AN Account of Recent progress T V in classical arch:€clogy 1875—1889 by ALFRED EMERSON, Ph.D. (Munich) 1 NORTHWESTERN UNIVERSITY LIBRARY The Gift of MRS .A.W.LICSELEY CUly ^ j ^ o'. rificpls 'ApxaioXoyucq under the auspices of the Greek Archaeological Society. In this quarterly journal, already in its seventh year of issue, and which the novelty, variety, and quality of its contributions, as well as the excellence of its illustrations and letter-press, place in the front rank of its kind, Greece has at last secured a witness to her hitherto scarcely recognized title to real leadership in the inter¬ national labors in the cause of historical science of which her soil has become the constant scene. Late in 1885, the Greek Archaeological Society undertook a series of excavations on the Athenian Acropolis, which have added more, perhaps, than all its previous achievements to the renown of this distinguished association. The work was placed under the immediate direction of the Ephor General. The telegraph an¬ nounced, on the last day of 1888, that he had succeeded in clear¬ ing the whole area enclosed within the irregular circumference of the citadel wall. To those who have followed the slow progress of exploration on that memorable height, such an announcement means much. The pick and shovel will play no further part within these precincts. Antiquarian research, at least, will henceforth be conducted without their aid. It is true that while digging to bed rock at all points the excavators have not felt compelled to cast the earth, stones, and débris indiscriminately over the walls and down CLASSICAL ARCHEOLOGY. 39 the rocky sides of the Acropolis. To remove all accumulations of soil would have served no special purpose, and would have seri¬ ously marred that beauty of the place which appeals to lovers of antiquity and others in no less a degree than its archaeological interest and historical associations. The deep moat which now yawns between the terraced plateau and the encircling walls is to be filled again. The now thoroughly sifted soil will be reaccumu- lated, and levelled up, wherever no particularly interesting remains of earlier date have been exposed, to the approximate height it had attained everywhere at the close of the Periclean epoch. A serious question, which provoked eager discussion, arose in regard to the advisability and legitimacy of actual destruction of historic memorials, of a date subsequent to the period selected as the representative one for the Acropolis, down to the beginning of the present century. Those of us who learned to know the Acropolis during the sleepy Itivalidenzeit certainly felt that the presence of material witnesses to its many and peculiar vicissitudes added a picturesque element to the associations of the historic rock,— from the Doric drums and triglyphs immured on the exterior of its north wall to the faded Byzantine saints on the interior surfaces of the celia of the Parthenon, — to the Prankish tower supposed to have been erected on the south wing of the Propylaea by the Counts de la Roche, famous in the mediaeval annals of Greece as the Dukes of Athens, — to the mighty bastion thrown out for the protection of the citadel's only spring, during the revolu¬ tionary war, by the ill-fated Greek chieftain Odysseus, — nay, even to the remains of the Mohammedan minaret that once disgraced the Attic harmony of the Parthenon, or the shabby Turkish tene¬ ment not far from the Erechtheion that served to remind the modern tourist of the last of the Disdars. And yet, which of us would not give these mementos in exchange, if exchange there had to be, for the " Mykenian " palace of Erechtheus, the pre- Persian Parthenon, with its thrice curious accompaniment of ar¬ chaic sculptures, for the postern by which the Medes ascended the beleaguered rock, and for the contents of the salle d'honneur in the enriched Museum of the Acropolis? In fact, the Acropolis became sacred to antiquity, and to that alone, the moment the fort was evacuated by its Turkish garrison. 40 RECENT PROGRESS IN The Athenian Acropolis, with its crown of bruised and shat¬ tered temples of a dead faith, whose inimitable original perfec¬ tion leaves them lovely even in their fall, whose decay but adds mellowness to stones grown old under the warm ray of a south¬ ern sun, is the visible embodiment of all that was and is best in classical antiquity. From the times when its odorous herbs first crackled under the footsteps of an Occidental traveller in Turco- graecia until to-day, archaeology has drunk inspiration from its wonderful remains, and the masters of poetry and music have ac¬ knowledged their influence, whereof no petty part resides in their picturesque combination and in the glorifying touch of a sun that rises over Marathon to set behind Salamis. One must be an About to regret that the capital of rejuvenated Greece was not, for the advantage both of commerce and of archaeology, located at Corinth, which the impending completion of the Isthmian canal will make the gate of the sail-studded .