearly 150 miles. In its figure it represents a parallelogram, and .s bounded on the X and XW by the Bristol Channel, on the E by Somerset- shire and Dorsetshire, on the S and SE ■ n the English Channel, and on the Why Cornwall. The tops of die mountains are cold and bleak, but the air in the vallii s is mild and warm. The country is very beautifully interspersed with hills and ales, and the climate is no less vaiious ; the vallies being fruitful and the hills barren. In the eastern parts there is plenty not only of good corn, but ofcfhe pasturage for sheep, where the grounds .ire dry and chalky. The southern part of the county is remarkably fertile, and is as justly called the Garden of Devon- shire as Italy is the Garden of the World. Fruit-trees are plentiful, especially ap- ples, with which a great quantity of ci- der is made. The western parte abound D I A DIG with game, especially hares, pheasants, and woodcocks, which are in such abun-i dance, as to render them very cheap ; and j here is a bird so very small, that it is re- puted a humming-bird, and like that, constructs its nest on the extreme branch- es of trees. In the N of the county there is a famous breed of bullocks, remarka- ble for their beauty. Numbers of these are bought at a high price, and sent even to Jamaica. The principal rivers are the Tamar, Ex, Teigne, and Dart. Exeter is the capital. Deux JPonte, a town of Germany, in the palatinate of the Rhine, capital of a duchy of the same name, seated on the river Evbach, 49 miles N by W of Stras- burg, and 50 SW of Mentz. Lon. 7 26 E, lat. 49 10 N. Deiffne. See Deinse. JJiarbeck, or Diarbekar, a province of Turkey in Asia, which extends along the banks of the Tigris and Euphrates from NNW to SE, that is, from Mount Tau- rus, which divides it from Turcomania on the N, to the inmost recess of the Per- sian gulf on the S, about 600 miles ; a-nd from E to W, that is, from Persia on the E to Syria and Arabia- Deserta on the W, in some places 200, and in others about 300 miles, but in the southern or lower parts not above 150. Being a considera- ble frontier towards the kingdom of Per- sia, it is very well guarded and fortified ; bvit as for those many cities once so re- nowned for their greatness and opulence, they are at present almost dwindled into heaps of ruins. Bagdad, Mossul, Carah- med, and a few more indeed continue to be populous and wealthy; but the rest can scarce be called by any other name than that of sorry places. The rivers Euphrates and Tigris have almost then- whole coMrse through this country. Diarbekir, the capital of the above pro- vince, is situated in a delightful plain, on the banks and near the head of the. Ti- gris, about 155 miles or 15 caravan days jo • : ncy NE from Aleppo, in lon. 40 50, lat. 37 35 E. The bridge of 10 arches over the said river is said to have been built by the order of Alexander the Great. . It is one of the richest and most mercantile cities in all Asiatic Turkey; and is well fortified, being encompassed with a dou- ble 4K.ll, the outermost of which is flank- ed with 72 towers, said to have bvtn raised in memory of our Saviour's 72 dis- ciples. It has several stately piazzas or market-places, well stored with all kinds of rich merchandise, and 12 magnificent mosques, said to have been formerly Christian churches. Its chief manufac- 1 ture is the dressing, tanning, and dying- of goat-skins, commonly called Turkey leather, of which the vent is almost in- credible in many parts of Europe and A- sia. The city is under the government of a bashaw, who has great power and ve- ry large dominions. He has commonly a body of 20,000 horse under him, for re- pelling the frequent incursions of the Cur- di.es and Tartars, *vho always go on horseback to rob the caravans. The ad- jacent territory is very rich and beauti- ful ; the bread, wine, and flesh excellent ; the fruits exquisite, and the pigeons bet- ter and larger than any in Europe. Dickinson, a township of Pennsylvania, situated in Cumberland county, and con- taining about 2000 inhabitants. Die, a town of France in the depart- ment of Drome and late province of Dauphiny. It was lately an episcopal see, and is seated on the Drone, 24 miles SE of Valence. Lon. 5 23 E, lat 44 42 N. Diepholt, a town of* Westphalia, capi- tal of a county of the same name, subject to the elector of Hanover. It is seated on the Dummer Lake, 30 miles NW of Minden. Lon. 8 45 E, lat. 52 36 N. Dieppe, a town of France in the de- partment of Lower Seine and late pro- vince of Normandy, with a good harbour, formed by the mouth of the river Arques, an old castle, and two piers. It is not now so considerable as formerly. It is 30 miles N of Rouen, and 132 NW of Pa- ris. Lon. 1 9 E, lat. 49 55 N. Diessenhofeen, a considerable town of Swisserland, in Thurgaus, seated on the Rhine, five miles S of Schaffhausen. Lon, 8 42 E, lat. 47 35 N. % Diest, a town of Austrian Brabant, on the river Demer, 15 miles NE of Louvain, Lon. 5 9 E, lat. 50 59 N. Dietz, a town of Wetaravia, capital of | a county of the same name, with a strong castle. It is subject to the prince of Nas- sau-Dillemburg, and is seated on the Lohn, 16 miles E of Coblentz. Lon. 7 35 E, lat. 50 12 Nl Dievze, a town of France, now in the department of Meurthe lately in the pro- vince of Lorrain, remarkable for wells of saltwater, which produce much salt. It is seated on the Scille,. 22 miles NE of Nanci. Lon. 6 45 E, lat. 48 53 N. Diez, St., a town of France, in the de- partment of the Vosges and late province of Lorrain. It is seated on the Meurthe, 30 miles SE of Luneville. Lon. 7 4 E, lat 48 20 N. Dighton, a town in the county of Bris- tol, Massachusetts. ; lying on the W side DIN DIU . i Taunton river, about seven miles be- low Taunton town. It has a post office, and about 1666 inhabitants. Dignan, a town of Venetian Istria, 3 miles from the gulf of Venice. Lon. 13 5 E, lat. 45 10 JS T . Digne, a town of France, in the depart- ment of the Lower Alps and late province of Provence, with a bishop's see. It is fa- mous for its hot baths, and is seated 30 miles S by W of Embrun. Lon. 6 12 E, lat. 44 10* N. Dijon, an ancient city of France, in the department of Cote d'Or and late province of .Burgundy. It has an academy of scien- ces and belles-lettres. The public struc- tures, and particularly the churches, are very fine, and in one of the squares was a statue of Lewis XIV. which has been destroyed since the French revolution. In front of the Palace Royale, is the an- cient palace of the dukes of Burgundy ; and at the gates of Dijon is a late char- treuse, in which some of those princes are interred. Dijon is seated in a plea- sant plain, which produces excellent wine, between two small rivers, 48 miles XE of Autun. The inhabitants are computed at 20,000. Lon. 5 7 E, fat. 47 19 N. Dili, SceDelos. Dilla, Mount, a remarkable promontory on the Malabar coast, 20 miles N by W of Tellicherrv. Lon. 75 2 E, lat. 12 1 N. Dilhniburg, a town of Weteravia, capi- tal of a county of the same name, subject to the prince of Nassau Dillenburg". It is 22 miles NWof Marpurg. Lon. 8 27 E, lat. 5048 N. Dillengen, a town of Suabia, with auni versity. Here the bishop of Augsburg resides. It is seated near the Danube, 17 miles NE of Augsburg. Lon. 10 20 E, lat. 48 30 W. Dimotuc, a town of Homania, with a Greek archbishop's see. It is seated on a mountain, surrounded by the Meriza, 12 miles SW of Adrianople. Lon. $6 15 E, lat. 41 35 N. Dinant, a town of France, now in the department of the North Coast, lately in the province of Bretagne. It is seated on a craggy mountain, at the foot of which is the river Ranee, 20 miles S of St. Ma- la. Lon. 1 58 W, lat. 48 20 N. Dinant, a town of Westphalia, in the bishopric of Liege, with a castle. It is seated near the Mouse, 12 miles S of Xa- mur. Lon. 4 58 E, lat. 50 17 N. JDinasmondy; a town in Merionethshire, with a market on Friday, 18 miles S of Bala, and 196 NW of London. Lon. 3 40 Wi lat. 52 37 X. 1 Dinchurch, a village in Kent, in Rom- ney Marsh. It is three miles XT, ©i Romney. Dinckelspil, a free imperial town of Sua - bia, seated on the river Wernitz. It lias a great and a little council ; the former is a mixture of Papists and Lutherans but the little one is all Papists. It car- ries on a trade in cloth and reaping-hooks, and is 37 miles SW of Xuremburg. Lou 10 20 E, lat. 49 N. Dingelfng, a town of Germany, in Low. er Bavaria, seated on the Tser, 20 miles XE of Landschut. Lon. 12 36 E, lat. 48 40 N. Dingle, a seaport of Ireland in the coun- ty of Derry, seated on Dingle Bay, four miles W of Limerick. Lon. 8 40 W, lat. 52 42 N. Dingivall, a royal borough in Ross-shire, seated at the head of the Frith of Cromar- ty, 15 miles W of the town of Cromarty. Near it runs the river Conel, famous for producing pearls. Some linen yarn is ma- nufactured here, and there is a lint-mill in the neighbourhood. Lon. 4 23 W, lat . 57 45 X. Dimviddie, a county in the state of Vir- ginia, situated on the SW side of Appo- mattox river, which separates it from Chesterfield county. Petersburg is the chief town. It contains about 12000 in* habitants, one third slaves. Disappointment, Cape, a cape of the is- land of Southern Georgia, in the South Pacific Ocean. Lon. 36 15 W, lat. 54 58 S. Dismal Stvamp, a marshy tract, on the coast of North Carolina, 50 miles long and 30 broad. It occupies the whole country between Albemarle Sound and Pamlico Sound. Digs, a town in Norfolk, with a mar- ket on Friday. It is seated on the river YYavcney, on the side of a hill ; and at the W end of the town is a large muddy lake, abounding with eels. Here are ma- nufactures of sail-cloth, linen, cloth, hose and stavs. It is 19 miles S of Norwich, and 92 NNE of London. Lon. 1 9 E, lat. 52 25 X. Div, an island at the entrance of the gulf of Cam bay, in the Deccan of Hin- doostan, three miles long-, and one broad On it is a large fortified town of the same name, built of freestone and marble ; and it contains some fine churches, erected by the Portuguese, about the time they took possession of the island in 1515. It is pretty large, and fortified by a high stone wall, well furnished with cannon. The trade of the town, once so impor- tant, is almost entirely removed to Su- rat. It is 180 miles Why S of Surat, and DOB DOM 200 NW of Bombay. Lon. 69 52 E, lat. 20 43 N. Dixan, the first town in Abyssinia, on the side of Taranta. It is built on the top of a hill, exactly ini he orm of a sugar- loaf ; a deep valley surrounds it like a trench, and the road winds spirally up the- hill till it ends among- the houses. The town is well peopled by Moors and Christians, whose only trade is the sel- ling- of children. The Chri.-nians bring such as they have stolen in Abysteinia to Dixan, where the Moors receive them, ana carry them to a market at Masuah, whence they are smt to Arabia or India. The priests ot the province of Tigre, are openly concerned in this infamous traffic. JLrfm. 40 7 B. lat. 14 57 N. Dixmont, or Coilegetotm, a town of Hancock coun y, Maine. Here is a post office, 644 miles NE from Washington. Dixmnde, a town of Austrian Flanders, which has been often taken. It was for- ced to surrender to the French in 1794. It is celebrated for its excellent butter ; and is seated on the river Yperlee, 10 miles NW of Ypres. Lon. 2 57 E, lat. 51 2 N. Dizier, St., a considerable town of France, in the department of Upper Marne and late province of Champagne, seated on the Marne, where it begins to be navigable for boats, 15 miles SE of Vitri le-Francois. Lon. 4 54 E, lat. 48 35 N. Dnieper, anciently the Boristhenes, a large river of Russia, which rises in the government of Smolensko> and flowing in a southerly direction, enters the Black sea, between Cherson and Oczakow. From its source to its mouth, it now flows en- tirely through the Russian dominions; and through this whole course of above 800 miles, its navigation is only once in- terrupted by a series of cataracts, which begin below the mouth of the Samara, and continue lor above 40 miles ; but these may be passed in spring, without much hazard, even by loaded barks. Dniester, a fine river which rises in Galicia. in Austrian Poland, and taking a SB direction visits Choczim, dividing Podolia from Moldavia ; it then separates Bessarabia from the Russian government of Catharinenslaf, and having watered Bender, falls into the Black Sea, be- tween the mouths of the Dnieper and the Danube. Dobelin^ a town of Courland, 20 miles SW of Mittau. Lon. 23 35 E, lat. 56 28 N. Dobrzin, a town of Poland, in Maso- via, cap'tal of a territory of the same name, seated on a rock near the Vistula, 14 miles NW of Plocksko. Lon. 19 5 E, lat. 52 54 N. Dockum, a town of the United Provin- ces, in W Friesland, at the mouth of the river Ee, 10 miles NE of Lewarden. Lon 5 41 E, lat. 53 18 N. Duel, a town of Dutch Flanders, on the river Scheldt, opposite Lillo, nine miles NW of Antwerp. Lon. 4 15 E, lat. 51 17 N. Doeshurg, a town of the United Provin- ces, in Zutphen. It is seated on the Is- sel, 10 miles S of Zutphen. Lon. 5 36 E, lat. 42 2 N. Dorrudo, a province of Italy, in the ter- ritory of Venice, bounded on the E by the gulf of Venice, on the S by' Poles ttio, on the W by Paduano, and on the N by Trevisano. It comprehends many small islands near it, called the Lagunes of Ve- nice. Dal, a town of France, in the depart- ment of Isle and Vilaine and late province of Bretagne. It is situated in a morass, 5 miles from the sea, and 21 SE of St. Ma- lo. Lon. 1 41 W, lat. 48 33 N. -Dolce- Jlqua, a town of Piedmont, c; tal of a marquisate of the same name, with a castle. It is seated on the Nervia, 5 miles N of Vintimig'lia. Lon. 7 42 E, I il 43 58 N. Doleigno, a s.trong town of Albania, with a bishop's see, a good harbour, and a citadel. It is seated on the Drino, 10 miles SE of Antivari. Lon. 19 20 E, lat. 42 12 N. Dole, a town of France in the depart- ment of Jura, andlate province ot Frunche Comte, seated on the river Doubs, 25 miles SW of Besancon. Lon. 5 38 E, lat. 47 6 N. DolegeUy, a town in Merionethshire, with a market on Tuesday. It is seated on the river Avon, in a vale so called, and at the foot of the great rock Cader- ldris which is extremely high. It has a good manufacture of Welsh cotton, and is 31 miles NW of Montgomerv, and 205 of London. Lon. 9 48 W, lat. 52 42 N. Dollart Buy, a large gulf separating E Friesland, in Germany, from Groningen, one of the United Provinces. Domazlize, a town of R< je~>, in the circle of Pilsen. It was taken by the Swedes iu 1541. It is seated on the ri- vulet Cadbuzz, 17 miles S of Pilsen. Domfront, a town of France, now in the department of Orne, lately in the province of Normandy, seated on a steep mountain, which has a large cleft from the summit to the base, through which flows the lit- tle river Varenne. It is 35 miles NW of Alencon. Lon. 43 W, lat. 48 38 N,.£ DOM DON Domingo, St., one of the richest islands in the West Indies, 400 miles in length, and 75 in breadth. It was discovered by Columbus, in 1492, and is surrounded by craggy rocks and dangerous shoals. The heat to the N and SE would be insuppor- table for six months of the year, if not qualified by the easterly winds, and fre- quent rains ; but the latter soon spoil the flesh, bread, and fruits. It has a great many rivers, and mines of gold, talc and crystal. The Spanish name of it, origi- nally given by Columbus, is Hispaniola. Since the French revolution this island has been desolated by the most dreadful calamities. In 1791, a most alarming in- surrection of .he negroes began in the French plantations. A scene of the most horrid cruelties ensued. In a lijttle time no less than 100,000 negroes were in re- bellion, and all the manufactories and plantations of more than half the northern provinces appeared as one general con- flagration. The plains and mountains were filled with carnage, and deluged with blood, in 1793, the royalists of fort St. Jerernie invited the English to take possession of that part of the island. They were obliged, however, partly on account of the disorders which desolat- ed the island, and partly on account of that- dreadful scourge the yellow fever, to abandon this island altogether. By the peape concluded between France and Spain, the whole of this island has fallen into the hands of the French. Domingo, St., the capital of the Span- ish part of the- island of St. Domingo, with an archbishop's see, whose cathe- dral is a superb structure. It is seated on' a large navigable river, difficult of access, and has an excellent harbour. Ti;e town is built in the Spanish man- ner, with a great square in the middle of it, about which are the cathedral and other public buildings. From this square; run the principal streets in a direct line, they being crossed by others at right an- gles, so that the form of the town is al- most square. Lon. 70 10 W, lat. 18 20 N. Dominica, one of the windward Carib- bee islands in the West Indies. It lies about half-way between Guadaloupe and Martin ico, and is near 28 miles in length, and 13 in breadth. It was taken by the English in 1761, and confirmed to them by the peace of 1763. The French took it in 1778, but restored it in 1783; and in 1795 they made an un- successful attempt, for all the French- men that landed were either killed or taken prisoners. The capital is Charlotte T"> vn. formerly Roseau. Dominica, one of the islands of ;j.he South Pacific Ocean, called the Mar- quesas. Lon. 139 2 W, lat. 9 41 S. Domino, St., one of the 'Fremiti Is- lands, in the gulf of Tenice, 15 miles from the coast of Naples. Domitz, a town of Mecklenburg Schwc- rin, with a fort, seated at the conflu- ence of the Elbe and Elve, 25 miles S of Schwerin. Lon. 11 41 E, lat. 53 15 N. Dommel, a river of Brabant, which re- ceives the Aa below Bois-le-Duc, and then falls into the Meuse. Domo-d" OsHolu, a town of Italy, in the duchy of' Milan, with a castle, seated on the small river Tosa, at. the foot of the Alps, 16 miles N of Yarallo. Domremy-la-Ducelle, a village of France, in the department of Meuse and late province of Barrois, remarkable for the birth of Joan of Arc, the Maid of Or- leans. Ft is seated on the Meuse, five miles from Neufchateau. Don, a large river that separates Eu- rope from Asia. It issues from lake St. John, in the government of Moscow, and divides, near Tcherkaslc, into three streams which fall into the sea'rif Asoph. This river has so many windings, is in many parts so shallow, and abounds with such numerous shoals, as to be scarcely navigable, except in the spring, on the melting of the snows ; and its mouths also are so choaked up with land, that only flat-bottom boats, except in the same season, can pass into the sea of Asoph. Don, a river of Scotland, which rises in Aberdeenshire, joins the Urie Water at Inverary, and passing by Kintore, falls into the German Ocean at Aberdeen, within two miles of the mouth of the Dec. Upon both of these rivers is an ex- cellent salmon fishery. Don, a river in Yorkshire, which wa- ters Sheffield, Bother ham, and Doncas- ter, and joins the Aire, ne ar its termina- tion with the Ouse. Donavjert, a strong town of Germany, on the frontiers of Suabia, subject to the duke of Bavaria. It is seated on the jV side of the Danube, 25 miles N «f Augt. burg. Lon. 11 5 E, lat. 48 52 N. Doncaster, a corporate town in the West riding of Yorkshire, with a market on Saturday. It is seated on the river Don, and has a castle now in ruins. It is large and well built; and governed by a mayor. It was noted for knitting, worsted stockings, but that article of trade is now on the decline. It is 37 miles S of York, and 160 N bv W of London. Lon. 1 12 W, lat. 53 33 N. Do7icherry, a handsome town of France, in the department of Ardennes and late D O O DOR province of Champagne, seated on the Mouse, three miles from Sedan. Lon. 5 2 E, lat. 49 42 N Donegal, a county of Ireland, in the province of Ulster, 68 miles in length, and 44 in breadth ; bounded on the E by Londonderry and Tyrone, on the W and N by tht ocean, and on the S by Fer- managh and the bay of Donegal. It con- tains 40 parishes, and before the Irish Union sent 12 members to the Irish par- liament. It is in general, a champaign country, and abounds with harbours. Donegal, a town of Ireland, capital of a county of the same name, seated on the bay of Donegal, 10 miles N of Ballv- shannon. Lon. 7 47 W, lat. 54 42 N. Donegal, a populous township of Lan- caster county, Pennsylvania; situated in the NW corner of the county, about 14 miles NW of the borough of Lancaster, and containing 3000 inhabitants. This is the name of two other townships in the same state, settled chiefly by emi- grants from Ireland or their descendants. Doneschingen, a town of Suabia, in the principality of Furstenburgh. It is the chief residence of the prince of Fursten- burgh, in the court-yard of whose palace the Danube takes its rise. Some small springs bubbling from the ground, form a bason of clear water, about 30 feet square. From this issues the Danube, which is here only a little brook ; and though the small rivers Bribach and Brege, uniting below the town, are far more considerable than this stream, which flows into them soon after their junction, yet has this alone the honour of being called the source of the Danube. Dongala t or Dancala, a town of Nu- bia, with a castle seated on the Nile, among mountains, 150 miles N of Sen. nor. Lon. 30 35 E, lat. 21 ON. Don-y, a town of France in the depart- ment of Nievre, and late territory ofNi- vernois, 22 miles N of Nevers. Lon. 3 14 E, lat. 47 22 N. Dooab, or Doabah, a tract of land in Hindoostan Proper, occupying all the flat country between the Ganges and the N mountains, as well as the principal part of that tract lying between the Ganges and Jumnah. The principal part of it is subject to the nabob of Oude. Doon, Loch, a lake of Ayrshire, in the SC part of Kyle, six miles in length, and of considerable breadth. On an island in this lake stands Balloch Castle. Doon, a river of Scotland, which issu- ing from Loch Doon, runs NW, divides the district of Kyle from Carrick, the southern division "of Ayrshire, and falls into the Frith of Clyde." Dorat, a. town of France, now in the department of Upper Vienne, lately in the territory of Limosin, seated on the Abrax, near its confluence with the Sevre, 25 miles N of Limoges. Lon. 1 24 E, lat. 46 12 N. Dorchester, the county -town of Dorset- shire, with a market on Wednesday and Saturday. It has three churches, "sends two members to parliament, and is go- verned by a mayor. The streets are broad and paved, and a fine terrace-walk, planted with trees, almost surrounds the town. It has no manufactures, but is famous for excellent ale. At a mile's distance stands Maiden Castle, with in- trenchments thrown up in the time of t he Romans. It gives the title of earl to the family of Darner, and is seated on the river Frome, on a Roman road, eight miles N of Weymouth, and 120 W by S of London. Lon. 2 45 W, lat. 50 42 N. Dorchester, a town in Oxfordshire, which was a station of the Romans, and ruined in the wars with the Danes. It was the see of a bishop 500 years till 1086, when William the conqueror trans- lated it to Lincoln. It gives the title of baron to the family of Carleion, and is seated on the Tame, 10 miles SE of Ox- ford, and 49 WNW of London. Lon. 1 W, lat. 51 39 N. Dorchester, a considerable county on the Eastern shore of Maryland. It is si- tuated between Choptank and Nanticoke rivers, and extends along the Chesapeuk bay, from river to river. The inhabitants are estimated at 16000, one fourth at least slaves. Dorchester, a township of Norfolk coun- ty, Massachusetts, in the vicinity of Bos- ton. It was settled at an early period of the colony, and contains at present about 3000 inhabitants. Dordogne, a department of France, which includes the late province of Pc- rigord. ^Dom, a village in a detached part of Worcestershire, three miles SE of Camp- den in Gloucestershire, where have been found abundance of Roman and British coins. Dornoch, a royal borough, the county- town of Sutherlandshire, at the entrance of a frith of the same name, over which it has a ferry to Taim; Part of the ca- thedral serves for a parish church: the other part is in ruins. It is a small place, and half in ruins, but was the residence of the bishops of Caithness, [t is 40 miles NE of Inverness. Lon. 3 48 W, lat. 57 52 N. Dorpt, or Dorput, a town of Livonia, on the Ember, between the lakes Wosero DOR D O V and Pepas, 60 miles S of Narva. Lon. 27 52 E, lat 58 18 X. Dorsetshire, a county of Engjand, bounded on the S by ihe English chan- nel, on the X by Somersetshire and Wilt- shire, on the E by Hampshire, and on the W by Devonshire, and some part of Somersetshire. It is between 40 and 50 miles long- from E to Wj and 34 broad from S to N, and contains 34 hundreds, 22 market-towns, and 248 parishes. This county enjoys a mild, pleasaut, and wholesome air, and a deep, rich, and fertile soil, finely diversified. Towards the X it is level, under the high lands that divide it from Somersetshire, where there are fine arable grounds that will yield large crops of different kinds of grain. But on the S from the borders of Hampshire by the sea-coast, for an ex- tent of almost 20 miles in length, and in some places four or five in breadth, is an heathy common, which renders this country less populous than it otherwise would be. From E to W run a ridge of hills called the Downs, abounding with sweet aud short herbage, which nour- ishes a vast number of sheep equally esteemed for their flesh and fleece. The country is also very plentifully watered ; and in all respects so well suited both for pleasure and profit, that it was dis- tinguished by the Romans above all others. This county yields many and very valuable commodities. The quar- ries in Purbcck and Portland supply stones of different qualities suited to va- rious uses, and in prodigious quantities, together with some very rich and beau- tiful marble. The best tobacco-pipe clay in England is also found in this county. -Madder, hemp, and flax, also thrive in many places, also grain of all sorts. The principal rivers are the Stour and Frome. Here is plenty of poultry of all sorts, swans, woodcocks, pheasants, partridges, fieldfares, 8cc. It is distinguished for its woollen manufactures, and its fine ale and beer. Dorchester is the capital. Sec Portland and Parked: Dorset, a post town of Bennington county, Vermont, about 25 miles X of Pennington. In contains about 1500 in- habitants. Dort, or Dordrecht, a city in Holland, famous for a protestant synod held in 1618, winch condemned the tenets of Arminius. It is seated on an island of the Meuse, opposite that of Ysselmond. It was detached from the mainland in 1421 by a flood occasioned by the break- ing down of the dyke, which overwhelm- ed 70 villages and about 100,000 per- sons. In 1457, this city was almost en- tirely destroyed by fire. It was taken by ihe French in January 1795. It is 10 miles SE of Rotterdam. Lon. 4 48 E, lat. 51 50 X. Dortmund, a strong imperial town of Westphalia, in the county of Marck, seated on the Emster, 35 miles XE of Cologne. Lon. 7 35 E, lat. 51 26 X. Douaij, a city of France in the depart- ment of the North and late French Flan- ders. It is seated on the river Scarpe in a very pleasant and fertile country. The town is large and populous, and exceed- ingly well fortified. You enter it by six gates, ami the streets, from each of these gates, lead to the market place. It has a fine arsenal, a fouhdery for cannon, a military school, a citadel, and three fa- mous colleges. The great square in the centre of the city, and the principal church, are worthy of notice. It was taken by the French in 1712, after the suspension of arms between Great Bri- tain and France. It is seated on the ri- ver Scarpe, whence there is a canal to the Deulc, 15 miles XW of Cambrav Lon. 3 10 E. lat. 50 22 X. Daubs, a department of France, in eluding part of the late province of Franche Comte. Done, a small town of France, in the department of Maine and Loire and late province of Anjou. It has one of the finest fountains in France ; and near it is a vast Roman amphitheatre^ cut out of the solid rock. It is nine miles SW of Sauruur. Dove, a river in Derbyshire, which rises in the Peak parts, the county from Staffordshire, and falls into the Trent, four miles X of Burton. The Stafford- shire canal is carried over this river, in an aqueduct of 23 arches. Dox-edale, one, of the most romantic spots in Derbyshire, in the neighbour- hood of Ashborn. Here the river Dove runs in a chasm between precipitous Dover, a seaport of England in the county of Kent, with a market on Wed- nesday and Saturday. It sends two mem- bers to parliament, who are styled Ba- rons of the cinque ports of which Dover is the chief. It is situated between two high cliffs, on one of which is an ancient, castle, E from the town. It was repair- ed in 1756, and there are barracks in it. for 3000 men. The town was once walled round, ami had ten gates, but there now remain only three, and those much out of repair ; also seven churches, which are now reduced, to two in the, town and one in the castle • and it was formerly deemed the key of the islaikl. \t is the 1 DOC BOW Pennsylvania, situated on the N. side of Schuylkill, in the SW corner oi the county ; containing- 1500 inhabitants. It is about 35 miles N\V oi' Philadelphia Downey a town of Persia ne ar the con- fluence of the Euphrates and Tigris, re- markable for the reed of which the) make pens. Lon. 56 j, r E, lat. 32 15 N. Dourdan, a town of Prance, in the de- Dover, a post town of Strafford coun- J partmem of Seine and Oise and late pro-- , New Hampshire, lying on the river j vince of the isle of Prance, with a niaiiu- Cochocho, 12 miles X by W of Ports- J facttir^.of ] isilk and worsted stockings. Li is seated on the Orge, 25 miles SW of Paris. Lon. 2 10 E, lat. 48 35 X. station ot the packet boats that, in lime (County <-t* peace, pass between Driver and Calais, from which it is distant only 21 miles The harbour is made by a gap in the d^ffs, whose height is truly sublime. Hence, in fine weather, is a prospect ot the coast of Prance. Dover is 15 miles S E of Canterbury and 72 of London. Lon 1 23 E, lat. 51 8 N. Dourlach, a town of Suabia, capital of mouth. Dover, the principal town of Kent county, Delaware, as well as the seat of state Government; situated on Jones' j Baden-Dourlach. The inhabitants "are pro creek, near its junction with the river Delaware., about 36 miles S of New Cas- tle. Here is a post office, and about 800 inhabitants. This small town is neatly built ; the houses being mostly of bricks, and the streets disposed with regularity. In the centre is a handsome square, on which the state house and public offices are erected. It lies in the lat. of 39 10 | 50 10 N. testants. It is seated on the Giessen, 12 miles S of Philipsburg. Lon. 9 28 E, lat. Dovlen.%; or Dourlens, a town of France, now in the department of Somme lately in the province of Picardy, with two ci- tadels. It is seated on the Autie, 15 miles X of Amiens. Lon. 2 23 E, lat X, and lon. 75 30 W Dover, a town of York county, Penn- sylvania, situated about 8 miles west- ward from York, ami containing 1500 in- habitants! Dover, a township of Monmouth coun- ty, New Jersey, situaied on the sea shore, between lieedy and Coose creeks, and nearly opposite to Cranberry inlet. Dcuero, or Douro, a river in Spain, which rises in Old Castile, in the moun- tains of Urbton. It runs W by several towns, and crossing Portugal, falls into the Atlantic Ocean, near Oporto. Douglas, a town in Lanerkshire, on & river of the same name that falls into tin Clyde, above Lanerk. Here is Douglas Doivlatabad, formerly called Amcdna- gur, a province of the Deccan of Hindoo- stan. It is bounded on the N by Can- deish and Malwa, on the W by the Gauts, on the S by Visiapour and Golconda, and on the E by Berar. Aurungabad is the capital. Dowlatubacl, a fortress in the Deccar. of Hindoostan, 15 miles N\V of Aurun- gabad. Near it are the Pagodas of Elora, most of which are cut out of the natural rock. Lon. 76 E, lat. 19 55 N. Doiw, a county of Ireland, in the pro- vince of Ulster, 42 miles in length, and 34 in breadth ; bounded on the E by the Irish Sea, on the \V by Armagh, on the NAV by Antrim, and on the S by Carling Castle, for many ages the residence of ford Bay and the ocean. It contains 72 the secona family in Scotland. A mo- dern building has been erected on th same site, in imitation of the ancient castle. It is 37 miles SW of Edinburgh. Douglas, a seaport of the Isle of Man, nearly at the same distance from the Enghsh, Scotch, and Irish shores, and the best harbour in the island. It is de- li, nded bv an impregnable fort. Lon. 4 20 \V, lat. 54 12 X. ' Dovqhin, Cape, a lofty promontory on the "VV coast of America, within the en- trance of Cook's River. It was discover- ed by Captain Cook in 1778. Its summit appears above the clouds, forming two very high mountains. Lon. 153 30 W, lat."58 56 N. Douglas, a township of Worce^tc county, Massachusetts, about 50 miles W of Bos. on. Dottglas, a township of Montgomery parishes, and before the Irish union sent 14 members to the Irish parliament. Phis county is rough and full of hills, and yet the air is temperate and healthy. The soil naturally produces wood, unless constantly kept open and ploughed ; and the low grounds degenerate into bogs •nd moss, where thv* drains are neglect- ed. But by the industry of the inhabi- tants it produces good crops of corn, par- cularly oats ; and, where marl is found, Parley. Doivn, the capital of the county of Hown, in Ireland. It is a borough and market-town, seated on the river Newry, even miles W of Stranford Bay. Lon. 5 42 W, lat. 54 29 N. Doivus, a road on the E coast of Kent, etween the N ami S Port-land. It is a famous rendezvous for shipping. See- Godxcin Sa?ufc /-.< jH D R E D R O Djvjuham, a town in Norfolk, with a market -on Saturday. It is seated on the Ouse, on which there is a bridge, and noted for the prodigious quant ty of but- ter that is brought hither and sent to Lon- don, and known there by the name of Cambridge butter. It is 35 miles NE of Cambridge, and 86 N by E of Loudon. Lon. 20 E, hit. 52 40 N. Dovniingto~vn, a pleasant village in Chester county, Pennsylvania, 32 miles W of Philadelphia, and about the same distance E of Lancaster. Here is a post office. Doionton, a borough in Wilts, with a market on Friday. It is governed by a mayor, sends two members to parliament, and is seated on the Avon, six miles SE of Salisbury, and 84 WSW of London. Lon. 1 36 W, lat. 51 N. Doyles-town, a post town in Bucks coun- ty, Pennsylvania, about 26 miles N of Phi- ladelphia. Dracut, a town of Middlesex count}-, Massachusetts ; situated on the N side of the river Merrimack, about 35 miles NW of Boston. Here is a post office 511 miles from Washington. Draguignan, a town of France, in the department 'of Var and 'late province of Provence, 10 miles NW of Frejus. Lon. 6 35 E, lat. 43 31 N. Brave, a considerable river of Germa- ny, which rises in the Tirol, runs across Carinthia, and entering Stiria continues its course by Marpurg: then it runs a- longthe confines of Sclavonia and Lower Hungary, passes by Esseck, and a little after fails into the Danube. Drayton, a town in Shropshire, with a market on Wednesday, seated on the ri- ver Torn, which separates this county from Staffordshire. It is 17 miles NE oi Shrewsbury, and 154 XWof London. Lon. 2 22 W, lat. 52 54 N! Dreiitelburg, a town of Germany in the principality of Hesse. Lon. 8 57 E, lat. 5123-N. Dresden, the capital city of the electo- rate of Saxony in Germany. It is seated on the river Elbe, which divides it into two parts. One part is called Old Dres- den, and the other the New Town, in the German language New Stadt. They are joined together by a stone bridge, sup- ported by 19 piers, 630 paces in length. > t has a castle, a university and a magni- ficent church for the Roman catholics, and the principal church for the protes- tants ; that of the Holy Cross is also a no- ble structure. It is surrounded by strong and handsome fortifications ; and contains according to the latest accounts 110,000 inhabitants. All the buildings of this ci- ty arc constructed with square free 1 stone, and are almost all of the same height. They have stone from the neigh- bourhood of Pirna, about ten miles from this city, which is readily brought down the Elbe; In general the houses are high and strong; the streets wide, straight, well paved, clean, and well illuminated in the night ; and there are large squares, disposed in such a manner, that Dresden may pass for one of the handsomest cities ;n the world. The elector's palace is a magnificent structure, and abounds in many valuable curiosities both of nature and art. The collection of pictures is reckoned one of the finest that exists, and is valued at 500,000/. This city was ta- ken by the king of Prussia in 1745, but was soon restored; and again taken by him in 1756, but retaken \\v&759. It is 75 miles NW of Prague. Lon. 13 50 E, lat 51 N. Dresden, a town in Lincoln county, Maine, lying on the Kenebec river, about 50 miles NE of Portland. Dreux, an ancient town of France, in the department of Eure and Loire and late province of Beauce. It has a consi- derable manufacture in cloth for the ar- my, and is seated on the river Blaise, at the foot of a mountain, 48 miles W of Pa- ris. Lon. 1 26 E, la' . 48 44 N. JJriessen, a strong town of Germany, in the new marche of Brandenburg, with a sitrong fort, on the river Warta, 20 miles E td' Landsperg. Lon. 15 43 E, lat. 52 53 N. Drinawardy a tcWn of Turkey in Eu- rope, in Servia. It stands on a small is- land formed by the Drino, on the confines of Bosnia. Drino, a river of Turkey in ^Europe, which has its source in the frontiers of Albania, and falls into a- bay of the same name in the gulf of Venice. Drino, a seaport of Turkey in Europe, on a bay of the same name, in the gulf of Venice" 50 miles SE of Ragusa. Lon. 10 19 E, lat. 42 48 N. Drogheda, a seaport and borough of Ireland, in the county of Louth. It. is a strong place, and well inhabited, having in excellent harbour. It is seated on the Bovne, five miles W of the Irish Sea, and 23 N of Dublin. Lon. 6 1 W, lat. 51 53 N. , f - Droitiridi, a borough in Worcester- shire, with a market on Friday, noted for excellent white salt made from the salt springs in its neighbourhood. Ii is seat- ed on the Salwarp, six miles ENE of Worcester, and 118 WNW of London. Loh. 1 48 W, lat. 52 15 N. Drome, a department of France, in-' B B DRU PUB eluding part of the late province of Dau- phiny. Dromore, a town of Ireland, in the county of Down. It is a very ancient town and the scat of a bishopric. The cathedral is small, but the episcopal pa- lace is handsome and convenient. It is seated on the LaggUn, 15 miles SW of Belfast. Lon. 6 8 E, lat. 54 25 N. Dromore, a township in Lancaster coun- ty, Pennsylvania, situated on the E side of Susquehannah river, between Pequea and Octorara creeks. It contains about 1200 inhabitants. Dronero, a town of Piedmont, seated at the foot of the Alps on the river Ma- era, over which is a bridge of prodigious height. Dronfield, a town in Derbyshire, with a market on Thursday, and a free-school. It is so resorted to, on account of its wholesome air, that it abounds with gen- trv and handsome buildings. It is 28 miles N of Derbv, and 155 NNW of Lon- don. Lou. 1 25 W, lat. 53 18 N. Drontheim, a province of Norway, bounded on the W by the ocean, on the N by the government of Wardshuys, on the S by that of Bergen, and on the E by Sweden, from which it is separated by high mountains. It is but thin of people. Drontheim, a city of Norway, capital of a government of the same name, with an archbishop's see, and a good har- bour. It carries on a great trade; is al- most surrounded by the sea and the ri- ver Piddet; and is 270 miles NW of Stockholm. Lon. 11 9 E, lat. 63 26 N. Drowned Lands, a valuable tract of a- bout 50,000 acres, in the state of New- York, on the N side of the mountains, in Orange county. The waters, which descend from the surrounding hills, be- ing slowly discharged by the river Wat- kill, cover these vast meadows every winter, and render them extremelv fertile. Drumbote, • a town of Ireland in the county of Monaghan, eight miles W of Du-idalk. Lon. 6 31 W, lat. 54 10 N. Ertiinlanritr t a town in Dumfrie sshire in the district of Nithsdale ; remarkable for a wood of oak six miles in length. Here is a noble seat of the duke of Queensberry, skreened by woody hills, and adorned with beautiful gardens. Drumlanrig is seated on the river Nith, 13 miles N of Dumfries. Lon. 3 31 W, lat. 55 25 N. Drusenheim, a fortified town of France, in the department of Lower Rhine, and late province of Alsace. It is seated on the river Moter, near the Rhine, five miles SE of Haguenau, Dm tes, a people of Syria, on the moun- tains Libanus and Antilibanus. They are warlike, mured to labour, are great ene- mies of the Turks, and have their parti- cular princes, called Emirs. Dryden, one of the military townships in the state of New-York, situated at the SE end of Cayuga lake. Duanesburg, a post town of Albany county, New York, standing on the E side of Schoharrie river, 30 miles W of Albany. The township contained 2800 inhabitants at the last census in 180U. Dublin, a county of Ireland, in die pro- vince of Leinster, 27 miles in length, and 17 in breadth ; bounded on the E by the Irish Sea, on the N by East Meath and the Irish Sea, on the W by East Meath andlvikiare, and on theS by "VYick- low. Before the Union it sent ten mem. hers to the Irish parliament. Dublin, the capital of Ireland, in a county of the same name, with a bishop's see ; seated on the Liffey, in view of the Irish sea on the E- Its form is that of a square, two miles and a half in extent on each side, and it contains about 22,000 houses, whose inhabitants are estimated at 156,000. With respect to its streets, Dublin bears a near resemblance to Lon- don ; some of the old streets were for- merly narrow, but great improvements have been lately made, in regard both to convenience and embellishment, and the new streets are wide and commodious, the houses lofty, uniform, and elegant Among these, on the N side of the river, are Gardiner's row, north Great George's street, Cranby-row, Cavendish-row, and Palace-row ; the last three form a su- perb square, having the garden of the lying-in hospital in the centre ; the old wall that encompassed the garden has been lately taken down ; there is now a full view of this delightful spot, surround- ed with iron palisades, and upwards of 100 globes with double burners disposed at equal distances, which, added to the globes from the surrounding houses, have a most brilliant effect. Among the new streets and buildings on the S side of the river, those wherein persons of distinc- tion reside lie chiefly to the eastward of the college and Stephen's green ; winch last, though it does not rank with the new buildings, possesses much grandeur and elegance, being one of the largest squares in Europe: it is an English mile in circumference, surrounded by a gravel walk planted on each side with trees; within this walk is a smooth level mea- dow, having in the centre an equestrian siatue of the late king : there are seve- ral fine edifices, though almost all differ- DUB DUL icig in the style of their architecture. There are several magnificent squares, some of which are newly built. Among the principal public buildings are the Oastle (the residence of the viceroy) the Parliament House, Trinity College, the Royal Exchange, the Customhouse, the Royal Hospital of Kilmainham for inva- lids, and Essex bridge, one of the five bridges over the Liffey, which being banked in through the whole length of the town, exhibiis spacious and beauti- ful quays, where vessels below the bridge load and unload before the merchant's doors and warehouses ; it is navigable as far as Essexbridge. This bridge was first built in 1681, and took its name from the unfortunate earl of Essex, then viceroy of Ireland. It was taken down in 1753, and rebuilt in an elegant form, after the mo- del of Westminster bridge, but much better proportioned, and on a more se- cure foundation. It has five arches, the buttresses between which support semi- circular niches that project from the para- pet ; there are balustrades between these niches, and continued to the ends of the bridge which is commodiously flagged for foot passages ; the whole constructed with hewn stone in a very fine taste. There are four bridges besides this over the piver. This city has two cathedrals, 18 parish churches, two chapels of ease, 15 Roman-catholic chapels, six meeeting- houses for Presbyterians, one Anabap- tists, four for Methodists, two for Qua- kers, a church for French Calvinists, a Danish and a Dutch church, and a Jewish synagogue. Christ-church, or the Holv Trinity, built in 1038 by Donat bishop of Dublin, is a venerable Gothic pile ; and its present appearance evinces its anti- quity. St. Patrick's cathedral is also a fine Gothic structure ; it stands on the east side of Patrick street ; the monu- ments here are more numerous than in Christ-church ; and the steeple is the highest in the city. St. Werburgh's church w-ii£ originally built in a very ear- ly age. In 1301, when a great part of the city was consumed by an accidental fire, ibis church suiTered in die conflagration : it was burnt a second time in 1754, and repaired in its present beautiful form in 1759. The harbour is choaked up by two banks of sand, upon which at high water there is not above 17 feet ; which prevents vessels of large burden from going over the bar ; a defect which will be remedied, no doubt, by some fine pro- jected improvements. A canal has been m ade from t h e Li ffey , wit j c h c om m u n i c at e s with the Shannon near Clonfert. Dublin is 60 miles W of Holyhead, in Wales, and 330 NW of London. Lon. 6 6 W, Ujt. 53 21 N. Dublin Louder, a township of Philadel- phia county, Pennsylvania, situated on the W side of the river Delaware, be- tween Oxford and Byberry townships ; 10 miles N of Philadelphia. * Dublin Upper, a township of Montgo- mery county, Pennsylvania, situated be- tween Abington and Gwinned townships. 15 miles NW of Philadelphia. There are two other townships in Pennsylvania of the same name ; one in Bedford and the o.her in Huntingdon county. Duck Creek, sometimes called Salesbu- ry t a thriving town of Kent county, Dela- ware, 12 miles N by W of Dover," and 28 S of New Castle. It has a post office, and about 600 inhabitants. Dudley, a township of Worcester coun- ty, Massachusetts, situated on the line which divides this state from Connecti- cut, and on the E side of Lockwood river. It contains about 1500 inhabitants. Dudley, a town in Worcestershire, with a market on Saturday, and a great manu- facture of nails and other iron-wares There is a church at each end of the longest street. It is ten miles NW of Birmingham and 120 of London. Lon. 2 W, lat. 52 33 N. Duerstade. See Wick-de-Dv%rstade. Duins or Doino, a seaport of Germany, in the duchy of Carniola, eight miles N W of Trieste. Lon. 13 46 E, lat. 45 55 N Duisburg, a town of Westphalia, in the duchy of* Clcves, with a university, seated on the Hoer, near the Rhine, 12 miles N of Dusseldorf. Lon- 6 50 E, lat. 51 22 N. Duitz, or Dnytz, a town of Westphalia, on the E side of the Rhine, opposite Co- logne. It is chiefly inhabited by Jews. Duke of York's Islund, an island in the South Pacific Ocean, discovered by coim ii, "dore Byron in 1765, lying N of the Friendly Islands. The ground was cover- ed by land crabs, but no other animal was seen. Lon. 172 30 W, lat. 8 0S. Duk e of York's Island, an island in the South Pacific Ocean, about 10 miles long, lying between lord Howe's Croup and the SE point of New Ireland. The natives go entirely naked ; are stout, well made, and of a light copper colour. This island is a perfect garden, and pro- duces betle-nut, mangoes, bread-fruit, and guavas. Here are also dogs, hogs, poidtry, and some spices. The nutmeg was seen by captain Hunter, who an- chored in Port Hunter Bav, in this is- land, in May, 1791. Lon. 152 42 E, lat. 4 7 S. Didctft, a village on the NE side of the isle of Anglesey, much frequented onac= DUM DUN count of the corn and butter trade, and for fern ashes. Duhlerstadt, a town of Germany, in the duchy of Brunswick. It is seated on the river Whipper, 15 miles E of Gottingen, and 130 NE of Mentz. Lon. 10 14 E, lat. 51 28 N. Dulmeri, a town of Westphalia, in the bishopric of Munster, 18 miles SW of Minister. Lon. 7 4 W, lat. 51 47 N. Dulverton, a town in Some. •i-etshire, with a market on Saturday, seated on a branch of the Ex, 24 miles E of Barn- staple, and 164 W by S of London. Lon. 3 30 W, lat 51 S X. Btrirvich, a village in Surry, five miles S of London. Dumbarton, a borough, the capital of Dumbartonshire, seated at the conflu- ence of the Leven and Clyde, with a stone bridg-e over the former. Its prin- cipal manufacture is glass ; but many of the young women are employed in the print-fields on the banks of the Leven. Dumbarton Castle, in which a garrison is still kept, is a strong ylace, and in ancient times was deemed impregnable; it is a vast rock, steep on every side, ri- sing out of a plain to the height of 500 feet, and unconnected with any high ground for the space of a mile. It is al- most surrounded by the Leven and the Clvde. Dumbarton is 15 miles WNW of Glasgow. Lon. 4 30 W, lat. 56 N. 'Dumbartonshire, or Lenox, runs far N among a cluster of hills, and is bounded on the S by the Frith and river of Clyde , on the E by Lanerkshire and Stirling- shire ; on the NE by Perthshire and the Grampian-hills ; and on the W by Ar- gyleshire and Loch Long-. It is above 20 miles broad from E to W, and about 40 long from N to S. That part which lies to the E is very fruitful in corn; t c other parts being hilly, feed vast flocks of sheep. Dnmblane, a village in Perthshire, re- markable for a battle, called the battle of Sheriff-muir, between the duke of Af- gyle and the rebel earl of Mar, in 1715. At the upper end of the village is a ruin- ous cathedral. It is 30 miles NW of Edinburgh. Dumfermlitie, a borough in Fifeshire, which is a considerable manufacturing town, and has a good trade in linen goods, particularly diapers. Here was a magnificent abbey and palace, where the princess Elizabeth, from whom the pre- sent royal family are descended, was born. Adjoining to this was a magnifi- cent abbey, part of the remains of which now serve" for a church. In this place were buried Malcolm and his queen, and several kings of Scotland. It is 15 miles NW of Edinburgh. Lon. 3 27 W, lat. 56 5 N. Dumfries, a town of Virginia, on the river Potomac. Dumfries, a royal borough of Scotland, capital of Dumfriesshire, pleasantly seat- ed between two hills, on the river Nith. It is a regular well-built town, eight miles N of Solway Frith, and 30 WNW of Carlisle. Lon. 3 29 W, lat. 55 12 N. Dumfries, a county of Scotland, which includes Annandalc and Niddisdale; it is bounded on the N by part of Ayrshire, Lanerkshire, Peeblesshire, and Selkirk- shire; on the W by Selkirkshire and Roxburghshire; on the S by the Solway Frith ; and on the W by the counties of Ayr and Kircudbright; extending about 50 miles in length and 30 in breadth. Eusdalc is the most eastern division, and divided from Annandale In Eskdale. An- nandale lies on the banks of the river Annan which runs through the middle of the county and falls into the Solway Frith, after a course of 27 miles. This division is a stewarty, abounding w'uh pasture and pleasant woods, is about 27 miles long and 14 broad. Niddisdale or Nithdale receives its name from the river Nid, that passes through it and runs into the Solway Firth ; this is the western division, abounds in pastures and arable lands, produces abundance, of corn, and some woods and forests ; gold has been found in some of its brooks after great rains. Its chief rivers are. the Esk, Annan, and Nid. Its chief towns are, Annan and Dumfries." Dumfries, a post town and port of en- try, in Prince William county, Virginia; situated on Quantico Creek, which com- municates with Potomac, about 25 miles below Alexandria, and 36 from Well- ington. Dummer, a township in Grafton coun- ty, New Hampshire, situated on the W side of Umbagoglake, between Cam- bridge and Percy. Dummertov, a township of Vem.on\ situated in Windham county, and on the W side of Connecticut river. It contains about 2800 inhabitants. Dunnmond, a town of Russia, in the government of Riga. It is situated near the mouth of the Dwina, 15 miles NW of Riga. Dunbar, a royal borough in Fladdin^- tonshire, seated near the German Ocean. It has a good harbour, formerly defend- ed by a castle. Under the rock, on which the castle stands, are t wo natural arches through which the tide flows : and be- tween the harbour and the castle is & DUN DUN Stratum of vast basaltic columns. Dun- bar is remarkable for the defeat of John Baliol's army by earl Warenne, in 1296, and for a victory gained by Cromwell over the Scots, in 1650. It is 25 miles E of Edinburgh. Lon.2 34 W, lat 56 12 N. Dunbar, a township of Pennsylvania, situated in Fayette county, on the SW side of Yoyogheonny river, and contain- ing- 1600 inhabitants. Bunbarton, a township of Hillsborough county, New Hampshire, situated on die W side of Merrimack river, 35 miles \V of Portsmouth. Duvrannon, a fortress and town of Ire- land, in the county of Wexford, seated on the river Boss, six miles E of Water- fowl. Lon. 6 46 W, lat 54 12 N. Dundalk, a seaport of Ireland, in the county of Louth, on a bay of the same name, 20 miles NNW of Drogheda. Lon. 6 17 W, lat. 52 16 N. , Dundee, a royal borough in Angus- shire, with an excellent harbour. Its situation for commerce is very advanta- geous. Trading vessels of the largest burden can get into the harbour ; and on the quay there are three very convenient and handsome warehouses, built in 1756, as well as good room for ship-building, which is carried on to a large extent. The houses are built of stone, generally three or four stories high. The market- place or high street in the middle of the town is a very spacious oblong square. 360 feet long and 100 feci broad ; from whence branch out the four principal streets, which with a number of lesser ones are all paved in the best manner. On the south side of the market place stands the town-house, an elegant struc- ture, with a very handsome front, piaz- zas below, and a neat spire over it 140 feet high. This building was finished in the year 1734, and contains the guild- hall, the court-room, a very neat mason- lodge, the bank, vaulted repositories lor the records, and the common prison, which is in the upper story, and does honour to the taste and humanity of the magistrates, under whose auspices it was constructed, being well aired commodi- ous rooms at the same time very strong and secure. Each prison is 20 feet by 12, and 7 feet and a half high, well arched above and below. Dundee, be- sides St. Andrew's church, has 4 other churches, and five ministers on the lega] establishment. The old church, in which were originally four places of worship when entire, had been a very magnifi- cent building, with a large square Go- thic tower or steeple. 186 feet high, on the west end of the church. This' build- ing was in the form of a cross, erected by David Earl of Huntingdon, brother to William L of Scotland. This he did on his return from the third crusade, anno 1189, in gratitude for his deliver- ance from several imminent dangers, and particularly from shipwreck, by which he had nearly perished when in sight of this town. The principal and staple ma- nufactures are osnaburghs, saii-cioth, of winch in 1788 were manufactured to the value of 112,5877. ; this manufacture has since the commencement of the present war increased to ait enoimous extent. A manufacture of cotton has likewise been established, which has been car- ried on with considerable success for some years past- The Dundee coloured threads have been justly esteemed ; in- deed it was here that coloured threads first, made a figure among the amides of trade in Scotland. A sugar-honse was also erected here, but has been given up, as likewise a large glass-house, which was carried on for some years. The salmon fishing in Tay is of much consequence, and the town is generally well supplied with fish of various kinds. The population in 1788 amounted to nearly 20.000, but the inhabitants have increased to 23 or 24000. It is seated on the N side of the Frith of Tay, 12 miles from its mouth, 40 NE of Edinburgh, 22 E of Perth, and 14 NW of St. Andrews. Lon. 2 55 W, lat. 56 30 N. Dunebnrnr, a town of Livonia, on the Dwina, 90 miles SE of Riga. Lon. 27 E, lat. 56 8 N. Ihetgannon, a town of Ireland, in the county of Tyrone, 11 miles NNW of Ar- magh. Lon. 6 39 W, lat. 54 38 N. Dungarrov, a seaport of Ireland, in the county or Waterford, seated on Dun- garvon Bav, 22 miles SW of Waterford. Lon. 7 29 W, lat. 52 6 N". Jhmgeness, a cape on the coast of Kent, eight miles S bv W of Romney Lon. 59 E, lat. 50 52 N. Dimkard, a township of Pennsylvania, situated on the W side of the river Mo- nongahela, in Greme county, and bound- ed on the S by the line that divides this state from Virginia. Dunkeld, a town of Scotland, in the shire of Perth, seated on the N side of the river Tay, in a situation truly ro- mantic, under and among very high, and almost inaccessible crags, part naked, and part wooded. Its romantic situation, and the benefit of drinking goats whey, render this place the resort of much genteel company in summer. It is the Epfarket town of the Highlands on that side, and carries on a manufacture of DUN DUR linen. The duke of Athol has a fine seat here, skreened by the Grampian moun- tains. His Grace's seat is a modern building', and not large, with pleasant walks and terraces, and near it js a fine cascade on the water of Bran, which in its way from the western hills forms an astonishing fall of 150 feet, called the Rumbling Brig, from a narrow bridge made by the fall of two rocks across the stream. Here are also the ruins of a ca- thedral, part of which ancient structure is now the parish church. Dunkeld is 32 miles N of Perth. Lon. 3 36 W, lat. 56 35 X. Dunkirk, a considerable seaport of France, in the department of the North and late French Flanders. It was taken from the Spaniards by the English and French in 1658, and put into the hands of the English, but sold to the French, by Charles II. in 1662. Lewis XIV. made it one of the best fortified ports in t lit- kingdom ; but all the vast and expensive works were demolished, and the basins filled up, in consequence of the treaty of Utrecht, in 1713. The French after- wards resumed the works; but they were ordered to be demolished by the peace of 1763. By the peace of 1783, the com- missary was withdrawn, and the French were left to resume the works. This pl; A new town called Oarlstadt, is nearly completed. It is di- vided into six regular quarters that open into an extensive square; and, from die uniformity of the. bttiidingS forrnsa beau- tiful addition to the old city. Dusseldori v/as surrendered to the French in 1795. It is seated on the river Dussel, near the Rhine, 122 miles NW of Cologne. Lou. 6 52 E, Tat: 51 12 N. ' ' - . DiitehcsS, a populous county in the state of New York, situated between the North river, and the line which divides this state from Connecticut ; and bound- ed on the S by West Chester, and on the N by Columbia. It is mountainous, but well settled, containing about 50,000 in- habitants. Dutlingeiil a town of Suabia, with a cas- tle, seated on a mountain. It is situated on the Danube over which it has abridge. It belongs to the duke of Wirtemburg, and is 33 miles NW of Constance. Lon. 9 2 E, hit. 48 10 \ . Duxlmvy, a seaport town in Plymouth county, Massachusett s ; situated on Cape Cod Kay, attout nine miles N of Plymouth, and 33 SK, of Boston. Here is a post of- fice, and according to the last census 1664 inhabitants. Duyvehmd, one of the islands of Zea- land, in the United Provinces, EofSchow- en, from which it is separated by a nar- row channel. Btwina, a river of Russia, which runs from S to N and falls into the White Sea, at Archangel. Diuina, a river of Lithuania, which di- vides Livonia from Courland, and falls into the Baltic, below Riga. Dysart, a borough in Fifeshirc, seated on the Frith of Forth, 11 miles N of Ed- inburgh. It has a considerable trade in coal. Lon. 3 6 W, lat. 56 9 N. E E AO OWE, one of the Friendly Islands in the South Pacific Ocean, discovered bv Tasman, in 1643, and by him named Middleburg. Lon. 174 30 W, lat. 21 24 S Early a township of Berks county, Pennsylvania, and another of Lancaster county, in the same State. They are small townships, and neither of them ve- ry populous. Earsltun or F.arulton, a town in Ber- wicks'iire, seated on the river Leader, 35 miles SE of Edinburgh': It is the birth- place of the celebrated Thomas the Rhy- mer. A little below Earlston, on a rocky E A S bank overlooking the Leader, stands Cow- denknows, and on the adjacent knowls* . lay be seen the remains of its broom, so renowned in Scottish song. Earn, a river which issues from Ujie lake of Earn, in Perthshire. It mean- ders fdr above 20 miles through the val- ley of Slrathearn, and joins the Tay be- low Perth. Earne, a lake of Ireland, in the coun- ty of Fermanagh, 30 miles in length. It is narrow in the middle ; and in this part is an island on which stands Inniskilling Eastbmirn, a town of Sussex, noted tor plenty of the birds called wheatears and is a place of resort for bathing. It is seat- ednear the English Channel, 15 miles E SE of Lewes, and 65 SSE of London. Easter Island, an island in the South Pacific Ocean, 12 leagues in circuit. It has a hilly and stony surface, an iron- bound shore, and affords neither safe an- chorage, fresh water, nor wood for fuel. It bears evident marks not only of a vol. canie origin, but of having been not very long ago ruined by an eruption. It is the same that was seen by Davis in 1686 : ii was next visited by Roggewein in 1722, and again by Captain Cook in 1744. Lon. 109 46 W, lat. 27 5 S. Easterton, a small town in Dauphin county, Pennsylvania, situated on the E side of Susquehannah, 4 miles N of Har- risburg. East Greemuich, a seaport and post town in Kent county, Rhode Island, 15 miles S of Providence, and 14 N of South Kingston. East Ifaddam, a post town of Middles? % county, Connecticut ; situated on the E side of Connecticut river, 10 miles S by E of Middleton, and 24 of Hartford. Eastham, a town in Barnstaple county, Massachusetts, situated on Cape Cod Pe- ninsula, 10 miles S of Welfleet, and about 28 miles by water from Plymouth. It lias a post offiee, and according to last census 700 inhabitants. EUst Hampton, a township of Hamp- shire county, Massachusetts, on the W side of Connecticut river, 5 miles N of W Springfield. East Haven, a township of New Haven county, Connecticut, situated on the E side of New Haven harbour, 5 miles SE of New Haven. East Looe, See Looe, East, and so with other words that have the same name of position. Easton, the capital of Northampton county, Pennsylvania, situated on the W side of the river Delaware, 12 miles N.E of Bethlehem, and 65 N of Philadelphia. Here are a post office, a court house, goal E C A E D D and according- to last census 1046 inha- bitants. Easton> the principal town of Talbot county, Maryland, standing- on a branch of CJhoptank river, near Chcsapcak Bay, and 20 miles S of CentrcviUe. Easton, a post town in Bristol county, Massachusetts, about 12 miles from Bos- tor;, southward. Easton, a township of Washing-ton county, Xew York, situated on the K side of the North river, about 10 miles N of Troy. It has 3000 inhabitants. Eiistonness, the most easterly cape on Che coast of Suffolk, and the N point of Southwold Bay. Eastport, a post town in Washington county, Maine, 89/ miles from Washing- ton. East Jllv:;r, a river of Xew York state, which runs on the E side of the city of New York, and separates Long Island from the Continent. Eause, an ancient town of France, in the department of Gers and late province of Armagnac, 17 miles SW of Condom. Lon. 10 E, lat. 43 51 X. Ebenezer, the chief town of Effingham county, state of Georgia, situated on the SW side of Savannah river, 35 miles X T NW of the city of Savannah. It was o- riginally settled by emigrants from Ger- many. Ebensburor, a post town of Cambria county, Pennsylvania, 70 miles E of Pitts- burg-, and 4 miles N\V of Beulah. Eberbach,. a town of Germany, in the palatinate of the Rhine, remarkable for its wine. It is seated on the Xeckar, 10 miles NE of Heidelberg. Lon. 8 56 E, lat. 49 26 N. Eberbcrg, a castle of Germany, in the- palatinate of the Rhino, seated at tH< confluence of the Nahe and Alscn, 8 miles SW of Creutznach. Lon. 7 52 E, lat. 49 38 N. Eberstein, a district and castle of Sua- bia, subject to the margrave of Baden. The castle is the chief place, six miles SK of Baden. Lon. 8 20 E, lat. 48 46 X. H&eretein, a town of Germany, in Al- sace, eight miles SW of Strasburg. Lon. 7 46 E, lat. 48" 29 N. Eberril'e, a town of France, in the de- i partment of Puy-de-Dome and late pro v in fie of Auvcrgne. It lately had a Be- nedictine abbey, which was very rich. \i is seated on the Scioule, eight miles NE ! of Riom. Lon. 3 15 E, lat. 45 59 N. Ebro, a river of Spain, which rises in the mountains of Santillane, in Old Cas I tile, and watering Saragossa and Tortossa, < falls into the Mediterranean. Eca'icri in vvUif. See Qaiharinemlaf. ! Ecclefechan, a village in Dumfriesshire, noted for its great monthly market for cattle. It is 10 miles SE of Dumfries, i Ecclt'shal, a town in Staffordshire, with , a market on Friday. It is seated on a branch of the river Sow, and the bishop of Lichheld and Coventry has a castle here. It is six miles N*\V of Stafford and 143 of London. Lon. 2 9 \V, lat. 53 2 X. Kthternach, a town of Austrian Lux- emburg, on the river Sout, in a valley sur- rounded by mountains, 18 miles NE of Luxemburg. Lon. 6 33 E, lat. 49 50 N. Ecya, or Ezija, an episcopal town of Spain, in Andalusia, seated on the Zenil, 28 milts SW of Cordova. Lon. 4 27 W, lat. 37 39 N. Edam, a town of New Holland, famous for its red rind cheeses, and seated on the Zuider-Zee, 20 miles N by E of Am- sterdam. Lon. 4 54 E, lat. 52 32 N. Eddi'stone, the name of some rocks in the English Channel, which cause variety of contrary sets of the tide or current in their vicinity. They are situated SSW from the middle of Plymouth Sound, at the distance of 14 miles. They are al- most in the line which joins the Start and the Lizard Points, and their situation with regard to the Bay of Biscay and the Atlantic is such, that they lie open to the swells of the bay and ocean from all the SW points, so that all the heavy seas from the SW break upon Eddystone with the utmost fury. On the principal rock, (for the rest are under water) Mr. Wins- tanley in 1696, undertook to build a lighthouse; and he completed it in 1700. This ingenious mechanic was so certain of the stability of this structure, that he declared it was his wish to be in it during the most tremendous storm. Un- fortunate:}', he had his w ish, it was des- troyed in the dreadful storm, November 27, 1703, when he perished in it. In 1709, another built of, wood, but on a dif- ferent construction, was erected by Mr. liudyarcl, which was consumed by fire in 1755. Another, of stone, was begun by the celebrated Mr. Smeaton, on April 2, 1757, and finished August 24, 1759. The rock, which, slopes towards the SW, is cut into horizontal steps, into which are dovetailed, and united by a strong ce- ment, Portland stone, and granite. The whole, to the height of 35 feet from the foundation, is a solid bed of stones, en- grafted into each other, and united by ev very means of additional strength. The building has four rooms, one over the other, and at the top a gallery and lan- ern. The stone floors are flat above, but concave beneath, and are kept from E D I E D I pressing- against the sides of the build- i ing bv a chain, let into the walls. It is 1 nearly 80 feet h'uh, and has been stand- t ing 36 years, during which time it has < been assaulted by the fury of the ele- ments, without suffering the smallest in- jury ; and. in all probability, nothing but ■ un "earthquake can destroy it. Its dis- tance from the Ram Head, the nearest point of land, is 12 miles. Lon. 4 24 W, lat. 50 8 X. EJf.ii, a river which rises in Westmore- land, on the confines of Yorkshire, and running N by Appleby and Carlisle, falls into Solway Frith. Edenton, a post town, port of entry, and the capital of Chowan county, N Ca- rolina; situated near the head of Albe- marle Sound, 18 miles N by E of Ply- mouth, on the opposite shore, 22 E of Windsor, and about the same distance S by W of Hertford. It contains about 1500 inhabitants, and lies in the lat. of 35 58 N, and lon. of 77 50 W. Edgarto-wn, a post town of Duke's county, Massachusetts ; it is a port of entry* the chief town of the county, and the capital of Martha's Vineyard; situ- ated in the lat. of 41 25 N, and lon. of 70 30 W. Edgecombe, a county of Halifax district North Carolina, situated on both sides of Pamlico river, having Pitt county on the S, and Nash and Halifax on the X. It con- tains about 10,000 inhabitants. The capi- tal, Tarboro'. Edgefield, a county of Ninety six dis- trict, South Carolina, situated between the Saluda and Savannah rivers, and con- taming about 15,000 inhabitants. E&gemont, a township of Delaware county, Pennsylvania. It is situated on both sides of Providence creek, about 15 miles W of Philadelphia, Edgehill, a village in Warwickshire, where the hi st battle was fought between Charles I. and the parliament, in 164J. It is 11 miles S of Warwick. Edge-ware, a town in Middlesex, with a market on Thursday, eight miles X\V of London. Lon. 14 W, lat. 51 37 N. Edikofen, a town of Germany in the palatinate of the Rhine. A bloody battle was fought here between the Prussians and the French in 1794, which terminat- ed in favour of the French. Edinburgh; the metropolis of Scotland, situated in a county of the same n?me. It mav properly be divided into the Old and New towns. The Old Town is situ- ated on a narrow steep hill, about a mile in length, termina'ed abruptly on the W side by the castle, from which there is a gradual declivity to the palace of Holy- rood-house, which is placed in a beauti- ful plain called St. Ann's Yards. From the level of this plain, and on each side of the ridge or hill on which the Old Town stands, run two narrow vallies, nearly parallel to each other ; the south- ern one forms a street called the Cowgate, the northern continued a marsh till very lately, which was called the North Loch, but is now drained. The high-street which runs between the castle and Holy- rood-house, is long and spacious, and the houses are very high. From this street many narrow lanes or closes run oft' at right angles, towards the N and S. The castle is seated on a vast perpendicular rock accessible only by a drawbridge on one side, and in ancient times was consi- dered as almost impregnable. The a- partment is still shewn to strangers where the unfortunate Mary brought forth James VI. who afterwards inherit- ed the crowns of England and Scotland. The regalia of Scotland are kept here, in what is called the crown-room. The Royal Exchange, on the opposite side of the street, is an extensive building, founded in 1753 ; but not occupied as an Exchange ; opposite to which stood the cross. The Tron-Church, founded in 1637, has been lately modernized, and has a neat appearance. The palace of Holyrood-house forms a grand quadran- gle, with a court in the centre surround- ed by piazzas : the NW towel's were built by James V. and the whole was completed in the reign of Charles II. A spacious gallery here is hung with the pictures of 111 monarchs, from Fergus T. to James VI. the greatest part of them imaginary. In the NW tower is shown the chamber where queen Mary sat at supper, when Rizzio was dragged from her side and murdered, and the private staircase by which Ruthven entered with the assassins to perpetrate the ruthless deed. Adjoining are the magnificent ru- ins of an abbey, founded by David I. in 1128, and converted by Charles II. into a royal chapel. The New Town is situated on the N side of the Old, on an elevated plain, from which the ground descends to the S and N with a gentle declivity. U forms an assemblage of very elegant and uniform streets and squares ; the most remarkable of which are Prince's street, George street, Queen's street, St. Andrew's square, and Charlotte square. The public buildings are the Register • Office, a vast pile of modern architecture, uniting elegance and stability ; St. An- drew's Church, with an elegant slender i spire; the Physician's Hall ; the Excise ■ Office ; and the New Assembly Rooms. EDI E G Y The communication between the N and S parts of.the city is facilitated by two no. ble bridges, the N bridge founded by Provost Drummond in 1763 ; and the S bridge, by Provost Hunter Blair, in 1785. Between the Old and New Town, consi- derably to the westward of the N bridge there is also a communication called me Earthen Mound, an immense pile of earth formed from the rubbish dug out of the foundations of the new houses. There are a number of public buildings in Edin- burg, besides those mentioned, viz. He- riot's hospital, founded in 1628, an ele- gant Gothic pile ; the Royal Infirmary ; Watson's, Merchants, Trades, Trinity, and Orphan Hospital; Public Dispensary, Merchant's Hall, 8cc. The places of pub- lic amusement are the Theatre Royal, Concert Hall, Assembly Rooms, and' E- questrian Circus. On the summit of the Caltonhill, has lately been erected a Bridewell, a very extensive building, on a plain equally elegant and commodious. At Jock's Lodge, to the eastward of the city, an elegant set of barracks, for 400 cavalry, have lately been erected. Edin- burgh, with its dependencies, is supposed to contain 100,000 inhabitants. It is sup- plied with water, conveyed in iron pipes, from Comiston, four miles to the W. It is governed by a lord provost, four bai- liffs, and a common council, and sends one member to parliament. It is two miles S of Leith, 54 WNW of Berwick upon Tweed, and 389 N by W of Lon- don. Lon. 3 7 W, lat. 55 58 N. See Leith. Edinburghshire, the principal county in North Britain, both on account of its fer- tility, and containing the capital. It is bounded on the E by Haddingtonshire, on the SE by Berwickshire, on the S by Selkirkshire and Peebleshire, and part of Lanerkshire ; on the W by Linlithgow- shire, and on the N by the Frith of Forth ; extending about 21 miles in length ; and in some places 16 or 17 broad, but in o- thers not above 6 or 7. It yields corn of all sorts, with plenty of pasture ; and is abundantly furnished with all necessa- ries, particularly coal, stone, limestone, and a sort of black marble ; and not far from Edinburgh is a copper mine and stone quarries. Its chief rivers are, the the Almond, Leithwater, the Esk, Tyne, and Gallawater, which receive a great variety of other lesser streams, so that few spots are better watered. Edisto, a post town in Orange county, South Carolina : 577 miles from Wash- ington. Edisto, a considerable river of South Carolina, which rises in the district of Orangeburg, and after meandering in a SI direction, through this and Charleston districts, enters the ocean by two sepa- rate outlets in the lat. of 32 25 N. Ednam, a village near Kelso, in Rox- burghshire, seated on the Tweed, whore Thomson, the author of the seasons, was born. Efferding, a town of Upper Austria, defended bv two castles, eight miles W of Lintz. Lon. 13 52 E, lat. 48 18 X. Effingham, a village in Surry, once, according to tradition, a populous town, containing 16 churches. It is 12 miles N E of Guilford, and 17 SW of London. Effingham, a county in the state of Georgia, bounded by South Carolina on the NE and by the river Ogeechee on the SW, containing about 2500 inhabitants. The chief town Ebenezer. Egg-harbour, Great, and Little, two in- lets on the E coast of New Jersey, about 15 miles apart ; Lat. about 39 20 N, lon. about 74 10 W. Egg, a fertile little island, one of the Hebrides of Scotland, to the S of Skye. Egham, a village in Surry, which has two neat almshouses for six men and six women, with a school for the education of 20 boys. Egham is seated near -the Thames, 18 miles YV by S of London. Eglisav, an ancient town of Swisser- land, in the canton of Zuric, seated on the Rhine, 13 miles N of Zuric. Lon. 8 30 E, lat. 47 33 N. Egra, a town of Bohemia, formerly imperial. It was taken by the French in 1742, but they were forced to evacuate it the next year. Its mineral waters are fa- mous. It is seated on the Eger, 90 miles W of Prague. Lon. 12 40 E, lat. 50 9 N. Egremont, a town in Cumberland, with a market on Saturday. It is seated near the Irish Sea, on the river Eben, over which are two bridges ; and on the peak of a hill is a castle. It sent members to parliament in the reign of Edward I. and is 14 miles SW of Cockermouth, and 299 NW of London. Lon. 3 35 W, lat. 54 32 X. Egypt, a country of Africa, 600 miles in length, and 250 where broadest ; bounded on the "NT by the Mediterranean, on the S by Nubia, on the E by the Red Sea and the isthmus of Suez, and on the W by the deserts. to the E of Fezzan. The broadest part is from Alexandria to Damietta, and thence it gradually grows narrower, till it approaches Nubia. It is divided into the Upper, Middle, and Lower; which last comprehends the Del- ta ; and though the air is naturally hot^ and not very wholesome, it enjoys so ma- ny other advantages, that it has been al- E G Y E G Y \vays extremely populous. JSgypt car- J serpents and noxious insects. Here is a ried on a considerable trade in East India commodities, till the Portuguese found the way round the Cape of Good Hope. However the merchants of Europe visit the harbours in the Mediterr .nean, and import and export several sorts of mer- chandise ; and from other parts the na- tives get elephant's teeth, ebony, gold dust, musk, civet, ambergris, and coffee. The gold dust is brought from Negro- land, to Fez, and .Morocco, and thence to Cairo, over immense deserts. The principal commodities which the mer- chants purchase are coffee, senna, cassia, rhubarb, sal ammoniac, myrrh, saffron, saltpetre, aloes, opium, indigo, sugar, san- dal wood, dates, cotton, cloth, &.e, The complexion of the Egyptians is tawny, and the further S the darker, so that those near Nubia are almost black. They are generally indolent and cowardly : the richer sort do nothing all day but drink coffee, smoke tobacco and sleep ; and they are ignorant, proud, haughty, and ridiculously vain. From March to No- vember, the heat to an European, is al- most insupportable ; but the other months are more temperate. The S winds are m the natives called poisonous winds, or the hot winds, of the deserts; they are of such extreme heat, and aridity, that no animated body exposed to it can with- stand its fat;d influence. During the three days that it generally lasts, the streets are deserted ; and woe to the tra- veller whom this wind surprises remote from shelter. Itiains very seldom in E- gypt ; but that want is fully supplied by the annual inundation of the Nile. ■When the waters retire, all the ground is covered with mud ; then they only har- row their corn into it, and, in the following March, they have usually a plentiful har- vest : their rice fields are supplied with water from canals and reservoirs. There is no place in the world better furnished with corn, flesh, fish, sugar, fruits, and all sorts of garden stuff; and in Lower Egypt, are oranges, lemons, figs, dates, almonds, cassia, and plantains, in great plenty. The sands are so subtile that they penetrate into the closets, chests, and cabinets, which, with the hot winds, We probably the cause of sore eyes being so very common here. The animals of Egypt are tigers, hyenas, antelopes, apes, black- cattle, fine horses, large asses, crocodiles, the hippopotamus, the cameleon, and a kind of rat called ichneumon ; ostriches, eagles, hawks, pelicans, water fowls of nil kinds, and the ibis which resembles a duck, and was deified by the ancient E- gyptians, on account of its destroying getl dies serpent called the cerastes, or horned vi- per, whose bite is fatal to those who have not the secret of guarding against it ; for some of the natives can play with the cerastes, and it will not attempt to bite them ; but when applied to a hen, or any other animal, it has instantly bit and killed them. The pyramids of Egypt are noticed by all travellers ; the largest takes up ten acres of ground, and is, as well as the rest, built upon a rock. Here are also caverns, out of which they et the mummies, or embalmed dead bo- s, which are found in coffins, set up- right in niches of the walls, and have continued there at least 4000 years ; ma- ny of these have been brought to Eng- land, and were formerly deemed of great use in medicine. The principal oitv rs Cairo. The ancient kings gove'-uc! E gypt, till Cambyses became master of it, 525 years]'. C.and in their time all those wonderful structures were raised, which we cannot, behold without astonishment. These ar^ the pyramids, the labyrinths, the immense grottos of the Thebais ; the obelisks, temples, and pompous palaces ; the iake Maris, and the v;,st canals, which served both for trade and to render the land fruitful. After this conquest Cam- b\ ses demolished the temples and perse- cuted the priests. After his death, this country continued under the Version yoke till the time of Alexander the Great, w ho having conquered Persia, built the famous city of Alexandria. He \\:.s succeeded by Ptolemy, the son of Lagos, 324 years B. C. Ten kings of that name succeeded each other, till Cleopatra, the sister of the last Ptolemy, ascended the throne ; when Egypt became a Roman province, and continued so till the reign of Omar, the second calif of the succes-r sors of J^ahomet, who drove away the Romans, after it had been in their hands 700 years. When the power of the califs declined, Saladine set up the empire of the Mamlouks, which became so power- ful in time, that they extended their do- minions over a great part of Afric a, Sy- ria, and Arabia. Egypt was then con- quered by Selim, a Turkish emperor, and great numbers of its ancient inhabi- tants withdrew into the plains. An at- tempt was then made to deprive the Ot- toman Porte of its authority over Egy pt by Ali Bey, who having been for some time extremely fortunate, was at last de- feated and killed in 1773. Egypt has been since torn by civil wars between the adherents of Ali, and other beys or princes, who rose on his ruins. Alter- nately expelled from Cairo, they finally EIN ELB agreed to a compromise in 1789. From this period nothing 1 of importance occurs till 1799, when this country was invaded by the French under Buonaparte ; they landed at Alexandria, which surrender- ed to them after a feehle resistance. They then proceeded to Rosetta and Cairo, which they took without much difficulty. They woidd probably have subdued the whole country, and finally overturned the Turkish empire, had not their progress been arrested at St. John d'Acre, by the gallant Sir Sidney Smith, who defended that inconsiderable place with such invincible courage and skill, ♦hat the enemy were compelled after in- numerable desperate attacks to abandon the attempt. They were shortly after- wards deserted by their commander; who lias returned to France. A treaty has since been entered into by Sir Sidney Smith, which has not met with the ap- probation of the British government. Egvptcn, a town of Poland in the du- chy of Courland, 100 miles SE of Mittau. Lon. 26 40 E, lat. 56 2 X. Ehigen, the name of two small towns of Suabia, the one near the Danube, and '.he other on the Neckar. They belong to the house of Austria. The former is in lon. 9 45 E, lat. 48 18 X, and the lat- ter in lon. 8 45 E, lat. 48 25 X. Ehrcnbreitstein, a very ancient castle, in the electorate of Treves, on the E bunk of the Rhine, opposite Coblentz. It stands on the summit of a stupendous rock, not less than 800 feet above the level of the river, and is thought, when supported by a competent garrison, to be impregnable. It has a communication with Coblentz, by subterraneous pas sages, cut out of the solid rock ; and is plentifully supplieel with water from a well 280 feet deep. The prospect from this castle is majestic, extensive, and variegated ; and the stream at its foot is decorated with two small islands, on each of which is a convent. In the vale of Ehrenbreitstein, is the old palace of the elector. This fortress was besieged by the French, in 1796, above three months; but on the 17th of September, the Austrian s compelleel them to re- treat. Eimeo, one of the Society Lies, in the South Pacific Ocean, lying near Otaheite, and visited by Captain Cook in his last voyage. Eimbeck, a town of Germany, in the territory of Grubenhagen, 25 miles S of Ilildesheim. Lon. lo'o E, lat. 51 46 X. Eimidlin, a town of Switzerland, in the canton of Schwitz It is situated on the river Sihl, between the lofty moun- tains, whose distant summits are cover- ed with snow. Eisleberi', a town of Germany, in the county of Mansfelel, famous as the birth- place of Luther. It is five miles E of Mansfeld. Lon. 12 16 E, lat. 51 42 X". Eisnoch, a town of Thuring-ia, capital of a district of the same name, with a ce- lebrated college, 36 miles W of Erfurt. Lon. 10 25 E, lat. 50 59 X. Eithen, or Ythan, a river in Aberdeen- shire, which crosses that county in a SE direction, and falls into the British Ocean at Xcwburgh. Ekereford, a town of Denmark, in the duchy of Slesv/ick, seated on the Baltic, 12 miles SE of Sleswicki Lon. 10 30 E, lat. 54 56 X. Elba, an island on the coast of Tus- cany, remarkable for mines of iron and loadstone, and quarries of marble. Elbaswno, a town of Albania. 45 miles SE of Durazzo. Lon. 20 9 E, lat. 41 34 x. ,'"-* v J S Elbe, a large river of Germany, which rises in the mountain of the Giants, on the confines of Bohemia and Silesia; flows to Koningsgratz,Leutzmeritz, Dres- den, Dessaw, Meissen, Wittemberg, Mag- deberg, Hamburg, and Gluekstadt, and enters the German Ocean, at Cruxhaven. It is navigable for large ships to Ham- burg, which is 70 miles from the sea. FJhevt, a county in the slate of Geor- gia, bounded on the XE by South Caro- lina, on the X by Effingham county, and on the S by Scriven. It is watered by the Savannah and Ogeechee rivers, and contains about 12000 inhabitants. The chief town is Elberton. Elbevtov, the principal town and seat of justice, in Elbert county, Georgia, 23 miles XW of Petersburg on the Savannah river, and 30 SE of Carnesville. It has a post-office, court-house, gaol, &c. Elbevf, a town of France, in the de- partment of Lower Seine and late pro- vince of Xormar.dy. It has a manufac- ture of cloth, and is seated on the Seine, 10 miles S of Rouen, and 65 XW of Pa- ris. Lon. 1 8 E, lat. 49 19 X. Elbing, a strong town of Western Prussia, in the palatinate of Marienburg. It carries on a considerable trade, and is seated near the Baltic Sea, 30 miles SE of Dantzic, and 100 X by W of Warsaw. Lon. 19 35 E, lat. 54 9 X. Elbogen, a town of Bohemia, capital of a circle of the same name, with a ci- tadel, on the river Eger, 16 miles XE of Egra. Lon. 13 E, iat. 50 16 X. Elbwg, a town of the United Provin- E L I ELL ces, in Guelderland, on the E coast of the Zuider-Zee, ten miles NE of Harder- wick. Lon. 5 50 E, lat. 52 30 N. Elcatif, a seaport of Arabia Felix, on the W coast of the gulf of Persia, 300 miles S of Bassora. Lon. 53 5 E, lat. 26 N. Elche, a town of Spain, in Valencia, 20 miles SWof Alicant. Lon. 23 W, lat. 38 7 N. Eleplianta, an island on the W coast of the Deccan of Ilindoostan, five miles from the castle of Bombay, lc contains one of the most inexplicable antiquities in the world. It is about three miles in compass, and consists of almost all hill, at the foot of which as you land you see the figure of an elephant, of the natural sjze, cut coarsely in stone. An easy slope then leads to the portal of a magnificent temple, hewn out of the solid rock. It is an oblong square, 80 feet long, and 40 broad. The roof which is about 10 feet high, is cut flat, and is .supported by re- gular rows of pillars, with capitals re- sembling round cushions, as if pressed by the incumbent mountain. At the fur- ther end are three gigantic figures, which were mutilated by the absurd zeal of the Portuguese, when this island was in their possession. Elephanta was ced- ed to the English by the Mahrattas. Eleiithes, a kingdom of Tartary, lying to the NW of Chinese Tartary. It was conquered in 1759, by the emperor of China. See Kalmucks. Elgin, the county-town of Murray- shire, pleasantly seated on the river Lossi. Here are many large old build- ings erected over piazzas. Its cathedral, founded in 1224, was one of the most magnificent Gothic structures in Scot- land. Its magnificent ruins sufficenth prove its farmer grandeur. It is five, miles S of Murray Frith, and 37 E of In- verness. Lon. 3 15 W, lat. 57 37 N. Elginshire. See Murrayshive. Elizabeth, a township of Alleghany county, Pennsylvania, situated between Monongahela and Yoghiogeny rivers, near their confluence, and containing 2000 inhabitants. Elizabeth, a township of Essex county. New York, situated on the W side of lake Champlaine, opposite to Vergennes in Vermont. Elizabeth City, one of the maritime counties of Virginia, situated on the E end of a peninsula, formed by York river and Hampton road, and containing about oOOO inhabitants, one half slaves. Elizabeths hland, an island on the coast of Massachusetts Bay, having Cape Clid to the N, and the island of Nan- tucket to the E. The natives are chiefly employed in the fisheries. Lon. 69 3 W, lat. 42 E. Elizabethto-um, a town in Essex coun- ty, New Jersey, six miles S of Newark, 10 N of Amboy, and 16 by land W of New York. It is a post town and the seat of a respectable college. Elizabethtoum, a post town of Essex county, New York ; situated on the W side of lake Champlaine, about 130 miles X of Albany, and containing about 900 inhabitants. Elizabethto-wn, a post town of Lancas- ter county, Pennsylvania ; seated at the mouth of Conewago creek, about 18 miles NAY of the borough of Lancaster, con- taining 600 inhabitants. Elizabethto~am, a post town in Wash- ington county, Pennsylvania, situated on the E side of Monongahela river, about 12 miles above its junction with the Ohio, and the same distance S by E of Pittsburg. Elizabethtoivn, the principal town of Washington county, Maryland (some- times called Hagerstown) seated on An- tietam creek, 26 miles NW of Frederick- town, and 14 N of Sharpsburg; having a post office and containing about 2000 inhabitants. Elkholm, a seaport of Sweden in Blek- ingen, seated on the Baltic, 24 miles \V of Carlescroon. Lon. 14 50 E, lat. 56 2U N. Elk, a small river on the eastern shore of Maryland, which runs into the Chesa- peak bay, near its head, and between North Eas^and Sassafras rivers. Elkton, a post town, and the capital of Cecil county, Maryland ; seated on Elk river, at the head of navigation, at the distance of 10 miles E by N from Charles- ton, and 45 SW from Philadelphia. It is the entreport of a considerable trade between Baltimore and Philadelphia, be- ing the general rendezvous of the regu- lar stages that travel between the two cities. Ellerena,' an episcopal town of Spain, in Estramadura, 54 miles N of Seville. Lon. 5 20 W, lat. 38 26 N. Ellesmere ) a town in Shropshire! with a market on Tuesday. It is seated on a large mere, in a small but fertile district of the same name, 16 miles NNW of Shrewsbury, and 176 NW of London. Lon. 2 52 W, lat. 52 53 N. Ellichpour, the capital of the W part of Berar, in the Deccan of Hindoostan. It is a fine city subject to the Niz;:m of the Deccan ; and is 395 miles ^E of Bombay. Lon. 77 46 E, lat. 21 12 X Ellisville, a small post town in Cum ELT K M B berland county, Pennsylvania, 156 miles from Washington. Elmadia, or Mahadia, a town of the kingdom of Tunis, sealed on the gulf of Capes. It is surrounded by the sea, is well fortified, and has a good harbour It was taken by the emperor Charles V. but retaken soon after. Lon. 8 47 Wj lat. 35 4N. Elme, St., a castle of the isle of Mal- ta, seated on a rock near the city of Valetta, at the mouth of a very fine har- bour. Elmo, Fort, St., a fortress of France, in the department of the Eastern Pyre- nees. It surrendered to the Spaniards in 1793, but was retaken in 1794. It is seated on the river Tet, five miles N of Colioure. Elora. See Doiolatabad. Elphin, a town of Ireland, in the coun- ty of Roscommon, and the see of a bi- shop. Elrich, a trading- town of Upper Sax- ony, foi-merlv the capital of the county of Klettenburg-. Ehimbvrg, a seaport of Sweden, in the province of Gothland, seven miles E ot Elsinpre. Lon. 13 20 E, lat. 56 N. Ehinore, a seaport of Denmark, seat- ed on the Sound, in the isle of Zealand. It is the most commercial place in Dun- mark, next to Copenhagen ; and contains 5000 inhabitants, among whom are a con- siderable number of foreign merchants, and the consuls of the principal nations trading to the Baltic. The passage of the Sound is guarded by the castle of Cronborg, situate on the edge of a pen- insular promontory, the nearest point of land from the opposite coast of Sweden. Every vessel, as it passes, lowers her top-sails and pays a toll at Elsinore. The constant discharge of the toll, is not so much owing to the strength of the for- tress as to compliance with the public law of Europe. All vessels, beside a small duty are rated at one and one fourth per cent, of their cargoes, except the English, French, Dutch, and Swed- ish, which pay only one per cent, and, in return, the crown takes the charge of constructing lighthouses, and erecting signals to mark the shoals and rocks, from the Categate to the entrance into the Baltic. The tolls of the Sound, and of the two Belts, produce an annual re- venue of above 100,000/. Lon. 13 23 E, lat. 56 N. See Croiiborg. Elteman, a town of Franconia, in the bishopric of Wurtsburg, on the river Maine. Lon. 10 52 E, lat. 50 8 N. Eltham, a town in Kent, with a mar- ket or. Monday, eight miles S of London. Here are to be seen, the ruins of a pa- lace, in which Edward II. ofien resided, and his son, John of Eltham was born. Its stately hall, still entire is converted into a barn. Eltor. See Tor. Eltz, a town of Germany, in the bi- shopric of Hildeshcim, seated on the Leina, 10 miles SW of Hildesheim. Lon. 10 5 E, lat. 52 5 N. Elvas, a strong frontier town of Por- tugal, in Alentejo, with a castle and bi- shop's see. The streets are handsome, and the houses well-built. Here is a cistern so large, that it will hold water enough for the town for six months. It is brought by a magnificent aqueduct, three miles in length, which, in some places, is supported by four or five arches, one upon another. On the side of it is a forest of olive-trees, three miles in length, among which are walks and fine fountains. Elvas was bombarded by the French in 1706, to no purpose. A royal academy, for young gentlemen, was founded here in 1733. It is seated on a mountain, near the Guadiana, 50 miles \E of Evora, and 100 E of Lisbon. Lon. 7 3 \V, lat. 58 43 N. Eltvangen, a town of Suabia, with a chapter, whose provost is a prince of the empire and lord of the town. It is seat- ed on the Jaxt, 17 miles SE of Halle, and 25 SW of Anspach. Lon. 10 28 E, lat, 49 2 N. Ely, a city in Cambridgeshire, with a bishop's see, and a market on Saturday, [t is seated on the Ousc (which i3 navl • able hence to Lynn) in the fenny tract called the isle of Ely. The assizes are held here once a year only. It is a coun- ty of itself, including the territory around it, and lias a distinct civil and criminal jurisdiction, of which the bishop is the head, in the same manner as the bishop of Durham is of that county. It has a fine cathedral, but is otherwise a mean place. It is 17 miles N of Cambridge, and 63 N by E of London. Lon. 9 E, lat. 52 24 N. Embden, a strong town of Westphalia, capital of E Friesland, with a good har- bour. It belongs to the king of Prussia, and is seated at the mouth of the Embs, opposite Dollart Bay, 23 miles NE of Groningen. Lon. 7 5 E, lat. 53 26 N. Embo, a village near Brora, on the E coast of Sutherlandshire. Emboli/, a tow n of Macedonia, with a Greek archbishop's see seated on the Stromona, 40 miles NE of Salonichi. Lon. 23 55 E, lat. 40 59 X. Embmn, an ancient and strong city of France, in the department of the Upper £ N F E N G Al[>s and lute province of Dauphiny. 11 is seated on a eretgigy nuk, neat the ri- ver Durance, 17 miles E of Gap. Lou. 6 34 E, lat, 44 34 X. Entbs, a river of Westphalia, which rises in the CO int.y of Lippo, and falls into the Dollari. a bay of the German Ocean, near Embdeu. Enuntsa, a tow n of Syria, in the govern- ment of Damascus. There are still noble ruins, that show it was anciently a mag- n ificent, <>Hw^ySvMlj|^ wff^ffWk ' <&jt Emmerich, a large city of Germany, in the Duchy of Cleves. It carries on a con- siderahle trade with Holland, and is seal- ed near the Rhine, eight miles E of Cleves. Lon. 6 4 E, lat. 51 45 K. Emmittsburg, a post town of Frederick county, Maryland, about 18 miles XYV from Taneyto\\ n .i, and about 50 in the same direction from Baltimore. . Emovtf, or If tame n, an island of China, lying- oil' the coast of the province of Fo- kien. It is celebrated for its port, which is inclosed, on one side, by the island, and on the other by the main land, and is so extensive, that it can contain many thousands of vessels ; and so deep, that the largest ships may lie close to the shore without danger. This island is particularly celebrated on account of the magnificence of its principal pagod, de- dicated to their god Fo. Lon. 116 27 E, lat. 24 3 Nj Empoli, a town of Tuscany, with a bishop's see, seated on the Arno, 17 miles SW of Florence. Lon. 11 6 E, lat. 43 42 X. Eackimysetly a seaport of N Holland, on the Zuider-Zee. It was once a flour- ishing place; but its harbour being ob- structed by sand it has lost its former consequence. It is 25 miles NE of Am- sterdam. Lon. 5 4 E, 'lat. 52 45 X. Endeavour Strait, lies in the S Pacific Ocean, and separates New Guinea from New Holland. Its length is 10 leagues, and its breadth about five, except at the X'E entrance, where it is contracted to less than two miles, by the islands cal- led Prince of Wales' Islands. It was ex- plored by Captain Cook in 1770, from whom it received its name. Ending-, a town of Suabia, in Austrian Brisgaw, formerly free and imperial. It is seated near the Rhine, 10 miles below Brisach. Endkioping, a town of Sweden, in Up- land, situated on a river, close to an inlet of Lake Maelar. It consists chiefly of wooden houses, which are red. It is 40 miles W of Stockholm. Lon. 16 59 E, lat. 52 45 X. * Enfield, a town in Middlesex, with, a | market on Saturday. It was once famous for an extensive royal chase, disforested m 1 779. Here was a royal palace, wht nee Edward VI. went in procession to the Tower, on his accession to the throne, which is now taken down. It is 10-nufcs X of London. Lon. 2 E, lat. 51 41 X. Enfield, a townslnp of Hartford coun- ty, Connecticut; situated on the E side of Connecticut river, 6 milts X* of East W indsor, and 12 miles NW of TTollancl. Enfield, a township of Grafton, county. Xew Hampshire, containing about 15UU inhabitant^. Engadina, a country of the Grisons, in the mountains of the Alps. It is di- vided into Upper and Lower, extending along the banks of the river Inn, from its source to the Tirolcse. Uppar Eu- gadina is a beautiful valley ; yet, on ac- count of its elevation, produces nothing" but rye and barley. The winter sets in early, and even in summer, the air is cold and piercing, and the corn occasion- ally much damaged by the hoar-frost. Engers, a town of Germany, in the electorate of Treves, capital of a county of the same name. It is seated on the Rhine, 11 miles N of Coblentz. Lon. 7 32 E, lat. 50 35 N. Enghien, a town of Austrian Hainan It, near which was fought the famous battle of Stcenkirk. It is 15 miles SW of Brus- sels. Lon. 4 5 E, lat. 50 42 N. Engia, or Engina, an island of Tur- key in Europe, in a gulf of the same name, between Livadia and the More: 1 . There is a town upon it of the same name, 22 miles S of Athens. Lon. 23 59 E, lat. 37 45 X. England, the south and most conside- rable part of the island of Great Britain, bounded on the N by Scotland, on the XF. and E by the German Ocean, on the S by the English Channel, and on the W by St George's Channel, tt>e principality of Wales and the Irish Sea. It is of a trian- gular form. From the South Foreland in Ken , which may be termed the E point of the triangle, to Berwick upon Tweed, which is the X, its length in a straight line, is 345 miles ; from that point to the Land's End, in Cornwall, which is the W it is 425: and the breadth thence to the South Foreland is 340. The face of the country in England, affords all that beau- tiful variety which can be found in the most extensive tracts of the globe. In some parts, verdant plains extend as far as the eye can reach, watered by copious streams, and covered by innumerable cat- tie. In others, the pleasing vicissitudes of gently-rising hills and bending vales, fertile in corn, waving with wood, and in- E N G ENG tersnersed with meadows, offer the most delightful landscapes of rural opulence and beauty. Some tracts abound with prospec.s of a more romantic kind ; lofty mountains, craggy rocks, eleep narrow delis, and tumbling 1 torrents. Nor are there wanting - , as a contrast to so num\ agreeable scenes, the gloomy features oi black barre n moors and wide uncultiva- ted he:^**^On ihe whole, however, few countries have a smaller proportion of land absolutely steril and incapable ot culture. The richest parts are in general the midland and southern. Toward the N it partakes of the barrenness of the neighbouring- Scotland. TheE coast is in many parts sandy and marshy. A range of rude and elevated land, sometimes ri- sing into lofty mountains, extends from the borders of Scotland to the very heart of England, running from N to S and for- ming a natural division between the E and W sides of the kingdom. Cornwall is also a rough hilly tract; and a simi- lar character prevails in part of the ad- jacent counties. These mountainous tracts abound with various mineral trea- sures. The rivers are numerous : but the comparatively small extent of England will not permit them to vie, in length of course, with the great rivers on the con- tinent. The most considerable of them are the Thames, Severn, Medway, Trent, Ouse, Tyne, Tees, Eden, Avon, Derweni, Dee, Mersey, &c The lakes are neither numerous nor extensive. They are chiefly m the NVV counties ; and those of West- moreland and Cumberland, in particular, exhibit such varieties of beautifully ro- mantic and picturesque scenery, as to have become, for some years past, the fashionable object of summer excursions from the metropolis, and every part of the •-ountrv. With respect to climate, Eng- land is situated on the N part of the tem- perate zone, so that it enjoys but a scan- ty share of the genial influence of the sun. Its atmosphere is inclined to chil- ncss and moisture, subject to frequent and sudden changes, and is more favoura- ble to the growth, than to the ripening, of the products of the earth. No country is clothed with so beautiful and lasting a verdure : but the harvests, especially in the northern parts, frequently suffer from unseasonable rains ; and the" fruits often fall short of their perfect maturity. The rigours of winter, however, as well as the parching heats of summer, are felt here in a much less degree than in parallel climates on the continent; a circumstance common to all islands. While the sea- ports of Holland and Germany are every winter locked up with ice, those of Eng- land, and even of Scotland, are never known to suffer this inconvenience. The western side of the kingdom* receiving first the great clouds from the Atlantic Ocean, which are afterward intercepted in their passage by the middle ridge of hills, is considerably more exposed to rain than the eastern ; but the latter is more frequently involved in fogs and mists, The whole country, some particular spots excepted, is sufficiently healthy ; and the natural longevity of its inhabitants is equal to that of almost any region. All the most valuable productions, both ani- mal and vegetable, of this country, have been imported from the continent, and have been kept up and improved by con-» slant attention. Originally, this great is- land seems to have been, like the wilds of Amenea, overrun with wood, and peo- pled only by the inhabitants of the forest, ileoc formerly roamed the bear, the wolf, and the wild boar, now totally extirpa- ted. Large herds of stags ranged through the woods, roebucks bounded over the hills, and wild bulls grazed in tfye mar- shy pastures. By degrees the woods were destroyed, in order to make way for cul- tivation ; the marshes were drained; and the wild animals, invaded in their re- treats, gradually disappeared, and their places were supplied by the domestic kinds. England now possesses no other wild quadrupeds than some of the smal- ler kinds ; such as the fox, the wild cat, the badger, the marmot, and others of the weasel kind ; the otter, the hedge- hog, the hare and rabbit; the squirrel, dormouse, mole, and several species of the rat and mouse. On the other hand, every kind of domestic animal, imported from abroad, has b;en reared to the great- est degree of perfection. The horses are to be found in England of all sorts and fit for all kinds of service, for the saddle, the race, and the Carriage, all equally good though of very different natures, some small and hardy, others large and [strong ; so that asses are but little, and mules still less used. The horned cattle have been brought to the largest size and the greatest justness of shape. The dif- ferent races of sheep in England are va- riously distinguished, either for uncom- mon size, goodness of flesh, and plenty or fineness of wool. The deer cf our parks, which are originally a foreign breeefc are superior in beauty of skin, the delicacy of flesh, to those of most coun- tries. Even the several kinds of dogs have been traineel to degrees of courage, strength, and sagacity rarely to be met with elsewhere. The improvement in the vegetable products of this island is not d d m E NG ENG less striking than in the animals Nuts, acorns, crabs, and a few wild berries., were almost all the variety of vegctabi fo (I which our woods could boast T foreign countries, and .o the efforts o' culture, we are indebted for our bread the roots and greens of our tables, and all our garden fruits. The barley ami hops for our malt liquors, and apples for our cider, are equally the gifts of other lands. The meanest labourer is now fVd with more wholesome and delicate ali- ments than the petty kings of the coun- try could obtain in its savage and uncul- tivated state. The rivers and se.»s of England are stocked with a great variety of fish, which yield a plentiful article of provision to all ranks of people. The ri- ver fish are in many parts diminished. But the sea is an inexhaustible source ; and every exertion of industry to procure food from thence, is amply repaid. The fisheries, at present, are a great objee of attention; and the whole sea-coast is enlivened by numerous inhabitants, who gain their chief subsistence from the deep. The manufactures and commerce of his country are so vast, extensive, and vari- ous, that a particular a< count of them would lead us beyond our limits. In the woollen, cotton, and hardware manufac- tures, tn particular, it has long maintain- ed a pre-eminence ; and, though tiature has denied it the rich fruits of other countries, yet the manufacture, as it may be called, of home made wines, in imita- tion of all the varieties of the foreign, has been brought to an uncommon degree of perfection. The government of Eng- land is a limited monarchy ; the legisla- tive power residing in the km-c, lords and commons ; and the executive in the king the great officers of state, the judges, and all the inferior gradations of magis- tracy. The civil division of the country is into circuits, and shires, or counties ; these last are subdividedinto wapentakes, or hundreds, and parishes. The circuits are six in number, and in each of them, for the most part, two of the judges ad- minister justice twice a year. They are 1. The Home Circuit,containing the coim-> tics of Kent, Surry and Sussex. 2. The Norfolk Circuit, containing the counties of Bucks. Bedford, Huntingdon, Cam- bridge, Suffolk and Norfolk. 3. The Ox- ford Circuit, containing the counties of Oxford, Berks, Gloucester, Worcester, Monmouth, Hereford, Salop and Stafford. 4. The Midland Circuit, containing the shires of Warwick, Leicester, Derby, Not- tingham, Lincoln, Rutland, and North- ampton. 5. The Northern Circuit, con- taining the counties of York, Durham, Northumberland, Lancaster, Westmore- ..id, . nd Cumberland. 6. The Western ;.rcuit, containing Hants, \\ dts, Dorset, Somerset, Devon and Cornwall. '• . o jther counties, Middlesex and Ch: sli'.re, .re not included in any circuit, The es- tablished religion, as contained in the 39 articles of the church of Engl, nd is Cal- vinism; but these articl s are interpre- ted by the clergy in g i, accon .ng ? o thu more liberal prii of .Air.u- nius ; an i all other reli^ tp toiera- ted. The ec< lesastical d - i ol Eng- land, is into two archbishop. ics, called the provinces of Canterbury and York. Thar of Canterbury contains the dioceses f London, Winchester, Baih and Wells, Bristol, Chichester, Elv, Exeter*, Glou- cester, Hereford, Lichfield and ( oven- try, Lincoln, Norwich, Oxford, Peterbo- rough, Rochester, Salisbury, and Wor- cester, oeside the four Welsh bishoprics of St. David, Bangor, L*nd..ff, and St. Asaph.. The province of York contains the dioceses of Durham, Chester, and Carlisle, and that of So dor and Man. Ev- ery preLu of the sn s enumerated, that of Sotior and Man excepted, has a seat in he house of lords. London is the ca- pital, and the metropolis also of the whole British empire. England, 'A"ew t a country of North America, bounded on .he N by Canada, on the !/ by New Brunswick, and the Atlantic, on the S by that ocean and Long Island Sound, and on the W bj New Yoik. New England is a high, hil- ly, and in some parts a mountainous coun- try, formed by nature to be inhabited by a hardy tvee office, independent repub- licans. The mountains are comparative- ly small, running nearly north a< d south in ridges parallel to each other. Between these ridge* flow the great rivers in ma- jestic meanders, receiving the innumera- ble rivulets and larger streams which proceed from the mountains on each side. It contains the stares of New' Hampshire, Massachusetts, Rhode Island, Connecti- cut and Vermont ; which see.^iromvSni Engelberg, a valley of Swisserland, 10 miles long, entirely surrounded by very- lofty and barren mountains, and bounded by the cantons of Bern, Uri, and Under- walden. It was formerly subject to the abbot of a Benedictine monastery of the same name, who was under the protec- tion of the cantons of Lucern, Uri, Schweitz, and Underwalden. The ro- mantic scenery of this country has al- ways del itili ted the traveller, and engag- ed the attention of the naturalist. Gla- ciers, of a very great extent, and ex- tremely diversified, are found on the side E P H ERF of very fertile mountains, and exhibit singular poinls of view. There is abun- dance of fine black marble, white vein- ed ; a viti\olic earth, slate impregnated with vitriol; small crystals, called Swiss diamonds; silver, and vitriol. The ao- bey Is 12 miles SW of Aitcknf. See Tit- lisbarg. Eno, or Enos, a town of Romania, near the gulf f Eno, with a Greek archbi- shop's see, 125 miles W of Constanti- nople. Lon. 26 15 E, lat. 40 46 N. Enosb-irg, a township of Vermont, si- tuated in Franklin county, on the SE aide of Miehiscoui river, between Hun- ger ford and Montgomery. Ens, a town of Upper Austria, on a river of the same name, 12 miles SE of Lin z, and 90 W of Vienna. Lon. 14 22 E, lat. 48 13 X. Ensishdm, a town of Fiance, in the' depart meat of the Upper Rhine and late province of Alsace, seated on the 111, 10 mil s SW of Brisach. Lon. 7 30 E, lat. 47 58 N. E.nkirken, a town of Germany, in the duchv of Juliers, 15 miles SW of Co- lo g .. . Lon. 6 29 E, lat. 31 N. Entre-Douevoe-,Minho, a province of Portugal, 45 miles in length and breadth. Braga is the capital. Eperies, a town of Upper Hungary, ca- pital of the county of Saros, remarkable for its mines of salt. It is seated on the Tatza, 20 miles N of Cassovia. Lon. 21 13 E, lat. 49 8 N. Epernay, an ancient town of France, in the department of Marne and late pro- vince of Champagne. The wines produced in its neighbourhood, are very exquisite. It is 17 miles NW of Chalons. Lon. 4 E, lat. 49 5 N. JSphesus, an ancient and celebrated city of Natolia, in that part anciently called Ionia. It is now called Ajasalouc, by the Turks •, but of its former splendour there is nothing to be seen but heaps of mar- ble, overturned walls, columns, capitals, and pieces of statues. The fortress, which is upon an eminence, seems to be the work of the Greek emperors. The east- ern gate has three basso-relievos, taken from some ancient monuments ; thai in the middle was constructed by, the Ro- mans. The most remarkable structure of all, was the Temple of Diana, deemed one of the seven wonders of the world, and which the primitive Christians had converted into a church ; but it is now so entirely ruined, that it is no easy mat- ter to find the place where it stood : how- ever, there are some ruins of the walls, and of five or six marble columns, all of a piece, 40 feet in length, and seven in diameter. Ephesus is seated near a gulf of the same name, and lias still a good harbourV40 miles S of Smyrna. Lon. 27 33 K, lat. 37 48 N. Ephrata, or Tunkersto-um, a town of Pennsylvania, in the county of Lancaster. It is the principal settlement of a sect, who are professionally baptists, of Ger- man extraction, and first appeared in A- menca in 1719. It is 60 miles W of Philadelphia. Epinal, a town of France, in the de- partment of the Vosges and late pro- vince of Lorrain. It is seated on the Mo- selle, near the mountains of the Vosges, and is 35 miles SE of Nanci. Lon. 6 E, Lkt 48 9 N. Epping, a town in Essex, with a mar- ket on Friday. Its butter is highly es- leemed in London. Epping is seated at the X end of a forest of the same name, 17 miles XXE of London. Lon. 9 E, lat. 51 46 X. Eppixg Forest, a fine forest in the SW of Essex, formerly a much more exten- sive district, that contained a great part of the county. Epping, a post town of Rockingham county, New Hampshire, about 20 miles W of Portsmouth, and 8 S of Notting- ham, with 1120 inhabitants. Eppingen, a town of Germany, in the palatinate of the Rhine, with a castle, seated on the Elfats, 20 miles NE of Phi- lip sb org. Lon. 9 E, lat. 49 24 N. Epsom, a town in Surry, that has, from the number of opulent people residing in and near it, a daily market. It is celebra- ted for its mineral waters and salts. It is 15 miles SSW of London. Lon. 15 W, lat. 51 25 N. Epsom, a town of New Hampshire, in the county of Rockingham, 34 miles W by X of Portsmouth, and 14 SB of Con- cord. Here is a post office 556 miles from Washington. The inhabitants at the last enumeration amounted to 1034. Epworth, a village of the isle of Ax- holm, in Lincolnshire, 9 miles X of Gains- borough. It is the birthplace of John Wesley, one of the founders of the sect of the methodists. Erfi/rt, a town of Germany, capital of Upper Thuringia, with a university. It was formerly imperial, but is now sub- ject to the elector of Mentz, and is de- fended by two strong forts. The princi* pal magistrate is sometimes aprotestant and sometimes a papist ; but the greatest part of the burghers are protestants. It lias three fine libraries, one of which be- longs to the papists, another to the uni- versity, and a third to the prqtestant mi- tnisters. A fi!" happened here in 1736. E R I ESC which burnt dow n 180 houses, and seve- 1 rai chu;ches. It is seated on the river i Gere, 30 miles ESE of Malhausen. Lon. i 11 23 L, lat. 51 N. I Eribol, Loch, an arm of the sea, on the \ N coast of Sutherlandshire, capable of « affording a safe retreat to the largest ves- i sels. It receives several streams ; parti- ; cularly that which flows from a lake cal- led Loch Hope. Ericht, Loch, a large lake in Perth- shire, which extends several miles into < Inverness-shire. Near this place the un- fortunate Prince Charles wandered, after the battle of Culloden, in 1746, lurking in caves, and among rocks. The waters of this lake descend into another, called Loch Rannoch. Erie, Lake, in North America, lies be- tween 41 and 43 N lat. and 79 and 84 W lon. It is 290 miles long, and 40 in its broadest part. The islands and banks towards its W end are so infested with rattlesnakes, as to render it dangerous to land on them. The lake is covered near the banks of the islands with a large pond lily; the leaves of which are thick- ly spread on the surface of the water to an extent of many acres ; on these, in the summer, lie myriads of watersnakes, basking in the sun. It is also infested by the hissing snake, which is 18 inches long, small, and speckled ; when ap- proached it flattens itself in a moment, and its spots, which are of various co- lours, become visibly brighter through rage. This lake, at its NE end, commu- cates with lake Ontario by the river Nia- gara. Erie, a county in the state of Pennsyl- vania. It is bounded on the S by Craw- ford county, on the-E by Warren count} and the state of New York, on the NW by the lake Erie, and on the W by the state of Ohio. It has a front of 50 miles on the lake, and progresses rapidly in popula- tion and improvements. The chief town, Erie. Erisso, a town of Macedonia, with a bishop's see, at the bottom of the gulf of Monte Sancto. Erith, a village in Huntingdonshire, on the Ouse, five miles ENE of St. Ive s. Near this place is a piece of antiquity called Belfar's Hill, an artificial mount, generally supposed to be the place where the people took up arm9 against William the Norman, in 1066, after lie had defeat- ed Harold at the battle of Hastings; Erivan, a city of Asia, in a province of the same name, and capital of Persian Armenia, with an Armenian patriarch. It is defended by a fortress, in which is the governor's palace, and by a castle, on >.:i, Poland, Spain, Italy, Portugal, Hun- j gary, Swisserland, aiidpart of Russia and Turkey, beside several islands in the Mediterranean, rmd elsewhere. The lan- guages arc the Ital&n, French, Spanish, and Portuguese, which are dialects of the Latin : the German, Flemish, Dutch, iwedish, Danish, and English, which proceed' from the Teutonic : the Sclavo- :ian, which reigns (though in disguise) >. Poland, Russia, Bohemia, and a great part of Turkey in Europe: the Celuc, of vhich there are dialects in Wales, the Highlands of Scotland, Ireland, ISretagne in France, ai d Lapland : the modern Greek, and several others. The princi- pal rivers are the Danube, Dniester* Dnieper, Vistula, Volga, Dwina, Bog, Oby, Don, Scheldt, Rhine, Rhon. , Seine, Loire, Garonne, Groyne, Tajo, Thames, nd Severn. The principal lakes are hose of Constance, Geneva, Lausanne, Warner, Ladoga, and Onega. The chief mountains are the Alps, Appennines, and Pyrenees. The prevailing religion is the 'Jhristian, divided into the Greek, Ho- inish, and Protestant churches. There are also Jews in every country, and Ma- hometan ism is the established religion of the Turks Jj&iRjjg Euntatia, St., one of the smallest of the Leeward Islands in the West Indies. It is a mountain in the form of a sugar - loafj whose top is holiowj and lies to the N T W of St. Christopher. It was taken from the Dutch by the English in 1781 ; "but was afterwards taken by the French^ and restored to the Dutch in 1783$Lon. 63 10 W, Int. 17 29 X. Eutim, a town of Ifoistein, with a cas- tle, where the bishop of Lubec resides. It is seven miles from Lubec. E%vel, a town in Surry, with a'market on Thursday, seated on a rivulet which emptied- itself into the Thames, at King- ston 1 . ;■ It is 10 miles NNE of Darking, and 13 SSE of London. Lon. 15 W, lat. 51 26 N. Ex, a river, which rises in the forest of Exmoor, in Somersetshire, and after being joined by several little streams, leaves that county, below Dulverton, and runs to Tiverton, Exeter, and Topsham,, from whence it forms an estuary, which terminates in the English Channel, at Exmouth, lifter: a Course of 40 miles. Exeter, the capital city of Devonshire, ■situated on the river Ex, 10 miles N of the British channel. It is large, popu- lous, and wealthy, with gates, walls, and suburbs ; the circumference of the whole is ..bout three miles. It is the see of a bishop, transferred hither from Credi- ton, by Edward the Confessor; and is one of the principal cities in ihe king- dom for its buddings, wealth, and num- ber of its inhabitants. It had six gates, besides many turrets, several of which are now pulled down. Besides chapels ' E F, EXE FAB and five large meeting-houses, there are now 15 churches within die walls, and lour without. St. Peter's, the cathedral, is a magnificent pile; though little now remains of the ancient fabric of the church, except that part which is called Our Lady's Chapel. A niost beautiful modern painted glass window has been lately erected at the western end of the cathedral, the eastern end having before a remarkable fine antique one. In the other windows there is much fine ancient painted glass. The altar is remarkable for its beautiful design and execution. The grand western end of the church is most magnificently adorned with the statues of the patriarchs, &c. The Chap- ter-house was built in 1439. The beau- tiful throne for die bishop was construct- ed about 1476, and is said to be -the grandest of the kind in Britain. Ships of burden formerly came up to this city's but the navigation was almost destroyed by Henry Courtney, earl of Devoir, and though repaired, could not be restored' to its former state. Its port, therefore, is at Topsham, five miles below. It n'as 33 companies of tradesmen, a manufac- ture of serges and other woollen goods an extensive foreign and domestic com- merce, and a share in the fisheries of Newfoundland and Greenland. It is M- icrned'by a mayory sends two members t . parliament, and, is 68 miles SW of Bristol, and 173 W by S of London. Lon. 3 33 W, lat. 50 44 N. Exeter, a t iwn of North Carolina, on the NE branch of Cape Fear Rivei^SO miles N of Wilmington^ Exeter, an ancient town in Rocking- ham county, New Hampshire, settled ; ,s early as 1637. It is a post town, and seaport, next in importance' to Ports- mouth, and lies in the lat;' of 43 N and lon. of 71 W. — This town is famous i.< the annals of New England, as the #ssy- lum of the Rev. John WheelwTighUjyvhen he was disfranchised and banished by the government of Massachusetts-for l&s religious opinions. t'lxeter,.,* .ownship ' of Kent county, Rhode Island. It is situated on the head branches of Wood river, and is bounded by the line which divides this state from Connecticut in the. W, by North King- ston in the E, by West Greenwich in the N, and by Richmond and Hopkentorr in the S. The inhabitants are estimated at 2500. ' ■. * Exeter, a town of Otsego county New York, containing 1420 inhabitants, by the census of 1810. Exeter, a township of Berks count)', ••Pennsylvania,, situated 5 miles SE of the borough of Reading, on the NE side or Schuylkill. It contains 1000 inhabitants. Exilla, a strong fort of France, now in the department of the Upper, Alps, lately* in the province of Dauphiny. It was taken by the duke of Savoy n 1708, but restored by the treaty of Uirecht. It is an important passage, six niks W of Suza, and 40 NE of EmbrunT ,3 Exinoor, a fore.