Northwestern University LIBRARY ' Evanston, Illinois THE INTER OCEAN RCILDING. Centennial History OF THE City of Chicago its men and institutions Biographical Sketches of Beading Citizens ILLUSTRATED 1905 PUBLISHED BY THE INTER OCEAN Chicago PRESS OF THE BLAKELY PRINTING COMPANY CHICAGO Prefator\^. URING the five years since the first edition of the Inter Ocean's his¬ tory of Chicago was presented to the public, the city has rounded out its first century. In presenting this volume the general plan of the original work has been followed. The progress made by the city in its various lines of activity has been carefully recorded. The claim is not made that it is a complete, comprehensive his¬ tory of Chicago's first 100 years, but the publishers believe it con¬ tains more important facts concerning the growth of the city during the first century of its existence than any other like publication. The superior arrangement of facts and events mapped out by the Hon. Frank Gilbert, in the original edition, has been adhered to as closely as changing conditions warranted. Much of the matter is pre¬ served intact. Except where it has been necessary in bringing the work up to date, no material changes have been made. Mr. Gilbert's plans can be best outlined by quoting from the preface of the first edition: "It was his thought that facts and events would thus be placed before the reader more attractively and the book be better adapted for the purpose of reference. It is hoped that this method of treat¬ ment will find favor with readers. The great public undertakings which are closely connected with the life and growth of the citv are especially exploited and the private and personal enterprises which have been great aids in the building of the citv are given the atten¬ tion they so justly deserve. The men, too, whose ability, genius and forethought have added to the city's character, wealth and renown have been remembered, and not the least interesting, historically con¬ sidered, are the biographies of these city-makers. This is not a pre¬ tentious or great work, but it is hoped that it will be found useful and be given a place in many libraries." Chicago, i905. VIEWS—WEST CHICAGO PARKS. CHAPTER I. CHICAGO'S FIRST CENTURY. HE history of Chicago's first cen- tuiy is a record of stupendous contrasts. One hundred years ago a fron¬ tier fort with one white settler under the protection of its shelter¬ ing stockade To-day a community of ov'er two million souls. A century ago unmarked on the country's map. To-day the second city in the United States and the fourth in wealth and commercial power in the world. In 1803 one Indian trader. In 1905 a commanding metropolis with a commerce more valuable than was known to Alexandria, Venice, Carthage and Tyre. Outstripping all competitors, the center of the most fertile region on earth, the great Middle W est, from which the wealth of the nation is mainly drawn, Chicago at the beginning of its second century looks forward to a maturity that can be measured only by its unparal¬ leled past. Its massive buildings, its countless homes, its thousands of factories, its hundreds of churches, its palaces of art and industry, its great railroad systems, its magnificent parks, its splendid financial institutions, with their hundreds of millions of deposits, its boundless charities, it^ great thoroughfares and boulevards, its billions of commerce on land and lake, its schools with their army of 300,000 children, its colleges and great universities—all these attest the work of Chicago's first one hundred years. While Chicago has not the traditions of the older cities of the continent, nor the poetry and romance of the historic centers of the Old World, it has taken its place among the great cities of the Globe with a rush that has set aside all records and set a new mark in the growth and development of municipalities. It was needed and it came. Chicago's entire history is record breaking. Its accomplishments, failures, disasters, experiences have all been of the superlative degree. It has always done things on a big, broad gauge, wholesale scale. Its growth in population, its expansion in area, its park and boulevard system, its strikes and riots, its fires, its World's fair, its universities and public schools, its drainage system, its tall buildings, its Americanism despite its polyglot population, its murder mysteries, its commerce, have all be epochal. There have been no half way possibilities for Chicago. It always "goes the limit." It is the busiest, richest, poorest, most advanced, and most backward, windiest, most growing, swiftest moving, and most aggressive city in the world. Chicago's commercial pre-eminence is due primarily to its geographical location. At the headwaters of Lake Michigan, which dips into the very heart of the great inter-mountain region of the nation, it is the natural gateway and centering point of most of its commerce.-) The great leaders in the early commercial activity of the city recognized this, as did the first white men who pierced the western wilderness. It is borne out by the great highways of commerce, the railroads that center here. Over their rails are car¬ ried two-thirds of the entire tonnage of the United States. city on the face of the earth can compare with Chicago as a railway center. Chicago railways have under their control or directly tributary to them 80,000 miles of tracks. They operate more trains in and out of Chicago daily than come into and leave any other citv in the world. \ Chicago's downtown business section, a little more than a mile square in extent, comprises the life center of ,s TUF. CITY OF CHICAGO. the most gii^antic freiglit traffic in the world. In this small congested area, hounded h\' Twelfth street on the south, the river on the north. Canal street on the west and the lake on the east, are handled daily o\ er 300,000 tons of frei^ht^ Ih- teaming alone in the loo]i district 100,000 tons are carried. The tense activities of 800,000 people are carried on daily in this same territorx'. Alons: its thirtv miles of streets and allevs these 800 O - regiments of men, women and children buy, sell and labor during twelve hours of the day. The inescapable commercial destiny of Chicago is manifest nowhere more clearly than in this scptare mile of territory in the dowti- town district. The magnitude of this glut of commerce and business activity precludes a boast. Chicago mer¬ chants pav no less than $50,000,000 a year for the cartage on the raw material and finished products trans¬ ported through this district annually. The railroads take into this district and out of it more freight than they load and take from any similar area in the world, more than any other group of railroads give and take from any like district on earth. ^Chicago is the pulse of the world's food market. ( )n the floor of the Board of Trade is gauged the nation's business in produce.' It is the counting room of the western granary of the nations. The total cereal receipts of the city range from 250,000,000 to over 350,000,000 bushels annually. The receipts of live¬ stock aggregate 15,000,000 head, making this the greatest cattle market the world has ever known. Its stockyards cover 500 acres and 300 miles of railroad tracks gridiron it. Here are employed 50,000 peo|)le and the value of the livestock handled is $300,000,000. The j)r()ducts of the great ])acking houses are sent into every land. The ca])ital in\ested in Chicago's manufactories .aggregates 8^)25,000,000. .\n army of 300,000 workers is employed in these industries and the w.ages ]taid reach a total of nearly $165,000,000 annually. The output is valued at $1,000,000,000. For twent\' vears there h.as been no decrease to the titanic forward strides <>{ the city's factories. Chic.ago's accessibilitx- to cheap fuel aiifl raw materials, its cheapness of land, its natural and inevitab'e advantages as a focal point for the trans¬ continental traffic of the country have all contributed to attract to the citv capital and labor. W bile the gre.-itest conflicts between these interests have been fought here, it has not deterred the steady influ.x of more mone\- seeking investment and of more workers seek¬ ing employment. The \ery immensity of Chicago has ftirnished an element that has made for the freedom and interests of both sides. Here no aggregation of capital is great enough to ho])elessly crush the workingman nor no labor org;inization so autocratic as to per¬ manently cripple a great industrv. The second century of Chicago's existence opens up a magnificent \ista of municipal development. No greater movement for the education and elevation of the peojtle was ever planned. The schools of the city are adjusted to the needs of modern industrial life. Nor will Chicago be submerged in the intensified commer¬ cialism of the age. To teach the coming generations to work with their hands, guided by a trained intelli¬ gence, is the aim of the present educational movet. ent of the citv. Manual workers and trained housekeepers is the jtroduct of citizenship aimed at, both fitted for home builders and useful members of the community. Co-ordinated with this central schools system are the parks, neighborhood houses, libraries, art galleries and other public institutions. \lready have the park commissioners of the South Side built neighborhood club buildings in the congested districts. Fitted with gymnasiums, baths, swimming tanks, halls and reading rooms the\' have become the center of the citizen- building movement in the districts where before there was little to inspire the efïort to rise above the dead level of dej)ressing emironment. The ])hysical and intellectual stimulus can only make for the elevation of the civic life of the entire eitw Nor are the schoolhouses any longer only places for the children five or six hours a day. These are now used as the rallying ])oints for the entire neighborhood. Here the parents of the children and the older members of the family can meet for lectures, concerts and the discussion of questions affecting the communitv. Thus the workers in Chicago's industrial army are being fitted for their share in the upbuilding of the citv. and influences started that will bear fruit during the city's second century. CHAPTER II. EPTEMBER 26. 1903, Chicago began a week of celel)ration in commemoration of the arrival M Mm of Jolm Kinzie. the first white settler, ^and the fonnding of Eort Dearborn. Ph-om all over the \\Tst the friends and ad- Wjjr ^ mirers of the city came to join Ä with the two million Chicagoans P in the festivities. Eor a time the present was forgotten, and every p mind went back to the stockaded fort and the solitary white settler in his log shack across the river. The descendants of this pioneer and the officers who led the small company of United States regulars into the western wilderness and built the government outpost, together with the Indians whose fathers were the owners of the land where a city of two million souls now stands, met in a common reunion. ^Chicag. the grizzled chief of the Chippewas. older than the city itself, sat u])on the jdatform with the little great-grand-granddaughters of Captain John Whistler and the descendants of Lieutenant Swearingen. and John Kinzie. Push-a-ta-nee-kah. chief of the Sac and Eox nation, delivered an address. These links with Chicago's past brought back the picture of the frontier post of a centurv before more vividly and emphasized the wonders that had been w rought from the wilderness more elofjuentK". than did the orators who told the story in rounded i)eriods. Tablets were ])laced at historic .spots. These will, in time, be wrought in bronze in commemoration of the men and events to whom Chicago owes its beginning and existence. \t the ])ublic library was placed a rei)ro- duction of the first Port Dearborn built in 1803. and the stockade as rebuilt in 18ib. Here the oj^ening exercises (){ the celebration were held and Margaret Schuyler Jo\ and Catherine Whistler Joy. the great-great-grand daughters of Captain Whistler who built it, unveiled the memorial. Tablet Xo. 2 was placed on the Palmer House. On it was a map of the city in 1871. showing the extent of the great disaster, encircled by two allegorical figures symbolic of smoke and fire. It told the story of that tragedy. "The Chicago P'ire 1871, burned four miles along the lake and one mile inland; 2.214 acres of ground. 13.500 buildings destroyed. 92.000 people made homeless—$186.000.000 j)roperty lost." The tablet placed on the Masonic Temple bore this inscription. "Eort Dearborn Military Reservation, 75 acres—established 1824—sold for town lots 1839. This square reserved for Dearborn Park, City Library erected 1898." At Madison and Wabash a tablet in honor of Marquette was placed. The likeness of La Salle was placed on the tablet erected on the Board of Trade. ( )n the city hall were shown in relief the first and second courthouses erected ou the site bv Cook County. A reproduction of the first railway station and "The Pioneer." the cit\ 's first locomotive, was put up at the Chicago and Xorthwestern depot. Wells and Kinzie streets.^ Chicago's share in the selection of Abraham Lincoln was recalled in the tablet at Market and Lake streets. On it were these wawds. "Here stood the temporary Republican wigwam in which Abraham Lincoln was nominated for the Presidencv, Mav 18. i860. The second day of the celebration being Sundav, the greatness of Chicago was the theme in all the pulpits. S])ecial commemorative services were held and the destiny of the metropolis of the West vividly portraved. ( )n the Monda\- following, a general holiday was declared and hundreds of thousands thronged to Lincoln Park to see the great Indian encampment located there. The scenes of early Chicago were jiortrayed in the Indian games and pastimes, and in the storming of Eort Dearborn, a realistic reproduction of which had been 9 10 THE CITY OF CHICAGO. erected for the purpose. There was a notable gathering of old settlers in the evening at the rooms of the old Chicago Historical Siu-iety. The Indian festivities were continued on the next day, and throughout the entire week, and in the after¬ noon a reunion of the Kinzie, Whistler and Swearingen families was held at the Auditorium Hotel. These three names are more closely associated with the found¬ ing of Chicago than are any others. The day closed with a great parade in the evening, showing the com¬ mercial growth of the city. It was a spectacle surpass¬ ing anything of the kind ever seen in Chicago. All the military organizations, police and fire departments, including the old-time firemens' brigade, the Indian tribes and representatives of all the nationalities in Chicago took part. The crowds that had been arriving the previous days packed the downtown districts to witness the parade. On W ednesday the festivities were continued at Lincoln Park, the Indian encampment and rowing and swimming races being the attractions. The Daughters of the American Revolution held a reception at Memorial Hall in the evening, which several thousand attended. A great fire-works display on the Lake Front closed the program for that day. Thursday was known as "Mayor's day,'' and a banquet to visiting officials was held at the Auditorium Hotel in the even¬ ing. The head executives of New York, St. Louis, Philadelphia, Cincinnati, New Orleans, Toledo, and many other cities, including most of the Illinois towns were present. A civic mass meeting at the Auditorium followed the dinner at which Mayor Low of New York was the speaker. The week's festivities closed with another extensive display of fire-works on the Lake Front Friday evening, the visitors having spent the day at Lincoln Park, and viewing the great manufacturing and commercial attractions of the city. G.-\RFIELD PARK PAGODA. CHAPTER III. EARLY CHICAGO. LITTLE ridge, only from eight to ten feet above lake level, just west of the present limits of Chicago, may be noted as nature's first entry in the his¬ tory of this city. It served as the starting point of an aquatic revolu¬ tion, or evolution. Gradually dip- land was formed where hitherto the waters of our unsalted, mid-continent sea had held undisputed sway, making for itself an outlet to the Gulf of Mexico. Slowly the soil was prepared for one of the mightiest urban growths of the globe. But the rescue of a little patch of earth from the domain of water was not of itself enough to ever serve as the germ of a city. It was the short and sluggish stream now called the Chicago River which was the decree of fate. It is no exaggeration to say that the metropolis of the Middle WTst rests on the river which bears its name. How long the ridge stood and the river flowed before the first step was taken in the ful¬ fillment of this municipal destiny, science cannot deter¬ mine. The beavers and the Indians made some joint use of the property—just enough to be a prophecy of what civilization would do when the time should come for their realization. Chicago may be said to have been discovered by Sieur Joliet. It is one of the more notable evidences of man's ingratitude that not even a street in the city bears the name of this prescient discoverer. La Salle, who came eight years later, had a vague yet inspiring vision of the heart of the continent. He caught fore- gleams of what might be and has been developed from the St. Lawrence to the Gulf of Mexico, but the impor¬ tance of this portage escaped his observation. Joliet reached it December 14. 1674, and when he returned to Montreal he reported this portage as the most impor¬ tant discovery- of his entire trip, extending as far west as the Mississippi River. The illustrious Frenchmen named, and their com¬ peers, Father Marquette and Tonty, were mere warfar- ing obsen-ers. ' The first settler who was in any sense a connecting link with civilization was a negro from Hayti. How he came to drift so far from his original moorings is a mystery, but here he was found, living solitar}^ and alone, by Colonel Arent Schuyler de Puy- ster, commandant at Mackinaw, in the summer of 1779. The record of this curious find bears the date of July 4. 1779. ) It is a noteworthy and suggestive fact that the military achievement which added the "Illinois coun¬ try" to the United States, preventing this vast prairie region from sharing the political fate of Canada, also dates from Independence Day. The name of this first settler was Jeane Baptiste Point de Saible. He is sup¬ posed to have lived here twenty years, but, tired of waiting, apparently, for the coming of the white man, he removed to Peoria, where his death occurred. The commandant described him as "a handsome negro,'" and again as a Haytian mulatto, "well settled at Eschi- kagcu." The humble dwelling of this pioneer was at the corner of Pine and Kinzie streets, a spot hardly less deserving of commemoration than the site of Fort Dearborn. A little before Saible is supposed to have settled here the first Chicago real estate transaction occurred. One William Murray, then living in Kaskaskia, con¬ ceived a grand land speculation worth)- of George Law. He organized "the Illinois Land Company" in 1773, and in its behalf made a purchase from the Indians of a tract. Tlie vast tract bought had for its northeast cor¬ ner mete and bound, as described of record, "Chica- gou, or Garlick, Creek." The enterprising Haytian was just over the line, on the north bank of "Garlick Creek." Mr. Murray and his company would hardly have been 11 12 THR CITY OR CHICAGO. heard of more hut for tlie casual mention of "Cliieaçfou." The first white pioneer was Jolm Kinzie, a name conspicuous in the early days of the city, and still familiar. In 1804 he houi^ht the cabin of Saihle. It is true that INlajor ^^'histler came here the year before and built the first b'ort Oearborn, the lo^' structure burnt at the massacre of 1812, but he cannot be said to have treaty of Greenville was that the United States i^overn- meut should have several isolated pieces of jE^round for tradiuu: posts. In this list is found the following entry: "One piece of land six miles square at the mouth of Uhicago IGver, emptying into Lake Michigan, where a fort formerly stood." That treaty fixed both the geography and the orthography of the city. The first event to bring Chicago within the scope i . 