m. 
 
 n 
 
- 
 
 
 
 
 LOANED 
 
 BY 
 
 TELFAIR ACADEMY of 
 ARTS and SCIENCES 
 
 
 
 
 
1822. 
 
 ,^i. 
 
r 
 
 V< A 
 
 VOYAGE 
 
 FRoai 1806 TO 1812; 
 
 IN "IVHICBc 
 
 JAPAN, KAMSCHATKA, THE ALEUTIAN ISLANDS, AND 
 THE SANDWICH ISLANDS WERE VISITED; 
 
 INCLUDING 
 
 A NARRATIVE OF THE AUTHOR'S SHIPWRECK ON THE 
 
 ISLAND OF SANNACK, AND HIS SUBSEQUENT 
 
 WRECK IN THE SHIP'S LONG-BOAT: 
 
 WITH AN ACCOUNT OF THB 
 
 PRESENT STATE OF THE SANDWICPI ISLANDS^ 
 
 AND 
 
 ^ A VOCABULARY OF THEIR LANGUAGE. 
 BY ARCHIBALD CAMPBELL. 
 
 Third Amtrican Edition — Illustrated by a Chart 
 
 ^ ' ^— TP 
 
 CHARLESTON, (S. C.) 
 
 ?RINTED BY DUKE & BROWNE, 9 BROAD-STREET. 
 
 1822. 
 
Southern District of New-York, ss. 
 
 BE it REMEMBERED, That on the twenty-seventh day of No- 
 vember, in the forty-first year of the Independence of the United 
 States of America, Archibald Campbell, of the said district, hath 
 deposited in this office the title of a book, the rig^ht whereof he claims 
 as author and proprietor, in the words and figures following, to wit : 
 
 " A Voyage round the World, from 1806 to 1812, in which Japan, 
 Kamschatka, the Aleutian Islands, and the Sand^vich Islands wer«, 
 visited ; including a Narrative of the Author's Shipwreck on the Isl- 
 and of Sannack, and his subsequent Wreck in the Ship's Long-boat ; 
 with an account of the present state of the Sandwich Islands, and a 
 Vocabulax-y of their Language. By Archibald Campbell. Illustra- 
 ted by a Chart." 
 
 In conformity to the act of the Congress of the United States, enti- 
 tled, " An Act for the encouragement os learning, by securing the 
 copies of maps, charts, and books, to the authors and proprietors of 
 such copies, during the times therein mentioned ;" and also, to an 
 act entitled, " An Act, supplementary to an Act, entitled. An Act for 
 the encouragement of learning, by securing the copies of maps, 
 charts, and books to the authors and proprietors of such copies, du- 
 ring the times therein mentioned, and extending the benefits thereof 
 to the arts of designing, engraving, and etching historical and other 
 prints." THERON RUDD, 
 
 CJcrk ofiht Southern District of Mw-York. 
 
Recommendation from his Excellency, the Governor of the 
 
 State of NetO'York. RQ R 
 
 The second edition of a voyage round the world, by Ar- 
 chibald Cam{)bell, has been recently published in New- 
 York. The life of Campbell has been marked by extraor- 
 dinary sufferings ; and as there is no doubt of the authenti- 
 city of the work, I recommend it to the patronage of the 
 public, from a persuasion that the merits and misfortunes of 
 the narrator, entitle him to favorable consideration. 
 
 DE WITT CLINTON. 
 
 Albany, March 2d, 1820. 
 
 New-York, November 6th, 5819. 
 
 At a regular meeting of Morton Lodge, No. 108, (late 
 No. 50,) held last evening, at their Lodge room, in the City 
 of New- York, the following resolution was passed, viz. 
 
 '' Resolved, that from the long acquaintance which we 
 have had with brother Archibald Campbell, his regular de- 
 portment while sojourning with us, has induced this Lodge 
 to recommend him, and they do recommend him to the 
 kind protection and friendship of the fraternity generally." 
 
 Extract from the minutes. 
 
 S. W. ANDREWS, Secretary. 
 DANIEL SICKELS, W. M. 
 JOHN DEGEZ, P. M. 
 
 We, the undersigned, agree with the report of the officers 
 of Morton Lodge, No. 108, (late No. 50,) with respect to 
 the deportment of brother Archibald Campbell, and re- 
 commend him accordingly. 
 
 RICHARD O. PEARSALL, W. M. Benevolent Lodo:c. 
 JOSEPH FORRISTER, P. M. Benevolent Lodge. 
 JAMES S. TAYLOR, Secretary Benevolent Lodge. 
 ALEXANDER ERASER, Treasurer Benevolent^Lodge 
 JAMES LYON'S, Jun. P. M St. Johns Ao. 9, laie Xo. 6 
 G. LANSING, P. M.Phcenit Lodge Ao. 40, late Ao 11 
 JAMES WEBSTER, W M. Mram's Lodge, Ko. 83. 
 ROBERT YOUNG, P. M. Abrams Lodge, Xo. 83. 
 S. B. FLEMING, W.U. Sl.Johns,A'o.9,latejXo fS, 
 
CERTIFICATE 
 
 By the Hon. Thomas H. Perhifis, 
 
 Archibald Campbell, the author of a " Voyage round the 
 World/' made oil board the ship Eclipse, in which I was 
 interested, having applied to me to give him a certificate of 
 the fact of his having been a seaman on board said ship, 
 I readily do it. 
 
 His Book contains jnany interesting facts, and is worthy 
 the perusal of persons ^who take pleasure in booking into 
 works of this kind. His misfortunes, and the constant 
 good deportment he has shewn since his return from the 
 Sandwich Islands, give him a strong claim on the commu-? 
 nity. T. H. PERKINS. 
 
 Boston, July 4, 1821. 
 
 *J^ The original documents are in the possession of the Author. 
 
CONTENTS. 
 
 CHAPTER I. 
 
 Departure from England — Voyage to China — Trans- 
 actions at Canton — Author enters on board an Arae- 
 ricaa ship — Passage to Kamschatka — Touches at 
 Japan — Transactions there — Arrives at the harbour 
 of St. Peter and St. Paul — Some account of the 
 Russian settlement at that place. 15 
 
 CHAPTER n. 
 
 Departure from Kamschatka — Shipwrecked on a reef 
 of rocks, on the northwest coast of America — Author 
 with the rest of the crew, save themselves by the long 
 boat — Are drifted on an island — Transactions upon 
 the island — Prepare to build a vessel. SO 
 
 CHAPTER m. 
 
 Arrival of a party of Natives, and of the Russian Com- 
 . mandant of Oonalaska, who determines to send to 
 Kodiak for assistance — Long-boat prepared for the 
 voyage — Some account of Sannack or Halibut Island. 39 
 
 CHAPTER IV. 
 
 Sail from Sannack in the long-boat — Touch at the Isl- 
 and of Ungar—Distressing state of the settlement 
 
 n 
 
6 COx\TENTS. 
 
 there — Sail from thence — Anchor at the village of 
 Schutkum — Departure from, it — Boat nearly embay- 
 ed on the north coast ofKodiak — Arrived at Alexan^ 
 dria — Transactions there — Boat fitted out to return 
 to Sannack. .' ' 47 
 
 CHAPTER V. 
 
 Departure from Alexandria — Boat forced into a bay by 
 the weather, and hauled on shore — Obliged, by want 
 of provisions, to leave the bay — A snow storm — The 
 boat springs aleak — Is run on shore, and goes to 
 pieces upon the rocks — A hut discovered, in which 
 the crew pass the night. 58 
 
 CHAPTER VI. 
 
 A party quit the hut in search of a settlement — Author's 
 feet frost-bitten — Progress of the party interrupted 
 by a mountain — Return towards the hut, till prevent- 
 ed by the tide from passing a reef of rocks — Pass the 
 night in a valley — Next morning set off at low wa- 
 ter — Author falls behind, and in attempting to climb 
 over a rock, gets his hands frost-bitten — Critical si- 
 tuation — Reaches the hut — Two Russians reach a 
 settlement by the mountains, and send relief — Some 
 account of Karlouski — Voyage to Alexandria. 65 
 
 CHAPTER Vn. 
 
 Author carried to hospital — Both his feet amputated — 
 Account of the party left at Sannack — Employed in 
 
CONTENTS.^ 7 
 
 teaching native children English — Account of Kodi- 
 ak — Natives — Dress — Canoes — Superstition — Food 
 — i^thor^ails in the ship Neva for the Sandwich 
 Islands. • 71 
 
 CHAPTER VIII. 
 
 Voyage tp Sandwich Islands — ]Make Owhyhee — 
 Touch at JMovvee — Proceed to Wahoo — Tamaah-, 
 maah and other chiefs come on board — Author re- 
 sides three months with the King — Account of his 
 mode of life — Remove to the house of Isaac Davis 
 — Account of him — Death of Terremytee, the 
 King's brother, and transactions that took place on 
 that occasion — Remarkable water-spout — Author re- 
 ceives a grant of land from the King, to which lie 
 removes — Residence there — Arriv^al of the ship 
 Duke of Portland — Anecdotes of the King — De- 
 parture from the Sandwich Islands. 85 
 
 CHAPTER IX. 
 
 Description of Wahoo — Extent — Whyteete-bay — Ac- 
 count of Tamaabmaah's navy — Town and harbour 
 of Hanaroora — Bass's harbour — Wymumme, or 
 Pearl-river — State of cultivation — Breed of cattle — 
 Account of the white people resident on the island. 109 
 
 CHAPTER X. 
 
 Account of the natives — Personal appearance — Ranks 
 — Power of the king — Priests — Capital punishments 
 
CONTENTS. 
 
 — Mode of detecting theft — Religious belief — Places 
 of worship and ceremonies — JNIacaheite — Houses — 
 Food — Ava — Spirit^ distilled from the tee-root — 
 State of the women — Marriages — Dress — Manufac- 
 tures — Nets and lines — Modes of fishing — Trade — 
 Price of provisions — Amusements — Funeral Rites — 
 Military — Progress in civilization — Account of Ta- 
 maahmaah and family. 121 
 
 CHAPTER XL 
 
 Departure from Wahoo — Pass Otaheite — Double Cape 
 Horn — Arrival at Rio Janeiro — Transactions there, 
 during a residence of nearly two years — Voyage 
 home — and from thence to the United States, 157 
 
 APPEXDIX No. I 
 
 APPENDIX No. 11. 
 
 165 
 
 Statement of the Case of Archibald Campbell, by Dr. Nord- 
 goorst, in the service of the Russian American Company. 189 
 
 APPENDIX No. III. 
 
 Notice of Archibald Campbell, from Blackwood's Magazine. 195 
 
 APPENDIX No. IV. 
 Historical Account of the Sandwich Islands. 203 
 
 AFPE.XDIX No. V. 
 Notes. 211 
 
PREFACE. 
 
 A PERUSAL of the voyages of discovery, which shed so 
 much histre on the reign of George III. naturally excites a 
 strong desire to learn what effects have been produced 
 among the nations vvhose existence they have introduced 
 to our notice. 
 
 That the interests of science and commerce have been 
 greatly promoted by these voyages, cannot be doubted 5 
 but it may be questioned whether the result has been equal- 
 ly beneficial to the natives of the newly discovered coun- 
 tries ; and, as the editor* of Cook's last voyage justly re- 
 marks, " it would afiord exquisite pleasure to every bene- 
 volent mind, to be instructed in facts which might enable 
 us without hesitation to answer in the affirmative." 
 
 The solution of this momentous question can crily be ob- 
 tained from the accounts of subsequem; visitors ; and the 
 following narrative is submitted to the public, as a contri- 
 bution to the evidence required for that purpose. It was 
 drawn up partly from the papers,t but chiefly from the 
 recital of the author ; and the editor has adhered as closely 
 as the nature of the case would permit, to the language in 
 which they were originally related. , The intervention of 
 a third pex"son between the traveller and the reacler, is an 
 
 * Dr. Douglas, Bishop of Salisbury. 
 
 t For some account of tliese papers, see Note A, 
 
10 PREFACE. 
 
 evil which ought always, if possible, to be avoided ; but 
 in the present instance, some literary assistance was ab- 
 solutely necessary ; and the editor conceives he shal? best 
 have executed the task he has imposed upon himself, by 
 stating, with strict fidelity, and in the simplest language, 
 the facts as they were related to him. 
 
 A short account of the life of the narrator will enable 
 the reader to judge of the necessity of such assistance, as 
 well as of his qualifications to relate the incidents of his 
 voyage. 
 
 Archibald Campbell was born at Wynford,near Glas- 
 gow, on the 19th of July, 1787. His father, who was a 
 soldier in the 4oth regiment, died at St. Lucia, upon which 
 his mother removed to Paisley, her native place, when her 
 son was about four years of age. He there received the 
 common rudiments of education, and at the age of ten was 
 bound apprentice to a weaver. Before the term of his ap- 
 prenticeship had expired, however, a strong desire to visit 
 remote countries induced him to go to sea; and in the year 
 1800, he entered as apprentice on board the ship Isabella, 
 of Port-Glasgow, commanded by Mr. Hugh Paterson. In 
 this vessel he made three voyages to the West-Indies. He 
 afterwards served about a twelvemonth in a coaster ; and, 
 in 1804, again sailed for the West-Indies, in the sloop Ro- 
 bina, belonging to the same port. 
 
 At Madeira he was pressed on board the Diana frigate, 
 and remained in that ship till her arrival at Portsmouth in 
 1806. He there found means to make his escape, and en- 
 tered as seaman on board the Thames Indiaman. 
 
 The history of the six most eventful years of his life 
 will be found in the following pages. He returned to his 
 native country, in April. 1812, having lost both his feet; 
 
PREFACE. 11 
 
 and from the unskilful manner in which amputation has 
 been nerformed, the wouncfs have never healed. 
 
 A gentleman in Rio Janeiro, of the name of Lawrie, 
 Kad furnished him with letters to his father in Edinburgh, 
 by whose interest he obtained admission into the Infirmary 
 in that city ; but after remaining there nearly four months, 
 he was dismissed as incurable. 
 
 Mr. Lawrie, senior, presented him with a barrel organ ; 
 and he contrived to earn a miserable pittance, by crawling 
 about the streets of Edinburgh and Leith, grinding music, 
 and selling a metrical history of his adventures. 
 
 Being ambitious, however, of performing on a more dig- 
 nified instrument, he has since learned to play on the vio- 
 lin 5 and he finds employment on board the steam-boats 
 that ply upon the river Clyde, by playing for the amuse- 
 ment of the steerage passengers. 
 
 In one of these vessels his appearance attracted the no- 
 tice of the editor ; and the answers he gave to some ques- 
 tions excited so much curiosity, that he took him home 
 with the intention of making a few memoranda of his story 
 for his own information. 
 
 The modest and intelligent manner in which it was told, 
 the interesting nature of the incidents, and the curious in- 
 formation it contained, on the subjects to which the atten- 
 tion of the editor had been much directed, created a strong 
 interest on behalf of the narrator ; and the hope that an 
 account of his voyage might be of service to an unfortunate 
 and deserving man, and not unacceptable to those who 
 take pleasure in contemplating the progress of mankind in 
 the arts of civilization, gave rise to the present publication. 
 
 In the execution of his task, simplicity and perspicuity 
 are all that the editor has aimed at. The ornaments of 
 
12 PREFACE. 
 
 style, which ale generally misplaced in such relations,, 
 would have been peculiarly incongruous in the mouth of a 
 common sailor. In those parts of the work which relate 
 to places already well known, the narrative is entirely con- 
 fined to the personal adventures of the author ; and had 
 the editor been aware that so much had been recently writ- 
 ten regarding Kamschatka and the Aleutian Islands by the 
 Russian navigators, the description of those places woutd 
 have been either altogether omitted, or much more con- 
 densed; but, in fact, he had no opportunity of seeing 
 their voyages till the work was sent to the press, and it was 
 not then considered necessary to make any alteration in 
 the text. 
 
 The importance of the subject will account for the dis- 
 proportion of that part which relates to the Sandwich 
 Islands to the rest of the work. From the advantages they 
 owe to their situation, placed midway between the conti- 
 nents of Asia and America ; from the fertility of the soil, 
 and the natural talents and industry of the natives, they 
 promise to become by far the most important of the re- 
 cently discovered islands* in the Pacific Ocean. 
 
 Scarcely thirty years have elapsed from the period of 
 their discovery, yet how wonderful the change !t Their 
 
 * The concluding sentence in Captain Cook's journal affords a 
 «triking proof of the high value he attached to " a discovery, 
 which, though the last, seemed in many respects the most important 
 of any that had hitherto been made by Europeans throughout the 
 •xtent of the Pacific Ocean. 
 
 f A short historical account of the revolutions that have taken 
 place in the Sandwich Island*, from their discoveiv in 1779, till the 
 arrival of the author in ISW, collected from the voyages of Cook, 
 Meares, Portlocke, Vancouver, Broughton, Turnbull, and Lisianski, 
 ffill be found in the Appendix, ^'o. IV. 
 
PREFACE. 13 
 
 king is surrounded by workmen of ■«very description, na- 
 j, tive and European ; his guards are regularly trained to the 
 use of fire arms ; and he possesses a navy of nearly sixty 
 sail of decked vessels, built upon the islands j whilst almost 
 ' every ship which navigates the Pacific, finds shelter, provi- 
 sions, or tra^e, in his harbors. 
 
 In Tam'aahmaah these islander* possess one of those 
 . renjarkable characters, who, like Alfred or Peter the Great, 
 seems destined to hasten the progress of civilization. He 
 is known in this country from the accounts of Turnbull, 
 Lisianski, and Langsdorf ; but as none of these navigators 
 ever saw that chief, their accounts are consequently very 
 imperfect 5 the length of time, however, during which our 
 author remained in his family, afforded him opportunities 
 of observation not enjoyed by those of higher qualifica- 
 tions, and in some measure compensates for the unavoidable 
 defects of his education. 
 
 Although no new discoveries, strictly speaking, are re- 
 corded, the work will not be found altogether destitute of 
 useful nautical information ; the account of the reef to the 
 southwest of Halibut Island^ upon which the ship was 
 wrecked, and the numerous rocks that lie near the coast 
 of Aliaski, will show what ought to be avoided ; and in 
 the account of the south coast of Wahoo, will be found a 
 description of the only harbours in the Sandwich Islands. 
 
 From the humble situation held by the author, a distrust 
 may be entertained of his qualifications to relate the facts 
 which fell under his notice ; but few, in the same ranks of 
 life, are possessed of more intelligence or information ; 
 with the advantages common to his countrymen, he seems 
 to have neglected no means of improvement. It will be 
 
 seen that at the age of nineteen he was appointed a petty 
 
 2 
 
14 PREFACE. 
 
 officer, and had he tiut been incapacitated by h-s misfor- 
 tune, it may be presumed, that he would soon have c^aained. 
 a higher rank. ^^ 
 
 The editor has to claim indulgence on his own account. 
 His motives for undertaking the work, and the principles 
 upon which it has been executed, have been already stated ; 
 the work is published for the benefit of the poor fellow 
 who is the subject of it ; nor would it ever have met the 
 public eye, had there been any chance that the task would 
 have been undertaken by another hand But to rescue 
 much of what is true and extraordinary from the oblivion 
 to which the obscure condition and limited powers of the 
 narrator would have condemned it, appeared to him well 
 ■deserving of the labour which he had bestowed. The best 
 apology for the appearance of the work itself will be found 
 in the words of a celebrated periodical publication.* " It 
 is obvious that the discovery of new tribes, and the first 
 account of manners formerly unknown, are by no means 
 more interesting than the subsequent history of those tribes, 
 and the changes which rapidly take place in their manners. 
 The greatest obligations, therefore, are conferred upon us 
 by those adventurous persons who, having visited these 
 islands of late years, give such statements of what they 
 saw, as enable us to trace the progress of society in one 
 of its earliest stages, and to estimate the effects produced 
 by the sudden revolution in their circumstances which the 
 natives have experienced from their intercourse with Eu- 
 ropeans." 
 
 JAMES SiMlTH. 
 
 Jordonhill, May^ 181 6. 
 
 * Edinburgh Review, Vol. IX. p. 332. 
 
r* 
 
 rOVAGE 
 
 CHAPTER I. 
 
 Departure from England — Voyage to China — Transactions at Can^ 
 ton — Author enters on board an American ship — Passage to Kam- 
 schatka — Touches at Japan — Transactions there — Arrives at the 
 harbour of St. Peter and St. Paul — Some account of the Russian 
 settlement in that place. 
 
 Early in May, 1806, I entered as seaman 
 on board the Thames Indiaman, Matthew 
 Riches, Esq. commander, on a voyage to 
 China. 
 
 We sailed on the 14th of that month from 
 Motherbank, in company with the Arniston, 
 Royal Charlotte, Glatton, Marquis of Ely, 
 Marquis of Wellesley, Monarch, Cirencester, 
 and Neptune, Indiamen, under convoy of the 
 Lion, 64, and Medusa frigate ; we were also 
 accompanied by a fleet of transports, with 
 troops, destined for the expedition to Buenos 
 Ayres. . 
 
16 VOYAGE ROUND THE WORLD. 
 
 In our voyagQ,,to the Cape of Good Hope, 
 no incident occurred worthy of being record- 
 ed, not even the ordinary ceremonies upon 
 crossing the line. We had a detachment of the 
 30th regiment on board, the commanding offi- 
 cer of which did not choose that the men should 
 undergo die ducking usual upon that occasion. 
 About this time I w as appointed sail-maker's 
 mate. 
 
 We arrived at the Cape on the 7th of August, 
 and remained there 15 days, 
 
 We sailed from thence on the 22d ; and on 
 the day after our departure, encountered a se- 
 vere gale of wind. It came on so suddenly 
 that we had only time to take in our studding 
 sails ; all the others, except the fore and fore- 
 top gallant sails, were blown out of the bolt 
 ropes ; the ship was running before the wind, 
 and broached to several times ; fortunately, 
 however, we suffered no other damage than 
 the loss of the sails. We experienced two 
 other gales whilst in the Indian seas, but, be- 
 ing better prepared, met with no material ac- 
 cident. 
 
 On the 12th of September we saw the 
 island of St. Paul, and arrived at Pulo Fenang, 
 or Rvince of Wales' Island, about the middle 
 of October. 
 
VOYAGE ROUND THE WOULD. 17 
 
 ' We proceeded on our voyage for China on 
 the 24th of November, and anchored at Wam- 
 poa on the 18th of January, 1807. 
 
 Having rem^.lned there nearly six weeks, 
 and taken iti about half of our cargo, an un- 
 fortunate dispute took place between the 
 crew of the Neptune and some Chinese, in 
 which one of the latter lost his life. In con- 
 sequence of this, the government insisted 
 that a man should be given up in his place, 
 and stopped the loading of the ships to en- 
 force compliance with this demand, threat- 
 ening, at the same time, to prevent their de- 
 parture by choking up the second bar.* As 
 a measure of precaution the ships dropped 
 down the river below the bar, and a boat 
 was despatched to Canton to wait the orders 
 of the commodore. 
 
 I was sent in the cutter on this service ; 
 and during the time of our stay in that city, 
 the captain of the American ship Arthur, 
 bound to Rhode-Island, endeavored to in- 
 duce me to quit the ship I belonged to, by 
 offering high wages, and a bounty of twenty 
 dollars; I, however, declined his proposals. 
 Afterwards, when I was in company with a 
 
 ^ For an account of the dispute, see Appendix, No. IV. Note B. 
 
IS VOYAGE ROUxND THE WORLD. 
 
 comrade of the name of Allen, we were mcl 
 by another American captaip, who also tried 
 to persuade us, by offering still higher wa- 
 ges; we resisted his offers, till he informed 
 us that his ship was bound for the South 
 Seas and the north west coast of America. — 
 It had always been my ambition to visit 
 tliose distant parts of the world, and the 
 opportunity that now piesented itself was 
 too tempting to be resisted. We agreed to 
 liis terms ; and as his ship lay at Wampoa, 
 lie concealed us in the American factory till 
 an opportunity of proceeding thither should 
 occur. 
 
 Whilst at tliis place, we very narrowly 
 escaped detection. Being in want of pro- 
 visions, we sent out a Chinese to buy some 
 bread, and gave him a dollar stampted wdth 
 Captain Riclies' initials. Instead of fulfill- 
 ing his commission, he took the dollar to 
 the captain, and brought him to the factory. 
 When we saw them approach, we made 
 our escape from a window to the top of an 
 adjoining house, and ran along the roofs, 
 till we reached a warehouse, which we 
 asked permission to pass through; this the 
 owner refusing, I went out on a beam that 
 
VOYAGE ROUxND THE WORLD. 19 
 
 crossed the street, and dropped on the ground, 
 being a fall of about eighteen feet. — When 
 the Chinese ' observed this, he allowed my 
 comrade to pass through the house. I was a 
 good deal stunned with the fall, but soon re- 
 covered myself We then got to the river 
 •de, where vve hired a san-pan, or small boat, 
 to take us to Wampoa, and reached the ship 
 with no other interruption. 
 
 She w^as called the Eclipse, and belonged 
 to Boston ; a new ship, on her first voyage, 
 commanded by Captain Joseph O'Kean. She 
 was chartered by the Russian American Com- 
 pany, for their settlements at Kamschatka, 
 and the northwest coast of x4merica, with a 
 cargo of nankeens, tea, silks, sugar, rice, and 
 other articles, the produce of China. The 
 number of the crew, including officers, amount- 
 ed to twenty-eight, four or five of which were 
 procured from the Indiamen. There was also 
 a Russian supercargo. 
 
 At Captain O'Cain's desire I changed my 
 name, which I entered on the ship's books as 
 Archibald Macbride. 
 
 Having completed our cargo, the ship sail- 
 ed on her voyage upon the eighth of May. — 
 When opposite to Macao, we saw the In- 
 
20 VOYAGE ROUND THE WORLD. 
 
 dian fleet getting under way; the Captain, 
 fearing that the man-of-war might board us, 
 and take the men belonging to the India ships, 
 put back, and remained within the Bocca Ti- 
 gris till they were out of sight. 
 
 On the 6th of June we descried the coast 
 of Japan, and ran along shore till we rea(^jp* 
 ed the bay of Nangasaki. 
 
 We stood into the bay under Russian co- 
 lors, and were met by an immense fleet of 
 boats, who took possession of the ship, and 
 towed her to the anchorage. When about 
 half way up the bay, the Dutch ambassador 
 came off. He could speak English ; and 
 finding we were Americans, advised us to 
 haul down the colors, informing us that the 
 natives were much exasperated at some out- 
 rages lately committed by the Russians upon 
 their islands. We found this to be so much 
 the case, that we deemded it prudent to keep 
 the supercargo out of sight during the whole 
 of our stay.* 
 
 ^ It appears from Dr Langsdorfs Voyage, that the amour propn 
 of the Russian ambassador, Von Resanoff, was so much mortified 
 by his reception at Japan, that he despatched in October, 1806, an 
 expedition against the most southern of the Kurile islands, where 
 the Japanese have settlements. A second expedition was underta- 
 ken in May, 1807.— Firfe Langsdorfs Vol II. p. 298. 
 
yOYAGE ROUND THE WORLD. 21 
 
 When the ship was moored, eight guard- 
 boats were anchored round us, within pistol- 
 shot, and no person allowed to land or hold 
 any communication with the shore ; the mus- 
 kets were taken out of the arm-chests, and our 
 gunpowder demanded ; six or eight kegs were 
 given up, with the assurance that it was all we 
 h^. ^' 
 
 Seeing so many boats come off, a large as- 
 sortment of articles of trade was brought on 
 deck, but none of the people would make any 
 purchase. They told us they had plenty of 
 every thing we had to offer. 
 
 When the captain wr.s asked what brought 
 him to Japan, he replied, want of water and 
 fresh provisions ; and ordered several butts 
 in the hold to be started and hoisted on deck 
 empty. Next day a plentiful supply w as sent 
 oif, in small boats, filled with water, and in 
 tubs, which we were obliged to empty on 
 deck, stopping the scuppers, and allowing it 
 to run off at night. We w ere also abundantly 
 supplied with fresh fish, hogs, and vegetables ; 
 the whole of which was furnished gratis. 
 
 On the third day of our stay, the Captain, 
 finding nothing was to be gained by remain- 
 
22 VOYAGE ROUND THE WORLD. 
 
 ing, got under way. The arms and amntii- 
 nition were immediately restored, and the 
 ship w^as towed about five miles out of the 
 bay, by nearly a hundred boats ; on parting 
 the crews cheered us, waving their hats and 
 hands. .^: 
 
 The town of Nangasaki was concealed by^ 
 an island ; but from the view we had of the 
 land, it seemed to be in a state of high culti- 
 vation, and very populous. The natives have 
 the appearance and complexion of the Chinese, 
 but are taller in stature. 
 
 Their boats, which were open, with small 
 covered cabins abaft, were mounted with 
 p;uns, about the size of our largest swivels. 
 Instead of being rovv^ed they w ere sculled ; 
 the oars on each side never being lifted out 
 of the wearer. In each of them were two 
 men, apparently officers, dressed in loose 
 frocks or gowns, with long hanging sleeves. 
 These were armed with matchlocks, and had 
 a sabre hanging at each side. 
 
 After leaving Nangasaki, we navigated the 
 strait which separates the principal island 
 of Japan from others that lie to the north : 
 in several places it is not above five miles 
 broad. On each side the countrv is beauti- 
 
VOYAGE ROUND THE WORLD. 23 
 
 fu!, abounding with cultivated fields, woods, 
 villages, and sino^le houses. Frequently, when 
 neai* the coast, we observed the inhabitants 
 come down to the shore, and make signals, as 
 if to invite us to land ; but, after the reception 
 \^. we had already experienced, the captain did 
 not choose to have any further communica- 
 tion with the Japanese.* 
 
 At one time, in a thick fog, we were alarm- 
 ed with the noise of breakers, apparently very 
 near. Upon sounding, we found twenty fa- 
 thoms, sandy bottom, and immediately let go 
 the anchor. When the haze cleared away, we 
 found ourselves close to a remarkable island 
 or rock, about the size and the height of the 
 craig of Ailsea, in the Frith of Clyde. An 
 archway passed completely through it ; and 
 into this the sea rushed with that tremendous 
 noise which had occasioned our late alarm. 
 
 In about a week we were clear of the strait, 
 and proceeded on our voyage. 
 
 ^ Those friendly invitations seem to be somewhat inconsistent 
 with the inhospitable character of the Japanese. It is most likely^ 
 however, that the author is mistaken in the nature of the signals 
 they made, which were more probably those of reproach than 
 kindness, similar to those captain Saris was assailed with — '* Core, 
 core cocori ware," — "you Coreans, with false hearts." 
 
 Vide quarttrhjRtvki':, VolIV.p.T,9. 
 
e4 VOYAGE ROUND THE WORLD. 
 
 The 4th of July, being the anniversary of 
 Vmei'ican Independence, was celebrated by 
 I salute. One of the guns having missed fii-e, 
 the captain took the powder-horn to prime it ; 
 in doing which some fire in the gun kindled 
 the powder, and exploded the horn. By this 
 accident his hand was dreadfully scorched and 
 lacerated. 
 
 Upon the 6th we descried the two lofty 
 mountains of St. Peter and St. Paul, in Kam- 
 schatka. 
 
 Owing to foggy weather, it was two days 
 before we discovered the entrance of Awat- 
 ska bay. We were within the heads on the 
 8th, and were met by a Russian boat, on 
 board of which was Mr. Meznikoff, com- 
 missioner of the store, who piloted us into 
 the harbour of Petrapaulouska, or St. Peter 
 and St. Paul. The ship having been seen 
 off the coast, intelligence had been given of 
 our arrival by people stationed for the purpose 
 at a light-house on the north side of the 
 entrance. 
 