-t in Somersetshire, in the NttLcorner of that county, extend- ing thence into Devonshire. Exmoutli, a village in Devonshire, on the E side of the ba\ which forms the mouth of the river Ex, 10 miles S by E of Exeter. It is much frequented for the benefit of sea-bathing. : ^^^iF* Eye, a borough in Suffolk, with a market on Saturday. It sends two mem- bers to parliament, and has the ruins of a castle 4ind a Benedictine abbey. It is a mean built place, with narrow streets ; the chief manufacture is bonelace and spinning. It is 20 miles N of Ipswich, and 91 NE of London. Lon. 1 10 E, lat. 52 20 N. Eye, a river, which rises in the NW of Be wickshire, and falls into the British Ocean at Eyemouth; Eyemouth, a seaport in Berwickshire at the mouth of the Eye, formerly for- ified to curb the garrison of Berwick from which it is distant nine miles'. Lon. 1 50 W, lat. 55 51 \ T . ilyesdule, a sin; 11 island on the coast of Argpeshire, to the SE of Mull. It is noted for its slate', quarries. Eyndhoven, a town of Dutch Brabant , in the district of Bois-le-Duc, at the con flue nee of the Eynds and Dommel, 13 miles SE of Bois-le-Duc. Lon. 5 26 E, lafc 51 31 N. Eysoch, a river of the bishopric^, of Hrixen, which waters the town of that name, and falls into the Adige below FAABOJiG, a seaport of Denmark, on the S coast of the island of Funen. Lon. 10 16 E, lat. 55 12 N. Fnbius, a post town in Onnndago coun- ty, New York. It is situated on" the head spring's of Chenango liver, 148 miles W of Albany, and contains 1865 in- bab Hants] Fal'iano, a town of Italy, in the mar- quisite of Ancona, famous for its good F A I FAL paper. It is 25 miles NE of Foligni. I Fairhaven, a post town of Vermont, in Lon. 12 32 E, lat. 43 10 N. ¥s. Rutjaod county, 18 miles W of Rutland, Faenza, an ancient town of Italy, in | and 50 N of Benningion, with about 450 Romagna, with a bishop's see. It is fa- • inhabitants. mous for fine earthen ware, invented ! Fair Isle, an island of the Northern here; and is seared on the river Aniona, Ocean, between Shetland and Orkney, 12 miles SW of Ravenna. j from both which its high towering rocks Frfhlun, a town of Sweden, capital of; are visible. On the E side, the duke of Dalecarha, situate in the midst of rocks Medina Sidonia, admiral of the Spanish and hills, between the lakes of Run and Warpen. It contains two churches, and (including- the miners) 7000 inhabitants, whose houses are generally of wood, two stories high. It is chiefly celebrated for its copper mine, which is on the E side of the town. It is 30 miles NW of Hede- mora. Lon. 16 42 E, lat. 60 34 N. Fairfax, a populous county in the state of Virginia; situated on the S\Y side of Potowmac river, nearly opposite the dis- trict of Columbia, it contains about 15,000 inhabitants, mere than one third slav, The capital, Alexandria. Fairfax, a post town of Franklin coun- ty, Vermont ; situated about nine miles eas ward from lake Champlain, and con- taining about 800 inhabitants. Fairfield, a town of Connecticut, seat- ed near the Sea, 100 miles SW of Bos- ton. Lon. 73 30 W, lat. 41 12 N. Fairjield, a town of Vermont, near the borders of Canada ; situated in Franklin county, about 10 miles to the E of lake Champlain. Here is a post-office 573 miles from Washington. Fairfield, one of the maritime counties of Conncctimt. It is situated on Long Is- land sound on the S, on'the E it is bounded by Stratford river, and on the W by the state of New York. It contains 12 town- ships, and about 40,000 inhabitants. Fairfield, a county of Camden district, South Carolina ; it is situated between the Waberce and Broad rivers, about 30 miles northward from Columbia. It con- tains 10,000 inhabitants. The principal town Winn borough. Fairfield, a township of Ilcrkemer coun- ty, New York, containing 27'j-') inhabi- tants, &c. about 76 miles westward of Albany. Fairfield, the principal town of Fair- field county, Connecticut, lying about 20 miles SW of New Haven, in the lat. of 41 10 N and 73 \Y\ Fairford, a town in Gloucestershire, with a market on Thursday. The church has 28 large windows, curiously painted with -"scripture histories, in beautiful co-- lours, and designed by the famous Albert Durer. It is seated on the Coin, 25 miles SE of Gloucester, and 80 W by N of Lon- don. Lon. 1 44 W, lat. 51 40 X. M 5 m 3k ''IB Jim, / 32^J side of the river Rappahannock, opposite to Frede- ricksburg, 70 miles N of Richmond, and 60 S by W of Washington. False Baij, a bay E of the Cape of Good Hope, frequented during he prevalence of the 2S"W winds which begin in Mav. Lon. 18 33 E, lat. 34 10 S. False Cape, E of the Cape of Good Hope. Lon. 18 44 E, lat. 34 16 S. Falster, a little island of Denmark, near the entrance of the Baltic, between the islands of Zealand, Lapland, and Mona. Nikoping is the capital. Fuvuigusta, a town in the island of Cy- prus, with a Creek bishop's see, and a harbour, defended by two forts. It was taken by the Turks, in 1570, after a siege of six months, when they flayed the Ve- netian governor alive and murder< d the inhabitants, though they surrendered on honourable terms. It is 62 miles KE of Nicosia. Lorn 35 55 E, lat. 35 10 N. Famart, a tow n of France, 3 miles S of \ aiencienr.es, in the department of the North, where the allied forces defeated the French in 1793. Famine, Port, a fortress on the NE coast of the straits of Magellan. Here a Spanish garrison perished for w ant ; since which it has been neglected. Lon. 70 20 W, lat. 55 44 S. Fanatio, a town of Italy, in the Mode- nese, 25 miles S of Modena. Lon. 11 18 E, lat. 44 10 N. Fannet, a township in Franklin coun- ty, Pennsylvania; situated on the W branch of Conegoche: gue creek, between Strasburg and the Tuscoiora mountain. It. contains 1200 inhabitants. Fano, a town of Italy, in the duchy of Urbino, with a bishop's see. Here are an ancienttriumphaiarch, handsome church- es, and fine palaces. It is seated on the tfulf of Venice, 8 miles SE of Pesaro. Lon. 13 5 E, lat. 43 46 N. Faiitin, a small but populous kingdom of Africa, on the Gold Coast of Guinea;' where the English and Dutch have forts Its palm -wine is much better and strong- er than that in other parts of the coast. The principal village huus the same name. Faquier, an ancient and populous coun- ty of Virginia. It is situated on the E side of the blue ridge, having Loudon county on the N, and Culpepper on the. S, 70 miles W of Washington. The in- habitants arc estimated at 25,000. Farehaw, a tow~Q$h Hampshire, with n market on Wednesday, 12 miles E of Southampton, and 74. W by S of London. Lon. 1 6 W, lat. 50 55 X. F\rre-ive!f, Cape, the most southerly pro- montory of Greenland, at the entrance I FAR FE of Davis' Straits. Lon. 42 42 W, lat. 59 3s x. . v mmKL Furetoell, Cape, a promontory of the island of New Zealand. Lon. 172 41 E, lat. 40 37 S. Fargeau, St., an ancient town of France in tlte department of Yonnc,and hue pro- vince of Burgundy, with a rustle 10 miles SE of Briare, :ther Creek masters. In the same room are many valuable curiosities, besides a collection of admirable pictures by the best masters. There are various other rooms, whose contents are indicated by the names they bear ; as, the Cabinet of Arts, of Astronomy, of Natural History, of Medals, of Porcelain, of Antiquities ; *he Saloon of the Hermaphrodite, so cal- led from a statue which divides the ad- miration of the amateurs w ith that in the Borghese village at Home, though the excellence of the execution is disgraced by the vileness of the subject; and the Gallery of Portraits, which contains the portraits of the most eminent painters (all executed by themselves) who have flourished in Europe during the three last centimes. Our limits will not admit of a detail of the hundredth part of the curiosities and buildings of Florence. "We must not however omit mentioning' the chapel of St. Lorenzo, as being perhaps the finest and most expensive habitation that ever was reared for the dead ; it is encrusted with precious stones, and ad- orned by the workmanship of the best modern sculptors. Florence is a place of some strength, and contains an arch- bishop's see and a university. The num- ber of inhabitants is calculated at 8C,000. Florence is 45 miles S of Bologna, and 125 NW of Rome. Lon. 11 15 E, lat. 43 46 X. Flarent, St., a town of I 'ranee* in the de- partment of Maine and Loire and late pro- vince of Anjou. It lately had a rich Bene- dictine abbey. It is seated on the Loire, 20 miles VVSW of Angers. Lon. 56 W, lat. 47 24 N. Florentin, St., a town of France, in the department of Yonne, situated at the con- fluence of the Armance and Armancon, 15 miles NE of Auxerre, and 80 SE of Pa- ris. Lon. 3 55 E, lat. 48 1 N. Florentine, one of the three provinces of Tuscany, bounded on the W by the republic of Lucca and the Modenese, on the X by the Appennines, on thoE by the duchy of Urbino, and on the S by the Si- ennese. It is a well watered province, and very fertile. Florence is the capital. FloreS* a fertile island, one of the Azo- res, so called from the abundance of flow- ers found upon it. Lon. 31 W, lat. 39 34 X. Florida, a country of North America, 600 miles long-, and 130 broad ; bounded on the N by Georgia, on the E by the Atlantic Ocean, on the S by the gulf of Mexico, and on the W by the Mississipp4 It is divided into the E and W Florida : St. Augustine the capital of the -former,, and Pensacola of the latter The conn try about St. Augustine is the most un- fruitful ; yet, even here, two crops of In- dian corn are annually produced : the banks of the rivers which water the Flo- ridas are of a superior quality, and well adapted to the culture of rice and corn, while the interior country, w hich is high and pleasant, abounds with wood of al- most every kind; particularly white and. red oak, pine, hiccory, cypress, red and white cedar; the intervals between 7j«e hilly parts, produce spontaneously the fruits common to Georgia and the Caro- linas ; and the whole country is valuable, in a peculiar manner, for the extensive, ranges for cattle. Florida was discover- ed by Sebastian Cabot in 1497. Having- often changed masters, belonging alter- nately to the French and Spaniards, it was ceded by the latter to the English in 1*63 ; in whose hands it continued till 1781, when it was taken by the Spaniards, and ceded to them in 1783. Florida, a post town in Orange court 1 , New York, about 60 miles NW of the city of New York, on the post road to Albany. Furida, a post town of Montgomery county New York, containing 2700 inha- bitants. It is situated 35 miles NW of Albany. Flotz, a town of Walachia, seated on the Genissa, near its influx into the Da- nube. Flour, St., an episcopal town of France, in the department of Can tal and late pro- vince of Auvergne. It carries on a con- siderable trade in knives, audits fairs are famous for the sale of mules and rye. It is seated on a mountain, 45 miles S of Clermont, and 250 of Paris. Lon. 3 11 E, lat. 45 2 X. Flo-wdeii, a village in Northumberland, 5 miles N of Wooler, famous for a battle fought here by the English and Scots in 1513, in which James IV. was killed to- getherwith the flower of his iiohiUfyt Flowerto-wn, a village in Montgomery county, Pennsylvania. It has a post of- fice, and is 12 miles N from Philadc :1 phi:!. Flushing, a strong and considerable seaport of Dutch Zealand, in the island of Walcheren, with a good harbour, and a great foreign trade. It was put into the hands of queen Elizabeth as a seeuri ty for the money she advanced. It wasta- ken by the French in January 1795, and is 4 miles SW of Middleburg. Lon. 3 35 ■Z, lat, 5129 N. F O I FON Flushing, a township in Queen's county New York, siuiated about 5 milts E of New York, an& 180 S of Albany; and contains 2300 inhabitants. Fluvanna, a considerable river of Vir- ginia, which rises in the Alleghany moun- tains, and runs nearly an E course till it joins the Rivanna near Columbia. The united stream is then called James river, and falls into Chesapeak bay, at Hampton Roads. Fluvanna, a county of Virginia, situa- ted in the fork of the Rivanna and Flu- vanna rivers, and bounded westward by the Green mountain. It contains about 4000 inhabitants. Fochabers, a town in Banffshire, seated on a plain, near the river Spey. Here is Gordon castle, the princely mansion of the di,tke of Gordon, now greatly moder- nized. It is surrounded by ancient trees and elegant pleasure grounds, and the adjacent hills are crowned with fir and other trees. In the town, many girls are employed in spinning, and in the manu- facture of sewing thread, under the pa- tronage of the dutchess. It is 48 miles NW of Aberdeen. Fo-chan, a village of China, in the pro- vince of Quang-tong. It is called a vil- lage because it has no walls nor a pre- siding governor, although it has a great trade, and contains more houses and in- habitants than Canton. It is reckoned to be nine miles in circumference, and to contain 1,000,000 of inhabitants. It is 12 miles from Canton. Fochia, Nova, a town of Natolia, on the gulf of Sanderly, with a good har- bour, and a castle. The Venetians beat the Turkish fleet, near this place, in 1650. Fodgia, a town of Naples, in Capitana- ta, seated near the Cerbero, 10 miles E of Manfredonia. Fodioar, a town of Hungary, seated on the Danube, opposite Colocza. Lon. 19 36 E, lat. 46 39 N. Fogaras, a town and castle of Transyl- vania, on the river Alauta, 30 miles ?h, which they send salted to other parts of the empire. Its shores are very uneven, by reason of the number and variety of its bays. Its climate is warm ; and yet the air is so pure, that no contagious di- seases ever prevail here. The mountains are almost every where dispose.' into a kind of amphitheatres, by the labour of the inhabitants, with terraces placed one above another. The fields are watered with rivulets and springs, which issue out of the mountains, and which the hus- bandmen conduct in such a manner as to overflow the fields of rice when they please, because it thrives best in watery ground. They make use of pipes of bam- boo for this purpose. They have all commodities in common with the rest of China ; but more particularly musk, pre- cious stones, quicksilver, silk, hempen- cloth, calico, iron, and all sorts of uten- sils wrought to the greatest perfection. From other countries they have cloves, cinnamon, pepper, sandal-wood, amber, coral, and many other things. The capi- tal city is Foutcheou Fou. It contains nine cities of the first, and sixty of the third class. Foligui, an episcopal and trading town of Italy, in the duchy of Umbria, re- markable for its sweetmeats, paper-mills, silk-manufactures, and fairs. It it seated on the declivity of a mountain near a fer- tile plain, 69 miles N of Rome. Lon. 12 24 E, lat. 42 48 N. Folkstone, a town in Kent, with a mar- ket on Thursday. It was once a flourish- ing place, containing five churches, which are now reduced to one, and the inhabit- ants are chiefly employed in fishing. It is a member of the port of Dover, go- verned by a mavor, and is seated on the English Channel, eight miles S\V of Do- ver, and 72 E by S of London. Lon. 1 14 E, lat. 51 5 N. Fondi, an episcopal town of Naples, in Terra di Lavora.. It is seated on, a fer- tile plain, but in a bad air, near a Jake of its own name, 42 miles NW of Capua, and 50 SE of Rome. Lon. 13 24 E, lat 41 22 N. F O N FOR Fon-tsiang-fou, a city of China, in the province ot Chen-si. Its district contains eight cities of the second and third class, it is 495 miles SW of Pekin. Fong-yang'-fnn, a city of China, in the province of Kiang-nan. It is seated on a mountain, which hangs over the Yellow Itiver. It encloses within its walls seve- ral fertile little hills, and its jurisdic- tion is very extensive, as it compre- hends five cities of the second and 13 of the third class. It is 70 miles NE of Nanking. Fontcunbh-au, a town of France in the department of Seine and Marne and late province of the isle of France, remarka- ble for its fine palace, where the kings of France used to lodge, when hunting. It M as first embellished by Francis I- and each successive king added something to it ; insomuch that it was one of the finest pleasure-houses in the world. It stands in the midst of a forest, 35 miles SE of Paris. Lon. 2 47 E, lat. 48 25 N. Fontaine JJ Eveque, a town of France, in the department of the Xorlh and late province of Hainault, near the river Sam- bre, three miles W of Charleroy. Lon. 4 18 E, lat. 50 23 N. Fontarabia, a seaport of Spain, in Bis- cay, seated on a peninsula in the bay of Biscay, and on the river Bidasoa. It is well fortified both by nature and art ; has a good harbour, though dry at low wa- ter ; and is surrounded on the land side by the Pyrenean mountains. It is a very- important place, being accounted the key of Spain on that side. It surren- dered to the French arms in 1794. It is 22 miles SW of Bavonne, and 62 E of Rilboa. Lon. 1 33 W, lat. 43 23 N. Fontenai, a village of France, in the department of Yonne and late province of Burgundy, remarkable for a bloody battle fought, in 841, between the Ger- mans and the French, in which the Ger^ mans were defeated with the loss of 100,000 men. It is 20 miles SE of Aux- erre. Lon. 3 48 E, lat. 47 28 N. Fontenai-le-Comte, a town of France, in the department of Vendee and late pro- vince of Poitou. It has a woollen manu- facture, and its fair is famous for cattle, particularly for mules. It is seated oi the Vendee, near the bay of Biscay, 25 mile? NE of Rochelle. 'Lon. 55 W, lat. 46 30 N. Fontenoy, a village of Austrian Hain- ault, remarkable for a battle between the allies and the French, in 1745, in which the former were defeated. It is four miles SW of Tournay. Fontevrault, a town of France, in the ■h. • i tment of Maine and Loire and late province of Anjou. Here was a famous abbey, founded by Robert d'Arbrissel, in, 1100. It was the chief of a religious or- der, which, by a singular whim of the founder, consisted of both sexes, and the general of which was a woman. Queen Bertrade, so famous in history, was a- mong the first nuns that entered this abbey. It is nine miles SE of Saumur, and 160 SW of Paris. Lon. E, lat. 47 9 N. Fovcalqnier, an ancient town of France in the department of the Lower Alps, and late province of Provence, seated on a hill by the river Lave, 20 miles NE of Aix. Lon. 5 48 E, lat. 43 58 N. Forchain, a strong town of Franconia, in the bishopric of Bamberg, with a fine; arsenal. It was taken by the French in 1796, who were afterwards compelled to abandon it It is seated on the Rednitz, 18 miles S by E of Bamberg. Lon. 11 12 E, lat. 49 44 N. Fordham, a township in West Chester county, New York, containing about 200 Fondingbridge, a town in Hampshire, with a market on Saturday, seated on the Avon, 20 miles WSW of Winchester, and 87 W by S of London. Lon. 1 49 W, lat. 50 56 N. Fordun, a small village of Scotland, in Kincardineshire. Fordxvich, a member of the port of Sandwich, in Kent, seated on the river Stour, and governed by a mayor. It is noted for excellent trouts, and is three miles NE of Canterbury, and eight W of Sandwich. Forlandy JVo/*M, a promontory which is the NE point of the Isle of Thanet, in Kent. It is also the most southern part of the port of London, which is thence extended N, in a right line, to the point, called the Nase, in Essex, and forms what is properly called the mouth of the Thames. Here is a round brick tower, near 80 feet high, erected by the Trinity House, for a seamark. Foreland, South, a headland, forming the E point of the Kentish coast, and called South, in respect to its bearing from the other Foreland, which is about six miles to the N. Between these two capes, is the noted road, called the Downs, to which they afford a great se- curity. Forest-Towns, four towns of Suabia, ly- ing along the Rhine, and the confines of Swisserland, at the entrance of the Black Forest. Their names are Waidschut, L aiffenburg, Seckingen, and Rheinfel- den ; and they are subject to the house of Austria. F O R FOR Forsz, a province of France, bounded J on the W by Auvergne, on t!ic S by Ve- lay and the Yivarais, on the E by tlie Ly- onois, and on the N by Burgundy and the IJourbonnois. It is watered by the Loire, •and several other streams, and has seve- ral mines of coal and iron. It is now in- cluded, with the Ly.mois, in the depart- ment, of Rhone and Loire. Forfar, a borough of Scotland, and ca- pital of the county of ihe same name. It stands on tlie valley of Strathmore that runs from Perth NK to the sea. It is an ancient place, and here are the ruins of a palace built by .Malcolm Canmore. The lake of Forfar, stretching two miles in length, from E to W, and half a mile in breadth, covers the palace on the N. This lake abounds with trout, pike, perch and cel. Of late years it has been greatly reduced by draining- ; to which die immense quantity of fine marie at the bottom is the principal inducement. For- far is a fine flourishing place, and its in- habitants are doubled within these thirty vears; the houses have also increased in proportion besides being 1 greatly improv- ed. The church has been rebuilt in an elegant and extensive plan, calculated to contain 2,000 hearers. Its principal ma- nufacture is osnaburg-hs, and it is 20 miles W of Montrose. Lon. 2 54 W, lat. 56 35 N. Forfarshire. See Jlngusahire. Forges, a town of France, in the depart- ment of Lower Seine and late province of Normandy, remarkable for its mineral wa- ters. It is 60 miles NW of Paris. Lon. 40 E, lat. 49 38N. Forli, an ancient town of Romagnia, capital of a territory of the same name, with a bishop's see. The public struc- tures are very handsome, and it is seated in a fertile and healtliy country, 10 miles SE of Fazena, and 40 NB of Florence, Lon. 11 44 E, lat. 44 16 X. Formosa, an island in the Chinese Sea, 90 miles E of Canton, lying between 119 and 122 E lon. and 22 and 25 N lat. It is subject to the Chinese, who, notwithstand- ing its proximity, did not know of its ex- istence till the year 1430. It is about 85 leagues in length, and 25 broad; and a chain of mountains running from X to S, divides it into two parts, the E and W. The Dutch built the fort of Zealand, in the W part, in 1634. They were driven thence, in 1661, by a Chinese pirate, who made himself master of all the W part, which in 1682, submitted to the emperor of China. This island presents exten- sive and fertile plains, watered by a great number of rivulets that fall from the E mountains. Its air is pure and whole- some ; and it produces abundance of corn and rice, ami the greater part of o- ther grains. Most of the Indian fruits, many of those ofcEurope, tobacco, sugar, pepper, camphire, and cinnamon, are found here. The inhabitants rear a great number of oxen, which they use for rid ing, from a want of horses. They accus- tom them early to that kind of service, and, by daily exercise, train tiiem to gq as well as the best horses. These oxen are furnished with a bridle, saddle, and crupper. A Chinese looks as proud, whei mounted in this manner, as if he wen carried by the finest Barbary courser, Wholesome water is tlie only thing want ing in Formosa. It is very extraordina- ry that every kind of water in it is a deadly poison to strangers, for which no remedy has yet been found. On the 22d of .May 1782, this fine island was o verwhelmed, and almost desolated, by a furious hurricane and dreadful inunda tion of the sea, supposed to have beer occasioned by an earthquake. Tai-quans. is the capital. Forres, a town in Murray shire, seated on an eminence, close to a rivulet, it is a small well built town pleasantly situated, two miles to the E of the river Findhorn A little to the XE near the road, is a re- markable column, called King Seven's or Sweno's Stone, above 20 feet high, and 3 broad, covered on both sides by an- tique sculpture.. It is supposed to have been erected in memorv; of a victory ob- tained over the Danes, in 1008, before their final retreat from Scotland. For res manufactures some linen and sewing- thread, and is 15 miles W of Elgin. Fort Ann, a small post town of Wash- ington countv, Xew-York ; at the distance of 10 miles NW of Fort Edward, and 459 from Washington. Forteventura, one of the Canary Islands, 65 miles in length, and of a very irregu - lar breadth, consisting of two peninsula- joined by an isthmus 12 miles in breadth, It produces plenty of wheat, barley, beeves, and goats. Lon. 14 26 W, lat . 28 4 X. Fort Edward, (formerly a considerable British fortress) now a post town of Washington county, Xew-York ; situated on the E side of Hudson river, 50 miles X of Albany. Fort George, a town in AVashington county, New-York; on the SW coiner of lake George. Here is a post office 465 miles from Washington. Forth, one of the most noble and com- modious rivers in Scotland. It takes its rise near the bottom of Lomond hills .- and running from E to W, receives in it* F O U FOX prr-sage many considerable streams, de T riving- their waters from the eminences in t!)e midland counties of Norih Britain. Between Stirling- and Alloa, the Forth winds in a most beautiful and surprising manner ; so that, though it is but four miles by land, it is twenty four by wa- ter, between those two pi. ices. Below Alioa the river expands itself to a great bre adth between the counties of Lothian and Fife, till at Queen's-ferry it is con- tracted by promontories shooting- into it from both coasts ; so that, from being- four or five, there it is not above two spiles broad. At the mouth of it, from North Berwick to Fifeness, it is full five leagues broad; having the little island of May in the middle of it, and to the W of this the rocky island of B^ss ; notwith- standing- which, the largest fleet may en- ter and sail up it many miles with the ut- most facility and in the greatest safety. There is a communication between this river and the Clyde, by a canal 35 miles in length. Fort Wilkinson, a post town in Han- cock county, Georgia; situated on the river Appalachy, 30 miles W of George- town. Fortrose, a borough in Boss -shire, si- tuated on the Frith of Murray, nearly op- posite Fort George, and nine miles W of Inverness. Fossavo, a strong town of Piedmont, with a bishop's see, seated on the Sture, 10 miles NE of Coni, and 27 SE of Pigne- roi. Lon. 7 56 E, lat. 44 45 X. Fossombrone, a town of Italy, in the duchy of Urbino, with a bishop's see ; seated near the river Metro. 15 miles S W of Pesaro, and 12 SE of Urbino. Lon. 12 48 E, lat. 43 40 N. Foster, a town of Providence coun'y, Biiode Island, containing about 3000 in- habitants. Father'uigciy, a town in Northampton- shire, nine miles S of Stamford, near the river Nen. It is noted for the ruins of the castle where Richard III. was born, and where Mary, queen of Scotland, was beheaded. Foue, an ancient town of Lower Egypt, seated on the Nile, 25 miles S of Roset- to, and 40 E of Alexandria. Lon. 31 15 E, lat. 31 12 N. Fouget*qs t a town of France, in the de- partment of Maine and Loire and late province of Bretagne, with an ancient castle. It is seated on the Coesnom, 25 miles NE of Rennes, and 150 W of Paris. Lon. 1 13 W, lat. 48 22 N. Fmdsham, a town jn Norfolk, with a market on Tuesday, 16 miles NW of Norwich, and 111 NE of London. Lon. I 7 E, lat. 52 51 N. Four Cantons, Lake of the. See Wold- stcetter Sea. Foitrnemix Island, a small island in the South Pacific Ocean. Lon. 143 2 W, lat. 17 11 S. Fourness, in Loynsdale Lancashire, is a tract, between the Kent, Leven, and Dudden-Sands which runs N parallel with the W sides of Cumberland and West- moreland; ; nd on the S runs out into the sea ;,s a promontory. This whole tract, except on the coast, rises in hills and vast piles of rocks called Forness-Fells. En these mountainous parts are found quarries of a fine durable blue slate to cover buildings with, which are made use of in many other parts of the king- dom. The low or plain part of Four- ness, produces all sorts of grain, but principally oais, whereof the bread eaten in this country is generally made ; and there are found here veins of a very rich iron ore. Fou-tclieon-fov, a city of China, in Fo- kicn ; one of the most considerable in that province, on account of its trade, the con- venience of its rivers and port, the num- ber* of its literati, and the magnificence of its principal bridge, which has more than 100 arches! constructed of white stone, and ornamented with a double ba- lustrade. It is the residence of a vice- roy has under its jurisdiction nine cities of the third class, and is 360 miles NE of Canton. Fo-wey, a borough and seaport in Corn- wall, with a market on Saturday. It is a populous place extending above one mile on the E side of a river of its own name, and has a considerable share in the pilchard fishery. It sends two mem- bers to parliament and is governed by a mayor. It is 32 miles SW of Latmceston, and 240 V,' by S of London. Lon. 4 35 V/, lat. 50 19 N. Fowey, a river in Cornwall, which rises in the NE part, passes by Lestwith- iel, and enters the English Channel, at Fowey. Foxvleness, an i sland on the coast of Es- sex, formerly subject to inundations, till by the Dutch art of draining it has be- come good land. Fo-rborough, a township of Norfolk county, Massachusetts, situated on Wa- ding creek, a branch of Taunton river, about 25 miles S of Boston. The inhabi- tants are estimated at 1000. Vox Islands, a group of islands in the Northern Archipelago. They are 16 in number, and are situated between the G G F O X FR A E coast of Kamtsrhatka and the W coast of America, between 52 and 55 N la.L. Each island has a particular name ; but this general name is given to the whole group, on aceoimt of the great number 01 black, prey, and red foxes with which they abound. The dress of the inhabi- tants consists of a cap, and a fur coat that reaches down . to the knee ; some of them wear common caps of a party co- ; loured bird-skin, upon which they leave part of the wings an el tail. On the fore- part of then-hunting andfishingjcaps, they place a small board, like a skreen, adorn- ed with the jawbones of seabears, and or- namented with glass beads, which they receive in barter from the Russians. At their festivals and dancing parties they use a much more shewy sorts of caps. They feed upon the flesh of all sorts of sea animals, and generally eat it raw; but when they dress their food, they p'ace it in a hollow stone, they then co- ver it with another, and close the inter- stices with lime or clay; they next lay it horizontally on two stones, and light a fire under it. The provision intended for keeping, is dried without salt in the open air. Their weapons are bows, arrows, and darts ; and for derence, they use wooden shields. The most perfect equa- lity reigns among them ; they have neither chiefs nor superiors, neither laws nor punishments. They live together in families, and societies of several families united, which form what they call, a race, who, in case of attack or defence, mutually aid each other. The inhabi- tants of the same island always pretend to be of the same race, and each one looks upon his island as a possession, the property of which is common to al! indi- viduals of the same society. Feasts are very common among them, and, more particularly, when the inhabitants of one- island are visited by those of another. The men of the village meet their guests, beating drums, and preceded by the wo- men, who sing and glance; at the con- clusion of the d.mce, the hosts serve up their best, provisions, and invite their guests to partake of the feast. They feed their children, when very young, with the coarsest flesh, and for the mo: a town in Suffolk with a market on Saturday. It is seated near the head of a rivulet, and has the re- mains of a castle said to have been built in the time of the Saxon hep.archy. To this castle the princess Mary (afterwards Mary I.) retired, when lady Jane Grey v.'us proclaimed queen. Here is a stately church, in which are the monuments of some noble families. Tt is 30 miles E of iJhry, and 87 NE of London. Lon. 1 26 E, tat. 52 25 N. Frump* on, a town in Dorsetshire, with a market on Thursday, seated on the Fromc, 12 miles NW of Wevmouth, and 126 W bv S of London. Lon. 2 50 W, so 4$3§£! - i'fM France, a country of Europe, bounded on the N by the English channel and the Austrian Netherlands ; on the E by Ger- many, and the Alps, which separate it from Swisserland, Savoy, and Piedmont ; on the S by the Mediterranean Sea and Spain, from which kingdom it is divided by the Pyrenees; and on the W by the Atlantic Ocean. From the Pyrenees in the S, to Dunkirk in the N, its extent is F R A F R A >25 miles ; and something more from the most easterly part of Alsace to the most western point of Bretagne ; which pro- vince, it must be observed, extends above 100 miles further into the ocean than any other part of the country. France was lately an absolute monarchy, and divided into several military govern- ments', or provinces. These were Al- sace, Angoumois, Anjjbu, Armagnac, Ar- tois, Aunis, Auvergne, Barrois, Basques, Beam, Berry, Bigorre, Blasois, Boulon- nois, Bourbonnois, Bresse, Bretagne, Burgundy, Cambresis, Champagne, Cou- serans, Dauphiny, Forez, Foix, Franche Comte, French Flanders, Gascony, Ge- vasidan, Guiei.ne, French Hainault, Isle of France, Languedoc, Limosin, Lorrain, Lyonois, Marche, Maine, Marsan, Na- varre, Nivernois, Normandy, Orleanois, Ferche, Perigord, Picardy, Poitou, Pro- vence, Querci, Rouerdne, Rousillon, Sain- tonge, Soissonnois, Touraine, Velay, and Vermandois. All these provinces were divided into districts, which had their particular names. . The air of France is said to be peculiarly mild and whole- some. The soil in many places is excel- lent, though in others the heat in sum- mer entirely consumes the verdure ; and these parched spots are scarce found ca- pable of producing rye and chesnuts suf- ficient for the maintenance of the poor people who inhabit them. It must be owned, however, that agriculture was nevqr well understood in this country. France in general is not a mountainous country; though its boundaries on the land side are the high ridges called the Alps, which separate it from Italy, the Pyrenees which divide it from Spain, and mount Jura which separates it from Swisserland. Besides these, there are the Cevennes, in the province of Langue- doc, and Mount Dor in that of Auverg- ne. The country abounds with many and fine rivers, as the Loire, which runs N and N\V ; us course inch-ding the windings, not less than 500 miles. The I'll one flows through the country in a S W direction, and then running due S fills into the Mediterranean. The Ga ronne rises in the Pyrenean mountains,, and running NE communicates with the Mediterranean, by a canal made by or- der of Louis XIV. Th? Seine, the Some, Soihrae, Moselle, Var and Adour, are alt considerable streams, which are of gre: ' Service to the inland commerce of th<. country; and this is still further aug- mented by the great number of artifi- cial canals which open a c /mmunicatior betwixt one part of the Country and another*. That of Languedoc was 16 years before it was completed, and is carried through an extent of near 100 miles over hills and vallies, and in one place through a mountain. It was in- tended for a communication between the ocean and Mediterranean, to afford a more speedy passage for the French fleet; but did not answer the purpose. The greatest part of the fuel used by the inhabitants of this kingdom is wood ; which in the northern parts is scarce, which proves very distressing to the peo- ple In other places, however, there are large forests, particularly those of Or- leans, which cover an extent of 14,000 acres. In Alsace there are mines of sil- ver and copper, but too expensive to be wrought ; but there are mines of various metals in other parts, and coal is like- wise met with in some provinces ; there are several quarries of excellent stone, and a kind of a gem named the Two- quoise is met with in Lang-uedoc. Salt is made in great quantity in t r e island of Rliee, and at liocheford, and in the southern parts of the kingdom, where they employ the heat of the Sun success- fully for the purpose of evaporating the sea water ; but in general the commodity is scarce and dear all over the kingdom. Tnere is great abundance of wine made in this country ; the vines being the greatest care of the inhabitants, and next to these the cultivation of garden vegetables for soups and sallads. For- merly the French were celebrated for their skill in gardening, but they are now much inferior in this respect to the British. The animals are the same with ;hose of Britain, wolves only excepted, which in some places are very numerous and very dangerous. The French breed of cattle of ail kinds is much inferior to' that of England, the wool of the sheep is less fine, and the .sea coasts are not so well supplied with fish. Such was the situation of France in the year 1789, when the revolution commenced, since which time it has .been in such an unset- led state, as renders it impossible to give a true representation of the state of that 1 country. It cannot be imagined that we can here minutely trace the progress of the French revolution. For a particu- lar history .of the events of that period, "we must refer to more copious histories. On account of the deranged state of the finances Louis XVI was induced to corr- voke an assembly of the notables, and af- •Vr wards Che^Uttes general, who had not assembled since 1614. These consisted the nobility, e:< r^v. and the third -slate. or$Prfe commons, who were all mingled in one assembly. In the 'mean F R A F R A time it was reported that Paris was sur- rounded by an armed force. Notwith- standing this, on the removal of the po- pular minister, M. Neckar, in July 1789, a dreadful insurrection ensued in Pans ; the military refused to fire upon the peo- ple ; the formidable Bastile was captur- ed by the citizens; the governor, and some other obnoxious persons, were be- headed, and their heads carried about in horrid triumph on poles ; in a word, tight weeks after the opening of the stales ge- neral on the fifth of May, a revolution was effected, which then excited aston- ishment, and since that period even ter- ror and alarm in all Europe. On the 17th of July, the king- visited the Hotel de Ville in Paris, and surrendered him- self, as it were, to his people. From that moment, from being an absolute mo- narch, lie became one of the most limit- ed in Europe. The national assembly, now triumphant, proceeded to the most extraordinary measures. They abolished nobiliiy and the whole feudal system, and, confiscating the possessions of the clergy, rendered them dependant for sup- port, on a public allowance, like the ser- vants of the state ; and all the monaste- ries were suppressed. In October, in con- sequence of another dreadful riot at Ver- sailles, the king, the royal family, and the national assembly, were removed to Paris. The king was now, in fact, a state prisoner treated with the formalities ap- pendant to royalty, but watched in al his motions with the utmost circumspec tion. From this irksome situation he at- tempted to escape in June 1791, with the queen, his sister, the dauphin, ant the princess his daughter. He had a) most reached the frontiers, when he wa. arrested at Varennes, and conducted back to Paris. The national assembly completed a new constitution, which was accepted by the king in September, of the same year, when a new national as- sembly was elected. Jkit it was impos- sible that the king could long submit to the insults, which as they were not pu- nished, seemed to be sanctioned by the national assembly. Some of their decrees which were quite contrary to the spirit of the New Constitution he refused to sanction. This refusal concurring with other circumstances excited the most violent tumults among the profligate po- pulace of Paris. Innumerable libels is- sued from the press, full of the most ma- licious and absurd calumnies against the king, queen and the royal family, whom the Jacobin faction endeavoured by the vilest arts to render odious to. the" peo- ple. At kst in August 1792, the mavor of Paris, at the head of a deputation from that city, appeared at the bar of the national assembly, and demanded the deposition of the king. Before they could deliberate on this demand, a dread- ful insurrection ensued; the Thuilleries, the royal residen.ee, was attacked ; the Swiss guards were defeated and massa- cred ; and the king and the royal family took refuge in the national assembly. That body instantly decreed the suspen- sion of the executive power in the hands of the king, and the convocation of a na- tional convention. The king and his fa- mily were co veyed to a house in Paris, called the Temple, and there kept in close confinement, with circumstances of the most humiliating* degradation. Be- tween the prison and the grave of a de- posed sovereign, the distance, it lias been observed, is not very remote. The con- vention met on the 21st of September, uui instantly decreed the abolition of royalty, and the formation of a republic on the principles of liberty and equality. Ill December following, they decreed, Jiat the king should be tried before •hem. The trial accordingly took place ; and this tribunal, exercising at once the incompatible characters of accusers, pro- secutors, and judges, condemned the un- fortunate monarch ; who, in pursuance of their sentence, was publ cly behead- ed, in the Place de la Revolution, lately called the Place de Louis XV. on the 21st of January 1793. All Europe ex- claimed against the injustice and cruel- y, not to say the impolicy, of this pro- ceeding. Powers, hitherto neutral in lie war, were eager to take an active part in it; and the new republic had to contend whh the principal powers of Eu- ope. After the murder of the king, France became a prey to the most afnict- a post town, and the capital of .Monmouth county', Xcw Jersey, with about 3500 inhabitants. It is thirteen miles SW of Shrewsbury, and 22 NE of Freeport, a post town in Cumberland county, Maine, situated near the head of Casco Hay; about 17 milesNE of Port- land. H9DrPil Free Town, a township of Bristol coun- ty, Massachusetts, situated oh the E side of Taunton river, about 10 miles above Mount Hope bay. French Broad, a navigable river of Ten- nessee, which rises in Sevier county, and fails into Hoi stein river at Knoxville. Frenchman '* JBay, a bay and a settlement round it, in the district of Maine. It was so named from a small colony of French established, there as early as 163%. Frei/bnrg, a township of Maine, York county, on the E side of Cold river, 35 miles NW of Portland. Friesingen, a town of Germany, capital of a bishopric of the same name, in the circle of Bavaria. It surrendered to the French, September 3, 1796. It is seated on a mountain, near the Iser, 20 miles N by E of Munich. Lon. 11 50 E, lat. 48 26 N. Frejns, a fortified town of Provence in France, now in the department of Var. By the Romans, it was called Forum Ju- lii ; and at that time had a good port on the Mediterranean, which is now above a mile from it. It is the birthplace of Agricola ; and near it, some fine remains of antiquity are still visible. It is seated near the river Argens, in a morass, 40 miles NE of Toulon. Lon. 6 50 E, lat. 43 26 N. Frescati, a town of Italy, in Champag- na di Roma. It derives its name from the coolness of the air, and fresh verdure of the fields around. In its neighbour- hood are situated some of the most mag- nificent villas in Italy. It is built on the ruins of the ancient Tusculum, the Tusculan villa of Cicero is at no great dis- tance. Frescati, with Tivoli and Alba- no, is the favorite abode of the landscape painters who travel into Italy for im- provement. Nothing" can surpass the ad- muvdde assemblage of hills, meadows, lakes, cascades, gardens, ruins, groves, and terraces, which charm the eye, as i r wanders among the shades of these de- lightful villages. Frescati is seated or. thV declivitv of a hill, 12 miles SE ol Rome. Lon. 11 42 E, lat. 41 48 N. Frevderstadt, a strong town of Suabia. in the Black Forest, built in 1600, to defend the passage into this forest. It is 12 miles SE of Strasburg. Lon. 21 E, lat. 48 28 N. Freudenthid, a town of Silesia, cele- brated for its breed of horses, and manu- facture of fine linen. Lon. 17 21 E, lat 50 3 N. Frefjstadt, a town of Hungary, in the county of Neitra, with a strong castle, seated on the Vv'aag, opposite Leopold- stadt. Lon. 18 10 E, lat. 48 32 X. Freystadt, a town of Silesia, in the duchy of Treschen, 20 miles E of Trop- paw.' Lon. 18 15 E, lat. 50 N. Frias, a considerable town of Spain, in j Old Castile, seated on a mountain, near the river Kino, 35 miles NW of Burgos. Lon. 3 46 W, lat. 42 52 N. Friburg, one of the cantons of Swisser- ; land, surrounded on all sides by the can- jton of Bern. It is fertile in corn, fruits (and pastures. Friburg, a town of Swisserland, capi- ! tal of a canton of the same name. The [ public buildings, especially the cathe- dral, are very handsome, and the inhabi-' jtants are papists. Its situation is very j extraor dinary, for only the W side is near plain ground, and all the rest is built upon rocks and precipices, several parts of which are accessible only by- stairs and ladders. Three miles from this town is a celebrated hermitage, cut in a rock, which contains a church and steeple, a vestry, a kitchen, a large hall, two rooms on each side, two pair of stairs, and a cellar. The church is 63 feet long, 36 broad, and 22 high ; but the most wonderful thing of all is the steeple, which is 70 feet high above the rock : and the chimney of the kitchen is 90 feet in height. It is almost inconceiv- able how one man, with his servant, could perform so difficult a work, though hey were 25 years about it. Friburg is seated on the river San, 15 miles SW of Bern. Lon. 6 55 E, lat. 46 48 N, Friburg, a town of Suabia, capital of Rrisgaw ; remarkable for the steeple of the great church and for its university The inhabitants arc famous for polishing crystal and precious stones. It surren- dered to the French in June 1796. It is seated on the river Triser, 10 miles E of f.irisach, and 26 S of Strasburg. Lon. 7 57 E, lat. 48 10 N. Fricenti, an episcopal town of Naples, in Principato Ulteriore, near the river Triapalto, 20 miles SE of Benevento. Lon. 15 9 E, lat. 40 59 N. Friedberg, an imperial town of Germa- ny in Weteravia, seated on a mountain, 15 miles NE of Franc fort. Lon. 8 46 E, lat. 50 10 N. F R I F R O Friedberg, a town of Germany, in Ba- varia, with a castle, taken and plunder- ed by life Swedes in 1632. It. is 30 miles N\v" () f Munich. Lon. 11 10 E, iat. 40 Fjnedb :\ a town of Germany, in Mis- nia, remarkable for its mines, and for being* the burying- -place of the princes of tJie house of Saxony. It is seated on the llulta, 15 miles SYV of Dresden. Lon. 13 36 W, hit. 51 OX. Friedberg, a town of Germany, in Thu- ringia, seated on the Lnstruc, 30 miles W of Leipsick. Lon. 11 41 E, hit. 51 Friedber'gt the name of two small towns in Silesia ; the one in the duchy of J aver, and the other in the duchy of Schweldnitz. The last is remarkable for a battle gained there by the king of Prus- sia, over the Austrians, in 1745. F riding, a town of Suabia, on the Da- nube, 30 nyles NE of Constance. Lon. 9 . 31 E, lat. 48 11 N. Fridland, a town of Bohemia, on the confines of Silesia, 55 miles E of Dres- den. Lon. 15 15 S, lat. 52 4 X. Fridtingen, a town of Suabia, three miles E of the Rhine, and four N of Basle. Lon. 7 36 E, lat. 47 40 N. Friendly Islands, a group of islands in the South Pacific Ocean, so named by captain Cook, in 1773, on account of the friendship that appeared to subsist among the inhabitants, and their courteous be- haviour to strangers. The general ap- pearance of these islands convey an idea of the most exuberant fertility ; the sur- face, at a distance, seems entirely cloth- ed with trees of various sizes, some of which are very large, particularly the tall cocoa-palm, and a species of fig with narrow pointed leaves. On closer examination, they arc almost wholly laid out in plant a ions, in which are some of the richest productions of nature ; S'.ich as bread-fruit and cocoa-nut trees, pi. r tains, yams, sugar-canes, and a fruit like a nectarine. The stock of quadrupeds is scanty ; but thev v; ceived from dp tain Cook some valuable additions, hot!- to the animal arid vegetable kingdom Their domestic fowls are as large as those of Europe. Among the birds an parrots and parroquets of various sorts, whieh furnish the red feathers so much esteemed in the Society Isles. The nr. tncroua ivefs and shoals afford sheltc :• ['.-•:• an endless varietv of shell-fish. These islands are all inhabited by a race or'pe pie, who cultivate the earth with greai industry; and nature, assisted by a lit- tle art, appears no where in greater splendour. Agriculture, architecture, boal-i)iiilding, and fishing are the em- ployments of the men ; to the women is confined the manufacture of cloth. Fiiesachy a town of Germany, in the archbishopric of Saltzburg, with a strong castle, on a mountain. It is 56 miles SE of Saltzburg. Lon. 14 12 E, lat. 47 12 N. Friesland, one of the United Provin- ces, bounded on the N by the German Ocean, on the W by the Zuider-Zee, on the S by the same and O'.cryssel, which, also, with Groningen, bounds it on the E. Le warden is the capital. Friesland, East, a province of Germa- ny, in the circle of Westphalia, lying near the German Ocean. It is bounded on the S by the bishopric of Minister, on the E by the county of Oldenburg, on the W by the province of Groningen, and on the X by the sea, being about 50 miles in length, and 30 in breadth. The country being level and low, is obliged to be secured against inundations by ex- pensive dykes. It is a very fertile coun- try, and feeds a great number of cattle ; but it was greatly damaged*, by an inun- dation in 1717, and the repair of the dykes cost an immense sum. The prin- cipal towns are Xorden, Leer, Essens, Whitmunde, and Aurick. Embden was an imperial city, and the principal place in the country ; but now belongs also to the king of Prussia, who bought it of the Dutch.' Fri&s!ond, fl'cst, another name for that part of Holland, called North Holland. The states of Holland hence take the title of the states of Holland and West Trirsland. Frin-.va'u, a town of Germany in the gravate of Brandenburg, seated on the Oder, 30 miles XE of Berlin. Lon. 14 10 E, lat. 52 50 N. Frio, Cape, a promontory of Brasil, in 'he province of Rio Janeiro. Lon. 41 31 \V, lat. 22 54- S. Frinehah, a bay of the Baltic Sea, at •he mouth of the Vistula. Fritzlar, a town of Germany, in th« landgravate of ilusse-Cassel, 20 miles S YV of Cassel. Friirii, a province of Italy, bounded on the X by Carin.hia, on the S by the If of Venice, on the E by Carniola and ' gulf of Trieiuo. and on the W by th© Trevasano and Bclhmese. It is fertile in wine and fruits, -and subject partly to the Venetians, and partly to Austria. Udina e a p it ah • .• ;; jk«|B^ : : Fro6isher\<: Sfrnitr, a little N of Cape Parcwisns and West Greenland, disco- .er-d bv Sir Martin Frcbisber. Lon. 42 o w, iat. 63 o s.mgm'^mm: ' H K<& » ~*\ d F U E * l'UN ? rodingham, a town in the E riding of Vorksiure, with a market on Thursday, 36 miles E of York, and 194 N oi' Lon- don. Lon. 12 W, Int. 53 .56 X. Fro(hham ) a town in Cheshire, with a castle at the W end, and a market on Wednesday. It is seated near the Mer- sey, by Frodsham Hills, the highest hi the county, 11 miles XE of Chester, and 182 NNW of London. Lon. 2 48 W, lat. 53 21 N. Frome, or Froom, a river in Dorset- shire, which conies from the S\V part of the county to Dorchester, and pro- ceeding- to Wareham empties itself into the bay that forms the harbour of Poole. Fvome, a river in Somersetshire, which flows by the town of Frorae, and unites with the Avon at Bristol. Frame, a town in Somersetshire, with a market on Wednesday. Their chief manufacture is second cloths. It is seat- ed on the Frome, 12 miles S of Bath, and 104 W bv S of London. Lon. 2 16 W, lat. 51 10*N. Ft*»nsac } a town of France in the de- partment of Gironde and late province of Guienne, seated on the Dordogne, 22 miles NE of Bourdeaux. Lon. 6 16 W, lat. 45 4 N. Fronteira, a town of Portugal, in Alen- tejo, 19 miles NE of Estremos. Frontigniac, a town of France, in the department of Ilcrault and late province of Languedoc, remarkable for its excel- lent muscadine wines. It is seated on Lake Maguleone, 14 miles SW of Mont- pellier. Lon. 3 48 E, lat. 43 46 N. Front Royal, a town in Frederick coun- ty, Virginia, on the E side of Shenan- doah river, near the Blue-Ridge moun- tain, 20 miles S of Winchester, and 38 X of Culpepper. Here is a post-ofiicc. Froveny an island in the Xorth Sea, ;)bout 35 miles in circu inference, and si- tuated near the coast ofXorwav. Lon. 9 E, lat. 63 46 X. Fmtingen, a beautiful tovSffcof Swis- serland, situated in the canton of Bern, ,1 miles SE of Friburg. Frnbcrg, a post town of York county, Maine ; lying on the X branch of Saco river, 58*miles XW of. Portland, and 648 from Washington. Fnego, one of the Cape de Verd Islands, in the Atlantic. Ocean. R is much high- er that} any of the rest, and seems to be a single mountain at sea, but on tlxe sides there are deep rallies. It is a volcano, which burns continually, and may be seen a great way off at sea. The Port u- guese, who first inhabited it, brought negroes with them, and a stock of cows, horses, and hogs, but no \f the chief inhabitants are blacks, of the Romish religion. It is 300 miles W of Cape de Verd. Lon. 24 30 W, lat. 14 54 X. Fiien-hoit fou, an extensive and popu- lous city of China, in the province of I'etcheli, celebrated for the beauty of its streets and triumphal arches. It has un- der its jurisdiction two cities of the se- cond rank, eight of the third, and many- fortresses, which bar the entrance of China against the Tartars. It is seated near the great wall, amid mountains. Fuen-tchcou-fou, a commercial city of China, in the province of Chang-sii. It is noted for its baths and springs, which are almost as hot as boiling water, and attract a great number of strangers. Its district contains one city of the second, and seven of the third class. It is seated on the river Fuen-ho, 250 miles SW of Pekin. Fuente-Duegna, a town of Spain, in New Castile, seated on the- Tajo, 35 miles SE of Madrid. Lon. 3 W, lat. 40 14 N. Fuessen, a town of Suabia, belonging to the bishop of Augsburg, with an an- cient castle. It is seated on the Lech, 50 miles S bv E of Augsburg. Lon. 11 15 E, lat. 47 40 X T . FiiLh-ntaU, a town of Silesia, in the duchy of Troppaw, seated near the Moh- ra, 16 miles W by S of Troppaw. Fiila* or Thule, one of the Shetland Islands, W of Mainland, thought by some to be the Ultimata Thule of the ancients. Fulde, a town of Germany, in the cir- cle of the Upper Rhine, with a celebrat- ed abbey, whose abbot is primate of the abbies of the empire, and sovereign of a small territory between Hesse, Franco- nia, and Thuringia. It is seated on the Fulde, 55 miles S of Cassel. Lon. 9 43 E, lat. 50 40 X. Ful/iavi, a village in Middlesex, four nvjles W by S of London, seated on the Thames, over which is a wooden bridge to Putney. It has been the demesne of the bishops of London ever since the conquest : here they have a palace , and in the church-yard are the tombs of seve- ral of the prelates of that see. Fvnchal, the capital of Madeira, situ-^ ate round a bay, on the gentle ascent of* the first hills, in form of an amphithea- ; ire. An old castle, which commands ; the road, stands on the top of a steep ''black rock, surrounded by the sea, at \ high-water. On a neighbouring eminence above the town is another, caHect St. ! Joint's Castle ; and on the seaside are se- ' veral batteries. The streets are narrow, j ill-paved, and dirty. The houses are F U T GAB built b£ freestone, or of brick; but they are dark, and only a few of the best, be- longing- to the English merchants, or tlie principal inhabitants, are provided with glass windows ; all the others have a kind of lattice-work in their stead, which hangs on hinges, and may he lifted up occasionally. Lon. 17 6 W, lat. 32 38 X r . Fuiidy, a bay of North America, be- tween New England and Nova Scotia, remarkable for its tides, which rise to the height of 50 or 60 feet, and flow very rapidly. Funeu, an island of Denmark, 340 miles in circumference : separated from Jutland by a strait called the Little Belt, and from Zealand by the Great Belt. It is remarkably fertile in pasture and grain, and exports to Xorway, barley, oats, rye, and peas. Odensee is the capital. F 'uniess, a town of Austrian Flanders, seated near the German Ocean, on the canal from Bruges to Dunkirk, which was destroyed by the English forces in 1798. It was one of the barrier towns ; but, in 1781, the emperor Joseph II. ex- pelled the Dutch garrison. It surrender- ed to the French in 1793, and is 12 miles E of Dunkirk. Lon. 2 45 E, lat. 51 4 X. Furruckabad, a district of Hindoos tan Proper, contiguous to the W bank of the Ganges, and surrounded by the domini- ons of Oude. It is little more than 30 miles in extent, and belongs to a chief of the Patan R oh ilia tribe. Its capital is of the same name. Lon. 79 30 W, lat. 27 28 N. Furstenburg, a principality of Suabia, bounded by the duchy of Wirtemburg, the county of Hohenburg and other ter- ritories of the house of Austria, by tiie Brisgaw, the Black Forest, and the lake and bishopric of Constance. In this state the river Danube takes its rise. Furstenburg, the capital of a principal- ity of the same name, in Suabia, with a eastle, seated on a mountain, near the Danube, 17 miles S of Rotweil. Lon. 9 E, It. 47 53 N. Furstetrfeid, a town of Lower Stiria, with a castle, on the river Ausnitz, 50 miles S of Vienna. Lon. 16 5 E, lat. 47 23 X. Furstemoald, a town of German v, in the middle marche of Brandenburg-, "seat- ed on the Spree, 20 miles W of Francfort on the Oder. It was taken bv the Swedes in 1631. Lon. 14 8 E, lat. 52 23 N. Futtupaur Sicri, a considerable town .fllmdoostan Proper, in the province of Agra, seated under a range of hills,- the southern boundary of an immense plain, in which for tlie greatest part, not a shrub is to be seen, and the soil is (ieht, and almost as line as hair-powder .; a cir- cumstance productive of the most dis- agreeable effects, when this fine dust is taken up by the hot winds from the west- ward. Its situation too, is unhealthy, from the ifidWferent water witlv which the whole country abounds. How eve' the country immediately near tlie town is in tolerable cultivation. On tlie sum- mit of the highest hill is a large mosque, built by the emperor Acbar, in the first style of Moorish architecture ; and at the foot of this hill are the ruins of an imperial palace, which occupy a greai extent of ground. It is 42 miles W hi Agra. Lon. 77 45 E, lat. 27 X. Fual, one of the Azores, or Western Islands. It is well cultivated and has a- bundance of chesnuts, beeches, myrtles, and aspen-trces. The most considerable place is called Villa de Horta. Lon. 28 36 W, lat. 38 32 X. Fyers, a river of Inverness-shire, in Scotland, which, descending from the S, flows toward Loch Xess. Over this riv- er is built a stupendous bridge, on two opposite rocks; the top of the arch be- ing above 100 feet above the surface of the water. A little below the bridge is the celebrated Fall of Fyers, where a great body of water darts through a nar- row gap between two rocks, then falls o- ver a vast precipice into the bottom of the chasm, where the foam rises and fills the air like a cloud of smoke. Fyne, Loch, an inlet of the Atlantic in Argvleshire, near 40 miles in length., noted as the resort of the herring' shoals, and numerous fishing vessels. It re- ceives and returns a tide on each side of the isle of Arran, which is directly oppo- site its entrance. Frzabad, a large city of Ilindoostan Proper, in the territory of Oude, of which it was once the capital. Here are the re- mains of a vast building, the palace of the late nabob Sujah ul Dowlah. The city is very populous : but since the re- moval of the court of Oude to Lucknow, the people are of the lowest class. It is seated oil the Gogra, a large river from Thibet, and is 80 miles E of Lucknow, and 500 NW of Calcutta. Lon. 82 30 E, lat. 29 34 N. C. UL illET, a town of France, in the department of tiers and late province of Ga- ronv, seated on the Gelise, 20 mil • \V -.a Godfc m. Lon.O 6F, lat. 44 59 N GAL GAL Gabel, a town of Bohemia, 45 miles N of Prague. Gabian, a village of France, in the de- partment of Herault and late province of Languedoc, famous for its mineral waters. Gabin, a town of Poland, in the pala- tinate ot Ruva, 50 miles NW of Warsaw. Lon. 19 45 E, lat. 52 26 X. Gaieta, an ancient town of Naples, in Terra di Lavora, with a fort, a citaclt i, a harbour, and a bishop's see. It was tak- en by the Austrians, in 1707, and by die Spaniards in 17J4. It is seated at the loot of a mountain, near the sea, 30 miles NW of Capua. Lon. 13 47 E, lat. 41 30 HP. Gaillac, a town of France, now in the department of Tarn, lately in the pro- vince of Lang-uedoc, remarkable for its wines. It is seated on the Tarn, 10 ] miles SW of Alby. Lon. 2 5 E, lat. 43 54 \ r . Gaillon, a town of Fiance, in the de- part ment of Eure and late province oT Normandy, remarkable for its arohiepis- copal pab. ce„ which lately belonged to the archbishop of Rouen. It is five miles from Andely, and 22 from Rouen. Gainsborough, a town in Lincolnshire, with a market on Tuesday, seated near the river Trent, over which is a handsome stone bridge. It is a pretty large well- built town, its river being 1 accessible to vessels of sufficient size to navigate the sea : and serves as a place oi' export and import for the N part of the county, and for Nottinghamshire. It is 17 miles NW of Lincoln, and 151 N by W of London. Lon. 36 W, lat. 53 28 N. Gairloch, a large bay of Scotland, on the W coast of Ross-shire. In this bay, which gives name to a tract of land m ai- lt, the fishing of cod, and other white fish is very considerable. Gaisee, a village of Svasserland in Rhode exterior, which is the protestant stantinople, seated opposite the seraglio, on the other side of the harbour. It is inhabited by Christians of all sorts, as well as Jews, who exercise "heir religion publicly; and here wine is sold in ta- verns, which is not allowed in the city itsel!'. tritlfally, a town of Ireland, in the county of Tipperarv, 23 miles SE of Lim- erick. Lon. 8 20 W, lat. 52 15 N. Galicia, a large country in the S of Po- land, which consists of that part of Lit- tle Poland, which lies on the S side of -the Vistula, almost the whole of Red Russia, and a slip of Podolia. It was forcibly- seized by the Austrians in 1772, and in- corporated into the Austrian dominions, under the appellation of the kingdoms of Galicia and Lodomeria. Galicia, a province of Spain, bounded on the N and W by Ike Atlantic,, on the S by Portugal, and on the E by the As- turias and Leon. The air is temperate along the coast, but in other places cold and moist. It is thin of people. The pro- duce is wine, flax, and citrons. Here al- so are good pastures, copper, and lead :-, and the forests yield wood for building of ships. St, J ago de Compostella is the capital. Galichia, JK'ew. See Guadalajara. Galistio, a town of Spain in Estrr.inadu- ra, 10 miles NW of Piacentia. Lon. 5 8 E, lat. 40 2N, Gall, St. or St. Gaikn, a town of Swis- serland, in Thurgau, with a rich abbey, whose abbot is titular prince of the Ger- man empire, ar.d formerly possessed theft' sovereignty of the town ; but the inhabi- tants shook off his authority, and became independent. The town is entirely pro- tectant, and its government at cratical. The subjects of he nVitoi-y is distinct. It is a cheerful n a fine weli-wa *e of the abbot's tc >to-ctemo- the abbot, re most!}- <:;-.- ?at town, s;- :\:d yalley in : torn ;-, close division of the county of Appenzel. It is much resorted to oh account of its goat's i to the abbey in which that prince re whev, which is brought from a neigh- j sides, who is reciprocallv suiTOt <».dedb] bouring mountain. Galacz, a town of Bulgaria, seated near the Danube, between the mouths of the Pruth and Seret. Galashiels, a village in Selkirkshire, seated on the Gala, near" its confluence with the Tweed. Here is a flourishing manufacture of woollen cloth and flan- nels, and superior cloths have been tried with tolerable success. It is 25 miles S by E of Edinburgh. Galaso t a river of Naples, ln,Otranto, which rises in the opening near Oria, and falls into the gulf of Tarauto, Cuhiia, the orir.cioal suburb of Con- ledby the town. In the abbey is an ancient li- brary which contains several valuable MSS T of the classics and gospels. The linen manufacture has flourished here lor many years, and still preserves its repu- tation. Its effects are very sensibly felt in the competent wealth which it. has diffused through a 1 .! ranks. It carries on likewise manufactures of muslin and "era. broivlerv. It is 37 miles NE of Zurip. Lon. 9 20 E,*lat. 47 26 N. Galla, a fort of Ceylon, belonging to the Dutch, who drove the Portuguese thence in 16!-'). Some call it Punta de Gallo. Lon. 80 30 E> lat. 6 20 N. GAL CAN Gallatin, a town in Sumner county, Tennessee, named in honour of a Gene- van who presides at the head of the trea- sury of the United States. This town is 33 miles NE of Nashville, and 714 from Washington, and has a post office. It is also" the name of a county in Kentucky. Galliopolis, a town in the state of Ohio, originally settled by a small French colo- ny. It is situated on the W side of the river Ohio, near the mouth of Great Iyan- Lawa river. Gullipago Islands, a number of islands in the Pacific Ocean, discovered by the Spaniards, to whom they belong-. They are not inhabited ; but the Spaniards touch here for fresh water and provisions, when they sail from America to Ash. Here are a great number of birds, and excellent tortoises. They lie under the equator, the centre island in Icn. 85 30 W. Gallipoli, a seaport of Naples, in Terra D'Otranto, with a bishop's see and a fort. This place is a great mart for olive oil. It is seated on a rock, surrounded by the sea, and joined to the mainland by a bridge, 23 miles W ofOtranto. Lon. 18 5 E, lat. 40 20 N. Gallipoli, a seaport of Turkey in Eu- rope, in Romania, with a bishop's see. It contains about 10,000 Turks, 3,500 Greeks, beside a great number of Jews. It is an open place, and lias no other de- fence than a sorry square castle. The houses of the Greeks and Jews have doors not above three feet and a half high, to prevent the Turks riding into their houses. It is seated on a strait of the same name lOO miles SWof Gonstantinople. Lon. 26 59 E, lat. 40 26 N. Gallipoli, a strait between European and Asiatic Turkey. It is defended at the S\V entrance by the Dardanelles, and forms the communication between the Archipelago and die sea of Mamora. It is here two miles over, and is 33 miles long. It was anciently called the Helles- pont. See Dardanelles. Galio, an island of the Pacific Ocean, near the coast of Peru : the firs, place possessed by the Spaniards, when they at- tempted the conquest of Peru. It is also the place where the Buccaneers used to come for wood and water, and to refit their vessels. Lon- 80 W, lat. 2 30 N. Galloway, JVVzy, a borough in Kircud- hrightshire, situated on the river Ken, 14 miles N of Kircudbright. Gull'ju-ai/, Upper, or West. Sec Wig- tons/u're. iSjaLfc ';■ Gahuatf, a county of Ireland, in the province of Gonnaught, 82 miles in length, mid 42 in breadth ; bounded on the N by ;he Atlantic, and the counties of Mayo and Roscommon ; on the E by Roscom- mon, West Meath, and King's county ; on tiie SW by Tipperary ; on the S by Oalway Bay and Clare ; and on the W by the Atlantic. The river Shannon washes the frontiers of the E and SE, and forms a lake seyfcral miles in length. It con- tains 136 parishes, and formerly sent eigSt members to the Irish parliament. Gal-way, a seaport of Ireland, capital of a county of the same name. It is stir- rounded by strong walls ; the streets are large and straight ; and the houses are generally well built of stone. Its har- bour is defended by a fort, and it has $ ; good foreign trade, being sealed on a bay of the same min e, on the .Atlantic Ocean, 40 miles Yv'SW of Athlone, and 100 W of Dublin. Lon. 90 W, lat. 53 18 N. Gahvay, a post town of Saratoga coun- ty, New' York : 10 utiles NYV of Balls- town, and 33 from Albany. The inhabi- tants are 5700. Gambia, a great river of Africa, which running; from E to \Y, falls into the At- lantic Ocean, between Cape Yerd on the N, and Cape St. Mary on the'S. It over- flows the country annually, like the Nile. The Gambia was long supposed to be a branch of the Niger; but its source was determined by Mr. Park to be 130 geo- graphical miles W of that river; its branches are numerous, and intersect the country for about 200 miles from E to W. It abounds with fish, some species of which are excellent food: it is deep and muddy, and the banks are covered with impenetrable thickets of mangrove ; the whole of the adjacent country, indeed, appears to be fiat and swampy. Gandersheim, a town of Lower Saxonv, in the duchy of Brunswick Wolfcnbuttle, w ith a celebrated nunnery, 17 miles SW of Gpslar. Lon. 18 20 E, lat. 51 54 N. Gandia, a seaport of Spain, in Valen- cia, witli a spiall university, 55 mi ies N of Alicant. *,Lon. 20 E, lat. 39 6 N. Gandicotia,.'x town of the peninsula of Hindoostan, remarkable for a strong For- tress, and a diamond mine near it. It is sealed near the .river Pehnar, between Gooty and Cuddapa. Gangea, or Ga?ija, a town of Persia, in the province of Erivsn, 105 miles S by E of Tefliis. Lon. 45 50 E, lat. 41 10 N. Ganges, a large and celebrated river of Asia, which has its source in two springs on the \V side of Mount KentaifVe, in Thibet. These two streams take their coursS westward, inclining considerably to the N, for a course of about 300 miles, when meeting the great ridge of Mourn Himmaleb, they turn to the S, in which course they unite the;;- waters, and form GAP GAR ■what is properly called the Ganges. This great body of water now forces a passage through the ridge of Himmaleh, at the distance of 100 miles below the place of its first approach, and, sapping its very foundation, rushes through a ca- vern, and precipitates itself into a vast basin which it has worn in ihe rock, at the higher foot of the mountains. The Ganges thus appears, to incwi ious specta- tors, to derive its original spring's from this chain of mountains. The mind of superstition has given to the mouth of the cavern, the form of the head of a cow ; an animal held by the Hindoos in a degree of veneration, almost equal to that in which the Egyptians held their god Apis. From this second source (as it may be termed) of the Ganges, its course becomes easterly, through the tants. the department of the Upper Alps, and late province of Dauphiny, and lately a bishop's see. It was taken, in 1692, by the duke of Savoy, who burnt a great part of it. Gap is seated on the small river Bene, at the foot of a mountain, in which some mineral waters are found that are deemed febrifuge. It is 27 miles N of Sistron. Lon. 6 10 E, lat 44 34 N. Garack, an island of Asia, in the gull of Persia, remarkable for the fine pearls fished up on its coasts. Lon. 48 E, lat 28 15 X. Garard, a county of the state of Ken- tucky, situated on "the E side of Kentuc- ky river, the centre of it is about 22 miles S of Lexington. It is a small countv, and contains about 8000 inhabi- rugged country of Siringur, until, at Hurdwar, it finally escapes from this mountainous tract in which it has wan- dered 800 miles. From Hurdwar where it gushes through an opening in the mountains, and enters Hindoostan, it flows with a smooth navigable stream through delightful plains, during the re- mainder of its course to the bay of lien- gal, which is about 1350 miles. In the annual inundation of this immense river, the country is overflowed to the extent of more than 100 miles in width ; no- thing appearing but villages and trees, excepting very rarely, the top of an ele- vated spot, the artificial mound of some deserted village, appearing like an is- land. The rise of the water, is, on an average, 31 feet. In a word, it is, in eve- ry respect, one of the most beneficial ri- vers in the world, diffusing plenty imme- diately by means of its living produc- tions, and secondarily by enriching the lands, affording an easy conveyance for the productions of iis borders, and giv- ing employment to many thousand boat- men. Gangotri, a town of Thibet, situated on the Ganges, 138 mdes N of Delhi. Lon. 76 35 E, lat. 33 8 N. Gangpour, a town of the peninsula of Hindoostan, 226 miles S of Patna. It is in the country of Orissa. Lon. 83 57 E, lat. 21 25 N. Ganjam, a town of the peninsula of Hindoostan, in one of the Xorthern Cir- cars, subject to the English. It lies on the bay of Bengal, between a river and the SYV end of Chilka Lake. Lon. 85 20 E, lat. 19 22 X. Gamiat, a town of France, in the de- partment of Allier, and late province of Bourbonnois, 30 miles S of Moulins. Gvp, an ancient town of, France, in Gard, a department of France, which comprehends part of the late province of Languedoc. Nismes is the episcopal town. Garda, a town of Italy, in the Vero- nese, seated at the end of a lake of its own name, 17 miles NW of Verona. Lon. 114 E, lat. 45 36 X. Gardeleben, a town of Germany, in the oldMarche of Brandenburg. It has a trade in hops and excellent beer, and is seated on the river Beise, 32 miles X by W of Magdeburg. Lon. 11 35 E, lat 52 41 X. Gardner, a township of Worcester county, Massachusetts. It is situated between Ashburnham and Fitchburgh, and contains about 1000 inhabitants. Garonne, a river of France, which has its source in the Pyrenean mountains, and taking a XW direction, waters Toulouse an ed entrance into the bay of Biscay, assumes the name with the Gironde. It communi- cates with the Mediterranean, by its junction with the Royal Canal. Garonne, J "pjter, a department of France, which comprehends part of Laiiguedoc Toulouse is the capital. Garratsville, a post town of Otsego county, Xew York, about 81 miles W of Albany: Garrison, a town of Ireland, in the county of Fermanaugh, 10 miles SE of Ballyshannon. Lon. 17 13 W, lat. 5-1 25 X. Garstzang, a town in Lancashire, with a market on Thursday, seated on the ri- ver W"vre, 10 miles S of Lancaster, and 225 XX YV of London. Lon. 2 53 YV, lat. 53 56 X. Gartz, a town of Prussian Pomerania, seated on the Oder, 13 miles S of Stetin Lon. 14 45 E, lat. 53 23 X. d Bourdeaux, below which it is join- G A Z GEM Gascoiw, a late province of France, \ bounded on the W by the bay of Biscay, } on the N by Guienne, on the E by Lan- guedoc, and on the S by the Pyrenees. This province, with Armagnac, is now included in the department of Gers. I Gatehouse, a considerable village in J Kircudbrightshire, at the mouth of the river Fleet, with a cotton mill. The ri- ver is navigable for sloops, within a short distance of the town. It is 9 miles NW of Kircudbright. Gates, one of the Northernmost coun- ties of North Carolina, situated on the N E side of Chowan river, and containing about 7000 inhabitants. Gatton, a borough in Surry, which sends two members to parliament, but now has neither market nor fair. It is 19 miles S bv W of London. Lon. 10 W, lat. 51 18 N. Gavardo, a town of Italy, in the Bres- ciano, seated on the Wcise, seven miles W of Lake Garda. Lon. 10 9 E, lat. 44 40 N. Gaudens, St., a town of France in the department of Upper Garonne, and late province of Languedoc, seated on the Garonne, eight miles NE of St. Bertrand. Lon. 56 E, lat. 43 1 N. Gaveren, or ffaveren, a town of Aus- trian Flanders, seated on the Schcld, eight miles S of Ghent. Lon. 3 51 E. lat. 50 46 N. Gavi, a town bf Italy in the territory of Genoa, seated on the Lcmo, 19 miles N W of Genoa. Lon. 8 57 E, lat. 45 40 N. ... Gautt, or Indian *lppennin*s, a stupen- dous wall of mountains, which extend 13 degrees of latitude from Cape Comorin, the S extremity of Hindoostan, to the Tapty, or Surat river, at unequal dis- tances from the coast ; seldom more than 70 miles, and commonly about 40 ; and \v ithin one short space only, it approaches within six miles. They rise abruptly from the low country, called the Concan, supporting, in the nature of a terrace, a vast extent of fertile and populous piains, which are so elevated, as to render the air cool and pleasant. This celebrated ridge does not terminate in a promon- tory, when it approaches the Tapty ; but, departing- from its meridional course, it bends eastward, in a wavy line, parallel with the river ; and is afterwards lost among the hills, in the neighbourhood of Burhampour. In its course along the Tapty, it forms several passes or de- scents toward that river. G ;•-('., an ancient and celebrated town of Palestine, three miles from the Medi- terranean, with a harbour called New Gaza. It is now very small ; but, from appearance of the ruins, it was formerly a considerable place. There is a castle near it, where a bashaw resides. It is 50 miles SW of Jerusalem. Lon. 34 45 E, lat. 31 28 N. ; , Gearon, or Jaron, a town of Persia, in Farsistan, in whose territory the best dates of Persia are produced. Lon. 51 17 E, lat. 28 15 N. Gefe, the capital of the province of Gcstrike, in Sweden, seated on three branches of a river of the same name, which beg'ins to be navigable here, and falls, in a short distance, into a bay of the Baltic. It is the most commercial town in this northern part of Sweden ; and its exports are principally iron, pitch, tar, and planks. It is 65 miles >. bv W of Stockholm. Lon. 17 E, lat 63 N. Gegenbach, a free imperial city of Sua- bia, and under the protection of the house of Austria. It is seated on the Kinzia, 12 miles SE of Strasburg. Lon. 8 2 E, lat. 48 24 N. Geildure, a town of Suabia, near the river Kocher, with a castle, belonging to the lords of Limburg. Geislcngen, an imperial town of Sua- bia, 17 miles NW of Ulm. Lon. 10 3 E, lat. 48 36 N. Geismavy a town of Germany, in the principality of Hesse. Lon. S 57 E, lat. J 51 19 N. Gdhnvaen, a small imperial town of YYetcravia, under the protection of the elector palatine, with a castle, seated on the Kintzig, 25 miler E of llanau. Lon. 9 15 E, lat. 50 7 N. Gemuppc, a village of Austrian Hai- nault, three miles W by S ofMons. It is remarkable for a bloody battle between the Austrians and the French, Nov. 5 179 J, in which the Austrians were de- * feated with great loss. Gtnibioura, a town of Austrian Bra- bant, with an ancient abbey. Don John of Austria gained a battle here over the Dutch in 1578; and it was twice burnt down, in 1628 and 1712. It is seated on i he Orneau, 22 miles SE of Brussels. Lon. 4 51 E, lat. 50 37 N. Geminiani, St., a town of Tuscany, in the Florentino, seated on a mountain, in _ % which is a mine of Vitriol, 25 miles SS $Bfe W of Fioren.ce. Ganmingen, a town of Germany, in the palatinate of the khine, 30 miles E of Plniipsburg. Lon. 9 13 E, lat. 49 6 N. Gemgttnd, an imperial town of Suabia, j wuh a manufacture of chaplets or beads, which arc sent to distant countries. It GEN G E N was -taken by the French in August 179G ; and is seated on the Bei'rhs, 30 miles X by \Y of IJlm. Lon, 9 48 E, lat. 48 4£N. Gsvv.tyd, a town of "Westphalia, in the duchy o£.Iutiers, seated on the Roer)f 24 miles* S\f uf Cologne. Con. 6 48 E, lat. Getmmd, a town of Upper Austria, re- markable for its salt works ; seated to the N of a lake of the same narrrte, on the river Draim, 20 miles SSVYof Lintz. Genap, a town of Austrian Brabant, with "an ancient castle, seated on the Dylc, 15 miles SK of Brussels. Lon. : resides, and where the great and little council, and the two colleges of the pro- curator! and governatori assemble, is a large stone building in the centre of the city ; but it contains some fine paintings :ii fresco; two statues of Andiew and John Dcria in white marble ; and an ar- senal, in which are said to be arms for thirty-four thousand men. All the in- habitants here except the principal la- dies, who are carried in chairs, walk on loot, on account of the narrowness or steepness of the streets. The fortifica- tions of the city, towards the sea, are remarkably strong. There are two fine stone bridges' over the rivers Bonzevera and Bisagno, the first whereof washes i lie W, and the other the E side of the city, within which there is also a sur- prising stone*bridge joining two hills. The harbour, though large, is far from being safe ; but no care or expense have been spared to render it as safe and com- modious as possible. The trade of Genoa is chiefly in velvets, damasks, plush, and other silks, brocades, lace, gloves, sweat- meats, fruits, oil, Parmesan cheese, an- chovies, and meelicinal drugs from the Levant ; but the badness of the harbour, and the high price of commodities, great- ly check its commerce. The nobility carry on velvet, silk, and cloth manufac- tures. Another very profitable ai'ticle of trade carried on by them is banking, and dealing in bills of exchange. Before Genoa was taken by the French, the go- vernment was aristocratic, and none but the nobility had any share in it. It was taken by the Austrians from the French, in 18 JO ; but by the convention after the fatal battle of Marengo, it was ceded to the French. Genoa is 62 miles SE of Turin, and 225 X W of Rome. Lon. 8 41 E, lat. 44 25 N. George, Fort, a strong and regular for- tress in Inverness-shire, which has seve- ral handsome streets of barracks: It is seated on a peninsula running into the Murray-frith, and completely commands the entrance into the' harbour of Inver- ness. George, Fort, St. See Madrass. George,- Lake, a lake of North Ame- rica, in the state of New-York. It lies SW of Luke Cliamplain, and is 35 mi les long, but is narrow. The adjacent coun- try is mountainous ; the vallies tolerably good, George, St. one of the Azores. The inhabitants are employed in the cultiva- tion o*" whe at, and mav amount to 5000. Lon. 28 W, lat. 38 39 N. Georq-e, St : other corn than barley ; but lias large quanti- ties of figs, olives and grapes, which, when dried, form the principal trade. It depends on the dey of Tripoli. Lon. 10 30 E, lat. 33 56 N. Gerbevillers, a town of France, in the department of Meurthe and laie province of Lorrain, with a handsome castle. The church of the late Carmelites is very ele- gant, It is seated on the Agen, five miles from Luneville. Gergentif a town of Sicily, with a cas- tle, and a bishop's see; seated near the river St. Blaise, 50 miles S of Palermo. Lon. 13 24 E, Lat. 47 24 N. Gerisau, a village of Swisserland, on the N side of the lake of Schweitz, at the foot of the Rigi. It is a republic, the smallest in Europe. Its territory is two leagues in length and one in breadth, composed entirely of scattered houses and cottages, of a very neat and pictur- esque appearance. The inhabitants are computed at about 1200 and are much employed in preparing silk for the ma- nufactures at Basle. This republic is under the protection of the cantons of Lucern, Uri, Schweitz, and Underwal- den ; and, in case of war, furnishes its quota of men. Gerisau is 12 miles SW pt Schweitz. Germain, St. a town of France, in the department of Seine and Uise and late province of the Isle of France, with a magnificent palace, embellished by se- veral kings, particu/arly Lewis XIV. Here James II. found an asylum, when he fled to France. It is seated on the Seine, near a fine forest, 10 miles NW of Paris. Lon. 2 15 E, lat. 48 52 X. .Germain's, St. a borough in Cornwall, with a market on Friday. It was once the largest town in the county, with a bishop's see, and a cathedral". The town is now mean, consisting chiefly of fish- ermen's cottages, but is governed by a m .yor, and sends two members to par- liament. It stands near the sea, 10 miles SX of Plymouth, and 224 W by S of Lon- don. Lon. 4 24 W, lat. 50 22 N. Germain Laval, St. a town of France, in the department of Rhone and Loire, and late province of Forea, remarkable for excellent wine. It is 225 miles SE Of Paris Lon. 4 2 E, lat. 45 50 N. German Flatts, a post town in Herke- mer county, New Ytfrk ; situated on the X side of Mohock river, 79 miles WNW of Albany, with about 2200 inhabitants. Germania, a town in Culpeper county, Virginia ; with a post-office, distant 82 miles SW from Washington. Gevmano, St. a town of Xaples. in T rra di Lavora, at the foot of Mount Cassano, and belonging to an abbey on die top of that mount. Lon. 13 59 E, lat. 41 13 X. Germuntoivn, an ancient town in Phila- delphia county, Pennsylvania; pleasant- ly situated 7 miles N by W of Philadel- phia : most of the houses are built in one street which is near two miles long. It was originally settled by Germans, and contains about 3500 inhabitants. GermantOTvn, a post town of Stokes county, North Carolina, 10 miles NE of Bethany the Moravian settlement. Gennantown, a township of Columbia county, New York, about 50 miles S of Albany. It contains 700 inhabitants. Germany, a country of Europe, 640 miles in length, and 550 in breadth ; bounded on the E by Hungary and Po- land, on the N by the Baltic Soa and Denmark, on the W by Fi ance and the Netherlands, and on the S by the Alps, Swisserland, and Italy, It is divided into ten circles, three of which lie on the X, namely Upper Saxony, Lower Saxony, and Westphalia ; three on the S, Aus- tria, Bavaria, and Suabia; three about the middle, Franconia, the Upper and Lower Rhine ; the tenth and last is the circle of Burgundy, or ancient Belgium, which formerly consisted of the duchy of Burgundy, a» d the 17 provinces of the Low Countries, but these have been long since severed from the empire of Germa- ny. In this country arc upwards of 300 sovereign princes and states, most of them independent in their respective ter- ritories : the emperor, or head of the Germanic body, is chosen by the nine electors, spiritual and temporal ; the ec- clesiastical princes, consisting of arch- bishops, bishops, abbots and abbesses j secular princes, consisting of dukes, marquises, counts, landgraves, and ba- rons, with free cities, either imperial or Hanse towns ; both which are sovereign states, and send deputies to the general diet or parliament of the empire. Ger- many is for the most pari level towards the N and E, being a barren sand or marshy soil. On the S it is encumbered with the Alps ; but in the middle of the country is an intermixture of hills and dales, corn fields and meadows, especial- ly on the banks of its rivers, namely, the G E R G E S Rhine, Danube, &c. It has se\ r eral fine cities, castjes, palaces, and scats, and is more populous than Fi ance. Charlemagne, the son of Pepin, and king of France, was the founder of the German empire in the year 800 of the Christian sera, be- ing 1 then sovereign of Italy, great part of Spam, and the S of Germany- The empire was divided among Charle- magne's descendants, and the sovereign of Italy a d Germany only retained the style of emperor, the princes of the em- pire being then his feodarics or vassals. The imperial crown continued hereditary for 300 years after Charlemagne, when the Pope of Rome, in order to diminish the emperor's authority, and increase his own, s irred up the German princes to alter the constitution, and make the im- perial dignity elective. So that during the mutual struggles between the head of the church and the empire, for superi- ority, several sovereign states were erect- ed in Italy and Germany, independent of either. The emperors, after the break- ing of the hereditary line, were at first e- lected by the body of the people ; but the nobility, and great officers of state, ob- serving that this gave occasion to endless confusion, excluded the people from their share in the election and assumed the right of chusing the emperor themselves ; and at length the nnmber of electors was reduced to seven, namely, the archbish- ops of Mentz, Triers, Cologne, the king of Bohemia, the duke of Saxony, the prince palatine of the Rhine, and the marquis of Brandenburgh ; but upon the palsg-rave Frederick incurring the ban of the empire, the duke of Bavaria was added as an eighth elector, and the duke of Ha- nover since that made the ninth. But though the imperial crown was elective, the house of Austria found means by the count of Hapsburg to continue it in their family upwards of 300 years, till upon the failure of the male issue of Austria, in the emperor Charles VI. the elector of Bavaria was crowned emperor in 1742, who, contending with Maria Theresa queen of Hungary, and daughter to the said Charles, for the hereditary dominions of Austria, he brought himself into great distress, ruined his country, and after a short reign, died in his capital, January 9, 1745. But Francis, grand duke of Tuscany, who married Maria Theresa, was afterwards elected to the imperial dignity, through the interest of Great Britain and its prince the elector of Ha- nover; and his descendants still sway the Germanic Sceptre. The nine above mentioned electors now chuse an empe- ror, when the imperial throne is vacant, unless a king of the Romans hath been e- '.ected in the preceding reign, who suc- ceeds of course. The emperor is the fountain of honour in Germany, disposing of all places and dignities both civil and military, except those that are heredita- ry, as the great chancellor, treasurer, sword-bearer, cup-bearer, which are only honorary posts with little or no profit. Germany is a fruitful country, particu- larly in the valleys ; and its mountains abound with mines, trom which proceed some of- the best medicinal springs and baths in Europe, as those at Pyrmont, Baden, Aix-la-Cbapefle. 8cc. The inhabi- tants arc excellent mechanics and che- mis s, yet among the latter have arisen several pretenders to the grand elixir ; as among the former, several projectors have pretended to have found out the perpetual motion. The invention of printing and gunpowder is generally as- cribed to the Germans, and they have also brought clocks, watches, swords, locks, and fire-arms to very great perfec- tion. The manufactures of tin-plau s or white iron they have entirely monopo- lized. They are reputed good painters, engravers, enamellers, and engineers. I'heir foreign trade they carry on with great success, by means of the rivers Rhine, Elbe, Oder, Weser, and the Baltic Sea ; more particularly from Hamburg, Lubeck, Bremen, Stetin, &c. and by land with Italy, Swisserland, France, and Hol- land. Gemersheim, a town of Germany, in the palatinate of the Rhine, situated near the Rhine, five miles W of Philips- burgh. Gerrv, a township of Worcester coun- ty, state of Massachusetts, containing 1000 inhabitants. * Gers, a department of France, in which are comprehended the late provinces of Gascony and Armagnac. Gertntdenburgy an ancient town of Dutch Brabant, one of the principal bul- warks of the Dutch, situated at the E ex- tremity of the Biesboch lakes which are formed by the Maese, and make a good harbour. It has been often taken, the last time bv the French in 1795. It is 10 miles N of" Breda. Lon. 4 52 E, lat. 52 44 X. Geriimenhi, an ancient town of Portugal, in Alentejo, with a strong castle ; but was taken, in 1662, by the Spaniards. It is seated on a hill, near the river Guadiana, 18 miles below Badajoz. Gestrike, a prov ince of Sweden, bound- ed on the N by Helsiugia, on the E by the gulf of Bothnia, on the R by Upland, and and on the W bv Dalecarlia. It is diver- G H E G I B slfied by forests, rocks, hills and dales, pasture and arable land, hikes and rivers ; and the river Dam meanders through the w hole extent of the province. Gettisbitrg, a post town in Adams' county, Pennsylvania, 28 miles SW of Yorktown, the capital of the county, and 115 westward of Philadelphia. Gevaudan, a territory of Languedoc, in France, bounded on the N by AuyeVghe, on the W by Rouergue, on the S by the Cevenncs, and on the E by Velay. It is a mountainous, barren country ; and now forms the department of Lozere. Gever, or Goiver. See Goar, St. Gex t a town of France, in the depart- i ment of Aine and late province of Bresse, | seated at the foot of Mount St. Claude, between the Rhone, the lake of Geneva, and Swisserland. It produces excellent cheese; and is 10 miles NW of Geneva. Lon. 6 1 E, lat. 46 20 N. Gezira, a town of Diarbeck, in an is- land formed by the Tigris, 70 miles NW of Mousul. Lon. 40 50 E, lat. 36 36 N. Ghanah, or Ghiimah, a town of the empire of Cashna, in Africa. It is seated between a lake and the river Niger. It is 90 miles NE of the city of Cashna, and 208 S of Agadez. Lon.'lo 12 E, lat. 15 55 N. Ghent, the capital of Austrian Fland- ers, and a bishop's see. It is seated on four navigable rivers, the Scheldt, the Lys, the Lieve, and the Moere, which run through the city. It is well situated for foreign trade, and the silk, woollen, and linen manufactures flourish ; it also deals considerably in corn. It contains 70,000 inhabitants ; but is not populous in pro- portion to its extent. The cathedral is a noble ancient structure, dedicated to St. Buvon ; beside this, there are only six parochial churches. The Benedictine abbey of St. Peter is a magnificent edi- fice ; in which, as well as in the churches, are some capital paintings by the best masters. The emperor Charles V. was born here, and here, in 1576, was con- cluded the famous treaty, called the Pa- cification of Ghent, the first commence- ment of the separation of seven provinces from the seventeen which then formed the Austrian Netherlands. Ghent has been of ten taken ; the last lime, by the French, in 1794. The city is cut by ma- ny canals, which divide it into 26 isles, and over the can ids are 300 bridges. It has also two navigable canals ; the one to Sns van Ghent the other to Bruges and Ostend, the last of which was des- troyed in 1/98. by the British. It is 26 miles NW of Brussels. Lon. 3 49 E, lat. 513 X. "•Lt^! t jB$S^ r Ghergong, a city of Asia, capital of the kingdom of Assam. It is seated on a river which runs, in a short distance. in- to the Burrampooter, 400 miles NE of Calcutta. Lon. 93 15 E, lat. 25 55 N. G/icriah, a town of the peninsula of Hindoostan, on that part of the W side called the Pirate Coast. It was lately the capital and principal port of Angria. It is 295 miles S by E of Bombay. Lon. 73 8 E, lat. 17 59 N. GJdlan, a province of Persia, on the S W side of the Caspian Sea; supposed to be the Hyrcania of the ancients. It is ve- ry agreeably situated, having the sea on one side, and high mountains on the o- ther ; and there is no entering it but through narrow passes, which may be easily defended. The sides of the moun- tains are covered with man) sorts of fruit trees; and in the highest parts of them are deer, bears, wolves, leopards, and ti- gers. It is one of the most fruitful pro- vinces of Persia, and produces abundance of silk, oil, wine, rice, tobacco, and ex- cellent fruits. The inhabitants are brave; and the women are accounted extremely handsome. Rcsht is the capital. Ghilan, St. a town of France, in the de- partment of the North and late province of French Hainault, seated on the Haina, five, miles W of Mons. Lon. 3 53 E, lat. 50 28 N. Ghizni, a town of Hindoostan Proper, formerly the capital of an extensive em- pire of the same name. It is termed the second Medina, owing to the great num- ber of illustrious persons interred here. Lon 68 20 E, lat. 16 12 N. Gibraltar, a town of Spain, in Andalu- sia, near a mountain of the same name, formerly called Calpe, which, with Aby- la, on the opposite- shore of Africa, were called the pillars of Hercules. Tarick, a general of the Moors, built a fortress here, which he called Gibel Tarick, that is, Mount Tarick. Since that time a town has been built at the foot of this rock, which is strongly fortified. Ii can be ap- proached only by a narrow passage be- tween the mountain and the sea, across which the Spaniards have drawn a line, and fortified it, to prevent the garrison from having any communication with the country. It was formerly thought to be impregnable ; but, in 1704, it was ta- ken by the confederate fleet, commanded by Sir George R oke. The Spaniards attempt ed to retake it the following year, and 500 of them crept up the rock in the night-time, but were driven down head- long in the morning. In 1727, the Spani- ards besieged it again, and attempted to blow up the rock, which they found ini- GIN G I U pv actio able, and were obliged to raise the siege. It was besieged in the last w ar, from the 16th oi" July 1779, to the beginning of Feb. 1783, when the siege \v:is finally raised. But it may be consi- dered as terminated on the 13th of Sept. 1782, on the failure of the grand attack made by the Spaniards, whose dreadful floating batteries were destroyed by red hot shot from the garrison. The garri- son here are cooped up in a very narrow compass, and have no provisions but what arc brought from Barbary and England. The strait of Gibraltar is 24 miles in length, and 15 in breadth, and a strong current always runs through it from the Atlantic to the Mediterranean. Gibral- tar is 25 miles N of Ceuta, and 45 SE of Cadiz. Lon. 5 17 W, lat. 36 6 N. Gien, a town of France, in the depart- ment of Loiret and late province of Or- leannois, seate d on the Loire, 76 miles S E of Paris, Lon. 2 43 E, lat. 47 34 N. Gienzor, a town of Barbary, in Tripo- li, 10 miles from the town of Tripoli. Gicrace, an episcopal town of Naples, in Calabria Ulteriore, seated on a moun- tain, near the sea, 32 miles NE of Reggio. Lon 16 40 E, Lit. 38 13 X. Giesen, a town of Germany, in the landgravate of Hcsse-Cassel, with a cas- tle and an university. It belongs to the house of Darmstadt, and was taken by the French in 1796, but retaken the same year by the Austrians. It is seated on the Lohn, 16 miles WSW of Marpurg. Lon. 8 41 E, lat. 50 30 N. Gisj-a, a small island on the W coast of Scotland, between the isle of Skyc and the peninsula of Cantyre, in Argyleshiie, in which county it is included. The inha- bitants annually export a considerable quantity of grain. Giglio, a small island on the coast of Tuscany, with a castle It makes part of the state of Sienna, and is 15 miles W of Porto liercolc. Lon. 11 16 E, lat. 42 1 N. Gilolo, a large island, with a town of the same name, in the Archipelago of the Moluccas. It does not produce any fine spices, though it lies near the Spice Islands ; but it has a great deal of rice, and the inhabitants are fierce and cruel. It is seated under the line, in ion. 130 E. Gihnantown, a town of Stafford county, New Hampshire, about 52 miles N by W of Portsmouth. The township contained 3750 inhabitants in 1800, and has a post- office, 584 miles from Washington. Gingen, a free imperial town of Sua- bia, 16 miles N of Ulm. Lon. 10 13 E, lat. 48 39 N. Gingee, a large and populous town on the coast of Coromandcl. It' is strong" both by art and na tire, being seated on a mountain, whose top is divided into three points, on each of which is a cas- tle. The Great Mogul, in 1690, began a siege, which continued three years to no purpose. It is 33 miles W of Pondicher ry. Lon. 79 25 E, lat. 11 42 N. Giodda, or Giddah, a seaport on the E coast of Arabia, on the Red Sea. It is the port of Mecca, and carries on a great tradt:. Lon. 39 27 E,lat. 21 30 N. Giovannazzo, a town of Naples, in Ter- ra di Bari, seated on a mountain, near the sea, 10 miles NW of J3ari. Lon. 16 50 E, lat. 41 26 N. Gierst, a large town of Persia, in Her- man, whose trade consists in wheat and dates. Lon. 57 55 E, lat. 27 30 N. Gironde, a department of France, which includes part of the late province of Guienne. Girrmua, an ancient and strong town of Spain, in Catalonia, with a bishop's sec It is seated on a hill, on the side of the river Onhal. Lon. 2 52 E, lat. 42 N. (xivon, St. a town of France, ii* the de - partment of Arriege, and late province of Cousreans, seated on the Sarat, three miles S of St. Lisier. Lon. 1 16 E, lat-. 42 53 N. Girvan, a village in Ayrshire, at the mouth of a river of the same name, al- most opposite the rock of Ailsa. Here arc some manufactures ; particularly in the tanning of leather, and the making of shoes and boots. It is 16 miles S by W of Ayr. Gisboroii^h, a town in the N riding of Yorkshire, with a market on Monday. It is noted for being the first place where alum was made, as it was formerly for its abbev. It is four miles from the mouth of the Tees, 22 NW of Whitby, and 247 X by W of London. Lon. 55 W, lat. 54 35 N. WWnfflSE Gisbimi, a town in the W riding of Yorkshire, with a market on Monday. Lon. 2 22 W, lat. 53 55 N. Gisors, a town of France, in the depart- ment of Eure and late province of Nor- mandv, seated on the Ept, 28 miles SE of Rouen. Lon. 143 E, lat. 49 15 N. Givel, a fortified town in the bishopric of Liege, divided in two by the river Maese, 21 miles SW of Namur. Lon. 4 34 E, lat. 50 13 N. Givira, a town of Italy, in the Milanese, seated on a lake of the same name, eight miles from Anghierra. Giula, a strong town of Upper Hunga- ry, on the frontiers of Transylvania. It w as taken by the Turks in 1566, and. re- taken in 1695. It is seated on the Keres- G L A G L A fclan, 30 miles SW of Great Waradin. Lou. 20 40 E, lat. 46 40 N. Giuliani/, town of Sicily, on a craggy rock, 12 miles XNE of'Xacca, and 30 SS WofValermoi Giustaiulel, a large town of Mace- donia, with a Greek, archbishop's see, seated near lake Oclirida, .sixty miles SE f Durazzo. Lon. 2u 36 E, lat. 41 40. N. Glaciers, a name given to some very extensive fields of ice among the Alps of Swisserland. These glaciers may be divided into two sorts : the first, occupying the deep valiies situated in the bosom of the Alps, and termed by the natives the Valley of Ice, but which Mr. Coxe distinguishes by the name of Lower Glaciers; the second, which clothe the summits and sides of the mountains, he cails the Upper Gla- ciers. The Lower Glaciers are by fa# the most considerable in extent and depth. Some stretch several leagues in length, that of des Bois, in particular, is more than 15 miles long, and above three in iis greatest breadth. The Lower Gla- ciers do not as is generally imagined, communicate with each other, they most- ly stretch in a transverse direction, and are bordered at the higher extremity by inaccessible rocks, and on the other extends into the cultivated valiies. The thickness of the ice varies in different parts. M. de Saussure found its general depth in the Glacier des Bois from SO to 100 feet ; but questions not the informa- tion of those who assert, that in some places, its thickness exceeds even 600 feet. These immense fields of ice usu- ally rest' on an inclined plane. Being* pushed forward by the pressure of their own weight, and but weakly supported by the rugged rocks beneath, they are intersected by large transverse chasms ; and present the appearance of walls, py- ramids, and other fantastic shapes, ob- served at allheighis, and in all situations, wherever the declivity exceeds 30 or 40 degrees. But in those parts where the plant: on which they rest is horizontal, or only gently inclined, the surface of the ice is nearly uniform : the chasms are but few and narrow, and the traveller crosses on foot, without much difficulty. The surface of the ice is not so slippery, as that of frozen ponds or rivers ; it is rough and granulated, and is only dan- gerous to the passenger in sleep descents : it is not transparent, is extremely porous and full of small bubbles, which seldom exceeds the size of a pea, and conse- quently is not so compact as common ice. For the theory of the formation of the Glaciers, the reader is referred to M. de Saussure. The Upper Glaciers may be subdivided into those which co- ver the summits, and those which ex- tend along the sides of the Alps. Those which cover the summits of the Alps, owe their origin to the snow that falls at all se-.sons of the year, and which re- mains nearly in its original state, being congealed into a hard substance, and not converted into ice. The substance which clothes the side of the Alps is neither pure snow like that of the summits, nor ice which forms the Lower Glaciers, but is an assemblage of both. It contains less snow than the summits, because the summer heat has more power to dissolve it; and because the liquified snow des- cending from above, the mass is pene- trated with a larger quantity of water. It contains more snow than the Lower Gla- ciers, because the dissolution of the snow is comparatively less. In a word, there is a regular gradation from the snow on the summits to the ice of the Lower Glaciers, formed by the intermediate mixture of snow and ice, which becomes more compact and less porous in pro- portion as it approaches the Lower Gla- ciers, until it unites and assimilates with them. Glamorganshire , a county of S Wales, 48 miles long and 26 broad ; bounded on ihe N by Carmarthenshire and Breck- nockshire, on the E by Monmouthshire, and on the S and W by the Bristol Chan- nel. It lies in the diocese of LandafT; contains 10 hundreds, one city, eight market-towns, and 118 parishes ; and sends two members to parliament. The air, in the S part, towards the sea, is temperate and healthful ; but the north- ern part., which is mountainous, is cold and piercing, full of thick woods, ex- tremely barren, and thin of inhabitants. The S part is so remarkably fertile, plea- sant and populous, that it is generally styled the garden of Wales ; but it has no manufacture. Its principal commodities arc lead, coal, iron, and limestone. lis chief rivers are the Romney, Taafee, El- wy, Neath and Tawy. Cardiff is the prin- cipal town, and Swansey the most com- m< rcial ; but the assizes are held at Cow- bridge. See Gotver. Glammrs, a village in the SW part of Angusshire, near which is Glammis cas- tle, the ancient seat of the earl of Strath- more, in which is shown the apartment where Malcolm II. was assassinated in 1034. Glandfordbridge, or Brigg, a town in Lincolnshire, with a market on Thurs- day ; seated on the Ankara, which is fa- t GLA OLA rr.pus for its fine eels, and bos been lately made navigable Tor sloops to die Hum- ber. Jt is 23 miles N of Lincoln, and 156 Lon. 23 V/ at. 5 N bv W of London 35 n. ■■ Glitrtts', a Canton of Syvisscrlaiid, boun- ded on the E by the Grissoos; on the S by the same, the canton of Uri, and that ot'Schweitz ; and on the N by the rivcF Lintb. It is a mountainous country ; aiid the chief trade is in catlle, cheese, and flutter. (>iarns is surrounded by the Alps, except towards the N; and there is no other entrance but through this o- pening, which lies between the lake of of YVallenstadt and the mountains sepa- rating this canton from that of Schweitz. Giants, a large town of Swisserland, capital of a canton of the same name, and seated oh the river Lintb, 32 miles SE of Zunc. The streets are large, and the houses kept in good repair. Lon. 9 1 E, hit. 46 56 X. Glasgow, a city in Lanerkshire, which in point of size and importance may be esteemed the second city in Scotland. It is seated on the N side of the Clyde; over which are two stone bridges ; one of them an elegant modern structure of se- ven arches, 500 feet long, and 32 wide ; it was completed in 1772. The streets are clean and well paved; and several ot them intersecting each other at right an- gles, produce a very agreeable efFecti The 4 principal streets, which intersect each o- ther at right angles, divide the city near- ly into four equal parts; and the diiier- ent views of them from thecross, or cen- tre of intersection have an air of magnifi- cence, Glasgow was once an archiepis- copal see. There are 11 churches in Glasgow, 3 of which are contained in the ancient cathedral, which is considered one of the most entire pieces of Gothic architecture in Scotland. St. Andrew's is the finest piece of modern architecture in the city. Tl was begun in 1739 and fi- nished in 1756. The Tron Church, with the session house at the W end of it, which had been for some time, occupied as a guard-house by the town guard, was destroyed by fire in 1793. There are se- veral charitable establishments; particu- larly the merchant's Hospital, and that of the town. Here is a celebrated universi- ty ; the single college belonging to which is an elegant building. The Tontine ta- vern, cofFee-house, and hotel, for extent and accommodation is perhaps equal to any in Europe. The American and West Indian trade laid the foundation of the o- pulence of Glasgow ; but the former having declined, the merchants, possess-! rit of industry, turned their view to rn£U nu&'ctlires which in many instances they have curried to t ; e highest perfection. The cotton manufacture in particular is carried oivin a most extensive scale, and rivals that' of Manchester in cheapness and eleg-.nce. A pottery bus likewise been established winch emulates in beau- ty the Staffordshire ware. The printing types cast lu re, have been long distin- guished for their neatness and regulari- ty ; and the glass manufacture has been very successful. 'I he inhabitants, are computed at upwards of 70,000. It has ■Mie advantage of ' wo canals, besides the tircat Cabal that joins (he Clyde to tbd Forth ; and is 15 miles ESE of Dumbar- t ml and 45 W of Edinburgh. Lon. 4 2 W, lat. 55 52 N. ". Glasgow, Port, a town in Renfrewshire on the S side of the Clyde, erected, in 1710, to serve as the seaport of the city of Glasgow, whose magistrates appoint a bailiff for the government of it. It has an excellent harbour with a noble pier; but still most of the ships that trade to the >\ r est Indies, sail from Greenock, and re- turn to that port. The herring fisheries, in the frith of Clyde, form a considerable part of its trade. This port is situated 21 miles W by N of Glasgow. Glassborovgh, a village of Xew Jersey, situa'ed in Gloucester county, 20 miles S R of Philadelphia, on the E side of the ri- ver Delaware. Here has •'been a considera- ble manufactory of glass ware recently es- tablished. Glastonbury, a town in Somersetshire, with a market on Tuesday. It is seated near a high hill, coiled the Tor, and i9 famous for an abbey, some ruins of which still remain ; particularly the curious structure, called, the abbot's- kitchen, which is entire, and of a very unusual contrivance. The las', abbot of this place was hanged on the top of the Tor, by or- der of Henry VI 11 . for not acknowledging bis supremacy; this hill, so called from the tower which stands on it, commands an extensive prospect, and is an excellent seamark. Glastonbury has two churches, and a manufacture of stockings. It is 6 miles SW of Wells, and 129 W by S of London. Lon. 2 40 W, lat. 51 8 X. Glastonbury, a post town of Hartford county, Connecticut; situated on the E dde of Connecticut river, about 5 miles S E of the city of Hartford. It contains 3000 inhabitants. Glatz, a county of Germany, seated be- tween Silesia, Bohemia, and Moravia; and surrounded by mountains, which render it very difficult of access. It is ed of great capitals and an adequate spi-l 33 miles long, and 23 broad. It has mines k it ... ' Mmk% G L E G L O . . coal, copper, anil iron, good qviarries of marble and stone, and fine springs of mineral waters. In 1724, it was ceded to Hie king- of Prussia, by the queen of Hungary. ;,, &fjg Glatz, a city of Bohemia, and capital of a county of the same name, it is situ- ated at the foot of the mountains which divide that kingdom from Silesia, near the river Neisse. On the top of the hill is an ancient castle ; and the Prussians have not only greatly augmented and im- proved it, but have built a new citadel. It has been frequently besieged and tak- en. It is 48 miles SSE of Breslaw, and 82 ENE of Prague. Lon. 16 50 E, lat. 50 25 N. Glencoe, Vale of, a valley in Scotland, near the head of Loch Etive, in Argyle- shire, noted for the cruel massacre of its unsuspecting inhabitants in 1691. King William had published a proclamation, inviting the Highlanders, who had been in arms for King James II. to accept a general amnesty before the 1st of Janua- ry, on pain of military execution after that period. Alexander Macdonald, laird of Glencoe, on the last day of December, went to Fort William, the governor of which referred him to a civil officer. This made it the first of January before he could reach Inverary, where he sur- rendered to the sheriff, who, however, accepted his submission, in consideration of his offer to surrender the day before. The laird having taken the oaths, return- ed to Glencoe, in full assurance of safe- ty ; notwithstanding which, he, and his whole clan, were butchered, on the 15th of February, and the whole of that beau- tiful valley rendered a scene of massacre and desolation*. ^ ■ Glencroy, Vale of, a wild and romantic tract, near the >iE extremity of Loch Loung, in Argyleshire. The two ranges of mountains, which overhang this valley, approach each other, and between these the traveller is immured. Their stu- pendous height, and the roaring of nu- merous cataracts, that pour over their brokeiviurface, produce an effect awfully sublime! Glenlttce, a town in Wigtonshire, seated on the river Luce, near its entrance into the bay of that name, 16 miles W by S of Wigton. Glenshee, Spital of, a noted pass of the Grampian mountains in Scotland, a little S of the point where the counties of Perth, Angus, and Aberdeen meet. In 1718, a small body of Highlanders, With f>00 Spaniards, took possession of this pass : but at the approach of the king's forces, they retired to the pass at Stra- cheil. They were driven from one emi - nence to another till night, when the Highlanders dispersed ; and the next day the Spaniardssurrendered themselves prisoners of war. -r Glenville, a post town of Washington county, New York, 51 miles NE of Al- bany. Glogaw, a town of Silesia, capital of a principality of the same name, and well fortified on the side of Poland. It has a castle, with a tower, in which several counsellors were condemned by duke John, in 1498, to perish with hunger. Besides the Papists, there is a great number of Protestants and Jews. It was taken by assault by the king of Prussia, in 174L After the peace, in 1742, that king settled the supreme court of jus- tice here, it being next to Breslaw, the most populous place in Silesia. It is seated on the river Oder, 50 miles NW of Breslaw, and 115 NE of Prague. Lon. 16 13 E, lat. 51 40 N. Glomme, the longest river of the pro- vince of Aggerhuys, in South Norway, which flows into the North Sea, at Fre- dericstadt. It receives the river Worme which issues from Lake Mioss. J3t is not navigable in any part of its course from this lake to Frcelericstadt, its stream being intercepted by such frequent cata- racts and shoals, as, in some places, to render it necessary to drag the trees, which are floated down, over the ground. At least 50.0G0 trees are annually floatee! by this river to Fredericstadt. Gloucester, a city in Gloucestershire, with a market on Wednesday and Satur- day. It is seated on the' E side of the Severn, where, by two streams, it make, the isle of Alney. From the middle of the city, where the four principal streets meet, there is a descent every way, which makes it not only clean and healthy, but adds to the beauty of the place. It once contained 11 churches, but now has only five, beside the cathedral of St. Peter, which is an ancient but magnifi- cent fabric, and has a tower, reckoned one of the neatest and most curious pieces of architecture in England. In which cathedral are the tombs of Robert duke of Normandy, son to W illiam the Conqueror, and of Edward II. and there is a whispering palace like to that of St. Paul's at London. It has five hospitals, two free-schools, and anew county gaol ; and was fortified with a wall which Charles II. after the restoration, ordered to be demolished. Gloucester is a county of i :self, governed by a mayor, and sends two members to parliament. Great quantities of pins are made here ; and there are 1? G L U G O A Incorporated trading- companies. Here is a good stone bridge over the river Severn, with a quay, wharfs and custom- house, but most of its business is engros sed by Bristol. It is 24 miles NE of Bris tol, and 106 W bv N of London. Lon. S 16 W, lat. 51 50 N. Gloucester, a maritime and post town in Essex county, Massachusetts, situated near Cape Ann, 14 miles NE of Beverly and about 18 from Salem, and Marble head, in the lat. of 42 40 N, and lon. of 68 45 W. Gloucester, one of the maritime coun- ties of Virginia, bounded on the E by Chesapeak bay, on the N by King and Queen's county, and on the W and S by York river. It is a small county, but well peopled, containing about 20,000 inhabi- tants. Gloucester, a township of Providence county, Rhode-Island ; situated in the NW corner of the state, having Massa- chusetts on the X, and Connecticut on the W. It contains about 4000 inhabi- tants.^./&* Gloucester, a post town and the capital of Gloucester county, Virginia, seated on the N side of York river, 12 miles NE of Williamsburg, and 45 E by S of Rich- mond. Gloucester, a small town in Gloucester county, New Jersey, on the E bank of the river Delaware, four miles below Phi- ladelphia. Gloucester slur e, a county of England, 63 miles in length, and 47 in breadth ; bounded on the W by Herefordshire and Monmouthshire, on the N by AYorcester- shire, on the E by Warwickshire and Ox- fordshire, and on the S by Wiltshire and Somersetshire. It contains 13 hundreds^ 1 city, 27 market-toWns, and 218 pa- rishes ; and sends 8 members to parlia- ment. The air is generally healthy; sharp in the E, or hilly part, which con- tains the Cotes^ld Hills; but, us mild in the rich vale of Severn, which occu- pies the centre. The V/ part, which is by much the smallest district, is varied by hill and dale, and is chiefly occupied by the forest of Dean. The Staple com- modities of the county are ils woollen cloth and cheese. Its -principal rivers, are the Severn, which is joined to the Thames by a navigable canal, the War- wickshire Avon, the Lower Avon, the Wye, Thames, Coin, and Lech. See Cotes-wold; Dean, Forest of,- Evesham, Yale of; and Severn, Vale of. Gluckstadt, a town of Lower Saxony, in the duchy of Holstein, with a strong castle. It is seated on the Elbe, near its mouth, 30 miles NW of Hamburg, and 55 N of Bremen. Lon. 9 15 E, lat. Gnadenhvtten, a post town of North- ampton county, Pennsylvania. Situated on the SVV side of the river Lehigh, a- bout 25 miles NW of Bethlehem. Gnadeihhutten, a post town of Tuskara- wa county, state of Ohio; a Moravian set- tlement, planted with the pious view of propagating the Christian religion among the Indians. Gwsna, a city of Great Poland, of which it is the capital, with an archbish- op's see, whose prelate is primate of Po- land, and viceroy during the vacancy of the throne. It was the first town built in the kingdom, and formerly more con- siderable than at present. It is 90 miles N by E of Breslaw, and 125 W of War- saw. Lon. 17 40 E, lat. 52 28 N. Goa, a considerable city of the Hither India with an harbour to the coast of Malabar, in the kingdom of Deccan, in Yisiapour. Tt is the capital of the Por- tuguese settlements in India, and the seat of a viceroy. It stands in an island, 22 miles in length, and 6 in breadth ; and the city built on the N T side of it, having the conveniency of a fine river, capable of receiving ships of the greatest burden, where they lie within a mile of the town. The banks of the river are beautified with great number of churches, castles, and gentlemen's houses. The viceroy's pa- ce is a noble building, and stands at a small distance from the river, over one of the gates of the city, which leads to a spacious street, terminated by a beautiful lurch. This city contains a great num- ber of handsome churches and convents, and a stately hospital, the market-place takes up an acre of ground ; and in the shops about it may he had the produce of Europe, China, Bengal, and other countries. The houses are large, and make a fine appearance, but are poorly furnished. The inhabitants arc content- ■ d with greens, fruits, and roots, which, with a little bread, rice, and fish, is their principal diet, though they have hogs and fowls in pjenty. Their religion is the Roman catholic, and they have a se- vere inquisition. .The clergy are mime- merous and illiterate ; the churches are finely embellished, and have a great num. her of images. It is remarkable, that only one of the churches has glass win- dows ; for they make, use of clear oys- ter-shells instead of glass, and all their fine houses have the same. Goa has few manufactures or productions, their*- best trade being in arrack, which they distil from the sap of the cocoa-nut tree. The harbour is defended by several forts and GOD GOL batteries. It is 292 miles S by L of Bom- bay. Lon. 73 45 E, lat. 15 28 N. Goar, St. qi Cower, a town of Germa- ny, in the circle of the Lower Rhine, sub- ject to the landgrave of Hesse Cassel. It stands immediately under the stupendous rock of Rheinfels, and w as taken by the French in 1794. It lias a considerable commerce in wines and hides, and is 15 miles SE of Cobientz. Goat Island, in the state of Rhode Is- land, near the entrance of the harbour of Newport. It is fortified with a fort and citadel. Gobcein, a town of Germany, in the palatinate of the Rhine, 18 miles SB of Pinlipsburg. Lon. 8 56 E, lat. 49 6 N. Gobi/i, St. See Fere. Goch, a town of Germany, in the du- chy of Cleves, seated on the Neers, six mil s S of Cleves. Lon. 5 52 E, lat. 51 39 X. Gociano, a town of Sardinia, capital of a county of the same name, with a cas- 15 miles E ol tie, seated on the Thurso Algher. Godalming, a town in Surry, with a market on Saturday. It is seated on the Wey, where it divides into several streams, four miles SW of Guildford and 54 of London. Lon. 34 W, lat. 51 13 N. Godavery, or Gonga Godoivvy, a river of the Deccan of ilindoostan, which lias its source 90 miles to the NE of Bombay. After crossing Dowlatabad and Golcon- da, from W to E, it turns to the SE, and receiving the Bain Gonga, about 90 miles above the sea, besides many smaller ri- vers separates into two principal chan- nels at Rajamundry ; and these subdivid- ing again, form altogether several tide harbours, for vessels of moderate burden. Ingeram, Coringa, Yalam, Bandarmalan- ka, and Narsapour, arc among the places situated at die mouths of this river, which appear to be the most considerable one between the Ganges and Cape Comorin. Extensive forests of teek timber border on its banks, within the mountains, and supply ship-timber for the use of the ports above mentioned. Gochnunchsster, a large village in Hun- tingdonshire, parted from Huntingdon bv the river Ouse. It is sealed in a rich and fertile soil, which yields great plenty of corn; and is inhabited by a great num- ber of yeomen and farmers. Here is a school called the free Grammar School of queen Elizabeth. u . flSt Godivin Sand*, famous sandbanks oil" ihe coast of Kent, lying between the N ;v.id S Foreland, and as they run parallel with the coast for three leagues together, •it p.bout two league s and a half distant from it, they give additional security to the Downs. Goes, or Ter Goes, a strong town of I United Provinces, in Zealand, and ca tal of the island of South Beveland. communicates with the Scheldt by a ca- nal, and is 20 miles E of Middleburg. Lon. 3 50 E, lat. 51 33 K. Goffs-to~vn, a township of Hillsborough county, New Hampshire; situated on a branch of the .Merrimack river, about 45 nides W of Portsmouth. The inhabi- tants are estimated at 2000. Gogmagng Hi lis, three miles from Cam- bridge, remarkable for the intrenchnients and other works cast up here ; whence some suppose it was a Roman c«mp ; and other's, that it was the work of the Danes. They are covered with a fine dry carpet of turf ; and the people, near these hills, tell strange stories about them. Gogra, or Soorjew Jiiver, a large river which rises in Lake Lank, c Dhe, in Thi- bet, in lat. 33 17 N, and forcing its way through Mount Himmaleh, takes a SE direction, and unites with the Ganges, above Chuprah, in the province of Baiiar. Gohud, a territory of Hindoostan Pro- per, in the province of Agra ;• subject to a rajah, who is tributary to the Poofiah Mahrattas. Gwalior Is the capital. Goochland, a county in the state of 'Vir- ginia, situated on the N side of .lames ri- ver, which divides it from Powhatan county ; on the E it is bounded by Hano- ver and Henrico: on the N by Louisa; and on the W by Fluvanna county. The inhabitants are estimated at 10,000, about one half slaves. Goochland Court House, the principal seat of justice in Goochland county, Vir- ginia. It is situated on the N side of James River, 30 miles W by N of Rich- mond, and has a post office, court house, gaol, he. Quito, a town of Italy, m the Mantuan, seated on ihe river Mincio, between the lake of Mantua and that of Garda, 15 miles NW of Mantua. Lon. 10 40 E, lat. 45 16 N. Golconda, a country of the Deccan of Ilindoostan, between the lower parts of the courses of Kistna j.nd Godavery rivers and the principal part of Dow latabad. It was formerly called Telliu- gana, or Tilling, and is subject to the Nizam of the Beccan. It is most remark- able for its diamond mines, the most considerable in the world. Here are also mines of salt, fine iron for sword-blades, and curious calicoes and chintzes. Hy- drabad or Bagnngur is the capita!. Golconda, a celebrated fortress, In ;». G O M G O N country of the same name, six miles WN W of Hydrabad, and joined to that city by a wall of communication. It occupies tlie summit of a hill of a conical form and is deemed impregnable. "When Au- rengzebe conquered the kingdom of Gol- cor.da, in 1687, this fortress was taken possession of by treachery. Goldberg, a town of Silesia, In the du- chy of Lignitz, 36 miles W of Breslaw. Lon. 16 23 E, lat. 51 3 X. Gold Coast, a maritime country of Guinea, where the Europeans have seve- ral forts and settlements. It readies from the Gold River, 12 miles W of As-; sine, and ends at the village of Ponni, eight miles E of Acraw. It includes se- veral districts, in which are two or three towns or villages, lying on the seashore. Seven of these districts are dignified with the title of kingdoms, though they contain but a small tract of land ; for the whole Gold Coast is not above 180 miles in length. The negro inhabitants are ge- nerally very rich, as they carry on a great trade with the Europeans for gold; and many of them are employed in fish- ing, and cultivating their rice, which grows in incredible quantities. This they exchange with others for Indian corn,, yams, potatoes, and palm oil. Most of the inhabitants go naked ; and those who are best clothed have only some yards of stuff' wrapped about their middle. Golden Island, a barren island at the mouth of the river or gulf of Darien, where the Scots attempted to make a settlement in 1698. Lon. 77 10 W, lat. 9 HpAi^v?#, Goldingen, a town of Courland, with a castle, seated on the Wela, 60 miles W of Mittau. Lon. 22 21 E, lat. 56 48 X. GohUborough, a post town of Hancock county, Maine ; situated on the E side of Frenchman's bay, about 50 miles of Castine, in the lat. of 44 22 X, and lon. of 67 52 W. Goleita, an island of Africa, at the en- trance of the bay of Tunis ; taken by the emperor Charles V. when he attempted the siege of Tunis, and kept by the Chris- tians several vears. It is 29 miles N of Tunis. Lon.' 10 20 E, lat. 37 10 X. Golnarv, a town of Prussian Fomera- nia, seated on the Una, 18 miles XE of Stetin. Lon. 14 59 E, lat. 53 46 X. Gombroon, a considerable seaport of Persia, in Farsistan, called by the na- tives Bandar Abassi. The best houses are built of brick, flat at the lop, with a square turret, having holes oil each side for the free passage of the\air: upon these roofs they sleep in the simmer sea- son. The common people have wretched huts, made with the boughs of palm- trees, and covered with leaves. The streets are narrow and irregular. The English and Dutch have factories here, which is a great advantage to the trade of the place. The soil is barren, but provisions brought from ot' er countries are very plentiful. The weather is so !uk in .Tune, July and August, that this place is extremely unhealthy; and therefore the English retire to Asseen during those months. It is frequented by people of several nations, as well Europeans as others ; and the Banyans are so nume- rous, that they bribe the governor not to permit any cows to be killed in the town. It is seated in a bay of the strait, of Ormus, 120 miles SSE of Kerman. Lon. 56 30 E, lat. 27 28 N*VJ Gomera, one of the Canary Islands, be- tween Ferro and Tencriffe. It has avtown of the same name, with an excellent har- bour, where the Spanish ships often take in refresh ments. Here is corn sufficient to support the inhabitants, and one su- gar-work, with great plentv of wine and fruits. Lon. 17 3 W, lat. 28 6 X. Gondar, the metropolis of Abyssinia, situated on a hill of considerable height, and containing about 10,000 families in time of peace. It is about 10 miles in circumference, and the houses consist only of one story, and most of them re- semble a funnel, with the narrow end upwards. They have no shops; but car- ry on their trade in a large square, where they expose their merchandise to sale, laid upon mats; aid gold and rock salt are the only money made use of. Each bar of salt is a foot in length, and they break off' as much as they agree for in the purchase of small wares. There are about 100 churches and their patriarch depends on that of Alexandria. The habit of the better sorts is made of silk and cottons ; but the common people have only drawers to hide their naked- ness. It is 180 miles SE of'Sennar. Lon. 37 33 E,. lat. 12 34 X. Gondegama, or G on dl.a comma, a river of the peninsula, of Hindoostan, which rises near Combam, forms the nominal i boundary of the Carnatic on the X, and falls into the bay of Bengal, at Mootapilly . (Jondrecourt, a town of France, in the department of Mouse and late duchy of Bar, seated on the Ornev, 20 miles S of St Michael. Lon. 5 37 E, lat. 48 30 X. Gondrevillc, a town of France, in the department ofMeurthe and late province i of Lorrain, with a castle and a magnih- jcent hospital. It stands on a hill, on the J river Moselle, eight miles from Xar.d i.on. 6 9 E, lat. 48 40 X. GOO G O R Gonesse, a town of France in the de- partment of Seine and Oise, and late pro- vince of the Isle of France, remarkable for the goodness of its bread, which is brought twice a week to Paris. It is the birthplace of king Philip Augustus ; and is seated on the Crould, 10 miles' KE of Paris. Lon. 2 30 E, lat. 48 58 NY. Gonga, an ancient town of Romania, seated near the sea of Marmora, 37 miles NE of Galipoli. Lon. 37 31 E, lat. 40 53 n. ^ySB^^H^ii' ^ Go?ijah, a kingdom of Africa, between the coast of Guinea on the S, and Tom- buctou on the N, supposed by major Rennel to be the Conche of M. d'Anville. Gonjah, the capital, is 870 miles W by S of Cashna. Lon. 6 10 W, lat. 13 20 N. Good Hope, Cape of, the southern ex- tremity of Africa, in 18 23 E lon. and 34 29 S lat. discovered by the Portuguese in 1493. The Dutch have here built a neat town ami fort, which rises in the midst of a desert, surrounded by black and dreary mountains. From the ship- ping, the town appears pleasantly situ- ated, but at the same time small. On landing, however, you arc surprised, and agreeably disappointed, to find it not only extensive, but well-built, and in a good style ; the streets spacious, and intersecting each other at right an- gles with great precision. The only land- ing place is at the E end of the town, where there is a wooden quay running- some paces into the sea. To this place excellent water is conveyed by pipes, which makes the watering of ships both easy and expeditious. Close to the quay, on the left hand, stands the castle and principal fortress : a strong extensive work, having excellent accommodations for the troops, and for many of the,civil officers belonging to the company. With- in the gates, the company have their principal stores ; which are spacious as well as convenient. This fort covers and defends the E part of the town and har- bour, as Amsterdam fort does the west part. There are two churches in the town and one plain and unadorned for the Calvinists, and a smaller one for the Lutherans. The religion of the slaves is as little regarded here as in the colonies of other European states : in other .re- spects, they are treated with humanity, and are lodged and boarded in a spaci- ous house, where they are likewise kept at work. Another great building serves as an hospital for the sailors belonging to the Dutch East India ships which touch here. It is situated close to the Company's gardens, and is an honour to that commercial body, and an ornament to the town. The convalescents have free access to these gardens, where they enjoy the benefit of a wholesome air, perfumed by the fragrance of a number of rich fruit-trees, and odoriferous shrubs, plants, and flowers. The inha- bitants of the Cape, though in their per- sons, large, stout, and athletic, have not all that phlegm about them which is the characteristic of Dutchmen in gene- ral. The ladies are lively, good-natured, familiar, and gay. The heavy draught work about the Cape, is chiefly perform- ed by oxen, which are here brought to an uncommon degree of docility and use- fulness. It is not uncommon to see 16 and sometimes 18 in one of their teams, which the slaves bave in the most perfect subjection. One of them places himself on the top of the load, and with a tre- mendous long whip, which he is obliged to hold with both his hands, manages those creatures with inexpressible ad- dress. The inhabitants, in general, tra- vel in a kind of covered waggon, drawn by oxen, which better suit the roughness of the country than more elegant ve- hicles; but the governor, and^some of the principal people, keep coaches, which are much in the English style, and are drawn by six horses. The mountains behind Cape Town are, the Table Moun- tain, which is the highest; the Sugar- loaf, so named from its form ; the Lion's Head, Charles Mount, and .lames Mount, or the Lion's Rump. From these moun- tains descend several rivulets which fall into different bays, as Table Bay, False Bay, 8cc. The view from the Table Mountain is very extensive : and all along the valleys and rivulets among these mountains, is a great number of plantations, this fine colony surrendered to General Clarke and admiral Sir George Keith Elphinstonc, September 16, 1795. See Hottentot's, Country of the. Goompty, a river of Hindoostan Pro- per, which rises in the Ilohilla Country, and flowing SE by Lucknow and .Tion- pour, falls into the Ganges, a little be- low Benares. Gooty, or Gutti, a strong fortress in the peninsula of Hindoostan, formerly the seat of government of a Mahratta prince, and now subject to the British. It is seated on the Pennar, 25 miles S by E of Adoni. Lon. 77 35 E, lat. 15 15 N. Gorcum, a town of the United Provin- ces, in Holland, which carries on a con- siderable trade in cheese and butter. It is seated at the junction of the Linghe with the Waal, 12 miles E of Dort, and 32 S of Amsterdam. Lon. 4 51 E, lat 51 51 Ni G O S GOT Goree, a small island of Africa, near Cape de Verd, subject to the French. It 1 is barren, but of great importance on ac- | count of its good trade. Lon. 17 25 W, I lat. 14 40 N. T^^jP^ Goree, the capital of an island of the < same name, in Holland, eight miles SS 1 W of Briel. Lon. 4 20 E, lat. 51 44 N. i Gores Island, a barren and uninhabited i island in the North Pacific Ocean, so named bv captain Cook, who discovered < it in 1778. Cape Upright, the SE ex- i tremity, is in lon. 172 50 W, lat. 60 i 30 N. Gorgona, a small island of Italy, in the sea of Tuscany, eight miles in circum- ference, remarkable for the large quan- tity of anchovies taken near it. Lon. 10 E, lat. 43 22 N. Gorgona, an island in the South Paci- fic Ocean, 12 miles W of the coast of Peru. It is high land, very woody, and iome of the trees are proper for masts. It is 10 miles in circumference, and has several rivulets of excellent water. Lon. 77 50 W, lat. 3 20 S. Gorham, a post town of Cumberland county, Maine, 11 miles W of Portland, and contained 2.500 inhabitants in the year 1800. Goritz, the capital of a county of the same name, in the duchy of Carniola, with a castle, seated on the Lisonzo, 16 miles NE of Aquileia. Lon. 13 30 E, 'lat. 46 20 N. Gorlitx, a strong town of Germany, in Upper Lusatia, on the river Neisse, 55 miles E of Dresden. Lon. 15 40 E, lat. 51 10 N. Gorze, a town of France, in the de- partment of Moselle and late province of Lorrain. It had a rich abbey, previous to the revolution, and is seated on a hill, eight miles SW of Metz. Goshen, a town in Orange county, New York, famous for excellent cheese, dis- tant 60 miles NW from the city of New York, and 112 S of Albany. It has a post office and about 500 inhabitants. Goshen, a township of Hampshire coun- ty, Massachusetts, situated between AVorthington and Conway, about 90 miles westward from Boston. It contains about 1000 inhabitants. Goshen, a township of Litchfield coun- ty, Connecticut, 7 miles W of Litchfield, and 38 NW of the city of Hartford. The inhabitants are about 1600. Goshen, a township of Chester county, Pennsylvania, about 5 miles E of Dow- ningstown. It contains about 1200 inha- bitants. The chief town West Chester. Guslar, on ancient, free, and imperial city of Lower Saxony, in the territory of Brunswick, seated at the foot of a moun- tain, near the river Cose. It derives its principal subsistence from the neigh- bouring iron-mines ; and it is famous for breweries of excellent beer. Here the art of making gunpowder is said to have been discovered by a monk.