'n-'- 'V,-, ^ b- -0 y' Baiiey' PROPOSED PLAN [] FOR IMPROVING THE MOUTH OF CHICAGO RIVER Drawn by F Harrison Jr U.S Assisi Cn/il Engineer Feby ^4'^ 1Ö30 Wm.MOward U.SCivii Engineer THIS SKM'J CH OF SL'KV'ltV OF CHI( \(iO SICX I '10 COXtiRlgSS WFHI REPOR 1" IX 1830. been instrumental in ])romoting Chicago, as a mart of trade and center of ])oj)nlation. Mo\ing on ami shifting (jur \ic\\i)oint. it mav be fairly said that Chicago was lawn at Green\ ille, Ohio, in the year lyo.s- It w as at that point that ( ieneral W avne, the "mad jXnthony" of military history, met the re|)re- scntatiws ijf twelve India.n tribes, and. as the agent of the United .btatcs goxernment, Ixnight the original site of Chicagfj. One "f the minor ])ro\isions of the of general obser\ation was the Fort Dearborn massacre, if e\ en that did it. Massacres (piite as revolting and soul-harrow ing were not so very nnnsnal in pioneer davï as to attract universal attention, and news traveled slowly. It was not, however, so much a part of the ])rice of progress in national exjiansion as an incident of the second war with Fngland. The United States declared war June u, i8i_', am' on the 9th of .August succeeding Captain Heald, com- THE CITY OE CHICAGO 13 mander at Fort Dearborn, received orders from General Hull to evacuate the fort and take his women and chil¬ dren to Detroit hy land. The departure was set for the fifteenth of the same month. Some of the women and children were sent hv boat, notwithstanding: the order. • o That they were not all quietly dispatched in the same way was one of the mistakes of Hull. The evacuation itself was due to indications that British emissaries from Canada had begun to tamper with the Indians. The party which started out to make that overland march consisted of iio white men. ten women, twenty chil¬ dren and ICG Indians supposed to he friendly. This mixed company had proceeded only about a mile when a large body of Indian warriors fell upon them. The friendl\' Indians either joined in the attack or skulked: mnst of them were downright treacherous. In ten minutes every white man, woman and child was dead except fifteen. iMany a heart-rending" tale is still told of that massacre, slightly relievetl hy a rescue by one genuinely friendly red man. On that day of horror Chi¬ cago received its baptism of blood, as October 9, 1S71, it received its baptism of fire. The slaughter occurred in the vicinity of Eighteenth street and Prairie avenue. A large elm tree was.supposed to mark the spot as near as possible. The massacre tree survived until 1887, when it shed its last leaf, unable to respond again to the quickening call of spring. It was cut down and a fitting monument in bronze commemorative of the tragic event was erected in its jrlace by iMr. George M. Pidlman, who owned the ground. Many confiicting reports were made of the massacre, but the account here followed was set down, with many omitted details, by an eyewitness. For two years Chicago dropped out of sight, and it was four years that the bodies of the victims of the butchery remained unburied. John Kinzie left his home and the Indians had their own way in all this region. Chicago was a scene of desolation. No attempt was made to re-establish civilized life on the banks of "Garlick Creek" until after the second war with Eng¬ land was over. It was in Julv, 1816, that the order to rebuild Fort Dearborn was issued, and in accordance with said order Captain Hezekiah Bradley, with two companies of infantr\', took jjo.^session of the old ruined fort and pro¬ ceeded to rebuild the same. One of the first duties, however, of the cai)tain and the men under him was the burving of the skeletons of the dead \ ictims of the massacre at the time of the evacuation of the fort. This done, they jmoceeded to rebuild their home, w hich was done in a more careful and substantial manner than before. John Kinzie and his family came back, and occasionally other settlers straggled in to renew the jmocess of civilizing the six-mile tract belonging to the government. The imlians were still numerous, but so far as the record goes were never afterward unfriendly. In 1818 the American Fur Company established a branch office here, which enlarged the commercial transactions about the fort. B\ 1820 there was (juite a village, a half dozen or more comfortable cottages, which, together with the soldiers of the fort and the Indians about, made things appear quite lively. About this time ( 1820) Chicago was honored with an unusual visitation. Governor Cass, with a number of other gentlemen, was making an official e.xpedition through the Northwest and visited Chicago. iVccompanying this expedition was Henry R. Schoolcraft, who seemed delighted with Chicago and its surroundings. Mr. Schoolcraft, although he went out as a mineralogist, seems to have been the scribe and reporter for the party. He says that General Cass and party reached the village (Chicago) about 5 o'clock on the morning of August 29, 1820. "W'e found four or five families living here, the principal of w hich were those of John Kinzie, Dr. A. W'olcott, J. B. Beaubien and J. Crafts, the latter li\ing a short distance up the river. The Pottawot- „ tamies, to w hom this site is the capital of trade, appeared to be lords of the soil, and truly are entitled to the epithet if laziness and an utter inr.ppreciation of the value of time be a test of lordliness." "W e found the post. Fort Dearborn, under the command of Captain Bradley, .with a force of 160 men. The river is ample and deep for a few miles, but is utterly choked by the lake sands, through which, behind a masked margin, it oozes its way for a mile or two till it percolates through the sand into the lake." iMr. Schoolcraft seems to have been something of an artist, and while he was there he took a sketch of the village, as he says, "from a stand])oint on the fiat of sand which stretched out in front of the place." The cut herewith presented is a copy of Mr. Schoolcraft's sketch, which he savs, "embraces every house in the village, including the fort." Of the country he says: "The countrv around Chicago is the most fertile and beautiful that can be imagined. It consists of an intermixture of wood and prairies, diversified with gentle sli)])es, sometimes attaining the elex ation of hills, and it is irrigated with a number of clear streams and rivers, w hieb throw their waters partly into I.ake Michigan and partly into the Mississippi River. .\s a farming country it presents the greatest facilities for stock-raising and grain, and is one of the favored parts of the Mississippi \'allev. The climate has a delightful serenity, and it must, as soon as the Indian title is extinguished, become one of the most active fields for the emigrant. To the ordinary advan¬ tage of an agricultural market town it must add that of being a depot for the commerce between the northern and southern sections of the Lhiion, and a great thor¬ oughfare for strangers, merchants and travelers," 14 THE CITY OF CHICAGO. From this it will be seen that Air. Schoolcraft was much more enamored with the situation of Chicago than most of the early travelers through this region. He saw. too, the advantages of this location from a commer¬ cial point of view, and the years since have shown that he was correct in his estimates of the importance of this location for commerce and enterprise. It is in fact true of nearly all the early visitors of Chicago that they saw great commercial advantages for Chicago— even when it was only a site it seemed to warm the imaginations of the Jesuit fathers, Alarquette and Joliet, more than any other point they visited in all their wanderings. Already Chicago has more than justi¬ fied their far-sighted wisdom, but the present has more promise for the future than 1820 or 1830 had. The indications now are that in the next seventy years wealth, population, commerce, education, art and all things that relate to the higher life and civilization of a people will increase more rapidly than they have in the last seventy years. It will require more wisdom to prepare the ])resent city to become the wonderful city Chicago should be in 2070 than was required of its founders and builders to produce the city of to-day. Faith and energy were the principal requirements of the founders, but the men that make this city what it should be at the end of the next seventy years must have, in addition to those qualifications, intellectual cul¬ ture, practical wisdom, high ideals and courage to do and dare. The place where Chicago stands was created for great things, and if citizens of the city and state do their duty that design will be realized before the close of the twentieth century. Up to 1823 the place was more generally known as Fort Dearborn than as Chicago, the military post being the principal feature of the settlement, but in 1823 the post was again evacuated and for five years continued vacant. During that time the designation "Fort Dear¬ born" almost entirely disappeared, and the place got its proper name, Chicago. After the evacuation of the fort the only government representative that remained was Dr. Alexander Wolcott, the Indian agent, who still retained his office here. Chicago was then a part of Peoria County, and in the congressional election of 1826 ( cast 35 votes. In 1830 William Howard, a United States civil engi¬ neer, made a survey of the general location of Chicago, with especial view as to its relations to the Chicago River and the lake. His drawing and report gave the best idea of the Chicago River of that early day that can anywhere be found. The sketch is here repro¬ duced, and the beach of sand from which Air. School¬ craft drew his sketch of infant Chicago, ten years pre¬ vious, is plainly shown. The Commissioner of the General Land Office, at the time of reporting this sur¬ vey, sent the following letter to Congress in regard to the same, inclosing the sketch : "General Landoffice, March 22, 1830. I take the liberty to inclose you a diagram, exhibiting the survey of the public lands lying on Lake Michigan, at the mouth of Chicago Creek, and woulij 1 ecommend that an act be passed, authorizing the Presi-í dent to lay off a town at this point. Section 9 has beert allotted to the State of Illinois, under the act granting VIEW OF CHICAGO IN 1820, By Henry R. Schoolcraft. THE CITY OF CHICAGO. to her certain lands for the purpose of making a canal. ' "Should the United States establish a town at the mouth of the creek, the state would probably derive much benefit by extending the lots into Section 9. as Chicago Creek afifords a good harbor through the whole of this section. "It is understood that the waters of Lake Michigan may be drawn into the Illinois River, by a thorough cut of moderate length, and not more than seventeen feet deep at the summit : when this is affected, and the bar on the outside of the mouth of Chicago Creek is so deepened as to admit into the harbor with facilitv ves¬ sels of the largest class navigating the lakes, Chicago must inevitably become one of the most important depots and thoroughfares on the lakes. "The government are about bringing into market a vast extent of country between Lake Michigan and the Mississippi River, which, as to advantages of local position, fertility of soil, healthfulness of climate and mineral resources, is not perhaps excelled l)y any other tract of countrv of equal extent in the United States. The deepening of the inlet of the harbor of Chicago would essentially facilitate the sale of these lands and promote the settlement of the country. ^ :j< ■T\'ith great respect, your obedient servant, "George Graham." It will be seen by the above that the writer took a great interest in the embryo city of Chicago, and that even then, when nobody ever thought of Chicago need¬ ing any other drainage receptacle than the lake, he called attention to the fact that the waters of Lake Michigan could be easily turned into the Illinois River by making a cut of moderate length and not more than seventeen feet deep at the summit ; in fact, nearly all the pioneers were es])ecially attracted to Chicago on account of the ease with which a waterwa\' could be made joining the lake with the Mississippi River through the Chicago, Desplaines and Illinois rivers. With this fact so prominent in the minds of the earlier explorers, it seem strange that such an enter])rise should have been delayed so long as it was. Of course, in those days thev did not have such big ships and boats as are now necessary on the lakes and rivers, and to make a navigable stream then required no such a great water¬ way as our present drainage board have provided. Now, however, that Chicago has spent $33,000,000 in begin¬ ning this great work, it will be stranger still if the national government does not follow it up and carry out the idea of the early pioneers and connect the great chain of lakes with the Mississippi River. In no other way can such an e.xtent of navigable water communica¬ tion be created on the continent. .After the evacuation in 1823, the ft sailing vessel built in Chi¬ cago launched. The garrison quartered in Fort Dear- THE CITY OF CHICAGO. COLUMBUS MEMORIAL BUILDING. born since 1828, withdrawn and site abandoned as an army post. William B. Ogden's house built from archi¬ tectural designs, the first of its kind in the city. The Galena and Chicago Union Railroad chartered. Pres- idental vote of Co(jk County 1,043. 1837- The City of Chicago incorporated and first city election held. Daniel Webster visited cit). First census of city showed a population of 4,170. First theater opened. First financial panic. 1838. h'irst side-wheel steamer, the James .\llen, built. First steam fire engine purchased. The first e.xporta- tion of wheat, seventy-eight bushels, took place. Con¬ gressional vote, 2,506. 1839. First big fire cost the city $75,000. First job print¬ ing office opened, and first daily paper. The American, published. Thanksgiving publicly observed for the first time. First brewery established. 1840. The public free schools were reorganized and made permanent. Scammon's reports were issued, the first book published in Chicago. First Clark street bridge built. Population, 4,470. 1841. First wave of temperance struck the town and 150 took the pledge in three days. Bridge built at Wells street. 1842. Forty merchants pass through bankruptcy courts. \\'orks of Chicago Hydraulic Company put in operation. The Independence, the first propeller launched. It was the first steamboat to navigate Lake Superior. Ex- president Van Buren visited the city. 1843- Corn and wheat make low record in February, corn selling at 18 cents and wheat 38 cents a bushel. First Chicago directory published in book form. First ses¬ sion of Rush Medical College held. A tri-weekly express service established between Chicago and the East. 1844. Tornado wrecks many houses and shipping in the harbor. Great boom in building, 600 houses erected. First fire alarm bell installed. St. IMary's of the Lake University established. Dearborn school, first perma¬ nent school building erected at a cost of $7,500. Popu¬ lation, 12,000. 1845. First power printing press brought here by "Long John" Wentworth, editor of the Democrat. County court established. 1846. July 13 Chicago made a port of entry. Holy Name St. Peter's, St. Patrick's, and St. Joseph's churches established. Recruiting for Mexican war kept town in ferment. First levy for special assessments made. 1847. River and Harbor convention met in Chicago. Rice's theater first opened. First law school opened, and first patients received in hospital. 1848. f hirst telegram received in Chicago from Milwaukee on .April 15. April 10 the first boat passed through the Illinois and Michigan Canal. October 25, an engine and THE CITY OF CH1C.1G0. 21 two cars were run over the first five miles of track of the Galena railroad. First se.ssion of the new United States court was held. An epidemic of smallpox reigned and vaccination was general. 1849 Storms and flood damage shipping to the extent of $100,000. Waters of Desplaines and Chicago rivers unite in great flood, which tears away all bridges. Fre¬ mont house again burned, together with twenty other buildings. Another epidemic of cholera and thirty deaths occur on one day. Panic among banks. Presi¬ dential vote, 3,832. 1850 Galena and Chicago Pinion Railroad opened to Elgin. First gas is turned on in city mains. First opera is given. First streets paved with planks, Stephen A. Douglas made his great speech. Federal census gives Chicago 29,963 population. 1851 Trouble with Michigan Southern Railroad over its contentions of prior rights into Chicago was settled in an opinion by Douglas, which declared that the Illi¬ nois Central and the Rock Island roads were entitled to come into the city over their own tracks to their own terminals. 1852. Chicago's first big loan floated for $250,000 for building the new waterworks. First train is run into the city over the Michigan Southern, arriving in Chicago, February 20. First train on Michigan Central arrives May 21. City waterworks operated for first time. Northwestern L'niversity is located in Chicago, and superintendent of public schools appointed. Presiden¬ tial vote, 5,024. 1853. Chicago had its first labor strike. New courthouse is occupied. Ole Bull given an ovation. Wreck at Grand Crossing in collision between Michigan South¬ ern and Galena road, killed eighteen persons. Douglas hooted down while attempting to speak in defense of Kansas-Nebraska bill. 1854. First train on the Chicago and Rock Island road arrived June 5. Illinois Central makes Chicago head¬ quarters instead of St. Louis. Cholera epidemic. 1855. First train on Chicago, Burlington & Ouincy Rail¬ road run as far as Burlington, Iowa, May 30. Main road of Illinois Central completed. Attempt to enforce Sunday law caused riot, one man killed and sewral wounded. Fir^t state agricultural fair held ( )ctoher 9, on the canal near Blue Island avenue. Nearly 1,500 deaths occurred from'cholera. 1856. hirst high school opened. The Chicago Historical society organized. First ordinance for street railway on State street from Randolph to southern limit of city passed. First sewers are laid and first iron bridge is swung across Rush street. Present grade level of street GREAT NORTHERN BUILDING oo THE CITY OF CHICAGO. was estalilisbed after strong opposition. First direct clearance for European i)orts hy the schooner Dean Richmond. First steam tng in the river. Presidential vote, 1^57- Great financial crisis, banks in panic and city orders went to protest. Great fire in South Water and Lake streets, caused $500,000 loss. AkG'icker's theater first opened. Population (>5.000. and Chicago recognized as the metropolis of the Northwest. 1858. The first street car was rnn in State street and the first paid fire department was organized. 1860. Steamboat I^adv Elgin was lost on September 8. and J()5 persons perished. The United States census gave Chicago a population of 109.260. The presiden¬ tial vote was 18.985. 1861. The famous Camp Douglas was established at Cottage Grove avenue and Thirty-ninth street, at the outbreak of the war of the rebellion. 1862. The first internal revenue collector was appointed. 1863. The city limits are e.xtended to include Bridgeport and Holstein. Up to this time 4(X) miles of street had been improved and twenty-nine miles had been grav¬ eled. 1864. \\'ork was begun on the first water tunnel at the land shaft March 17. S])ecial assessments were tied up for a year h\' court proceedings against the law. 1865. The first tunnel crib was launched July 24. The Union Stock ^'ards were opened for business and the first fire-alarm telegraph was installed. 1867. Lake water tunnel was completed and tlie pumping station and tower at Chicago avenue was built. 1869. Great celebration held over the completion of the Washington Street tunnel. Courthouse built in 1851 was enlarged by the addititm of two wings and another story. The ])ark act was jjassed. Total tax was $3.(;<;o.- 373 and the bonded debt $7.882.50(j. 1870. Bonded debt is increased to $11.041.000. United States census ga\ e Chicago a population of 306,^>(45, 1871. The great fire fjccurred on October 7. 8. (>, 10 and u. causing a loss of $290,000.000. Nearly twenty thousand buildings were destroyed. On the W est Side 194 acres were burned over, on the South Side 460 acres, and on the North Side 1.470 acres. The La Salle Street tunnel was dedicated. 1872. ( )ver $30.000,000 is spent in rebuilding the city. Great influx of population because of labor required in building. 1873- " Great rebuilding operations continued. Financials panic which affected the whole country struck Chicago, i The United States sub-treasury established. Public library opened. 1880. Federal census gave Chicago a population of over a half a million or 503.185. 1882. Cable trains first installed and operated on the Chi¬ cago City Railway, in State street and Wabash avenue. 1883. Present city hall and county building were com¬ pleted. 1885. First investigation made for building drainage canal. 1886. V Serious riots led by tbe anarcbists took place in Haymarket scpiare on the M'est Side, many poliqemen were killed by the explosion of a bomb. 1889. Sanitary district of Chicago organized and the build¬ ing of tbe great drainage canal planned. 1890. Chicago's population passed the million mark and according to the federal census the city became the second in size in the United States, with 1,105.540 inhabitants. Sanitary district organized. 