¿Egaean. But Athens is a goal, and now, as of yore, the Greece of Greece, even to the most obdu¬ rate Bœotian. And Athens without the Acropolis is inconceivable. Nor will the templed hill cease to exert its fascination because it harbors no further secrets from the archaeologist. It is on this walled rock that the genius of the city has his eternal throne, as Aristophanes introduced him in The Knights. The deified per¬ sonification of Rome early found its way even into Greek poetic literature, and her worship was most inappropriately established along with that of Augustus in the very citadel of Athens, but no ideal personification of the latter city obtained currency. Pal¬ las herself effectually impersonated the beauty and glory of her chosen city, to the exclusion of any weaker symbol. It was no cackling of consecrated geese, but Athena Folias in person, that bade Alaric the Goth begone from her sacred precinct. The excavations undertaken upon the Acropolis by the Greek Archaeological Society were the proper continuation of previous labors. The Society had succeeded, not long before, in clearing the entire southern scarp of the Kácrrpov, where the complex sanc¬ tuary of Asklepios was located, from the masses of débris which successive ages had contrived to dump over its southern circuit wall. When in 1885 Mr. Kabbadias took charge of the work, it was resolved to continue, if possible to ultimate completion, the CLASSICAL ARCHEOLOGY. 41 exploration of the plateau itself. For while Beulé, as Director of the French School, had thoroughly cleared the approaches of the plateau, including the external gateway he had discovered at the foot of the southern slope, and which now bears his name, the work done on the plateau proper had been not only intermit¬ tent, but entirely irregular and sporadic, as the fancy, means, and energy of a series of English, Bavarian, French, Prussian, and Greek explorers happened to determine the locality and bounds of each particular attempt at exploration. Very recently Bohn and Dörpfeld, the well known German architects, had been giving particular attention to the architectural features of the Propylaea. Their accurate measurements and ingenious combinations had made it apparent that this monumental gateway had never been finished as projected by Mnesikles j it remained partially incom¬ plete, probably by reason of the financial stress which the gigantic expenditures of the Peloponnesian War produced in Athens. The French School had made some soundings near the north wall of the Acropolis, not far from the Propylaea. Mr. Kabbadias began by tearing down the ugly rubble walls that masked the northern wing of the Propylaea ; then he attacked a large cistern situated in the entering angle between the same wing and the main part of the building -, next, a number of late walls adjoining the southern extension were torn away. The exposed foundations of the Propylaea were found to contain many highly colored architectural members of poros stone, remnants of an older gateway to the Acropolis of no inconsiderable pretension. Plenti¬ ful traces of a magnificent project for the extension of the marble gateway entirely across the western end of the Acropolis came to light, perfectly intelligible to the trained eye, and eight fragments of the exquisite sculptured balustrade of the Ionic temple of Nike, that late recovered architectural jewel, were exhumed. By the end of December, 1885, a comparatively shallow layer of earth had been removed from the space between the Parthenon and the Erechtheion. Here a puzzling group of foundation walls, severally fitted together of Athenian and Peiraic stone, was disclosed. It was at once evi¬ dent that the spade of the excavators, in turning up this soil, had cut through an artificial stratum spread over earlier remains dur¬ ing the fifth, century before Christ ; for the Erechtheion itself was 42 RECENT PROGRESS IN found to be planted, in part, on these scanty ruins of what, as Dörpfeld has rendered almost certain, was the primitive and origi¬ nal temple of Athena on the Acropolis. The Parthenon, as every one knows, was erected during and by the administration of Pericles ; the Erechtheion, or temple of Athena Pollas, is of some¬ what later date, although it admittedly occupies the site of the original sanctuary of that goddess, which a well known verse in the Iliad celebrates as her " rich fane." ' The construction of a large Doric temple of Pentelic marble, of which the foundations are covered by the stereobate of the Periclean Parthenon, and to which the pieces of columns and entablature immured in the " Themistoclean wall " of the Acropolis belonged, has been very carelessly credited to Peisistratos and his sons, and accounted identical with the sanctuary destroyed by the Persians in 480 be¬ fore Christ. But the material, the workmanship, the architectural proportions, and the style of these remains do not at all com¬ port with so early a date. The character of the edifice must have been closely akin to that of the temple of .