- It is 28 miles S of Brunswick. Lon. 10 42 E, lat. 52 N. Gosport, a fortified town in Hampshire, on the W side of the harbour of Ports- mouth, over which is a ferry. It has a market on Saturday ; is a large town and of great trade, especially in time of war. Here is a noble hospital, built for the re- " lief of the sick and wounded sailors. It is 78 miles SW of London. Lon. 1 3 W, lat. 50 49 N. • . ' % Gostynen, or Gostavin, a town of Po- land, in the palatinate of llava, 36 miles NE of Rava. Lon. 20 40 E, lat. 51 54 N. Gotha, a town of Upper Saxony,' ca- pital of a duchv of the same name, 18 miles W of Erfurt. Lon. 10 52 E, lat. 51 N. Gotha, a river of Sweden which issues from Lake Wenner, and falls into the North Sea, at Gotheborg. Gothard, St. one of the highest moun- tains of Swisserland, being 9075 feet, above the level of the sea. Itas eight miles from Altorf. Gothland, the most southern province of Sweden, being a peninsula encompas- sed on three sides by the Baltic sea. It contains the provinces of Ostrogoihia or East Gothland, Snioland, Westrogoihia or West Gothland, the isles of Gothland and CEiand, Wermlaud, Dalia, Halland, Blekingen, and Scania or Schonen. Gothland, an island of the Baltic, on the E coast of Sweden. Wisby is its only town. Lon. 19 45 E, lat. 57 N. GotJieborg, or Gottenburg, a flourishing town of Sw eden, in West Gothland, seat- ed at the mouth of the Gotha, which forms an excellent harbour : the best si- tuated for foreign trade of any in the kingdom, as it lies without the Sound. The inhabitants have increased consider- ably within these 30 years, and are now- computed to be about'30,000. This flour- ishing state is attributed to the exten- sion of its commerce, particularly its East India Company, and the success of the herring fishery. It was besieged by the Danes in 1788, who must have taken it, but tor the interference of the British minister. Gotheborg is 188 miles SW of Stockholm. Lon. 11 44 E, lat. 57 42 N. Gottivgen, a city of Lower Saxony, in the duchy of Brunswick, formerly free and imperial, but now subject to the eiector of Hanover. Here George It GOZ G R A '"ounded a university. It is seated on the Leine. 25 miles NE of Cassel Lon. 9 53 E, 1 it. 51 32 X. (J-ittorft, a town of Denmark," in the duchy ot Slcswiclc, capital of the duchy of Holsteih Gortorp, seated at the bot- tom of an Arm of tlu: sea, ( ailed the SU v, four mile^WSW of Sleswick. Lo#9 26 E, l:it. 54 36 X. (Jotlsbevgy a town of Silesia, in the duchy of Schweidnitz, remarkable for its silver mines. Gondii, or Turgors, a strong town of the United Provinces, in Holland, cele- "brated for its noble church, and painted glass windows, supposed to be the finest in Europe. It is seated on the Tssel, eight miles NE of Rotterdam. Lon. 4 41 E, lat. 52 2 X. Goudlntr$f x a town in Kent, with a market on Wednesday, 12 miles SW of Maidstone, and 44 SE of London. Lon. 31 E, lat. 51 8 X. Goveinolo, a town of Italy, in the Mantuan, seated on the Mincib, 12 miles SE of Mantua. Eon. 10 56 E, lat. 45 4 X. Goura, or Guru, a town of Poland, in the palatinate of Masovia, belonging* to the bishop of Posnania. Eon. 21 50 E, lat. 52 1 X. Gordon, a town of France, in the de- partment of Lot, and late province of Querci, 18'miles NW of Cahors. Lon. 1 24 E, lat. 45 43 X. Govmai', a town of France, now in the department of Lower Seine lately in the province of Normandy, remarkable for its fine butter. It is seated on the Epte, 52 miles XW of Paris. Lon. 36 W, lat. 49 32 N. Gourock, a town in "Renfrewshire, on a bay of the Frith of Clyde, with a cop- per mine in its neighbourhood, latch shut up. Go-aer, the peninsulated extremity of Glamorganshire, to the W of the bay of Swansey. It has very lofty limestone cliffs next the sea, whence large cptantities of lime are exported to the English coun- ties across the Bristol Channel. The coast abounds with oysters. The land is a fertile tract of arable and pasture. Goioer, or Gever. See Gatu; St. Go-ivran, a borough and post town of Ireland, in the countv of Kilkenny. Lon. 7 E, lat. 52 34 X. Govjrie, Corse of, a fertile tract of coun- try in Perthshire, remarkable for the fine crops produced there. Gozzie, or Gozes, an island of the Medi- terranean, to the S of the isle of Candia, 12 miles from Fort Selino. Gozzo, a fortified island of the Medi-' \ ' • an, . t. !, ':!■ •. N \V of Malta, :e belonging to the knights of that island Grabo'io, a town of Lower Saxon v, the duchy of Mecklenburg, 18 mi S of Schwerin. Lon. 11 44 E, lat Graciosa, one of the Azores, or West- ern Islands. It contains about 300 inha- bitants, and produces wheat, winej but- ter, and cheese. Lon. 27 58 VV, lat. 39 2X. Graciosa, a rocky, barren, uninhabited ! island, one of the Canaries, to the X of Lancerota. It is three miles long, and two broad'. Grudista, a town of Sclavonia, on the frontiers of Croatia, taken by the Turks in 1691. It is seated on the Save, 20 miles SW of Poscga. Lon. 18 39 E, lat 45 21 X. Gradiska, a strong town of Germany in the county of Goritz, seated on the Li sonzo, 15 miles SE of l uina. Lon. 13 14 E, lat. 46 6 X. Grado, a town of Italy, in a small 3s- lav. ' of the same name, on the coast of Venetian Friuli, 50 miles E bv X of Ve- nice. Lon. 13 10 E, lat. 45 46*N. Grafton, a village in Northamptonshire, between Stony Stratford and Northamp- ton, where there is a manor-house and park, given by Charles II. to the duke of Grafton, whence the title is derived. Grafton, a post town in Grafton county. Xew Hampshire, 20 miles SK of Dart- mouth college, and 29 NW of Salisbury, with 700 inhabitants. Grafton, a county in the state of Xew Hampshire, bounded on the S by Hftlsbo rough and Cheshire, Rockingham and Strafford ; in the E by the district of Maine ; in the W by Connecticut river, which separates it from Vermont ; and in the N by Canada. It contains 59 town- ships, and about 35,000 inhabitants. It is a mountainous country, but the inter- vales are fertile, and capable of affording a sustenance to a much greater number of inhabitants. Grafton, a township of Worcester coun- y, Massachusetts, about forty miles SAX of Boston, with 1000 inhabitants. Graini er, a county in the state of Ten- nessee. It is bounded on the N by the Cumberland mountains, and on the S by ' he Holston river, on the E by Hawkins, and on the W by Knox county. It is extremely mountainous, but well wa- tered, and contains about 10,000 inhabi- tants. Gravnnovt, a town of Austrian Flan- ders, seated on the Dender, IS miles NE of Tournav. Lon. 3 59 E, lat. 50 47 N. G R A G R A Grammont, a town of France, in the de- partment of Upper Viene and late pro- vince of Lirnosin. It is 15 miles NE ot Limoges. Lon. 1 30 E, lat. 46 1 N. Grampian Hills, a chain of high moun- tains in Scotland, running- from E to W, nearly the whole breadth of the kingdom. They take their name from the Mo'ns Grampius of Tacitus, whence Galgactis waited the approach of Agricola, and where the battle was fought so fatal to the brave Caledonians. Grambonnd, a borough in Cornwall, with a market on Saturday. Ii has aeon siderable manufacture of gloves, is gov erned by a mayor, and sends two mem- bers to parliament. It is seated on the Valles, 40 miles SW of Launceston, and 244 W bv S of London. Lon. 4 49 W, lat. 50 22 N. Gran, a town of Lower Hungary, with an archbishop's see. It has been several times taken and retaken, but last of all by the Austrians, in 1683. It is seated on the Danube, 87 miles E by S of Vienna. Lon. 18 6 E, lat. 47 46 N. " Granada, a province (formerly a king- dom) of Spain, bounde d on the N and W by Andalusia, on the E by Murcia, and on the S by the Mediterranean Sea. It is 1/5 miles in length, and 75 in breadth. Though a mountainous country, the soil is good ; but it has not been well cultiva- ted since the Moors were expelled in 1492. However, it produces corn, wine, oil, sugar, flax, hemp, excellent fruits, honey, wax, and mulberry trees, which feed a great number of silk worms. The forests produce gall nuts, palm trees, and oaks. Tobago. The chief port called Lewisj s oir'the W side, in the middle of a large bay, with a sandy bottom, and is very spacious. The island abounds with wild g-ame and fish, and produces very fine umbci-, sugar, tobacco, and indigo. It has been < ften taken and retaken. In 1795, the French landed some troops and raised an insurrection in this is- land, which was not finally quelled till June 1796. Granada, a town of North America, in ihe province of Nicaragua, seated on the hike Nicaragua. It was taken twice by the French buccaneers, and pillaged. The inhabitants carry on a great trade by means of the lake, which communis cates with the Atlantic Ocean. It is 54 miles SE of Leon. Lon. 87 W, lat. 12 5 N. Granada, JY'Vw, an extensive inland country in South America, denominated by the Spaniards the new kingdom of Granada. It is bounded on the W by Po- payan ; on the N by other provinces of Terra Firma, namely, Santa Martha, Rio de la Hacha, and Venezuela ; on the S by Peru ; and on the E by a country w hich stretches along the banks of the Orono- ko, and is little known, and imperfectly occupied by the Spaniards. New Grana- da was conquered by the Spaniards in 1536. It is so far elevated above the le- vel of the sea, that though it approaches almost 1o the equator, the climate is re- markably temperate. The fertility of its vallies is not inferior to that of the rich- est districts in America; and. its higher grounds yield gold and precious stones of various kinds. Its towns are populous Granada, a large and handsome city of and flourishing; and the capital is Santa Spain, capital of the province of Granada, Fe-dc-Hagota. with an archbishop's sec, and a universi- G randy, a township of Hampshire " y. It is built on four hills, and divided ! county, >>fassachuseUs; situated about 85 into four parts, in one of which is ihe large church* containing the tombs of Ferdi- nand and Isabella, who took this place f rom the Moors in 1492. In another is he palace of the kings of Spain, and an c j e tit palace of the Moorish kings, with ho many rooms that it is like a labyrinth. Jn the third is the university ; the fourth a* nothing considerable ; but all the pub- lic buildings are magnificent. It is seat- ed near the confluence of the Oro with the Xenil, 125 miles SW of Murcia, and 225 S of Madrid. Lon. 3 30 W, lat. 37 8 N. Granada, an island in the West Indies, the principal of the Grenadines, situated in 61 40 W lon. and between 11 55 and 12 23 N lat. It is the last of the Wind- ward Caribbees, and 30 leagues NW of miles W of Boston^ and containing 1000 in h a 1 > i t nnli^ffi^Sff Grantiy, a township of Hartford coun- ty, Connecticut ; joining the state of Mas- sachusetts, in the north, and bounded in the west by the Poppotonuck moun- tain. It is situated about 20 miles NW of Hartford, and contains 3000 inhabi- tants. Grande-Pre, a town of France, in the department of Ardennes and late prov- ince of Champagne, seated on the Ayre ; 32 miles E of Rheims. Lon. 4 55 E, lat. 49 21 N. Granic, or Grav.iats, a small river of Natolia, which has its source in Mount Ida, near the ruins of ancient Troy, and falls into the sea of Marmora, to the E of Lampfaeo. On its banks was fought G R A G R A the celebrated battle, in which Alexander the Great, obtained his first victory over the Persians. Granson, a town of Swisserland, in the Pays de Vaud, capital of a baibwic of the same name, with a castle. Charles the Bold, duke of Burgundy, 'ook it by storm ; but in a battle near it, in 1476, he was totally defeated. Lon. 6 30 E, lat. 46 50 N. Grantham, a borough in Lincolnshire, with a market on Saturday. It sends two members to parliament, and has a church famous for its high spire, which seems to lean on one side. It is seated on the Wi- tham, 20 miles S by W of Lincoln, and 110 N by W of London. Lon. 36 \V, lat. 52 59 N. Gramsere Water, a small lake of West- moreland, to the W of Ambleside. Its margin is hollowed into small bays, with boid eminences ; some of rock, some of turf, that half conceal and half Vary the figure of the little lake they command. From the shore/ a low promontory pro- jects far into the water; and on it stands a white village, with the parish church rising in the midst of it. Granville, a seaport of France, in he department of the Channel and late pro- vince of -.Normandy, partly seated on a rock, and partly on a plain. It is 15 miles S by E of Coutances, and .185 W of Paris. Lon. 1 32 W, lat. 48 50 N. Granville, a township of Washington county, New-York; situated on the hue which divides this state from Vermont, and 60 miles NNE of Albany. It con- tains 3700 inhabitants. Granville, a township of Hampshire county, Massachusetts, 14 miies W of Springfield, and containing 2500 inhabi- tants. Granville, a county in the state of N Carolina, joining the state of Virginia on the N # from which it is separated by tin river Roanoke. The inhabitants are abo\it 16,000. Grass;:, a "town of France, now in tlv. department of Var, lately in the province of Provence* -It was "'lately a bishop's see; and is seated on an eminence, 15 miles W of Nice. Lon. 6 56 E, lat. 43 39 V. Grassc, a town of France, in the de- partment of Au:le and late province of Languedoc, seated on the rive r Othie'u, at the foot of the mountain^ of Courbi- ere,, 18 miles SE of Carcassonne. Gratcletf, a village in Hampshire, on the SE side of Quarley Hill", in the road from Antlover to Salisbury, where, hi 926, king Athelstan held a grand coun- cil of the nobility. Near it is a great Ho- rn an camp, and on Quarley hill is a large British camp. , Gratz, a town of Germany, capital of Stiria, with a castle, and a university. Here are many palaces, and a fine arse- nal. The castle stands on a rock, and communicates with the river by means of a deep well It is seated on the Muehr, 85 miles S\V of Vienna. Lon. 15 30 E, lat. 4 N. Grauilentz, a town of Poland, in the palatinate of Culm, with a castle ; seat- ed on a town of Servia, where the Turks defeated the Germans in 1739. Lon. 21 10 E, lat. 45 10 N. Groton, a post town in Middlesex coun- ty, Massachusetts, 35 miles NW of Bos- ton, which contained 1800 inhabitants at the last census in 1800. Groton, a township of New London county, Connecticut, situated on the E side of the river Thames, nearly opposite to New London. It contains about G000 inhabitants. Grotpw, a river of Spain, in Galicia, which enters the bay of Biscay, at Co- runna. Grubenhagen, a town and castle of Lower Saxony, and the chief place of a principality of the. same name, belonging to the house of Hanover. In the moun- tains near it are mines of silver, iron, copper, and lead. It is 45 mih s S of Hanover. Lon. 10 3 E, lat. 51 31 N. Grvckfeldt, a town of Carinthia, with a castle on the river Save. Lon. 15 45 E, lat. 46 7 N. Gnmberg, a town of Germany, in Up- per Hesse. Here Charlemagne and the kings of the Merovingian race held their court. Grunberg, a town of Silesia in the principality of Glogan ; it is surrounded with vineyards, and has a manufacture of cloth. Gvnn.de, a town of Germany, in the duchy of Brunswick, and in the moun- tains of Hartz. Lon. 13 35 E, lat. 52 10 N. Gruningen, a town of Lower Saxony, in die principality of Halberstadt, on the river Felke. Lon. 11 41 E, lat. 52 4 N. GruJungen, a town of Swisserland, in die canton of Zuric, capital of a bailiwic »f the same name. The castle stands on .i lofty rock, and commands an exten- sive prospect. Lon. 8 43 E. lat. 47 14 N. Gruyires, a town of Swisserland, in the canton of Friburg, with a castle, where die bailiff resides. It is famous for cheese, and is 15 miles SW of Friburg. Lon. 6 43 E, lat. 46 35 N. Guacockin^o, a town of New Spain, 30 miles SE of Mexico. Lon. 99 45 W, lat. 19 36 N. Guadalajara, or Neto Galicia, one of the three audiences of New Spain, exten- ding 800 miles in length, and 500 in •readth. It is bounded on the N by New- Mexico, on the E and S by the audience of Mexico, and on the W by the gulf of California and the North Pacific Ocean. It is divided into the provinces of Gua- dalajara Proper, Zacatecas, New Biscay, Cirialoa, Culiacan, Chameti;»n, and Xalis- co. It is celebrated for its fertility, and the richness of its silver mines. Guadalajara, or Guadalaxara, the capi- tal of the province and audience of Gua- dalajara, in New Spain. It is a bishop's see, and situated on the Bareinja, 217 miles* W of Mexico. Lon. 104 49*W, lat. 20 50 N. Guadalajara, or Guadalaxara, a town of Spain, in New Castile, seated on the Herares, 30 miles NE of Madrid. Lon. 2 47 W, lat. 40 36 N. Guadalaviar, a river of Spain, which rises on the confines of Arragon, cros- GU A G U A ses the province of Valencia, and fails in- to the Mediterranean, below Valencia Guadaloupe, a handsome town of Spain, in Estramadura, with a rich convent. It is seated on a rivulet of the same name, ^4 miles E by N of Truxillo. Lon. 4 45 W, lat. 39 12 N. Gaiidalovpe, one of the Leeward Carib- bee Islands in the West Indies, between Antigua and Dominica, in lon. 62 W, and lat. 16 20 N. The island, which is of an irregular figure, may be about 80 leagues in circumference. It is divided into two parts by a small arm of the sea, which is not above 2 leagues long, and from 15 to 40 fathoms broad. This canal, known by the name of the Salt River, is naviga- ble, but will only carry vessels of 50 tons burden. The soil is exceedingly good, and well watered near the sea, by rivu- lets which fail from the mountains The island towards the centre, is full of crag- gy rocks, where the cold is so intense, that nothing will grow upon them but fern, and some useless shrubs covered with moss. On the top of these rocks, a mountain rises to an immense height. It exhales through various openings, a thick black smoke, intermixed with sparks that are visible by night. The French settled in this island, in 1632. 11 has been often taken and retaken, the last time by the French in 1794, in whose possession it stdl remains. Basseterre is the capital Guadutquiver, a river of Spain, which rises in the S part of New Castile, flows through Andalusia, and falls into the bay of Cadiz. Gziudarama, a town of Spain in Old Cas- tile, remarkable for its great trade in cheese. It is seated on the Guadaram, 25 miles N\V of Madrid. Lon. 3 48 W, lat. 41 45 N. Guadimia, a river of Spain, which ha- ving its source in New Castile, crosses Estramadura into Portugal, and separat- ing Algarva from Andalusia, fall inlothe bay of Cadiz. '; W* #?JB& % Gandix, a town of Spain, in Granada, with a bishop's see, 30 miles E of Grana- da. Lon. 2 47 W, lat. 37 4 N.. Gualdo, a town of Italy, In Ancorta, 8 miles NW of Nocera. In 1751, it was al- most destroyed bv an earthquake. Lon. 12 43 E, lat. 43 6 N. Guam, the chief of the Ladrone Islands, in the North Pacific Ocean, 100 miles in circumference. It depends upon the Spa- niards who have a garrison here, but the inhabitants are almost all natives of the country, and reputed to be very skilful in building boats. It abounds "with ex- cellent Iruit, and the air is wholesome; notwithstanding which the natives are subject to a kind of leprosy. Lon. 145 15 E, lat. 13 * N. GriahiarigQ} a town of Peru, capital of a province of the same name, with a bish- op's see. It is remarkable for sweetmeats, and near it are mines of gold, silver, loadstone and quicksilver. It is 200 miles SE of Lima. Lon. 74 15 W, lat. 13 20 S. Gvanahami, or Cat Island, one of the Bahama Islands, the first land of Ameri- ca, discovered by Columbus, in 1491, and named by him St. Salvador. Lon. 75 5 W, lat. 24 20 N. Guaimgo, a town of Peru, capital of a district of the same name, that abounds in all the necessaries of life. It is 172 miles NNE of Lima. Lon. 75 15 W, lat, 9 55 S. Gi/anzavelca, a rich town of Peru, whose neighbourhood abounds with mines of quicksilver. It is 159 miles ENE of Pisca. Lon. 74 S9 V #, lat, 12 36 S. Gudrdafui, a cape of Africa, at the en- trance of the strait of Rabclmandel. Lon, 52 5 E,iat. \%mm^^M Guardia, or Guarda, a town of Portu- gal, in Beira, with a bishop's see. It is fortified both by art and nature, and has a stately cathedral. It is 138 miles E of Lisbon/ Lon. 6 37 W, lat. 40 22 N. Guavdia-Jllfrrez, a town of Naples, in the Molise, with a bishop's see, 7 miles NW of Larino. Lon. 14 56 E, lat. 41 39 -N. Gnarma, a seaport of Peru*: 120 miles NW of Lima. Lon. 77 49 W, lat. 10 10 S. Giiactalla, a town of Italy, in the Man- tuan, ceded to the duke of Parma, in It is noted for .'a;, battle between :he Austrians and the French, in which the former were defeated with the loss of 5000 men. It is seated near the river Po, 15 miles N of Iteggio. Lon. 10 38 E, lat. 44 56 N. Guasio. or Vas-to, a'town of Naples, in Abruzzo Citeriore, on the gulf of Ve- nice, 15 miles SE of Lanciano. Lon. 15 6E, lat. 42 15 N. Guatimala, an audience of New Spain, about 750 miles long, and 450 broad, bounded on the NW by the audience of •Mexico, on the NE by the gulf of Mexi- co, on the SE by the isthmus of Darien, and on the SW by the Pacific Ocean. *ftt is subdivided into the provinces of Gua- iimala Proper, Vera Paz, Honduras, Ni- caragua, Costa Rica, and Veragua. The ndigo of this country is superior in qua- : ty to that of any other in America, and is cultivated to a considerable extent. Guatimala, New, the capital of the au- G U E G U I dicnce and province of Guatimala, in New Spain, with a bishop's see and a universi- ty. It is situated not far from the site of the former town of that name, which was destroyed, June 7th, 1773, by a dreadful earthquake, attended by an eruption from the neighbouring volcano. New Guatemala is 600 miles SW of Mexico. Lon. 90 30 W, lat. 13 40 N. Guatimala, a burning mountain in New Spain, which throws out fire and smoke. It has twice destroyed St. J ago de Guati- mala. Gitaxaca, Ja province of New Spain, bounded by the gulf of Mexico on the N, and by the Pacific Ocean on the S. It is fertile in wheat, Indian corn, cochineal, and cassia ; and contains mines of gold, silver, and crystal. Guaxaca, a" town of New Spain, capital of a province of the same name, with a bishop's see. It is noted for fine sweet- meats and chocolate ; and has several rich convents. It is 160 miles E of Acapulco. Lon. 100 W, lat. 17 25 N. Gubcn, a town of Germany, in Lower Lusatia, seated on the Neisse, 62 miles NE of Dresden. Lon. 14 39 E, lat. 51 58 N. Gubio, or Eugnbio, a town of Italy, in the duchy of Urbino, with a bishop's see, 82 miles N of Rome- Lon. 12 38 E, lat. 43 16 N. Gucldcrland, or Gueldres, a territory of the Netherlands, which was overrun by the French in 1794. Gueldres, a town of the Netherlands, in the territory of the same name, which has been often taken and retaken. It was ceded to the king of Prussia by the peace of Utrecht, and was taken bv the French in 1794. It is 10 miles NE of Velno. Lon. 6 E, lat. 51 26 N. Guerandc, a town of France, in the department of Lower Loire and late pro- vince of Bretagne. It carries on a con- siderable trade in white salt, and is three miles from the Atlantic, and 250 W of Paris. Lon. 2 20 W, lat. 47 10 N. Gucret, a town of France, in the de- partment of Creuse and late province of Marche, seated on the Gartampe, 35 miles NE of Limoges, and 170 S of Paris. Lon. 1 56 E f lat. 46 10 N. Guernsey, an island on the coast of Normandy, subject to Great Britain, but governed by its own laws. It is natural- ly strong, being surrounded by high rocks, and of a round form, 30 mdes in circumference. Thenatives speak French, it having been a part of Normandy. Lon. 2 37 W, lat. 49 32 N. Giteta, a town of Spain, in New Cas- tile, 60 miles E of Madrid. Lon. 1 56 W, lat. 40 22 N. Guiana, a large country of South Ame- rica, is bounded on the E and N by the Atlantic Ocean and the river Oroonoko ; on the S by the river of the Amazons ; and on the W by the provinces of G i tna- da and New Andalusia, in Terra Firma, from which it is separated both on the VV and N by the river Oroonoko. It ex- tends above 1200 miles from NE to SW, that is, from the mouth of the river O- roonoko to the mouth of the river Ama- zons, and near 600 in the contrary direc- tion. The Portuguese, French, and Dutch, have all settlements along the coast. What lies S of Cape North be- longs to the first of these nations ; the coast between Cape North and Cape O- range is possessed by the natives ; French Guiana, Old Cayenne, or Equinoctial France, extends from Cape Orange, about 240 miles along the coast, to the river Marani ; where the Dutch territory be- gins, and extends to the mouth of the O- roonoko. The greatest heat takes place in October, and continues to March; this is succeeded by violent uninterrupted rain till June, when parching heat again lakes place till July, which is again followed by incessant rain till October. The land of Dutch Guiana, for 50 miles up the coun- try from the sea-coast is flat ; and during the rainy seasons covered two feet high with water. This renders it inconceiva- bly fertile, the earth, for 12 inches deep, being a stratum of such perfect manure ; that an attempt was once made to carry some of it to Barbadoes. On the banks of the Issequibo, 30 crops of ratan canes have been raised successively; whereas in the West India Islands, not more than two are ever expected from the richest land. The interior parts of the country are inhabited by savages, who hare dif- ferent languages and customs; and some of them build their houses on trees, to be secure from the inundations of the ri- vers. Guiaqvil, one of the nine jurisdictions of the province of Quito, in Peru. Cho- colate is one of its principal products. Guiaqiril, a commercial city of Peru, capital of a jurisdiction of the same name. It stands partly on the side and partly at the foot of a hill, which descends gently toward the river Guiaquil, on which the town stands. It is large and populous, and is 140 miles N by E of Paita. Lon. 81 11 W, lat. 2 11 S. Gnira, a seaport of Terra Firma, on the coast of Caracca. Lon. 66 5 W, lat. 10 35 N. G U I GUN Ctiicnne, a late province of France, which now makes i he department ot Gi- ronde and that of Lot and Garonne. Guilford, a borough in Surry, with a market on Saturday. It is seated on the "Wcy, on the declivity of a hill, near which are' the ruins of an old castle. The summer assizes are alternately held here and at Croydon; but the election of members f>r the county is always held here, and it sends two for the borough. The Wey is navigable to the Thames, and much timber and corn are carried upon it. It is a well built town, with two churches, and governed by a mayor. It is 23 miles WSW of Oovdon, and 30 SW of London. Lorn 29 W, lat. 51 15 N. Guildford, a post town in New Haven county, Connecticut, 18 miles E by S of New Haven, on Long Island Sound. Guildford, the capital of Guildford coun- ty, North Carolina, 48 miles NW of Hillsborough ; the scene of a hard fought battle, the Americans under Gen. Greene, and the British under Lord Cornwallis, March 1781 — Here is a post-office. Guildford, a township of Windham county, Vermont ; situated between Ha- lifax township and Connecticut river, about 30 miles E of Bennington, and con- taining about 2500 inhabitants. Guildford, a township of Franklin coun- ty, Pennsylvania, ahout 6 miles SE of Chambers'burgh. It contains 1600 inha- bitants. Guillain, St. a town of Austrian Hai- nault, seated in marshy land, on the ri- ver Haisne, six miles W of Mons. Lon. 3 53 E, lat. 50 27 N. Guillestree, a town and castle in the Alps, once belonging to Dauphiny, in France. It was taken by prince Eugene in 1692, and is nine miles NE of Em- brum. Lon. 6 36 E, lat. 44 41 N. Guimaraens, an ancient and conside- rable town of Portugal, in the province of Entve-Houero-e-Minho. It has former- ly been the residence of their kings and is divided into the Old and New. The public buildings are magnificent. It is 1 65 miles NE of Lisbon. Lon. 8 21 W, lat. 41 35 N. Guinea, a country of Africa, of which, little is known except the coast. It lies vithin the tropic of Cancel-, between 12 W, and 80 E lon. and is divided into the Lower and Upper. This last compre- hends the Grain Coast, the Tooth Coast, the Gold Coast, the Slave Coast, (which includes Whidah and Ardrah) and Benin. The lower part is commonly called Con- go. It is very unhealthy for Europeans, though the negroes live a considerable time. The natives in general go almost naked, and theie seems to be little re- ligion or honesty among them. The com- modities purchased here, are gum-sene- ca, at Senegal; grain, upon the Grain Coast ; elephants' teeth, upon the Tooth Coast ; the greatest plenty of gold, upon the Gold Coast ; and all in general, fur- nish slaves. The English, Dutch, French, Danes, and oiher nations, have factories upon this coast, and purchase slaves and other commodities. There are many lit- tle states, whose chiefs the sailors dig- nify with the name of kings; but very few deserve that title. They are often at war with each other, when the people taken, on both sides, are sold for slaves ; and it is not uncommon for the nearest of kin to sell each other. Guinea, jV*ew, an isb.nd of the South Pacific Ocean, to the N of New Holland. This island, which is long and narrow, extends SE from the equator to 12 S lat. and from 131 to 155 E lon. It was sup- posed to be connected with New Hol- land, till Captain Cook discovered the strait which separates them. The land in general is low, but is covered with such luxuriance of wood and herbage, as can scarcely be conceived. The cocoa- nut, bread-fruit, and plantain tree, flour- ish in the greatest perfection. The in- habitants make much the same appear- ance as the New Hollanders. Guincartip, a town of France, in the de- partment of the North Coast and late pro- vince of Bretagne, seated oivthe Tricu, 13 miles S of Treguier. Lon. 3 8 W, lat. 48 36 N. Gitifmscoa t the NE division of the pro- vince of Biscay, bounded on the N by the bay of that name, on the E by Navarre, on the \V by Biscay Proper, and on the S by Alava. Tolosa is the capital. Guise, a small town of France, now in the department of Aisne, lately in the province of Picardy, with a casile, seat- ed on the Oise, 25 miles E of St. Quintin, and 95 NE of Paris. Lon. 3 42 E, lat. 49 54 N. Gunpowder, a river oTMarylartd, which rises in York county, Pennsylvania, and running in a SE direction through Balti- more county, falls into Chesapeake bay, opposite Poole island. Guntoort one of the Northern Circars, in the peninsula of Hindoostan. It is also called Mortinazagur and Condavir, and occupies the space between Condapilly, the southmost of the four English Cir- cars, and the N part of the Carnatic ; ex- tending along the sea-coast of the bay of Bengal more than 30 miles. The mari- time parts of this circar are flat and open M M ' GWA HAD but the interior parts contain some very strong fortresses and posts. It was sub- ject to the nizam of the Deccan, but has been ceded to the English. Guntzberg, a town of Suabia, in the margravate of Burgaw, with a castle, seated on the Danube, 16 miles XE of Ulm. Lon. 10 25 E, lat. 48 35 N. Guntzenhausen, a town of Franconia, five miles from Weissemberg. It is seat- ed on the Altmul, near a forest, and sub- ject to the king- of Prussia. Giirk, a town of Carinthia, with a bi- shop's see, seated on the river Giirk, 55 miles E of Saltzburg. Lon. 14 18 E, lat. 47 12 N. Gustrow, a city of Germany, in the du- chy of Mecklenburg Schwerin, and capi- tal of the circle of Wen den. The chief courts of judicature for the duchy are held here ; and it has an elegant palace, in which the dukes sometimes reside. It is 35 miles NE of Schwerin. Lon. 12 13 E, lat. 53 57 N. Gutta, a town of Hungary, seated on the E side of the Danube, opposite the island of Schut, 29 miles E bv S of Pres- burg. Lon. 17 47 E, lat. 48 10 N. Gvtsko-w, a town of Swedish Pome- rania, capital of a county of the same name. It is seated on the Peene, '14 miles W of Wolgast. Lon. 13 39 E lat. 54 N. Guzerat, a peninsula of Hindoostan Proper, about 200 miles long, and 140 broad, formed by the Arabian Sea and the gulfs of Cambay and Cutch. The West part is mountainous and woody, and in- habited by a wild hardy race, governed by rajahs of their own. But the largest as well as the finest part is subject^ to the Mahrattas. Amedabad is the capi- tal; G-ivaliov, an ancient fortress of Hin- doostan Proper, in the province of Go- hud. It stands on a vast rock, about 4 miles in length, but narrow and of une- qual breadth, and nearly flat on the top. The sides are so steep as to appear al- most perpendicular in every part ; for where it w as not naturally so it has been scarped away ; "and the height from the plain below, is from 200 to 300 feet. The rampart conforms to the edge of the pre- cipice all around ; and the only entrance to it is by steps running up the side of the rock, which are defended on the side next the country by a wall and bas- tions, and further guarded by very str.ng gateways, at certain distances from each other. The area within is full of noble buildings, reservoirs of water, wells, and cultivated land ; so that it is a little dis- trict within itself. At the NWfoot of the mountain is the town, pretty large, .md well built, the houses all of stone. This place is considered as the Gibraltar of the East ; but in 1780, major Pop- ham took it by an unexpected nocturnal escalade. It is 80 miles S of Agra. Lon. 78 30 B, lat. 26 9 N. Gyfhorn, a town of Lower Saxonv, in he duchy of Lunenburg, seated on the rivers Allcr and Iser, 25 miles N of Bruns- wick. Lon. 10 49 E, lat. 52 49 N. H seated on a hill, on the river Inn, 30 miles E of .Munich. Lon. 12 15 E, lat. 48 18 X. ffacketstortm, a post town in Sussex county, New Jersey, twelve miles E of the river Delaware, and 22 W of Morris- town. Hackinsack, a town in Bergen county, New Jersey, and the principal seat of justice ; it has a post office, and is distant from the citv of New York about 15 miles NW. Hackinsack, a river of New Jersey, which rises in Rockland county, New- York, and running a southern course through Bergen county, falls into Newark bay, a few miles above Ehzabethtown. Hackney, a populous village to the NE of London; die first that was accommo- dated with carriages for occasional pas- sengers ; from hence the hackney coach- es of L«ndon derive their name. Hadamar, a town of Germany, in We- tarnvia, with a castle seated near the Elss, 22 miles NW of Mentz. Lon. 8 E, lat. 50 23 N. Haddam, a post town of Middlesex county, Connecticut ; situated on the W >ide of Connecticut river, 17 miles NEof New Haven. In 1800 it contained 2307 inhabitants. Haddington, a borough of Scotland, in a county of the same name, with a mar- ket on Friday for grain. Part of a Fran- ciscan monastery here is occupied as a parish church ; and at a small distance are the ruins of a nunnery, founded in 1178. Haddington is seated on the Tyne, 18 miles E of Edinburgh. Lon. 3 39 W, •lat. 55 58 N. Haddingtonshire, or East Lothian, a county of Scotland, bounded on the N and E* by the Frith of Forth ; S by Ber- wickshire, and W by Edinburghshire. It is about 27 miles long from E to W, and about 17 from N to S. It produces corn of all sorts, and has plenty of grass, HAG H A I coals, limestone, and some considerable woods. It feeds great flocks of sheep, especially near^he hills of Lammermoor and W Lammerlow ; and abounds with rabbits. A great deal of salt is made here, and the herring fishery is carried rendered to the French in 1795. It is 10 miles NW of Rotterdam, and 30 SW of Amsterdam. Lon. 4 23 E, lat. 52 4 N. H gucnan, a town of France, in the de- partment of Lower Rhine and late pro- vince of Alsace. It was several times ta- consumpcion and exportation. Here are sever 1 convenient harbours, with the ad- vantage of some fishing towns. This county may be reckoned as fruitful, rich, and pleasant as any in Scotland ; or in- deed as most in England The chief towns are, Dunbar, Haddington, and North Berwick ; and its principal river the Tyne, which receives several small streams. Haddonfield, a town in Gloucester coun- ty, New Jersey, 8 miles E of Philadelphia, and 6 from Gloucester, where there is a post office. Haderslcben, a maritime town of Den- mark, in Sleswick, with a strong- citadel, on a small island, in a bay of the Baltic 25 miles E of Ripen. Lon. 9 50 E, lat. 55 18 N on with success at Dunbar, both for home ken and retaken; the last time by the ! French in 1796. It was an imperial city till it fell into the hands of the French in 1673. It is seated on the Motter, which divides it into two parts, 12 miles N of Strasburg, and 252 E of Paris. Lon. 7 53 E, lat. 48 47 N. Hailbron, a free imperial town of Sua- bia, in the duchy of Wirtemburg. The inhabitants, who are protestants, derive a great advantage from the baths near it, wn nee the town has its name, which signifies the fountain of health. It is seated on the Neckar, over which is a stone bridge, 25 miles NE of Stutgard, Lon. 9 25 E, lat. 49 19 N. Huimburg, a town of Lower Austria, on the Danube, 10 miles W of Presburg, "ienna. Lon. 16 58 E, lat. Hadtey, a corporate town in Suffolk with a market on Monday. It is a pretty large town, and has a very handsome church. Large quantities of yarn are spun here for the Norwich manufacture and it had a considerable woollen manu facture, which is now decayed. It is sea- ted on the Bret, 20 miles SE of Bury, and 64 NE of London. Lon. 1 6 E, lat. 52 10 N. Hadky, a village in Essex, 5 miles SW of Rochford. Here are to be seen the ruinous remains of a castle, on a channe of the Thames between Canvey Island and the shore. Hadley, a post town in Hampshire coun- ty, Massachusetts ; situated on the E side of Connecticut river, 43 miles W of Wor- cester and 97 of Boston. Hagarstonm, a flourishing inland town of Maryland, in the fertile and well culti- vated valley of Conegocheague. It car- ries on a considerable trade with the wes- tern country. Hague, a town of the United Provinces, in Holland, which may compare with the handsomest cities in Europe, in extent, the beauty of its palaces, its streets, its agreeable walks, and its great trade. It is seated two miles from the sea, and there is a pavement across the sand hills with trees on each side, which leads to Scheveling, near the sea-shore. The an- cient counts of Holland resided here ; and it is the court though not the capi- tal of the United Provinces. As it is not walled, and sends no deputies to tin states, it is called a village only. It sur- and 25 E of 48 12 N. Ham, a town of Upper Saxony, in Mis- nia. It has a manufacture of cloth, and is seated on the Rhedar, 12 miles N W of Dresden. Hai-nan, a considerable island of the Chinese Sea, to the N of the gulf of Co- chin-China, and to the S of the province of Quang-tong from which it is 12 miles distant. It is 400 miles in circumference. The soil of the N part is level ; but in the S and E are mountains, among which are y allies that produce two crops of rice every year. There are mines of gold and lapis lazuli, which last is carried to Can* ton, to paint the porcelain. It produces the same fruits as China, beside sugar, tobacco, cotton, and indigo. Among the animals is a great black ape, with fea- tures resembling those of the human fixe ; but the common sort of apes are gray, and very ugly. The inhabitants are mostly a wild sort of people, short and deformed, and of a copper colour; they are clothed from the waist down- ward only, and paint their faces like o- her savages. Hiun-tcheou-fou is the capital. Hainault, a province of the Nether- ands ; bounded on the N by Brabant, on the NW by Flanders, on the W by Ar« ois, on the S by Oambresis, Picardy, and Jhampagne, and on the E by the territo- ies of Liege and Namur. It is divided nto Austrian Hainault, of which the ca- pital is Mons ; and French Hainault, which is comprehended in the depart- ment of the North. HamaiMf a forest in Essex, SE of Ej»- HAL HAL ping Forest, supposed to be so called from some of the deer, with which it was 6tocked, having been brought from the province of the same name in the Neth- erlands. Hamburg, a town of Austria, on the Danube, 35 miles E of Vienna. Lon. 17 18 E, lat. 48 14 N. Hulberetadt, a town of Lower Saxony, capital of a principality of the same name. It was formerly capital of the bishopric of Halberstadt, now secularized, T he cathedral is a superb structure ; and here are three regular abbics, and two nunne- ries. The Jews are tolerated, and carry on a great trade ; and the inhabitants brew excellent beer. It is subject to the king of Prussia, and seated on the Ho- thiem, 32 miles SE of Brunswick. Lon. 11 2-1 E, lat. 52 6 X. Hahlemtein, a free and independent ba- rony of" the country of the Grisons. It consists of a semicircular plain, between the Rhine and the foot of Mount Calen- dar, about five miles in length, and scarce- ly one in breadth. Halen, a town of Austrian Brabant, on the river Geet, 24 miles W of Maestricht. Lon 5 4 E, lat. 50 58 N. Hales-Oioeii, a town in Shropshire, in- closed by Worcestershire, six miles E of Stourbridge. It is the birthplace of Shen stone, and near it is the celebrated seat of Le;isowes. Halesworth, a town in Suffolk, with a market on Tuesday. It has a trade in linen, yarn, and sailcloth, and about the town is raised a great deal of hemp. It is seated on a neck of land, between two branches of the river Blyth, 28 miles NE of Ipswich, and 101 of London. Lon. 1 40 E, lat. 52 25 N. Halibut Island, an island in the North Pacific Ocean, so named by Captain Cook on account of the number of fish of that name they caught here. It is 7 leagues in circumference, and except the head verv low and barren. Lon. 164 15 W, lat. 54 48 N. Halifax, a town of Nova Scotia, begun to be built by the English planters in 1749. It is delightfully seated in Che bucto harbour, which is large enough to shelter a squadron of men of war through the winter. It is 789 rniles NE of New- York. Lon. 63 30 W i lat. 44 45 N. Halifax, sl town in the W riding of Yorkshire, with a market on Saturday, seated in a hilly country near a branch of the Calder. It is a very large parish, containing , 12 chapels of ease, and up- wards of 12,000 inhabitants who are principally employed in the woollen ma- nufacture- Jt is the great mart for shal- loons, calamancoes, everlastings, and has a large market house, called the New Piece Hall, and various others for parti- cular goods. It is 40 miles WSW of York, and 197 N by W of London. Lon. 1 45 W, lat. 53 45 N. Halifax, a post town in Dauphin coun- ty, Pennsylvania; standing on the E side f the river Susquehannah, 19 miles N of Harrisburg. Halifax, a district in the state of North Carolina, situated on the SE side of the river Roanoak. It is divided into 6 coun- ties, and contains 70,000 inhabitants. The chief town, Halifax, is situated in the lat. of 36 15 N, and lon. of 77 W. Halifax, a post town in Halifax coun- ty, North Carolina, 67 mdes WNW of Edenton, and on the S bank of the river Roanoke. Halifax, a post town and the capital cf Halifax county, Virginia; situated on the W side of Staunton river, 20 miles above its junction with the river Dan. Halifax, a populous county in the state of Virginia; situated on the N side of Dan river, between Mecklenburg and Pittsylvania counties. It contains 20,000 inhabitants, about one third slaves. Halifax, a township of Windham coun- ty, Vermont, situated between Guildford and Whittingham, 25 miles E of Ben- nington. It has about 2000 inhabitants. Halitz, a town of Poland, capital of a territory of the same name, in Red Rus- sia, with a castle. It is seated on the Dniester, 46 miles S of Lemburg. Lon. 25 19 E, lat. 49 20 N. Hallam, a township of York county, Pennsylvania; situated on the S side of he river Susquehannah, and on the SE side of Codores creek. It has about 1200 inhabitants. Holland, a province of Sweden, on the W coast of Gothland. It is 60 miles .along the coast, but not above 12 in breadth. Halmstadt is the capital. Hallaton, a town in Leicestershire, with a market on Thursday, 12 miles SE of Leicester, and 90 N by E of London. Lon. 50 E, lat. 52 32 N. Halle, a dismantled town of Austrian Uainault. The church contains an im a^e of the Virgin, held in great venera- tion. It is seated on the Serine, 8 miles S SW of Brussels. Lon. 4 20 E, lat. 50 46 N. Halle, a considerable city of Cpper Saxony, in the duchy of Magdeburg, seated* on the Sal, 40 miles E of Magde- burg. It is famous for its university, and salt worts. Lon. 12 8 E, lat. 51 36 N. ; Halle, a free imperial city of Suabia, famous for its salt pits. It is seated on the Kocher, among ropks and mountains, HAM 37 miles NE of Stutgard. Lon. 9 52 E, lat. 49 20 N. Halle, a town of Germany, in Tirol, 6 miles NE of Inspruck. Lon. H 33 E, lat. 47 12 (ST. Hallein, a town of Germany, in the archbishopric of Saltzburg; seated on the Saltza, among mountains that abound in mines of salt, which are the chief riches of the town and country. It is 7 miles SE of Saltzburg. Lon. 13 12 E, lat. 47 33 N. Halloivell, a post town in Kennebec county, Maine ; situated on the \V side of the river Kennebec, about 25 miles a- bove the junction of this river with the Andrascoggm. Halmstadt, a strong seaport of Sweden, capital of Halland, situated on a bay of the North Sea, 80 miles SSE of Gothe- bo:g. Lon. 12 48 E, lat 56 39 N. Halstead, a town in Essex, with a mar- ket on Friday, and a manufacture of bays, says, and callamancots. It is seated on the declivity of a hill, at the fowt of which runs the Coin, 16 miles N of Chelmsford and 47 NE of London. Lon. 45 E, lat. 51 59 N. Halteren, a town of Germany, in the bishopric of Munster, seated on the Lippc, 25 miles SW of Munster. Lon. 7 27 E, lat. 51 40 N. Halton, a town in Cheshire, with a market on Saturday, seated near the Mersev, 13 miles NE of Chester, and 184 NN W of London. Lon. 2 47 W, lat. 53 23 N. Halva, a town of the kingdom of Fez, seated on the Cebu, 8 miles S of Fez. Lon. 5 5 W, lat. 33 32 N. Ham, a strong town of Westphalia, ca- pital of the county of Marck, seated on the Lippe, 24 miles S of Munster. Lon. 7 50 E, lat. 51 36 N. Ham, a town of France, in the depart- ment of Somrae and late province of Pi- cardy, with a strong castle. It is seated on the Somme, 48 miles N of Paris. Lon 3 6 E, lat. 49 45 N. Ham, a village in Surry, one mile from Kingston. Near it is Ham Walks, cele- brated by Thomson and other poets. Ham, West, a village in Essex, where are the remains of an opulent abbey, founded in 1135. This village is seated on the river Lea, four miles E by N of London. Ham, East, a village in Essex, adjoin- ing to West Ham. In this parish is a spring called Miller's Well, the excellent water of which has never been known to freeze, or to vary in its height. Hamah, a large town of Syria, seated among the hills. The best "houses, the HAM mosques, and the castle, are built of black and white stones. The river Assi, for- merly called Orontes, runs close by the castle, and fills its ditches, which are cut deep into the solid rock. The inhabi- tants have a trade for linen, of their own manufacture. It is 78 miles SW of Alep- po. Loii. 34 55 E. lat. 36 15 N. Hamamet, a town of Rarbary, on a gulf of the same name, 45 miles S of Tunis. Lon. 10 15 E, lat. 36 35 N. Hamar, a town of Norway, in the go- vernment of Aggerhtiys, 60 miles NE of Christiana. Lon. 11 5 E, lat. 60 33 N. • Hameledon Hill, near Sturmins.er, in Dorsetshire. Here was a Roman camp, and many Rwman coins have been dug" up. Hamburg; a free imperial city of Ger^ many, in the duchy of Hoistein, consist- ing of the Old Town and the New Town ; both nearly of an equal size. It stands on the N side of the riv er Elbe, which is not less than four mil. s broad opposite the city. It is very populous in pr< por- tion to its size and contains about 100,000 inhabitants. Hamburg is well fortifi\ d, and on the ramparts are handsome walks. The senate of this town is composed of ibur burg-omasters, of whom one only is a tradesman ; four syndics ; twenty-four senators, of whom eleven are men of let- ters, and the rest tradesmen ; four se- cretaries one of whom is a prothonotary, and another belongs to the archieves ; so that the whole senate consists of 36 per- sons. Hamburg, from its situation, has all possible advantages for foreign and domestic trade ; particularly from its communication, by the Elbe, with some of the principal navigable rivers of Ger- many ; and hence it is one of the most commercial places in the world. There are not less than 200 ships at a time, be- longing to foreign merchants, at anchor before the city ; and there is a handsome exchange The inhabitants have the li- berty of performing divine service in a chapel of their own Other religions are tolerated at Altena, a large town near the harbour of Hamburg; except the Jews who have no synagoguie. Besides the 6 principal churches, there are 11 smaller ones for particular occasions, some of which belong to hospitals. The cathedral of Our Lady is a very fine structure. Hamburg is 55 miles SE of the mou^h of the Elbe in the German Ocean, and 55 NE of Bremen. Lon. 9 55 E, lat. 53 34 N, Hamburg, a thriving inland town in Beiks comity, Pennsylvania; about 15 miles N of Reading on the post road to Northumberland : has a post ofiice and about 400 inhabitants. HAM II A M Hamelburgh, a town of Franconia, in the territory of the abbey of Fulde, seat- ed on the Saab, 28 miles SE of Fulde Lon. 10 12 E, lat. 50 16 N. Hamelin, a strong 1 town of Germany, in the duchy of Calenberg, at the extremity of the duchy of Berwick, of which it is the key. It is situated at the confluence of the Hamel and Weser, 25 miles SW of Hanover. Lon. 9 36 E, lat. 52 6 N. Hamerstein, a castle and village of Ger- many, belonging to the elector of Treves. The castle is seated on a lofty mountain, on the E side of the Rhine, two miles N by W of Andernach. Ha-mi, a country situated to the NE of China. The country of Hami, though surrounded by deserts, is accounted one of the most delightful in the world. The soil produces abundance of grain, fruits, leguminous plants, and pasture of even- kind. The rice which grows here is par- ticularly esteemed in China; and pome- granates, oranges, peaches, raisins and prunes, have a most exquisite taste. It is a kingdom, tributary to that country ; and its capital is of the same name. Hamilton, a town in Lanerkshire, seat- ed in a very agreeable plain. Here are the remains of a collegiate church found- ed in 1451. Near it is Hamilton House, the magnificent seat of the duke of Ha- milton. The town is situated on the Clyde, 10 miles SE of Glasgow. Lon. 4 16 W, lat. 55 58 N. Hamilton, a post town of Essex coun- ty, Massachusetts, 10 miles NW of Sa- lem, with 800 inhabitants. Hamilton, a post town in Albany coun- ty, New York, at the distance of 10 miles from the city of Albany, famous for its glass works. Hamilton, a post town in Chenango county, New York; 27 miles NW of Cooper's-town. In 1800 the township contained 2673 inhabitants. Hamilton, a township of Franklin coun- ty, Pennsylvania, situated on the E side of the N mountain, and watered by the W branch of Conegocheague creek. It contains 1263 inhabitants. Hamilton, a county in the state of Ohio, a newly settled country, but increasing- rapidly in population. It has about 2000 inhabitants. Hamilton, a district in the state of Ten- nessee. It contains 6 counties and about 4J.000 inhabitants. Hamilton's Ban, a township of Adams county, Pennsylvania; situated in the S \V corner of the county, 12 miles SW of Gettysburg, the capital of the county. Iti has'isoO inhabitants. ! Hammer smith, a large village in Mid- dlesex, sealed on the Thames, four miles W of London. Here is Brandenburg- House, the magnificent seat of the mar- grave of Anspach. Hamont, a town of Germany in the bi- shopric of Liege, 17 miles W of Rure- monde. Lon. 5 31 E, lat. 41 17 N. Hampden, a township of Hancock coun- ty, Maine. It has a post office, and 1000 inhabitants. Hampshire, Hantshire, or Hants, a coun- ty of England, bounded on the N bv Berks, on the E by Surry and Sussex, . on the S by the English Channel, and on the W by Dorsetshire and Wilts. It ex- rends, exclusive of the Isle of Wight, 42 miles from N to S, and 38 from E to W. The air is very pure and pleasant, especi- ally upon the downs, on which vast flocks of sheep are kept and bred. In the champaign part of the county, where it is free of wood, the soil is very fertile, producing all kinds of grain. The rivers are the Avon, Anton, Arle, Test, Stow- re, and Itchin ; besides several smaller streams, all abounding in fish, especial- ly trout. As its sea-coast is of a consi- derable extent, it possesses many good ports and harbours, and is well supplied with salt-water fish. Much honey is pro- duced in the country. Here is also plenty of game, and on the downs is most de- lightful hunting. Hampshire, a county of Virginia, sepa- rated from Maryland by the river Poto- mac, the S branch of said river running through the middle of it. It contains 9874 inhabitants. Hampshire, a county of Massachusetts, extending from Connecticut in the S to Vermont in the N. It is watered by Con- necticut river the whole length, about 50 miles. It contains 62 townships and 75,000 inhabitants. Hampshire, A'cw, one of the United States, bounded on the N by Canada, on the NE by the district of Maine, on the SE by the Atlantic, on the S by Massa- chusetts, and on the W and NW by the river Connecticut, which separates it from Vermont. It is divided into the five counties of Rockingham, Stafford, Hills- borough, Cheshire, and Grafton. The land near the sea is generally low, put, advancing into the country, it rises into hills. The air is serene and healthful ; the weather not so subject to variation as in the more southern climes. From the vicinity of some mountains, whose summits are covered with snow most of the year, this country, is intensely cold in winter. In summer the heat is great; but of short duration. The inhabitants are 214,460. The capital is Portsmouth. HAN HAN ♦ Hampstead. a village in Middlesex, four iniks NNW of London, formerly famous for its medicinal waters. It is sealed on the declivity of a hill, on the top of which is a fine heath that commands a delight- ful prospect. Hampstead, a town in Rockingham county, New Hampshire, 30 miles W by S of Portsmouth', with 790 inhabitants. Hampton, a township of Washington county, New York, containing 820 in- habitants, and situated 70 miles NNE of Albany. Hampton, a township of Windham coun- ty, Connecticut, on the E side of Biga- low's river, 5 miles N of Windham, con- taining 1274 inhabitants. Hampton, or Jtinching Hampton, a town in Gloucestershire, with a market on Tuesday. It is seated on the Coteswold Hills, 14 miles S of Gloucester, and 90 W of London. Lon. 2 15 W, lat. 51 36 N. Hampton, a seaport town- in Elizabeth- city county, Virginia; situated on Hamp- ton road, about 20 miles NW of Cape Henry, and 10 miles E of York, on York river,' in the iat. of 37 N and lon. of 76 28 W. Hampton, a small maritime town, in Rockingham county, New Hampshire,, about 6 miles E of Exeter, between Rye and Newtown. Inhabitants 900. Hampton, a village in Middlesex, fa- mous for a royal palace, called Hampton Court, built by cardinal Wolsey, who gave it to Henry VII. It is seated on the ft side of the Thames, 14 miles S\V of London. Hanau, a county of Germany, in the circle of the Lower Rhine, which belongs to its own prince. It is 45 miles in length, but the breadth is small ; bound- ed on the E by the county of Rheinec and the territory of Fulde, on the W by the counties of Weissemburg and Holms and on the N and S by the territories of Mentz, and Francfort. Hanau, a strong town of Germany, ca- pital of a county of the same name. L is divided into two towns, the Old and the New, and is seated near the Maine, 18 miles NE of Darmstadt. Here is an univerity with several manufactures, and a very considerable traffic. Lon. 8 55 E, lat. 49 56 N. Hang-Tcheou-Fou, the capital of the province of Tche-kiang, in China. It is four leagues in circumference, exclusive of its suburbs, and contains more than : million of inhabitants. It is seated on a small lake, called Si-hou ; has under its jurisdiction, seven cities of the second and third class; and is 225 miles SE of Nan-king. Lon. 120 20 E, lat. 30 21 N. Hancock, a post town in Washington county, Maryland, standing cm the N ide of the River Potomac, 35 miles W of H gerstown. Hancock, a county in the state of Geor- gia, containing 13,330 inhabitants. It is situated chiefly between the head waters of the Oconee and Great Ogechee livers; and is bounded on the N by Green and Jefferson; on the E by Warren; and on the S by Washington. Hancock, a township of Berkshire, Mas- sachusetts, containing 1,049 inhabitants. It is situated between Richmond and Lanesborough, on the New York line. Hancock, a maritime county in the dis- trict of Maine, containing 30,000 inhabi- tants. It is watered by several branches of Penobscot river; and is divided into 22 townships. The chief town Penob- scot. Hanover, an electorate of Germany, in the circle of Lower Saxony. It contains the duchies of Zell, Saxe-Lawenburg, Bremen, Lunenburg, and the principali- ties of Yerden, Grubengen, and Over- wald. The soil produces abundance of corn, fruits, hemp, flax, tobacco, mad- der, and some wine. There are several large salt works. A good deal of cattle are reared, and a great number of excel- lent horses. The forests furnish timber, and quantities of pitch and tar. Most metals and minerals are also found here. Hanover, a city of Germany, capital of the king of Great Britain's German do- minions. The electors resided here be- fore George I. ascended the British throne ; and the regency is now admini- stered in the same manner as if the so- vereign was present. It is a well built town, and well fortified. The establish- ed religion is the Lutheran ; but the Ro- man catholics are tolerated, and have a handsome church. It is noted for a par- ticular kind of beer, reckoned excellent in these parts. It is seated on the Leina, which divides it in two, 25 miles W of Brunswick. Lon. 10 5 E, lat. 52 25 N. Hanover, a county in the state of Vir- ginia, containing 15,000 inhabitants, more than one half slaves. It is situated be- tween Pamunkey and Chikahominy ri- vers, about 16 miles northward of Rich-' mor.d. Hanover, a. township of Luzerne coun- ty, Pennsylvania; situated between the NE branch of the Susquehannah and the Lehigh, and containing 635 inhabitants. Hanover, a post town of Plymouth county, Massachusetts, containing 1171 inhabitants, about 30 miles SE of Boston. Hanover, a post town of Grafton coun- ty, New Hampshire, containing 2135 in- H A P habitants. It is situated on the E side of Connection river, and is the seat of an eminent seminary of learning-, called Dartmouth college. Lat. 43*30 and Lon. 72 W. Hanover, a post town of York county, Pennsylvania; situated on the W side of Codorus creek, 20 miles SE of York. It contains about 1200 inhabitants. Hanover, a post town in Plymouth county, Massachusetts, 28 miles SE of Boston, containing 958 inhabitants. Hanover, a post town in York county, Pennsylvania, sometimes cailed M'Callis- ter's-town, at the distance of 18 miles S W from York. Hanover, New, a large island in the South Pacific Ocean, opposite the NW extremity of New Ireland. It is high and covered with trees, among which are many beautiful plantations. Hansbach, a town of Bohemia, with ma- nufactures of paper, thread, and cotton. Han-tchoag-fou, a large and populous city of China, in the province of Chensi. It has 16 cities of the second and third class under its jurisdiction, and is seat- ed on the river Han, 845 miles SYV of Pekin. Lon. 106 55 E, lat. 32 45 N. Hants. See Hampshire. Hanuye, a town of Austrian Brabant, 20 miles SE of Louvain. Lon, 5 15 E, lat. 50 41 N. Han-yang foil, a populous and commer- cial city of China, in the province of Hou-quang. It has one city under its ju- risdiction" Hapaee, the name of four of the Friend- ly Islands in the South Pacific Ocean. The plantations are numerous and exten- sive, and some of them are inclosed in such a manner, that the fences, running- parallel to each other, form spacious public roads, that would appear orna- mental in countries, where rural conve- niences have been carried to the great- est perfection. These islands extend about 19 miles. Hapsal, a seaport of Livonia in Russia in the government of Revel, seated on the Baltic, five miles SW of Revel oppo- site the island of Dago. Lon. 22 47 E, lat. 57 4 N. Hapsburg, an ancient castle, now in ruins, on a lofty eminence, near Schintz- nach, in Swisserland, famous for being the patrimony of Rodolph Count of Haps- burg, who by his bravery and abilities raised himself to the imperial throne of Germany. The remains of it are inhabit- ed by the family of a peasant. See Ger- many. Harborovgh, a town of Leicestershire, with a market on Tuesday, seated on the HAR Welland, 14 miles S of Leicester, and 83 N by \V of London. It is observed of 'his town, that there are no lands belong- ing to it. Lon. 52 W, lat. 52 28 N. Harbnrg, a town of Lower Saxony, in the duchy of Lunenburg, with a strong castle. It is seated on the Elbe, oppo- site Hamburg, equally well situated for trade as that city, and is 37 miles NW of Lunenburg. Harcoitrt, a town of France, now in the department of Calvados lately in the pro- vince of Normandy. It is 12 miles S of Caen. Hardeberg, a town of Germany, 52 miles S of Vienna ; it is situated in the duchy of Stiria. Lon. 16 12 E, lat. 47 22 X. Hardegsen, a town of Lower Saxony, in the principality of Calenberg, 10 miles NW of Gottingen: It has a considerable manufacture of leather. Harden, a county in the state of Ken- tucky, containing in 1810 — 7500 inhabi- tants. It is situated on the SE side of Ohio river, near a town in the river, cal- led the Big Bend. The chief town is Elizabethtown. Hardenberg, a town of Westphalia, in the duehy of Berg, it is 13 miles ENE of Dusseldorp. Lon. 6 43 E, lat. 51 19 N. Hardcnburg, a town of Overyssel, situ- ated on the Vecht, 10 miles SW of Covo- erden. Hurdertvich, a town of Dutch Guelder- land, with a university, it was often taken and retaken in the civil wars of the 16th century; the French did it a great deal of damage in 1672, since which time it has been upon the decline. It is seated on the Zuider-Zee, 32 miles E of Amsterdam. Lon. 5 40 E, lat. 52 23 N. Hardv.ick, a township of Worcester county, Massachusetts ; situated on the W side of Ware river, 55 miles W of Boston. In 1810 it contained 1657 inha- bitants. Hardy, a county in the state of Virgi- nia, eontaining 5525 inhabitants in the year 18|g^J$^ Jlarjleur, a town of France, in the de- partment of Lower Seine and late pro- vince of Normandy. Its fortification « have been long demolished, and its har- bour choked up. The English took it by assault in 1415. It stands at the mouth of the Seine, 36 miles NW" of Rouen. Lon. 19 E, lat. 49 30 N. . Hartford, a city in Connecticut, plea- santly situated on the W bank of the ri- ver Connecticut, 37 miles N by E of New Haven, in the lat. of 41 44 N. an t lon. 72 50 W. — This is interchangeably with "New Haven, the seat of state govern- K A R H A R merit : it has a bank, and post office, and in the year IblO contained ."5955 inhabi- tants'! Harford, a^county of Maryland, on the western shore, containing- 21,258 inhabi- tants^ It is bounded on the E by the Ohesapeak bay ; on the NE by the river Susquenahnah ; on the N by Pennsylva- nia, ■■ and on the S\V by Baltimore county. The chief town Bellair. Harford, a post town in Harford coun- v, Maryland, at the head of Bush river, on the post road from Philadelphia to Baltimore, and at the distance of 25 miles NE from the latter. Harlebeck, a town of Austrian Flanders, on the river Lis, three miles NE of Cour- tray. Lon. 3 29 E, lat. 50 52 N. Harlech, a town in Merionethshire, With a market on Saturday, It is seated on a rock, on Cardigan Bay, and but a poor place, though the county town, and governed by a mayor. It is 28 miles SSE of Carnarvon, and 213 NNW" of London. Lon. 4 W, lat. 54 57 N. Harlem, a populous city of the United Provinces in Holland. The church, which is the largest in Holland, is adorned with the finest organ in Europe. It con- sists of 8000 pipes; the largest 38 feet long-, and 16 inches in diameter ; and there are 68 stops, of which the most wonderful is the vox humana. Harlem is seated near a lake of the same name ; and to the S of the town is a wood, cut into delightful walks and vistas. This place claims the invention of printing; the first attempts in the art being attri- buted to Laurentius Costa, a magistrate ; of ihe city. It is situated 10 miles W of Amsterdam. Lon. 4 38 E, lat. 52 24 N. ITirlem, Jnere, a lake of Holland, near Harlem, 14 miles long- and the same broad. It lies between Leyden, Harlem, and Amsterdam ; though it is navigable, it is. subject to dangerous storms; on which account, the canals from Leyden to Amsterdam were made, which are a safer passage. Harleston, a town in Norfolk, with a market on Wednesday, seated on the Wavencv, over which there is a bridge, 16 miles' S of Norwich, and 100 NE of London. Lon. 1 20 W, lat. 52 26 N. | Hirling, a town in Norfolk, with a market on Tuesday, seated on a rivulet between Thetford " and Buckenham. It manufactures a little lineivcloth, and is 24 miles SW of Norwich, and 88 NE of London. Lon. 58 E, lat. 52 27 N. Harlingeii, a seaport of the United Pro- vinces, in West Friesland. The manu- factures are salt, bricks, tiles, and all sorts of linen cloth. It is 13 miles W of Lewarden. Lon. 5 14 E, lat. 53 9 N. Harlow, a town in Essex, seven miles NW of Chipping Ongar. On a common, two miles from the town is a famous an- nual fair on the 9th of September, called il. riow Bush Fair, much frequented by the neighbouring gentry. Harinondswortk, a village in Middlesex, two miles E by N of Colnbrook. It is re- markable f or one of the largest barns in England, whose supporting pillars are of* stone, and supposed to be of great an- tiquity. L Hiiro, a town of Sprin, in Old Castile, seated on the Ebro, and the chief place of a county. Lon. 2 23 W, lat. 42 32 N. Harper's ferry, is on the river Poto- mac, in .leflerson county, Virginia; 30 miles E by N of Winchester, 21 W by S of Fredericktown, Maryland, and 65 from Washington. Here is a post office and a public armoury. Harpers field, a post town in Delaware count}, New York, 65 miles W of the city of Hudson, with 1008 inhabitants. Harponetty, a town of the peninsula of Hindoostan, 152 miles NNW of Seringa- patam, capital of a district of the same name, in the Mvsore country. Lon. 75 2S E, lat. 14 40 N. Harria, or Harelinland, a province of Livonia, lying on the NW part of the gulf of Finland. Revel is the only town. Harris. See Lewis. Harrisburg, the capital of Dauphin county, Pennsylvania; situated on the E bank of the Susquahunnah river, 25 miles \V of Lebanon, 18 E of Carlisle and 107 W by N of Philadelphia, in the lat. of 40 10 N, and lon. of 76 40 W. It con- tains 2287 inhabitants, has a post office, and is conveniently situated for the re- ception of grain and lumber brought down the river ; in both which articles it supports a considerable trade. The streets are laid out with considerable re-" gularity. Many of the dwelling houses arc built of brick, and some of the pub- lic buildings large and elegant, particu- larly the county Court House. Hither it * is expected that, the seat of the state go- vernment will be removed, in a short time. ^ Harrod:;biirg, a post town in Mercer countv, Kentuckv, lving on the E side of Salt River, 30 mi'les S of Frankfort > the caphal of the state. Harrogate, a village in the W riding*^ of Yorkshire, in the parish of Knares- borough, noted for medicinal springs : one of which is the strongest sulphur water in Great Britain. Bathing is the N N HAH HAT most general mode of using it ; and it is successful in dropsical, scovbu icj and gouty eases. The season is from May to Michaelmas ; and the company assemble and lodge in five or six large inns, each house having a long room and an ordina- ry. It is 206 miles N by W of London. Harrow, a village in Middlesex, on the highest hill in the comity : on the sum- mit of which is the church, with a lofty spire. Here is a celebrated free-school, founded by Mr. John Lyons, in the reign of queen Elizabeth. It is 10 miles V. X W of London. ]Iarienstein, a town of Upper Saxony, situated in the lordship of Schonberg, six miles SE of Zwickau. Hartford, or Hertford, the county town of Hertfordshire, seated on the river Lea. It sends two members to parliament : and its market is on Saturday, the chief com- modities of which are wheat, malt and wool; and it sends 5000 quarters of malt to London weekly by the river Lea. -Hartland, a town in Devonshire, with a market on Saturday. It is seated on the Bristol Channel, near a promontory called Hartland-point, 28 miles W of Barnstaple, and 213 W by S of London. Lon. 4 31 W, lat. 51 12' N, ; Hartland, a post town in Windsor coun- ty, Vermont, lying on the W side of Con- necticut river, about itine miles N of Windsor. The township has 1960 inha- bitants. Hartlepool, a seaport in the county of Durham, with a market on Monday. It is commodiously seated on the German Ocean, and has a good harbour where the Newcastle colliers generally take shelter in stress of weather. Itjis 16 miles SE of Durham, and 254 X by W of London. Lon. 1 4 W, lat. 54 47 N. Hartley, a town in Northumberland, XW of Tinmomh, where lord Delaval has constructed a haven, whence coal is shipped to London. Here are large salt, copperas, and glass works ; and a canal has been cut through a solid rock to the oh arbour. Hartzgerode, a town of Upper Saxony, situated near the llartz mountains in the principalis of Anhalt Bernburg. Lon. U 2 E, lat. 51 46 N. ^f^^^g Harvard, a township of Worcester county, Massachusetts, containing 1431 inhabitants in 1810. It is about 30 miles NW of Boston. Harvey's Island, an island in the S Sea. Lon. 158 48 W, lat. 19 17 S. * Hai~ivichfv, seaport and borough in Es- sex, with a market on Tuesday and Fri- day. Here the packet-boats are stationed that go to Germany and Holland. It has a capacious harbour, and the bay is so spacious that 100 sail of men of war with their tenders, besides 300 or 400 sail of colliers have been seen here at one time, and a dock for the building of men of war. The entrance into the harbour is defend- ed by a strong fortress, called Landguard Fort, built on a sandy point on the Suf- folk side of the water. Harwich is 42 miles E by N of Chelmsford, 72 ENE of London. Lon. 1 25 E, lat. 52 N. Harwich, a town with a post office, in Barnstable county, Massachusetts, situ- ated on Barnstable Bay, nine miles from Chatham, and eight from Yarmouth, con- taining 1942 inhabitants in 1810. Harxvington, a post town in Litchfield county, Connecticut, eight miles E of Litchfield, and 24 W of Hartford, con- taining- at last census 1718 inhabitants. Hash at, a province of Africa, in Barba- ry, and in the kingdom of Morocco. Haselfelde, an ancient town of Germa- ny, in Lower Saxony. JIuslem, an island of Denmark, in the Catcgat, at the entrance of the Baltic, N of Zealand. Lon. 11 51 E, lat. 56 21 N. Hasfemere, a borough in Surry, with a market on Tuesday. It sends two mem- bers to parliament, and is 12 miles SW of Guildford, and 43 of London. Lon. 38 W, lat. 51 6 N. Haslingden, a town in Lancashire, with a market on Wednesday, 16 miles N by W of Manchester, and 196 NNW of Lon- don. Lon. 2 16 W, lat. 51 40 N. Hasselt. a handsome town of the United Provinces, in Overyssel, seated on the Vccht, five miles N of Zwoll. Hasselt, a town of Germany in the ter- ritory of Liege, seated on the Demer, 20 miles NW of Maestricht. Hussli, a small territory of Swisserland, in the county of Bern. Hastenbeck, a town in the principality of Calenberg, in Lower Saxony, five miles SE of Hamelin. Here the duke of Cum- berland was defeated by the French un- der Marshal D'Estres, Hastings, a borough in Sussex, with a market on Wednesday and Saturday. It is one of the Cinque Ports, and sends two members to parliament. Here Wil- liam the Conqueror landed, in 1066, and Harold II. was slam in battle. It is 24 miles E of Lewes, and 64 SE of London. Lon. 46 E, lat. 50 52 N. Hatfield, a town in Herts, with a mar- ket on Thursday. It formerly belonged to the see of Ely, but was alienated to the crown in the reign of Elizabeth. Sir Robert Cecil, afterward earl of Salisbury, H A V H A V built the present magnificent seat called Hatfield House. It is seated on the river Lea, 20 miles NNW of London. Lon. 10 W, lat. 51 48 X. Hatfield- 7i road-Oak, or Hatjield Regis, a town in Essex, with a market on Satur- day, 30 miles NNE of London. Lon. 20 E, lat. 51 48 N. Hatherly, a town in Devonshire, on a branch of the river Towridge, with a market on Fridav, 26 miles NW of Exe- ter, and 201 W by S of London. Lon. 4 9 W, lat. 50 52 N. Hattem, a town of Dutch Guelderland, seated on the Yessel, five miles SW of Zwoll. Hattengen, a town of Germany, in the circle of Westphalia, in the county of Marck, seated on the Roer, 17 miles EXE of Dusseldorp. Lon. 7 14 E, lat. 51 17 Ni Hainan, a town and fort of Upper Hun- gery, seated on a mountain, 28 miles XE of Buda. In 1596 the imperialists took it and dismantled it. Lon. 19 43 E, lat. 47 52 N. Havannah, a seaport on the NW part of Cuba, opposite Florida. It is two miles in circumference, and famous for its large harbour, that will hold 1000 vessels, and yet has a mouth so narrow, that only one ship can enter at a time, which entrance is well defended by forts. This is the place where all the ships that come from the Spanish settlements ren- dezvous on their return to Spain. It is near two miles in circumference, and contains about 2000 inhabitants. The building's are elegant, built of stone, and some of them superbly furnished ; and the churches are rich and magnificent. It is the capital of the island, where the gov ernor and captain-general resides, and also an assessor for the assistance of the governor and captain-general of the W. Indies. It is seated cn the W side of the harbour, and watered by two branches of the river Lagida. Lon* 82 13 W, lat. 23 12 sr. ffavant, a town in Hampshire, between Fareham and Chichester, with a market on Saturday, seven miles XE of Ports- mouth, and 64 W by S of London. Lon. 58 E, lat. 50 52 X. Havel, a river of Germany, in Branden- burg, which empties itself into the Elbe. Havelberg, a town of Germany, in the electorate of Brandenburg, with a secu- larized bishop's see. It is seated on the Havel, 37 miles XW of Brandenburg. Lon. 12 26 E, lat. 53 5 X. Haveiistein, a small village in Suabia, where are the ruins of a castle, which was thrown down by an earthquake ; in 1356. 'The town is situated on the Rhine, 13 miles XW of Baden. Haverford, a township of Delaware county, Pennsylvania, containing 754 in- habitants in 1810 ; situated on the E side of Derby creek, about six miles W of Philadelphia. Haverfordwest, a borough in Pembroke- shire, with a market on Tuesday and Sa- turday. It is seated on a creek of Mil- ford Haven, over Which is a stone bridge. It is a large, handsome place, inhabited by many genteel families, and contains three parish churches. It has a consi- derable trade, with several vessels be- longing to it, and sends one member to parliament. The assizes are kept here. It is 15 miles S by E of St. David's, and 329 W by X of London. Lon. 5 W, lat. 51 50 X. Haverhill, a considerable town in Essex county, Massachusetts, lying on the X W side of the river Merrimack, at the dis- tance of 15 miles W from Xewburyport, and 32 X from Boston ; it has a post of- fice, and carries on a brisk trade, foreign and domestic. The inhabitants are 2682. Haverhill, a post town in Grafton coun- ty, Xew Hampshire, on the E side of Con- necticut river, 35 miles XW by X of Dartmouth college. Haverill, a town in Suffolk, with a mar- ket on Wednesday and a manufacture of checks, cottons and fustians. It appears by the ruins of a church and castle, to have been of more consequence formerly than now. It is 16 miles SW of Bury, and 59 XE of London. Lon. 28 E, lat. Havering Hoxoer, a village in Essex, three miles XE of Rumford. It M as once the seat of a royal palace, in which died Joan, queen of Henry IV. Haverslraw, a post town of Rockland county, Xew York, containing 1866 inha- bitants in 1810. It is situated on the W side of Hudson river 53 miles N of Xew York, and 120 S of Albany. Havre-de-Grace, a considerable sea-port of France, in the department of Lower ' Seine, and late province of Xormandy, on the English Channel, in a large plain at the mouth of the river Seine. It is a sinull fortified town, divided into t\i$* pans by the harbour, surrounded with a wall, and other works, and defended by a strong citadel, which, together with iis foreign trlfcle makes it one of the most important places in France. It is 45 miles W of Rouen, and 112 XW of Paris. ,Lom 11 E, iat. 49 29 X. Hivre-dc-Grace, a considerable seaport town, in Hartford county, Maryland; si H A Y H E B tuated at the head of Chesapeak bay, in the lat. of 39 35 N, and Ion. of 76 8 W. It is a principal entre pot of the lumber and grain brought down the river Sus- quehannah, it has a post office, and is 37 miles NE from Baltimore. Haute-rivc, a town of France, in the department of Upper Garonne, and late province oi£anguedoc. seated on the Ar- rlege. Lon. 1 26 E lat. 43 26 N. Hautviltiers, a town of France in the department of Marne and late province of Champagne, where the best cham- pagne is made It is seated on the Marne, 20 miles S by E of Rheims. Hawick, a pleasant!; situated town in Roxburghshire, sea ed on the Tiviot amid wooded rocks, cataracts, and bridges, 15 miles SW of Kelso. Jfawkin's Court House, the principal seat of justice in Hawkin's coun'y, Ten- nessee. Here is a post office, 67 miles NE of Knoxville, and 477 from Wash ington. Hcnojchurst, a village in Kent, noted for smugglers. Haxvkshead, a town in Lancashire, s tuated in Fourness, 24 miles NXYV of Lancaster, and 273 of London. Lon. 3 6 W, lat. 54 24 N, Hatvs-water, a lake in Westmoreland S of Penrith, three miles long, and half a mile over in some places. It is almost divided in the middle by a promontory of inclosures, so that it consists of two sheets of water. Hawthornden, an ancient building, a few miles to die SE of Edinburgh, famous for some artificial caves cut out of the solid rock ; it was the seat of Drummond the poet and historian. Ifay, a town in Brecknockshire, with a market on Saturday, seated between the Wyll and Dulas, 15 miles NE of Breck- nock, and 151 W by S of London. Lon. 3 4 YV, lat. 51 59 N. Haycock, a township of Bucks county, Pennsylvania; situated on the X side of Tokickon creek, 22 miles NW of New- ton, and contained 836 inhabitants in 1810. Jlaycj a town of France, now in the department of Indre and Loire, lately in the province of Touraine. It is memo- rable for being the birthplace of De.s Car- tes, and seated on the Creuse, 25 miles S of Tours, and 135 SW of Paris. Lon. 46 E, lat. 46 56 N. * ' . Hoytsha:u, a town in the county of Sus- sex, with a market on Saturday, 12 miles £ of Lewis,, and 58 SE of London. Lon. 20 E, lat. 50 55 N. Hay-Market, a post town in Prince Wil- liam county, Virginia ; at the distance o£ 38 miles W from Washington. Headford, a town of Ireland, in the county of Galway, and province of Con- naught, 12 miles N of Galway. Lon. 3 W, lat. 22 12 N. Head of Elk, a town of the United States, in Maryland, situated near the head of the bay of Chesapeak, on a small river of its own name. It enjoys great ad- vantage* from the carrying trade between UaUimore and Philadelphia, being about 50 miles from each. Hebrides, or Western Islands, numerous islands on the \V coast of Scotland, the principal of which are Skye, St. Kilda, Lewis and Harris, Uist, Cannay, Staffa, Mull, Jura, and I slay. The situation of these islands in the great Atlantic Ocean renders the air cold and moist in the most of them. In the most northerly isles the sun, at the summer solstice, is not above an hour under the horizon at midnight, and not longer above it at mid-day in the depth of winter. The soil of the He- brides varies also in different isles, and in different parts of the same island ; some are mountainous and barren, pro- ducing little else than heath, wild myr- tle, fern, and a little grass ; while others being cultivated and manured wiih sea weed, yield plentiful crops of oats and barley. Hebrides, JVew, a cluster of islands, ly- ing in the South Pacific Ocean, discover- ed by Quiros in 1606, and considered as part of a great southern continent, under the name of Tierra Australia del Espiritu Santo. They were next visited by Bou- gainville in 1768, who did no more than discover that the land was not connect- ed, but composed of islands, which he called the Great Cyclades. Captain Cook, in 1774, ascertained the extent and situation of the whole group, and gave them the name they now bear. 1 i _ . lie between 14 25 and 20 4 S lat . and 166 41 and 170 21 E lon. extending 125 leagues, The principal islands arc Tierra del Espiritu Santo and Malicollo, besides several of less note, 6ome of which are from Vd to 25 leagues in cir- cuit. In general, they are high and mountainous, abounding with wood, wa- ter, and the usual productions of the tropical islands. The bread fruit, co- coa nut;;, and plaintains are neither so good nor so plentiful as at Otahcitc ; on the other hand, sugar canes, and yams, are not only in greater plenty, but of'supe- rior quality, and much larger, some of the latter weighing 56 pounds. The in- habitants are. of VeYv different* appear , HE I H E L ances at different islands, but are chiefly of a slender make, and dark colour, and most of them have frizzled hair. Their canoes and houses are small, and poorly constructed ; and except their arms, they have scarcely any manufacture, not even for clothing. They are, however, hospitable and good natured, when not prompted to a contrary conduct by the jealousy, which the unusual appearance of European visitors, may naturally be supposed to excite. Hebron, a town of Palestine, seated at the foot of an eminence on which are the remains of an ancient castle. The se- pulchre of Abraham is shown here which is visited by Christians and Ma- hometans. It is 25 miles SW of Jerusa- lem. Hebron, a post town in Tolland coun- ty, Connecticut, 18 miles SE of Hartford, with 2266 inhabitants. Hebron, a post town in Washington countv, New York, situated about half way between Fort Miller, and Fort Edward, and containing 2528 inhabitants. Hecla, Jtfottnt. See Iceland. Hedomora, a town of Dalecarlia in Swe- den, seated on the lake Hafran, famous for the gunpowder made here : it is 55 miles NW of Upsal. Lon. 17 7 E, lat. 60 14 N- Heidenheim, a town of Suabia, and in the territory of Brent zhall, with a hand- some palace belonging to the house of Wurtemburg. It was taken by the French in August 1796, and is 22 miles N of Ulm. Lon. 10 9 E, lat. 48 47 N. Heidelberg, a city of Germany, capital of the palatinate of the Rhine, with a ce- lebrated university. It is noted for its great tun, which holds 800 hogsheads, generally kept full of good Rhenish wine. It stands in a pleasant rich country, and was a famous seat of learning; but it has undergone so many calamities, that it is nothing now to what it was formerly. Heidelberg is seated on the Neckar, over which is abridge, 12 miles NE of Spire. Lon. 8 48E, lat. 49 20 J\ T . Heidelberg, a town of Dauphin county, Pennsylvania, situated 30 miles E of I lar- risburg, and about the same distance N of Lancaster. It is the chief town of Hei- delberg township which in 1810 contain- ed 3582 inhabitants. Neil a a town of Western Prussia in Poland, at the mouth of the Vistula, on the Baltic Sea, 12 miles X of Dantzic. Lon. 19 25 E, lat. 54 53 N. Heilegen-ffave, a seaport of Holstcin in Germany, seated on the Baltic, opposite the island of Femeren. Lon. 10 57 E, lat. 54 30 N. IV^mt^'f^fB^fk Heiligoland, an island of the German Ocean, belonging to the King of Den- mark ; it is seated between the mouths of the Eider and the Elbe. Lon. 8 20 E, lat. 54 21 N. Heiligenstadt, a town of Germany, be- longing to the elector of Mentz, capital of the territory of Etchset. It is seated at the confluence of the Ge island and Leina, 30 miles NW of Eisnach. Lon. 10 14 E, lat. 51 22 N. Helena, St. an island in the Atlantic O- cean, 20 mites in circumference, belong- ing to the English East India Company. It has some high mountains', particufc rly one called Diana's Peak, which is cover- ed with wood to the very top. it :s in general reeky and mountainous, but far from being barren, the interior rallies and even^mcuntairi! jkyeing pleasant and fertile. Mr. Forster tells ns, that " hav- ing travelled about half a mile from the town into the country, he was transport- ed with one of the finest prospects he had ever seen, consisting of several little hills, covered with rich verdure, and in- terspersed with fertile vallies, which con- tained gardens, orchards, and various plantations ; that many pastures sur- rounded by inclosures of stone, were fill - ed with a small but fine breed of cattle, and with English sheep ; that every val- ley was watered by a little rivulet; that the mountains in the centre of the island were hung with woods; that the soil, which covered the rocks and mountains, was in general a rich mould, from six to ten inches deep, clothed with a variety of plants and shrubs, among which was a tree, which the inhabitants call a cab- bage tree, though only used for fuel, gum-trees, and red wood ; that in the go- vernor's garden, about three miles from the town, he saw several plants of Eu- rope, Africa, and America, and particu- larly a profusion of roses and lilies, in- terspersed with myrtle and laurel; that several walks of peach trees were loaded with fruit, which had a peculiar rich fla- vour, different from that of our peaches ; but that the other European fruit-trees throve but indifferently, and never bore fruit; that vines had been planted several times, but had net succeeded, on account of the climate ; that cabbages and other greens thrive extremely well, but arc devoured by -^caterpillars ; that barley, and oilier kinds of corn, are generally devoured by rats, which are immensely numerous ; that the ground, for that rea- son, was laid out chiefly in pastures, the verdure of which was surprising; that iuhe whole, island could support 3000 ! head of their small cattle ; that the beef HEL HEL is juicy, delicious, and very fat ; that the island, besides cattle, abounds with goats, rabbits, a small breed of horses, ring- pheasants, red-legged partridges, rice- birds, pigeons, Sec. of some of which the breed is indigenous but others have been brought from Africa, Europe, or the East Indies ; that the number of inhabi- tants on the island does not exceed 2000, including near 500 soldiers and 600 slaves, who are supplied with all sorts of* manufactures and other necessaries b> the company's ships, in rettira for refresh- ments : and that many of the slaves were employed in catching fish, which are ve- ry plentiful." It lies between the conti- nents of Africa and South America, about 1200 miles W of the former, and 1800 E of the latt?r. Lon. 5 49 W, lat. 15 55 S. Helen's St. a town in East Medina in the isle of Wight. It has a large bay, and, in a war with France, is often the station of the royal navy. Seller, St. the" capital of the island of Jersey, in the English Channel, seated in the bay of St. Aubin, where it has a harbour and a stone pier. The inhabi- tants are computed to be 2000. At the top of the market-place, is the statue of George II. in bronze, gilt. In the church, where prayers are read alternately in English and French, is a monument to the memory of -Major Pierson, who fell here in the moment of yictorv. Lon. 2 10 W, lat. 49 11 N. See Jersey. Helier, St. a little island, near the town of the same name, in the bay of St. Au- bin, on the S side of Jersey. It took its name from Elerius or Helier, a holyman who lived in this island many centurie«> ago, and was slain by the pagan Normans at their coming here. His cell, with the stone bed, is still shown among the rocks ; and in memory of him, a noble abbev was founded on this island. On the site of this abbey now stands Eliza- beth Castle, a very large and strong for- tification, it is the residence of the go- vernor and garrison of Jersey, and occu- pies the whole island, which is near a mile in circuit, and is surrounded by the sea at every half flood ; and hence, at low water, is a passage to the town of St. Helier, called the Bridge, half a mile long, -and formed of sand and stones. JL'U-Gate, a celebrated strait of N. A- mcrica, near the W end of Long Island Sound, eight miles E of New York. It is remarkable for its whirlpools ; but, at proper times of the tide, a skilful pilot ma'y conduct a ship of any burden through this .s ; rait. Helmsdale, a river in Suthetlandshjre, .which descends from the mountains bor- dering on Caithness-shirc, and empties itself into the German Ocean, where there is a good salmon fishery. '' Hellespont, a strait, dividing Asia from Europe, now called the Dardanelles. Helmoiit, a town of Dutch Brabant, in the low countries with a strong castle, seated on the A a, 17 miles SE of Bois-le- Duc, and 20 W of Venlo. Lon. 5 37 E, lat. 51 31 N. Helmsley, or Helmsley- Blackmore, a town in the N riding of Yorkshire, in Rhidal- vale, with a market on Saturday. It had formerly a castle, for the defence of this part against the Scotch invaders, and is seated on the Rye, 20 miles N of York, and 220 N by W of London. Lon. 1 W, lat. 54 19 N. Hehnstadt, a town of Brunswick and Lower Saxony in Germany, with a uni- versity 20 miles SE of Brunswick. Lon. 11 16 E, lat. 52 16 N. Heimstadt, a strong maritime town of Sweden, and capital of a province of Hol- land. Helsinburg, or Ekinburg, a seaport of Sweden in the province of Gothland and territory of Schonen, seated on the oppo- site side of the Sound, seven miles E of Elsinore, and 37 S of Kalmstadt. Lon. 13 2 E, lat. 56 2 N. Helsingfors, a town of Swedish Fin- land, with a harbour reckoned almost the best in the kingdom. It is 150 miles E of Abo. Lon. 25 E, lat. 60 20 N. Helsingia, a province of Sweden, bound- ed on the N by Jempterland and MadeL padia, on the E by the gulf of Bothnia, and dVi the S and W by Dalecarlia and Austricia. It is full of mountains and forests, and the employment of the inha- bitants is hunting and fishing. Helston, a town in the county of Corn- wall, with a market on Monday, seated on the Cober, near its influx into Mounts- bay. It is one of ihe towns appointed for 1 he eoinage of the tin, and the place of assembly for the "W division of the shire. It is governed by a mayor, sends two members to parliament and lias the lar- gest market-house . in the county. It is seated on the river Low, and is 11 miles SW of Falmouth, and 274 W by S of London. Lon. 5 15 E, lat. 50 2 N. * Helvoetsluys, a seaport of Holland, on the island of Voorn, where the English packet boat always goes. It is but a small place, consisting only of a hand- somc quay, and two or three little streets. Here some of the Dutch men of war are laid up in ordinary ; it was taken by the French in January 1795 ; and is five miles S of the Briel. Lon. 4 23 E, lat. 51 45 N. HEN * HER Hempficld, a township of Lancaster ^.county, Pennsylvania ; situated on the N V. side of Susquehannah, and containing 343 L inhabitants in 1810. The chief town Columbia. Hempjield, a township of Westmoreland county, Pennsylvania, containing 3,444 inhabitants in 1810. It is situated on the N side of Big 1 Sewickly creek, about 25 miles SE of Pittsburg-. The chief town is Greensburg. Hempsted, or Hemel Hempsted, a corpo- rate town in Herts, with a market on Thursday ; seated among the hills on a branch of i.he Coin, 18 miles SW of Hert- ford, and 23 NW of London. Lon. 15 W, lat. 51 47 N. Hempstead, a post town on Long* Is- land, in Queen Ann's county, New York, 23 miles E of the city. It is situated on the edge of an extensive plain, sixteen miles long, by eight broad. Hen bwy, a village in Gloucestershire, near Bristol, two miles from St. Vincent's Rock. In this parish is a camp, with three rampires and trenches, supposed to have been British. In digging up this hill in 1707, great numbers of Roman coins were found. If<-ndemon, a county in the slate of Kentucky, situated between Muddy creek and the river Ohio. In 1810 it contained 4544 inhabitants. The chief town is Hen- derson. Hendrrsonville, a post town in Notto- way county, Virginia, 204 miles from Washington. Headers bur Me, a post town in Sumner county, Tennessee, on the N side of Cumberland, 20 miles N of Nashville, the capital. Henley, a corporate town in Oxford- shire, with markets on Wednesday, Fri- day and Saturday. It is seated on the Thames, over which is a handsome stone bridge, and sends malt, corn, wood, Sec. to London, by barges. It is 24 miles SE of Oxford, and 35 W of London. Lon. 46 W, lat. 51 35 N. Henley, a town in Warwickshire, where was once a castle, with a market on Tuesday, seated on the Alne, 10 miles NW of Warwick, and 202 NNW of Lon- don. Lon. 1 50 W, lat. 52 23 N. Henlopen Cape, a cape of Delaware state, opposite to cape May, at the en- trance of Delaware bay. Lat. 38 55, lon. 75 W. Henneberg, a county of Germany, in the circle of Franconia ; it is bounded on the N by Thuringia, on the W by Hesse, on the S by the bishopric of Wurlzburg, the E by that of Bamberg-. Main- ungi i the capital. Henneberg, a town of Franconia, in a county of the same name, with a castle, 34 miles NW of Bamberg. Lon. 10 38 E, lat. 50 40 N. Uennebon, a. town of France, now in the department of Morbihan and lately in the province of Brctagne, seated on the river Blavet, 22 miles NW of Vannes and 260 miles W by S of Paris. Lon. 3 4 W, lat. 47 50 N. Henvichem'mi , a town of France, now in the department of Cher and late pro- vince of Berry. It was the capital of a district which Henry IV. gave to his mi- nister the duke of Sully. It is seated on the Sandre, 15 miles N T NE of Bourges. Henrico, a populous county of Virginia* containing 9,945 inhabitants, nearly one half slaves. It is situated on the NE side of James river, between that river and Chikahominy. The chief town Rich- mond, the capital of the state. Jfcnry, a county of Virginia, situated on the E side of Allegheny mountain, and on the S by North Carolina ; on the E by Patrick county ; and on the W by Grayson. It contained 5611 inhabitants in 1810. >^HK/if iMK' Henry, a county in the state of Ken- tucky, containing 6777 inhabitants in 1810. It is. situated on the W side of Kentucky river, in a peninsula formed by this river and the Ohio. The chief town New Castle. Henry, Cope, the S cape of Virginia, 'it the entrance of Chesapeak Bay. Lon. 76 5 W, lat. 36 56 N. v Ikppenheim, a town in Germany, in the electorate of Mentz, with a castie and an abbey. Lon. 8 41 E, lat. 49 29 N. Heraclea, an ancient seaport of Roma- nia, With a Greek archbishop's see. It was very famous in ancient times ; and there are still considerable remains of its former splendour. It is 50 miles W of Constantinople. Lon. 27 58 E, lat. 40 59N. Herat, a town of Persia, in Korasnn'^ 160 miles SE of Mesched. Lon. 61 E, lat. 34 30 N. Heraulty one of the departments of France, so named from a river which falls into the gulf of Lyons. It includes part of the late province of Languedoc ; and tiie capital in Montpellier. Herbemont, a town of Austrian Luxem- burg, with a castle on a mountain, near the river Semoy, three miles NW of Chiney. Herborn, a town of Germany, in the circle of the Upper Rhine and territory of Nassau, with a famous university and woollen manufacture, eight miles SW of Dillenburg. Lon. 8 20 E, lat. 40 N. Hereford, the capital of Herefordshire, H E R with a market on Wednesday, Friday, and Satu.day, unci a bishop's see. it is. al- most encompassed by the river Wye and two other rivers. The city is about a mile and a half in compass, but not ve- ry populous. The chief manufacture of Hereford is gloves. It is governed by a mayor, and sends two members to parlia- ment. It is 24 miles WSW of Worces- ter, and 130 WN T \V of London. Lon. 2 35 W, lat. 52 4 X. Iter ef oviUlure, a county of England, nearly of a circular form, bounded on the E by Worcester and Gloucester, on the S by Monmouthshire, on the W by Rad- norshire, and Brecknockshire, and on the N by Shropshire. Its length from N to S is 46 miles, its breadth from E to W 40, and its circumference 220. The air of this count}- is allowed to be as plea- sant, sweet, and wholesome, as that of a- ny other in England, there beingnothing either in the soil or situation to render it otherwise. The soil throughout is excellent, and inferior to none, either for grain, fruit, or pasture, supplying the inhabitants plentifully with all the ne- cessaries of life : but that by which it is distinguished from most others, is its fruit, especially apples, of which it pro- duces such quantities, that the cyder made of them is not only sufficient for their own consumption, though it is their ordinary drink, but also in a great mea- sure for that of London and other parts. Harenthah, a town of Austrian Brabant, seated on the Nethe, 20 miles NE of Lou- vain. Lon. 4 54 E, lat. 51 13 N. Herford, or Jlervorden, a free imperial town of Westphalia, capital of the coun- ty of Ravensberg, with a famous nunne- ry belonging to the protestants of the confession of Augsburg, whose abbess is a princess of the empire. It is seated on the Aa, 17 miles SW of Mitiden. Lon. 3 47 E, lat. 52 9 N. Hevgrnndts a town of Upper Hungary, remarkable for its mines of vitriol, which are extremely rich. The miners, who are numerous, have built a subterraneous town. It is 65 miles N of Buda. Lon. 1815E, lat. 48 30 N. Heri, an island in the Indian Ocean, two miles NNW of Ternate. It is pretty high and not more than two miles in cir- cumference, and appears to be in a per- fect state of cultivation, and well inha- bited. Herisau, a considerable commercial town of Swisserland, in the canton of Appenzel. It is famous for its manufac- tures of very fine linen and muslin. It is seven miles SW of St. Gall. Ilerk, a town of Germany, in the bish- opric of Liege, seated on a river of tj;c same name, near its confluence with the Denier, two miles \V of Maestricht. Lon. 5 38 E, lat. 50 52 N. Herkimer, an extensive county in the state of New York, containing 22,060 in- habitants in 1810. It is bounded on the E by Montgomery ; on the N by St. Law- rence ; on the W by Oneida* ; and on the S by Otsego county. The chief towns are Herkimer and Warren. Hermanstadt, a large and strong town of Hungary, the capital of Transylvania, with a bishop's see. It is seated on the Ceben, 25 miles E of Weissemburg, and 205 S E of Buda. Lon. 24 40 E, lat. 46 25 N. Heme, a town of- Kent, six miles from Canterbury, with a commodious bay frc quented by Colliers. jfernhut, a famous place in Upper Lu- satia, in the territory of the elector of Saxony, between Zittaw and Leobau.Here in 1722, some persecuted Moravian bre- thren, settled in the fields of the village of Berthelsdorf, belonging to count Zin- zindorf, and began to build another vil- lage. Eernosand, a seaport of Sweden, on the W coast of the gulf of Bothnia. Lon. 17 5S E, lat. 62 38 X. Herstal, a town of Germany, in the bishopric of Liege, with an ancient cas- tle, seated on the Maese, three miles N of Liege. Lon. 5 40 E, lat. 50 40 N. N Hertfordshire, a county in England, de- riving its name from Hartford, or Hert- ford, the county town, and is bounded on the N by Cambridgeshire, on the E by Essex, on the W by Bedfordshire and Buckinghamshire, and on the S by Mid- dlesex. It is 35 miles in length, 27 in breadth, and about 190 in circumference. Though the soil is in general, especially in the Chiltern and southern parts, but very indifferent, and much inferior to that of the neighbouring counties; yet. the air is so much superior, that lands in this shire generally sell at three or four years purchase more than in many others on that account. There are few or no manufactures in the county ; but it/3 markets are much frequented, in conse- quence of its being near London, for malt and all sorts of grain, which, with the many thorough -fares through it, make nmplc amends. Hertford, a county of North Carolina, in Edenton district, containing 6032 in- habitants in 1810. It is situated on the SW side of Mehcrrin river, between Gates and Bertie counties. The chief town is Win ton. Hertford, a post town in Perquimmons ii E Y H I L county, North Carolina, situated on the river Perquimmons, about 15 miles NE of Edentprii in the iat. of 36 12 N, and Ion. of 76 40 W. Herkimer, the capital of Herkimer coun- ty, New York, lying- on the 8 side of Mo hock rifrer. Here is a post office 75 miles NW of Albany, and 175 from Washing- ton. Herizberg, a considerable town of Ger- many in the electorate of Saxony, 35 miles NW of Dresden. Lon. 13 17 E, hit. 51 41 N. Herzegovina, a town of Turkish Dal- matia, capital of a district of the same name. Hcsdin, a strong town of France, now in the department of the straits of Calais, and lately in the county of Artois ; it is a regular hexagon, and surrounded with morasses seated on the Canchc, 25 miles SSW of St. Omer, and 165 N of Paris. into the Ilumber ; and was formerly a considerable town, but is now much de- cayed. It is six miles W of Hull, and 181 N bv W of London. Lon. 5 W, Iat. 53 45 N. Hin/le&evii :i town of Austrian Brabant, 14 miles SE of Louvain, Lon. 5 7 E, lat. 50 45 N. Heytesbvry, a borough in Wilts, that sends two members to parliament, but has no\y no market. It is 20 miles NW of Salisbury, and 93 W by S of London. Lon. 2 8 W, lat. 51 12 N. Women, See Fmoiiy. ■Uteres., a town of France in the depart- ment of Var and late province of Pro- vence, seated near the Mediterranean Sea ; but its harbour being choaked up, it is considerable only for its salt works. It is a pretty little town, situated in a beautiful country. This town is the birth place of Massillon, the celebrated French preacher, It is 12 miles E of Toulon, Lon. 6 20 E, Lon. 2 6 E, lat. 50 24 N. Hesse, a country of Germany, in the land 350 S by E of Paris circle of the Upper Rhine ; bounded on lat. 43 5 N. the N by the bishopric of Paderborn and Hieres, fou:* islands of France, on the, duchy of Brunswick, on the E by Thu- (coast of Provence, and opposite to the ringia, on the S by the territory of Fulde town of the 9ame name. Their names and Weteravia, and on the W by the are Povquerollos, Porterous, Bagueau, counties of Nassau, Witgenstein, itatz- and Titan, which last is the largest. Be- feldt, and Waldeck. The house of Hesse jt ween these islands and the continent, is is divided into four branches ; namely, the road of Hieres, which is so capacious Hesse Cassel, Hohiburgh, Darmstadt, and I and excellent, that it has afforded shelter khenfcld, each of which has the title of for the largest squadrons. It is defend- landgrave, and takes its name from one jed by three forts. of the four principal towns. They like- J wise culiivate a great quantity of hops, H ero. See Ferro. Hiesvies, a to wn of France, in the de- which serve lo make excellent L/.-er, and i partment of Orne and late province of birch-trees are very common, from the j Normandy, seated on a barren mountain, sap of which a deal of wine is made. Heukelum, or Hoekelun, a town of the Hinted Provinces, in Hol'and, seated on the Linghe, five miles XE of Gorcum. Lon. 4 55 E, lat. 51 55 N. jfertsden, a strong' town of the United Provinces, in Holland, seated on the j an ascent, on 10 miles from Seez, and 90 W of Paris. Uigham Ferrers, a borough in North* amptonshire, with a market on Saturday. It had formerly a castle, now in ruins ; is governed by a mayor, and sends one member to parliament. It is seated On the E bank of the river Mae.se, with a castle. It surrendered to Nen, the French in 1795; and is eicrht miles'NNY NW of Bois-le-Duc. Lon. 5 3 E, lat. 51 ( 19 N 44 N. Hexham, a town in Northumberland With a market on Tuesday. It is scatet 15 miles ESE of Coventrv, and 66 of London. Lon. 40 W, lat. 52 Hig/tgate, a village in Middlesex, seat- ed on a hill, E of that of Hampstead, and four miles N by W of London. On on the river Tyne, and was formerly fa- [the side next London the fineness of the mdlis for an abbey. A battle wai fought j prospect occasioned several handsome in 1463, near this place between the J edifices to be built. Here lord chief ba- houses of York and Lancaster; in which iron Cholmondely built a free school in the latter was defeated. Hexham has a 1 1562. manufacture of tanned leather, shoes,) Highivorth, a town in Wilts, with a .• loves ; and is 22 miles W of New- market on Wednesday. It is seated on a castle, and 284 NXW of London. Lon. 3 1 \V, lat. 55 3 N. Heydon, a borough in the E riding of Yorkshire, with a market on Thursday. It is seated on a river, which soon falls hill, which stands in a rich plain, 36 miles N of Salisbury, and 77 W of London. Lon. 1 40 W, lat. 51 36 N. HiUesheim, a free imperial city of Low- er Sa:;onv, in a bishopric of the same 06 H I 3VI H I N name. In the cathedral is a statue of Herman, the celebrated German chief. It is divided into the old and new towns, each of which has its separate council ; and its inhabitants are Lutherans and Papists. It is seated on the Irnestej 17 miles SSE of Hanover. Lon. 10 10 E, lat. 52 10 N. HihllmrghavsPit, a town of franconia, in a duchy of the same name, and prin- cipality of Colbourg. It is subject to the duke of Saxe-Hildburghausen, who has a palace here. It is seated on the rivet* Werra, and is 22 miles N by W of Cobourg. Lon. 11 5 E, laf. 50 53 N. Hillshoro' a post town in Loudon coun- ty, Virginia, 33 miles NW of Washing- ton. Hillsborough, a district in the state of North Carolina, containing about 90,000 inhabitants. It is divided into seven counties. The chief towns arc Raleigh and Hillsborough,' life former being the seat of the state government. Hillsboro', a post town., in Orange coun- ty, Norih Carolina, lying on the N side of die river Eno, about 30 miles NW of Raleigh, the capital of the state. Hillsborough, a county in the state of New Hampshire, containing 49,149 in- habitants in 1810. It is divided into 42 townships, and is bounded on the N by Grafton ; on the E by Rockingham ; on the W by Cheshire ; and on the S by the state of Massachusetts. The chief town Hillsborough. Hillsborr, a post town in ' Hillsboro' county, New Hampshire, about 24 miles W of Concord, and about the same dis- tance SE of Charleston on the river Con- necticut. Hillsdale, a post town in Columbia county, New York ; 18 miles SE of the city Qf Hudson. In 1810 the township contained. 4182 inhabitants. HiUifjwv, a township of Rucks county, Pennsylvania, between New Britain and Rockhill townships, 17 miles SW of New- ton. In 1S10 it contained 1335 inhabi- tants. Hilton, a considerable island on the coast of South Carolina, opposite Beau- fort district. It is about 20 miles in length, and five in breadth. Lat. 32 10 N, and lon. 80 20 W. Himmaleh, JVlount, a vast chain of moun- tains in Asia; which extends from Cabtil along the N of Hindoostan, and is the general boundary of Thibet, through the whole extent from the Ganges to the ri- ver Teesta; inclosing between it and Hindoostan, a tract of country, from 100 to 180 miles in breadth, divided into a number of small states, none of which are understood to be either tributaries or feudatories of Thibet; such as Sirina- gur, Nupaul, 8tc. This ridge is precisely that designed by the ancients, under the names of i mails and the Indian Caucasus. The natives now call it Hindooko (the Indian mountains) as -well as Himmeleh ; which last is a Sanscrit word, signifying snoti'i/ ; its summit being covered with snow. ri Hinchinbrook Island, one of the New Hebrides, in the S Pacific Ocean. Lon. 168 33 E, lat. 17 25 S. Hinckley, a town in Leicestershire, with a market on Monday. It has a large church with a lofty spire, and a consi- derable stocking manufacture. It is 12 mdes SW of Leicester, and 91 NXW of London. Lon. 1 20 W, lat. 52 34 N. Hindelopen, a seaport of the United Provinces, in Friesland, seated on the Zuider-Zee, 20 miles SW of Lewarden. Lon. 5 10 E, lat. 52 58 N. Hinesburg, a post town in Chittenden county, Vermont, about 12 miles SE of Burlington, on lake Champlaine. Hinlopen, Cape, a cape of N America, on the S side of the mouth of the Dela- ware. Lon. 75 2 W, lat. 38 47 N. Hindon, a borough in N Wilts, with a market on Thursday. It sends two mem- bers to parliament ; and is 20 miles W of Salisbury, and 97 W by S of London. Lon. 2 9 W, lat. 51 6 N. Hindoo-ko, See Himmaleh, Mount. Hindoostan, or India, a celebrated country pf Asia, which in its most exten- , sive signification, comprehends the tract situated between the Ttiibetian and Tar- tarian mountains on the N, the Indian O- ceafl on the S, the Burrampooter and the bay of Bengal on the E, and the Indian ocean and Persia on the W. But this country must be considered under the three grand divisions of Hindoostan Pro- per, the Deccan, and the Peninsula. Hin- doostan Proper •includes all the countries on the N of the river Ncrbuddah, which bounds it on the S as far as it goes ; Bengal and Bahar compose the remain- der of its southern boundary. It is di- vided into eleven soubahs, the names of which are Lahore, Aroultan (including Sincly) Agimere, Delhi, Agra, Oude, Ai- iakabad, Bahar, Bengal, Malwa, and Guze- rat. A 12th soubah, named Cubul, was formed out of the countries contiguous to the W sources of the Indus, and 3 new ones out of the conquests of the Dt ccan ; Berar, Canduste,and.Amednagur. The Deccan in its most extensive signification is applied to the whole region of Hindoostan Pro- per: in its more limited sense it means only the countries situated between Hin- H I N HI N iloostan Proper, the Carnatic, the Wsea, and Orissa ; that is the provinces of Can- deish, Dowlatabad, Visiapour, Golconda, and the \V part of Berar. The iract S of these, or the river Kistrfa, is generally called the Peninsula; although' its form does by no means warrant it. There is no known history of fiindoostan extant before the Mahometan conquests. The first irruption of the Mahometans was in the year 1000. From this period the pro- vinces of Hindoostan were held rather tributary kingdoms, than as provinces of as the same empire ; and they seldom fail- ed to revolt when a favourable opportu- nity offered. In 1398, the Mogul Tar- tars, under the conduct of Timur,^or Tamerlane, invaded Hindoostan ; but the conquest of the country was not effected till 1525, by Sultan Babar, one of his descendants, who was the first of the line of Tamerlane who mounted on tne throne of Hindoostan ; but their government was not established till the reign of Acbar his son. Babar was however the real foun- der of the Mogul dynasty ; and from this event Hindoostan came to be called the Mogul empire. The illustrious Acbar, failed in his attack^ upon the Deccan; ah attempt, in which many of his successors were equally unfortunate, and which ten- ded, in the sequel, to the decline and dissolution of the empire. Acbar was succeeded by Jehangubue his son, who reigned 22 years. In his reign, in 1615 Sir Thomas Roe was sent as the first En- glish ambassador to the emperor of Hin- doostan ; and the Portuguese had, by this time, acquired considerable settle- ments in Bengal and' Guzerat. In 1660 Aurungzebe peaceably ascended the throne after he had deposed his father and murdered or expelled his brethren. During his reign Hindoostan enjoved the most profound peace ft had ever known.. The conquest of the Deccan employed the last years of his life, from 1678 "to 1707 during 15 years of which time he was ac- tually in the field. This dereliction of his capital for nearly 30 years occasioned great disorders there, and laid the foun- dation of many more. Under his reig'n the empire attained to its full measure \>f extent, see Major Rennet's memoir of a map of Hindoostan, p. lxiii. In a word, instead of finding the emperors attempt- ing now the conquest of the Dvftrcan, their empire was attacked by tlie powerful ni- xam of that country, through whose con- trivance, Nadir Shah, the Persian usurp- er, invaded Hindoostan in 1738. By the intrigues of the Nizam and his party Ma- homed Shah was induced to throw him- self on tlie clemency of the invader, who entered Delhi, and demanded 30 millions sterling, by way of ransom. Tumults, massacres, and famine were the result : 100,000 of tlie inhabitants were massa- cred, and 62 millions of plunder were said to be collected. He evacuated Del- hi, however, and left the Nizam in pos- session of the whole remaining power of the empire, which he sacrificed to his own views in the Deccan, where he es- tablished an independent kingdom. Ma- homed Shah died in 1747, having seen the Carnatic and Bengal become likewise independent, under their respective na- bobs , an independent state too, formed by the Rohdlas (a tribe from the moun- tains between India and Persia) on the E by the Ganges, within 80 miles of Delhi ; and the kingdom of Candahar, erected by Abdalla, one of the generals of Nadir Shah. Ahmed Shah, the son of Maho- med, succeeded ; in whose reign the en- tire division of the empire took place; nothing remaining to the house of Ta- merlane but a small territory round Del- hi, with the city itself (no longer a capi- tal) exposed to depredations, massacres, and famines, by the . contests of invaders. The last imperial army was defeated by the Rohillas in 1749. The Jats, a Hin- doo tribe, founded a state in Agra ; Oude was seized by the grandfather of the pre- sent nabob ; Allahabad, by Mahomed Kooli. The Mahrattas, besid.es their an- cient domains in the Deccan, obtained great part of Malwa, Guzerat, Berar, and Orissa. The Mogul empire was now be- come merely nominal -. and the emperors from this period, must be regarded as of no political c ^sequence, otherwise than as their names and persons, weve made use of, by different parties, to promote their own views. That the name and per- , son of the emperor were of use, as re- taining a considerable degree of venera- tion among the bulk of the people in Hindoostan, is evident, from the applica- tion made, at different times, for grants of territory, forcibly obtained by the grantee, but which required the sanction of the lord paramount, to reconcile the transaction to the popular opinion. Ano- ther instar.ee of the effect of this opinion is, that the coin throughout the whole tract, known by the name of the Mogul Empire^ is to this day struck in the name of tlie nominal emperor. Ahmed was de- posed in 1753, and was succeeded by Al- lumguire, who was deposed and murder- ed in 1760. He was succeeded, however, by li is son Shah Aulum, who was alter- nately dependent on the contending pow- jers, and more particularly apon the En- Iglish, who obtained from him a grant of H I N H I N the provinces of Bengal, Bahar, and O rissa, together with the Northern Circurs on conuition of paying him 3t5U,OUO/. per annum by way of tribute. It was his misfortune however, that lie could not accommodate his mind to his circum- stances, and put himself into the hands of the Mahrattas, who promised to seat him on the throne of Delhi. He thus lost all he had acquired with the Bri- tish^ and has ever since continued a kind of state prisoner ; living- on the produce of a trifling- domain, allowed him out of veneration for his ancestors, and for the use of his name. In the sequel, he was dethroned and murdered by the Ilohillas. These being- defeated by Madajee Sindia, a Mahratta chief, his son, Jewaii Bucht, was permitted to succeed him, and to live in the same deplorable state of de- gradation. The whole of Hindopstan in 1792, consisted of six principal states, w r hich hold as tributaries, or feudatories, some inferior states. These six princi- pal states, were, the British, the Poonah Mahrattas, the Berar Mahrattas, Nizam Ally, soubah of the Deccau ; Mysore, or the dominions of Tippoo Sultan ; and the Seiks. The British possessions are Bengal, Bahar, Benares, the Northern Circars, the .Taghire in the Carnatic, Bombay, Salsette, the district of Midna- pour in Orissa, and some considerable cession from Tippoo Sultan, in 1792. Since 1792, war broke out with Tippoo, who was defeateel, and his capital taken by assault, together with an immer.se quantity of plunder, Tippoo lost his life in the attack. By his fall, a great ex- tent of territory will accrue to the Bri- tish, and their power will be secured on a stable and permanent founelation. The allies of the British, who may be consi- dered as dependent upon them, are the nabobs of Oude, and the Carnatic, and the rajahs of Travancore and Tanjorc. For the fire other principal states, see their respective names, and for an account of some inferior independent states, see Bundela, Ballogisian, the .Tats, Rohil- cund, &,c. According to Mr. Orme, the inhabitants of Hindoostan are computed at 10,000,000 Mahometan.-, and 100,000,000 Hindoos. The Hindoos or Gentoos, are of a black complexion ; their hair is long, their person straight and elegant. Their limbs are finely proportioned ; their fin- gers long and tapering ; their counte- nances open and pleasant. They eliffer i materially from all other nations, by be- ing divided into tribes or casts. The 4 principal tribes are, the Br am ins* Sol- diers, Labourers, and Mechanics. These are subivided into a multiplicity of infe- rior distinctions. There are Bramins of various degrees of excellence, who have the care of religion allotted to them These are held sacred by the rest. It is difficult to draw a general character of the Bramins, as they vary much in their pursuits, and in their degrees of know ledge. " Some that I have conversed with, (says Mr. Scrafton) acknowledge the errors that have crept into their reti gion, own one Supreme Being, and laugh at the idolatry of the multitude, but in- sist upon the necessity of working upon the weaknesses of the" vulgar." — The ge- nerality of the Bramins are as ignorant as the laity. Such as are r.ot engaged in worldly pursuits, are a very superstitious, innocent people, who promote charity as much as they can, both to man and beast; but those who engage in the world are generally the worst of all the Gentoos; for, persuaded that the waters of the Ganges will purify them from their sins, and being exempt from the utmost rigour of the courts of justice (under the Gentoo governments) »!iey run into much greater excesses. The Soldiers are commonly called Bajah-Vonts ; that is, descended from Rajahs: They are much more robust than the rest, have a gre.tt share of coumge, and a nice sense of mi- litary honour, which consists, among them, in fidelity to those they serve. Fighting is their profession ; they readi- ly enter into the service of any that v. ill pay them, and will follow wl.ei\ wr hrfe leads ; but, should their leader fall in the battle, their cause is at an end, and thev run off the field, without any stain to their reputation. The English E::st In- dia Company have many !•.»'.' a'io.is of them in their service ; they arc called Sepoys, and are clothed and disciplined* in the European manner. The Labour- ers include farmers, and all who culi i- vate the land. The Mechanics include merchants, bankers, and ail who follow any trade: these again are subdivided into each profession. Besides these, are the Hallachoros, who cannot be called a* tribe, being rather the refuse of all tl»c tribes. They are a set. of unhappy wreteh- es, destined to misery from their' birth. They perform all the vilest offices of life, bury the dead, and carry away eve- ry thing diat -is polluted. All the differ- ent trilies are kept distinct from each o- ther by insurmountable barriers ; they are forbidden to intermarry, to cohabit, to eat with each other, or even to drink out of the same vessel with one of anoth- er tribe. Every deviation from these points subjects them to be rejected by their tribe, renders them polluted for ^ * H I N H I N c-r, and obliges them, from that Instant, to herd with the Hallachores. " The members of each cast," (says Dr. Robert- son) " adhere invariably to the profes- sion of their forefathers; from generation to generation, the same families have fol- lowed, and will always continue to follow one uniform line of life. To this may be ascribed that high degree of perfection conspicuous in many of the Indian manu- factures; and though veneration lor the practices of their ancestors may check the spirit of invention, yet, by adhering to these, they acquire such an expert- ness and delicacy of hand, that Euro] e- ans, with all the advantages of superior science, and the aid of more complete instruments, have never been able to e- qual the execution of their workmanship. To this circumstance also Dr. Robertson ascribes a striking peculiarity in the state of Hindoostan, the permanency of its in- stitutions, and the immutability in the manners of the inhabitants. Hence it is, that the Hindoos admit no converts, nor are themselves ever converted, whatever the Roman missionaries may pretend. The Hallachores may be here excepted, v ho are glad to be admitted into any so- iety where they are treated as fellow creatures. The Hindoos vie with the Chinese, in respect to the antiquity of their nation ; and the doctrine of trans- migration is one of their distinguishing tenets. Their institutions of religion form a complete system of superstition, upheld by every thing which can excite reverence of the people. The tem- ples consecrated to their deities are mag- nificent ; their religious ceremonies spl.-ndid ; and the absolute dominion which ill.- Iiramins have obtained over the minds of the people, is supported by the command of the immense revenues, with which the liberality of princes, and the zeal of pilgrims and devotees, have enriched their pagodas. The dominion of religion extends to a thousand parti- culars v. ;> -rh, in other countries, are go- verned by the civil laws, or by taste, cus- tom, or fashion: Their dress, their food, the common intercourses of life, their mar- riages, and professions, are all ut der the jurisdiction of religion. The food of the Hindoos is simple, consisting chiefly of rice, ghee (a kind of imperfect but- ter) milk, vegetables, and oriental spices. The warrior cast my eat of the flesh of goats, sheep, and poultry. Other supe- rior casts may eat poultry and fish, but the inferior casts are prohibited from eating flesh or fish of any kind. Their greatest luxury consists in the use of the rich*-' ies and perfumes, of whirh the great people are very 1: Thev esteem milk the purest of food, because i hey think it partakes of some of the pro- perties of the nectar of their gods, and because they esteem the cow itself al- most as a divinity. Their manners are gentle. Their happiness consists in the sokxes of domes lie lite ; and they are taught by their religion, that matrimony is an indispensable duty in every man, who does not entirely separate himself from the world, from a principle of devo- tion. Their religion permits them to have several wives ; but they seldom have more than one ; and their wives are distin- guished by a decency of demeanour, a solicitude in their families, and a fidelit) 10 their vows, which might do honour to human nature in the most civilized coun- tries. The custom of women burning- themselves on the death of their hus- bands is still practised in Hindoos tan. In j some parts of India, as the Carnatic, it I is asserted, that they dig a pit, in which is deposited a large quantity of combus- tible matter, which is set on fire, and the body being let down, the victim throws herself into the flaming mass. In other places, a pile is raised extremely high, and the body, with the wife, is placed upon it, and then the whole is set on fire. In the Code of Gentoo Laws, translated by Mr. Halhead, is the following passage concerning this practice? " It is proper for a woman, after her husband's death, to burn herself in the fire with his corpse. Every woman, who thus burns herself, shall remain in paradise with her hus- band three crores and fifty lacks of years, by destiny. If she cannot burn, she must, in that case, preserve an inviolable chas- tity : if she remain always chaste, she goes to paradise ; and if she do not pre- serve her chastity, she goes to hell." This code of laws, with their sacred books, the Veidam and the Shastah, were written in the Sanscrit language, which is very copious and nervous, although the style of their best authors is wonderfully concise. Hindoostan, toward the N is pretty temperate ; but hot toward the S. anil it rains almost constantly for three months in the year. J,ts products, and various other particulars, will be found under the different names of its provin- ces, cities, towns, mountains, and rivers, described in the course of this work. See Lulia. Hivglmm, a town in Norfolk, with a market oji Saturday, 12 miles SW of Norwich, and 97 NE of London. Lon. 1 4 E, lat. 52 43 N. Hiugham, a town in Plymouth county, Massachusetts, where is a post office, 19 H I N H IN miles SE of Boston, and 500 from Wash- 1 ington. The township contained 2382! inhabitants at the last census (1810.) Hinsdale t a township of Cheshire conn- ty, New Hampshire ; situated on the E side of Connecticut river, 6 miles S of Chesterfield, and 90 SW of Portsmouth. It contained 740 inhabitants in 1810. Hinzuan, Joanna 67. one of the Comora islands in the Indian Ocean. This island is a proper place of refreshment for the East India ships, whose crews, when ill of the scurvy, soon recover by the use of limes, lemons, and orange s, and from the air of the land. The town where the king- resides is at the east side of the is- land; and though it is three quarters of a mile in length, it does not contain above .200 houses. Their principal houses are built with stone, with a quadrangle, in the middle, and are only one storv high. All the other houses, or rather huts, are slightly composed of plastered reeds; and yet the mosques are tolerable structures, very neat and clean in the in- side. The horned cattle are a kind ot buffaloes, having a large hump on thei: shoulders, which is very delicious eat- ing ; but there is not one horse, mule, nor ass, in all the island. — The original natives, in number about 7000, occupy the hills, and are generally at war with the Arabian interlopers, who established themselves on the seacoast by conquest, and are about 3000 in number. Though Joanna is not the largest, yet it may be reckoned the principal of the Comora Is- lands ; it claims sovereignty over, and exacts tribute from all the others. They get their supplies of arms and ammuni- tion from ships that touch here, as it is customary for all to make presents oi arms and powder to the prince when he pays a visit on board, which ,he does to every one. They have a regular form oi government, and exercise the Mahome tan religion ; both being introduced b\ the Arabs. The colour of these two races of men is very different : the Arabs havt not so deep a tinge as the others, being of a copper complexion, with better fea tures, and a more animated countenance. They consider a black streak under tht eyes as ornamental, and this they make everyday, with a brush dipt in a kind of ointment. The custom of chewing- the betel-nut prevails here, as in most of the eastern countries, and answers to the fashion of taking snuff with us, ex- cept that with them it is more general. No one is without a purse or bag of be- tel ; and it is looked on as a piece of ci- vility to offer it to your friend when you meet him or take leave. Their religion I licenses a plurality of wives and likewise I concubines." They are extremely jealous of them, and never allow any man to see the women ; but female strangers are ad- mitted into the harem ; and some English ladies, whose curiosity has led them there, make favourable reports of their beauty, and richness of apparel display- ed in a profusion of ornan »ents of gold, silver, and beads, in form of necklaces, bracelets, and ear-rings ; they wear half a dozen or more of each through holes bored all along the outer rim of the ear. The men "seem not to look with an eye of indifference on our fair country wo- men, notwithstanding they are of so dif- ferent a complexion. They are very tem- perate and abstemious, wine being for- bidticn them by the law of Mahomet ; and are frequent in prayer, attending their mosques three or four times a day. These pe pie profess a particular regard for our nation, and are very fond of re- peating to you, that Joanna-man and Eng- lishman all brothers ; and never fail to -sk, How king George do ? In general, uiey appear to be a courteous, and well- disposed people, and very fair and ho- nest in their dealings, though there are among them, as in all other nations, some viciously inclined; and theft is much practised by the lower class, notwith- standing the punishment of it is very ex- amplary, being amputation of both hands of the delinquent. The climate here pro- motes vegetation to such a degree as re- quires litde toil, but that little is denied; so. that, beyond oranges, bananas, pine- apples, cocoa-nuts, yams, and purslain (ail growing spontaneously) lew vege- tables are met with. The face of the country is very picturesque and pleasing. Lof y mountains, clothed to their very summits ;. deep and rugged vallics, adorn- ed by frequent cataracts, cascades, woods, rocks, and rivulets, intermixed, form the landscape. Groves are seen ex- Lending over the plains to the very edge of the sea, formed principally by the palm and cocoa-nut trees, whose long and naked stems leave a clear and unin- terrupted passage beneath ; while their lufed and overspreading tops fprm a hick shade above, and keep off the scorching rays of the sun. In the inte- rior part of the island, surrounded by mountains of a prodigious height, and about 15 miles from the town, is a sacred lake, half a mile in circumference. The adjacent hills, covered with lofty trees, and the solitude of the place seem more calculated to inspire religious awe, than any sanctity that is to be discovered in a parcel of wild ducks inhabiting it. HOC HOL which are deified and worshipped by thfc original natives. Lon. 44 15 E, hit. 12 30 S. Bio, a town of Sweden, in West Goth- land, seated on the lake Wetter, 145 miles S VV of Stockholm, and 25 E of Fal- coping. Lon. 14 E, lat. 57 53 N. Bircaniu, under this name the ancients comprised the Proyinces of Persia in Asia, lying- on the S shore of the Cas- pian Sea, which was also called the Hir- canian sea. Birch-Born, a town of Germany, in the palatinate of the Rhine, with a castle. It is seated on the side of a hill, on the Neckar, near EberbachT Birchfdd, a town of Germany, in the circle of the, Upper Rhine, capital of a principality of the same name, depending* on a famous abbey, which was secular- ized in favour of the house of Hesse-Cas sel. It is seated on the Fulde, 16 miles NE of the town of Fulde, and 32 SE of Cassel. Lon. 9 50 E, lat. 50 56 N. Bivbcrg, a town of Silesia, famous for its mineral baths. It is the most trading" place in all Silesia, next to Breslaw, there being* in the town and suburbs con- siderable manufactures. It is seated on the Bosar, 44 miles SW of Breslaw. Bispaniola. See Domingo, St. Bitchin, a large and populous town in' Hertfordshire, wiih a marked on Tues day. The inhabitants make great quan- tities of malt; and the market is one of the greatest in England for wheat. It is 15 miles NNW of Hertford, and 34 NW of London. Lon. 10 W, lat. 51 58 N. Withe, or B^the, a borough in Kent, with a market on Saturday. It is one of the Cinque Ports, and had formerly five parishes, but by the choaking up of the harbour it is now reduced to one. It is 10 miles W of Dover, and 68 SE of Lon- don. Lon. 1 10 E, lat. 51 8 N. Hoai-ngan-fou, a city of China, in the province of Kiang*-nan, seated in a marsh, and inclosed by a triple wall. This place is a very populous, and every thing in it announces a brisk ancWactive tract. Boang-Bo. See Yelloxo River. Woang-tcheon-fou, a populous and com- mercial city of China, in the province of Hou-quang*. Its district contains one city of the second and eight of the third class. Bochberg, a marquisate of Suabia, in Brisgaw, belonging to the prince ofBa : den Dourlach. Bochstet, a town of Suabia, remarkable for the great battle gained near it by the duke of Marlborough, in 1704, and which the English call the battle of Blenheim, from a village three miles SW of this place. It is seated on the Danube, 23 miles NE of Ulm. Lon. 10 33 E, lat. 38 48 N. Bockerland, a territory of Germany, and one of the circles of Prussia. Hockhocking, Great, a river of the state of Ohio, which empties into the rivet- Ohio 200 miles below Pittsburg. It is 200 feet wide at its mouth, and is navi- gable about 70 miles with large boats. On the banks of this river, are consider- able bodies of free-stone, coal, and iron ore. v ' Hoddesdon, a town in Herts, with a market on Thursday, seated near the Lea,* three miles S of Ware, and 17 N bv E of London. Lon. 5 E, lat. 5 1 49 N." Botii-tcheou, the most southern city of the province of Kiang-nan, in China, fa- mous for its teas, varnish, and engrav- ings. It is one of the richest cities in the empire, and has six cities of the third class dependant on it. Boei-tcheou-fou, a commercial city of China, in the province of Quang-tong. Its jurisdiction contains 11 cities of the second and third class. Hoekelun.