 Awatska bay is a spacious basin, 25 or 30 
 miles in circumference ; any part of it w^ould 
 afford safe anchorage, but it has three very 
 fine harbours. That of St. Peter and St. Paul, 
 
VOYAGE ROUND THE WORLD. $5 
 
 where we lay, is sheltered from every wind 
 by a projecting woody point ; but, owing to 
 the great height of the mountains is subject 
 to heavy squalls. 
 
 The entrance to the bay is not above a 
 mile and a half wide, and may be known by 
 several remarkable rocks on the starboard 
 hand going in, somewhat like the needles at 
 the Isle of Wight. 
 
 We remained at St. Peter and St. Paul 
 thirty-three days, and discharged nearly one 
 tjiird of our cargo. 
 
 The town, although the principal sea-port 
 of the Peninsula of Kamschatka, is nothing 
 more than a miserable village, containing 
 300 or 400 inhabitants, of whom about two- 
 thirds are Russians and the remainder na- 
 tives. It is situated on an eminence above 
 the harbour, and, with the exception of the 
 governor's house, consists of huts of one story 
 high, built of Jogs and covered with thatch. 
 In a few of them the windows are glazed with 
 talc, but more generally the intestine of the 
 seal supplies the place of glass. 
 
 The huts of the natives lie below the 
 
 town towards the shore. They are almost 
 
 wholly under ground, nothing but the roof 
 3 
 
26 VOYAGE ROUND THE WORLD- 
 
 being seen, which is long and rounded at the 
 top, resembling a vessel with the bottom up- 
 wards. 
 
 On a rising ground on the north side of the 
 harbour, near the governor's house, stands an 
 obehsk, erected to the memory of Captain 
 CJerke, the coadjutor of Captain Cook, who 
 died at sea, and was buried at this place. The 
 monument is about sixteen or eighteen feet 
 high, built of hewn stone, with a ship on the 
 top; there were inscriptions on each side, 
 which were much defaced by the weather; 
 and owing to the rail which surrounded the 
 place, we could not get near enough to ascer- 
 tain in what language they were written * 
 
 The natives are stout made, round-faced, 
 with a yellowish complexion. The men are 
 dressed in skin frocks ; the women in a si- 
 milar dress made of nankeen. 
 
 The countiy round is perfectly barren, and 
 no cultivation of any kind is to be seen, except 
 one or two gardens near the town. 
 
 * The inscriptions will be found in Captain Krusenstern's Voyage. 
 The Monument was erected by the officers of his ship, the Na- 
 deshda, near the tree where Captain Gierke was buried. 
 
 Krusemtern, Vol II. p. 203 
 
VOYAGE ROUND THE WORLD. 27 
 
 They have a few horses and horned cattle ; 
 but these are so scarce, that the fresh beef we 
 required was brought from Bohcheresk, a dis- 
 tance of seventy miles. 
 
 On the right hand entrance of the bay, and 
 round by the foot of the mountain, the country 
 is covered with wood, chiefly pines. 
 
 The town and its neighbourhood are infest- 
 ed with an immense number of the dogs used 
 for sledges in winter. At this season, they are 
 allowed to go at large and find food for them- 
 selves. They live almost entirely upon fish, 
 which they obtain either by springing upon 
 them as they lie in the water, or picking them 
 up dead along the shore. In winter, they are 
 fed upon dried fish, which are cured in large 
 open sheds erected for that purpose on the 
 shore, and which, it would appear, they pre- 
 fer to any other food. Our sailors, by way of 
 amusement, often purloined a {ew to give to 
 the dogs ; in consequence of which kindness, 
 thousands of these hungry creatures watched 
 the landing of our boat, and flocked after us, 
 to the great annoyance of the inhabitants. — 
 This practice became at last so troublesome, 
 that the Russians insisted on our putting an 
 end to it. Their howling every morning at 
 
28 VOYAGE ROUND THE WORLD. 
 
 day-break, was so intolerable, as to awaken 
 us even on board the ship. 
 
 Boltcheresk, the capital of Kamschatka, is 
 about seventy miles from St. Peter and St. 
 Paul. The communication in the winter 
 season is by sledges drawn by dogs over the 
 snow ; in summer the intercourse is earned on 
 by the river Awatska, which being in some 
 places extremely shallovi% boats of a particular 
 construction are made use of. They are form- 
 ed of light frames of wood, covered with 
 tarpaulin, and are so flat in the bottom that 
 they do not draw above six inches water ; 
 they are extremely light, and can easily be 
 carried over the rapids. 
 
 The two remarkable mountains, St. Peter 
 and St. Paul, which give name to the place, 
 lie about thirty miles to the north. One ol 
 them is a volcano ; and w hen v^e could see 
 the top, w hicli w as seldom free from clouds, 
 it was constantly smoking, and at night sparks 
 were frequently to be seen. An eruption took 
 place some time before our arrival, by which 
 the whole town was covered with ashes. 
 
 There were no vessels at this place during 
 our stay, except the wreck of a ship which 
 had sunk in the harbour; the sails having 
 
VOYAGE ROUND THE WORLD. 29 
 
 been loosed for the purpose of drying, a sud- 
 den squall laid her on her beam-ends, when 
 .she filled and went down.* As the upper 
 works were above the surface at low water, 
 it appeared to us that she might have been 
 raised without much difficulty ; but it seems 
 they did not mean to make the attempt, for 
 her cordage and anchors were put on board 
 our vessel. 
 
 Whilst we remained here we were abun- 
 dantly supplied with the finest salmon, and 
 fish of all descriptions. 
 
 Having delivered the part of our cargo 
 which was to be left at this place, we sailed 
 on the 8th of August for the settlements on 
 the Aleutian Islands. 
 
 * It appears from Captain Krusenstero's voyage, that tliis Vas 
 the Slawa Rossii, the ship commanded by Captain Billing, and 
 afterwards by Admiral Sarytscheff. 
 
 Kruitnstim, Vol. II. page 29 
 
 3^ 
 
30 VOYAGE ROUND THE WORLD. 
 
 CHAPTKR II. 
 
 Departure from Kamschatka — Shipwrecked on a reef of 
 rocks, on the northwest coast of America — Author, with 
 the rest of the crew, save themselves by the long boat — 
 Are drifted on an island — Transactions upon the island 
 — Prepare to build a vessel. 
 
 We left Kamschatka on the 8th of August, 
 and proceeded on our voyage to the north- 
 west coast of America. Nothing material 
 occurred till the 10th of September. On 
 the morning of that day it blew hard from 
 the south, and the ship was reduced to close 
 reefed topsails ; about three in the afternoon, 
 the gale increased to such a degree that it 
 became necessary to take in the fore and 
 mizen topsails. Whilst the men w^re on the 
 yards, they discovered land off the lee bow, 
 distant about five or six leagues ; we con- 
 jectured it to be that part ol the continent 
 called Aliaska ; the ship's course was imme- 
 diately altered from N. E. to E. and the wea- 
 ther proving more moderate in the even- 
 ing, stood on. close hauled, but did not 
 set more sail. About ten at night, the alarm 
 was given that there were breakers ahead. 
 
voyage: :a<>Ml) THE WORLD. si 
 
 and on the lee bpvr.. Mr. Brinkman, the 
 chief mate, who haid the charge of the watch, 
 immediately went to the mizen topmast head, 
 and observing there was room to wear the 
 ship, hastened below to report the circum- 
 stance to the captain. When he returned 
 upon deck, he instantly went to the wheel 
 and ordered us to our stations, with the in- 
 tention of wearing ; but the captain, who 
 followed him, was of a different opinion ; he 
 said what we saw w^as only white water, and 
 not breakers ; that there w as no danger, and 
 ordered us to stand on our course. He had 
 scarcely given this order before the ship 
 plunged, and struck with such violence as 
 to knock away the fore-foot, and the watch 
 below were driven from their hammocks 
 against the deck. The sea running very 
 high, she beat so hard that in a few minutes 
 the rudder was unshipped, and the stern- 
 post forced up through the poop ; as she 
 still had way upon her, she shot over the reef 
 into deep water : upon sounding we found se- 
 venteen fathoms. It was immediately deter- 
 mined to let go the anchor, and remain by the 
 ship as long as she would swim. In case she 
 went down, we hoped to save our lives by the 
 
32 VOYAGE ROUND THE WORLD. 
 
 lono!;-boat, which was accordingly elegred and 
 hoisted out, that she might be ready ; seven of 
 the guns were at the same time thrown -over- 
 board, in order to keep her above water until 
 daylight. The carpenter attempted to sound 
 the well, but owing to some obstacle, could not 
 get down the sounding rod. I was sent below 
 with him to bore a hole beside the pump thro' 
 the lower deck ; but on taking off the after 
 hatch, we found the water as high as the shift- 
 ing boards. 
 
 Early on the morning of the 11th, to our 
 great joy, we saw land to the leeward of us, 
 distant about three or four leagues. It was im- 
 mediately determined to watch the lull, slip the 
 cable, and cast the ship's head in shore, and 
 steer her for it with the jib and fore-topsail. — 
 After she was under way, the captain ordered 
 that any of the crew that could not swim should 
 go into the long-boat astern, and be ready as 
 soon as she struck to come alongside for tlie 
 rest, as he expected that she would then go to 
 pieces. As soon as she struck, all hands came 
 into the boat, and went for the shore, the cap- 
 tain taking his quadrant, until the tide should 
 ebb, when be expected she would be nearly 
 
VOYAGE ROUND THE WORLD; 53 
 
 dry. We jainded between eleven and twelve 
 o'clock m tlie forenoon. 
 
 The land upon which we were thrown pre- 
 sented a most dreary appearance ; it was an 
 extensive plain, intersected by pools of fresh 
 water, stretching about five miles from the sea, 
 and terminated by two mountains. The 
 ground was covered with heath and moss ; not 
 a tree nor a bush could be seen, neither did 
 we observe the least trace of human habita- 
 tions. As the land afforded us no sustenance, 
 we turned our attention to the sea, and when 
 the tide ebbed found some large muscles. — 
 Having satisfied our hunger with some raw 
 muscles, we prepared to go off to the ship ; but 
 on our way off we had the mortification to see 
 her fall over on her beam ends. When we 
 reached the ship we found that we could do 
 nothing with her, and were preparing to leave 
 her, when we discovered in the bottom of the 
 long-boat the carpenter's axe ; we then cut the 
 parrel and gear of the main-topsail yard, and 
 let it drive clear of the wreck, while we went 
 to cut away the topmasts, and then left her for 
 that day. On our w^ay ashore we found the 
 main-topsail yard, and took it in tow, and 
 landed again about six o'clock in the evening. 
 
34 VOYAGE ROUND THE WORLD. 
 
 The approach of night rendering some shel- 
 ter necessary, we made a sort of tent with a 
 sail, and lay down on the moss, cold and wet, 
 and spent a most uncomfortable night * - 
 
 Next morning, the 12th, we set off along 
 shore in search of any thing that might have 
 driven from the ship, and found, in a bay at 
 no great distance from our tent, a barrel of 
 rosin, the arm chest, with one or two small 
 carbines, some swan-shot, and, what was of 
 greater consequence to us, several calking 
 irons and mallets ; on finding these w^e went 
 to the ship, but the sea was so high we could 
 not come near her, and we returned to our 
 tent. 
 
 On the 13th, 14th, and 15th, we were em- 
 ployed in repairing the boat, which had begun 
 to get very leaky ; having picked some oakum, 
 w^e calked the seams as well as we could. Over 
 the places where this was insufficient, we nailed 
 pieces of boards, and calked round the edges. 
 Although we could not pay the seams, having 
 nothing to melt our rosin in, we succeeded in 
 making her tolerably tight. 
 
 On the 1 6th several pieces of wreck and some 
 sails were secured ; this day was chiefly employ- 
 ed in preparations for going off to the wreck. 
 
VOYAGE ROUND THE WORLD. 35 
 
 We formed a grappling iron by lashing four 
 bolts together, and bending them, and made 
 a line piit of the rigging that came ashore 
 with tjhe spars; this proved of great service in 
 fishir^g up articles from the wreck. Every 
 thing being ready, and the 17th proving fine, 
 we set off at day -break, and taking the car- 
 penter's axe with us, we cut a large hole in 
 her side, just before the main channels. — 
 With the grappling irons we hooked several 
 sails, and a number of other articles, such as 
 boxes of silks and nankeens, and made three 
 diiferent trips to the wreck this day. 
 
 On the 18th we were busy in making a lar- 
 ger tent with the sails we had got. We set up 
 two small spars at each end, and laid a studding 
 sail boom across the tops of them ; over this 
 we spread a topsail, hung smaller sails at the 
 ends, and placed planks round the bottom, to 
 prevent them from being blown up by the 
 wind. With the soft moss of the island for 
 beds, and planks to sit upon, we now found 
 ourselves pretty comfortable in every respect 
 but one : All our attempts to kindle a fire prov- 
 ed unavailing, and we were obliged to eat 
 our victuals raw. Observing a flight of large 
 birds, resembling ravens, carrying something 
 
36 VOYAGE ROUND THE WORLD. 
 
 in their talons, we watched where they alight- 
 ed, and going to the spot, found several par- 
 cels of pork and beef w hich they had picked 
 up, the barrels being staved by the rocks. In 
 this manner we procured about a dozen of 
 pieces. We again went off to the wreck in 
 the afternoon, to see what we could get on 
 shore, as it had every appearance of a gale of 
 wind, and managed to get three of our chests 
 out of the vessel before dark ; and amongst 
 them mine. It contained only one shirt and 
 my bible, which I had put into one of those 
 squares, common in sailor's chests, for hold- 
 ing case botdes, and in which it was firmly 
 fixed, in consequence of having sw elled with 
 the water. I w as at great pains in drying it 
 in the sun, and succeeded so w ell that I could 
 read any part of it. It w as afterwards saved 
 from a second wreck; and in my future hard- 
 -ships and sufferings, the perusal of it formed 
 my greatest consolation. It is still in my pos- 
 session, being the only article I brought with 
 me when I returned to my native country. 
 
 We also secured this day, a barrel of fine 
 biscuit ; it was soaked with salt w ater, but 
 was, nevertheless, a most acceptable addition 
 to our store. In the night, between the 18th 
 
VOYAGE ROUND THE WORLD. sf 
 
 and 19th, it blew so hard from the south, 
 that the ship went to pieces before morning. 
 At. day-break, we discovered on a small isle, 
 separated from the land by a channel which 
 was dry at low water, the fore part of the ship, 
 which had driven high up on the beach. Had 
 we been able to have moved it to a better situ- 
 ation, it would have made an excellent hut; 
 but this was beyond our strength. It was 
 broken up and gradually removed when w^e 
 could afford time. Some more fragments of 
 the wreck, consisting of knees and planks, 
 came on shore this day. We also recovered a 
 few packages of nankeens and chests of tea, 
 which we spread on the moss to dry. 
 
 Our horizon to the south being interrupted 
 by the reef, the captain and mate went out in 
 the long-boat to determine the latitude by a 
 meridian altitude of the sun. The result of 
 the observations gave 54 deg. 52 min. north, as 
 the latitude of the south side of the island.* 
 
 * This obsen-ation, made without the assistance of an ephemerifi, 
 or tables of declination, can only be considered as an approximation 
 It however proves that Sannack and Halibut island is the same, the 
 latitude of that inland, as ascertained by captain Cook, being 54 
 deg. 27 min. As the observation was made about the time of the 
 equinox, the correction for decliuatioa might be estimated within a 
 few minutes. 
 
 4 
 
38 VOYAGE ROUND THE WORLD. 
 
 We made a number of trips to the wreck in 
 the course of the ten follow ing days, and saved 
 a considerable part of the cargo, consisting of 
 chests of tea, packages of nankeens, and bags 
 of rice. The last time we went off to the 
 wreck, before the arrival of the Indians, the 
 wind was off shore, and began to blow so fresh 
 that we were obliged to desist from our labours. 
 After having secured a few more sails, some 
 coils of cordage, and two bales of silks, having 
 only two oars and a heavy boat to row, we 
 reached the shore before dark, after a most 
 fatiguing pull. By this time so much of the 
 wreck was recovered that we determined to 
 build a vessel large enough to carry us to the 
 Sandwich Islands, where we were certain of 
 meeting with an American ship. Our princi- 
 pal attention was now turned to that object, 
 and we began our preparations by collecting 
 into one place planks and other pieces of wood 
 suitable for the purpose. 
 
VOYAGE ROUND THE WORLD. 39 
 
 CHAPTER III. 
 
 Arrivatl of a party of Natives, aniof the Russian Command- 
 ant of Oonalaska, who determines to send to Kodiak for 
 assistance — -Long-boat prepared for the voyage — Some 
 account of Sannack or Halibut Island. 
 
 Our necessary occupations, and the unpro- 
 mising appearance of the country, had hither- 
 to prevented us from leaving the neighbour- 
 hood of our hut ; but we had seen nothing that 
 led us to imagine that the island was inhabit- 
 ed. We were, however, visited on the 28th, 
 by a party of natives, who had traced the 
 fragments of wreck along shore. 
 
 About mid-day we saw them approach in 
 three small skin canoes, with one Indian in 
 each. One of them, who had a gold medal 
 about his neck, came forward, and addressed 
 us in the Russian language. The captain, 
 who had made a former voyage to these set- 
 tlements, and understood a few words of the 
 language, contrived to make our situation 
 known to him. He immediately despatched 
 one of his companions to a village on the 
 northern part of the island for assistance, and 
 
40 VOYAGE ROUxND THE WORLD. 
 
 the other to Oonalaska to give information to 
 the commandant of the Russian settlements on 
 that island. 
 
 The chief himself remained, arid most wil- 
 lingly gave us a share of his provisions, which 
 consisted of a bladder of train oil, and a bas- 
 ket of berries, about the size of bilberries, pre- 
 served in oil. These, to people in any other 
 situation, would scarcely have been deemed 
 an acquis'ition. Even we, who had lived so 
 long on raw muscles, found some difficulty in 
 reconciling ourselves to train oil ; but we 
 thought the berries, which had been cured 
 with seal oil, no small luxury. This friendly 
 Indian, who had hooks and lines, went out in 
 his canoe, and in a short time returned with 
 a few small fish. He then kindled a fire in 
 the following manner : he laid a piece of 
 ^oft wood upon the ground, and took another 
 within his teeth ; between these he put an 
 upright piece of a harder quality, which he 
 twirled rapidly around with a thong of hide, 
 as we would a drill ; the friction soon kin- 
 dled the soft wood, and by placing it in 
 dried grass, and blowing it, it bm'St into a 
 flame. 
 
 "We lost no time in broiling the fish, and en- 
 
VOYAGE BOUND THE WORLD. 41 
 
 joyed the first Gomfortable meal we had since 
 the shipwreck. 
 
 Next day about forty Indians, men and 
 women, came and encamped beside us ; they 
 made huts for themselves, by setting up planks, 
 leaning against each other at the top, and 
 throwing earth upon them, over which they 
 put a covering of grass. 
 
 They brought a supply of provisions, con- 
 sisting of berries, oil, blubber, and dried sal- 
 mon, and gave us a share of all they had with 
 the utmost liberality. 
 
 By the assistance of the Indians, who towed 
 our boat with their canoes, we made two more 
 trips to the wreck, and were successful in sa- 
 ving a considerable quantity of the cargo, as 
 well as several articles of greater use to us for 
 our intended vessel ; such as bolts of canvass, 
 cordage, and other naval stores, being part of 
 the rigging of the ship that was stranded in 
 the harbor of St. Peter and St. Paul. In sa- 
 ving these articles, the grappling-irons proved 
 of the greatest service ; for though the wreck 
 lay in about three fathoms, the water was so 
 clear, when the wind was southerly, that we 
 could distinctly see what lay at the bottom. A 
 
 considerable part of the ship still held together. 
 
 4* 
 
42 VOYAGE ROUND THE WORLD. 
 
 In about a week after this, Mr. Bander, the 
 Russian commandant of Oonalaska, arrived 
 in a large skin canoe or baidare, with twenty 
 or thirty Indians, who also hutted themselves 
 beside us. The presence of so many visiters 
 formed a singular contrast to the solitude in 
 which we had hitherto lived. Our tent was 
 now in the centre of a busy and populous vil- 
 lage. 
 
 Some of our new visiters erected huts, 
 whilst others contented themselves with sleep- 
 ing under their baidare, which they placed 
 bottom up, and raised by supports from the 
 ground on the lee side. 
 
 We were now in no want of provisions. — 
 In addition to what the Indians brought with 
 them, they procured us a plentiful supply of 
 fish and fowl, particularly geese, in which the 
 island abounded ; these they shot with their 
 rifles, in the use of which they are very ex- 
 pert. 
 
 These rifles are no wider in the bore than 
 our own ; but the metal is extremely thick, 
 particularly at the muzzle. They load them 
 almost full of powder, over which they force 
 a piece of lead, three or four inches long, 
 with a mallet ; this comes out like an arrow. 
 
VOYAGE ROUND THE WORLD. 43 
 
 The piece is riested upon two supports, which 
 fold out, and are stuck in the ground. I have 
 seen them fire at the geese, which usually sat 
 in rows, and kill several at one shot. 
 
 Mr. Bander took possession of the ship's 
 cargo. Under his directions we went off to 
 her several times, in company with the In- 
 dians, and brought away a considerable quan- 
 tity of the nankeens and cloth ; but were not 
 successful in getting provisions, for we se- 
 cured nothing except a few casks of damaged 
 bread, and half a puncheon of rum. 
 
 Our chief attention was now turned towards 
 our vessel, and we had a reasonable prospect 
 of completing her by the aid of our visiters. 
 
 From Oonalaska we procured twelve In- 
 dians who could use the axe, and Mr. Ban- 
 der promised us the assistance of Russian car- 
 penters from Kodiak. To obtain which, as 
 well as to report the loss of the ship to the 
 governor of the Russian settlements, the long- 
 boat was fitted out for a voyage to Kodiak. — 
 About the 6th of November the necessary re- 
 pairs were begun. 
 
 The seams were payed with a composition 
 of the rosin that had been saved from the 
 wreck, and train oil, boiled to a consistence 
 
44 VOYAGE ROUND THE WORLD. 
 
 in the kettles of the Indians. A kmd of spar 
 deck was formed, by laying the boards of the 
 hat boxes over the thwarts ; and upon these 
 we nailed a tarpaulin : a hatch way was left 
 at the stern, by which we got below, and in 
 which the man at the helm could stand. We 
 laid a small platform on the bottom, and cover- 
 ed it with skins ; this formed a birth into which 
 w^e could creep, but it was too low to allow us 
 to sit upright. Out of the ship's spanker I 
 made a suit of sails. She was rigged a sloop, 
 and provided with a cable and grapnel. She 
 was small enough for a voyage of 500 miles at 
 such a season, being only twenty-two feet 
 long, and measuring about six ton. She, how- 
 ever, proved an excellent sea-boat. 
 
 Every thing being completed by the 17th, 
 we laid in our stores, consisting of dried sal- 
 mon, berries, and oil, with a cask of water, 
 and sailed on the following morning. The 
 crew consisted of Mr. Bartram, second mate, 
 myself, and seven more of the crew, one In- 
 dian, who acted as pilot. 
 
 The island on which we had now remained 
 two months, is called by the natives Sannack ; 
 by Captain Cook it is named Halibut Island. 
 It is situated in latitude 54. 27. north, longi- 
 
 l«r 
 
YQYAGE ROUiND THE WORLD. 45 
 
 tude 197. ea^t,. and lies 10 or 12 leagues to 
 the south of the promontory of Aliaski, and 
 about 60 east of Oonalaska. It is quite flat, 
 with the exception of two mountains, is eight 
 or ten miles long, and about six bi'oad. The 
 main land could be distinctly seen ; and the 
 remarkable volcano mentioned by Captain 
 Cook, bore N. N. W. from our tent. It was 
 constandy smoking during the day, and at 
 night we could frequently see the flames. 
 
 The land produces nothing eatable but ber- 
 ries. To the south lies the dangerous reef 
 upon which we were wrecked ; it is of great 
 extent, for when at the ship we observed break- 
 ers a considerable distance to the southward. 
 
 There is a village of 12 or 15 Indian fami-- 
 lies at the northern extremity of the island. — 
 These people are under the government of the 
 Russians, for whom they provide furs for the 
 American company. They are a quite inof- 
 fensive race, converts to the Greek Church, 
 and if not very devout, are at least extremely 
 attentive to the ceremonial part of crossing 
 themselves. 
 
 Their appearance and manners will be af- 
 terwards more particularly described. iVs the 
 whole of their sustenance, clothing, and, in- 
 
4^ VOYAGE ROUND THE WORLD. 
 
 deed, every article they make use of, except 
 a few berries, are the produce of the sea, they 
 are extremely expert in managing their canoes, 
 and most ingenious in their modes of catching 
 fish and other sea animals. They are excel- 
 lent marksmen with the rifle and spear; to 
 the latter they fix a bladder, which prevents 
 the wounded animal from taking it under 
 water, and dart it with great force and cer- 
 tainty by means of a throwing stick. 
 
 Like all other savages I have seen, they 
 are immoderately fond of spirits and tobacco. 
 
 W 
 
VOYAGE ROUND THE WORLD. 47 
 
 CHAPTER IV. 
 
 Sail from Sannack in the long-boat — Touch at the Island 
 of Ungar — Distressing state of the settlement there — 
 Sail from thence — Anchor at the village of Schutkum — 
 Departure from it — Boat nearly embayed on the north 
 coast of Kodiak — Arrived at Alexandria — Transactions 
 there — Boat fitted out to return to Sannack. 
 
 We sailed from Sannack, in the long-boat, 
 on the morning of the 18th of November; 
 but had scarcely been an hour at sea, before 
 we discovered a leak in the counter, which 
 forced us to put back. 
 
 Having repaired the damage, we again set 
 sail next morning, with a fair southerly wind. 
 Our little vessel made better weather than 
 could have been expected, and so long as it 
 continued moderate, she scudded before the 
 sea perfectly dry ; we boomed out the foresail 
 on the weather side, and the wind being fair, 
 proceeded on our voyage at a great rate. — 
 About noon it freshened into a smart gale, and 
 the sea rose considerably, frequently curling 
 over the stern in an alarming manner. Our 
 open cock-pit rendered this extremely danger- 
 
49. VOYAGE ROUND THE WORLD. 
 
 ous, till we adopted an expedient of which 1 
 fortunately recollected having read in the voy- 
 ages of soirie Dutch navigators, who used oil 
 to smooth the sea. Upon trying the experi- 
 ment, it proved an effectual remedy. We 
 lashed a keg of oil upon the taftrail, allowing 
 a small stream to run from it, which spread a 
 scum over the surface in our wake, and com- 
 pletely prevented the waves from topping. 
 
 The coast of Aliaski which we passed this 
 day, is very mountainous, and deeply in- 
 dented with arms of the sea. Many small 
 islands lie near the shore, W'hich are covered 
 with brushwood. Sometimes a temporary 
 hut erected by the hunters is to be seen, but 
 there were no other symptoms of inhabitants. 
 Extensive reefs of rocks lie a considerable 
 distance off the land ; our pilot, who was well 
 acquainted with the navigation, took us with- 
 in them ; but strangers should be very cautious 
 in approaching this part of the coast. 
 
 About ten at night we were close in with 
 an island of considerable height, and attempt- 
 ed to pass to leevi^ard, but were prevented by 
 breakers, which obliged us to tack and pass on 
 the outside. A round lofty rock lies a quarter 
 of a mile to the southwest ; the channel within 
 
VOYAGE ROUxNly THE WORLD. 49 
 
 seemed also full of rocks, and we Avere obliged 
 to mak;e another tack before we could weather 
 it^ Our situation for about two hours after 
 this, wa$ very alarming; we passed many 
 sunk rocks, and were repeatedly obliged to 
 tack in order to avoid them. 
 
 At day-break we found ourselves near a 
 barren island, four or five miles in length, lying 
 to the south of a larger one called Ungar. 
 We passed through the sound between them, 
 and, coasting along the southern shore of Un- 
 gar, arrived about ten A. M. at a village, situ- 
 ated on the eastern part of the island, after a 
 run of 160 miles. 
 
 We found the setdement here in the most 
 distressing situation. The whole of the male 
 inhabitants, except the Russian overseer and 
 his son, and the Indian interpreter, having 
 gone out to catch seals, about three wxeks be- 
 fore this time, a severe gale of wind came on, 
 which their slight canoes were unable to resist, 
 and every one of them perished. This dread- 
 ful calamity did not prevent the survivors from 
 receiving us with the kindest hospitahty. We 
 were lodged in the hot bath, which was effec- 
 tually warmed by the steam of \a ater thrown 
 upon red-hot stones. 
 5 
 
^ VOYAGE ROUx\D THE WORLD- 
 
 Ungar is nearly twenty miles in length ; in 
 the interior the country rises into lofty moun- 
 tains ; near the sea it is more level, and is 
 covered with brushwood, but produces no 
 vegetable food, except berries, and a root from 
 which the Russians make the liquor called 
 quass. We remained eight days at this place, 
 during which we went out several times to 
 shoot deer, with which the island abounds, 
 accompanied by the son of the overseer and 
 the interpreter ; we had tolerable sport, and 
 the venison made a most acceptable addition 
 to our store. ^^ 
 
 The natives seem, in all respects, the same 
 as those at Sannack. The settlement con- 
 sisted of one Russian and about thirty Indian 
 families. The houses of the latter were built 
 of mud, in the form of a bee-hive, w ith a hole 
 at the top instead of a door ; they had no fire- 
 places, but warmed themselves by means of 
 lamps made out of flat hollow stones, with 
 rush wicks, which when cold, they placed un- 
 der their frocks. One cooking place served 
 for the whole village. 
 
 This island is separated from the main land, 
 by a strait nearly ten miles wide at high water, 
 but so extremely shallow that it is said to dry 
 
VOYAGE ROUNP THE WORLD. 51 
 
 at lovv ebbs, when deer frequently pass over 
 iVptti the continent. 
 
 The Village is situated on the north side 
 of a small, well sheltered harbour, the en- 
 trance to which is between two rocky heads, 
 not above a cable's length asunder. Within 
 it is a quarter of a mile broad, and divides, 
 a short way above the village, into two 
 branches, one of which extends a considera- 
 ble distance to the west. There are three or 
 four high pointed rocks a little to the south 
 of the entrance, but there is deep water all 
 round. 
 
 We sailed on the morning of the 28th, with 
 the wind at N. W. and steered between the 
 main land and a small isle to the east of Un- 
 gar. Before we reached the open sea, the 
 wind headed us, and blew with such violence 
 as to force us back to the harbour we left 
 in the morning. Gales from the N. E. with 
 heavy falls of snow, prevented us from sailing 
 for the eight following days. I employed my- 
 self in making a squaresail out of a bolt of 
 canvass we had for the purpose. 
 
 Having laid in a store of deer's flesh, dried 
 and boiled, the only provisions the place af- 
 forded, we again sailed on the morning of the 
 
52 VOYAGE ROUND THE AVORLD. 
 
 6th of December ; the wind strong from tlie 
 west, with squalls, accompanied with snow 
 showers. The excessive cold made us feel 
 severely the want of a cam boose, or fire place 
 in the boat. 
 
 We continued to coast along the main land, 
 within half a mile of the shore. Nothing 
 could exceed the barren aspect of the country, 
 w hich consisted of a range of steep and rug- 
 ged hills, destitute of wood, or almost any 
 appearance of vegetation. Many reefs lie a 
 considerable way off the land. 
 
 On the 7th we passed an island called St. 
 Ivan, the w eather still very cold, with snow. 
 