íEgina, and justifies a reference of its construction, most likely never com¬ pleted, to the era of Themistocles, Aristides, and Cimon. In the poros foundations near the Erechtheion, Dr. Dörpfeld sees traces of a Peisistratean amplification of the pre-Persian temple of Athena. Two distinct building eras are indicated by the em¬ ployment of the native Athenian quasi-crystalline limestone, in all probability quarried from the very height on which the temple stood, and the softer, shelly Peiraic variety called poros by the Greeks on account of its many perforations. The ancient tem¬ ple was extended, apparently, by the addition of a portico of the peripteral type to the celia in antis of the earlier builders. Stud- niczka's attribution to the principal pediment of this archaic Athe¬ nian fane of certain poros stone figures now in the Museum has lent strong corroboration to Dörpfeld's architectural h)q)othesis. ^ It is indifferent to the architectural history of the actual temple whether the verse be regarded as a Peisistratean interpolation, as it commonly is, or not; on the other hand, the archaeological data which carry back the celebrity o£ the fane to a prehistoric period, and prove the actual existence of the " house of Erechtheus," may well be weighed by all who do not consider the question of interpolation decided. Aristarchos was no archaeologist. CLASSICAL ARCHEOLOGY. 43 The building occupied a plateau some 45 meters long by 22 wide. If it was in its day the sole house of the virgin goddess on the rock, as seems most likely, the types of Athena Folias, Parthenos, Nike, and Ergane were evolved by the same process of differentiation which created the cultless forms of Athena Lemnia and Athena Promachos. Who shall say, before the last fragment of evidence has been utilized, how copious a succession of completed and in¬ completed, attempted, abandoned, resumed, restored, reconstructed, enlarged and improved, incorporated or destroyed homes of the favorite Athenian deity rose, coexisted, gave place to each other, and passed out of name and fame before the human glorification of the sky-born maid of Athens culminated in the Parthenon and its chryselephantine image, " Pillar of gold, tower of ivory, star of the morning ! " Meanwhile the deeper trench made necessary by the sharp fall¬ ing off of the main plateau toward the north, in such fashion as to have required much filling in, whenever the extension of the terrace in that direction first became needful, before the surface could be brought to a level approximately the same as that to which the central portion of the eminence had been reduced, was carried eastward from the Propylaia towards the Erechtheion. It was in the mid-stretch of this line, on February 5 and 6, 1886, that the ex¬ plorers suddenly came upon an artificial bed of marble statues, richly interspersed with fragments of sculpture, pedestals of a peculiar archaic form and decoration semi-architectural in their varying design, and inscriptions reciting in profuse confusion the names of dedicators and artists coupled with that of the goddess. So rich and striking was the find as to cause a sudden invasion of the usually quiet enclosure by a curious multitude. The re¬ sources of the engineers were severely taxed merely to dispose of the heavy pieces as fast as they came out of the ground. Low- wheeled wagons plied between the trenches and the Museum. King George came to visit the treasure-trove, and caught the in¬ spiration at its fountain-head ; it is narrated that he threw aside royal reserve to the degree of seizing a wet sponge and washing the marbles in person. The statues — nearly twenty of which were unearthed — all represeitt the same draped female form, treated in archaic uniformity of type, though with considerable divergence of 44 RECENT PROGRESS IN individual manner. All show the same awkwardness in the stiff walking pose of the figure, the same combination of raiment, the same symmetrical arrangement of the primitive head-dress. All are of Parian marble, elaborately carved and colored, and in some instances resplendent in unfaded hues that are brilliant to gor- geousness still. They were at once made accessible in a large and well lighted hall of the Acropolis Museum, for the most part under glass, as befitted the virgin epidermis of marbles apparently no sooner finished than laid away under a protecting blanket of fine soil, and the still more evanescent films of encaustic color that are their peculiar distinction. The ready explanation of the rare arti¬ ficial accumulation