- See Beukehim. Boenzollern, a town of Suabia, capital of a countv of the same name, 25 miles S of Stutgard. Lon. 9 6 E, lat. 48 23 N. Bocsht, a town of Germany, in the elec- torate of.Mentz, seated on the Maine, three miles from Francfort. .Hague, Cape la, the NW point of Xor- mandv, in France. Lon. 1 52 W, lat. 49 45 .N * ■ Ho-kien-fou, a city of China, and one of the principal in the province of Petcheli. It has two cities of the second and 15 of ;he third class in its district. It is 125 miles S of Pekin. Hrfbeach, a town in Lincolnshire, with i market on Thursday, 12 miles S by E or" .Boston, and 108 N by E of London. Lon. 11 E, lat. 52 47 N. Holden, a township of Worcester coun- ty, Massachusetts, containing 1072 in- liabitants in 1810. Maidemeks, a township of Grafton coun- ty, New Hampshire. It is situated on the E side of Bemigcwassct river, and contained 835 inhabitants in 1810. Bohhivorthy, a town in Devonshire, with a market on Saturday. It is seated be- tween two branches of the Tamar, 43 miles ENE of Exeter, and 215 W bv S of London. Lon. 2 42 W, lat. 50 50 N. Holland* the largest of the seven Unit- ed Provinces, is bounded on 1he W by the German Ocean, or North sea; to the E by the Z;iyder-sea, the province of Utrecht, and part of Gelderland ; to the S by Dutch Brabant and Zealand : and to HOL H O L the N by the Zuyder-sea. Its greatest extent, from N to S, including- the island of Texel, is about 90 English miles ; but from E to W its extent varies froii) 40 to 25. To defend it against the seu, dykes have been erected at an immense ex- pense, and innumerable canals cut to! drain it, as being naturally very low and i marshy. Some parts of the province are ! very fruitful in corn; but the greater! parts consist of rich pastures J wherein are kept large herds of feme, which sup- ply them with incredible quantities of butter and cheese. Of the latter, that of Edam, in North Holland, is highly es- teemed. The many rivers and canals that intersect the provinces are of great ad- vantage to its commerce, but contribute to render the air foggy and unwholesome. There is a communication by water be- j twixt almost every town and village. To- 1 wards the middle also of the province ! are great numbers of turf-pits. It is so populous, that the number of inhabi-j tants is computed at 1,200,000. In point ; of cleanliness no country surpasses, and j few come up to it, especially in North | Holland, and that even in the villages. It ! has considerable linen and woollen manu- ! fact tires, and numerous docks for the i building of ships. The established re- ' ligion is Calvinism ; but all religious sects are tolerated. Amsterdam is the capital. Holland, one of the divisions of Lin- colnshire in England. It so much re- sembles the province of that name upon the continent, in most respects, being low and marshy, with the sea on one side, and canals running through it, that it must either have had its name from [ thence, or on the same account. On the B it has what the ancient geographers, calliEstuarium Metaris,now the Washes, j which are overflowed at high water, and I part of Cambridgeshire on the S. The, lower part of it is full of bogs and mar- ■ shes, and has huge banks to defend it j against the sea and land floods. The j ground is so soft, that horses are work- ed unshod; and it prod'ices plenty of grass, but little corn. The whole tract seems to have been gained from the sea; and is divided into Upper and Lower, the latter of which was impassable ; bui since the fens have been drained, the lands are grown more solid, and the in- habitants sow cole-seed upon them to their great profit. They have no fresh water but from the clouds, which is pre- served in pits, but if these are deep, it soon turns brackish ; and if they are shal- low, they soon become dry. Holland, j\Te~u>, the largest known land i that does not bear the name of a con- tinent : it extends from 10 30 to 43 42 S lat. and from 110 30 to 153 30 E Ion. so diat its square surfa.ee considerably c x ceeds that of Europe. When this vast island was first discovered, is uncertain. In the beginning or last century, ti e I\ and W coasts were traced by the Dutch : the S extremity was discovered by Tas- man, in 1642." Captain Cook, in" 1770, explored the E and NE from 38 S, and ascertained its separation from New Gui- nea ; and, in 1773, captain Furneaux, by- connecting Tasinan's discoveries with Cook's, completed the circuit. In that part of it, which Tasman distinguishc a by the name of Van Diemen's Land, and which was visited by Furneaux in 1773., and again by Cook, in 1777, the land is, for the most part, of a good height, di- versified with hills andvallies. See Hales, J\'e~v Sa*rtk, Jh/les, a township of Hillsborough coun- ty, New Hampshire, containing 1529 in- habitants in 1810. It is situated on the W side of Merrimack river, between Dunstable and Merrimack townships. Holm., a town in Cumberland, with a market on Saturday. It is sometimes" called Abbey-Holm, from an abbey that formerly stood here. It if. a small place seated on an arm of the sea, 12 miles N of Cockerra outh, and 310 NNW of Lon- don. Lon. 3 19 W, lat. 54 53 N. Holmsdale. a rough and woody tract in Surry, lying immediately beneath the hills to the S and E of that county, and extending into Kent. Red deer are still found here ; and it abounds with the holm oak. Hjlstc'in, a duchy of Germany, bounded by the German ocean on the Vv ; the Bal- tic or the gulf of Lubeck, on the E ; the duchy of Mecklenburg on the SE ; that of Bremen, with the river Elbe, on the SW; and Lauenburg, with the territory of Hamburg, on the S. Its greatest length is about 80 miles, and its breadth 60. A great part of this country consists of rich marshland, *vhich being much ex posed to inundations both from the sea and rivers, dykes have been raised at a great expense to guard and defend them The pastures in the marshes are so rich : . that cattle are bred in vast numbers and fattened in them, and great quantities of excellent butter and cheese made of their milk. They are also very fruitful in wheat, barley, pease, beans, and rape seed. In the more barren, sandy, and heathy parts of the country, large flock:- of sheep are bred and fed : nor are or- chards wanting, or woods ; especially of oak and beech ; nor turf, poultry, game II O L HON and wild-fowl. Notwithstanding this country's advantageous situation for com- merce* there are few manufactures arid little trkde in it. Hamburg* and Lubec supply the inhabitants with what they wai.t from abroad ; from whence and Al- tena they export sonic grain, malt, grots, starch, buck-wheat, pease, beans, rape- seed, butter, cheese, sheep, swine, hom- ed cattle, horses, and fish. Tiie manu- factures of tlie duchy are chiefly carried on at Altena, Kiel, and Gluckstadt. Den- mark now possesses the whole duchy; the imperial cities excepted. Hohton, a navigable river of Tennessee state. It rises in Virginia, and running in a SVT direction, passes by Knoxvilie, the capital of the s;atc, and falls into Tennessee, near the town of Maryville. Holt, a town in Norfolk, with a mar- ket on Saturday, 20 miles XNW of Nor- wich, and 122 NE of Lu«.don. Lon. 1 6 E, hat. 53 5 X. 'Holy l.dandy an island on the coast of Northumberland, six miles SE of Ber- wick. It is two miles \ox\? 9 and one broad : the soil rocky and full of stones. It has a town and a castle, under which is a commodious harbour, defended by a blockhouse. On this island which is likewise called Lindisfarne, are the ruins of a stately monastery; and here was an- ciently a bishop's see, removed with the body of St. Cuthbert, first to Chester le Street, and afterward to Durham. Hiekfiead, a seaport and cape of the isle of Anglesea. It is the most usual place of embarkation for Dublin, there being packet-boats that sail for that city every day, except Tuesday, wind and Weather permitting 1 . On the adjacent rocks tlx herb 'grows of which kelp is made; arid in the neighbourhood is a large vein of white fuller's earth, and another of yel- ! >w . On the isle of Skerries, nine-miles to the X, is a light-house. Kolvhead is 93 miles WNW of Chester, and 276 NW of London. Lon. 4 22 W, lat. 53 19 N. ffolyrwe% a town in Flintshire witb a market on Friday. It takes its name from the fatuous well of St. Winifred, concerning which so many fables and su- perstitious notions have prevailed. It h a copious stream, bursting- out of the ground with a considerable degree of im- petuosity. fJesid -s the cold bath, ecle brated for wonderful cures, formed at the sprii ••g-'.ie.' d, and covered with a beau- tiful Gothic shrine, it is now applied to the purpose of turning several mills foi the working- of copper, making* bras.- wire, paper, and snuff and spinning cot- ton. It is 10 miles R of St. Asaph, and 212 NE of London. Lon. 3 21 W, lat. 54 13 X. fiofoiebfhirg, a thriving village with a post-ovtice, in Philadelphia county, Penn- sylvania, situated on the post and stage road to New York, 10 miles NE of Phila- delph ia. '*^KBmMijht' J' ^ ' $ Jhmuw-g; a town of Germany, in the landg-ravate of Hesse Cassel, 150 miles N of Frauckfort. Lon. 9 26 E, lat. 50 45 N. HmiLnrg, a town of Germany, in the duchy of Deux-Ponts between the Mo- selie and the Rhine, 50 miles SE of Treves. Lon. 7 32 E, lat. 49 16 X. Jit-nan, a province of China, bounded on the X by the province of Petcheli and Chan-si, on the E by Kiangsi, and Cban- tong-, on the S by Houquang, and on the \V by Chen-si. As every thing* that can contribute to render a country delight- ful, is found in this province, the Chi- nese call it Tonghoa. The middle Flow^ er. It is, im 1 ed, situated almost in the centre of China. Reside Cai-fongfou, its capita*], it contains seven cities of the first cla is, and 102 of the second and third. Honan-fou, a city of China, in the pro- vince of Honan. It has under its juris- diction one citv of the second class, and 13 of the third. It is 500 miles SW of Pekin. Ttmuhtras, a larg-e province of New Spam* bounded on the N by the bay of Honduras, on the E by the Mosquito Shore, on the S by Nicaragua, and on the W by Chiapa and Guatimala. This province, and the peninsula of Jucatan, on the other side of the bay of Honduras, derive their value from the great abun- dance of the logwood-tree, which, in dy- ing some colours* is so far preferable to any other material, that the consumpt,:,n of it in Europe is considerable, and it is become an article in commerce of great value. Af.er the conquest of Jamaica by- he English, one of the first objects of the settlers on that island was the great profit arising from the logwood trade, and the facility of wresting some portion of it from the Spaniards. The Spaniards alarmed at their encroachments', endea- voured by negociation, remonstrances, and open force, to prevent the English from obtaining any footing on that part jf the American continent. But, after strugglin against it for more than a cen* tury, the disasters of an unfortunate war ■xiorted from the court of Madrid, in 1~63, a reluctant consent to tolerate this -.ettlement of foreigners in the heart of its territories. This privilege was con- firmed by the definitive treaty of 1T83, by which, however, it was stipulated, P P HOP LI OR that they should confine themselves with- in a certain district, lying 1 between the rivers Wallis, or BeUize, and Kio Hon- do, taking the course of the said two ri- vers for unalterable boundaries, so as that the navigation of them be common to botb nations. But by a convention signed in 1786 tbe English were not only permitted to cut logwood, but mahogany or any other kind of wood, and to parry away any other produce of the country ; and also to occupy the small island cal- led Casina. The capital of Honduras is Valladolid. Honjleur t a considerable seaport of France, in the department of Calvados and late province of Normandy, with a good harbour and a trade in lace. It is eight miles N of Pont l'Eveque, and 110 NW of Paris. Lon. 15 E, lat. 49 24 N. Honiton, a town in Devonshire, with a market on Saturday. Honiton sends two members to parliament, and has a large manufacture of white thread and bone- lace. It is seated on tbe Otter, 16 miles E of Exeter, and 156 W by S of London. Lon. 3 12 W, lat. 50 45 N. Honohtein, a town of Germany, in the electorate of Treves. Lon. 7 5 E, lat. 49 43 N. Hood Island, one of the Marquesas in the Pacific Ocean, discovered and named by captain Cook, in 1774. Lon. 138 47 W, lat. 9 26 S. Hoogly, a small bnt ancient city of Hin- doostan, in Bengal. It is now nearly in ruins, but possesses many vestiges of former greatness. In the beginning of this century, it was the great mart of the export trade of Bengal to Europe. Ii is seated on an arm of the Ganges, called llooglv, 26 miles N of Calcutta. Lon. 88 28 E, lat 32 30 N. Hoogly River, an arm of the Ganges, formed by the union of its two western- most brandies, named the Cossimbuzar and Yellingby rivers. It is the port ot Calcutta, and the only branch of the Gan- ges that is commonly navigated by ships. Hoog&traten, a town of Dutch Bratan*, capital of a county of the same name, 10 nv'les S of Breda, and 15 NE of Antwerp. Hoosack, a township of Renssellaei county, New York, containing 3117 in- habitants in 1810. It is 3u miles N of Albany and is situated on the E side of Hudson river. Hope, a village in the high peak of Der- byshire. Hope, a post town in Sussex countv, New Jersey ; a small Moravian settle- ment 22 miles NE of Easton in Pennsyl- vania. Hopewell, a township of Hunterdon couniy, New Jersey, containing 2565 in- habitants in 181u. It is siiuated on the NE side of the river Delaware, 14 miles E of Princeton, and lu N of Trenton. Hopewell, a township of York county, Pennsylvania, joining to the state of Ma- ryland. In 1810 it contained 1587 in- habitants. Hopewell, a township of Washington county, Pennsylvania, containing 2193 inhabitants in 1810. It is situated about 14 miles NW by YV from Washington, and joins the state of Ohio, Hopkifttori, a town of Hillsborough county, New Hampshire, containing 2216 inhabitants in 1810. It is situated on the E side of Conkcook river, 8 miles W of Concord. Hopkinton, a township of Washington county, Rhode Island, containing 1774 inhabitants in 1810. It is situated be- tween Wood and Ashewague rivers, and joi:is the state of Connecticut. Horeb, a mountain of Arabia Petrea, isr Asia. Horn, a considerable town of the Uni- ted Provinces, in N Holland, with a good harbour, on the Zuider-Zee, 13 miles N E of Amsterdam. Lon. 4 59 E, lat. 52 38 N. Horn, a town of the late Austrian Ne- therlands, in the bishopric of Liege. Lon. 5 55 E, lat. 51 12 N. Hornbach, a town in Germany, in the duchy of Deux-Ponts. Lon. 7 36 E, lat. 49 10 N. Hornberg, an ancient town of Germany, in the Black Forest, in the duchy of Wir- temberg, with a fortress on a mountain. It is seated on the Gutlash, 21 miks NE of Friburg. Lon. 8 27 E, lat. 48 12 N. Hornby, a town of Lancashire, in Eng- land, seated on a branch of the river Lune, with a handsome church. Lon. 2 20 W, lat. 54 6 N. Horn, Cape, the most southern part of Tierra-del-I'uego, in South America, round which all ships now pass that sail into the Pacific Ocean. Lon. 67 26 W, lat. 55 58 S. Ilorncastle, a large well built' town in Lincolnshire, on the river Bane. It is 20 miles E of Lincoln, and 136 N of London, Lon. 2 W, lat. 53 14 N. Hornchurch, a village in Essex, two miles E by S of Rumlord, of which it is the mother church. A large pair of horns is affixed to the E end of the church, for which tradition assigns a reason too idle to be repeated. Homdon, a town in Essex, with a mar- ket on Saturday. It is seated on a hill. HOT H O T which commands a beautiful prospect, 16 miles S by W of Chelmsford, and 19 E of London. Lon. 35 E, lut. 51 32 N. Hornseg, a town of Yorkshire, 183 miles from London. It is almost surrounded by a small arm of the sea, and the church having- a high steeple, is a noted sea- mark. Not many years ago there was a street here called Hornsey beck, which was washed away by the sea, except a house or two. E lon. 6, N lat. 54 0. Hornsey, a town of Middlesex, five miles X of London It is a long strag- gling place, situated in a low valley, but extremely pleasant, having the new river winding through it. fforsens, a seaport of Denmark, in Jut- land, scaled on the bottom of a bay that opens into the Categatenear the island of Hiarnoe, 125 miles W by N of Copenha- gen. Lon. 9 40 E, lat. 55 57 N. H,rntoion, a post town in Accomack county, Virginia, situated near the line that divides this state from the eastern shore of Maryland, at the distance of 16 miles S from Snow Hill. Horsham, a borough in Sussex, with a market on Saturday, noted for fine poul- try. Here is the county -gaol, and the as- sizes are sometimes held here. It sends two members to parliament, and is 36 miles S by W of London. Lon. 12 W, lat. 51 8 N. Horsham, a township of Montgomery county, Pennsylvania; situated on the S branch of Neshaminy creek, joiningBucks county. It contained 938 inhabitants in 1810. Hottentots, Country of the, a large re- gion in the S extremity of Africa, ex- tending N by W, from the Cape of Good Hope, beyond the mouth of Orange Ri- ver, and from that cape, in an EXE di- rection, to the mouth of the Great Fish River, which parts it from Caffraria. It lies between the tropic of Capricorn and 35 S lat. and is bounded on the west, south and east by the Atlantic, Southern, and Indian Ocear*-:, and on the N by re- gions very little, if at all explored. The Hottentots are as tall as most Europeans, but are more slender ; and the charac- teristic mark of this nation is, the small- ness of their hands and feet compared j with the other parts of their body. Their I skin is of a yellowish brown hue, resem- bling that of an European who has the jaundice in a high degree. There are not j such thick lips among the Hottentots as ' among their neighbours, the Negroes, the CafTres, and the Mozambiques ; and j their mouth is of the middling size, with j the finest set of teeth imaginable. Their ' heads are covered with hair, more wool- ! ly, if possible, than that of the Negroes, With respect to shape, carriage, and eve- ry motion, their whole appearance indi- cates health and content. In their mcin, moreover, a degree of carelessness is ob- servable, that discovers marks of alacriu and resolution; qualities which, upon oc- casion, they certainly can exhibit. Not on'y the men, but the women also are clothed with sheep skins ; the wool being worn outward in summer, and inward in winter. They wear one skin over their shoulders, the ends of it crossing each other before, and leaving their neck bare , another is fastened round their middle, and reaches down to their knees. They besmear their bodies all over with fat, in which a little soot is mixed : and this is never wiped off. They are likewise per- fumed with powder of herbs, rubbing it all over them, when they besmear them- selves. The odour of this powder is rank and aromatic, and comes nearest to that of the poppy mixed with spices. The women who are ambitious to please, not only grease all the naked parts of their body, to make them shine, but braid or plait their hair as an additional elegance, and adorn themselves with necklaces of shells. A Hottentot lady thus bedizen- ed, has exhausted all the arts of her toi- lette ; and however unfavourable nature may have been, with regard to shape and stature, her pride is wonderfully flatter, ed, while the splendour of her appear- ance gives her the highest degree of sa- tisfaction. But with all this vanity, thev are not devoid of modesty, for the fe- males of this nation cover themselves much more scrupulously than the men. They seldom content themselves with one covering, but almost always have two, and very often three. These are made of well-greased skins, and are fas- tened about their bodies with a thong, almost like the aprons of our ladies. The outermost is the largest, finest, and most showy, and frequently adorned with glass beads strung in different figures. Both the men and women generally go bare- headed. Neither their ears nor nose are adorned with any pendent ornaments, as (hey are among oilier savages; but the nose is sometimes, by way of greater state, marked with a black streak of soot, or with a large spot of red lead; of which latter, on high days, they likewise put a little on their cheeks. Both sexes wear rings on their arms and legs. Most of these are made of thick leather straps, cut in a circular shape ; and these have given rise to the received notion, that the Hottentots wrap guts about their legs, in order to eat them occasionally. Rinsrs of II O T H O T iron, copper, or brass, of the size of a goose-quill, are considered us more gen- teel than those of leather ; but the girls are not allowed to use any ring's till they are marriageable. The Hottentots sel- dom wear any shoes. What they do wear, are made of undressed leather, with the hairy side outward ; they are rendered si ft and pliable, by being beat and mois- tened, and are very light and cool. Their habitations are adapted to their wander- ing 1 pastoral" life. They are merely huts, resembling a round bee-hive or a vault, from 18 to 24 feet in diameter, and so low, as scarcely possible for a middle- sized man to stand upright. Hut neither the lowness of the hut, nor that of the door which is barely three feet high, can be considered as any inconvenience to a Hottentot, who finds no difficulty in stooping a »d crawling on all-fours, and who is, at any time, more inclined to lie down than stand. The fire-place is in the middle, and they sit or lie round it m acircle. The low door is the only place that admits the light, and the brily out- let that is left for the smoke. The Hot- tentot, inured to it from his in fan. \ ■, pees it hover round him, without feeling the least inconvenience arising from it to his eyes : and rolled up, like a hedge hog snug in his skin, he lies in the midst of this cloud, till he is now and then obli- ged to peep out from beneath his sheep- skin, in order to stir the fire, or perhaps to light his pipe, or turn the steak he is broiling- over the lire. The order of these huts in a craal or clan, is most frequent- ly in the form of a circle, with the doors inward ; by which means a kind of yard is formed, where the cattle are kept at night. Such are the Hottentots in the vicinity of the Cape of Good Hope. In 1778, lieutenant Paterson visited a Hot- tentot village in the small XimiquaLand, in the NAV part of the country ; it con- sisted of 19 huts and about 150 inhabi- tants. The ensign of authority, worn by their chief, was a cane with a brass top, given to him by the Dutch East India Company. The Hottentots amused them, part of the night, with music and dan- cing; their visitors, in return; treated them with tobacco and d:icka, or hemp' leaves, which they prefer even to tobac- co. Their music was produced from flutes, made of the bark of trees, of dif- ferent sizes. The men form themselves into a circle, with their flutes ; and the women dance round them. Among other tribes of Hottentots are the Boshmans, who inhabit the mountains in the interim part of the Gauntry, NE of the Cape, and are enemies to the pastoral life. Their weapons are poisoned arrows, which shot from a small bow, will hit a mark with a tolerable degree of certainty, at the dis- tance of 100 paces. Their h abitations are not more agreeable than their manners and maxims. Like the wild beasts, bush- es and clefts in rocks, serve them by turns for dwellings. Many of these sa- vages are entirely naked ; but some of them cover their body with the skin of any sort of animal, great or small, from the shoulder downward as far as it will reach, wearing it till it fall off their back in rags. As ignorant of agriculture as apes and monkies, they are obliged, like them, to wander over bills and dales after cei.tain wild roots, berries, and plants, which they eat raw. 'Their tab!-, however, is composed of several oth» -r dishes, among which are caterpUlars,*te?- mities, locusts, grasshopper-, s/iakes, and spiders. Another tribe of Hottentots, near the mouth of Orangte River, were observed by lieutenant l'atersoiv, -in. his journey to the NW in 1779. Their hilts were loftier, and thatched with grass Their mode of living is in the highest degree wretched, and they are apparent- ly the most dirty of all "the Hottentot tribes"*} Their dress is composed of the skins of seals and jack.dls. the bVsh oi which they eat. When a grampus is cast ashore, they remove their huts to the place, and subsist upon it as long as any part of it remains ; and in this manner, it sometimes affords them sustenance for half a year, though in a great measure decayed and put rifled by the sun. They smear their skin with the oil, the odour of which is so powerful, that their:.;) p roach may be perceived some time be- fore* they appear in view. With respect to the Hottentots, in general, none of them seem to have any religion, nor do they appear willing to receive any in- struction. All of them, however, have the firmest opinion of the power of ma- gic ; whence'it might be inferred, that they believe in an evil being, but they pay no religious worship to him, though from tills source they derive all the v\ ils that happen ; and among these they reck- on cokt, rain, and thunder. So monstrous- ly ignorant are they, that the Boshmans w ill abuse the thunder with many oppro- brious epithets, and threaten to assault the lightning. *Even the most intelligent of them could not be convinced by Bt. Sparrman, that irin was not always an evili and that it would be an unhappy circumstance, w ere it never to rain. They seem, however, to have some idea of a fu- ture state, as they reproach their friends, when dead with leaving them so soo:i, HOT H O W admonishing them to behave henceforth more properly ; by which they mean, that their deceased friends should not come back again and haunt them, nor al- low themselves to be made use of by wizzaros, to bring any mischief on those that survive them. The Hottentots sleep promiscuously in the same hut, and are neither acquainted with the difference of age, nor with that invincible horror which separates beings connected by blood. The country possessed b\ the Batch is of a pretty considerable extent, comprehend- ing not only the large tract between Ta- ble Bay and False Bay, but that which is called Hottentot Holland, extending from False Bay to the Cabo dos Agulhas, or Cape. of Needles, and the country further E beyond St. Christopher's River, called Terra dc Natal. The whole of this coun- try is naturally barren and mountainous; but the industrious Dutch have overcome all natural difficulties, and it produces, not only a sufficiency of a,U the necessa- ries of life for the inhabitants, but also for the refreshment of all the European ships that touch here. The Dutch con- sider the year as divided into two sea- tons, which they term monsoons, the wet monsoon/ or winter, begins in March ; and the dry one, o» summer, in Septem- ber. Among the quadrupeds of this country are antelopes, which go in herds of 20,000 each ; buffaloes ; cameleopar- diliscs ; the gems-boch, a species of an- telope, which has remarkably long- sharp horns, and when attacked by dogs will sit on its hind quarters, and defend it- self ; wild dogs, which travel in herds, and are very destructive to sheep ; ele- phants ; elks ; hyenas; the koedo, an ani- mal of a mouse colour, rather larger than our deer, with three white stripes over the back, and the male having very large twisted horns ; lions ; jackulls ; ti- gers; the quacha, a species of the zebra, but more tractable ; rhinoceroses ; hor- ses ; domestic horned cattle ; common sheep, and a peculiar species of sheep covered with hair instead of wool. The hippopotamus or river horse, is frequent- ly seen here. Among the birds are vul- tures, ostriches, whose eggs are excellent f >od ; and the loxia, a species of grega- rious bird ; these latter build their curi- ous nest in the mimosa tree, where they form a kind of thatched house, with a regular street of nests on both sides, at about two inches distance from each ilier, and containing under its rcof, in one that lieutenant Paterson saw, upward of 800 birds. Among the insects are, the termities, or white ant ;, which do no injury to wood as in the East Indies, but by raising a number of hills, they im- pede the progress of vegetation. ' The Hottentots eat them ; and lieutenant Pa- terson, who tasted tins food, found it far from disagreeable. The locusts are es- teemed excellent food by the Boshmans, by whom they are uried and kept for use. The black, or rock scorpion, is nearly as venomous here as any of the serpent tribe, of which there are nume- rous kinds. Jfouat, an island of France, near the coast of Bretagne. It is 10 miles in cir- CUffrf^Mpg||7T^: ' 1 < %J^Vjv, , ' ' JLjiidun, a town of France, now in the department of Eure and Loire and lately in the province of Beauce, with a manu- facture of woollen stockings. It is seat- ed on the Yegre, 10 inihs frnrn Dreux, and 32 miles S\V of Paris. Lou. 1 41 E, lat. 48 47 N. , . v£ llousatonick, a river of Connecticut state. It rises in Massachusetts, and runs through Lichfield county, Connecti- cut, nearly due south, till it pastes N Milford. Thence it flows SE till it joins the Stratford, and the united stream falls into Long island Sound near the town of Stratford. Mounsfaw, a town in Middlesex, with a market on Thursday. It is situated or, a heath of the same name, on which arc- some powder-mills, on a branch of the ri- ver Coin. Here is a charity school and a chapel. The heath is noted for robbe- ries and horse races. Hounslow is 10 miles \V by S of London. HoM-quang, a province of China, which occupies nearly the centre of the empire. Yang-tse-kiang traverses it from E to W, aiul divides it into two parts. This pro- vince (the greater part of which is level, and watered by canals, lakes, and rivers) is celebrated for its fertility ; the Chi- nese call it the storehouse of the em- pire. It contains 15 cities of the first class, and 114 of the second and third. Yout-chang-fou is the capital. Hoii-tchvou-fou, a city of China, in the province of Tche-kiang. It takes its name from a lake of the same name, on which it is seated. The quantity of silk manufactured here is almost incredible. Its district contains one city of the se- cond and six of the third class. It is |60 miles NE of N^n-king. Lon. 119 45 E, lat. 30 35 N. Htrwilen, a town in the E riding o. Yorkshire, with a market on Saturday It gives name to a small district called llowdenshirc, and has a large church, like a cathedral. It is seated on the N HUD HUD side of the Ouse, 15 miles SE of York, and 179 N by W of London. Lon. 51 W, lat. 53 46 N. /foxier, a town of Westphalia, seated on the Weser, 8 miles NW of Corwey, 27 miles NE of Paderborn. Lon. 9 39 E, lat. 51 50 N. Hoy, one of the Orkney Islands situat- ed between the Island of Pomona and the N coast of Caithness-shire. It is 10 miles long-. On this island, besides the great conic hill of, Holyhead, which is a sea mark, there is a stupendous rock, called the Beary, where a bird, named the lay- er, supposed to be a species of penguin, is found. In a gloomy valley in this is- land, is a large stone, 36 feet long and 18 broad, called the Dwarfic stone. It is hollow within, having the form of a bed and pillow cut in the stone ; and is sup posed to have been the habitation of a hermit. Lon. 3 20 W, lat. 58 36 NT. Hoye, a town of Westphalia, capital of a county of the same name, subject to the elector of Hanover, seated on the Weser, 43 miles NW of Zell. Lon. 9 6 E, lat. 52 57 N. Haradisch, a town of Moravia, on an is- land in the river Morava, 30 miles SE of Olmutz, and 30 E of Brinn. Lon. 17 53 E, lat. 49 N. Hun, or Kahmi, a large town of Asia, capital of Cochin-China, with a royal pa- lace. It is seated in a beautiful plain, and divided into two parts by a large ri- ver. Lon. 105 5 E, lat. 17 40* N. Huulrine, one of the Society Islands in the S Pacific Ocean, 30 leagues from O- taheite. It is 21 miles in compass, and has a commodious harbour. Lon. 151 1 W, lat. 16 44 S. Hubbardstorvn, a township of Worces- ter county, Massachusetts, containing 1127 inhabitants in 1810. It is situated on a branch of the river Ware, 45 miles westward from Boston. Jf liberty St. a town of Austrian Luxem- burg, with an abbev, 20 miles SE of Rochefort. Lon. 5 12 E, lat. 50 N. Hiiddersjieldi a town in the W riding of Yorkshire, with a market on Tuesday. It is the mart for narrow cloths, called plains. It is 42 miles SW of York, and 189 NNW of London. Lon. 1 40 W, lat. 53 40 N Hudson, one of the most flourishing ci- ties in the state of New York; situated on the E bank of Hudson river, in Colum- bia county, 132 miles N of the city of New York, and 40 S of Albany, in the lat. of 42 15 N and lon. of 74 9 W. The foundation of the first house was laid in "!783, and in 1800 it contained 4048 inha- I bitants. Here is a post office, and a bank whose capi'ul is limited by act of Assem- | My, to 160,000 Dollars. Hudson, a river of New York state, which from i s course from N to S, is sometimes called the North River. Its most northerly springs are in Essex county, whence it flows a little eastward of South, till it joins the Mohawk river, one of its prin ipal branches. Thence it runs nearly due S -uth, till it falls into New York bay, a little below the cuy of New York. This river is navigable' by vessels of considerable burthen to the ci'- ty of Hudson (about 120 miles) and by sloops as high as Albany, the capital of the state. Hudson's Bay, a bay of North America, lying between 51 and' 69 N latitude, and discovered in 1610, by captain Henry Hudson. He had made two voyages be- fore on the same adventure ; the first in 1607, and the second in 1608. In his third and last, in 1610, he entered the straits that lead into the bay known by his name ; coasted a great part of it, and penetrated to 80 30 N lat. His ar- dour for the discovery not being abated by the difficulties he struggled with in this empire of frost and snow, he staid uere till the ensuing spring, and then prepared to pursue his discoveries ; but his crew, who suffered equal hardships, without the same spirit to support them, mutinied, seized him and seven of those w ho were most faithful to him, and com- mitted them to the icy seas in an open boat. Hudson and his companions were never heard of more ; but the ship and the rest of the men returned home. U- ther attempts towards a discovery of that passage have been since made, but hith- erto without effect. The entrance of this bay, from the ocean, is between Re- solution Isles on the N, and Button's Isles on the Labrador coast to the S, forming the E extremity of the strait, distin- guished by the name of its great discov- erer. This bay communicates on the N, by two straits, with Baffin's Bay : on the E side it is bordered by Labrador, on the SW by New South Wales, and on the W by New North Wales. These countries are included under the name of New Bri- tain, and abound with animals whose skins and furs are far superior in quality to those found in less northerly regions. The natives are called Esquimaux, and Northern Indians ; and are materially different from all the Southern tribes. In 1670, a charter was granted to a com- pany, which does not consist of above ten persons, for the exclusive trade to H UL HUM this bay. This company possess three forts on the S coast of James Bay, by which the S termination of Hudson's Cay is distinguished. These factories are called Rupert, Moose, and Alba- ny, and they lie, from 51 to 52 N lat. and from' 75 to 79 W Ion. On the W side of Hudson's Bay, considerably up Hayes River, is a factory called Flambo- rough ; and beyond this is York Fort, on Xehon River, "in Ion. 92 30, and lat. 57 25: but the most northern settlement is Prince of Wales' Fort, at the mouth of Church-hill River, in Ion. 94 7, and lat. 58 48. In December 1770, Mr. Hearne, in the service of the Hudson's Bay Com- pany, set out from Prince of Wales' Fort to explore a river, that the Esquimaux, who came to the company's factories to trade, had brought to their knowledge j and which, on account of much copper being found near it, had obtained the name of Copper-mine River. Under the convoy of those Indians, he arrived at this river in June 1771, and traced it till he came in sight of the Pacific Ocean, finding it encumbered with shoals and falls to its mouth, which is in lat. 72 X, and Ion, 119 W. In 1782, the settlement, &c. of the country, valued at 500,000/. were destroyed by a French squadron : but the damage has been repaired, and the commerce is again in a flourishing si- tuation. If/ie?ia, an island of the Baltic, three miles from the coast of Sweden, a id sub- ject to the Swedes, to whom it was ced- ed by the Danes in 1658. It has one scattered village, and produces hay and corn, more than sufficient for its own consumption. In this island was the ob- servatory of the celebrated Tycho Brahe. It is six miles in circumference ; nine miles S by E of Elsinore, and fourteen X bv E of Copenhagen. Lon. 12 38 E, lat 55 54 X. Huesca, an ancient town of Spain, in Arragon, with a bishop's see, and a uni- versity. It is seated on the Issuela, 35 milcs'XE of Saragossa. Lon. 2 W, lai 42 18 N. Huescar, a town of Spain, in the king- dom of Granada, with a castle, 60 miles XE of Granada. Lon. 2 20 W, lat. 37 45 X. ffuessen, a town of Dutch Guelder- land, sealed on the Rhine, three miles S of Arnheim. Huetta, an old and small town of Spain, in New Castile, 67 miles E of Madrid. Lon. 1 55 W, lat. 40 22 N. Hull, or Kingston upon Hvll, a borough and seaport in the E riding of Yorkshire, with a market on Tuesday and Saturday. It was built by Edward I. who called it Kin-ston, and it is st ated on the river Hull, on the X side of the Humber. It is a large town with two parish churches, and is a county of itself, governed by a mayor. It is fortified, and is the first town that shut its gates against Charles 1. but its fortifications are now inc nside- rable, while its commerce is increased so much, that it is deemed the fourth port in the kingdom. Its situation is extremely advantageous ; for, besides its communication with the Yorkshire rivers and canals, it has access also to the Trent and all its branches; hence it has the import and export u ade of many of the northern and midland counties. The foreign trade is chiefly to the Baltic : but it has regular traffic with the southern parts of Europe, and with America. More- ships are sent hence to Greenland than from any other port, that of London ex- cepted, and more grain is exported from Hull than London by means of its exten- sive inland commerce. The harbour is artificial ; and here are docks for build- ing and repairing ships. Among the public buildings, are the Trinity House, for the relief of seamen and their wi- dows ; a custom house, an exchange, and a town-hall. The stone bridge, over the river to Holderness, was rebuilt in 1787, and consists of 14 arches Hull sends two members to parliament, and is 36 miles SE of York, and 173 X of London. Lon. 14 W, lat. 53 45 X. Hulpen, a town of the Austrian Xether- lands, nine miles SE of Brussels. Lon. 4 37 E, lat. 51 44 X. Hulst, a strong town of Dutch Flan- ders, seated on a plain, which may be overflowed. It has a very fine town- house, 15 miles NW of Antwerp, and 17 XE of Ghent. Lon. 4 6 E, lat. 51 18 X. - Humbev, a rived of England, formed bv the Trent, Ouse, Derwent, and several other streams. It divides Yorkshire from Lincolnshire, and falls into the German Ocean, at Holderness. Hummehtov.'n, a town of Dauphin; coun- ty, Pennsylvania, situated yli the-E side of Swetara creek, 9 miles E of Harris- burg and 27 XW of Lancaster. It con- tains about 1000 inhabitants and is a flourishing place. Hummoch, an island, of Asia, in the In- dian Ocean, about six miles long. The rajah «.s supported in his authority by the Dutch East India Compa'ny. The island is exceedingly fertile, and pro- duces most of the tropical fruits; but the principal articles of trade with the II U N HUN Dutch are bees-wax and honey. Jt lies five leagues S of Mindanao.' Lon. 125 12 H, hit. 5 27 X. JTitndttfefd, a town of Silesia, seated on the Wide, eight miles \B of Breslaw. Lon. 17 18 I, hit. 51 9 N. Hungary ^ a kingdom of Europe, hound- ed on the N by Poland; on the AV by the circle of Austria, on the S by the Brave, which separates it from Sclavonia, and by the Danube, which parts it from Tur- key in Europe ; and on the E by Wala- chia and Transylvania. It is divided into Upper and Lower Hungary ; and to these may be added the Ban n at of Temeswar, incorporaied into the kingdom of Hun- gary in 1778. Hungary formerly includ- /fun.-naniiy, a town in the E riding o1 Yorkshire, with a market on Tuesday, 34 miles NE or' York, and 209 N of Lon- don. Lon. 12 W, hit. 54 12 X. Hunt-nl'j.i, a county in the state of New .Jersey, containing 24,553 inhabi- tants in 1810. It if, situated on the E side of the river Delaware, which sepa- rates it from Pennsylvania. The princi- pal town is Trenton, the capital of the state. Hur^ngdon, the county town of Hun- tingdonshire, with a market on Satur- day. It is pleasantly seated on a rising ground, on the river Ousc, over which is a stone bridge to Oocimanchester ; and as once a large place, having no less ed Transylvania, Sclavonia, Dalmatja, j than 15 churches, which are now reduc- Servia, and Walachia. The principal ri- vers are, the Danube, Save, Drave, Tres- se, .Maros, Raab, and Waag. The air is very unhealthy, occasioned by the lakes and" bogs, insomuch that a sort of plague visits them every three or four years. It abounds in all the necessaries of life, and the wine, especially that called Toe- kay, is excellent. There are mines of gold, silver, copper, and iron, and they have such plenty of game, that hunting is allowed to all. The. Hungarians are said to be of a sanguine, choleric tem- per, and somewhat fierce, cruel, proud and revengeful They have been always reputed good soldiers, being much more inclined to arms, martial exercises, and hunting, than to arts, learning, trade, or agriculture. The nobility affect great pomp and magnificence, and arc much addicted to feasting and carousing. The men in general are strong and well pro- portioned. They shave their beards, but leave whiskers on the upper lip ; wear- ing fur caps on their heads, a ciose-bodi- ed coat girt with a sash, with a short cloak or mantle over all, so contrived as to be buckled under the ann, and leave the right hand at liberty. Their horse are called iwr.sars, and their foot hey- dukes. Buda is famous for its, mineral waters and baths, and is the capital of Lower Hungary, and P res burg of the uppert$K t Hungen, atoWn of Germany in the Up- per Rhine. Hungerford, a town in Berkshire, with a market on Wednesday, seated on the Kenet, and noted for the best trout and crawfish in England. It is 64 miles \V of London. Lon. 1 26 W, lat. 51 26 N. Hunninguen, a. fortified town of France, now in the department of Upper Rhine and lately in the province of Alsace, seat- ed on the Rhine, five miles N of Basle. Lon. 11 40 E, lat. 47 40 N. cd to two. Tt sends two members to par- liamcnt, and is governed by a mayor. Huntingdon is the birthplace of Oliver Cromwell. It is 16 miles W by N of Cambridge, and 65 X of London. Lon 5 W, lat. 52 17 X. Huntingdon, the capital town in Hun- tingdon count v, Pennsylvania; situated on the X side of Juniata river, 90 miles W of Harrisburgh, and 35 SW of Lewis- town. It has a post-office, court-house, jail, and 676 inhabitants. Huntingdon, a town in Chittenden coun- ty, Vermont, on the S side of Onion ri- ver, 10 miles northward of Bristol, and 16 SE of Burlington, with about 450 in- habitants. Huntingdon, a town in Fairfield countv, Connecticut, on the S side of Housaton'ic river, about 16 miles X of Fairfield. Huntingdon, a town in Suffolk county, Xew-York; situated on Long Ish.nd, IA miles SE of Smithtown, and 36 NE of the city of New York. Huntingdonshire, a county of England, 25 miles in length, and 20 in its broad- est part; bounded on the X and XW by Xorthamptonshire, on the E by Cam bridgeshire, and on the SW bv Bedford- sh'n It contains four hundreds, six market-towns, and 79 parishes. The principal rivers are the Ouse and Xen. The SE part consists of beautiful mea- dows. The middle and western parts are fertile in corn, and sprinkled with woods ; and the upland part was. an- ciently a forest, peculiarly adapted for hunting. The NE parr consists of fens, which join those of Ely ; but they are drained, so as to afford rich pasturage, anil even large crops of corn. The air of this county is, in most parts pleasant and wholesome, except among the fens and meres; there are great numbers of cattle end plenty of water-fowl, fish, and turf for firing. This county sends four mem- H YD J AF hers to parliament ; and the sheriff, who is chosen alternately from Cambridge- shire, the isle of Ely, and Huntingdon- shire, is sheriff of both counties. HitiitspU, a sm.di town in Somerset- shire ai. the mouth of ihe river Parrel, five miles N of Brklgt; water, and 3.43 \V by S of Loudon. Lon. 3 12 W, lat. 51 11 N. ffuntfiville, a small post 1own in Stun county, North Carolina, 15 miles SW ol Bethania the Moravian town. mtntsburg, a town in Franklin coun- ty, Vermont; situated near the line thai divides this State from Lower Canach 1 , at the distance of about 12 miles E of Lake tJhamplain. Here is a post-office. Ifm-dwar, a town of the province of Delhi, where the Ganges first enters the plains of Himldostan. It is 117 miles N by E of Delhi. Lon. 78 15 E, lat. 29 3J % Huron, a lake of North America, which lies betwe en 80 and 85 W lon. and 42 and j 46 N lat. from whence the country around is called the country of the Hurons. Hurst Castle, a castle in- Hampshire, near Lymington. In this castle Charles I. was confined previously to his being brought to trial. It is seated on the ex- treme point of a neck of land, which shoots into the sea toward the isle ot Wight from which it is destant two miles. Hmsingabad, a town of Hindoostan in the province of.Malwa, the eastern divi- sion of the Mahratta empire. It is 140 miles NW of Nagpour. Lon. 77 54 E, lat. 22 42 N. Hi/sum, a town of Denmark, in the du- chy (#f Slesw ek, with a strong (Jit&deJ, and a very handsome church. It is seat- ed near the river Ow, on the German Ocean, 20 miles W of Sleswick. Lon. 9 E. lat. 54 45 NT. Huy, a town of the Netherlands, in the bishopric of Liege ; the Dutch, in 1718, demolished the fortifications, ami sur- rendered it to the bishop of Liege. U is seated on the Macse, 12 miles WSW of Liege. Lon. 5 22 E, lat. 50 32 N. Hyde, a county of Newbern district, frorth Carolina, containing 6029 inhabi- tants in 1810. It is a maritime country, and is wilshed on the eastern side by Pamp ico sound, in this county is the Gr< at; Alb-gator swamp. Hj'b'nhjd, the tapi.al of Colconda, in the IK'ccun .»f Hindoostan, seated on a r i that fails into the Kislna, 352 miles N by E of Madrass. Lon. 78 51 E, lat. Htjdrabad, a fort of Hindoostan Proper,- in the province of Sindy. It is the resi- dence of a Mahometan prince, who is tributary to the king of Candahar. It is situated on 1 he Indus, not far above the head of the Delta, and in the neighbour- hood of Nusserpour. Lon. 69 30 E, lat. 25 29 N. . Hi'j)olitc, St. a town of France, now in the department of Card lately in the pro- vince of Langut doc. A canal crosses the town, which turns several mills, and sup- plies many fountains with water. An in- sult offered by the inhabitants to a priest, who was carrying the viaticum, occa- sioned the revocation of the edict of Nantes. This town has a good fort, and is slated on the Yidourle, near its source, 12 miles SW of Alais. Lon, 4< 1-:, lat 43 55 N. Hijthe. See Hithe. I J JAdTi, a river rising near Tongress, in the bishopric of Liege, and after a N E course falls into the Maese at Maes- tricht. Jtabhiiika, a town of Silesia, in the ter- ritory of Teschen, 35 miles SE of Trop- paw." Lon. 18 10 E, lat. 49 41 N. facca, an ancient town of Spain, in Arragon, with a bishop's see, and a fort. It is seated on a river of the same name, among the mountains of Jacca, in a very pleasant and fruitful plain, which are a oart of the Pyrenees, 22 miles N of Hu- esca. Lon. 0*19 W, lat. 42 36 N. faci-d' -Agllila, a seaport town on the astern coast of Sicilv, 10 miles N bv E of Catania. Lon. 15 26 E, lat. 37 27 N. Sacksonbufg, a post town in Colleton county, South Carolina; situated on the VV side of Edisto river, 30 miles W of Charleston. Jacksonburg, a post town in Scriven county, Georgia, 59 miles SW of Sa- vannah. Yuen, a strong and handsome town of ipain, in Andalusia, with a bishop's see, and a caslle. It is seated in a country producing excellent fruits, and Very fine silk, at the foot of a mountain, 15 miles SW of Baeza. Lon. 3 22 W, lat. 37 38 N. Jaffa, a town of Palestine, formerly called .loppa* and entirely f lien from its ancient grandeur. It is 50 milts NW of Jerusalem. Lon. 35 E, lat. 32 16 N. J ffray, a post town in Cheshire coun- ty New Hampshire, lying near the boun- dary hue between this Slate and Massa- chusetts, about 70 miles SW of Ports- mouth, and 25 eastward of Connecticut Ju f.iapatim, a seaport of Ceylon, in the JAG J A M East Indies at the N end of that island, and 100 miles N of Candy. Tlie Dutch took it from the Portuguese in 1658; and it was taken by the English in Octo- bei 1795. They export great quantities of tobacco from hence, and some ele- phants, Which are accounted the most docile of any in the world. Lon. 80 45 E, lat. 9 47 N. Jagarnaut, a famous pagoda, in the peninsula of Hindoostan, and province of Orissa. It is one of the first objects of Hindoo veneration, and visited by vast c owds of pilgrims fiom all parts of In- dia, and is an excellent seamark. It lies on the bav of Bengal, a few miles E of lake Chilka, and 311 SW of Calcutta. L-iii. 85 40 E, lat. 19 35 N. Jagerrulorf, a town and castle of Sile- sia, capital of a province of the sam< name, seated on the Oppa, 65 miles S by I of BTeslaw. Lon. 17 24 E, lat. 50 4 N. , JagerrOurg, a town of Cermany, in the principality of Hesse Darmstadt. Xaghire" a tract of land, in the Car- nal ic, subject to the English East India Company. It ex, ends along the bay ot Bengal, from Madrass to Lake Pullicate on the N, to Alemparve on the S, and to Conjeveram on the W ; being 108 miles along the shore, and 47 inland in the widest part. It contains 2440 square miles, and its annual revenue is about 15 0,000/. Jago, St. the largest, most populous, and most fertile of the Cape de Verd Is- lands in Africa. It lies 13 miles W of the island of Mayo, and abounds with high barren mountains ; but the air, in the rainy season is unwholesome to stran- gers. The animals are beeves, horses, asses, mules, deer, goats, hogs, civet- cats, and monkies. Here are fowls, and birds of almost all sorts ; and Indian corn, plantains, bananas, pompions, oran- ges, lemons, tamarinds, pine-apples, co- coa-nuts, guavas, tar, apples, and sugar- canes. Itiias also some cedar trees, and plenty of cotton. S>. J ago or Ribeira- Granclc is the capital, but the governor resides at Pray a. Jagof^St. a handsome and considerable town of 'South America, the capital of Chili, with a good harbour, a bishop's see, and a royal audience. It is seated in a. beautiful plain, abounding- in all the necessaries of life, at the foot of the An- des, on the river Mapocho. Here are se- veral canals,' and a dike, by means of which they water the gardens and cool the streets. It is subject to earthquakes, and the inhabitants are native Americans and Spaniards. Lon. 71 5 W, lat. 34 10 S. Jago-de-Cuba, St. the capital of the is- land of Cuba, with a good harbour, at the bottom of a bay, and on a river of the same name. Lon." 76 10 W, lat. 20 5 N. Jago-de-los-Cavalleros, St. a town of Hispaniola, on the river St. Jago, in a fertile soil, but bad air. Lon. 70 38 W, lat. 19 22 N. Jajo-del-Eiitero, St. a town of South America, in Tu uman, and the usual re- sidence of the inquisitor of the province. It is seated on a large river called he Dulce in a flat country, 475 miles SSE of Potosi. Lon. 62 W, lat. 28 25 S. Jago de (Juattmida, St. See Gvettimufa, NtW.i - *, : is r . Sago de las Valles St. a town of New Spain, in the audience of Mexico, seat- ed on thi river Panuco. Lon. 100 YV, Lat. 23 N. Jago de la I'ega, St. or Spanish Town, a town of Jamaica, where the assembly and the grand courts of jusiice are held. It was once a populous place, containing two churches, a monastery, and several chapels ; but it is now reduced to a small compass, and h .s only one church end a chapel. It is seated near the SE part of tne island in a pleasant valley, on the Rio Cobre, seven miles N\V of Port Pas- sage, on the bav of Port Royal. Lon. 76 49 W, lat. 18 6 N. Jago de Leon, St. the capital of the dis- trict of Caraccas, in South America. Lon. 64 48 W, lat. 9 32 N. Jugodiuiy a town of Turkey in Europe, in Servia, seated on the Morava, 70 miles SE of Belgrade. Lon. 21 18 E, lat 43 40 N. Jaick, a large river of Tartary, which falls into the Caspian Sea. Jaicza, a town of Turkey in Europe, in Bosnia, with a strong citadel, seated on the Plena, 50 miles NE of Bosna-Se- rago. Jtikutskoi. See Yakutsk. Jalalabad, a town of Hindoostan Pro- per, situated on the Kameh, 60 miles ES E of Cabul. Jatiendar, a town of Hindoostan Pro- per in the country of Lahore, capital of a district of the same name. Lon. 74 1Q E, lat. 30 50 N. Jallonitz, a town of Turkey in Europe, in Wallachia. It is seated on the river Jallonitz, and is 95 miles S\Y of Ismael. Jallovr, a town of Hindoostan Proper, in die country of Agimere. Lon. 73 40 E, lat. 25 15 N. Jamaguro;!, a town in the Russian go- vernment of St. Petersburg, with a strong fort, seated on the Jama/ 12 miles NE of Narva. Lon. 28 3 E, lat. 59 25 N. $ Jamaica, an island of the West In.ves, discoveredljy Columbus, in 1494. It lies JAM J A M in the Atlantic Ocean, 30 leagues W of Hispaniola, nearly tlie same distance S of Cuba, and 145 leagues N of Gartha- gena, on the continent of South America. It is of an oval figure, 150 miles long, and 40 broad in the middle. It contains upwards of 4.000,000 acres, and is divid- ed by a ridge of !;ills which run length- wise from E to W . Here numerous fine rivers t«dce their rise from both sides, yet none of them are navigable, even for barges; but some arc so large, that tl.t sugars are carried upon them in canoe jg from the remote plantations to the sea- side; some of them run underground for a considerable space, and paricular- jy the Rio-Cobre and the Rio-Pedra. The mountains, and great part of the island, are covered with woods, which look green at all times of the year ; for here is an eternal spring. There are many dif- ferent kinds of trees adorning the brow of every hill, and forming groves and cool retreats. Among these arc the lig- num vitae, the ced.-^r, and the mahogany- trees. In the vallies are sugar-canes, and such a variety of fruit-trees as to make the country look like a paradise. But to balance this, there are alligators in the rivers ; guu.noes and galliwasps in the fens and marshes ; and snakes and noxious animals in the mountains. The longest day is about 13 hours, and about nine in the morning it is so intolerably hot, that it would be difficult to live, if the sea-breezes did not arise to cool the air. Sometimes the nights are pretty cool, and there are great dews, which are deemed unwholesome, especially to new-comers. The year is distinguished into two seasons, the wet and dry ; but the rains are not so frequent as formerly, which is supposed to be owing to the cutting down of the woods. The months of July, August, and September, are cal- led the hurricane m- nths, because then they are the most frequent ; and there is lightning almost every night. There is 'not above a third part of the island in- habited, for the plantations are all by the seaside. Here and there are savannas, or large plains, where the original na- tives used to plant their Indian corn, and which the Spaniards made use of for breeding their cattle. The best houses are generally built low, being only one story, on account of the hurricanes and, earthquakes ; and the negroes huts are mode of reed, and will hold only two or three persons. The common drink is Ma- deira wine or rum punch. The common bread, or that which serves for it, is plantains, yams, and cassavaj'oots ; but in 1793, a great number of the bread fruit trees were brought here from 0nd used only by the negroes, who can scarce live without it ; also Indian com, Guinea, corn, and peas of various kinds, with va. ricy of roots Fruits are in great plti v, such as oranges, lemons, shaddocks, ci- trons, pomegranates, mammees, sweet- sops, papaws, pme-apples, star-apples, prickly pears, melons, pompions, guavas, and many other sorts. There are four negroes to a white man ; and of the for- mer there are about 100,000, besides ar mixed breed, between the blacks, whites, and mulattoes. This island was taken by ihe English in 1655, and is now the most valuable of their West India colonies. In June 1795, the Maroons, or original na- tives, who inhabit the mountains, rose against the English, and were not quel- led till March 1796. The principal town is Kingston ; but St. Jago de la Vega, or Spanish Town, is the seat of government. Jamaica, a town on Long Island, in Queen's county, New York; 12 miles E of the metropolis. It has a post office, and contains 2110 inhabitants (in 1810.) Jamana, the capital of a principality in Arabia Felix, seated on the river Asian, 150 miles W of Eleatif. Jamba, a city of the Hither India, and the capital of a province of the same name. Lon. 81 55 E, lat. 31 21 N. Jamboli, a territory of Turkey, in Eu rope, lying on the Archipelago. Jambi, or Jambis, a seaport and small kingdom, on the E coast of the island of Sumatra. The Dutch have a fort here, and export pepper hence, with the best sort of canes. It is 160 miles X of Ben- coolen. Lon. 102 35 E, lat. 59 N. James, St. an hospital and burying- ground, near Basil in Swisserland, cele- brated for a battle, fought by 3000 Swiss against an army of 30,000 French, in which only 32 of the former remained alive desperately wounded, on the field of battle. Sixteen that escaped from the field, were branded with infamy, for not having sacrificed their lives in defence of their country; and the conquerors them- selves were compelled to retire into Al- James Citii, a county of Virginia; situ- ated between York and James river, and between New Kent and Warrick coun- JAN JAP tiep. In 1810 it contained 4094 inhabi- tants, more than one half slaves. The c' ief town is the ancient city of Williams- James Island, an inland of Africa, 3D miles up the river Gambia, and three miles from its nearest shore. Hi-re the English have a fort and factory. Lon. 16 W, lat 13 15 N. J.mes Id mid, an island of South Caro- lina, opposite Charleston. James Island, an island of North Ame- rica, in Baffin's Bay, between Davis Straits and Baffin's Straits. Lon. 6? 35 \V, lat. 70 N. J.mes River, a fine river of Virginia, which enters the bay of Chesapeak, near Hampton. It rises in Bath county, be - tween Jackson's and the Alleghany moun- tains, and after it has entered Rock- bridge county, runs nearly in an eastern direction till it is joined by the Rivanna river, at or near Columbiajn Goochland county; thence it winds a little to the S, passing- by the city of Richmond, and en- larged by the river Appomattox, until it falls into the bay at Hampton road. Junes Toion. an ancient town in James City county, Virginia, planted as ear- ly as 1607, and made the seat of colonial government ; it is situated on the N bank of James River, in the lat. of 37 9 N, and lon. of 74 10 W, at the distance of eight miles S from Williamsburg, and 32 SE from Richmond. James Toxun, a borough of Ireland, in the county of Leitrim, seated on the Shannon, five miles S bv E of Carrick, and 73 NW of Dublin. * Lon. 8 29 W, lat. 53 51 N. Jamets, a town of France, in the de- partment of Meuse, and late province of Barrois, 12 miles S of Stenay. Janeiro, a province of Brazil, in S A- merica, seated between the tropic of Ca- pricorn and 22 of S lat. T is bounded on the N by the province of Spirito Sane to, on the E and S by the Atlantic Ocean, and on the W by the mountains which separate it from Guiana, in Spanish Ame- rica. This is the most valuable province which the Portuguese are musters of; for 'hey import yearly from the nee great quantities of gold and precious stones, ■which they find in the mountains, to a prodigious value. Janna, a province of Turkey in Europe, bounded on the N by Macedonia, on the 6 by Livadia, on the VV by Albania, and or the E by the Archipelago. It is the Thessaly of the ancients, and Larissa is the capital. Janna, a town of Turkey in Europe, jM ?• province of the same name. It is 62 miles \V of Larissa. Lon. 21 36 E, lat. 39 48 N. Janotvitz, a town of Bohemia, in the circle of Kaushim, famous for a battle between the Swedes and Imperialists in 1645, when the latter were defeated. It is 48 miles SE of Prague. Lon. 15 38 E, lat. 49 45 N. Jao-tcheov fou, a city of China, in the : province of Kiang-si, seated on the river l*o, whic h, at a small distance, enters ti.e lake Po-yang. It commands seven cities of die third class. Japan Inlands, lying in the East Indies, in Asia, between S'j and 40 N lat. and be- tween 130 and 144 E lon. the largest of which is called Japan, and sometimes Niphon, and gives i:s name to all the rest, being 600 miles in length, and from 100 to 150 iii breadth. Its capital is Jcddo. The second island in magnitude is cal- led Sacock, and separated from the for- mer only by a very narrow channel. Jt is about 500 milts in circuit, and its ca- pi al is called Bongo. — The third in mag- nitude is called Tonsa, and these are surrounded by a great number of smaller. All these are subject to one sovereign, or emperor, who has 50 or 60 vassal kings under his dominion, whom he can depose or punish at his pleasure. They are obli- ged one half of the year to attend his court, and therefore each of them h.is a house within the verge of the emperor's palace at Jeddo. The eldest sons of the nobility are also brought up at court, where they continue till they are promo- ted to some post. This prince, when he appears abroad is attended by 5U00 or 6000 of his guards, and maintains an ar- my of 20,000 horse, and 100,000 foot, though there seems to be no necessity for so large a body of nun, unless he suspects the fidelity of his vassals. His revenues, according to the accounts giv- en of this country, exceed those of all the mqnarchs upon earth added together s and the riches of the country are answer- - able, it being said by the Portuguese, ami some of our own countrymen, who for- merly traded io Japan, that their palaces are covered with goid plates instead of tiles. But Christians of no denomination have been suffered to settle in Japan for above a hundred years, or. pretence of a conspiracy formed by the Porttlgm and their proselytes against the ffovc rt ment. The Dutch alone were admitted to traffic afterwards, upon declaring, ii is said, they were no Christians, and then trampling upon the cross, to confirm the Japanese in this opinion ; and they are so jealous even of the Dutch, that upon the arrival of any of their ships, the, J AS J A V take away their guns, sails, and rudders, carrying them on shore till they are rea- dy to sail. Tiie goods which the Dutch import to Japan, are spices, sugars, silks, woollen, and linen manufactures, ele- phants teeth, and haberdashery wares, for which they have in return, gold, sil- ver, fine copper, cabinets, and other cu- rious Japan works, and lacquered ware. The Japanese make no use of tables, beds, or chairs, but sit and lie upon car- pets, in the s»rae manner as the Turks and Persians. _ -, Jupara, a seaport on the N coast of the isla.id of Java in Asia, with a good har- bour. It was the capital of a considera- ble kingdom, till the Dutch made them- selves masters of it ; and now they have a colony here, and a considerable trade. It is 253 miles E by S of Batavia. Lori. 110 45 E, lat. 6 20 S. Juro-eau, a town of France, now in the department of Loiret and lately in the province of Orleanois. It is 10 miles SE of Orleans, and 70 SW of Paris. Jarislau. See Yaraslaf. JarisUcw, a town of Poland, in Red Rus- sia, 100 miles E of Cracow. Jamac, a town of France, now in the department of Charente and lately in the province of Angoumois. It is remarka- ble for a victory obtained by Henry III. (then duke of Anjou) over the Hugue- nots, in 1569. It is seated on the Cha- rente, 20 miles W of Angoulesme, and 235 S bv W of Paris. Lon. 4 W, lat. 45 43 N. Jaromitz, a town of Bohemia, seated on the river Elbe, 27 miles SW of Glatz. and 62 NE of Prague. Lon. 15 57 E, lat. 50 22 N. Jaroslowy a handsome town of Austrian Poland, in Red Russia, with a strong ci- tadel. It is remarkable for its great fair, its handsome buildings, anel a battle gained by the Swedes, in 1656, after which they took the town. It js seated on the Saine, 55 miles W of Letnburg, and 100 E of Cracow. Lon. 22 43 E, lat. 50 4 N. Jasciritz, a town of Prussian Pomera- nia, in the duchy of Stetin, seated on the Oder, 8 miles N of Stetin. Jasque, a seaport of Persia, on the gulf of Ornius, and in the province of Tube- ran. Lon. 59 15 E, lat. 26 10 N. Jas^ebnere, a town of Hindoostan Pro- per, in a small territory of the same name, subject to a petty rajah, in the province of Agimere. It is 680 miles N of Bombay. Lon. 73 E, lat. 27 34 N- Jagsy, the capital of Moldavia, in Eu- ropean Turkey : and residence of the jhospodar of that country, who is a vassal of the grand signior. In 1753, the whole city was destroyed by fire ; it has been, several times taken in the wars between the Turks and the Russians or Austri- ;ms ; the last time by the latter in 1788, /ho restored it by the peace of Reichin- bach in 1790. It is a large strong lown seated on the river Pruth 125 miles W of Bender. Lon. 27 35 E, lat. 47 8 N._ .fats, once a powerful Hindoo tribe, in Hindoostan Proper, to w hom all that now remains, is the small territory of Bhart- oour, 45 miles W of Agra. Java, an island of the East Indies, ly- ing to the S of Borneo, and separated at i s Wend from Sumatra, by the strait of 3 Mima. It is sometimes called Great Ja- ■ a, to distinguish it from Bali, by some named Little Java, and is 420 miles in length, and of various breadth, extend- ng'from 105 to 118 E lon. and 6 to 8 S i it. The N coast has a great many com- modious creeks, bays, harbours, and towns, with many little islands near the shore. In former times it h:d as many petty kings as there were large towns ; but now it has two kingdoms only': one of which is under the king of Mataram, and the other under the king of Bantam. The Javanese are a barbarous, proud, and fierce people, of a brown complexion, short coal-black hair, large cheeks, small eyes, and large eyebrows. The men are very robust ami strong limbed, but the women are small. The men wear a piece of calico wrapt two or three times round their middle ; and the women wear them from their arm-pits down to their knees, nit all other parts are bare. The men have two or three wives, and several concubines, according to their circum- stances. Those that live near the sea- side are generally Mahometans ; but with- in land they areGentoos, abstaining from flesh of all kinds. This island has very high mountains, particularly the Pepper mountain on the S side ; it has likewise impassable forests and wildernesses ; but to the N, between Batavia and Ban- tam, is a very populous country, full of rice-fields, anel plenty of salt and pepper, besides most sorts of fruits proper to the climate. Here also is plenty of hogs, beeves, and sheep, with other tame ani- mals ; and likewise fowl, both wild and lame, in great abundance. Tn the woods are large tu-ers, rhinoceroses, and other wild beasts : and in the rivers arc croco- diles. The air is as temperate and heal- thy as in any part of the East Indies. The serene season is from May till No- vember, and then the rains begin, which lay the low grounds under water, lei l 1 the insects, and continue till Mav. In March they begin to sow, and in. July the sugar I C E I D A and rice begin to ripen ; but September and October are the best months for all sorts of fruits. Java has a river which rises in the mountains, and, dividing it- self into many branches, waters the cir- cumjacent country ; these afterwards re- unite and pass through Batavia, dividing it into parts. This island is mostlv un- der the dominion of the Dutch ; and, be- sides the native Javanese, it is inhabited by Chinese, Malayans, Amboyiiese, To- passes, Bugasses Timoreans, and mam other people brought from distanl coun- tries by the Dutch. In 1740, the Dutch pretended that the Chinese were going to make an insurrection, and upon tha; account disarmed them ; and yet, after that, they barbarously mass acred them, to the number of 20,000 men, women, and children, and seized their effects. Bata- via is the capital. Java, (the less) or Bally lies on the E of Java the great, the two islands being separated by a narrow channel. Jaioer, a strong town of Silesia, capital of a province of the same name, with a citadel, and a large square, surrounded by piazzas. It is 12 miles S of Lignitz, and 88 E of Prague. Lon. 16 36 E, lat. 50 58 N. Jay, a township of Essex county, New York, containing 1164 inhabitants in 1810. It is situated on the waters of S.-- ble river, about 20 miles W of lake Champlaine. Ibemille, a river of Louisiana, by which the river Mississippi discharges part of its waters into the bay of Mexico, in times of freslies. Iborg, or Iberg, a town of Germany, in the circle of Westphalia, and in the bish- opric of Osnaburg, 10 miles S\v" of Osna- burg, and 30 NE^of Minister. Lon. 8 20 E, lat. 52 14 X. Iceland, a large island to the W of Nor- way, 300 miles in length, and 150 in breadth, lying between 64 and 66 N lat. For two months together the sun never sets ; and in the winter it never rises for the same space, at least not entirely. The middle of this island is mountain- ous, stony, and barren ; but in some places there are excellent pastures, and the grass has a fine smell. The ice which gets loose from the more northern coun- try in May, brings with it a large quanti- ty of wood and several animals, such as foxes, wolves, and bears. Mount Ilecla is the most noted mountain, and is a vol- cano, which sometimes throws out sul- phureous torrents. The inhabitants be? lieve that some of the souls of the damn- ed go to this mountain, and that others are confined to the ice near this island. Their houses are at a distance from each other, and many of them deep in the ground ; but they are all miserable huts, covered with skins. Many of the inha- bitants profess Christianity; but those that live at a distance are pagans. They ..re mostly clothed with the skins of beasts. The Danes trade with the na- tives for hides, tallow, train oil, whale- bone,' and seahorses teeth, which are as good as ivory. Iceland, which was con- -ldered by the ancients as the Ultima Thule, or the extremity of the world, and by us as scarcely habitable, once a- bounded in learning and science, at a time when great part of Europe was in- volved in darkness. Their language was die old Gothic or Teutonic, the vernacu- lar tongue of the Swedes, Danes, and Norwegians, before it branched into the several dialects since spoken by the na- tives of these three kingdoms. Ichwell, a village in Bedfordshire, with a fair on April 5. Ickletun, a village in Cambridgeshire, with a fair on August 2d. Ickworth, a town in Suffolk, with a market on Friday. Here are the ruins of an ancient priory, and several Roman coins have been dug up. It is 23 miles NW of Ipswich, and 74 NNE of London. Lon. 1 E, lat. 52 22 N. Icolmkill, formerly Zona, a famous lit tie island, one of the Hebrides, near the SW point of the isle of Mull. It is only three miles long, and one broad; but is very fertile. It has a mean village, and the ruins of an august monastery and cathe- dral, said to have been founded by St. Columba, where there are three chapels, or rather cemeteries in which several an- cient kings of Scotland, Ireland, and Nor- way are buried. In former times, this island was the place, where the archives of Scotland, and many valuable and an- cient MSS were kept. Many of these, it is said, were carried to the Scotch col- lege at Douay in France. This once ce- lebrated seat of royalty and learning is now almost destitute of an instructor, to teach the people the common duties of religion. Ida, .Monnt, a lofty and pointed moun- tain, in the middle of the island of Can- dia, famous in ancient times. . It, is now nothing but a great monstrous ugly bar- ren mountain, quite bare on the top, without the least shadow of a landscape, grotto, or spring 1 . All the cattle that are bred on it are a few paltry horses, some sheep, and half starved goats. Ida, a mountain of Turkey in Asia, in Xatolia Proper, famous, in ancient fable, for the judgment of Paris, and for being J E A JED the resort of the gods during 1 the Trojan war. Idanha-la- A'tteva, a town of Portugal, in Beira, five miles S W of ldanha-la-Vella. hla)iha-la-Vella, a town of Portugal, in Beira. The French took it by assault in 1704. It is seated on the river Ponsul, 25 miles NE of Caste l-Branco, and 25 N W of Alcantara. Lon. 6 14 W, lat. 39 39 Idria, a to wn of Germany, in the duchy of Garniola, and coumy of Goritz, with a castle. Here are rich quicksilver mines, discovered in 1497. It is seated amid mountains, in a deep valley, on the river Idria, 17 miles NE of Goritz, and 25 N of Tries*. Lon. 13 52 E, lat. 46 20 N. Idstein, a town of Germany, in Weter- avia, which is he residence of a branch of the house of Nassau, to whom it be- longs. It is 12 miles NE of Mentz. Lon. 8 23 E, lat. 50 2 N. Jean, St. a town of France, now in the department of Moselle, formerly in the province of Lorrain. It is seated on the Sate, 12 miles W of Deux-Ponls. Lon. 7 12 E, lat. 49 16 N". Jetm-d'Jlngehi, a town of France, now in the department of Lower Charente, lately in the province Saintonge, and for- merly had a fine benedictine abbey. I' was taken from the Huguenots, in 1621, by Lewis XIII. who demolished the for- tifications. It is famous for its brandy, and is seated on the Boutonnc, 15 miles NE of Sainles, and 32 SE of Rochelic. Lon. 20 W, lat. 45 59 N. Jean-de~Laune,St. a town of France, now in the department of Cote d'Or, lately in the province of Burgundy. It is sealed on the Saone, 15 miles SE of Dijon, and 155 SE of Paris. Lon. 5 19 E. lat. 47 8 N. Jean-de-Luz, St a town of France, now in the department of the Lower Pyrenees, lately in the province of Basques. It is the las* next Spain, with a harbour, and owes its opulence to the cod and whale fishery. It is seated on a small river, near the bay of Biscay, 10 miles NE o<- Fontarabia, and 12 S\V of Bayonne. Lon. 40 E, lat. 43 23 N". Jean-de-^Imirienne, a town of Italy in Savoy, capital of a county of the same name, with a bishop's see. It is seated in a valley, on the river Arc, 15 miles S bv W of Montier, and 25 NE of Greno- ble. Lon, 6 20 E, lat. 45 17 N. Jean-Picd-de-Port) St. a town of France, now in the department of the Lower Py- renees, late province of Lower Navarre, It is seated on the river Nive, at the en- trance of those passages, or defiles, in the Pyrenees, which in tins country are called Ports, and defended by a citadel upon an eminence. It is 20 miles SE of Bavonne, and 3u NE of Pampeluna. Lon. 1 33 E, lat. 43 12 N. Jean-d'Ulhtda, St. aii island of North America, in New Spain, lying in the North Sea. Lon. 101 15 W/lat. 19 N. Jed, a river in Roxburghshire, which joins the Teviot, a little beiow Jedburgh, at a place where the marquis of Lothian has a seat, called Mount Teviot; and "ear this on the W side of the river are the beautiful ruins of an abbev, founded by king David ; a part of which ancient pile still serves for a parish church. On the banks of this river, are also several lar^e caverns, which were the hiding pla- ces of the ancient border warriors. Jedburgh, a borough in Roxburghshire, situated on the Jed, near its confluence with the Teviot. It has a good market for corn and cattle, and is the seat of the courts of justice for the county. It is 36 miles SE of Edinburgh. Lon. 2 25 W, lat. 55 35 N. Jeddo, the capital town or city of the islands of Japan, where the emperor re- sides. It is open on all sides, having neither walls nor ramparts ; and the hou- ses are built with earth, and boarded on the outside to prevent the rain from de- stroying the wails. In every street there is an iron gate, which is shut up in the night, and a kind of custom-house or magazine, to put merchandises in. It is a large place, being nine miles in length, and six in breadth, and contains 1,000,000 of inhabitants. A fire happened in 1658, which, in the space of 48 hours, burnt down 100,000 houses, and in which a vast number of inhabitants perished. — The emperor's palace and all the rest were reduced to ashes ; but they are all rebuilt again. The royal palace is in the middle of the town ; and is defended, with walls, ditches, towers, and bastions, Where the emperor resides, there arc three towers nine stories high, each co- vered with plates of gold ; and the hall of audience is said to be supported by pillars of massy gold. Near the palace are several others, where the relations of he emperor live. The empress has a palace of her own, and there are 20 small meg for the concubines. Besides, all the vassal kings have each a palace in the ■ ity, with a handsome garden, and stables for 2000 horses. The houses of the com- mon sort are nothing but a ground noor, and the rooms are parted by folding screens ; so that, they can make the rooms larger or smaller at pleasure. It is seat- ed in an agreeable plain, at the bottom J E N J E R of a fine bay, and the river which crosses it, is divided into several canals. Lon. 14C E, lat. 35' 32 JU Lg 1 Jefferson, a county in the state of Geor- gia, containing Gill inhabitants in 1810, nearly one halt' slaves. It is bounded on the E byUolumbia and Lincoln; on the N by Wilkes ; on the W by Green ; and on the S by Warren and Hancock. The chief town Louistown. , Jefferson, a county of Kentucky, con- taining 13,399 inhabitants in 1810. The chief town is Louisville. Jefferson, a county in the state of Virgi- nia, taken off Berkely county; it is watered both by the Shenandoah and the Potomac. Jefferson, a county in tiie state of New York ; bounded NW by the river St. Law- rence ; N and NE by Lawrence county ; E by Lewis ; S by Oneida ; and W by lake On- tario. In 1810 it contained 15,144 inhabi- tants. Chief towns Brownsville and Ellis- bur-. Jeffersonton, a post town in Culpeper county, Virginia, 20 miles N of Culpeper town, and 61 SYV of Washington. JeffersontoTjn, a town in Jackson coun- ty, Georgia, with a post-office, 714 miles from Washington. Jehud, or Jotid, mountains in the NW part of Hindoosian Proper, extending from Attock, eastward to Be mber. They are part of the territory of the moun- taineers, called Gickers, Gchkers, or K.»- karea. After Timur had passed the In- dus, in 1398, the chiefs of these moun- tains came to make their- submission to him, as Ambisares, the king of die same country, did to Alexander, about 1730 years before. ^j^f^-i* Jekyl, a small island of North Ameri- ca, on the coast of Georgia, S of the is- land of St. Simons. Jempterlandi a province of Sweden, bounded on the Nby Angermania, on the E by Medelpadia, on the S by Helsingia, and on the W by Norway. It is full ol mountains. t Jena, a strong town of Upper Saxony, in Thuringia, with a university. It is seated on the Sala, 10 miles SE of Wei- mar, and 25 SE of Erfort. Lon. 12 4 E, lat. 51 2 N. Jenda, a great lake of Sweden, in the province of Finland. Jenitz, a town of Upper Saxony, in the principality of Anhult I) ssa situated on the Muidau, two miles NE o r Dessau. JenJcinton, a village in Montgomery county, Pennsylvania, 10 miles N of Phi- ladelphia, on the post road to Bethlehem. Jeno, a town of Upper Hungary, 20 miles S of great Waradin, and 48 NE of Segedin. Lon. 21 5 E, lat. 4G 40 N. i Jericho, an ancient and famous town of Palestine, built by the Jebusites. It is I now called Kefiibi by the Arabs, and is ; nothing but a few wretched huts, where | some beggarly Arabs reside. It is five miles W of the river Jordan, and 20 E j by X of .Jerusalem. Lon. 35 5'J E, lat. | 31 .53 X. Jericho, a town of Lower Saxony, si- tuated on the Elbe, 32 miles NNE of Magdeburg. Jm-icho, a post town in Chenango coun- ty, V.-v/Ybrk; situated on the E branch ol SusqUehannah river, 45 miles NE of Un.on, and about 100 W of the city of Hudson. Jermah, a town of Africa, in Fezzan. It is distinguished by the numerous herds, of sheep and goats, that are seen around it ; by the various and abundant produce of the adjacent fields; and by numerous and majestic ruins. Jermah is 60 miles SE of Mourzook. Lon. 17 17 E, lat. 27 5 N. Jcroshni', a town of the Russian empire, and capital of a duchy of the same name, on the river Volga. Lon. 40 55 E, lat. 57 24 N. Jersey, an island in the English Chan- nel, 18 miles from the coast of Norman- dy in France, and 84 S of Portland in Dorsetshire. It is subject to the English ; but is still governed by the ancient Nor- man laws. It is 30 miles in circumfer- ence, and difficult of access, on account of the rocks, sands, and forts erected for its defence. It contains 12 parishes ; .aid the chief town is St. Hilier, in the S part of the island. It is well watered with rivulets, wsdl stocked with fruit trees, and lias a noted manufacture for woollen stockings and caps. The soil is fertile, though there is a great deficien- cy of arable land for corn on account of the vast quantity of apple trees planted nere for cider, 24,000 hogsheads having been made here in one year. Jersey, New, one of the United States of America, bounded on the E by Hudson's River and the Atlantic Ocean, on the S by Delaware Bay, on the W by Pennsyl- vania, and on theN by a line drawn from the mouth of Mahakkamak River, in lat. 41 24 to a point in Hudson's River, in lat 41. It is 261 miles long, and 52 broad ; and is divided into 13 counties. Its pro- duce is much t lie same as thatofthe neigh- bouring states, Trenton is the capital. Jervonhiml, a small canton of Russia in Livonia, t le castle of Wittenstein is the principal place. Jerusalem, an ancient and famous city of Palestine, capital of Judea, after Da- vid had conquered the Jebusites. It was J E K JE V taken by Nebuchadnezzar in the reign of Zerteicl;.lEj and the Jews were led cap- tives *«> Babylon. It was afterward tak- en by the Romans, and rained, together with i he Temple, 70 years after the birth of Christ, as had been foretold in the scriptures. The emperor Adrian built a new city, near the ruins of ancient Jeru- salem,, It w as taken by the Persians in 614, t.nd by the Saracens in 636. In 1099 it was retaken by the Crusaders, who founded a new kingdom which lasted 88 ye.-.rs, under nine kings. Saladin king of Egvpt and Svria, got possession of it in 1 187. The Turks expelled the Saracens in 1217, have kept possession of it ever since, and call it jfeleods, that is, The Holy City. It is now inhabited by Turks, Arabs, Jews, and Christians. It stands on a high rock, with steep ascents on e- very side, except to the X. It is almost surrounded by values encompassed with mountains, so that it seen.s to stand in the middle of an amphitheatre. It is a- bout three miles in circumference, and inch les Mount Cavalry, which was for- merly without the walls. What renders it considerable is the great resort of pil- grims; for the inhabitants accommodate them with lodgings and provisions, which is their chief business. A bashaw, with a guard of janissaries, always reside here, to protect them from the Arabs. The church of the Holy Sepulchre, which the pilgrims come to visit, is a large struc- ture, with a round nave, and has no li.ubt but what comes through the top, like the Pantheon at Rome. In the middle of the nave, and direcUy order the opening of the dome, is the Holy Sepulchre, which is placed in a chapel, whose door is three feet high and two broad. It is so small, that it will hold but three persons on their knees at a time. At the entrance, on the right bund, is the place where the body of our Saviour was laid. The table on which he was said to have been laid at first is two feet and a half high from the pavement, which is now covered with white marble, because its visitors were all for carrying away a small bit. This chapel is cut out of the rock, and there are three holes in the roof, to let out the smoke of the lamps, which are 44 in number, and always kept lighted. The > hole is covered with white marble both within and without; and on the outside Vhere ^H^ten fine columns of the same. It is .covered with a platform, the middle of which is exactly above the three holes and forms a small dome, 6 feet in height, covered with lead, and supported by 12 columns of porphyry, placed by pairs on the platform, and so making six arches, [having three lamps under each. Before the gate of the sepulchre is a silver I lamp, so large, that two men cannot fa- • ihotn it. Every year, on Good Friday, jail the parts of our Saviour's passion are Uolemnizedand acted here. They have first a sermon, and then every one takes a lighted taper in his hand, with cruci- fixes, £*W of Brinn, and 62 SE of Prague. Lon. •15.42 E, lat. 49 3 N. Iglesius, a town in the S part of the is- land of Sardinia, with a bishop's see, 37 miles WSW of Cagliari. Lon. 8 39 E, lat. 39 18 N. Ihor See Johore. Jfionpour, a city of llindoostan Proper, capital of a circar of the same name, in Benares. It is seated on the Goomty ; and not far from the confluence of that river with the Ganges ; the fort of Jion- pour is a building of considerable extent, on a high bank commanding the bridge over the Goomty. It is now chiefly in ruins, although, formerly, it commanded the country, from the Ganges to Luck- now. The place was, at onetime, the seat of an empire. Chaja Jahan, vizier to sub. an Mahummud Shah, during the minority of his son, Mamood Shah, as- sumed the title of sultan Shirki, or king of the«East, took possession of Bahar, and fixed his residence at Jionpour, where lie built the great mussud, or mausoleum, which is still remaining, for himself and family. The stone bridge o- ver the Goomty consists of 16 pointed arches ; and on the top of it are ma- ny little shops on both sides. It was built in 1567, upon such sound princi- ples, as to have withstood, for such a length of time, the force of the stream, which, in the time of the rains, is very great. The inundations have been known to rise frequently over the bridge, inso- much that in 1774, a brigade of the Bri- tish army passed over it in boats, .lion- pour is 49 miles NW of Benares. Lon. 84 7 E, lat. 25 45 N. Hay. See Isluy. Hah, or Jalak, a town of Nubia, on the Nile supposed by some to be the ancient Meroe. Lon. 36 30 E, lat. 18 48 N. Hants, a town in the country of the Gri- soi:s, capital of the Grey League. It is partly surrounded by walls. Here the general diet of the three leagues assem- bles every third year. It is seated on the Kb ine, 17 miles SW of Coire. Hchestev, a town in Somersetshire, with a market on Wednesday. It is of G reat antiquity, as appears by the Roman coins dug up, and once had sixteen churches, but now only two. It sends two mem- bers to parliament, and here the county gaol is kept. It is seated on the Ivel, 16 miles S of Wells, and 123 W by S of London. Lon. 2 37 W, lat. 50 56 N. Ildefonso, St. a. village of Spain, in New Castile, five miles N of Uzcda, on the river Cogolludo. Here is a magnificent palace, built by Philip V. It is a superb structure, with fine water-works and gar- dens. Ildefonso de los Zcipotacos, St. a town of New Spain, seated on a mountain, 50 miles NE of Antequiera. Lon. 27 30 W, lat. 17 5 N. Ildcrton, a village in Northumberland, four miles S of Wooler. On a hill near it, is a semicircular encampment, defend- ed by two high rampiers of earth, and a deep fosse, with an inner circle of stones, which appear uncemented. The area is about 100 yards diameter, and contains many remains of buildings. Illesugaguen, a strong town of Africa in the kingdom of Morocco. Ilfracombe, a seaport and corporate town in Devonshire, with a market on Sa- turday. It is governed by a mayor, has a spacious basin, formed by a good pier projecting into the Bristol Channel. And employs a number of brigs and sloops, chiefly in carrying ore from Cornwall, coal from Wales, and corn from Bristol. It is seated almost opposite Swansea, in Glamorganshire, 49 miles NNW of Exe- ter, and 181 W bv S of London. Lon. 4 5 W, lat. 51 14 N. Ilheos, a seaport of Brasil, in South America, capital of Rio-los-Ilhecs, it is seated in a fertile country, and is 150 miles SSW of St. Salvador. Lon. 41 25 W, lat. 15 5 S. Ilheos, or Rio los Ilheos, a province of South America, subject to Portugal. Ilktcch, a town of Poland, in the pala- tinate of Cracow, remarkable for its sil- ver mines, mixed with lead. It is seat- ed in a barren country, at the foot of se- veral mountains, 15 miles NW of Cracow. Lon. 19 40 E, lat. 50 20 N. a river of Germany which rises near Basle, and falls into the Rhine. I M B I M E Ille, a town of France, now in the de- partment of the Eastern Pyrenees, and lately in the province of Rousillon, 30 miles SE of Perpignan. Lon. 3 5 E, lat. 42 35 N. IKer, a river of Germany, which rises in Tirol, runs N through Suabia, passing by Kempten, Memmingen, and Kirch- berg-, and falls into the Danube, at Ulm. Illinois, a river of North America, which rises in the Western Territory, near the S end of Lake Michigan, and taking a S W course, falls into the Mississippi 18 miles above the Missouri. Between the Il- linois and the Ohio, is the country of a no- ted Indian nation, called die Illinois. Illinois, a territory of the United States, situated on the western side of the river Mississippi, comprising a large body of fertile land, and some very flourishing settlements. Agreeably with the census of 1810, the territory contains 12,282 in- habitants. The chief towns Kaskaskias and New Madrid. Illock, a strong town of Sclavonia, seat- ed on the Danube, 15 miles from Peter- waraclin, and 55 NW of Belgrade. Lon. 20 6 E, lat. 45 36 N. Urn, or Stadt Ilm, a town of Upper Saxony, In the county of Schwartzburg- Rudolstadt, 14 miles S of Erfurt. Ilmene, a lake of Russia, in the govern- ment of Novogorod, which has a com- munication with the lake Ladoga, by the river Volkhof. Lon. 34 E, lat. 58 N Ilminster, a town in Somersetshire, with a market on Saturday. It Is seated in a dirty bottom, among the hills, 137 miles W by S of London. Lon. 2 54 W, lat. 50 55 N. Use, a river of Germany, rising in the mountains of Bohemia, and running S falls into the Danube atlllstaclt. Ilsley, East, a town in Berkshire, with a market on Wednesday. It is seated on a pleasant valley, between two hills, and excellent downs for feeding sheep, jt is 53 miles W of London. Lon. 1 12 W, lat. 51 32 N. list, a town of the United Provinces, in Friesland, seated on the Weynu r, 12 miles S of Lewarden. Lon. 5 24 E, lat. 53 1 N. Ilstadt, a town of Germany, in Bava- ria, seated at the confluence* of the Da nube and Ills, oppbsue Passau. Lon. 13 37 E, lat. 48 27 N. llsiVffl*. a town of Sweden, in West Gothland. Lon. 11 51 E, hit. 57 23 X. tlten, a town of Lower Saxony, in the principality of Lunenburg. Illzhafpr, a town of Suabia, in the ter- ritory of Halte. Imbro, a woody and mountainous is- land in the Grecian archipelago. It a- bounds with game, and is about 20 miles in circumference. - Ilmenstadt, a town of Suabia, 20 miles E of Lindau. Lon. 10 20 E, lat. 47 35 N. Imeritia, a country of Asia, between the Black Sea and the Caspian, bounded on the S by Turkey, on the W by Min- grelia, on the N by Ossetia, and on the E by Georgia, of which it is, properly speaking, a part. The revenues of the sovereign, who is styled c zar, arise from a contribution of the peasants in wine, grain and cattle, and from the tribute of the neighbouring princes ; and among the extraordinary sources of revenue, confiscations have a considerable share. But as all this is insufficient for the sub- sistence of the prince, he usually travels from house to house, living on his vas- sals, and never changing his quarters till he has consumed every thing eatable. The court of Imeritia, is, therefore, not remarkable for splendour, nor the prince's table sumptuously served. His usual fare consists of gom, (a species of millet, ground, and boiled into a paste) a piece of roasted meat, and some pressed ca- viare. These he eats with his fingers ; forks and spoons being unknown in Ime- ritia. At table he is frequently employ- ed in judging causes, which he decides at his discretion, there being no law but his own will. He usually wears a coarse dress of a brown colour, with a musket on his shoulder ; but upon solemn occa- sions, he puts on a robe of rich gold bro- cade, and hangs round his neck a silver chain. He is distinguished from his sub- jects by riding upon an ass, perhaps the jnly one in Imeritia, and by wearing boots. He has no regula^, troops, but can collect an undisciplined army of 6000 men, nor has he any artillery. Ills civil ordinances are issued every Friday, which is the market day, when one of his ser- vants ascends; a tree, and with a loud voice proclaims the edict', which is com- municated to the people, by each person, upon his return to the place of his abode. The inhabitants, estimated at 20,000 fa- milies, are not -collected into towns or villages, but scattered over the cov.-Mvy in small hamlets. They send yearly con- siderable quantities of wine to the neigh- bouring parts of Georgia, in leathern bags, carried by horses. But they are •vithout manufactures, very poor and mi- serable, and cruelly oppress^ by their landlords, The Imeritiang.'are of the "Greek religion. Their patriarch, who is generally of the royal f mily, can seldom read or write ; and the inferior clergy arc not better instructed. Their Church- I N D I N D cs are wretched buildings, scarcely to bci distinguished from common cottages, but from a paper cross over the principal: door, and some paintings of the virgin and the saints. Cutaiu is the capital. Immenhausen, a town of Ilesse-Cassel, in Germany. Im.ncnstcidt, a town of the countyjof Konegsegg in Suabia. It is situated on a small river 14 miles SE of Isny. Imola, a populous town of Italy, in Bo- magna, with a bishop's see ; seated on - tic Sunterno, 45 miles N by E of Flo- rence. Lon. 11 45 E, lat. 44 23 N. , Imperial, a pleasant town of South A- m.erica, in Chilli, stated on a craggy rock in a charming country. Lon. 72 35 W, lat. 38 40 S. Inchcohn, an isb.nd in the frith of Forth, near the coast of Fife, but within the county of Edinburgh. Here are tne line ruins of a monastery, founded in 1123 by Alexander I. in gratitude, it is said, for his escape, when driven on tins is- land in a tempest, and for the hospitable treatment he received here, for three days, from a hermit, who entertained him with the miik of his cow, and a few shell-fish. It was of the order of Au- gustines and dedicated to St. Colomba. Inchkeith, a desolate little island in Edinburghshire, in the frith of Fc ■ th, ly- ing* midway betwc.n the ports of Leith and Kinghorn. Here is a ruinous fori. Inchmarnock, a beautiful little island Oi Scotland, SW of the isle of Bute. It is one mile long, and on the W side are vas; strata of coral and shells. It derives ks name of Inchmarnock from a chapel de- dicated to St. M'irnoc, the ruins of which are still to be seen. India, an extensive region in Asia, which lies between 66 and 93 B lon. and 7 and 35 N lat. Under this name, the Europeans have erroneously included all the countries which lie S of Tartu rv, and extend from the eastern frontiers of Per- sia to the eastern coas's of China. Jim the name of India can be applied, with propriety to that country only, which is distinguished both in Asia and Europe, by the name of Ilindoostan. The coun- tries to the E of the river Burampobte? (namely, Aracan, Assam, Ava, Burmah, Cambodia, Cochin-China, Laos, Malacca, Pegu, Siam and Tonquin) which geo- graphers have hitherto distinguished by the name of the Peninsula of India be- yond the Ganges, are no more to be con- sidered as belonging to India, than the bordering countries of Persia, Tartar^! 'and Thibet. See Ilindoostan. Indaponv, a seaport of the island of Su- matra. Lon. 100 50 E, lat. 41 46 X. Indian Hivtr, a river of Delaware state. It lMse-b from several springs in Sussex county, which uniting about ten miles above its mouth form a bold stream of two miles in width. It empties yito the Atlantic at RehobOtn bay. Indies, East, the name given by Euro- peans, to a great number of islands in the Indian Ocean, extending from the peninsula of Ilindoostan as far E as New Guinea, and from the bay of Bengal and the China Sea as far S as New Holland. The most western of them are the Mal- dives, and the most eastern the Molluc- cas ; between which are several very large ones, as Ceylon, Sumatra, Java, Borneo, and Celebes, besides many others of considerable importance as to riches, though much inferior in extent. Their produce and other particulars, are de- scribed under their several heads. Indies, West, the name ghen to a great number of islands in the Atlantic Ocean, which extend across the entrance of the gulf of Mexico, from the X\V extremity of the Bahama Islands, off' the coast of Florida, in lat. 27 45 N, in a SE direc- tion, to the island of Tobago, 120 miles fr< m the coast of Terra Fa-ma, in lat. 11 50 N. Cuba is the most western, and Barbadoes the most eastern of these is- lands. When Columbus discovered \hem hi 1492, he considered them as part of those vast regions in Asia, comprehend- ed under the general name oi India, to teach which, by a W course across the Atlantic Ocean, had been the grand ob- ject of his voyage ; and this opinion was so general, that Ferdinand and Isabella, king and queen of Castile, in their rati- fication of an agreement, granted to Co- lumbus, upon his return, gave them the name of Indies. Even after the error which gave rise to this opinion was de- tected, and the true position of the New World was ascertained, the name has re- mained, and the appellation of the West Indies is given by all the people of Eu- rope to these islands, and that of Indiana- 'o the inhabitants, not only of these is- lands, but of the continent of America. The\ arc likewise called the Caribbee Islands, .from the aborigines of : he coun- try, and the sea in which they lie is cal- led the Caribbean Sea. By the French, they are called the Ant'dUs ; and nauti cal men distinguish them, frorwSe dif- ferent courses taken by shipsJWto the Leeward and Windward inlands, which see. Tne name of Caribbee should pro- perly be confined to the smaller islands iving between Porto Itico and Tobage. These were inhabited by the Oaribs, a fierce race of men, nowise, resembling * I N D I N D their timid neighbours in the larger is- lands. Columbus was a witness to their ihtrepid valour. The same character they have maintained invariably in all subse- quent contests with the Europeans. The British islands are Jamaica, Barbadoes, St. Christopher, Antigua, Anegada, Ne- vis, Montserrat, Barbuda, Anguillu, I)o- minicia, St. Vincent, Granada, the Baha- ma Islands ; and part of die Virgin islands with Tobago, Martinico, and St. Lucia, conquered from the French, the first in 1793, and the other two in 1794. Cuba, Porto Rico, Trinidad, and Margarita, be- long to the Spaniards, who have the east- ern part of Hispaniola. The French have Guadeloupe, Marigalante, Deseada, and the possession of Hispaniola is disputed between the French and Mulattoes. The Dutch have St. Eustatia, Curacao, Saba, and St. Martin ; the Danes, St. Thomas, St. Croix, and part of the Virgin Islands ; and the Swedes, St. Bartholomew. Indians of A'orth and South America, the original natives of these two vast continents ; of whom it is observable, that there is a natural distinction be- tween the inhabitants of the temperate zones and those of the torrid ; and that accordingly, they may be divided into two great classes. The one comprehends all the North Americans, from the river St. Lawrence to the gulf of Mexico, to- gether with the people of Chili, and a few small tribes toward the extremity of the southern continent. To the other be- long all the inhabitants of the islands, and those settled in the provinces, which extend from the isthmus of Darien, al- most to the southern confines of Brasil, along the E side of the Andes. In the former, which comprehends all the re- gions of the temperate zone in America, at are inhabited, the human specie s ;>pears manifestly to be more perfect, ' natives are more robust, active, iri- lligent, and courageous ; and have de- led their liberty with persevering for- titude against the Europeans, who sub- dued the other rude nations of America with the greatest ease. The natives of the temperate zone are the only people in the new world who are indebted for their f reedom to their own valour. The North Americans, though long encom- passed by three formidable European , retain part of their original pos- lons. The people of Chili, though ir! invaded, still maintain a gallant contest with the Spaniards, and have set bounds to their encroachments : whereas in the warmer regions, men are more fee- ble in their frame, less vigorous, in the efforts of their mind, of a gentle but das- tardly spirit, more enslaved by pleasure, and more sunk in indolence. According- ly, it is in the torrid zone that the Euro- peans have most effectually established iheir dominion over An. erica ; and, if se- veral tribes there, still enjoy indepen- dence, it is either because they have never been attacked by an enemy already satiated with conquest, and possessed of larger territories than he was able to oc- cupy, or because they have been saved from oppression by their remote and in- accessible situation. This distinction, however, although so conspicuous, is nci universal. Of the manners of the North American Indians, a general idea may be formed, by an account of those who in- habit the couiuries to the E of the Mis- sissippi. These consist of 28 different nations; the principal of which are th<: Cherokees,Chickasaws,Choctaws, Creeks, Delawares, the six Nations, the Shaw anese Hurons, Illinois, ike. Allowing about 700 to a nation or tribe, they will contain, in all, 20,000 souls, and* ma\ furnish between 4 and 5000 warriors. These Indians take a great deal of pains to darken their complexion, by annoint- ing themselves with grease, and lying in the sun. They also paint their face, breast, and shoulders, of various colours, but generally red ; and in many parts ot their bodies they prick in gun-powder in very pretty figures. Their features are well formed, especially those of the wo- men. They are of a middle stature, their limbs clean and straight, and Scarcely! any crooked or deformed person is to be found among then). They shave, or pluck die hair off their heads, except a patch about the crown, which is ornamented with beautiful feathers, beads, wampum, and such like baubles. Their ears are bored, and stretched by a thong down to their shoulders. They are wound round with wire to expand them, and adorned vvith silver pendants, rings, and bells, which they likewise wear in their noses. Some of them will have a large feather through the cartillage of the nose ; and those who can afford it, wear a collar of wampum, a silver breast plate, and brace- lets on the arms and wrists. A bit of cloth about the middle, a shirt of the English make, on which they bestow innu- merable stitches to adorn it, a sort of cloth boots and mockasons, which are shoes of a make peculiar to the Indians, ornamented with porcupine quills, with a blanket thrown over all, complete their dress at home ; but when they go to war, / they leave their trinkets behind. There is little difference between the elress of the men and women, excepting that a I N D I N D ishort petticoat, and the hair, Which is exceedingly black and long, and clubbed behind, distinguish some of the latter. Except the head and eyebrows, they pluck the hair, with great diligence from all the parts of the body, especially the looser part of the sex. Their warlike arms are guns, bows and arrows, darts, scalping knives, and tomahawks ; this is one of their most useTful pieces of field- furniture, serving all the offices of the hatchet, pipe, and sword. They are ex- ceedingly expert in throwing ii, and will kill at a considerable distance. The world lias no better marksmen with any wea- pon. They will kill birds flying, fishes swimming, and wild beasts running. They are not so ignorant as some suppose them, but are a very intelligent people, quick of apprehension, sudden in execu- tion, subtle in business, exquisite in in- vention, and industrious in action. They ,are of a very gentle and amiable disposi- tion to those they think their friends, but as implacable in their enmity ; their revenge being completed only by the en- tire destruction of their enemies. They are very hardy, bearing heat, cold, hun- ger, and thirst, in a surprising manner; and yet no people are more addicted to excess in eating and drinking, when it is in their power. The follies, nay mischief they commit, when inebriated, are en- tirely laid to the liquor ; and no one will revenge any injury, (murder excepted) received from one who is no more him- self. Among the Indians all men are equal, personal qualities being most es- teemed. No distinction of birth, or rank, renders any man capable of doing preju- dice to the rights of private persons ; and there is no pre-eminencjg from merit, which begets pride, and which makes others too sensible of their own inferi- ority. Their public conferences show them to be men of genius ; and they have, in a high degree, the talent of natural eloquence. They live dispersed in vil- lages, either in the woods, or on the banks of rivers, where they have little plantations of Indian corn, and roots, not enough to supply their families half the year ; and they subsist, the remainder of it, by hunting, fishing, and fowling, and the fruits of the earth, which grow spon- taneously in great plenty. Their huts are generally built of small logs, and co- vered with bark, each having a chimney, and a door, on which they place a pad- lock. One of their towns called Old Che- licothe, is built in the form of a paralle- logram and some of their houses are shingled. A long council-house extends the whole length of the town, where the king and chiefs of the nation frequently meet, and consult on all matters of im- portance, whether of a civil or military nature. Some huts are built by setting up a frame on forks, and placing bark against it ; others of reeds and surround- ed with clay. The fire is in the middle of the wigwam, and the smoke passes through a little hole. They, join reeds together, by cords run through them, which serve them for tables and beds. They mostly lie upon skins of wild be; sts, and sit on the ground. They have biwss kettles and pots to boil their food. Gourds or calabashes, cut asunder, serve them for pails, cups, and dishes. The accounis of travellers concerning their religion, are various; and although it cannot be absolutely affirmed that they have none, yet it must be confessed very difficult to define what it is. All agree that they acknowledge one Supreme God, but do not adore him. They have not seen him, they do not know him, believ- ing him to be too far exalted above them, and too happy in himself to be concern- ed about the trifling affairs of poor mor- tals. They seem also to believe in a fu- ture state, and that after death they shall be removed to their friends, who have gone before them, to an elysium, or pa- radise. The WyandoUSj near Detroit, and some others, have the Roman catho- lic religion introduced among them by missionaries. These have a church, a minister, and a regular burying ground. Many of them appear zealous, and say prayers in their families. These, by their acquaintance with white people, are a little civilized, which must of necessity precede Christianity. The Shawamse, Cherokees, Chickasaws, and some others, are little concerned about religion. Others jco limit their former superstitious wor- ship of the objects of their love and fear, and especially those beings whom they most dread ; though, at the same time, it is allowed they pray to the sun, and other inferior benevolent deities, for suc- cess in their undertakings, for plenty of food, and o' her necessaries of life. They have their festivals and other rejoicing days, „pn, which they sing and dance in a ring, taking hands, having so pointed and disguised themselves, that it is dif- ficult to know any of them ; and after en- joying this diveision for a while, they retire to the place where they have pre- p-red a feasi of fish, flesh, fowl and fruit; to which all are invited, and entertained with their country songs. They believe that there is great virtue in feasts for the sick. For this purpose, a young buck must be killed and boiled, the friends I N D I N D and near neighbours of the patient invit- ed, and having first thrown tobacco on the fire, and covered it up close, they all sit down in a ring", and raise a lament- able cry. They then uncover the fire and kindle it ; and the head of the buck is first sent about, every one taking a bit, and giving a loud croak, in imitation of crows. They afterward proceed to eat IHe buck, making a most harmonious, melancholy song ; in which strain their music is particularly excellent. As they approach their towns, when some of their people are lost in war, they make great lamentations for their dead, and bear them long after in remembrance. Some nations abhor adultery, do not approve of a plurality of wives and are not guilty of theft ; but there are other tribes that are not so scrupulous. Among the Chick- asaws, a husband may cut oft the nose of his wife, if guilty of adultery, but men are allowed greater liberty. This nation despises a thief. Among the Cherokees they cut off the nose and ears of an adul- teress ; afterward her husband gives her a discharge ; and from this time she is not permitted to refuse any one* who pre- sents himself. Fornication is unnoticed : for they allow persons in a single state unbounded freedom. Their form of mar- riage is short ; the man, before witnes- ses, gives the bride a deer's foot, and she, in return, presents him with an car of corn, as emblems of their several du- ties. The women are very slaves to the men ; which is a common case in rude, unpolished nations, throughout the world. They are charged with being revengeful, but this revenge is only doing themselves justice on those who injure them and is seldom executed but in cases of murder or adultery. Their king has no power to put any one to death by his own authori- ty; but the murde rer is generally deli- vered up to the friends of the deceased, to do as they please. When one kills another, his friend kills him, and so they continue until much blood is shed ; and at last the quarrel is ended by mutual presents. Their kings are hereditary, but their authority is extremely limited. No people are a more striking evidence of the miseries of mankind in the want of government than they. Every chief, when offended, breaks off with a party 3 settles at some distance, and then com- mences ^hostilities against his own peo- ple. They are generally at war with eaclT other. When they take captives in war, they are exceedingly cruel, treating the unhappy prisoners in such a manner, that death would be preferable to life. They load them with burdens, and when they arrive at their towns they must run the gauntlet. In this, the savages exercise so much cruelty, that one would think ft impossible they should survive their sufferings. Many are killed ; but if one outlives this trial, he is adopted into a family as a son, and treated with pater- nal kindness. And if he avoids their sus- picions of going away, he is allowed the same privileges as their own people. But sometimes their prisoners are destined to be tortured to death, in order to sa- tiate the revenge of their conquerors. White their lot is in suspense, the pri- soners, appear altogether unconcerned about what may befal" them ; they talk, they eat, they sleep, as if there were no danger impending : and when the fatal sentence is intimated to them they re- ceive it with an unaltered countenance, raise their death-song, and prepare to suffer like men. The victors assemble as to a sol cr.. n festival, resolved to put the fortitude of the captives to the ut- most proof. A scene ensues, the bare description of which is enough to chill the heart with horror, wherever men have been accustomed, by mild institu- tions, to respect their species, and to melt into tenderness at the sight of hu- man suffering's. The prisoners,, are tied naked to a stake, but so as to beat li- berty to move round it. All present, men, women, and children, rush upon them like furies ; some burn their limbs with, redhot irons, some mangle their bodies with knives, others tear their flesh from their bones, pluck out their nails by the roots, and rend and twist their sinews ; and such is their cruel ingenuity in tor- turing, that, by avoiding to touch the vital parts, they often prolong this scene of anguish for several days. In spite of all their sufferings, the victims continue to chant their death-song with a firm voice, they boast of their own exploits, they insult their tormcnters for their want of skill to avenge the death of their friends and relations, they warn them of the vengeance that awaits them on ac- count of what they are now doing, and excite their ferocity by the most provok- ing reproaches and threats. To display undaunted fortitude in such dreadful si- tuations, is the noblest triumph of a war- rior : to avoid the trial by a voluntary eleath, or to shrink under it, is deemed cowardly and infamous. If any one be- trays symptoms of timidity, his tormen- tors despatch him at once with contempt, as unworthy of being" treated like a man. Animated by these ideas, they endure without a groan, what it seems almost impossible that human nature should sus- I N D I N D tain. Weary at length, of contending! with men, whose constancy they cannot vanquish, some chief, in a rage, puis a period to t hell* sufferings, by despatching' ihem with his dagger' or bis club. The people of South America gratify their revenge in a manner somewhat different, but with the same unrelenting rancour. Their prisoners, after meeting- at their first entrance, with the same rough re- ception as among the North Americans, are not only exempt from injury, but treated with the greatest kindness. The} are feasted and caressed, and some beau- tiful young women are appointed to at- tend and solace them. Hut, by a refine- ment of cruelty, while they seem studi- ous to attach their captives to life, their doom is irrevocably fixed. On an ap- pointed day, the victorious tribe assem- bles, the prisoner is brought forth with great solemnity, he meets his fate with undaunted firmness, and i : despatched by a single blow. The moment he falls, the women seize the body, and dress it for the feast. They besmear their chil- dren with the blood, in order to kindle in their bosoms a hatred of their enc mics, and all join in feeding upon the flesh with amazing greediness and exul- tation. Wherever this practice prevails, captives "never escape death; but the} are not tortured with the same cruelly a^, among tribes which are less accustom- ed to such horrid feasts. The Indians of South America, immediately under the Spanish government, although the most depressed order of men in the country which belonged to their ancestors, are now far from being treated with that ri- gour and cruelty which was laid to the charge of the first conquerors of that continent. They are no longer consider- ed as slaves ;' on the contrary, they are reputed as freemen, and entitled to the privileges of subjects. A certain tribute is, indeed, imposed upon them, and cer- tain services required ; but these ; re all under due regulations of policy and hn inanity. The Indians who live in the principal towns are entirely subject to •he Spanish laws and magistrates ; but, in their own villages, they are governed by caziques, some of whom are the dc scendanis of their ancient lords; others are named by th^ Spanish viceroys. These regulate the petty affairs of the people under them, according to maxims of jus- tice, transmitted to them bv tradition. To the Indians, this jurisdiction, lodged in such friendly hands, affords some con- solation ; and so little formidable is this dignity to their new masters, that they often allow it to descend b} r hereditary I ' right. For their further relief, the Span- ish court has appointed an officer in every district, with the title of Protec- tor of the Indians, wh .se duty is to as- sert the rights of the Indians ; to appear as their defender in the courts of jus- tice ; and to set bounds to the exactions of his countrymen. A portion of the an- nual tribute is destined for the salaries of the caziques and protectors: anotwr part is appropriated to the payment of their tribute in years of famine, or when a particular district is afflicted by any extraordinary local calamity. Provision too is made, by various laws, that hos- pitals shoufa be. founded in every new settlement, for the reception of Indians. Such hospitals have accordingly been erected, both for the indigent and in- firm, in Lima, Cusco, and Mexico, where ; he Indians are treated with tenderness and hum -e.lty. See Esquimaux ,■ Indies, [Fes'; PutiigonUi ; and Vincent, Si. Indiana, a territory of the United States, containing 24,520 inhabitants b> the enumeration of 1810. It is bounded on the W by the river Mississippi ; on the S by the river Ohio which divides it from Kentucky ; on the E by the state of Ohio ; and on the N by the northern li- mits of the United States. It is watered by several considerable rivers, as the Wabash, Kaskaskias, Illinois, Sec. The soil is mostly fertile, but it is not quite so well wooded as many other parts of the western country, containing a con- siderable number of extensive prairies or natural meadows. A great part of this territory has not yet been purchased of the natives. It is divided into 6 coun- ties, and the chief town is Vincennes. Indiana, a county in the state of Penn- sylvania. It lies principally between Cambria on the E and Armstrong on the W, containing 7 townships and 6,214 in habitants in 1810. Indrapore, a Dutch Settlement on the W coast of Sumatra, in the E Indies, 16( miles KW of TJencoolen. Indre, a department of France, includ- ing tiie late province of Berry. It has its name from a river, which rises in this department, and passing into that of In- dre and Loire, falls into the Loire, be- tween Chiuon and Saumur. Chateauroux is the capital. ludrr and Loire, a department of France, which include the late province of Tou raine. Tours is the capital. Indorc. or Endore, a modern city of Hindoostan Proper, capital of a territory in the province of Malwa, subject'to one o^the Poonah Mahratta chiefs"; 30 miles S of Ougein. Lorn 76 5 E, lat. 24 31 N. I N G I N N Indus, a great river of Hindoostan Pro- per, culled by the natives Sinde or Sin- deh ; formed of about, ten principal streams, whicli descend from the Per- sian and Tartarian mountains. From the city of Attock to Moultan, or to the con- flux of the Chunaub, it is commonly nam- ed thr river of Attock. Below the city of Moultan, proceeding- in a S\V direc- tion, through the province of that name, and that of Sindy, it enters the Arabian Sea, by several mouths, NW of the gulf of Cutch. tngatatoiie, a town in Essex 23 miles XE of London. bigiesheim, a town of Germany, in the palatinate of the Rhine, remarkable for having been the residence of the empe- rors, seated on the river Sulva, on an eminence from whence there is a charm- ing prospect, five miles SW of Mentz. Lon. 8 15 E, lat. 49 48 X. In girt on, a town in the \V riding of Yorkshire. IngJing, a town of France, now in the department of Moselle, lately in the pro- vince of Lorrain. Itigolstadt, a handsome town of Ger- many and tie strongest in Bavaria, with a famous university, and a fine church. The houses are built of stone, and the streets are large. It was taken by the Austrian s in 1742 ; and was bombarded by the French ; but relieved by the Aus- trians, Sep. 11, 1796. It is seated on the Danube, five miles NNEof Neuburg, and 45 X bv W of Munich. Lon. 11 10 E, lat. 48 46 X. Ingria, a province of the Russian em- pire, which now forms the government of St. Petersburg. It is 130 miles long and 50 broad : bounded on the X by the river Neva and the gulf of Finland, on the E and S by the government of Xovo- gorod, and on the W by that of Livonia. The czar Peter the Great wrested it } from the Swedes, and it was confirmed to him by the treaty of Nystadt in 1721. The Ischortzi have for a long time fol- lowed agriculture, as well as the other Finns. Their ccconomy is an ill-chose; tncaii betwixt that of the Russians, and that of the Finns. They assemble in small villages, of five or ten farms each ; and live miserably in small dirty huts. Their household furniture indicates the greatest penury ; and their manner of living jp l squalid and disgusung. X T ot- withstamling '.hat the land each family occupies is of tolerable extent, their agriculture and their cattle arc equally- poor. Their Inclination to idleness and drinking leac?s them often to sell their stock, and the very corn they have saved' for sowing the fields ; the money which !hat produces they squander away in a very short time, and are thus reduced to the most deplorable indigence. In this state they behold their cattle die of hun- ger and cold with the most perfect in- difference. Some of them, however, imi- tate the Russian villagers, who are bet- ter managers, more at their ease, and in better circumstances. With their pov- erty and disorderly life, the Ingrians are a stupid, suspicious, thievish race, and dangerous from their phlegmatic and pil- fering temperament. These who live along' the road to Riga greatly resemble lhe people we call gypsies ; are vaga- bonds like them, and calculate nativities, and tell fortunes. Such as come to Pe- tersburg for those fraudulent purposes would scarcely be known from the gyp- sies about London. It is but a few years ago, that a whole village of these wretches were banished to a desert island in the gulf of Finland, for murders and other crimes committed on the highway. The boys from several villages together frequently elope at once ; and there \£ every reason in the world to believe that this is for very bad purposes. The dress of the men is exactly like that of the: Finn boors ; but the habit of the women betrays a vanity, which, considering the poverty of this people, and the tyranny wnich their husbands and fathers exer- cise over them, may pass for luxury, When a man is inclined to marry, he buys himself a girl, and celebrates hi9 nuptials. All tiic way to the church they are accompanied by two women in veils, who sing as they go compositions, if one may call them so, totally destitute of common sense. No sooner is the mar- riage ceremony performed, than the hus- band begins to treat his wife with the ut- most severity, and thenceforward keeps her tinder strict discipline; though not always with the greatest attention to justice. She is often beaten for the faults of the children, and sometimes for those 'd the domestics. The dead arc buried by the priests of the profession to which they belong ; but these superstitious peo- ple return to the grave under covert of the night, and having taken up the sod, deposit eatables for their departed friend, which they renew during a fortnight or three weeks. Jn^nshi. See Kisti. Iiituunbana, a kingdom of Africa, lying under the equator. Tor.qua is the ca- pital. Inn, a river of Germany which has its source in the country of the Grisons, at the foot of the mountain Septimerberg^ S s I N V I N V It runs NE through Tirol, by Tnspruc, and continuing- its course NE through Bavaria passes by Kufstein, Vasseborg, Braunaw, anil other towns, and faffs into the Danube, between Passau and Instadt. Innaconda, a fortress of the Deccan of Hindoostan, in the Guntoor Circar, situ- ated on a hill, 46 miles NWof Ongole, and subject to the nizam of the Deccan. Innerkeithing . See Inverkeithing. Innic/ter, a town of (iermany, in the Tirol, situated on the Drave. Lon. 12 17 E, lat. 46 48 N. Innisclochran, or the Stony Island, an island in he river Shannon, where there was a monastery. Innisfail, one of the ancient names of Ireland. Innisf alien, an island in the lake of Kil- larney, in the county of Kerry, and pro- vince of Munster. m Innishannon, a town in the county of Cork, and province of Munster, situated on the river Bandon, 134 miles from Dublin, and six miles from Kinsale. Imushirkan, an island between Cape Clear island and Baltimore bay, in the county of Cork. Inniskiling, a town of Ireland, in the county of Fermanagh, with a strong fort, it being a pass of the greatest importance from the N to the S of Ireland. It is seaed in the middle of Lough Earne, where that great lake is contracted, for about six miles, to the breadth of an or- dinary river. It is 20 miles E of Bally- shannon. Lon. 6 50 W, Lat. 54 25 N. Innthal, a district of Germany, in the Tirol, watered by the river Inn. Inspruc is the capital. Inoxvsladisloxv, a strong and considera- ble town of Poland, and capital of Cuja- via, with a fort- and a palace where the bishop of Cujavia resides. It is 37 miles NE of Gnesua, and 70 W of Warsaw. Lon. 18 50 E, lat. 52 58 N. Inspruc, a populous town of Germany, in the Tirol, capital of the district of Innthal, with a strong castle, formerly the residence of the archdukes of Aus- tria. It is seated in a pleasant valley, on the river Inn, 27 miles NW of Brixen, and 60 S of Munich. Lon. 11 27 E, lat. 27 10 N. Instadt. See Passau. Insterburg, a city of Lithuania, in Prus- sia, where the inhabitants, who are in num- ber about three thousand, trade princi- pally in beer and grain. Lon. 21 40 E, lat. 54 40 N. Interlachen, a town of Swisserland, 32 miles SE of Bern. Inverary, a royal borough in Argyle- shire, seated on the NW side of Loch Eyne. In the neighbourhood of this place is a considerable iron work. It is 75 miles NW of Edinburgh and 45 of Glas ow. Lon. 5 W, lat. 56 16 N. Inverbervie. See Bervie. Inveresk, a village in Edinburghshire, situated on the E side of the mouth of the river Esk, on the Frith of Forth. In 1783, the subterraneous remains of a Roman hy- poc.uist,urhot bath, were discovered here. Inverkeithing , a royal borough in Fife- shire, situated on the Frith of Forth. It lias a beautiful bay with a good harbour, and considerable trade in coal and other articles ; and is 18 miles NW of Edin- burg. L. n. 3 25 W, lat. 57 N. Inverlochy, an ancient castle in the neighbourhood of Fort William, in Inver- nesshire. Inverness, a royal borough of Scotland, •apital of a county of the same name, si- tuated on the S bank of the river Ness, and overlooking the frith of Murray. I has a safe and convenient harbour, and a good deal of shipping. Several larg buildings have been erected on the N sid of the town, in which a considerable ma nufacture of ropes and canvass is carried on. On an eminence above the town are he ruins of an old castle, demolished by die rebels in 1746 ; and over the Ness is a bridge of seven arches. The salmon fishery in this river is very considerable. Near this town, on the wide heath, called Collodon Muir, the duke of Cumberland gained a decisive victory over the rebels in 1746. To the VV of this town is the remarkable vitrified fort called Craig Pha- dr.ck ; the stones, composing its walls, appear to have been partly melted by fire. Inverness isJ50 miles NE of Fort William, and 106 N of Edinburgh. Lon. 4 10 W, lat. 57 34 N. Inverness-shire, includes the subdivi- sions of Badenoch, Lochaber, Inverness- shire, Skie, and Harris, with a small part of Ross-shire and Murray-shire. It is bounded on the N by Ross-shire; on the E by Nairnshire, Murrayshire, and Aberdeenshire ; on the S by Perthshire and Argyllshire ; and on the W by the western Sea. It is, exclusive of the isles, about 80 miles long from E to W, and 50 broad from N to S. It abounds with iron ore, and produces plenty of oak and fir ; it abounds with pastures, but little com, and is reckoned one of the most barren counties in Scotland. Its only manufac- ture is coarse linen. The great milita- ry road is carried through the southwest part of this county. It has several moun- tains, and one near Fort William exceeds anv other in Scotland or Wales. It has JOH JON a. surprising" cataract near Lochness. Its principal rivers are the Ness and Spey, but it abounds with lochs, which produce an infinite number of fish. The western islands adjoining", which belong to this county are, the S part of Lewis called Harris, Skie, Barra, North and South Uist, Benbecula, St. Kilda, Rona, Rasa, Rum, and several smaller ones. The ehiei towns re Inverness, Inverlochy or Fort William, Fort Augustus, Beaulieu, and Bernera. In Skie the chief town is Por- try, where vast numbers of cattle are sold annually. The common people in the high parts of the country, and on the western shore speak Gaelic, but the peo- ple of fashion in Inverness, and its neigh - bourhood, use the English language, and pronounce it with propriety. Inverury, a small borough in Aberdeen- shire, situated on the beautiful and fer- tile banks of the Don, jus above its con- fluence with the river called Urie Water. It is 15 miles NW of Aberdeen. Joanna. See Hinzuam. Johannesburg, a town of Poland in S-ua- davia, a canton of Ducal Prussia, with a citadel, seated on the river Pych, near the lake Spirding, 95 miles SE of Ko- ningsberg. Lon.'22 39 E, lat. 53 16 N. John-o* -Groat's House, the remains of a noted house, reckoned the most norther- ly dwelling in Scotland, and situated on Dungsbay Head, which forms the NE point of Great Britain. John's, St. the name of two parishes in South Carolina, in the vicinity of Charles- ton, containing together about 1400 free persons, and 13,000 slaves. Johrts, St. one of the Philippine Islands in the East Indies, E of Mindanao. Lon. 126 32 E, lat. 9 30 N. John's St. an island of North America, in the bay of St. Lawrence, having New Brunswick on the W, and Cape Breton on the E. It was taken by the English in 1758. John's, St. a river of North America, m New Brunswick, which enters the bay of Fundy, at the city of St. John's. John's, St. a city of North America, in New Brunswick, situated at the mouth of the river St. John's. Lon. 65 15 W, lat. 45 12 N. Joint's, St. a town on the E side of the island of Newfoundland. It lias a good harbour, defended by several forts, in one of which the governor of the island re- sides. Lon. 52 21 W, lat. 47 32 N. John's, St. the capital of Antigua. It is one of the most regular towns in the West Indies, and has the most commodi- ous harbour in the Leeward Islands. Lon. 62 4 W, lat. 17 4 N. Johnquera, a very ancient town of Spain, in Catalonia, seated at the foot of the Py- renees, 20 miles S of Perpignan. Johore, a town of Malacca, in Asia- Lon. 93 55 E, Ut. 1 15 N. Joigny, a town of France, now in the department of Yonne, and lately in the province, of Burgundy. lis red wines, though not of the first quality, have a great demand. It is handsomely seated on the Yonne, 17 miles SSE of Sens. Lon. 3 36 E, lat. 48 N. Joim-ille, an ancient and considerable town of France, now in the depar ment of Upper Marne, and lately in the pro- vince of Champagne, with a large magni- ficent castle. I is seated on the Marne, 24 miles SVVof Bar-le-duc, and 125 SE of Paris. Lon. 5 20 E, lat. 48 20 N. Jonesborough, a town in Washington county, Tennessee, where there is a post office, 107 miles NE of Knoxville, and 16 miles b of Blountsvdle, on the river Hol- stein. Jonestoivn, a post town in Dauphin coun- ty, Pennsylvania, 7 miles N of Leba i m, and about 30 NE of Harrisburg-, with a- boiu 300 inhabitants. Johnson, a county of Newbern district, North Carolina, containing 6,867 inhabi- tants in 1810. It is situated between Ra- leigh and Wayne counties, and is plenti- fully watered by the Neus and Black ri- vers. The chief towns Smithfield and Woodbury. Johnsonburg, a town in Morris county, New Jersey, with a post office, at the dis- tance of 29 miles NE of Easton, in Penn- sylvania. Johnston, the principal town of Montgo- mery county, New York, 31 miles NW of Schenectady, and 6 miles from the N bank of Mohock river. This was formerly the seat of Sir William Johnston, whose bravery rescued the country from devas- tation, by a decisive victory over the French and their savage allies, in 1755 ; on his demise it became the property of his son Sir John Johnston ; and was con- fiscated by the state of New York in the i evolutionary war, for his adherence to die royal p.irty. Ionn. See Jcolmkill. Jonhioping, a town of Sweden, capital of the province of Smoland, and seat of the parliament, or superior court of jus- tice for Gothland. It is seated on the S side of lake Wetter, with a strong citadel 50 miles NW of Calmar. Lon. 14 46 E, lat. 57 12 N. Jonquieres, a town of France, now in the department of Yar, and lately in the province of Provence, 12 miles SW of I PS I R E Aix, and 10 XW of Marsill. Lon. 5 10 E, Jut. 43 20 N. Joppa, a town of Hartford county, Ma- ryland, 17 miles NE of Baltimore, and 16 SW of Havre-de-grace. Jordan, a river of Turkey in Asia in Palestine, which rises in Mount Li ban us, and running- from N to S, forms two lakes, the one formerly called the sea of Galilee, or the lake of Tiberias, and the other the Dead Sea. Josapath, a valley of Palestine, in Asia, between Jerusalem and ihe .Mount of 0- lives. Some people believe that this is the place where all mankind are to meet at the day of judgment. Josselin, a town of France, now in the department of Morbihan and lately in the province of Bretagne, 25 miles NE of Vannes. Lon. 2 23 W, lat. 48 N. Jouare, a town of France, now in the department of Seine and Marne and late- ly in the province of the Isle of France, with a late magnificent Benedictine ab- bey, 10 miles SE of Meaux, and 35 E of Paris. Joud. See Jehud. Jotu; Valley and Lake of. See Jura Mount. Joyeus, a town of France, now in the department of Ardeche and lately in the province of Dauphiny, seated on the Baune. Ipsala, a town of Turkey in Europe, with a Greek archbishop's see. It is seated on the Larissa, 20 miles SW of of Trajanopoli, and 118 VV of Constanti- nople. ? Lon. 26 10 E, lat. 40 57 N. Ipsera, a small island in the Archipela- go, in the form of a heart, 15 miles NYV of the island of Scio. To the W is ano- ther small island, called Anti-Ipsera- Ipswich, ,1 borough and seaport in Suf- folk, wiih a market on Wednesday, Fri- day, and Saturday. It is a place of great antiquity, and was once surrounded by a wall, traces of which are yet to be seen. It contains 12 parish churches, a guild- . hall, two hospitals, a free-school, and a pustom-house, with a good quay. It is populous and well inhabited, though in egularly built ; but it has declin- ed from its former cousequence. The manufactures of the town are chiefly woollen and linen cloth. It has still a considerable foreign trade. The tide rises pretty high, and brings great ships \vjt bin a small distance of the town. They export a great deal of corri to London, and sometimes to Holland. Formerly, they had a great trade in ship building : but that having declined, they now send grpat quantities of timber to the king's yard at Chatham. It has several great fairs for cattle, cheese, and butter ; and is admirably situated for the trade to Greenland, because the same wind that carries them out of ihe river will carry hem to Greenland. It is worth remark, ing, that it is one of the best places in England for persons in narrow circum- stances, house-rent being easy, prov isions cheap and plentiful, the passage by land or water to London, &e. convenient, and the company of the place good. It gives title of viscount, as well as Thetford, to the duke of Grafion ; and sends two mem- bers to parliament. It is no ed for being the birthplace of cardinal Wolsey s and is seated on the Orwell, 26 miles SE of Bury St. Edmund's, and 69 NE of London. Lon*. 