1892. ^ Columbian E.xposition built in Jackson Park. First elevated railroad put in operation. Ground broken for the building of the drainage canal. Rockefeller rejuve¬ nates the Lbii\ crsit\' of Chicago. 1893. W orld's fair opened and broke all records for magnitude and attendance. 1894. (ireat strike inaugurated by the American Railway union under Eugene \b Debbs. President Cleveland called out federal troo])s to assist police and Illinois National guard in maintaining order. Moore Brothers become involved through operation in Diamond Match THE CITY OF CHICAGO. 23 and National Biscuit stock, and fail for $5,000,000, causing temporary closing of Chicago Stock exchange. ^1896. Greatest political iiarade in history when 100.000 sound-money Republicans and Democrats get into line. 1897. New Public Library building dedicated. Josejih I.eiter forces a corner in wheat and runs u]") the price to $1.87 a bushel on Board of Trade. Failure followed in which his losses aggregated over $5,000,000. Levi Z. Leiter comes to his re'ief and makes comji'ete settle¬ ment. ^ 1898. L'nion Elevated loop built. 1899. Drainage canal is dedicated and water is turned into the channel. Corner stone of the new postoffice and fed¬ eral building is laid by President iMcKinley, October 9. 1900. Federal census gives the population of Chicago as 1.^98.575. Formal opening of drainage canal Janu¬ ary 17. 1901. (icorgc H. Phillips cornered May corn and ran price up to si,\t\ cents a bushel. Chicago teachers federation get supreme court decision, for taxing property of cor¬ porations on same basis as property of individuals. 1902. Mo\ einent for new city charter begun in October. 1903. Centennial celebration of tbe founding of Chicago and the building of Fort Dearborn. New Irorpiois theater ])ronounced absolutely fireproof burned, and 575 men. women and children suffocated and burned to death. 1904. Theaters all closed as result of Iroquois fire. Mayor Harrison, building commissioner and theater officials held to grand jury. New building ordinance passed pro¬ viding for complete fire protection in theaters and public buildings. Orchestra hall, permanent home for Thomas Orchestra, dedicated. 1905. Theodore Thomas died in January. General team- V sters strike. FLORAI. DISPL.W, 111'.M l'.( )l.DT PARK. CHAPTER IV. HE municipality of Chicago has never fully kept up with its tre- - mendous growth in commerce and population. The civic problems presented have no sooner been — y WiSM solved than others have developed. IY At the beginning of the city's sec-.. ond century it is still struggling for a wider and more comprehensive city government and for a munici- ])al machinery capable of handling its affairs. The movement for the new city charter, begun in Octo¬ ber, 1902. has as yet (1905) borne but little fruit. That Chicago will come into her own by securing an adequate municipal code of laws and schemes of gov¬ ernment is a promise of the near future. The demand for such a charter is becoming more urgent every year, and in the gradual process of evolution such a plan will be worked out as will give the city a municipal machin¬ ery ciinsistent with its greatness. Chicago first became a municipal entity on February II, 1835, when the original Town of Chicago was incor- j)orated. Its boundaries at that time were Twelfth street on the south. Halsted street on the west, and Chicago aveune on the north. The three sections of the city even at that early day were grouped aliout the Chicago river. On March 4, 1837, the City of Chicago was incorporated and the limits e.xtended to Twenty- second street cm the south. Wood street on the west, and .Vorth avenue on the north. The territory embraced within the original cit\' limits was 10.635 sfjuare miles and the ]io])ulation 4,170. .\t the end df the city's first century it had grown in territory to - 190.638 sijuare miles, and contained a])pro\imately 2,000,000 inhabitants. In the first ten years the cit\ ()tiadru])led in popula- - tion and spread otit fnrther and fnrther from the down¬ 24 town business center. On February 16, 1847, the first annexation to the city was made, consisting of 3-275 square miles of territory^ lying along the western boundary between Wood street and Western avenue. It also included the original tract from which Lincoln park has been developed. The second e.xtension came five years later, the city having in the meantime increased to a population of over 60,000. The additions were made to all sides of the city, south, west and north. This increase was a little less than four square miles. From then on until after the war Chicago began to grow by leaps and bounds. By i860 the city had gone beyond the 100,000 mark, and on February 13. 1863 the boundaries were again extended in all directions, on the south to Thirtv-ninth street, on the west to Western avenue and on the north to Fullerton avenue, the area taken in aggregating 6.284 square miles, giving the city 150,000 inhabitants. Si.x years later large addi¬ tions were made to the west and northwest sides, the boundaries on the west being e.xtended to Fortieth ave¬ nue. The increase in territory^ at this time was 11.38 square miles, making a total area of 35,562 squqare miles, an increase in area of 250 per cent since 1837. The population by this time had reached the quarter- million mark. In 1887 one square mile of the township of Jefferson was anne.xed to the northwest and two vears later another square mile of the same township was added and the western boundaries were e.xtended to !horty-si.xth avenue ami Forty-eighth avenue. This made the total area of the city, on April 29, 1889, 43.712 scpiare miles. The iiopulation of the citv proper and its adjoining suburbs had reached the million mark. On July 15, 1889, Chicago's greatest gain in area was made. On the south the great village of Hyde Park was annexed, the town of Lake was taken in to the north¬ west, part of Cicero to the west, the town of Jefferson to the northwest and the cit\' of Lake\iew to the north, a THE CITY OF CHICAGO. 25 total of 126.07 oí square miles of territory being added to the city. This brought the total up to 169.782 square *m.iles and gave the city a population of approximately 1,100,000 inhabitants. Since then numerous small additions have been made, the outlying suburbs being admitted whenever they knocked for admission. These annexations were made in the order named : The village of Gano to the south in the Calumet district. South Englewood, Washington Heights and WTst Roseland, admitted during the year 1890; the village of Fernwood admitted in 1891 ; the village of W estridge and Rogers Park and Norwood Park in 1893; part of the town of Calumet in 1895 and Cicero and a part of Austin in 1899. This last addition brought the total area up to 190.638 square miles. . Chicago's longest distance, from One Hundred and Thirty-eighth street on the south to Howard avenue in Rogers Park on the north, is 25.5 miles. ) From the Indiana boundary line at One Hundred and First street and the lake, Ihe shore line north to Howard avenue, including all indentations, is exactly 134,801 feet or 25.23 miles. 'The city's greatest width from east to west is at Seventy-eighth street, the distance from the shore to Forty-eighth avenue being 10.5 miles. The greatest width on the North Side is at North avenue. From the shore line to North Seventy-second avenue on the west is 9.25 miles. Western avenue is the longest street in the citv. extending from One Hundred and Seventh street on the south to Howard avenue on the north for a distance of 22.16 miles. Ashland avenue if cut through between the same points would be the same length. From One Hundred and Fifteenth street to One Flundred and Twenty-third street, Ashland avenue forms the western boundary of the city for one mile, which if added to it would make it 23.16 miles long. Halsted street comes next. Beginning at Calumet river at about One Hundred and Thirty-second street and extending to the lake on the north it covers a distance of approxi¬ mately 21.4 miles. 7 As to the population at the present time (1905) there seems to be no accurate information. That it is well over the two million mark is generally admitted. The estimates for 1904 varied all the way from 1,714,144 to 2,241,000. The school census was taken as the basis for the first estimate and the city directory for the latter. The census bureau in Washington for 1905 gave the estimate of Chicago at over 1,900,000. In compiling the city's vital statistics for 1904, the health department used as a basis the mid-year estimate of 1,932,315 inhab¬ itants. That it is well over the two million mark is believed by many competent judges. The last federal census taken in 1900 shows Chi¬ cago's population to be divided in point of nationality as follows : German, including those whose parents were HUMBOLDT PARK. Tim CITY OP CHICAGO. L'C. born in Germany, l)nt tliemsebes in America, 534,08:5: Irish, fissured on the same l)asis, J54,()[4; native Ameri¬ cans whose parents were also American, 384,122. Tlie native jiojinlation of persons liorn in the United States was 1,111,463. Of these 769,882 were liorn in Illinois. This leaves 727,341 who were of foreigai hirth. ( )f this number 170,738 were horn in Germany and 73.912 in Ireland. ( )ther nationalities are re])resented as follows by those (if ffjreign hirth and whose jiarents were of foreign hirth: Swedes, 144,719: i'oles, 167,383; Bohe¬ mians, 109,224; Norwegians, 5().898; English, 72,876: Russians, 61.974: Canadians, 48,304: Italians, 42,054; Colored, 30,150; .\nstrians, 29,760; Scotch, 28.529, French, 21,026. The rest of Chicagos cosmopolitan population is made up of from nearly every people on the face of the earth. China, India, h inland, Japan, Rouma- nia, Turkev, Wales, Switzerland, Hungary, Greece and the Islands of the Sea are all represented. C hicago's city government consists of the following elective officers, all chosen for a period of two years: Ma\or, city clerk, city attorney, city treasurer, and citv council, consisting of scwonty alderman, two for each (if the thirty-five wards of the citw The mayor receives a salary of $10,000 a year, and the citv clerk cm CACO STOCK EXCHANGE BUILDING. THE CITY OF CHIC.ÍGO. 27 and city attorney eacli $5,000, and the city treasurer 25 per cent of the interest allowed hy the hanks on the city s deposits. The aldermen are each paid $1,500 a year. Half of the aldermen are elected each spriiii^. The total appropriation for the city for 1905 ag^f^re- gated $34,084.910. Of this amount $23,525,193 was set aside for city purposes, $10,15«),717 for schools and $400,000 for the libraries. The expenditure for city pur¬ poses for the year ending December 31, 1904, aggregated $22,8or).94(). The general government of the city for 1904, including all the departments outside of the public safety and public works department, cost $2,033,255. For public safety was spent $6.074,369. Under this head come the police department and minor courts, the house of correction, the fire department," health department, hospitals, public pounds and munic¬ ipal lodging houses. The public works department for 1904 spent $8,449,049. Under this head come the bureau of streets, sewers, local improvements, electricity and water works. For public recreation and art was spent $20,201.31. This was mainly devoted to public l)lay grounds. It cost the city to i)ay its judgments and damage claims, $5,118,897 for 1904. The total bonded debt of Chicago outstanding December 31, 1904, was $22,618,000. This showed an increase of $7.495,000 over the preceding year. During 1904 judgment funding bonds aggregating $5,225,000 and permanent improving bonds of $3,000,000 were issued. The citv of Chicago in its general government, pub¬ lic safetv, public works, water works, board of education and miscellaneous departments employed during 1904 17,029 persons, to whom was paid in salaries $16,270, 007.24. The greatest share of this was paid for educa- , tion, $6,386,957 being the salar\' list of Chicago s school teachers. Public safety cost in salaries alone $5,332,969, three-fifths of this amount going to the police department. The city owns 341 school buildings, containing 4,905 rooms. The value of these structures, with their sites and furniture, is $31.135.900. The board of education besides this rents buildings containing 138 rooms. This gives a seating capacity of 252,324. The board has under construction nineteen new school buildings, costing $2,735,000, including 414 class rooms. The usual seating capacity per room is forty-eight pupils. The construction of forty-two new school buildings to co^t $5,300,000, and containing ^>58 class rooms, have been fjrdered built. The value of the board's pro])erty other than that used for school i)ur])oses is $9,221,- 457-33- The total enrollment of schools for the school >ear ending in June, ibably the pioneer jjlayhouse, which he managed until 1857. lie was nominated and smoking ruins. He was for many vears the principal ow ner and editor of the Chicago Tribune. He was born at St. Johns, New Brunswick, of Scotch-Irish parentage, in 1823. In 1873 he relinquished the office of mavor, and on account of his health took a trip to Kurope. Lester L. Bond was elected by the council to serve out his term of office, wdiich he did with great credit under embarrassing circumstances. llaiwey D. Colvin was the thirty-second mayor (1873). He was elected on the People's ticket. He was one of the organizers of the United States Express t ompany in 1834, and was a long time its general agent in this cit) . His term of office was rather a stormy one. THE CITY OF CHICAGO. 31 Monroe Heath was the thirty-third and thirty-fourth mayor of Chicag'o. l)eing' first eleeted at a special elec¬ tion under the amended charter of the city in tlie sum¬ mer of 1875, and reëleeted April. 1877. He was horn in New Hampshire in 1827 and came to Chicago in 1850. He was a painter and a dealer in ])aint materials. His firm was first Heath N Hnrd, and aftenvard Heath & Milligan. He was a man of good executive ability, public-spirited, taking an active part in municipal afïairs. He died at Asheville, North Carolina, October 21, 1894. Carter H. Harrison, the first, was the thirty-fifth, thirty-sixth, thirty-seventh and thirty-eighth mayor, having been elected successively in 1879. 1881, 1883 and 1885. He was born in Fayette County, Kentucky, February 25, 1825, and came to Chicago in 1855. He did not appear verv much in public matters until 1871, when he was elected a member of the board of countv commissioners. He soon became an active and influen¬ tial member of the board and develo])ed great popu¬ larity with the Democratic party, and was elected to Congress, where he managed to increase his popularity with his party and secure a stronger hold on the political organization. In 1879 he was first elected mayor of the citv, and, as said l)efore, was reëleeted three times, con¬ tinuing mayor for eight years. A hile he was severely criticised during this time for his leniency toward gam¬ blers and other violators of the law, he was very success¬ ful in managing the business and financial interests of the \itv, and, although a strong partisan, he never permitted politics to interfere with the character of the school board, and husbanded the earnings of the waterworks with great care, managing this branch of the city's busi¬ ness successfully. In 1887 he was not a candidate for reëlection, but retired from tbe field. In 1893 he ran as an independent candidate and was elected, defeating both the Republican and regular Democratic tickets, thus becoming the forty-second mayor. He was mayor at the time of the World's Fair, and was given great credit for the very satisfactory manner in which he per¬ formed the duties of his office. In October of that year, just before tbe close of the World's Fair, he was assas-^ sinated at the door of his house by a half-crazy imbecile, who imagined that he had been slighted by the mayor in not receiving some political appointment. Upon the death of Mavor Harrison, the cit)- council selected George B. Swift as acting mayor. A special election for mayor, however, was held in December. George B. Swift was the Republican candidate and John P. Hop¬ kins the Democratic candidate. Hopkins was elected. John A. Roche, the thirty-ninth mayor, was born in Utica, New York, August 12, 1844. He came to Cbi- cago in 1869 as the representative of a manufacturer of machinery. While Mr, Roche was quite well known in business circles, still with the fjeople his name was (|uitc new when he was nominated in 1887. He was elected and made a verv creditable administration. He JOHN .\. ROCHE. made jjolitical mistakes, however, and though renomi¬ nated in 1889 was defeated by De Witt C. Cregier, wbo was at that time the Democratic candidate. DeA itt C. Cregier was the fortieth mayor, elected in 1889. He was born in New York, June i, 1829, and came to Chicago in 1853, where he lived until his death, which occurred November <), i8<)8. He had been quite prominent in municipal affairs. He was for many vears superintendent of the waterworks of the city and made a ver\- efficient and satisfactory officer. Afterward he was commissioner of public works. He was a promi¬ nent Mason and had as many personal acquaintances as any man in the city. His administration, however, proved not only unsatisfactory to his own party, but esi)ecially so to the Republicans. He did not seem to have the firm hand or strong will of Air. Harrison, and failed to keep the business of his office entirely under his own control. Though he was nominated bv the Demo¬ cratic convention for reëlection in 1891 he was defeated. Hempstead A'ashburne, son of the Hon. Elihu Washburne, and the forty-first mayor of Chicago, was born in Galena, Illinois, November 12, 1852. He fitted for college, but went abroad and entered the L'ni\ ersit\' at llonn, ( lermauy, in the fall of 1871, and remained there two \ ears, returning in 1873, and began the studv of law, graduating at the Cnion College of Law in Chicago in 1875. He then entered actively into prac- THE CITY OF CHICAGO. tice. In 1885 lie was elected city attorney of tdiica^'o. and in 1887 reelected to the same office. In 1891 he was nominated hy the Republicans for the office of mayor. The administration of DeW itt C. C'regier, the Democratic mayor, had been displeasing to Democrats generally and to Carter H. Harrison, former mayor, especially, and upon i\lr. Cregier's renomination Mr. Harrison announced himself as an independent candi¬ date. This diyided the Democratic yote and elected Mr. Washhurne mayor. He was aj^pointed one of the municipal ciyil seryice commissioners in 1897, hut in 1898 resigned the position. He is still in actiye busi¬ ness in the city. John P. Hopkins, the forty-third mayor of Chicago, was elected to that position in December, 1893, defeat¬ ing George B. Swift, the Republican nominee, both being candidates for the unexpired term of Carter H. Harrison, ^yho had been assassinated, as mentioned aboye. Mr. Hopkins ^yas the youngest man that ever held the position of mayor of Chicago. He was born in Buffalo, New York, October 29, 1858, being just past his thirty-fifth year at the time of his election. His biog¬ raphers say that he is a self-made man. His father and brothers being deceased, he had to start out not only to make a liying for himself, but to take care of his mother and family. His first employment as a mere boy Ayas working in a foundry. Afterward he Ayorked in the grain eleyators at Buffalo. In 1879 he came to Chicago, bringing his mother and sisters with him. For a time he worked in the Pullman works, and in 1883 became the paymaster of the Pullman interests, w'hich position he filled until 1885. His administration of the office of mayor was much more satisfactory to the Dem¬ ocrats than to citizens generally. George B. .Sw ift, the forty-fourth mayor of Chicago and now president of the contracting firm of George B. Swift Company, was horn at Cincinnati, Ohio, December 14, 1845. \\diile he was an infant his parents remoyed to Galena, Illinois, whence the family came to Chicago, in 1862. He receiyed his education in the old Skinner School, the \\Yst Chicago High School, and later at the Chicago Uniyersity, from which institution he was graduated with credit. He then went into busi¬ ness, and in 1870 became yice-president of the Frazer Lubricator Com])any, which position he still holds. From 1876 he took an actiye part in local politics, serv¬ ing several terms in the council and familiarizing him¬ self with the varicnis municipal problems. During the administration of Mayor Roche, from 1887 to 1889, he served as Commissioner of Public Works. In 1893 he was nominated f(jr mayor by the Republican ])artv, for the unexpired term of Carter H. Harrison, who had been as.sassinated, but was defeated by John P. Hopkins, the Democratic nominee, hy a narrow margin. He ran again in 1895, defeating Frank Wenter by a large majority. When he assumed his executive duties he was thoroughly familiar with local conditions and the city's business affairs. He showed a capacity for munic¬ ipal management and gave the city an excellent adminis¬ tration ; he created the department system which has since proven a saving to tax-payers. He was popular as a mayor, and served a full term, but business interests prevented his accepting a second nomination. He has since devoted himself entirely to his extensive con- GEORGE B. SWIFT. tracting and building business. Mr. Swift was married in 1808 to Miss Lucy Brown, daughter of Joseph E. Brown, one of the pioneers of Chicago, who came here in 1835. They have seven children, four sons and three daughters. He belongs to the Masonic, Pythian, Royal Arcanum and Royal League orders, and is a member of the Methodist church. Carter H. Harrison, the son of the former mayor of the city, was the forty-fifth, forty-sixth, forty-seventh and forty-eighth mayor of Chicago. He was born in this city .