of this quantity of broken sculptures was soon found. The key to it was the uniform late sixth and early fifth century character of art and technique. It was an age of struggle with the unmastered difficulties of the material, of adaptation of old traditions to new requirements. Forearms projecting from the body in a right angle are set in with a mortise and tenon, as if of wood. The conventionalization of draperies and hair is very instruct¬ ive. Each artist would almost seem to have had his own method of translating the reality into stone. The three or four long curls that depend with studied uniformity of intention and effect on each shoulder assume, now the semblance of well twisted ropes, now of metal chains or of notched rectangular sticks j some exhibit the zigzag ripple common in later Greek sculpture. It was evidently not long since the elementary processes of the marble yard, with the drill, the stone saw, the roughing chisel, had been perfected in the quarries of the Cyclades. Along with names of famous sculptors of the hitherto but vaguely apprehended early Attic school, the pedestals bear many signatures of insular artists. The original unity of the arts appears more unbroken than in the later days of specialization. The columnar bases are of great value in deter¬ mining the early development of the Doric and Ionic styles. The hem of a garment is adorned with exquisite painted outlines of prancing steeds, so that we are not surprised to find the names of noted Attic vase painters among the dedicators of otherwise un¬ signed marble images. It is as if a generation of artists had dedicated specimens of their work to Athena Ergane, patroness of the arts and crafts. It is this character of the goddess that CLASSICAL ARCHEOLOGY. 45 explains the absence of the aegis and helmet, the spear and shield, without which we nowadays find it difficult to conceive her personality. It is doubtful whether the annals of classical archaeology record any one discovery of greater importance for the history of the growth of Greek art ; for it is only by acquaintance with the primi¬ tive masters of any school that its highest achievements can be rightly comprehended, a dogma which cannot be too often re¬ peated to whoever finds the uncouthness of early work deficient in charm. It is impossible in the limits of a condensed report, and useless without illustrations, to enter upon detailed descrip¬ tion and analysis of the sculptures ; but few cultivated visitors of Athens will deny their interest. It was of the Attic school of the sixth century, as exemplified in the half-dozen fragments that were known twenty years ago, that Beulé wrote : " One feels, under the dry and compressed forms, an effort after life, a strain¬ ing towards freedom, elegance, richness, and proportion ; a secret aspiration after the ideal betrays itself throughout." For a capi¬ tal account of the reception given to the successes of the Greek Archaeological Society, both in Greece and abroad, we can hardly do better than to refer to the language of M. K. Theoxenou, whose forty quarto pages in the Gazette Archéologique for 1888, under the title, " Les Fouilles récentes de l'Acropole d'Athènes," are a model for the clear arrangement, the terse elegance of ex¬ pression, and the sympathetic exhibition of his sentiments of delight and admiration, tempered by a judicious sobriety, while with a rare wealth and exactness of information the author illus¬ trates each detail by constant reference to the broader relations of the subject. " It is well known," he says, " how the scientific world little by little came to appreciate the importance of the find. The telegraph had announced it. On the ist of March, Mr. Kabbadias wrote his first article on this subject. He indicates the bronzes, the terra-cottas, the statues, the inscriptions, but in a succinct fashion. The press began to deal with the matter; but the greatest archae¬ ological event of this epoch scarcely seems to have inspired the professional archaeologists. Dr. Waldstein, Director of the Fitz- william Museum in Cambridge, writes an article and gives a few 46 RECENT PROGRESS IN drawings,' but we believe he did not come to Athens. Mr, Walter Miller, member of the young American School at Athens, composes as early as the 12th of February an article, the first that had yet been prepared by an eyewitness. In June, Mr. Salomon Reinach renders homage to the real service done by Miller in address¬ ing to the American Journal a sober communication, full of facts, but complains that the archaeologists should have remained silent so as to leave the floor entirely to the journalists. He had indeed previously written a few pages himself. Mr. Philemon had sent him some photographs from which it was possible to make three photo¬ types for the Gazette des Beaux-arts, and this was all." These remarkable discoveries have, indeed, even