1 16 E, lat. 52 8 N. Ipswich, a sea port and post town in Essex county, Massachusetts; situated on the river Ipswich, 12 miles S of New- burvport, and 10 NW of Beverley, in the lat.'of 42 43 N. and lon. of 71 W. Irac, in Asia, divided into Irac Arabia, and Irac Agemi. Irac Arabia, or Baby- lonian Irac, is watered by the Euphrates and Tigris ; and is almost all under the dominion of the Turks. Bagdad is the capital. Irac Agemi, or Persian Irac, a province of Persia ; bounded on the W by Irac A- rabia and Kusistan, on the X bv Ader- beistan and Ghilan, on the E by Couhes- t n, and on the S bv Farsistan. Ispahan is the capital. Ireby, a town in Cumberland, with a market on Thursday. It is seated in a valley, at the source of the river Elian, and many Roman antiquities have been dug up here. It is 10 miles XE of Cock- ermouth, and 299 XXW of London. Lon. 3 18 W, lat 54 50 N. Iredel, a county in the state of Xorth Carolina, containing 10,972 inhabitants in 1810. It is a mountainous country, si- tuated near the western line of the state, and watered by the head stream? of Ca- tawba river. The chief town Statesville. Irekin, Jerkin, or Yarkan, a rich and populous town of Tartarv, the capital o& .JJocharia, with a castle. It is the staple vown of all the tr.«de carried on between India and the X part of Asia. The Kal- mucks are masters of it; and never dis- turb any one on account of their religion. It is eight miles N of Cashgur. L; -n. 73 25 E, lat. 41 40 X. Ireland, one of the British islands, ly- ing to the W of that of Great Britain. It is bounded on the E by St. George's Chan- nel and the Irish Sea, which separates it from England and Wales : on the XE by X I R E I R O a channel about 15 miles broad, which separates it from Scotland ; and on all other sides by the ocean, being about 300 miles in length, and 60 in breadth. It is divided into f ur large provinces ; namely, Ulster to the N, Leinster to the E, Sjtunster to the S, and Connaught to the W, a d these again are subdivided into counties. The climate of Ireland differs little from that of England, ex- cept that it is more moist ; the an* in ge- neral is mild and temperate ; the sum- mers cooler, and the winters warmer, than those of England. The country in general, is level and well watered with lakes and rivers : and the soil though rocky, is in most parts very good and ex- tremely fertile in those places where it has been properly cultivated. It pro- duces corn, pastures, hemp, and fLx in great plenty; and there are so many cat- tle, that their beef and butter is trans- ported into divers countries ; and not on- ly the English, but other ships frequently come to be victualled here. The other commodities of Ireland are, wool, hides, tallow, wood, salt, honey, and wax. Their principal manufacture is fine linen which they have brought to great perfec- tion, and their trade in it has greatly in- creased. Mines have lately been discov- ered in Ireland ; several of them contain silver and lead. There are also coppe-r mines, iron ore, excellent marble, por- phyry, coals, and slates. The many se- cure and commodious harbours in this country, render its situation very favour- able for foreign trade. The inhabitants of this kingdom have been rated at 3,000,000 ; but this it is probable is con- siderably under the real number, which cannot be less than 4,000,000, perhaps something more. The lower classes in this country are rude, ignorant, and un- cultivated, and the greater part of them Roman catholics. The established reli- gion is the same as that of England, and their laws are not essentially different. This kingdom was formerly subordinate to that of Great Britain, whose parlia- ment might make laws to bind the people of Ireland, and an appeal might be mad. from their courts of justice to the House of Peers of- Great Britain ; but in 1782 the principles of the American revolution, making way into Ireland, they first de- manded a repeal of the laws restricting their commerce, that being granted, they next required a renunciation on the part of Great Britain, of all right to interfere in the judgments of their courts, or to make laws to bind Ireland in time to ' ome. The perilous situation of Great Britain at that period left her no choice, | all the demands of Ireland were therefore agreed to in a bill passed by the British legislature soon after. These conces- sions, great and important as-they were, did not proye satisfactory ; the total re- ' peal of all the disqualifications under which the Roman catholics laboured was I demanded, and various schemes of par- liamentary reform, were devised; the a- g-itation of these topics served greatly to enflame the minds of the p oplc, the breaking forth of the French revolution, and the introduction of its pernicious principles into Ireland, completed their discontent. A traitorous society was soon after formed, under the name of U- nitcd Irishmen, which soon spread itself o>- er the country; their pretended pur- pose was to obtain parliamentary reform, Out their real views were to separate Ire- land from Great Britain, and erect it in- to an independent republic, similar to and under the protection of France. The vigorous and active measures of govern- ment forced them into an open rebellion before their schemes were fully ripe : the consequence was, that after great num- bers of the insurgents were killed in va- rious battles, the conspiracy was defeated and tranquillity began gradually to be restored to the country. The consolida- tion of the empire by the union of both countries seemed now to be the only thing wanting to impart prosperity and mutual security both to Great Britain and Ire- land. This measure was accordingly pro- posed in the parliaments of both coun- tries, and after a good deal of opposi- tion in Ireland especially, was at last fi- nally agreed to, and took place on the 1st of January, 1801, when the Imperial Parliament assembled. Ireland contains thirty-two counties, four archbishoprics, and eighteen bishoprics. Its principal rivers are, the Shannon, Boyne, Liffey, Sure, Blackwater, and Lee. Dublin is the capital. Ireland, A'ew. See Britain. JVew. Irhittzk, the largest and least popu- lous government of Russia, comprising all the E part of Siberia, from the North • ern Ocean to the frontiers of Chinese Tartary, and from the boundaries of the government of Tobolsk to the Eastern Ocean. This large territory was gradu- ally conquered and appropriated by the Russians in their desultory excursions from Tobolsk. It is divided into the four provinces of Irkutzk, Nertshiusk, Ya- kutsk, and Okatsk. Iron-acton, a village in Gloucestershire, at the conflux of the Staure and Laden, which form the river Frome, 10 miles NE of Bristol. Much iron has formerly ISC I S L been dug up, and many iron works, and great heaps of cinders are to be seen here. Irromango, a considerable island, and one of the New Hebrides, in the South Sea. Lon. 169 20 E, lat. 18 48 S. Irronam, one of the Hebrides, in the South Sea, near Tanna. Lon. 170 26 E, lat. 19 .31 S. Irongate Mountains, in Transylvania, are part of the boundary between Chris- tendom and Turkey. Iroquois, a peopie of North America, inhabiting near the Lake Ontario, com- monly called the Five Indian nations. Irtysh, a large river of Asia, in Sibe- ria, which rises in the country of the Kalmucs, and running from the S to NE, falls into the Oby, near Tobolsk. The N W shore is low pasture ground; on the other side, are a prodigious number of black bears, wolves, red and gray foxes, and gray squirrels. This river abounds with fish, particularly sturgeon and de- licate salmon. Irvine, or Irivin, a river of Scotland, in Ayrshire, which descending from the mountains on the E, passes by Derval, Ncwmills, Galston, and Riccarton, and falls into the frith of Clyde, clos.- by the town of Irvine. limine, or Irwin, a royal borough and seaport in Ayrshire, seated at the mouth of a river of the same name, on the frith of Clyde, 15 miles E of the isle of Ar- ran, and 60 W by S of Edinburgh. Its chief trade is the exporting of coal to Ireland. Lon. 2 41 W, lat. 55 38 N. Ir-iudl, a river in Lancashire, which rises above Bolton, flows thence to Man- chester, and falls into the Mersey, below Flixton. Isabella, Fort, a fort of Austrian Flan- Aers, seated on the W side of the Scheldt, opposite Antwerp. Lon. 3 10 E, lat. 51 50 X. There is anoth. r fort of the same name, two miles SW of Sluys, in Dutch Flanders. Isabella, St. an island of the South Sea, discovered by the Spaniards in 1568. Isadagas, a town of Africa, in Barbary, in I he kingdom of Morocco, and province of Kscura, seated in a country abounding in cattle. IsrJiia. an island of Naples, 15 miles in circuit, lying ihree miles off the coast of Terra di Lavora. It is full of agreeable vallies, which produce excellent fruits ; mountains, on which grow vines of an exquisite kind, rivers, and fine gardens. tschia, a city of Naples, capital of an island of the same name, with a bishop's i see, and a strong fort. Botli the city and fortress stand unon a rock, which is joined to the island by a bridge Tht rock is about seven furlongs in circum- terence. The city is like a pyramid of houses piled one' upon another, which makes a very singular appearance. At the end of the bridge, next the city, are iron gates which open into a subterra- nean passage, through which ihey enter the city. Tliey are always guarded by soldi rs, who are natives of the island. Lon. 14 2 E, lat. 40 41 N. Iselstein, a town of the United Provin- ces, m that of Utrecht, seated on the Is- sei, four miles SW ot Utrecht. Iseiwrts, or Eisenarts, a town of Ger- many, in Siiria, famous for its iron-mines, 30 miles NW of Gratz. Lon. 15 4 E, lat. 47 25 N. Isenach, a town of Germany, in the cir- cle of Upper Saxony, from whence a Sax- on prince takes the title of duke. Lon. 9 17 E, lat. 51 N. Isenbnrg, a large town of Germany, ca* pital of a county of the same name, in the electorate of Treves, with a castle ; seated on a river, 8 miles N by E of Cob- lentz. Lon. 7 34 E, lat . 50 32 X. Isenghein, a town of the Austrian Ne- therlands, with the title of a principality, seated on the river Mandera. Lon. 3 18 E, lat. 50 44 X. Iser, a rjver of Germany, which rises on the confines of Tirol and Bavaria, and passing by Munich and Landschut, falls into the Danube, between Straubing and Passau. here, a department of France, inclu- ding part of the late province of Dau- phiny. It is so named from a river which rises on the confines of Savoy, and falls into the Rhone, above Valence. Greno- ble is the capital. Isertohn, or Lohn, a town of Germany in the circle of Westphalia, 32 miles from Cologn, where they manufacture ribands, &c. Isernia, a town of Naples, in Molise, with a bishop's see. It is seated at the foot of the Appenines, 12 miles W of Molise, and 46 X of Naples. Lon. 14 24 E, lat. 41 36 N. Isigni, a seaport of France, in the de- partment of Calvados, and late province of Normandy, noted for its. salt works, cider, and its butter. It is 15 miles Vv by N of Bayeux. Lon. 59 W, lat. 49 20 N. Isig. See Thames. Islands, Bay of, a bay of New Zealand, at the N extremity of the most northern of the two islands that go under that name. In 1772, M. Dufresne Marion, i with two French sloops put into this bay, and, with 28 of his crew, were murdered by the natives. ISL Islay, or Ila, an island of Scotland, one [ of the Hebrides, to the SW of Jura. Its greatest length is 25 miles ; its breadth | 18. The principal village is Bowniore, which has a convenient harbour. The face of the country is hilly. Several mines arc wrought to great advantage, particularly iron and lead ore. Here like- wise are copper, emery, native quicksil- ver, and blaek lead ; with immense stores of limestone, marl, coral, and shell-sand, for manure. Much corn and flax is lais- (sd here, and a great number of cattle exported. In this, and some of the neigh- bouring islands, multitudes of adders in- fest the heath. On the NW side of the island is the cave of Sanegmore, which is a grotto, divided into a number of far- winding passages, sometimes opening into fine expanses ; again closing, for a long space, into galleries, and forming a curious subterraneous labyrinth. There are also many other caverns, the haunts of numerous wild pigeons, that lodge and bieed in them. The goats that feed a- mong the rocks are so wild, that they arc obliged to be shot like deer. Some \es- tiges of antiquity are on this island ; par- ticularly, the remains of a circular dry- stone building, on the hill of Lossat, near the sound of Islay. Isfk-Jldam, a town of France, now in the department of Seine and Oise, lately in the province of the Isle of France, w ith a castle seated on the Oise, 20 miles X by W of Paris. Lon. 2 13 E, kit. 49 7N. Isle of Beeves, an island of X America, in the bay of Campeachy, 17 miles long and eight broad. It is fertile, and abounds in cattle and fruits. Isle-Dieit, a small island of France, 14 miles from the coast of Poitou. It was taken by the English in 1795, but soon after evacuated. Lon. 2 15 W, lat. 46 45 X. Isle -de-France. See France, Isle of. Isle-Jourdain, a town of France, now in the department of Gers and lately in the province of Armagnac. It is seated in an island of the river Save, eight miles X of Lombez. Lon. 1 2 E, kit. 43 40 X. Isle-jRovsse, a town of Corsica, on the se;; coast, 36 miles SW of Bastia. Isle and Vilaine, a department of France, containing part of the late province of Bretagne. Rennes is the capital. Jsleben. See Eisleben. Isleivorth, a village in Middlesex, seat- ed on the Thames, nine mites W of Lon- don. Xear it is Sion House, the mag- nificent seat of the duke of Northumber- land. hit of Wight, a county in the state of IS N Virginia, containing 9186 inhabitants in 1810, of whom 4000 were slaves. It is situated between Norfolk county on the E, and Southampton on the W, Xanse- mond on the S, and Surry on the X. •*>"* Islingt&n, a village in the county of Middlesex, on the X T side of London, to which it is almost contiguous, appears to be of Saxon origin ; and in the conquer- or's time, was written Isledon, or Isen- don. Its houses are above 2000, includ- ing the Upper and Lower llolloways, three sides of Xewington Green, and part of Kingsland, on the road to Ware. The White-Conduit House, in this place, so called from a white stone conduit that 1 stands before the entrance, has handsome gardens, with good walks, and two large rooms one above the other for the enter- tainment of company at tea, &c. In the SW part of this village is that noble re- servoir, improperly called Xew River Head ; though they are only two basons, which receive that river from Hertford- shire, and from whence the water is thrown by an engine into the company's pipes for the supply of London. — Xear this place is a house of entertainment called Saddler's Wells, where, during the summer season, people are amused with balance-masters, w Iking on the wire, rope dancing, tumbling, and panto- mime entertainments. Islip, a town in Oxfordshire, four miles X of Oxford. Islip was given by Edward! the Confessor to Westminster Abbey, to which, it still belongs. By the late in- land navigation it has a communication with the river Thames, Humber, and a great many others, and its navigation ex- tends about 500 miles through different counties. Islip, a post town on Long Island in Suffolk county, Xew York, with 1000 in- habitants. Ismail, a. strong town of Turkey in Eu- rope, in Bessarabia. It was taken by storm by the Russians in 1790 ; and it is said, that the long siege, and the capture, did not cost them less than 20,000 men. The garrison whose bravery merited, and from a generous foe would have re- ceived the highest honours, were massa- cred in cold blood by the merciless Rus- sians, to the amount of 30,000 men; and the place was abandoned to the fury of the brutal soldiery. Ismail is seated on the X side of the Danube, 140 miles S by W of Bender. Lon. 29 30 E, lat. 45 11 X. Ismid, a town of Turkey in Asia, capi- tal of Bythinia, situated on the sea of Mai-morn. Lon. 29 47 E. lat. 40 37 X. Isny, an imperial town of Suabia, seat- I s s IT A ed on the Isny, 14 miles NR of Lindau, and 62 SW of AugsbuBg". Lon. 10 3 E, lut. 47 42 N. IsniCy a town of Turkey in Asia in Na- tolia, with a Greek archbishop's see. It is the ancient Nice, famous for the first general council here in 325. Nothing- re- main^ of its ancient splendour, but an aqueduct The Jews inhabit the greater part of it ; and it is sealed in a country fertile in corn and excellent wine, 75 miles SE of Constantinople. Lon. 30 9 E, lat. 40 13 N. Isola, a seaport town of Italy in Naples, in Calabria Ulteriore, with a bishop's see, 18 miles SE of St. Scverino. Lon. 17 26 E, hit. 39 2 N. It-Gnu, a town of Spain in Catalonia, seated near a mountain at the foot of a rivulet. Ispahan, a celebrated city, capital of Persia, in the province of Irac-Agemi, and thought by some to be the finest city in the East, it stands in the middle of a plain, surrounded on all sides by moun- tains at eight miles distance, and on a small river, called Sanderut, which sup- plies almost all the houses with water. It is 20 miles in circumference, with well built houses and fiat roofs, on which they walk, eat, and lie, in summer, for the sake of the cool air. Here are a great number of magnificent palaces ; and thai of the king is two miles and a half in circumference. There are 160 mosques, 1800 large caravansaries, above 260 pub- lic baths, a prodigious number of coffee- houses, and very fine streets, in which are canals, planted on each side with trees. The streets are not paved ; but always clean on account of the dryness of the air, for it seldom rains or snows here. The inhabitants were computed at above 1,000,000 ; but this kingdom having been long distracted by civil wars, the principal towns are greatly depopu- lated. Ispahan has three large suburbs, c.tlled Juisa, Hasenbath, and Kebrabath. Though at a distance from the sea, it carries on a great trade, people of seve- ral nations resorting there for the sake of traffic. It is 265 miles NE of Bussa- rah, and 1400 SE of Constantinople. Lon. 52 55 E, lat. 32 25 N. Isse!, or Vssel, a river of the United Provinces, which branches off from the Rhine, below Hucssen; and running by Doesburg, Zutphen, Deventer, and Cam- pen, falls into the Zuider-Zee. Issel, or Ys.iel, Little, a river of the Uni- ted Provinces, wnich waters Yssel stein, Montfort, and Gout}a; and falls into the Merwe, above Rotterdam. had, or Ysvcl, Old* a river which r: ses in the duchy of Clcves, and enters the Is- sel at Doesburg. Isseguibo, a flourishing settlement of the Dutch in Guiana, on a river of the same name, and contiguous to that of Dcmarary. It was taken by the English in 1796. Issdire, an ancient town of France, now in the department of Puy de Dome, and lately in the province of Auvergne. At Vernet, near diis town, are found ame- thysts, of colour as beautiful as those of the East, but not so hard. Issoire is seated on the Couz, near the Allier, 13 miles S of Clermont. Lon. 3 15 E, lat. 45 34 N. Issoiidmi, a town of France, now in the department of Indre, and lately in the province of Berry, with a castle. Its trade is in wood, cattle, cloth, hats, and stockings, and is seated partly on an emi- nence and parti) on a plain,' 17 miles S W of Bourges, and 135 S of Paris. Lon. 2 6 E, lat. 46 57 N. Is sw'-Tille, a town of France, now in the department of Cote d'Or and lately in the province of Burgundy, seated on the lgnon, near the Tille, 12 miles N of Dijon. htria, a kind of peninsula of Italy, ly- ing on the NE part of the gulf of Venice. It is bounded by Carniola on the NE, and on all other sides by the sea. The air is unwholesome, especially near the coast; but the soil produces plenty of wine, oil, and pasture ; there are also quarries of fine marble. One part of it belongs to the Venetians and the rest to the house of Austria. Capo d'lstria is the capital. Italy, one of the finest countries of Eu- rope, lying between 7 and 19 E Ion. and 38 and 47 N lat. On the N and NE it is bounded by Swisserland and Germany, on the E by the gulf of Venice, on the S by the Mediterranean, and on the W by that sea and Prance Its figure bearing some resemblance to that of a boot. Its length from Aousta, in Savoy, to the ut- most verge of Calabria, is 600 miles; but its breadth is very unequal, in some pla- ces near 400 miles, in others not above 25. It is the most celebrated country in Europe, having been formerly the seat of the Roman empire, and afterward, of that astonishing-, universal usurpation, the spiritual dominion of the pope. Ita- ly is divided into a great number of states, which differ much in extent and importance. Between the confines of Fiance and Swisserland, on the W and N are the continental dominions of the king of Sardinia, namely, Piedmont, Savoy, Montferrat, part of the Milanese, and Oneglia, To the NE are the territories IT A JUA Qf Venice, which are enumerated under that article. S of these, are the domi- nions of the emperor of Germany, name- ly, part of the Milanese, and the Man- tuan; and S of these, are Modena, Mi- randola, and Reggio, belonging to the duke of Modena. West of these are the duchies, of Parma, Placentia, and Guas- talla, whose sovereign is of the house of Bourbon. To the S of Parma, lies the republic of Genoa ; and SE of this, that of Lucca. Hence extends along the coast of the Mediterranean, the grand duch} of Tuscany. The ecclesiastical State, or territory of the pope, lies NE and E of Tuscany, between the gulf of Venice and the Mediterranean; and all S of this, is the kingdom of Naples, with its depen- dant islands, of which Sicily is the prin- cipal. The air of Italy is very different, according to the different situations of the several countries contained in it. In those on the N of the Appenines it is more temperate, but on the S it is gene- rally very warm. The air of the Campa- nia of Rome, and of the Ferrarese, is said to be unhealthful ; which is owing to the lands not being duly cultivated, nor the marshes drained. That of the other parts is generally pure, dry, and healthy. In summer, the heat is very great in the kingdom of Naples, and would be almost intolerable, if it was not somewhat alle- viated by the sea-breezes. The soil of Italy in general is very fertile, being wa- tered by a great number of rivers. It produces a great variety of wines, and the best oil in Europe, excellent silk in abundance, corn of all sorts, but not in such plenty as in some other countries ; oranges, lemons, citrons, pomegranates, almonds, raisins, sugar, mulberry-trees without number, figs, peaches, nectarines, apricots, pears, apples, filberts, chesnuts, &c. This country also yields good pas- ture ; and abounds with cattle, sheep, goats, buffaloes, wild boars, mules and horses. The forests are well stored with game, and the mountains yield not only lies of iron, lead, all um, sulphur, mar- ble of ail sorts, alabaster, jasper, por- phyry, &c. but also gold and silver, with a great variety of aromatic herbs. The Italians are generally well proportioned, ' hough their complexions arc not of the bes& With respect to their genius and vaste in architecture, painting, carving and music, they are thought to excci greatly, and to leave the other nations of Europe far behind them ; but their mu- sic seems too soft and effeminate to de- serve all the praise bestowed on it ; and their houses are far inferior to those of England in respect of convenience, No ; country hath produced better politician.^, historians, poets, painters, and sculptors, we mean since the revival of the ar:s ».nd sciences, exclusive of those of ancient times. The Italians are very affable, cour- teous, ingenuous, sober, and ready-wit- ted ; but extremely jealous, vindictive, lascivious, ceremonious, and supersti- tious. Boiled snails, served up with oil and pepper, or fried in oil, and the hin- der parts of frogs, are reckoned dainty dishes. Kites, jackdaws, hawks, and mag- pies, are also eaten, not only by the com- mon people but by the better sort. Wine is drank here both in summer and win- ter, cooled by ice or snow. The women, affect yellow hair, as the Roman ladies and courtesans formerly did. They also use paint and washes, both for their hands and faces. The day here is reck- oned from sun-set, as the Athenians did of old. See Lombard*. Itchen, a nver in Hants, which rising; in the centre of the county, passes by Winchester, and enters the bay of South- ampton, at the town of that name. Iizehou, an ancient and handsome town of Germany in Lower Saxony, in the duchy of Holstein, seated on the Stoer^ 15 miles NE of Gluckstadt, and 30 NW of Hamburg. Lon. 9 30 E, lat. 53 58 N. Juan de la Froniera, St. a town of Chili, in South America, in the province of Chiquito, near the lake Guanacho. The territory of this town is inhabited by 20,000 native Americans, who are tribu- tary to Spain. It contains mines of gold, and a kind of almonds that are very deli- cate. It is seated at the foot of the An- des, 98 miles NE of St. Jago. Lon. 65 55 W, lat. 33 25 S. JnuTi de Puerto Rico, St. an island of the West Indies, 50 miles E of Hispa- niola, : nd usually called Porto Rico. It is 100 miles long and 50 broad, and be- longs to the Spaniards. It is full of very high mountains, and extremely fertile vallies, interspersed with woods and well watered by springs and rivulets. It pro- duces sugar, rum, ginger, corn, and fruits, partly proper to the climate, and partly introduced from Spain ; and there :ire so many cattle, that they often are killed for the sake of the skins alone. Here are a great number of uncommon trees, and there is a little gold in the N part of the island. It is commonly said, that the air is healthy, and yet, in the reign of queen Elizabeth, the earl of Cumberland, when he had taken this is- land, lost most of his men by sickness, and, on that account, was forced to aban- don it. It is subject to storms and hur- ricanes, like the rest of these island^ T T JUD JUL The capital is of the same name. Lon. 67 4 W, lat. 18 17 X. Juan de Puerto Rico, St. the capital of an island of the same name, with a good harbour, defended by several forts. It is a bishop's see, and seated on the N coasi of ihe island. Lon. 69 1 W, lat. 18 29 N. i Juan Fernandez, an island in the S Pa cine Ocean, lying in 83 W lon. and 33 S lat. 300 mile's W of Chili. It is unm- habited, but is found extremely conveni- ent to touch at and water. There are instances of two men living alone at dif- ferent .times on this island for several years ; ihi j one a Musquito Indian, the other Alexander Selkirk, a Scotchman, who having been left on shore, in this solitary place, by his captain, lived here five years, till he was discovercd'by cap- tain liogers, in 1709. From this remark- able history, Daniel de Foe is said to have derived the hints which gave rise to his celebrated production, The Ad- ventures of Robinson Crusoe. This is- land is not quite 15 miles long and about six broad ; its only safe harbour is on the N side. It is said to have plenty of ex- cellent water, and to abound with a great variety of esculent vegetables highly an- tiscorbutic ; besides which, commodore Anson sowed a variety of garden-seeds, and planted the stones of plumbs, apri- cots, and peaches, which he was, man; years afterwards, informed, had thriven greatly; and now, doubtless furnish a very valuable addition to the natural pro- ductions of this spot. Juan de Ulfnia, St. an island of New- Spain, ly ing in the gulf of Mexico, near Vera Cruz. It was discovered in 1518, by Grijalva. Lon. 97 25 W, lat. 19 12 N. Jvanagorod. See Narva. ' Jubo, capital of a kingdom of Africa of the same name, subject to the Portu- guese. Lon. 43 20 E, lat. 50 N. Jucatan, or Yucatan, a large peninsula of New Spain, opposite the island of Cu- ba. It projects from the continent 100 leagues^ but does not exceed 25 in breadth. r It contains a great quantity of timber, proper for the building of ships, as also sugar, cassia, and Indian corn. The original inhabitants are few, having been ill-treated by the Spaniards. It is a flat level countH, and unhealthy. The inhabitants are abundantly supplied with water frtim pits, wherever they dig them. In all Jticatan, there .is not a riv.er or stream. Merida is the capital ; but some say Campeachy. See Honduras. Judda, a seaport of Arabia Felix, with a fort, seated on the Bed Sea, 34 mile* SW of Mecca, to which it is the port. Lon. 30 22 E, lat. 21 29 N. Judcnhurg, a considerable town of Ger- many, the capital of Upper Stiria, with a handsome castle. The public build- ings, with the square, are magnificent. II was taken by the French in April 1797, and here an armistice was settled be- ween the archduke Charles and Bona- parte. It is seated on the Muehr, 45 miles W bv N of Gratz, and 100 SW of Vienna. Lon. 14 26 E, lat. 47 10 N. Judoigne, a town of Austrian Brabant, near which the duke of Marlborough, gained that signal victory, in 1706, cal- led the battle of RamilKes. It is seated on the river -Geete, 13 miles SE of Lou- vain, and 16 N of Namur. Lon. 5 2 E, lat. 50 45 M*// Ives, St. a seaport and borough in Cornwall, with a market on Wednesday and Saturday. It is seated on a bay of the same name, which being unsafe, is frequented by fishermen only for the tak- ing of pilchards. It is governed by a mayor, sends two members to parliament, arid is eight miles NE of Penzance, and 277 VV bv S of London. Lon. 5 30 W, lat. 50 18" N. Ives, St. a town in Huntingdonshire, with a considerable market on Monday for cattle. Here was a griory, which is low in ruins. In the ninth century it had a mint, and was noted for its medi- cinal waters. It is seated on the river Ouse. over which is a stone bridge, six miles NE of Huntingdon, and 59 N by W of London. Lon. 20 W lat. 52 20 N. Jugou, a town of France, in the de- partment of the North Coast, and late province of Bretagne, seated on the small river Arqueon, 12 miles from the Enirlish Channel. Jugora, a considerable province of Mus- covy, depending on the government of Archangel. Ivica, an island of the Mediterranean, 56 miles StV of Majorca. It is about 60 miles in circumference, is mountainous, but fertile in corn y wine, and fruits ; and is remarkable for the great quantity of salt made here. The capital, of the same •iame, has a good harbour. Lon. 1 25 E, lat. 38 52 W. . MfcM Ivingho, a village in Buckinghamshire, has a market on Friday, six miles SW of Dunstable, and 32 NW of London. Lon. 32 W, lat . 51 54 N. Julian, Port, St. a harbour of Pata, £o'nia, where ships that are bound for he Pacific Ocean usuallv touch for re- freshments. Lon. 68 44 W, lat. 49 10 S. Julien, St. a town of France, in the department of Upper Vienne and late province of Limosin, 13 miles W of Li- moges. Lon. 1 4 E, lat. 45 50 N. JUN I V R Julien du Sqult, St. a town of France! Junksilon, a seaport of Asia, the prin* n the department of Yonne and late pro-lcip.il town of an island on the SW coast t ince of Burgundy, seated between two mountains covered with vines, near river Yonne, five miles from Joignv of Siam, it is situated on the N part of the I the island, and has a harbour capable of (receiving' ships of a moderate size; the Juliers, a duchy of Westphalia,, 64| island is fertile, 63 miles long- and from miles in length, and 36 in breadth ; bounded on the N by Gueldertand, on the E by the archbishopric of Cologne, on the S by Luxemburg 1 and Treves, and on the W by Limburg. It is subject to the elector palatine, and is remarkable for the quantity of wood it produces, which is much used in dyeing. Juliers, a town of Germany, capital of a duchy of the same name, with a strong citadel. It fell into the hands of the French in 1794. It is seated on the Roe'r, 15 miles E of Aix-la-Chapelle, and 18 W of Cologne. Lon. 6 40 E, lat. 50 56 N: Julpha, once the capital of Armenia, in Asia, now in ruins, the inhabitants hav- ing been transplanted to a suburb of Is- pahan, called New Julpha, where they have several churches. Before the civil wars, which in this century have deso- lated Persia, the colony of New Julpha was very flourishing. JameUa, a town of Spain in the pro- vince of Murcia, 22 miies SW of Murcia. Jumiege, a town of France, in the de- partment of Lower Seine and late pro- vince of Normandy, with a Jate celebrat- ed Benedictine abbey. It is seated on the Seine, 12 miles SW of Rouen, and 77 NW of Paris. Lon. 55 E, lat. 49 24 N. Jummoo, or Jumbo, a town of Ilindoo- stan Proper in the country of Lahore. It is situated on the side of a hill by the river Rawee. This city though in a de- cayed state, is a mart of the first note in that part of the countrv; it is 90 miles N of Lahore. Lon. 23 16 E, lat. 32 45 N. Jumnah, a large river of Hindoostan Proper, which rises to the NW of Delhi, waters that capital as well as the city of Agra, and joins the Ganges, 100 miles below Benares. Juniata, a river in Pennsylvania-, the principal branches of which rise in Bed- ford county. After they have joined near Huntingdon in Huntingdon county, the united stream runs for the most part in an eastern direction till it meets the Sus- quehannah 10 miles above Ilarrisburg. This rivex is the principal channel through which the produce of the ad- jacent country is conveyed to a market; either at Ilarrisburg, Middlctown or Co- lumbia. Juniata, a township of Cumberland county, Pennsylvania, containing 1233 inhabitants in 1810. 10 to 20 broad. Lon. 98 30 E, lat. 8 40 N. Jura, one of the Western Isles of Scot- land, NE of Islav, supposed to be 34 miles long and 10 broad. It is compos- ed principally of vast mountains quite naked, and without a possibility of cul- tivation; three of them called the paps of Jura are most remarkable ; they are of a conic form and stupendous height. The rest of the island is flat, and generally covered with heath. Jura, a department of France, includ- ing part of the late province of' Tranche Gomte. It contains mines of iron of a superior quality, mines of copper and lead, and many quarries of black marble, jasper, and alabaster. It takes its name from Mount Jura. Jura, Mount, a chain of mountains, which begins in the canton of Zuric, in Swisserland, extends along the Rhine into the canton of Soleure and the prin- cipality of Neuchatel, branches out to- ward the Pays de Vaud, separates that countrv from France, and continues be- yond the frontiers of the Genevbis as far as the Rhone. In various parts of the Pays de Vaud, this chain forms many elevated vallies ; of these the most de- lightful is the valley of the lake of Joux, upon the top of that part called Mount Joux, it is beautifully chequered with wood, arable, and pasture; and is wa- tered by two picturesque lake." ; the largest- of which is called the lake of Joux, and the other, lake Brenet. This little vale is very populous, containing 3000 inhabitants ; some employed in mak- ing watches, but the greater part in po- lishing crystals, granites, and marensites, These parts are much infested with bears and wolves. The descent from this de- lightful vale, through a variety of hill, valley, wood, and lawn, affords a very extensive prospect of great part of the Pays de Yaud, the lake of Geneva, with its mountains, and the lake of Neuchatel. Ivrea, an ancient town of Piedmont, capital of Canavez, with a strong fort, a bishop's see, and. an ancient castle. It is seated on the Doria, between two hills, 20 miles N of Turin, and 32 E by N of Susa. Lon. 7 48 E, lat. 45 22 N. * Ivru, a town of France, in the depart- ment of Eure and late province of Nor- mandy. It had a benedictine abbey, and is seated on the Eure, 10 miles N by W of Dreux. Lon. 1 28 E, lat. 48 54 N. KAL KAL Jutland, a peninsula, the principal part of Denmark, 180 miles in length, and 50 in breadth ; bounded on the SE by the duchy of Holstein, and on the other sides In the German Ocean and the Baltic. The air is very cold, but wholesome. The soil is fertile in corn and pastures, and feeds a reat number of horses and beeves, which are sent to Germany, Hol- land, &c. It was anciently called Cim- brica Chersonesus, and is supposed to be the country whence the Saxons came, that conquered England. It is divided into two parts, called N and S Jutland; the latter being the duchy of Sleswick, and lies between N Jutland and Holstein. Ivy Bridge, a village in Devonshire, 11 miles NE of Plymouth, remarkable for its rural and picturesque scenery; the river Anne runs through the village. Ixvjorth, a village in Suffolk, with a market on Friday. It is seven miles NE of Bury St. Edmunds, and 79 NNE of London. Lon. 51 E, lat. 52 20 N. Jvepour, a city of Hindoos" an Proper, capital of a territory of the same name, and subject to one of the Rajpoot prin- ces. Jt was built by rajah Jessing. It is about a league from Ambeer the ancient capital, now a place of great wealth and consequence, being the staple for goods that are brought from every quarter of India. It is 136 miles W by S of Agra. Lon. 76 9 E, lat. 26 56 N. Izquintenango, a town of New Spain, in the province of Chiapa. The country about it produces cotton and a great number of pine-apples. Lon. 93 45 W, lat. 16 N. K CjT Words that sometimes begin with K, and are not found under that letter, may be sought for under the letter C. XAFFU.YGEA*, a town and monas- tery of Germany, in Hesse, near Cassel. Lon. 9 30 E, lat! 51 15 X. Kiilma. See ffua. Kuirvan, a city of Africa, in Tunis, capital of a government of the same name. It is the second city in the king- dom for trade and population, is cele- brated for the most magnificent and sa- cred mosque in Barbarv; and is 20 miles W of Susa. Lon. 1 25 E, lat. 35 40 N. Xdiaar. a town of Persia, in Chilan, with a considerable manufacture of silk. Lor.. 58 45 E, lat. 36 23 N. jKulimburg, a town of Denmark, in the isle of Zealand, the capital of a consider- able bailiwick. Lon. 11 11 E, lat. 55 47 N. Kalir, a town of Suabia, in the duchy of Wirtemburg, with a castle. Lon. 9 45 E, lat. 48 38 N. Kulisch, a palatinate of Poland, bound- ed on the W by that of Posnia, on the E by Siradia, on the N by Western Prussia, and on the S by 8ilesia. It was forcibly seized by the king of Prussia, in 1793. Kalisch, a town of Poland, capital of a palatinate of the same name, where the Jesuits had a magnificent college. It is sealed on the river Prosna, in a morass, which renders it difficult of access, 110 miles W of Warsaw. Lon. 18 5 \V, lat 52 ON. Kalkas, a tribe of the Mogul Tartars, in Chinese Tarlary. They inhabit the country N of the Mogul Tartars, proper- ly so called, which stretches as far as the kingdom of the Eleuthes ; and is near 300 leagues in extent from E to W. They live in tents, on the banks of their nu- merous rivers. They adore a lama of the second order, who is held in such vene- ration, that bonzes from China, Hindoo- stan, Pegu, &c. come to pay their devo- cions at his residence in Iben Pira. Kalmucs, a nation of Tartary in Rus- sia: the deserts which they inhabit, with their herds, lie between the Don, and the Volga, afid on the river Ural from Irgis to the Caspian sea. They consist of a strong loam, are quite arid, desti- tute of wood, abound in salt, contain many fresh-water lakes and brooks, and numbers of lakes that are perfectly salt. They produce wholesome plants and good herbage, for which reason the cat- tle are in general vigorous, and speedily become fat. The Kalmucs are of a mid- dling stature, seldom large : for the most part, raw-boned and stout. Their visage is so flat, that the skull of a Kal- muc may easily be known from that of any other man. The eyes too arc smal- ler, and the corners of them flatter, than among the Europeans. They have thick lips, a small nose, a short chin ; and their beard i6 scanty, and appears late Their teeth are even and white. Their complexion is a reddish brown; genera] ly indeed from the wind and sun, and their neglect of cleanliness, it is of a ye] lowish brown. Their ears are very targe and prominent; their hair is black. Their knees always stand outwards, like a bow; this proceeds from their customary man- ner of sitting on their ankles, and their being almost constantly on horseback. Their senses of feeling and taste arc dull : but those of smell, sight, and hear- K AM K A M ing, are waMferfully quick. The women are of the^pe shape and make with the men, only the skin of their face is very clear, and of a wholesome white and red. Their standing 1 character is rough, but less dissolute and base than they are commonly supposed to be. Their pre- vailing- temperament is a mixture of the sanguine and the choleric ; the melan- choly is seldom uppermost. They have a good understanding, and a quick com- prehension ; eager after novelties; of a tractable and teachable disposition ; sprightly, hospitable, ready to do kind offices, active, and voluptuous ; very much attached to their masters, though of other nations, and not dispirited or dejected by their fickleness and ill-na- ture, but contented with their lot. Their women are lively, frank, agreeable and very industrious. The clothing of the men is entirely Oriental, and their heads are exactly Chinese. They wind linen about their feet, and draw their buskins over it, which are of black or yellow, or some other coloured leather. Their breeches are large and ample : their un- der garment is of light stuff with narrow sleeves, and a girdle, to which is sus- pended the sabre, a knife, and the im- plements for smoking tobacco. The up- per garment is of cloth, with wide sleeves. They let the beard grow but shave the head to one lock, which they plait into three strings. The covering for the head is a flat yellow bonnet, with a small round brim, set off with a tassel. Kalmimzy a town of Germany, in the circle of Bavaria. It is 12 miks from Katisbon, and situated at the confluence of the Vilz and Nad. Kalnick, a strong town of Poland, in the palatinate of Bracklaw. Lon. 29 18 E, lat. 48 57 N. Kaluga, now a government of the Rus- sian empire, but it was formerly a pro- vince in the government of Moscow. Its principal town, of the same name, is seat- ed on the Occa. Kamakiira, a famous island of Japan, about three miles in circumference, ly- ing on the S coast of Niphon. It is here they confine their great men, when they have committed any fault ; and the coast is so steep, that they are forced to be lifted up by cranes. A'amatschinzes, is the name of a people in Tartary. In the year 1629 they were made tributary to Russia, and then led a rambling life. At present their habita- tions are in the neighbourhood of Kansk and Abakansk, two ostrogs, situated one on the Yenisei, and the other on the Kan. Even at the time that they sub- mined to Russia, they were only a scan ty people, or rather the remains of some ancient nation. Kambalay Mount, a ridge of mountains in Thibet, between Lake Palte and the Burrampooter. From the top of this ridge may be seen, to the N, a range of still higher mountains, covered with snow. The foot of mount Kambala is 31 miles S of Lassa. Kumhiieck, a very strong town of Po- land, capital of Podolia, with two castles and a bishop's see. When the Russians seized part of the Polish territories in 1793, this fortress held out a long- time, but at last surrendered to their arms. The castle is seated on a craggy rock, 85 miles W of Braekiaw, and 100 SE of Lemburg. Lon. 26 30 E, hit. 48 58 N. Kamtschatka, is a peninsula, formed by a chain of stony and barren mountains, which run toward the SSW from that part of the continent inhabited by the KoraLks. It is bounded by the Eastern Ocean, the gulf of Penschinskoi, and by the sea of Oghotzk; in all probability the Kourili, a range of isles which in many directions extend as far as Japan, are a part of Kamtschatka. It is situa- ted between about 51 and 62 degrees N Jlat. The soil is stony, full of cold springs, destitute of the smallest piece of fertile ground, and so cold even in the summer, that the earth is totally unfit for culture, and of itself does not produce a sufficien- cy for the cattle. The Kamtschadales are for the most part of a low stature, with broad shoulders, large heads, long flat faces, flat noses, small eyes, thin lips, and short legs. The women have black eyes and eye-brows ; their skin is rather delicate, of a lively red complexion, a pretty hand, and small foot, and they are in general very well made. The Kam- schadales have a lively imagination, a strong memory, and such a genius for imitation that they can copy with ease whatever they see. Poverty gives them no concern ; and nothing but the calls of hunger can drive them to the chace , and then they seldom go so far but they can return to pass the night hi the arms of their women. They care not how their meat is prepared, so it does but fill their stomach ; nor of what quality their li- quor is, so it does but intoxicate them Pleasure and inaction are their only ob- jects ; they therefore steal nothing but women and dogs, which formerly were the continual causes of national war. They are cowardly and base to an exces- sive degree, gratifying their revenge on- ly by the darkest and most secret means. Every family has its summer and winter KAN K AS house. The KosoutcU^pr winter house is in form of a square ; a hole five feet deep is dug, which is surrounded with palisades, and covered with rafters laid across, branches of trees, hay and earth — To get into the house they descend through a hole at the top, this hole serves as a door, a window, and" a chimney, fir the smoke has no other passage^ and the light and air no other entrance. The IV- hins or summer-houses are built like pi- geon houses of balks, about two fathoms froth the ground ; some are built in a circular, others in an angular, form. They are very small, and built close to one another, so that boards are laid across as bridges of communication. The Kamt- scadales as well as the Tungusians and other Siberians, eat all kinds of quadru- peds, birds a nd fish, excepting lizards, &jc. Dogs and mice they eat only in times of scarcity. Thebodies of whales, sea dogs and other sea animals, which they find on the shore, are exceedingly agreeable to them. They use wild roots and fruit, and dry fish, roots, and different kinds of flesh, for winter provision. The way of preparing their victuals is as extraordi- nary as disgusting. Kanclegheri, or Chandepere, a town oL the peninsula of Hindoostan, in the Car- naiic, the site of the capital of the an- cient kingdom of Narsinga. In *599, it was the residence of a Hindoo king, whose dominion extended over Tanjore and Ma- dura; and in 1640, a descendant of this prince reigned there ; and permitted the English to settle there. It is 70 miles distant from Madrass. Lon. 79 24 E, lat. 13 46 N. JCanem, a city of Africa, in the empire of Bornou, capital of a fertile province of the same name. The inhabitants raise great quantities of horses for the ser- vice of the king. It is 150 miles NW of Bornou. Kanha-aia, Great, a river of Virginia. It rises iii North Carolina, and being en- larged by a number of tributary streams, runs nearly due N through Grayson, Wythe, and Moutgomery counties till it is joined by the Grefen Briar: thence it flows nearly NW till it fulls into the Ohio at Point Pleasant. Its whole course is abOut 400 miles, and its width at the Ohio about 500 yards. Kanha-aia court-house, the principal seat of justice in Kanhawa, one of ihe frontier counties of Virginia ; situated on the S bank of Elk river, at its junction with the Kanhawa. Here is a post office 406 miles from Washington. Kuvio-w, a strong town of Poland, in the palatinate of Kiow, seated near the Dnieper, 62 miles S by E ^Kiow, and 10 mih-s N T E of Hrackiaw.^P Kumsca, an impregnable town of Low- er Hungary, capital of the county of Sa- lawar. It was taken by the Austrians in 1690, and is seated on the Drave, 100 miles S bv E of Vienna. Lon. 17 40 E, iat. 46 43 N. Kan-t.-heon fou, a very rich and popu- lous city of China, in the province of Kiang-si, it has an excellent port, and is celebrated for its rivers. Its district contains 12 cities of the third class; and it is 250 miles N by E of Canton. Kao-tcheou-fou, a city of China, in the province of Quang-tong. The inhabitants of this city cut slabs and tables out of a kind of marble that is found in its vi- cinity, which represents, naturally, ri- vers, mountains, landscapes and trees* Kao-tcheou-fou has one city of the se- cond class, and five of the third, under its jurisdiction. Kdposwar, a fort of Lower Hungary, on the* river Kapos, which washes its walls It is 55 miles W of Tolna. Lon. 18 13 E, lat. 46 31 N. Karakusxiaus, a people of Tartary, sub- ject to Russia, who make a part of those small remnants of the different people comprehended under .the name of the nations of Krasnoyarsk, related to the Samoyedes. They are so extremely poor, that, excepting a small number of rein- deer, they are in possession of no one thing in the world of any value. In win- ter they live entirely by the chace, in the summer wild roots and fish are all their food. For procuring these they common- ly quit their station every three days du- ring summer, to look out for the lakes most abundant in fish, and whose banks are the most productive of roots. Kareck % an island in the Persian Gulf, lying nearly in the middle of it, about seven leagues from each side, and 30 from Bassorah River, where all the ships bound for that port must call for pilots, ft is five miles long*, and two broad. Here baron Kniphausen, about the middle of 'his century, formed a flourishing Dutch settlement ; but on his quitting their scr- \ ice, it became subject to its former mas- ter, the sheick of Bundaric. Karhcrulie, a city of Germany-, in the circle of Suabia, in the margravate of Baden Darlach," with a magnificent pa- lace. The city is built on a regular plan, and the houses are all as uniform as the streets. It is 12 miles N by E of Baden. Kama, a large country of the Russian empire, lying on both sides of the river Volga. It was formerly an independent kingdom, belonging to the Kalmuc Tar- KEE KEN tars, to whom the great dukes of. Mos- cow, with qdier petty principalities of Russia, were tributary. But in 1552, Ivan Vassilievitch 11. conquered Kasun, which now forms the three Russian governments of Kasan, Simbirsk, and Fenza. Kasan, the capital of the Russian go- vernment of the ^pime name, seated on the rivulet Cassanka, where it falls into the Volga, 414 miles E by N of Moscow. Lon. 49 8 E, lat. 55 43 N. . Kaskuskia, a post town m Randolph county, Indiana Territory ; situated on the W side of he River Kiskaskia, near its junction with the Mississippi, at the distance of eight miles from the latter river, and about 180 SW of Vincennes in the same territory. It is the principal seat of justice, and contains about 500 inhabitants. Kauffbeuren, a free imperial town of Germany, in the circle of Suabia, in the territory of Kempten. It is seated on the Wardech, 18 miles NE of Kempten, and 30 S by W of Augsburg. Lon. lj 43 E, lat. 47 58 N. Kaye 's Island, an island -in the North Pacific Ocean, discovered by capt. Cook in 1778. Its NE point is a naked rock, considerably elevated above the land within it. Some parts of the shore are interrupted by small valleys, filled with pine-trees These also abound in other parts of the island, which is covered, >n a manner, with a broad girdle of wood; but the trees are far from being of an ex- traordinary growth, so that they would be of no great use for shipping, unless as materials for small things. Lon. 131 48 W, lat. 59 51 X. Kayersberg, a town of Trance, now it the department of Upper Rhine, and late province of Alsace, 9 miles NW of Col- in ar, and 25 NW of Basil. Lon. 7 23 E, lat. 48 10 N. Kaywslaiitern, a to\tn of Germany, in the palatinate of the Rhine. In the pre- sent war it was taken by the French, is seated on the Lauter, 22 miles SW of Worms, and 38 S by W of Mentz. JLon. 7 51 E, lat. 49 20 N. Kayserstuhl, a town of Swisserland, in the county of Baden, with a bridge over the Rhine, and a castle. It belongs to the bishop of Constance, and is eight miles SE of Zurzach. Lon. 8 24 E, lat. 47 8 N. Kaysewerd, or Keisewert, a town of Germany in the circle of Westphalia, in thetluchy of Berg, seated on the Rhine, eight miles N of Dusseldorp, and 22 NW of Cologne. Lon. 6 45 E, lat. 51 14 N. Keen, a post town in Cheshire county, New Hampshire, 14 miles SE of Walpole, and 95 W of Portsmouth ; containing 1645 inhabitants at last census in 1800- Kehl, a strong and important fortress of Germany, in Stiabia, seated on the Rhine, over which is a bridge at Strasburg. It was built after the design of Yauban, to defend that city. It. was strongly forti- fied by the French, who took possession ' of it in 1684. Some of the ancient for- tifications are in ruins, but it is still an important pass, between France and Ger- many. It was taken by the Frehch in June -1796 ; retaken by the Austrian? on September 18th following; but the bridge not being destroyed, the French regained possession of it the same day. Lon. 7 53 E, lat. 48 34 N, Kelso, a populous town in Roxburgh- shire, with a good market fin- corn, and a bridge of six arches over the Tw eed, near its confluence with the Teviot. Magni- ficent ruins of the abbey, founded by Da- vid 1. in 1128, still remain. Much wheat is raised in this neighbourhood, and the fleeces. of the sheep are remarkably fine. Kelso is 20 miles SW of Berwick, and 3318 N'NW of London. Lon. 2 18 W, lat. 55 36 N. Kelvin, a small river of Lanarkshire, in Scotland, over which the great canal is conveyed by an acpieduct bridge. Kempen, a town of Germany, in the dec- orate of Cologne, seated on the Niers, 30 miles NW of Cologne: Lon. 6 30 E, lat. 51 18 N. Ke-mpten, a free imperial town of Sua- bia, in the territory of the abbot of Kemp- en, who is a prince of the empire. The inhabitants are protestants. It is seated on the lller, 45 miles S bv W of Augs- burg. Lon. 10 21 E, lat. 47 49 N. Ken, a river in Westmoreland, which ias a cataract near its mouth, that ob- structs the navigation ; so that Milthorp, utuuted below this cataract, is the only ,K>rt of Westmoreland. Ken, a river in Kirkcudbrightshire, that lows o New Galloway, below which it expands into a lake, four miles long and one broad The stream that issues from this lake, falls into the river Dee, and heir united waters meet the Irish Sea, at Kirkcudbright. Kendal, a corporate town in- Westmore- land, with a market on Saturday. It is seated on the Ken, over which are two stone bridges, and one of wood, which Lads to the casile now in ruins. The in- habitants have driven a trade with the • ■otton and woollen mauufactorv, through- out England, ever since the reign of Ed- ward III. It is of note also for the manu- factory of cottons, druggets, serges, hats, worsted and yarn stockings, 8;c. It has KEN KEN a large beautiful church, which stands on Lhe other side of the brook called Blindbeck, out of the liberty of the town, a large neat and handsome building- 180 feet long- and 99 broad, with five aisles, each parted by a row of eight pillars, and a strong square steeple. In 1755, a new chapel was erected in the middle of the town, besides which there are 12 chapels of ease belonging to it. The dissenters and quakers have meetinghouses. Here is a free grammar-school well endowed; and also a charity school for 10 boys and 16 girls, who are clothed as well as ' taught. It has fairs on May 6th, and November 8th ; and between them a great beast market every fortnight. The river here, which runs half through the town in a stony channel, abounds with trout and salmon. Lon. 25 2 W, lat. 54 15 N. Kennebeck, a river which rises in the northern part of the district of Maine, in New England, and falls into the At- lantic Ocean, between the bays of Casco and Penobscot. Kennebeck, a county in the district of Maine, containing 32,564 inhabitants in 1810. It is situated between Hancock county on the E, and Cumberland, on the W, Lincoln on the S, and Lower Canada on the N. It is watered by the river Kennebeck and its tributary streams. The chief town is Hallowell. Kennebunky a post and seaport town in York county, Maine, 32 miles S by W of Portland, and about the same distance N E of Portsmouth, in New Hampshire. Kennet, a river which rises among the chalky hills in Wilts, and flows to New- bury* in Berks, where it becomes navi- gable ; it is then augmented by the Lam- born, and runs to Reading, below which it mingles with the Thames. Kennet- Square, a village in Chester county, Pennsylvania, about 30 miles SW of Philadelphia. It has a post office. Kenoque, a fort of Austrian Flanders, six miles from Dixmude. Kensington, a village in Middlesex, two miles W of London. Here is Kensington palace, formerly a seat of the lord chan- cellor Finch, afterward earl of North- ampton, Lut purchased of that nobleman by William III. The extensive gardens, of late years, have become a very fash- ionable walk. Kent, one of the counties of England, situated at the SE corner of the island, and from thence enjoying many advan- tages. As to the climate of this coun- try it varies according to the situation of places. There is no region more happily or more beautifully diversified in regard to soil, so that every kind thereof is, somewhere or other, to be met with in its bounds ; and in no shire are any of these soils more fertile than they are in this. The Wcold yields variety of fine timber, particularly of chesnut; the mid- dle part has very rich arable land, an- nually bearing every species of grain in immense plenty, and^iese excellent in their several sorts. There are also many beautiful orchards, which produce a va- riety of fine fruits, and more especially apples and cherries, which were introdu- ced here from Flanders. The many rich commodities produced in this county, is ihc reason why most of our writers have represented it as in a manner void of ma- nufactures which, however, as appears upon a strict and impartial examination, is very far from being the case. Of iron works there were anciently many ; and there are still some, where kettles, bombs, bullets, cannon, and such like, are made. The principal rivers, besides the Thames, are the Medway, Darent, Stour, Cray, and itother. Maidstone is the county town. Kent, a county in the state of Rhode Island, containing 9834 inhabitants in 1810. It extends from Narraganset bay to Connecticut, and is divided into four townships; the chief towns are Warwick and Greenwich. Kent, a county of Delaware state, con- taining 20,495 inhabitants in 1810. It is bounded on the N by Newcastle, and on the S by Sussex ; on the E by Delaware bay, and on the W by Maryland. It is divided into five hundreds, and the chief town is Dover, which is also the capital of the state. Kent, a county in the state of Mary- land, containing 11,450 inhabitants in 1810. It is situated on the eastern shore of Chesapeak bay ; being bounded b\ said bay on the W, and the state of De- laware on the E, by Queen Ann's county on the S, and Cecil on the N. The prin- cipal rivers are Chester and Sassafras, and the chief town Chester. Kent, a large island in Chesapeak ba\ ', belonging to the state of Maryland. It contains nearly 30,000 acres of land, and forms a part of Queen Ann's county. Kentaiffe, Mount, a ridge of mountains in the S part of Thibet, bordering on Hindoostan Proper. On the W side of this ridge are the two heads of he GJan* ges, and from its E side issues he Bur rampooter. Kentsingueii, a town of Suabia, in the Brisgaw, seated on the river Elz. Lon- 7 57 E, lat. 48 18 N. Kenuicky, first discovered in 1754, for- merly a part of Virginia, settled in 1773, and ceded to. Congress in 1792. It is si K E N (Mated between 36 30 ami 39 30 N iat. and 8 and 15 W Ion. being 250 miles in length, and 200 in breadth. It is bound- ed X and NW by the river Ohio ; W by tlie river -Mississippi ; S by^Tennessee ; E by Sandy river, and a l;ne drawn due S from ils source till it strikes the nor- thern boundary of Tennessee. This whole country, as far as has yet been discover- ed, lies upon a bed of lime-stone, which in general is about six feet below the surface, except in the valleys where the soil is much thinner. A tract of about 20 miles wide along- the banks of the Ohio is hilly, broken land, interspers- ed with many fertile spots. The rest of the country is agreeably uneven, gently ascending and descending at no great distances. This country in general is well timbered ; and such is the variety and beauty of the flowering shrubs and plants which grow spontaneously in it, that in the proper season the wilderness appears in blossom. The accounts of the fertility of the soil in this country have in some instances exceeded belief, and probably have been exaggerated. That some parts of Kentucky, particularly the high grounds, are remarkably good, all accounts agree. The lands of the first rate are too rich for wheat, and will pro- duce 50 and 60, and in some instances it is affirmed 100 bushels of good corn an acre. In common the land will produce 30 bushels of wheat or rye an acre. Bar- ley, oats, cotton, flax, hemp, and vege- tables of all kinds common in this cli- mate, yield abundantly. The old Vir- ginia planters say, that if the climate does not prove too moist, few soils known will yield more and better tobac- co. — The climate is healthy and delight- ful, some few places in the neighbour- hood of ponds and low grounds except- ed. The inhabitants do not experience the extremes of heat and cold Snow seldom falls deep or lies long. The win- ter, which begins about Christmas, is never longer tlran three months, and. is commonly but two, and is so rnild that cattle can subsist without fodder. The chief rivers are Cumberland, Great Bar- ren, Green, Kentucky, Licking, and San- dy. The land is generally level ; the few mountains that are worthy of notice lie in the SE corner of the state. It is di- vided into 54 counties, and in 1810 the enumeration of inhabitants amounted to 406,511, including 80,561 slaves. The form of Government is Republican, and consists of a Governor elected even fourth year, and a Legislature divided info two branches, viz. a Senate and House of Representatives. They are all KES chosen by the people, and every white maid who i;as resided two years in the stale, and is of legal age, has a right to vote. The capital is Frankfort, situ ited on the E side of the river Kentucky, lat. 38 N, and ion. 85 W. Kentucky, a river of North America, which rises from a mountainous part of the country of the same name. Its N branch, which iivcrlocks with Cumber- land river, falls into the Ohio in lat 38 27 N. l's banks may be called precipices, for almost every where they consist of three or four hundred feet of a solid per- pendicular lime*stone ro^k. Kercolavg, an island in the Indian O- cean, between 80 arid 100 miles in cir- cumference. Lon. 1?6 31 E, lat. 4 28 N, Kerguelen's Land, an island in the Southern Ocean, visited by captain Cook, in 1779. Lon. 69 37 E, hit. 49 3 S. JCermav, a province of Persia, lying on the gulf of Persia. The inhabitants drive a great trade in their wool. Kerman, a town of Persia, capital of a province of the same name, called also Caramania. It is 120 miles NNW of Gombroon. Lon. 55 15 E, lat. 29 20 N. Kerpetii a town of Germany, in the cir- cle ol Westphalia, in the duchy of Jtt- liers, 14 miles SE of Jailers. Lon. 6 56 li, lat. 50 m Kerry, a county of Ireland, in the pro- vince of Monster, 57 miles long and 45 broad ; bounded on the E by the counties of Limerick and Cork, on the W by the Atlantic Ocean, on the N by the Shan- non, which separates it from Thomond, and on the S by Desmond and the ocean. It is a mountainous country, but in many places are good corn-fields. It contains 84 parishes, and sends eight members to parliament. Ardfert is the capital. Kershaw, a county of South Carolina containing 9,867 inhabitants in 1810, about one half slaves. It is situated be- tween Wateree and Lychis River ; and is bounded on the N by Lancaster, and on the S by Clermont. Kerlsch, a fortress of great import- ance, as this and that of Yenikale com- mand the passage which forms the com- munication between the sea of A soph :md the Black Sea. It is situated on the E coast of the Crimea, near the N en- trance of the straits ofCaffa. Kssroan, a chain of mountains, on the coast of Syria, which makes a part of Mount Libantis. Kessel, a town of Prussian Guelderland, with a handsome castle, seated on ti c Maese, between Ruremond and Venlo. Lon. 5 49 E, lat. 15 16 N. Kesseldorft a village of Germany, in U u K I A the circle of Upper Saxony, three miles below Dresden, remarkable for a victory gained by the king of Prussia, over the Saxons, in 1745. Keateven, one of the three grand divi sions of Lincolnshire. It contains the W part of the county, from the middle to the S extremity. Keswick, a town in Cumberland, with a market on Saturday ; it is seated in a vale surrounded by hills, near the rapid river Greeta ; near this vale the finest black lead in the world is dug- up. It is 25 miles NW of Kendal, and 287 NX \V of London. Lon. 3 16 \Y, lat. 58 35 N. Kiswick, Vale of, a district in the S part of Cumberland. Here is the lake of Derwent-water. To the N of this is the lofty mountain Skiddaw, one of the most distinguished in England ; and to the S is the dreary region of Borrowdale. See Jtorro-itxlale, Dev-ivent-nvater, and Skiddaiv. Kettering, a town in Northampton- shire, with a market on Friday- It is pleasantly seated on an ascent, 12 miles NE of Northampton, and 75 NW of Lon- don. Lon. 59 E, lat. 52 20 N. Kevo, a village in Surry, seven miles W by S of London. It is seated on the Thames, over which is a stone bridge of seven arches to Brentford. Here is a royal palace, fine gardens, and his ma- jesty's exotic garden. Many new plants from the South Sea and Cape of Good Hope being transplanted to it. The lat- ter has been brought to great perfection. Kew gardens are open to the public, every Monday, from Midsummer to the end ot Autumn. Ke^holm, a town of the Russian govern- ment of Wiburgh. Tt is well fortified, and has a strong castle. The houses are built of wood. Near it is a considerable salmon fishery. It is seated on two is- lands of the lake Ladoga, GO miles NF of Wiburg, and 67 N of Petersbtirgh. Lorn 30 25 E, lat. 61 3 N. ^ R'eynsham, a town in Somersetshire, with a market on Thursuay. It bus some trade in malt, and is seated on the Avon, over which ihere is a bridge. It is five miles SE of Bristol, and 119 W of Lon-' don. Lon. 2 34 W, lat. 51 24 N. Kharkof, a government of the Russian empire, formerly comprised in the go- vernment of Ukrania-Slovodskaia. Its ca- pital of the same name, is seated on the Uda, which falls into the Donetz. Kia-king-fuv, a city of China, in the province of Tche-kiang, remarkable for nothing but its streets, ornamented by beautiful piazzas, that shelter passen- gers from the sun and rain. Seven cities of the third class are dependant upon it. Kiang-min, a province of China, bound- ed on the W by Honan and Houquang, on the S by Tche-kiang and Kian-si, on the E by thegulf of Nanking, and on the N by Chan-ton g. It is of vast extent and contains 14 cities of the first rank, and 93 of the second and third. These cities are very populous, and all of them are gt< at tr.ding places, it is full of lakes, rivers, and c:>nals; and their silks, ja- panned goods, ink, and paper, bring higher pric* s than that of the other pro- vinces, Nan-king is the capital. Kiang-Si, a province of China, bound- ed on the N by Kiang-nan, on the W by Hou-quang, on the S by Quang-tong, and on the E by Fo-kien and Tche-kiang. The mountains of this province contain mines of gold, silver, lead, &c. the rice it pro- duces is very delicate, and its porcelain is the finest of the empire. It contains 13 cities of the first, antl 78 of the se- cond and third. Nan-tchang-fou is the capital. Kiburg, a town of Swisserland, and in the canton of Zuric, with a castle. It is seated on the river Theoff, 14 miles NE of the town of Zuric. Lon. 8 46 E, lat. 47 28 N. Kidderminster, a corporate town in Worcestershire, with a market on Thurs- day. It is seated under a hill, on the ri- ver Stour, and is the principal manufac- turing place in the county, and it was particularly noted for a woollen manufac- ture called Kidderminster stuff's. Its for- mer trade of stuffs is much declined, on account of the general use of cotton goods ; but its carpet manufacture has greatly increased. It is the first market in England for pile or plush carpets, 1000 looms being employed in that branch of traffic, which, for fceauty of colour and patterns, exceed any other. These are frequently called Wilton, from having been first made at that town. The worst- ed shag trade has also been introduced here, and employs many looms. It is 14 miles SE of Bridgenorth, and 125 NW of London. Lon. 2 18 W, lat 52 28 N. Kidivelly, a town in Carmarthenshire in S Wales, with a market on Tuesday. It is seated on a creek of the Bristol Chan- nel, hear the mouth of the Towy. From this town, a canal has been cut to some collieries, whence coal is brought down and exported. It is eight miles S of Car- marthen, and 224 W bv N of London. Lon. 4 20 W, lat. 50 44 N. Kiel, a strong and considerable town of Germany, in the circle »f Lower Sax- ony, capital of Holstein, with a castle, and a university. It stands on a penin- sula, in a bay of the Baltic, and has a K I L K I L commodious harbour for ships of the largest size. A canal was begun in 1777, by which the navigation of the Northern Sea is to be united with the Baltic ; and is to be formed across Holstein, by the canal of Kiel, and the river Eyder, which passes by Rendsburg, and falls into the German Ocean at Tonningen ; by which the trade of Kiel already one of the most commercial places in Holstein will be further augmented. Kiel i^ 37 miles N W of Lubec, and 46 X by E of Ham- burg. Lon. 10 E, lat. 54 20 N. See Holstein. Kiema, a promontory of Swisserland, on the W shore of the lake of Zng, of which it is remarkable, that the ground belongs to the canton of Lucern, the timber to that of Zug, and the leaves to that of Schweitz. Kitn-ning-fou, a city of China, in the province of Fo-kien. At the time of the conquest of China by the Tartars, it sus- tained two sieges, and after some time it was taken, and all the inhabitants were put to the sword. Having been since re-jstablishad by the same Tartars that destroyed it, it is ranked among ci- ties of the first class, and has eight cities of the third class under its jurisdiction. It is 260 miles SE of Nan-king. Kierno\o, a town of Lithuania, seated on the Viilia, where the duke resides. Lon. 35 21 E, lat. 54 50 X. Kilbarchan, a village in Renfrewshire ; it is a manufacturing place, and has ex- tensive bleaching grounds. It is five miles S\V of Renfrew. Kilbeggmi, a borough of Ireland, in West Meath. It is seated on the fiosna, and is 44 miles VV of Dublin. Kilburn, a village in Middlesex, in the vicinity of London ; famous for a fine- well of mineral water. Kilda, St. a small island of Scotland, one of the Hebrides, 18 leagues to the W of North Uist. A great number of the poor people in this island live chiefly by fishing and catching wild fowls. In the latter employment, they are incredibly adventurous ; being often let downliy a tope from the summit of high precipi- tous rocks where they clamber among the rugged cliffs, in search of the eggs .and nests of various birds. But the more safe and common method of catching -these fowls is, by spreading a large net over the fare of the rock where they lodge, in which great numbers are at once entangled, and lowered down into a boat. St. K'dda is the most westerly island of Great Britain. Kildare, a county of Ireland, in the province of Leinster, 37 miles long and 20 broad; bounded on the E by Dublin and Wicklow, on the W by King's Coun- ty, and Queen's County, on the N by E Meath, and on the S by Catlicrlough. It is a fertile country, contains 100 parishes, and sends 10 members to parliament. Kildare, a town of Ireland, capital of i county of the same name, with a bi- shop's see. It is 27 miles SW of Dublin. Lon. 6 37 W, lat. 53 9 N. Kildrunvny, a town of Scotland, in Aberdeenshire, seated on the Don. Lon, 2 35 \V, lat. 57 20 N. Kilgarren, a town in Pembrokeshire, with a market on Wednesday, It is seat- ed on the river Tyvy, is a long town con- sisting of one street, and had formerly a castle, now in ruins ; and near it is a re- markable salmon-leap, where the fish are caught in great abundance. Above this place, are large works for fabricating tin plates. It is 30 miles N of Pembroke, and 227 VVNW of London. Lon. 4 40 W, lat. 52 4 N. Kilham^ a town in the E riding of York- shire, with a market on Saturday. It is seated on the Moulds, and is 36 miles NE of York, and 200 N of London. Lon. 16 \V, lat. 54 5 N. Kilia, a fortified town of Turkey in Europe, in the province of Bessarabia; seated in an island at the mouth of the Danube. It is 86 miles SW of Bialogo- rod, and 290 NE of Constantinople. Lon. 28 46 E, lat. 45 22 N. Kiikenivj, a county of Ireland, in the province of Leinster, 40 miles long and 20 broad ; bounded on the E by Cather- lough and Wexford, on the W by Tippe- rary, on the N by Queen's County, and on the S by Waterford. It is one of the most healthful, pleasant and populous counties in Ireland, contains 96 parishes, and sends 16 members to parliament. Kilkenny, a town of Ireland, capital of a, county of the same name. It is one of the most populous and commercial towns of Ireland ; and consists of the Irish and English Town, the last of which is the principal. It once had a bishop and the cathedral is yet. standing. It is 26 miles N of Waterford, and 54 SW of Dublin. Lon. 6 55 W, lat. 52 36 N. JCillala, a seaport of Ireland, in the county of Mayo, and province of Con- nanght, with a bishop's see. It is 21 miles N of Castlebar. Lon. 9 11 W, lat. 54 15 E. E'Jiuhjc a city of Iceland, in the coun- ty of Clare, and province of Minister with a bishop's see, seated on the Shan- non, over which is a bridge of 19 arches. K I L K I L Here is a considerable salmon and eel fishery. It is 10 miles NNE of Limerick. Lom. 8 27W, lat. 52 5U N. Killarney, a town of Ireland, in the county of Kerry and province of Mun- ster, on the side of a lake of the same name. Within h df a mile of this place are the ruins of the cathedral of Agha- doe, an ancieni bishopric united to Ard- fert. It is 143 miles SW of Dublin. Killarney, a beautiful lake of Ireland in the couuy of Kerry, otherwise called Lough Lean, from its being" surrounded by high mountains. It is divided into three pans, called the Lower, Middle and Upper Lake. The northern, or lower lake, is six miles in length, and , from three to four in breadth. On the side of one of the mountains, is O'Sulli van's Cas- cade, which fulls into the lake with a tour that strikes the timid with awe. Th« view of this sheet of water is un- commonly fine, appearing as if it were descending' from an arch of wood, wh ich overhangs it above 70 feet in height from the point of view. The islands are not so numerous in this as in the upper lake ; but there is one of uncommon beauty, | called Innisfallen, nearly opposite O'Sul- livan's Cascade- It contains 18 Irish acres; and the coast is formed into a va- riety of bays and promontories, skirted and crowned with arbutus, holly, and other shrubs and trees. The promon- tory of Mucrus, which divides the upper from the lower lake, is a perfect land of enchantment ; and a road is carried through i.he centre of this promontory, which unfolds all the interior beauties of the place. Among the distant mountains, Turk appears an object of magnificence : and Mangel-ton's more lofty, though less interesting summit, soars above the whole. The passage to the upper lake is round the extremity of Mucrus, which con- fines it on one side, and the approaching mountains on the other. Here is a cele- brated rock, called the Eagle's Nest, which produces wonderful echoes j the report of a single cannon is answered by a succession of peals resembling the loudest thunder, which seems to travel the surrounding scenery, and die awav among the distant mountains. The upper lake is four miles in length, and frotn two to three in breadth. It is almost surrounded by mountains, from which descend a number of beautiful cascades. The islands in this lake are numerous, and afford an amazing variety of pictur- esque views. The centre lake which communicates with the upper, is small in comparison with the other two, and cannot boast of equal variety ; but the shores are, in many places, indented with beautiful bays, surrounded by dark groves of trees. The E boundary is formed by the base of Mangerton, down the steep side of which descends a cascade, visible for 150 yards. This fall of water is sup- plied by a circular lake near the summit of the mountain, called the Devil's Punch Howl; which on account of its immense depth, and the continual overflow of water, is considered as one of the great- est curiosities in Killarney. One of the best prospects which this admired lake affords, is from a rising ground near the ruined cathedral of Aghadoe, In the se- veral mountains adjacent to the lakes are still to be seen vestiges of mines of iron, lead and copper. Killevgn, a town of Ireland, and pro- vince of Ulster in the county of Monag- han, eight miles SW of Monaghan. Lon. 7 26 W, lat. 54 10 N. Kill-0'anhie, a noted pass in Perth- shire, near the junction of the Tumel with the Garry. It is the grand entrance into the Highlands in those parts, and I is formed by the lofty mountains impend- ing over the Garry, which rushes through in a deep, darksome, and rocky chan- nel, overhung with trees. In the last, century, this was a pass of much d)ih- culty and danger : a path hanging over a tremendous precipice threatened dest ruc- tion to the least false step of the travel- ler. At present, a fine road gives an easy access to the remote Highlands ; and the two sides are joined by a fine arch. Near the N end of this pass, in its open and unimproved state, king William's army under general Mackey, was defeated, in 16S9, by the Highlanders, commanded by viscount Dundee, who was killed in the moment of victory. Here also a body of Hessians in 1746 made a full pause, refusing to march further, for it appeared to them as the ne plus ultra of habitable country. Killileagh, a borough of Ireland, in the county of Down, seated on an arm of Straitgford Lough, where ships may be sheltered from all winds. It suffered much in the war of 1641 ; but it is now a thriving- place, with a linen and thread manufacture. Here is a castfe; formerly the seat of the family of Hamilton, now earls of Clanbrassil. The Celebrated Sir Hints Sloane was born in this town, which is 80 miles N by E of Dublin. KiUinduie, a town of Ireland, in the county of Tipperary and province of Con- naught, 14 miles N of Cionmel. Lon. 7 26 W, lat. 52 27 N. m K I M K I N KilHngk, a township of Windham coun- ty, Connecticut, containing 2,512 inhabi- tants in 1810. It is situated between Qumaboag river and Khode Island, in the N'E corner of the state. Ki/ling-cvorth, a post town in Middlesex county, Connecticut; situated on Long Island Sound, 20 miles SW of New Lon- don, and about 25 NE of New Haven.] It contains 2244 inhabitants. ffillony, a town of Ireland, in the coun- ty of Siigo, six miles S of Sligo. Lorn 8 i 25 W, lat. 54 11 N. KiUough, or Port St. .'■Inn, a seaport of Ireland, in the county of Down, and pro- vince of Ulster, situated on the N of St. John's Point, in the Irish Sea, and has a good quay where ships lie very safe Here is a manufacture of salt. It is 76 miles N by E of Dublin. Killijbegs, a borough of Ireland, in the county of Donegal, with a spacious har- bour on the N side of Donegal Bay. It is 12 miles NW of Ballyshannon. Lon. 8 6 W, lat. 54 40 N. Kihnac-Thomas, a town of Ireland, in the county of Watcrford and province of Monster, 12 miles SE of Watcrford. Lon. 7 10 W, lat. 52 14 X. Kiimainham, a town of Ireland, situated about half a mile from Dublin. It lias a session-house and a gaol ; and here the quarter sessions are heUjl for the county of Dublin, and the knights for the shire elected. It was sometime* the seat of government, before the castle at Dublin was appropriated to the purpose. Kihnullock, a boypugh of Ireland, in the county of Limerick. Lon. 8 34 W, lat. 51 24 X. 'Kilmarnock, a populous town in Ayr- shire, with a manufacture of gloves, car- pets, stockings, nightcaps, bonnets, and other woollen goods. It is 15 miles SW of Glasgow. Kihnore, a town of Ireland, in the coun ty of Cavan and province of Ulster, with a bishop's see, three miles SW of Cavan. Lon. 7 11 W, lat. 54 2 N. Kilteam, a town of Rosshirc, in Scot- land, remarkable for being the burial place of Donald Monro, who gave Bucha- nan the account of the islands and High- lands of Scotland, which he has inserted in his history v . Kihvorth, a thriving town of Ireland, in the county of Cork and province of Mini- ster, at the foot of Kil worth mountains. Below the town runs the river Funcheon, on which stands the castle of Clough- leagh, which has stood seven sieges. Kilwortb is 108 miles SW of Dublin. Kimbolton, a town in Huntingdonshire, with a market oh Friday, ;ioted for tin castle of Kimbolton. It is eight miles N W of St. Neot's and 64 N bv W of Lon- don. Lon.O 18 W, lat. 52 15 X. Kimi, a town of Sweden, capital of a province of the same name, in East Both- nia, seated on a river of the same name, w here it falls into the gulf of Bothnia, 10 miles. SE of Tornea. Kuni Lapmurb, a province of Swedish Lapiand, situated on the frontiers of Rus- sian Lapland. Kimski, a town of Tartary in Russia, where there is a great number of mar- tens and sables. Kin, a town of Persia, 320 miles E of Ispahan. Kinbvrn, a fortress of the Russian em- pire, situated at the mouth of the Dnie- per, opposite Oczakow. In the last war with Russia, the Turks made several at- tacks upon it by land and sea, but were finally repulsed. Kincardine-o-niel, a village in Aberdeen- shire, seated on the river Dee, 23 miles W of Aberdeen. Kincardineshire, or .Mearns, a county of Scotland, bounded on the N and NW by Aberdeenshire, on the E by the German 6- ceu;, and on the S by Angusshire. Its length along the coast is 30 miles ; its greatest breadth 20. The only borough in it is Inverbervie. Kinderhook, a town in Columbia coun- ty, New York, that has a post office, and is situated on the E side of Hudson river, 19 miles N of the city of Hudson, and 21 S of Albany. hineton, a town in Warwickshire, ft is 10 miles SSE of Warwick, and 88 N W of London. Lon. 1 24 W, lat. 52 11 N. King George's Sovnd, the name given by captain Cook, in 1778, to the harbour j which he discovered on the W coast of ', North America, at the mouth of a gre: I | river, in lon. 126 48 W, and lat 49 33 N. But the natives call it JVootka ; the name now generally adopted by the English. Upon the sea-coast, the land is tolerably high and level ; but, within the island, it rises into steep hills, which have an uni- form appearance. The trees, of which the woods are composed, are the Canadi- an pine, white cypress, and two or three other sorts of pine. In general, the trees grow here with great vigour, and are of a large size. About the rocks and borders of the woods were seen some strawberry plants, and raspberry, currant, gooseber- ry bushes, all in a flourishing state. The stature of the natives is, in general below the common standard ; but their persons are not proportionably slender, being vi- sually pretty plump, though uf)t muscu- lar. In 1780, a small association of Bri K I N K I N tish merchants, resident in the East In- dies, formed the project of opening a trade to this place, for supplying China with furs, and took measures, in 1788, to secure themselves a permanent settle- ment ; but the Spaniards being- jealous of the intrusion of the English into tha; part of the world, sent a frigate from Mexico to put an end to this commerce. The frigate captured two English vest\ and took possession of the settlement that had been formed upon tiie co;ist. The British ministry immediately ordered u powerful armament to give weight to their demand of reparation ; but the af fair was amicably terminated by a conven- tion, in 1790. King, and Queen, a a populous county in the state of Virginia, containing 10,988 inhabitants in 1810, more than a moiety slaves. It is situated between Hankatank and York rivers. It is one of the Eastern- most counties of the stale. King George, a county of Virginia, con- taining 6,454 inhabitants in 1810, more than one half slaves. It is situated be- tween Potomac and Rappahannock ri- vers ; and is bounded in the NW by Stafford, and on the SE by Westmoreland and Richmond counties. Kinghorn, a seaport in Fifeshire, on the Frith, of Forth, nine miles N of Leith, on the opposite side of the Frith. Lon. 3 W, lat. 56 5 N. Kingsbridge, a town in Devonshire, with a market on Saturday. It is seated at the head of a small inlet of the English channel, 34 miles S bv W of Exete r, ami 218 WSW of London." Lon. 3 48 W, lat. 50 20 N. Kingsbury, a village in Herts, to the N of St. Alban's. Here the Saxon kings had a palace. i&igmiry, a township of Washington county, New York, containing 2272 in- habitants in 1810. It is situated on the E side of Hudson river, between fortGeorg and Argyle township, and 90 mdes X oi Albany. Kings clear, a town in Hampshire, with a market on Tuesday. It was the resi- dence of some of our Saxon kings, and is nine miles NW" of Basingstoke, and 56 W by S of London. Lon.' 1 9 W, lat. 51 20*. King''.'; Count]!, a county of Ireland, in the province of Leirister, which is 38 miles long and 30 broad ; hounded on the X by West Mea h, on the E by Kildare, on the S by Queen's county and Tippera- ry, and on the W by the Shannon, which divides it from Roscommon, Calway, and another p-.irt of Tipperary. It contains 56 parishes, and sends sixjfrembers to l parliament. It is not so rich a9 some of 'the other counties, nor is it so well inha- jbited. The capital is Philipstown. King's Langly, a village, in Herts, five miles W of St. Alban's. It received its name from a palace which Henry HI. built here, the ruins of which are to be seen. Ri< hard II. was buried in its monasterV* but removed, by Henry V. to Westmin- ster. % Kingstein, a strong fortress of Norway. See Fredericstadt. Kingston, a post town in Rockingh.'-m count;,, New Hampshire, 19 miles S\V of Portsmouth/^ with 800 inhabitants. Kingston, a post town in Plymouth county, Massachusetts, situated on a small bay near C .pe Cod, at the distance of 37 miles SE oi Boston, with 1137 in- habitants Kingston, a post town in Ulster county, New York, lying on the W side of Hud- son river, 32 miles S of the city of Hudson ; which was burnt by the British forces in 1777, being at th^t \ime one of gen. Geo. Washington's principal magazines. Kingston, a town of Jamaica, on the N side of the bay of Port Royal, about a nile in length and half a mile in breadth, it was built after the great earthquake in 1692, it is a place of good trade, and is nuch resorted to by merchants and sea- men, because most of the ships come to toad and unload their cargoes here. Lon. 76 52 W, lat. 17 56 N. Kingston upon Hall See Hull. Kingston upon Thame*, a corporate wn in Surry, with a, marke t on Satur- day. A great national council was held !iere in the year 838, at which Egbert the first king of all England, and his son Vthelwolf, were present; and several of "he Saxon monarchs were crowned here. It is a populous trading town, and sent members to parliament, in the reigns of the second and third Edward. Queen Elizabeth founded here a free school ; and die Lent assizes are constantly held at r his place. The wooden bridge, over the Thames, is the most ancient on that ri- ver, e*cept London bridge : ,and the cor- poration have a revenue for its support. It it 11 miles SW of London. Lon. 12 W, lat. 51 27 N. King-te-ching, aitpwn of China, in the province of Kiang-st and district of Jaa- Icheou-fou. It is famous for its beaun- ful porcelain; and 500 furnaces are said lo be employed in the making of it, and it is computed to contain a million oT in- habitants, and extends a league and a half along the banks of a river, which here forms a kind of harbour, about a league in circumference. •J. KI N K I R King-nan-fou, a city of China, in the province of Kiang-si, sealed on the banks of a river in a very fertile canton, abound- ing' with gold and silver. King William, a county of Virginia, con- taining 9,285 inhabitants in 1810, of* whom 5,788 were slaves. It is situated between Maitapony and Pamunkey rivers, and ex- tends eastward to where those rivers u- nitc, and form York river. Here is a court house. and post office, 128 miles S of Washington. King William, Court House, the princi- pal scat of justice in King William coun- ty, Virginia; situated 35 miles NE of Richmond, about half way between Mat- tapony and Pamunkey rivers. Here is a post office. ' King Wood, a township of Hunterdon county, Sew Jersey, containing 2,605 in- habitants in 1810. It is situated on the E side of Delaware, between Amweil and Flcmington. Kinross, a borough in Kinross-shire, seated on a plain, near Loch-Leven, skreened on the N by the Ochil Hills. Its manufactures are linen, and some cutler} ware ; and it is 20 miles N of Edinburgh. Lon. 3 22 W, lat. 56 15 N. Kinross-shire, a county of Scotland, be- tween the shirts of Perth and Fife, and 30 miles in circuit, and 'its length and breadth nearly equal. It sends one mem- ber to parliament, alternately with the county of Clackmannan. Kinsuie, a seaport and borough of Ire- land, in the county of Coi k, arid province of Minister. It is a very populous trad* ing place, and has an excellent harbour. 14 miles S of Cork. Lon. 8 26 W, lat. 51 41 N. Kiusale, a post town in Westmoreland county, Virginia; situated on the S\V side of the river Potomac, near Chesa- peak bay. Kintail, a peninsula in Ross-shire, situat- ed between Loch Garron and Loch Duich. Kin-tcheou-fou, a city of China, in the province of Hau-quang. Its district con- tains two cities of the second; and 11 ol the third class. Kint citing, the capital of the islands of Lieou-kieou, in the China Sea. Its four gates correspond to the four Cardinal points and the western one forms the grand entry. The king's palace is reck- oned to be four leagues in circumference. Kint-ching is seated in Cheonli, the S part of the island. Lon. 146 30 E, lat. 26 2 N. Kintore, a borough in Aberdeenshire, 10 miles W by N of Aberdeen. Lon. 2 5 W, lat. 57 8 N. Kiof, a town of Poland, and capital of the Ukraine, in a palatinate of the same m u:c, with an archbishop's see, and a castle. It is the capital of the Russian government of Kiof, and carries on a con- siderable trade. It is divided into the Old and New Town, and seated on the W side of the Dnieper, 180 miles NE of Ka- minicck, and 335 E by S of Warsaw. Lon. 31 51 E, lat. 50 30 N. Kiof, or Kio~v, a government of the Russian empire, being part of the Uk- raine, or little Russia. It lies on the E side of the Dnieper, although Kiof, the c.-tpital is on the W side. This country- was conquered by the Tartars, and came again into the possesion of the great dukes, but was over-run and possessed by the Cossacks, under the protection of Po- land. In 1664, the natives, discontented with John Cassimer, king of Poland, sub- mitted to Russia, and have ever since re- mained subject to that empire. This government contains eleven districts ; ;snd its principal rivers are the Dnieper, Desna, Oster, Udai, Sula, Psol, and Trubesh. Kiof, or Kioiv, a palatinate of Poland in that part of the Ukraine which lies on the W side of the Dnieper. It contains only two districts, and several small towns scarcely worthy of notice ; its capital, Kiof, being subject to Russia. Kio-feou, a city of China, in the pro- vince of Chang-long and district of Yen - •cheou-fou. It. is celebrated as the birth- place of Confucius, several monuments are still to be seen here, erected in ho- nour of this eminent man. Kioge, or Koge, a seaport of Denmark, in the isle of Zealand, with a good har- bour. 10 miles S of Copenhagen. Lon. 12 40 E, lat. 59 31 N. Ki oping, a town of Sweden, in Werme- land, seated on a small stream, that falls at a little distance into the lake Maeler. Lon. 16 40 E, lat. 59 38 N. Kioumzeik, a well built town of Pegue, situated on the river Irrawaddey. It seems to be in a state of improvement, and has a manufacture of cotton cloth, which is the source of its prosperity. Kirbij-Lonsdule, a town of Westmore- land, with a market on Thursday. It is „i large town with a manufactory of wool- ten cioth, seated on the Lon, over which is a stone bridge, 10 miles SE of Kendal, and 253 NW of London. Lon. 2 57 W, lat. 54 3 N. • Kivby-Moorside, a town in the N riding of Yorshire, with a market on Wednes- day. It is seated on the edge of the moors, near the river Dow, 25 miles N K O N KOR magnificence. It is 420 miles NW of Canton. Kokenhausen, a strong- town of Litl ma- nia, subject to Russia. It is seated on the river Dwina, and is 42 miles E of Ri- ga. Lon. 26 3 E, lat. 56 40 N. Kola, a town of the Russian govern- ment of Archangel, capital of Russian Lapland, with a good harbour on the ri- ver Kola, near a bay of the same name on the Frozen Ocean. Lon. 32 26 E, lat. 68 34 N. Kollomenska, a town of Russia, which is pleasantly situated on an eminence near Moscow. Lon. 38 16 E, lat. 55 40 N. Kolyvan't a government of the Russian empire, comprehending' a part of West- ern Siberia, and formerly included in the government of Tobolsk. Its capital, of the same name, is seated on the Qby. This country has very productive silver mines, which have been called the Po- tosi of Russia. They lie between the Obv and Irtysh, near the mountains which form the frontiers of Siberia, and sepa- rate that country from Chinese Tartary. Kongal, a town of Norway, belonging to Sweden, seated on the river Gotelba. Lon. 11 5 E, lat. 58 30 N. Kongsberg, a town of Southern Nor- way, celebrated for its silver mines. It lies on both sides of the river Lowe, and contains including the miners, 6000 in- habitants. Kongsberg is 45 miles SW of Christiania. Lon. 9 50 E, lat. 59 40 N. Kong stinger, a fortress of Norway, on the frontiers of Sweden. It is seated near the river Glomme, at the foot of a steep rock, on which stands an impregnable citadel ; at least, Charles XII, who recon- noitred it, thought it prudent to decline the attempt. Kong-tclwng-fou, a city of China, in the province of Chen-si. it is surrounded by inaccessible mountains, where a tomb .is seen which the Chinese pretend to W that of Fohi. Its district contains three cities of the second, and seven of the third class. It is 700 miles SW of Pekin. Koningsberg, a town of F'-anconia, be- longing to the house of Saxc-Wcimar, three miles NE of Schweinfurt. Lon. 10 44 E, lat. 52 5 N. Koningsberg, a town of Upper Saxony, in the marquisate of Brandenburg, 47 mikes S of Stettin. Lon. 14 40 E, lat. 52 50 N. .* ' . Koningsberg, the capital of Prussia, with an university and a magnificent pa- lace, in which is a hall 274 feet long, and 59 broad, without pillars to support it., and a handsome library. The town-house, the exchange, and the cathedral, are fine structures. The tower of the castle is very high, and has 284 steps to the top, whence there is an extensive prospect. Here are 18 churches, of which 14 be- long to the Lutherans, three to the Cal- vanists, and one to the Papists. The town is five miles in circumference, and, including the garrison of 7000 men, con- tains 60,000 inhabitants. It stands on the Pregel, which here falls into the Frische Haf, an inlet of the Baltic. No ships drawing more than seven feet water can pass the bar, and come up to the town ; so that the large vessels anchor atPillau, a small town on the Baltic, which is the port of Koningsberg ; and the merchan- dise is sent in smaller vessels to this place* The trade of Koningsberg is very eonsiderable. It is 62 miles NE of El- bing, and 125 N of Warsaw. Lon. 20 55 E, lat. 54 42 N. Kouingsgratz, a town of Bohemia, seat- ed on the Elbe, with a bishop's see, 35 miles SW of Gla::\,v. It is seated on the Irish Sea. near Trael h i- Amawer Ray, where a castle formerly Btood, now in ruins. It is 13 miles S by E of Carnarvon, and 237 NW of London. Lon. 4 18 W, lat. 52 57 N. Krcvipsn, a strong- town of Denmark, in Holstein, with a castle. It is five miles N of Gluckstadt, and 30 NW of Ham- burg. - Lon, 9 15 E, lat. 53 58 X. Kremcs, a town -of Austria, seated on the Danube, 35 miles W of Vienna. Lon. 15 40 E, lat. 48 18 X. Krcuzcnach, a town of ( the Lower Rhine, with a castle, on an eminence. I is seal- ed on the Nahc, 20 miles SW of Mentz. Krumlavj, a town of Germany, in Mo- ravia, -50 miles SWofOimutz. Lon. 16 49 E, lat. 48 46 X. Kmtzoiv, a town of Lithuania, 30 miles SAY of Mozcillaw. Lon. 32 4 E, lat. 54 8 X. Krxjhio, a strong town of Poland, in the palatinate of Kior, seated on the Dnieper, 140 miles 5E of Kiof. Lon. 33 50 E, iat. 48 50 X. Kvbesha, is a large strong town situat- ed on a hill between high mountains. Its inhabitants call themselves Franki (Franks, a name common in the east to all Europeans), and relate that their an- cestors were brought hither by some ac- cident, the particulars of which are now forgotten. The common conjecture is, that they were mariners cast away upon the coast ; but those who pretend to be better versed in their history tell the story this way : The Greeks and Genoese, say they, carried on, during several cen- turies, a considerable trade, not only on the Black sea, but likewise on the Cas- pian, and were certainlyacquainted with the mines contained in these mountains, from- which they drew by their trade with the inhabitants great quantities of silver, copper, and other metals. In or- der to work these upon the spot, they sent, hither a number of workmen to es- tablish manufactories, and instruct the inhabitants; The subsequent invasions of the Arabs, Turks, and Monguls, clu- ing which the mines were filled up, and 'he manufactures abandoned, prevented the s'rangers from effecting their return, so that they continued here and erected themselves into a republic. What ren- ders this account the more probable is, that they are still excellent artists, and make very good fire-arms, as well rifled as plain ;" sabres, coats of mail, and se- veral articles in gold and silver for ex- portation. They have likewise, for their own defence, small copper cannons, of three pounds calibre, cast by themselves They coin Turkish and Persian silver mo- ney, and even rubles, which, readily pass current, because they are of the full weight and value. In their valleyS the> have pasture and arable lands, as well as gardens ; but they purchase the greater part of their corn, trusting chiefly for* KUR "support to the sale of their manufactures, ■which are much admired in Persia, Tur- key, and the Crimea. They are general- ly in good circumstances, are a quiet in- offensive people, but high spirited and independent. Their town is considered as a neutral spot, where Jie neighbour- ing' princes can deposit their treasures with safety. They elect yearly twelve magistrates, to whom they pay the most unlimited obedience; and as all the in- habitants are on a footing of perfect equality, each individual is sure to nave in his turn a share in the government. In the year 1725, their magistrates, as well as the Usmeri, acknowledged the sovereignty of Russia, but without pay- ing any tribute. Lon. 67 59 E, lat. 42 ■.. 30 N. Kiuhich, a strong fort of Poland in the Ukraine, seated on the river Dneiper. Lon. 35 45 E, lat. 47 58 N. Kit/stein, a strong town of Germany, in the Tirol, with a casUe, on a rock. It is seated on the Inn, 46 miles S by E of Mu- nich. Lon. 12 5 E, lat. 47 26 N. KtuiacJiir. See Jeso. Knr, a river of Persia, which rises in mount Caucasus, and passing by Tefflis, falls into the Caspian Sea. Kurab, a town of Asia in Persia, two miles from the Caspian Sea. Lon. 50 15 E, lat. 37 36 N. Kurgan, a river of Asia, which rises in the province of Corasan, and falls in- to the Caspian Sea. Kuriles, a chain of islands, extending from lat. 45 to 51 N, running from the southern promontory of Kamtschatka to Japan, in a SW direction. The inhabi- tants of the neighbourhood of Lopatka, who were themselves called Kuriles. gave these islands the same name, as soon as they became acquainted with them. Span- bug says they are 22 in number, exclu- sive of the very small ones. The north- ernmost island, which is called Shoom- ska, is about three leagues distant from the promontory Lopatka, its inhabitants consisting of a mixture of natives and Kamtschadales. The next, which is nam- ed Paramousic, is considerably larger than Shoomska, and is inhabited by the real natives. The Russians paid their first visit to these two islands in 1713, and added them to the dominions of the empress. Many of the inhabitants of those islands that are under the domi- nion of Russia, are now converted to Christianity. Perhaps the time is not far distant, when an advantageous commerce will be carried on between Kamtschatka and this extensive chain of islands, which L A £ may afterwards produce a communicatioji with Japan itself. Kursk, a government of the Russian empire, formerly part of that of Bielgo- rod. Its capital, of the same name, is seated on the Tukor, which falls into tlie Seine or Sem. 'rSpCr Kvsma Damianaki, a town of the Rus- sian empire, in Turtary, 32 miles NE of Vasigolorod from the river Wolga. Lon, 51 30 E, lat. 56 2 N. Kusistan, a province of Persia, bound- ed on the IS and E by Irac-Agemi, on the S by Farsislan, and on the W by Irac- • Arabia. Suster is the capital. Kuttenburcr, a town of Bohemia, seated near a mountain, remarkable for its sil- ver mines, 35 miles SE of Prague. Lon. 15 37 E, lat. 49 56 N. Kuttore, a country of Asia, which con- tains a great number of towns and vil- lages, and is exceedingly populous. Its principal towns are Tonkul and Jourkul ; those being the residence of its rulers. It abounds in fruits, such as grapes, ap- ples, plumbs, &c. It likewise yields rice, wheat and other sorts of grain. The natives are exceedingly fond of wine and hog's flesh; although their country is well stocked with cows and goats. They have a distinct language, and their arms consist of the bow and arrow, the sabre and the sling. Kuynder, a fortress of the United Pro- vinces, 23 miles S of Lewarden. Lon. 5 24 E, lat. 52 50 N. Kylburg, a to'wn of Germany, in the electorate of Treves, seated on the Kyll, 16 miles NW of Treves. Lon. 6 37 E. lat. 50 1 X. Myneioiiy a town in Herefordshire, with a good trade in narrow cloth, and a mar- ket on Wednesday'. It is 15 miles NW of Hereford, and 149 WNW of London. Lon. 2 50 W, lat. 52 12 N. Kyneton, a village in Somersetshire, N E of Somcrton. It is naturally paved, for half a mile, with one smooth rock, which looks like ice. L LAJiy Lauby or Lahab, a town of Aus- tria, seated on the Tcva, 27 miles NW of Vienna. Lon. 16 9 E, lat. 48 48 N. Labadia, a strong town of Italy, in Polesino di Uovigo, subject to the Ve- netians. It is seated on the Adige, 20 miles NW of Ferrara. Lon. 11 54 R, lat. 45 39 N. LAC LAG Labia, a town of Turkey in Europe, in Servia. 62 miles SW of Nissa. Labiau, a town of Western Prussia, at the mouth of the Deime, near the Cu- rischhaff, with a strong castle, 30 miles NE of Koningsberg. Lon. 21 40 E, lat. 54 57 N. Labourd, a late territory of France, part of that of Basques. It abounds in limits, and the inhabitants are said to be the first that went to fish for whales. It is now included in the department of the Lower Pyrenees. Labrador \ a country on the E side of Hudson's Bay, in North America. The climate, in only lat. 57 N, is excessively cold during- winter. Wine freezes in a solid mass ; brandy coagulates ; and the very breath falls on the blankets of a bed, in the form of a hoar-frost. The ice begins to disappear in May ; and about the middle of June, commences hot weather, which, at times is so vio- lent, as to scorch the faces of the hun- ters. Mock suns and halos are not un- frequent; they are very bright, and rich- ly tinged with all the colours of the rain- bow. The sun rises and sets with a large cone of yellowish light; and the night is enlivened by the aurora borealis, which spreads many different lights and colours over the whole sky. The animals are moosedeers, stags, reindeers, bears, ti- gers, buffaloes, wolves, foxes, beavers, otters, lynxes, martens, squirrels, er- mines, wild cats, and hares. The fea- thered kinds are geese, bustards, ducks, partridges, and all kinds of wild fowls. The fish are whales, morses, seals, c )d- fish, and a white fish preferable to her- rings ; and in their rivers and fresh wa- lers are p.kc, perch, carp, and trout. In summer, there is here, as in other places, a variety in the colour of rhe several ani- mals : when that season is over, which Mo ds only for thvee months, they all as- sume the livery of winter, &hd every sort of beasts, and mosi of their fowls, are o." ihe colour of the snow ; every thing ani- mate and inanimate is white. Put one of the most striking things, that draws the most inattentive to an admiration of the wisdom and goodness of Providence, is t!i at the dogs and cats from Great Bri- tain, that have been carried to Hudson's Bay, on the approach of winter, have changed their appearance, and acquired a much longer, softer, and thicker coat of hair than they originally hvA. See JVet'o Britain, Esquimaux, and Hudson''^ fiajt. L ick, or JiiscJiofa-L'tck, a town of Ger- nfiany m Carruola. Here is not only a great deal of iron, steel, quicksilver, and corn, but a large quantity of linen is made here, and sent to Fiume andTriest. It is 26 miles W bv N of Laubach, and 35 N of Triest. Lon. 14 7 E, lat. 46 31 N, Lark, a township of Mifflin county, Pennsylvania, situated between Tusco- rora creek and the Shade Mountain. In 1810 it contained 1165 inhabitants. Ladetiburgh, a town of Germany, in the p.launate of the Rhine, seated on the Neckar, eight miles NW of Hiedel- berg. Lon. 8 42 E, lat. 49 30 N. Ladoga, a lake in Russia, between the gulf of Finland and the lake of Onega. It is 150 miles long, and 90 broad ; and is esteemed to be the largest lake in Eu- rope. Among the fish with which it abounds, are seals. This induced Peter the Great to cut a canal 67 miles in length, from the SW extremity of this lake to the river Neva, by which it has a communication with the gulf of Finland. Ladoga, JVew, a town in the Russian government of St. Petersburgh, seated on the Voikhpf, between the lake and canal of Ladoga. It is 70 miles E of St. Petersburgh. Lon. 30 32 E, lat. 60 N. Old Ladoga, an inconsiderable place, is higher up the Volkhof. Ludogna, or Lacedogna, a town of Na- ples, in Capitanata, with a bishop's see, 60 miles E of Naples. Lon. 15 46 E, lat 41 1 N. Lidrone Inlands, islands of the N Pa- cific Ocean. They are 11 in number, ex- clusive of the small islets and rocks, and lie in about 140 E lon. and between 11 and 28 N lat. They were discovered by Magellan, in 1521. He touched first at the island of Guam, where the natives stole some of his goods, which caused him to name these islands the Ladrones, or Islands of Thieves. Beside the other fruits natural to the soil and climate, here is the bread-fruit tree in abundance. The names of the principal islands are Say* pan, Tinian, Guam, and Rota. Lagiw, a town of France, in the de- partment of Seine and Marne, and late province of the Isle of France, with a late famous Benedictine Abbey. It is seated on the Marne, 15 miles E of Paris. Lon. 2 45 E, lat. 48 50 N. v. $ Lagoon, one of the new discovered is- lands in the S Sea, inhabited by a race of Indians, of a copper colour. This island was discovered by Captain Cook. Lon. 139 28 n , lat. 18 47 S. Luges, a seaport of Portugal, in Al- garva, with a cr;stie. Here the English fleets bound to tin- Straits usually take in fresh water. Near this town is Cape LAI LAM -Lagcs, off which, in 1759, admiral Bos- cawen defeated a French fleet. It is 120 miles SE of Lisbon. Lon. 8 33 W, lat. 37 2 N. Laguna, a town of the island of Tene- riffe, one of the Canaries, where the go- vernor has a palace, but generally re- sides at Santa Cruz. The lake from which it has been supposed to derive its name, is now a very inconsiderable piece of water. Lon. 16 13 \V, lat. 28 30 N. Lagunei of Venice, the marshes or lakes in Italy, on which Venice is seat- ed. They communicate with the sea, and are the security of the city. There are about 60 islands in these Lagunes, which together make a bishop's see. Euarano is the most considerable, next to those on which V enice stands. LaJin, a river of Germany which rises in Hesse Cassei, and falls into the Rhine above Coblentz. Ldhom, a seaport of Sweden, in the province of Halland, seated near the Bal- tic, with the castle, 50 miles X of Co- penhagen. Lon. 12 40 E, lat . 56 31 N, Lahore, a province of Hindoostan Pro- per, bounded on tiie W by Cahdahar, on the N by Cashmere, on the E by Siri <- agur and Delhi, and on the S by Moul- tan. It is ofVen called Panjah, or the country of Five Rivers. It is ver\ exten- sive and remarkably fertile; affording in addition to all the nece ssaries of life, wine, sugar, and cotton wood. In tract between the Indus and theChelum, are salt mines, wonderfully productive, and affording fragments 'of rock salt, hard enough to be formed into vessels, &c See Panjah. Lahore, a city, the capital of a pro- vince of the same name, in Hindoostan' Proper. It is a place of high antiquity, and was one of the most considerable ci- ties in the Mogul dominions, containing a great number of mosques, caravanser;cs, and pagods, and the residence of the Mahometan conquerors of Hindoostan, before they had established themselves in the central parts of the country. La- hore is now the capital of the Seiks whose name was hardly known till the rapid decline of the Mogul empire, in the present ce-.' ury. Here they have manufactures of cotton cloths and stuffs of all kinds, and of very curious carpets. And here there is a magnificent walk of shadv trees, upwards of 300 miles long. It : s'210 miles S of Cashmere, and 290 NYV of Delhi. Lon. 73 45 E, lat. 31 15 N. Lciv. Jy a town of Naples, in Calabria Citeriore, near a river of the same name. Lon. 16 11 E, lat. 40 4 N. Lar-tcheou-foity a city of China, in the province of Chang-tong, with a conveai ent harbour on the Yellow Sea, contain- ing two cities of the first, and five of t'ne third class. Laland, a srmdl island of Denmark, in the Baltic, lying; S of Zealand, from which it is separated by a narrow channel. 11 is fertile in corn, with which it supplied Copenhagen. Naxkow is the capital. Lambale, a town of France, in the de- partment of the" North Coast, and late proViiice of Bretagne. It is the chief town of the late duchy of Penthievre, and gave the title of princess to the un- fortunate lady of that name. Lam bale, has a good trade in cattle, linens and parchment, and is 37 miles NW of Ren- nes. Lon. 2 21 W, lat. 48 27 N. Lambese, a town of France, in the de- partment of the Mouths of the Rhone and late province of Provence, nine milas N of Aix. Lon. 5 31 E, lat. 43 40 N. Lambeth, a village in Surry, on the Thames opposite Westminster, where the archbishops of Canterbury have an ancient palace. By the vast increase of buildings, Lambeth is now joined to the metropolis, in a direction to each of the three bridges. Here is a manufacture of artificial stone, which answer every pur- pose of stone carving, and extends, not only to statues from the finest models, but to every kind of architectural orna- ments. Here likewise are extensive works for vinegar and home-made wine, a pa- tent shot manufacture, and numerous imber yr.rds, supplied with almost in- credible stores of foreign timber. Lamborn, a town in Berks, with a mar? ket on Friday, seated on a river of the sr>me name, which falls into the Kennet, below Newbury. It is seven miles N by W o? Hnnovrford, and 68 W of London. Lon. 1 26 W, lat. 51 30 N. Lamego, a town of Portugal in Beira, with a bishop's see, and a strong cita- del, containing two churches, an hospi- tal, and four convents. It is 50 miles S E • f Pragtra* and 150 N of Lisbon. Lon. 7 30 W, lat. 41 12 N. L immermuir, a mountainous ridge in Scotland, which divides the county of Berwick from that of Haddington for above 20 miles. These mountains are, in general, very bleak and barren, af- fording but scanty pasture for the sheep that feeel on them. Scoutra Hill is the most elevated of this ridge. Lamo, a kingdom and island of Africa, on the coast of Melinda, between the is- land of Pate and Cape Formosa. Its ca- pital of the same name is well fortified The king and government, being Maho- metans, are frequently at war with the J. A X LAN vest of the inhabitants, who are Pagans. Lamo is tributary to the Portuguese. Lamoille, a river of Vermont state, which lists in Caledonia county, and runs in various me&nch rs nearly a W course through tlie con; **y, till it falls into Lake Champ laine near Milton, and opposite the S point of South Hero. Lanipcdom, a desert island on the coast of Tunis, 12 miles in circumfer- ence. It is 50 miles fiom Tunis, and 112 from Malta ; and has a good harbour, where ships water. Lon. HUE, lat. 36 10 N. Lumpeiefj a township of Lancaster county, Pennsylvania, containing- 2501 inhabitants in 1810. It is situated on .Mill creek, 5 mites E of the borough of Lancaster. Lumpsaco, an ancient town of . Katolia, with a Creek archbishop's see. It is now an inconsiderable place, seated on the sea of Marmora, six miles from the Darda- nelles. Lon. 27 20 E, hit. 40 12 N. Lamspringe, a town of Lower Saxony, situated at the source of a river called Laine. Lancashire, a large maritime province of England, washed by the trial) sea on the W, bordering' on the N with part of Cumberland and Westmoreland; bounded on the E by the W Riding of Yorkshire, and on the W by Cheshire, ex- tending 73 miles in length, and 41 in breadth, comprehending about 500,000 inhabitants. The eastern parts of the province are rocky, and in the northern districts we sec many single mountains remarkably high, such as Ingleborough nil!,Cloughbo-hill, I'cndle-hill, and Long- ridge-hill. Nor is there any want of wood in this country; either for umbo or fuel ; witness Y\"ic rsdale forest and Rowland forest to the northward and Si- mon's wood in the southern par.t of Lan- cashire. The air of Lancashire is pure, healthy, and agreeable, except among the fens and on the sea-shore, where the at mospherc is loaded with putrid exhala- tions, producing malignant and intermit- ting fevers, scurvy, rheumatism, dropsy, and consumption. The soil is various i"> different parts of the country, poor and rocky on the hills, fat. and fertile in the valleys and champaign country. The le- vel country produces plenty of wheat and barley, and the skirts of the hills yield good harvests of excellent oats : "very good hemp is raised in divers pans of th. province ; and the pasture which grows in the valley is so peculiarly rich, that tlv Cattle which feed upon it are much lar- ger and fatter than in any other part of England. There is not any, part of the world better supplied than Lancashir Willi provisions of all kinds at a very re sonable rate ; such as beef, veal, mutton, iamb, pork, poultry, and game of all sorts, caught upon the moors, heaths, and com- mons, in the hilly part of the shire. Be- sides the sea-fowl common to the shires of England, such as ducks, easteriings, teal and plover, man}' uncommon birds are observed on the coast of Lancashire* Itsr. principal manufactures are linen, silk, and cotton goods; fustians, counterpanes, shalloons, bays, serges, tapes, small ware, hats, sailcloth, sacking, pins, iron goods, cast plate-glass, &c. Of the commerce of this county, it may suffice to observe, that Liverpool is the second port in the king- dom. The principal rivers arc the Mer- sey, Irweil, Kibble, Lon, Levern, YVvre, i! odder, Roche, Duddon, Winster, Ken, and Calder ; and it has two considerable lakes, WiiK.nder-mere, and Conistonmere. . Lancaster is the county town.