 In the afternoon, the wind veered to the 
 N. E. and blew with such violence that we 
 w^ere driven out to sea; had the gale con- 
 tinued, our situation would have been highly 
 critical ; for our water was nearly expended, 
 and we were unprovided with a compass to 
 direct our course ; fortunately, however, it 
 abated towards morning, when we tacked 
 and stood to the shore. About noon we were 
 close in wdth the land, and being anxious to 
 kindle a fire, anchored in a bay, where the 
 brushw^ood grew down to the water's edge. 
 One of the Indians landed to cut firewood, 
 
VOYAGE ROUxND THE WORLD. 53 
 
 but, he was scarcely upon shore when three 
 bears made their appearance, and forced him 
 to swim back to the boat. We were reluc- 
 tantly obliged to desist ; and having weighed 
 anchor, we went ten miles further, to a village 
 called Schu#um. 
 
 A number of sunk rocks lie about half a 
 mile to the south of this place, with an intri- 
 cate and narrow channel, through which we 
 were piloted by the overseer, who came out to 
 meet us in a bidarka. 
 
 After remaining here three day3, we sailed 
 a«*ain on the 13th, havincc met with the same 
 hospitable treatment we had uniformly expe- 
 rienced from these islanders. They liberal- 
 ly supplied us with berries and oil, bear's 
 flesh, and dried salmon. Soon after leaving 
 Schutcum, we doubled a bluff head, and 
 opened up a strait* that separates Kodiak 
 from the main land ; a short way beyond it 
 passed a narrow entrance leading into a spa- 
 cious bay or inlet ; the pilot told us that it 
 stretched twenty or thirty verstsf into the 
 
 * Captain Mears, in the Snow Nootka, navigated this strait in" 
 1786 ; he named it Petrie's Strait. In the chart affixed to Coxe's 
 Russian Discoveries, and by Dr. Langsdorf, it is named the Strait 
 of Cbelekoflf. 
 
 t A verstis about two thirds of a mile. 
 
 5* 
 
54 VOYAGE ROUND THE WORLD. 
 
 country, and afforded an excellent shelter for 
 ships. We then stood over to Kodiak, which 
 we reached in the evening ; the wind W. S. W. 
 with fine weather ; we run along shore during 
 the night. Next day, about two o'clock, we 
 passed near a rock, on which several outches, 
 or sea-lions, were sitting ; some of them swam 
 towards us, uttering loud yells ; but as the boat 
 was going at a great rate through the watei', 
 we soon lost sight of them. 
 
 Soon after, whilst crossing a deep bay, the 
 wind checked round to the northwest, and 
 blew so liard at times as to oblige us to take 
 in all our sails. We endeavored to run under 
 the w^est point of the bay, where there seem- 
 ed to be good shelter ; but we fell to leeward, 
 and were under apprehensions that we should 
 not be able to weather the point that formed 
 its eastern extremity. Mr. Bertram proposed 
 to run the boat ashore, but the surf was so 
 heavy, that the attempt would have been ex- 
 tremely hazardous. I was of opinion that 
 we might w^eather the point by carrying sail, 
 and he allowed me to take the helm. Having 
 set our close-reefed mainsail and storm-jib, 
 the whole crew, except myself, went below, 
 and lay as much as possible to the w eather 
 
 ^T-ji 
 
VOYAGE ROUND THE WORLD. 55 
 
 side, by Which means the boat was enabled 
 to carry sail till we cleared the head. After 
 this we had the wind upon our quarter, and 
 the evening proving fine, we made great pro- 
 gress. 
 
 The channel or strait, which separates Ko- 
 diak from the continent, is about fifteen 
 leas^ues in breadth, and as far as I could 
 judge, is free from danger, except close in 
 shore. 
 
 We entered by moonlight the strait between 
 Kodiak and several smaller islands to the east, 
 with a strong tide in our favor, and were clear 
 of it before daylight. 
 
 Being in want of water, we landed early 
 in the morning, and having kindled a fire, 
 had a warm breakfast before embarking. — 
 The country here was well wooded with 
 pines, but we saw no inhabitants. We made 
 sail about eleven, and entered the harbour 
 of Alexandria before dark. We hoisted a 
 Russian jack which we had on board, upon 
 which a Baiderai came off and towed us in. 
 There were two ships and a brig at anchor in 
 the bay. 
 
 Alexandria is the principal Russian settle- 
 ment in the Fox islands, and the residence of 
 
56 VOYAGE ROUND THE WORLD. 
 
 the governor, upon whom we waited imme- 
 diately upon our landing, with our letters from 
 Mr. Bander. 
 
 He gave each of us a tumbler of brandy, 
 and sent us to the cazerne, or barracks, where 
 the Russian convicts lodged. 
 
 The brig which lay in the harbour was or- 
 dered to be fitted out for Sannack, for the 
 pui^pose of taking in that part of the cargo 
 of the Eclipse which had been saved from the 
 wreck. As it would take a considerable time 
 before she could be got ready, the governor or- 
 dered us to return in the boat with the carpen- 
 ters and tools required for our vessel, that no 
 time might be lost. 
 
 We remained here three weeks, and du- 
 ring that time we were employed in prepa- 
 rations for our return. The boards we had 
 nailed on the boat's bottom were stripped 
 off, and she was thoroughly repaired by the 
 Russian carpenters. A camboose for our 
 fire was made, by sawing a cask in two, 
 and filling it with gravel, and secured by 
 lashing it to the mast. We also pro\ided 
 ourselves with a compass, the want of which 
 we had experienced in our voyage thither, 
 our view of the land having been almost 
 
VOYAGE ROUND THE WORLD. 57 
 
 .♦ 
 
 constantly intercepted by fogs and snow show- 
 ers. 
 
 Mr. Baranoff, the governor, gave us a chart 
 of the Fox islands and adjoining continent ; 
 and furnished us with letters, in case we 
 should find it necessary to touch at any of the 
 Russian settlements ; he also sent three car- 
 penters to assist in the consti-uction of our 
 vessel. 
 
 By the 8th of January 1808, every thing 
 was completed, and we had laid in a good 
 stock of provisions, consisting of salted pork 
 and bear's flesh, two skin bags of rusk, two 
 casks of water, and a keg of rum, with pre- 
 served berries, and blubber for the Indians. 
 
55 VOYAGE ROUND THE WORLD. 
 
 CHAPTER V. 
 
 Departure from Alexandria — Boat forced into a bay by tKe 
 weather, and hauled on shore — Obliged, by want of pro- 
 visions, to leave the bay — A snow storm — The boat 
 springs aleak — Is run on shore, and goes to pieces upon 
 the rocks — A hut discovered, in which the crew pass the 
 night. 
 
 We quitted the harbour of Alexandria on 
 the morning of the 9th of January, (O. S.)* 
 on our voyage back to Halibut island. 
 
 With a line breeze of southerly wind we 
 coasted along the northeast shore of Kodiak, 
 leaving on our right a cluster of islands which 
 lie to the eastward. Upon the largest, w^hich 
 is called Afognac, I was informed there are se- 
 veral Russian settlements. 
 
 This is the finest part of the island I have 
 seen, the country being covered with wood, 
 chiefly of the pine tribe, and many of the trees 
 of great size. The other islands are also well 
 wooded. 
 
 In the evening the wind died away, and 
 the tide turned against us when nearly half 
 
 * The dates in this part of the work, are according to the Rus- 
 sian style. 
 
VOYAGE ROUND TH£ WORLD. i^9 
 
 way through the straits. We anchored for the 
 ni^ht in a cove on the larboard side. 
 
 Next morning at daylight, we weighed, with 
 a strong breeze from the east, which soon car- 
 ried us clear of the strait. Upon reaching 
 the open sea, \\e shaped our course to the 
 northwest. * 
 
 The headland or cape, which forms the ex- 
 tremity on the starboard hand, is perfectly le- 
 vel on the summit for nearly a mile, and ter- 
 minates in a lofty perpendicular cliff. 
 
 On the following day the wind changed to 
 the northwest, and blew hard, with a heavy 
 sea ; as it was directly against us, with every 
 appearance of a gale coming on, we were 
 obliged to bear away for a harbour. At noon, 
 we reached a well sheltered bay, on the north- 
 ern side of Kodiak. From the threatening 
 appearance of the weather, it was judged pru- 
 dent to haul the boat on shore ; and there be- 
 ing no habitations within reach, we were un- 
 der the necessity of living on board. 
 
 The bay was surrounded by high moun- 
 tains, with a rocky shore, except at our land- 
 ing place, where there was a small extent of 
 sandy beach. The whole country was at this 
 time, many feet deep witli snow, which pre- 
 
60 VOYAGE ROUND THE WO^LB, 
 
 vented us from making any distant excursions. 
 At this place we were forced by the weather to 
 remain ten days. 
 
 The dread of famine at last obliged us to 
 put to sea, although the state of the weather 
 was by no means favourable for the prosecu- 
 tion of our voyage. The surrounding coun- 
 try produced no food of any kind, and our 
 stock of provisions was nearly expended. We 
 left the bay, in hopes of reaching a settlement 
 called Karlouskij \\ hich lay at no great dis- 
 tance to the west. 
 
 We launched the boat on the morning of 
 the 21st, and stood over towards the main 
 land. When about mid-channel, we disco- 
 vered that the boat had sprung a leak ; at the 
 same time a heavy fall of snow came on, ac- 
 companied with violent squalls. The leak 
 gained so much upon us, that it became abso- 
 lutely necessary to run for the nearest shore. 
 — Had the day been clear, we might have got 
 back to the harbour we had quitted in the 
 morning ; but the snow rendered it so dark 
 that we could scarcely see a boat's length 
 ahead ; we had therefore no resource but to 
 put before the wind, and trust our lives to Pro- 
 vidence, 
 
yOtAGE ROUND THE WORLD. ^l 
 
 The first view we had of the shore was 
 most alarming ; we were completely embay- 
 ed, with a heavy surf breaking amongst the 
 rocks, whilst, at the same time, the violence 
 of the gale, and the state of the boat, were 
 such as to preclude any hopes of working out 
 of the bay. We therefore turned the bow to 
 that part of the shore which seemed clearest of 
 rocks, and a sea carried us so far up, that when 
 it retired, we were left almost dry ; the next 
 wave carried us a little further, upon which the 
 second mate imprudently let go the anchor ; 
 when it retired we all jumped out, and reached 
 the shore in safety. Upon the return of the 
 swell, the boat swung round, with her head to 
 the sea, and being prevented by the anchor 
 from driving farther up, she almost immediate- 
 ly went to pieces upon the rocks. 
 
 That part of the island on which we were 
 cast was quite barren, and many miles distant 
 from the nearest settlement, the path to which 
 lay across mountains covered with snow. 
 
 After collecting what we could save of the 
 
 wreck of the boat, we set out in search of some 
 
 place to shelter us for the night, and fortunately 
 
 discovered, at no great distance, one of those 
 
 huts that are constructed for the use of the fox 
 6 
 
6^ VOYAGE ROUND THE WORLD. 
 
 and bear hunters. It was too sraall to admit 
 of a fire in the inside ; but the number of peo- 
 ple crowded into it rendered the cold less 
 intense ; and we lighted a fire in the open air, 
 at which we made ready our provisions. 
 
 Upon examining our remaining stock, we 
 found, that with the utmost economy, it would 
 not last above three or four days ; it became 
 therefore necessary to form some plan to ex- 
 tricate ourselves from so deplorable a situation. 
 The bay in which we were wrecked was 
 surrounded with high mountains, which ran 
 down to the shore, terminating in a steep range 
 of rocks, or what sailors call an iron bound 
 coast. Karlouski, the nearest settlement, lay, 
 as we were informed by our Russian compa- 
 nions, at a considerable distance to the west. 
 We deliberated whether we should attempt to 
 reach it by crossing the mountains, or by going 
 along shore at low water. The danger and 
 difficulty of making our journey over the 
 snow deterred us from adopting the first plan : 
 w^e therefore fixed on the latter, and determin- 
 ed to set out on our journey next morning. 
 
VOYAGE ROUND THE WORLD. 63 
 
 CHAPTER Vr. 
 
 A party quit the hut in search of a settlement — Author's feet 
 frost-bitten — Progress of the party interrupted by a 
 mountain — Return towards the hut, till prevented by the 
 tide from passing a reef of rocks — Pass the night in a val- 
 ley — Next morning set off at low water— Author falls be- 
 hind, and in attempting to climb over a rock, .gets his 
 hands frost-bitten — Critical situation — Reaches the hut — 
 Two Russians reach a settlement by the mountains, and 
 send relief — Some account of Karlouski — Voyage to 
 Alexandria. 
 
 On the morning of the 22d we quitted the 
 hut, leaving one of the Russians and our Indian 
 pilot to take charge of what we had saved 
 from the boat. 
 
 Having proceeded some distance, we were 
 interrupted by a reef of rocks, over which it 
 was necessary to wade. I was provided with 
 strong seal-skin boots, but unfortunately in 
 crossing they were filled with water, which, 
 the cold being so severe, the exercise of w^alk- 
 ing did not prevent from freezing. In a 
 short time I lost all feeling in my feet, but was 
 able to keep up wdth my companions, till our 
 progress along shore was completely stopped 
 
64 VOYAGE ROUND THE WORLD. 
 
 by a mountain which projected into the sea. 
 Finding it impossible to get round the base^ 
 we attempted to climb over the summit. It 
 was very steep, and in many places crusted 
 with ice. I had by this time entirely lost the 
 use of my feet, and w ith all my exertions, was 
 unable to keep pace with my companions. 
 In many places I was forced to dig steps in 
 the ice and snow, with a pair of boots I had 
 on my hands for that purpose. At length, 
 after great labour and fatigue, I gained what 
 I imagined to be the summit ; it proved, how- 
 ever, to be little more than half way up, and 
 the hio;her part of the mountain was quite in- 
 accessible. I endeavoured to descend again ; 
 but in a short time found that the state of my 
 feet rendered the attempt unavailing. I had 
 no alternative but to slide down ; and, there- 
 fore, throwing away the boots, and placing my 
 hands behind me, to direct my course, 1 came 
 down wdth such velocity, that at the foot of 
 the hill, I sunk at least ten feet into the frozen 
 snow. I was at first almost suffocated, till I 
 made a little room by pressing the snow from 
 me. I called as loud as I was able for assis- 
 tance, but could not make my companions 
 hear me, although I heai'd their voices per- 
 
yOYAGE ROUiND THE WORLD. 6j 
 
 fectly well calling upon me. I at length re- 
 lieved myself, by compressing the snow till it 
 became sufficiently hard to bear my weight. 
 I then planted my feet into it, and reached 
 the surface. 
 
 We turned back, and endeavoured to pro- 
 ceed by a valley which lay behind the moun- 
 tain. My feet by this time were frozen, never 
 to recover ; and I was so ill able to ascend, 
 that I was frequently blown over by the wind, 
 and sometimes driven a considerable way 
 down the hill. Exhausted by these fruitless 
 trials to keep up with the rest, I became total- 
 ly unable to proceed, and was left to my fate. 
 1 laid myself down on the snow in a state of 
 despair. Having recovered a little, I resolved 
 to make another attempt to follow the track of 
 my companions, but had not proceeded far 
 when I met them coming down the hill, which 
 had proved to be impassable. 
 
 We now set off on our return to the hut, 
 but were soon interrupted by a steep rock, 
 which the rising tide prevented us from pass- 
 ing. We had no resource, but to wait till low 
 water next day, and to pass the night w here 
 we were. This was a most unfortunate cir- 
 cumstance for me, for had I reached the hut, 
 6* 
 
66 VOYAGE ROUND THE WORLD. 
 
 and got my feet dried, they would in all like- 
 lihood have recovered. It blew hard, and the 
 night was piercingly cold ; we therefore re- 
 turned to the valJey, where there was at least 
 some shelter from the wind. 
 
 The Russians, who knew thp effects of cold, 
 informed us that the consequences of lying 
 down would be fatal. Although well aware of 
 this, I was so much overcome by cold and fa- 
 tigue, that I several times dropt asleep upon 
 my feet ; but my companions, who had not 
 suffered so much, took care to arouse me. 
 
 Next morning we again set off for the hut, 
 and met with no interruption till we came to 
 the reef where 1 had got my feet wet. In con- 
 sequence of the high wind, the swell was 
 heavier than it had been the day before, and 
 my feet were so powerless that a wave washed 
 me completely o^^ the reef into deep water. 
 It was fortunately towards the shore, and on the 
 returning wave I recovered my footing, and 
 succeeded in getting over. 
 
 I followed my companions as well as ray 
 exhausted strength and the stale of my feet 
 would permit, but fell considerably behind, 
 and had entirely lost sight of them, when 
 ray progress was impeded by a projecting 
 
^^i VOYAGE ROUND THE WORLD. 6r 
 
 crag, through which a natural perforation 
 formed the only passage. The entrance was 
 elevated a considerable way from the ground, 
 and that part of the rock over which it was 
 necessary to scramble, was nearly perpendicu- 
 lar, and almost covered with ice. 
 
 With a little assistance I could have easily 
 got over ; but situated as I was, my own ex- 
 ertions were of little avail. My feet were of 
 no use in climbing, and I was obliged to drag 
 myself up by my hands, in doing which they 
 also were frozen. After many ineffectual at- 
 tempts, I had, as I thought, gained the top ; 
 but when I had tried to lay hold of a projec- 
 tion in the rock, my fingers refused to perform 
 their office, and 1 fell to the ground. 
 
 The tide was fast rising, and the surge al- 
 ready washed the spot where I stood ; in a 
 few minutes it would have been too late, and 
 I must have perished had I been obliged to re- , 
 main another tide, with my feet and hands 
 frozen, and my wTiole body wet. As a last 
 resource, I collected a few stones, which I had 
 just strength to pile sufficiently high to enable 
 me to get over. 
 
 This took place early in the day, and the 
 hut was only a few miles farther on, but I was 
 
68 VOYAGE ROUND THE WORLD. 
 
 SO much enfeebled that I did not reach it till 
 dusk. 
 
 I never again walked on my feet ; but, by 
 the blessing of God, recovered the use of my 
 hands, with the loss of only two fingers. 
 
 I was treated with great humanity upon my 
 arrival, by the Russians, who had preserved 
 their clothes dry in seal skin bags. They gave 
 me a suit, and having cut off my boots, w rap- 
 ped my feet and hands in flannel drawers. I 
 was laid upon a bed of dried grass, after hav- 
 ing satisfied my hunger with some rusk and 
 blubber, w hich were the only provisions that 
 remained. 
 
 As om' stock was so low, no time was to be 
 lost in procuring assistance ; accordingly, the 
 two who had remained set out next morning 
 to endeavor to reach the settlement by the 
 mountains. 
 
 On the third day after their depaiture our 
 provisions were completely exhausted ; but 
 the weather had been tolerable, and w^e knew 
 that if they succeeded, they would lose no 
 tiuie in sending us refief. 
 
 On the 27th, those who had been on the 
 look out brought the joyful intelligence that 
 five canoes were in sight, which proved to 
 
VOYAGE ROUND THE WORLD. 09 
 
 have been sent by our companions, who had 
 reached the village in safety. 
 
 We quitted the hut on the 28th, in the ca- 
 noes, which were baidarkas, with three seats 
 in each. In crossing a bay we encountered a 
 heavy sea ; in order to keep me dry I was put 
 below, and the hole in which I sat was stuffed 
 up with the gut frock. 
 
 It was a great relief to me when we got in- 
 to smoother water, for the space into which I 
 was crammed was so small that I had nearly 
 been suffocated. AVe arrived at Karlouski in 
 the evening. 
 
 This settlement consisted of about thirty In- 
 dian families, and several Russians ; the latter 
 lived together in a cazerne, and the Indi? js in 
 huts, which at this place were built of logs, 
 wood being plenty. I was carried to the ca- 
 zerne, where I was laid upon a bed of skins, 
 and treated with the utmost attention ; but as 
 the place afforded no medical assistance, my 
 feet and hands began to mortify, and my 
 health was otherwise so much impaired, that 
 I was frequently in a state of delirium. 
 
 We remained here till about the 2oih of Fe- 
 bruary, w hen we took our passage in a baide- 
 rai, or large skin-boat, bound to Alexandria, 
 with a cargo of furs, berries, oil, and fish. — 
 
70 VOYAGE ROUND THE WORLD. 
 
 They had for provisions the salmon-roe, pre- 
 served in train oil, and kept in bladders. This 
 is by them esteemed a delicacy, but it was too 
 strong for my stomach. 
 
 The first night we landed at a village con- 
 structed differently from any I had hitherto 
 seen ; the whole of the houses, except the 
 roofs, were under ground, and communicated 
 with each other by a subterraneous passage. 
 Bad weather, and contrary winds, detained us 
 at this place eleven days. 
 
 We sailed again on the 7th of March. The 
 W'ind being fair we hoisted a squaresail, and 
 ran before it at a great rate. There is a group 
 of small islands abreast of the south point of 
 North-Island, at which place the tides meet, 
 causing a heavy breaking sea ; and as the bai- 
 derai was deeply loaded, it had a frightful ap- 
 pearance. The frame of the vessel was so 
 extremely slight, that when between the waves, 
 she was bent into a deep curve, and whilst on 
 the top of the wave the two ends were as 
 much depressed. I w as in constant apprehen- 
 sion that the frame would give way. She 
 however, went through the sea drier than a 
 stiffer vessel would have done, and we reach- 
 ed the harbour of Alexandria on the 9th, with- 
 out any accident. 
 
VOYAGE ROUND THE WORLD. n 
 
 CHAPTER VII. 
 
 Author carried to hospital — Both his feet amputated — Ac- 
 count of the party left at Sannack — Employed in te^ich- 
 ing native children English — Account of Kodiak — Na- 
 tives — Dress — Canoes — Superstition — Food — Author 
 sails in the ship Neva for the Sandwich Islands. 
 
 Upon our arrival at Alexandria I was im- 
 mediately carried to the hospital. The sur- 
 geon, on examining my feet, found them in a 
 state of mortification; he used poultices of 
 rye, and other applications, for several days, 
 in hopes of effecting a cure. On the second 
 day he cut off one of my fingers ; I lost a joint 
 of another, but all the rest recovered. 
 
 Finding no favourable symptoms in my 
 feet, he informed me I must submit to lose 
 them in order to save my life. I had no idea 
 that the case was so hopeless, and was not 
 prepared for such an alternative. I request- 
 ed three days to consider. At the end of that 
 time I told him I had made up my mind, and 
 would submit to the operations. According- 
 ly he amputated one of them on the fifteenth 
 of March, and the other on the seventeenth of 
 
72 VOYAGE ROUND THE WORLD. 
 
 April following. Unfortunately for me he 
 cut them off below the ankle joint, from a 
 wish to take as little away as possible ; the 
 sores extended above the place, and have ne- 
 ver completely healed. By the month of Au- 
 gust I could creep about on my hands and 
 knees. 
 
 My case excited great compassion, and a 
 subscription was raised for me by Governor 
 Baranoff and the officers of the ships that lay 
 in the harbour, which amounted to one hun- 
 dred and eighty rubles. 
 
 Whilst in the hospital, the brig arrived that 
 had been despatched to Sannack for the goods 
 saved from the wreck. With her came Mr. 
 Bander, and also the mate and boatswain of 
 the Echpse, who had left Captain O'Cain in 
 consequence of a difference that had taken 
 place. They informed me that he had near- 
 ly completed the vessel, which was a brig 
 of about seventy tons, and that he would find 
 no difficulty in manning her with Russians 
 and Indians. I afterwards heard from some 
 Indians, who had come with despatches 
 from Oonalaska, that the vessel was launch- 
 ed, and had sailed from Sannack. What be- 
 came of her afterwards, I never could learn 
 
VOYAGE ROUiND THE WORLD. 73 
 
 with certainty, but it was reported that she 
 had foundered at sea, and all on board pe- 
 rished. 
 
 The mate, second mate, and boatswain, left 
 Kodiak in a ship called the Neva, bound for 
 Sitcha, an island near Norfolk Sound, where 
 the Russians have lately established a settle- 
 ment, from whence, I understand, they went 
 to China in an American ship. 
 
 Mr. Baranoff, the governor, went to Sitcha 
 at the same time, leaving Mr. Bander in 
 charge of the colony. 
 
 When I had tolerably recovered my strength, 
 I was employed by that gentleman in teach- 
 ing eight Indian children the English lan- 
 guage, in order that they might be qualified to 
 act as interpreters to the American ships that 
 frequently touch at these islands. My pupils 
 were between the ages of eight and thirteen, 
 and had all been taught the Russian lan- 
 guage, of which, by this time, I understood a 
 little. 
 
 1 had to labour under great difficulties for 
 w ant of books and grammars, and was obli- 
 ged to form the letters of the alphabet in the 
 best manner I was able. This was no easy 
 task to me, both from want of practice, and 
 
74 VOYAGE ROUND THE WORLD. 
 
 the state of my right hand, which I could 
 with difficLiky open or shut. I however suc- 
 ceeded in teaching them to read the letters, 
 but my farther progress was interrupted by 
 my departure from the island. I have very 
 little doubt of my ultimate success, had I re- 
 mained, for the boys were uncommonly quick 
 and apt to learn. 
 
 The island of Kodiak is the principal pos- 
 session of the Russians on the northwest coast, 
 of America. It is above a hundred miles long, 
 from northeast to southwest, and about fifty 
 across at the wider part ; but its breadth is 
 very irregular, the shore being mdented with 
 deep bays and inlets. 
 
 The climate is by no means favourable ; the 
 snow lies on the ground till the end of April, 
 and although the cold in winter is not very in- 
 tense, the season is seldom free from fogs, snow, 
 or rain. The summers are also very wet, and 
 subject to frequent fogs. 
 
 Kodiak contains but a scanty population, the 
 inhabitants are scattered through eight or ten 
 villages upon the coast, and are employed in 
 collecting furs for the Russian American Com- 
 Danv» These villases, in general, consist of 
 
VOYAGE KOUND THE WORLD. 75 
 
 a feW Indian families, who are under the 
 charge of a Russian overseer. 
 
 No part of the island is cultivated, except a 
 garden or two near the town, and a little bar- 
 ley at the village of Superscoff. It contains, 
 however, a great deal of fine timber, chiefly 
 larches, spruces, and other kinds of pine. Ma- 
 ny of the trees are large enough to make spars 
 of considerable dimensions. 
 
 Alexandria,* the ]3rincipal town on the 
 island, and the residence of the governor, is 
 situated on the eastern side of an extensive 
 bay. It possesses an excellent harbour, being 
 well sheltered by several small islands that lie 
 to the southwest. The eastern entrance, which 
 is the safest, is not above a mile wide, and is 
 defended by a battery or small fort. There is 
 also an entrance to the west; but it is narrow 
 and intricate, and require? a leading wind to 
 pass through. 
 
 The town consists of about fifty houses, built 
 of logs, the seams of which are calked with 
 moss, and the roofs thatched with grass ; they 
 are, in general, divided into three apartments 
 
 * This place is named St. Paul by Captain Lisianski. We must 
 suppose that since his visit in 1803, the name has been changed in 
 honour of the present Emperor. Dr, Langsdorf merely calls it the 
 „ew harbour of Kodiak. 
 
76 VOYAGE ROUND THE WORLD. 
 
 below, and as many on the upper story. They 
 are heated by stoves or ovens ; when the wood 
 is reduced to ashes, the vent is closed by means 
 of a shde fitted for the purpose, and the heated 
 air then diffusing itself through the room, ren- 
 ders it extremely comfortable. The windows, 
 instead of being glazed, are covered with 
 pieces of the gut of the seal, split up and sew- 
 ed together ; this, after being well oiled, is 
 sti etched on a frame, and defended from the 
 wind by cross-bars on each side. Talc is also 
 used for the same purpose. This substance is 
 found in flakes about the size of the palm of 
 the hand, and several of these are puttied to- 
 gether to form a pane. 
 
 About sixty Indians reside at this place ; they 
 live in a large circulur building or barrack, 
 called the Cazerne Aleuskoi. 
 
 The town also possesses a church, a barrack 
 for the Russian convicts, a school, and several 
 storehouses belonging to the N. W. Company. 
 
 At the school the children of the natives are 
 taught the Russian language, wiiting, and 
 arithmetic ; there were about fifty scholars, 
 and as far as I could judge, from the few under 
 jmy charge, there is no difficulty in teaching 
 them these acquirements. 
 
VOYAGE ROUiND THE WORLD. 
 
 i ( 
 
 Here, as at Kamschatka, most of the Rus- 
 sians are married to native women. 
 
 This is the principal depot of the American 
 Company ;* the fm-s collected at the different 
 settlements on the coast are sent here, and 
 lodged in the Company's stores till ships ar- 
 rive to carry them to Kamschatka, whence 
 they are sent to China, or overland to St Pe- 
 tersburgh. 
 
 The natives, in return for the furs which 
 they procure for the Company, receive cloth, 
 powder and shot, beads, toys, and articles of 
 luxury, such as rum, tobacco, and snuff, of 
 which they are immoderately fond. 
 
 A considerable trade is carried on with the 
 Americans who call at these islands. Their 
 ships take on board a certain number of na- 
 tives, with their baidarkas, and implements of 
 fishing and hunting. They then proceed to 
 the coast of California, where there is great 
 abundance of fur seals, and otters, and with 
 
 * This Company was established in the reign of the Empress 
 Catharine \\. for the purpose of giving- solidity and effect to the fur 
 trade ; and the better to promote these purposes, all the islands 
 lying between Kamschatka and the Russian part of the northwest 
 coast of America, were granted them in perpetuity. His present 
 majesty, Alexander I. has extended the privileges of the Company, 
 and graciously declared himself their immediate patron. 
 
 Lisianskifp. 13, 
 
 7* 
 
78 VOYAGE ROUND THE WORLD. 
 
 the assistance of the Indians, generally com- 
 plete their cargoes in two seasons. On their 
 return the American Company are entitled to 
 a certain proportion of their furs, as an equi- 
 valent for the labour of the Indians. The 
 Eclipse was on a voyage of this description, 
 when chartered by the Russians to bring a 
 cargo from China. 
 
 A few miles to the west of Alexandria, 
 there is another village called Superscoflf, the 
 property of a Russian of that name, who had 
 been settled there above fifteen years. From 
 this place the town of Alexandria derives its 
 principal supply of salmon and dried fish. — 
 They had a herd of black catde consisthig of 
 seventy, all sprung from one cow which Su- 
 perscoff brought with him. The milk, butter, 
 and cheese, used at the town, were brought 
 from this place. 
 
 Their stock of cattle, having been but re- 
 cently introduced, is too small to admit of their 
 slaughtering any, and bear's flesh is the only 
 fresh meat consumed upon the island. The 
 bears are either shot or caught in traps ; the 
 trap is merely a piece of board, about two 
 inches thick, and two feet square, stuck 
 full of spikes., barbed, and kept extremely 
 
VOYAGE ROUND THE WORLD. 70 
 
 sharp ; this is set in their paths, and covered 
 with dust; from the weight of the animal, 
 when he sets dow n his foot, the spikes enter 
 it ; to assist himself in pulHng the first away, 
 he plants another on the trap, and continues 
 his exertions, till, at last, all his four feet are 
 transfixed, when he falls on his back, and is 
 taken. 
 
 The natives of the Fox islands, or Aleuskoi, 
 as they are called by the Russians, are low 
 in stature, broad in the visage, with dark eyes 
 and hair. 
 
 The principal article of their dress is a large 
 frock called a parka, made of fur or skin, fre- 
 quently of the skins of sea-fowls, w^hich they 
 wear with the feathers out during the day, 
 and next their skin at night. This piece of 
 dress is nearly the same in both sexes. When 
 at sea, they wear a frock of another kind, 
 called a camelengka, made of the gut of the 
 seal, to which a hood is attached, and tied 
 close round the face, the sleeves being equally 
 tight at the wrist. Upon their limbs they fre- 
 quently wear boots and breeches in one piece, 
 made of seal hide, over which the camelengka 
 15 fastened close, so that tlieir di*ess is perfectly 
 water- proof. 
 