\pril 23, i860, and so far as records show is the only mayor of Chicago who was born here. He was graduated from the public schools and from St. Ignatius College in 1881. From there he went to ^'ale Law School, getting his degree in 1883. He made little effort to practice his profession, but entered busi¬ ness with his brother. His father purchased The Times in 1891, and his son took charge of the editorial man¬ agement of the paper, assuming complete control when his father was killed at the close of the World's Fair. THE CITY OF CHICAGO. 33 Shortly afterwards the paper was consolidated with the Herald. He was first elected mayor April 6, 1897. and 're-ëlected in 1899, 1901 and 1903. Edward F. Dunne, the forty-eighth and present mayor of Chicago, is in many wavs the most remarkable chief executive the city has ever had. Resigning his place on the Circuit bench of Cook Countv to become mayor of the second city of the Ihuted States, he brought with him an experience and learning possessed by few. if any. of the other chief executives this munici¬ pality has had. His personality, his family life, his char¬ acter as a citizen always have stamped him as a remark¬ able man. His campaign and election were character¬ istic. Opposed to him was a combination of news¬ papers and moneyed interests which would easily have swamped a less vigorous personality. The great traction issue was at stake. Mayor Dunne entered the fight when the opposition had lined up seemingly irresistible forces. His success and the defeat of John Maynard Harlan, the traction candidate, was in many ways the most remarkable political performance Chicago has ever witnessed. Judge Dunne in his campaign pledged himself to work out the idea of munici])al ownership as applied to i)ublic utilities in Chicago and particu¬ larly to the public service corporations as typified by¬ street car companies. The manner in which he has started to carry out his ideas fully justifies the faith that his friends and constituents have in his ability and integrity- Edward Fitzsimons Dunne was born at WTterville. Connecticut, October 12. 1853. His parents. Patrick \V. Dunne and Delia M. Dunne, came to New York from Ireland in 1849. Within a year after their son Edward was born they moved to Peoria. Illinois, and here the future mayor spent his youth and early man¬ hood. His father prospered in business and held a number of important offices. He served as alderman several years and was also a member of the Illinois legislature. The father's prosperity enabled him to send his son to Trinitv College in Dublin to complete his education. The son's career at Trinity for three years was marked with success. He became tbe first honor man of his class and expected to be graduated with distinction at the close of another year. His father, however, suffered business reverses during the depression of the early 70's, and the son was forced to give up his work at Trinity. He returned to Peoria and entered his father's mill, continuing his studies, however, with the view of entering the legal profession. He came to Chicago in 1876 to continue his law studies and the next year was admitted to the bar. In partnershi]) with such distinguished lawyers as Judge Scates. formerly of the Su])reme Court of Illi¬ 3 nois. and Congressman Hynes, Mr. Dunne built up a large practice, to which he devoted his energies for fif¬ teen years. He withdrew from practice in 1892. upon being elected to fill a vacancy on the Circuit Court bench. Here he soon began to make a record for judi¬ cial ability and fidelity, which, strengthening as it grew, secured his re-election in 1897 and again in 1903. His nomination for the latter election was indorsed by the bar association and the various good government organizations and newspapers, and was confirmed by a popular vote which fell but slightly short only of the f\ L . EÜ\V.\RU F. DUNNE. highest—that which was cast at the same time for the venerable and revered Judge Murray F Tuley. Judge Dunne had meanwhile married with Elizabeth. J. Kelly of Chicago, at Chicago in 1881. Thev have had thirteen children, of whom ten are still living. These range in years from seventeen to two. In the course of his thirteen years' service on the bench. Judge Dunne decided many important cases, some of them involving clashes over partisan and clas- interests; but he never fell under suspicion of bias, and only a small percentage of his decisions were reversed. His judicial re])utation. no less with the judiciarv and at the bar than among the ])eople, measured up to a high standard. Vet he always refuseil conformity to judicial conventionalities that tend to alienate the sym¬ pathies of judges from the common life and the common interests, and are therefore supposed to shield them from demoralizing infiuences. His insistence upon his 34 THE CITY OF CHICAGO. freedom as a citizen notwithstanding" his judicial office, did not distnrl) his judicial balance. Thronghoiit his career on the bench, he was a worth}- example of the citizen-jndge. Judge Dunne entered the municipal ownership movement when it ]):isscd from the academic to the ])rac- tical stage. He had been selected as a member of the committee of aldermen and citizens appointed b\- Mayor Harrison in 1902 to suggest plans for dealing with the traction question. In December, 1902, it recommended two bills for municipal ownership and operation, one for street cars and the other for gas, which were largely Dunne's wf)rk. The one relating to street cars came to be known in the City Council, to which it was presented for approval, as the "Finn bill. " It was rejected by that body, and the "Jackson bill" was substituted for it for recommendation to the legislature. The Jackson bill, recommended by the Council in the interest of the trac¬ tion companies, was displaced in the legislature by the "Mueller bill," which became a law and is now in force in Chicago. The solution of the traction question in accordance with the Mueller bill is the large work which Mayor Dunne hopes to accomplish during his term as chief executive of the city of Chicago. GARFIELD PARK. CHAPTER V. Nr^lJjÊÊÊ0^P^''t taken l)y Chicago in the Civil war and the war with Spain deserves distinct recognition in any history of Chicago, liowever brief. It was wiped off the map by the war of 1812 and was too feeble to help mnch in the Black Hawk war, of which it was almost within can¬ non shot, and when the Mexican war came it was still too small to be taken account of. But by the spring of 1861 it was an important city, and by the spring of 1898 it was a very great city. The first public meeting in Chicago, called out by secession, was held January 5> i8bi, before the electoral colleges of the several states had met at their respective capitals to choose a president. The rebellion was ram¬ pant at Charleston. The people of Chicago, irrespec¬ tive of party, proclaimed their loyalty to the flag at that time. When the first call for volunteers came and Gov¬ ernor Yates issued his proclamation April 15, 1861, announcing Illinois' quota, Chicago lost no time in responding. At noon on the 21st day of that month General Swift left Chicago with 595 men and four six- pound pieces of artiller}', going directly to Cairo. Three days before the first Chicago troops turned to the front a mass meeting was held in Chicago, at whicii a Union defense fund was started, which, before the close of the next flay, reached $36,000. The banks of the citv tendered Governor ^'ates a loan of $500,000 in advance of the assembling of the legislature. Mili¬ tary companies, which had been organized in time of peace, sometimes sneered at as mere dress parade affairs, promptly tendered their services. The most conspicuous of these organizations were the Chicago Zouaves, who, under the gallant Ellsworth, won a renown hardly less tlian that of the Rough Riders in Cuba, although the Roosevelt of the organization did not survive to receive political honors at the hand of a grateful people. The first call for 75,000 volunteers for three months opened the way for six regiments from Illinois. Chi¬ cago had only about 110,000 inhabitants then, but had the spirit to gladly supply the entire quota, if allowed to do so. The si.x Illinois regiments were numbered seven to twelve. The state had sent six regiments to the Mexican war, and the enumeration was a continu¬ ance. Chicago contributed two companies to the Twelfth Illinois X'olunteer Infantry; the Zouaves and Swift's men were later incorporated in the Nineteenth regiment and mustered into the three years' service May 4, 1861. The Twenty-third was a Chicago regi¬ ment, led b\' the brave Colonel James i\.. Mulligan. That was the first Chicago regiment to see service on the battlefield. It was the Irish regiment of Chicago. Through it Chicago received its baptism of bloodshed in the holy cause of the Union at Lexington, Missouri, September 18, 1861. The German regiment was the Twenty-fourth, commanded by Colonel Hecker, who had fonght for liberty in his native country. The Thir¬ ty-seventh was organized by a well-known and highly- honored Chicagoan, Julius White. The Thirty-ninth, known as the Yates' Phalan.x was mustered in during the summer. A young Chicago lawyer, Thomas O. Osborne was elected colonel, but modestlv chose to be major. He worked his way up to general. The Forty-second was organized in Chicago. It entered the service in September of the first year of the w ar, William A. Welfl) l)eing colonel. The Chicago Legion, as it was called, the Fifty-first regiment, entered the service December 4, Colonel Gilbert \\ . Gumming command¬ ing. The I'dfty-seventh, the last of the Illinois regi¬ ments of the first year of the war, who were made up THE CITY OF CHICAGO. in whole or in part of Cliicag'o troops, was mustered in Decmher 26. Silas D. Baldwin, colonel. Hardly had i86_' opened before the "McClellan Brigade," as it was ]Mi]:)ularly called, came into military existence as the Fifty-eighth regiment. Colonel Will¬ iam F. Lynch commanded it. In Rlay the Sixty-fifth, or Scotch regiment, was mustered in, Daniel Cameron at its head. In August the famous Board of Trade regiment, the Seventy-second, moved into battle line. Cf)l(jnel F. Staring in command and Joseph Stock¬ ton next in rank. The Fighty-second was called the "Second Hecker Regiment," being Cerman in its make-up, and at first under the command of Colonel Hecker, who was succeeded by Colonel IC S. Soloman, This regiment entered the seiwice early in the fall of i8b_'. So did the Jiighty-eighth, or "Second Board of Trade Regiment," commanded by Colonel hfi-ancis T. Sherman. Also the hhghty-ninth, or "Railroad Regi¬ ment," Colonel Hotchkiss; the Xinetieth, the "hhrst I.egion," under Colonel Timothy ()'Meara: the One Hundred and Thirteenth, "Third Board of Trade Regi¬ ment," commanded by Colonel George B. Höge, and the One Hundred and Twenty-.seventh, under Colonet John Van Arnam. All these were infantry regiments, and the latter won the distinction of having marched 3,000 miles and been under fire in one hundred engage¬ ments. lA crv one of these regiments rendered gallant service on the field. Chicago was well represented in three calvalry regi¬ ments, which were early in the field, the Fourth, Eighth, Ninth, 1 welfth, 1 hirteenth, Si.xteenth and Seventeenth, riiey were mainly recruited from Northern Blinois, outside of Chicago, but this city was represented in them all, but more especially in the Eighth, which had for its major W. H. Aledill of Chicago. The Board of I rade Battery was mustered in August i, 1862, and the Chicago -Mcrc.intile Battery four weeks later. No less than forty-six commissioned officers, who were either killed in battle or died soon after of wounds, entered the service from Chicago, d hese are dry facts, but THE CITY OP CHICAGO. 37 to go into further jiarticulars without invidious dis¬ crimination would take too much space. For a city of only little more than 100,000 inhabitants it is a proud record to have been represented in .so many regiments and batteries. But the most prominent feature of the military rec¬ ord of Chicago during the war of the rebellion was the Camp Douglas affair. That camp was designed to be a rendezvous for Illinois volunteers, but it was actually used as a military prison. Fort Donelson fell in Februaiw. 1862, and Island No. 10 was captured about the same time. Between 8,000 and 9,000 prison¬ ers, who fell into our hands in consequence of those two victories, were sent here to Camp Douglas. Many of these prisoners died. The season of the year was unfavorable. Southern men were not accustomed to the rigor of the winter on the shore of Lake Michigan. Many died of pneumonia. Chicago raised a generous fund for providing the prisoners with the comforts required, and our physicians gave them medical care. But many died. Still later came smallpox. Out of 12,000 prisoners, 1,150 died. But the feature which made it specially famous was the great conspiracy that was concocted in 1864. The funds for it and the details of it were attributed to Jacob Thompson, then in Canada, but formerly Secre¬ tary of the Navy under Buchanan. Knights of the Golden Circle were in the plot. The conspiracy had for its diabolical object not simply the delivery of the prisoners, but the burning of the town. Buckner T. Morris, the second mayor of Chicago, was arrested on the charge of being one of the conspirators, but he was acquitted. The plot was discovered only just in time to save the city. Colonel B. J. Sweet, the com¬ mander of the camp, has received a great deal of credit for saving the city, but hot as much as he deserves. One of the parks should perpetuate the glorious rescue in fitting bronze. Colonel Sweet being the central fig¬ ure. Richmond fell only a few months after the great deliverance of Chicago. In the Civil war, as has been shown, Chicago boys, whether infantry or cavalry, were scattered through regiments largely rural, but in the Spanish war regi¬ ments were made up largely on geographical lines. The strictly Chicago regiments of infantry were the First, led by Col, Henry L. Turner; the Second, commanded by Colonel George M. Moulton; the Fifth, Colonel Culver's regiment; the Seventh, Colonel Marcus Kav- anaugh. The Eighth (colored) had four companies from Chicago and four from the rest of the state. Its gallant colonel, John R. Marshall, was from Chicago. All officers, from colonel down, were colored, and both the regiment as a whole and every officer made a good record. It was the first colored regiment in the country to be officered by men of the same race, and a great deal of interest was felt in the result. It was so satis¬ factory as to be highly creditable to all concerned. Chicago was well represented in the famous Rough Riders, and Companies E and F of the Second United States Volunteer Engineers were supplied by Chicago, and through them Chicago should have the honor of being the first to land in the province of Havana. Colonel Edward C. Young was commissioned by Gov¬ ernor Tanner to raise a regiment of cavalry, and of it CHICAGO SAVINGS BANK, Companies A, C, E, F, H, I and M were recruited in Chicago. Illinois took an honorable part in the naval battles of the war through the naval reserves, largely a Chicago orgaization. These "jackies" did not ask to be kept together, but patriotically consented to be distributed and placed where they could do the most good. These meager facts gi\e little idea of the heroic- part taken by Chicago either in the Ci\ il war or the later war with Spain. It would trench too much the limited space of this municipal historv to recount inci¬ dents in detail, however glorious. For such details, especially of the Civil war, the reader is referred to Andreas' "Awakening of the War Spirit in Chicago." ¿\ CHAPTER VI. CHICAGO'S GREAT FIRE DISASTERS. HICAGO has had two great disasters that stand out al)ove all other mis- fortunes that overtook the city dur- Í century. These were great fire of 1871, which burned over 2,124 acres in the very heart of the city, and the Iroquois theater fire on Decem1)er 30, 1903, which wiped out 575 lives. The fire of 1871 was the greatest l)roperty loss in the history of mod¬ ern times, and left 100,000, or a third of the population of the citv, homeless. The summer of 1871 had been particularly hot and dry, this weather continuing till late in the fall. Very little rain had fallen for some weeks and everything that was exposed to the air and would burn was as drv as tinder. Mucb of the early building construction in the city was of frame, and even the stone and brick buildings were of an inflamma¬ ble character. There were in reality two fires. The fire of October 7 broke out near the corner of Clinton and \'an Buren streets, and all the territory between that and the river and Adams street was burned cner. That in itself was a great fire and would have been considered a very disastrous one but for the overshadowing great¬ ness of the one that began on Sunday night, October 9, on I)e Koven street, on the West Side, a little east of Jefferson street. For two days and nights Chicago was a sea of flames and then a blackened desert. E\ ere - thing seemed faxorable for the destructitm of the citv. In addition to the tinder dried condition (jf all wood¬ work, a strong southwest wind prevailed, and as the fire increased the wind seemed to increase with it. Whole blocks of buildings were carried awav, as if they had melted in the flames. The number of acres burned over b\- the fire of Saturday niglit was tuenlv-se\en, but the great fire of (dctober 9 burned o\er 194 acres on the West Side, 460 acres on the South Side, and 1,470 acres on the North Side. Over 3.650 buildings were burned on the South Side and 13,300 buildings on the North Side. On the North Side, by something like a miracle, a large frame building, the residence of Vahlon B. Ogden, standing in the center of a block, was saved from the flames. At the time of the fire the city comprised an area of 11,520 acres. The population of the city was some¬ thing over 300,000. Fully 100,000 of these were left houseless and homeless, many of them penniless. The pecuniary damage by these fires is estimated at $290,- 000,000. On the property thus destroyed there was $100,000,000 of insurance, on which $45,000,000 were realized. Fifty-six insurance companies were ruined. The marvelous extent of the disaster and the ruin wrought was published far and wide. All the world became familiar with it within fortv-eieht hours. The benevolence and philanthropy of the world was stirred as it seldom has been and relief came pouring in from every (juarter—money, clothing and provisions. more ])rom])t and noble resjjonse to distress has perhaps never been known. Over $4,000,000 was contributed in money for immediate relief, almost all nations, from England to Japan, contributing a portion, but, of course, the great mass of the relief funds came from American citizens. 1 his wonderful res]K)nse of the people of the world aroused the Chicago i)eople to immediate action, and they organized not only for the purpose of properly distributing the great relief fund which came to them, but for the purpose of rebuilding the citv. The prompt action of the solvent and energetic business men of the city soon restored confidence, not only to their fellow citizens, but to the people abroad, and capital was t)ffercd from all financial centers for the purpose of rebuilding Chicago. No city ever presented a busier scene than Chicago did for the next eighteen months. THE CITY OF CHICAGO. 