yet been but partially studied, and very imperfectly made known. As M. The- oxenou says, " Much remains yet to be published." A competent archaeologist in Athens, supported by the American Institute of Archaeology, and assisted by a faithful water-colorist and a skilful photographer, could produce a work of grand proportions, novel attraction, and permanent value. The opportunity is such as occurs but once in a generation. The further course and success of the excavations thus initiated on the Acropolis in no wise belied the promise of its auspicious opening. The moat opened between the elevated portions of the rocky plateau and the outer wall was pushed forward past the Erechtheion, and farther yet, until, doubling upon itself, it skirted the Museum building and the south side of the Parthenon, and practically completed the circuit of the citadel by bringing up against the south wing of the Propylsea, just opposite its starting point. It is on the rocky bottom of this moat, at variable depths severally determined by the horizontal relations of the various por¬ tions of the excavated area, that lines of walls of many diSerent periods define the gradually extended limits of the fortified space, or betray the intention of numerous early forgotten buildings these same walls enclosed. Some of these walls date back to the Pelas- gic or Cyclopean period ; as, for example, the remains brought to light to the east of the Erechtheion, where the character of the masonry and the peculiarity of such parts of the ground plan as ' In the Pall Mall Gazette, March. 1886. CLASSICAL ARCHAEOLOGY. 47 are sufficiently well preserved for recognition indicate an extensive palace of the same type as the royal residences of Tiryns and Mycenae, and of a size to occupy, with its dependencies, the entire summit of the Acropolis. The different portions of the palace, to which the Homeric title of " House of Erechtheus " will probably cling, were placed on different levels, following the natural con¬ formation of the rock upon which it was founded, ft was acces¬ sible from the town by a stairway, of which eight steps remain, wedged between the northward face of the Acropolis and a huge boulder. The polygonal walls at present measure 1.50 meters above the rock at their highest point, which coincides with the lowest level of their rocky foundation ; for the depth of rubbish at the summit of the rock was too slight to permit any significant traces of this prehistoric structure to escape. A very curious and important result of the digging in the vicinity of the Parthenon are the pieces of statuary and relief work in poros stone, the sculptural treatment of which, no less than their elabo¬ rate but glaring polychrome adornment, represents a stage of Attic art as crude in comparison with that of the lately found marbles, as these themselves must have seemed in the eyes of the cultured Athenians who used them as levelling material in their operations of restoration and renovation. A large triton,' with a red face, blue hair and beard, green eyes, and a scaly tail that emulates the rainbow, may serve as a type of these carvings, the bulk of which served a purpose of architectural decoration. There is something almost Teutonic in the rude efforts of this school of precursors to reduce the wild imaginings of a fantastic mythology to plastic form ; their art seems romantic, not classical. Of equal significance are the bronzes, although few in number, in accordance with the familiar rule of survival ; a small Athena Promachos, consisting of two symmetrical profiles in hammered bas-relief riveted together around the edges, recalls the traditions of the Greeks respecting the comparatively late invention of hard soldering by Rhoikos and Theodores of Samos, the latter of which insular masters is represented in a fine specimen of his perfected art of bronze casting, — the head of a warrior, which, even were ' See illustration (Fig. 2, p. 122) accompanying Miss Harrison's letter from Athens in the Journal of Hellenic Studies for 1888. 48 RECENT PROGRESS IN its authorship less distinguished, would still call for special men¬ tion as the largest bronze of this description yet found in Greece itself. Similarly, the discoveries made in the way of pottery, from examples of the " Mycenian " style found in the tombs of the lowest strata to early examples of the red-figured Attic ware, comprising specimens signed by well known painters, such as Nikosthenes and Euphronios, or otherwise identified as their work, must attract no small attention among specialists in vase lore, more particularly from the possibility of determining the date of each specimen with comparative exactness. The formerly ac¬ cepted doctrine of the prevailing artistic conservatism of Greek industrial art appears likely, from the new data obtained during the excavation of the Acropolis, to fall entirely