80 VOYAGE ROUND THE WORLD- 
 
 They are extremely fond of ornaments, 
 particularly beads, with which the women 
 decorate themselves in great profusion, sew- 
 ing them round the neck, skirts, and wrists of 
 their skin frocks. They also wear them in 
 their ears, or suspend them from a hole made 
 in their under lip, and sometimes hang them 
 round each end of a bone about five inches 
 long, which they pass through the grisde of 
 the nose, called by sailors their spritsail-yard. 
 They do not tattoo themselves like the Sand- 
 wich islanders, but they often paint or rather 
 daub their faces in streaks, with red ochre and 
 train oil. 
 
 Their canoes are made of the skin of sea- 
 lions, stretched over slight wooden frames ; 
 Those of the largest size, called baiderais, are 
 open, and can contain sixty or seventy people ; 
 the smaller kind, called baidarkas, being quite 
 close, have a hole in the covering, or deck, for 
 each sitter, and carry one, two, or three per- 
 sons. They are rowed either with double- 
 bladed paddles, which are held by the middle, 
 or by single-bladed ones, with crutch handles, 
 which are shifted to each side alternately ; 
 the rowers sit with their faces to the bow, 
 and pull them whh great swiftness. It is won- 
 
VOYAGE ROUND THE WORLD. 81 
 
 derful what long voyages they make in these 
 slight boats ; several of them came from Oo- 
 nalaska to Kodiak during my stay in that 
 island. No water can get into them in the 
 roughest weather, for the camelengka, a gut 
 frock, which Indians wear when at sea, is 
 stuffed tight round them at the hole. From 
 their flat construction, and extreme lightness, 
 the weight of the people sitting in these canoes, 
 renders them top heavy, and many accidents 
 arise from their oversetting. In this ^respect, 
 the single-holed ones are much the safest, for 
 even when overset, a slight exertion is suffi- 
 cient to right them. 
 
 In catching seals, and other amphibious ani- 
 imals, these people show great dexterity and 
 ingenuity. Concealing themselves behind 
 rocks, they decoy them by throwing a seal 
 skin, blown out like a bladder, into the sea. 
 To this is fixed a line made of the sinew of 
 the whale, by which they draw^ it to them, 
 when it is followed by the seals, who take it 
 for an animal of their own species. As soon 
 as within reach, they are killed with spears^ or 
 bows and arrows. 
 
 The natives, as I have already observed, 
 are converts to the Greek church, but their 
 
82 VOYAGE ROUND THE WORLB. 
 
 religion consists in little more than crossing 
 themselves, whenever they enter a house ; they 
 are however, abundantly superstitious, and 
 put complete faith in the predictions of their 
 shamans, or astrologers. Whilst 1 was there 
 an eclipse of the moon took place, on which 
 occasion they confidently affii-med that it was 
 the sign of great events happening in Europe. 
 Indeed, not only the natives, but the Russians 
 themselves seemed to be of the same opinion ; 
 and thp next ship bringing intelligence of war 
 between England and Russia, served to con- 
 firm their belief. 
 
 The food of the natives consists of fish, fresh 
 or dried, principally salmon ; blubber, or 
 whale fat ; whale and seal oil ; the flesh of 
 seals and other amphibious animals ; and ber- 
 ries preserved in oil. 
 
 In consequence of this diet, as well as the 
 state of filth in which they live, they are very 
 liable to the scurvy ; indeed, few of them are 
 free from ulcers and scorbutic eruptions. 
 
 On the return of the Neva from Sitcha, she 
 was ordered to be prepared for a voyage to the 
 Sandwich Islands, and was provided with a 
 supply of adzes, hatchets, teeth of the sea-horse, 
 and other articles suited for that market. 
 
VOYAGE ROUND THE WORLD. 83 
 
 It would appear that the Russians had de- 
 termined to form a settlement upon these is- 
 lands ; at least, preparations were made for 
 that purpose ; and I was informed by the 
 commandant, that if I chose, I might get a 
 situation as interpreter. The ship had a house 
 in frame on board, and intimation was given 
 that volunteers would be received ; none, how- 
 ever, offered ; and I never observed that any 
 other steps were taken in this affair. 
 
 Being sure of meeting with American ves- 
 sels at the Sandwich Islands, in which I might 
 get to Europe or America, I expressed a desire 
 to embrace this opportunity of quitting Kodiak, 
 and was accordingly permitted to take my 
 passage in the ship. 
 
 The Neva had a crew of seventy-five sea- 
 men, belonging to the Russian imperial service, 
 and was commanded by captain Hageimeister, 
 who had been bred in the British navy, and 
 could speak English fluently. The ship her- 
 self was British built, and had made a voyage 
 round the world.* 
 
 * This ship sailed round the world in the Russian expedition un- 
 der captain Krusenstern, and was commanded by captain Lisianski, 
 who has published an account of the voyag-e. He talks in raptures 
 of her good qualities. " As to the Neva itself, I shall be excused if, 
 
84 VOYAGE ROUND THE WORLD. 
 
 The preparations for the expedition being 
 completed, we left the harbour on the 1 1th of 
 December, O. S. with a fair wind, and soon 
 lost sight of the island. 
 
 with the warmth of a sailor, I declare, that there never sailed a more 
 love!}- vessel, or one more complete and perfect in all its parts. So 
 Utile had it suffered from the length of the voyage, and even from 
 the disaster of striking on the coral rocks at our newly discovered 
 island, that, in a few weeks, ts was again ready for sea, and wa» 
 despatched to the north west coast of America. 
 
 Lisiaiukrs Voyage, p. 317 
 
VOYAGE ROUND THE WORLD. 85 
 
 CHAPTER VIIL 
 
 Voyage to Sandwich Islands— Make Owhyhee— Touch 
 at Mowee— Proceed to Wahoo— Tamaahmaah and other 
 chiefs come on board — Author resides three months with 
 the King— Account of his mode of life — Remove to the 
 house of Isaac Davis — Account of him — Death of 
 Terremytee, the King's brother, and transactions that 
 
 took plact on that occasion — Remarkable water-spout 
 
 Author receives a grant of land from the King, to which 
 he femoves- -Residence there— Arrival of the ship Duke 
 of Portland — Anecdotes of the King — Departure from 
 the Sandwich Islands. 
 
 We proceeded on our voyage to the Sand- 
 wich Islands, and enjoyed fine weather, with 
 favourable winds. 
 
 No land was seen from the time we quitted 
 the Fox Islands, till the 27th of January. 
 
 On that mornins;, at day break, we discov- 
 ered the mountains of Owhyhee, at the dis- 
 tance of ten leagues. In the afternoon, we 
 were close in with the land, and coasted along 
 the north side of the island. 
 
 The breeze being light, several canoes 
 
 came from the shore with fresh provisions. 
 
 We stood off and on for some time, carrying 
 
 on a brisk trade with the natives: anionssl 
 
 8 ^ 
 
86 VOYAGE ROUND THE WORLD. 
 
 Other things supplied by them, we were sur- 
 prised to find sheep and goats, the breed of 
 which, although but recently introduced, has 
 increased so rapidly that they already form an 
 article of trade. 
 
 We passed the foot of Mouna-kaa,* one 
 of the highest mountains in the world. The 
 sides are extremely steep, and although situ- 
 ated within the tropics, the summit is per- 
 petually covered with snow^ ; a narrow tract 
 of level ground lies between the base of the 
 mountain and the sea, terminating in high 
 abrupt clifts ; presenting at a distance a most 
 barren appearance. On a nearer approach, 
 however, we could observe numerous patches 
 of cultivated land, and the lower parts of the 
 mountain covered with wood. Farther to 
 the west, the plains are of greater extent, the 
 country well wooded, and in a high state of 
 cultivation ; with many villages and houses, 
 
 " Captain King estimates the height of this mountain at not less 
 than 18.400 feet; exceeding the peak of Tenerifle, according to the 
 computation of the Chevalier Borda, by nearly 6,000 feet. The 
 result of a trigonometrical measurement by the latter, gives 1,742 
 toises, as the altitude of that mouutan above the level of the sea. 
 J^ide Cook's Third Voyage, vol iii. p. 103. an(j Voyage fait par onhf. 
 fhi Roi, an 1771—2, torn. i. p 119. 
 
VOYAGE ROUND THE WORLD. 8^ 
 
 presenting every appearance of a numerous 
 and industrious population. 
 
 Mouna-roa,* one of the mountains in the 
 interior, is a volcano ; a few years before this 
 time a violent eruption took place, when it 
 sent forth a stream of lava which ran into the 
 sea. Isaac Davis, with whom I afterwards 
 resided, and who had gone in a canoe to wit- 
 ness it, informed me that where the lava joined 
 the sea, the heat was so intense that he could not 
 approach nearer than fifty yards. We did not 
 see any flame or smoke isssuing from the crater. 
 
 We made sail in the evening, and reached 
 Mowee the following day. 
 
 Whilst running along the southeast side of 
 the island, several canoes came off with re- 
 freshments. In one of them was a white man, 
 calling himself Joseph Wynn, an American. 
 He had resided several years upon the island, 
 where he had a family, and cultivated a piece 
 of land, which had been granted to him by 
 Crymakoo, a powerful chief 
 
 I afterwards learned that his real name was 
 Angus Maccallum, a native of Houstoun, in 
 
 * According to the admeasurement of Dr Horner, astronomer to the 
 Russian expedition under captain Krusenstern, in 1804, the height of 
 of Mouna-roa is 2,254 toises. Krusenstern's Voyage, vol. 1. p. 193, 
 
88 VOYAGE ROUxND THE WORLD. 
 
 Renfrewshire. Having served with his bro- 
 ther in the Diana frigate, and coming from the 
 same part of the country, a great degree of 
 intimacy naturally took place between us, and 
 we had much conversation together. 
 
 Amongst other things, I told him that T un- 
 derstood the Russians had some intention of 
 forming a setdement on the Sandwich islands. 
 This reached the captain's ears ; and he gave 
 me a severe reprimand, for having, as he 
 expressed it, betrayed their secrets. He de- 
 sired me to say no more on the subject in 
 future, otherwise I should not be permitted to 
 quit the ship. 
 
 I know not what obstacle firevented this 
 plan from being carried into effect; but al- 
 though the Neva remained several months in 
 the country, I never heard any more of the 
 settlement. 
 
 We came to anchor in the harbour of La- 
 hina. The captain went ashore and retiu'ned 
 with a supply of fresh provisions. I wished 
 much to have accompanied him, but the surf 
 rendered the landing too difficult for one in 
 my helpless condition. 
 
 Tamaahmaah, king of Owhyhee, Mowee, 
 Wahoo, and the adjoining islands, resided 
 
VOYAGE ROUND THE WORLD. 89 
 
 some years at this place. His house, which 
 we could distinctly see from the ship, was 
 built of brick, after the European manner. Of 
 late, he has fixed his residence at Wahoo ; up- 
 on learning of which, the captain determined 
 to proceed thither. 
 
 The island of Mowee is of great height. At^ 
 a distance it appears like two islands ; a low 
 flat piece of land running completely across, 
 and dividing it into two peninsulas. Maccal- 
 lum informed me that it was very fertile ; that 
 provisions were abundant, and much cheaper 
 than at either Owhyhee or Wahoo. 
 
 We weighed on the morning of the 29th, 
 and passing between the islands of Morokai 
 and Ranai, reached the harbour of Hanaroora, 
 on the south side of Wahoo, the same evening. 
 
 A number of natives came off, as usual, the 
 moment the ship hove in sight. King Ta- 
 maahmaah was in a large double canoe ; on 
 his coming along side, he sent his interpreter 
 on board to announce his arrival. 
 
 The captain immediately v^ ent to the gang- 
 way to receive his majesty, and shook hands 
 with him when he came upon deck. 
 
 He was, on this occasion, dressed as a Eu- 
 ropean, in a blue coat and gray pantaloons. 
 
90 VOYAGE ROUND THE WORLD. 
 
 Immediately on his coming aboard, the king 
 entered into earnest conversation with the 
 captain. Amongst other questions, he asked 
 whether the ship was Enghsh or American ? 
 being informed that she was Russian, he an- 
 swered, " Meitei, meitei," or, very good. A 
 handsome scarlet cloak, edged and ornament- 
 ed with ermine, was presented to him from 
 the governor of the Aleutian islands. After 
 trying it on, he gave it to his attendants to be 
 taken on shore. I never saw him use it after- 
 wards. In other canoes came Tamena, one 
 of his queens, Crymakoo, his brother-in-law, 
 and other chiefs of inferior rank. 
 
 My appearance attracted the notice, and 
 excited the compassion of the queen ; and 
 finding it was my intention to remain upon 
 the islands, she invited me to take up my resi- 
 dence in her house. I gladly availed myself 
 of this offer, at which she expressed much 
 pleasure ; it being a great object of ambition 
 amongst the higher ranks to have white people 
 to reside with them. When the ship was 
 brought to anchor, she sent me ashore in one 
 of her canoes. 
 
 Captain Hagemeister recommended me at 
 the same time to the notice of the king, by in- 
 
VOYAGE ROUND THE WORLD. 91 
 
 foraiing him, that I could not only make and 
 repair the sails of his vessels, but also weave 
 the cloth of which they were made. 
 
 The king assured him that I should be 
 treated with the utmost kindness. It will be 
 seen in the sequel how well he performed his 
 promise. 
 
 Upon landing I was much struck with the 
 beauty and fertility of the country, so different 
 from the barrenness of the Fox islands. The 
 village of Hanaroora, which consisted of sev- 
 eral hundred houses, is well shaded with large 
 cocoa-nut trees. The king's residence, built 
 close upon the shore, and surrounded by a pal- 
 lisade upon the land side, was distinguished by 
 the British colours and a battery of sixteen car- 
 riage guns, belonging to his ship, the Lily Bird, 
 which at this time lay unrigged in the harbour. 
 This palace consisted merely of a range of 
 huts, viz. the king's eating-house, his sleeping- 
 house, the queen's house, a store, powder- 
 magazine, and guard -house, with a few huts 
 for the attendants, all constructed after the 
 fashion of the country. 
 
 At a short distance were two extensive store- 
 houses, built of stone, which contained the Eu- 
 ropean articles belonging to the king. 
 
92 VOYAGE ROUND THE WORLD. 
 
 I was conducted to the house occupied by 
 the two queens. It consisted of one large 
 apartment, spread with mats ; at one end of 
 which the attendants of both sexes slept, and 
 at the other the queens occasionally slept when 
 the king was in the moral. 
 
 They and their attendants always eat here, 
 and Tamena wished me to join them ; but as 
 I had been informed by Crymakoo, that 4f I 
 did so, I should not be allowed to eat with 
 men, 1 resolved to decline her offer. 
 
 The Neva remained in the harbour three 
 months, during which time I ate my victuals 
 on board. At the end of that period, having 
 completed a cargo of provisions, consisting of 
 salted pork and dried taro root, she sailed for 
 Kodiak and Kamschatka. I was then invited 
 by the king to take my meals in his eating-house, 
 and at the same time he desired a young Ame- 
 rican, of the name of William Moxely, a native 
 of Norfolk in Virginia, who understood the 
 language, to eat along with me, to act as my 
 I' interpreter. The king's mode of life was very 
 simple ; he breakfasted at eight, dined at noon, 
 and supped at sunset. 
 
 His principal chiefs being always about his 
 person, there were generally twenty or thirty 
 
VOYAGE ROUND THE WORLD. 93 
 
 persons present ; after being seated upon 
 mats spread on the floor, at dinner a dish of 
 poe, or taro pudding, was set before each of 
 them, which they ate with their fingers instead 
 of spoons. This fare, with salt fish and con- 
 secrated pork from the morai, formed the 
 whole of the repast, no other food being per- 
 mitted in the king's house. A plate, knife 
 and fork, with boiled potatoes, were, however, 
 always set down before Moxely and me, by 
 his majesty's orders. He concluded his meal 
 by drinking half a glass of rum ; but the bottle 
 was immediately sent away, the liquor being 
 tabooed, or interdicted to his guests. The 
 breakfast and supper consisted of fish and 
 sw eet potatoes. 
 
 The respect paid to the king's person, to 
 his house, and even to his food, formed a re- 
 markable contrast to the simplicity of his mode 
 of living. 
 
 Whenever he passed, his subjects were 
 obliged to uncover their heads and shoul- 
 ders. The same ceremony took place upon 
 their entering, or even passing his residence ; 
 and every house vvhich he entered was ever 
 after honoured with the same marks of re- 
 spect. Once, when employed in the house 
 
^4 VOYAGE ROUND THE WORLD. 
 
 of Isaac Davis, making a loom for the king, 
 I observed him passing, and being ignorant of 
 this custom, requested him to enter and ob- 
 serve my progress ; but he declined doing so, 
 informing me of the consequence. He, there- 
 fore, seated himself at the door, till I brought 
 out my work for his inspection. 
 
 When his food was carrying from the cook- 
 ing-house, every person within hearing of the 
 call Noho, or, sit; down, given by the bearers, 
 was obliged to uncover himself, and squat 
 down on his hams.* 
 
 This ceremony was particularly inconveni- 
 ent w^hen the water used in the king's house 
 was carried past ; there being none of a good 
 quality near Hanaroora, ii was necessary to 
 bring it from the mountains, a distance of five 
 miles. The calabash carriers were obliged, 
 when any person appeared in sight, to call out 
 Noho. They, however, ran past as quick as 
 
 " Scotice, " on his hunlcers.'' The emphatic word used by the 
 author in describing this particular mode of genuflexion, and which 
 has no English synonyme into which it can be translated, is thus de- 
 fined by Jamieson : " to sit with the hips hanging downwards, and 
 the weight of the body depending on the knees." — Scot. Diet, verb 
 Hunkers. 
 
 '- Wi' ghastly e'e, poor Twecdle-dee, 
 Upon his hvnkers bended, '^BuRfrs. 
 
VOYAGE ROUND THE WORLD. 95 
 
 they could, not to detain his majesty's sub- 
 jects in so unpleasant an attitude. 
 
 White people were not required to pay these 
 honors, though scrupulously exacted from the 
 natives. 
 
 Tamaahmaah was most attentive in per- 
 forming the duties of religion, and constantly 
 attended the moral on the taboo days, which 
 took place about four times each month. The 
 ceremonies lasted one day and two nights ; 
 during which time no person was permitted 
 to pass the bounds of the morai. 
 
 When the king was absent on these occa- 
 sions, I did not experience the same attention 
 as at other times ; the attendants became very 
 remiss in providing my dinner, and I w-as 
 sometimes obliged to go w ithout it altogether. 
 
 I accompanied the king once to the morai ; 
 but not rehshing the confinement, and being 
 unwilling to make complaints, I removed, 
 about the beginning of May, to the house of 
 Isaac Davis, a Welshman, w^ho had been about 
 twenty years upon the island, and remained 
 with him till the king gave me a grant of land 
 about six months afterwards. 
 
 Mr. Davis arrived at the Sandwich islands 
 as mate of a small American schooner. The 
 
9G VOYAGE ROUND THE WORLD. 
 
 captain, a vei^y young man, having incau- 
 tiously permitted the natives to go on board, 
 without any restriction, a chief, of the name 
 of Tamahmotoo, observing this, planned her 
 capture. For which purpose a number of 
 natives, under various pretences, crowded 
 into the vessel, and, upon a signal being given, 
 threw the whole crew, five in number, into 
 the sea. Davis, being an excellent swimmer, 
 laid hold of one of the canoes, from which, 
 however, he was beat off by paddles. He 
 swam to another, where the natives also at- 
 tempted to beat him off; but being a stout, 
 athletic man, he was able to keep his hold. 
 Having no arms, they attempted to put him 
 to death, by holding him under the water, 
 and beating him with their paddles ; and also 
 endeavoured to strangle him, by placing his 
 neck across one of the beams of the canoe, 
 and trampling upon him. But by this time 
 the rest of the crew having been destroyed, 
 and the schooner taken possession of, they 
 relented, and ceased to torment him any 
 farther. He was carried ashore blind, and 
 almost lifeless, and it was eighteen months 
 before he recovered his sight. He told me, 
 that, before this time, he had never believed 
 
VOYAGE ROUND THE WORLD. 97 
 
 in the existence of a God, and had led a very 
 sinful life; that, upon the near prospect of 
 deaths the idea of his offences filled him with 
 terror ; and that he tried to repeat the Lord's 
 Prayer, and felt himself strengthened after 
 doing so. 
 
 Tamaahmaah, who was at a distant part of 
 the island, was extremely indignant at Tamah- 
 motoo when he heard of this outrage. 
 
 He took the vessel from him for the purpose 
 of restoring her to her owners, and showed the 
 utmost kindness to Davis. Nearly at the same 
 time another Englishman, of the name of 
 Young, was detained upon the island. 
 
 These two constantly attached themselves 
 to Tamaahmaah ; and, from then- knowledge 
 of fire-arms, proved of essential service in the 
 expeditions in which he conquered Mowee, 
 Morotoi, and Wahoo. 
 
 They were rewarded, by being raised to the 
 rank of chiefs, and received extensive grants 
 of land. 
 
 When Tamaahmaah removed to Wahoo, 
 Davis accompanied him, and he left Young as 
 governor of Owhyhee. These two he always 
 treated with greater confidence than any of 
 the native chiefs. Davis had extensive grants 
 
H VOYAGE ROUND THE WORLD. 
 
 of land on several of the islands. Upon Wahoo 
 alone he had estates on which were four or 
 five hundred people, who cultivated the land, 
 and paid him a rent in kind. These were 
 exempted from the taxes paid by the other 
 chiefs for their lands ; but Davis frequently 
 made the king presents of feather cloaks, and 
 other valuable articles. 
 
 He was married to a native woman, by 
 w hom he had no children. By a former wife 
 he had three, two of whom were left under 
 the charge of Mr. Young of Owhyhee. His 
 house was distinguished from those of the 
 natives only by the addition of a shed in front 
 to keep off the sun ; within, it was spread 
 w ith mats, but had no furniture, except two 
 benches to sit upon. He lived very much like 
 the natives, and had acquired such a taste 
 for poe, that he preferred it to any other food. 
 We had, hovrever, at all times abundance of 
 pork, goat's flesh, and mutton, and frequently 
 beef sent by Young from Owhyhee ; and in the 
 mornings and evenings we had tea. His wealth, 
 consisting of mats, feathers, and cloth, the pro- 
 duce of the island, and a large assortment of 
 Eurooean articles, which he had acquired by 
 trading with the ships that touched here ; these 
 
VOYAGE ROUND THE WORLD. 99 
 
 were contained in a large storehouse, built of 
 stone, adjoining his dwelling. 
 
 My first employment was to overhaul the 
 sails of the king's vessels, and to repair such as 
 were out of order. After working tu o or three 
 months at this, he desired me to make some 
 canvass. 
 
 Having informed him that a loom was ne- 
 cessary, he ordered Boyd, his principal car- 
 penter, to make one. This, however, Boyd 
 decHned, from an illiberal notion held by 
 many of the white people, that the natives 
 should be taught nothing that would render 
 them independent of strangers. He told the 
 king he did not know how to make looms ; 
 upon which I undertook to make one myself; 
 although, by so doing, I incurred the dis- 
 pleasure of many of my countrymen. Davis 
 had a native servant called Jack, who worked 
 as a Tailor, and was a very handy fellow. 
 This man showed much anxiety to observe 
 how I proceeded ; but his master told me by 
 no means to allow him, as he was so quick 
 he Vv'ould soon learn to make a loom himself. 
 When I said I had no wish to make it a secret, 
 he replied, that if the natives could weave 
 cloth, and supply themselves, ships would have 
 
lOO VOYAGE ROUND THE WORLD. 
 
 HO encouragement to call at the islands. Ano- 
 ther instance of this narrow way of thinking 
 occuiTed, when a brother of the queen's, whose 
 name I do not remember, but who was usually 
 called by the white people, John Adams, wish- 
 ed me to teach him to read, Davis would not 
 permit me, observing, " they will soon know 
 more than ourselves." 
 
 The making of the loom, from want of as- 
 sistance, and want of practice, proved a very 
 tedious job. I succeeded tolerably well at 
 last ; and having procured a supply of thread, 
 spun by the women from the fibres of the plant 
 of which their fishing lines are made, I began 
 my operations.* After working a small piece, I 
 took it to the king as a specimen. He approved 
 of it in every respect except breadth, which 
 w^as only about half a yard, saying, he wished 
 it made wide enough for an awning to a ship. 
 This was beyond my power ; but I told him I 
 could make it a yard wide, and then sow it up 
 into any size. He accordingly ordered me to 
 make a loom of the necessary dimensions. — 
 The small piece I wove he kept, and showed 
 it to every captain that arrived as a specimen of 
 
 * The author was obliged to employ a boy to work the treadles 
 n%t bein"^ able to work them himself from the loss of his fe^t. 
 
VOYAGE ROUND THE WORLD. lOl 
 
 the manufacture of the country. I had nearly 
 finished the other loom, when the ship arrived 
 in which I quitted the island. 
 
 Dm'ing the time I resided with Davis, Ter- 
 remytee, the king's brother, died. His body 
 lay in state for a few days, in the morai ; and 
 was afterwards buried, according to custom, 
 in a secret manner. 
 
 The public mourning that took place on 
 this occasion was of so extraordinary a nature, 
 that, had I not been an eye-witness, I could 
 not have given credit to it. 
 
 The natives cut off their hair, and went 
 about completely naked. Many of them, 
 particularly the women, disfigured themselves 
 by knocking out their front teeth, and brand- 
 ing their faces with red hot stones, and the 
 small end of calabashes, which they held 
 burning to their faces till a circular mark 
 was produced ; whilst, at the same time, a 
 general, I believe I may say an universal, pub- 
 lic prostitution of the women took place; the 
 queens and the widow of the deceased alone 
 exempted. 
 
 When the captain of a ship that lay in 
 the harbour remonstrated with the king up- 
 on these disgraceful scenes, he answered that 
 9^ 
 
102 VOYAGE ROUxND THE WORLD. 
 
 such was the law, and he could not pre^xnt 
 them. 
 
 About this time an immense water-spout 
 broke in the harbour. It w as first observed 
 in the south, about noon. The day was fine, 
 with a clear atmosphere, and nearly calm. 
 When I saw it first, it appeared about the 
 tliickness of a ship's mast, reaching from the 
 sea to a heavy dark cloud that hung imme- 
 diately over it. It approached slowly, the 
 cloud gradually increasing in size. When it 
 came near, we could observe the water 
 ascending in a spiral direction, and the sea 
 round its base boiling up in great agitation. 
 At this time it seemed about the thickness of 
 a hogshead. The tide was fortunately out ; 
 and upon crossing the reef, about an hour 
 after its first appearance, the column broke, 
 and such a mass of water fell, that the sea 
 in the harbour was raised at least three feet 
 upon the beach. No squall was experienced, 
 nor did any rain fall. Hundreds of dead fish 
 were picked up upon the reef, and along shore 
 after it broke. I have seen several water- 
 spouts at sea, and one that was nearly on 
 board the ship in which I was, but none of 
 them at all equal in magnitude to this. 
 
VOYAGE ROUND THE WORLD. 1Q3 
 
 The natives quitted their houses, and fled 
 with the utmost precipitation in a direction 
 opposite to that in which it approached. I 
 was informed, that a few years before, one 
 had broken on the north side of the island, by 
 which a number of houses were washed away 
 and many people drowned. 
 
 In the month of November the king was 
 pleased to grant me about sixty acres of land, 
 situated upon the Wymummee, or Pearl-wa- 
 ter, an inlet of the sea about twelve miles to 
 the west of Hanaroora. I immediately re- 
 moved thither ; and it being Macaheite time, 
 during which canoes are tabooed, I was car- 
 ried on men's shoulders. We passed by foot- 
 paths, winding through an extensive and fer- 
 tile plain, the whole of which is in the high- 
 est state of cultivation. Every stream was 
 carefully embanked, to supply water for the 
 taro beds. Where there was no water, the 
 land was under crops of yams and sweet po- 
 tatoes. The roads and numerous houses are 
 shaded by cocoa-nut trees, and the sides of 
 the mountains covered with wood to a great 
 height. We halted two or three times, and 
 were treated by the natives with the utmost 
 hospitality. My farm, called Wymannoo, was 
 
104 VOYAGE ROUND THE WORLD. 
 
 upon the east side of the river, four or five 
 miles from its mouth. Fifteen people, with 
 their families, resided upon it, who cultivated 
 the ground as my servants. There were three 
 houses upon the property : but I found it most 
 agreeable to live with one of my neighbours, 
 and get what I wanted from my own land. 
 This person's name was William Stevenson, 
 a native of Borrowstounness. He had been 
 a convict, and escaped from New South 
 Wales ; but was, notwithstanding, an industri- 
 ous man, and conducted himself in general 
 with great propriety. He had married a na- 
 tive, and had a family of several children. — 
 He was the first who introduced into the 
 island the mode of distilling a spirit from the 
 tee-root, of which, however, he became so 
 fond, that the king was obliged to deprive 
 him of his still. When I knew him he had 
 bound himself by an oath, not to taste spirits 
 except at the new year, at which time he in- 
 dulged to the greatest excess. He chiefly em- 
 ployed himself in his garden, and had a large 
 stock of European vegetables. 
 
 In the end of February, I heard there was 
 a ship at Hanaroora, and went up with a ca- 
 noe-load of provisions, wisliing to provide my- 
 
VOYAGE ROUND THE WORLD. 105 
 
 self with some clothes, and, if possible, a few 
 books. She proved to be the Duke of Port- 
 land, South-sea whaler, bound for England. 
 When I learned this, I felt the wish to see ray 
 native country and friends once more so 
 strong, that I could not resist the opportunity 
 that now offered. In addition to these mo- 
 tives, the state of my feet had of late given 
 me considerable uneasiness ; the sores had 
 never healed, and I was anxious for medical 
 assistance, in the hopes of having a cure per- 
 formed. I was, indeed, leaving a situation of 
 ease, and comparative affluence, for one where, 
 labouring under the disadvantage of the loss 
 of my feet, I knew I must earn a scanty sub- 
 sistence. I was a tolerable sail-maker ; and 
 I knew, that if my sores healed, I could gain 
 a comfortable livelihood at that employment. 
 These hopes were never realized ; the state of 
 my limbs renders me quite unable to hold a 
 bolt-rope, and necessity has compelled me to 
 betake myself to a more precarious and less 
 agreeable occupation. 
 
 The king was on board the ship at the time, 
 and I asked his permission to take my pas- 
 sage home. He inquired my reason for wish- 
 ing to quit the island, and whether I had any 
 
106 VOYAGE ROUND THE WORLB. 
 
 cause of complaint. I told him I had none; 
 that I was sensible I was much better here 
 than I could be any where else, but that I was 
 desirous to see my friends once more. He 
 said, if his belly told him to go, he would do 
 it ; and that if mine told me so, I was at li- 
 berty. 
 
 He then desired me to give his compliments 
 to King George. I told him that, though born 
 in his dominions, I had never seen King 
 George ; and that, even in the city where he 
 lived, there were thousands who had never 
 seen him. He expressed much surprise at 
 this, and asked if he did not go about among 
 his people, to lem'n tlieir wants, as he did ? 
 I answered, tliat he did not do it himself, but 
 that he had men wlio did it for him. Ta- 
 maahmaah shook his head at this, and said, 
 that other people could never do it so well as 
 he could himself. 
 