39 Within one year from the time of the fire it is said that more than one-half of the 80.000 feet frontage wliich had been burned in the south division was rebuilt with buildings more substantial and better than before. It is estimated that over $30,000,000 within that time was put into rebuilding the city, and it is quite ])robable that at least $50,000,000 were spent in rebuilding within two years from the time of the fire. The rapidity with which the rebuilding was accomplished and the great influx of population on account of the demand for labor tended to keep Chicago before the whole countrv all the time. It was hardlv less talked about in social circles or written and its succeeding resurrection from its ashes. The great fire in 1871 and the World's Columbian Exposition in 1893 each marks an epoch in the progress ami fame of the cit\'. The Iroijuois theater fire was the most disastrous catastro])he in the number of lives lost in the history of Chicago. On the afternodu of Wednesday. December 30. 1903. during a holiday matinee [>erformance the scenery caught fire and the flames bursting through the flimsy asbestos fire curtain swept through the audi¬ torium of the theater, causing the death of 575 men, women and children. There were ^.300 people in the NATATORIUM, DOUGLASS PARK. about in the newspapers during that time than it had been during the excitement of the fire itself. \\ hat was a great disaster to individual citizens, and at the time seemed to l)e so to the cit\' itself, turned out eventually as the most efficient promoter of Chicago's greatness. Taken as a whole, the fire was the most wonderful advertisement that ever any city had. and the prompt action and energy shown by the jjeople in rebuilding the citv so suddenlv destroyed turned it into a most favora¬ ble advertisement, and Chicago became a s\nonym for energy, determination and business sagacity. Xo inter¬ nal cit\' in anv nation is so well known among other nations to-day as Chicago, and in large part it owes this general information in regard to itself to the great fire audience when the fire broke out. and a third of them were either killed or injured. "Air. Blue Beard" was the attraction and the theater had just been completed a few weeks and was pro¬ nounced the finest and most modern and fireproof structure of the kind in the Cnitcd States. It had been built at a cost of approximately $1,000,000. and had been inspected and approved by the building depart¬ ment as fully meeting all the re(|uirements of the city ordinances. Investigation after the disaster showed that the construction had been faulty in many particulars, and that no ])ro\ision had been made for the speedy opening of the exits in case of a panic. Of the 575 victims, most of them were women and 40 THE CITY OP CIHC.1G0. cliiklrcn. Tlie i^rcatcst Iciss of life occurred at the exits of the main balcony. Here over three hundred were found piled in an indescribable mass of torn and bleeding limbs and bodies. In the frantic rush for safety they had become piled and jammed in the entrance, and, overcome by the wave of flame and smoke sweepiiyíí throui^h the auditorium from the sta^e. had been burned and suffo¬ cated to death. Every ambulance and i^atiafl wagon in the city was called into use and the neighboring restaurants and stores were turned into temporary morgues and hospitals. Heroic efforts were made to resuscitate those who had not been burned to death, and in many cases the treatment was successful, materially reducing the total number of deaths. For da}'s the undertakers" morgues were filled with bodies awaiting identification. Friends and relati\'es of missing persons searched these jrlaces for weeks looking for missing persons. All were identified finally. Fverv theater in the city was ordered closed the day after the fire, and it was a month before any of them opened again. Several of them did not open for two or three months, and in some instances they were entirely remodeled. The Iroquois did not open for nearlv a vear, and then under a new name. The mem- orv of the terrible loss of life after nearly two years still clings to the place and it has never been po])nlar since. Efforts were made at the time of the fire to have it turned into a memorial hospital, but these failed. There was a determined demand for the j^rosecution of the managers and officials responsible for the condi¬ tions in the theater w hich made such a calamity possible. Will J. Davis, Harry J. Powers and managers of the Iroquois, and George Williams, building commissioner, were arrested the day following the fire on warrants sworn out by the father of one family that had been wiped out by the holocaust. These prosecutions were not ])ressed. \n exhaustive investigation was made by the coroner and a special jury impaneled for the pur¬ pose. In its verdict the jury held Mayor Harrison, Wall J. Da\ is, Ccjinmissioner \\ illiams, Edward Eough- lin, the building inspector who passed the theater, Will¬ iam H. Musham, fire chief, William Sailers, cit\' fireman stationed at the theater, ^\'illiam Mc.Mullen, wdio o])erated the spot light w hich started the fire, and James E. Cummings, stage superintendent of the Iroquois stage, to the grand jury. Mayor Harrison was freed from custody the next day on habeas corpus pro¬ ceedings. On February 20 following the special grand jury returneil indictments against Manager Da\is, Thomas Noonan, treasurer of the theater, and Cummings, the stage superintendent, for manslaughter and against Commissioner Williams and Inspector Loughlin for neglect of duty. "No bills" were voted in the cases against Mayor Harrison, Chief Musham, Sailers and McMullen. No convictions have resulted from the indictments and the chances are that no one will ever be legally held responsible for the horror that cost 57; lives. As a result of the agitation against firetrap theaters following the holocaust, conditions in all the public places of amusement in Chicago and cities all over the country have been improved. Shocked by the terrible conditions revealed immediately after the fire the mayor called a special sesson of the council. A committee of investigation was appointed and a new theater ordinance drawn up. Under the stress of feeling at the time it was made most drastic, and while it has not been rigidlyj enforced, its provisions have been complied with to sucl^ an extent that every playhouse and place of gathering- has been made more safe. In general terms the new law requires that theaters must be provided with steel curtains which are lowered at the end of everv act ; the stage must be of fireproof construction, and be provided with flues and vents in the roof and automatic sprinklers; aisles and e.xits must be increased and the seating capacity reduced ; no one is allowed to stand in the aisles and all exits must be shown on a diagram of the theater on the program ; four sides of the theater must be detached or proxided with fireproof enclosed passages; file apparatus and fire-alarm systems must be installed and two members of the fire department stationed in each theater. A flood of damage suits have been filed against Klaw N Erlanger, the owners of the Iroquois, aggregat¬ ing into the millions. None of these has been pushed to a successful conclusion up to this time (1905). CHAPTER VII. HICA(iO is the county seat of one of the best ag;ricultural counties of Illi¬ nois, but has never had a county i pride and joy of the aver- age farmer's heart was denied the ^ tillers of the rich soil of Cook I County. Once the state fair was held in Chicago, but it was not a success. For several years an In¬ terstate Exposition, as it was called, was held on the Lake Front, but it Iwas not particularly creditable. At least, it made a poor showing as com])ared with the somewhat analogous exposition given by St. Louis. It was only natural that wdien this city entered the list as a competi¬ tor for the great Columbian Exposition, in honor of the fourth centennial of the discoxery of America, there should he a strong opposition. The selection was to be made bv Congress, and New 'S'ork insisted that it was entitled to it, as the great metropolis of the new world. The decision in favor of Chicago was made in April, 1890. The fair itself was opened three years later. By the term of the act of Congress the "World's Columbian Exposition" was to l)e "an exhibition of arts, industries, manufactures and ])roducts of the soil, mines and sea." Tlie sum of money to Ire guaranteed by Chicago under the act was $10,000,000. Cine-half of this amount was raised by subscription. Ibe other half was rai.sed bv an issue of city bonds, d here was a great obstacle in the wav of a bond issue. The constitution of the >tate had to be amended before the cit\' conld incur the indebtedness, and the initiative had to be taken bv the Ceneral Assembly, in special session, called for that purpose by the governor, Joseph Eifer. lo remove these obstacles was quite as formidable a task as to raise the $5,000,000 b\' subscription. In .\ugust of that same year the special session was held, and the amendment was ratified at the state election of that A'ovember. Another perplexing problem was, wdiere should the fair be held? In looking back upon the exposition it is a matter of surprise that there should have been the slightest hesitation on the subject. The site selected was ideal. If it had been made for tbat purpose it could not have been improved upon. That portion of Jackson Park facing on the lake afforded every advan¬ tage. But for a long time it seemed to many that the best place would be the lake front, between Randolph and Twelfth streets, making such addition by filling in as might be necessary. The decision of the question was not made until nearly one year after the act of Congress had been passed. From that time on the work of preparation was prosecuted with astonishing vigor, and on a very large scale. The grounds were laid out and beautified at great expense, and no less than fourteen exposition buildings projxer were erected, each, in itself a grand example of architecture. Some of them were marvels of beauty, and each was admirably adapted to its specific purpose. The iManufactures and Liberal Arts building, 1,687x787 feet, was the most gigantic of them all, and the Administration building the most artistic, but each was in its way most admir¬ able. If built of the whitest marhle, instead of perish¬ able "staff," they would have presented no more entrancing effect. "The White City," as it was called, was a sight well worth a journey around the world to see. even if one saw onl\' the huildings and grounds. No permanent city could vie with it as a triumph of architecture. Besides the buildings erected by the exposition com l)any, and their annexes, the government of the Uniteil States had a magnificent structure for its own exhibits. So, too, did seventeen foreign countries, thirty-eight states and three territories, Manv exhibitors and con- 41 42 THE CITY OF CHICAGO. ccssionists ]iut up stnictures of their own. Many foreign nations and colonies, whicli liad sc|)arate buildings of their own. contributed to the exhibits. I^'oreign gov¬ ernments ex])ended, it is estimated. $6,000,000 for the cost of their exhibits. Xo doubt prix ate exhibitors from aliroad ex])ended more than that amoinit. The e.xposition opened Ma\' i. 1893. closed October 31. During those six months the total attend¬ ance. as shown by the turnstile registries, was 27.539- 521. The actual paid admissions were 21.478.218. Of course many persons made many visits. Tt is impossi¬ ble to estimate how many different persons saw the exposition, but there must have been several millions. The greatest number of any one day was on October 9. the twenty-second anniversary of the great fire. That was called Chicago day. and it seemed as if the whole city swarmed into the Wdiite City. The turnstile records of that one day showed 716.881 visitors. The condensed balance sheet of the auditor showed a grand total of funds of $28,151,168.75. It is a low estimate to place the cost of the fair, including public appropriations and expenditures of exhibitors, at $50,000,000. The cost to visitors cannot be computed. But no one can intelligently doubt that the general benefits were incomj^arably greater than the actual cost. Many persons lost money in business ventures which proved unprofitable, and much disappointment was experienced, but the general jndxlic derived enor¬ mous benefits from the exposition. In the management of the exposition many persons deserve very great credit, but a few names are entitled to distinct recognition and grateful remembrance. No one indix idual did more to make the exposition a brill- iar.t success than Mrs. Bertha Honore Palmer, presi¬ dent of the Board of Lady Managers. She had never been tried in any public duty, but she ])roved to have remarkable executive ability and a broad, clear and far-reaching judgment. Lyman J. Gage. Ferdinand W. Peck, Harlow N. Higinbotham, Thomas P. Bryan, George R. Davis and T. \\ . Palmer each gave much time to the enterprise and difl much in his own way to make the exposition a great success. One of the more notable features of the exposition xvas the series of "cong;resses" gotten up in connection x\ ith the e.xposition. Charles C. Bonney deserves to be called the author and finisher of this auxiliary part of the fair. He and the late Professor Sxving each sug¬ gested this de[)artment. but neither knew anything of the other's ])lan. Professor Sxving was an idealist and xvas content to merely suggest the plan, but Mr. Bonney took a practical viexv of the matter, and the managers gave him every facility for carrying out his project. The most notable of these congresses was the Parlia¬ ment of Religion. The head of the committee having this in cTiarge xvas the Rev. Dr. John Henry Barrows, then pastor of the First Presbyterian Church of Chi¬ cago. now president of Oberlin College. Eminent religionists from all over the world were in attendance and the public interest in the poceedings was wide¬ spread and intense. The cause of religious unity and felloxvship xvas materially promoted. As for the exposition as a whole .it xvas conceded to be the grandest and most successful xvorld's fair ever held. It did much to establish the reputation of Chi¬ cago as one of the greatest cities of the xvorld. From that time on it has been xvholly free from the belittle- ment of a provincial reputation. That celebration of the fourth centennial of the discovery of the new world xvas a mere episode in the history of the city, but it will ever stand as one of the more memorable landmarks of Chicago's great municipal career. This e.xposition occasioned some financial disap- ])ointment to individuals, but to the city as a xvhole it xvas of incalculably great benefit. It gave a xvonderful stimulus to population and contributed poxverfully to the general development of Chicago as a center of trade and industry. CHAPTER VIII HEN the olenitis and execu¬ tive ability of DeWitt Clinton put New York City in all- water communication with the Great Lakes and the great West, he started a system of East and West commerce which was of the highest national importance. The early coming of the then undreamed of railroad cut short the career of the At canals, but water continues / to be a very great factor in overland transportation, contradictory as the statement may seem. What the Erie was to New York in the early days of the century, the Illinois and Michigan Canal was to Chicago in its municipal youth. It was a citizen of New York who first, after Joliet himself, recognized the importance to commerce of the portage of Chicago. In 1810 a member of Congress from that state, Hon. Peter B. Porter, drew the atten¬ tion of Congress to the importance of connecting the Mississippi river and Lake Michigan by building a canal to supply the missing link in the chain of waterways which was to extend from New Orleans to New ^ ork. But the United States government had other matters more pressing to look after. The second war with England was near at hand. Four years later, howexer. President Madison called the attention of Congress to the subject, and tbe government organ of the day, the Niles Register, caught a glimpse of the great possi¬ bilities latent in the President's suggestion. "By the Illinois river." it said, "it is probable that Buffalo in New York may be united to New Orleans by inland nav¬ igation through Lakes Erie. Huron and Michigan an down that river to the Mississippi." It was precisely that which the Illinois and Michigan Canal did do. And the ecstatic exclamation of the Register has also been justified. "What a route! How stupendous the idea! How dwindles the importance of the artificial canals of Europe comj^ared to this water communication ! If it should ever take place—and it is said the effort can easily be made—the territory of Illinois will become the seat of an immense commerce and a market for the commodities of all regions." That could hardly have been a truer prophecy had it been a veritable case of bistor\' read backward. It was in ]8j() that the first practical step was taken. One of the necessary preliminaries was to get rid of the Indians. A people stolidly set against accepting civili¬ zation must be removed from the path of progress. .V strip of land twenty miles wide, extending from Ottawa to Chicago belonged to the Pottawatomies. In August, 1816. they reliiKjuished their title to that slip. Then the government set about e.xploring and getting ready to carry out the Porter-Madison plan, or the DeWitt Clinton ])lan applied to the W est. The first thing was for a United States civil engineer. Major S. H. Long, to make a trij) from Fort Clark, or Kaskaskia, to Chi¬ cago. It was a long journey by boat, all the way against the current. When he reached the Chicago river he found it "discharged itself into the lake over a bar of sand and gravel, in a rippling stream ten or fifteen yards wide and onl\- a few inches deep." The Calumet was still worse, for the sand-bar down there was a complete blockade. His report struck no responsive chord in Congress. Eight years later, when the state had been in the Union four years. Congress did pass an act grant¬ ing the state authority to cut a canal through the public lands, donating ninety feet on either side and appro¬ priating $10.000 for the suiwey. In consideration of this ]>ermit and the appropriation of land and monev the state agreed to allow all articles belonging to the 43 44 THE CITY OF CHICAGO. HUMBOLDT PARK. L'nited States, or to any person in its employ, to pass toll free forever. The lep^islature of Illinois lost no time in getting down to business. It was conceived at that time that Indiana might join and open up lake com¬ munication by way of tbe Wabash, and Ohio by way of the IMaumee, but, as a matter of fact, each of the three propositions was inde])endent of both of the others. It required a great deal of surveying and expert calcula¬ tion to reach a- definite plan. The state act incor¬ porating the Illinois and Michigan Canal Company was passed early in 1825, with a capital stock of $r,000,000. This act was amended in the next year, in the hope of facilitating operations. But the necessary capital could not be raised. In 1827 Congress was induced to grant a liberal land subsidy, namely $284,000. Fortunately there was no Credit Mobilier to absorb this subsidy. The state itself took it. The acts of 1825 and 1826 were virtually dead and the cor]K)rations which they contemplated existed only on paper. In 1828 the legislature started the enterprise on a feasible basis. Still further legislation followed in J829. The iiKJSt important preliminary w053- Board of Pul)lic Works was establislied and look cliarj^e of tlie works, INIay 6, 1861. Although in 1858 the pumping works sujíplied 3.000,000 gallons of water daily, and the amount was increasing, it became evident that a much greater sup¬ ply would be needed, ddiere were also constant com¬ plaints of the im])urity of the water furnished. In 1862, therefore. City Engineer C. E. Chesbrough began to agitate for a water tunnel under the lake to a point where good water could be secured. In September, 1863, the city government adopted his plan, and let the contract for the construction to Doll & Cowan of Har¬ risburg, Pennsylvania, who agreed to complete it by Xovember i, 1863, for $315,139. and broke ground March 17. ]8r)4. The water tunnel was to be five feet in diameter, and to run in a straight line at right angles to the shore, at the pumping station, two miles out into the lake, and to be sunk twent\-si,\ feet below the level of the lake. .