to the ground. The bearing and value of the many new inscriptions secured is chiefly archaeological. The building of a new museum not far from the present over¬ crowded one has been decided upon. Closed to the general public, it will contain articles of less conspicuous interest, frag¬ ments of architecture and sculpture, pottery, and small objects of every kind. It is also intended to provide the much needed facili¬ ties for the experimental study of the archaeological laboratorj'. We do not know whether an addition to the contents of the col¬ lections on the Acropolis, analogous to the collection of casts from non-Athenian antiques that will shortly be added to the National Museum, has been authorized, but the need is already undeniable. It is probable that such an adjunct collection will comprise full delineations and models executed after the recent bed-rock survey of the great enclosure by the architect Kawerau, and perhaps an instructive series of miniature restorations of the Acropolis as it appeared at stated historic periods. An expert commission, consisting of the Ephor General and the Directors of the four foreign Schools of Archaeology, was consulted by the Archaeological Society on December 30, 1888, as to the ad¬ visability of continuing its labors on the exterior of the Acropolis and the limits within whiçh post-classic or even Hellenic structures might be sacrificed to the recuperation of earlier antiquities buried under or in them. The Society is at this moment prosecuting its CLASSICAL ARCHMOLOGY. 49 further researches on the basis of a radical decision rendered by this international authority. While France, Germany, England, and America have each taken part, together with Greece herself, in the recovery of her ancient monuments, Italy has had little share in the work. Nor is this strange. With Etruria, Latium, Magna Graecia, and Sicily as a broad field of archaeological investigation, to say nothing of sub¬ terranean Rome and Pompeii, occupied with the organization of a great National Museum of Antiquity in Rome, and with the design of an immense Monumental Park also in Rome, and busied with the study of early Christian, mediaeval, and renaissance monu¬ ments of art, Italian scholars have found quite enough to employ their energies at home. It is unfortunate that as yet there is no legislative definition of the responsibilities and authority of the gov¬ ernment in archaeological matters in cases where individual owner¬ ship competes or conflicts with its assertion of eminent domain. In Southern Italy great confusion arises from the irregular application of the Bourbon Statute of 1822, and of the Legge Pacca of 1871, expressly valid only within the limits of the former Pontifical State. The private or foreign excavator finds himself in the disagree¬ able alternative of acknowledging the exercise of an authority on the part of administrative organs whose arbitrariness has no lim¬ itations other than those of an empiric practice, or of desisting altogether from investigation. Thus the delegates of the Archaeo¬ logical Institute of America were compelled to give up work begun with excellent promise at Cotrone, in 1887. A comprehensive bill for the unification of Italian law on this and kindred subjects passed the Italian Chamber during the session of 1888, so that justifiable hopes of a settlement of open questions that would preclude resort to the courts were entertained, but the Senate of the realm, finding its provisions, which represented the point of view of the administrative authorities, at some points inadequate, at others too radically subversive of vested rights, failed to adopt the attempted legislation. It is greatly to be hoped that before long a liberal bill to accomplish the desired end may be passed. But though Italy has still so much to do at home, nothing is more certain than that she will eventually compete with other nations in the exploration of the remains of classical antiquity in Greece. Asia 4 50 RECENT PROGRESS IN Minor, and Africa, for the colonization of her own shores from Greece and the colonial expansion of Rome are things too inti¬ mately and inseparably bound up with her history to admit of its being otherwise. The royal signature has just been given to the charter of a national School of Archaeology, which contemplates for its members, who must be Doctors of Philosophy or Letters at their admission, a triennial course equally distributed between Rome, Pompeii, and Greece, in the order indicated. Such books as the new edition of Dennis's Cities and Cemeteries of Etruria, Middleton's Ancient Rome in 1885, and Lanciani's Ancient Rome in the Light of Recent Discoveries, have done much, along with the greater convenience and frequency of travel in Italy, to quicken the interest of English and American people in Italian antiquity. The increased attention given to the concrete