 He sent a handsome cloak of feathers by 
 Captain Spence as a present to his majesty, 
 accompanied by a letter, wliich I heard him 
 dictate to the captain. The purport of it ^^ as 
 ^'to remind him of Captain Vancouver's pro- 
 mise, that a man of war, armed with brass 
 guns, and loaded with European articles, 
 
VOYAGE ,ROUi\D T HE WORLD. 10? 
 
 should be sent to him ; and added, that he 
 was sorry he was so far away that he could 
 not help him in his wars ; and concluded, by 
 requesting his acceptance of the cloak as a 
 proof of his regard 
 
 Having procured the king's permission to 
 depart, I went on shore to take leave of my 
 friends ; particularly Isaac Davis, and my pa- 
 troness, the queen, who had always treated me 
 with the utmost kindness. On this occasion 
 she presented me with several valuable mats 
 to sleep upon on board the ship. 
 
 It will be believed that I did not leave \Va- 
 hoo without the deepest regret. I had now 
 been thirteen months upon the island ; du- 
 ring which time 1 had experienced nothing 
 but kindness and friendship from all ranks — 
 froim ray much honoured master, the king, 
 down to the lowest native. A crowd of peo- 
 ple attended me to the boat ; unaccustomed to 
 conceal their feelings, they expressed them 
 with great vehemence ; and I heard the la- 
 mentations of my friends on shore long after 
 I had reached the ship. 
 
 We sailed next day, being the 4th of March. 
 
 •■|||I|PIJ 
 
VOYAGE ROUND THE WORLD. 100 
 
 CHAPTER IX. 
 
 Description of Wahoo — Extent — Whyteete-bay — Accoimt 
 of Tamaahmaa-i's navy — Town and harbour of Ha- 
 naroora — Bass's harbour — Wymumme, or Pearl-river — 
 State of cultivation — Breed of cattle — Account of the 
 white people resident on the island. 
 
 The island of Wahoo lies about seven 
 leagues to the northwest of Morotai, and 
 about thirty from Ouhyhee, in the same 
 direction ; it is nearly forty miles in length 
 from northwest to southeast, and almost half 
 that extent in breadth. 
 
 Although only of secondary size, it has 
 become the most important island in the 
 gi'oupe, both on account of its superior fer- 
 tility, and because it possesses the only se- 
 cure harbour to be met with in the Sandwich 
 islands. 
 
 In consequence of this, and of the facility 
 with which fresh provisions can be procured, 
 almost every vessel* that navigates the north 
 
 * During the thirteen months the author remained on the island, 
 there were at least twelve ships called at VVahoo, of which two 
 were EngFso, the Duke of Portland, captain Spence ; and the 
 
 10 
 
no VOYAGE ROUND THE WORLD. 
 
 Pacific puts in here to refit. Tliis is proba- 
 bly the principal reason why the king has 
 chosen it as his place of residence ; perhaps 
 the vicinity to Atooi and Onehow, the only 
 islands independent of himself, and the con- 
 quest of which he is said to meditate, is an- 
 other and no less powerful motive. 
 
 The south coast of the island extends from 
 Diamond-hill on the east, to Barber's Point* 
 on the west, a distance of about twenty-four 
 miles. A range of mountains run almost 
 parallel to the shore, from which it is sepa- 
 rated by a fertile plain, which varies in 
 breadth ; at Hanaroora, where it is broadest, 
 the distance from the sea to the mountains is 
 about five miles. 
 
 A reef of coral runs along the whole ex- 
 tent of this shore, within a quarter of a mile 
 of the land ; the greater part of it dries at low 
 water, and in the inside it is in many places 
 
 Otter, Jobelin. One Russian, the Neva; and the remainder 
 Americans, viz. . the Catherine, Blanchard ; OKean, Winship ; 
 Otter, Hill; Vancouver, Swift; Liddy, Brown; Dromo, Wood- 
 ward; and three or four more, when he was at Pearl river, whose 
 names he does not remember. 
 
 * Captain Portlocke distin^ishes the first of these points by the 
 name of Point Dick, and the latter by that of Point Banks. 
 
 Portlocke, p. 75. 
 
VOYAGE ROUND THE WORLD. in 
 
 too shallow even for canoes, except at fdl 
 tide.* 
 
 Whyteete bay, where captain VancouvcF 
 anchored, is formed by the land falling back 
 from the southern promontory of the island, 
 called by the white people Diamond-hill. It 
 is open to the south one half of the compass, 
 and there being no channel, ships are obliged 
 to anchor on the outside of the reef. 
 
 Tamaahmaah formerly resided at this place, 
 and great part of his navy were hauled up on 
 the shore round the bay. I counted more 
 than thirty vessels ; they are kept with the 
 utmost care, having sheds built over them, 
 their spars laid alongside, and their rigging 
 and cables preserved in stores. 
 
 They are chiefly sloops and schooners, 
 under forty tons burden, and have all been 
 built by his own carpenters, principally na- 
 
 * Captain Broiighton mentions a harbour which he surveyed, call- 
 ed Fair Haven, which lies five or six miles E. S. E. of Whyteete; it is 
 formed by an opening through the reefs, with a clear channel, in a 
 N. N, E. direction. The wind generally blows fresh out of it, render- 
 ing it necessary to warp in, as there is no room for working. The 
 harbour, though of small extent, is ssfe and convenient, with five 
 fathoms sandy bottom within the spits. A fine stream of fresh water 
 empties itself at the head li was discovered in 1794 by Mr. Lrown, 
 master of the Buttenvorth, the same who was afterwards murdered 
 by the natives at this place. Vide Brovghton's Voyage, p. 39. 
 
112 VOYAGE ROUND THE WORLD. 
 
 tives, under the direction of an Englishman of 
 the name of Boyd. 
 
 • He possesses one ship of about two hun- 
 dred tons, called the Lily Bird. This vessel 
 was originally an American, which arrived 
 from the coast of California in a leaky con- 
 dition. He purchased her from the captain, 
 by giving his largest schooner in exchange, 
 and paying the difference in dollars. She 
 was repaired by his own carpenters, and laid 
 up at Hanaroora, along side a wharf built for 
 the purpose. The remainder of his fleet, ten 
 or twelve more, were hauled up at the same 
 place, except one small sloop, which he kept 
 as a packet between Wahoo and Owhyhee. 
 She was navigated by native seamen, under 
 the command of an Englishman, of the name 
 of Clerk, who had formerly been mate of the 
 Lily Bird. 
 
 Three miles to the west of Whyteete is the 
 town of Hanaroora, now the capital of the 
 island, and residence of the king. The har- 
 b{»ur is formed by the reef, which shelters 
 it from the sea, and ships can ride within 
 in safety in any weather, upon a fine sandy 
 bottom. There is a good channel through 
 the reef, with three or four fathoms water; 
 
VOYAGE ROUND THE WORLD. 113 
 
 but if there is a swell it is not easily disco- 
 vered, as the sea often breaks completely 
 across. Pilots, however, are always to be 
 had ; John Hairbottle, captain of the Lily 
 Bird, generally acted as such. The best 
 anchorage is in five fathoms water, about 
 two cables length from the shore, directly 
 in front of the village. Ships sometimes an- 
 chor on the outside of the reef, but they run 
 the risk of having their cables cut by the 
 coral. 
 
 The entrance to this harbour may proba- 
 bly, at no very distant period, be filled up by 
 the growth of the coral, vvlaich must be rapid 
 indeed, if Hairbottle, the pilot, was correct, 
 when he informed me that he knew a difie- 
 rence of three feet during the time he had 
 been at Hanaroora.* 
 
 A small river runs by the back of the vil- 
 lage, and joins the sea at the west^side of the 
 harbour ; owing to the flatness of the coun- 
 try, the water is brackish, and there is none 
 fresh to be had within several miles of the 
 place. Ships, however, can be supplied at 
 
 * Hairbottle had been fifteen years on the island, he was mate of 
 the Jackal], which arrived about the end of 1794. Vide Broughton. 
 
 10* 
 
114 VOYAGE ROUND THE WORLD. 
 
 a moderate rate by the natives, who bring it 
 from the spring in calabashes. 
 
 Six miles to the westward is Bass's har- 
 bour, also formed by an entrance through the 
 reef; within it is well sheltered, with good 
 anchorage in five or six fathoms ; but there 
 being no village in the vicinity, it is little 
 frequented.^ 
 
 Wymumme, or Pearl river, lies about seven 
 miles farther to the westward. This inlet 
 extends ten or twelve miles up the country. 
 The entrance is not more than a quarter of 
 a mile wide, and is only navigable for small 
 craft ; the depth of water on the bar, at the 
 highest tides, not exceeding seven feet ; farther 
 up it is nearly two miles across. There is an 
 ilse in it, belonging to Manina, the king's in- 
 terpreter, in which he keeps a numerous flock 
 of sheep and goats. 
 
 * This inlet is evidently the same which Captain Vancouver sur- 
 ▼eyed, and which, he says, is named Oropoa ; finding that, in con- 
 sequence of the bar, it was only navigable for small craft, the sur- 
 Yey was not continued. He merely says, that within " it seemed to 
 spread out. and to terminate in two bays about a mile farther to the 
 northward " He mentions another opening to the eastwcird, called 
 by the natives Honoonoona, which must be either Bass's harbour or 
 Hanaroora. From the similarity of the name, it is more probably 
 the latter place ; but he passed it without examinatioD, being in- 
 formed that it was shallower than tke other inle^. 
 
VOYAGE ROUND THE WORLD. 115 
 
 Pearls and mother-of-pearl shells are found 
 here in considerable quantity. Since the 
 king has learned their value, he has kept the 
 fishing to himself, and employs divers for the 
 purpose. 
 
 Ten miles to the west of this is Barber's 
 Point, (so called from the captain of a ship 
 wrecked there,) the northwest extremity of 
 the island. It is very low, and extends a con- 
 siderable way into the sea. 
 
 The tides upon this coast do not rise more 
 than four feet at springs ; it is high water 
 about three at full and change of the moon. 
 The force of the current is scarcely percep- 
 tible. 
 
 The flat land along shore is highly culti- 
 vated ; taro root, yams, and sweet potatoes, 
 are the most common crops ; but taro forms 
 the chief object of their husbandry, being the 
 pAdcipal article of food amongst every class 
 of inhabitants. 
 
 The mode of culture is extremely labori- 
 ous, as it is necessary to have the whole 
 field laid under water; it is raised in small 
 patches, which are seldom above a hundred 
 yards square ; these are surrounded by em- 
 bankments, generally about six feet high, the 
 
116 VOYAGE ROUND THE WORLD. 
 
 sides of which are planted with sugar-canes, 
 with a walk at top ; the fields are intersected 
 by drains or acqueducts, constructed with 
 great labour and ingenuity, for the purpose 
 of supplying the w ater necessary to cover 
 them. 
 
 The ground is first carefully dug and level- 
 led with a w ooden spade, called maiai, which 
 the labourers use. squatting on their hams and 
 heels. After this, it is firmly beat down by 
 treading it with their feet till it is close enough 
 to contain w ater. 
 
 The plants are propagated by planting a 
 small cutting from the upper part of the root 
 with the leaves adhering. The w ater is then 
 let in, and covers the surface to the depth 
 of twelve or eighteen, inches ; in about nine 
 months they are ready for taking up ; each 
 plant sends forth a number of shoots, or suck- 
 ers all around. This mode of culture is par- 
 ticularly laborious, and in all the operations 
 those engaged are almost constantly up to the 
 middle in the mud. 
 
 Notwithstanding this, I have often seen the 
 king working hard in a taro patch. 1 know 
 not whether this was done with a view of 
 setting an example of industry to his subjects. 
 
VOYAGE ROUiND THE tV^ORLB. 117 
 
 Such exertion could scarcely be thought ne- 
 cessary amongst these islanders, who are cer- 
 tainly the most industrious people I ever saw. 
 
 The potatoe and yam grounds are neatly 
 inclosed by stone walls, about eighteen inches 
 high. In addition to these native productions, 
 Indian corn, and a great variety of garden 
 stuffs have been lately introduced, and are 
 cultivated with success, chiefly by the white 
 people. 
 
 When the islands were discovered, pigs and 
 dogs were the only useful animals they pos- 
 sessed ; but Tamaahmaah has paid so much 
 attention to the preservation of the breeds left 
 by Vancouver, and other navigators, that in a 
 short time the stock of horned cattle, horses, 
 sheep, and goats, will be abundant. 
 
 At Owhyhee 1 was informed that there 
 were many hundreds of cattle running wild, 
 and several in a domestic state. The king 
 had introduced the breed into Wahoo ; and at 
 the time I was there he had a herd of nine or 
 ten upon the north side of the island. 
 
 Sheep and goats are already very nume- 
 rous. Several individuals had large flocks of 
 them. The queen had one, consisting of 
 about one hundred and fifty ; and Manina had 
 
118 VOYAGE ROUND THE WORLD. 
 
 several hundreds on the island m Pearl river. 
 —The khig had five horses, of which he was 
 very fond, and used frequently to go out on 
 horseback. I was informed there were still 
 more at Owhyhee. 
 
 The cattle lately introduced are pastured 
 upon the hills, and those parts of the country 
 not under cultivation, the fences not being suf- 
 ficient to confine them. The hogs are kept in 
 pens, and fed on taro leaves, sugar canes, and 
 garbage. 
 
 The chiefs are the proprietors of the soil, 
 and let the land in small farms to the lower 
 class, who pay them a rent in kind, generally 
 pigs, cloth, or mats, at four terms in the year. 
 ^ At one time during my stay, there were 
 nearly sixty white people upon Wahoo alone; 
 but the number was constantly varying, and 
 was considerably diminished before my de- 
 parture. Although the great majority had 
 been left by American vessels, not above one 
 third of them belonged to that nation ; the 
 rest were almost all English, and of these six 
 or eight woro convicts, who had made their 
 escape* from New^ South Wales. 
 
 Many inducements are held out to sailors 
 to remain here. If they conduct themselves 
 
VOYAGE ROUND THE WORLD. 119 
 
 with propriety, they raiik as chiefs, and are 
 entitled to all the privileges of the order ; at 
 all events, they are certain of being maintain- 
 ed by some of the chiefs, wl::^ are always an- 
 xious to have white people about them. 
 
 The king has a considerrble number in his 
 service, chiefly carpenters, joiners, masons, 
 blacksmiths, and bricklayers ; these he re- 
 wards liberally with grants of land. Some of 
 these ppople are sober and industrious ; but 
 this is far from being their general character ; 
 on the contrary, many of them are idle and 
 dissolute, getting drunk whenever an opportu- 
 nity presents itself. They have introduced 
 distillation into the island ; and the evil conse- 
 quences, both to the natives and whites, are 
 incalculable. It is no uncommon sight to see 
 a party of them broach a small cask of spi- 
 rits, and sit drinking for days till they see it 
 out. 
 
 There are, however, a few exceptions to 
 this. William Davis, a Welshman, who resi- 
 ded with Isaac Davis, used to rise every morn- 
 ing at five, and go to his fields, where he com- 
 monly remained till the same hour in the eve- 
 ning. This singularity puzzled the natives 
 not a little ; but they accounted for it, by sup- 
 
120 VOYAGE ROUND THE WORLD. 
 
 posing that he had been one of then- own coun- 
 trymen, who had gone to Caheite, or England, 
 after his death, and had now come back to his 
 native land. 
 
 There were no missionaries upon the island 
 during the time 1 remained in it, at which I 
 was often much surprised. 
 
 Most of the whites have married native w o- 
 men, by whom they have families ; but they 
 pay little attention either to the education or to 
 the religious instruction of thcu' children. I 
 do not recollect having seen any who knew 
 more than the letters of the alphabet. 
 
VOYAGE ROUND THE WORLD- 121 
 
 CHAPTER X. 
 
 Account of the natives — Personal appearance — ^Ranks- 
 Power of the king— Priests— Capital punishments — Mode 
 of detecting theft — Religious belief — Places of worship 
 and ceremonies — Macaheite — Houses — Food — Ava— 
 Spirits distilled ft^om the tee-root — State of the women — 
 Marriages — Dress — Manufactures — Nets and lines — 
 Modes of fishing — Trade — Price of provisions — Amuse- 
 ments — Funeral Rites — Military — Progress in civiliza- 
 tion — Account of Tamaahmaah and family. 
 
 The manners and customs of the Sand- 
 wich islanders have been repeatedly described 
 by much abler observers ; but my long resi- 
 dence has given me opportunities of noticing 
 many things which have escaped others ; and 
 to these I shall, as much as possible, confine 
 my remarks. 
 
 The natives, although not tall, are stout 
 and robust in their make, particularly those of 
 the higher rank ; their complexion is nut- 
 brown, and they are extremely cleanly in their 
 persons. They are distinguished by great in- 
 genuity in all their arts and manufactures, as 
 well as by a most persevering industry. 
 
122 VOYAGE ROUND THE WORLD. 
 
 They are divided into two great classes l 
 the Erees, or chiefs, and the Cannakamowree, 
 or people. The former are the proprietors of 
 the land, the latter are all under the dominion 
 of some chief, for whom they work, or culti- 
 vate the ground, and by whom they are sup- 
 ported in old age. They are not, however, 
 slaves, or attached to the soil, but at liberty to 
 change masters when they think proper. 
 
 The supreme government is vested in the 
 king, whose power seems to be completely 
 absolute. He is assisted by the principal 
 chiefs, whom he always keeps about his per- 
 son ; many of these have particular depart- 
 ments to attend to ; one chief took charge of 
 the household, and appointed the different 
 surveys to be performed by every individual ; 
 another, named Cow eeowranee, acted as pay- 
 master ; his province was to distribute wages 
 and provisions amongst the people in the 
 king's service. 
 
 An elderly chief, of the name of Naai, took 
 a general charge of the whole, and was, in 
 fact, prime minister. He was commonly 
 called Billy Pitt by the white people, and was 
 by no means pleased when they addressed 
 him by any other appelJation. 
 
VOYAGE ROUND THE WORLD. 123 
 
 The principal duties of the executive were, 
 however, entrusted to the priests ; by them 
 the revenues w^ere collected, and the laws 
 enforced. Superstition is the most powerful 
 engine by which the latter purpose is effected ; 
 actual punishment being rare. I knew only 
 one instance of capital punishment; which 
 was that of a man who had violated the sanc- 
 tity of the morai. Having got drunk, he 
 quitted it during taboo time, and entered the 
 house of a woman. He was immediately 
 seized, and carried back to the morai, where 
 his eyes were put out. After remaining two 
 days in this state, he was strangled, and his 
 body exposed before the principal idol. 
 
 The method of detecting theft or robbery, 
 affords a singular instance of the power ol 
 superstition over their minds. The party who 
 has suffered the loss applies to one of the 
 priests, to whom he presents a pig, and relates 
 his story. 
 
 The following ceremony is then perform- 
 ed ; the priest begins by rubbing two pieces 
 of green wood upon each other, till, by the 
 friction, a kind of powder, like snuff, is pro- 
 duced, which is so hot, that on being placed 
 ill dry grass, and blown upon, it takes fire ; 
 
124 VOYAGE ROUND THE WORLD. 
 
 with this, a large pile of wood is kindled, 
 and allowed to burn a certain time. He then 
 takes three nuts of an oily nature, called 
 tootooee ; having broken the shells, one of 
 the kernels is thrown into the fire, at which 
 time he says an anana, or prayer ; and while 
 the nut is crackling in the fire, repeats the 
 words Muckeeroio kanaka ai kooee, that is, 
 kill or shoot the fellow. The same ceremo- 
 nies take place with each of the nuts, provided 
 the thief does not appear before they are con- 
 sumed. 
 
 This, however, but seldom happens ; the cul- 
 prit generally makes his appeai-ence with the 
 stolen property, which is restored to the owner, 
 and the offence punished by a fine of four 
 pigs. He is then dismissed, with strict in- 
 junctions not to commit the like crime in 
 future, under pain of a more severe penalty. 
 The pigs are taken to the moral, where they 
 are oftered up as sacrifices, and afterwards 
 eaten by the priests. 
 
 Should it happen that the unfortunate crimi- 
 nal does not make his appearance during the 
 awful ceremony, his fate is inevitable ; had he 
 the vi^hole island to bestow, not one word of 
 the prayer gould be recalled, nor the anger of 
 
VOYAGE ROUND THE WORLD. 125 
 
 the Elooah appeased. The circumstance is 
 reported to the king, and proclamation made 
 throughout the island, that a certain person has 
 been robbed, and that those who are guilty 
 have been prayed to death. 
 
 So firm is their belief in the power of these 
 prayers, that the culprit pines away, refusing 
 to take any sustenance, and at last falls a sacri- 
 fice to his credulity. 
 
 The priests also practice medicine. Bath- 
 ing is their great specific. If the patient is 
 too weak to be carried to the sea, he is wash- 
 ed with salt water. The oil extracted from 
 a nut, called tootooee, is used as a purga- 
 tive ; and a black mineral substance, reduced 
 to a powder, as an emetic. This is very 
 powerful in its effects ; half the quantity that 
 can be laid on a sixpence forming a sufficient 
 dose. 
 
 I have but few particulars to give of their 
 religious opinions. Their principal god, to 
 whom they attribute the creation of the world, 
 is called Etooah ; and they have seven or 
 eight subordinate deities, whose images are 
 in the morai, and to whom offerings are made 
 as well as to the Etooah. Their names I can- 
 not recollect 
 
 11* 
 
126 VOYAGE ROUND THE WORLD. 
 
 They believe ni a future state, where they 
 will be rewarded or punished for their con- 
 duct in this life. Their belief in the efficacy 
 of prayer has already been remarked. Du- 
 ring the time I lived with the king, it was re- 
 ported that some person had prayed him to 
 death ; in order to counteract the effects of 
 this, the daughter of a chief prostrated herself 
 before the house, and turning towards the 
 setting sun, prayed with great fervency. I 
 did not then understand the language, and 
 imagined that she w^as addressing that lumi- 
 nary ; but William Moxely explained that 
 part to me. She said, How could the sun rise 
 and set, or the moon perform her revolutions, 
 if there were not some superior Being who 
 i^gulated their motions. 
 
 They have a tradition of a general deluge. 
 According to their account, the sea once over- 
 ilowed the whole world, except Mouna Kaa, 
 in Owhyhee, and swept away all the inhabi- 
 tants but one pair, who saved themselves on 
 that mountain, and are the parents of the 
 present race of mankind. 
 
 Their morals, or places of worship, consist 
 of one large house, or temple, with some 
 smaller ones round it, in which are the im- 
 
VOYAGE ROUND THE WORLD. 127 
 
 ages of their inferior gods. The tabooed, or 
 consecrated precincts, are marked out by 
 four square posts, which stand thirty or forty 
 yards from the building. In the inside of the 
 principal house there is a screen or curtain 
 of white cloth, hung across one end, within 
 which the image of Etooah is placed. When 
 sacrifices are offered, the priests and chiefs 
 enter occasionally within this space, going in 
 at one side and out at the other. Although 
 present on one occasion, I did not enter this 
 recess, partly because I was doubtful of the 
 propriety of doing so, and also on account of 
 the difficulty I had in moving myself, and the 
 risk of getting my wounds injured among the 
 crowd. 
 
 On the outside are placed several images 
 made of wood, as ugly as can be well im- 
 agined, having their mouths all stuck round 
 with dog's teeth. 
 
 Their holidays took place about four times 
 a month, and the ceremonies lasted from 
 sunset on the day preceding, to sunrise on 
 the following day; during which no person 
 was permitted to pass the bounds of the mo- 
 rai. This time was spent in prayer, in sa- 
 crificing pigs, in eating the sacrifices, and in 
 
128 VOYAGE ROUND THE WORLD. 
 
 conversation. I attended only once, and was 
 not, at that time, sufficiently master of the 
 language to understand the purport of the 
 prayers. 
 
 The priest continued nearly three hours, in 
 a very solemn manner, during which the most 
 profound silence was observed ; indeed, the 
 smallest noise of any kind, either within the 
 morai or in the neighbourhood, would have 
 been a proof that the deity was offended, and 
 the prayer must have ceased ; a proclamation 
 was, therefore, made by the public crier, 
 whenever the king entered the morai, order- 
 ing every animal near it to be confined, other- 
 wise they should be seized and offered up as 
 sacrifices. Those present stood with their 
 arms extended towards heaven for about three 
 quarters of an hour at the beginning of the 
 prayer, and the same length of time at its con- 
 clusion. I was not required to perform this 
 part of the ceremony. 
 
 The number present did not exceed forty, 
 and were all of the higher rank. Women 
 are never permitted to attend on these occa- 
 sions. 
 
 Human sacrifices are offered upon their 
 going to w ar ; but nothing of the kind took 
 
VOYAGE ROUND THE WORLD. I2f 
 
 place during ray stay ; unless in the case al- 
 ready mentioned, of the man punished for 
 breaking the taboo, and whose body was ex- 
 posed before the idol. 
 
 During the period called Macaheite, which 
 lasts a whole month, and takes place in No- 
 vember, the priests are employed in collect- 
 ing the taxes, which are paid by the chiefs in 
 proportion to the extent of their territories ; 
 they consist of mats, feathers, and the pro- 
 ducair of the country. The people celebrate 
 this festival by dancing, wrestling, and other 
 amusements. 
 
 The king remains in the raorai for the whole 
 period ; before entering it, a singular ceremo- 
 ny takes place. He is obliged to stand till 
 three spears are darted at him : He must 
 catch the first with his hand, and with it ward 
 off the other two. This is not a mere formal- 
 ity. The spear is thrown with the utmost 
 force, and shoiild the king lose his life, there is 
 no help for it.* 
 
 * Tamaahmaah is so dexterous in the use of the spear, that he 
 probably runs little risk in thus exposing himself. Vancouver re- 
 lates, that in a sham-fight he saw him ward off six spears that were 
 hurled at him almost at the same instant. " Three he caught as 
 they were flying with one hand ; two he broke by panying them 
 with his spear ; and the sixth, by a trifling inclination of his body, 
 passed harmless " — Vancouver, Vol. HI. p. 254. 
 
130 VOYAGE ROUND THE WORLD. 
 
 At the Macabeite, which happened when I 
 was on the island, the eldest son of Tamaah- 
 maah, a youth about fifteen, was invested with 
 royal honours, and entided to the same marks 
 of respect as his father. What share he had 
 in the government I did not learn; but I ob- 
 served no alteration in the exercise of the 
 king's authority. 
 
 The houses of the natives are of the sim- 
 plest form ; they are oblong, with very low 
 side-walls, and high-thatched roofs; within, 
 they are not divided into separate apartments, 
 nor have they any tables or seats. 
 
 It is only by size that the houses of the 
 chiefs are distinguished from those of the 
 lower orders, for the same barn-like shape is 
 universal. They are, however, kept very 
 clean; and their household utensils, consist- 
 ing of wooden dishes and calabashes, are 
 hung, neatly arranged, upon the walls. While 
 the floors of the meaner houses are bare, ex- 
 cept the place for sleeping, w here a few mats 
 are spread, those of the higher orders are 
 entirely covered over with mats, many of 
 w^hich are worked with great elegance into 
 different patterns. At one end, a platform 
 raised about three feet from the ground, 
 
VOYAGE ROUND THE WORLD. 131 
 
 which extends the whole breadth of the apart- 
 ment, is spread with a layer of rushes, and 
 covered with mats. This forms the sleeping 
 place for the upper part of the family ; the at- 
 tendants sleep at the opposite end. 
 
 As the two sexes never eat together, the 
 chiefs have always a separte eating-house, and 
 even the lower ranks have one to every six or 
 seven famihes for the men. The women take 
 their food in the samie houses in which they 
 sleep. 
 
 Few of the houses, except the largest, have 
 any windows ; the light being admitted by the 
 door, which is seldom closed. The dwellings 
 of the upper ranks are generally surrounded 
 by a paling. In all of them the utniost atten- 
 tion to cleanliness prevails. 
 
 Their mode of cooking has been often 
 described. Poey, or taro-pudding, which is 
 the principal food of all ranks, is prepared by 
 baking the root in a pit widi hot stones, up- 
 on which water is poured. It is afterwards 
 scraped, mashed, and mixed with cold water. 
 When newly made, it is not tmpalatable, but it 
 soon turns sour. 
 
 Fish are often eaten raw, seasoned with 
 saltwater. When cooked,- they are either 
 
132 VOYAGE ROUND THE WORLD. 
 
 done in their usual manner, under ground, or 
 broiled, by putting them, wrapt in leaves, up- 
 on the fire. When the leaves are burnt, they 
 consider them ready. 
 
 They preserve pork by taking out the bones, 
 and rubbing it well with salt ; after which it is 
 made up in rolls, and dried. 
 
 They frequently eat with their pork a kind 
 of pudding made of taro-root, which is pre- 
 viously cut in slices, and dried in the sun ; it 
 keeps a great length o{ rime, and is a good 
 substitute for bread. In this state it is prefer- 
 red bv the white people. The natives pre- 
 serve it for taking to sea, by mashing and form- 
 ing it into a solid paste, w hen it is wrapped in 
 leaves, and will keep fre^h for five or six 
 weeks. 
 
 The sugar-cane, w^hich they chew, is also a 
 general article of foc^d. 
 
 Instead of candles, the tootooee-nut is used, 
 which being of an oily nature, yields a consi- 
 derable quantity of light. It grows upon a 
 small tree, and is about the size of a horse- 
 chesnut. When pulled, they are thrown in- 
 to water, and those that sink are reckoned 
 sound; they are then baked under ground, 
 and their shells broken ofi\ in which state 
 
VOYAGE ROUND THE WORLD. las 
 
 they are kept till required. When used as 
 candles, they string twenty or thirty upon a 
 sHt of bamboo, each of which will burn five 
 or six minutes ; but they require constant 
 trimming, and it is necessary to reverse the 
 torch whenever a nut is consumed, that the one 
 under it may catch fire. It must, therefore, be 
 held by a person whose business it is to keep it 
 always in order. 
 
 This nut, when pressed, yields an oil well 
 adapted for mixing with paint. The black 
 colour, by which their canoes are painted, is 
 produced by burning the nuts after they are 
 pressed, and by the cinders of the torches, 
 which are carefully preserved for the purpose ; 
 these are reduced to powder, and mixed with 
 oil. 
 
 Ava, with which the natives w^ere formerly 
 wont to intoxicate themselves, is now giving 
 way to the use of ardent spirits. I never saw 
 it used, except as a medicine to prevent corpu- 
 lency, and is said to be an effectual remedy. 
 It causes a white scurf to strike out upon the 
 $kin, somewhat like the dry scurvy. 
 
 The spirit distilled from the tea-root now 
 
 usurps its place, and I fear the consequences 
 
 will be still more pernicious. 
 12 
 
134 V OYAGE ROUxND THE WORLD. 
 
 That plant grows wild in the upper part 
 of the country, and varies from the size of a 
 carrot to that of a man's thigh. It is put into 
 a pit, amongst heated stones, and covered 
 w ith plantain and taro leaves ; through these 
 a small hole is made, and water poured in ; 
 after which the whole is closed up again, and 
 allowed to remain twenty-four hours. When 
 the root has undergone this process, the 
 juice tastes as sweet as molasses. It is then 
 taken out, bruised, and put into a canoe to 
 ferment ; and in five or six days is ready for 
 distillation. 
 
 Their stills are formed out of iron pots, 
 which they procure from American ships, and 
 which they enlarge to any size, by fixing sev- 
 eral tier of calabashes above them, with their 
 bottoms sawed off, and the joints well luted. 
 From the uppermost, a wooden tube con- 
 nects widi a copper cone, round the inside of 
 which is a ring with a pipe to carry off the 
 spirit. The cone is fixed into a hole in the 
 bottom of a tub filled with water, which serves 
 as a condenser. 
 