\t each end there was to be a well nine feet in diameter, the one out in the lake being an intake, and the one on shore being a ])um])ing well. The work was prosecuted from both ends of the tunnel at once. The final blow was struck December 6, 1866, instead of November i, 1895. and the cost was $464,866, instead of $3ï5T39- The completion of the tunnel was celebrated as a great event. The mayor and the city officials traveled through the tunnel in mule carts to a point one and a half miles from the shore, where the workmen met, and where a memorial tablet was inserted in the wall, after considerable speech-making. Mayor Rice pronouncing the tunnel "the wonder of America and the world." At the same time that the construction of the tunnel was decided on steps were taken for the construction of the ])umping station as it now e.xists at the foot of Chicago avenue. I he new building was erected piece¬ meal on the same site as the old one in such a wav as not to interfere with the old water supply until the new one w as ready. T he water was let into the tunnel March 25, 18117, and on the same day was laid the cor¬ nerstone of the water tower, 100 feet west of the pump house. Ulis tower is 130 feet high and contains a standpipe three feet in diameter, encircled on the out-¿ side w ith a winding iron stair to the top. The water was let into the pumping well and the pumps begati to woik July 20, i8iiy. In this month a new engine had CHICAGO AVENUE WATERWORKS. THE CITY OF CHIC.ICO. 49 been put in place at an expense of $112,350, with a capacity of 18,000,000 gallons of water a day. The great fire of 1871 nearly destroyed the jinniping station, and three of its engines were disabled. The damage to the engine house was sjieedilv rejiaired, the machine shop was built on the same .site, and the engines put to work, one after another, within three months. The loss on the pumping station, reservoirs and piping by the great fire amounted to $248,910. In the year 1871-72 the quantity of water delivered was 8,423,890.966 gallons, or 497,206,126 gallons more than in the preceding year. There were 91,129 feet of pipe laid, at a cost of $316,165, making the total amount of piping in the city 287 miles. There were 115 fire hydrants erected, making a total of 1,667. The receipts from water assessments and taxes were $445,834, and the total income was $4,127,419. The total cost of addition to the works was $432.719, The total expense of the waterworks to date was $4,712,615. The cost of delivering water per million gallons was $12. In 1873, the pumping station proving inadequate, a new engine, designed by City Engineer Cregier and con¬ structed by Knapp Fort Pitt Foundry WTirks, was pro¬ vided. Its cylinders were seventy inches in diameter, and had a stroke of ten feet. The working beams were twenty-eight feet long and weighed twenty tons each. The fly-wheel was twenty-five feet in diameter and weighed forty tons. Its three boilers were each twenty feet long and twelve feet in diameter. The engine cost $188,400, and during the first six and one-half months pumped 6,448,000,000 gallons of water. As the consumption of water continued to increase rapidly, it became evident in 1871 that a new tunnel was imperatively demanded. It was therefore deter¬ mined to build a tunnel seven feet in diameter from the crib to the pumping station, parallel to the first tunnel. But the second tunnel, instead of stopping at the pump¬ ing station, was continued on land to Ashland avenue and.Twenty-second street, where a new pumping station was provided to pump the water into the mains of that part of the city. The land tunnel is 3.92 miles in length. The work on this land and water tunnel was begun Januan,' 12, 1872. The lake section was completed July 7, 1874, and the final connection with the land section was made in February of the next year, when the water was let in. The lake section cost $411,510 and the land section $545,000, a total of $965.510. The demand for more water continued to exi.st, hut after 1875 there were constant complaints that the sup¬ ply was impure. The cit\- government therefore decided to extend its tunnels further out in the lake and draw its supjfly four miles from shore, where it was expected the supply would always he pure As a result the four-mile crib was built off Peck court. The first two miles counting from the crib is an eight-foot bore hut from there the tunnel was divided into two six-foot bores. The land jx>rtion of the tunnel system has two sections. One of these runs from a shaft at Park row to the pumping station at Indiana avenue and Four¬ teenth street. The other extends in a northerly direc¬ tion from the Peck court shaft to the central pumping station. The total length of the system is 5.75 miles and cost $1,526,143. This great work was begun in 1887 completed five years later. Tunneling now became chronic with the city, and in 1887-88, a seven-foot tunnel was constructed from the North pumping station eastward to the breakwater and an e.xtension of the same diameter was made between 1895 and 1897 from the breakwater crib to a shaft at the two-mile crib, at a cost of $259,832. In 1890 a crib was erected two miles off shore at the foot of Montrose boulevard and a tunnel built to a pumping station at a cost of $530,097. The work was completed in 1896. The greatest work of tunneling in connection with the water system was undertaken in 1892 and finished in 1897. This starts at the great crib called after the elder Carter H. Harrison, located two miles off shore at Sixty-eighth street. The tunnel connection with this crib is complicated. .\ seven-foot tunnel connects the crib with the pumping station at Yates avenue, a five- foot tunnel from the station extends to and connects with a seven-foot tunnel about 5,000 feet from shore, and a six-foot tunnel runs to a submerged intake about 4,500 feet from shore. The total cost of the tunnel and crib construction was $727.471. What is called the Northeast crib is located two and a half miles off the foot of Oak street and is con¬ nected with a shaft on shore by a ten-foot tunnel. A land tunnel runs from Oak street and Grand avenue, connecting with the shaft in Green street. The second section runs from this point to a shaft and pumping sta¬ tion at Central Park avenue and Fillmore street. This is eight feet in diameter. A third section begins at Green street and Grand avenue and extends to the shaft in the pumping station at Springfield avenue and Bloomingdale road, with a diameter of eight feet. In this system the land and lake tunnels measure twelve miles and cost $4,000,000. These heroic efforts of the city to obtain a supply of pure water were successful as to quantity, but disap¬ pointing as to purity. It was discovered after years of effort and failure that it was impossible to draw pure water from the lake as long as the city sewage poured into it. This failure led at last to the greatest engi¬ neering feat of the last century, the turning of the Chicago river from the lake by the construction of the drainage canal and the obliteration of the watershed between the waters of the .Mississippi and Lake Michigan. 1 50 rHE CITY OF CHICAGO. The following^ table shows the growth of tlie water¬ works system of Chicago in five-year periods since 1854. when the first large pumping station was installed at Chicago avemie. DATE. Population. Gallons Pumped Per Day. Gallons Per Capita. Pipe Mileage. Income. 1854 i860 1870 1880 i8go 1900 1904 65,772 109,260 306,605 491.516 1,208,669 1.698,575 2,000,000 591.083 4.703.525 21,766,260 57.384.376 152,372,288 322,599,630 398.985,350 8.9 43.0 70.9 116.7 126.0 160.6 203.3 30.0 91.0 272.4 455-4 I 205.0 1,872.0 1.978.0 $ 131,162.00 539,180.00 865,618.35 2,109,508.00 3,250,481,85 3,834.541,30 This immense quantity of water pumped had grown to 137.515,701,965 gallons in 1903, and last year 146,- 280,598,353 gallons were used. The capacity of the Chicago water system can best be judged from a list of the pumping stations and their capacity per day in gallons, together with the author¬ ized increases : STATION. Present Capacity. Changes and Additions Authorized. Total Capacity. Fourteenth Street 84,000,000 82,000,000 60,000,000 65,000,000 60,000,000 60,000,000 36,000,000 44 000,000 2,900,000 600,000 84,000,000 104,000,000 60,000,000 99,000,000 100,000,000 100,000,000 36,000,000 48,000,000 5,500,000 600,000 50,000,000 Sixty-eighth Street ... West 20,000,000 added. 2,000,000 inc. in cap. North 50,000,000 added. 16,000,000 taken out. 40,000,000 added. 40,000,000 added. Springfield Avenue.. . . Central Park Avenue. . Harrison Street Lake View 4,000,000 inc. in cap. 3,000,000 added. 400,000 taken out. Washington Heights.. . Norwood Park New Roseland Station. 50,000,000 Totals 494,500,000 687,100,000 The annual income from the water system of Chi¬ cago is now close to $4,000,000 a year, and its expendi¬ tures for actual operation and keeping up the system less than $500,000. For the i)ast few years about $1,500,000 has been appropriated annually for tbe water department, but over a million of this has been used on the land tunnels each year. ,\t the same time that the water department earns so much money, it also furnishes water cheaper than any other large city in the country whether tested by water rates per 1,000 gallons, or the water tax for an average eight-room residence, as shown in the fol¬ lowing table. CITIES. Rate per i.ooo Gallons. Water Tax for Eight Room Residence. Kansas City $0.36 $26,50 Omaha .30 St Louis .30 27.00 Milwaukee . 20 24.50 Boston . 18 22.00 Chicago .04 ir.50 There can be no standstill in the development of the water system of the city. Provision must be made for the future. Following is a summary of the most important improvements now under way. Time of Estimated Completion. Cost. ■ 7 -4 North (Chicago Avenue) Pumping Station 1906 S 400,000 Springfield Avenue Pumping Station 1906 90,000 Central Park Avenue Pumping Station igo6 90,000 Sixty-eight Street Pumping Station. 1906 40,000 Washington Heights Pumping Station 1906 20,000 South Side (Roseland) System 1909 2,000,000 Large Water Mains 1906 750,000 Total cost $3,390,000 Many additional improvements are authorized which will cost in the neighborhood of a million dollars. These include the extension of the Chicago avenue tunnels to the Carter Ffarrison crib, the reconstruction of the cross-town tunnels so they will begin entirely on city property, and new boiler plants, \\ hen all the improvements now authorized and under way have been installed, the total pumping capacity of the city's pumping plants will be 678,000,000 gallons per day. This will provide for a daily consump¬ tion of 217 gallons for a population of about 2,370,000. CHAPTER X. THE DRAINAGE CANAL HICAGO'S struggle for a uater supply sufficient to meet its demands had scarcely been won before an even greater problem confronted the city J keeping of the inexhaustible ^ stores of Lake Michigan pure. The constant stream of sewage poured into the Chicago river and the lake was extending the pollution further and further from the shore. The in¬ takes of the cribs which had been _ forced as far as four miles out into the lake were not beyond the danger zone. The tunnels might be driven double the distance from the shore, but it was onlv a question of time until the pollution would reach these new limits. There was but one logical solution and that was to stop discharging the sewage into the city's water supply. The Chicago river as the main drainage chan¬ nel of the citv must be made to flow away from the lake, the entire sewerage system turned into it and the river in turn made to flow toward the Gulf of Mexico. To do this the portage traversed by La Salle, Joliet and Father Marquette, and which gave to Chicago its exist¬ ence, had to be done away with and the water shed between the Great Lakes and the Mississippi pierced by a new channel. .\s a result of these plans the drainage canal was built, the greatest work of its kind in the last century. Up to date this great undertaking has cost the tax- |)ayer> of Chicago upwards of $45,000,000. I he waters of Lake Michigan are flowing into the Chicago river and what was formerly a black, murky, oily stream is now a clear, >wift flowing river. The Sanitarv District of Chicago was organized under an act o{ legislature passed in 1889. The first board was elected December 12, of the same year to serve until December 2, 1895. Since that time the regular term of service of the trustees has been five years. The primary object of the work undertaken by the sanitary district is the protection of the waters of Lake Michigan from sewage pollution. It is the pur- ]iose of the district to preserve this great natural reser¬ voir in its purity. The construction of the main drainage channel, extending from Robey street at the Chicago river to Lockport, a distance of 28.05 niiles, was the first step taken by the city in building its new drainage system. With that channel complete it was necessary that the Chicago river be deepened and widened in order to secure an adequate flow of water through it without injury to navigation. Xor was this all. While the Chicago river carried off the bulk of the city's sewage, to the north and south the main sewers of these dis¬ tricts were discharging their polluting flow into the lake. The city therefore decided to construct a svstem of great intercepting sewers, which were to divert this flow of sewage from the lake to the river and thence into the drainage canal. These intercepting sewers have been about completed and will practically stop all pollution of the lake from sewage drainage coming from the city proper. This left the great suburbs to the north and south still befouling the lake and in order to bring them into the sanitarv district, the legislature of 1903 enacted a law for the annexation of these adjacent territories. The original sanitary district contained 1S5 square miles. By the act of July 14, 1903, the district was enlarged by the annexation of the Xorth Shore dis¬ trict, comprising 78.6 stpiare miles and the Calumet district with 94.48 square miles. This brings the total area of the districts up to 257.08 square miles. The North Shore district includes the towns of Evanston, Niles, New Trier, and portions of the townships of HI THE CITY OF CHICAGO. Nortlifield and Main and also Norwood Park. The Calumet district takes in the township of Calumet and portions of Worth, Bremen and Thornton. By the reversal of the Calumet river, providing a gravity flow therefrom into the main channel of the sanitarv district at Sag \alley, that entire district will he drained to the south. The topography, hydrography of the North Shore district precludes a graxity channel and therefore it is proposed to cut a canal from the lake at some point north of Evanston. southward to the north branch of the Chicago river at Lawrence avenue. Water for the flow through this channel will be supplied by pumps with a capacity of 60,000 cubic feet per second. .\ pumping plant is to be erected , near the lake for this purpose. ■ Water was first turned into the main channel on January 2, 1900. It took thirteen days to fill the channel from Western ave¬ nue to the controlling works at - Lockport. January 17, following, the great bear trap dam was low¬ ered and the flow of water from Lake Michigan to the Mississippi and the Gulf had begun. The controlling works are located at Lockport at the end of what is known as Section 15 of the channel. Tliey comprise seven sluice gates of metal, with the necessary masonry bulkheads and one bear trap dam. The sluice gates have a vertical play of twenty feet and openings of thirty feet each. The bear trap dam has an opening of 160 feet and an oscillation of seventeen feet vertically. This dam is essen¬ tially two great metal leaves hinged together and working between masonry bulkheads. The down-stream leaf is securely hinged to a verv heavy founda¬ tion. and the up-stream leaf is so placed as to present the barrier to the water. This structure is o])erated by admitting water through properly constructed con¬ duits. controlled by valves beneath the leaves just described. To raise the crest of the dam. water is admitted from the up-stream side and the discharge shut off until the desired height is obtained, and then the valves are adjusted so that the volume of water beneath the leaves shall be constant. To lower the crest, the water beneath the leaves is drawn off until the desired height is reached, when the valves are agin arranged so as to maintain a constant volume of water. Beyond the controlling works the drainage board has comideted the work necessary for conducting the flow from the channel in conjunction with the waters of the Desplaines river, down the declivity through the city of Joliet. Changes have also been made in the Illi¬ nois and Michigan canal to meet the new conditions. THE CITY OF CIUC.IGO. 53 In constructing the channel the work was divided into twenty-nine sections numliered from i to 15 south¬ westerly from Willow Springs and lettered from A to O, omitting the letter J, easterly from the same point. This makes the sections a little less than a mile long. Earth was first broken on "Shovel Day." Se])temher 3. 1892, on the rock cut just below Lemont. The total amount of excavation involved in the con¬ struction of the main channel is 26.693.000 cubic yards of glacial drift and 12.265.000 cubic yards of solid rock. ■ a total of 38.958.000. In the work of ri\er diversion 1.810.652 cubic yards of glacial drift and 258.659 of solid rock were taken out. making 2.069.311 cubic yards. The work between Lockport and Joliet. includ¬ ing the controlling works, involved 1.201,724 cubic yards of excavation, making an aggregate for the main channel, river diversion and other work, of 42,229,035 " cubic yards. In the retaining walls and bridge masonry were put 457.777 cubic yards all laid in cement mortar. The rock when broken up expands about 80 per cent and there are now on the spoil banks along the channel, looking like a diminutive mountain range. 22,542,58^) cubic yards. The whole volume of this dumpage, both rock and earth, would make in Lake Michigan in forty feet of water, an island a mile square and above twelve feet above the surface of the lake. In addition to this tremendous volume of excava¬ tion the main channel extension and waterpower devel¬ opment involves 10,500 cubic yards of earth, 1,274,000 of rock and 145,000 of masonry and concrete. The distance from the mouth of the Chicago river to the juncture of the west fork of the south branch and the drainage canal at Robey street is six miles. From Lake street to Robey street the river is to be widened to 200 feet and given a depth of twenty-six feet for 100 feet in the middle of the stream and shal¬ lowing to sixteen feet at the docks. It is to be docked with both timber and concrete along this entire river frontage. The drainage board has purchased about 500,000 square feet of land in order to widen the chan¬ nel and over 3,000.000 cubic yards of dredging has been done and about 12.000 feet of docks built. .\s soon as the tunnels are lowered the channel of the river will be lowered to twentv-six feet the entire distance. Thirteen bridges have been built across the canal proper, six for public highways and seven for railroads. The weight of the iron and steel in these structures is 22,862,454. Two bridges have been built at Joliet across the Desplaines and fourteen will be built over the river in Chicago. The general dimensions of the entire channel are as follows : Miles. Distance from mouth of river to juncture with canal at Robey street • 6 Main channel proper, Robey street to Lockport 28.05 Total length of channel 34-05 The dimensions of the canal proper, are: Robey street to Summit, 7.8 miles; iio feet wide at bottom; 198 feet at water line with minitnum depth of water, 22 feet. Summit to Willow Springs, 5.3 miles; 202 feet wide at bottom. 290 feet wide at water line with 22 feet depth of water; grade of earth channel i foot in 40,000 feet, or i inches per mile. The side slopes in earth are one foot vertical to two feet horizontal. At Willow Springs the channel narrows to the walled and rock cross section, extending 14.95 mdcs to Lock- port. 160 feet wide at bottom, 162 feet at top; grade in rock I foot in 20.000. or 3J inches per mile. The velocitv in earth is figured for ij miles per hour and in rock 1.9 miles per hour. The total cost of the drainage canal and the supple¬ mentary improvements in the river, but not including the intercei)ting sewer svstems is shown in the fol¬ lowing : Right of Way ^ 5,224,784.85 Diversion Desplaine,s River 1,142,578.32 Alain Oiannel—Robey Street to Lockport 20,488,378.92 Controlling Works 339,127.00 Desplaines River Improvement—Lockport to Joliet.... 1,580,414.62 Chicago River Improvement 4,103,078.89 Illinois and Alichigan Canal Improvement 77,016.08 A\ ater Power Developing 468,380.51 Thirty-ninth Street Pumps 151,024.42 Capitalization and Maintenance of Bridges .. .' 566.833.86 Interest on Bonds and Tax Warrants 6,602,704.05 Taxes -. 27.937-53 Engineering Department 1,989,014.57 Clerical Department ■ • 161,196.27 Law Department 868,512.15 Treasury Department 37.377-84 Police Department 378,603.04 General .-\ccount 814,307.77 City of Chicago 13,434.95 Land Damages 76,331.84 Marine Damages '. 9,647.32 Per.sonal Injuries .