^ Lancaster, the county town of Lanca- shire, with a market on Saturday. It is governed by a mayor: sends two mem- bers to parliament ; and is seated on the Lon, which here forms a port for vessels of moderate burden, and over which is a stone bridge of five arches. It has but one church, on the side of a hill, on the summit of which is the castle, serving both as the shire-house, and the county- gaol. On the top of this ca'stle is a square tower, called John of Gaunt's Chair, whence there is a fine prospect of the mountains of Cumberland, and the view toward the sea, extending to the Isle of Man. Five miles from this place is Du- nald-Mill-Hole, a cave at the foot of a mountain, into which a large brook runs, after it has driven a mill near its entrance- Some of its vaults are so high, that they resemble the roof of a church, and iivo- her parts so low, that they can be passed ■inly by creeping on the hands and feet Lancaster carries on a considerable trade, •specially to the West indies; and is noted -for the makiiu; of mahogam cabi- net ware. It is 68 milts S of Carlisle, and 235 NNW of London. Lon. 2 56 W„ iat.54 4N. Lreat distance from the sea, and is free irom hogs and marshes, the air is sweet and wholesome. It is a champaign coun- try in general, and abundantly fertile in corn and grass, being" watered by seve- ral rivers, as the Soure, or Sare, which passes through the middle of it, and - abounds in excellent salmon and other fish ; the Wreke, Trent, Eye, Sense, Au- ker, and Avon. These rivers being most- ly navigable, greatly facilitate the trade of the county. In some parts there is a great scarcity of fuel, both wood and coal : but in the more hilly parts there is plenty of both, together with great flocks of sheep. Besides wheat, barley, oats, and peas, it produces the best beans in England. They grow so tall and luxuri- ant in some places, particularly about Barton in the Beans, that they look to- wards the harvest-time, like a forest j and the inhabitants eat them not only when they are green, as in other places, but all the year round ; for which reason . their neighbours nickname them bean- bellies. They have plenty of very good' wool, of which they not only make great quantities of stockings, but send a great quantity unmanufactured into other parts of England. They make great profit of their corn and pulse ; and likewise breed great numbers of coach and dray horses, most of the gentlemen being graziers ; and it is not uncommon to rent grass farms from 500/. to 2000/. a year. It is I in the midland circuit, and diocese of Lincoln, and sends four members to par- liament, two for Leicester, and two for the county. Leigh, a seaport in Essex, on a creek at the mouth of the Thames, noted for oysters. Tt has a good road for shipping, and is 18 miles SSE oC Chelmsford, and 40 E of London. Lon. 42 E, lat. 51 31 N. Leigh, a town in Lancashire, seven miles NNE of Warrington, and 191 NW of London. Leigliton-Buzzard, a town in Bedford- shire, with a market on Tuesday. It is seated on a branch of the Ouse, 18 miles S of Bedford, and 41 NW of London. Lon. 35 W, lat. 51 55 N. Leiningen, a town of Germany, in the palatinate of the Rhine, seven miles SW of Worms. Lon. 8 22 E, lat. 49 30 N. Lcina, a river of Germany, which flow- ing through Brunswick-Lunenburgh, fall* inio the Aller. /, ci//ster, the eastern province of Ire- land, bounded by Ulster on the N ; S{. Georges's, or the Irish Channel, on the E and S ; and by the provinces of Con- naught and Munsxr on the VV. The ca- pita) city of this province and of the king- dom is Dublin. It contains 12 counties, viz. Carlow, Dublin, Kildare, Kilkenny, King's-county, Longford, Louth, Meath, icon's -county, Westmeath, Wexford, and Wick low. It is the most level and btrst cultivated province in the kingdom s containing 2,642,958 Irish plantation acres, $58 parishes, 99 baronies, and 53 boroughs ; it is about 124 miles long and 74 broad, and extends from 51 45 to 55 45 N latitude. This province gives title of Duke to the ancient and noble family of Fitzgerald. In the early ages, this district was almost one continued forest, and was principally the seat of the Kin- selaghs. Leipsic, a large strong and populous town of Misnia in Germany, with a cas- tle, and a famous university. Ii is neat, and regularly built, and the streets are lighted in the night ; it carries on a great trade, and has a right to stop and sell the, merchandises designed to pass through it, and the country for 75 miles round has the same privilege. The town-house makes an indifferent appearance, but the exchang-e is a fine structure. The town was taken by the king of Prussia, but iven up by the peace in 1763. It is seat- ed in a plain between the river Saale and .Muid, near the confluence of the Playsse, the Elsier, and the Barde. L 'ith, a seaport in Edinburghshire, on the Fri h of Forth, two miles N of Edin-. burgh, of which it is the port. It is large and populous, and being situated on both sides- of the harbour, is divided into North and South Leith. The harbour is secured by a noble stone pier, at the mouth of a ldtle rivets called the Water of Leith ; and is accommodated with an elegant drawbridge and a good quay. The commerce of Leith is very consider- able ; and the vessels employed in the London trade are, in general, of a largo size ; but the. largest ships are those em- ployed in the Greenland whale fishery. To Germany, Holland, and the Baltic, are exported lead, glass ware, linen, woollen studs, and a variety of other goods j as also t o the other countries of Europe, the W Indies, and America. Ships of great size are built at this port; and here are several extensive ropewalks. There are also flourishing manufactures of bottle-glass, window-glass, a/id cry- LEM LEO atu.] ; a great carpet manufacture, a soap- work, and some iron forges. There are three churches in Lcith, and an ancient hospital for disabled seamen. Lon. 3 7 w, lat. 56 a n.: Leitrim, a county of Ireland, in the province of ConnaUgat, bounded on the N by -Donegal Bay, on the NE by Fer- manah, on the E by Cavan ; by Longford on the SE, Roscommon on the SW, and Sligo on the W. It is 42 miles long, and 17 broad; is a fertile country, and, though mountainous, produces great herds of black cattle, but contains few- places of note. It contains 21 parishes, and sends six members to parliament. Leitrim, the county town of Leitrim, in Ireland; pleasantly situated on the river Shannon, 80 miles from Dublin and appears to have heen formerly a place of some note. Lon. 8 30 W, lat. 53 57 N. Leixlip, a town of Ireland, in the coun- ty of Kildare seated on the Liffey. It has a noble castle, with large gardens, on one side of which is a fine waterfall, called the salmon leap. Near it are the vuins, of the church and castle of Confy. Leixlip is eight miles W of Dublin. Lembnrg, or Leopold, a large commer- cial city of Poland, capital of the palati- nate of Red Russia, and now of the Aus- trian kingdoms of Galacia and Lodome- ria. It is well fortified, and defended by two citadels, one of which is on an eminence without the city. The square, churches and public buildings, are mag- nificent It has a Roman catholic arch- bishop, and an Armenian and Russian bi- shop. It is seated on the Peltu, 90 miles N W of Kaminieok, and 150 E of Cracow. Lon. 24 26 E, lat. 49 51 N. Lembro, an island of the Archipelago, on the coast of Romania, 22 miles in cir- rurnferencc, with a town of the same name and a harbour. Lon. 26 E, lat. ■10 25 N. Lcmgorj, a town of Westphalia, in the county of Lippc, 17 miles N of Pader- born. Lon. 9 E, lat. 52 5 N. Ijemingto7i, a post town in York coun- ty, Maine, about six miles S of Saco ri- ver, and 30 NW of Portland, the capital of the district. Le7nnos, one of the principal islands of the Archipelago, now called Stalimene. It lies at the entrance of the Dardanelles, and has a town of the same name, which is capital of the island. It is about 25 miles in length, and 15 in breadth, and belongs to the Turks. The soil is pretty fertile, especially in corn and wine, and is famous for an earth called Terra Sigi- 'Lata, formerly in greater esteem amonp physicians than at present. It contains about 75 villages, whose inhabitants arc- almost all Greeks, and are very indus- trious. Lemnos or Stalimene is but a small town, standing on the declivity of a hill, on the top of which there is a cas- tle, near the sea. It is the see of a Greek archbishop,' and is 20 miles SE of mount Athos, whose shadow covers it a little before sunset, and 55 NW of Metelin. Lon. 25 28 E, lat. 40 3 N. Ijena, a large river of Siberia, which flowing in a northerly direction, receives 16 other rivers, and falls into the Frozen Ocean, by several mouths. Leucicia, a strong town of Poland, ca- pital of a palatinate of the same name, with a fort, on a rock. The nobility of the province hold their diet here. It stands in a morass, on the river Blura, 37 miles SE of Gncsna, and 110 N by W of Cracow. Lon. 18 20 E, lat. 52 10 N. LenJiam, a town in Kent, with a mar- ket on Tuesday, seated on an eminence, 10 miles E of Maidstone, and 47 ESE of London. Lon. 45 E, lat. 51 18 N. Lenriep, a town of Germany, in the cir- cle of Westphalia, and in the duchv of Berg. Lon. 6 56 E, lat. 51 11 N. Lennox, a post town of Berkshire county, Massachusetts, half way between Pittsfield, and Stockbridge, and about 20 miles E of Hudson river. Lenoive, a county of North Carolina containing 5,572 inhabitants in 1810, nearly one half slaves. It is bounded on t lie S by Duplin ; on the E by Jones ; on the N by Glascow ; and on the W by Wayne. The chief town Kingston. Lenox-Castle, a town in Rockingham county, North Carolina, 46 miles* E of GermaOtown, and 30 SW of Danville, on the river Dan. Here is a post-office. J,ens, a town of France, in the depart- ment of the Straits of Calais and late pro- vince of Artois, whose fortifications are demolished. It is eight miles NE of Ar- ras, and 95 of Paris. Lentini, or Leontini, an ancient town of Sicily, in the valley of Noto. It was greatly damaged by an earthquake in 1693, and is seated on a river of the same name, 17 miles SW of Catania, and 20 N W of Syracuse. Lon. 14 15 E, lat. 50 28 N. I,entzen, a town of Germany, in the circle of Upper Saxony. It is 74 miles from Berlin. Ijenzburg a town of Swisserland, in the canton of Bern, seated on a small ri- ver, eight miles W of Baden. Lenzo, a small river of Italy which rises in the Appenines, and falls into the Po. Leo°-ane ) a town and fort of the West LEO LER Indies, with a good harbour on the W side of St. Domingo. It was taken b) the English and the French royalists in January 1794, but retaken by the republi- cans in October following ; and it was unsuccessfully attacked by the English in March 1796. Lon. 72 37 W, lat 18 38 m Leominster, a borough in Herefordshire, with a market on Friday. It is famous for its fine wool, sends two members to parliament, and is seated on the Lug, 25 miles W by N of Worcester, and 137 WNW of London. Lon. 2 35 AV, lat. 52 20 N. Leominster, % a post town in Worcester county, Massachusetts, 25 miles NW of Concord, and 43 from Boston, nearly in the same direction. Leo, St. a small but strong town of Ita- ly, in the duchy of Urbino, with a bish- op's see. It is seated on a mountain, near the river Mcrrechia, eight miles SW of San Marino, and 15 NW of Urbino. Lon. 12 25 E, lat. 43 55 N. Leon, a fertile province of Spain, for- merly a kingdom, bounded on the N by the Asturias, on the W by Galicia and Portugal, on the S by Estramadnra, and on the E by Old Castile. It is 125 miles in length, and 100 in breadth, and is di- vided into almost two equal parts, by the river Douero. r Leon, an ancient and large city of Spain, capital of the province of that name, built by the Romans in the time of Galba. It is an episcopal see, and has the finest cathedral in all Spain. It was formerly richer and more populous than at present ; and boasts the honour of be- ing the capital of the- first Christian king- dom in Spain. It is seated between two sources of the river Esra. 50 miles SE of Oviedo, and 165 N by W of Madrid. Lon. 5 13 W, lat. 42 45 N. Leon, a small island belonging to Spain. It is separated from the continent by a strait about 10 miles long. The town of Cadiz is built at its NW extremity. Jjeon, Ne~a>, a kingdom of North Ame- rica, which is very populous and there are silver mines in it. Ljeon tie Nicaragua, a town of New Spain, in Nicaragua; the residenc e of the governor, and a bishop's see. It was ta- ken by the buccaneers in 1685, in sight of a Spanish army, who were six to one. ft is seated at the foot of a mountain, which is a volcano, at the NW extremity of the lake Nicaragua, 30 miles from the Pacific Ocean, and 104 NW of Niagura. Lon. 88 10 W, lat. 12 25 N. Leonard le jYoblet, St. an ancient town of France, in the department of Upper Vienne, and late territory of Limosui, with a considerable manufacture of pa- per, and another of cloth for clothing the army. It is seated on the Vienne, 12 miles NE of Limoges, and 195 S of Pa- ris. Lon. 1 32 E, lat. 45 54 N. Leonardstown, a post town in St. Ma- ry's county, Maryland ; situated on the N side of Potomac river, 33 miles SE of Port Tobacco, and 68 S by E of Wash- ington. Jjeonhart, a town of Germany, in the circle of Austria and duchy of Carinthia, 42 miles E of Clagenfurt. Lon. 15 23 E a lat. 46 57 N. Leontini. See Lentini. Leopold. See Lemburg. Ljeopolstadt, a small but very strong town of Upper Hungary, built by the emperor Leopold in 1665, seated on the Waag, 36 miles NWof Neuhausel, and 62 E of' Vienna. Lon. 18 6 E, lat. 48 35 N. L,epanto, a strong and very considera- ble town of Turkey, in Europe, and in Livadia, with an archbishop's see, and a strong fort. It is built on the top of a mountain, in form of a sugar-loaf, and is divided into four towns, surrounded by as many walls, and commanded by a cas- tle, on the top of the mountain. The harbour is very small, and may be shut up with a chain ; the entrance being but 50 feet wide. It was taken by the Vene- tians from the Turks, in 1687, but was afterwards evacuated, and the castle of Bomeli demolished by the Venetians, in 1699, in consequence of the treaty of Caiiowitz. It was near this town that don John of Austria, obtained the famous victory over the Turkish fleet in 1571- The produce of the adjacent country is wine, oil, corn, rice, Turkey-leather, and tobacco. The wine would be exceeding good if they did not pitch their vessels on the inside, which renders the taste very disagreeable to the Turks who arc not used to it. The Turks have six or seven mosques here, and the Greeks two churches. It is seated on the gulf of Lepanto, 112 miles NW of Athens, and 350 SW of Constantinople. Lon. 22 13 E, lat. 38 34 N. Ijepers, Isle of, one of the New He- brides, in the South Pacific Ocean. Lon. 168 E, lat. 15 23 S. Leria, or Leiria, a strong town of Por- tugal, in Estramadura, with a castle, and a bishop's see. It contains about 3000 inhabitants, and was formerly the resi- dence of the kings of Portugal ; and is 30 miles S of Cohnbra, and 60 N of Lis- bon. Lon. 8 46 W, lat. 39 37 N. Lerici, a seaport of Italy, on the E coast of the gulf of Specia, in the ter-. LES LEV ritory of Genoa. Lon. 9 55 E, lat. 44 5*N. Lerida, an ancient and strong town ol Spain, in Catalonia, with a bishop's see, an university, and a castle. It is seated on a hill, on the river Segra, 16 miles S W of Balaguer, and 200 NVV of .Madrid. Lon. 6 4-5 E, lat 41 44 N. Lerim, the name of two islands in the Mediterranean, on the coast of Frahce, five miles from Antibes. That nearest tl e coast, died St. Margaret, was guard- ed b«.- invalids, state-prisoners having for- merly been sent here. Ii was taken by the English in 1746, but retaken in 1747. The other is called St. Honorat, ?.nd had lately a Benedictine abbey. Lerma, a town in Spain, in Old Castile, seated on the Arlariza, with the title of a duchy. Lon. 3 25 W, lat. 42 16 N. Lemicciy a town of Cyprus, formerly a large city as . ppears from its ruins, si- tuated on the S coast of the island, where there is a good road, and a small fort for its detente. Lero, or Leros, anciently Leira, an is- land of the Archipelago, on the coast of Natoha. Lon. 27 E, lat. 37 N. Leinvich, the chief town of the Shet- land Islands, situated on the E side of Mainland, the principal island. It is the rendezvous of the fishing busses from Britain, Holland, Denmark, and other parts. Lon. 1 30 W, lat. 60 20 N. Lescar, a town of France, in the de- partment of the Lower Pyrenees and late province of G^scony, lately a bishop's see. It is seated on a hill; three miles of Pau, and 42 SE of Bayonne. Lon. 7 W, lat. 43 17 N. Lesguis, one of the seven Caucassian nations, between the Black Sea and the Gaspian. Their country is indifferently called the Georgians, Lesguistan, or Da- ghestan. It is bounded on the S and E by Persia and the Caspian , on the SW and W by Georgia, the Ossi, and Kisii ; and on the N by the Kisti and Tartar tribes. It is divided into a variety of dis- tricts, generally independent, and go- verned by chiefs elecLe • by the people. The Lesguis are supposed to be descen- ded from the tribes of mountaineers, known to ancient geographers under" the rame of Lesgx or Ligyes. They subsist by raising cattle, and by predatory expeditions into the countries of their more wealthy neighbours. During the troubles in Persia, toward the beginning of this century, they repeatedly sacked the. towns of Shamachie andArdebil, and ravaged the neighbouring- districts. * Jn their persons and dress, and general habits of life, as far as these are known to us, they greatly resemble the Circas., sians. Leskeard, a borough in Cornwall, with a market on Saturday. It had formerly a castle, now in ruins, and is one of the s coinage towns for tin. It. sends two mem- bers to parliament, and has a considera- ble manufacture of yarn, which is chiefly disposed of at Exeter. It is 31 miles E NE of Truro, and -221 W bv S of Lon- don. Lon. 4 36 W , lat. 50 27 N. Lespare, a town of France, in the de- partment of Gironde, and late province of Guienne. In the environs of which are found transparent pebbles, resem- bling the false diamonds ^f Alencon, and known by the name of cauloiuc de medoc, medoc stones. It is 30 miles NNW of Bourdeaux. Lessines, a town of the Austrian Ne- dierlands in Hainault, seated on the Den- der, famous for its linen manufacture. It is six miles NE of Ath, and 28 SW of Brussels. Lon. 3 46 \\, lat. 51 40 N. Lestoff or Leostoff\ a town of Suffolk, with a market on Wednesday. This town consists of 500 houses, and the coast is very dangerous to strangers. It is seven miles S of Yarmouth, and 115 NE of London. Lon. 1 45 E, lat. 52 37 N. Lest-withiel, a borough in Cornwall, with a market on Friday. It is seated in a vale on the Fowey not far from its fall into Fowey Haven. Formerly ships came as far as the town ; but the channel is now stopped up. Here is a woollen ma- nufacture ; and it is one of the tin coinage towns. It is governed by a mayor, and sends two members to parliament. Lest withiel is 19 miles WNW of Plvmouth.. and 230 W bv S of London. Lon. 4 48 W, lat. 50 27* N. Lettere, a commercial town of Italy in the kingdom of Naples, in principato Ci- teriore, with a bishop's see. It is seated at the back of a mountain, 12 miles N\\ of Salerno, and 20 SE of Naples. Lctterkcnny, a township of Franklin county, Pennsylvania, containing 1549 in- habitants in 1810. It is situated near the centre of the county about five miles N W of Chambersburg, and three miles S of Strasburg. Levant. This word properly signifies die East; but is generally used, when speaking of trade, for Turkey m JlsiU . comprehending Natolia^ Syria, Palestine, Egypt, the island of Candia, and the ad- jacent parts. The Levant Sea means the E part of the Mediterranean Sea. Levantine Valley, a valley of Swissev- land, on the confines of Italy, lying be- tween mount St. Gothard and the lake ! Maggiore. The lower part is populous, LEU L E W rich in pasturage, and produces much hemp and flax. It is a bailiwic, subject to the canton of Uri ; and Ossogna, the residence of the bailiff*, consists only oi a few houses. Leucate, a town of France, in the de- partment of Aude, and late province ot Languedoc, seated near a" lake of the same name, 18 miles S of Narbonne. ton. 3 9 E, lat. 43 X. Leuchstenberg, a town of Germany, ra- the upper palatinate of Bavaria, seated on a mountain, near the river Esreirnpt, 50 miles XW of Ratisbon. Lon. 12 26 E, lat. 49 40 N. Leue, a town of the Austrian Nether- lands, in Brabant, seated on the, river Gheet, 10 mdes E of Louvain. Lon. 5 E, lat. 50 55 N. Leven, Loch, a beautiful lake in Kin- rosshire, 12 miles in circumference, and somewhat of a circular foim. It has se- veral small islands, on one of which is a ruinous castle. Here the unfortunate Mary queen of Scots was confined by the confederate lords, after the murder of her husband lord Darnley, and her mar- riage with Bothwell. This lake produces trout of peculiar excellence ; of which great quantities at certain seasons, are sent to the Edinburgh markets. In au- tumn, a singular species called the gully trout, is here salted ?nd dried for win- ter provisions. Leven, driver in Dumbartonshire, which issues from Loch Lomond; and, after a meandering- course through a delightful vale, enters the estuary of the Clyde be- low Dumbarton. This river is the sub- ject of a beautiful ode by Dr. Smollet, and on the W side of it is a pillar erect- ed to his memory. Leitg-7ie, a village of France, in the de- partment of Upper Saone, and late pro- vince of Franche Comte, lying to the E of VesouT. Here is a cavern 35 paces deep, and 60 wide, which serves as a ba- rometer to all the country people. A fog, at the entrance of this glacier, is an in- fallible sign of rain the next day. From the roof, which is 50 feet high, descend ( columns of ice, of a prodigious size. The brook which runs through a part of this grotto, is frozen in summer, but flows in winter. Leitk, a town of Swisserland, in the Upper Vallais, seated on an eminence, near the Rhone. It is one f the inde- pendent commonwealths of the Upper Vallais, and is remarkable for its natural strength, and its springs, whose water is so hot, that it will boil an egg, and is much frequented in the summer, on ac- count of these springs, which nearly re- semble those of Bath; but the accom- modations are inconvenient. Lon. 7 39 E, la,. 46 12 N. Levvoucc, a town of France, in the de- partment of In'dre, and late province of Kerry, with a castle, 35 miles SW of Bourses. Lon. 1 40 E, lat 47 N. J.euse, a town of Austrian Ilainault. seated on the Dender, 14 miles NW of Mons. Lon. 3 45 E, lat. 50 35 N. Leutkirk, a free imperial town of Ger- many in Suabia, seated on' a rivulet that falls into the Iller, 42 miles NE of Lin- dau. Lon. 10 12 E„ lat. 47 53 N. Leietmeritz, a town of Bohemia, capita) of a circle of the same name, with a bish- op's see; seated on the Elbe, 30 miles N W of Prague, and 40 SE of Dresden. Lon. 14 30'E, lat. 50 31 N. LeutrtiuM, a town of Germany, in Bo- hemia, in the circle of Chrudim, 22 miles E of Chrudim, and 72 from Prague. Leutsch, a lown of Germany in tlv duchy of Carniola. Leioarden, a populous and strong to*r> of the United Provinces, capital of Fries - land. The buildings, as well public as private, are magnificent. It has several canals in the streets, which are a great assistance to its trade ; which is very considerable, especially as they are con- tinued not only to the sea, but to the most considerable towns in the province. It is 27 miles W of Groningen, and 65 N by E of Amsterdam. Lon. 5 32 E, lat. 53 11 N. f.ewenstein, a town of Germany in the" circle of Franconia, capital of a county of the same name, with a fortress, 10 miles E of Hailbron. Lon. 9 38 E, lat. 49 18 N. Leiventz, a town of Upper Hungary, in the county of Gran, and on a river of the same name, where the Turks were defeat- ed in 1644. It is ten miles N of Gran. Lon. 18 31 E, lat. 48 21 N. Lewex, a borough in Sussex, with a market on Saturday. It contains six pa- rish churches, and is seated on the Ouse, which is navigable here for barges. The assizes are sometimes held here ; and it sends two members to parliament. Lewes is situated at the edge of South Downs, on the declivity of a hill, on which are the remains of an ancient castle, aivd contains 1500 houses and about 6200 in- habitants^ It is 30 miles E of Chiches- ter, and 49 S of London. Lon. 5 E, lat. 50 55 N. Lewis, one of the largest of the He- brides or western islands of Scotland, ex- tending about 60 miles in length from N to S, and from 13 to 14 in breadth, con- sisting of a great number of isles ami LEX LEV rocks, and parted by the sea into two di- visions, called Lewis and Harries, the former lying to the westward of the other. The air is temperately cold, moist and healthy, grea^ part of the lo*v ground is flooded with lakes : the rest is arable in many places, and has been counted fruit- ful in oats, barley, rye, flax, and hemp. The inhabitants of Lewis are well pro- portioned, tall, fair, sanguine, strong and healthy.. They are in general sober, cir- cumspect, and hospitable; dexterous ia shooting, swimming, and leaping- ; bold and skilful mariners ; and so temperate, that they will tug at the oar all day, without any other provision than bread and water, with a s:\ush of tobacco. Lewis, n town of the Netherlands in Brabant. It is seated on a morass 10 miles from Louvain. Lou. 4 10 E, lat. 50 50 N. fjtrivisto-ivn,a. post town in Lincoln coun- ty, Maine, lying on the E side of Andras- coggin river, about 13 miles above its junction with the K muebeck. Lewi stow n, a pos town, the capital of Sussex county, Delaware; situated or. Lewis creek, about three miles from the light house at Cape Heniopen. It is in- habited principally by pilots, and sup- ports a small c casting trade. It lies in the lat. of. 38 25 N, and Ion. of 75 10 W about 113 S of Philadelphia. Lewisiown, a post town, and capital o- Mifflin county, Pennsylvania ; situated on the N side of Juniata river, 55 miles NW of Harrisburg, and 162 of Philadelphia; containing about 600 inhabitants. Lewhburg, a town of North Americ;. and capital of the island of Cape Breton. It was ceded to the English by the peaet of 1763. The fortifications are now de- molished. Lon. 61 30 VV, lat. 46 50 N. Lewisham, a village in Kent, on the ri- Ifer Ravensbourn, five miles SE of Lon- don, with an elegani church. Lexington, a town of North Amend capital of the state of Kentucky, and county of Fayette. Near this town are to be seen curious sepulchres, full of hu- man skeletons, which are thus fabricated. First on the ground are laid large broa^ stones ; on these are placed the bodies separated from each other by broad stones, covered with others, which ser ved as a basis for the next arrange men of bodies. In this order they are bui'r without mortar, growing still narrower to the height of a man. This method o\ burying appears to be totally different from that now practised by the Indians. In the neighbourhood of Lexington are also to be seen the remains of two an cient fortifications, with ditches and bas- "tknvs , one contai'.iinjr about six acres of land, and the other nearly three. Pieces of earthen vessels have also been plough- ed up near Lexington ; a manufacture with which the Indians were never ac- quainted. These,- with the fortifications, and the sepulchres, have been urged as an argument, that this country was for- merly inhabited by a people different from the present Indians, and further ad- * a. iced than they in the arts of life ; and VIr. Filsou, in his account of this coun- try, has advanced arguments fo prove, that these people were, in all probabili- y, an ancient colony from Wales. The streets of this town are regular and spa- cious, and the houses chiefly of brick, two and three stories high. The main street is well paved, having a foot way 12 feet wide on each side. There is a regular market held twice a week, which is furnished with a great variety of pro- visions on very moderate terms. The most remarkable public buildings are an Episcopal church, court house jail, a masonic .hall, and a bank. There is a public library-, an university, and several subordinate schools. Manufactures and i lie mechanic arts meet with great en- couragement, and some of them are on an extensive scale. There is a coffee-house, o which is annexed a reading room, fur- nished with files of most of the Journals, edited in the United States. As a proof of the growing wealth and luxury of the place, a modern traveller asserts that there are 39, two wheeled carriages of pleasure, and 25 four wheeled ones, be- longing to the inhabitants. Lexington stands at the hesd of the river Elkhorn, 470 miles W of Washington, and 26 SE of Frankfort. Lon. 85 10 W, lat. 38 20 N. Lexington, a town of North America in Massachusetts. Here hostilities were first commenced between Britain and \merica, April 1775. It is 10 miles N W of Boston. Let/den, a city of the United Provinces •n Holland, four miles and a half in cir- cumference. In this city are said to he eight gates, 24 canals, 50 islands, 180 streets, and 145 bridges, the greatest jurt built of free stone. The principal church is a superb structure, \vhose high roof is supported by three rows of co- lumns ; and the rest of the public build- ings are very handsome. There are se- veral large hospitals, and an university, which has generally 2000 students, tho' litre are but two colleges ; for the sello- ut's board in the town, and have no dress o distinguish them. It is seated near the ancient bed of the Rhine, four miles E of T he German Ocean, and 20 SW of Am- sterdam. Lon. 4 33 E, lat. 51 10 N. L I B L I C Ley den, a township of Hampshire conn- ; ty, Massachusetts, containing- 1000 inha-! bitants in 1810. It is situated on the Wj side df Connecticut river, and joins the state of Vermont. Leyna, a river in Germany, which ri- sing- in the confines of Hesse, runs N and falls into the Allert at Batmar. Jjet/te, one of the Philippine islands, in the East Indies, about 40 leag-ues m length, and 95 in' circumference. Its soil, on the E side, is very fertile ; but there are very high mountains that cut it al- most-through the middle from E to W, and occasion so great an alteration in die air, that when the inhabitants of one part of the island reap, the others sow, and they have two plentiful harvests in the year, to which the rivers descending from the above mentioned mountains not a little contribute. The island contains 9000 inhabitants, who pay tribute to the Spaniards, in rice, wax, and quilts. Lon. 118 E, hit. 11 ON. Lezina, a town of Italy, in the king- dom of Naples, in Capitanata, scaled on a Tiav of the gulf of Veniqe, 75 miles NE of'Naples. Lon. 15 14 E, lat. 41 44 N. Libanua, mountains of Turkey in Asia, which lie between Syria and Palestine, extending from W to E from the Medi- terranean sea as far as Arabia. The sum- mits of these mountains are so high tha> they are always covered with snow ; but below are very fruitful vallies. The\ were formerly famous for the great num- ber of cedar -trees ; but now scarcely any remain. Geographers distinguish then, into Libanus and Anti-Libanus : the lat- ter lies on the S side of the valley, ris- ing near the ruins of Sidon, and termi- nates at others in Arabia, in lat. 34 The}' are separated from each other ai an equal distance throughout, and form a country called by the ancients Ccelo- syria. Libau, a seaport of Courland, on the Baltic with a harbour. It is 35 miles X of Mcmel. Lon. 21 40 E, lat. 56 31 N. Liberty, a county in the state of Geor- gia, containing 6228 inhabitants in 1810 of whom 4808 were slaves, the name of the county notwithstanding. It is wa- tered by Newport river and lies between Bryan and MTir.osh counties, with a nar- row front on the sea. Liberty, a post town in Bedford coun- ty, Virginia, 15 miles NW of New Lon- don, and 35 SE of Fincastle. Liberty tottm, a small town in Frederick county, Maryland, 13 miles NE of Frc- dericktov n, 'and 32 NW of Washington. Here is a post office. Libourne, a small well built town of France, in the department of Gironde and late province of Guienne. It is one of the staples of commerce of Bourdeaux., and is seated on the Dordogne 20 miles NE of Bourdcaux, and 205 S by W of Paris. Lon. 12 W, lat. 44 58 N. Ujph, or Licha, a town of Germany^ in the land grav ate of Hesse, and county of Solms, 18 miles N of Francfort. Lon, 8 24 E, lat. 50 15 N. Lichfield, a city in Staffordshire. It was, in the time of the Saxons, an arch- bishopric, but is now a county of itself, and unites with Coventry in forming one episcopal see. It has three parish churches, besides the cathedral, a free- school, and two hospitals. It is seated in a line champaign country, 14 miles S E of Stafford, and 119 NW of London. Lon. 1 44 W, lat. 52 54 N. Litchstall, a handsome town of Ger-_ many, in the bishopric of Basle. LichtaUen, or IJestcd, a town of Swis- serland in the county of Basil. It is seat- ed on the Ergetz, eight miles SE of Ba-: sil. Lon. 7 39 E, lat. 47 29 N. Lichtenav, a town of Germany, in the circle of Westphalia, nine miies from Paderborn. Lon. 8 23 E, lat. 51 52 N. Ijchtcuau, a town of Germany, in Hes je Cas'sel. It is 24 miles from Naum- burg. Lon. 9 28 E, lat. 51 1 N. Licktemm, a fortress of Franconia, seated on the Revel. It is subject to the. ity of Xuremburg, and is 17 miles from, that city. Lon. 11 12 E, lat. 49 10 N. Lichtenberg, a town of Germany, in circle of Franconia, the vicinity of which abounds with quarries of marble and mines of iron and other metals. Lon. 11 41 E, lat. 50 16 N. Lichtenberg, a castle of France, in the department of Lower Rhine and late pro- vince of Alsace, seated on a rock, near the Vosges mountains, and looked upon as impregnable. It is 12 miles NNW of Haguenau. Lon. 7 45 E, lat. 48 55 N. Lichtenbvrg, a town of Germany, in. he circle of Franconia, in the margra- vate of Cullcmbach, 20 miles NE of Cul- lembach. Lon. 12 2 E, lat. 50 25 N. lAchtenfels, a town of Germany, in the circle of Franconia, and bishopric of Bamberg, seated on the Maine, 15 miles XE of Bamberg. Lon. 11 10 E, lat. 50 20 N. Liehtensteig, a handsome town of Swis- serland, the capital of the county of Tockenburg. It is seated on the Thur, 31 miles E of Zuric. Lon. 9 8 E, lat. 47 15 N. Licattnstei'n, a castle of Germany, in the archduchy of Austria, in the neigh- bourhood of Vienna. Licking, a navigable river of Ken- tucky, whicn rises in Montgomery coufi- ,v, aid niter running nearly in a NW line through the country, fulls into the Ohio just below Newport, 524 miles be- low I'ittiburjf. J A cola, a lake in (he kingdom of Na- ples, fbrfe^rly' famous for plenty of excel- lent fish : but, in 1538, an explosion of ;i volcano, changed one part of it into a mountain of ashes, and the other into a morass. It was anciently known by the name of the Lucrine Lake. Lida, a town of Lithuania Proper, in the palatinate of Wi I na^ situated on the Detta, 56 miles S of Wilna. Lon. 25 34 E, lat. 53 50 X. J Add, a town of Kent, with a market on Thursday, one of the: Cinque Ports. It is 26 miles from Canterbury, and 74 from London. * Lon. 53 E, lat. 50 58 N. Liddel, a river in Roxburghshire, abounding in fish. It is the only one in that county that flows southward, and falls into Solway Frith, near the mouth of the Esk. Liddisdale, a district in Roxburgh- shire, comprehending the whole south- ern angle of that county. It admits of little cultivation, and is chiefly employed in pasture. Lidford, a village of Devonshire, on the river Lid, seven miles N of Tavis- tock. It was once a famous town, with a castle ; and though now a contemptible village, its parish may compare for lands and liberties with any in the kingdom, the whole forest of Dartmoor being' in the verge of it. The bridge is thrown over a part of the river that is pent be- tween two high rocks ; and near it is a tine cataract. JAefkinstock, a fortress of Dutch Fl an- tlers, eight miles from Antwerp. Lon. 4 10 E, lat. 51 30 X. Liege, a bishopric ,of Westphalia, bounded on the N by Brabant and Guel dcrland, on the E by the duchies of Lim- burg and .Tuliers, on the S by Luxe m bur •and the Ardennes, and on the W by !>r<- bant and the county of Namur. It is w - fruitful in corn and fruits, and contain^ mines' of iron, lead, and coal, besides quarries of marble. The bishop is ele< t ed by the chapter composed of 60 canons ; and he is one of the most considerable ecclesiastical princes of Germany, and has an annual revenue of 300,000 ducats. Liege, an ancient, populous, and large city of Germany, in the circle t)fWes1 phalia, capital of a bishopric of the same name with a castle. Here the river Maese is divided into three branches, which after having passed through the city un- ci. ■• several bridges, unite again. Liege i . four miles in circumference, and has 150 streets, and 16 gates; it has : iso en large suburbs, in which are a great number of religious houses and churches ; which last, with those in the city, make ten in all. It. is commonly said of this city, that it is the Hell of Women, be- cause they are obliged to live a laborious iife, the purgatory of men, because they are almost all governed by their wives, and the paradise of Monks, because of their rich benefices. At this place is made a great quantity of fire-arms, which are exported to different countries. It was bombarded in 1691, and delivered up to the French in 1701. The allies re- took it in' 1702, and the French besieged it again in 1705, but were obliged to raise the siege, on the approach of the duke of Marlborough. In 1734 a fire happen- ed here, which consumed the bishop's palace, with all the furniture and writ- ings. In 1789, the inhabitants having complained of the oppression which they experienced under the government of their bishop, at Jbst insisted upon a char ter of privileges''. As the bishop and chapter did not comply with their de- mands, they bad recourse to arms; and the bishop apprehensive for his safety, left the city and appealed to the imperial chamber of Wetzlar. That chamber is- sued decrees in his favour : the king of Prussia in 1790, seemed to act as a me- diator for the citizens: the sentences however issued by the imperial chamber against the insurgents, were followed by requisitorial letters, addressed to the government of the Austrian Netherlands, desiring that his imperial majesty's troops would assist those of the electo- ral princes, in enforcing their decrees ; in consequence of which, the Austrians entered Liege- in 1791, restored the old magistracy that h::d ; > -n expelled to *heir functions, and reinstated "the bi- shop ai d chapter. In 1709, the French took the city, and effected another re- olution : but being driven thence, in 1793, the citizens were once more ob- liged to submit. Liege is 15 miles SW »f Maestricht, and 62 SW of Cologne. Lon. 5 40 E, lat. 50 37 N. Lien-tcheou-foii, a city and seaport of China, in the province of Quang-tong. Its territory s border on the kingdom of Ton-king, from which it is separated by inaccessible mountains. . It has one city >f„the second, and two of the third class under its jurisdiction, and is 525 miles of Canton. Lieou-Kieov, the general name of a group of islands, 36 in number, lying L IG L I M between Corea, Formosa, and Japan. These islands form a powerful and ex- tensive empire, the inhabitants of which are clyilized, and ought not to be con- founded with other savage nations dis persed throughout the islands of Asia. The largest and principal is called Lieou- kieou, the rest have each a particulai name. The largest island extends 12L 1 miles from N to S, and 33 from E to* W. Their king is tributary to China. Lien-, a town of Brabant, in the late Austrian Low Countries, at the junction of the great and little Nethe, nine milos NNE of Mechlin, and 12 SE of Antwerp. Lon. 4 16 E, lat. 51 9 N. Liesina, an isLnd of Dalmatia, in the gulf of Venice, about 58 miles long, and 12 broad, and abounds in cor.;, olives, saffron, and wine. It belongs to the Ve- netians. Litsiva, a seaport of Dalmatia, capital of an island of the same name, with a bishop's see, and a fort on an inaccessi- ble mountain, with a harbour capable of containing vessels of all sorts. Lon. 16 23 E, lat. 43 30 N. Liense, a town of France, in the de- partment of Aisne and late province of Picardy, famous for an image of the Vir- gin Mary, to which a great number of pilgrims used to resorl. It is six miles E of Laon. Lon. 3 51 E, lat. 49 35 N. Liestal, or IJechstal. See J dcht alien. Liffeyy a river of Ireland, which rising in the county of Wicklow, runs W, thejlce into Kildare, then turning NE passes through" the county of Dublin, and by the city of that name, a little below v. hich it falls into the Irish Sea. JAfford, a town of Ireland, in the coun- ty of Donegal, 24 miles NE of Donegal. Lon. 5 45 W/ lat. 54 47 N. Ligne, a town of Austrian llainault, on the river Dender, 12 miles NW of Mons. Lon. 3 45 E, la,. 50 35 N. Lig7iier<>s, a town of France, in the department of Cher, and late province of Berry, surrounded with walls, towers, .id ditches, 22 miles SSW of Bourgcs. Ton. 2 24 E, lat. 46 47 X. Lignitz, a town of Germany, in Sile- • i, capital of a principality of the same pame, with a castle, seated on the ri- /ulet Cet, 30 miles S of Glogaw. Lon. 16 36 K, lat. 51 10 N. Lifny, a handsome town of France, in the department of Meuse and late duchy of Bar, with a pastle, a collegiate church, and a handsome park. It is seated on the Orney, eight miles SE of Bar-le-Duc and 125 of Paris. Lon. 5 26 E, lat. 48 39 N. Ligon, a seaport in the peninsula of Malacca, capital of a small territory of the san-ie name, with a magazine belong- ing to the Dutch East India Company. It is scaled on the E coast. Lon. 100 5 E, lat. 7 40 N. lagueil, a town of France, in the de- ; arfriient of Indre and Loire and late province of Touraine, seated on a brook, ii a very fertile country, 23 miles SSE of Tours. Lon. 52 E, lat. 47 3 N. Jailers, a town of France, in the de- partment of the Straits of Calais and late province of Artois, whose fortifications are demolished. It is seated on the Na- vez, 17 miles NW of Arras. Lon. 2 35 E, lat. 50 30 N. L/'llo, a fort of Dutch Brabant, on the E side of the Scheldt, seven miles N of Antwerp. It was taken in 1793, by the French, who soon after evacuated it, re- taking it, however, in 1794. Lon. 4 18 E, lat. 50 30 N. Lima, a city, capital of Peru, with an archbishop's see, and an university. It gives its name to the principal audience of Peru, and is surrounded by brick w alls, with ramparts and bastions. The streets are handsome and as straight as a line ; the houses are generally only one s ory high, on account of the earth- quakes, with long galleries in the front. One part of the roofs is covered with coarse linen cloth, and the others only with reedsy which is not inconvenient, because it never rains here ; but the rich »'iabitants cover theirs with fine mats, or beautiful cotton cloths. There are trees planted all round their houses, to keep off the heat of the sun. What the houses want in height they have in length and depth ; for some of them are 200 feet long, and proportionally broad, so that they have 10 or 12 large apartments on the ground floor. The river which crosses Lima forms canals in the streets, which run to most of the houses, and serve to water their gardens, &c. The churches and convents are all extremely rich ; and many images of the saints are of massy gold, adorned with jewels. The city is four miles in length and two in breadth, and is divided into eight pa- rishes, containing only 28000 inhabi- tants, 9000 of whom are Spaniards. It is the seat, of the viceroy, and contains several courts, as that of the viceroy, of the archbishop, of the inquisition, of the crusaoo^ and of the wills. Earthquakes are very frequent, and some have done the city much damage, particularly that tn 1/46, by which it was almost destroy- ed, and if it \v..s not for this it would be •;t perfect paradise. The inhabitants are so rich, that when the viceroy, sent from XL'' 3 A l i ivr L I M Spain, in 1682, made his public entrance into this city, they paved the streets he was to pass through with ingots of sil- ver. They are also very debauched, but, it the same time, extremely superstiti- 4 ous ; and they have a strong belief in the power of charms : about a fourth of the inhabitants are monks or nuns. Lima is 800 miles S of Quito. Lon. 76 44 W, lat. 12 1 S. Lima, an audience of Peru, lying on the Pacific Ocean, bounded on the N by the audience of Quito, on the E by the Andes, on the S by the audience of Los Charcos, and on the W by the Pacific Ocean. Limalc, a town of Austrian Brabant, seated on the river Dvle, 13 miles SE of lii ussels. Lon. 4 30 E, lat. 50 45 N. Limavady, a town of Ireland. See JVewfsw/i Limavady. Limbourg, or Limpurg, a town of Ger- many in the electorate of Treves, seaie<- on tlie Lahn, 10 miles E of Nassau, and 20 N of Mentz. Lon. 7 51 E, lat. 50 24 N. Limbwg, a fertile province of the Ne- therlands, bounded on the N by the du- chy of Juliers, on the E by that duchy and the territory of Aix-la-Chapelle, and on the S and W by the bishopric of Liege, from which it is separated by the Maese. It is 42 miles long, and 30 broad, and contains some of the best iron mines in the Netherlands, and the soil is good for corn, &c. It belongs in part to the Dutch and Austrians. Limburg, the capital of Austrian Lim burg. Here is a manufacture of woollen cloths, and it is famous for excellent cheese. It is seated on a mountain, al- most inaccessible, near the river Verse, 15 miles SB of Liege. Lon. 6 5 E, lat. 50 38 N. - Limey a town in Dorsetshire. See Lyme Regis. Lima, or Jmnen, a village in Kent, three miles W of lii the. It was formerly a port, till choked up by the sands, and is now a poor town. Here was formerly & castle, now converted into a farm-house. Limerick, a county of Ireland, in tin province ofMunster, 48 miles long- and 23 broad ; bounded on the N by Shannon, on the W by Kerry ; on the S by Cork, and on the E by Tipperary. It contains 130 parishes, and sent e'uiht members lo parliament before the Irish union. It is a fer'-ile country, and well inhabited, though the VV p. rts are mountainous. Limerick, or Lough Meath, a city of Ireland, ,in the county of Limerick, and tne metropolis of the province of Mun- ster. Within a century, it was reckoned . % tbe second city in the kingdom ; at pre- sent it has lost its rank; not because it flourishes less, but because Cork flour- ishes more. It is still a commercial and populous place ; and consists of the Irish and English Town ; the latter situated on King's island, formed by the Shannon. Limerick is three miles in circumference, and has a market on Wednesday and Sa- turday. The linen, woollen, and paper manufactures are carried on here to a great extent ; and the export of provi- sions isyvciy considerable. Here are many hospitals, and some handsome public structures, besides the cathedral and other churches. Ardfert and Aghadoe, in the county of Kerry, are united to the bishopric of Limerick. It was besieged by King William in 1690 ; and in 1691, the garrison surrendered on a very ho- nourable capitulation. It is 40 miles S of Gahvav, and 94 SW of Dublin. Lon. 8 34 W, lat. 52 42 N. Limerick, a post town in York county, Maine, about 12 miles W of the river Saco, and has about 800 inhabitants. LJmench, a township of Montgomery county, Pennsylvania, containing 1282 inhabitants in 1810. It is situated on the NE side of Schuylkill, 5 miles E of Potts- grove, and 25 W of Philadelphia. LJmington, a township of York county, Maine, containing 1774 inhabitants in 1810. It is situated on the W side of saco river, 4 miles W of Standish, and 22 W of Portland. l.immnt, a river of Swisserland, which is formed by the junction of the Mat and he Linth ; the former issuing from the N'W extremity of the lake of Wallen- stadt, and the latter flowing from the S. The Limmat, continuing its course NW, flows through the lake of Zuric, and falls into the Aar, below Baden. Jbimoges, an ancient and considerable town of France, capital of the depart- ment of Upper Vienne and late territory of Limosin, with a bishop's see. It is a rading place, and its horses are in great steem. It is seated on the Vienne, 50 ;mles NE of Periguex, and 110 E of Bour- deaux. Lon. 1 20 E, lat. 45 50 N. Limosin, a late province of France, bounded on the N by Marche and the E by Auver^ne, on the S by Querci,-and >>n the W by Perigord and Anguomois. It is covered with forests of chesnut- rees, and contains mines of lead, cop- per, tin, and iron ; but the principal trade consists in cattle and horses. It now forms the department of Upper Vi- enne,^- LJmonx, a populous and commercial town of France, in the department of Aude and late province of Languedoc- It L I N L I N has a manufacture of cloth ; and its en- virons produce excellent white wine. It is seated on the Aude, 37 miles W by S of Narbonne, and 50 SE of Toulouse. Lon. 2 16 E, lat. 43 4 N. Limpurg. See Limbourg. Linche, or Linke, a strong town of France, in the department of the North and late province of French Flanders, seated on a river, 15 miles S\V oi Dun- kirk. Lon. 2 20 E, lat 51 N. Lincoln, the capital of Lincolnshire, with a market on Friday. It is seated on the side of a steep hill, on the Wit- ham, which here divides into three streams. It had formerly 50 churches now reduced to 13, besides the cathe- dral. It is a bishop's see whose diocese is the largest in England. The cathedral is one of the most superb structures of that kind in England, and its great bell, requires 12 men to ring it. It is a coun- ty of itself, g verned by a mayor, and sends two members to parliament. . The chief trade is in coal brought by the Trent and Fossdike ; and oats and wool, which are seiu by the Witham, and there is also a small manufacture of camlets. It is 32 miles NE of Nottingham, and 133 N of London. Lon. 25 W, lat. 53 15 N. Lincoln, a county of Kentucky, con- taining 8676 inhabitants in 1810. It is situated near the centre of the state, and contains the springs of several consider- able rivers that flow into the Ohio. Lincoln, a county of North Carolina, containing 16,359 inhabitants in 1810. It is a mountainous country, situated on the W side of Catawba river, and joins the state of Tennessee. The chief town is Lincolnton. Lincoln, a county in district of Maine, containing 42,992 inhabitants in 1810. I is bounded on the E by the Atlantic Ocean and Hancock county, on the N by Kennebec, on the W by York; and on the S by the Atlantic Ocean. It is divid- ed into 36 townships. The chief town is Wiscasset. Lincolnshire, a county of England, bounded on the N by the Huinber which divides it from Yorkshire ; on the E h\ the German Ocean; on the SE by the Wash and part of Xorfolk ; on the S by Cambridge and Northamptonshire; on the SW by Rutlandshire ; and on the W by the counties of Leicester and Notting- ham. It is 77 miles from N to S, and 45 in breadth, where widest. It is di- vided into three parts ; namely, Holland on the SE, Kesteven on the" SW, and Lindsey on the N. The soil of the N and W parts is very fertile, and abounds in corn and pastures. The E and S parts I are not so proper for corn, but then they , supply them with fish and fowl in great plenty, particularly ducks and geese. Lincoln is the principal town. It is in many places, very rich, the inland part producing corn in great plenty, and the fens cole-seed, and very rich pastures ; whence their breed of cattle is larger than that of any odier county in England, except Somersetshire. Lincolnton, the principal town of Lin- coln county, North Carolina. It has a post office, and is situated 45 miles SE of Morgan town, and about the same dis- tance SW of Salisbury in Rowan county. Lincolnton, the capital of Lincoln coun- ty, Georgia ; situated on the W side of Savannah river, 29 miles NW of Augus- ta, in Richmond county. Lindenfels, or Lihdenfeld, a town of Germany, in the palatinate of the Rhine, 17 miles N of Heidelberg. Lon. 8 47 E, lat. 49 42 N. Lindisfdrne. See Holy Island. Lindkoping, a town of Sweden, capi- tal of West Gothland, with a bishop's see. It is seated on the lake Wenncr, 12 miles NW of Skar, and 83 SW of Stockholm. Lon. 13 5 E, lat. 58 25 N Linduv, a free imperial town of Ger- many, in the circle of Suabia. Here is a celebrated abbey of canonesses, whose abbess is a princess of the empire, and a Roman Catholic, though the inhabitants of the town are Protestants. It is a trad- ing place, seated on an island of the lake of Constance, 12 miles SE of Buchorn, and 75 S by W of Augsburg. It surren- dered to the French in 1796. Lon. 9 50 E, lat. 47 38 N. Lindsey, the largest of the three prin- cipal divisions of Lincolnshire, includ- ing all the county that lies N of Lincoln, and the Fossdike, which Henry I. cut be. tween the Witham and the Trent. It is the most elevated part of the country; end the air is generally esteemed heal- thy, especially on the W side. To the NE is a large tract of heathy land, cal- led the Wolds, the S part of which is well inhabited, but the N is thin of peo- ple : great flocks of sheep are bred throughout this tract. See Axholm. Liiiifcv, a strong town of Germany, in the circle of Westphalia, capital of a county of the same name. It belongs to the king of PrUssia, and is seated on the river Ernbs, 30 miles W of Osnaburg, and 37 N of Munster. Lon. 7 30 E, lat. 52 32 N. lAn-lciang-fou, a city of China, in the province of Kiang-si, seated on the river Yu-ho. It has four cities of the third class in its district: but it is so much L I N L I P deserted that the Chinese say one hog would maintain the city two days. One of its villages being the general mart for all the drugs sold in the empire, makes it of some note. It is 410 miles N by E of Canton. Lin-tein-tcheou, a city of China, in the province of Chan-long, seated on the Great Canal. H is much frequented by vessels, and may be called a geiui al ma- gazine for every kind of merchandise. Amo:.g the edifices admired heie, is an octagonal tower, divided into eight sto- ries, the walls of which are covered on the outside with poicelain, loaded with various figures neatly executed ; a stair- case, constructed in the M all, conducts to all the stories, from which there are passages that lead into magnificent galle- ries ornamented with gilt balustrades. Linlithgow, a borough, the county-town of Lmiithgowshire. It sands on a rising ground, overlooking a lake at its E end. Here the kings of Scotland had one of their noblest palaces, now in ruins ; but here is still shown the room in which Mary queen of Scots was bom. Linlith- gow is 16 miles W of Edinburgh. Lon. 3 34 W, lat. 56 N. Lmiithgowshire, or West Lothian, is bounded on the N by the Frith of Forth ; on the E and SE by Mid Lothian ; on the SW by Lanerkshire ; and on the W by Stirlingshire ; extending about 14 miles in length, and 13 in breadth. In general it is pleasant, abounding with corn and pastures, and producing coals, limestone, iron and sait ; with plenty of fish from the rivers and Frith. It has a manufacture of linen, and the water of a lake near Linlithgow is remarkable for bleaching. In this county Adrian or Sc- verus's wall began, which extended a- cross this part of Scotland. Linosa, an island of the Mediterrane- an, on the coast of Africa, 12 miles from Lampedosa, and 12 miles in circumfer- ence. Lon. 12 31 E, lat. 36 50 N. Lin-tcheou foxi, a city of China, in the province of Kiang-nan." It has nothing to distinguish it but the excellence of the fruit with which it abounds. It includes in its jurisdiction, two cities of the se- cond, and six of the third class. Lintz, a town of Germany, capital of Upper Austria, with two castles, the one upon a hill, and the other below it. Here is a hall, in which the states assemble, a bridge over the Danube, and several ma- nufactures, and a great deal of gun-ppw- der is made here. It is seated at the con- fluence of the Danube and Traen, 42 miles L of Passau, and 100 W of Vienna. Lon. J4 3 E, lat. 48 16 X. Lintz, a town of Germany, in the cir- cle of the lower Rhine and electorate of Cologne, seated on the Rhine, 15 miles NW of Coblentz, and 18 S of Cologne. Lon. 7 10 E, lat. 50 37 N. Linton, a town in Cambridgeshire, with amaiket on Thursday, 12 "miles SE of Cambridge, and 46 N bv E of London Lon. 22 E, lat. 52 8 N. Lipari, the largest, most fertile, and populous of the Lipari Islands, about 15 miles in circumference. It W»s celebrat- ed among the ancients; and, by the de- scription of x\ristotle, it appears to have been considered by the sailors in his time, what Strombolo is in ours, as a light- house) as its fires were never extinguish- ed. It abounds with the currant grape ; cotton also grows here ; and great quan- tities of pumice are gathered. Lipari, an ancient-town, capital of the island of Lipari, with a bishop's see. It was ruined in 1544, by Bai barossa, who carried the inhabitants into slavery, and demolished the place ; but it was rebuilt by the emperor Charles Y. - The princi- pal trade of the inhabitants is in the ex- portation of the preducts of the island; but the chief necessaries of life are im- ported from Sicily. This town has a gar- rison, and stands on the S side of the is- land. Lon. ^5 30 E, lat. 38 35 N. Lipari Islands, a group of Islands ly- ing in the Mediterranean, to the N of Si- cily, 12 in number; and nearly as fol- lows, in the order of their size; namely, Lipari, Strombolo, Volcano, Salmi, Fe- ucudi, Alicudi, Panari, Volcaiuilo, Va- cheiuse, Lisca, Dattolo, and Tila Navi. They are subject to the king o&Naples, and bring in a good revenue. Lippa, a town of Hungary, in the ban- nat of Temeswar, with a castle. It was taken by the Turks in 1552, by the Aus- t rians in 1688, and by the Turks again in 1695, who abandoned it in J698, after having demolished the fortifications. It is sealed on a mountain, 22 milts NE of Temeswar and 75 of Belgrade. Lon. 22 '45 E/ft£. r 45 51 *^fl Lippe, a river of Westphalia, which washes Paderborn, Lipstadt and Ham, and falls into the Rhine, above Wesel. L'pstailt, a considerable tow n of West- phalia, capital of the county of Lippe. It was once free and imperial ; afterward subject to its own counts, and now to the king of Prussia. It carries on a good trade in preparing timber for building vessels on the Rhine, with which it lias a communication by the river Lippe. It is seated in a morass, 17 miles WSW of Paderborn, and 30 SE of Minister. Lon. 8 30 E, lat. 51 42 N. L I S L I T Liquet, a town of France, in the de- partment of the straits of Calais, and late p.-ovince of Artois, 12 miles W of St. Omer. Lon. 2 E, lat. 50 43 N. Liqueo, or Likeo Islands. See Lieou- Kieou. Lis, a river of the Netherlands, which has its source in Artois, and running' K E into Flanders^p^sses by A aire, St. Ve- nant,' Armentieres, Menin, Courtr;.y, and jDeynse, and then falls into the Scheldt, at Ghent. Lisbon, a considerable city, the capital of Portugal, with an archbishop's see, an university, a tribunal of the inquisition, and a strong- castle. It was almost to- tallv destroyed by an earthquake, Novem- ber 1, 1755. TJie harbour will contain 10,000 sail of ships, which ride in the greatest safely; and the city being- view- ed from the southern shore of the river, affords a beautiful prospect, as the build- ing* gradually rise above each other. It contained before the earthquake at most 150,000 inhabitants, and is seated on the Tajo, 10 miles from its mouih, 178 W by N of Seville, and 255 Svby W of Madrid. Lon. 9 5 W, lat. 38 42 N. Lisburn, a borough of Ireland, in the county of Antrim, and province of Ul- ster, 'it has a large manufacture of linen cloth, and is seated on the Lag-g-an, eight miles SW of Belfast. Lon. 6 W, lat. 54 41 N. Lisca, one of the Lipari islands, three miles from Lipari. It is a small desert spot. Lisier, St. a town of France, in the de- partment of Arriege, and late province of Couserans. It is a bishop's see, with a chapel, which was much resorted to by pilgrims. It is seated on the Satat, 50 miles SE of Auch, and 390 SW of Paris. Lon. 1 15 E, lat. 42 56 N. Lisienx, an ancient town of France, in the department of Calvados, and late province of Normandy. The churches, and the late episcopal palace and con- vents are all very handsome structures. It has a good trade, particularly in linen cloth, and is seated at the confluence of the Touque and Orbec, 12 miles from the sea, and 40 SW of Rouen. Lon. 20 E, Mir^flwAM^^^ ****** Lisle, a large, handsome, and strong town of France, in the department of the North* and late province of French Flat*- ders> of which it was the capital. It is esteemed one of the richest and most commercial towns in France ; and the in- habitants are computed to bo 65,000. It is called Lisle, (that is L'Isle, the island) because it was formerly surrounded by ' n ar 1 9, which ha*'e been drained by" the industry of the inhabitants. The streets, particularly those of the New Town, are adorned with noble buildings. The Great Square, and the Little Square, are both distinguished in this respect, and among the public structures most worthy of no- tice, are the exchange, a magazine of \\ust extent, and a general hospital ver\* lately built. In another hospital, called LUospital Comtesse, the poor were ser- ved (at least before the late revolution) upon plate. They have manufactures of all sorts ; but their principal trade is in ; camlets. It is seated on the river Ueule, j 14 miles W of Tom-nay, 32 SW of Ghent, |37 NW of Mons, and 130 N of Paris, j Lon. 3 9 E, lat'. 50 38 N. I Lisle, a post town in Tioga county, New York; situated on the Tioughneoga river,, near its junction with the Chcnen- j ;;o, and about 14 milts NE of Union. It ! contains about 100 families. jPL j Lib-more* one of the Western islands ; of Scotland*, seated at the mouth of Loch I Lin he, a capacious lake in Argyleshire. j It is a fertile island, seven miles long and one and a half broad ; and was the resi- dence of the bishops of -Argyle. Lisonzo, a river of Italy, which rises in Carinthia, runs through part of the re- public of Venice, and falls into the gulf of V enice, at the harbour of the same name. Lissa, an island in the gulf of Venice, on the coast of Dalmatia, belonging to the Venetians, who have here a fishery of pilchards and anchovies. It produces ex- cellent wine, and is 70 miles W of Ra- gusa. Lon. 17 E, lat. 43 52 N. IAssa, a town of Poland, in the palati- nate of Posnia, of which it is the capi- tal ; 50 miles W of Kalisch. Lon. 16 50 E, lat. 52 N. Lissa, a village of Silesia, 16 miles from Breslaw. It is seated on the Weis- tritz, and remarkable for a great victory gained by the Prussians over the Aus- trians in 1757. Lithuania, a large country of Europe, which now makes part of Poland, with the title of a grand duchy. It is bounded on the S by Volhinia, and part of Red Russia ; on the W by Upper Poland, Po- lacia, Ducal Prussia, and Samogitia; on the N by Livonia and Muscovia, which also bounds it on the E. It is about 300 miles in length, and 250 in breadth, and is watered by several large rivers, the principal of which are the Dnieper, the Dwina, the Neman, the Pripecz, and the Bogg. It is a flat country, like Poland ; and the lands are very proper for tillage. The soil is not only fertile in corn, but it produces honey, wood, pitch, and vast L I T L I V quantities of wool. They have also ex- cellent little horses, which they never shoe, because their hoofs are very hard. In the forests, large pieces of yellow amber are frequently dug up. The country swarms with Jews, who, though numerous in every other part of ♦Poland, seem to have fixed their head quarters in this duchy ; and this, per- haps, is the only country in Europe, where Jews cultivate the ground. The peasants are in a state of the most abject vassalage. In 1772 the empress Catha- rine compelled the Poles to cede to her all that part of Lithuania, bordering up- on Russia, and including at least one- third of the country. This she erected into the two governments of Polosk and Mohilef. In 1793, in conjunction with the king of Prussia, she effected another partition of Poland, in consequence of which she extended her dominions over almost the whole of Lithuania. Litchfield, a county in the NW corner of Connecticut, between Massachusetts and Ne w York. It is a mountainous but well peopled district, containing 22 town- ships and 41,375 inhabitants in 1310. The chief town is Litchfield. Litchfield, a township of Herkimer county, New York, containing 2533 inha- bitants in 1810. It is about 85 miles N W of Albany, and contiguous to Her- kimer. Litchfield, the capital of Litchfield county, Connecticut, 24 miles W of Hart- ford, and 44 NW of New Haven. It is a post town, and is situated in lat. 41 46 N, and Ion. 73 37 W. Little Britain, a township of Lancaster county, Pennsylvania, containing 1700 in- habitants in 1810. It is situated on the W side of Octorara creek, in the SE cor- ner of the county. Little Compton, a township of Newpor county, Rhode Island, containingv 1553 inhabitants in 1810. It is a maritime district, and famous for its dairies. JMtle Creek, a hundred of Kent coun- ty, state of Delaware, containing 2039 inhabitants in 1810. It is on the N side of Jones' river, about six miles from Dover. Littleton, a post tow n in Grafton coun- ty, New Hampshire; situated on the E side of Connecticut river, 45 miles NE of Haverhill, and about 40 NW of Conway. Litth'tvn, a town in Middlesex county, Massachusetts, 28 miles NW of Boston, containing 904 inhabitants at the last census. L'tiz, a town of the state of Pennsyl- vania. Here is a flourishing settlement of the Moravians, begun in 1757. It is eight miles from Lancaster, and 70 W of Philadelphia. Livadia, a province of Turkey in Eu- rope, bounded on the N by J anna, on the E by the Archipelago, on the S bv the Morea, and on the W by the Mediterra- nean. It includes ancient Greece pro- perly so called, and its capital is Setines, the once celebrated Athens. Livadia, an ancient town of Turkey in Europe, in a province of the same name, k carries on a trade in wool, corn, and rice, wherewith it furnishes all Greece, and is 58 miles NW of Athens. Lon. 23 26 E, lat. 38 40 N. Livadosta, a town of Livadia. It is seated on the gulf of Lepanto, in the Isth- mus of Corinth, to the N of the city of that name, with a bishop's see. Livella, a river of Italy, in the territory of Venice, which falls' into the gulf of Venice, between the mouth of the Piava, and the town of Caorlo. Liverdun, a town of France, in the de- partment of Meurthe, and late province of Lorrain, seated on a mountain, near the river Moselle, eight miles NE of Toul. Lon. 6 5 E, lat. 48 45 N. Liverpool, a considerable borough and seaport in Lancashire, with a market on Saturday. Its situation is low but ex- tremely healthy, pleasant, and commodi- ous, at the mouth of the river Mersey, which is here from twelve to fifteen hun- dred yards wide ; is a populous town, the most flourishing sea port in these parts, anel pretends to rival, if not excel Bristol. The inhabitants are universal merchants, and trade to all foreign parts but Turkey and the East Indies. It shares the trade to Ireland and Wales with Bris- tol. Ships of any burden may come up with their full lading, and ride before the tow n, which is quite open and unfortifi- ed. In 1644, it was besieged by prince Rupert, and after a stout resistance la- ken. The exchange, in which is the town hall, council-room, and assembly room, is a handsome Corinthian edifice, with a dome built in 1749, and since considera- bly enlarged. All the new buildings are handsome, and the streets spacious. — Some merchants have houses here, which in Italy would pass for palaces. The custom house is a neat and commodious brick building, too small for its trade. There are eight public docks*-' which form an area of about twenty- four- acres, and can contain above 1000 ships, witli the greatest safety. They are bounded by quiiys above a mile anel a half in length, and able to contain 20,000 tons of shipping. These docks have been erect- ed at a very great expense. One of them L I V L I- A cost no less than 21,000/. There is a li- brm y, and a theatre royal was opened in 1772, which cost above 6000/. The whole number of barks employed here in 1563, was only 12, with 75 men ; and there were then only 130 habitations, whereas in 1786, there were upwards of 8000 ha- bitations, and they had 2800 vessels cleared outwards, and above 3000 in- wards ; so amazingly great has been the increase. The duiies paid at the cus- tom house in 1784 were 640,510/. There were 4,000,000 bushels of salt export- ed, besides what went coastwise ; also 15,000 tons of coal, were exported; and 15,500 tons sent coastwise. The ex- port of salt and salt rock is from 90,000 to 100,000 tons annually. There is a m - vigation from hence farther up the Mer- sey, and that for ships of burden too, as high almost as Warrington, and also up the S Channel, as they call the river Weever ; but it is chiefly for rock salt and Cheshire cheese, of which great quantities are shipped oft' here for the W and S parts of England. Among the charitable foundations, are alms-houses fur the widows of mariners killed or lost at sea, or decayed seamen, and a new asy- lum for lunatics. Liverpool is 18 miles W of Warring-ion, and 203 NW of Lon- don. Lon. 2 54 W, lat. 53 23 N. ^ Livonia, a province of the Russian em- pire, which, with that of Esthonia, has been reciprocally claimed and possessed by Russia, Sweden, and Poland, and for more than two centuries, has be« n a per- petual scene of the most bloody wars. It was finally wrested from the Swedes by Peter the" Great, and confirmed to the Russians by the peace of Nystadt, in 1721. It now forms the government of Riga, or Livonia, of which Riga is the capital. It is bounded on the X by the government of Esthonia, on the E by that of Pskof, on the S by that of Polotsk and part of Poland, and on the W by the gull of Livonia. It is 250 miles from N to S, and 150 from E to W. The land is so fertile in corn, that it is called the gra- nary of the North, and would produce a great deal more, if it was not so full of lakes. The fish that abound here are salmons, carps, pikes, flat fish, and many others. In the forests there are wolves, bears, elks, rein-deer, stags, and hares. The domestic animals are very numer- ous : but the sheep bear very bad wool. Here are a great number of forests, which consist of birch trees, pines, and oaks ; and all the houses of the inhabitants are built with wood. The merchandises which they send abroad are flax, hemp, honey, wax, leather, skins, and potashes. Livingston, a county in the slate of Kentucky, containing 3674 .nhabitar.ts in 1810. It is bounded by die river Mis- sissippi on the W, by the Ohio on the N, by Henderson county on die E, and the state of Tennessee on the S. Chief town, Smithland. L&ainirston, a township of Columbia countv, New York, containing 1651 inha- bitants in 1810. It is situated 40 miles S of Albany, on the river Hudson. Lizard, the most southern promontory of England, whence ships usually take their departure, when bound to the west- ward. Lon. 5 10 W, lat. 49 57 N. Llanarth, a town in Cardiganshire, with a market on Tuesday, 17 miles E by N of Cardigan, and 212 W by N of London. Lon. 4 20 W, lat. 52 13 X. Llanbedcr, a town in Cardiganshire, with a market" on Tuesday. It is seated on the river Tyvy, over which is a bridge, into Carmarthenshire, 24 miles E of Car- digan, and 197 W bv N of London. Lon. 4 8 W, lat. 52 9 N. * Llandikvaivr, a town in Carmarthen- shire, with a market on Tuesday and Sa- turdav, on the river Tow v, over which is a bridge. Lon. 3 58 W, lit. 51 55 X. Llanelly, a town in Carmarthenshire, with a market on Tuesday. It trades much in coal, and is seated on a creek of the Bristol channel. Lon. 4 10 W, lat. 51 43 N, LA.ngadoc, a town in Carmarthenshire, witli a market on Thursday. It is 185 miles W bv X" of London. Lon. 3 48 W, lat. 51 54 N. Llangollen^ a town in Denbighshire, with a beautiful bridge, 184 miles from London. IMmcfMiner, a village in Carmarthen- shire. Sir Richard Steele had a private scat here, and here he died in 1729. JAmiroost, a town in Denbighshire, with a market on Tuesday, seated on the ( 'on wav, 1 5 miles S W o'f Denbigh, and 222 NW of London. Lon. 3 58 W, lat. 53 6 N. Himtrissent, a town in Glamorganshire, in S Wales with a market on Friday. It is seated in a hilly country, and is 10 miles NW of Landaff, and 166 W of Lon- don. Lon. 3 22 W, lat. 51 28 X. IjlamuiUing, a town in Montgomery- shire, with a market on Tuesday. It is seated in a fl.it, among the hills, near the river Cane, 15 miles N by W of Mont- gomery, and 179 NW of London. Lon. 3 8 W, lat. 52 40 N. Lluntfdlos, a town in Montgomeryshire, with a great market on Saturday, for woollen yarn. It is 18 miles SW of Mont- gomery, and 157 WNYV of Lontlon. Lon. 3 28 YV\ Lat. 52 19 N. LOB L O C IAanymddovery, a town in Carmarthen- shire, with a market on Wednesday and Saturday, li is seated near the Towy, had once, a castle, now in ruins, and it is 26 miles V. N E of Carmarthen, and 181 W bv N of London. Lon. 3 42 W, lat. 51 56 X. Maugham, a town of Carmarthenshire, in S \\ ales, with a market on Friday. It is seated at the mouth of the Towy, near the ruins of two cas'des. It is pre;ty well built and is seven miles SW of Car- marthen, and 233 V/ bv N of London. Lon. 4 28 W, lat. 51 48 X. Loyils, a post town in Essex county, Virginia, 94 miles from Washington. Lo, St. a town of France, in the de- partment of the Channel, and late pro- vince of Normandy, with a good citadel. • — it has considerable manufactures of cloths, stuffs, iron, and gold lace. It is seated on the Vire, 12 mioses E of Cou- tances, and 125 W by N of Paris. Lon. 53 W, lat. 49 6 X. Loanda, a small island of Africa, on the coast of Angola. It is 12 miles in length, and three quarters of a mile in breadth. It has a town of the same name, which is the capital of the kingdom of Angola, in South Guinea, with a very good harbour, a fort, and a bishop's see. It is large and handsome, considering the country, and may contain about 3000 houses,' built of stone, and covered with tdes. Besides these, there are a vast number of negroe's huts made of straw and earth. It belongs to the Portuguese. Lon. 12 25 E, lat. 8 45 S. Loango, a considerable kingdom of Afri- ca, in Congo, 250 miles in length, and 188 in breadth ; bounded oh the X by Benin, on the E by parts unknown, on the S by Congo Proper, and on the W by the- At- lantic Ocean. The land is so fruitful, that they have three crops of millet in a year ; and there are a great number of trees, from whence they draw their palm- wine. The women cultivate the ground, sow, and get in the harvest. The inha- bitants are black, well made, mild, and tr. ctable, and their principal trade con- sists in elephants teeth, copper, tin, lead, and slaves. Loango, a town of Congo, capital of a kingdom of the same name, with a har- bour, at the mouth of the Quilla. Lon. 11 45 E, kt. 4 15 S. Loans, or Lavaro, a town of Genoa, near the sea coast. Lon. 7 58 E, lat. 44 9 N. Lobmu, a town of Polish Prussia, with a castle, where the bishop of Culm re- sides. It is 25 miles E of Culm. Lon. 19 E, lat. 53 25 X. Loboa, a town of Spain, in the province of Estramadura, seated on the Guadiana, 22 miles E of Badajoz. Lon. 6 22 \\ . lat. 38 32 X. Locarno, a town of Swisscrland, capi- tal of a district of the same name, which is one of the four transalpine bailiwics. It contuins 15J0 inhabitants. Part of the town is built on piazzas, in the form of a crescent, with two wings ; and, in the front, is a row of trees, and the public walk. Locarno was once situated on the lake, and had a port capable of receiv- ing large barks ; at present it stands at the distance of a quarter of a mile, which is owing to the accumulation of sand brought down by the torrent Mag- gia. It is 46 miles X of Novara, and 55 X by W of Milan. Lon. 8 31 E, lat. 46 10 X. Locarno, Lake of. See Maggiore. L>ochaber, a bleak, barren, mountain- ous, and rugged district, in the SW part of Invernesshire. Lochem, a town of Dutch Guelderland, in the county of Zutphen. It was t.dten by the French in 1672, who abandoned it in 1774, after having demolished the fortifications. It is seated on the Borrel, 10 miles E of Zutphen. Lon. 6 13 E, lat. 52 12 X. Lochev Moss, a morass in Dumfries- shire, Scotland, 10 miles in length, and three in breadth. Here vast oak trees, and also canoes and anchors have been frequently dug up. Laches, a town of France, in the de- partment of Indre and Loire, and late province of Touraine. It has a strong casile, the prospect from which is very extensive. Loches is seated on the river Indre, near a forest, 15 miles S of Am- boise, and 20 W of Tours. Lon. 51 E, lat. 47 10 X. Lochmaben, a royal borough in Dum- friesshire, situated on the W side of the Annan, almost surrounded with freshwa- ter lakes abounding with fish. Lon. 3 19 W, lat. 55 19 NT , Lochrida, or Ocrida, a town of Tur- key in Europe, in Albania, seated on a hill near a lake of the same name, with a Greek archbishop's see. It is a pretty large place and well fortified ; and is 62 miles SE of Durazzo. Lon. 20 40 E, lat. 41 40 N. Lochia, a seaport town of Sweden, in East Bothnia, seated on the gulf of Both- nia, 90 miles S of Tornca. Lon. 24 16 E. la-.. 64 20 N. Loch-winnoch, a town of Renfrewshire, Scotland, seated on a lake of the same: name, called also Castle Semple LocIk near three miles in length. On an island LOG LOM in this lake, is an old fortress, called the Peel; a name frequently given to old for- tresses in Scotland. From this lake is- sues the river Black Cart. Lochy Loch, a lake in the SW part of Inverness hire, 10 miles in length, and from one to two in breadth. From the N\V the waters of Loch Arkek descend into this lake. Out of it runs the river Lochy, which falls into Loch Eil, at fort William. Loddon, a town of Norfolk, with a mar- ket on Friday, eight miles SE of Norfolk, and 113 >.E of London. Lon. 1 18 E, lat. 52 36 N. - Lodesan, a district of Italy, in the duchy of Milan. It lies along the river Adda, and is very fertile and populous, and its cheeses are in high esteem. Lodi is the capital. Lodeve, a town of France in the depart- ment of Herault, and late province of Langucdoc, was lately a bishop's see. -Its manufactures of cloth render it very rich, but it is seated in a dry barren country, on the river Logue, at the foot of the Ce- vennes, 27 miles NW of Montptllier. Lon 3 30 E, lat. 42 47 N. Lodi, a strong town of Italy in the duchy of Milan, and capital of the Lode- •san. It is seated in a pleasant country on the Adda, 15 miles NW of Placentia, and 20 SE of Milan. In 1796* the French under Bonaparte in attempting to force the passage of a bridge at th's place which was vigorously defended by the Austrians, after being three times re- pulsed, at last carried it with the loss of 6000 men ; 1500 were said to have been killed by the first discharge of the Aus- trian artillery. Lon. 9 26 E, lat. 45 15 N. Jjodomeria. See Galicia. Lodvone,'x town of Italy in the bishop- ric of Trent, seated on the small lake Idro, at the place where it receives the Hver Chiese, 31 miles SW of Trent. Lon. 10 46 E, lat. 46 N. Loftits Bevght.s, a military post, in A- dams county, Mississippi territory ; situ- ated on the E bank of the river Missis- sippi, 30 miles below the town of Natch- f -s, w here there is -a post-office, and a foundation of the grandest fortificat ion in 1 he United States. Ixgxirii a county in the state of Ken- tucky, containing 12,123 inhabitants in 1810. It is bounded on the S by Ten- nessee ; on the E by Cumberland and Warren; on the N by Creen river; and on the W by Christian county. Log-Ou'og-orod, a town of Poland, in Low- er Vollunia, seated on the W bank of the Dnieper. Lon. 31 7 E, lat. 50 46 N. Logronno, an ancient town of Spain, in Old Castile, in a cc untry abounding with excellent fruits ana good wines, and all the necessaries of lite. It is seated on the Ebi-o, 115 miles N by E of Madrid. Lon. 2 20 W, lat. 42 29 N. Loin and Cher, a department of France, including the late province of Blasois. It takes hs name from the rivers Loir and Cher ; the first of which falls into the Sarte, above Angers ; and the last emp- ties itself into the Loire, five miles above the confluence of the latter with the In- dre. Blois is the capital. Lpive, the principal river of France, which rises in the mountains of the Ce- vennes, in Languedoc. It begins to be navigable at Roanne ; is joined to the Seine by the canals of Briare and Orleans, and falls into the bay of Biscay, below Paimbceuf. Loire, Lorjcr, a department of France, containing part of the late province of Bretagne. It has its name from the river Loire, which forms i;s S bpundary, and then falls into the Bay of Biscay. Nantes is the capital. Loire, Upper, a department of France, late the province of Velay. It takes its name from the river Loire, which rises near its south boundary. . uy is the capital, Loiret, a department of France, late the province of Orleanois. It takes its name from a small river that falls into the Loire. Orleans is the capital. Jjombardy, a name given to part of Ita- ly, and which comprehends almost all the ancient Cis alpine-Gaul. It lies towards the North, and is divided into the Upper and Lower ; Upper Lombardy is the wes- tern part, and comprehends Piedmont, with its dependencies, and the duchies- ■A Montfcrrat and Milan.. Lower Lom- bardy, which is the eastern part, com- prehends Parma, Modena, Mantua, Fe- rara, the Bolognese, the territories of the church, the Paduah, Yicentin, the Vero- nese, the Bressan, the Cremasc, and the fJergamese. In the present war, nearly s the whole of these provinces were over- run by the French republicans, who not only levied exorbitant contributions on the inhabitants, but also demanded many of their iinesi pictures and statues, which they transported to Paris. Lombez, a town of France, in the de- par:ment of Gers, and late province of (i.iscony, lately a bishop's see. It is seat- ed on th.e Save, 27 miles SW of Tou- louse. Lon. 1 E. lat. 43 29 N. L'jmond, Bai, a grea f mountain, in the North of Stcriingshire, about 3200 feet above the level of Ike lake, at its bot- tom. It stretches along the E side of 3B L O N LON Loch Lomond several miles ; and its broad i base extends so far into the country, that I the ascent of this mountain, though steep, c is computed to be six miles. Ptarmigans, ( and other heath fowls, frequent its upper ( regions ; its lower are the haunis of the I roebuck ; and herds of cattle feed in the i irriguous vallies at its base. From this i lofty mountain are seen Loch Lomond, j the Clyde, the Forth, Edinburgh, the i eastern coast as far as the Cheviot Fells, : the isles of Bute and A trail, the rock of ; Ailsa, Ireland, the mountain of Plynlim- ( mon in Wales, the Skiddavv in Cumber- i land, and the hills far beyond it. Lomond, Loch, a beautiful lake in Dum- bartonshire, Loch-lomond, the last, the ] most beautiful of the Caledonian lakes. The first view of it from Tarbat presents an extensive serpentine winding amidst lofty hills ; on the N, barren, black, and rocky, which darken with their shade that contracted part of the water. On the W side, the mountains are clothed near the boUoms with woods of oak quite to the water-edge ; their summits lofty, naked and craggy. On the east side, the mountains are equally high ; but the tops form a more even ridge pa- rallel to the lake, except w here Ben-lo- rnond, like Saul amidst his companions, overtops the rest. The upper parts were black and barren ; .the lower had grea« marks of fertility, or at least of industry, for the yellow corn was finely contrasted with the verdure of the groves intermix- ed with it. The length of this charm- ing lake is 24 Scotch miles ; its greatest breadth eight ; its greatest depth, which is between the point of Firkin and Ben- loniond, is 120 fathoms. In 1755, when Lisbon was destroyed by an earthquake, this lake was exceedingly agitated. Lon, or Lune, a beautiful and romantic river which rises in Westmoreland, and flowing by Kirby Lonsdale in that coun- ty, falls into the Irish Sea, below Lancas- ter. Its banks are beautiful. London, the metropolis of Great Bri- tain, one of the largest and most opulent cities in the world, mentioned by Tacitus as a considerable commercial place in the reign of Xero. In its most extensive view, as the metropolis, it consists of the city, properly so called, the city of West- minster, and the borough of Southwark, besides the suburbs in Middlesex and Surry, within what are called the Bills of Mortality. London and Westminster are in Middlesex, on the N side of the river Thames ; and Southwark is on the oppo- site bank, in Surry. The city is divided into 26 wards, each governed by an al- derman ; and from the aldermen 'the lord mayor is annually chosen. There arc likewise 236 common-council-men, a re- corder, a common-serjeant, two sheriffs, (who are also sheriffs of Middlesex) a chamberlain, a town clerk, a city -remem- brancer, a water-bailiff, and many infe- rior-officers. Westminster, once a mile from London, but now united to it, is governed by a high steward, who is ge- nerally a nobleman, chosen by the dean and chapter ; and he has an under stew- ard who officiates for him The suburbs are under the jurisdiction of the magis- trates ; and those of Middlesex, besides the county-hall in Clerkenwell Green, have an office in Bow-street, long distin- guished for public spirit and activity, and seven oilier public offices. In the reign of Edward VI. Southwark was formed into a twenty-sixth ward, by the name of Bridge Ward Without. On the death of the alderman of this ward, he is succeeded by the next in seniority. The city has likewise a high bailiff and steward here. Among the churches in the metropolis, the cathedral of St. Paul is the most conspicuous, and inferior to none in Europe except St. Peter's at Rome. Westminster Abbey, the colle- g-iate church of St. Peter, is a noble spe- cimen of Gothic architecture. Here most of the English sovereigns have been crowned, and many of them interred. It contains also a great number of monu- ments of kings, statesmen, heroes, poets, tnd persons, distinguished by genius, learning, and science. The royal palace of St. James is an ancient building, on the N side of a small park, mean in ex- ternal appearance ; but the apartments are said to be the best calculated for re- gal parade of any in Europe. The royal town residence is a house at the W side of St. James's park, built by the duke of Buckingham, and purchased by the king In 1761, when it received the appellation of the Queen's Palace, but is still fre- quently called Buckingham House. Carl- ton House, the residence of the prince of Wales, to the E of St. James's palace, is a stately building, on which vast sums have been expended, but it is not yet completed. The Banqueting House, at Whitehall, begun in 1619, is only a small • part of the vast plan of a palace, intend- , ed to be worthy of the residence of the British monarchs, but left incomplete. ? Besides the royal palaces, there are ma- - ny fine houses of the princes of the ■ blood, and of the nobility and gentry. - Among the public buildings, which can merely be enumerated 1 ire, are West- - minster Hall, containing the supreme L courts of justice, and adjoining to which L © N L O N are the houses of lords and commons. The former was anciently a chapel dedi- cated to St. Stephen, and there is a gal- lery where strangers are permitted to sit and hear the debates, but since the Irish Union it has been enlarged for the re- ception and accommodation of the repre- sentatives of the three kingdoms, as has also the house of Lords, which is an ob- long room not quite so large as the house of Commons, and is hung with line old tapestry representing the defeat of the Spanish Armada in 1588. The heads of the naval heroes who commanded on the glorious day form a matchless border round the work, animating posterity to emulate their glorious example. There are also likewise the Guildhall ; the Ses- sions House in the Old Bailey ; the Tower, an ancient fortress, once a royal palace now containing some public offices, a magazine and arsenal, the regalia of the kingdom, the mint, and a menagerie ; the Horse Guards, the Treasury, and the Admiralty, at Whitehall ; the noble col- lection of public offices which form that magnificent structure called Somerset Place ; the Royal Exchange, in Cornhill ; the Bank of England, in Threadneedle- street; the Custom-house, in Thames- street; die Excise Office, in Broad-street; the East India House, in Leadenhall- street ; the South Sea House, in Throg- morton street ; the Mansion House for the lord mayor; the Monument in com- memoration of the great fire in 1666; and the ancient bridge, called London-bridge. It is in agitation to pull this down, and rebuild it on a most extensive plan, ma- king one arch the span of which shall be sp high as to admit vessels of large bur- den under it ; the two magnificent mo- dern bridges of Black-friars and West- minster. The British Museum in Great Russel-street, Bloomsbury ; and the Le- verian Museum, in Great Surry-street, are, perhaps, the noblest of their kind in Europe. The Inns of Court for the study of the law; the colleges, learned socie- ties, and public seminaries ; the halls of the different trading companies ; the no- ble hospitals and other charitable insti- tutions ; the prisons, public places of di- version ; with its fine squares and streets, which are numerous, and built with great regularity, are all too numerous to be particularly mentioned. London, then, in its large sense, including Westminster, South v.-ark, and part of Middlesex, forms one great metropolis, of vast extent and of prodigious wealth. When considered with all its ad vantages, it is now what ancient Rome once was ; the seat of li- berty, the encourager of arts, and the admiration of the whole world. Lis the centre of trade; has an intimate connec- tion with all die counties of the king- dom ; and is the grand mart of the nation, to which all parts send their commodi- ties, from whence they are again sent back into every town in the nation, and to every part of the world. From hence innumerable carriages by land and water are constantly employed: and from hence arises that circulation in the national bo- dy which renders every part healthful, vigorous, and in a prosperous condition ; a circulation that is equally beneficial to the head and the most distant members. Merchants are here as rich as noblemen : witness their incredible loans to govern- ment : and there is no place in the world where the shops of tradesmen make such a noble and elegant appearance, or are better stocked. The Thames, on the banks of which London is situated, is a river which, though not the largest, is the richest and most commodious for commerce of any in the world. It is con- tinually filled with fleets, sailing to or from the most distant climates : and its banks, from London bridge to Black-wall, form almost one continued great maga- zine of naval stores ; containing three large wet-docks, 32 dry-docks, and 33 yards for the building of ships for the use of the merchants ; besides the places allotted for the building of boats and lighters, and the king's yards lower down the river for the building of men-of-war As the city is about 60 miles distant from the sea, it enjoys, by means of this beau- tiful river, all the benefits of navigation, without the danger of being surprised by foreign fleets, or being annoye d by the moist vapours of the sea. It rises regularly, from the water-side, and, ex- tending itself on both sides along its banks, reaches a prodigious length from E to W, in a kind of amphitheatre to- wards the N, and is continued for near 20 miles on all sides, in a succession of magnificent villas and populous villages, the country-seats of gentlemen and trades- men ; whither, the latter retire for the benefit of fresh air, and to relax their minds from the hurry of business. The regard paid by the legislature to the pro- perty of the subject, has hitherto pre- vented any bounds being fixed for its ex- tension. The irregular form of London makes it difficult to ascertain its extent. However, its length from E to W is ge- nerally allowed to be above seven miles from Hyde -park corner to Poplar ; and its breadth in some places three, in LON LON others two, and in others again not much above half a mile. Hence the circum- ference of the whole is almost 18 miles ; or, according to a later measurement, the extent of continued buddings is 35 miles, two furlongs' and 39 roods. But it is much easier, to form an idea of the large extent of a city so irregularly built by the number of the people, \\ ho are computed to be above a million ; and from the number of edifices devoted to the service of religion. Of these, there are 305 in the compass of this vast pile of buildings, without reckoning the 21 out-parishes usually included in the bills of mortality, and a great number of me- thodist tabernacles. There are also in and near the city 100 alms-houses, about 20 hospitals and infirmaries, three col- leges, 10 public prisons, 15 flesh-mar- kets ; one market for live cattle ; two other markets more particularly for herbs; and 23 other markets for corn, coals, hay, &c. 15 inns of court, 27 pub- lic squares, besides those within single buildings, as the Temple, &.c. three bridges, 55 halls for companies, eight public schools, called free-schools ; and 131 charity schools, which provide edu- cation for 5034 poor children ; 207 inns, 447 taverns, 551 coffee houses, 5975 ale- houses ; 1200 hackney-coaches ; 400 ditto chairs ; 7000 streets, lanes, courts and alleys, and 150,000 dwelling-houses, con- taining, as has been already observed, above 1,000,000 inhabitants ; who, ac- cording to a moderate estimate, are sup- posed to consume weekly provision?, clothing, &c. to the amount of 500,000/. London is the scat of many conside rable manufactures ; some almost peculiar to itself, others in which it participates with the manufacturing towns in gene- ral. The most important of its peculiar manufactures is the silk-weaving, estab- lished in Spitalfields by refugees from France. A variety of works in gold, sil- ver, and jewellery; the engraving of prints ; the making of optical and ma- thematical instruments, are likewise priir 1 - cipally or solely executed here, and some of them in greater perfection than in any other country. To its port are likewise confined some branches of foreign com- merce, as the vast East India trade, and those to Turkey and Hudson's Bay. The common firing is pit-coal, commonly cal- led .sea-coal, of which there are consum- ed upwards of 766,880 chaldrons every year. The annual consumption of oil in London and Westminster for lamps amounts to 400,000/. In 1787, the quan- tity of porter brewed in London for home- consumption and foreign exportation, a- mountedto 1,176,856 barrels. Thus Lon- don has risen to its present rank of the first city in Europe, both with respect to opulence and to number of inhabitants. London is a bishop's see, and sends four members to parliament. To enumerate all the events by which this great capi- tal Has. been distinguished, would great- ly exceed our limits ; we shall onlv men- tion therefore, the great plague, in 1665, which cut off 90,000 people, and the dreadful conflagration, in 1666, by which it received damage to the amount of 10,689,000/. London is 165 miles NW of Paris, 180 W by S of Amsterdam, and 264 SE of Dublin. Lat. 51 31 N. London, New, a seaport in the state of Connecticut, and county of New Lon- don. Its harbour is the best in Connec- ticut, and as good as any in the United States. It is defended by two forts, and seated, on the Thames, near its entrance into the Sound, 80 miles NE of New York. Lon. 72 45 W, lat. 41 15 N. London, New, a town of the United States, in Virginia, on James river. I remarkable for a long siege it sus- tained against James II. in 1689, till a naval force from England, with some troops under general Kirke, broke the boom across the harbour, and brought a seasonable relief ; by which the enemy- were so dispirited, as to raise the siege. It is a modern place, built by a company of London adventurers in the reign of James I. The principal commerce of Londonderry is with America and the West Indies. It contains 10,000 inhabi- tants, and is seated on the river Foyle, over which a wooden bridge, 1068 feet in length, and of singular and excellent construction, was erected in 1791. Lon- donderry is four miles S of Lough Fovle, and 194 NW of Dublin. Lon. 7 5 W, lat. 55 4 N. Londonderry, a post town in Rocking- ham county, New Hampshire, 35 miles L O N LOR SW of Portsmouth, and 37 NW of New- bury port, Massachusetts. It is peopled mostly by emigrants from Ireland, as the name implies, and contained 2766 inhabitants, at the last enumeration. Londonderry, a township of Dauphin county, Pennsylvania, containing 2411 inhabitants in 1810. It is situated be- tween Conewago and Swetara creeks, about 15 miles E of Harrisburg. Londonderry, a township of Chester county, Pennsylvania, containing 1164 inhabitants in 1810. It is situated on the E side of Octorara creek, between Ox- u$ ford and Nottingham. London Grove, a township of Ches.te.r- 3&county, Pennsylvania, containing 983 in- habitants in 1810. It is situated between New Garden and Oxford, about 40 miles SW of Philadelphia. ■Longford, a county of Ireland, in the province of Leinster, 25 miles long and 16 broad ; bounded on the E and S by "West Meath, on the NW by Lcitrim, on the NE by Cavan, and on the W by the Shannon which parts it from Roscom- mon. It is a rich and pleasant country, contains 24 parishes, and sends ten mem- bers to parliament. Longford, a borough of Ireland, capi- tal of a county of the same name, 70 miles WNW of Dublin. Lon. 7^40 W, lat. 53 48 N. Long Island, an island of the state of New York, separated from Connecticut by Long Island Sound, and divided into three counties. It extends from the city of New York E 140 miles, but is not more than ten broad on a medium. Hence are exported to the West Indies, &c. whale-oil, pitch, pine -boards, horses, cattle, flax-seed, beef, &c. The pro- duce of the middle and western parts of the island, particularly corn, is carried to New York. This island, in 1810, con- tained upwards of 48,752 inhabitants. Long Island Sound, a kind of inland sea, in North America, 25 miles broad and 140 long, extending the whole length of Long Island, and dividing it from Con- necticut. It communicates with the At- lantic at both ends of the Island. Longinico, a town of the More a, an- ciently called Olympia, famous for be- ing the place where the Olympic games were celebrated, and for the temple of Jupiter Olympius, about a mile distant. It is now a small place, seated on the Al pheus, 10 miles from its mouth, and 50 S of Lepanto. Lon. 22 E, lat. 37 30 N. Longtoiivn, a town in Cumberland, with a market on Thursday, seated on the borders of Scotland, 12 miles N of Car- lisle, and 307 NNW of London. Lon 2 50 W, lav. 55 8 N. Longueville, a town of France, in the department of Lower Seine and late pro- vince of Normandy, seated on a small ri- ver, 23 miles N of Rouen. Long-wy, a town of France, in the de- partment of Moselle and late duchy of Lorrain, with a castle. It is divided into the Old and New Town, the latter of which is fortified. It was taken by the king of Prussia in 1792, but retaken two months after. It is seated on an emi- nence, 15 miles SW of Luxemburg, and 167 NE of Paris. Lon. 5 58 E, lat. 40 30 N. Lonsdale. See Kirhy Lonsdale. Lons-le-Saulnier, a town of France, in the department of Jura, and late pro- vince of Franche Comte, with a late ab- bey of noble Bernardines. It derives its name from the sail springs with which it abounds, and is seated on the Solvan, 30 miles SSW of Doie. Lon. 5 30 E, lat. 46 37 N. Loo, a town of Dutch Guelderland, where the prince of Orange had a fine palace, eight miles W T of Deventer. Lon. 5 44 E, lat. 52 20 N. Looe,- East and West, two mean bo- roughs in Cornwall, separated by a creek, over which is a narrow stone bridge. They send together as many members to parliament as London. Tbe market held at East Looe, is on Saturday. They are 16 miles W of Plymouth, and 232 W bv S of London. Lon. 4 36 W, lat. 50 23 N. Loonenburg, a town in Green county, New York, near Catskill on the Hudson river. It has a post office 378 miles from Washing-ton. Loodon, a town in Rockingham coun- ty, New Hampshire, on the E side of Merrimack river, between Canterbury and Epsom, with 1279 inhabitants. Lookout, Cape, a cape of North Caro- lina, S of cape Hatteras, and opposite Core Sound. Loots, a town of Germany, capital of a county of the same name in the bisho- pric of Liege, 16 miles W of Maestricht. Lon. 5 19 E, lat. 50 52 N. Lopatka, Cape, the S extremity of the Peninsula of Kamtschatka. See Kuriles. Loru, a town of Spain in Andalusia, on the river Guadalcjuiver, 28 miles NE of Seville. Lon. 5 4 W, lat. 37 46 N. Lora, a town of Upper Saxony, in the county of Hohenstein, 30 miles N of Saxc-Gotha. Lon. 10 55 E, lat. 51 30 N. Lore a* own of Spain, in Granada, 15 ■niies N of Malaga. Lon. 4 35 W, lat. 36 50 N. LOR LOT Lorbus, a town of the kingdom of Tu- nis, with a castle, and fine remains of antiquity. It is seated in a plain, fertile in corn," 150 miles SW of Tunis. Lon. 9 E, lat. 35 35 X. Lorca, an ancient town of Spain, in Murcia, seated on an eminence, neaf the river Guadalant'm, 30 miles WofCartha- gena. Lon. 1 37 W, lat. 37 44 N. Lorca, a town of Suabia, in the duchy of Wirtemburg. It had formerly a very rich abbey, whose revenues now belong to the university of Tubing-en. It is a poor place though seated in a fertile country on the Returns, 20 miles NW of Eslingen. L ,rd Howe's Group, an extensive group of Islands in the South Pacific Ocean, discovered, in 1791, by captain Hunter, who from the mast head distinctly des- cried 32 of them, some of considerable extent. Lon. from 159 14 to 159 37 E, lat. 5 30 S. Lord Howe's Island, an island of the South Pacific Ocean, discovered by lieu- tenant King. Many excellent turtle have been caught her.-, and it abounds with a variety of birds. The island is 140 leagues E of New South Wales, three mdes and a half lonir, and verv narrow. Lon. 159 E, lat. 51 36 S. Lore do. a town of Italy, in the terri- tory of Venice and in the Polesino, seat- ed or. the \dige, 20 miles E of Kovigo. Lon. 12 50 E, lat. 45 5 N. Loretto, a fortified town of Italy, in the mavquisate of Ancona, with a bishop's see. It contains the Casa Santa, or House of Nazareth, in which it is pretended Jesus Christ was brought up ; and that it was earried by angels into Dalmatia, and thence to the place where it now stands. Four walls of white Parian mar- ble have been erected to surround the holy chamber, which itself is built of bricks of unequal size ; it is 40 feet long, 20 broad, and 20 high, without any roof or covering ; in it is an image of the Blessed Virgin, placed in a niche, with the heavenly infant on her right arm, and a triple crown on her head; the whole statue is covered with diamonds, and pearls, and round is a sort of rainbow of precious stones of divers colours ; all the altars, utensils, and ornaments in the place are immensely rich. The sacrista, or treasury, is filled with jewels, gold vessels, and ornaments more precious than gold itself, the votive presents of emperors, kings, princes, queens, popes^ and other persons of both sexes for these many hundred years past. Works in sil- ver are not thought worthy to be admit- ted here. The whole is reckoned to be worth nine millions of rix-dollars. And we ought not to omit the wine cellar be, longing to the holy house, which is very nchly stored. The town itself, exclusive of the chapel, is neither considerable nor agreeable ; nor does it contain above 300 inhabitants who are almost all shoe- makers, tailors, or sellers of chaplets. It is seated on a moumafn, three miles from the gulf of Venice, 12 SE of Ancona^ md 112 NE of Rome. Lon. 13 38 E, lat. 43 27 N. Lorgues, a very populous town of France in the department of Var and late province of Provence, seated on the Ar- gens, five miles W bv S of Draguignan, and 430 S by E of Paris. Lon- 6 27 E, lat. 43 30 N. Lorn, the N district of Argyleshire in Scotland, between Loch Etive and Lock Awe. Lorrain, a late province of France, bounded on the N by Luxemburgh a. id the archbishopric of Treves, on the E by Alsace and Deux-Ponts, on the S by Franche Comtc, and on the W by Cham- pagne and Bar. It is 100 miles in length, and 75 in breadth, and abounds in all sorts of corn, wine, hemp, flax, and" rape- s^ed, and in general in all the necessa- ries of life. There are fine meadows and large forests, with mines of iron, silver, and copper, and salt-pits. The princi- pal rivers arc the Maese or Meuse, the Moselle, the Seilles, the Meurthe, and the Sare. This province now forms the three departments of Meurthe, Moselle and the Vosges. Lorrich, a small town of Germany, in the district of Rheingau, seated on the E side of the Rhine, eight miles NW of Bin gen. Lorris, a town of France in the depart- ment of Loiret and late province of'Or- leanois. It is 15 miles W by S of Mon- targis. Lot, a river of France, which rises in the department of Lozere, and watering Mendeand Cahors, falls into the Garonne, at Aiguillon. It begins to be navigable at Cahors. Lot, a department of France, includ- ing the late province of Querci. It takes its name from the river Lot. Cahors is the capital. Lot and Garonne, a department of France, including part of the late pro- vince of Guienne, and so called from two rivers. Ag'en is the capital Lothian, East. See Haddingtonshire. Lothian, Jfid. See Edinburghshire. Lothian, West. See Linlithgowshire » L O U Louans, a small town < f France, in the department of Saone and Loire and late province of Burgundy, situated in a kind of Island between the rivers Seilles, Sal- le, and Solnan, 18 miles SE of Ch.dons. Loudon, a county in the state of V ir- ginia, containing 21,338 inhabitants in 1810. It is situated on the S side of the Potomac, bclween Fairfax and Frederic counties. The chief towns Leesburg and Middleburg. This county has but a small proportion of slaves, being originally set- tled by emigrants from Pennsylvania and New Jersey. Louden, a township of Rockingham county, New Hampshire, containing 1472 i 'inhabitants in 1810. It is situated 'on the E side of 'Merrimack river 45 miles NW of Portsmouth. Loudim, a town of France in the de- partment of Vienne and late province of Poitou. It is seated on a mountain, 12 miles NW of Poitiers, and 155 SW of Paris. Lon. 17 E, lat. 47 2 N. Loughborough, a town in Leicester- shire, with a market on Thursday, plea- santly seated among fertile meadows near the forest of Charwood, on the river Soar, 18 miles N of Leicester, and 109 NXW of London. Lon. 1 10 W, lat. 52 48 N. Louisa, a town of Swedish Finland, with a fortress, on a bay of the gulf of Finland. The houses are all of wood, two stories high, and painted red* Louisa, a county of Virginia state, con- taining 11,900 inhabitants in 1810; more than one half slaves. The greater part of the county lies between North Anna and South Anna rivers, about i0 miles NNW of Richmond. Louisburgh, a town of North America, capital of the island of Cape Breton. It was taken by the English in 1758, and ceded to them in 1763: since which the fortifications have been destroyed. It has an excellent harbour, near four leagues in circumference. Lon. 59 48 W, lat. 45 54 N. Jjouis/nirg, a post town in Franklin county, North Carolina, on the E bank of Tar river, 23 miles NE of Raleigh the capital of the state. Louisville, a post town in Jefferson county, Kentucky ; seated on the E bank of the river Ohio, 54 miles W of Frank- fort, and 640 miles below Pittsburg. It is a port of entry and the capital of the county. The inhabitants are estimated at 1357. It lies in lat. 38 3 N. and lon. 86 30 W. Louisville, a post town, the capital of the state of Georgia; situated on the N • E of the Great Ogechee river in Jefferson, LOU county, 100 mile* NW of Savannahs in he hit. of 32 50 N, and lon. of 83 38 W. Louisiana, a large country of North A- merica, bounded on the E by the Missis- • ppi, on the S by the gulf of Mexico, on the W by New M xico, and running in- definitely N. It is agreeably situated between the extremes of heat and cold ; its climate varying as it extends toward the N. The timber is as fine as any in die world; and the quantities of oak, ash, mulberry, walnut, cherry, cypress, and cedar, are astonishing The neigh- bourhood of the Mississippi, besides, fur- nishes the richest fruits in great variety. The soil is particularly adapted for hemp, flax, cotton and tobacco ; and indigo is a staple commodity, which commonly yields the planter three or four cuttings a year. It is intersected by a number of fine rivers, among which are the Mis- souri, Natchitoches, and the Adayes, or Mexicano. It is divided into, Upper and Lower Louisiana. The Upper compre- hends those settlements which extend along the Mississippi from 70 miles be- low the mouth of the Ohio to the Mis- souri, and along the latter river about 40 miles. Lower Louisiana extends from the upper S to the Gulf of Mexico and Bay of Mobiile, though the Spanish go- vernment contends that it extends no farther eastward than the river lbeville which unites the Mississippi with Lake Pon tc liar train. The lower part is much the richest and most populous. Toge- ther they contain about 100,000 inhabi- tants. The chief city is New Orleans. T'iiis country was discovered by Ferdi- nand de Soto, in 1541 ; traversed by M. de la Salle, in 1682 ; and settled by Lewis XI V. in the beginning of this century. In 1763, it was ceded to Spain; in 1800 econveyed to France; and in 1803 pur- chased by the United States. Loni-tcheou-fou, a city of China, in the province of Quang-tong, separated by a narrow strait from the isle of Hai-nan, where pearls are said to have been for- merly fished up. It is 345 miles SW of Canton. Lonitx, a town of Great Poland, in the palatinate of Rava, 55 miles E of Gnesna. Lon. 19 E, lat. 52 26 N. Lou-iigan-fou, a city of China, in the province of Chan-si, agreeably situated near the source of the river Tso-tsangho. It is 375 miles SWof Pekin. Loung Jjoch, a great arm of the sea, in Argyleshire, which communicates on the S, with the Frith of Clyde'. Luiidre, a town of France, in the de- partment of the Upper Pyrenees and late province of Bigorrc, with an ancient and LOW L U B strong castle, seated on* a rock on the Gave de Fan, almost 15 miles S of Tar- bcs. Lon. 5 \V, lat. 43 8 X. Jsjtilh, a county of Ireland; in the pro- vince of Leinstc^ 29 miles long and 13 broad; bounded on the X by 'Armagh K arid CarUnford Bay, on tbe E by the Irish Sea, on the W by Monaghan and E by Meath, from which it is parted, by the Boync. It is a small but fruitful coun- ty, and proper to feed cattle, contains 50 parishes, and sends ten members to parliament. Drogheda is the capital. Louth, a town of Ireland, in a county of the same name, 19 miles N by W of Drogheda. Louth, a corporate town of Lincoln- shire, with a market on Wednesday and Saturday. It is a large well built "town, the market' well frequented, and here is a noble Gothic church, with a lofty spire, and a freeschool founded by Edward VI. It has a new navigation, by means of its brook, the Lud, to the German Ocean, at Tetney Creek. It is 28 miles XE of Lincoln, and 148 X of London. Lon. 10 E, lat. 53 25 N. Louvcdn, a large and pleasant city of Austrian Brabant, with an old castle, and a celebrated university. Its walls are nearly seven miles in circumference, but within them are many gardens and vine- yards. The public buildings are mag- nificent, and the university consists of a great number of colleges, they formerly made here large quantities of cloth, but this trade is greatly decayed, and it is now chiefly remarkable for good beer, with which it serves the rieighbourin; towns. It was taken by the French in 1794. It is seated on the Dyle, 14 miles E bv X of Brussels, and 40 XE of Moris. Lon*. 4 31 E, Lit. 50 53 X. Louvestein, a fortress of the United Provinces in Holland, seated at the con- fluence of the rivers Waal and jVfaese. ■on the W end of an Island called Bom- mel Waert. It is 16 miles E of Dort. Lon. 5 13 E, lat. 50 40 X. Limners, a handsome town of France in the department of Eure and late pro vince ofXormandy, with a considerable manufacture of cloth, and seated on the Eure, in a fertile plain, 10 miles X of Evreux, and 55 XW of Paris. Lon. 1 15 E, lat. 49 X. Louvo, a town of the kingdom of Siam, With a royal palace. It is very populous, and seated on a fertile plain, 50 miles X of the city of Siam. Lon. 100 50 E, lat, 1.5 8 X. Lo-.vdore, a fine cataract in' Cumber- land, on the E side of the lake of Der- went water, in the rale of Keswick, formed by the rushing of the waters of Watanlajth through a chasm made by two vast rocks ; but fails entirely in a dry season. • Lower JWarlbro* ', & post town in Cal- vert county, Maryland ; situated on the E side of Patuxent river, 30 miles SSW of Annapolis, and 24 XW of St. Leo- nards. Lo-ivp.s-'ivaier, a lake in Cumberland, one mile Jong and a quarter of a mile broad. Tt is of no great depth and with- out char ; but it abounds with pike and perch. In opposition to all the other lakes, it has its course from X to S, and, Tinder the lofty Melbreak, falls into Gro- in ack-water. IjOioicz, a populous town of Poland, in the palatinate of Rava, with a strong for- tress, seated on the Bzura, 21 miles S of Plocksko, and 30 X of Hava. Lon. 19 29 E, lat. 52 24 X. Loiv-Lmjton, a village in Essex, which, with that of Laytonstone, forms one pa- rish, on the skirts of Epping Forest. Here a great many Roman antiquities have been dug up. It is six miles XE of London. Lo-wville, a post town in Oneida coun- :\ , Xew York, about 35 miles E of lake Ontario., ,~ tirl Lo.ra, a considerable town of Spain, in the kingdom of Granada, seated in a fertile countrv, on the river Xenil, 18 miles W of Granada. Lon. 3 52 W, lat. 37 15 X. Loxa, a town of Peru, in the province of Quito, 200 miles EXE of Paita. Lon. 77 10 W, lat. 4 50 S. Loyir, a town of Pomcrania, in the county of Gutzkow, sealed on the Pene, ten miles above the city of Gutzkow. Lozere, a department of France, in- cluding the late province of Gevaudan. !t is a mountainous, barren country, and receives its name from one of its princi- pal mountains. Mende is the capital. Lubaiiy a town of the Russian govern- ment of Livonia, 70 miles E of Riga. Lon. 26 36 E, lat. 56 55 X. Lubansken-Sea, or the Lake of %uhan, a lake in Livonia, toward the confines of Courland and Lithuania. The river Ro- sitta falls into this lake. Lubben, a town of Germany, in Lower Lusatia, capital of a district of the same lame, with a handsome castle. It be- longs to the duke of Mersenburg, and is seated on the Spree, 60 miles SE of Ber- lin. Lon. 14 25 E, lat. 52 X. Lubec, a seaport town of Germany, in Lower Saxony, in the duchy of Holstein, with a bishop's see. It is a free, impe- rial, Hanseatic town, and the streets are LUC LUC handsome* large, and neat. The houses are all built with free stone, and have large apartments, with spacious cellars. The doors of the houses are so high and so wide, that a cart loaded with hay may p:iss through them. The town house is a. superb structure, and has several tow- ers. On the ground floor is the hall of Midience, which is well furnished, and where the senate assembles regularly three times a week. Above is another large hall, where the deputies of the Hanseatic League formerly held their as- semblies. Here is also a fine exchange, Which was built in 1683. The senate is composed of 20 persons, four of which are burgo-masters, the others consist of the nobility, jnen of letters, and mer- chants. Add to these a syndic, a pro- thonotary, and four secretaries. The in- habitants are all Lutherans; and there are 21 preachers, who.se chief has the title of Superintendent. There are five large churches and palaces, one of which is the cathedral, whose body is of an ex- traordinary length, containing several curiosities : such as, an handsome statue of the Virgil} Mary, a curious clock, and a prodigious large organ. There are 14 hospitals, one for lunatics, a pest house, and tour others for sick persons. It is seated on the river Trave, ten miles SW of the Baltic Sea, and 17 NE of Ham- burg. Lon. 10 51 E, lat. 53 57 X. - Lubec, .Bishopric of, a small bishopric, in the duchy of Holstein. It belongs to the duke of Holstein. jAibec, an island of the Indian Ocean. Lon. 112 22 E, lat. 5 50 S. Luben, a town of Germany, in the pro- vince of Silesia, capital of a circle of the same name, in the principality of Lig- nitz, 22 miles NYV of 13 re slaw. Lon. 16 28 E, lat. 51 20 N. Lublin, a city of Poland, capital of a palatinate of the same name, with a ci- tadel, a bishop's see, an academy, and a Jewish synagogue. It is seated on the Weiprz, 75 miles SE of Warsaw. Lon. 22 45 E, lat. 51 14 N. Luboiv, a town of Poland, in the pala- tinate of Cracow, 50 miles SE of Cracow. Lon. 20 36 E, lat. 49 36 N. Luc, a town of France, in the depart- ment of Var and late province of Pro- vence, 25 miles NE of Toulon. Lon. 6 25 E, lat. 43 28 N. Luc, a town of France, in the depart- ment of Isere and late province of Dan - phiny, seated on the river Drome, 32 mile,s S of Grenoble. Lon. 5 48 E, lat. 44 40 N. Lucar-de-Barameda, St. a seaport of Spain, in Andalusia, with a bishop's see. j It has a very large, fine harbour, u*eU , defended ; and is seated at the mouth of Ithfl Cuiidalquivcr, 44 miles S by W of Seville, and 270 of Madrid. Lon. 5 54 W, lat. 36 58 N. ■ > 1/ucar-de-Guadiana, St. a strong town of Spain, in Andalusia, with a small har : hour on the river Guadiana, 39 miles N E of Faro. Lon. 8 16 W, lat. 37 18 N. Lvcar-La Mayor, St. a town of Spain, in Andalusia, seated on the Guadiana, 10 miles NW of Seville. Lon. 5 33 W, lat. 37 36 N. Lucca, a town of Italy, capital of a re- public of the same name. It is about three miles in circumference, and sur-» rounded with a wall and other modern fortifications. It is an archbishop's see, and the churches are very handsome. The inhabitants have a considerable ma- nufacture of silk, and gold and silver stuffs, in which they drive a great trade,. They oblige all travellers to leave their arms at the city gate, and will not suffer any one to wear a sword within it. It is seated in the middle of a fruitful plain, surrounded with pleasant hills, near the river Serchio, over which there are two bridges. It is 10 miles NE of Pisa, 37 W of Florence, and 155 N by W of Rome. Lon. 10 35 E, lat. 43 50 N. Lucca, the republic of, a small terri- tory of Italy, lying on the Tuscan Sea; about 20 miles in length, and 10 in hreadth. The soil does not produce much corn ; but there is plenty of wine, oil, silk, wool, and chesnuts ; their oil In particular is in high esteem, and the . common people usually eat chesnuts in- stead of bread. It is a sovereign state, under the protection of the emperor, and the government aristocratic. The usual revenues amount to about 30,000/. per annum, and they can raise and pay 10,000 men upon occasion. Luce, a great bay in Wigtonshire, ly- ing to the E of the mull of Galloway. Lucera, an ancient town of Italy, in ^he kingdom of Naples, in Capitanata, with a bishop's see, 30 miles SW of Manfredoniaj and 65 NE of Naples. Lon, 15 34 E, lat. 41 28 N. Lucern, one of the cantons of Swisser- iand, and the most considerable, except Zuric and Berne. It is 30 miles in length, and 20 in breadth : bounded on the E by die cantons of Underwulden, Schweitz, and Zug, and on all the other sides, by the canton of Bern. The inhabitants of ibis canton are reckoned about 100,000, and are Roman catholics. The govern- ment was formerly aristocratical, con- sisting of a senate of 36, and a council of 64, in which, some plebeian burghers ''if V_» LUC LUC were admitted every election ; but the Helvetic confederacy, as well as the con- stitution of the several cantons is now dissolved, the French having- cruelly and unjustly enslaved this brave and virtuous people. Lucern, the capital of the canton of Lucern, in Swisserland. It is divided in- to two by a branch of tbe Rcuss, which falls into the lake, on the NW end of which the town is seated, and commands an extensive prospect. It scarcely con- tains 3000 inhabitants, has no manufac- j tures of consequence, and little com- merce. The pope has always a nuncio resident here. In the cathedral is an or- gan of a fine tone, and of an extraordi- nary size ; the centre pipe is 40 feet in length, near three in breadth, and weighs 1100 pounds. The bridges which skirt the town, round the edge of the lake, are the fashionable walk of the place, and remarkable for their length. They are decorated with coarse painting's, repre- senting the histories of the Old Testa- ment, the battles of the Swiss, and the dance of death. Lucern is 30 miles SW of Zuric, and 35 E of Bern. Lon. 8 6 E, lat. 47 5 N. Lucern, Lake of. See Wahhtxtter Sea. Lucerna, a town of Italy in Piedmont, 15 miles SW of Turin. Lon. 7 38 E, lat. 44 52 N. Lmchen, a town of Spain, in the king- dom of Valencia, 30 miles S of the city of that name. Lon. 10 E, lat. 38 53 N. Lucia, Si. one of the Windward Canb- bee Islands, in the West Indies, 22 miles in length and 21 in breadth. It consists of plains well watered with rivulets, and hills furnished with timber, and has se- veral good bays, and commodious har- bours. It was taken by the English in May, 1796. There are two high moun- tains, by which this island may be known at a considerable distance. It is 21 miles S of Martinico. Lon. 60 45 W, lat. 13 25 N. Lucia, Stt. one of the Cape de Verd Is- lands, about 450 miles W of the conti- nent of Africa. Lon. 24 32 W, lat. 16 45 N\ Lucignano, a town of Italy in the du- chy of Tuscan v, 10 miles S of Sienna. Lon 11 11 E, lat. 43 N. Lucknow, an ancient city of Hindoo- stan Proper, capital of Oude. It is an extensive place, but meanly built : tin houses are chiefly mud walls covered with thatch : and many consist entirely of mats and bamboos, and are thatched atcd their rage by bar- barities for which ' gu^ge has no name. It is reckoned that n * 'ess than 70,000 in •his city alone were cj.< ;r massacred or forced into exile. It was also decreed by iie convention that the walls and public buildings of Lyons should be destroyed, and the name of the city changed to that of Ville Jffrancliie. In 1794 however, on the destruction of the faction of the Ja- cobins, the convention decreed that the ••ity should resume its ancient name, and that measures should be taken to restore itfc manufactures and commerce. This citv is 15 miles N of Vienne, and 220 S E of Paris. Loa. 4 55 E, lat. 45 46 N. MAC M MAATEA, one of the Society isles in the South Sea. See Society Isles. Mabva, a town of the kingdom of Al- giers, seated on the gulf of Bona, W of the town of Bona. Macao, a town of China, in the pro- vince of Canton, in an island at the en- trance of the bay of Canton. It is de- fended by three forts. The Portuguese have been in possession of the harbour since 1640. They pay a tribute of 100,000 ducats for the liberty of choosing then- own magistrates, exercising their reli- gion, and living according to their own laws ; and here, accordingly, is a Portu- guese governor, as well as a Chinese mandarin, to take care of the town and the neighbouring country. Lon. 113 46 E, lat. 22 12 N. Macarsca, a seaport of Dalmatia, with a pretty good harbour and a bishop's see, seated on the gulf of Venice, 25 miles S E of Spahv.ro. ' Lon. 18 7E, lat 43 49 N. JMgcassar, a kingdom of Celebes, whence that island is called Macassi r. See Celebes. Macassar, a large town of the island of Celebes, capital of a kingdom of the same name. The houses a n e all of wood, supported by thick posts, and the roofs covered with very large leaves ; the} have ladders to ascend into them, which they draw up as soon as they have enter • ed. It Is seated near the mouth ot a lar e river, which runs through the kingdi m from N to S. Lon. 117 28 E, lat. 5 S. Jlipcclesjield, a corporate town in Che- shire, with a market on Monday. I' . - seated at the edge of a forest of the same name, near the river Bolin, and govern ed by a mayor. It has manufactures ct mohair, twist, hatbands, buttons, and thread ; and mills for the winding of silk It is 36 miles E of Chester, and 171 NW of London. Lon. 2 17 W, lat. 53 15 N. Macedonia, a province of Turkey i' Europe ; bounded on the N by Servi: and Bulgaria, on the E by Romania an< the Archipelago, on the S by Livadia, and on the W by that country "and Alb;, nia. Salonichi is the capital. Macerata, a handsome populous town of Italy, in the marquisate of Ancon-', with a b ; shop's see and a university. 1 is seated near the mountain Chiento, 12 miles SW of Loretto. Lon. 13 27 E, lat. 43 20 N. Machecou, a town of France, in the MAC department of Lower Loire and late pi\o»- vhice of Bretagne, seated on the Tenu, 20 miles SW of Nantes. Lon. 1 11 W, lat. 47 2 N. . \Iacherry, a town of Hindoostan pro- per, situated in the province of Mewat, about 72 miles distant from Delhi. Madiian, one of the Molucca Islands, 2j miles in circumference, and the most Li-tile of them all. It produces the best cloves, and the Dutch have here three inaccessible forts. Lon. 126 55 E, lat. Q 2 S. J lac hies, a maritime post town, in the District of Maine, containing 1570 in- habitants in 1810, It is situated in the county of Washington., on the W side of Machias river. Lat. 44 44 N, and lon , 67 34 W. It is famous for its extensive t rade in lumber. Macldcaco, a promontory of Spain, in the bay of Biscay. Lon. 3 W, lat. 43 37 N. Machynleth, a town in Montgomery- shire, with a market on Monday, seated on the Douay, over which is a stone bridge leading into Merionethshire. It is 57 miles W of Montgomery, and 198- NW of London. Lon. 3 45 W, lat. 52 24 N. Mackeran, a province of Persia, bound- ed on the X by Segestan, and Sablestan, on the E by Hindoostan Proper, on the S by die Arabian Sea, and on the W by Kerman. It is tributary to the king of Candahar, and the capital, of the same name, is 100 miles NW of Tatta. Lon. 66 IV lat. 26 N. • MTntosh, a county in the state of (Georgia, containing 3739 inhabitants in 1810, of whom 2957 were slaves. It is i ated in the marshy country between ie A lat amah a and Newport rivers, and lias Liberty county in the N and Glynn ounty on the S. Ml coco, a kingdom of Africa, in Ethi - opia to the E of Congo, and S of the equator. The Portuguese carry on a trade with (he inhabitants for slaves, elephants' teeth and copper. Macov, an ancient town of France, in he department of Saone, and Loire and late province of Burgundy, lately a bi- shop's see. It is remarkable for its good wine -j and is seated on the declivity of a .hill, near the Saqne, 35 miles N of Lyons, .aid 188 SE of Paris. Macrea, a river of Africa, which runs across the kingdom of Tripoli, and falls into the Mediterranean, a little to the E of Le be da. Mocri, an ancient town of Samos, m the Archipelago. M A D Micro, or Macronisse, an island of the \. N pclago, m ar the coast of Livadia, 20 mih-s E of Athens. Mucuna, one of ;he Navigators Islands, in the S Pacific ocean. Here M. de la Pcyrouse, commander of the French ships, the BoussOule unci Astrolabe, onl ;i voyage of discovery, met with a dread- ful accident, M. del.an.iile, the captain i of the Astrolabe, with eight officers and sailors, being- massacred by the na- tives. Lbn.' 169 W, lat. 14 19 S. Maciing!