branches of general philological study in such handbooks as S. Reinach's Manuel de Philologie and Ivan Miiller's Handbuch der klassischen Philologie in Einzeldarstellungen, the introduction of the English classical student to a new material and interest by such works as Percy Gardner's Types of Greek Coins, and by the multiplication and translation of text-books of ancient art from the modest proportions of Collignon's Manual of Greek Archceology to those of the larger histories by Lübke, Reber, Perrot and Chipiez, Perry, Murray, and Mrs. Mitchell, are quite as significant for the daily growing interest the world manifests in the science as the work done at the fountain head. The com¬ prehensiveness and wealth of good illustration, with all its cheap¬ ness, of such a repertory as Baumeister's Denkmäler des Altertums, which we hope to see put into English speedily, the similar quality of the zinc-etched reprints from standard older works initiated in France by M. S. Reinach, the magnificence of Rayet's Monuments de PArt Antique, and of Brunn's sumptuous trilingual Monuments of Classical Sculpture, are of like significance. A thousand works could be mentioned. There is no further excuse for the tradi¬ tional neglect of the most attractive of sciences in our system of higher education. It should not be possible to say that no chair of classical archseology exists in any American college, that none of our cities possesses collections for the illustration of ancient art equal to those that are to be found in German towns no larger than Strasburg and Bonn, Glessen and Marburg, not to speak CLASSICAL AIÎCHjEOLOGY. 51 of the accretions to the great public collections of Paris, St. Pe¬ tersburg, Vienna, Berlin, or Munich within the.last decennium. Now that the administrations of the collections most favored by abundance of original marbles and bronzes, the British Museum, the Louvre, the National Museums of Rome and Athens, are taking advantage, for the filling out of their series, of the present superi¬ ority and diffusion of the best reproductive methods to supplement their marbles and bronzes with photographs and plaster casts, it ill becomes those communities that are almost totally dependent upon these methods for any knowledge of the antique through the eye to lag behind from a fancied impotency. But the signs of improvement are apparent on both sides of the water. At Cambridge, England, a model archóeological annex to the Fitzwilliam Museum has been formed under the lead and direction of Dr. Charles Waldstein, at an expense of little over ;£'2o,ooo. Among American colleges. Har¬ vard University possesses a rich photographic apparatus such as European universities commonly attach to their chairs of archae¬ ology or the history of art. Smith College at Northampton, Mass., has assembled a choice selection of casts from the most instructive Greek and Roman sculptures, in historic sequence. Of civic mu¬ seums, the Boston Museum of Fine Arts shows itself awake to the progress of discovery; perhaps the Slater Museum at Norwich, Conn., is the first that has yet shown a full apprehension of the immense advantage that can be taken of the modern methods of reproduction. Strange as it may seem, the original antiques owned by public and private collections in the United States already con¬ stitute a respectable aggregate, and would, if united in a series of good heliotype and chromo-lithograph reproductions, make an im¬ pressive showing. The initiated have long known that the mar¬ kets of London, Paris, Florence, Rome, Naples, and the East, offer as good bargains to-day as they ever did, and that at least in the department of minor antiques, statuettes, gems, coins, or painted vases, it is recent opportunities, taken advantage of at the proper moment, far more than the heirlooms of an earlier generation, that have made the leading European collections what they are. Here we must conclude our sketch of the recent progress of clas¬ sical archaeology. It shows not more how great and important a work has been done in the increase of knowledge respecting the old 52 CLASSICAL ARCHEOLOGY. world, than how much yet remains to be accomplished. The labors of the classical archaeologist are directed to the tracing and reopen¬ ing of the sources of the higher life of the race. They appeal to the public imagination, no less than to scientific curiosity. The Archaeological Institute may justly, and we trust confidently, look for support to every American who recognizes the truth of these words. Lake Forest, III., July 31,1889. Note. — The writer takes pleasure in acknowledging his indebtedness to more than one fellow student in archaeology for assistance in the preparation of the foregoing pages, and also to the Librarians of Harvard University and of the Newberry Library of Chicago for their unusual liberality in placing literary materials at his disposal.