-Account 4,082.50 Bridgeport Pun.ping Works 90,388.80 Special Commission Chicago Drainage Canal 33.075 97 Telephone Line 11,863.70 Weir, AIcKechney & Co.. 22,118.14 Streeter & Kenefick 5,02002 E. D. Smith & Co.. 2,400.00 Total Disbursements $45,289,633.93 Emergency Funds in hands of Department Officials $ 24,800.00 Balance in hands of Treasurer, December 31, 1904 1,324,693.15 1,349,49315 $46,639,127.08 The Sanitary tlistrict had collected in taxes up to December 31, 1904, $29,SGi,(>23.72. The district has issued $24,790,000 of i)onds, all payable in currency; $8,000,000 being 5 per cent bonds, $5,()00,000 being 4! per cent bonds, $390,000 being 3.] per cent bonds and $10,800,000 being" 4 per cent bonds, running from one to twenty years, except the 3.1 per cent bonds, which runs for twenty years from date. One-twentieth of the issue must be jiaid off and retired each year. Of the total amount of bonds issued the sum of $8,380,000 have been retired, leaving $16,410,000 outstanding .">4 THE CITY OF CHICAGO. December 31, 1904. The taxes afford a revenue suffi¬ cient to pay the interest on these bonds, to pay off and retire one-twentietb of tlie issue each year and leave a sur])]ns to ajiply upon the current ol)]i_£iations of tlie district incurred for construction and otiier purposes. Besides tlie primary object of affordinç a solution to tbe sanitary problem of Chica,ço, the canal is expected to develop two thinr^s of scarcely less impor¬ tance than the primary object itself. One is a commer¬ cial waterway, that will be of inestimable value, not only to Cbicatio, but to all peo])le all along- its line, from tbe Lakes to the Gulf. The second is a great water- power which, distributed by means of electricity, may yet line the banks of tbe canal with factories of great importance. The board is now developing this water- power which it has conserved, the legislature in 1903 granting it the needed authority. The board has also very wisely taken title to much of the land along the banks of the canal, so that it will not have simply the power to supply, but also the sites themselves. In this great work Chicago has asked no assistance, either from the nation or the state, but the further development of the waterway project to the Gulf will undoubtedly have to be done by the general government. It is estimated, however, that this waterway completed to the Missis¬ sippi River will not involve as great a cost as the canal has already cost Chicago. The first election of trustees in i8'^9 resulted in the selection of John J. .\ltpeter, .\rnold Gilmore, Richard Prendergast, \\', H. Russell, Frank W enter, Christo¬ pher Hotz, John .\. King, Murray Nelson and H. J. Willing. The board proved to be anything but har¬ monious. To many of the gentlemen on the board the important and practical f|uestions were entirely new, and thev found it impossible for a majority of them to agree. The result was that Murray Nelson resigned June 19, 1891 : John King, July 22. 1891, and Henry J. Will¬ ing, September 23, 1891. On November 3, 1891, Will¬ iam Boldenweck, Lyman E. Cooley and Bernard A. Eckhart were elected to fill the three vacancies. On lanuarv 16, 1892, Christopher Hotz resigned, and at the next election, November 8, 1892, Thomas Kelly was elected his successor. By special provisions of the law, the first term of the trustees was six years. After that a new board was to be elected e\ ery five years. Novem-- ber 5, 1895, William Boldenweck, Joseph C. Braden, Zina R. Carter, Bernard A. Eckhart, Alexander J. Jones, Thomas Kelly, James P. Mallette, Thomas A. Smyth and Erank Wenter were elected trustees. It was under the superintendence and direction of these nine gentlemen that most of this great work has been done. .MINIATURE FORT DEARBORN, GARFIELD PARK. CHAPTER XI. CHICAGO'S PUBLIC SCHOOL SYSTEM. N its public schools and great institutions learning, Chicago has reached its ripest fruitage. Tliree hundred thou¬ sand children and students bear daily witness to the city's devotion to the highest ideal of free education. No civic institution is guarded with such jealous rare. The schools of Chi¬ cago are run by the people, for the people and to teach what the people want. The ordinance of 1787 ordained that in the newly created territory of Illinois, "religion, mor¬ ality and knowledge being necessary to good govern¬ ment and the happiness of mankind, schools and the means of education shall forever be encouraged." Nowhere in the vast domain of the Northwest has this idea been more sacredly guarded, so that to-day after a century of growth and development, Chicago with its public school system, its universities and its professional schools is to-day one of the foremost educa¬ tional centers in the world. Chicago spends in round numbers $13,000,000 a year on its public schools, and the amount is constantly growing. It has 341 school buildings, valued at $3G' 135,900, and manv of them are of the most modern type of school architecture. These are attended annuallv bv over 282,000 pupils and taught by teachers and principals. The total cost for instruction per pupil for last year, based on the average daily attendance, was about $28.75. Vast as are the sums spent annually for educational purposes, the school system is inadequate to keep pace with the natural increase in population. The buildings owned bv the city contain 4>9®5 classrooms, in addition to assemblv halls, offices, recreation rooms and gymna¬ siums. Be.sides these 138 classrooms are rented, giving the schools a seating capacity of 252,324. This forces many children to be deprived of a full day, and only half-day sessions are provided in the most congested districts. About $2,500,000 is invested annually by the city in new sites and buildings. So rapid is the increase in nopulation, however, that the natural birth rate of the city greatly excctUo this add*>fi Only by doubling the expenditures and building twice as many new schoolhouses each year can Chicago hope to give every child in the city equal advantages of a common- school education. There are now (1905) under con¬ struction nineteen new school buildings, containing 414 classrooms, and costing $2,735,000. Sites have been selected for forty-two additional buildings, which will add 658 classrooms, and cost $5,300,000. While their erection has been authorized they will not be completed for the next two years. The latest type of building is absolutely fireproof. The school board is building none other at the present time. A complete building includes twenty-six class¬ rooms, assembly hall on the first floor, and gymnasium above. It includes the usual play rooms, toilet rooms and heating rooms in the basement, and space which may be used in the future for domestic science and man¬ ual training. There are also included the usual princi¬ pals' offices, teachers' rooms, libraries, etc., in each building. \\'herever possible the sites for new buildings are large enough to include playgrounds which are regarded as essential \vhene\ er possible to acquire. The board is building several 12-room school buildings which, in each case, are the first portions of future 24 or ju-room buildings. Tbey are so designed that additions may be put on and conform to the original portion. A 12-room building may be increased to 16 rooms or 20 rooms, or 2() rooms without in any way differing from the ultimate plan for a complete building. 56 THE CITY OF CHICAGO. Of the 341 schools there are three normal schools and sixteen high schools. They have the highest class of equipment and teaching force. The Wendell Phillips High school represents the best type of modern school- house. ^^'ith these material evidences of development in the Chicago school system are allied high civic ideals in the administration of the schools, the modification of the course t)f study to conform to the existing conditions and needs of the pupils, and the earnest co-o{>eration of the teaching force in working out their ideals. The educational spirit of Chicago took rorosperous condition and growing in strength and influence. There are six large theological schools in Chicago, besides several smaller ones and several just outside the city limits. There are thirteen large medical schools, a dozen schools of pharmacy, otology, ophthalmology, odontology, and two large law schools, besides those named. Chicago has also seven dramatic schools and many colleges of mu.sic, besides those connected with the larger universities, and the Art Institute contains the largest art class in the country. DOUGLAS PARK. CHAPTER XII. HICAGO'S great libraries contain approximately 1,700.000 volumes. The public library has the greatest patronage of any similar institution in the world. Last year the aggre¬ gate circulation was 1,721,186 vol¬ umes, which went to the homes of Chicago's reading public. Of this number, 662,896 volumes were taken out from the thirty-eight delivery stations scattered throughout the and the T. B. Blackstone Memorial branch library at Forty-ninth street and Lake avenue. As a factor in the educational life of Chicago this great system is only second to the public schools. Read¬ ing rooms are maintained in the three great sub-divi¬ sions of the city in connection with the public library, and the other institutions supplement this service. The professional schools and universities maintain libraries of unexcelled excellence. That of the University of Chicago alone containing over 400,000 volumes and 165,000 pamphlets. .\11 this in a municipality that had no existence before the law seventy-five years ago and was but a frontier fort at the beginning of the last century. Like all of Chicago's institutions, its libraries had a humble beginning. John S. Wright carried the first library tied up in his handkerchief. It was the library in connection with the first Sunday-school, in 1832, and Mr. Wright has the honor of being Chicago's first librarian. His mother, it was, who at her own expense built the first building devoted to the uses of a school. The first donation for a public library in the city was made bv a couple of real estate speculators from New York. They sent a package of 200 books which had cost perhaps $50 for a public library. In 1835 the intellectual life of the tf)wn centered around the Chi¬ cago Lyceum. It was a debating society that furnished an opjjortunitv for the social and literary advancement of the community. Among its membership was every man of any note in any trade or profession in the city. It had a library of 300 volumes, which at that early day was greatly appreciated. The next movement that fostered the library idea was the founding of the Mechanics' Institute in 1837. It was incorporated six years later and had for one of its aims the "creation of a library and museum for the benefit of mechanics and others." By 1843 it had gathered a library of over 1,000 volumes. The fire of 1871 swept away its books and other property. The Young Men's Association which was organized in January, 1841, had as one of its objects the establish¬ ing of a library. M'alter 1. Newberry, who in after life provided for one of the finest libraries now in Chicago, was chosen as the first president. A. reading room was at once opened and Mr. Newberry furnished a nucleus for a library. When the association was incorporated in 1851 it had a library of 2,500 volumes. This had grown to 9,000 volumes by 1866. Two years later, in 1868, the Young Men's Association was reorganized and its name changed to the Chicago Library Associa¬ tion. This was the beginning of the free library move¬ ment, though its property and books were wiped out by the fire of 1871. In April, 1856, the Chicago Historical Society was formed. The Rev. William Barry was the genius of the movement. He was its secretary and devoted him¬ self to its interest with contagious enthusiasm. He secured the collection of over 3,000 volumes the first year. The society was incorporated in 1857. Within two years it had over 18,000 volumes. The fire of 1871 consumed 60,000 volumes, 1,738 files of newspapers and a vast number and variety of documents, manv of which could never be replaced. Another fire in 1874 Gl G2 THE CITY OF CHICAGO. proved similarly disastrous. The present buildinjí is deemed ahsolutely fireproof. It cost $150,000 and was opened May, 1894. It has now a collection of over 40,000 volumes and 75,000 unbound volumes and pam¬ phlets, besides numberless documents, maps and other insignia of value. The Union Catholic Library was organized in 1868. It is a fact of more than local, indeed of international, interest that the initiative in the establishment of the Chicago Free Public Library was taken by an English¬ man, Thomas Hughes, author of Tom Brown at Rugby, etc., of London. The great fire of 1871 had well night swept Chicago out of existence. Never before in the history of the world had such a passion of sympathy swept over the country and manifested itself in such unprecedented ways in all civilized countries. At a meeting of the Association of English Authors, of which Thomas Hughes was chairman, the immediate needs of the afflicted city were discussed. It was not thought that anybody then could want for bread; it was felt that they would suffer for a time at least for want of books. An api)eal, headed by Oueen \'ictoria, signed by Thomas Hughes, Thomas Carlyle, Cladstone, Disraeli, Spencer, Tyndall, Tennyson and others, addressed to authors, publishers and booksellers, was sent forth. The result was that 7,000 xolunies were collected and for¬ warded to Chicago. This collection forrtied the begin¬ ning of what was presently to be the Chicago Eree Public Library. Mr. Hughes appealed to the people of England to give to Chicago "a new library as a work of sympathy now and a token of that sentiment of kinship which, independently of circumstances and irrespective of every other consideration, must ever exist between the differ¬ ent branches of the English race." As Mr. Azel F. Hatch, the president of the board of directors of the library, said of this movement at the dedication of the new building: "It crystallized the sentiment that a public library was a necessity, and prompted our citi¬ zens to express their appreciation of the generous and sympathetic donation by founding this library and pro¬ viding a place to receive and forever keep sacred this testimonial of universal brotherhood." At a public meeting in Plymouth Church, Mayor Medill presiding, January 8. 1872, measures were taken to secure from the State Legislature, then in session, an act enabling the city to provide by taxation for a free library. It was what was known as the splendid action of Thomas Hughes and others in England which was the immediate occasion of this action on the part of the city. The library was opened January i, 1873. Mr. Will¬ iam F. Poole, author, but not finisher, of that invaluable THE CHICAGO PUBLIC LIBRARY. THE CITY OF CHICAGO. 63 and never-ending work. "Poole's Index." was the first librarian, a man of extraordinary alfility and experience, fitting him for the great task of creating and organizing the library. He continued in this position until 1887. when he became librarian of the new Xewberry Library. He was succeeded by Mr. Frederick H. Hild, who remains in place to date. The new library building was open to the public October 11, 1897. The total cost of the building, with its fixtures, machinery, etc., was $2,125,000. It had monuments to the commercial spirit and liberality of its citizens. The Newherrv- Library and the John Crerar Library are sustained by the funds provided by the founders after whom they are named. By the pro\ isions of the will of Walter L. X'evvberry, who died Xovember 6. 1868, one-half of his estate was given for founding a free public library to be located on the Xorth Side. It was not until 1885 that the estate was divided when property valued at $2,149,403 was set aside for the librarv enterprise. The value of this THE NEWBERRY LIBRARY, been formally dedicated two days before, the anniversary of the fire. The total number of volumes at the close of the library year 1904, was 290,277 volumes. The circula¬ tion for the year was 1,721,186 volumes, which does not include the use of the books kept open on the reference shelves nor the periodicals and newspapers in the read¬ ing rooms. The greatest freedom is allowed under the rules of the public library. Membership in the library can be secured by anyone presenting a certificate from a property owner, guaranteeing the library against loss. The two other great public libraries of Chicago are endowment has steadily increased and is worth at least a million more than when first turned over. In 1889 the "Ogden block," where the magnificent building now stands, was purchased. The building was com¬ pleted in 1894 and in its commodious halls is one of the finest collection of reference books in the world. In the departments of music, medicine, art and anti([uitv it is especially strong. It is entirely a reference librarv and no books are circulated. It contains about 300.000 books and pamphlets. John Vance Cheney is librarian. The John Crerar Library is the third of Chicago's great public institutions of the kind. It is planned to 64 THE CITY OF CHICAGO. erect a magnificent home for it in (irant Park on the Lake Front, wlien its collection of over 150,000 volumes on the social, ])hysical and natural sciences will he transferred froni their temporaiy f(uarters in the Field huilding. A portion of the income from the endowment has been set aside each vear for a building fund and as soon as a site is ])rovided the work of erecting the huilding will he begun. Its character as a scientific library has been strictly adhered to. John Crerar in his will expressed a desire "that the hooks and periodicals he selected with a view to create and sustain a healthy moral and Christian sentiment." Clement W. .Andrews is in charge, as librarian. In point of number of volumes the University of Chicago Library is the largest in the city. Like the university it is built on stupendous lines and contains over 400,000 hooks and 165,000 pamphlets. Its use is not restricted to the students of the Lhiiversitv and others may have all the privileges on the payment of a small fee. Complimentary cards for four weeks are also issued to properly credited scholars visiting Chicago. Zella .Allen Dixson is librarian. The other libraries in Chicago and its immediate vicinity with the number of volumes they contain follow: Field Columbian Museum, 32,000; Lewis Institute, 12,000; Xorthwestern University, 91,000; Evanston, 34,600; Ciarrett Biblical Institute, 20,200; Ryerson, 3,500; Academy of Science, 19,800; St. Ignatius Col¬ lege, 20,000; Western Society of Engineers, 5'OOo; Chi¬ cago Law Institute, 40,000; Hammond, 23,000; Pull¬ man, 9,000. All these libraries are in a flourishing condition and steadily growing. There are also besides these a large and fast-increasing number of private libraries of great costliness and special value. CHAPTER XIII. IICAGO'S spirit of commercialism has been the foundation for her artistic development. It has made condi- tions possible for the success of her inspiring youth in the finer accom- plishments of life. With the tre¬ mendous wealth it has produced came the means for gratifying the love of the beautiful and the encour¬ agement of the artistic spirit of the community. This spirit has found expressions in an unrivaled park system in many superior private collections of works of art and most forciblv in the Art Institute of Chicago. Housed in a beautiful structure on the Lake Front, the Art Institute is naturally and logically the focus and stimulus of the art efforts of Chicago and of a great part of the western and middle states. It has enrolled over 2.500 students that come from all sections of the United States, Mexico and Canada. Ihe Academy of Fine Arts and a dozen lesser schools and studios and private classes will bring this number to over 5,000, a serious band of young American men and women who are devoting their efforts to the pictorial and plastic arts. A liberal share of the profits of Chicago's great com¬ mercial enterprise has been devoted to art. The gal¬ leries of the institute bear witness to this generosity. They have been enriched by donations from private cit¬ izens as few other art museums in this country have been. Here the richest and most judicious collectors have brought their treasure for the benefit of the public. This is characteristic of Chicago. While in other cities many priceless treasures of art are kept aloof from the many and for the enjoyment of the few fortunate to possess enough wealth to own them, in Chicago there B 65 has been that public spirit which has donated them to a public institution for the benefit of all. The Art Institute galleries are open free to the pub¬ lic 160 days of the year, and nowhere has the public shown such appreciation of the privilege. Nearly a million visitors come to the Art Institute in a year to inspect the ])ictures, sculptures and curios with which its galleries have beeti enriched by the liberality of the