 By this simple apparatus a spirit is pro- 
 duced, called lumi, or rum, and which is by 
 no means harsh or unpalatable. Both whites 
 
VOYAGE ROUND THE WORLD. 155 
 
 and natives are unfortunately too much ad- 
 dicted to it. Almost every one of the chiefs 
 has his own still. 
 
 Smoking tobacco is another luxury of which 
 the natives are very fond. The plant grows 
 in abundance upon the islands, and they use 
 it in a green state. In their tobacco pipes 
 they display their usual taste and ingenuity. 
 The tube is made of a hollow stem of a kind 
 of vine, fixed to an iron bowl, which is inserted 
 into hard wood. The stem is covered with 
 rings of ivory and turtle-shell, placed alter- 
 nately; the whole kept firmly together at the 
 top by an ivory mouth- piece. 
 
 The women are subject to many restrictions 
 from which the men are exempted. They 
 are not allowed to attend the moral upon 
 taboo days, nor at these times are they per- 
 mitted to go out in a canoe. They are never 
 permitted to eat with the men, except when 
 at sea, and then not out of the same dish. 
 Articles of delicacy, such as pork, turtle, 
 shark, cocoa-nuts, bananas or plantains, are 
 also forbidden. Dog's flesh and fish were 
 the only kinds of animal food lawful for them 
 to eat; but since the introduction of sheep and 
 
t36 VOYAGE ROUND THE WORLD. 
 
 goats, which are not tabooed, the ladies have 
 less reason to complain. 
 
 Notwithstanding the rigour with which 
 these ceremonies are generally observed, the 
 women very seldom scruple to break them, 
 when it can be done in secret; they often 
 swim off to ships at night during the taboo ; 
 and I have known them eat of the forbidden 
 delicacies of pork and shark's flesh. What 
 would be the consequence of a discovery I 
 linow not ; but I once saw the queen trans- 
 gressing in this respect, and was strictly en- 
 joined to secrecy, as she said it was as much 
 as her life was worth. 
 
 Their ideas of marriage are very loose ; 
 either party may quit the other when they 
 tire or disagree. The lower classes in gene- 
 ral, content themselves with one wife ; but 
 they are by no means confined to that num- 
 ber, and the chiefs have frequently several. 
 Tamaahmaah had two, besides a very hand- 
 some girl, the daughter of a chief, educating 
 for him. One elderly chief, Coweeooranee, 
 had no fewer than fifteen. They are very 
 jealous of any improper connexion between 
 natives and their wives ; but the case is wide- 
 ly different with respect to their visitors, where 
 
VOYAGE ROUND THE WORLD. 137 
 
 connexion of that kind is reckoned the surest 
 proof of friendship, and they are always an- 
 xious to strengthen it by that tie. 
 
 The virtue of the king's wives is, however, 
 most scrupulously guarded ; each of them hav- 
 ing a male and a female attendant, whose duty 
 it is to watch them on all occasions. Should it 
 ])e discovered that any of the queens have 
 been unfaithful, these attendants are punished 
 with death, unless they have given the first 
 intimation. 
 
 Immediately after child-birth, women are 
 obliged to retire to the woods, where they re- 
 main ten days, and must not be seen by the 
 men. The queen, who had a daughter whilst 
 I was there, had a house for the purpose ot 
 retirement ; but, in general, they have no other 
 shelter but what the woods afford. They also 
 retire in the same manner three days in every 
 month.* 
 
 * Captain Lisianski relates the same practice as prevalent among 
 the Aleutian women : if he is not mistaken in ascribing it to them 
 instead of the Sandwich islanders, or if our author has not fallen 
 into the opposite error, the coincidence is remarkable. 
 
 Campbell, upon being questioned, related several instances of .its 
 having occurred in Wahoo. He cannot say as to the practice of 
 the Aleutian islands. 
 
 12* 
 
138 VOYAGE R0UND THE WORLD. 
 
 A simple garment, called pow, forms the 
 principal part of the dress of the women ; it 
 consists of a piece of cloth about one yard 
 broad and three in length, wrapped several 
 times round the waist, with tlie end tucked 
 in below, and reaching to the calf of the leg. 
 In cold weather, they throw another piece of 
 cloth, like a plaid, over their shoulders. Round 
 the neck they often wear wreaths of the leaves 
 of a fragrant plant called miri, resembling 
 those of the vine. 
 
 An ivory ornament, called palava, is very 
 generally worn, suspended by a hair necklace, 
 neatly plahed into small cords. The hole 
 through which it is passed is large enough to 
 admit the thumb, and the plaits are so nume- 
 rous as to fill it entirely. 
 
 The hair is combed back in front, and 
 plastered over with a kind of lime made from 
 burnt shells. This practice bleaches that on 
 the forehead nearly w hite. 
 
 Their heads are adorned with wreaths of 
 flowers taken from the stalk, and strung on 
 the stem of a small creeping plant. They 
 prefer purple, yellow, and white, and arrange 
 them alternately three or four inches of each 
 
VOYAGE ROUND THE WORLD. 139 
 
 colour. This is twined several times round 
 the head, and has a very elegant appearance. 
 
 They are at great pains in ornamenting 
 themselves, for which purpose every female is 
 provided with a small mirror. All ranks pay 
 the utmost attention to personal cleanliness. 
 
 The dress of the men consists merely of a 
 small girdle, made of taper, called the maro. 
 Upon great occasions, the chiefs wear elegant 
 cloaks and helmets of red and yellow feathers. 
 
 The cloth called taper is entirely manufac- 
 tured by women, and is made from a bark of 
 a tree, which is first steeped in water, and 
 then beat out with a piece of wood, grooved 
 or furrowed like a crimping machine. The 
 bark is laid upon another piece of wood, 
 grooved like the former. As these two instru- 
 ments are at right angles during the operation, 
 the marks in the cloth are crossed Uke warp and 
 woof. 
 
 It is colored with the juice of berries, laid 
 on with a piece of turtle-shell, shaped like 
 a knife, or with a brush, formed by chewing 
 the end of a slip of bamboo. In this man- 
 ner it is tinged brown, green, blue, and 
 black; to produce a yellow, the cloth is 
 dipt in a dye prepared by boiling the cone 
 
140 VOYAGE ROUND THE WORLD. 
 
 of a tree in water. They often paint a varie- 
 ty of patterns, in which they display great 
 taste and fancy. 
 
 This cloth, from its texture, is, when wet- 
 ted, extremely apt to get damaged, in which 
 state it tears like moLst paper ; great care, 
 therefore, is always taken to keep it dry, or 
 to have ii carefully dried when it is wetted. 
 When they swim off to ships, they hold their 
 clothes out of the water in one hand, occasion- 
 ally changing it as it becomes fatigued. 
 
 The mats with which the floors of the 
 houses are covered, are also manufactured by 
 the women. They are made of rushes, or a 
 kind of broad-leaved grass, split at the stem, 
 and are worked in a variety of patterns. 
 
 The natives are most dexterous fishers, and 
 their implements are constructed with much 
 ingenuity. The hooks are sometimes made 
 of mother-of-pearl and tortoise-shell, but those 
 procured from ships are coming into more ge- 
 neral use. 
 
 Their nets and lines are spun from the fibre 
 of a broad-leaved plant called ourana, similar 
 in appearance to sedge or flags ; it is pulled 
 green, and the outside stripped off w ith a tor- 
 toise-shell knife, after which it is steeped in 
 
VOYAGE ROUND THE WORLD. 141 
 
 water ; the fibres are separated by the nail, 
 and spun into lines, by rolling them between 
 the hand and the thigh. The lines have some- 
 times two strands, and sometimes three, and 
 are much stronger than those of hemp. They 
 drag these lines after their canoes, and in this 
 manner take bonettas, dolphins, and albi- 
 cores. For the hooks of their own manufac- 
 ture bait is not required, the mother-of-pearl 
 shank serving the sauie end. When wire^ 
 hooks are used, they wrap a piece of white 
 cloth round them. 
 
 The nets in which they take the flying fish 
 are made of twine of the same material. — 
 They are about a hundred yards in length, by 
 three or four yards in breadth, and have a 
 large bag in the centre. 
 
 They are set like herring-nets, with the 
 «pper edge floated by buoys of light wood, 
 whilst the lower edge is kept under water by 
 weights of lead or iron. In order to prevent 
 the fish from flying over, branches of trees 
 are laid all along the head-hne. When pro- 
 perly extended, a canoe at each end of the 
 net, gradually advances, forming it into a cir- 
 cle, into which the fish are driven by a num-- 
 ber of canoes, who fill up the open side, and 
 
142 VOYAGE ROUND THE WORLD. 
 
 beat the surface violently with branches. — 
 When the canoes at each end of the net meet, 
 they gradually take it in, contracting the cir- 
 cle till the lish are forced into the bag in the 
 centre. 
 
 In this manner prodigious numbers are ta- 
 ken. 1 have knoun them return, after a day's 
 fishing, with ten or twelve canoes deeply load- 
 ed. Sometimes the net is so full thev cannot 
 take it on board, and are obliged to drag it af- 
 ter them to the shore. 
 
 They have a singular method of catching 
 fish by poison. This is done by means of an 
 herb like heath, stripped of its bark, and bruis- 
 ed ; with this they dive to the bottom, and 
 place it beneath the stones, where the fish lie. 
 The poison is so powerful, that in a short time 
 they sicken, and come up to the surface. — 
 When taken they are instantly gutted, in order 
 that the poison in their stomach may not af- 
 fect the quality of the fish. 
 
 The occupiers or proprietors of land are en- 
 titled to the privilege of fishing upon their own 
 shores as far as the tallest man in the island can 
 wade at low water, and they may exercise 
 that ridit at all seasons : but bevond that the 
 sea is tabooed, except at two periods in the 
 
VOYAGE ROUxND THE WORLD. 143 
 
 year, of six weeks each, during which un- 
 limited fishing is allowed. At these times it is 
 the general employment of the natives, and 
 they cure enough to serve them through the 
 tabooed season. 
 
 In every article of their man ufactiu'e these 
 islanders display an extraordinary degree of 
 neatness and ingenuity, considering the sim- 
 plicity of the tools with which they work. 
 
 The too] in most general use is a kind of 
 tomahawk, or adze, called toe ; it was for- 
 merly made of hard polished stone, but is 
 now universally made of iron. To form it, 
 they lash a thin plate of iron, from one to four 
 inches broad, and five or six long, to a branch 
 which has a piece of the stem attached to it. 
 Plane irons are much in request for this 
 purpose ; but the toe is frequently made of an 
 old hoop. 
 
 This, with a piece of coral for a file, is 
 almost the only tool used in the construction 
 of their houses, canoes, and implements of 
 \\ood. 
 
 The circular wooden dishes, containing 
 from half a pint to five or six gallons, are 
 formed with these simple tools, and are as 
 neatly made as if they had been turned in a 
 
144 VOYAGE ROUND THE WORLD. 
 
 lathe. It is astonishing how soon they acquire 
 the useful arts from their visitors. Many of 
 the natives are employed as carpenters, coop- 
 ers, blacksmiths, and tailors, and do then* worli 
 as perfectly as Europeans. 
 
 In the king's forge there were none but na- 
 tive blacksmiths ; they had been taught by the 
 armourer of a ship, who quitted the island 
 while I was there. 
 
 Almost all their dealings are conducted by 
 barter ; they know the value of dollars, and 
 are willing to take them in exchange ; but 
 they seldom appear again in circulation, being 
 always carefully hoarded up. 
 
 Vessels are supplied with fresh provisions, 
 live-stock, salt, and other articles of outfit, for 
 which they give in return cloth, fire-arms, and 
 ammunition, the teeth of the sea-lion, carpen- 
 ter's tools, hardware, and, in general, Europe- 
 an articles of every description. 
 
 Sandal- wood, pearls, and mother-of-pearl 
 shells, are also the produce of these islands, 
 and are frequently purchased for the China 
 market. 
 
 It is probable that the Russians will, in fu- 
 ture, derive from hence the principal supphes 
 of provisions for their setdements on the Fox 
 
VOYAGE ROUND THE WORLB- 145 
 
 ijslaiids, and northwest coast of America, and 
 even Kamschatka. 
 
 With the island of Atooi the natives carry 
 on a considerable trade. The inhabitants of 
 Wahoo excel in making taper or cloth, whilst 
 those of Atooi excel in canoes, paddles, and 
 spears, and they very often make exchanges 
 in these articles. 
 
 Owing to the number of ships that are con- 
 stantly touching at these islands, provisions 
 are by no means cheap. A pig is estimated 
 by its length. The largest size, called poa- 
 nana, or fathom pig, measures that length from 
 the snout to the rump, and is valued at two 
 axes ; a junk of the thickest part of the sea-horse 
 tooth, five or six inches long, a yard and a half 
 pf blue cloth, or five dollars. 
 
 Those that measure from the elbow to the 
 opposite hand, are valued at one axe, or about 
 half the price of the larger size. A sheep or 
 goat may be had for a smaller piece of ivory ; 
 a maro, or a pair of fowls, for a knife, a pair 
 of scissors, or small mirror. 
 
 From their earliest years, the natives spend 
 
 much of their spare time in the water, and 
 
 constant practice renders them so dexterous, 
 
 that they seem as much at their ease in that 
 ^13 
 
146 VOYAGE ROUND THE WORLD. 
 
 element as on land ; they often swim several 
 miles off to ships, sometimes resting upon a 
 plank shaped like an anchor stock, and pad- 
 dling with their hands, but more frequently 
 without any assistance whatever. 
 
 Although sharks are numerous in these seas, 
 I never heard of any accident from them, 
 which I attribute to the dexterity with which 
 they avoid their attacks. 
 
 Throwing the top shoots of the sugar-cane 
 at each other, and catching them in their 
 flight, is a favorite amusement, the practice of 
 which tends to render them very expert in the 
 use of the spear. 
 
 Dancing, wrestling, and foot races, are also 
 common amusements, particularly at macaheite 
 time. 
 
 The dances are principally performed by 
 women, who form themselves into solid 
 squares, ten or twelve each way, and keep 
 time to the sound of the drum, accompanied 
 by a song, in which they all join. In dancing 
 they seldom move their feet, but throw them- 
 selves into a variety of attitudes, sometimes 
 all squatting, and at other times springing up 
 at the same instant. A man in front with 
 strings of shells on his ankles and wrists, with 
 
VOYAGE ROUND THE WORLD. 147 
 
 which he marks time, acts as fugel-man. On 
 these occasions the women display all their 
 finery, particularly in European clothes, if they 
 are so fortunate as to possess any. They re- 
 ceived great applause from the spectators, who 
 frequently burst into immoderate fits of laugh- 
 ter, at particular parts of the song. 
 
 They have a game somewhat resembling 
 draughts, but more complicated. It is played 
 upon a board about twenty-two inches by 
 fourteen, painted black, with white spots, on 
 which the men are placed ; these consist of 
 black and white pebbles, eighteen upon each 
 side, and the game is won by the capture of 
 the adversary's pieces. 
 
 Tamaahmaah excels at this game. I have 
 seen him sit for hours playing with his chiefs, 
 giving an occasional smile, but without utter- 
 ing a word. I could not play, but William 
 Moxely, who understood it well, told me that 
 he had seen none who could beat the kins. 
 
 The game of draughts is now introduced, 
 and ihe natives play it uncommonly well. 
 
 Flying kites is another favorite amusement. 
 They make them of taper, of the usual shape, 
 but uncommon size, many of them being 
 fifteen or sixteen feet in length, and six or 
 
14S VOYAGE ROUND THE WORLD. 
 
 seven in breadth ; they have often three oi^ 
 four hundred fathom of line, and are so diffi- 
 cult to hold, that they ai'e obliged to tie them 
 to trees. 
 
 The only employment I ever saw Tamena, 
 tlie queen, engaged in, was making these 
 kites. 
 
 A theatre was erected under the direction 
 of James Beattie, the king's block-maker, 
 wdio had been at one time on the stage in 
 England. The scenes representing a castle 
 and a forest were constructed of different 
 coloured pieces of taper, cut out and pasted 
 together. 
 
 I was present on one occasion, at the per- 
 formance of Oscar and JMalvina. This piece 
 was originally a pantomime, but here it had 
 words written for it by Beattie. The part 
 of JMalvina was performed by the wife of 
 Isaac Davis. As her knowledge of the Eng- 
 lish language was very limited, extending 
 only to the words yes and no, her speeches 
 were confined to these monosyllables. She^ 
 however, acted her part with great applause. 
 The Fingalian heroes were represented by 
 natives clothed in the Highland garb, also 
 made out of taper, and armed w ith muskets. 
 
VOYAGE ROUND THE WORLD. 149 
 
 The audience did not seem to understand 
 the play well, but were greatly delighted with 
 the after-piece, representing a naval engage- 
 ment. The ships were armed with bamboo 
 cannon, and each of them fired a broadside, 
 by means of a train of thread dipped in salt- 
 petre, which communicated with each gun, 
 after which one of the vessels blew up. Un- 
 fortunately, the explosion set fire to the forest, 
 and had nearly consumed the theatre. 
 
 The ceremonies that took place upon the 
 death of a chief have been already described. 
 The bodies of the dead are always disposed 
 of secretly, and I never could learn where 
 they were interred. M3^ patroness, the queen, 
 preserved the bones of her father, wrapt up 
 in a piece of cloth. When she slept in her 
 own house they were placed by her side ; in 
 her absence they were placed on a feather 
 bed she had received from the captain of a 
 ship, and which was only used for this pur- 
 pose. When I asked her the reason of this 
 singular custom, she replied, " it was because 
 she loved her father so dearly." 
 
 When the king goes to war, I understand 
 that every man capable of bearing arms must 
 13* 
 
150 VOYAGE ROUND THE WORLD. 
 
 follow his chief: for which purpose they are 
 all trained from their youth to the use of arms. 
 I saw nothing like a regular armed force, ex- 
 cept a guai'd of aboiu fifty men. who constant- 
 ly did duty at the king's residence. There 
 were about twenty of them on guard daily, 
 but the only sentry which they posted was at 
 the powder magazine. At night he regularly 
 called out every hour, '• All's well." 
 
 They were armed with muskets and bayon- 
 ets, but had DO uniform : their cartridge- 
 boxes, which were made by the king's work- 
 men, are of wood, about thirteen inches long, 
 rounded to the shape of the body, and cover- 
 ed with hide. 
 
 1 have seen those guards at their exercise: 
 rapidity, and not precision, seemed to be their 
 great object. The men stood at extended or- 
 der, and fired as fast as they coidd, beating 
 the butt upon the ground, and coming to the 
 recover without using the ramrod ; each man 
 gave the word •• fire,'* before he drew the trig- 
 ger. 
 
 The natives of these islands have been ac- 
 cused of being cannibals : but as far as I 
 could judge, either from my own observa- 
 ^tion, or from the enquiries I made, I believe 
 
VOYAGE ROUND THE WORLD. 151 
 
 the accusation to be perfectly destitute of foun- 
 dation. Isaac Davis, who had the best means 
 of knowing, having resided there more than 
 twenty years, and who had been present and 
 borne a share in all their wars, declared to me 
 most pointedly, that " it was all lies — that 
 there never had been cannibals there since 
 they were islands." 
 
 From a perusal of the foregoing pages, it 
 will be seen, that these islanders have acquired 
 many of the useful arts, and are making rapid 
 progress towards civilization. Much nmst be 
 ascribed, no doubt, to their natural ingenuity 
 and miwearied industry ; but great part of the 
 merit must also be ascribed to the unceasing 
 exertions of Tamaahmaah, whose enlarged 
 mind has enabled him to appreciate the ad- 
 vantages resulting from an intercourse with 
 Europeans, and he has prosecuted that object 
 with the utmost eagerness. 
 
 The unforlmiate death of captain Cook, 
 and the frequent murders committed by the 
 natives on navigators, particularly in Wahoo, 
 in which Lieutenant Hengist, and Mr. Gooch, 
 astronomer of the Daedalus, Messrs. Brown 
 and Gordon, masters of the ships Jackall and 
 Prince Le Boo, lost their lives, gave such ideas 
 
152 VOYAGE ROUxND THE WORLD. 
 
 of the sayage nature of the inhabitants, that 
 for many years few ships would venture to 
 touch at these islands.* 
 
 But since Tamaahmaah has established his 
 power, he has regulated his conduct by such 
 strict rules of justice, that strangers find them- 
 selves as safe in his port as in those of any ci- 
 ^ ilized nation. 
 
 Although always anxious to induce white 
 people to remain, he gives no encouragement 
 to desertion, nor does he ever attempt to de- 
 tain those who wish to depart. 
 
 In 1809 the king seemed about fifty years 
 of age ; he is a stout, well-made man, rather 
 darker in the complexion than the natives 
 usually are. and wants two of his front teeth. 
 The expression of his countenance is agree- 
 able, and he is mild and affable in his man- 
 
 * The editor has not thought himself at liberty to alter the ortho. 
 graphy of the king's name adopted by Vancouver and Broughton. 
 Although, to his ear, it woiUd be more correctly Tameamea. Every 
 voyager has spelt it in a different manner. Captain King has spelt 
 it Maiha Maiha ; Mr. Samwell, the surgeon of the Discovery, who 
 published an account of Captain Cook's death, Cameamea ; Port- 
 locke, Comaamaa ; Meares, Tomyhomyhaw ; Vancouver and 
 Broughton, Tamaahmaah ; Lisianski, Hameamea ; Langsdorf, To- 
 niooma ; and TurnbuU, Tamahama. As the hard sound of C and 
 T is scarcely to be distinguished in the pronunciation of the lan- 
 guage, and the h is silent, the reader, from a comparison, will &e 
 able to ascertain the most correct way. 
 
VOYAGE ROUxND THE WORLD. 153 
 
 ners, and possesses great warmth of feeling ; 
 for I have seen him shed tears upon the de- 
 partm-e of those to whom he was attached, 
 and has the art of attaching others to him- 
 self. Although a conquerer, he is extremely 
 popular among his subjects ; and not without 
 reason, for since he attained the supreme pow- 
 er, they have enjoyed repose and prosperity. 
 He has amassed a considerable treasure in dol- 
 lars, and possesses a large stock of European 
 articles of every description, particularly arms 
 and ammunition ; these he has acquired by 
 trading with the ships tliat call at the islands. 
 He understands perfectly wdl hov/ to make a 
 bargain ; but is unjustly accused of wishing 
 to over-reach in his dealings. I never knew 
 of his taking any undue advantages; on the 
 contrary, he is distinguished for upright and 
 honourable Conduct in all his transactions. — 
 War, not commerce, seems to be his principal 
 motive in forming so extensive a navy. Be- 
 ing at peace, his fleet was laid up in ordinary 
 during the whole time of ray stay. When he 
 chooses to fit it out, he will find no difficulty 
 in manning his vessels. Independently of the 
 number of white people he has constantly 
 about him, and who are almost all sailors, he 
 
IH VOYAGE ROUxND THE WORLD. 
 
 will find, even among his own subjects, many 
 good seamen. He encourages them to make 
 voyages in the ships that are constantly touch- 
 ing at the islands, and many of them have 
 been as far as China, the northwest coast of 
 America, and even the United States. In a 
 very short time they become useful hands, ^nd 
 continue so as long as they remain in warm 
 climates ; but they are not capable of stand- 
 ing the effects of cold. 
 
 During my stay the building of the navy 
 was suspended, the king's workmen being em- 
 ployed in erecting a house, in the European 
 style, for his residence at Hanaroora. When 
 1 came away, the walls were as high as the 
 top of the first story. 
 
 His family consisted of the two queens, who 
 are sisters, and a young girl, the daughter of a 
 chief, destined to the same rank. He had two 
 sons alive, one about fifteen, and the other 
 about ten years of age, and a daughter, born 
 when I was upon the island. 
 
 The queen was delivered about midnight, 
 and the event was instantly announced by a 
 salute of sixteen guns, being a round of the 
 battery in front of the house. 
 
VOYAGE ROUND THE WORLD. 155 
 
 I was informed by Isaac Davis, that his el- 
 dest son had been put to death by his orders in 
 consequence of criuiinal connexion with one 
 of his wives. This took place before he fixed 
 his residence at Wahoo. 
 
 His mode of life has already been described. 
 He sometimes dressed himself in the European 
 fashion, but more frequently laid aside his 
 clothes, and gave them to an attendant^ con- 
 tenting himself with the maro. Another at- 
 tendant carried a fan, made of feathers, for the 
 purpose of brushing away the flies ; whilst a 
 third carried his spit-box, which was set round 
 with human teeth, and had belonged, as I was 
 told, to several of his predecessors. 
 
 It is said that he w as at one time strongly 
 
 addicted to the use of ardent spirits ; but that, 
 
 finding the evil consequences of the practice, 
 he had resolution enough to abandon it. I 
 
 never saw him pass the bounds of the strictest 
 temperance. 
 
 His queen, Tamena, had not the same re- 
 solution ; and although, wiien he was present, 
 she durst not exceed, she generally availed her- 
 self of his absence in the morai to indulge her 
 propensity for liquor, and seldom stopped short 
 of intoxication. Two Aleutian women had 
 
156 VOYAGE ROUxNT) THE WORLD. 
 
 been left on the island, and were favorite com- 
 panions of hers. It was a common amuse- 
 ment to make them drunk ; but, by the end 
 of the entertainment, her majesty was gene- 
 rally in the same situation. 
 
VOYAGE ROUND THE WORLD. 137 
 
 CHAPTER XI. 
 
 Departure from Wahoo — Pass Otalieite — Double Cape- 
 Horn — Arrival at Rio Janeiro — Transactions there, du- 
 ring a residence of nearly two years — Voyage home — 
 and from thence to the United States. 
 
 The ship in which I left the Sandwich 
 islands was called the Duke of Pordand, 
 commanded by captain Spence. She had 
 procured a cargo of about one hundred and 
 fifty- tons of seal oil, and eleven thousand 
 skins, at the island of Guadaloupe, on the 
 coast of California, and had put into Wahoo 
 for the purpose of procuring refreshments. 
 
 Every thing being ready, we sailed from Ha- 
 naroora on the 4th of March, and stood to the 
 southward with pleasant weather. 
 
 In the beginning of April we descried the 
 mountains of Otaheite, but did not touch at 
 that island. 
 
 About a week before we doubled Cape 
 Horn, w^e saw two large whales, and the boats 
 were hoisted out in the hope of taking them, 
 but it began to blow so hard that the attempt 
 proved unsuccessful. 
 14 
 
158 VOYAGE ROUxXD THE WORLD. 
 
 Early in May we passed Cape Horn : the 
 captain stood as far south as the latitude of 
 60, and we never saw the land. Although 
 the season was far advanced we did not ex- 
 perience the smallest difficulty in this part of 
 the voyage. 
 
 A few days afterwards we made the Falk- 
 land islands ; the land is of great height, and 
 seems perfectly barren. 
 
 Upon the 25th we saw the coast of Brazil, 
 and next day entered the harbour of Rio 
 Janeiro. 
 
 Being apprehensive of a mortification in 
 my legs, I applied for admission into the 
 English hospital, which is situated in a small 
 island that lies off the harbour. V\lien cap- 
 tain Spence, who took me thither in his boat, 
 mentioned that I had lost my feet in the ser- 
 vice of the Americans, he was informed, that 
 since that u as the case, I must apply to them 
 to take care of me. 
 
 1 then went on board an American brig, 
 called the Lion, the captain of which directed 
 me to call on Mr. Baulch, the consul for that 
 nation ; by his interest I was admitted into the 
 Portuguese hospital, de la miserecordc. 
 
VOYAGE ROUND THE WORLD. 159 
 
 During the whole voyage I experienced 
 the utmost attention and kindness from the 
 captain and crew of the Duke of Pordand ; 
 and when I quitted them they did not leave 
 me unprovided for in a strange country ; they 
 raised a subscription, amounting to fifty dol- 
 lars, which was paid into the hands of the 
 Portuguese agent on my account. 
 
 I remained in the hospital ten weeks; the 
 Portuguese surgeons, although they could not 
 effect a cure, afforded me considerable relief, 
 and I was dismissed as well as I ever expected 
 to be. 
 
 I was now in a different situation from what 
 I had been either at Kodiak or the Sandwich 
 islands ; I was in a civilized comitry, in 
 which 1 must earn my subsistence by my 
 own industry ; but here, as well as there, I 
 was under the protection of Divine Providence, 
 and in all my misfortunes, I found friends who 
 were disposed to assist me. 
 
 Mr. Baulch, the American consul, gave me 
 ajar of the essence of spruce, which I brewed 
 into beer ; and having hired a negro with a 
 canoe, I went about the ships, furnishing them 
 with that, and other small articles of refresh- 
 ment. 
 
i60 VOYAGE ROUND THE WORLD. 
 
 While engaged in this employment, I went 
 on board the ship Otter, returning from the 
 South Seas, under the command of Mr. Jo- 
 behn, whom 1 had seen in the same vessel at 
 the Sandwich islands. He informed me that 
 he had visited Wahoo a few months after my 
 departure, and found all my friends in good 
 health, except Isaac Davis, who had departed 
 this life after a short illness. 
 
 In this manner I was not only enabled to 
 support myself, but even to save a litde money. 
 I afterwards hired a house at the rent of four 
 milreas a month, and set up a tavern and board- 
 ing house for sailors ; this undertaking not 
 proving successful, I gave it up for a butcher's 
 stall, in which I was chiefly employed in sup- 
 plying the ships with fresh meat. This busi- 
 ness proved a very good one, and I was san- 
 guine in my hopes of being able to raise a small 
 sum ; but an unfortunate circumstance took 
 place, w hich damped all my hopes, and re- 
 duced me again to a state of poverty. 
 
 In the night of the 24th July, my home was 
 broken into, and I w as robbed of every farthing 
 I had, as well as of all my clothes. 
 
 As the purchase of carcasses required some 
 capital, I was under the necessity of giving 
 
VOYAGE ROUND THE WORLD. l6l 
 
 up my stall for the present. I again took 
 myself to my old trade of keeping a bum-boat, 
 till I had saved as much as enabled me to set 
 up the stall again. 
 
 1 was much assisted by the good offices of 
 agendeman from Edinburgh, of the name of 
 Lavvrie, who resided in my neighbourhood ; 
 he took great interest in my welfare, and 
 was of essential service by recommending 
 me to ships, as well as by occasionally ad- 
 vancing a little money to enable me to pur- 
 chase a carcase. 
 
 The state of my health, however, prevented 
 me from availing myself of the advantages of 
 my situation ; the sores in my legs, although 
 relieved, had never healed, and gradually 
 became so painful as to affect my health, and 
 render me unable to attend to any business. 
 
 In consequence of this, I determined to re- 
 turn home, in hopes of having the cure effec- 
 tually performed in my native country. 
 
 On the 5th of February. 1812, I quitted 
 Rio Janeiro, after a stay of twenty- two 
 months. I came home in the brig Hazard, 
 captain Anderson, and arrived in the Clyde 
 on the 21st of April, after an absence of near- 
 ly six years. 
 