/, 'n. township of Northampt on county, Pennsylvania, containing 2420 inhabitants in iS10. It joins 'Berks coun- ty, between Upper Milford and Weisen- bcrg townships. The chief town Millers Town. Maczua, a small island on the Red Sea, near the coast of Abex. Madagascar, a large island of Africa, discovered by the Portuguese, in 1492. It lies 40 leagues E of the continent of Africa, from which it is separated by the strait of Mosambique. It extends 900 miles from N to S, and is from 200 to 300 broad. The natives are common- ly tall, well made, of an olive complex- ion, and some of them pretty black. They are a civil and good natured peo- ple but easily provoked, 'and apt to shew their resentment on the least provoca- tion. Their hair is not woolly, like that of the negroes of Guinea; but it is al- ways black, and for the most part curls naturally : their nose is small though not flat, and they have not thick lips. They have no cities or towns, but a great num- ber of villages a small distance from each other. Their houses are pitiful huts, without windows or chimnies, and the roofs covered with reeds or leaves. Both men and women are fond of bracelets and necklaces, and they anoint their bo- dies with stinking grease or oil There are a great many petty kings, whose : iches consist in cattle and slaves, and they are always at war with each other. It is hard to say what their religion is, for they have neither churches nor priests. They have no rules relating to marriage, for the men and women coha- bit together for some time, and then leave each other as freely again. Here are a great number of locusts, crocodiles, camelions. and other animals common to Africa. The abundance and variety of pi ovisions of every kind, which a fine climate and fertile soil can produce are on no part of the globe superior to those of Madagascar.' The French have at- empted to settle here v but have alwavs been repelled. There are only some parts M A D on the coast vet known. Lat. from 12 to 26 S. ; Madeira, an island in the Atlantic Ocean, 120 miles in circumference, and 240 N by E of Teneriffe. In 1419, when the Portuguese, under the patronage of prince Henry, had made their second voyage to their recently-discovered is- land of Porto Santo, they observed to- wards the S, a fixed spot in the horizon, like a stuall black cloud. By degrees, they were led to conjecture that it might be land, and steering toward it, they ar- rived at a considerable island, uninhabit- ed, and covered with wood, which on that account, they called Madeira. Prince Henry, the next year, settled a colony here, and not only furnished it with the seeds and plants, and domestic animals common in Europe, but he procured slips of the vine from Cyprus, the rich wines of which were then in great request, and plants of the sugar-cane from Sicily, into which it had been lately introduced These throve so prosperously, that the sugar and wine of Madeira quickly be- came articles of somfc consequence in the commerce of Portugal ; but its wine, in particular, is in the highest estimation, especially such as has been a voyage to the East or West Indies, for it matures best in the hottest climate. The scorch- ing heat of summer, and the icy chill of winter, are here equally unknown ; of spring and autumn reign continu- ally, and produce flowers, and fruits throughout the yem. Many brooks and small rivulets descend from the moun- tains in deep chasms or glens, which se- parate the various parts of the island. The beds of the brooks are in some places covered with stones of all sizes, carried down from the higher parts by the vio- lence of winter rains or floods of melted snow. The water is conducted by weeis and channels in the vineyards, where each proprietor has the use of it for a certain time ; some being alio wed to keep a constant supply of it, some to use it thrice, others twice, and others only once a week. As the heat of the climate renders this supply of water to the vine- yards absolutely necessary, it is not with- out great expense that a new vineyard can be planted : for the maintenance of which, the owners must purchase water at a high price, from those who are .con- stantly supplied, and are thus enabled to spare some of it. The cedar tree is found in great abundance, and extremely beau- tiful ; most of the ceilings and furniture at Madeira are made of that wood, which yields a very fragrant smell. The dra- M A D M A D gen tree is a native of this island. Flowers mirsed-'in the English greenhouses grow wild here in the fields; the hedges are mostly formed of the myrtle, rose, jassa- mine, and honeysuckle ; while the lark- spur, fleur-de-lis, lupin, he. spring up spontaneously in the meadows. There are very few reptiles to be seen in the is- land ; the lizard is the most common. Canary birds and goldfinches are found in the mountains ; of the former numbers arc sent every year to England. This island is well watered and populous. Funchal is the capital. Madia, or Maggia, a towu, river, val- ley, and bailiwick of Swisserland, in Up- per Vallais. The valley is long and nar- row, between high mountains, watered throughout its whole length by the ri- ver ; and it is the fourth transalpine bai- Jiwic. The town is 10 miles NVV of Lo- carno. Madison, a county in the state of Vir- ginia containing 8381 inhabitants in 1810,. nearly one half slaves. It is situated be- tween Culpepper and Orange counties, on the E side of the Blue Ridge. Madison, a county of Kentucky, con- taining 15,540 inhabitants in 1810'. The chief town Richmond. It is mostly a mountainous country, but is irrigated by numerous streams, which render the land very productive. Madras, or Fort St. George, the prin- cipal settlement of the English East In- dia Company on the E side of the penin- sula of Hindoostan, on the coast of Co- romandel. It is a fortress of great strength, including within it a regular well-built city. It is close on the mar- gin of the bay of Bengal, from which it has a rich and beautiful appearance ; the houses being covered with a stucco cal- led chunam, which is nearly as compact as the finest marble, and bears as high a polish. They consist of long colonnades, with open portico*;, and flat roof; and the city contains many handsome and spacious streets. But the inner apart- ments of the houses are not highly deco- rated, presenting to the eye only white walls ; which, however, from the mar- ble-like appearance of the stucco, give a freshness grateful in so hot a country Ceilings are very uncommon in the rooms; it being impossible to find any which will resist the ravages of the white ant. These animals are chiefly formi- dable from the immensity of their num- bers, which are such as to destroy, in one nights time, a ceiling of any dimen- sions, and it is the wood work which serves for the basis of the ceilings, such as the laths, beams, &c. that these in- al sects attack. " The approach to Ma» dras, from the sea (says Mr. Hodges) of- fers to the eye an appearance similar to what we may conceive of a Grecian city in ihe age of Alexander. The clear, blue, cloudless sky, the polished, white build- ing; \he bright sandy beach, and the dark green sea, present a. combination totally new to the eye of an Englishman, just arrived from London, who, accus- tomed to tiie sight of rolling masses of clouds floating in a damp atmosphere, cannot but contemplate the difference with delight : and the eye being thus gratified, the mind soon assumes a gay and tranquil habit, analogous to the pleasing objects with which it is sur- rounded. .Some time before the ship ar- rives at her anchoring ground, she is hailed by the boats of the country filled with people of business, who come in crowds on board. This is the moment in which an European feels the great dis- tinction between Asia and his own coun- try. The rustling of fine linen, and the general hum of unusual conversation, pre- sents to his mind for a moment the idea of an assembly of females. When he as- cends upon the deck, he is struck with the long muslin dresses, and black faces adorned with very large gold car-rings and white turbans. The first salutation he receives from these strangers is by bending their bodies very low, touching the deck with the back of the hand, and the forehead three times. The natives first seen in India by the European voy* ager are Hindoos, the original inhabi- tants of the peninsula. In this part of India they are delicately framed ; their hands, in particular, are more like those of tender females ; and cfo not appear to he what is considered a proper propor- tion to the rest of the person, which is usualh above the middle size. Corres pondent to this delicacy of appearance, are their manners ; mild, tranquil, and sedulously attentive ; in this last respect they are indeed remarkable, as they ne- ver interrupt any person who is speak- ing, but wait patiently till he has con- cluded ; and then answer with the most perfect respect and composure. From the ship a stranger is conveyed on shore in a boat of the country, called a Mas- soolch boat ; a work of curious construc- tion, and well calculated to elude the violent shocks of the surf, that breaks here with great violence : they are form- * ed without a keel, flat bottomed, with the sides raised high, are sewed toge- ther with the fibres of the cocoa-nut tree, and caulked with the same materi- they are remarkably light, and are M A D MAD managed with great dexterity by the na- tives; they are usually attended by two Kattamaran* (rafts) paddled by one man each, the intention of which is, that, should the boat be overset by the vio- lence of the surf, the persons in it may be preserved. The boat is driven, as the sailors say, high and dry; and 1 lie passengers are landed on a fine, sandy beach ; and immediately enter the fort of Madras. The appearance of the na- tives is exceedingly varied; some are wholly naked, and others so clothed, that nothing but the face and neck is to be discovered ; besides this, the Euro- pean is struck with many other objects, such as women carried on men's shoul- ders, on palankeens, and men riding on horseback clothed in linen dresses like women ; which, with the very different face of the country from all he had ever seen, or conceived of, excite the strong- est emotions of surprise !" There is a se- cond city, called the Black Town, sepa- ► rated from Madras by the breadth of a i proper esplanade only ; and, although near four miles in circuit, fortified in such a manner as to prevent a surprise from the enemy's horse ; an evil, to which every town in the Carnatic is sub- ject, from the dryness and evenness of the country. Madras was settled by the English about the year 1640. It was ta- ken by the French in 1746, but restored in 1748. The present fort, which was erected since the destruction of Fort St. David, in 1758, is, perhaps, one of the best fortresses in the possession of the British nation. Madras, in common with all the European settlements on this coast, has no port for shipping ; the coast forming nearly a straight line ; and it is incommoded also with a high and dan- gerous surf. It is 100 miles N by E of Fondicherry, 758 SE of Bombav, and 1030 SW of Calcutta. Lon. 80 25 E, lat. 13 5 N. Madre-de-Popa, a town and convent of South America, in Terra Firma, seated on the Rio-Grande, 20 miles E of Car- thagena. It is almost as much resorted to by pilgrims of America, as Loretto is in Europe ; and they pretend that the image of the Virgin has done a great many miracles in favour of the seafaring people. Lon. 76 W, lat. 10 40 N. Madrid, the capital of Spain, in New- Castile. The houses are all built with •brick, and the streets are long, broad, and straight, and adorned, at proper dis- tances, with handsome fountains. There are above 100 towers or steeples, in dif- ferent places, which contribute greatly ' o the embellishment of the city. It is seated in a large plain, surrounded by high mountains, but has no wall, ram- part, or ditch. The royal palace is bail 1 on an eminence, at the extremity of the city ; and ; Leith, London, Hamburgh, Spain, and to (h Straits. M A K MAL Mainland, or Pomona, tlie principal of the Orkney islands, 24 miles long, and 9 broad. The general appearance of the country is not very different from the mainland of Shetland. The soil, howev- er, is more fertile, and in some parts bet- ter cultivated. Kirkwall is the capital See Orcades. Maintenon, a town of France, in the department of Eure and Loire and late province of Beauce, seated on the Eure between two mountains with a c erra del Fuego, in lat. 55 S. Through this strait ships sometimes sail in their passage to Cape Horn. Maissy, a town of France in the depart- ment of Calvados, and late province of Normandy. Lon. 1 2 W, lat. 49 24 N! Maixant, St. an ancient town of France,, in the department of the two Sevres and l&tc province of Poitou. It is a bishop's see, and carries on a trade in corn, stock- ings, and woollen stuffs ; and is seated on the Sevre, 26 miles S\V of Poitiers. Lou. 7 W, lat. 46 24 N. Makcfield, Uppers, and Lower, two con- tiguous townships of Pi ucks county, Penn-| Bylvania, containing 2,360 inhabitants in j 3 810. They are situated on the S\V side of the river Delaware, between Fallsing- ton and Solebury. Malabar, the W coast of the peninsula of iliiidoostan, lying between 9 and 14 N iat. It is divided among several petty princes and states ; but as these are men- tioned in their proper places, they need not be enumerated here; especially as the customs and manners of the inhabi- tants are very different, as well as the productions. However it may be observ- ed, in general, that the inhabitants are all blacks, or at least, of a dark olive complexion, with long black hair, and to- lerable features. In some places they are distinguished into tribes, all of which are brought up to the same employments as their parents. These are the Gentoos, of whom see an account under the article Hindoostan, Malacca, a peninsula in Asia, contain- ing a kingdom of the same name ; bound- ed on the N by Siam, on the E by the o- cean, and on the SW by the straits of Malacca, which separate it from Suma- tra. It is 600 miles in length, and 200 in breadth. It produces few commodi- ties for trade, except tin and elephant's teeth ; but there are a great many excel- lent fruits and roots. The pine-apples are the best in the world ; and the cocoa- nuts have shells that will hold an En- glish quart. There is but little corn, and sheep and bullocks are scarce ; but hogs and poultry are pretty plentiful. The religion of the natives is a mixture of Ma- home- anism ; and they are addicted to juggling. Malacca, a seaport, and the capital of a kingdom of the same name, in the pe- ninsula of Malacca. The Dutch had a factory here, which they took from the Portuguese in 1640 ; and it was taken from them by the English, in August 1795. Malacca is seated on the straits of i'.s own name. 480 miles SE of Acheen. Lon. 101 50 E, lat. 2 30 N. Malaga, an uicient and strong town of Spain, in Granada, with two castles, a bishop's see, and a good harbour. Its commerce is principally in fruits ar.d wine. It is seated on the Mediterranean, at the foot of a craggy mountain, 15 miles S of Cordova and 235 of Madrid. Lon. 4 10 W, lat. 36 35 N. Malamocco, a small island and seaport town in the Lagunes of Venice, 5 miles 5 of that city. Malathia, an ancient town of Turkey in Asia, capital of Lesser Armenia, seat- [ed on the Avzu, with an archbishop's see. j Lon. 43 25 E, lat. 39 8 N. ! Malchin, a town of Germany in Lower MAL M A L Saxony, in the duchy of Mecklenburg-, i seated on the river Peene, where it falls into the lake Carnrow, 10 miles N of Wah- ren. Eon. 13 12 E, lat. 53 N. Maiden, a borough in Essex, with a market on Saturday. It has two parish churches ; a third church, which it had formerly, having- been long converted in- to a freeschool. It is sea.ed on an emi- nence, near the confluence of the Chel- mer with the Blackwater. Vessels of a moderate burden come up to the bridge over the Chelmer, but large ships are o- bliged to unload at a distance below, in Blackwater Bay. Maiden sends two members to parliament, and carries on a considerable trade, chiefly in corn, coal, iron, wine, brandy, and rum. It is is 10 miles E of Chelmsford, and 37 NE of London. Lon. 41 E, lat. 51 46 N. Maiden, a village in Surry, two miles SE of Kingston, with some gunpowder mills, on a stream that flows from Ewel to King's ton. Maiden, a township of Middlesex coun- ty, Massachusetts, containing 1384 in- habitants in 1810. It is situated be- tween Medford and Lynn, 5 miles NE of Boston. Maldives, a cluster of small islands 533 miles S\V of Ceylon in the E Indies. The northernmost called Head of the Isles, or Kelly, is in lon. 73 4 E, lat. 7 5 N ; and Maldiva, in which the king re- sides, is in lon. 75 35 E, lat. 4 15 N. Of the se there are no less than 1000 in num- ber ; all low, sandy, and barren, having only a few cocoa-nuts. The inhabitants are partly mahometans and partly pa- gans ; and their chief trade is in couries, a small shell-fish, whose shells serve in- stead of money. Malesherbes, a town of France in the department of Loiret. Lon. 26 E, lat. 48 20 N. Jftrfestroit, a town of France, in the department of Movbihan and late pro- vince of Bretagne, seated on the Oust, 37 miles E of Port l'Orient. Lon. 2 23 TV, lat. 47 45 N. Malio, Cape of, or St Avgelo, a cape of the Morea at the S entrance of the Gulph of Napoli, 15 miles E of Malvasia. Malicollo, one of the largest of the New Hebrides, in the Pacific Ocean, ly- ing in 16 15 S lat. and 167 45 E lon. It extends 20 leagues from N to S Its in- land mountains are very high, and clad with forests. Its vegetable productions are luxuriant, and in great variety \. co- coa nuts, bread fruit, bananas, sugar- canes, yarns, eddoes, turmeric, and or- anges. Hogs and common poultry are their domestic animals. The inhabitants appear to be of a race totally distinct from those of the Friendly and Society Islands. Their form, language, and man- ners, are widely different. They seem to correspond in many particulars with the natives of New Guinea, particularly in their black colour and woolly hair. They go almost quite naked, are of a slender make, have lively, but very irregular ugly features, and tie a rope fast round their belly. They use bows and arrows as their principal weapons, and the ar- rows are said to be sometimes poisoned. Their keeping their bodies entirely free from punctures is one particular, that remarkably distinguishes them from the other tribes of the Pacific Ocean. Mailing, West, a town in Kent, with a market on Saturday, six miles W of Maidstone, and 30 E by S of London, Lon. 33 E, lat. 51 20 N. Malloiv, a small town of Ireland, in the county of Cork, and province of Mini- ster, seated on the Blackwater, 17 miles N of Cork. Lon. 8 32 TV, lat. 52 10 N. Malmcdi/, a town of the Netherlands, in the bishopric of Liege, with an abbey. It was taken by the Freneh in 1794, seat- ed on the Recht, nine miles S of Lim- burg, and 40 N of Luxemburg. Lon. 6 2E, lat. 50 18 N. Malmistra, an ancient town of Asia in Natolia, with an archbishop's see, seat- ed at the mouth of a river of the same name, which divides it into the Old and New Town. It is 30 miles SE of Teras- so. Lon. 36 15 E, lat. 36 50 N. Malmoc, a seaport of Sweden, in the province of Gothland, seated on the Sound, with a large harbour and a strong citadel. It is 15 miles SE of Copenhagen. Lon. 13 7 E, lat. 53 38 N. Mahmsbnry, an ancient borough in Wilt- shire with a market on Saturday. It is pleasantly seated on a hill, on the river Avon which almost surrounds it, over which it has six bridges. In its church, is to be seen the sepulchral monument of king Arthur, who was buried under the high altar. It drives a trade in the wool- len manufacture, and sends two members to parliament. It is 26 miles E by N of Bristol, and 95 TV of London. Lon. 2 W, lat. 51 34 N. Malo, St. a seaport of France, in the department of Morbihan, and lately an episcopal see of the province of Bre- tagne. It has a spacious harbour, but difficult of access, on account of the rocks that surround it ; it is a trading place, of great importance, defended by a strong castle. It was bombarded by the Eng- lish in 1693, but without success. In 1758, they landed in Cancalle Bay, won" 31 A h 10 the harbour by land, and burnt about one hundred ships. St. Malo is seated on an island, united to the mainland by a causeway. It is chiefly inhabited by seafaring- men who in the time of war fit out a great many privateers to cruise upon the English'coast, 17 miles XW of l)ol, and 205 \V of FaVis. Lon. 1 57 \V, lat. 48 39 N"'. Malpriip, a small island of Italy, on the •oast of Tuscany, 10 miles W of Leg- horn. Lon, 10 4 E, lat. 4.3 34 N. Malpartido, a town of Spain, in Estra- madura, 14 miles S of Placentia. Lon. 5 30 W, lat. 39 36 N. Malpas, a town in Cheshire, with a market on Monday. It is seated on a high eminence, near the river Dee, 15 miles SE of Chester, and 166 XW of London. Lon. 2 45 W, lat. 53 2 N, Malplaquet, a village of Austrian Hai- nault. It is famous for a victory gained over the French, by the duke of Marlbo- rough, in 1709, and sometimes called the Battle of Blaregnies, from an adjacent village, and is seven miles from Mons. Malta, an island of the Mediterranean, between Africa and Sicily, 20 miles long and 12 broad. It was formerly reckoned a part of Africa, but now belongs to Eu- rope. It was anciently little else than a barren rock: but such quantities of soil have been brought from Sicily, that it is now become a fertile island, though it does not grow corn sufficient to support 'he inhabitants. Here are cultivated large quantities of lemon trees, cotton trees, and vines, which produce excellent wine. The heat is so excessive, that the water breeds great numbers of gnats, which arc the plague- of the country. The num- ber of the inhabitants is said to be 90,000. The common people spe.ik Arabic, but xhe better sort Italian. After the taking of llhodes, the emperor Charles V. gave this island to the grand master of the order of St. John of Jerusalem. It was attacked in 1566 by the Turks, who were obliged to abandon the enterprise, with :he'loss of 30,000 men. In 1798 the grand master treacherously delivered up Malta to the French under the command of Buonaparte, but : .t. was taken by the English after a blockade of near two years, and is still possessed by them. The. knights of Malta, formerly consist- ed of eight nations ; but now they are but seven, the English having forsaken them. They are obliged to suppress all pirates, and arc at perpetual war with the Turks and other Mahometans. They are all under a vow of celibacy and chas- tity ; and yet they make no scruple of taking Grecian women for mistresses. M A L Hall; 60 miles S of Sicily. the capital. Malta, Mclita, or Citta Vcccfiia, an cient city of the island of Malta. Th city of Yaletta has certainly the happier situation that can be imagined. It stanY upon a peninsula between two of the fin est ports in the world, which are defem cd by almost impregnable fortification,. That on the south side of the city is the largest. It runs about two miles into the heart of the island ; and is so very deep, and surrounded by such high grounds and fortificat ions, that thev assured us the largest ships of war might ride here in the most stormy weather, almost with- out a cable. This beautiful bason is di- vided into five distinct harbours, ail equally safe, and each capable of contain- ing an immense number of shipping. The mouth of the harbour is scarcely a quar- ter of a mile broad, and is commanded^ on each side by batteries that would tear- the strongest ship to pieces before she could enter. Besides this, it is fronted by a quadruple battery, one above the other, the largest of "which is a fleiir tVeau, or on a level with the water These are mounted with about 80 of their heaviest artillery: so that this har- bour I think, may really be considered as impregnable : and indeed the Turks have ever found it so, and I believe ever will The harbour on the N side of the city, although they only use it. for fishing, and as a place of quarantine, would, in any other part of the world, be considered as inestimable. It is likewise defended by every strong works ; and in the centre of the bason is an island on which they have built a castle and a lazaret. The fortifications of Malta are indeed a most stupendous work. All the boasted cata- combs of Borne and Naples are a trif;..- to the immense excavations that have been made in this little island. The ditches, of a vast size, are all cut out of the solid rock. These extend for a great many miles, and raise our aston- ishment to think that so small a state has ever been able to make them. It is seated on a hill in the centre of the is- land and was formerly twice as large as at present. It is the residence of the bi- shop, and the cathedral is a very fine structure. Near' this city are the cata- combs, which are said to extend 15 miles under ground ; and a small church dedi- cated to St. Paul, adjoining to which is a sta of' the saint, with a viper in his hand, said to be placed on the spot where he shook the viper off, without having been hurt ; and close to it is the grotto in which he was imprisoned. 4 M A N MAN JJalton, a borough in the X rifling- of \ orkshirc, with a market or. Saturday, it is seated on the Dcrwent, over which is a stone bridge, and is composed of two towns, the New and the Old, con- 1 .lining three churches. It is apopulous place, sends two members to parliament. hid is 20 miles NE of York, and 216 N by W of London. Lon. 40 W, lat. 54 9 N. JLilvaria. a small island of Turkey in Europe, on the E coast of the Morea, re? markable for its excellent wines, that arc- railed Malmsey, being brought hence. The capital is Napoli-di-Malvasia. Malvern, Great, a village in Worces- tershire, eight miles W by S of Worces- ter. It had once an abbey, and here are two noted chalybeate springs, recom- mended as excellent in scrofulous com- plaints. < ^glk^jHk' Malvern Little, a village in Worcester- shire, seated in a cavity of Malvern Hills, three miles from Great Malvern. Henry YH. adorned the church with a great number of painted glass windows, part of which remain, though in a mutilated state. Malvern Chase, an extensive chase in Worcestershire, containing 7356 acres in that county, 619 in Herefordshire, and 103 in Gloucestershire. Malvern Hills, lofty mountains in the SW of Worcestershire, dividing this part of the county from Herefordshire. They rise one above another for about seven miles, and run from N to S ; the highest point is 1313 feet above the surface of the Severn, and they appear to be of limestone and quartz. On the summit of one of these hills, on the Herefordshire side is the c,amp of Owen. Glendowr ; a famous Welsh chief. Hl Maluiig a town of Sweden, in the pro- vince of Dalccarlia. Lon. 15 20 E, lat. 60 30 N. Mulwa, a province of Hindoostan Pro- per, bounded n the W by Guzerat, on the X by Agimere, on the E by Allaha- bad and Orissa, and on the S by Can-* deish. It is one of ihe most extensive, elevated, and highly diversified tracts ii Hindoostan^ and is divided union $ the chiefs of the I'oonah Mahrattas. Ougeii and Indore are the principal towns. Mamars, an ancient town of France, in the department of Sarte, and late province of Maine, seated on the Dive. Man, an island in the Irish Sea, Si. miles in length, and • ight in breadth. I contains 17 parishes; and the chief town- are Ruthen, Douglas, and Peel. The ah is healthy, the inhabitants live to a very old age, and are a mixture of English Scotch, and Irish ; the soil produces more corn than is sufficient to maintain their; They have a bishop, called the bishop of Sodor and Man ; but he has no seat in the British parliament. The commodi- ties of this island are wool, hides, and tallow. The duke of Athol was formerly lord of this island, the sovereignty of which be sold, in 1765, to the crown, re- serving, however, the manoral rights, &erg\ It is pretty fer- tile, and belongs to the king of Prussia. Ham is the capital. Marckeck, a town of Germany m the archduchy of Austria, 24 miles distant from Vienna. Lon. 16 58 E, lat. 48 17 N. Murckclshcim, a town of France in the department of the Lower Rhine, and late province of Alsace. Lon. 7 2/ E, lat. 48 10 N. Marco, St. a town of Italy in Naples, in Calabria Citeriore, with a bishop's see. seated on the river Senito, 22 miles' N of Cosenza. Lon. 16 20 E, lat. 39 41 N. Marcou, St. two islands in the English Channel, 7 miles from the coast of France. They are subject to the English, and in 1798, they were attacked by the French, who were repulsed. Lon. 1 1? \V, lat. 49 31 N. Marcus Hook, an ancient v illage i of Delaware county, Pennsylvania, it is si- tuated on the NW side of the river Dela- ware, five miles below Chester, and 20 below Philadelphia. Manlike, a village of France, in the i Apartment of the North ; a celebrated canal, on which it is seated, takes its name from it ; it is four miles W by S of Dunkirk. Marcb, a small town of Arabia, in the province of Yemen. Lon. 27 30 E, lat. 15 44 N. Marce, Loch, a fresh-water lake of Rosshire. It is 18 miles long', and, if some parts, four broad. It contains many small islands, and abounds with salmon., char, and trout. Marengo, a village in Italy, near Milan, remarkable for a bloody and desperate action between the French and Austri- ans under Generals Mclas and Buona- parte, in July, 1800, which lasted all day, wherein the former were victorious, though the loss was pretty equal on both sides. This battle was decisive of the campaign and for the present of the fate of Italy. 'i^. ••• > Marennes, a town of France, in the de- partment of Lower Chavente, and late I province of Saintongc, remarkable for the green finned oysters found near the coast, and the salt it sends to other pla- ces.*' It is seated near the Atlantic, 32 miles N W of Saints, and 272 SW of Pa tfe. Lon. 49 VV, lat. 46 1*5 Jf. . W'.W MAR MAR Maretimo, an island of Italy, on the W coast of Sicily. It is 10 miles in cir- cumference, has a castle, with a few farm houses, and produces much honey. Lon. 12 35 E, lat. 38 5 N. Margaretta, an island of South Ameri- ca, in Andalusia near Terra Firma, dis- covered by Columbus in 1498. It is 40 miles in length, and 15 in breadth. It was taken in 1626 by the Dritch, who de- molished the castle. Lon. 63 12 E, lat. 10 46 N. Margate, a seaport in Kent, in the isie of Thanet. It has much increased of late years, by the great resort to it for sea- bathing". Great quantities of corn are exported hence, and vessels are frequent- ly passing* to and from the coast of Flan- ders. There are also regular passage boats, to and from London, some of which are elegantly fitted up. It is 14 miles N of Deal, and 72 E by S of Lon- don. Lon. 1 28 E, lat. 51 24 N. Margentheim, a town of Germany, in the circle of Franconia, subject to the grand master of the Teutonic order, seat- ed on the river Tauber, 16 miles SW of Wurtzburg. Lon. 8 50 E, lat. 49 30 N. fMargozza, a town of Italy in the Mi- lanese, situated near a small lake from which it takes its name. Marian Islands. See Ladrones. Maria, St. an island of the Indian Ocean, five miles from Madagascar. It is 27 miles in length and five in breadth : well watered, and surrounded by rocks. The air is extremely moist, for it rains almost every day. It is inhabited by about 600 negroes, but seldom visited Dy ships passing h 4 way. Maria, St. the most southern of the Azores, cr Western Islands, in the At- lantic, producing plenty of wheat, and has about 5000 inhabitants. Maria, St. a considerable town of Spain, in Andalusia, with a small castk . It was taken by the English and Dutch in 1702 ; and is seated on the Guadaleta at the mouth of which is a tower, and a battery, 18 miles N of Cadiz. Lon. 6 6 W, lat". 36 39 N. Maria, St. a considerable town of Ter- ra Firma Proper, in the audience of Pa- nama, built by the Spaniards after they had discovered the gold mine s that awe near it, and soon after taken by the Eng- lish. It is seated at the bottom of the gulf of St. Michael, at the mouth of a r.avi£able river of the same name. Lon. 78 12 W, lat. 7 43 N. Mariagalante, one of the Leeward Ca- vibbee Islands, in the W Indies, subjeci 1o the French, extending 16 miles from N.Tfr S/o^a four from E*to W . It is full of hills, and along the E shore are lofty perpendicular rocks, that shelter vast numbers of tropical birds. It has several large caverns, with many little streams, and ponds of fresh water. It is covered with trees, and particularly abounds with tobacco and the wild cinnamon-tree. It is 30 miles N of Dominica, and 40 E of Guadeloupe. Lon. 61 11 W, lat. 15 52 N. Mar cello, a small town of Italy, in Na- ples, in the province of Bari. Marie-aux-Mines, a town of France, in the department of the Vosges, and late province? of Lorrain, divided in two by the river Leber. It is famous for its sil- ver mines, and is 25 miles NW of New Brisach. Lon. 7 24 E, lat. 48 16 N. Murienbnrg, a town of Germany, in Upper Saxony, in Misnia, remarkable for its rich silver mines. It is seated among he mountains, on the confines of Bohe- mia, 28 miles SSW of Dresden. Lon. 13 35 E, lat. 50 49 N". Marienburg, an ancient and strong town of Poland, in Western Prussia, ca- pital of a palatinate of the same name, with a castle. It is seated on the Naget, on a branch of the Vistula, 30 miles SW of Elbing, and 30 SE of Dantzic. Lon. 19 15 E, lat. 54 9 N. Marienburg, a town of France, in the department of the North, and late French llainault, formerly a strong place, but dismantled by the French, after it was ceded to them by the treaty of the Py- renees. It is ten miles S\.' of Char le- mons Lon. 4 28 E, lat. 50 2 N. Marienstadt, a town of Sweden, in West Gothland, seated on the lake Wen- ner, 35 miles SE of Carlstadt, and 162 SW of Stockholm. Lon. 14 25 E, lat. 58 28 X. Marienwerder, a town of Western- Prussia, in Pomerania, with a castle, seated on the Vistula, 20 miles SSW of Marienburg. Lon. 19 5 E, lat. 53 49 N. Marietta, a fortress and a post town in the state of Ohio; situated on the W bank of Muskingham river, near its junction with the Ohio, and about ten miles above Vienna in Virginia. It con- tains about 150 houses and 1463 inhabi- tants. It is the seat of justice for Wash- ington county. There is a bank estab- lished ire with a capital of 100,000 dollars. 3Ii ip building is carried on to .■ conside ble amount. There are two yards andfc several other establishments which indicate enterprise and activity in the inhabitants. It is 146 miles SW of Pittsburg' by land and 172 by water. Lat. 39 25 N, on. 82 20 W. Morignano, a town of Ttaly, in the du- chy of Milkn, remarkable for the defeat MAR of the Swiss, by the French, in 1515. It is seated on the Lambro, 10 miles S of Milan. Marino, St. a strong" town of Italy, ca- pital of a small republic, surrounded by the duchy of Urbino, under the protec- tion of the pope, with three castles. It chuses its own magistrates and officers, and is seated on a mountain, 10 miles S W of Rimini, and 14 NW of Urbino. Lon. 12 33 E, lat. 43 54 N. Marino, St. a town of Italy, in Cam- pagna di Roma, with a castle, 10 miles E of Rome. Lon. 12 46 E, lat. 51 34 N. Mark, St. a seaport on the W side of St. Domingo. The houses are all built of freestone, which is found in great plenty, in the neighbouring couniry. It was taken by the English in January, 1794, and is 45 miles NNW of Port-au- Prince. Lon. 72 40 W, lat. 19 20 N. Marlborough, a county of South Caro- lina, containing 4966 inhabitants in 1810. It is situated in the NE corner of the state ; being bounded in the E and N by North Carolina, and the Great Pedee ri- ver on the W, which divides it from Chesterfield county. Marlborough, East and West, two con- tiguous townships of Chester county, Pennsylvania, containing 1963 inhabitants in 1810. The medial distance from Phi- ladelphia is about 30 miles W. Marlborough, a township of Ulster county, New York, containing 1964 in- habitants in 1810. It is situated on the W side of Hudson river, 90 miles S of Albany. Marlborough, a post town in Cheshire county, New Hampshire, 11 miles E of Connecticut river, und 36 E of Benning- ton in Vermont. It had 1200 inhabitants in 1810. Marlboro*, a town in Middlesex coun- ty, Massachusetts,, 28 miles W of Bos- ton, containing 1735 inhabitants. Marlboro', a post town in Windham county, Vermont, nine miles SW of Brattleboro', and 27 E of Bennington. Marlborough, a borough in Wilts, with a market on Saturday. It gives title to a duke, contains two churches, and about 500 houses, is governed by a mayor, and sends two members to parliament. It is seated on a chalky soil, on the Rennet, 43 miles E of Bristol, and 74 W of Lon- don. Lon. 1 26 W, lat. 51 28 N. Marlborough, Fort, ax English facto- ry, on the W coas! of the island of Su- matra, three miles E of Btncoolen, and 300 NW of Batavia. Lon. 102 9 E, lat. 3 49 N. Marlow, a borough in Buckingham- shire, with a market on Saturday. It is MAR seated on the Thames, over which is a bridge into Berkshire. It sends two members to parliament, has a manufac- ture of bonelace, and is 17 miles S of Ailesbttry, and 31 W of London. Lon. 45 W, lat. 51 35 N. ' Marli, a village of France, between Versailles and St. Germain. Here was a royal palace noted for its fine gardens and water-works, there being a curious , machine on the Seine, which not only- supplied them with water, but also those of A'ersailles. It is ten miles NW of Paris. Marmande, a town of France, hi the department of Lot and Garonne and late province of Guienne. It carries on a great, trade in corn, wine, and Brandy, and is seated on the Garonne, 40 miles SE of Bourdeaux, and 320 S by W of Paris. , Lon. 15 E, lat. 44 20 N. Marmora, a sea between Europe and Asia, which communicates with the Arch. - ipelago, by the strait of Gallipoli on the SW, "and with the Black Sea, by the strait of Constantinople on the NE. It has two castles, one on the Asian, and one on the European side, is 120 miles in length, and 50 in breadth, and was an- ciently called the Propontis. Marmora, the n..rae of four islands in the sea of the same name. The largest is about 30 miles in circumference, and they all produce corn, wine, and fruits. Jtfarmora, a celebrated cascade of Ita- ly, in the duchy of Spoletto, three miles from Terni. Marne, a town of Persia, in the pro- vince of Chorazin. Mamie, a department of France, in- cluding part of the late province of Champagne. It takes its name from a river w hich rises near Langres, and flow- ing NW joins the Seine, a little above Paris. Rheims is the archiepiscopal see, but Chalons is the Capital. Marne. Upper, a department of France, including part of the late province of Champagne. Cbaumont is the capital. Marnhvll, a village in Dorsetshire, on the Stour. The church is an ancient lofty building ; the tower of which fell down in 1710, in time of divine service, but w is handsomely rebuilt. Metro, a town of Italy, on the coast of Genoa, in a valley of the same name, 8 miles NW of Oneglia, and 48 WSW of Genoa. Lon. 7 41 E lat. 44 55 N. Marogna, a town oi Romania, with a Greek archbishop's see, seated near the Mediterranean, 150 miles SW of Con- st: ntmople. Lon. 25 41 E, lat. 40 59 N. Marotier, a town of France, in the de- partment of Lower Rhine, and iate pro- MAR M A R vine-: of Alsace, with a laic Benedictine abbey, 13 miles XW of Strasbourg. Lon. 7 3 E, Lit. 43 03 X. JVlurpurg, a strong- town of Germany, in the landgravate of Hesse Cassel, with an university, a castle, a palace, a hand- some square, artd a.'magniiicent town- hous'e. It is seated on the river Lahn, 15 flfeiks 3 of Waldeck, and 47 SW of Oassfcl. Lon. 9 E, lat. 50 35 . , '.tavrjiiL'3::s; a group of islands in the S Pacific Ocean, of which the most consi- derable are, St. Christina and St. Pedro. Captain Cook, in hi.-; second voyage, lay some time at the first of these, which, is situated in Ion. 139 9 W, and lat 9 55 S. Mr. Fiister says he never saw a single deformed or even ill-proportioned mar. among" the natives; all were strong-, tall, well limbed, and active in the highest de- gree. Their arms are clubs and spears, and , their government, like that of the Society Islands, monarchical. But they arc not quite so cleanly as the inhabi- tant of the Society Isles, who, in that respect, surpass, perhaps, any other peo- ple in the world. The drink of the Mar- quesans is purely water, cocoa nuts be- ing rather scarce. They are much given to pilfering, like the lower sort among the Otaheitans. Their music, musical instruments, dances, and canoes, very much resemble those of Otahcite. In short the inhabitants of the Marquesas, Society, and Friendly Islands, Easter Island', and New Zealand, seem to have all the same origin, their language, man- ners, customs, &c. bearing a great affi- nity in many respects. Jllar-Fovesty a district in Aberdeen- shire, consisting of vast woodland moun- tains, which occupy the westerly.' angle of the county. The river Dee rises among* these mountains. J JWcrsfl/, a town of Francet in the de- partment of Meurthe and late province of Lor rain, remarkable for its saltworks,, and seated on the Selle, in a marsh m difficult access j which, with the fortifi- cations, renders it an important place It is 17 miles XE of Nanci. Lon. 6 *1 E, lat. 43 49 N. > Marsala, a populous and strong to\W\ of Sicily, in the valley of Mazara. It is built on the ruins of the ancient Li^- inm, 53 miles SW of Palermo. Lon. 12 2$E, lat 38 4N.jfc J.larsaguiver, or jrarmlquivcr, a strong and ancient town of Africa, on the eoast of Barbary, in the kingdom of Algiers with one of the best harbours in Africa. It was taken by the Spaniards in 1732 ; and is seated on a rock, near a bay of the Mediterranean, three miles from Oram Lon. 10 W, lat. 36 1 X. JVlji'rs -.'Hies, a strong city of F ranee, in the department of the Mouths of the Rhone and late province of Provence. It was iateiy an. episcopal see ; and the in- habitants, before the late revolution were computed at 100,0'JO, but now are only 80,090. It is seated on the Mediicrra- nean, at the upper end of a gulf, cover- ed and defended by many small islands; and it .is partly on the declivity erf .a hill, and partly in a plain. It is divided into the Old and the New Town. In this pari is the principal church, built by the Goths, on the ruins of the temple oi Diana. The New Town is a perfect con- trast to the Old, with which it commu- nicates by a most beautiful street ; and its other streets, the squares, and the public buildings are beautiful. The va- riety of dresses and languages which arc- seen and heard here, are surprising, and m that account this city has been called Europe in Miniature. The port is a ba- sin of an oval form, 3480 feet iofig, by 960 in its widest part, with 18 or 20 feet- depth of water ; and is defended by a ci- .adel and a fort. In 1649, the plague raged with great violence, and with still greater in 1720, when it carried off 50,000 of the inhabitants. In 1793, Mar- seilles revolted against the French Na- tional Convention, but was very soon re- duced. It is 13 miles NW of Toulon, and 362 S bv E of Paris. Lon. 5 27 E, lat. 43 18 N" Jfarshfiehl, a post town "in Plymouth county, Massachusetts ; situated near Marshficld point, 36 miles SE of Boston- It had 1364 inhabitants in 1810. Marshjield, a town in Gloucestershire, with a market on Tuesday, seated on the Cotcswold Hills, 11 miles E of Bristol, and 102 W of London. Lon. 2 1 W, la\ 51 30 N. Jtfarsico A'uovo, a town of Naples, in Principal o Citeriore, with a bishop's see. It is seated at die foot of die Appen- nincs, near the river Agri, 73 miles SE of Naples. Lon. 15 49 E, lat. 40 23 N. Jifar strand, a small island in the Cat- tcgate, which for its strength is called the Gibraltar of Sweden, is a rocky is- lmd, about two miles in circumference*; the town, -which lies on the eastern side, contains about 160 houses, and about 1,200 inhabitants. The harbour is ex- tremely secure and commodious, but of difficult entrance, and in tempestuous weather dangerous, without a pilot of the place. It is capable of comaming* 200 vessels, and of sufficient depth for M A R M A R the largest. It is 23 miles NW of Gothe- borg. Lon. 11 30 E, hit. 57 59 X. Marta, a town of Italy, in the patri- mony of St. Peter, and in the duchy ot Castro, seated on a lake of the same name, called also Bolsena, 35 miles N of liome. Lon. 12 40 E, lat. 42 26 N. Martaban, a province of Asia, in the kingdom of Pegu, on the Bay of Bengal. The soil is fertile in rice, fruits, and wines of all kinds. It is subject to the king- of Burmah, who, in 1754, subdued the kingdom of Pegu, and rendered it a dependant province. Murtaban, the capital of a province of the same name in Pegu. In the "Wars be- tween Peg'u and Siam, ships were sunk at the entrance of the harbour to choke it up, before which it was a trading place. It is sealed on the bay of Bengal, 80 miles S of the city of Pegu. Lon. 96 56 E, lat. 15 30 X. Mortagu, a town of Spain, in the pro- vince of Leon. Martel, a town of France, in the de- partment of Lot and lale province of Querci, seated mar the Dordogne, 18 miles E of Sarlat. Lon. 1 44 E, lat. 44 51 N. Martha, St. a province of Terra Fir- ma, bounded on the N by the Caribbean Sea, on the E by Venezuela on the S by New Granada, and on the W by Cartha- gena. It is 300 miles in length, and 200 in breadth ; is a mountainous country, and the land very high. Here the fa- mous ridge of mountains begin, called the Cordillera-dc-los-lndns, or the An- des, which run the whole length of South America, from X to S. It abounds with fruits proper to the climate, and there are mines of gold and precious stones, and salt-works. Martha, St. the capital of a province of the same name in Terra Firma, with a bishop's see, and a harbour surround- ed by high mountains. It was once flour- ishing and populous, when the Spanish galleons were sent thither, but is now Almost come to nothing-. The air about the town is wholesome and the houses are built of canes, and covered mostly with palmeto leaves. It is seated on one of the mouths of the Rio Grande, 1000 miles W by S of Rio-de-la-Hacha. Lon. 73 56 W, lat. 11 24 X. Martha's Vineyard, an island of Xorth America, near the coast of Massachu- setts, 80 miles S of Boston. The inhabi- tants apply themselves chiefly to their, fisheries, in which *hev have great suc- cess. Lon. 70 22 W, lat. 41 16 N. Mart hale n, a considerable town of Swis- serland, in that part of the county of - Kyburg, subject to Zuric. It is seated near the Rhine, six miles S of Schaff- - hausen. } Martic, a township, of Lancaster coun- : ty, Pennsylvania, containing 1623 inha- f bitants in 1810. It is situated on the E side of Susquehannah and the S side of ■ Pic|uea creek. Martiguea, a 9eaport of France, in the L department of the Mouths of the Rhone ■ and late province of Provence. It is I seated near a lake, 12 miles long and i five broad, which is navigable through- out, but less considerable, than it was f formerly, but whence they get very fine . lish and excellent salt. Marti gues is 20 . miles NW of Marseilles. Lon. 5 2 E, lat, ■ 43 19 X. Martin, a county of Halifax district, , Xorth Carolina, containing 5987 inhabi- i tan s in 1810. The chief town Williams- town. Martirt, Cape, a promontory of Valen- cia, in Spain, which separates the gulf of Valencia from that of Alicant. Lon. ' 36 E, lat. 38 54 X. ! Martin, St. a town of France, in the isle ■ of Rhe, with a harbour and strong cita- del; 15 mi'les W of Rochelle. Lon. 1 17 • W, lat. 46 10 X. Martin, St. one of the Leeward Carib- bean Islands, in the West Indies, lying to the XW of St. Bartholomew, and to the SW of Anguilla. It is 42 miles in circumference, has neither harbour nor river, but several salt-pits. It was long jointly possessed by the French and Dutch ; but at the commencement of the present war, the former were expelled by the latter. Lon. 63 W, lat. 8 14 N. Murtimco, one of the Windward Ca- ribbee Islands, in the West Indies, 40 miles in length, and 100 in circumfer- ence. It was taken by the English from the French in 1794. There are many hUh mountains covered with trees, as well as several rivers and fertile vallies, but they will not bear either wheat or vines ; however, the former is not much wanted, for the natives prefer cassava to wheat bread. It produces sugar, cot- ton, ginger, indigo, chocolate, aloes, pi- mento, plant: i is, and other tropical fruits; and is extremely populous, some oi the ancient inhabitants still remain. It has several safe and commodious har- bours, well fortified. Fort St. Pierre, the principal place, is in lon. 61 20 W, lat. 14 14 X.. Mariinaburg, a post town in Berkley county, Virginia, 19 miles SW of Ha- gerstdwn in Maryland, and about 18 XW of Harper's ferry on the Potomac. MdrHnsville i the capital of Guilford F M A R county, North Carolina, 36 miles \V of Hillsboro', and about the same distance I E of Bethania. It lias a post office and about 3U0 inhabitants. Martorano, a town of Naples, in Cala- bria Citeriore, with a bishop's see, eiglu! miles from ihe sea, and 15 S of Cosenza. Lon. 16 20 E, lat 39 6 N. Martwel, a town of Spain, in Catalo- nia, sealed at the confluence of the Noya and Lobragal, 18 miles NVV of Barce- lona. Lon. 1 56 E, lat. 41 36 N. Martos, a town of Spain, in Andalusia, with a fortress seated on a rock, eight miles S of Anduxar. Marvejols, a commercial town of France, in the department of Lozcte and late province of Gevaudan, seated in a valley, on the river Colange, lu miles N W of Muide, and 3u0 S of Pans. Lon. 2 23 E v iat. 44 36 N. Marville, a town of France, in the de- partment of Meuse and late duchy of Bar, seated on the Osheim, three miles N of Jameu. Maryborough, a borough of Ireland, capital of Queen's county, 17 miles, S of Phdipstown. Lon. 7 W, lat. 53 2 N. Maryland, one of the United States of America, 174 miles long", and 110 broad; bounded on the N by Pennsylvania^ on the E by the state of Delaware, on the S E and S by the Atlantic Ocean, and on the S and W by Virginia, li is divided into 18 counties, 10 of which are on the western, and eight on the eastern shore of the Chesapeak. Wheat and /tobacco are the staple commodities of this state, which, in most respects, resembles Vir- ginia. This state contained 380,546 in- habitants in 1810, including 111,502 slaves. The principal rivers are the Po- comoke, Wicomico, Nanticoke, Chup- tank, Chester river, Sassafras and Elk : these are on the Eastern Shore of the state. The Potomac which separates Maryland from Virginia, the Patuxent, Patapsco, Gunpowder, and Bush river, are on the wes term. side. All of them discharge into the Chesapeake bay. There are but few mountains, and these are confined to the N\V corner of the state. The climate in general tnay be called temperate though that of the east, rn shore is not esteemed healthful, owing lo the flatness of the country, and hu- midity of the «air. The soil is generally trong. and productive. The tobacco j.iant has been cultivated to a great ex- tent, though the farmers are more atten- tive than formerly to the production of wheat, rye, Indian corn, &e. The soil and climate agree well with most\qf the common fruit trees, such as apple, ptuch, MAS W: 1 pear, plum, cherry, &c. The commerce of the state is very considerable. The exports have in some years amounted to 10.0U0,UU0 dollars. The form of govern- ment is republican, and the constitution differs but little from that of the other states. I he legislative power is vested in a Senate and House of Delegates ; and the execution of the laws is committed to a Governor and Council. But they are all chosen by the people at large for short terms. Annapolis, situated on the south side of the river Severn, is the ca- pital of the state. Mary, St. a county of Maryland, con- taining 12,794 inhabitants in 1810, in- cluding 6000 slaves. It is situated in the SE corner of the western shore between the Patuxent and Potomac rivers. The chief towns are Leonard and Newport. Mary's Itiver, St. a river of the United States, in Georgia. It is navigable for vessels of considerable burden for ninety miles; and its banks afford immense quantities of fine timber suited to the West India markets. It forms a part of the southern boundary of the . United States, and enters Amelia Sound, in lat 30 44 N. Mary's Strait, St. a strait in North America, which forms the communica- tion between Lake Superior and Lake Huron. It is about 40 miles long ; and at the Upper end is a rapid fall, which, when conducted by cartful pilots, may be descended without danger. Marza Sirocco, a gulf on the S side of the isle of Malta. The Turks landed here in 1565, when they went to besiege Valetta; for which reason the grand master ordered three forts to be built, two at the entrance of the gulf, and one on the point of land that advances into the middle of it. Marzilla, a handsome town of Spain, in the province of Navarre, seated near the river Arragon, 30 miles S of Pam- peluna. Masbate, one of the Philippine Islands, almost in the centre of the rest. 'It is 75 utiles in circumference, and the natives n tributary to the Spaniards. Lon. 1J22 25, E, lat. 11 36 N. Masbrough, a flourishing v.Hlage, dn York .shut, on the river Don, adjoining the bridge of Uotherham. All sorts of hammered and Cast iron goods are made here, from the most trifling article to a large cannon, of which great quantities are exported. Miiscate, a town of Asia on the coast of Arabia Felix, with a castle on % rock. It is seated at the bottom of a small bay, and was fortified, in 1650, by the Portu- MAS MAT gues ; but afterward taken by the Arabs, who put all the garrison to the sword, ex- cept 18, who turned Mahometans. The Weather is so hot from May to Septem- ber, that no people are to be seen in the streets from ten in the morning- till four in the afternoon. The bazars or market places are covered with the leaves of date- trees, laid on beams whic h reach from the house tops on one side to those on the other. The products of the country are horses, dates, fine brimstone, coffee, and ruinoss, a root that dies red/ Lon. 57 26 E, lat. 24 N. Mas D'Asil, a town of France, in the department of Arriege and late county of Foix, with a late rich Benedic tine abbey. It is seated on the rivulet Rise, 8 miles S W of Pamiers. Maskeh/ne\* hies, a group of small but beautiful islands, in the South Pacific O- cean, lying off the SE point of Malicollo. one of the New Hebrides. Mason, a county of Kentucky, contain- ing 12,459 inhabitants in 1810. It is si- tuated in the NE corner of the state, hav- ing the Ohio on the N, and the Great Sandy river on the E. The chief town is Washington. Massa, an ancient and pqj aIous town of Italy in Tuscany, capital of a small terri- tory of the same name. It is seated on a plain, three miles from the sea, and 55 W by N of Florence. Lon. 10 E, lat. 44 N. Jfrissa, a town of Naples, in Terra-di- Lavora, with a bishop's see, seated near the sea, 20 miles S of Naples. Lon. 14 18 E, lat. 40 31 N. Massa, a town of Italy, in the Siennese. with a bishop's see, seated on a mountain near the sea, 25 miles S\V of Sienna. Lon. 10 48E, lat. 42 40 N. Massa, or Mazzi, a town of the Vero- nese, in Paly, situated on the N side of the Po, 40 miles E of Mantua. Lon. 11 5 o E, lat. 45 20 N. Massachusetts, one of the United States of America, 150 miles long and 65 broad ; bounded on the N by New Hampshire and Vermont, on the W by New York, on the S by Connecticut, Rhode Island, and the Atlantic Ocean, and on the E by that o- cean and Massachusetts Bay. "it is di- vided into 12 counties ; piodnces plenty of Indian corn, flax, hemp, copper, and iron, and they have manufactories of lea- ther, linen, and woollen cloth. The in- habitants are estimated at 472,040 in 1810. The chief rivers are the Merri- mack, Concord, Charles, Naponsit, Taun- ton, Narraganset, and Connecticut. There are several considerable mountains in the western division of^ the state, though none of them remarkable for height. The climate can hardly be termed temperate, as their winters are generally long, and severely cold : hut the variations in the temperature of the air are neither so fre- quent, nor so sudden, as in the middle states. — The soil is various, though very little of it is rich enough to produce wheat. The crops are generally of indian corn, rye, barley, oats, potatoes, and. field beans, or peas, f ruit tress are cul- tivated with considerable success, and apples, pears, peaches, plums and cher- ries are found in great plenty. The com- merce is considerable, the exports in some years have amounted to 10,000,000 of dollars. The government is republi- can ; the executive authority being vest- ed in a governor and council, and the le- gislative in an assembly ; all of whom are elected annually by the people. The military force of the state/is very res- pectable, consisting of a well disciplined militia. Boston is the capital of the state, and the seat of the state government. Massachusetts Bay, a bay of North A- merica, which spreads eastward of Bos- ton, and is comprehended between Cape Ann on the N, and Cape Cod, on the S. It is so named, as well as the whole state of Massachusetts, from a iribe of Indians of the same name, that formerly lived round this bay. Jfassafra, a strong town of Italy, in the kingdom of Naples, in Terra d'Otran- to, with a bishop's see, seated at the foot of the Appennines, 16 miles NW of Ta- rento. Lon. 17 20 E, lat. 40 50 N. Masserano, a town of Italy in Piedmont, capital of a small principality of the same name, held by its prince as a fief of the church. Tt is seated on a mountain^ 40 miles NE of Turin. Lon. 8 14 E, lat. 45 38 N. Mastico or Capo Mastico, a cape on the S side of Scio, one of the islands of the Archipelago. Masuah, a town of Abyssinia, situated on an island on the coast of the Red Sea. The houses, in general, are built of poles and bent grass, as in the towns in Ara- bia ; and a few are of stone, some of them two stories high. Lon. 39 36 E, lat. 15 Musul/patam, a populous and formerly a commercial scaportof Hir.doostan, seat- ed near the mouth of the Kistna, on the coast of Coromandel, but its trade has now declined. It is 200 milesN of Madras, Lon. 81 12 E, lat. 16 8 N. Mtttaca, or Majitaca, a com mod i ou s bay on the N coast of the island of Cuba, 35 mile E of Havanna. Lon. 81 16 W, lat, 23 12 N. v W(IHP; M A T M A U Matagorda, a fortress of Spain, seated) near the entrance of the harbour of Cadiz. , Mutalona, a town of Italy in Naples and »n Terra di Lavori, Smiles NA\ r of Capua, and 19 W by S of Benevento. Lon. 14 14 E, lat 41 12 N. Mataman, a county of Africa, bounded on the N by Bertguela, on the E by parts vinknown, on the S by the country of the Ilottento-s, and on the W by me Atlantic Ocean There is no town ir. it, and the inhabitants live in miserable huts, it be- ing- a desert country, little visited by the Europeans. Matanov Mactan, one of the Philippine islands. The inhabitants have thrown off" the yoke of Spain, and here Magellan was killed in 1521. Matapan, Cape, the most southern pro- montory of the Morea, between the gulf of Coron and that* of Colokythia Lon. 22 40 E, lat. 36 25 N. Matarm, a large town of Asia, formerly the capital of an empire of that name, in the island of Java. It is strong by situa- ation, and seated in a fertile and populous country, surrounded by mountains. Lon. Ill 55E, lat. 7 15 S. * Mataro, a town of Spain in Catalonia, remarkable for its glass-works, seated on the Mediterranean, 15 mi'es NE of Bar celona. Lon. 2 29 E, lat. 41 36 N. Matcowitf, a strong town of Upper Hungary, in the county of Scepus, seated on a mountain, 185 miles NE of Presburgh. Matelica, an ancient town of Laly, in the marquisate of Ancona, 15 miles S of Jesi. Matera, a considerable town of Italy in Naples, and in the Terra d'Otranto, with a bishop's see, seated on the Canapro, 35 miles NW of Tarento. Lon. 16 54 E, lat. 40 59 N. Matlock, a village in Derbyshire, situ- ated on the Derwent, with a bath whos.: water is milk warm, which is pretty much frequented, four miles N of Wuksworth. It is an extensive straggling place, built in a romantic style, on the steep side ol a mountain, the houses rising regularb one above another. There are excellent accommodations for the company who resort to the baths : and the poorer ihha bitants are supported by the sale of pe- trifactions, crystals, and,wptwithstaiiding the rockiness of the soil the cliffs of the rocks produce a great number of trees, Whose foliage adds greatly to the beauty pf fhe '.map? titf-i Mdtrnai, See Jeso. Matthco, St. a town of Spain, in Arra- gon, 10 m from the Mediterrffineani and 55 N of Valencia, Lon. 36 W, lat. 40 12 JT. Matthew, St. an island of Africa, 420 miles S by W of Cape Palmas on the coast of Guinea. It was planted by the Portu- guese, but is now deserted. Lon. 6 10 W, lat. 1 24 S. Matthew, St: a small island in the In- dian Ocean, ^on. 123 51 E, lat. 5 23 S. Matthews, a county in the state of Vir- ginia, containing 4227 inhabitants in 1810, including 2068 slaves. It is situated on the S side of Kankatank river which se- parates it from Middlesex, in the N, and in the S, it has King and Queen county. Matumay, a seaport in the island of Je- so, capital of a province of the same name, tributary to Japan. Lon. 138 55 E, lat 42 N. Manbeuge, a town of France, in the de- partment of the North and late province of Trench Hainault. In September 1793, the Austrians formed the blockade of this place, but were driven from their po- sition, in the following month. It is for- tified according to Vauban, and is seat- ed on the Sambre, 12 miles S of Mons, and 40 SW of Brussels. Lon. 4 5 E, lat. 50 15 N. Maiddah, a handsome city of Hindoos. ;an Proper, ?n Bengal, situated on a river hat communicates with the Ganges. It irose out of the ruins of Gour, whieh are in its neighbourhood ; and is a place of trade, particularly in silk. It is 190 miles N of Calcutta, Lon. 88 28 E, lat. 25 10 N. Mavleon, a town of France, in the de- partment of the Lower Pyrenees and late province of Beam, with a castle. It is situated on the river Care on the frontiers of Spain, 20 miles SW of Pau, and 40 S E of Dax. Lon. 31 W, lat. 43 10 N*. Mavleon, a town of France, in the de- partment of Vendee and late province of Poitou, with a late famous Augustine ab- bey : it is seated near the rivulet Oint, 52 miles NE of Rochelle, and 52 NW of Poitiers. Lon. 36 W, lat. 46 54 N. Maura, St. an island of the Mediter- ranean, near the coast of Albania, 15 miles NE of the island of Cephalonia. Lon. 20 46 E, lat. 39 2 N. Mavre, St. an ancient town of France, in the department of Indre and Loire and late province of Touraine, 17 miles S of Tours, and 148 SW of Paris. Lon. 42 E, lat. 47 9 N. Mauriac, a town of France, in the de- partment of the Cantal, and late province of Auvergne, with some trade and famous for excellent horses. It is seated near the Dordogne, 27 miles SE of Tulles. Lon. 2 16 E, lat. 45 15 N. Maurice, St. a town of Swisserland, in the Vallais, It lies between two high M A'Y M E A mountains, and is situated on the Rhone, 16 miles NW of Martigny. It guards the entrance into the Lower Vallais. Maurienne, a village of Savoy, 50 miles in length, extending to Mount Cenis, which separates it from Piedmont. St. John is the capital town: Mauritius. See Isle of France. Manrua, one of the* Society Islands, Mn the S Pacific Ocean, 14 miles W of Bola- bola. Lon. 152 32 W, lat. 16 25 S. Maws, St. a borough in Cornwall, wjiich sends two members to parliament, but has no church, chapel, nor market. Hen- ry VIII. built a castle here, opposite Pen- dennis castle, on the E side of Falmouth haven, for the better security of that im- portant port. It sends two members t<> parliament and is 3 miles E of Falmouth, and 250 W by S of London. Lon. 4 56 W, lat. 50 8 N. Maximin, St. a town of France, in the department of Var and late province of Provence. Before the revolution, here was a convent for Dominicans, on which they pretended to preserve the body of Mary Magdalen, which brought them great riches by the resort of superstiti- ous visitors. It is seated on the Argens, 20 miles N of Toulon. Lon. 5 57 E, lat. 43 30 N. May, a small island of Scotland, at the mouth of the Frith of Forth, 7 miles SE of Crail. It is surrounded by rocks which render it almost inaccessible. It has a lighthouse, of great benefit to vessels en- tering the Frith. May, Cape, a cape of North America, on the N side of the mouth of the Dela- ware. Lon. 75 W, lat. 39 X. Muyahonn, a very ancient city of Pegue, situated on the Irrawaddy. It stretches two miles along the margin of the river, and is distinguished by numerous gilded temples, and spacious convents, and a great variety of tall wide-spreading trees gives it an air of venerable grandeur. Its quays are frequented by great numbers of trading boats some of them of 60 tons burden. The neighbourhood is fruitful in rice, of which large quantities are ex- ported to Ummerrampoora, the capital of the Birman dominions. Mayence. See Mentz. Mayenne. See Maine. Mayfield, a township of Montgomery county, New York, containing 2065 inha- bitants in 1810. It is situated about 37 miles NW of Albany. Mayo, a county of Ireland, in the pro- vince of Connaught, 62 miles long and 52 broad : bounded on the E by Roscommen, on the S by Gal way, on the W and N by the Atlantic, and on the NE by Sligo. It is a fertile country, and abounds in cattle, deer, hawks, and honey. It contains 75 parishes, and sends f ur members to par- liament. The. principal town, of the same name, is much decayed. Lon. 9 39 W, lat. 53 40 N. Mayo, or the Isle of May, one of the Cape de Verd Islands, in the Atlantic O- cean, 300 miles from Cape de Yerd in A- frica, about 17 miles in circumference. The soil in general is very barren, and water scarce ; hut there are plenty of beeves, goats, and asses; as also, some corn, yams, potatoes, planiains, figs, and watermelons. The chhf commodity is salt, with which many English ships are freighted in the summer time Pinosa is the principal town, and has two church- es. The inhabitants are negroes, who speak the Portuguese languiage, and ma- in of them go naked. Lon. 23 W, lat. 15 10 N. , r Jfazag-an, a strong town of Africa in the kingdom of Morocco, seated near the Atlantic, eight miles W of Azamor, and 120 N of Morocco, Lon. 8 15 W, lat. 33 12 N. JIazara, an ancient town of Sicily, ca- pital of a fertile valley of the same name, with a good harbour and a bishop's see, 25 miles S'W of Trapani. Lon. 12 30 E, lat. 37 53 E. Jfcacb, a city of the island of Niphon, in Japan, of which it was formerly the ca- pital. It is the great magazine of all the manufactures in Japan, and the principal place for trade. The inhabitants are said to be 600,000. Lon. 134 25 E, lat. 35 30 N. Meadia, a town of Hungary, in the ban- nat oTTemeswar, seated on the N side of the Danube, 15 miles E of Belgrade. It was dismantled by the Turks in 1738. Lon. 12 0E, lat. 45 N. JMeadsville, the principal town of Craw- ford county, Pennsylvania, situated on the E side of French creek, 25 miles NW of Fort Franklin. Here is a post office. Mean, a small island, one of the Mo- luccas, in the Indian Ocean, with a good harbour Lon. 127 5 E, lat. 1 12 N. ' Mearns. Sre Kincardineshire. Meath, or East .M ath, a county of Ire- land, in the province of Leinster, 36 miles long, and 35 broadj bounded on tin; N by Cavan and Louth, on the E bv the Irish Sea and Dublin, on the S by 'hat county and Kildare, and on the W by West Meath. It contains 139 parishes, and sends 14 members to parliament. Trim is the capital. Meath, West, a county of Ireland, in the province of Leinster ; bounded on the N by Cavan. on the NE and E by East Me- ath, on the S by King's county, on the W M E C Roserommon, from which it is separat- ed by the Shannon, and on the N\V by Longford. It is one of the most popu- lous and fertile counties in Ireland, con- tains 62 parishes, and sends ten members to parliament. Mullenger is the county town, Jtfedux, an ancient and lately an episco- pal town of France, in the department of Seine and Marne, and late province of the Isle of France, wish a bishop's see* seated on the Marne which divides it in- to two parts. It is 10 miles NW of Co- lomiers, and 25 NE of Paris. Lon. 2 58 E, lat. 48 58 N. jyiecan, a large river of Thibet. It ris- scs in that country and flowingSE through Laos and Cambodia, falls by two mouths into the Eastern Ocean, and forms an is- land below the city of Cambodia, which here gives name to the eastern branch. JL'cca, an ancient ana very famous town of Asia, in Arabia the Happy :. seated on a barren spot, in a valley, surrounded with little hills, about a day's journey from the Red Sea. It is a place of no strength, having neither walls nor gates, and the buildings are very nnean. That which supports it is the resort of a great many thousand pilgrims annually, for the shops are scarcely open all the year besides. The inhabitants are poor, very thin, lean, and swarthy. The hills about the town are very numerous, and all consists of a -blackish rock, and some of them are half a miie in circumference. On the top of one of them is a cave, where they pretend Mahomet usually retired to perform his devotions, and hither they affirm the greatest part of the alcoran was brought him by the angel Gabriel. The town lias plenty of water, and yet little, garden stuff; but th re are several sorts of good fruits to be had, such as grapes, mcions, water-melons, and cucumbers. There are also plenty of sheep brought thither to be sold to the pilgrims' It stands in a very hot climate, and the inhabitants u- sually sleep on the tops of their houses, for the sake of coolness. The temple of Mecca, has 42 doors, and its form resem- bles the Royal Exchange in London, but it is near ten times as large. It is open in the middle, and the ground covered with gravel, except in two or three places that led to the Beat-Allah through certain doors, and these are paved with short stones. There are cloisters all round, and in the sides are Little rooms or cells for those that live a monastic life. The Beat-Allah stands in the middle of' the temple, is a square structure, each side about 20. p:ices long, and 24 feet high,g covered all over freni top to .bottom with M E C a thick sort of silk, and the middle em- broidered with letters of gold, each let- ter being about two feet in length, and two inches broad. The door is covered with silver plates, and there is a curtain be- fore it thick with gold embroidery. This Beat is the principal object of the pil- grims devotion, and is open but two days in the 5 space of six weeks, namely, one day for the men, and next for the women. Within there- is only two wooden pillars in the middle to support the roofjVith a bar of iron fastened thereto, on which hang three or four silver lamps. The walls on the insde are marble, and cov- ered with silk, unless when the pilgrims enter. About 12 paces from the Beat is the sepulchre of Abraham, as they pre- tend, and they affirm that he erected the Heat-Allah. The tomb is handsome e- nough, and not unlike those of people of fashion in England. When they have performed their devotions here, they re- pair to a gibe I or hill, which however is not large enough to contain them all at once, for there arc no less than 70,000 pilgrims every year. When certain cere- monies are over, they then receive the ti- tle of hadgies or saints, and the next morning they move to a place where they say Abraham went to offer up his son I- saac, which is about two or three miles from Mecca; here they pitch their tents and then throw seven small stones against a litt le square stone building. This, as theyvaffiim, is performed in defiance of the devil. Every one then purchases a •;heep, which is brought for that purpose, eating some of it themselves, and giving the rest to the poor people who attend upon the occasion. It is 25 miles from Jodda, the seaport town of Mecca, and 220 SE of Medina. Lon. 40 55 E, lat. 21 45 N. Mecklenlmrgh, a duchy of Germany, in the circle of Lower Saxony ; boundc d on the N by the Baltic, on the E by Pome- raniaj on the S by Brandenburg, and on the W by Holstein and Lunenburg. It extends 135 miles in length, and 90 where broadest. It is a fruitful country, well watered with inland lakes and river!*, and abounds in corn, pastures, and game. Its situation on the Baltic, renders it very convenient for foreign trade. This country was formerly subject to one prince, but in 1592, on the death of t he sovereign, it was divided between his two sons, the one possessing the duchy of Mecklenburg Schwerin, and the other the duchy of Mecklenburg Strelitz. Mecklenbevgy a populous county in the state of Virginia, containing 18 453 in- habitants in 1810, of whom 10,264 were M E D M E D slaves. It is bounded on the E by Green- ville ; on the N by Lunenburg' ; on the W by Charlotte and Halifax ; and on the 5 by the state of North Carolina. Mecklenburg, a post town, and the ca- pi;al of Mecklenburg 1 county, Virginia ; situated on the N side of Roanoke river, about 65 miles S W of Petersburg*; on the Appmnatox. Mechlin, a city of the Austrian Nether- lands, capital of a district of the same name, with an archbishop's see. It con- sists of several small islands made by ar- tificial canals, over which are great many bridges ; and its cathedral is a superb structure, with a yery high steeple. Here is a great foundry for ordnance of all kinds ; and it is famous for fine lace, and a t.ort of beer ; which is sent into the neighbouring provinces. It is seated on the Dender, 10 miles NE of Brussels, and 15 SE of Antwerp. Lon. 4 34 E, lat. 51 2 N. JMechoachan, a province of New Spain, in the audience of Mexico ; bounded on tlie NW by New Biscay, on the NE by Pannco, on the E by Mexico Proper, on the 8 by the Pacific Ocean, and on the W by New Galicia. It is 200 miles in circumference, and is v ery rich, abound- ing in all the necessaries of life. It has also mines of silver and copper, great plenty of ooCoa nuts, and much silk. Mechoachan, or Vulladolid, a considera- ble town of New Spain, capital of the province of Mechoacan, with a bishop's see. It is seated near a great lake, 110 miles W of Mexico. Lon. 102 28 W, lat. 20 5 N. Meekley, a province of Asia, sub ject to the king of Burmah. It is bounded on the N Ly Assam, on the E by China, on the W by Bengal, and on the S by Ros- haan and Burmah. Mecran, a province of Persia, bounded on the N by Segestan and Candaha. , on the E by Hindoostan, on the S by the In- dian Ocean, and on the W by Herman. The country is almost a desert and very little known. Mecrihos, a town of Portugal in Tra- ins Montes, 15 miles NNE of Torre dc Moncove, and 24 SE of Mirandela. Lon 6 3 W, lat. 41 8 N. Medebach, a town of Westphalia, 32 miles W of Cassiel. Lon. 10 1 E, lat. 51 8 N. Medelin, a small town of Spain, in Es- tramadura, seated in a fertile country, on the river Guadiana, 22 miles E of Meri- da. Lon. 5 38 W, lat. 34 41 N. Medelpadia, a maritime province of Sweden in Norland, and on the gulf of Bothnia. It is mountainous and woodv with fruitful vallics and fine pastures. Sundswail is the capital. Medici, now the province of Ghilan hi Persia, once the seat of a powerful empire. MeidenibUek, a town of the United Pro- duces, in New Holland, seated on the Zuider-Zee, with a good harbour. * It is nine miles N of HiSqt i, and 22 NE of Amsterdam. Lon. 5 E, lat. 52 47 N. Medford, a post town in Middlesex coumy, Massachusetts, on the Mystic ri- ver, five miles NW of Boston, with 1443 inhabitants in 1810. Medina, a town of Arabia Deserta, ce- lebrated for being the burial place of Mahomet. It is a small, poor place, but walicd round, and has a large mosque, but nothing like the temple at Mecca. In one corner is a place 14 paces square., with great windows, and brass gates ; and in the middle, the tomb of Mahpmet, inclosed with curtains, and lighted by a great many lamps. The tomb is not "ex- posed to any, except the eunuchs ap- pointed to take care of it, and to light the lamps ; but the story of its being sus- pended in the air by a loadstone is known to be a fiction. Medina is called the, city of the Prophet, because here he was pro- tected by the inhabitants when he fled from Mecca ; and here he was first in- vested with regal power. The time of his death was in 6 37; but the Mahometan epoch begins in 622, from the time of his flight. It is seated on a plain, abound- ing in palm-trees, 200 miles NW of Mec- ca. Lon. 39 33 E, lat. 24 20 N. Medina-Celi, a town of Spain, in Old Castile, capital of a duchy of the same name ; seated near the Xalbng, ten miles N'E of Si^nenza, and 75 SW of Saragossa. Lon. 2 24 W, lat. 41 12 N. Medina-dc-hm-Torres, an ancient but small town of Spain, in Estramadura, with an old castle, seated at the foot of a moun- tain near Badajoz. Medina-del-Campo, a rich and commer- cial town of Spam, in the kingdom of Leon. It has great privileges, and is seat- ed in a country abounding with corn and wine, 37 miles SE of Z a mora, and 75 N" W of Madrid. Lon. 4 24 \V, lat. 41 20 N. Medma-del-liio-Seccu, an ancient town of Spain, in the kingdom of Leon, seated on a fertile pi; in, 35 miles NW of Valla- dolia, and 50 SE of Leon. Lon. 4 33 E, lal . 42 6 N. Medina- Si donia, an ancient town of Spam, in Andalusia, with a castle, 36 miles NNW" of Gibraltar, and 20 NE of Cadiz. ...Lon. 5 36 E, lat. 36 40 N. Mfdlterrc.ucan, a sea between Asia, Africa, and Europe, extending the MEG strains of Gibraltar to the coasts of Sy- ria and Palestine above 2000 miles, bat ot Unequal breadth. It communicates with the Atlantic Ocean by tbe stritiis ot Gibraltar; and with die l.ilafekSea by the strait of Gallipott, the Sea of MarmoTa, and the strait of Constantinople. There is no tide in this sea, and a constant cur- rent sets in from the Atlantic through the straits of Gibraltar. It contains many islands, several of them large, as Major- ca, Corsica, Sardinia, Sicily, Candia, and Cyprus. The eastern part of it, boi tier- ing upon Asia, is sometimes called the Levant Sea. Lon. 6 W to 37 E, lat. 31 to 44 N. Mednikiy a town of Poland, in the pro- vince of Samoffitia, with a bishop's see ; seated on the Warwitz, 40 miles E of Memel. Lon. 22 49 E, lat. 55 42 NT: Medua, a town in the kingdom of Al- giers, seated in a country abounding in corn, fruits, and flocks of sheep. It is 175 miles SW of Algiers. Lon. 13 E, lat. 34 45 N. Medivay, a river which rises in Ash- down Forest, in Sussex ; entering Kent, it passes by Tunbrtdge, and Maidstone. It is navigable to Rochester ; below which it divides itself into two branches, the western one enters the Thames, be- tween the isles of Grain and Shepey, ana is defended by the fort at Sheemess ; in this branch at Chatham, is a station for the royal navy. The feastern branch cal- led the East Swale, runs to Milton, and Feversham, below which it falls into the German Ocean. Medxuav, a post town in Norfolk coun- ty, Massachusetts, about 25 miles SW of Boston, and about the same distance NE of Providence, Rhode Island. Medwi, a town of Sweden, in the pro- vince of E Gothland, called the Swedish Spa, on account of its waters, which arc viriolic and sulphureous. The lotiging houses form one street of uniform wood- en buildings painted red. The walks and rides are delightful, particularly on the banks of the Wetter. It is three miles from Wadstena. Medziboz, a town of Poland in the pala- tinate of Voihinia, seated on the river Bog, 20 miles S of Constantinow. Megura, an ancient towu of Greece, formerly very large, but now inconsidera- ble. Here are some fine remains of anti- quity, and it is 20 miles W of Athens. Lon. 23 30 E, lat. 38 6 N. Megen, a town of Dutch B rub ant, seat- ed on the Maese, 15 miles SW of Nime- guen. Lon. 5 26 E, lat. 51 49 N. Megesvar, a town of Transylva^jLa^ ca- pital of a county of the same name, re- M E L markable for its good wines. It is seated on the river Kotel. Lon. 25 20 E lat. 46 50 N. Megiers, a town of Transylvania, sub- ject to Austria, 28 miles jN of Herman- stadt. Lon. 24 41 E, lat. 46 53 N. IMehrun, the principal ot the channels into which the. river Indus divides itself, near Tatta, in Hindoosian Proper. JtfeJjkht&ur-Yevre, an ancient town of France in the department of Cher, and late province of Berry. Here are the ru- ins of a castle built by Charles Vll. as a place of retirement. It is seated in a fer- tile plain, on the river Yevre, 10 miles NW of Bourges, and 105 S of Paris- Lon. 2 17 E, lat. 47 19 N. Mehun-siir- Loire, a town of France, in the department of Loiret, and late pro- vince of Orleanois, seated on the Loire, 10 miles SW of Orleans. Lon. 1 48 E, lat. 47 50 N. Meillerie, a village of the duchy of Chablais. It is seated on the S side of the lake of Geneva, in the recess of a .small bay, at the foot of impending moun- tains in Savoy. This place is an interest- ing scene in the Eloisa of Rousseau. Menau, an island in the bay of the Bod- mer Sea, or middle lake, of Constance, one mile in circumference. It belongs to the knights of the Teutonic order, and produces excellent wine, which forms the chief revenue of the commander. It is five miles N of Constance. Meissen, or Misnia, a margravate of German) , in the electorate of Saxony ; bounded on the N by the duchy of Saxo- ny, on the E by Lusatia, on the S by Bo- hemia, and on the W by Thuringia. It is 100 miles in length, and 80 in breadth ; and is a very fine country, producing corn, wine, metals, and ail things thai contribute to the pleasure of life. The capital is Dresden. Meissen, a considerable town in the electorate of Saxony Proper, and in the margravate of Meissen, with a castle, and a famous manufacture of porcelain. It is seated on the Elbe, ten miles NNW of Dresden, and 37 ESE of Leipsick. Lon. 13 33 E, lat. 51 15 N. Melazzo, an ancient town of Natolia It has a bishop's see, and here are also some curious monuments of antiquity. It is seated on a bay of the Archipelago, 60 miles S of Smvrna. Lon. 27 25 E, lat. 37 28 N. Melck, a small fortified town of Ger- many, in the circle of Lower Austria Here is a celebrated Benedictine abbey, seated on a hill, 47 miles W of Vienna. Lon. 15 20 E, lat. 48 11 N. Mslco7ab Regis, a borough in Dorset- M E L MEM shire, with a market on Tuesday and Fri- rlay. It is seated on an arm of the sea, iuid is united to Weymouth by a wooden bridge, in which there is a drawbridge ibr the admission of ships into the west- ern part of the harbour. Melcomb is seated in a flat, and has a market place, with good streets and yards for their merchandise. The two towns were incor- porated tog-ether, in the reign of Eliza- beth, are governed by a mayor, and send four members to parliament. Melcomb is eight miles S of Dorchester, and 129 WS\V of London. Lon. 2 40 VV, lat. 50 37 N. See Weymouth. Meldela, a town of Italy, in Romagna, belonging to its own prince. It is eight miles' S\V of Ravenna. Lon. 11 48 E, lat. 44 22 N. Meldert, a town of Austrian Brabant, 10 miles of Lou vain. Lon. 4 41 E, lat. 50 45 N. Meld or p, a considerable town of Lower Saxony, in the duchy of Holstein. seated Bear the Milde, 15 miles S of Toningtn, and 45 W of Hamburg. Lon. 9 6 E, lat. 54 10 X. Meifi, % considerable town of Naples, in Balsilicata, with an ancient Castle seat- ed on a rock, and a bishop's see, 16 miles N.E of Conza, and 72 of Naples. Lon. 15 52 E, lat. 41 2 N. Melida, an island of Dalmatia, in the gulf of Venice, and in the republic of Ragusa. It is 25 miles in length, and abounds in oranges, citrons, wine, and fish. It has a Benedictine abbey, six vil- lages, and several harbours. ' Mettlia, an ancient town of the king- dom of Fez. It was taken in 1496, by the Spaniards; but it was restored to the Moors. It is seated near the Mediterra- nean, 75 miles W bv N of Tremescn. Lon. 2 57 W, lat. 34 48 N. Melinda, a kingdom of Africa, on the coast of Zanguabar. It produces plenty of rice, sugar, cocoa nuts, and other tro- pical fruits. The capital town is of the same name, and seated at the mouth of the river Quilmanci, in an agreeable plain. It is a large, populous place, in which the Portuguese have 17 churches. 9 convents, and ware-houses well provi- ded with European goods. It is sur- rounded on all sides with fine gardens, and has a good harbour, defended by a fort. The inhabitants consist of Chris- tians and negroes, which last have their own king and religion, and the number of both is said. to amount to 200,000. Lon. 39 38 E, lat. 2 15 S. • Meiita. See Malta. Melitello, a town of Sicily, in the Val- di-Noto, eight miles W of Lcontjt;^j Melito, a town of Naples in Calabria tflteriore, with a bishop's see, 40 miles N of Reggio. Lon. 16 30 E, lat. 38 40 X. Melle, a town of Westphalia, in the bishopric of Osm.burg, 10 miles E of Os- naburg. Lon. 8 35 E. lat. 52 25 N. Mel'e, a town of France, in the depart* mem of the Two Sevres, and late pro- vince of Foitou, 13 miles S of St. Maixent. Metier. See Jkfekr. MpUingen, a town of Swisserland, in the bailiwic of Baden, which before their late subjugation, depended on the can- tons of Zuric and Bern. It is seated in a fertile country, on the river Reuss, five miles S by W of Baden. Jlelnick, a town of Bohemia, seated at the confluence of the Elbe and Muldaw, 18 miles N of Prague. Lon. 14 50 E, lat. 50 22 N. Meloue, a town of Upper Egypt, seat- ed on the Nile, from whence it has afmfe appearance. Lon. 31 55 E, lat. 27 30 N, Melrose, a town of Scotland, in Rox- burghshire, close by which are the mag- nificent remains of Melrose Abbey,found- ed in 1136, by David I. Nothing of this bbey, the most magnificent in the king- dom now remains, excepting a part of the cloister walls, elegantly carved; but the ruins of the church are of uncommon beauty and elegance. Part is still used for divine service, the rest is uncovered. Melrose is seated near the Tweed, 28 iniles SE of Edinburgh. Lon. 2 43 W, lat. 55 38 N. Melrichstadt, a town of Franconia, in the bishopric of Wurtzburg. It is seat- ed on the Strat, 20 miles N of Schwein- furt. Melton Mowbray, a town in Leicester- shire, with a market on Tuesday, consi- derable for cattle, hogs, and sheep. It is seated in a fertile soil on the river Eye, over which are two stone bridges, 15 miles S by E of Nottingham, and 106 N bv W of "London. Lon. 50 W, lat. 52 48 N. Melun, an ancient town of France, in the department of Seine and Marne, and late province of the Isle of France, seat- ed on the Seine, 25 miles SE of Paris. Lon. 2 35 E, lat. 48 30 N. Membrillo, a town o^pain,in Estrama- dura, 1 i miles S of Alcantara. Lon. 6 W, lat. 39 12 X. Membury, a. town in Devonshire, on the SW side of the Chard, has the ruins of a castle, is noted for the best Devonshire ' heese. and has a fair on August 10. Memel, a strong town of Eastern Prus- sia, with a castle. It has the finest har- bour in the Baltic, and an extensive com- merce. It is seated on the N extremity 3 G MEN M E N of the Curische Haf, an inlet of theBal-j tic, 70 miles in length, which is here | joined to the sea by a narrow strait. On the NE side of the entrance into the harbour is a light-house, erected in 1796. It is 76 miles NNE of Koningsbcrg, and 140 NE of Daatzic. Lon. 21 40 E, lat. 55 46 N. JMemmingen, a strong 1 town of Suabia, near which the emigrants under the prince of" Conde, were in August 1795, defeated by the French republicans. It is seated in a fertile plain, 24 miles SE of Ulm, and 35 SW of Augsburg. Lon. 10 lo E, lat. 48 5 N. JMemphremagogy a lake of North Ame- rica; situated partly in the state of Ver- mont, and partly in Canada. It commu- nicates witli the river St. Lawrence by the fiver St. Francis. vWeurm, a large river in the kingdom of Siam, which runs through it from N to S, passes by the city of Siam, and falls into the gulf of Siam, below Bancock. There are several singular fishes in it, besides crocodiles, which are common in these parts. Menancabo, a town in the island of Su- matra. It is the capital of a small king- dom of the same name, and seated on the S coast, opposite the isle of Nassau, 250 miles from the strait of Sunda. Menat. a town of France, in Auvergne, and in the late diocese of Clermont. Jlfencle, an ancient town of France, ca- pital of the department of Lozere, and late province of Gervasidan, with a bish- op's see. It is very populous ; has manu- factures of serges and other woollen stuffs ; and is seated on the Lot, 35 miles S\V of Puy, and 210 S by E of Paris. Lon. 3 35 E, lat. 44 31 N. Mendip-IIillsy a mountainous tract, in the NE of Somersetshire, famous for its coal, calamine, and lead; the latter said to be of a harder quality than that of other counties. Copper, manganese, b and red ochre, are also found in these lulls. On their summits are large swampj flats, dangerous to cross. JWtmtllesham, a small town in Suffolk with a market on Friday, 18 miles E of Bury St. Edmunds, and 82 NE of Lon- don. Lon. 1 12 E^at. 52 24 N. . JMendon, a post town in Worcester county, Massachusetts, 37 miles SW of Boston, and 12 N of Providence, Rhode Island, with 1819 inhabitants. Jlfendrah, a province of the kingdom of Fezzan, with a town of the same name, 60 miles S of Mourzook. Although much of the land in this province is a continu- ed level of hard and barren soil, the quantity of trona, a species of fossil al- kali, that floats on the surface, or settles on the banks of its numerous smoaking lakes, has given it a higher importance than that of the most fertile districts. jMene/tould, .V/. an ancient and conside- rable town of France, in the department of Marne, and late province of Cham- pagne. St. Menehould is 20 miles NE of Chalons, and HO E of Paris. Lon. 4 59 Ej lat. 49 2N. ~\lenie. See Munia. JMevm, a strongly fortified town of Austrian Flanders, seated on the Lis. In 1585, it was almost entirely destroyed by fire. It was taken by the French in April, 1794, when the garrison (in order to save the unhappy emigrants) bravely forced their way through the enemy. It is eight miles SE of Ypres, and 10* N of Lisle. Lon. 3 9E, lat. 50 48 N. Menton, a city of Italy, in the princi- pality of Monaco, with a castle, and a considerable trade in fruit and oil. It is seated near the sea, five miles ENE of Monaco, and eight WSW of Yentimiglia. Lon. 7 35 E, lat. 43 46 N. Jlcntz, an archbishopric and electorate of Germany, in the circle of the Lower Rhine, and lying upon that river- It is bounded on the N by Weteravia and Hesse, on the S by P'ranconia, and the pa- latinate of the Rhine, and on the W by the electorate of Treves ; is 50 miles long, and 20 broad ; and is very fertile. The elector is also sovereign of Eichs- leld, Eisseld, or Eifeld (a country sur- rounded by Hesse, Thuringia, Grubenha- gen, and Calenberg) and of the city and territory of Eifort, in Thuringia. Jifentz, or JWuyence, a considerable ci- ty of Germany, capital of the electorate of Mentz, with an university, and an rchbishop's see. The archbishop is an lector and arch -chancellor of the em- pire, keeper of the archives and director S the general and particular assemblies. The northern part of the city is built in an irregular manner, but there are three regular streets called the Blachen, which run parallel to each other from the Rhine, .uid are cut regularly by cross streets. Here is a cathedral, which is said to be the largest in Germany, in which there is a valuable treasury. Mentz is one of the towns which claim the invention of printing. Many of the churches, public buildings, and private houses were de- stroyed, or greatly injured, during the siege in 1795, as well as some fine villa- ges, vineyards, and country houses. — Mentz is seated on«the Rhine, just below its confluence with the Maine; nd op- posite to it, on the E side, is the strong Lown of Cassel, connected with it by a M E R ME R bridge of boats. It is 15 miles W of Francfort, and 75 E of Treves. Lon. 8 10 E, lat. 49 56 N. Mephen, a town of Germany in the cir- cle of Westphalia, which depends on the bishop of Minister, seated on the Embs, 15 miles N of Lingen, and 50 NW of Minister. Lon. 7 36 E, lat. 52 45 N. Meqirinenza, an ancient town of Spain, in Arragon, strongly defended by a good castle. It is sea ed at the confluence of the Ebro and Segra, in a fertile country, 39 miles NW of' Tortosa, and 180 NE of Madrid. Lon. 29 E, lat. 41 36 X. Mequinez, a city of Fez, in the empire of Morocco, seated in a delightful plain, having a serene and clear air; for which reason the emperor resides in this place in preference to Fez. In the middle of the city, the Jews have a place to them- selves, the gates of which are locked every night; and there is an alcaid to protect them against the common people, who otherwise would plunder their sub- stance. It is death for them to curse, or lift up a hand against the meanest Moor; and they are obliged to wear black clothes and caps, and to pull off" their shoes whenever they pass by a mosque. Close by Mequinez, on the NW side, stands a large negro town, which takes up as much ground as the city, but the houses are not so high, nor so well built. The houses are very good, but the streets exceedingly narrow, and hardly any of the windows to be seen. The light comes in the back of the houses, where there is a square court, in the middle of which is a fountain, if the house belong to a person of any rank. They are fiat at the top; so that in many places they can walk a great way upon them. The wo- men live in the upper apartments, and often visit each other from the tops of the houses. When these go abroad, they have their heads covered with their out- ward garment, which comes down close to their eyes; and underneath they tie a piece of white cloth, to hide the lower part of their face. They are quite co- vered all over, except their legs, which .are generally naked; but within doors they appear in their hair, and have only a single fillet over their foreheads. Their customs and manners are much '.he samr as those of other Mahometans. Mequi- nez is 66 miles W of Fez. Lon. 6 6 W, lat 33 16 N. Mer t a small town of France, in the de- partment of Loir and Cher, and late pro- vince of Blaisois, 10 miles NE of Blois. Jl ran, a handsome trading town of Germany, in the Tirol, capital of Ersch- land, seated on the Adige, 12 miles W of Salisbury, and 100 W by S of Longon, Lon. 2 25 W, lat. 51 6 N. JWercer, a county in the state of Penn- sylvania, containing 8,277 inhabitants in 1810. It is bounded, on the S by B -aver ; on the E by Venango; on the N by Craw- ford ; and on the W by the state of Ohio. The chief town, Mercer. Jlfercer, a county in the state of Ken- tucky, containing 12,630 inhabitants in 1810. It is situated on the SW side of Kentucky river, about 25 miles S of Frankfort, the capital of the stale. The chief town is Danville. JMerdin, a town of Turkey, in Diarbeek, with a castle which passes for impregna- ble, and an archbishop's see. The coun- try about it produces a great deal of cot- ton. It is 45 miles SE of Diarbekar. Lon. 39 59 E, lat. 36 50 N. JMerecz, a town of Poland in Lithuania, seated at the confluence of the Berczino and Merecz, 30 miles N of Grodno. Lon. 24 10 E, lat. 50 N. Meredith, a township of Strafford coiyt- ty, New Hampshire, containing 1940 in- habitants in 1810. It is about 72 miles NW of Portsmouth. Meridciy a strong town of Spain, in Estramadura, said to have been built by the Romans, before the birth of Christ. Here are fine remains of antiquity, par- ticularly a triumphal arch. It is seated in an extensive and fertile plain, 45 miles S by E of Alcantara. Lon. 6 4 W, lat. 38 42 N. Meridiiy a town of North America, in New Spain, capital of the province of Yucatan, with a bishop's see. It is inha- bited by the Spaniards and native Ame- ricans; and is 30 miles S of the gulf of Mexico, and 120 NE of Campeachv. Lon. 89 58 W, lat. 20 45 N. Merida, a town of South America, in New Granada, seated in a country a- bounding with all kinds of fruits, 130 miles NE of Pampeluna. Lon. 71 \V, lat. 8 30 N. Merion, Upper and Lo-wefy Two conti- guous townships of Montgomery" county, Pennsylvania. They are situated on tl«e SW side of Schuylkill, about six miles W of Philadelphia. The inhabitants of both were estimated at 3C91 in the year 1810. JMerionetKkhire, a county of North Wales, bounded on the Nf by Carnarvon- shire and Denbighshire, on the E by the county of Montgomery, on the S by Car- diganshire, and om the W by the Irish Sea. It is 36 miles long and 34 broad. The principal rivers are the Dee ard Do- vy ; and it has a great mountain, the Ca- der Idris, one of the highest in Wales. M E R M E S The air of this county is sharp but it feeds great herds of cattle. Merioneth- shire contains six hundreds, four mar- ket-towns, c7 parishes, and sends one member to parliament. Harlech is the capital. Jtferitz, Mevitch, or JHerrivh, an imr portant fortress and city of the Deccati of llindoostan, situated near the N bank of the river Kisma, 7(J miles SW of Vi- siapour. Jlerk, a river of Austrian Brabant, which running N by Breda, afterward turns W, and falls intD the Maese, oppo- site the island of Overflackee, in Holland. Jlfero, a strong town of Asia, in the peninsula beyond the Ganges, and in the kingdom of Pegu, 140 miles SW of the town of Pegu. Lon. 98 36 E, lat: 16 X. Mero, a district in the state of Ten- nessee. It is divided into seven counties, and in 1810 it contained 81,445 inhabi- tants. It is the best settled and richest part of the state. The capital is Xashville. Jlferou, a town of Persia, in Korasan, seated in a fertile country, which pro- duces salt, 112 miles SW of Bockhara. Lon. 64 25 E, lat. 37 40 N. Merrimack, a river of the United States, which rises in Grafton county, New Hampshire, and after running in a SE direction through the state, enters Massachusetts, near Dunstable. It then makes a sudden turn to the XE and emp- ties into the Atlantic Ocean at Xewbury- port. Its course is very crooked, and the navigation interrupted by frequent falls and cataracts. Merrimack, a township of Hillsborough county, New Hampshire, containing 1592 inhabitants in 1810. Mersburg, a town of the circle of Saxony, in Misnia, with a bishop's see. It has a Lutheran bishopric, and is seat- ed on the Sala, 10 miles S of Halle, and 56 NW of Dresden. Lon. 12 6 E, lat. 51 28 X. Mersey,' a river which rises in the X extremity of the Peak in Derbyshire, passes by Warrington, and receives the Weaver at Frodsham, where it forms a broad estuary, below Liverpool, and en- ters the Irish Sea. This river not only affords salmon, but is visited by annual shoals of. smelts, here called sparlings, of a remarkable size and flavour. It is Connected by the Staffordshire canal with the Trent and in course with the Irish Sea and the German Ocean. Mersey Island, an island in Essex, be- ■fween the mouth of the Coin and the en- trance of Blackwater Bay. It has two parishes called E and W Mersey. Merspurg, a town of Germany in the circle of Suabia, and bishopric of Con- stance, seated on the X side of the lake of Cons an ce. It is the bishop's usual place of residence, and is 11 miles from the town of that name. Lon. 9 26 E, lat. 47 45 X. Mertola, a strong town of Portugal,* in Alentejo, sealed near the Gaudiana, 60 miles S of Evora, and 100 SE of Lisbon. Lon. 7 40 W, lat. 37 30 X. Merton, a village near Oxford, situa- ted near two military ways. There were intrench merits in the neigbouring woods, supposed to be thrown up by king E- thelred or the Danes, whom he defeated in 871. Merton, a village in Surry, seated on the Wandel, seven miles SW of London. Xothing remains of its once famous ab- bey, but the E window of a chapel ; and the walls that surrounded the premises, which are built of flint, are nearly em- tire, and include about 60 acres. Upon the site of this abbey are two calico ma- nufactures, and a copper mill ; and about 1000 persons are now employed on a spot once the abode of monastic indolence. Merton is seven miles SW of London. Merve, the X branch of the river Maese, on which the city of Rotterdam, in Holland is seated. Merville, a town of France, in the de- partment of the North, and late province of French Flanders, sSatcd on the Lis, 10 miles SE of Cassel. Lon. 2 43E, lat. 50 57 X. Mesched, a considerable town of Per- sia, in Korasan, fortified with several towers, and famous for the magnificent sepulchre of Iman Risa, of the family of | Ali, to which the Persians pay great de- votion. It is seated on a mountain, in which are found fine Turcois stones, 180 miles Stt of the Caspian sea. Lon. 57 45 E, lat. 37 X. Mesen, a small seaport of Russia, in the government of Archangel, capital of a district of the same name. It is seated on the river Mesen, on thc.E coast of the White Sea, 160 miles X of Archan- gel. Lon. 44 25 E, lat. 65 50 N. ajffi! Meskirk, a handsome town of Germa ny in the Circle of Suabia, in the coun- try of Furstenburg, 15 miles X of Ubei linden. Messa, a town of Africa, in the king- dom of Morocco. It is composed of three fortified towns, at a small distance from each other, and a temple, built, (as the inhabitants suppose) with tjie bones of the whale which swallowed Jonah. It is seated at the foot of Mount Atlas., 165 | miles SW of Morocco. v5f » * MET MEW Messerburg, a post town in Franklin county^ Pennsylvania ; situated on the E bide of the N mountain, 17 miles SW of Chambersburg, and about 12 N W of Ha- gerstown, Maryland. JC'Connelstoivn, a post town in Bedford county, Pennsylvania; situated in the Great Cove, 30 miles E by S of Bedford, the counly town. Messina, an ancient city of Sicily, in the Val-di-Demona, with a citadel, seve- ral forts, a spacious harbour, and an arch- bishop's see. It is five miles in circum- ference, and has four large suburbs. The j harbour, whose quay is above a mile in j length, is one of the safest in the Medi- terranean, and in the form of a half moon, five miles in circumference, and extreme- ly deep. The viceroy of Sicily, resides here six months in the year ; and it is a place of great trade in silk, oil, fruit, corn, and excellent wine, especially since it has been declared a free port. Mes- sina, in 1783, was almost totally destroy- ed by an earthquake, most of me public places and streets being laid in ruins, but the buildings have since been con- siderably increased, so that more than one half of the city lias been rebuilt, and the people have taken possession of the new houses. It is seated oh the sea side, 110 miles E of Palermo, and 180 SE of Naples. Lon. 15 50 E, lat. 38 10 N. Mestre, a town of Italy, in the dogado of Venice, 16 miles NE of Padua. Lon. 12 2 E, lat. 45 26 N. Mesurata, a seaport of the kingdom'of Tripoli, in Africa. The caravan to Fez- zan, and other interior parts towards the S of Africa, departs from this place. It is 262 miles N of Mouzrook. Lon. 15 5 E, la;. 31 3 X. Meteliiiy an island of the Archipelago, anciently called Lesbos, to the N of Scio, and almost at the entrance of the gulf of Guestro. The soil is very good, and the mountains are cool, being covered with wood in many places. It produces good wheat, excellent oil, and the best figs in the Archipelago ; nor have their, wines lost any thing of their ancient re-' putation. It is subject to the Turks, and Castro is the capital. Metheiocm, a township of Essex county, Massachusetts, containing 1181 inhabi- tants in 1810. It is situated on the W side of Merrimack river, and joins the state of New Hampshire, about 20 miles NW of Boston. Methvjokl, a town in Norfolk, with a market on Tuesday, 15 miles NW of Thetford, and 86 NNE of London. Lon. 40 E, lat. 52 34 N. Mxstling, a strong town and castle of Germany, in the circle of Austria, and duchy of Carniola, seated on the Kulp, 40 miles SE of Lubach. Lon. 15 10 E, lat. 46 2 N. Metro, a river of Italy, which rises in, the territory of the Church, runs into the duchy of Urbino, and falls into the gulf of Venice, near Fano. Metz, an ancient, large, and strong town of France, in the department of Moselle, and late province of Lorrain, with a bishop's see, whose bishop assu- med the title of a prince of the empire. The cathedral is one of the finest in Eu- rope. The Jews live in a part of the town by themselves, where they have a synagogue, and they may amount to a- bout 3U00. The sweet-meats they make here are in high estimation. Metz i.-i strongly fortified, and has one of the strongest citadels in Europe. The in- habitants are computed at 40,000, be- sides a numerous garrison, who have a noble barracks. It is seated at the con*, fluence of the Moseile and Seille, 25 miles NW of Nanci, 37 S.iof Luxem- burg, and 190 NE of Paris. Lon. 6 16 E, lat. 49 7 N. Meulan, an ancient town of France, in the department of Seine and Oise, and late province of the Isle- of France, built in the form of an amphitheatre, on the banks of the river Seine, over which are two bridges, 20 miles NW of Paris. Lon. 1 57 E, lat. 49 1 N. Meiers, a tow n of German}', in the cir- cle of Westphalia, seated on the Rhine, 15 miles NW of Dusseidorf. Lon. 6 41 E, lat. 51 25 N. Meiirthe, a department in France, in- cluding- parted' tiie late province of Lor- rain. It is so called from a river jlhat rises in the department of the Yosges, and watering Luneville and Nanci, falls into the Moselle. Nanci is the episcopal see of this department. Meuse, a department in France. eluding the late duchy of Ba^jWlt takes its name from the river Meuse, or Maese. Bar-le-Duc is the capital. See Mcese. Mewuri, a considerable town or Japan, in the island of Niphon, with a royal palace, where the king sometimes re- sides. It is seated on a hill at the foot of which are vast fields of wheat and rice, with fine orchards, full of exceiir: plums. Mtnoat, a hilly and woody tract of Hindoostan Proper, lying on the SW of Delhi, and on the W of Agra, confining the low country, along- the W bank of the Jumna, to a comparatively narrow slip, and extending westward about 130 miles in length. From. N to S it is 90 M E X MEX miles. Mewat contains some strong- for tresses on steep or inaccessible hills and was almost entirely subject to tlie late Madajee Sindia, a Mahratta chief. Mepat-AU, a town of Persia, in Irac Arabia, famous tor the superb and rich mosque of Ali, to which the Persians go in pilgrimage from aii parts. Ho /ever it is not so considerable as it was for merlv. It is 100 miles SVV of Bagdad, Lon. 42 57 E, lat. 32 N. Mexat Ocem, a considerable town of Asia, in Persia, which takes its name from a mosque dedicsted to Ocem, the son of Ali. It is seated in a fertile coun- rry, on the river Euphrates, about 4j miles from Bagdad. Lon. 42 57 E, lat, 33 N. Mezicano, or Jidayes, a river of North America, in Louisiana, which empties itself into the gulf of Mexico. Mexico, a town of North America, ca- pital of New Spain. It w.is a flourishing place before the Spaniards entered the country, seated on an island, in a sail- water lake, to which there was no en- trance, but by three causeways, two miles in length each. It contained about 80,000 houses, with several large tem- ples, full of rich idols, and three palaces, where the emperor resided. Mexico was taken by Cortez, in 1521. As the Mex- icans defended themselves from street to street, it was almost ruined, but af- terward rebuilt by the Spaniards. It is now the capital of the province of Mex- ico Proper, of the audience of Mexico and of all New Spain. Tlie streets are so straight, and so exactly disposed, that .'- i point of regularity, it is the finest city . the world; and the great causeways l eading to it, with the want of walls, £-ates, and artillery, render Mexico ex- tremely remarkable. The git it square i the centre of the city, and the public bui Idings, are magnificent. There are .^cathedrals and churches, and 22 con- vents, of the riches of which an idea may be formed from the revenues of the grand cathedral amounting to 80,000/. a year, of which the archbishop has 15,000/. There is also a tribunal of the inquisi- tion, a mint, and a university. The goldsmiths here are immensely rich, and it carries on a great trade to Europe by St. Juan de Ulhua, and to Asia by Aca- pulco. This place was overflowed by an inundation, in 1629, in which 4J,000 persons were drowned. This obliged the Spaniards to make a great conduit through a mountain, in order to empty The lake ; which being done, part of the town became seated on dry land. Mex- ico is supplied with fresh water by an aqueduct three miles long. It is 200 mites EXE of St Juan de Ulhua, and 250 NE of Acapulco. Lon. 100 34 W, lat 20 2 N. Mexico, or New Spain, an extensive country of North America, bounded on tlie N by New Mexico, and on the SE by the isthmus of Darien, on the W by the Pacific Ocean, on the E by the gulf of Mexico and the Caribbean Sea. It lies between 83 and 1 10 W lon. and extends from 7 3o to 30 40 N. lat. being 2000 miles long, and from 60 to 600 broad. In general, it is a mountainous country, in- termixed with many rich vallies ; but. the highest mountains are near the coast of the Pacific Ocean, many of which are volcanoes. The eastern shore is a flat country, full of bogs and morasses, over- flowed in the rainy season, which is at the same time as our summer. Although Mexico is within the torrid zone, the climate is temperate and healthy. No country abounds more with grain, fruits, roots, and vegetables ; many of them peculiar to the country, or, at least to America. It is celebrated for its mines >f gold and silver, and has quarries of jasper, porphyry, and exquisite marble. Cochineal is almost peculiar to this ountry ; its indigo and cocoa are supe- ior to any in America ; and its logwood has long been an important article of commerce. The domestic animals of Europe, particularly, horned cattle, have, multiplied here almost with incredible •apidity. New Spain is divided into the three audiences of Guadalajara, Mexico, md Guatimala. The whole country is roverned by a viceroy, the extent of vhose jurisdiction, however, has been wisely circumscribed, in the course of this century, by tlie erection of the four emote provinces of Sonora, Cinaloa, Ca- lifornia, and New Navarre, into a sepa- rate government. Mexico, New, a large country of North \mcrica, bounded on the W by the gulf of California, on the S by New Spain, on he E by Louisiana, and on the N by un- known countries, so that its extent can- ro oe ascertained. The air is very tem- y ate, and the soil generally fertile, its wine's are rich :uid its productions vari- o i and valuable. This country lies d bin the temperate zone, and it is cl iv inhabited by native Americans, to unsubdued by the Spaniards. Sa Fe is the capital. Mexico, Gulf of, that part of the At- lantic Ocean, on the coast of North A- merica, bounded on the S and W by Mexico, and on the N. by W and E Flo- rida; the entrance lying; to the E, be- M I C M I D tveen the S coast of E Florida, and the NE point of the Yucatan. Meijenberg, a town of Upper Saxony, inthemarche of Pregnitz, 60 miles KN W of Berlin. Meyenfeldt, a town in the country ot the Prisons, seated on the Rhine, in a pleasant country, fertile in excellent wine, 15 miles NE of Coire. Lon. 9 36 E, lat. 47 2 N. Mezieres, a town of France, in the de- partment of Ardennes and late province of Champagne, with a citadel, seated on the Meuse, 12 miles NW of Sedan, and 127 NE of Paris. Lon. 4 48 E, lat. 49 46 N. Jltzin, a town of France, in the depart- ment of Lot and Garonne, and laie pro- vince of Guienne ; seated in a country that abounds in wheal; with vines, from which they principally make brandy ; and with the cork-tree, which they sell both in its natural state, and in corks. It is 9 miles NW of Condom. Mia or Mijah, a large town of Japan, seated on the S coast of the Isle of Ni- phon, with a fortified palace. Lon. 135 40 E, lat. 35 50 N. .Miami's, Great and Little Miami, two rivers of the state of Ohio. They both fall into the river Ohio ; the former 550 miles, and the latter 510 miles below Pittsburg. The Great Miami is 200 yards wide at it's mouth, has no falls, a swift current, and is navigable by boats 125 miles. The Little Miami has much line land on its banks, and a gentle cur- rent ; but it is loo shallow for na\igation, except in high water. J/uha, a cape of Dalmatia, which ad- vances into the gulf of Venice, near the tow n of Zara. JWichad, St. the most fertile and popu- lous of the Azores or Western Islands, containing about 25,000 inhabitants, and producing wheat and flax. Its two prin- cipal harbours ate Ponta Delgada, and Villa Franca : the former is the capital ot the island. Lon. 25 42 W, lat. 37 47 N. .Michael, St. a borough in Cornwall, which has neither market nor fair, but sends two members to parliament. It is eight miles SW of St. Columb, and 249 W by S of London. Lon. 4 52 \V, lat. 50 23 N. Michael, St. a town of France, in the department of Meuse, and late duchy of Bar. It is remarkable for its hospital, and the rich library of a late Benedictine abbey. It is seated on the Meuse, 20 miles NE of Bar-le-Duc, and 165 E of Pa- ris. Lon. 5 38 E, lat. 48 51 N. Michael, St. a seaport of New Spain, in the province of Guatimala, seated on a Sinall river, 180 miles SE of New Guate- mala. Lon. 87 45 W, lat. 12 25 N. JMichael, St. a town of Peru in the pro- vince of Quito. It was the first Spanish colony in Peru, and is seated near the mouth of the Piura, 225 miles S by W of Quito. Lon. 80 50 W, lat. 5 S. Michael de Ibarra, St. a town of Pe- ru, in the province of Quito, 60 miles NE of Quito. Michael, Gulf of, St. that part of the Pacific Ocean, which lies to the E of Pa- nama. It was first discovered by the Spaniards, after their march across the isthmus of Darien. Micheloma, a country of Prussia, which is part of the circle of Culm, and sepa- rated from the other part by the river Dribents. It takes its name from the castle of Michelow. Michigan, a large lake of North Ame- rica, whose NE extremity communicates with the >i W end of Lake Huron, by the strait of Michillimackinac. It is situated wholly within the limits of the United States; being' 214 miles long from N to S, and 64 broad, from E to W. It com- municates with lake Huron by the straits of Michillimackinac. Michigan, a territory of the United States, divided into four districts, and containing 476? inhabitants in 1810. It is bounded on the N by a line from the South point of lake Michigan to lake E- rie; E by lake Erie ; S by a line extend- ing east and west, from the most south- erly point of lake Michigan. The chief towns are Detroit and Michillimackinac. Michitfimackinac, a strait of North A- merica, which unites the lakes Michigan and Huron, and lies in 85 W lon. and 46 N lat. Middlehurg, a large and strong com- mercial city of the United Provinces, ca- pital of the island of Walcheren, and of all Zealand. The harbour is large and commodious, and has a communication with the sea by a canal. Which will bear the largest vessels. It contains about 26,000 inhabitants. It is 20 miles NE of Bruges, 30 NW of Ghent, and 72 SW of Amsterdam. Lon. 3 39 E, lat. 51 32 N. Middlebiirg, a town of Dutch Flanders, whic h belongs to the prince of lssenghein. It is 5 miles SE of Sluvs. Lon. 3 26 E, lat. 51 15 N. Middleborovgh, a town in Plymouth county, Massachusetts ; situated at the head of Buzzard's bay, in the lat. of 41 48, and lon. of 70 40 W, at the distance of 16 miles NE of New Bedford, and 40 S of Boston. Middkbrook, a post town in Augusta county, Virginia, 8 miles SW of Siaun- M I D M I F ton, and 186 Washing! on. Middlebnrcr- the same coarse fipond a town of London countv, eluding* 2.476 sli Middlesex, a county of Virginia, which contained '4,414„inhabitants in 1810, in- It is situated in a Virginia, tirfre're is a post office, 44 miles I narrow strip of Mind formed by the Rap. \Y by N of Washington, and 32 SE of! pahannock and Knnkatank rivers ; run* Winchester. MiddleLvi'g, a town in the state of Yer- rfiont, the capital of Addison county.. It is situated on the E side of Otter river, 5 miles above Salisbury, and contained 2133 inhabitants in 1810. Middlcham, a town in the X riding" of Yorkshire. It is seated on the Ure, ten miles S of Richmond, and 2.55 NXW of London, and has a market on Monday. Lort. 1 37 W, lat. 54 17 1ST. Middle Jladdum, a town in Middlesex county, Connecticut; situated on the E side of Connecticut river, 30 miles N\V of N*w London. \MTddlesex, a county of England, boun- ded on the N hy Hertfordshire, on the E hy Essex, on the S hy Surry and Kent, and on the W by Buckinghamshire. It is the' 'smallest county in England, except Rutlandshire, from E to W, extending only 22 miles and 17 from N to S ; but as it contains the two cities of London and Westminster, is by far the richest and most populous county of England. It con- tains 126 parishes; besides London, and four market towns, and sends eight mem- bers to parliament. The air is very plea- sant and healthy, to which a fine gravelly soil docs not a little contribute. The soii produces plenty of corn, and the country abounds with Fertile meadows and gar- deners' grounds. In a word, the greater part of the county is so prodigiously as- sisted by the rich compost from London, that the whole of the cultivated part may be considered as a garden. Besides the Thames, the Lea, and the Coin, which are boundaries to the S and SE, and the W, -Middlesex is watered by several ifnall streams ; one of which, called the Xew River, is artificially brought from Amwell, in Herts, for the purpose of sup- plying London with water. Middlesex, a maritime county in the state of Massachusetts, "containing 52,789 inhabitants in 1810. It is bounded on the NE by Essex ; on the E by the ocean and Boston harbour ; on the S and W by Wor- cester. It is divided into 44 townships, and contains several agreeable, flourish- ing towns, asCharlestown, Reading, Cam- bridge, &c. Middlesex, a county in the state of Nev •Jersey, containing 20,381 inhabitants in i810. It is situated between Monmouth and Somerset counties, and is watered b the Raritottt and Millstone rivers. Capi- tal, New Brunswick. ning between them to the sea. The chief town is Urbannai;* Middlesex, a county of North America, in the state of Connecticut, which, with the county of Tolland, has been recently formed from that of Hartford. Middle- town and Haddam are the county towns. It contains 20,723 inhabitants. Middleton, a commercial town of North America., in the state of Connecticut. It is seated on the river Connecticut, 15 miies S of Hartford. It is one of the county towns of Middlesex, and contains 2014 inhabitants. ) Middletoivn, a tow^t of Middlesex coun- ty, in the state of New Jersey. Sandy Hook is included in this township. On the point of the Hook stands the light- house, 100 feet high, built by the city of New York. Middletown is SO miles SW of New York, and 50 E by N of Trenton. Middletoivn, a post town in Dauphin county, Pennsylvania, on the W side of Swatara creek, and on the post road from Lancaster to Harrisburg ; 25 SE from the former, and 92 W from Philadelphia. Middletoivn, a post town on the W side of Connecticut river, in Middlesex coun- tv, Connecticut, 15 miles SW of Hart- ford. Middletoivn, a post town in Newcastle county, Delaware, 18 miles SW of New- castle, and 24 N by AY of Dover. Middletoivn, a post town in Frederic county,' Maryland, nine miles NW of Fre- deric-town, the capital of the county. Middletoivn, a township of Delaware county, New York, containing 2318 inha- bitants in 1810. Middlexvich, a town in Cheshire, with a market on Tuesday. It is seated on the Croke, and noted for its salt pits, and making fine salt. It is 24 miles E of Ches- ter, 167 NW of London. Lon. 2 30 W, lat. 53 13 N. Midhnrst, a town of Sussex, with a mar- ket on Thursday. It is seat d on a small river which almost surrounds it, sends 2 members to parliament, and is U ntiles N bv E of Chichester, and 50 W by S of London Lon. 46 W, lat. 51 N. Miechau, or Miezava, a handsome town of Poland, in Cujavia, seated on the Vis- tula river, ten milts S by E of Thorn. Lon. 18 46 E,lat. 52 58 N. Mifflin, a county in the state of Penn- \ivania, containing 12,132 inhabitants in 1810. It is well watered by the Juniata and its tributary branches and has an ex- M I L M I L tensive E front on the river Susquehan- nuh. The capital is Lewi.stown. . \Ciff1hibnr*, a pi's town in Northum- berland con ivy, Pennsylvania, 11 miles W >i' bewisburg, on the W branch of the SusqUehannah, and 20 from Northumber- land. Mtffiint&ivn, a town in Mifflin county, and Hie same state as the last article ; si tuated on the N hank of Juniata river, 45 mites N\V of Harrisburgj and 12 from Lewistown the capital of the county., Milan, a city of Italy, capital of a duchy of the same name. It was the an- pient capital of Lombardy, and although it is thought rather to exceed Naples in size, it does not contain above half the number of inhabitants. It is seated in a delightful plain, between the rivers Ad- da ami Tesin ; is ten miles in circumfer- ence, and called by the Italians, Milan the Great. It contains many fine pa- laces, but that of the governor is the most magnificent ; and a great number of churches, con vents, hospitals, and schools. The cathedral is in the centre of the ci- ty, and though it is not' so large as St. Peter's, at Rome, it far excels it in the number and excellence of its sculptures and beauty of its ornaments. This vast fabric, which the -Milanese call the eig-hth wonder of the world, is entirely built of solid white marble, and the roof which is vastly high is supported by 160 columns of marble so large that three men cannot fathom them. From the roof hangs a case of crystal, inclosing a nail, winch, i hey say, is one of those by which our Sa viour was fixed to the cross. Milan has considerable commerce in grain (especi- ally rice) cattle, and cheese ; and has ma- nufactures of silk and velvet stuffs, stockings, handkerchiefs, ribands, gold and silver lace, and embro'deries, wool- len and linen cloths, glass, and earthen- ware in imitation of China, it was tak< n by the French from the Austrians in 1800. It is the see of an archbishop ; and is 70 miles N of Genoa, 72 NIL of Turin, and 145 XW of Florence. Lon. 9 lb fi, lat. 45 23 X. Milan, the duchy of ; a considerable country of Italy, bounded on the N. by the £ » iss and Grisons; on the F. by the re- lie of Venice, and by ihe duchies of Parma and Mantua; on the S by the duchy of Parma and the -crritory of Ge- noa; and on the W by Piedmont and Montfcrrat; being 150 miles in length, and 78, in breadth. TSic soil is every where fertile in corn, wine, fruits, rice, and olives; there are also plenty of cat- tle. The rivers are, the Secchia, the Tesin, the Adda, and the Oglio. There arc likewise several lakes, the three pr'm- i eipal of which are those of Maggiore, Com'Oi and Lugano, Tins duchy was en- tirely subdued by ihe French in 1796, but Was reconquered in 1799 by the Allies under Suwarrow, and taken possession of by Bonaparte in 1800. Mtlazzo, a strong seaport of Sicily, in the Val-di-Deniona, It is divided into the upper and lower town ; the upper is very strong, and the lower has a fine square, with a superb fountain. It is seat- ed on a rock, on the W side of a bay of the same name, 1" miles W of Messina. Lon. 15 34 E, lat. 38 12 N. Miibom-port, a borough in Somerset- shire, which has no markets. It sends two members to parliament, and is seat- ed on a brand) of the Parret, two miles E by N of S her born, and 115 W bv S of Lon- don. Lon. 2 38 W, lat. 50 53 N. MildenhaU, a large populous town in Suffolk, with a market on Friday. It is seated on the Larke, a branch of the Ouse, 13 miles N by E of Newmarket, and 69 NNE of London. Lon. 26 E, lat. 52 29 N. Milesbvvg, a post town in Centre coun- ty Pennsylvania*; situated on Bald Eagle creek, 60 miles YV of Northumberland, and UN of Centre Furnace. Milt-to, an ancient town of Naples, in Calabria. Ulteriore, with a bishop's see, 5 miles from the city of Nicotera. Milfovd, a town of North America, in the state of Delaware, and county of Sus- sex, of which it is the little emporium. It is seated at tiie source of a small river, 15 miles from the bay of Delaware, and 150 S of Philadelphia. Milford, a township of Hillsborough count} , New Hampshire, containing 1,117 inhabitants in 1810. MUfavd, a township of Miffiin count}-, Pennsjlvsnia, containing 2,095 inhabi- . taiits in 1810. It is situated on the Junia- ta, opposite to Mifflin-town. Milford Hi.ven, a deep inlet of the Irish S,-a, on < he coast of Pembrokeshire, gene- rally a lowed to be the safest and most rapacious harbour in Great Britain. It branches off into 16 deep and safe creeks, 5 bays and 13 roads, in which it is said 1000 ships may ride in perfect security and at a sufficient distance from one ano- her. At the entrance, on the W point, ."ailed St. Ann's, is an old lighthouse and a blockhouse. Here the earl of Richmond, afierward Henry VII. landed, on his en- terprise against. Richard III. A pucket- boat sails from hence every day, except Tuesday, for Waterfopd, in Ireland. •Mtlford, a town in New Haven county, onnecticut ; situated on the E side of 3 H ■fi* M I L M I N Ilousalonic river, near it's mouth, 10mile9 S Wot' the city of New Haven. It contains 2674 inhabitants. Milford, a post town in Kent county, Delaware, 19 miles S by K of Dover, th< capital of the State, and about 30 miles N W of Cape Henlopen, containing about 600 inhabitants. .Mi {for, h a post town in Wayne county, Pennsylvania ; situated on the W side of Delaware river, and about 55 miles N by E of Easton, and about 30 miles W of Goshen in the state of New York. Jfiliane, a town of the state of Algiers, in Tremesen, with a castle. It is seated in a country fertile in oranges, citrons, and other fruits, the best in all Barbary. Lon. 2 3 > E, 1 t. 35 15 N. Milhaud, a town of France, in the de- partment of Aveiron, and late province of Rouergue, seated on the Tarn, 50 milts \ W of Montpellier, and 142 S of Paris. Lon. 3 11 E, lat. 44 3 N. jyWlerstown, a post town in Cumber- land county, Pennsylvania ; situated on the N side of the Juniata river, 15 miles above it confluence with the Susquehan- nah, and 30 NW of Harrisburg. Milo s an island of the Archipelago, 50 miles in circumference, with one of the best and largest harbours in the Medi- terranean. It produces excellent fruits and delicate wine ; abounds in very good cattle, especially in goats ; and has mines of iron and sulphur. In the spring, the fields are ennamelled with anemonies of all sorts. In this island are curious sub- terranean galleries, formed of ancient stone quarries. The walls on each side, which are six feet high, are covered with alum, formed by the spontaneous opera- tions of nature. It is the fine and ge- nuine capillary or plume alum. This beautiful substance which is here found in a state of crystallization, rises in threads or fibres like those of a feather, whence it derives its name. Here are two bishops; one of the Cre5n 1687; but tlie Turks retook it. It is seated on the Vasilipotamb, 100 miles SW of Athens, and 90 N bv E of Lepanto. Lon. 22 30 E, lat. 37 6 N. Missiscoui, a river of North America, which, rising in Canada, enters Vermont in Franklin county ; whence it flows near- ly in a western cwurse to Michiscou or Missiscoui bay, a branch of lake Cham- plain; ^Mississippi, a river of North America, which receives the waters of the Ohio and Illinois from the E, and of the .Mis- souri, and other rivers from the W. It rises from the White Bear lake in lat. 46 30 : its length, to its entrance into the gulf of Mexico, is supposed to be up- wards of 3J00 miles. It is the E boun- dary of Louisiana. In tins river, in lat. 44 30 N, are the falls of St. Anthony, where the stream more than 250 yards wide, falls perpendicularly about 30 feet. From its mouth to where it receives the Ohio is 1000 miles by Water, but only 500 by land. From the mouth, of the 6- hio to that of 'the Missouri, is £30 miles by water, and 140 by land; from thence to the mouth of the Illinois is about 25 miies; and from the Illinois to the Falls of St. Anthony, in the lat. of 44 30, 870 miles.. This river below the mouth of the Missouri is always muchU, anil a- bounds with sand bars. It cai ;-ic s 15 ti et water to the mouth of the Ohio, but the current is too strong to be stemmed b\ the force of wind alone, acting upon sails. Like the Nile it is subject to an annual flood, which generally begins in Apr 1, and it returns to its natural channel, the •beginning of August. Above the mouth of the Missouri, the water is clearer, and the current more gentle. 'I lit common current is from 3£ to 4 miles per hour, when the water is high, it is considerably faster. ^Mississippi Territory, an extensive tract [of country belonging to the United States ; situated on the E side of the river Missis- sippi, and extending- from 31 to 35 of N lat. and from 85 to 91 1 5 of W lon, It is divided into 11 counties, and contains 25,000,000 acres of land, with 40.000 in- habitants, including 17,000 slaves. U 9 bounded on the E by Georgia ; on the N by Tennessee ; on the W by the riven?! Mississippi which separates it from Loui- siana ; and on the S by West Florida. The capital is Natchez. JWsmuri, a river of North America, whose source is unknown. It joins the Mississippi in hit. 39 N, but is a longer, broader and deeper river, and in ftcj, MOD M O G the principal stream. It has been ascend- ed by the French traders upwards of 1200 miles, and from its depth and breadth at tlwit distance, appeared to be navigable much higher. Mite hum, a village in Surry, seated on the Wan die, on which are some snuff- mills, and two calico-printing manufac- tures. It is 8 miles SW of London. Mittau, a strong' town of Poland, the capital of Courland, remarkable for its large ducal palace. It is seated on the Bolderau, 45 miles E of Golding-en, and 270 NXE of Warsaw. Lon. 23 50 E, lat. 56 40 N. Mobile, a town in the Spanish province of West Florida, situated on a bay of the same name, in lat. of 30 30 N. and lon. of 88 W. It is about 70 miles NW of Pen- sacola. The intermediate country is a wilderness with few inhabitants. Mocha or JMoka, a considerable town of Arabia Felix, surrounded by walls. The women, except a small number of the common sort, never appear in the streets in the day time, but visit each other in the evening. When they meet any men in the way, they stand close up against the wall to let them pass. Their dress is much like that of other women of the East, and over all they wear a large veil of painted calico, so thin that they can see through it, without being seen. They have also little buskins of Morocco lea- ther. It carries on a great trade, especi- ally in coffee; and the inhabitants are computed at 10,000, Avithout including the poor Armenians, or the Jews, who inhabit the suburbs. Mocha is seated in a sandy countrv, near the straits of Babelmandel, 240 mi'les SS W of Sanna, and 560 SSE of Mecca. Lon. 44 35 E, lat. 14 N. Modburry, a town in Devonshire, with a market on Thursday. It is seated in a bottom, between two hills, 36 miles SSW of Exeter, and 208 WSW of London. Lon. 3 54 W, lat. 50 23 N. Modena, an ancient city of Italy, capi- tal of the Modencsc, with a bishop's see. It is the usual residence of the duke, and stands in a pleasant and fruitful country, is large and populous, but the streets are 4 narrow and the houses unequal. The cathedral, several of the churches, and some of the monasteries are handsome structures ; and tl^e ducal palace is an e- legant structure, richly furnished, and contains fine paintings ; among others, a famous night-piece of Corregio. The citadel is very regular, but has been oft- en taken, particularly by the king of Sar- dinia, in 1742. The inhabitants arc said to be 40,000 ; and they make here the best masks for masquerades in all Italy. It is seated between the rivers Secchia :md Panaro, 22 miles W bv N of Bologna, 34 S bv E of Mantua, and 60 NNW of Florence. Lon. 11 E, lat. 44 34 N. Modena, or Modenese, a duchy of Ita- ly, bounded on the W by that of Parma, on the N by the duchies of Mantua and Mirandola, on the E by the Bolog nese and Fcrrarese, and on the S by Tus- cany and the republic of Lucca. It is 50 miles in length, and 40 in breadth ; and the soil is very fertile in corn, wine, oil, an.t fruits of different kinds. It also feeds a great number of cattle. Modica, a town of Sicily, on a river of the same name, 25 miles S W of Syracuse. Lon. 15 9 E, lat. 36 48 N. Modoiu a strong town of the Morea, with a safe harbour and a bishop's see. It is seated on a promontory, projecting in- to the sea of Sapicnz?, 15 miles E of Co- ron, and 95 SW of ifapoli-di-Romania. Lon. 21 35 E, lat. 36 56 N. Jilodih-, a town of Poland in Lithuania, capital of a district of the same name. It is seated on the river Prypec in a fertile countrv, 85 miles SE of Sluczk. Lon. 29 10 E, lat. 52 5 N. Moffat, a tow n in Dumfriesshire, near the river Annan, noted for its mineral springs, which were formerly of great repute, and attracted numbers of genteel company. It has a manufacture of coarse woollen stuffs, and is 20 miles N by E of Dumfries. Moffat /Jills, the highest mountains in the S of Scotland. They occupy the N part of Annandale; and from these des- cend in different directions, the Tweed, Clyde, and Annan, whose sources are but a little distance from each other. Moq-ador, an isiand and castle of Afri- ca, in the kingdom of Morocco, near c:ipe Ozem. There are mines of gold and silver in one of the mountains. Lon. 9 35 W, lat. 31 38 N. Moguls, Country djfc the, or Western Chi- nese Tartary, is bounded on the X by Si- beria, on the E by Extern Tartary, on the S by the great W all and L'eaotong, and on the W by Independent Tartary. The Mogul Tartars have neither towns, villages, nor houses : they form them- selves only into wandering hordes, and live under tents, which they transport from one place to another, according us the temperature of the different seasons or the wants of their flocks require: they pass the summer on the bunks of their rivers, and the winter at the foot of some mountain or hiil which shelters them from the cutting X wind. They are naturally clownish, and dirty in their dress, as well as in their tents, • where MOG they live amid the dung of their flocks, which when dried, they use for fuel in- stead of wood. Enemies to labour, they choose rather to be satisfied with the food with which their flocks supply them, than take the trouble of cultivating the earth ; it even appears that they neglect agriculture from pride. During the sum- mer, they live only on milk, which they get from their flocks, using without dis- tinction that of the cow, mare, ewe, goat, and camel. Their ordinary drink is warm water, in which a little coarse tea lias been infused ; with this they mix cream, milk, or bvitter, according to their cir- cumstances. They have also a method of making a kind of spirituous liquor of sour milk, especially of that of the mare. The Moguls are free, open and sincere. They pride themselves chiefly on their dexterity in handling the bow and arrow, mounting on horseback, and hunting wild beasts. Polygamy is permitted among them ; but they generally have only one wife. They are unacquainted with the use of money, and trade only by barter. They use sheepskins for cloathing, wear- ing the wool inmost, and the skin on the outside, from which exhales a rank and disagreeable smell, on which account they are called by the Chinese, Stinking Tartars. The religion of the Mogul Tar- tars is confined to the worship of Fo. They have the most superstitious vene- ration for their lamas, who are clownish, ignorant, and licentious priests, to whom they attribute the power of calling down hail or rain. All the Moguls are govern- ed by khans, or particular princes inde- pendent of each other; but all subject to the emperor of China, whom they consi- der as the grand khan of the Tartars. The limits of their respective territories, and the laws by which they are at present governed, were settled by the emperor of China. These tributary khans have not the power of condemning- their sub iec'.s to death, nor of confiscation; these two cases arc reserved for the supreme tribunal established at Peking for the af- fairs of the Moguls, to which every indi- vidual may appeal from the sentence < f his prince, who is obliged to appear in person wherever he is cited. The best cultivated canton of all the Mogul terri- tories is the district of Cartelling, near the great Wall, where the emperor goes every year to enjoy the pleasure of hunt- in'-, and where he generally passes the summer: for that purpose he has caused several beautiful pleasure houses to be built there, the principal of which is Ge- ho. All the Mogul nations under the Chinese government, may be divided into M O I four principal tribes, which are the Mo. guls properly so called, the Kalkas, the Ortons.and the Tartars of Kokonor. Mohatz, a town of Lower Hungary, in the county of Baranwar, seated at the confluence of the rivers Danube and Co- rasse, 17 miles NW of Esseck. Lon. 19 56 E, lat. 45 46 N. JWohaivk Jtiver, a river of North Ame- rica, which rises in the state of New York, and empties itself, by two mouths, into Hudson's River. About two miles above its junction with that river it has .a cata- ract, where the stream, 100 yards wide, falls perpendicularly above 70 feet. Jfrjhaivks, u once powerful tribe of In- dians, in North America, living on the Mohawks River. Only one family are left of them in the state of New York, the rest having.in 1776, emigrated, with Sir John Johnson, into Canada. MahiUa, or Mohilta, one of theComora Islands, between the N end of Madagas- car and the continent of Africa. The in- land parts are mountainous and wood) , and there are villages scattered here and there, whose houses are made of reeds and straw. The people are blacks, with great l eads, large lips, flat noses, sharp chins, and strong limbs. They go quite naked, except only a few leaves. Their skins are cut and pricked, so as to make several figures on all parts of their bo- dies. Some of the inhabitants are Ma- hometans, who have a few wretched mosques, built of wood and straw with- out, and matted neatly within. This is- land abounds in animals, such as buffa- loes, goats, tortoises, hens, large bats, and camelions ; and here are a great num- ber of birds, whose names are not known in Europe. It produces plenty of rice, peas, honey, cocoa-nuts, plantains, oran- ges, lemons, citrons, pine-apples, cucum- bers, tamarinds, and sugar-canes. There are several fine streams, and the grass and trees are green all the year, so that in short it is a kind of paradise. Lon. 45 J E, lat 11 55 S. Mohilef, a government of the Russian mpire, part of Lithuania, dismembered from Poland in 1772; which contains 11 districts. Mohilef, a populous, strong, and well built town of Lithuania, in the Russian government of the same name. L has a considerable trade, and is seated on the Dnieper, 35 miles S of Ortza. Lon. 31 2 E, lat. 54 15 N. JWoissac, an ancient town of France, in the department of Lot. It has a great trade in corn and flour, and is seated on 'he Tarn, near the Garonne, 13 miles NW of Montauban. Lon. 1 17 E, lat. 44 6 N. M O L M O N JTola, an ancient town of Naples, in Terra di Bari, where they pretend to shew the ruins of Cicero's house, seat- ed on the gulf of Venice, 14 miles E of Bari. .Mold, a town in Flintshire, where the assizes are held. It is five miles S of Flint. Moldavia, a province of Turkey in Eu- rope, 270 miles long and 210 broad; bounded on the N by Poland, from which it is also divided on the NE by the Dnies- ter ; on the E by New Russia ; on the S E by Bessarabia ; on the S by Bulgaria, from which it is parted by the Danube ; on the S\V by Walachia ; and on the W I by Transylvania and Hungary. The other principal rivers are the Pruth, Moldau, and Bardalach. The soil is rich, and it abounds in good pastures, which feed a great number of horses, oxen, and sheep : it also produces corn, pulse, honey, wax, fruits, with plenty of game and fowls. The sovereign, who is styled Hospodar, is tributary to the grand seignior, and is obliged to raise a large body of troops at his own expense in time of war. The inhabitants are Christians of the Greek churcji, and J assy is the principal town. Mole, a river in Surry, which runs to Darking, and passing beneath Box Hill, is believed to disappear in its vicinity, and to rise again near Leatherhead. Hence it is supposed to derive its name : but the fact is, that in very dry seasons tfic waste water is absorbed by a tract of soft ground, two miles in length, called the Swallows, in caverns in the sides of the banks ; but not so as to prevent a con- stant stream from flowing in an open channel above ground. The Mole enters the Thames at E Moulsey. Mole, St. Nicholas. See Nicholas, St. Mofen, a strong town of Germany, in Lower Saxony, in the duchy of Lawen- burg, belonging to the city of Lubec. It is seated on the Stekiness, 12 miles E of Lawenburg. Lon. 10 50 E, lat. 53 38 N. Molfetta, a town of Naples, in Terra di Bari, with a bishop's see, and the title of a duchy. It is seated on the gulf of Venire, 10 miies NVV of Bari. Lvn. 16 52 E, lat. 41 23 N. Molvrea, a town of France in the de- partment of Lot, and late province of Quera. Lon. 1 30 E, lat. 44 ION. Molina, a strong town of Spain, in New Castile, seated on the river Gailo, in a territory abounding in pastures, 35 miles SEof Siguenza, and 88 ENE of Madrid. Lon. 1 53 W, lat. 40 50 N. Molise, a territory of Naples, lying be- tween Tfierra-di-Lavora, Abruzzo Citeri- ore, Capitanata, and Principato Ulteriore. It is in the form of a triangle, whose sides are 39 miles in length, and is a mountainous country, but fertile in corn, wine, saffron, and Silk. Molise, a town of Naples, capital of a territory of the same name, but not po- pulous. It is 30 miles N of Naples. Lon. 14 43 E, lat. 41 36 N. Molshcim, a town of France, in the department of Lower Rhine, and late pro- vince of Alsace, seated on the Brusch- It is 10 miles W by S of Strasburg, and 228 E of Paris. Lon. 7 35 E, lat. 48 32 N Moluccas, or Spice Islands, a cluster of Islands in the Indian Ocean, lying E of Celebes. The principal are Te'rnat, Am- boyna, Tydore, Machian, Motyr, and Ba- chian, the largest of which is hardly 30 miles in circumference. They produce neither corn, rice, nor cattle, except goats; but they have oranges, lemons, and other fruits ; and are most remarka- ble for spices, especially cloves. They have large snakes, which are not venom- ous ; but very dangerous land crocodiles. The natives are idolatrous ; but there are many Mahometans. They were disco- vered in loll, by the Portuguese, who formed »onie settlements ; but the Dutch drove them away. See Banda. Mohvitz, a town of Silesia, in the pro- vince of Grotska, remarkable for a battle which the Prussians gained over the Aus- trians in 1741. It is~40 miles S of Bres law. Lon. 17 14 E, lat. 50 23 N. Moiithaza, a town of Africa, with a citadel, seated in an island of the same name, on the eastern coast opposite to Zanguebar, 75 miles SSW of Melinda, and subject to Portugal. Lon. 48 E, lat. 44 O N. MuTP.buza, a country of Africa, subject to the Portuguese ; hence they export slaves, gold, ivory, rice, flesh, and other provisions, with which they supply the settlements in Brasil. The" king of Me- Unda, being a Christian, had a quarrel with the Portuguese governor, took the castle of Mom baza by assault, turned Mahometan, and murdered all the Chris- tians, in 1631 ; but in 1729, the Portu- gu se became masters of this territory again. JjJjB Mona, an island of Denmark, in the Baltic, seated to the SVV of the isle of Z< aland, from which it is separated by a narrow channel. Lon. 12 30 E, lat. "55 20 N. Monaco, a small, but handsome and strong town of Italy, capital of a territo- ry of the same name, with a castle, a ci- tadel, and a good harbour. It is natu- ralh very strong, being seated on a crag- gy rock that projects into the sea. It ha? M O X 3V1 O N "us own prince, under the protection oi l France, liiut is 8 miles VYSYV of V*Tmf- migliu, lincl 12 ENE*6l Nice. Lon. 7 36 E, hit. 43 48 X. Jmninghtin, a county of Ireland, hi the province/.:' Ulster, 32 miles in length and 22 in breadth ; bounded on Uie N In Fvrone, on the E by Armagh, on the SE by Louth, and on the VV by Fermanagh'. It is full of woods and bogs, and a third part of it taken up by Lough Earnc. It contains 24 parishes, and sends four mem- bers to parliament. . \foiiagtian, a boroug-h in Ireland, and capital of a county of the same name. 40 miles SW -of Belfast, and 60 XXW of Dublin. Monaghan, a township of York county, Pennsylvania, containing 725 inhabitants in 1810. It is situated on the S side of Yellow Breeches creek, and joins Cumberland county. Monaster, an ancent town of Africa, in the kingdom of Tunis, pleasantly seated near the sea, 70 miles SE of Tunis. Lon. 11 6 E, lat. 35 50 N. Mqntcallier, a town of Italy, in Pied- mont, subject to the king of Sardinia, and seated on the Po, five miles SE of Turin. Lon. 7 48 E, lat. 45 2 X. Maiicahud^ a small but strong town of Italv, in Montferrat, seated on a mountain, 12 miles SW of Casal. Lon. 7 19 E, lat. 45 10 X. Moncnun, or Monzon, a very strongly fortified town of Portugal, in Entre-Doo- ero-e-Minho, with a castle. The Spa- niards have often attempted to take it but. in vain. It is 8 miles SE of Tuy, and 26 X of Rraga. Lon. 8 28 AY, lat. 42 8 X. Monchabov, a city of Asia in the king- dom of Burmah, which in 1755, was the residence of the king, before the court removed to Ava the present capital, from which it is distant 39 miles. Moncon, or Monzon, a strongly fortified town of Spain, in Arragon, seated at the confluence of the Sofa and Cinca, six miles S df Balbastro, and 50 XE of Sara- gossa. Lon. 28 E, lat. 42 2 N. Moncontour, a town of France, in the department of Isle and Yilaine, and late province of Bretagne, 39 miles SW of St. Malo. Lon. 2 36E, lat. 48 15 X. Moiicton, a post town in Addison coun- ty,' Vermont, 26 miles S by E of Burling- ton on lake Champlain, and 13 X of Yer- g'enncs, with 1000 inhabitants. Mmtdego," k river of Portugal, which has its source near Guarda, and crossing the province of B&iffa, passes by Coim- bra, and tills into the Atlantic Ocean, Jk;:.i a cape of the same name. Mondidiei; a small town of France, in she department of Somme, and late pro- vince of Pi curdy, Where there was for- merly a palace. It is seated on a moun- tain, 24 miks SE of Amiens, and 57 X of Paris. Lon. 2 34 \Y, lat. 49 39 X. Mmdonnedo, a town of Spain, in Gal;- <\a, with a bishop's see, seated in a fer- tile country, on a small l iver, 60 miles \T. of Compos'ella. Lon. 7 10 YY, lat. 43 30 X. Mbndoubleav, a town of France, in the department of Loir and Cher, and late province of Blassbis. It has a castle, and is 13 miles X of Yendome. Motufovi, a town of Piedmont, with a citadel, an university, and a bishop's sec. It was taken by the French in April 1766. It is the largest and most populous town of Piedmont, and is seated on a mountain near the river Elero, eight miles X\V of Ceva, and 35 SE of Turin. Lon. 8 6 E, lat. 44 38 X. Monforte, a town of Portugal, in the province of Beira, 30 miles X by E of Portalegra. Lon. 7 21 \V, lat. 39 32 X. Monfovte, a town of Portugal, in the province of Alentejo, 20 miles S of Porta- legra. Lon. 7 31 W, lat. 38 47 X. Monghir, a large town of Hindoostan Proper, with an old fort. It is generally mad', a station for part of the English troops, and is seated on the Ganges 110 miks E bv S of Patna, and 275 NW of Calcutta. 'Lon. 83 30 E, lat. 25 15 X. Monguls. See Moguls. Mmhebn, a town of Germany, in Bava - ria, 10 miles from Weisscmberg. Lon. 11 12 E; lat. 48 58 X. Monickedum, a seaport of the United Provinces, in Xew Holland, seated at the entrance of the Monick into the Zuider- zee, eight miles XE of Amsterdam. Lon. 4 56 E, lat. 52 29 X. Monjoy, a small town of Germany, in the circle of Westphalia and duchy of .Tuliers, 20 miles from Juliers. Lon. 6 7 E, lat. 50 39 N. Monistrol, a town of France in the de- partment of Upper Loire, and late pro- vince of Velay. Lon. 4 6 E, lat 43 17 X . Monmouth, the county town of Mon- mouthshire, with a market on Saturday. It is pleasantly seated at the confluence of the Wye and Mynnow, which almost surround it, and over each of which there is a bridge. It contains two parish church- es, and here was born the warlike Henry Y. It is a handsome town, carries on a good trade with Bristol by the Wye, sends one member to parliament, a T Y, lat. 41 9 N. 3 X MON M O N Montalcino, a small populous town of Tuscany, in the Sienncse, with a bishop's see. It is seated on a mountain, 17 miks SSE of Sienna, and 45 SE of Florence. Lon. 11 S\) E, lat. 43 7 N, Montalto, an episcopal town of Italy* in the marquisite of Ancoi.a, seated on the river Monacio, 10 miles N of Ascoli, and 45 S of Ancona. Lon. 13 30 E, lat. 42 54 N. Montabras, a frontier town of Portugal, in Alentejo, about 32 miles distant fiom Lisbon. Lon. 6 24 W, lat. 39 30 N. Montargil, a small town of Portugal in the province of Estraraadura. Lon. 8 11 VV, lat. 39 30 N. Mont, St. Andre, a town of Brabant, in the late Austrian Netherlands, three miles N of Ramillics. Lon. 4 46 E, lat. 51 41 N. Moniargis, a considerable town of France, in the department of Loiret, and lale province of Orleanois, famous for its excellent mustard and cutlery. It is seated on the river Loire, from which it has a navigable canal to the Seine, near a fine forest, 15 miles S of Nemours, and 62 S by F^of Paris. Mont unban, a considerable commercial town of France, in the department of Lot, lately the episcopal see of the pro- vince of Querci. The inhabitants amount to 20,000 : cind have manufactures of silk stockings and stuffs, serges, shalloons, &c. It is seated on an eminence, on the river Tarn, 20 miles N of Toulouse, and 30 S of Cahors. Montbazon, a town of France,, in the department of Indre and Loire, and late province of Touraine, agreeably seated at the foot of a hill, on which is an an- cient castle, 135 miles SW of Paris. Lon. 45 E, lat. 47 1 N. Montbelliard, a handsome strong town of France, capital of a principality of the German empire of the same name, be- tween the department of the Doubs, and that of Upper Rhine. It is seated at the foot of a rock, on which is a citadel. It was taken in 1674, by the French, who demolished the fortifications : but it was restored to the prince. It is seated near the Alame and Doubs, 33 miles W of Basle, and 45 NE of Beaancon. Lon. 6 50 E, lat. 47 31 N. Mont Blanc, the highest mountain of the Alps, in Savoy, being 15,662 feet above the level of the sea. It is called iVlont Blanc, from its uncommonly white appearance. The summit was deemed inaccessible till 1786, when Dr. Paccard ascended it. Mont Blanc, the French have given the name of this mountain to the conquered duchy of Savoy, as eighty fourth depart- ment of France. Montblunc, a town of Spain, in Catalo- nia, 15 miles N of Tarragona. Lon. 1 5 E, lat. 41 10 N. ^ " Montbrison, a town of France, in the department of Rhone and Loire, and late province of Forez, seated on the Velize, 40 miles \V r of Vienne, and 250 S by E of Paris. Lon. 2 27 E, lat. 43 32 N. Montdaiiplun, a town of France, in the department of Upper Alps, and late pro- vine of Dauphiny, seated on a craggy mountain, almost surrounded by the Du- rance, eight miles NE of Embrun. Lon. 6 45 E, lat. 44 40 N. Jio/i.t-de-Muvson, a town of France, and capital of the department of Landes, and late province of Gascohy. It is seated on the Midouse, 30 miles NE of Dax. Lon. 30 W, lat. 43 55 N. Monte-Cassino, a mountain of Naples, on the top of which is a celebrated bene- dictine abbey. Lon. 13 44 E, lat. 41 39 N. Montcccliio, a considerable town of Ita- ly, in the duchy of Reggio. The French defeated the Austrians near this place, August 3, 1796. It is eight miles NW of Reggio. Lon. 15 54 E, lat. 42 8 N. Monte-Falco, a town of Italy, in the territory of die church, and duchy of Spa- latto, seated on a mountain near the river Clitunno, 12 miles W of Spalatto. Lon. 22 40 E. lat. 42 58 N. Monte-Falcone, a town of Italy, in Vene- tian Friuli, with a castle, near the river Ponzano, 12 miles NW of Trieste. Lon 13 E, lat. 46 4 N. Monte-Fiascone, a small populous town of Italy, in the territory of the Church, with a bishop's see, seated on a mountain near the lake Boisena, in a country a- bounding with excellent wine. Lon. 12 4 E, lat. 42 26 N. . Montego, a town of Jamaica, and next to Kingston, the most flourishing in the island ; the harbour is capacious, but in- conveniently exposed to the N wind, and it carries on a considerable commerce with Britain and America. Monte-Leone, a town of Italy in Naples, which was almost entirely ruined by the earthquake in 1638. Montelimcr, a commercial town of France, in the department of Drome, and late province of Dauphiny. It has an an- cient citadel, and is seated in a fertile plain, 25 miles S of Valence, and 325 S by E of Paris. Lon. 4 55 E, lat. 44 33 N. Monte-Marano, a populous town of Ita- ly, in Naples, seated on the Calore, 18 miles S of Benevento. Lon. 15 E, lat. 40 48 N. Monte-Mor-o-Novo, n considerable town M O N MON of Portugal, in Es,tramadura, 50 miles E by S of Lisbon. Lon. 9 35 W, lat. 38 42 N. Monte-Mor-o-Velho, a town of Portu- gal, in Beira, with a very large castle. It is seated in a very fertile country, and is 83 mdes N of Lisbon. Lon. 8 9 W, lat. 40 5 N. Monte-Pelosa, an episcopal town of Na- ples in Basilicata, seated on a mountain, near the river Basiento, 14 miles E of Cirenwt. Lon. 16 18 E, lat. 40 46 N. Monte- Puhiano, an episcopal town of Tuscany, seated on a mountain near the river Chiana, in a country noted for ex- cellent wthe, 50 miles S bvE of Florence. Lon. 11 49 E, lat. 43 10 N. Montesa, a very strong town of Spain, in Valencia. It is the seat of an order of knighthood of the same name j and is five miles NW of XatiVa. Lon. 10 W, lat. 39 N. Monte- Sancto, formerly called Mount - Athos, a mountain of Turkey in Europe, on the gulf of Contessa. It is called Monte-Sancto, or the Holy Mount, be- cause there are 22 monasteries i hereon, in which are 4000 monks, who never suf- fer a woman to come near them. It is 17 miles S of Salonichi. Lon. 24 39 E, lat. 40 27 N. Monte-Verde, an episcopal town of Na- ples, in Principato Ulteriore, 60 miles E of Naples. Lon. 15 42 E, lat. 40 51 N. Mont-Ferrand. See Clermont. Montferrat, a duchy of Italy ; bounded on the E by the Milanese and Genoa, on the N and W by Piedmont, and on the S by the territory of Genoa, from which it is separated by the Appennines. It con- tains 200 towns and castles, is very fer- tile and well cultivated, abounding in corn, wine, oil, and silk; and is sub- ject to the king of Sardinia. Casal is the capital. Montfort, a town of France in the de- partment of Seine and Oise and late pro- vince of the Isle of France, 16 miles W of Versailles. Lon. 2 50 E, lat. 48 45 N. Montfort, a town of France, in the de- partment of Isle and Viiaine and late province of Bretagne. It is seated on the river Men, and is 12 miles VV of Rennes. Lon. 1 58 W, lat. 48 8 N. Montfort, a strong town of the United Provinces, in Utrecht, with an ancient castle. It is seated on the Yssel, seven miles S bv E of Utrecht. Lon. 5 E, lat. 52 4 N. Montfort, a town of Germany, in the circle of Suabia, capital of a country of the same name, subject to the house of Austria. It is 16 miles S of Lindau and the lake of Constance. Lon. 9 54 E, lat. 47 22 N. Montfort-de-Lemos, an ancient town of Spain, in Galicia, with a magnificent cas le. It is seated in a fertile country, 25 miles NE of Orense, and 55 SE of Compostella. Lon. 7 9 W, lat. 42 28 N. Montgatz, a town of Lower Hungary, in the county of Pereczas, with a fortress composed of three castles, seated on a craggy rock. It is encompassed by a great morass : and art and nature have render* d it almost impregnable. It was defended by the princess Ragotsky, wife of count Tekili, when besieged by an army of Imperialists, who were obliged to raise the siege in 1668. Montgomery, a county of Pennsvlvania, 33 miles long, and 16 broad. It contains upwards of 29703 inhabitants. Norris- town is the capital. Montgomery, a village, wi'.h a post-of- fice, in Montgomery county, Pennsyl- vania, about 17 mdes N of Philadelphia Montgomery, a post town, and the ca- pital of Montgomery county, Virginia. Montgomery, a post town in Montgo- mery county, Maryland, 28 miles SE of Fredericktown, and 38 SW of Baltimore. Montgomery, a count) r of Virginia, con- taining 8409 inhabitants in 1810. It is mountainous, and is situated on the E side of the Great Kenhawa river. It is intersected by the Allegheny mountain. The chief town is Christiansburg. Montgomery, a county of North Caro- lina, containing 8430 inhabitants in 1810. It is watered by the Yadkin river, which runs through the middle of it. The chief town is Henderson. Montgomery, a county of Kentucky, containing 12,975 inhabitants in 1810. The chief town is Mountsterling, It is situated on the W side of Licking river, and between that and Clarke county. Montgomery, a county in the state of New York, containing 41,906 inhabitants in 1810. The chief town is Johnstown. Montgomery, the county-town of Mont- gomeryshire, with a market on Tuesday. It sends one member to parliament and had once a tower and a castle, which were demolished in the civil wars. It is pleasantly and healthfully seated on the ascent of a hill, and in a fertile soil, 26 miles SW of Hereford, and 161 NW of London. Lon. 3 5 W, lat. 52 26 N. Montgomeryshire, a county of North Wales, 36 miles long, and 36 broad, bounded on the N by Merionethshire and Denbighshire, on the NE and E by Shropshire, on the S by Radnorshire, and Cardiganshire, and on the W by Merio- nethshire. It contains five market towns and 47parishes ; and sends two members to parliament. This county is full of M O N high hills, with a few valleys and mea- dows fit for corn and pasture. Its riches proceed from its sheep and wod, the hil 1 tracts being almosi entirely sheep- walks ; and the flocks, like those of Spain, are driven from distant parts to feed on them during- ihe summer. This county also affords mineral treasures, particularly lead ; and it abounds with slate and lime ; hut there is no coal. The river Severn has its rise on the- top of Plimilion hill, besides which it has the Vyrnew, and Tannat, which are remark- able for Salmon. JVlontiely formerly an episcopal town of Spain in New Castile, 18 miles from Metarza. Montiua, a town of Spain in the pro- vince of Cordova, 51 miles N of Granada. Montivilliers, a town of France, in the department of Lower Seine and late pro- vince of Normandy, 95 miles NW of Pa- ris. Lon. 20 W, lat. 49 35 N. Mo7itlouis, a town of France, in the department of die Eastern Pyrenees and late province of Housillon, with a strong- citadel at the foot of a rock, built by Lewis XIV. It is 430 miles S of Paris. Lon. 2 5 E, iat. 42 30 N. Jlonthiet, a town of France, in the de- partment of Ain and late province of Biesse, seated in a fertile country, on the Seraine, 12 miles NE of Lyons, and 205 SE of Paris. Lon. 5 8 E, lat. 45 49 X. Montluzon, or Montlucon, a town of France, in the department of Ailier and late province of Bourbonnois, seated on the river Cher, 150 miles S of Paris. Lon. 2 45 E,' lat. 46 22 N. Juwitmedi, a small but strong- town of Frunee, in the department of Meuse and lat-; duchy of Bar, seated on the river Chier, which divides it into the upper and lower town. It is 170 miles NE of Pui-iS. Lon. 5 23 E, lat. 49 32 N. Mo:itm"Hj?i, formerly a strong- town of 6r\;\ but rn^ French in 1/05, demo- lished the fortifications. It is eight miles SE cA Cham berry, and 27 NE of Gren- oble. Lon. 6 15 E, lat. 45 50 N. Monimorenci, a town of FranGe, re- markable for the tombs of the ancient d''k> s of Montvnorenci. It is seated on a hill, near a large valley, famous for its cherries, and is s ven miles from St. Den- nit, and 10 from Paris. Montmorillori, a town of France, in the department ofVienne, and lace province of Poitou. It is seated on the river Gar- teC'»pe, over which it has a handsome bridge, 24 miles SE of Poitiers. Montpellier, a city of the department pf Her uilt and late province of Lan^ue- 4oc. It is pne of the largest and most MON beautiful cjties in France, and has a ci- tadel; a bishop's see; a university; and a botanic garden, the first established in Europe. The number of inhabitants is computed at 30,000, is chiefly famous for its drugs and cordials, perfumed wa- ters, hair-powder, and verdigris. This city contains 200 apothecaries, the air is extremely healthy, and many invalids re- sort hither from all parts, to recover their health. Montpellier is seated on a hill, five miles from the Mediterranean, near the Lez, a small navigable river, and on the rivulet Merdanson, which is conveyed into different parts of the city by subterraneous canals. It is 27 miles SW ofNismes, 47 NE of Narbonne, and 380 S bv W of Paris. Lon. 3 58 E, lat. 43 37 N. Montpelier, a post town in Caledonia county, Vermont; situated on the NE side of Onion river, 34 miles SE of Bur- lington on lake Champlain, and 12 miles N of Williamston, in Orange county. It contained 1877 inhabitants in 1810. Montpensier, a town of France, in the department of Puy de Dome and late province of Auverp-ne, seated on a hill, 210 miles SE of Paris. Lon. 3 14 E, lat. 46 4 N. Montreal, a fertile island of North A- merica, in Canada, in the river St. Law- rence, 28 miles long, and 10 broad. It was surrendered by the French to the English, in 1760, without firing a gun. It has a fortified town of the same name, built on the side of the river, whence there is a gradual easy ascent to what is called the Upper Town. The inhabitants carry on a trade in skins with the sava- ges. It is 210 miles N of Albany, and 120 SW of Quebec. Lon. 71 20 Vv, lat. 45 55 E. Montreal, a town of Spain, in the pro- vince of Arragon, with a castle, seated on the Xiloca, 25 miles NX~\V of Ter- ruel, and 40 S bv E of Calatajud. Lon. 1 2 W, lat. 40 53 N. Montreal, an archiepiscopal town of Sicily, in the valley of Mazara, seated on a rivulet, five miles W of Palermo, and 50 NE of Mazara. Lon. 13 31 E, lat. 38 14 X. Montreal, or Montroyal, a fortress of Germany, in the electorate of Treves, seated on the river Moselle, 22 miles NE of Treves. Lon. 7 6 E, lat. 49 59 N. Montreuil, a fortified town of France, in the department of the straits of Calais and late province of Picardy. It has a castle and is seated on a hill, near the ri- ver Canche, 10 miles NW of Hesdin, and 117 N of Paris. Lon. 1 52 E, lat. 50 27 N. Montreuil- Jilelay, a town of France> in M O N MOR the department of Maine and Loire, and late province of Anjou, seated on the ri r ver Touet, 155 miles SW of Paris. Lon. 9 W, lat. 47 6 N. Montrichard, a town of France, in the department of Loire and Cher, and late province of Blasois. It has a castle and is seated near the Cher, 12 miles SE of Amboise, and 112 SW of Paris. Lon. 1 22 E, lat. 47 22 N. Montrose, a borough and seaport in An- gushire, near the estuary of the South Esk. The building's are neat; and the most remarkable are the town-house, the church, an elegant episcopal chapel, an hospital for lunatics, and its parish church is the largest in Scotland except the pa- rish church of Glasgow. A great num- ber of trading vessels belong to this town, and. a considerable trade is carried on to the Baltic, Hamburg, Riga, Archan- gel, &c. The salmon fisheries on the X and S Esk, form a valuable branch of commerce. The inhabitants of Montrose are said to be about 10,000, and it is 48 miles NE of Edinburgh. Lon. 2 32 W, lat. 56 40 N. Mon, St. Michael, a strong town of France, in the department of tl.e Chan- nel and late province of Normandy, built on a rock in the sea, which is ascended at low water. It is 10 miles SW of Av- ranches, and 180 AV of Paris. Lon, 1 30 W, lat. 48 37 N. Montsvjeon, a town of France, in the department of Upper Marne, and late province of Champagne, 145 miles SE of Paris. Lon. 5 16 E, lat. 47 36 N. Montserrat, a mountain of Spain, in Ca- talonia, on which is a famous monastery and chapel, dedicated to the Virgin, re- sorted to by numbers of pilgrims. It is inhabited by monks of several nations, who entertain all that come out of devo- tion or curiosity, for three days gratis. This mountain is said to be 10 miles in circumference, and 5 high, and the coun- try around is seen for 150 miles. It is 25 miles NW of Barcelona. Montserrat, one of the Leeward Carib- bee Islands, in the West Indies, discover- ed, In 1493, by Columbus, and so named by him from its resemblance to the moun- tain mentioned in the preceding article. It is about nine miles in length and breadth ; and supposed to contain 50,000 acres, and the hills are covered with ce- dar and other trees. It carries on a great trade to England and Ireland in rum, &c. belongs to the English, and is 30 miles S W of Antigua. Lon. 62 34 W, lat. 16 54 N. Montville, a township of New London county, Connecticut, containing 2187 in- habitants in 1810. It is situated about 9 miles NW of New London. Monza, a town of Italy, in the Milanese, seated on the Lambro, 8 miles NE of Mi- lan. Lon. 9 20 E, lat. 45 33 N. Monzwgen, a town of Germany, in the circle of Upper tlhine, 12 miles W of Creutznach, and 42 E of Treves. Lon. 7 14 E, lat. 49 50 *N. Moore, a township of Northampton* county, Pennsylvania, containing 1108 inhabitants in 1810. It is situated be- tween Plainfield and Lehigh townships. Moore, a county of North Carolina, containing 6,367 inhabitants in 1810. It is situated between Cape Fear river, and Yadkir; river. The chief town is Alford- town. Moon, Mountain of the; mountains of Africa, extending between Abyssinia and Monomotapa. They are higher than those of Atlas. Moorefields, a post town, the capital of Hardy county, Virginia lying on the E side of the south branch of Potomac, 75 miles W by S of Winchester, and about 50 S of Cumberland, in Allegheny county, Maryland. Moorestovm, a pleasant village in Bur- lington county, New Jersey ; 9 miles E by N of Philadelphia, and the same distance W by S of Mountholly. Mooreshedabad, a city of Hindoostan Proper, the capital of Bengal before the establishment of the English power. It is seated on the western arm of the Gan- ges, 120 miles N of Calcutta. Lon. 88 28 E, lat. 24 15 N. Mootupilleij , a town of the peninsula of Hindoostan, in the Guntoor Circar, at the mouth of the Gondegama. Lon. 80 10 E, lat. 15 45N. Mora, a. town of Spain, in New Castile, 18 miles SE of Toledo. Lon. 3 4 W, lat. 39 36 N. Morant, Point, the most easterly pro- montory of Jamaica. Lon. 75 56 W, lat. 17 56 X. Morat, a commercial town of Swisscr- iand, capital of a bailiwic of the same name, belonging to the cantons of Bern and Friburg, with a castle. It is cele- brated for the siege it sustained agaihat Charles the Bold, duke of Burgundy, which was followed by the br.ttle of Mo- rat, in 1476, in which the duke was total- ly routed. It is 10 miles W of Bern, and 10 miles NE of Friburg. Lon. 6 53 E, lat. 46 52 N. -Morat, a lake of Swisserland, in a bai- liwic of the same name. I is six miles long and two broad, lying parallel with the lake of Neufchatel, into which it emp- ties itself by the riv^r Broye. MOR MOR jtforatatez, a town of Spain, in New Castile, 22 miles E of Ciudad Real. Lon. 3 4 W, lat. 40 32 N. Moratalla, a town of Spain, in Mnrcia, 34 miles SSW of Chinchilla. Lon. 1 50 E, lat. 38 31 N. Morava, or Moraw, a river of Germa- ny, which has its source on the confine." of Bohemia and Silesi* It crosses Mo- ravia, where it waters Olmutz and Har- disch,»and receiving the Teya, from the confines of Lower Hungary and Upper Austria, separates these two countries as far as the Danube, into which it falls. Morave, a river of Turkey in Europe, which rises in Bulgaria, and running through Servia, by Nissa, falls into the Danube, at Semendriah. Moravia, a marquisate annexed to Bo- hemia, by which it is bounded on the W, by that kingdom and Silesia on the N, by Silesia and Hungary on the E, and by Austria on the W. It takes its name from the river Morava, which runs through it ; and hence the sect of Chris- tians, called Moravians, take their name, their doctrines having been first taught here. Olmutz Was the capital, but now Brinn claims that honour. Morbaoh, or Murbach, a. town of France, in the department of Lower Rhine, 42 miles SE of Strasburg. Lon. 8 25 E, lat. 48 N. Morbegno, a town of the country of the Grisons, in the Valteline, where the go-, vernor and the regency reside. It is the handsomest and most commercial town in the Valteline, and seated on the Adda, 12 miles SE of Chiavenna, and 20 NE of Lecco. Lon. 9 31 E, lat. 46 10 N. Morbihan, a department of France, in- cluding part of the late province of Bre- tagne. Vannes is the capital of this de- partment, which takes its name from a small bay between that town and the is- land of Bclleisle. Its entrance is narrow ; but it expands within, and contains about 30 little islands. Mow one, a town of Naples, in the Mo- iise, 19 miles SSE of Moltse. Lon. 14 54 E, lat. 41 24 N. Morea, the ancient Peloponnesus, a pe- ninsula in the S part of Greece, to which it is joined by the isthmus of Corinth, ly- ing between the gulfs of Lepanto and En- gin. It is 180 miles long, and 130 broad, and divided into three large provinces. The air is temperate and the soil fertile, except the middle, where there are many moun ains. It is watered by several riv- ers, of which the A.lpheus, the Vasili-Po- tamo, and the Stromio are the chief. Morelaiul; a township of Mont gomery County. Pennsylvania, containing 1,692' inhabitants in 1810. It is situated on the NE side of Pennypack creek, 12 miles N of Philadelphia, and contiguous to a town- ship of the same name in Philadelphia county. Morella, a town of Spain, in Valencia, which was almost destroyed, in 1705, by the army of Philip V. It is seated among high mountains, 80 miles N of Valencia. Moresby, a harbour, a little N of Whitehaven, in Cumberland; in and a. bout which many remains of antiquity have been dug. up, such as altars and stones, with inscriptions on them : and several caverns have been found called Pict's Holes. Mortt, an ancient town of France, in the department of Seine and Marne, with a castle, seated on the Loire, 35 miles S E of Paris. Lon. 2 52 E, lat. 48 25 N. Moretta, a town of Piedmont, si mated on a small river, which runs into the Po, 16 miles S of Turin. Lon. 7 44 E, lat. 44 48 N. Motgantotvn, a post town in North Ca- rolina, lying on the S side of Catawba ri- ver, 45 miles NW of Lincolnton, and 30 N of Rutherfordton. Capital of Burke county. Morgantoxun, the county town of Mo- nongalia county, Virginia; situated on the F- side of Monongahela river, 25 miles S by W of Union, in Pennsylvania. Marges, .a commercial town of Swis- serland, in the Canton of Bern, and ca- pital of a bailiwic, seated in a beautiful bay of the lake of Geneva. By its canal merchandise is transported from Geneva to other parts. And it is five miles WS W of Lausanne. Lon. 6 42 E. lat. 46 27 N. Morhange, a town of France, in the department of Moselle and late province of Lorrain, 200 miles E of Paris. Lon. 6 42 E, lat. 48 51 N. Morlachia, a mountainous country in Hungarian Dalmatia, the inhabitants of which are called Morlacks, or Morlac- chi. They inhabit the pleasant vallies of Koter*, along the rivers Kerha, Ce.tina, Narenta, and among the inland moun- tains of Dalmatia. They are said by some, to be of Walachian extraction ; but others think their origin involved in the darkness of barbarous ages. The Morlaochi are so different from the in- habitants of the sea-coasts in dialect, dress, disposition and customs, that they seem clearly to be of a different original. With regard, to their character, we are informed that they are much injured by their maritime neighbours. The inhabi- tants of the sea-coast of Dalmatia tell many frightful, stories of their avarice and cruelty ; but these are all either of M O R M O R an ancient date, or if any have happened in latter times, they ought rather to bt ascribed to tlie corruption of a few in- dividuals, than to the bad disposition ot the nation in general ; and though thiev- ish tricks are frequent among them, a stranger may travel securely through their country, where he is faithfully es- ■ corted, and hospitably treated. Friend- ship, that among us is so subject to change on the slightest motives, is last- ing among the Morlacchi. They have even made it a kind of religious point, and tie the sacred bond at the fool of the altar. The Sclavonian ritual, con- tains a particular benediction for the so- lemn union of two male or two female friends in the presence of the congrega- tion. The male friends thus united are- called Pobratimi, and the female Poses- treme, which mean half-brothers and half-sisters. Friendships between these of different sexes are not at this day bound with so much solemnity, though perhaps in more ancient and innocent ages it was also the custom. If discord happens to arise between two friends, it is talked of over all the country as a scandalous novelty ; and there has been some examples of it of late years, to the j great affliction of the old Morlacchi, who j attribute the depravation of their coun- 1 trymcn to their intercourse with the lta-l * lians. W ine and strong liquors, of w hich ' the nation is beginning to make daily abuse, will of course produce the same bad effects as among others. But as the friendships of the Morlacchi are strong and sacred, so their quarrels are com- monly unextinguishable. They pass from the father to the son ; and so deeply is revenge rooted in the minds of this na- tion, that all the missionaries in the world would not be able to eradicate it. Morlaix, a considerable seaport of France, in the department of Finisterre and late province of Bretagne, with a castle and a tide harbour. The church of Xotre-Dame is a singular structure, and the hospital very handsome. The inhabitants carry on a considerable trade in linen, hemp, and tobacco. It is seat- ed on a river of the same name, 30 miles NB of Brest. Lon. 3 46 W, lat. 48 33 N. Morocco, an empire of Africa, com- prehending a considerable part of the ancient Mauritania, lying between 28 and 36 N lat. It is bounded on the W by the Atlantic ; on the E by the river Mulvia, which separates it from Algiers; on the N by the Mediterranean ; and on the S by mount Atlas. Its greatest length, from NE to SW, is above 590 miles, and, where widest, not more than 260 broad. This empire contains the kingdoms of Sus, Tarudan, Morocco Proper, Tasilet, Sugelmessa, Fez, and Mequinez. The air of this country is pretty pure and temperate, especially near mount Atlas. The soil though sandy and dry in some places, is so fertile in others, and the fruits, as well as the pastuies, so good, that it would be a delightful country if it was well cultivated. The inhabitants are Mahometans, of a tawney complex- ion, robust, and very skilful in manag- ing a horse, and wielding a lance ; but they are jealous deceitful, superstitious, and cruel. There are two sorts of in- habitants ; the Arabs, who dwell in move- able Villages, composed of about 100 tents, and the Bereberies, who are the ancient inhabitants, and live in cities and towns. There are a great number of Christian slaves, and some merchants, upon the coast, besides a multitude of Jews, who carry on alnrost all the trade ; especially by land with the Negroes, to whom they send large caravans, which travel over vast deserts, almost desti- tute of water. They carry with them woollen goods, silk, salt, 8cc. and in re- turn, have slaves, gold, and elephants teeth, and out of them the emperor re- cruits his cavalry. They also send large caravans to Mecca even year, partly out of devotion, and partly for trade, con- sisting- of several thousand camels, hor- ses, and mules. Their commodities are Morocco leather, indigo, cochineal, and ostrich leathers ; in return for w liich they have silks, muslins, calicoes, coffee, and drugs. The emperor is absolute, his will being a law, and he often exercises grext cruelties. His naval force consists chiefly of rovers, who now and then take large prizes. He can bring 100.000 men into the field, half of w hich are foot and half horse; but they are poorly armed, and know little of the art of war. It has three capital cities, Morocco, Mequinez, and Fez. Morocco, one of the capital cities of the kingdom of Morocco, seated in a beautiful valley, formed by a chain of mountains on the !N, and those of the Atlas on the S and E. It has nothing to recommend it but its great extent, and the royal palace, wh'nh takes up so much ground that it resembles a small city. It is inclosed by strong walls, the circum- ference of which is eight miles ; they are flanked by square towers, and surround- ed by a wide and deep ditch. Tne Jews have a market of their own, and live in a separate town, walled in, and shut up every evening at nine, after which no person can enter or depart, till next mar- MOR ning. Morocco is 90 miles E of Moija- dor, and 400 S Oi Gibraltar. Lon. 6 45, W, hit. 31 12 X. Moron, a town of Spain, in Andalusia, seated in a pleasant, fertile plain. In its neighbourhood is a mine of precious stones. It is 30 miles SE of Seville. Lon. 5 10 W,lat. 37 10 X. Morotoi, one of the Sandwich Isles, se- ven miles \YXW of Mo wee. Yams are its principal produce ; but it has little wood. The coast, on the S and W sides, form several bays, which aro tolerably sheltered from the trade-winds. Lon. 117 14 W, lat. 21 10 X. Morpeth, a borough in Xorthumber- land, with a market on Wednesday. It is an ill built, straggling place, seated on the X bank of the Wentsbeck, and on the opposite side is the church, and a castle in ruins. It sends two members to parliament, has a free-school, founded by Edward VI. aid is 15 miles X of'Xew- castle, and 287 X by YV of London. Lon. 1 28 YV. hit. 55 15 X. Jfon-is^ a. county in the state of New- Jersey, containing- 21,828 inhabitants in 1810. This is a mountainous, well wa- tered county, the Rariton and Passaick rivers both rising' in it. It abounds wit I iron ore and contains numerous forges and furnaces. Morris, a township of Washington county Pennsylvania, containing 1679 in- habitants in 1810. It is situated on the north fork of the Monongaheia river, ad- joining' to Greene county. Morristonn, the capital of Morris coun- ty, Xew Jersey, 20 miles YV of Xewark, and 22 E of Hacketstown. This was <■ long time general Washington's head quarters in the Revolution war. Mors, a town and castle of German}, in the circle of Westphalia, belonging to the duchy of Clevcs- Lon. 6 40 E, lat. 57 23 X. Mortagne, a town of France, in the de- partment of Orne and late province of Perche, famous for its serges, tanneries and coarse linen cloth. It is 19 miles E of Seez, and 70 W of Paris. Lon. 40 E, lat. 48 33 X. Mortagne, a town of France, in the de- partment of the North and late province of French Flanders, seated at the conflu- ence of the Scarpe and Scheldt, eight miles SE of Tournay. Lon. 3 30 E, lat. 50 29 X. Mortain, a town of France, in the de- partment of the Channel and late province of Normandy, seated on the rivulet Lances, almost surrounded by craggy rocks, 20 miles E of Avranches, Lon. 54 YV. lat. 48 37 X. M O S ( Murtora, a strong town of Italy, in the ! Milanese^ subject to the king of Sardinia. It is 22 miles SYV of Milan. Lon. 8 40 E, lal. 45 22 N... Mortlakp, a village in Surry, seated on the river Thames, six miles YV of London. Great part of this parish is inclosed in Richmond Park ; and his majesty has a farm here of 80 acres, in his own occupa- tion, and in excellent cultivation. Morilich, a village in Banffshire, six miles SW of Keith. Here Malcolm II. in memory of a victory gained over the Danes, founded a bishopric, which was translated to Aberdeen by David I. Morton, or Morton Hampstead, a town in Devonshire, with a noted market for yarn on Saturday. It is seated on the skirts of Dartmoor, 185 miles W by S of London. Lon. 3 46 W, lat. 50 39 X. Morton, or Morton in Marsh,'2L town in Gloucestershire, with a market on Tues- day. It it seated in a fossway, and is 83 mdes WXW of London. Lon. 1 36 W, lat. 52 X. Morvedro, a town of Spain, in Valencia, on the site of the ancient Saguntum. There are still to be seen, the ruins of a Roman amphitheatre. It is seated on a river of the same name, 15 miles X of Va- lencia. Lon. 10 E, lat. 39 38 X. Morvcn, a district in Argyleshire, whose mountains are beautifully cele- brated in the songs of Ossian, as the coun- try of Fin gal. Mosa, a town of Arabia Felix, 25 miles NE of Mocha. Mosambique, a strait or channel of the Indian Ocean, lying between the E coast •>f Africa, and the island of Madagascar, and between 11 and 25 S lat. It is 240 mdes over, in its narrowest place. Mozambique, a kingdom of Africa, on the W side of a channel of the same name, and on the coast of Zanguebar, consisting of three islands. The princi- pal island, called Mosambique, is not more than three miles in length, and half as much in breadth, and is about two miles from the continent. The air of this country is very unwholesome where it is but thin of people, and the Portuguese stay only on account of their trade. It was seized by the Portuguese in 1497, and they have kept possession of it ever since. Mosambique , the capital of an island of ti c same name, on the E coast of Africa. It is a large well fortified place, having a strong citadel for the defence of the harbour. It belongs to the Portuguese, who have generally a good garrison here, and trade with the natives for gold, ele- phant's teeth, and slaves. They have M O S MOS built several churches and monasteries. Their ships always call here in going to the E Indies ; and the harbour is so com- modious, that whole fleets may anchor here, and refit their vessels, as well as provide themselves with all necessaries, and they have a large hospital for sick sailors." Eon. 40 10 E,»lat. 15 5 S. JkfosbacJi, a town of Germany, in the palatinate of the Rhine, with an elegant castle, seated on the Xeckar, 25 miles ENE of Heidelberg. Lon. 9 21 E, hit. 49 28 N. Mosbwg, a town of Germany, in Bava- ria, seated at the confluence of the rivers Iser and Ambert, 9 miles W of Land- schut. Lon 11 55 E, lat. 48 30 N. Moscovy. See Russia. Moscow, onfe of the most considerable governments of Russia, containing 15 districts, bounded on the N by the go- vernment or Tver, on the E by that of gre at Volodimir, on the S by the govern- ments of Kalugo and Resan, and on the W by those of Tver and Smolensko. Its capital is of the sanle name. Moscow, a large city of Russia, capital of the government of Moscow, and for- merly of the whole empire. It may be considered as a town built upon the Asi- atic model, but gradually becoming more and more European ; exhibiting in its present state, a motley mixture of dis- cordant architecture. It is divided into five parts. 1. Kremlin, which is in the central and highest part of the city, near the confluence of the Moskva and Neg- liria, which wash two of its sides, is of a triangular form, surrounded by high walls of stone and brick, about two miles in circumference. This division is not deformed by wooden houses. It contains the ancient palace of the czars, now only remarkable for being the birthplace of Peter the Great ; also several churches, two convents, the patriarchal palace, and the arsenal now in ruins'. 2. The second division, called Khitaigorod, which is much larger than the Kremlin ; it con- tains the university, the "printing house, and many other public buildings, with all the tradesmen's shops. The houses are mostly stuccoed or white-washed ; and it has the only street in Moscow in which, the houses stand close to each other. 3. The Bielgorod, or White Town, which runs round the two preceding divisions : it is supposed to derive its name from a' white wail, by which it was formerly sur- rounded, and of which some remains are still to be seen. 4. Semlainogorod, which environs all the other three quarters, is so denominated from a circular rampart of earth by which it is encompassed. The last two divisions exhibit a grotesque group of churches, convents, palaces, brick and wooden houses, and mean hov- els. 5. The Sloboda, or suburbs, which form a vast exterior circle round aU the parts already described, and are invest- - ed by a low rampart and ditch. These suburbs contain, besides buildings of all kinds, corn-fields, much open pasture* and some small lakes, which give rise to the Neglina. The Moskva, from which the city takes its name, flows through it in a winding channel ; but, excepting in spring, is only navigable for rafts. It re- ceived the Yausa in the Semlainogorod, and the Neglina at the western extremi- ty of the Kremlin ; but the beds of both these last mentioned rivulets are nearly dry in summer. Moscow exhibits an as- tonishing degree of extent and variety* irregularity and contrast. The streets in general are very long and broad. Some of thein are paved; others, particularly in the suburbs, are formed with trunks of trees, or are boarded with planks like the floor of a room. Wretched hovels are blended with large palaces ; cottages of one story stand next to the most state- ly mansions ; many brick structures are covered with wooden tops ; some of the wooden houses are painted; others have iron doors and roofs. Numerous churches appear in every quarter, built in a pecu- liar style of architecture : some with domes of copper, others of tin, gilt, or painted green ; and many are roofed with wood. In a word, some parts of this vast city have the appearance of a sequester- ed desert; other quarters, of a populous town ; some, of a contemptible village ; others, of a great capital. Moscow is certainly the largest city in Europe; its circumference within the rampart, which, incloses the suburbs, being 26 miles; but it is built in so disjointed and straggling a manner that its population corresponds, in no degree, with its extent. It contains within the ramparts, and in the adjacent villages, 300,000 souls, and is the most populous city in the empire. The places of divine worship, at Moscow, are ex- tremely numerous ; including the chapels, they amount to above 1000 ; there are 484 public churches ; 199 of which are of brick, stuccoed, or white washed ; and the others of wood, painted red. Some of their bells which form no incon- siderable part of divine worship, are of a stupendous size ; they are hung in bel- fries detached from the church, are fixed irr.moveably to the bean s, and rung bv a rope tied to the clapper. It has always been esteemed, a meritorious act of reli- gion to present a church with bells; and. 3 Iv. M O S M OS the piety of the donor has been measured by their magnitude. Accordingly, Boris Godunuf, who gave a bell of 288,000 pounds to the cathedral of Moscow, was the most pious sovereign of Russia, ill he was surpassed by the empress Anne, at whose expense a bell was cast, weigh- ing 432,000 pounds, and is the largest in the known world. In the cathedral of St. Michael, the sovereigns of Russia were fomerly interred : the bodies are deposit ed in raised sepulchres, mostly of brick, in the shape of a coffin, above the pave- ment, and about two feet in height. Each tomb has, at its lower extremii v, a*smail silver plate, upon which is engraved, the name of the deceased prince, ai d the era of his death. They are covered with palls of red cloth or red velvet ; but upon great festivals, all these sepulchres are covered with rich palls of gold or silver brocade, studded witli pearls and jewels. The cathedral of the Assumption of the Virgin Mary is the most magnificent in the city, and has been long appropriated to the coronation of the Russian sove- reigns from the centre of the roof hangs (in enormous chandelier of massy silver of English workmanship. Moscow is the centre of the inland commerce of Russia, particularly connecting the trade between Europe and Siberia. The navigation to this city is formed solely by the Moskva, which falling into the Occa, near Colom- na, communicates, by that river-, with the Volga. But as the Moskva is navigable in the spring only, upon the melt ing of the snows, the principal merchandise is conveyed upon sledges in winter. This citv is 555 miles SSE of Petersburg, and 1300 N by E of of Constantinople. Lon. 37 31 E, hit. 55 45 N. Moselle, a department of France, in- ^J^ludnig part of the late province of Lor- rain. It takes its name from a river which rises in the Vosges, waters Epinal, re- ceives the Muerthe below Nanci, and passing by Metz, Thionville, and Treves, fads into the Rhine at Coblentz. Metz is the' capital. Moskoe. See Maelstvoom. Mosquito Shore, a country of New Spain, in North America, lying- on the Atlantic Ocean. The interior part of the country is bounded by the lake Nicara- gua, and fenced by mountains stretching j to the West. In magnitude it exceeds Portugal; is well watered by navigable rivers and lakes; abounds in fish, game, and provisions of all sorts ; furnishes e- very necessary for raising cattle and stock, on plantations of every kind, and to any extent : and is clothed with woods, producing timber for every purpose at land or sea. The soil is superior to that of the West India islands: the air and climate are more salubrious ; and the destructive ravages of hurricanes and earthquakes have never been known here. The Spaniards esteem it a part of the principality of Honduras, though they have no colonies in the Mosquito coun- try. When they first invaded this part of Mexico, they massacred the great- est part of the natives, which gave those that escaped into the inaccessi- ble part of the country an insuperable aversion to them ; and "they have always appeared ready to join any Europeans that come upon their coasts against the Spaniards, and particularly the English, who frequently come hither; and the Mosquito men being excellent marksmen, the English employ them in striking the maratee fish, &c. and many of the Mos- quito Indians come to Jamaica, and sail with the English in their voyages. The Mosquito Indians are so situated between morasses and inaccessible mountains, and a coast full of rock? and shoals, that no attempts against them by the Spaniards, couid ever succeed. Nevertheless, hey are a mild and inoffensive people, of great p obity, and will never trust a man who has once deceived them. They had so great a venerat ion for the English, that they spontaneously put themselves under the protection of the crown of Great Bri- tain. This was first done when the duke of Albemarle was governor of Jamaica; and the king of the Mosquitoes received a comisssion from his grace, under the seal of that island; since which nme, they were not only steady in their alli- ance with the English, but warm in their affection, and very useful to them on ma- ny occasions. When the king died, the male heir went to Jamaica, to certify that he was next in blood, and received a commission in form from the governor of Jamaica, to be king of the Mosquitoes ; till which, he could not be acknowledged as such by his countrymen. So fond were they of every thing English, that the common people were proud of every Christian or surname given them by our se?.men, who conferred on their chief men the titles of some of our nobili- ty. But the connection between the En- glish and the Mosquitoes no longer sub- sists. By a convention with Spain, in 1786, the English, in consideration of certain cessions on the coast of Hondu- ras, agreed to evacuate this country to- tally : and it is now a province of Spain. See Honduras. Mostagaji, an ancient and strong town of the kingdom of Algiers, w ith, a castle \ M O U xnd a good harbour, 50 miles NE of Oran. Lon. 30 E, lat. 36 20 N. Mostar, a considerable town of Turk- ish Dalmatia, with a Greek archbishop's see. It belongs to the Turks, 2'0 miles XE of Xarenta. Lon. 18 37 E, lat. 43 48 N. Mosul. See Mousid. Motala, a town of Naples, in Terra d'Otranto, with a bishop's see, 15 miles NW of Taranto. Lon. 17 14 E, lat. 40 46 X Motherkdl, a hundred of Kent county, Delaware state, containing 7,415 inhabi- tants in 1810 It is watered by Mother- kill creek. The chief town Frederica. Motyr, an island of Asia, one of the Moluccas, of great value to the Dutch, on account of its spices. Lon. 123 20 E, lat, 10 S. Motril, a seaport town of Spain, in Gra- nada,*with a good harbour, seated on the Mediterranean, 37 miles SE of Granada. Lon. 3 28 W, lat. 36 32 N. Mouab, a town of Asia in Arabia Felix, capital of Yemen, seated in a fertile coun- try, 80 miles S of Sfcinaa. Lon. 46 35 E, iat. 16 20 N. Moudon, one of the most ancient towns of Swisserland, capital of a bailiwic oi the same name, in the Pays de Vaud, and formerly of all that part of the country which belonged to the duke of Savoy. The bailiff, appointed by the canton of Bern, resides in the castle of Lucens, built on the summit of a mountain. It was formerly called Minodumum It is 12 miles N bv E of Lausanne. Lon. 6 58 E, lat. 46 41 N. Moug-den, or Chen-yan, the capital of the country of the Mantchew Tartars, in East Chinese Tartary. It is built on an eminence, and walled in by walls three leagues in circumference. It is 440 miies NE of Pekin. Lon. 122 45 E, lat 41 55 N. Moulins, an episcopal town of France, in the department of Allier and late pro- vince of Bourbonnois. It has a bridge o- ver the Allier on which it is seated, and takes its name from the great number of mills (moulins) that were formerly in»its neighbourhood; andcontains-above 16,000 inhabitants. Its manufacture of cutlery is in great esteem. It is 30 miles S of Xt vers. Lon. 3 25 E, lat. 46 34 X. Moirfiws-Engilbert, a town of France, in the department of Nievre and late pro- vince of Nivernois. It is seated at the bottom of the mountains of Morvan, and is 5 miles SW of Chateau-Chinon. Moidtan, a province of llindoostan Pro- per, bounded on the N by Lahore, on the E by Delhi and Agimere, on the S' by Guzerat, and on the W by Persia and MOU Candahar. Its products are cotton, su- gar, opium, galls, brimstone, &c. It was subject to the Selks ; but its capital, Moid- t an, has been garrisoned by the king of Candahar, ever since 1779. Moidtan, one of the most ancient cities of Hindoostan Proper, capital of a pro- vince of the same name. It is of small extent for a capital, but strongly fortified, and has a Hindoo temple of great celebri- ty. The trade of Moultan has been greatly lessened on account of the river having been choaked up. Here is a parti- cular sect of Hindoos, called Catry ; a tribe of warriors supposed to be the Ca- theri or Cathei, with whom Alexander warred on he banks ot the Malli. Moul- tan is seated on one of the branches of the Indus, 210 miles SW of Lahore and 310 SE of Candahar. Lon. 70 40 E, lat. 29 52 N. Moult on t South, a corporate town in De- vonshire, with a market on Saturday. In the reign of Edward I. X and S Moulton had the privilege of sending members to parliament, and was a royal demesne. It is governed by a mayor, aud has manufac- tures of serges, shalloons, and felt. It is seated on the Moul, 12 miles SE of Barn- staple, and 177 W by S of London. Lon. 3 55 Wj lat. 51 5 N. .Mount Edgecwnbe, a prodigious peak, on the west side of the entrance of Cook's Strait, in New Zealand. Its height is supposed to be very little inferior to that of the peak of Teneriffe. Mountholly, a post town, the capital of Burlington county, Xew Jersey; situated on the north side of Ancocus creek, about 12 miles E by S of Burlington. Mount Pleasant, a post town in West Chester county, New York ; lying on the E side of Hudson river, and containing . 2745 inhabitants. Mountsbay, a bay on the S coast of Cornwall, between the Land's End, and the Lizard Point. It is so named from the lofty mountains of Mount St. Mi- chael, which rises within it. Among the rocks, on this part of the coast, breeds the Cornish chough, or red legged crow, noted for stealing and carrying away whatever it finds. In Mountsbay is a con- siderable pilchard fishery.. Mount&orrel, a town in Leicestershire, so named from a high mount or rock, of a sorrel-coloured stone, extremely hard. Of rough stones, hewn out of this rock, the town is built. It has a market on Mondav, and is seated on the Stour, 20 miles SSE of Derby, and 105 NX\V of London. Lon. 1 9 W, lat. 52 45 N. Mount Vernon, the seat of the late Ge- neral Washington, and his favourite rc- MOU MUC treat from the fatigues of public employ- ment ; pleasantly situated on the W bank of Potomac river, 18 miles below the city of Washington, and 9 beiow Alex- andria. Mount Vernon, a post town in Kenne- bec county, Maine, 14'miles XW of Au- gusta, or Kennebec river. Motird t a town of Portugal, in Alen- tcjo, with an old castle ; seated at the confluence of the rivers Ardita and Gua- diana, 87 miles SE of Lisbon. Lou. 5 59 W, lftt. 38 N. Motirzook, the capital of Fezzan, in Africa, situated on a small river, and supplied with water from a multitude of springs and wells. Being formerly built of stone, it still retains the appellation of a Christian town; and the medley which it presents to the eye, of the vast ruins of ancient buildings, and the humble cottages of earth and sand that form the dwellings of its present Arab inhabitants, is singularly grotesque and strange. It is surrounded by a high wall, which not only affords the means of defence, but enables the government to collect, at its three gates, a tax on all goods (provi- sions excepted) that are brought for the supply of its people. A caravan sets out annually from Mesurata to this place; and hence the Fezzanners themselves despatch, every year, a caravan to Cash- na, and another to Bornou. Mourzook is 262 miles S of Mesurata, 650 NW of Bornou, and 710 N by E of Cashna. Lat. 27 20 N, Ion. 15 5 E. Mossy, a river of Hindoostan, which crossing the country of Golconda, runs into the Kistna on the confines of the circar of Palnaud. Moustiers, a town of France, in the de- partment of the Lower Alps and late province of Provence. It is noted for a manufacture of fine porcelain, and for a ' once famous pilgrimage, called Our Lady pf Beauvezer, seated between two very lofty and craggy mountains. Moustiers is five miles NE of Riez, and 47 \YN V," of Nice. Mousul or Mosul, a town of Turkey in Asia, in Diarbcck, seated on the W bank pf the river Tigris- It is a large place, surrounded by high walls, and defended by a castle, and citadel : but the houses are in several places gone to ruin. It has a great trade, particularly in cloth, and all sorts of cottons and silks. At some ^distance from Mousul is a mosque, in 'which they pretend the prophet Jonah lies. The" inhabitants are Mahometans; but there are a great number of Chris- tians. In 1743, it was besieged by the Persians, but to no purpose. In 1758, this city and the adjacent country were visited by a dreadful famine, in conse- quence of the preceding hard winter, and of the innumerable locusts by which die fruits of the earth were destroyed. It is 130 miles SE of Diarbekar, and 190 N W of Bagdad. Lon. 41 15 E, lat. 35 Moutier, or Monstier, a town of Savoy, capital of Tarentesia, with an archk-pis- <. <;pal palace. It is seated on the Isere, 62 miles NW.of Turin. Lon. 6 23 E, lat. 45 30 N; Mouson, an ancient town of France, in the department of the Ardennes and late province of Champagne, with a late rich Benedictine abbey. It is seated on the Meuse, eight miles SE of Sedan, and 110 ]SE of Paris. Lon. 5 10 E, lat. 49 37 N. Mowee, one of the Sandwich Islands, discovered by Captain Cook, is 162 miles in circumference. A low isthmus divides it into two circular peninsulas, of which the Eastern is double the size of the Western. The mountains in both rise to a very great height, and may be seen at more than the distance of 30 leagues. The N shores afford no soundings, but the country presents an appearance of verdure and fertility. Near the W p int of the smaller peninsula is a spacious bay, with a sandy beach shaded with co- coanut trees : the country behind has a most romantic appearance, the hills ri- sing in a great variety of peaked forms ; and their steep sides, and the deep chasms between them, are covered with trees. The inhabitants are computed at 65,000. Lon. 175 56 W, lat. 20 53 N. Moyamensing, a township of Philadel- phia county, Pennsylvania, containing 2,887 inhabitants in "l810. It joins the river Delaware on the E and the city of Philadelphia, on the N. Moyei\vic, a town of France, in the department of Meurtbe and late province of Lomiin, remarkable for its suit-pits It is three miles from Vic, and 10 SSE ofNanci. MozcishiTv, a strong town of Lithu- ania, capital of a palatinate of the same name. It was almost ruined by the Rus- sians in 1660, but is rebuilt. It is seated on the Sofz, 22 miles S of Smoknsko. Lon. 32 32 E, lat. 54 28 N. Mucheln, a town of Upper Saxony, in Thuringia, six miles N of Freyburg^and eight SW of Mersburg. This town was burned in 1621, by the Imperialists un- der the command of Count Tilly. Lon. 11 39 E. lat. 51 15 N. Muchehiey, a village in Somersetshire, where are the remains of a rich and an- M U L M U N ieieltt abbey, part of which is now chang- ed to a farm house. It is two miles S by E of Langport. Mucidan, a town of France, in the department of Dordogne and Lite pro- vince of Perigord, seated on the river Isle, 18 miles 'JW of Periguex. Muther, a river of Germany, which rises in the archbishopric of Saltzburg, crosses Stiria, passing by Judenburgh, Luben, Muehr, and Gratz, and falls into the Drave, near Kanisca, in Hungary. JIuehr, or Mueraw, a considerable town of Germany, in the duchy of Stiria, on the river Muehr, 25 miles XW of Gratz, and 40 SW of Xeustadt. Lon. 15 4 E, lat. 47 16 N. Muggia, or Muglia, a town of Italy, in Venetian Istria, with a castle, sealed on a gulf of the same name, five miles S E of Trieste. Lon. 14 2 E, lat. 45 52 N. Muhlberg, a town of Upper Saxony, in the margravate of Meissen. It is situated on the Elbe, has a casile and is 19 miles X W of Meissen and 32 XW of Dresden. Lon. 13 9E, lat. 51 25 X. Muhlenburg, a small county in the state of Kentucky, containing 418i inhabitants in 1810. The principal town is Green- ville. Muhlrose, a town of Upper Saxony, in the middle marche of Brandenburg It Is conveniently situated nine miles SW of Frankfort on the Oder, on a canal which forms a navigable communication from Hamburg to Breslaw. Muirkirk, a town in Ayrshire, seated on the river Ayr, and noted for a con- siderable iron-work. Mull, one of the Hebrides of Scotland, is an island of considerable size, being 25 miles in length, and in some places of equal breadth. There are many good natural harbours ; but there is only one village, called Tobermorey, where a fishing station has been lately established by the British society. The soil is, for the most part, rocky and barren ; it is fertile in corn and grass but has no wood ; the hills abound with springs, and are covered with cattle ; these, with the fishery, and a considerable quantity of kelp, are the only articles of commerce. The ruins of several ancient castles are seen on this island. JHull of Cantyre. See Cant if re. JIa/l of Galloway, a rocky promontory, the most southerly point of Scotland, in the county of Wigton. JVlnldaxu, a river of Bohemia, which rises on the confines of Moravia, and running by Budweis and Prague, falls into the Elbe, at Melnick. Muldpfc a town of Germany, in the archbishopric of Saltzburg, sealed on the Inn, 37 miles XW of Sakzburg, and 40 E of Munich. Lon. 12 25 E, lat. 48 10 X. JIul/uwsen, an imperial and hanseatic town of Germany in Thuringia, under the protection of the elector of Saxony. It is seated in a fertile country* on the Unstrutht, 15 miles XE of Eisenach, and 45 E by S of Cassel. Lon. 10 49 E, lat. 51 13 X. Mulhausen, a considerable town of Ger- many in Alsace, formerly the capital of a republic in alliance with the Swiss, and entitled to all the privileges of the Helvetic confederacy. The walls of the town inclose a circumference of not more than two miles ; and its whole territory is confined within a precinct of eight miles. The town contains 6000 inhabi- tants, who are protestants ; and there are 2000 subjects in its adjacent villages. It owes its present flourishing state to its manufactures, which are chiefly of printed linens and cottons. The govern- ment is aristo-democratical. The su- 4 preme power resides in the great and little council, consisting together of 78 persons, and drawn from the Burghers, whose number amounts to 700, distri- buted into six tribes. It is well built, adorned with handsome structures and seated in a pleasant fertile country on an island formed bv the river 111. It is 15 miles XW of Basle, and 20 E of Befort. Lon. 7 24 E, lat. 47 48 X. Mufhietn, a town of Germany, in the electorate of Cologne, seated near the Rhine, three miles from Cologne. Here the few protestants in Cologne are ob- liged to go to perform divine service. JWullerus, a town of Germany in the middle marche of Brandenburgh, seated on a canal cut between the Spree ami Oder, 40 miles SE of Berlin. Lon. 14 31 E, lat. 52 14 X. MulUngar, the county town of West Meath, in Ireland. It holds a great wool mart, is a place of good trade, and for- merly sent two members to the Irish parliament. It is seated on the Foyle, 38 miles W r of Dublin. Lon. 7 50 W, lat. 53 30 X. JMulvia, a large river of Africa, which has its source in Mount Atlas, and di- viding the empire of Morocco from the kingdom of Algiers, falls into the Me- diterranean Sea, to the W of Marsal- quiver. JSIuncy Creek, a township of Lycom- ing county, Pennsylvania, containing 1426 inhabitants in 1810. It is situated on the E side of the West Branch of Susquc- hannah, and is watered by Muncy creek. Munda, an ancient town of Spain, in M UN MUR Granada, 30 miles WNW of Malaga. Lon. 4 35 W, lat. 36 50 N. Jfunderkingen, a town of Suabia, seat- ed on the river Danube, 25 miles SW of Ulm. Lon. 9 43 E, lat. 48 15 N. Jllunduy a city of Hindoost'an Proper, in the province of Malwa, of which it was anciently the capital. It was then a prodigious city, 22 miles in circuit, and contained many monuments of an- cient magnificence; but it is fallen much to decay. It occupies the top of a large and lofty mountain, in a bold situation, 46 miles S of Ougein, and 454 NE of Bombay. Lon. 75 47 E, lat. 22 50 N. JllungatSy or JWunkats, an episcopal town of Upper Hungary, with an impreg- nable castle, erected on a high and steep rock, 50 miles NE of Tokay. Lon. 22 E, lat. 48 30 N. Mticlorc, a town of Cabul in Hindoo- stan, 130 miles from Cashmere. Lon. 70 15 E, lat. 34 15 N. Munia, or jWc?iie, an ancient and con- siderable town of Egypt. The vessels that go down the Nile are obliged to stop here, and pay certain duties. There are several mosques, and a great number of granite pillars. It is seated on the Nile, 140 miles S of Cairo. Lon. 13 20 E, lat. 27 45 N. Munich, one of the most elegant and populous cities in Germany, capital of the duchy of Bavaria. The houses are high, and the streets large, and spacious, with canals, running through many of them. The palace of the elector pala- tine of the Rhine, as duke of Bavaria, is a stupendous structure, magnificently adorned, and is thought to be one of the largest and most commodious palaces in Europe. The cabinet of curiosities, the library, the arsenal, and the ducal gar- dens merit attention. The cathedral con- tains 25 chapels, and 30 altars ; also the tomb of one of the emperors, of black marble, adorned with statues of bronze. The market place is very beautiful ; and here are manufactures of silk, velvet, woollen cloth and tapestry. This place has been often taken and retaken in the wars of Germany ; and, in September 1796, it was attacked by the French, but the Austrians compelled them to retreat. It is seated on the lser, 15 miles SE of Augsburg, and 62 S by W of Ratisbon. Lon. 11 36 E, lai. 48 10 N. Afuuneistiidt, a town of Germaify,in the circle of Franconia. It is seated on the Laucr, and is 31 miles from Bamberg. Lon. 10 9 E, lat. 50 7 N. Munny-pour, a town of Asia, in the dis- trict of Mecklv, 264 miles from Aracan. Lon. 9 20 E, lat. 48 23 N. Munroe, or Monroe, a county of Vir- ginia, containing 5444 inhabitants in 1810. It is situa'ed between the Alleghany and Jackson's mountain; being a mountain- ous, but well watered country. Miinsey, a post town in Lycoming coun- :y, Pennsylvania; situated on .he S side of Munsey creek, at its junction with the Susquehannah, and 27 miles N of North- umberland. Muzingen, a town of Germany, in the circle of Suabia, and duchv of'wirtem- burg. Lon. 9 20 E, lat. 48 23 N. Mumtev, a province of Ireland, 135 mdes long and 120 broad ; bounded on the N by Connaught, on the E by Lein- ster, and on the S and W by the Western Odean. The chief rivers are the Sure, Audluffe, Lee, Bande, Leane, and Cashon. There are a great many ba}s and har- bours, and many rich towns," and the air is mild and temperate. Some places are mountainous, but the vallies are fruitful. Tne most general commodities are corn, cattle, wood, wool, and fish. It contains six counties, viz. Clare, Tipperary, Wa- ter ford, Cork, L merick and Kerry, one archbishopric, and five bishoprics. The principal town is Cork. Jlfunster, a sovereign bishopric of Ger- many, m the circle of Westphalia, 120 miles in length, and 80 in breadth. The river Embs runs through it from E to W. It is bounded on the N by the counties of Bentheim and SteUtfort, on the E by the bishoprics of Osnkburgh and Pader- born, on the S by the county of Marck, and on the W by the duchy of Clcves, and county of Zutphen. JWunster, a large and populous city of Germany, capital of the bishopric of -Minister, and of all Westphalia, whose bishop is one of the sovereigns of the empire. It was a free and imperial city ; but a citadel was built in 1661. to keep the inhabitants in awe, which stands dis- tinct from the city. The famous treaty, called the treaty of Westphalia, was con- cluded here in 1648, which ended the re- ligious wars of 30 years continuance. It is seated on the Aa, 70 miles N by E of Cologne, and 77 S by W of Bremen. Lon. 7 39 E, lat. 52 N. JYIunster, a town of France, in the de- partment of Upper Rhine, and late pro- vince of Aisace, with a late rich Bene- dictine abbey, 30 miles SW of Strasburg. Lon. 7 5 E, lat. 48 8N. Muiwterburg. See .Momterberg. JHunster-JIeirfeld, a town of Germany, in the electorate of Treves, 12 miles SW of Coblentz. Lon. 7 18 E, lat. 50 19 N. Murano, an island and town of Italy, a mile from* Venice, formerly a very flour- M UR M Y C ishing place, but it is now in a state of decay. The island is said to contain 20,000 inhabitants. Lon. 12 5 E, lat 45 26 N Mitrcia, a province, formerly a king- dom of Spain; bounded on the N by New Castile, on the E by Valencia, on the W by Andalusia, and Granada, and on the S by the Mediterranean. It is 62 miles long and 58 broad ; and the principal ri- ver is Segura. The soil is dry, and it produces little corn. or wine ; but there are plenty ofc oranges, citrons, lemons, olives, almonds, mulberries, rice, pulse, and sugar. It has also a great deal of silk. The air of this province is very healthful, and the principal town is of the same name. Murcia, a populous city of Spain, capi- tal of a province of the same name, with a bishop's see. It has a superb cathedral, the stairs of whose steeple are so con- trived, that a man may ride up to the top either on horseback or in a coach. There are fine gardens about the city, in which are the best fruits in Spain. It is seated on the Segura, 27 miles N of Carthagena, and 212 SE of Madrid. Lon. 36 U r , lat. 38 2 N. Jtfuret, a town of France, in the de- partment of Upper Garonne, and late pro- vince of Gasconv, seated on the Garonne, 10 miles S of Toulouse. Lon. 1 IS E, lat. 43 26 N. Murfreesborough, the capital of Gates county, North Carolina; situated on Mo- horrin River, 50 miles N by W of Eden- ton, and 238 from Washington. J\fur6, an episcopal town of Naples, in Basilicata, seated at the foot of the Ap- penines, 12 miles SE of Conza. Lon. 15 45 E, lat. 40 46 N. -Murray -Frith, a considerable inlet of the sea, on the E coast of Scotland, be- tween Tarbetness, in Rossi. ire, on the N, and Borough Head, in Murrayshire, on the S. Murraykhire, or Elginshire, is sub-di- vided into Murray and Strathspey, and is bounded on the E and SE by the river Spey\ which divides it from Bamffshire ; on the S by Aberdeenshire and Invernes- shire ; on the W by Invcrnesshire and Nairnshire ; and on the N by Nairnshire, and the Frith of Murray, being 30 miles from E to W, and nearly the same from N to S. Its air is salutary, and the win- ter milder than any other part in the N of the kingdom. The S side is moun- tainous, but abounds with pasture, as the low countiy does with corn. Here are several woods of firs and oaks. The soil is generally fruitful, and produces the fruits ripe soon. Its principal rivers are the Spey, the Lossie, Nairn, and Find- horn; all of which produce vast quanti- ties of salmon. The chief towns are El- gin and Forres. Jinn-hart, a town of Suabio, in the duchy of Wirtemberg, with a Benedic- tine abbey. It is seated on the river Mur, big-fat miles S of Hallo. Lon. 9 51 E, lat. 49 14 N. JWusidan, a town of France, in Upper Per igord, which sustained a famous siege in 1579. Lon. 20 E, lat. 45 5 N. Jlfusd, a populous town of Arabia, in the province of Yemen. It is fortified and surrounded with walls, 18 miles E of Mocha. Muskinginn, a navigable river of the state of Ohio, which falls into the river Ohio, 172 miles below Pittsburg. This is a fine gentle stream, 250 yards wide at its mouth, and navigable without any ob- structions 110 miles by large batteaux. With the help of a canal of about two miles, this river might be made to com- municate with the Cayahoga, and by it with lake Erie. At the mouth of it is seated the flourishing town of Marietta. Musselberg, a seaport in Edinburgh - shire, on the Frith of Forth, at the mouth of the river Esk. Here a victory was ob- tained by the English over the Scots, in the reign of Edward VI. It is six miles E of Edinburgh. Lon. 3 5 W, lat. 56 N. jWftSTpell Hill, a village in Middlesex,, five miles N of London. It takes its name from a famous well on the hill, which be- longed to the fraternity of St. John of .Terms idem, in Clerkenwell. This well still belongs to the parish of Clerkenwell. Jnnstagam, a seaport of the kingdom of Algiers, with a casde, 140 miles W of the city of Algiers. Lon. 3 W, lat. 36 30 N. " Musacra, a seaport of Spain, in Gra- nada, with a strong castle, sealed on a mountain, 27 miles NE of Almcria, and 62 SW of Carthagena. Lon. 1 36 W, lat. 37 11 N. Musuela, a town of Spain, in the pro- vince of Andalusia, seated on the banks of the Guadalquiver, 50 miles N of Gra- nada. JWutschen, a town of Germany, in the circle of Upper Saxony, and territory of Leipsic, in the vicinity of which they find a species of crystal called Mutschen diamonds. It is 20 miles ENE of Leip- sic. Lon. 12 50 E, lat. 51 40 N. Miii/den, a town of Holland, seated on the Vecht, on the S coast of the Zuider- zee, seven miles E of Amsterdam. Lon. 5 1 E, lat. 52 22 N. J'Tijcene^ formerly the capital of a fa- MYS mous kingdom in the Movea, which is now reduced to a small village. Aft; cone, an island of the Archipelago, 30 miles in circumference. The harbour is very open, and deep enough for the largest ships, where they may ride secure from the N wind. The soil is dry, and the mountains are of great height. Wa- ter is very scarce in summer ; but in the town is a large well, the only one in the island. Here are plenty of partridges, quails, wood-cocks, turtle-doves, rabbits, and wheat-ears ; also excellent grapes and figs. Almost all the inhabitants are Greeks, who have 50 churches in all; but many are chapels; and some monasteries. Lon. 25 51 E, lat. 37 28 N. JWysore, a kingdom in the peninsula of Hindoostan, subject to a celebrated prince, named Tippoo Sultan, who styles himself regent of the country. His do- minions comprehend, generally, the pro- vinces of Mysore Proper, Bednore, Co- imbettore, Canara, and Dindigul ; be- sides the conquests of his father Hyder Ally (who usurped the throne) to the northward, which are Meritz, Soonda, Chittledroog, Harponelly, Sanore, Ban* capour, Roydroog, Gocty, Condanore, Canoul, and Cuddapa. The extent of his territory, from N to S, is 550 miles ; its breadth, in the widest place (the N part of the peninsula) 330 miles, but, proceeding to the S, it diminishes till it ends in a point. Its area has been com- pared to that of Great Britain. By the peace of 1782, Hyder Ally was to relin- quish all but his ancient possessions. How far his successor fulfilled the terms of that treaty, cannot easily be ascer- tained ; but, on the termination of the war in 1792, that prince agreed, over and above a large payment in money, to cede one half of his dominions to the English E India Company, and their al- lies, the Mahrattas, and the nizam of the Deccan. A new war broke out in 1799; when Seringapatam, Tippoo's ca- pital was taken by the English troops, and he himself killed in the assault; in consequence of which his dominions have been divided between the East In- dia company and their allies. Mysore, in general is dry, rugged, mountainous, and barren. It lies between 10 and 16 N lat. The capital is Seringapatam. Mysore, a town and fortified post of the peninsula of Hindoostan, the ancient capital of a kingdom of the same name, eight miles S of Seringapatam, the pre- sent capital. NAG N JMSS, a borough of Ireland in county of'Kildare, 17 miles SW of Dub- lin and 26 NW of Leinster. It is the shire town of that county and alternately with Athy the assizes town. It has five fairs in the year, and sends two mem- bers to parliament. This place was an- ciently the residence of^the kings of Leinster. Nabal, a town in the kingdom of Tu- nis, remarkable for remams of antiquity. Near it are several celebrated potteries. It is situated near the seacoast 32 miles from Tunis. Lon. 10 19 E, lat. 33 13 N. JVabh7if} } a town of Turkey in Asia, and capital of a province of the same name in Syria, which was anciently ce- lebrated under the name of the kingdom of Samaria. It is situated on the ruins of the Niepolis of the Greeks, and is the residence of a sheik, who is subordinate to the pacha of Damascus, from whom he farms the tribute of the province. The soil of the country is fertile, and produces a great deal of cotton, olives, and some silk. It is 24 miles N of Jeru- salem, and 90 SSW of Damascus. Loru 35 24 E, lat. 32 20 N. Nabvrg, a town of Germany, in the palatinate of Bavaria, seated on the river Nab, 10 miles SE of Amberg. Lon. 12 13 E, lat. 49 23 N. JVadeegsda. See Knriles. Naefels, a town of Swisserland, in the cantons of Glaris. It is remarkable for a celebrated victory gained by the inha- bitants over the Austrians, in memorv of which a chapel was built on tile spot, which was rebuilt in 1799. JVaerden, a strong town of Holland,- at the head of the canals of the province. It was taken by Fernando de Toledo, son of the duke of Alva in 1572, when all the inhabitants without distinction of age or sex, were massacred. It is seated on the Zuider Zee, 14 miles E of Amsterdam, and 15 N of Utrecht. Lon. 5 9 E, lat. 52 20 N. Nagera, a town of Spain, in Old Cas- tile, with a fort, three miles NW of Ca- lahorra, and 138 N of Madrid. Lon. 2 10 W, lat. 42 14 N. Nagold, a town of Suabia, in the duchy of Wirtemberg, with a strong castle ten miles W of Tubingen. A'agore, a town of Hindoostan Proper N A M NAN in the country of Agimere, 40 miles XW of Agimere. " Lon. 74 10 E, lat. 27 8 N. JVagponr, a city of the Decern of Hin- doostan, capital of that pari of Berar w hich is subject to a chief of the East- ern Mahrattas. It is a city of modern date; but though extensive and popu- lous, is but meanly built; and, except- ing- a small citadel, is open and defence- less, ft is 560 miles W bv S of Calcutta. Lon. 79 46 E, lat. 21 8 N. Nagybanja, a town of Hungary cele- brated for its gold and silver mine-worl ■which are of great produce. It is a me- tal town and one of the royal free towns, and is 30 miles NE of Tamar. Lon. 22 54 E, lat. 48 10 X. JVahe, a river of the palatinate of the Rhine, which running by Birkenfeld, Oberstein, Kreuzenach, and Bingen, falls into the Rhine. Nairn, a borough and seaport, the county-town of Xairnshire ; seated at the entrance of the Frith of Murray, 10 miles E of Inverness, and 104 X of Edinburgh. ^ Lon. 3 51 \V, lat. 55 33 N. Nairnshire, a small county of Scotland, bounded on the N by Murray Frith ; on . the E and S by Murrayshire ; and on the W by Invernesshire. Its greatest length is not above 12 miles, nor its breadth above ten. It is fruitful, and its corn soon ripens, has several woods of firs, and several lakes and mountains, yet is well peopled. Its chief town is Nairn. A'aksivcm, a city of Armenia, capital of a province of the same name, with an archbishop's see. It is seated between the towns ofErivan andTauris. Lon. 45 30 E, lat. 38 40 N. ^Vamari, a mountain of Sicily, in the Val-di-Demona, between Messina, Taor- mina, and Melazzo. +Yam/)twich, a town in Cheshire, with a market on Saturday. It is well built, and has a large church, in the form of a cross, with the tower in the middle. Here are salt springs, on the bank s of a fresh water stream, from which are made gr( at quantities of white sait, in which article and cheese this town carries on a considerable trade. The principal dai-| ries of (Cheshire are in its neighbourhood. It is seated on the Weaver, 26 miles SE of Chester, and 1G2 NW of London. Lon. I 2 25 W, lat. 53 6 X. JVaniit^ t a county of the Austrian Xe- therhjncU, divided by the river Sambre and Maesc into three equal parts, bound - ed on the X by Brabant, on the E and S by the bishopric of Liege, and on the W by Hainault. This province is pretty fer- tile ; has several forests, marble quarries, and mines of iron*, lead, and coal. jyaptw, a city of the Austrian Xether~ lands, capital of the county of Xamur, with a strong castle, several forts and a bishop's see. This castle is built in the middle of the town on a cr; ggy rock.' In 1692, this place was taken by Louis XIV. in person, after a siege of six days only ; but in 1695, it was taken by king William, after a long and bloody siege, although it was defended by 16,000 men under the command of marshal BoufHers, and marshal Villerov was in the neigh- bourhood, at the head of 100,000. On the death of Charles it king of Spain the French seized this city, but it was ceded to the house of Austria by the peace of Utrecht! In 1715, it was allowed to be garrisoned by Dutch troops, as one of the barrier towns of the United Provin- ces. In 1746, it was again taken by the French, but restored at the peace of Aix- la-Chapcile. In 1781, the emperor Jo- seph II. destroyed the fortifications of all the barrier towns, except these of Xamur, from which, however, in viola- tion of solemn treaty, he expelled the Dutch garrison. In 1792, it was once more taken by the French ; but they were compelled to evacuate it. the following year. It soon afterwards, however, again fell into their hands. It is seated between, two mountains, at the confluence of the Uaese and Sambre, 24 miles WSW of Liege, and 32 SE of Brussels. Lon. 4 50 E, lat. 50 29 N. JVanci, a famous city of France, in the department of Meurihe and late duchy of Lorrain, with a bishop's see. It contains 74,000 inhabitants, and is divided by a canal, into the old town and new. The fiist though irregularly built, is very po- oulous, and contains the ducal palace. The primatial church is a magnificent, structure, and in that of the Cordeliers ire the tombs of the ancient dukes of Lorrain. The new town whose streets are perfectly straight, was already one of the finest in Europe, before the mag- lificent works with which Stanislaus I. titular king of Poland, and duke of Lor- rain, enriched it. The cat hedral is a su- oerf) structure. Xanci is 25 miles S by K of Metz, and 212 E of Paris. Lon. 6 17 E, lat. 48 41 X. 'Jxlattjiq, an island of the Archipelago, a little to the X of that of Santorini. It is 16 miles in circumference, and abound? with partridges;; but has no harbour. The mountain's are nothing but barren rocks, and there are no springs sufficient o water the fields. The inhabitants are all Greeks, and their trade is in onions, wax, and honey. The' riuhs.of the tem- ple of Apollo are vet to be s< <:•'., and rou N A N NAP s':st chiefly of marble columns. Lon. 26 10 E, lat. 36 15 N. .WivcfusacLi, a city 'of Japan in the is- land of Xiiuo-Fisen, with a well-frequent- ed harbour. The inhabitants carry on a great trade with the Chinese and Dutch. The lutter are never suffered to come in- to the city, unless when their ships ar- rive, and then they deliver up their guns, helms, and sails, as pledges of their good behaviour. Lon. 128 32 E, lai. 32 32 % JTarig-kangifou, a city of China, in the province of Kiang-si, built on lake Poy- ang, and containing four ci ties of the thiru class under its jurisdiction. J\'a7ijemoi!, a post town in Charles coun- tv, Maryland ; situated on the NE side of Nanjemoy river, six miles W by S of Port Tobacco, and 44 S of the city oi Washington. Nati-icingi or Kiang'-ngig-foUy a ci^y of China, and capital of the province of Ki- ang-nan, and said to have been one of the most beautiful cities in the world. It is still the largest in China, being 17 miles in circumference, and 3 distant from the river Yang-tise-kiang*, from which canals are cut, so large, that vessels may enter the town. Nan-king has lost much of its •ancient splendour ; it had formerly a magnificent palace, no vestige of which is now to be seen ; an observatory at present neglected, temples, tombs of the emperors, and other superb m uiuments, of which nothing remains but the remem- brance. A third of the city is deserfei but ihe rest is well inhabited. Some quarters of it are extremely populous, and full of business. The streets are4»o; so broad as those of Pekin ; they are, howevv r, very beautiful, well paved, and bordered with rich shops. The public buildings are mean, except a few temples, the citv gates, and a lower of porcelain, 200 feet high. It is 500 miles SSE of Pe- kin. Lon. 119 25 E, lat. 32 46 X. jVan-ng m-fou y . a. beautiful and popu- lous city^jf China in the most southern part of the province of Kiang-si ; it is i. beautiful, populous and commercial city, and much frequented. It contains in its district, 4 cities of the third class. It is 200 miles N by E of Canton. ^Yuns'imoiid, a county in the state o* Virginia. It is situated between Black- water liiver and the Dismal Swamp, .and bounds on the slate of North Carolina, on ihe Sotph. It contained 10,324 inhabi- tants in 1810, nearly one half slaves. * ^ A'cni-tchang-fou, a city of China, capital of the province of Kiang-si. 1 1 is the re- sidence of a viceroy, and comprehends 8 cities in its district. " . ^-JPf"" * Mantes, an ancient rich and very con- siderable town of France, in the depart- ment of Lower Loire, and Lite province of Bre agne.*The bridges over the L6ire, m which are some islands, are almost a league in length. The suburbs are so large that they exceed the city. The in- habit >nts are computed at 60,000. Since the pe.tce in 1783, Nantes has had a con- siderable share in the commerce with the United States. Large vessels can come no higher than port Lunnai, where they are unloaded into smaller vessels which go up to Nantes, being a distance of 12 miles. In 1796, the theatre here took fire-, during a time of performance, and several persons lost their lives. Nantes is 58 miles S by E of Rennes, and 217 SW of Paris. Lon. 1 45 W, lat. 47 13 X. Nanticoke, a river of Maryland, on the eastern side of Chesapeake bay. It rises in the state of Delaware, and runs nearly in aSW course through Dorchester coun- ty (Maryland) and enters the Chesapeake, on the S side of Philips' poi it. ^JjjLj J\'a)iticoke, a hundred of Sussex county, Delaware, containing 2,843 inhabitants in 1810. It is watered by the Xanticokt ri- ver, from which it derives its name, and on the W and S it joins the state of Ma- ryland. Nantmill, East and JVest, two contigu- ous townships of Chester county, Penn- sylvania, containing together 2,732 inha- nhants in 1810. They are situated in the X\V corne r of the county, and are water- ed by French creek and die east branch of Hr:tndy wine, about 35 miles NWof Phil- adelphia. jSTantua, a town cf France, in the de- partment of Ain and late province of llresse, situated at the extremity of a great lalce of the same name, 18 miles S E of Bourg. Here Charles the Bold was interred. Jfcjitucket, an island of North America, in the sta.e of Massachusetts, of which it is a count}-. The inhabitants of which have a considerable whale fishing on the coast, and even in Greenland. It lies to e S of Cape Cod, and is a low, sandy, ... i t barren inland, the inhabitants depend almost entirely on the watry element for Subsistence. It contains 6807 inhabi- tants. jfanliicket. the capital of the island of Nantucket, situated on a babon, the north side of the island, in the lat. of 41 18 N, ;Uid lon. of 7o 1 W, at the distance of 120 miles SE of Boston. It is a post town and port of entry, and belongs to the state of Massachusetts. A'apu-J, a province of Ilindoostan Pro- oer. bounded on the S bv Bahar. on the NAP NAP W by Oude and Rohilcund, on the NW by Sirinagur, and on the XE and E by i he ridge of mountains called Himmaleh, by •which it is separated from Thibet. Cat- mandu is the capital. A'uples, a kingdom of Italy, compre- hending the ancient countries of Samni- um Campania, Apulia, and Magna Grae- cia. It is ^ou -ded on the NW by the Ecclesiastical State, on the S and W by the Ylediteiraneart, and on the E by tiie gulf of Venice. Its extent from NW to SE f whose sovereign is divided into seve- ral branches. It is seat, d on the river Lahn, 12 miles SE of Coblentz. Lon. 7 42 E, lat. 50 18 N. Nasmtck, a town of Hindoosian Pro- per, in the province of Guzerat, 128 mil s W of Aurungabad, and 95 SSW of Surat. Lon. 73 49 E, lat. 19 30 N. Nastadt, a town of Germany, in the circle of Upper Rhine, 18 miles SE of Coblentz, and 22 NW of Mentz. Lon. 7 36 E, lat. 49 50 N. Nata, a seaport of South America, in the government of Panama, seated in a fertile country, earn, seated on the Gave-d'Oleron, 26 miles SE of Bayonne. Lon. 45 W, lat. 43 19 N. JWividad, a seaport of New Spain, seated on the Pacific Ocean, 350 miles W of Mexico. Lon. 106 W, lat. 19 N. jYavigator'2 Ista?idSj a cluster of Islands in the South Pacific Ocean. The inhabi- tants are a strong and handsome race ; scarcely a man to be seen among them fess than six feet high, and well propor- tioned. The women arc delicately beau- tiful ; their canoes, houses, &c. well con- structed ; and they are much more ad- vanced in internal policy, than any of the islands in this ocean. They are sur- rounded by a coral reef, but boats may land with great safety. Lon. 169 W, 'lat. 14 19 S. See Maouna. A'auen, a town of Upper Saxony, in the Middle Marche of Hi ar.denburg. Lon. 12 52 E, lat. 52 37 N. JVatieJihofy a town of Upper Saxony, in the circle of Leipsic, eight miles E of Leipsic. Nawyburg, a town of Germany, in the electorate of Mentz, 14 miles WSW of Casscl, and 36 S'NV of Gottingen. It is situated on the Eder. .Vaumlnirg, a town of Upper Saxony, capital of the duchy of Saxe Naumburg, seated on the Sala, 37 miles NE of Er- fort, and 60 AV of Dresden. Lon. 12 20 E, lat. 51 12 N. "s\: ckovj, a town of Denmark, in the isle of Laland, with a harbour commodi- ous for trade, and a plentiful fishery here. It is 60 miles SW of Copenhagen. Lon. 11 31 E, lat. 54 52 N. JVkro*, or JYaxia, a considerable is- land of the Archipelago, 25 miles in length and 88 in circumference. It a- hounds with orange, olive, lemon, ce- dar, citron, pomegranate, fig, and mul- berry-trees; and though it has no har- bour, carries on a considerable trade in barley, wine, oil, cheese, figs, cotton, .silk, flax, salt, oxen, sheep, and mules. It is inhabited both by Greeks and La- tins, has four arehiepiscopal sees, and a great many villages ; but the whole island does not contain above 8000 in- habitants* the highest mountain is Zia, which signifies the mountain of Jupiter; but there are no antiquities, except some small remains of a temple of Bacchus. The female dress of this island has some- thing ridiculous in its appearance. The two wings of black velvet, which they fix behind to their shoulders, are alto- gether preposterous. The Greek won. en at Smyrna cover tneir breasts with a sin- gle gauze; at Naxia, they wear a heavy stomacher or breast piece of velvet, co- ve-red with embroidery and small pearls. They add to this romantic cumbrous dress all the coquetry of behaviour they can assume. They paint, blacken their eyebrows and eyelashes, and cover their Taces wit h patches, made of a black shin- ing talc, which they find in the island. This island was anciently famous for a I sort of marble called ophitus, from its ' being spotted like the skin of a serpent,) with green and white spots. On the mountains near the coasts of the Medi- ! terranean is found the best emery, whence the neighbouring promontory is by the Italians called Cape Smeriglio. On the S side of the island is a town defended by a castle. About a gunshot from hence, is a fine marble tower on a rock, in the middle of a heap of stately ruins of mar J ble and granite, probably the remains ofl Bacchus's temple. Lon. 26 10 E, lat. 36) 41 N. . A J\ ,m uxos, or J\"axia, the capital of the isle of Naxos, with a castle and two ar-| chiepiscopal sees, the one Greek and the other Latin. The greatest part of the] inhabitants are Greeks. Lon. 25 59 E] lat. 37 8 N. Nazaretlt, a town of Palestine, famou* for being the residence of Jesus Christy in the early part of his life. It is now no- thing but a village, where the monks of St. Francis h<.ve a convent. Lon. 35 20 E, lat. 32 30 N. Naznreik, U/jfrer and Lower, two town- ships of Northampton county, Pennsyl- vania, containing together 1283 inhabi- tants in 1810. They are situated on the W side of Delaware, about 6 miles N\V of Fasten, and 10 X of Bethlehem. Nazareth, a post town in Northanvp- NEE N E G ton county, Pennsylvania, belonging to the Unitas Fratrum, or society of Mora- vians ; it is situated ten miles N of Beth- lehem, eight W by N of Easton on the ri- ver Delaware, and 63 N of Philadelphia. In 1800 it contained oil inhabitants, dis- tinguished for their industry and regula- rity of manners, as this religious society generally is. Nate, or Cape Lindenas, the most south- ern promontory of Norway. Lon. 7 20 E, lat. 57 30 N. Neagh, Lough, a lake of Ireland, situ- ated in the counties of Armagh, Down, Antrim, Londonderry, and Tyrone. It is the largest in Europe, those of Ladoga, and Onega in Russia, and that of Geneva in Swisserland, excepted, being 20 miles long and 15 broad. Neath, a corporate town in Glamor- ganshire, with a market on Saturday. It is situated on the Neath, over which is a bridge, where small vessels come to load coal. On the other side of the river are the ruins of a fine monastery, and in the neighbourhood are iron forges, smelting works for copper, and coal mines. It is governed by a portreeve, who is sworn in by the deputy constable of the castle of Neath, and seated near the Bristol Chan- nel, 32 miles NW of LandafF, and 200 W bv N of London. Lon. 3 45 W, lat. 51 43 N. Neath, a river in Glamorganshire, which talis into the Bristol Channel, be- low the town of Neath. Neb, a river in the isle of Man, which runs into the Irish sea, at Peel Castle. Nebio, or Nebbio, a ruined city on the W side of the island of Corsica, with a bishop's see, whose bishop resides at St. Piorenzo, a mile distant. Nebra, a town in the circle of Upper Saxony, in Thurir.gia. It is 12 miles N \V of Naumburg. ' Lon. 11 26 E, lat. 51 13 N. Neckar, a river of Germany, which :'ises in the black Forest, crosses the duchy of Wirtemburg, and the palatinate of the Rhine, and falls into the Rhine, at Jfanheim. Neckars-Gemvnd, a town of Germany, h the palatinate of the Rhine, seated on tne Neckar. Lon. 9 55 E, lat. 49 26 N. Neckars-Uhn, a town of Germany, in tlie circle of Franconia, seated on the Neckar. It belongs to the grand-master of the Teutonic order. Lon. 9 5 E, lat. 49 22 N. Nedroma, a city of Algiers, remarkable for its magnificent ruins. Lon. 38 W, lat. 35 40 N. Needham, a town in Suffolk, with a mar- ket on Wednesday. It is seated on the Orwell, and has some trade in Suffolk- blues, and cloths ; and women are em- ployed in spinning and weaving bonelace. It is 10 miles NW of Ipswich, and 73 NE of London. Lon. 1 23 E, lat. 52 15 N. Needham, a township of Norfolk coun- ty, Massachusetts, containing 1,097 inha- hitants in 1810. It is situated between Newtoil and Natick, 12 miles S\\ T of Bos- ton. Needles, two rocks in Hampshire, N of the isle of Wight so called from their sharp extremities. Neeheeheonv, one of the Sandwich is- lands, five leagues W of Atooi. The E coast is high, and rises abruptly from the sea ; the rest of it consists of low ground, except a round bluff head on the SE point. It produces plenty of yams, and contains about 10,000 inhabitants. Neerivinden, a village of Austrian Bra- bant, a little N by W of Landen. Here were fought two celebrated battles which are sometimes called by the name of Neer- winden ; the one in 1693, the other in 1793 when the French were compelled to evacu- ate the Austrian Netherlands. See Landen. Nefta, a tewn of the kingdom of Tu- nis, 250 mile* S bv W of Tunis. Lon. 9 25 E, lat. 33 N. " Negapatam, a city of the peninsula of Hindoostan, on the coast of Coromandel. It was first a colony of the Portuguese, but was taken by the Dutch who were dispossessed of it by the English in 1782 ; but, by the-peace of 1783, it was agreed to be restored to the Dutch, whenever they should give an equivalent for it. Ne- .gapatam is 183 miles S of Madras. Lon. 79 56 E, lat. 10 46 N. Negambo, a seaport on the W coast of the isle of Ceylon. It has a fort built by the Portuguese, which was taken, in 1640, by the Dutch, who were forced to give it up to the English in February 1796. Lon. 83 45 E, lat. 7 30 N. Negrais, a seaport on the E side of the bay of Bengal, 240 miles WSW of Pegu. Lj'n. 94 4 E, lat. 15 50 N. Negri! point, the most westerly promon- tory of the island of Jamaica. Negro, Cape, a promontory of Africa, on the W coast of Angola, being the most southerly country to which the Europe- ans usually resort to purchase slaves. Lon. 10 40 E, lat. 15 54 N. * Negroes Island, one of the Philippine Islands, between Pannay and Zebu. Negroland, or Nigritia, a country of Africa, through which the river Niger is supposed to run. It has the great desert of Zahara on the N, and stretches far to the S, but the inland parts are very little known. The Europeans have many set- N E L N E R Uements on the const, where they barter European goods for slaves, gold dust, and elephant's teeth. JW'gropont, an island of Turkey in Eu- rope, the largest in the Archipelago. It was anciently called Eubcca, and is near the X coast of Livaxlia, separated from it by the strait of Xegropont, over which is a bridge. It is 90 miles in length, and 2.5 in breadth, though in some places much narrower. It abounds in corn, wine, and fruits. jYegropont, a strong city, capital of an island of the same name, and a Greek archbishop's see. It has a good harbour, which is commonly the station of the Turkish ships. The walls of the city in which the Turks and Jews reside, are two miles and a half in circumference ; but the suburbs, where the christians live, are much larger. It was taken, in 1469, from the Venetians, who attempted to retake it in 1688, without effect. It is seated on a strait of the same name, 30 fchles NE of Athens, and 260 SW of Con- stantinople. Lon. 24 8 E, lat. 38 30 N. vYeviUumrf, an ancient town of Persia, in Irac Agemj, famous for a battle fought near it, between the califf Omar and Yez Degerd, king of Persia, in 1638, when he lost that kingdom. It is 170 miles N\V of Ispaham. Lon. 47 10 E, lat. 34 20 N. j I Neidendu, a town of Germany, in the electorate of Mentz, situated on the Jaxt. ■ It is 33 miles ESE of Heidelberg. • J\>.idenburg, a town of Prussia, with a castle on a mountain, 75 miles E of Culm. JVcihton, a village in Renfrewshire, to the S of Parley. It is nored for a cotton manufactory. Eon. 1 20 W, h.t. 55 22 X. JVeisse, a town of Silesia, surrounded by thick walls and deep ditches. The bishop of Breslaw generally resides here, and has a magnificent palace. The in- habitants carry on a considerable trade in •linens and wine. It is seated on a river of the same name, 27 miles NE Glatz,and 35 SE of Breslaw. Lon. 17 35 E, lat. 50 •31 N. ' r \. .Vcllciilurg, a town ofSuabia, capital of a landi- ra; ate of the same name, 20 miles' N of Constance, and 2j XE ofSchaffhau- seri, Lon. 9 8 E, lat. 47 59 X. .Vdson, an English settlement in North America, on the W side of Hudson's Bay, al the mouth of the river Nelson, 250 mites SE of Churchill Fort. It belongs to the Hudson's Kay Company, who carry on a great trade in beaver and other skins. Lon. 92 35 W, lat. 57 7 X. - Nelson, a county in the state of Ken- tucky, containing 14,078 inhabitants in 1810. It is watered by the Salt river, I and is about 30 miles E of the Big Bend of the Ohio. The chief town is Bcards- town. ' v aHffffi- ^ffi ifflliftlfwffi *' J\°em. John's, Placeiitia, and other forts. The gfeat importance of this island arises from its fishery, which begins in May, and ends in September ; the great fishing banks to the SE of this island, are resort- ed to by at least 10,000 people, and 8 or 900 sail of ships, and the fish when cured are exported to Spain, Portugal, Italy, and the West Indies. In winter the chief employment of the inhabitants is to cut wood; and the smallest kind, used for fuel, is drawn by their large dogs, train- ed up and harnessed for that purpose. There is great plenty of game, fish, and fowl, but very little corn, fruit, or cattle. St. John's is the principal settlement. New Garden, a township in Chester county, Pennsylvania; where there is a post office, 12 miles W by N of Wilming- ton, Delaware, and 125 from the city of Washington. It contains 1,038 inhabi- tants. Nep Garden, a settlement of friends, in Guilford county. North Carolina, 26 miles E of Salem, the Moravian town. New Geneva, a post town in Fayette county, Pennsylvania, on the W side of Monongahela river, 13 miles N of Mor- gantov.n in Virginia, and 45 S of Pitts- burgh. New Germinfbwn, a post town in Hun- terdon connty, New Jersey, 28 miles NW of New Brunswick, and 20 W of Eliza- MtljtWiu ^2SSSSi^(iil'> ■ New Gloucester' , a post town in Cum- berland county, Maine ; 30 miles N by W of Portland, containing 1643 inhabitants when last census was taken. .Vra Himpsjiire. See Hampshire. New Hartford, a post town in Litch- field county, Connecticut, 22 miles W by N of the city of Hartford, and 12 miles. NE of Litchfield, the shire town. New Hampton, a post town of Hunter- . don county, New Jersey, 21 miles N by W of Flemington, and 40 NW of Bruns- wick. New Hampton, a township of Strafford county Ne w Hampshire, containing 1293 inhabit: 1 , nts in 1810, situated near the N W corner of Winipisioke la.:e. New Hanover, a township of Montgo- mery county, Pennsylvania, containing l'o65 inhabitants in 1810. Situated on the' NE side of Schuylkill, lie twee h Limerick unci Douglas. New Hunovsr, a county in the state of North Carolina, containing 11,465 inhabi- tants, of whom 6,442 were slaves, in 1810. It is watered by Cape Fear river. The ca- pital is Wilmington. Newhave.i, a town of Sussex, at the mouth of the river Oust-, with a quay on the E side, where ships may ride secure in foul weather. It is chiefly inhabited by maritime people, and is 7 miles S by E (if Lewes, and 56 S of London. Loir. 5L, lat. 50 48 N. New Haven, the capital of New Raven county, Connecticut, and alternately with Hartford the "seat of state government. It is delightfully si* uated at the head of a small bay in Long island Sound, in the lat. of 41 18 N, and Ion. of 72 56-W, at the distance, of 40 miles S by W of Hart- ford, and 54 W of New London. It is built with considerable elegance, the streets being generally laid out in regu- lar squares, and many of them shad' d with rows of trees. Yale College insti- tuted in this city, in 1700, is a seminal v in high credit. The students are about 150 in number, and the total of the inha- t:mts 5772, of whom one in 70 is supposed to die annually. Here is a post office, and a bank. The foreign trade is vev*. considerable, the exports of one year hav- ing amounted to 170,000 dollars. New Holland, a post town in Lancaster county, Pennsylv ania, 15 miles NE of the borough of Lancaster, and 50 W bv N ol Philadelphia. New Jersey, see Jersey. Nezi> Ipswich, a post town in Hillsbo- rough county, New Hampshire; about 55 miles NW of Boston, with 1395 iiiha bitants. New Kent, a county of 'Virgini: 1 , con- taining 6,47 8 i::h..i,itants of w hom irtoye than one half were slaves in 1810. Sitti- att d be- ween Pamunky and Clviekafroini- ny rivers, about 25 miles E of Richmond. New Lebanon, a town in Columbia coun- ty, New York ; situated 33 miles SE of Tioy, near the line that divides this stile from Massachusetts. Nero London, a city in New London county, Connecticut: seated on tin- V, side of the river Thames, in lat. 41 25, and Ion. 72 15 W. It lies about three miles from Long- Island sound, 50 NE of Hartford, and near!}- the same distance E of New Haven. The entrance of the har- bour is defended by two fortifications, one on each bank of the river. This is one of the principal ports of entry in Connecti- cut, Vhe foreign trade particularly to the Webt In lies being very considerable. The inhabitants at the last enumeration were 3238. " New London, a small post town in Campbell county, Virginia, 250 miles S W of Washington, about 12 miles S of James river New London, a township of Chester county, Pennsylvania, situated between Little Britain and Nottingham. In 1810 it contained 1,018 inhabitants. New Marlborough, a township of Berk- shire, Massachusetts, containing 1,832 inhabitants in 1810. It is situated 8 miles' E of Sheffield, and joins the state of Connecticut in the S. Newmarket, a town partly in Cam- bridgeshire, and partly in Suffolk, with a market on Thursday. It has one parish in- each county, but all the town is in Suffolk. It is the most celebrated place in England for horse-races; and here Charles II. built a house for the sake of this diversion. It has two charity schools settled by Queen Anne with 50/. a year each. It is 14 miles E of Cambridge, and 60 N by E of London. Lon. 25 E, iat. 52 20 N. New Market, a post town in Rocking- ham county, New Hampshire, 8 miles N by E of Exeter, and 15 \V of Portsmouth, with 1061 inhabitants. New Market, a post town in Frederick county Maryland, 9 miles eastward of Frcdei'ickstown. New Market, a post town in Shenan- doah county, Virginia, situated on the E side of Robinson river, 132 miles W by S of Washington. New Market, a village in Dorchester county, Maryland, lying on the E side of Nanticoke river, 9 miles above Vienna on the same stream. Here is a post office. New Mills, a thriving village, with a ' post office, in Burlington county, New Jersey, about 5 miles E of Mountholly. New, Mdford, a post town in Lincoln county, Maine, at the head of Sheepsgu river . 15 miies N by V? of Wiscassc.t. New Mi/ford, a post town in Litchfield county, Connecticut, 16 miles N of Dan- >ui-y,"and 18 SW of Litchfield, on the NE .side of Hotlssatonick river, containing a- bout 3537 inhabitants. Newtduim, a corporate town in Glouces- tershire, with a market on .Friday. It is seated on the Severn, 8 miles SW of Gloucester, and 112 WNW of London, Lon. 2 23 W, lat. 51 46 N. New Orleans, see Orleans. New Paliz, a township of Ulster coun- ty, New York, containing 399 inhabitants N E W NEW in 1810. It is situated on the W side of Hudson river, about 65 miles N of Mew- York, and SO S of Albany. Newport, a borough' in the isie of Wight, with a market on Wednesday and Saturday. It is a large populous and well frequented town governed by a may or, and sends two members to parliament It is seated almost in the middle of the island, on the river Cpvves, which is navi- gable for small vessels, 17 miles S by E of Southampton, and 91 SW of London. Lon. 1 15 W, lat. 50 40N. Newport, a borough in Cornwall, which has no market, but sends two m embers to parliament. It is 3 miles X of Launces- ton, and 21-1- W bv S of London. Lon. 4 36; W, lat. 50 43 X. NSxapbrt, a town in Shropshire, with a market on Saturday and a handsome free- school, l/jniles E of Shrewsbury, and 140 XW of London. Lon. 2 13 W, lat. 52 45 N. Nfrcport, a seaport town in Monmouth- shire, with a market on Saturday, it had once a strong castle which is now demo- lished. It is seated on the river Usk, o- ver which is a handsome bridge, 19 miles SSW of Monmouth, and 152 W by N of London. Lon. 3 4 W, lat. 51 36 X. Newport, a corporate town in Pem- brokeshire, with a market on Saturdav, and the ruins of a castle. It is governed by a mayor, and seated at the. foot of a high hill, at the, bottom of a bay of the pametname, 18 miles XE of St. David's, 91 I 235 WX W of London. Lon. 4 50 W. lat. 52 6 X. \fcpoport, a post town, and port of en- try, in Newport county, Rhode Island, and formerly the metropolis of the pro- vince. This city stands on the SW cor- ner qf the island, in lat. 41 29 X, and lon. 71 10 W. The harbour which is be- tween Goat Island and the town, is one of the best and largest in fhe United States, but this, added to beauty of si tuation and salubrity of air, has not pre- vented the city from declining; owing in some measure to the removal of the seat of government, but more to the loss of foreign trade : though planted in 1639, the inhabitants hardly amount to 7000 at this time. The entrance of the har- bour i9 Vlefeirdeafjbj^a fortification on Coat Island. Jfrivport, a township of Cheshire coun- ty, Xew Hampshire, containing 1-127 in- habitants in 1810. Newport, a post town in Xew Castle county, Delaware,, three miles SW of Wilmington, and about the same dis- tance XW of Xew Castle. It has about 300 inhabitants, and carries on a con- siderable' trade in wheat and flour, be- tween the adjacent counties and Phila-* delphia. Newport-Pagnel, a town in Bucking- hamshire, with a market on Saturday. It has a manufacture of bone lace, and is seated on the Ouse, over which it has 'wo bridg.-s, 14 miles EXE of Bucking- ham and 51 XXYV of London. Lon. 43 W, lat. 52 4 X. Act:- River, for supplying London with, water. This river has its rise at Am- well,, near Ware, in Herts, and was formed by the great Sir Hugh Middle- ton, who was obliged, in order to avoid the eminences and Vallies in the way, to make it run a course of about 39 miles, and to carry it over two vallies, in long" wooden troughs lined with lead ; that at Bushill being 660 feet in length, and 30 in height ; under which is an arch, capa- cious enough to admit the largest wag- gon loaded with hay or straw. In short, over and under this river, which some- times rises thus high, and at others is conveyed under ground, runs several con- siderable currents of land waters, and both above and below it a great number of brooks, rills, and water-courses have their passage. New Ruchelle, a post town in West Cluster county, New York, planted ori- ginally by French Huguenots. It "ies 20 miles XE of the city of New Yo/k. It contains 996 inhabitants. Newrti, a borough of Ireland, in the county of Down, situated on the side of a steep hill, at the footed" which is Newry- water, having over it'two stone bridges ; and there is a third bridge over a navi- gable canal, by which it has a communi- cation with Lough Xeagh and Carling- ford bav. It is 49 miles N of Dublin Lon; 6 20 W, lat. 54 15 X. Newnj-water, a river of Ireland, which separates the counties of Armagh and Dawn, and watering Xewry, enters Car- lingford bay. New S Jem, a town of Hampshire coun- ty, Massachusetts. Here is a post office 4 miles NVV of Worcester, and 81 in the same cour.se from Boston. AVwsA/wtJ, a village in Durham, situated on the Tees, fi ve miles from Darlington. New Sharon, a post, town in Kennebec County, Maine, on the N side of Sandy river, 34 miles NW of Augusta on the river Kennebecj. ^^''lJI Newton, a borough in Lancashire, with a market on SaturdPfc It sends two members to parliament, and is five miles X of Warrington, and 190 NW of Lon- don. Lon. 2 45 W, lat. 53 28 N. Newton, a borough in the Isle of Wight, which sends two rr.embers to parliament, but has no market. It is 14 NEW N E W miles S of Southampton, and 93 SW of London. Lon. 1 16 W, lat. 50 43 N. Newton, a town in Montgomeryshire, with a market on Saturday, seated on the Severn, seven miles SW of Montgomery, and 169 WNW of London. Lon. 3 12 \V, lat. 52 21 N. Newtown, a post town, and the capital of Bucks county, Pennsylvania, 22 m iles X of Philadelphia, containing a gaol, court-house, and 790 inhabitants. Newtown, a town in Fairfield county, Connecticut, eight miles NEofDanbury, and 25 NW of New Haven : the township contains about 3000 inhabitants. Newtown, a town in Sussex county, New Jersey, 39 miles NE of Easton in Pennsylvania JSewtown, a town in Tioga county, New York, situated on the N' side of Tioga river, 20 miles SE of Painted Post, containing 2437 inhabitants. Newtown, a township of Cumberland county 1 , Pennsylvania, containing 1312 inhabitants in 1810. Situated on the S side of Conedoguinnct creek, 6 miles NE of Shippensburg. Newtown, a township of Middlesex county, Massachusetts, containing 1709 inhabitants in 1810. Situated about 12 miles SW of Boston. Newton- Bushel, a town in Devonshire, with a market on Wednesday, seated on the Feign, 15 miles S by W of Exeter, and 188 WSW of London. Lon. 3 38 W, lat. 50 32 N. Newtonstewart, a town in Wigtonshire, situated on the navigable river Crec, over which there is a handsome bridge, and whose mouth, in Wigton Bay, af- fords a valuable salmon-fishery. Several manufactures have been commenced with success in this town. It is 26 miles E by N of Port-Patrick. Newton, a village in Renfrewshire, to the S of Paisley. It is noted for several large print-fields. Newtown JAmavady, a borough of Ire- land, in the county of Londonderry, seat- ed near the E coo.st of Lough Foyle, 15 miles ENE of Londonderry. New Windsor, a township of Orange county, New York, containing 2331 in- habitants in 1810. Situated on the W side of Hudson river, 64 miles N of New- York, and 99 S of Albany. New-year's-Harbour, a part of Staten Land, in South America. Lon. 64 11 W, lat. 54 48 S. New-Year'* s- Islands, small islands of South America, on the N side of Staten Land. Great numbers of sea lions, seals, &c. resort to these islands. New York, the state of, is situated be- tween 40 35 and 45 N lat. and between 72 and 80 W long. This longitude com- prises ' the whole of Long Island. The boundaries are the ocean, Connecticut, Massachusetts, and Vermont, on the E, the divisional line that separates the United Slates from Canada, and the Penn- sylvania line on the N and W, and Penn- sylvania and New Jersey on the S. It is divided iuto 45 counties, and these are subdivided into 452 townships. In 1810 the inhabitants amounted to 959,220, in- cluding 15.000 slaves. The principal ri- vers are the East river, the Hudson, Mo- hawk, Black river, Oswego and Gennes- see ; but there are others of inferior rank, as the state is irrigated by numerous smaller streams. The chief lakes are lakes George and Champlainc, lakes On- tario and Erie ; besides several small in- terior lakes, which add greatly to the natural advantages of the country. The only considerable mountains that inter- sect this state are in the Eastern part of ;t, being a continuation of the same range which runs through the western counties of the middle and southern states. N and W of these the country is very little broken by mountains. The soil is various, but a great part of it very- rich, and has been greatly improved in the production of most of the common grains and grasses. The country is well timbered, and contains a plenty of iron ore, slate, plaister of Paris, and inex- haustible salt springs ; from the latter are made annually 525,000 bushels of salt. There are 36 bridge companies in the state with £509,000 stock, and 135 turnpike companies with a capital of §7,558,000, extending their roads over a length of 4,500 miles. The capital stock of the several incorporated banks is §11,690,000. There are established in the state two colleges and upwards of 40 academies ; 60 different news-papers, and about 90 printing offices. The ship- ping of the state, in 1809, was 250,000 ton, and the exports in 1807 were 526,000,000. The territory has been es- timated to contain 55,000 square miles, including 5000 of water, and possesses tiie best passage in the U. S. by water, from the tide waters, to the great wes- tern lakes. New York, the metropolis of the coun- ty and state of New York, situated on ihe point of York Island, at the conflu- ence of Hudson and East rivers, in lat. 40 42 N. and lon, 74 10 W r . It was founded by the Dutch in 1615, and cal- led New Amsterdam — incorporated by *he British government in 1696, and is now governed by a mayor, aldermen, and N I A common council. The city is divided in- to seven wards. The streets are ex- treme}) irregular, and most of them in- conveniently narrow ; though it can boast of one or two, that are superior to those of any city in the United States. The building's are mostly of brick or stone, and some of the public edifices are con- structed with considerable elegance and grandeur, particularly Federal Hall, the New State Prison, and one or two places of religious worship. In point of popu- lation this is the second city in the Uni- ted States, containing 96,000 inhabitants including the county, and in respect of trade, the first; the exports in 1801, hav- ing been estimated at 13,792,276 doll an;. The harbour is safe and spacious, with water sufficient for an 80 gun ship ; and the navigation is seldom interrupted by ice. There is a college liberally endow- ed, four banks, and several insurance of- fices. The water consumed by the inha- bitants is conveyed principally through pipes from springs at the north end of the city, as that in the common wells is hardly potable. The distance from New York to Philadelphia is 86 miles, to Ros- ton 242 ; to Baltimore 187; and to Wash- ington 222. JVeyland, a ;own in Suffolk, with a mar- ket on Friday, and a manufacture of says and bays. It is seated on the Stour, over which is a bridge, 16 miles SW of Ips- wich, and 57 NE of London. Lon. 1 5 E, lat. 52 1 N. Neytracht, a town of Upper Hungary, capital of a county of the same name, _with a bishop's see. It is seated on the Nevtra, 40 miles NE of Presburg. Lon. 17 49 E, lat. 48 28 N. JVgan-King-fou, the capital of the wes- tern part of the province of Kiang-nan in China ; its situation is delightful. All the country belonging* to it is level, plea- sant, and fertile. It has under its juris- diction onlv six cities of the third class. Lon. 116 45 E,lat. 30 o5 N Ngan-lQ-f(ni s a rich and populous city of China, in the province of Hou-quang, containing in its district, two cities of the second, and five of the third class. It is 425 miles W by S of Nanking. A'icurara, a river of North America, which foims the comniunica ion between Lake Eric and Lake Ontario, and runs from S to N about 30 miles. At the en- trance of this river, on its eastern shore, is Fort Niagara ; and 18 miles N of this are those remarkable falls, which arc- reckoned among the greatest natural cu- riosities in the world. Above the falls in the middle of the river, is an island 800 or 900 feet long ; the lower end of N I C which is just at the perpendicular edge of the fall. On both sides of this island all the waters thai come from the lakes of Canada, rush with astonishing gran- deui , down a stupendous precipice of 137 feet perpendicular; and in a strong rapid 'hat extends to the distance of nine miles below, fall near as much more. Before the water comes to this island, it runs but slowly compared with its motion af- terwards, when it grows the most rapid in the world. Before it, comes to the fall it is perfectly white and in man} - places thrown high up into the air, and seems to outfly an arrow in swiftness. The ri- ver then loses itself in Lake Ontario. The noise of the Niagara Falls, in a clear day and fair wind, may be heard at the dis- tance of 45 miles. When the water strikes the bottom, it rebounds to a great height, and causes a thick cloud of vapours, on which the sun, when it shines, paints a beautiful rainbow. Niagara, a post town in Gennesee county, New York ; situated on the E side of Niagara river, at its junction with lake Ontario, in lat. 43 15 N, and lon. 79 W. This important place was strongly fortified by the British while it was in their possession, and delivered to the Americans in the same good condition. It is 370 miles NVY of Philadelphia, and 544 NXW of Washington. A'ias, a small island, in the East In- dies : the women are remarkable for their beauty, and are purchased as slaves by the Dutch and Portuguese. It is situated at the W end of Sumatra. Lon. 97 E, lat. 1 10 N. JVibano, a town of Italy, in the duchy of Parma, 57 miles W of Parma. Lon. 10 E, lat. 45 5 N. Nicaragua, a province of New Spain, in the audience of Guatimala, bounded on the N by Honduras, on the E by the Atlantic Ocean, on the SE by Costa Rica, and on the SW by the South Pacific O- cean, being about 400 miles from E to \V, and 120 from N to S. It is one of the most fruitful provinces of Mexico, and is well watered by lakes and rivers. Ti e air is temperate and wholesome ; and the country produces plenty of sugar, c>chi- neal, and fine chocolate. Leon de Nicara- gua is the capital. Nicaragua, a lake of New Spain, in a province of the same name. It is 200 miies in circumference, has some islands in it, and stretching from the city of Leon N W to SE, communicates with the Atlan- tic Ocean by the river St. Juan. A'icaria, an island of the Archipelago, between Samos and Tina, anciently cal- led Icaria, 50 miles in circumference. N I C N I C The inhabitants arc of the Greek reli- J of any burden ma)- ride at anchor in the g-ion, about 3000 in number, and apply I basin, during the greatest storm. It was themselves to swimming - and diving for >aken by the English, aided In the Fiench sponges, and tor goods lost by shipwreck. , royal is' s, in 1793. Lon. 73 20 W r , lat. Lon. 26 30 E, lat. 37 40 N Nicaatro, an episcopal tow n of Naples, in Calabria XJlteriore, 17 miles S of Co- senzH. Lon. 16 21 K, lat. 39 3 N. Nice, a county of Italy, bounded on the AV by the river Var and the Maritime Alps, which diyide it from Franc* ; on the N by Piedmont ; on the E by the ter- ritories of Genoa ; and on the S by the Mediterranean. It was anciently an ap- pendage of Provence, in France, but lias lor many years, belonged to the king of Sardinia, in 1792, it w as conquered by the French. The inhabitants supply Ge - noa with timber for ship building, and carry on a trade in paper and other arti- cles. It is 60 miles long and 30 broad, p.nd contains about 125,000 inhabitants. Nice, an ancient and considerable city of Italy, capital of a county of the same name, with a strong- citadel and a bish- op's see. It is of a triangular form, and confined in its situation-, having a high rock on the E, the river Paglion on the W, and the Mediterranean on the S ; from which last it is separated by a beau- tiful and extensive terrace, used as a pub- lic walk. The harbour is on the E side of the rock, and called Limpia, from a small river that falls into it. The ex- ports are silk, sweet oil, wine, cordials, rice, oranges, lemons, and all sorts oi dried fruits. It has been several times taken by the French, and last of all in 1800. it is four miles E of the mouth ol the Var, and 83 S by W of Turin. Lon. 7 23 E, lat. 43 42 N. Nice, a city of Asia. See Jsnic. Nicaburg, a city of Persia, and the largest and richest in Korasan, famous foi a mine of turquois-stones in itsneighbour hood. It is 37 miles S of Mesched. Lon 57 48 E, lat. 36 30 N. Nicolas, St. a town of Franpe, in the department of Meurtjie, and la te province of Lorrain, with a handsome church, de dicatcd to St. Nicholas, to which pil grims formerly resorted, from all quar- ters. It is seated on the Meurlhe, five miles SE of Nanci, and 265 E of Paris. Nicholas) St a seaport in Russia, in the government of ArchangeL/seatc d at the mouth of the Dwina, on the White Sea six miles S of Archangel. Nicholas, St. or Mole St. Nicholas, a town, harbour, and cape of the West In dies, at the NW extremity of St Domin p;o, commanding the strait called the Windward Passage. The harbour is ve ry rapacious at the entrance , and ships-" 19 15 N. v Nicholas, a county of Kentucky, con- taining 4898 inhabitants in 1810. -TOMR Nickleslmrg, a town of Germany,, in Moravia, with a castle, 27 miles N of Vienna. Nipobar Iklayds, several islands at the entrance of the gulf of liengal. They are almost entirely uncultivated; but the cocoa-nut, the mcllori or lerum (a kind of bread-fruit) and other tropical fruits, grow spontaneously to the greatest per- fection. The largest of these islands is about 40 miles long, 15 broad, and the inhabitants are said to be a harmless sort of people, low in stature, but very well made, and surprisingly active and strong. They are naturally good humoured and gay, and are very fond of sitting at table h Europeans, and eat most enormous- ly. There subsists among them a per- fect equality. A few aged people, have little more respect paid them, but there is no appearance of authority over one another. These islands extend northward, from the N point of Sumatra. The lar- gest of them, which gives name to. the rest, is 40 miles in length, and 15 in breadth. Its S extremity is in lon. 94 23 E, lat. SON. Nicolas, St. one of the largest of the Cape de Verd Islands, between St. Lucia and St. Jago. It is 75 miles in length ; and the land is stony, mountainous, and barren. Lon. 14 10 W, lat. 26 32 N. Nicole, St. the most considerable and most populous town of the isle of Tre- meti, in the gulf of Venice. It hasi^a har- bour, defended by a fortre ss, in which is an abbey and a church. Lon. 15 37 F, lat. 42 10 N. Nicomedia, a town of Turkey in Asia, in Natolia, now called Ischmich, or Schir.it. It w as formerly a large place, as appears by the fine ruins ; and now contains 30,009 inhabitants, who consist of Greeks, Armenians, and Turks. It is. still a place of consequence, and carries on a trade in silk, cotton, glass, and earthen ware. It is the see of a Greek archbishop, and is 50 mile* SW r ^f Conr stantinople. Lon. 29 30 E, lat. 40 -30 N. Nicopoli, a town of Bulgaria, famous for the first battle fought between the Tim ks and the Christians in 1396, when the en peror Sigismund lost the da}', and had 20,000 men killed. It is scaled on the Danube,, 130 miles NW of Adrianople. Lon. 25 33 E,daf. 44 26 N. Ni<-'oj}-Jtt, or Glurdsh, an ancient tov r. N I E N I G of Armenia, built by Pompey the Great, in memory of a victory trained over Mi- thrida.es It is seated on the Cerauna, 165 miles SW of Erzerum. Lpn. 37 55 E, lat 3S 15 N. JVicasia, a strong town, capital of the island of Cyprus, and the residence of a Turkish bashaw, delightfully seated be- tween the mountain Olympus and a chain of other mountains. It was formerly well fortified by the Venetians, but now the works are in ruins. It is three miles in circumference ; and there are planta- tions of olives, almonds, lemons, oran- gesj mulberries, and cyprus-trces, in- terspersed among" the houses, which give the town a delightful appearance. The church of St. Sophia is an old Gothic structure, which the Turks have turned into a mosque, and destroyed the orna- ments. It is 100 miles W of Tripoli, and 160 SW of Aleppo. Lon. 34 45 E, Lit. 34 54 N. *Yicot?ra, a seaport of Naples, in Cala- bria Ulteriore, with a bishop's see, 35 miles NE of Reggio, and 1S5 SE of Na- ples. Lon. 16 30 E, lat. 38 34 N. *Vicoi>a, a town of New Spain, on the Pacific Ocean, at the bottom of a bay, 45 miles SE of Leon de Nicaragua. Lon. 88 W, lat. 10 15 N. Alcara, an archiepiscopal town of Tur- key in Asia, in Caramania. Lon. 36 9 E, lat. 39 25 N. JViJavf, or AiV/oift, a handsome town of Swisserland, capital of a bailiwic of the same name, in the canton of Bern, with a castle. It is situated on the lake of Bienne, 15 miles N W of Bern, and 60 SW of Zuric. JVidda, a town of Germany, in the cir- cle of the Upper Rhine, 20 miles NE of Frankfort, and 38 ENE of Mentz. Lon. 8 58 E, lat. 50 17 N. A'idccken, a town of Germany, in the circle of Westphalia and duchy of Juliers. It is situated on, and surrounded by rocks, and is 13 miles SSE of Juliers. Lon. 6 16 E, lat. 50 46 N. Ntdjibubad, a small town of Hindoo- stan Proper, 80 miles NNE of Delhi. Lon. 78 41 E, lat. 29 35 N, JVielila, an ancient town of Spain, in Andalusia, seated on the R.o Tinto, 40 miles W of Seville. Lon. 5 56 W, lat. 37 26 N. JVieJerbteber, a village of Germany, in the principality of Wied, three miles from Neuwicd. Many valuable antiqui- ties, and tiie traces of a Roman city, were •vered here in 1791. . \*iemecz t a strong- town of Moldavia, between Soczoway and Bras safer, being 25 miles from each. Lon. 26 16 E, lat. 46 58 N. Niemen, a large river of Poland, which rises in Lithuania, and passes by Bielica and Grodna : it afterward runs through part of Samogitia, and Eastern Prussia, where it falls into the arm of the sea, called the Curisch-haff, by several mouths, of which the most northern is called the Russ, being the name of the town it pas- ses by. Nienburg, a town of Germany in the circle of Lower Saxony, in the duchy of Brunswick-Lunenburg, with a strong cas- tle. It carries on a considerable trade in corn and wool, and is a rich and* strong- town, is seated on the Weser, 30 miles XW of Hanover, and 37 SE of Bremen. Lon. 9 26 E, lat. 52 45 N. A'ien Clostbr, a town of Lower Saxony, in the bishopric of Schwerin, three miles E of Wis mar. frienhws, a town of Germany, in the circle of Westphalia and bishopric of Paderborn, seated on the Lippe, 20 miles E of Lipstadt. Lon. 8 55 E, lat. 51 50 N. J\'ieper. See Dnieper. Niestadt, a town oi Germany, in Lower Saxony, in the duchy of Mecklenburg, 15 miles S of Schwerin. Lon. 11 46 E, l$t. 53 59 N. Niestadt, a town of Germany, in the middle marche of Brandenburg, seated on the Fuvhre, 25 miles NE of Berlin. Lon. 14 1 E, lat. 52 49 N. A'i ester. See Dnieper. Jfeuport, a seaport of Austrian Flan- ders, seated on the German Ocean, at the mouth of the Yperlee. It has been taken and retaken in various wars, the last time by the French in 1794. It is nine miles SW of Ostend, and 16 NE of Dunkirk. Lon. 2 45 E, lat. 51 7 J\'igcr, a large river of Africa, former- ly very little known. In order to ascer- tain the rise, course, and termination of die Niger, Mr. Parke was sent out by the African association in 1795. The course of this river which was formerly supposed to be from E to W, is now de- termined by Mr. Parke to be from W to E. In tracing the rise of the Niger, Mr. Farke proceeded as far as Silla, the end of his journey eastward ; he was dis- abled from proceeding, farther by sick- ness, hunger and fatigue ; particularly as be must have relied on the charity of the Moors, if he had continued his jour- ney, who seemed to be a set of merciless fanatics. So great is the rapidity with which the Niger traverses the empire of Cnshna, thai no vessel can ascend the stream ; and in the rainy'season, it swells N I L N I L above its banks* floods the adjacent lands, and often sweeps before it the cattle and cottages of the inhabitants. Nigritia. See Negroland. JVikoping, a town of Denmark, capital of the island of Falster, or Hulster, in the Baltic, with a strong fort, 55 miles SW of Copenhagen. Lon. 12 7 E, lat. 54 50 N. A'ikoping, a town of Sweden in Suder- mania, 60 miles SW of Stockholm. Lon. 16 40 E, lat. 58' 40 N. JVtle, a large and celebrated river of Africa, to which the country of Egypt owes its fertility ; and the exploring of whose- sources has, from the remotest ages, been accounted an impracticable undertaking. This discovery has how- ever, been lately made by Mr. Bruce, who spent several years at the court of Abyssinia, and by the favour of the em- peror and great people of the country, was enabled to accomplish this arduous task. In the middle of a marsh, near the bottom of the mountain of Geesh, arises a hillock of a circular form, about three feet from the surface of the marsh itself, though apparently founded much deeper in it. The diameter of this is something short of twelve feet ; it is sur- rounded by a shallow trench, which col- lects the water, and voids it eastward ; it is firmly built with sod or earthen turf, brought from the sides, and constantly kept in repair, and this is the altar upon which all their religious ceremonies are performed. This mouth, or opening of the source, is some parts of an inch less than three feet in diameter, and the wa- ter stood about two inches from the lip or brim. This spring is about six inches deep. This is the first fountain of the Nile. Ten feet distant from the first of these springs, a little to the west of aouth, is the sacned fountain, about ele- ven inches in diameter ; but this is eight feet three inches'deep. And about twen- ty feet distant from the first, is the third source, its mouth being something more than two feet large, and it is five feet eight inches deep. The Nile thus form- -