 14* 
 
162 VOYAGE ROUND THE WORLD. 
 
 After residing nearly four years in my na- 
 tive country, and having still a desb'e to visit 
 the Sandwich islands, I left Scotland, in the 
 American ship Independence, commanded 
 by captain John Thomas, on the 3d of Sep- 
 tember, 1816, for New-York. We had sixty- 
 three passengers, and after a very tedious 
 voyage of fifty-three days, we arrived in good 
 health at our port of destination. I had 
 been led to beheve that I should find no 
 difficulty in getting a passage to the Sand- 
 wich islands from New^-York ; but after a 
 short residence there, I did not see any pros- 
 pect of obtaining a conveyance thither. My 
 funds growing low^ I commenced soliciting 
 subscribers for my work. In this I met with 
 considerable success, and was enabled to 
 publish an edition of one thousand copies. 
 But on account of the ulcers in my legs never 
 healing, and being apprehensive of mortifica- 
 tion, I w^as deterred from proceeding any farther. 
 I therefore applied to the governors of the 
 New- York city hospital for admittance, with 
 the intention of having my legs amputated 
 higher up, so that 1 might not be troubled 
 with them in future. I was accordingly ad- 
 mitted on the 4th of November, Ibll ; and 
 
VOYAGE ROUND THE WORLD. l63 
 
 on the 20th of the same month, one of my 
 legs was taken off a little below the knee. 
 The second operation w^as performed on the 
 17th of January following; and I was ena- 
 bled to leave the hospital on the 3d of April, 
 1818. 
 
 I still wished to return to the Sandwich 
 islands, and having so far recovered as to 
 be able to walk about with considerable ease, 
 and the favourable appearance of my wounds 
 indicating a thorough cure, I therefore made 
 application to several gentlemen in New- 
 York, by whose means my intentions were 
 represented to the Prudential Committee of 
 the American Board of Commissioners for 
 Foregn Missions. By their advice I removed 
 to the institution belonging to that body, at 
 Cornwall, Litchfield county, Connecticut, in 
 order that 1 might there study under the Rev. 
 Herman Daggett, and that I might become 
 acquainted with several young men, in that 
 place from the Sandwich islands ; to the end, 
 that if ever it should please Divine Providence 
 to permit me to visit those islands again, I 
 might be able to render them and the cause of 
 religion, all the assistance that lay in my 
 power, and that my influence might be ex- 
 
164 VOYAGE ROUND THE WORLD. 
 
 crted on the side of virtue ; and, above all 
 things, that I might be instrumental in for- 
 warding the introduction of missionaries into 
 those dark and benighted islands of the sea. 
 
APPENDIX. 
 
 T©©A3t^AmT 
 
 OP THE 
 
 LANGUAGE OF THE SANDWICH ISLANDS. 
 
APPENDIX No. I. 
 
 OF THE 
 
 LANGUAGE OF THE SANDWICH ISLANDS. 
 
 L\ pronouncing the words as spelt in the vocabulary, 
 all letters must be sounded, with the exceptions after 
 mentioned. 
 
 In sounding the vowels, A has always the sound of the 
 initial and final letter in the word Arabia. 
 
 E, as in the word eloquence, or the final Y m plenty. 
 
 The double E, as in keep. 
 
 I, as in the word indolence. 
 
 O, as in the word/brw?. 
 
 The double O, as in boot, good. 
 
 U, as in the word but. 
 
 The diphthongs Ai. as the vowel sounds in tye, fiy, or 
 the I in diameter. 
 
 Ei, as in the word height. 
 
 Oi, as in the word oil. 
 
 Ow, as in the word cow. 
 
1G8 
 
 APPENDIX. 
 
 All other combinations of vowels are to be sounded 
 separately ; thus, oe, you, and roa, distant, are dissyl- 
 lables. 
 
 In sounding the consonants, H is always aspirated ; the 
 letters K and T, L and R, B and P, are frequently substi- 
 tuted for each other. 
 
 Thus, kanaka, tanata, people j ooroo, ooloo, bread- 
 fruit ; boa, poa, a hog. 
 
 Where the words are separated by a comma, they are 
 sj^nonymous, and either may be used 5 but where there is 
 no comma, both must be used. 
 
 Example. Taafe, Keike tanne, a boy. 
 
 It frequentl}^ happens that the same word is repeated 
 twice, in which case it is connected with a hyphen 5 thus 
 leepe-leepe, an axe. 
 
 ' A . 
 
 Above 
 
 Aroona 
 
 Adze 
 
 Toe 
 
 Afraid 
 
 Macaoo 
 
 After me, come 
 Afterwards 
 
 Mamooraao, peemaio 
 Mamoore 
 
 Agreable 
 
 Naicee-naicee 
 
 American, an 
 Angry 
 
 Tanata, Merikana 
 Hoohoo 
 
 Arm, the 
 
 Poheva 
 
 Arrow 
 
 Eeoome 
 
 Ashore 
 At 
 
 Ayooka 
 Eia 
 
 Avaricious 
 Aunt 
 
 Peepere 
 Titooa waheine 
 
 Axe 
 
 Apple 
 
 Leepe-kepe 
 O.ieea 
 

 
 APPENDIX. IG 
 
 
 
 B 
 
 Back, the 
 
 
 Tooata 
 
 Back, to carry on 
 
 
 Eoaha 
 
 Bad 
 
 
 Eeno, heva, nooe-nooe heva 
 
 Bad man 
 
 
 Kanaka poopoota 
 
 Bald 
 
 
 Oopoboota 
 
 Bamboo 
 
 
 Ohe 
 
 Bark 
 
 
 Hohore 
 
 Battle 
 
 
 Emutta 
 
 Bed 
 
 
 Moena 
 
 Beard 
 
 
 Oome-oome 
 
 Beat a drum, to 
 
 
 Erokoo 
 
 Bee 
 
 
 Narro 
 
 Bees wax 
 
 
 Tootai narro 
 
 Begone 
 
 
 Hiere piero oe 
 
 Behind 
 
 
 Temoore 
 
 Belly 
 
 
 Manaoo, opoe 
 
 Belch 
 
 
 Erooee 
 
 Below 
 
 
 Deerro 
 
 Between" 
 
 
 Feropoo 
 
 Bird 
 
 
 Mannoo 
 
 Biscuit 
 
 
 Bikete 
 
 Bitter 
 
 
 Ava-ava 
 
 Black 
 
 
 Ere-ere 
 
 Bladder 
 
 
 Toa-meeme 
 
 Blind 
 
 
 Mukapa 
 
 Block, pully 
 
 
 Pockaka 
 
 Blood 
 
 
 Toto 
 
 Board, or plank to swim on Fapa 
 
 Board, on 
 
 
 Aroona 
 
 Bone 
 
 
 Oohe • 
 
 
 15 
 
 
170 
 
 APPENDIX. 
 
 Bonetta, a fish so called 
 
 Fehe rera 
 
 Bottom 
 
 
 Okoree 
 
 Bowl, wooden 
 
 
 Jpoina 
 
 Boy 
 
 
 Taate, keike iannee 
 
 Boy, a familiar way 
 
 of speak- 
 
 
 ing 
 
 
 Heimanne 
 
 Bracelet of shells 
 
 
 Teepoo 
 
 Bread-fruit 
 
 
 Ooroo-ooloo 
 
 Break, to 
 
 
 Anaha 
 
 Breast 
 
 
 Ooma 
 
 Blue 
 
 
 Ooree-ooree 
 
 Bring me 
 
 
 Feemai 
 
 Broken 
 
 
 Motoo 
 
 Brother 
 
 
 Keike tanee 
 
 Brown 
 
 
 Aoora oora 
 
 Bucket 
 
 
 Tabahoo 
 
 Button 
 
 
 Opeehee, hooboo 
 
 Buttons, string of 
 
 
 Poreema 
 
 Buy, to 
 
 
 Tooai 
 
 c 
 
 Cabbage 
 
 
 Tabete 
 
 Calabash 
 
 
 Areepo 
 
 Calm 
 
 
 Maneeno 
 
 Cannon 
 
 
 Poo nooee 
 
 Canoe, single 
 
 
 Evaha 
 
 Canoe, double 
 
 
 Makarooa 
 
 Captain of a ship 
 
 
 Eree te motoo 
 
 Care, to take 
 
 
 Malamma 
 
 Carry, to 
 
 
 Famo 
 
 Cat 
 
 
 Bobokee 
 
 Cheerful 
 
 
 Warra-warra 
 
APPENDIX. 
 
 m 
 
 Cheeks 
 
 Chief 
 
 Chest 
 
 Chicken 
 
 Child 
 
 Child-bearing 
 
 Cider 
 
 Clean 
 
 Cloak, or upper garment 
 
 Cloth, also clothes 
 
 Cloth-plant 
 
 Circumcision 
 
 Cock 
 
 Cockroach 
 
 Cocoa nut 
 
 Cold 
 
 Come 
 
 Come here 
 
 Come with me 
 
 Contempt, a term of 
 
 Conversation 
 
 Cooked, or baked 
 
 Coyness in a woman 
 
 Cough, to 
 
 Country the 
 
 Country, foreign, generally 
 
 applied to Britain 
 Cow 
 Crab 
 
 Crab, particular kinds of 
 Cray fish 
 Crimson 
 
 Papareena 
 
 Eree 
 
 Pake 
 
 Moa Una 
 
 Keike, kumaree 
 
 Hemo te keike 
 
 Wyoheea 
 
 Ooama 
 
 Teahoota, tapa 
 
 Tapa 
 
 Eaootee 
 
 Poohe 
 
 Moa tannee 
 
 Patte-patte 
 
 Caneeo 
 
 Anoo 
 
 Here 
 
 Here mai ■ 
 
 Peemai taroo 
 
 Poopootay poopooka 
 
 Para paroo 
 
 Oomoaroa 
 
 Nonoa 
 
 Ehapoo 
 
 Ayooca 
 
 Caheite 
 Peepe-nooe 
 Pappee 
 
 Epoofoo, peho9 
 Pehe oora 
 Oora-oora 
 
172 
 
 APPENDIX. 
 
 Cry to, or weep 
 Cured, it is 
 
 Cut; to 
 
 Taee 
 
 Oraroa 
 
 Hakee-hakee 
 
 Dance, t© 
 
 Dark^ 
 
 Day 
 
 Day, to 
 
 Dead 
 
 Delicious 
 
 Demon, or devil 
 
 Dig, to 
 
 Dirt 
 
 Distant 
 
 Dive, to 
 
 Dog 
 
 Dolphin 
 
 Door 
 
 Done, or finished 
 
 Drink, to 
 
 Drunk 
 
 Drum 
 
 Duck 
 
 Dusk, or twilight 
 
 Dwell, t« 
 
 D 
 
 Ehoora-Jioora 
 
 Poa rere 
 
 Poa 
 
 Aeea poa 
 
 Maker oa 
 
 Hiinnoo onnoo 
 
 Etooa keva 
 
 Maiai 
 
 Total, erepo 
 
 Roa, maroa 
 
 Eeliopoo-poo 
 
 Edea cao 
 
 Oona 
 
 Poola 
 
 Poaroa 
 
 Aeeno 
 
 Honnoo 
 
 Palioo 
 
 Mora 
 
 Hoi-hoi te poa 
 
 EnoJio 
 
 Earth 
 Ears 
 
 Ehonooa 
 PepeaoOf tareea 
 

 APPENDIX. 1 
 
 Eat, to 
 
 Eeai 
 
 Eels, or sea-snakes 
 
 Hoohe 
 
 Egg 
 
 Ehooeero 
 
 Egg, sea 
 
 Neeootai 
 
 England 
 
 Pritane, Kaheite 
 
 Englishman 
 
 Kanaka Pritane^ Kanaka 
 
 
 Kaheite 
 
 Enough 
 
 Maoona 
 
 Enter, to 
 
 Marolconai 
 
 Evening 
 
 Ahee-ahee 
 
 European 
 
 Ehoorei 
 
 Eyes 
 
 Maka 
 
 Eyebrow- 
 
 Tooa maka 
 
 Excrement 
 
 Tootai 
 
 
 F 
 
 False 
 
 Waha he, heva 
 
 Fan, a 
 
 Taheina 
 
 Fan, to 
 
 Taharee 
 
 Father 
 
 Mokooa tonne 
 
 Fathom 
 
 Anana 
 
 Farewell 
 
 Aroho-oe 
 
 Pat 
 
 Peea 
 
 Fear 
 
 Matao 
 
 Feathers 
 
 Hooroo, hooroo mannp 
 
 Feather necklace 
 
 Araia 
 
 Feeble 
 
 Faeera 
 
 Feet 
 
 Wawye 
 
 Female 
 
 Waheine 
 
 Fetch hither 
 
 Heire mat, peemai 
 
 Fin of a fish 
 
 Tirra pehe 
 
 173 
 
 15' 
 
174. 
 
 APPENDDC. 
 
 Fine 
 
 Eahe 
 
 Fingers 
 
 Tereema 
 
 Fish 
 
 Pehe 
 
 Fish, a parti 
 
 cular kind of Ava 
 
 Flying fish 
 
 Pehe or era 
 
 Fish, to 
 
 Ehootee 
 
 Fist 
 
 Amootoo 
 
 Flat 
 
 Papa 
 
 Flea 
 
 Ookoo rere 
 
 Flower, a 
 
 Pooa mono 
 
 Fly, to 
 
 Arere 
 
 Fly, a 
 
 Enarra 
 
 Forgot 
 
 Ooaro 
 
 Fowl 
 
 Moa 
 
 Fresh 
 
 Onoo 
 
 Friend 
 
 Heitanne, poonarooa 
 
 Fruit 
 
 Hooero 
 
 G 
 
 Garment worn by the women Paoo 
 
 Generous 
 
 Girdle 
 
 Girdle worn by the men 
 
 Girl 
 
 Give, to 
 
 Go 
 
 Goat 
 
 God 
 
 Good 
 
 Good morning 
 
 Good night 
 
 Horoa 
 
 Tatooa 
 
 Maro 
 
 Keike icaheina 
 
 Mukunna 
 
 Heire 
 
 PeepeKoa 
 
 Eiooa 
 
 Meitei 
 
 Myiy kakee aka 
 
 Myty ahee ahee 
 

 APPENDIX. 
 
 Grandfather 
 Grandmother 
 
 
 Poopooa tanne 
 Topooa waheine 
 
 Gray 
 
 
 Alieena keena 
 
 Grass 
 
 
 Moo 
 
 Grass, broad leaved, 
 
 ofwhich 
 
 
 lines and nets are 
 
 made 
 
 Oorana 
 
 Grasshopper 
 
 
 Fepe re^a 
 
 Great 
 
 
 Nooe-nooe 
 
 Green 
 
 
 Omomo9 
 
 Gun 
 
 
 Poo 
 
 175 
 
 H 
 
 Hair 
 
 Lavo hoo 
 
 Handkerchief 
 
 Hanetka 
 
 Hands 
 
 Reema 
 
 Handsome 
 
 Meitei 
 
 Harbour 
 
 Aeeva, too-toQ 
 
 Hard 
 
 How 
 
 Haste, make 
 
 Weete-iceete 
 
 Has, past time 
 
 Ron 
 
 Hat 
 
 Pajparee 
 
 Have 
 
 Havee 
 
 Head 
 
 Po 
 
 He or she 
 
 Oera 
 
 H earing 
 
 Faro 
 
 Heart 
 
 Ekoftoo, teate 
 
 Heat, or hot 
 
 Mahanna 
 
 Heat of the sun 
 
 Mahanna fee LaoQ 
 
 Helmet 
 
 Mayoree 
 
 Hen 
 
 Moa waheine 
 
176 
 
 APPENDIX. 
 
 Herb, used by white 
 
 people 
 
 
 for tea 
 
 
 Nehe 
 
 Here 
 Hermaphrodite 
 
 
 Mai 
 Mahoo 
 
 Hide, to 
 High 
 
 
 Ehoona 
 Roehee 
 
 Hill 
 
 
 Farei 
 
 Hog 
 
 
 Poa, boa 
 
 Hold your tongue 
 
 
 Koore-koore oe 
 
 Hole 
 
 
 Pooka 
 
 Hook for fishing 
 
 
 Mattoo 
 
 Hook, made of ivory, worn 
 
 
 as an ornament 
 
 
 Palava 
 
 Horse 
 
 
 Edea nooee 
 
 House 
 
 
 Harree, eharee 
 
 House (sleeping) 
 
 
 Havre, moe 
 
 House (eating) 
 
 
 Havre eai 
 
 How are you 
 
 
 Avohooe 
 
 Hungry 
 
 
 Povove 
 
 Husband 
 
 
 Tanne 
 
 I, my, or me 
 
 Waoo, tawa 
 
 Jacket 
 
 Teakete 
 
 Interjection of grief 
 
 Avoha eenoo 
 
 Interjection of admiration 
 
 Taa ha ha 
 
 Iron 
 
 How 
 
 Island 
 
 Motoo 
 
 Itch, to 
 
 Mairo 
 
APPENDIX. 
 
 irf 
 
 K 
 
 Keep 
 Kill 
 
 King 
 Knife 
 Know 
 
 Vaihec 
 
 Papahee, matte-matte make- 
 
 roa 
 Eree nooee 
 
 Okee-okee, kanee-Jcanee 
 Nono, eete 
 
 Lame 
 
 0-opa 
 
 Land 
 
 Ayooka 
 
 Land cultivated 
 
 Aiena 
 
 Laugh 
 
 Aitaha 
 
 Lazy 
 
 M yjlaioa 
 
 Lean, not fat 
 
 Amapoo 
 
 Legs 
 
 Waivye 
 
 Let me see 
 
 Meene-meene, nanna 
 
 Lie, to tell a 
 
 Ptcne-poone 
 
 Light, not heavy 
 
 Eamma 
 
 Lightning 
 
 Heaioeetoh 
 
 Lines 
 
 Tjwra 
 
 Lips 
 
 Lehe-lehe 
 
 Little 
 
 Pckene, oo ookoo 
 
 Lizard 
 
 Moo 
 
 Look 
 
 Meere-7neere 
 
 Looking-glass 
 
 Anee-anee 
 
 Loss 
 
 Mjcmooka 
 
 Lost 
 
 Ocreiro 
 
 Lo«se 
 
 Ookoo 
 
178 
 
 APPENDrX. 
 
 
 M 
 
 Male 
 
 Tanee 
 
 Man 
 
 Tanata, tanee 
 
 Man that eats with women Tanata inoa 
 
 Many 
 
 Maoona 
 
 Maried, to be 
 
 Noho te Waheina 
 
 Marshmallow 
 
 Etooa rere 
 
 Mat 
 
 AhoOf moejia 
 
 ]\Ielon 
 
 Ipoopeena 
 
 Mine, my own 
 
 Maooa, mao 
 
 Month 
 
 Malama 
 
 Moon 
 
 MaJieina 
 
 Moon, new 
 
 Alaheina erimai 
 
 Moon, full 
 
 Makeina nooee 
 
 Morrow, to 
 
 Apopo 
 
 Morning 
 
 Aheea pa 
 
 Mother 
 
 Makooa waheine 
 
 Mountain 
 
 Parei, parei nooee 
 
 Mouth 
 
 Waha 
 
 Music 
 
 Heeva 
 
 Musket 
 
 Poo 
 
 Mustard 
 
 Totai Kumaree 
 
 
 N 
 
 Nail 
 
 How 
 
 Naked 
 
 Tatarra 
 
 Name 
 
 Einoa 
 
 Native of the islands 
 
 Kanaka mowree 
 
 Nasty 
 
 Ereporepo 
 
 Navel 
 
 Petto 
 
 Net 
 
 Oopaka 
 

 
 APPENDIX. 
 
 Night, this 
 
 
 
 Aheeapo, arere 
 
 No, not 
 
 
 
 Aoaree 
 
 Noon 
 
 
 
 Akeia 
 
 Nose 
 
 
 
 Eehoo 
 
 Nut, used to 
 
 give 
 
 light 
 
 Tootooee 
 
 17» 
 
 o 
 
 Oar, or paddle 
 
 Hoe 
 
 Ocean 
 
 Tai 
 
 Of 
 
 Te 
 
 Old 
 
 Einotoo, haheeoo 
 
 Otaheitan 
 
 Kanaka boolla-boolla 
 
 Oven, or pit for cooking 
 
 Eomoo 
 
 
 p 
 
 Painting, printing, drawing, 
 
 
 or writing 
 
 Fwra-purra 
 
 Palm of tlie hand 
 
 Apooreema 
 
 Parent 
 
 Makooa 
 
 Pearl 
 
 Mummee 
 
 Pearl-river 
 
 Wai mummee 
 
 People 
 
 Kanaka^ tanata 
 
 Perhaps (affirmatively) 
 
 Ai pa 
 
 
 Ooree pa 
 
 
 Pig 
 
 Poa 
 
 Pigeon 
 
 Eroope 
 
 Pinch, to 
 
 Ooma 
 
 Place of worship 
 
 Moimi 
 
 Plank 
 
 Papa 
 
 Plantain 
 
 Maio 
 
 Plantation 
 
 Aina 
 
180 
 
 APPENDIX. 
 
 Play, to 
 
 Ehanne 
 
 Pleasant 
 
 Nawce-naioee 
 
 Plenty 
 
 Aro(xiroOy Maoona 
 
 Pluck, to 
 
 H jDtee-hootee 
 
 Potatoes, sweet 
 
 icarra 
 
 Prayer 
 
 Poore, anana 
 
 Priest 
 
 Kaho'na 
 
 Present, or gift 
 
 Alakunna 
 
 Presently 
 
 Areea, mamoore 
 
 Pressing with the hand 
 
 . when 
 
 tired 
 
 Rorome 
 
 Prohibition 
 
 Taboo 
 
 Puncturation 
 
 Tattoo 
 
 Putrid 
 
 Peea-peea 
 
 
 Q 
 
 Quickly 
 
 Weete-iceete 
 
 
 R 
 
 Rain 
 
 Eooa 
 
 Rat 
 
 Eoree 
 
 Red 
 
 Oora-oora 
 
 Remember, to 
 
 No-no 
 
 Ringworm, a disease 
 
 Enooa 
 
 Ripe 
 
 1 urra 
 
 Ropes 
 
 Toura 
 
 Rotten 
 
 Purra roa 
 
 Row, t« 
 
 Ehoe 
 
 Rum 
 
 Liunma 
 
 Rushes 
 
 Anmolio 
 
 Russian 
 
 Tonaia Lokeene 
 

 
 APPENDIX. in 
 
 
 
 &■ 
 
 Sailox 
 
 
 Kanaka hanna-hannd te mOi- 
 too 
 
 Salt 
 
 
 Pakai 
 
 Sahite, by 
 
 joining noses 
 
 Hone-hone 
 
 Satisfied 
 
 
 Maoona 
 
 Saw, a 
 
 
 Palie oroo 
 
 Scissors 
 
 
 Oopa 
 
 Sea 
 
 
 Tai, wai tat 
 
 Sea-snake 
 
 
 PooJie 
 
 Sea-egg 
 
 
 Neeootai 
 
 See, to 
 
 
 Meene-meene 
 
 Shark 
 
 
 Manno 
 
 Sheep 
 
 
 Peepe 
 
 Show me 
 
 
 Meere-meere 
 
 Ship ' 
 
 
 Motoo 
 
 Shine 
 
 
 Peenoo-peenoo 
 
 Shoot, to 
 
 
 Mackeroa 
 
 Shore 
 
 
 Ayookee 
 
 Shortly 
 
 
 Mamooree 
 
 Shut 
 
 
 Oopa 
 
 Sickness, or sor6 
 
 Mai, Pooninc 
 
 Sit, to, or : 
 
 squat 
 
 Noho 
 
 Sky 
 
 
 Heiranei 
 
 Sleep 
 
 
 Moe-moe 
 
 Small 
 
 
 Ete 
 
 Soldier 
 
 
 Kanaka etooa 
 
 Seng 
 
 
 Heeva 
 
 Spade, wooden 
 
 Maiai 
 
 Speak, to 
 
 
 Nummee'-tiummee 
 
 Speech, or 
 
 ' harangue 
 
 16 
 
 Oraro 
 
182 
 
 APPENDIX. 
 
 Spear 
 
 Pahoo, pake 
 
 Spit, to 
 
 Too harre 
 
 Spread, to 
 
 Hohora 
 
 Star 
 
 Ehetoo 
 
 Stay, wait a little 
 
 Areea 
 
 Steal, to 
 
 El hooee 
 
 Stink 
 
 Peero-peero 
 
 Stockings 
 
 Tokeine 
 
 Stone 
 
 Pohakoo keeva 
 
 Stool, to lay the head on 
 
 when asleep 
 
 Papa rooa 
 
 Storm 
 
 Teeooe-teoo 
 
 Stranger 
 
 Tanata howree 
 
 Stop 
 
 Marrea 
 
 Sugar-cane 
 
 To, ho 
 
 Sun 
 
 Laoo 
 
 Surf of the sea 
 
 Horoo tai 
 
 Surgeon 
 
 Nai 
 
 Sweet 
 
 Lea-lea, onno 
 
 Swim 
 
 Eaoo 
 
 Tallow 
 
 Oila 
 
 Take, to 
 
 Laiva, ooleva 
 
 Take off, to 
 
 He mo 
 
 Take care • 
 
 Malamma 
 
 Tall 
 
 Hoa 
 
 Taro pudding 
 
 Poe 
 
 Teeth 
 
 NeeJioo 
 
 Tell 
 
 Eetee, nummee-mimmee 
 
 That 
 
 Mao 
 
* 
 
 APPENDIX, 
 
 The 
 
 Te, he, he 
 
 Thief 
 
 Tanata ihooee 
 
 Think, to 
 
 No-no 
 
 This 
 
 Aeia, Aheea 
 
 Tongue 
 
 Alaloo 
 
 Twins 
 
 Teetee 
 
 Twisting, in dancing, 
 
 1 Amee-amee 
 
 
 V 
 
 Very 
 
 Nooee-noQee 
 
 
 u 
 
 Uncle 
 
 Titooa tannee 
 
 Understand 
 
 Eetee 
 
 Understanding 
 
 Nono 
 
 Undress, to 
 
 Hemo tapa 
 
 183 
 
 w 
 
 Warm 
 
 Mahanna 
 
 Water 
 
 Wai 
 
 Water (fresh) 
 
 Wai onnoo 
 
 Water (salt) 
 
 Wai tai 
 
 Water, to make 
 
 Meeme 
 
 Weak 
 
 Faeera 
 
 We 
 
 Taooa 
 
 Wet 
 
 Purra 
 
 What 
 
 Ehara 
 
 What is your name 
 
 Owhyt oe einoa 
 
 Where 
 
 Awaya 
 
134 
 
 APPENDIX. 
 
 Where have you been 
 
 White 
 
 White people 
 
 Why 
 
 Wind 
 
 Wish 
 
 Within 
 
 With me 
 
 Woman 
 
 Woman (married) 
 
 Wont, I 
 
 Wood 
 
 Work, to 
 
 Wounded 
 
 Wrong, you are 
 
 Yahea oee 
 Keeo-keeoo 
 Tanata hoicret 
 Tehala 
 Matanee 
 Mukee-muket 
 Maro koo 
 Ta wa 
 Waheine 
 Waheine moiB 
 Aoohee 
 Tooheihe 
 Hanna-hanna 
 Tooitahe 
 Waha hai 
 
 Yam 
 
 Oohee 
 
 Yawn 
 
 PoowJia 
 
 Year 
 
 Makaheite 
 
 Yellow 
 
 peeta-peeta 
 
 Yes 
 
 Ai 
 
 You 
 
 Oe 
 
 Your 
 
 Kow 
 
 
 NUMERALS. 
 
 One 
 
 Atahee 
 
 Two 
 
 Arooa 
 
 Three 
 
 Akoroo 
 
 Four 
 
 Ahaa 
 

 APPENDIX. 
 
 Five 
 
 Areema 
 
 Six 
 
 Alionoo 
 
 Seven 
 
 . AJwitoo 
 
 Eight 
 
 Awarroo 
 
 Nine 
 
 Ivee 
 
 Ten 
 
 Oome 
 
 Eleven 
 
 Oome toome atdhee 
 
 Twelve 
 
 Oome toome arooa 
 
 Thirteen 
 
 Ome toome akoroo 
 
 Fourteen 
 
 Oome toome ahaa 
 
 Fifteen 
 
 Oome tonme areema 
 
 Sixteen 
 
 Oome toome ahonoo 
 
 Seventeen 
 
 Oome toome dheitoo 
 
 Eighteen 
 
 Oome toome awarroo 
 
 Nineteen 
 
 Oome toome ivee 
 
 Twenty 
 
 Kanna roa 
 
 Thirty 
 
 Kanna koroo 
 
 Forty 
 
 Atahee kannaha 
 
 Eighty 
 
 Arooa kannaha 
 
 
 &c. &c. 
 
 1600 or 40 ^ 40 
 
 Ataha manna 
 
 3200 
 
 Arooa manno, Sfc, 
 
 183 
 
 DIALOGUES. 
 
 ^Vhere are you going Away a heire oe 
 
 I am going on board the ship Heire waoo aroona te metOO 
 I am going ashore Heir-e waoo ayooka 
 
 I wish you to go Mukee-mukee heire waoo 
 
 Very well, can you go' with 
 me Meitei, heire oe tawa 
 
 16* 
 
186 APPENDIX. 
 
 No, the captain will not let Oareepa, eree te motoo oaree 
 me go mukee-mukee icaoo heire 
 
 There will be no work on Apopo tahoo^ oaree hanna' 
 board to-morrow haiina aroona te motoo 
 
 Very well, will you go to- 
 morrow Meitei, heire oe apopo 
 
 I cannot tell Oaree pa eetee icaoo 
 
 Where is the king Awaya te eree nooee 
 
 He is gone on board the ship Heire roa aroona te motoo 
 
 Has he taken any hogs on 
 
 board Oolava poa aroona te motoo 
 
 No ; but he will take plenty Oaree, mamooree peemai 
 when he goes ashore ayooka lavee nooee-nooee 
 
 te poa 
 
 The captain wishes to pur- £ree te motoo mukee-mukee 
 chase a great many hogs tooai nooee te poa 
 
 The ship sails to-morrow Apopo heire te motoo 
 
 Where is she bound to Heire aicaya 
 
 She is bound for England Heire Kaheite, or Heire Pri- 
 
 tane 
 
 Will you go ashore, and Heire oe ayooka moe-moe to 
 sleep at my house hare waoo 
 
 I will see in a little Mamooree meene-meene waoo 
 
 Come hither. Go on shore, Peemai oe, heire ayooka num- 
 and tell the king that the me-numme te eree nooee, 
 captain wishes to purchase eree te motoo mukee tooai 
 a great many pearls maoona te mummee 
 
 1 will go soon Mamooree heire wa^o 
 
 ]\lind that you remember Malamma kmo no-no 
 
 Do you know where the VXngEetee oe aicaya te eree 
 is nooee 
 
 He is gone to the JVIorai Ooheire marokoo te Morai 
 
APPENDIX. 
 
 187 
 
 William Stevenson, 
 
 literally Lean William 
 John Young 
 Isaac Davis 
 John Hairbottle 
 
 literally Lame John 
 William Wordsworth, 
 
 literally Hardbottom 
 James Stow, 
 
 literally James Large BrowKeeme Laoo Nooee 
 James Beatty, 
 
 literally the Block maker Keeme Hanna PockaJca 
 The Author's name, 
 
 literally Loss of the Feet Moomooka te Wawyee 
 
 Willama Amapoo 
 
 Alhanna 
 
 Itseeke 
 
 Keone o^pa 
 
 Willama Okoree how 
 
APPENDIX No. II. 
 
 OF THE 
 
 CASE OF ARCHIBALD CAMPBELL, 
 
 BY DR. NORDGOORST, 
 
 IN THE SERVICE OF THE RUSSIAN AMERICAN COMPANY. 
 
 [Translated froni the Russian.] 
 
STATEMENT 
 
 OF THE 
 
 CASE OF ARCHIBALD CAMPBELL. 
 
 The bearer hereof, named Archibald Macbrait, has had 
 the misfortune to have both of his feet frostbitten in so 
 dreadful a manner, that nothing remained but to endeavour 
 to save his life, as there were no hopes whatever of preserv- 
 ing his feet, although every attempt was made to that efiect. 
 
 For the information of the humane and benevolent, I 
 subjoin a short statement of my proceedings in his case, 
 fearless of any compunctions of conscience ; being sensible 
 of the hard fate of this poor fellow creature, and how much 
 he stands in need of assistance to support his existence. 
 
 This Enghshman sailed from Kodiak in the winter time, 
 in the ship's cutter, for the island of Sannack. On their 
 passage a storm came on, in which the boat was wrecked. 
 The crew saved their lives on shore ; but this man had both 
 his feet frozen, and not having stripped off his clothes for 
 twenty-seven days, he was not aware of the extent of his 
 calamity, and did not apprehend the destruction of his feet. 
 
 The overseer of the district of Karlutzki brought him to 
 Kodiak, at eight o'clock in the evening, to the hospital call- 
 ed the Thief District College of Counsellor and Chevalier 
 Baranoff. 
 
1§2 APPENDIX. 
 
 Xn the first place, I had his feet cleaned and dried ; they 
 were buth in a state of mortification (gangrena sicca.) 
 The mortified p^irts having separated from the sound to 
 the distance of a finger's breadth, where either amputation 
 might take place or a cure be performed, as the patient 
 himself hoped. 1 dressed the mortified, or frostbitten parts 
 with oil of turpentine, and the unaflected parts with olive 
 oil, and continued these applications for about five days, 
 after which I used charcoal, gas, and other chimical appli- 
 cations ; but as there appeared no chance of saving his 
 feet, 1 began to consider that there was no resourse left but 
 amputation. That the patient might not be alarmed, I 
 talked over the matter with him as is usual in such cases, 
 and endeavoured to persuade him to submit to the opera- 
 tion, as the only means of effecting a cure. But at first I 
 was not successful, and could not get him to agree to it. 
 I was therefore obliged to continue my former mode of 
 treatment. At the end of three days, however, he gave his 
 consent, and I fixed a time for the operations, which I 
 performed satis-uctorily. On the third day after the opera- 
 tion, the wound appeared to be in a good state, and I con- 
 tinued to dress it daily as it required. 
 
 The other foot remained to undergo a similar operation. 
 I suflered three weeks to elapse, when it also took place. 
 The wounds are now in a good state, and evidently healing 
 up. 
 
 It is not in my power to complete the cure, being obliged 
 to return to Russia ; but I have left the directions with the 
 assistant surgeon how to proceed in the treatment. 
 
 The illness of Archibald Macbrait, this Englishman, 
 commenced on the 22d of January, 1808. The first opera 
 
APPENDIX. 19^ 
 
 :tk>n took place on the 15th of March, and the second on 
 the 15th of April. He is twenty years of age, and well 
 made. He was cured by Dr. Nordgoorst, actually in the 
 service of the Russian American Company. 
 
 This statement should support the petition of this Eng- 
 lishman, who may seek an asylum in Greenwich hospital, 
 where the unfortunate of this kind obtain relief and comfort. 
 
 N. B. This is an accurate description of the case and 
 treatment ; but the true christian name and surname of the 
 patient, is Archibald Campbell.* 
 
 ^ The postscript was added in Latin, at the request of the author, 
 when the, surgeon read the case to him, Archibald Macbride being 
 the name he assumed when he entered the American ship. Vide 
 
 p. n. 
 
 17 
 
APPENDIX No. III. 
 
 NOTICE OF 
 
 AUTHOR OF THE VOYAGE ROUND THE WORLD. 
 
NOTICE OF 
 ARCHIBALD CAMPBELL. 
 
 [From Blackwood's Magazine.] 
 
 Our readers cannot have forgotten the name of Archibald 
 Campbell, the poor Scottish seaman, whose account of 
 his voyage round the world was, three or four years ago, 
 noticed at considerable length in the Quarterly Review. 
 This unhappy adventurer's narrative was, in every way, 
 well deserving of the interest which it created at the time 
 of its publication. It was modest and unassuming in its 
 manner, and, in its matter, free to a great extent, from the 
 many species of blunders and inaccuracies which are com- 
 monly so abundant in the productions of persons in the 
 humble situation of life of Archibald Campbell. At that 
 time, however, its merits could not be quite so fully ap- 
 preciated as now. Although the apparent candour of the 
 mariner was well qualified to lend credit to all his state- 
 ments, yet even his benevolent editor abstained from ex- 
 pressing himself in any very decided manner respecting 
 their authority, and the same diffidence was, of course, 
 shared by his reviewer. But in the years which have now 
 intervened, the narratives of succeeding voyages have given 
 perfect confirmation to all the assertions of Campbell ; and 
 his story may, therefore, be considered as forming an au- 
 
 17^ 
 
198 APPENDIX. 
 
 thentic link in the history of the Sandwich Islands, with 
 regard to which, for several years previous to his arrival 
 there, we had received no certain or direct intelligence. 
 
 We refer to Cam{)bell's book itself, and the review of it 
 ahead} mentioned, for any information which our readers 
 may require in order to restore them to a perfect acquaint- 
 ance with the early and important incidents in his various 
 life. At the time when his book was published, it will be 
 recollected, the sores upon his legs were still in a very dis- 
 tressing condition, owing to the unskilful manner in which 
 they had been amputated below the ankle, by the Russian 
 Surgeon, into whose hands he fell immediately after they 
 were frostbitten. The period of tranquil existence which he 
 had spent in the Sandwich islands, the voyage homewards, 
 and a residence of many months in his native country, had 
 all been found insufficient to remove the irritation of his 
 wounds ; and he was still not only a cripple, but an acute 
 sufferer, when he attracted the attention of Mr. Smith, in 
 the Clyde steam -boat. The kindness of that excellent 
 person soon enabled him to lay the story of his afflictions 
 before the public, and the success of the book was such, 
 as to furnish a sum far beyond the expectations of Archi- 
 bald Campbell. Had he remained in this country during 
 the time when the public impression was strongly in his 
 favour, there is reason to believe that something might 
 probably have been done to provide the means of comfort- 
 able retirement to one whose errors, in themselves venial, 
 had been so severely punished in the person of the offender, 
 and had furnished a lesson so capable of doing good to 
 others. Neither Campbell nor his friends, however, en- 
 tertained, at the moment, any expectations of such a na- 
 ture, and the poor man, whose patience was quite ex- 
 
APPENDCX. 199 
 
 hausted, resolved, as soon as he got a little money into bis 
 hands, to seek in it the means of being once more transport- 
 ed to the friendly territories of king Tamaahmaah, and his 
 own comfortable farm on the banks of the Wymumme. In 
 the midst of all his distresses, he found leisure for court- 
 ship, so he set sail with his wife, in the autumn of 1816, for 
 INew- York, in the hope of finding a passage to Owhyhee, on 
 board of some of the American ships, which have^ of late 
 years, been almost the only visitors of these islands. On 
 the 23d of December following, he writes as follows, to a 
 medical gentleman in Glasgow, who had shown him much 
 kindness while in that city : — " I am very sorry to inform 
 you that we shall have no opportunit}- of going to the Sand- 
 wich Islands this season, the vessels having all left Boston 
 for the northwest coast before our arrival, and it is very- 
 likely that there will be no more ships going that way until 
 they return again, which will not be these two years ; there- 
 fore I am at a loss what to do. There is nothing at all do- 
 ing here in ray line, and times are much worse here than at 
 home, and a great many of the passengers that came out 
 with us have gone home again, not being able to find work 
 of any kind." He then states his intention to procure, if 
 possible, a passage to the Brazils, where he had before been. 
 In the meantime, however, it was announced that some per- 
 son was about to publish an American edition of his book, 
 which unhandsome procedure Archibald forthwith took the 
 most effectual method of preventing, by publishing an Ame- 
 rican edition of it himself. Of this edition he sold 700 co- 
 pies in a month, and cleared about 300 dollars on the • spe* 
 culation. 
 
 His legs continued all this time to be as troublesome as 
 ever ; and Campbell determined to give himself a chance 
 
200 APPENDIX. 
 
 of being a sound cripple, by having them amputated over 
 again above the ankle. This resolution he carried into 
 effect last winter with the most perfect fortitude. His right 
 leg was amputated on the 20th of November, 1817? and 
 the bursting of an arterj a few hours after the operation, 
 threw him into a brain fever, from which he escaped with 
 difficulty. " My whole leg," says he, '' began from the 
 end of the stump to be inflamed with erysipalas, combined 
 with phlegmatic inflammation,which, luckily for me, turned 
 into a suppuration. I am happy to inform yon, that eves 
 since, I have been mending so fast, that I was able to go 
 home all last week, and it is only yesterday, (January 13, 
 1818) that I returned to have the other leg cut : and the 
 surgeon says 1 shall have a better chance of recovery, as 
 my habit is not so full." The second operation was accord- 
 ingly performed in a few days after this, and his recovery 
 was even more easy than he had been led to expect. " As 
 goon as 1 got out of the hospital," says he, " I made m3'self 
 a pair of artificial legs, with which I already begin to walk 
 prett}' tolerably, and am going to Albany, Baltimore, Sec. to 
 get subscriptions for the second edition of my book." 
 
 But during his stay in New-York, Campbell has not 
 been an author, publisher, and patient only. He has also 
 been carrying on various little species of traffic, in globe 
 glass mirrors, plaster of Paris casts, Scots Almanacks, &c. 
 Szc. with various, but, on the whole, not very flattering 
 success. As soon as he shall have sufficiently supplied the 
 transatlantic reading public with his voyage round the 
 world, Archy, who is a Jack of many trades, purposes to 
 turn another of his talents to a little advantage, and to 
 make a voyage to the Clyde " to see his friends," in the 
 capacity of a cook to a merchantman. He still, however. 
 
APPENDIX. 201 
 
 bas a hankering after his " steading" in Owhyhee ; and it 
 is probable that ere long we shall have it in our power td 
 inform our readers that he has come to " his ain again." 
 
 We might quote some farther passages from his letters tO 
 his friend in Glasgow ; but although they are all highly in- 
 teresting to those who have seen any thing of the man, we 
 are apprehensive of trespassing too far on the patience of 
 the general reader. The lett ?rs are written in a clear, dis" 
 tinct style, and in a very good penmanship ; and his account 
 of the state of things in America, so far as it goes, shows 
 that Archibald has been in his youth no inattentive or un- 
 worthy member of some of the " literary and commercial" 
 clubs, so common in the west of Scotland. The letters are 
 ^11 concluded in a very polite manner, as thus : — " Be plea- 
 sed, Sir, to give our best respects to your father and sisters, 
 and our compliments to your servant maids ; meantime, we 
 yenoain, Sir, your most obedient and very humble servants^ 
 Archb. & Isabella Campbell." 
 
 We trust our readers will pardon us for detaining them 
 so long with the history of this poor countryman of ours.— 
 Those of them who have read his book will, we are quite 
 sure, be happy in this renewal of their acquaintance with 
 him ; for our own parts, we hope he will, on his arrival, 
 forthwith publish a full account of his adventures during 
 this last voyage. He must now be pretty well initiated into 
 the ways of the booksellers, and we do not see why Mr. 
 Campbell should not succeed as well in his transactions 
 with that slippery generation, as many other authors of 
 greater pretension 
 
APPENDIX, No. IV. 
 
 HISTORICAL ACCOUNT 
 
 OP THE 
 
 €Asr®wi©ai i^a^WD! 
 
<^^ 
 
HISTORICAL ACCOUNT 
 
 OP THE 
 
 SANDWICH ISLANDS. 
 
 When captain Cook discovered the Sandwich islands, 
 in 1778? Tereoboo was king of Owhyhee ; Titeree, of 
 Moratai ; and Pereoranne, of Wahoo, and the islands to 
 leeward. The sovereignty of Mowee was contested by 
 Tereoboo and Titeree ; the former claimed it for his son, 
 who had married the daughter of the deceased king ; the 
 latter claimed it as heir male to the former sovereign. In 
 consequence of this dispute, these chiefs were engaged in 
 war at the above mentioned period ; but captain King 
 understood, before he quitted the islands, that an arrange- 
 ment had taken place, by which Titeree retained Ranai 
 Taharoora, whilst Mowee was ceded to Tev/arro, the sort 
 of Tereoboo. Tamaahmaah, the present king, is known 
 in Cook's Voyage by the name of JVlaiha-Maihaj and was 
 present at the death of that illustrious navigator. He was 
 the eldest son of Kaihooa, only brother to Tereoboo, and 
 after his son, Tewarro, next heir to the succession. 
 
 After the departure of the Resolution and Discovery, 
 no ships touched at the Sandwich islands till the year 1787« 
 During the interval that had elapsed, considerable revolu- 
 tions had taken place. Tereoboo was dead, and his do- 
 18 
 
20G APPENDIX. 
 
 minions shared between his sons, Tewarro and Taraaah- 
 maah ; and Titeree had conquered the islands of Mowee 
 and Wahoo. 
 
 The accounts of these transactions, owing to the few op- 
 portunities of inquiry which the navigators who touched at 
 these islands enjoyed, and their ignorance of the language, 
 are extremely contradictory. 
 
 By one account, Tereoboo is said to have been pot to 
 death by Tamaahraaah ; by another, that he fell in battle ; 
 and by a third, that he died a natural death. The causes 
 of tiie division of his territory between his son and nephew 
 are involved in equal obscurity. 
 
 The ship Iphigenia, commanded by captain Douglas, 
 arrived at Owlnhee in IJSS, being the first which touched 
 at that island after the death of captain Cook. There was 
 on board of her a chief of Atooi, named Tianna, who had 
 the preceding year accompanied captain ]Meares to Canton, 
 and had been enriched b}' the kindness of his English 
 friends, with a valuable assortment of European articles^ 
 arms, and ammunition. 
 
 Tianna was a man of great activity and ambition, and a 
 distinguished warrior. These quaUties, and his wealth, 
 particularly in fire-arms, rendered him an acquisition of 
 much consequence to an enterprising, chief like Tamaah- 
 maah ; and he induced him to settle upon Owhyhee, by 
 conferring upon him high rank and extensive tracts of land. 
 
 Captain Douglas had with him a small tender, built upon 
 the northwest coast of America. "\Mien Tamaahmaah 
 learned this, the idea of having a similar one built, imme- 
 diately occurred to him ; and he pressed that gentleman 
 with so much urgency to allow him the assistance of his 
 
APPENDIX. 207 
 
 carpenter, that he was obliged to give a conditional promise. 
 Although the promise was never fulfilled, Tamaahmaah 
 did not abandon the project ; and soon afterwards he pre- 
 vailed upon an Englishman of the name of Boyd, who had 
 been bred a ship-carpenter, to undertake the construction 
 of a vessel. 
 
 About the same time, two other Englishmen, named 
 Young and Davis, of whom some account is given in the 
 work, became resident upon Owhyhee, and with their 
 assistance he determined to build a vessel. Fortunately 
 for the attainment of this object, captain Vancouver ar- 
 rived, and with the aid of his carpenters, he was enabled 
 to accomplish his favourite object, by the completion of his 
 first decked vessel, the Britannia. 
 
 It ought to be mentioned, to his honour, that whilst thus 
 anxious to lay the foundation of a navy, he had in his pos- 
 session a small schooner, which had been seized by a chief 
 4:alled Tamahmotoo, and which he had carefully preserved, 
 in the hopes of restoring it to her owners. 
 
 In 1791 he attacked Titeree, and captured the islands of 
 Mowee, Morotai, and Ranai. Whilst engaged in this ex- 
 pedition, h€ received information that his own dominions 
 were attacked by Tewarro,* and he was, in consequence, 
 obliged to abandon his conquest and return. 
 
 By the energy of his operations he soon vanquished his 
 opponent, who was slain by Tianna, and the whole island 
 of Owhyhee was reduced under his dominion. In the 
 mean time, Titeree, availing himself of his absence, recov- 
 ered the islands he had lost. 
 
 * It is not easy to ascertain the name, or even the identity of this 
 .chief, called by captain King Tewarro ; by Yancouvery Teama-' 
 wheere ; and bv Lisianski, Kiara. 
 
g08 APPENBIX. 
 
 Affairs were in this situation when Vancouver arrived, 
 in March, 1792. He found the islands in a most wretched 
 state, from the long wars that had taken place; and he 
 endeavoured, but without effect, to establish a peace between 
 Titeree and Tamaahmaah. 
 
 Tamaahmaah was so sensible of the advantages which 
 would result from a closer connexion with a civilized powers 
 that he made a formal surrender of the sovereignty of the 
 island to the king of Great Britain, with the reservation, 
 that there should be no interference in their religion, inter- 
 nsil government, or domestic economy. 
 
 Soon after the departure of captain Vancouver, Titeree 
 died, leaving the island of Wahoo to his son Tritoboorie, 
 and Mowee to his son Korkoranee. 
 
 A dispute arose between Tritoboorie and his uncle Ta- 
 haio, king of Atooi, who laid claim to Wahoo ; but Trito- 
 boorie, supported by Mr. Brown, and the crew of the ship 
 Butterworth, not only repelled Tahaio, but even invaded 
 Atooi. 
 
 Tamaahmaah, availing himself of these dissensions, in- 
 vaded and conquered Mowee, Morotai, and Ranai. Next 
 year, 1795, he invaded Wahoo with one detatchment of 
 his force, leaving Tianna to follow him with the other. 
 Whilst wailing the arrival of that chief, he received the 
 unexpected intelligence that he had gone over to the ene- 
 my ; while, at the same time, an insurrection had broke out 
 in ' Owliyhee, headed by Nomataha, brother to Tianna. 
 Instead of being overwhelmed by this unexpected intelli- 
 gence, he took the resolution of instantly attacking his 
 enemies. The war was decided by a sanguinary battle, 
 fought near the village of Whyteete, in which Tamaahmaah 
 tvas completely victorious. 
 
APPENDIX. 209 
 
 Young and Davis accompanied him upon this expedition, 
 and were of essential service to him from their knowledge 
 of fire-arms. 
 
 Tianna lost his life in the battle, while the sons of Tite- 
 ree found refuge in Atooi. Tamaahmaah immediately 
 returned to Owhyhee, and soon quelled the insurrection in 
 that island. 
 
 He remained there about a twelvemonth ; but either with 
 a view of consolidating the conquests he had already made, 
 or of extending them farther, he proceeded to Laheina, in 
 Mowee, where he resided a few years, and afterwards re- 
 moved to Wahoo, where he was during the whole time of 
 our author's stay, in 1809 and 1810. 
 
 Of the history of Atooi and Onehow, the only islands in 
 the groupe independent of Tamaahmaah, little is known 
 with certainty. Captain King says, that in 1779, they 
 were governed by the grandsons of Perioranne, king of 
 AVahoo. It is probable, that upon the conquest of that 
 island by Titeree, they were also conquered ; for it appears 
 that Tahaio, or Taio, brother of that chief, was king of 
 these islands when captain Vancouver visited them in 
 17^8. He was succeeded by his son Tamoree, or Coma- 
 ree, who was king of these islands in 1810. 
 
 18^ 
 
APPENDIX, No. V. 
 
 
NOTES. 
 
 NOTE A, 
 
 The author kept a journal in the early part of the voy- 
 age ; but it was lost in the events which succeeded, and he 
 was afterwards placed in circumstances where it wjs not 
 in his power to keep one. He has in his possession, how- 
 ever, several documents which serve to ascertain many of 
 the dates. These are, 
 
 1st. His letters to his mother, written whenever an op*- 
 portunity presented itself, and which she preserved. 
 
 2d. A certificate from the East-India Company of the 
 time when he quitted their service. 
 
 3d. The statement of his case by the Russian surgeon, a 
 translation of which will be found in the Appendix No. H. 
 
 The other dates are given from memory, and are either 
 such as a sailor would naturally remember, or circumstances 
 of so remarkable a nature that they could not fail of fixing 
 themselves in a memory much less retentive than that of 
 our author. 
 
 Whenever the editor has had it in his power to verify 
 them by collateral authorities, he has not failed to do so ; 
 and the result of the inquiry has been, even where correc- 
 tions were necessary, to show the general accuracy of the 
 narrative ; For example, his written account of the first 
 part of the voyage is literally, " The convoy sailed from 
 
214 APPENDIX. 
 
 the Motherbank on 12th INIay, 1806, and cleared the Chan- 
 nel on the 18th; was twelve weeks on our passage to the 
 Cape of Good Hope ; lay at the Cape fourteen or fifteen 
 days; sailed from the Cape about the 19th August, and 
 on the 19th September made the island of St. Paul's ; 
 arrived at Pulo Penang about the middle of October, and 
 sailed on the 24th November; left Admiral Trowbridge's 
 flag-ship, the Blenheim ; arrived at China the eighteenth 
 January,. 1807.'* 
 
 He added, that the convoy left the Cape upon a Friday, 
 and en the three foilowing Saturdays they had each day a 
 gale of wind ; that on the third of these Saturdays they 
 passed St. PauPs. 
 
 Some difficulties arose, however; for, upon consulting 
 the Almanack, the editor found that the 19th August, 1806, 
 was not a Friday, but a Tuesday. Upon asking the rea- 
 son of his fixing on these particular dates, he showed a 
 letter to his mother, dated Portsmouth, 11th May, saying, 
 the fleet was to sail next day ; from whence he concluded 
 the convoy sailed on the 12th ; and counting twelve weeks, 
 would fix their arrival at the Cape on Monday, the 4th of 
 August; and fifteen days would make Tuesday, the 19th, 
 as the day they left. 
 
 Upon consulting the newspapers of the time, it appears 
 that the fleet did not sail. till the 14th of May, and arrived 
 at the Cape on the 7th of August, being just twelve weeks 
 and one day ; and fifteen days more fixes the day of sail- 
 ing on Friday, the 22d. The editor has not discovered 
 whether the other dates in this part of the voyage are cor- 
 rect to a day ; but the author says, that the loading of the 
 sliips was stopped about six weeks after their arrival, in 
 consequence of the dispute with the Chinese. Counting 
 
APPENDIX. 215 
 
 six weeks after the 18th of January, would fix it about 
 the 1st of March. By the accounts fi'om Canton, in Note 
 B, it appears that this actually took place upon the 4th ; 
 which renders it probable tiiat the date is correct, or at 
 least pretty nearly so. 
 
 In adition to these original documents, the editor has in 
 his possession a number of accounts, in the author's hand, 
 of particular parts of the voyage, and the printed account 
 of his adventures, in metre, referred to in the preface. 
 
 Immediately after his return, in 1812, a gentleman in 
 Paisley undertook to get an account of his adventures pub- 
 lished, provided he drew it up himself. He accordingly 
 made some preparations ; but the death of the gentleman 
 prevented the publication. 
 
 The Vocabulary was written by the author as he recol- 
 lected the words, and transmitted to the editor, who arrang- 
 ed them, and afterwards read them over to hiai, correcting 
 the spelling from his pronunciation, according to the rules 
 which are prefixed to it. 
 
 NOTE B, p, 17. 
 
 DISPUTE WITH THE CHINESE AT CANTON, 
 IN 1807. 
 
 Extract from the Morning Chronicle, tGth August, 1807. 
 
 " Canton^ March 4. — The English Company are in- 
 volved in considerable trouble, in consequence of some 
 one of the crew of their ship Neptune having killed a 
 
216 APPENDIX. 
 
 Chinese, for whose life this government have required one 
 of the crew to be delivered up, which had been positively 
 refused. This refusal has produced the stoppage of all the 
 diops for that ship ; and Mouqua, (second of the Hong,) 
 by whom she is secured, has been with the linguist for the 
 ship, carried in chains inside of the city. I have conversed 
 with Cheongqua and Conseequa, who have assured me no 
 inconvenience will attend the Americans ; but they assert 
 positively a man must be given up. 
 
 " The sailors have behaved most infamously : They 
 hauled down and danced on the Spanish flag, and then 
 destroyed it. Their captain apologized, and next day 
 compelled them to hoist a new one. Some few of the 
 scroundrels showed a disposition to pull down the American 
 colours ; and a part of them were in the act of lowering 
 the Swedish, but were prevented. They have burnt one 
 of the mandarin's houses in front of the factories. This 
 shameful conduct has induced the Chinese to determine, 
 that no more sailors shall be permitted to come up on 
 liberty. It is generally thought the English business, 
 except the country, will all be stopped in a day or two. 
 The English including the Lion man of war, at Bocca 
 Tigris, amount to 16OO men. A few days will decide the 
 unfortunate business." 
 
 " March 6. — We are every hour afraid of a rupture 
 between the English and Chinese, in consequence of the 
 death of a Chinese, from the accidental stroke of a club by 
 an t-nglish sailor. 
 
 " The Chinese demanded an Englishman to die, con- 
 formable to the laws of their country ; and the English 
 have refused, being unable to find out the person who 
 gave the blow. In consequence, the viceroy of this 
 
APPENDIX, 22,7 
 
 province gave orders yesterday to stop their trade ; and iu 
 all probability the next step will be to intercept their sup- 
 plies, and seize on some person of the factory ; a circum- 
 stance which must produce the most serious consequences. 
 
 ^' I understand the English have no objection to give up 
 a man, provided they could find out the guilty person ; and 
 surely they cannot be blamed for spurning the idea of 
 making an innocent man suffer. God only knov/s how it 
 will end. They are allowed three days more to decide ; 
 and if they do not comply, it is thought the Chinese will 
 endeavour to' compel them. Should they be foohsTi 
 enough to attempt the latter plan, I think they will get a 
 sound drubbing, as the English have now a force at 
 Wampooa and Bocca Tigris of 2000 able-bodied men, all 
 eager for attack." 
 
 MORXi:^G CHRONICLE, DECEMBER 4. 
 
 Extract of a letter from a gentleman lately resident in China, dated 
 Canton, ^pril IS. 
 
 " The affair between the English Company and the Chinese is 
 at length adjusted. After many meetings, chin chinnings, &ic. &.€► 
 the Chinese government ordered up for trial the fifty-two sailors be- 
 longing to the Neptune, that were on liberty when the fray happen- 
 ed. This order was complied with on the part of the Company ; 
 and about the 2oth of March the sailors arrived in Canton, under 
 the protection of a company of marines from the Lion ship of war. 
 After they had reached Canton, the mandarins intimated that they 
 must be taken into the city for examination. This was resolutely 
 opposed ; and it was finally agreed, that the trial should be held in 
 the Company's old factory, the lower part of which was accordingly 
 fitted up in great style, with yellow and crimson silk carpets, cush- 
 ions, tables, chairs, he. &.c. the whole intended to represent the 
 emperor's court. The business now appeared favourable, but was 
 soon shaded by another serious occurrence. The mandarin who 
 
 19 
 
ai8 APPENDIX. 
 
 was to sit m awful judgment, required that the chief of the Compa- 
 ny, the captain of the Lion, and the commodore of the Company's 
 ships, should not be permitted to sit in his presence during the trial. 
 This was not acceded to, and threats were uttered on the part of the 
 British. The mandarin was equally obstinate, and the business as- 
 sumed a very serious aspect. As the mandarin could not come 
 himself, or send one of high order, he sent one who was wiDing that 
 the British should sit at their ease in good elbow chairs. Thus 
 arranged, about the 6th instant the trial commenced ; and of fifty- 
 two sailors, eleven were selected as the most guilty, and laid over 
 for farther proof. On the 9th, the eleven were again brought 
 up for trial, and two were selected as the guilty persons, who 
 were again laid over for farther investigation On the 11th, 
 the two were again brought forward, and one of them adjudged 
 gxiiky, and ordered to be kept in possession of the Company, till 
 the pleasure of the emperor should be known. The British ships 
 are now loading, and will sail in about a fortnight. What fate 
 awaits the sailor retained is uncertain ; but it is probable that the 
 mandarins would rather touch a few of the security merchants' 
 dollars, and keep the affair from the emperor, than retaliate the 
 outrage against tlieir countrymen- In this case, not less than one 
 hundred thousand dollars will be necessary to patch up the affair." 
 
 In the appendix to Sir George Staunton's account of the 
 Penal Code of China, there is a detailed statement of the 
 proceedings of the Chinese court in this case. The editor 
 has had no opportunity of seeing the work ; but the fol- 
 lowing abstract, taken from the Quarterly Review, Vol. III. 
 p. 315, will show how the cause terminated. 
 
 " The Brilish factory was fitted up as a court of justice ; the great 
 officers of state, and the judges attended; and the result was, the 
 singling out of eleven men, as having been the most active in the 
 affray. On a re-esamination of these men, they eadeavoured to 
 prevail on some one to plead guilty, under an implied promise that 
 he should not be punished. This failing, it was suggested that the 
 affair might be got over, if the officers of the Neptune would depose 
 
.\PPENDIX. 219 
 
 that they had seen a sailor carrying^ a bamboo stick over his 
 shoulder, against which, ixi the hurry and confusion, a Chinese had 
 accidentally run his head. The proposal of so ridiculous and pitiful 
 expedient met with the contempt it desei^ved. The next sut^gestion 
 was, that some one of the sailors should be prevailed on to state 
 that finding an attempt made on his pocket, he had struck behind 
 him, and might thus have woimded the deceased. This expedient 
 meeting with no better success, they proceeded in their examination, 
 and dismissed all except two, Julius Csesar, and Edward Sheen It 
 appeared that Julius Csesar had a small cane in his hand on the day 
 of the riot, but was not outside of the factory ; and that Edward 
 Sheen was outside of the factory, but did not carry a stick ; he con- 
 fessed, however, that he had a Chinese tobacco pipe in his hand, the 
 tube of which was of bamboo, the court, therefore, decided that he 
 carried a stick, and, consequently, that he was the culprit. Havino- 
 got thus f£L»- over the ground, a long negotiation took place as to the 
 disposal of Edward Sheen, until the final decision of the case should 
 be received from Fekin ; and it was at length agreed that he should 
 be left behind in charge of the supercargoes. 
 
 " Having thus briefly stated the leading facts, we shall now see in 
 what manner the case was represented to the supreme court at Pekin, 
 and its decision thereupon. It is contained at full length in No. [I. 
 of the appendix, p. 521. 
 
 " The viceroy of Canton states, for the information of the supreme 
 court, that Edward Sheen, an Englishman, being in the upper story 
 of a warehouse which overlooked the street, and in which there was 
 a window opening with wooden shutters, did, on the 18th day of the 
 first moon, employ a wooden stick, in an oblique direction, to keep 
 open the shutter ; and that, in doing this, the wooden stick slipped 
 and fell downwards ; that Leao-a-teng, a Chinese, passing at the 
 moment, was struck and wounded by the falling of the said stick upon 
 his left temple, and that on the evening of the following day he died 
 in consequence of the wound. That repeated orders had been given 
 to the chief of the English factory to deliver up the man to justice ; 
 that, in reply, it was alleged the said criminal was sick of an agoie 
 and fever, and under medical treatment ; that on his recovery, he 
 was confronted with the relations of the deceased ; that after re- 
 
220 APPENDIX. 
 
 peated examinations, the said criminal, Edward Sheen, had ac? 
 knowledged the truth of all the facts here stated, without reserva- 
 tion ; that he had, consequently, been proved guilty of accidental 
 homicide, and ought, therefore, to be sentenced to pay the usual 
 fine, to redeem himself from the punishment of death by strangula- 
 tion. 
 
 " Upon this report the supreme court observes, that the case 
 appears to be one of those acts, of the consequences of which^ 
 neither sight, hearing, or reflection, could have given a previous 
 warning ; that the said Edward Sheen should, therefore, be allowed 
 to redeem himself from the punishment of death by strangulation^ 
 by the payment of a fine (amounting to about 41. 3s. sterling) to the 
 relations of the deceased, to defray the expenses of the burial, and 
 then be dismissed to be governed in an orderly mEinner in his owu 
 country." 
 
 It appears that the bribe necessary to procure acquies- 
 cence of the parties interested, to this mockery of justice, 
 did not cost the seeurhy merchants less than ,^50j000i