donations from private citizens. While not the richest, it has one of the most comprehensive e.xhibi- tions of art works in the world. Upon its walls and within its aisles may be found examples of nearly every famous master and celebrated school in the history of picture and plastic art. Its teachers and lectures are representatives of the best there is in the art schools of America, and its classes are drawn from the farms, villages and cities which stand for all that is most virile, most ambitious and youngest in the art movement of the United States. The Art Institute was established a quarter of a century ago. Its purpose as defined in its articles of incorporation was for "the founding and maintenance of schools of art and design, the formation and exhibi¬ tion of collections of objects of art and the cultivation and extension of the arts of design by appropriate means." How well it has carried out this purpose is manifest in the incomparable success it has attained. George .Armour was the first president and after he had completed a year of service he was succeeded by Levi Z. Leiter, who held the position for two vears. He was followed by Charles L. Hutchinson, who has been continued year after year. Under the stimulus of his enthusiasm the real work of the institute began and attained its final success. Mr. Hutchinson and Samuel M. Nickerson are the only ¡¡ersons remaining who have been trustees during the w hole historv of the THE CITY OF CHICAGO. institution. William M. R. French, the present director, lias been in charge of the institute since its founding and the financial affairs have been directed during that time by Newton H. Car])enter. Under the able direction of Mr. French the museum and school has taken a front rank and he has brought to its support many pul)lic-s])irited citizens. For three years it had rooms at State and Adams streets. Mr. French at once started a school of art in connection with the institute and encouraged the holding of exhibi¬ tions. In iSSj a site was purchased at the corner of to assist in the erection of a building for the holding of the \\ orld's Congresses of Religions. The fair direc¬ tors had appropriated $200,000 for this purpose and the Art Institute officers agreed to add whatever amounts were necessary to this to put up a permanent structure, which, after serving the purposes of the World's Congresses should he permanently occupied by the Art Institute. Permission was obtained from the city and the abutting property owners for the use of the Lake Front property and the present museum building erected at a cost of $648,000. The exposition THE ART INSTITUTE. Michigan avenue and \k'm Buren street and a substan¬ tial brick building erected. Three years later additional ]n-()])erty was secured and the building now occupied by the Chicago Clui) erected, ddhs building was dedicated in November, 1887, but it soon was outgrown although additions were made to it during the next live vears. In 1842 the structure was sold to the Chicago Club and the enter])rise of erecting the i)resent magnificent build¬ ing undertaken. Taking advantage of the oj)i)ortunities offered bN the World's bkiir in i8(;2. the Art Institute entered into a coin])act with the Columbian Fxposition directors company paid $200,000 of this sum and the Art Insti¬ tute $448,000, most of w hich was realized from the sale of the old building at \ an Buren street and Michigan avenue. The ownership of the building w as vested in the city until iQO-i wdien it was turned over to the South Park commissioners, w hile the right of use and occupa¬ tion was \ ested in the \rt Institute, as long as it shall fulfill the purposes for which it was organized. A special pr()\ ision was also made for keeping it open free to the public three times a week. In possession of this magnificent structure on the Lake h rout the Art Institute at once began to receive THE CITY OF CHICAGO. f>7 generous recognition from art patrons, ^\'itllin a year after its completion it received gifts of fine art objects equal in value to half of the cost of the new structure. More than an equal amount has since been received, which never would have been offered if a proper place had not been provided for their reception. During 1897 Charles Fullerton donated funds to build a lecture room in accordance with the original plans of the building, as a memorial to his father, Alexander N. Fullerton. In iqoo-'oi the Rverson Library was built and donated by Martin Ryerson, one of the trustees. It contains about 4,000 volumes strictly confined to fine art and includes many valuable works. It is a beautiful and commodious building and is consulted annually by over 50,000 persons. In 1903 a great sculpture hall, comprising the fourth side of the building, was erected by !Mr. and Mrs. Timothy B. Blackstone. The hall was named after the donors, who also presented the great collection of architectural casts by which it is filled. Before the original design of the building is completed there will be added a grand central stairway and dome and extensive galleries over the Blackstone Sculpture Hall. During the past ten years the collections given to the care of the institute have been numerous and impor¬ tant. It now ranks in this respect among the first three or four of the country. Among these contributions are the following: The Henry Field collection of paintings presented by the widow of Mr. Field. It comprises forty-one pictures and represents chiefly the Barbizon School of French Painting. The Munger collection bequeathed by Albert A. Munger after they had been on exhibition in the insti¬ tute some time. This fine collection of paintings is one of the most comprehensive in the galleries. The Nickerson collections presented by Mr. and Mrs. Samuel M. Xickerson, comprising a fine array of Japanese, Chinese and East Indian objects of art and a collection of modern paintings. The Nickersons also bore the expense of fitting up two galleries and the adjacent corridor with marble wainscoting and mosaic floor for the reception of the collection. This is the most magnificent single gift received by the institute up to this time. The Elbridge G. Hall collection of sculpture donated by Mrs. .\. M. H. Ellis. It includes only life-sized facsimiles of original works of sculpture, both of the renaissance and modern schools, the contemporary col¬ lection being the finest in America. The Higinbotham collection comprising 109 fac¬ simile re])roductif)ns of the antique bronzes of the Naples museum, statues, busts, tripofls. statuettes, lamps and other objects found at Herculaneum and Pompeii. The collection was presented by Harlow X. Higin¬ botham. One of the most nf)table additions to the collections of the galleries was the purchase of thirteen paintings from the Demidoff collection in 1890. These are works of the highest value by the old masters of the Dutch school and the reception of these pictures marked an epoch in the artistic development of the city. The total endowments of the institute only aggre¬ gate $163,400 and most of this is restricted. In fact, only $39,400 is for the general purposes of the insti¬ tute. Heretofore its support has been derived wholly from membership, dues, door fees and voluntary con¬ tributions. There are about 2,000 annual and 400 life members of various classes. .i\nnual members pay $10 a year and life members $100 and henceforth are exempt. Governing members pay $100 upon election and $25 a year dues. L'pon payment of $400 govern¬ ing members become life governing members. Since the transfer of the Art Institute to the park commis¬ sioners thev have been authorized bv the legislature to jjennit e.xtensions of the building and levy a tax for its support and that of the Field Golumbian Museum. This will be a great advantage to the institute and allow the use of the membership dues and (1( nations to be used in the i)urchase ot additional works of art. Such has been tbe progress of the Chicago Art Institute in the twenty-five years of its existence, prac¬ tically without an endowment and supported mainly by the openhanded liberality of hundreds of its public- spirited men and women. This fact has made it more dear to Chicago and though in time it will enjoy, no doubt, the millions of many of its present supporters, the fact that it was not the growth of the munificence of any single person will bring a riper fruitage in the future. In directing the artistic development of Chicago in the past few years, the Municipal Art League has hatl an important part. The olqects of the organiza¬ tion are to encourage the improvement of the thorough¬ fares, public buildings and places of the city along purely artistic lines. It also aims to show officials and people the best methods of bringing about artistic municipal improvements and create in the individual a spirit of co-operation in the care of private property. While the membership of the league is selected by the mavor it has only advisory functions. Its governing board con¬ sists of the mayor or commissioner of public works, three park commissioners, three sculptors, three archi¬ tects and three painters. Since its incorporation in 1901, the league has made many valuable suggestions. CHAPTER XIV. IIICAGO'S spiritual and temporal gone hand in developments have hand. From the first discovery of the portage between the waters of the Great Lakes and the Mississippi, when Father Marquette and La Salle pierced the northwestern wilderness, the two great forces of advancing civilization went hand in hand. As the city has grown rich and powerful, so the churches have increased in wealth and influence, until they number neaiiv a thousand with a membership of over a million. To a Catholic priest belongs the honor of having conducted the first religious service in the territory now embraced in the limits of the City of Chicago. Father Badin, who is credited with being the first priest ordained in America, came to Chicago in 1796, three years after his admission to the priesthood in Baltimore. His second visit to Chicago was in, 1822, at which time he performed the first baptism. The Baptists were the next religious organization to come to the cit\'. Tn 1825 the Rev. Isaac McCoy, a Baptist preacher, came to Chicago from his station in .Michigan and preached the first sermon in the English tongue. The next year the pioneer Methodist preacher of Chicago a])peared in the ])erson of the Rev. Jesse Walker, who at the time was in charge of the Fox River Mission. It was not until fi\e \ears later that Chicago was formally recognized as a field for religious work. Dur¬ ing the year the Illinois Methodist conference estab¬ lished the '"Chicago Missii^n district," and began the holding of a regular weekly prayer meeting. This was follijwed by the establishing of a Sunday-school the fol¬ lowing \ear. It was the Catholic church, however, that planted the first church in Chicago. St. Mary's parish was started in May, 1833, and the first church built at what is now the southwest corner of iMadison street. and Wabash avenue. The next month the First Pres¬ byterian church was established, followed by the First Baptist in October of the same year. The pioneer leaders of these religious flocks were Father John Mary Irenieus St. Cyr, the Rev. Jeremiah Porter and the Rev. .Mien B. Freeman. From this small beginning the great religious strength of Chicago has grown. The ne.xt year, in 1834, the First Methodist church was established and the first resident preacher installed. Other denominations were soon attracted to the growing young village at the lower end of Lake Michi¬ gan. In 1836 the Episcopalians, Universalists and Uni¬ tarians each established a church and installed resident clergymen. St. James was the pioneer Protestant Epis¬ copal parish. This goodly start sufficed for the next nine years and it was not until 1845 that other congre¬ gations were formed. In that } ear the few Jews living here organized a religious society. The German Lutherans established a church the same year and two years later the Norwegian Evangelical Lutheran church was founded. In 1849 the Swedenborgians built their first house of worship and the Christian church followed during the ne.xt year. These different denominations fully met the religious re((uirements of early Chicago. There were many Con- gregationalists among the early Chicago settlers, but thev for many years affiliated themselves with the Pres¬ byterians. It was not until 1851 that they established an independent church of their own denomination. The hirst 1 lesbyterian church was founded bv a Congrega- tionalist and most of its members were of the same faith. I his Presbyterian tendency of the Congrega- tionalists continued until there was a division over the anti-slavery ([uestion. Congregationalism has been strongest in the New h.ngland and northern states and 08 THE CITY OF CHICAGO. r,9 they had no churches sontli of Mason and Dixon's line in the early days. On the other hand the Presby¬ terians were strong in the South. So the advocates of the anti-slavery movement fellowshippcd with the slave owners reluctantly and as a relief organized the first church of their own denomination. The movement flourished for the next ten years as did the sentiment against the ownership of slaves, and since then has stood, like all other denominations upon its intrinsic merits as a branch of the general church. Such were the diverse beginnings of Chicago from an ecclesiastical point of view. It would be impracti¬ cable within the space of this chapter to follow, step by step, the church growth of this city, but having pointed out the pioneer stage of the different denomi¬ nations which gained a foothold in the early years of Chicago, it only remains to give some idea of the growth to which Chicago has now attained in its religious development. A stranger visiting Chicago is likely to be surprised at not seeing any churches in the central, or down-town, portions of the city. In the earlier days of Chicago churches in the business district were comparatively numerous. As the citv grew, some of these were removed up-town, the better to accommodate the peo¬ ple. In the great fire of iSjr all that were left were swept awav. The scattered, and for the time impover¬ ished. members found it necessary to rebuild elsewhere nearer their own new homes. Xow, between the lake on the east and Halsted street on the west, and between Chicago avenue on the north and Twelfth street on the south, there are scarcely a dozen churches of all denomi¬ nations. The number of churches and missions owned by the various denominations and sects is constantly grow¬ ing. At the beginning of 1905 their strength was as follows : Denomination. Churches. Estimated Membership. Adventists to 525 Baptists 72 14 22,000 Christian 22 S 2,800 Congregational 81 14 21,000 Christian Catholic 9 .... 450 Christian Scientist 6 .... 1,500 Latter Day Saints .. + .... 200 Cumberland Presbyterian 5 900 Dunkards I I 75 Episcopal 48 7 10,500 Episcopal Reformed 8 2,500 Ethical Culture I 900 Evangelical Association 13 9,200 Evangelical Lutheran 119 23 45,000 German Evangelical 27 .... 1,500 United Evangelical 6 1,200 Free Methodist 7 900 Greek 2 40« ) Holland Christian Reformed 5 500 Independent 9 2,200 Jewish 37 7.500 Methodist 147 2 40,000 Methodist Protestant I 100 Swedenborgian 5 525 Presbyterian 52 12 1,500 Reformed Church 15 I 2,3*^0 Covenanter 1 150 Catholic 277 49 1,200,000 Independent Polish Catholic 6 .... 2,500 Salvation Army .... 24 5.000 Unitarian 5 1.000 United Presbyterian 7 1,000 Universalists 4 500 Volunteers of America . . • 12 1,500 Miscellaneous 9 H 2.000 The number of churches and missions b\ no mean represents the activities of the various religious socie¬ ties. Schools, convents, hospitals and other institu- BEDFORD BUILDING. 70 THE CITY OF CHICAGO. tions are included in the g^ood work that is being done and is constantly on the increase. Every ordinarily live and enterprising church has, besides its Sunday-school, numerous associated educa¬ tional agencies. INloreovcr, many of the churches have their own parish schools. Nearly all the denominations have their own theological seminaries, and several of these are richly endowed and of national importance. One of these is the Chicago Theological Seminary (Con¬ gregational), on Ashland boulevard, at Union Park. The Presbyterians have their McCormick Theological Seminary, which the C. H. McCormick family founded and have done so much to enrich ; their Presbyterian Hospital and the Lake Forest University. The latter, though located a few miles north of the city, is in fact a Chicago Presbyterian institution. The Methodists have their great Northwestern Uni¬ versity, with its Garrett Biblical Institute, at Evanston. The Baptists have their University of Chicago, which already has property and endowment of about $10,000,000. Although many of the munificent .gifts for its buildings and endowments have come from mem¬ bers of other religious organizations, the majority of its trustees must always be members of the Baptist church. It is moreover necessary in this connection to make mention of the strong denominational press of the several leading denominations. The Baptist Standard, of which Mr. Edward Goodman and the Rev. Dr. J. A. Smith were respectively publisher and editor for over forty years, still stands as one among the best period¬ icals of the denomination. The Congregational organ, The Advance, which was started in October. 1867, and has numbered among its editors such men as Dr. \V. W. Patton, Gen. Charles H. Howard and Dr. Simeon Gil¬ bert, still keeps its lead as the representative paper of its denomination. The Interior is considered the lead¬ ing journal of the Presbyterian denomination in .\merica. It was started through the influence of the late Cyrus H. McCormick two years after The Advance. Dr. W. C. Gray has been its editor ever since 1871, and it may be said of him that he has few superiors in the line of editorial work in this or any other country. The Northwestern Christian Advocate, as the organ of the Methodist church, is also among the best publications of its kind. Dr. Arthur Edwards, the editor for over thirty years, has been one of the most able and popular men in the denomination. All these with the Living Church (Episcopal), the Catholic World and many other denominational journals, very ably represent the religious influences of the city. Taken as a whole, the churches of Chicago have from the first shared abundantly in the vigilant and out- pushing enterprise characteristic of Chicago. Their influence in many ways has not only penetrated and influenced the life of the city, but has gone out into all parts of the country tributary thereto. UNION PARK. CHAPTER X\\ CHICAGO PARKS. A*'' r<-r ^jHICAGO at the l)eginning of her sec- m , century is planning the greatest JF park system in tlie world. For its . J fulfillment we have the assurance * born of an energetic ])ast and an Z iC^V^Cfir awakened civic pride conscious of its obligation to the future. Starting with the ])resent park area of 3,174 acres, this stupendous plan contemplates the bringing of more than ten times that amount of park lands into a great system of pleasure grounds, which will entirely girdle the Chicago of the future and ])ut a playground almost at the door of every man, woman and child of the great metro]:)olis of the West, be thev rich or poor, dweller of mansion or tene¬ ment. The general plan of Chicago's great park extension plan can be divided into three distinct enterprises : First, the establishment of internal jiarks in the denselv populated section within the area bounded by the present park system and Lake Michigan. This enterprise comprehends the erection of neighborhood- center buildings and the improvement of Grant Park to five times its present size. The present large parks and boulevards are considered sufticient for the terri¬ tory immediatelv contiguous to them, with the excep¬ tion of Lincoln Park, which is to have an extensive addition. Second, the establishment of an outer belt nf forest and meadow tracts connected by parkways, which would encircle the future city of Chicago after its suburbs to the north, south and west had come into its corporate boundaries. Third, the boulevarding of the east edge of the city along the lake shore for its entire length, except where parks and boulevards already exist. When this s\ stem is a realitv Chicago will take its ])lace at the head of American cities in park area and applied facilities and for artistic attractiveness rival the beauties of Paris. The beginuiug of Chicago's park system was Dear¬ born Park, now the site <>f the Public Library, created in 1M34. -As the city grew for the ne.xt twenty years no systematic |)lan for parks was adopted. Small areas were set aside and im])roved, among them being Wash¬ ington Siptare on the North Side, Jefferson, Luiioii, X'ernon and Wicker parks on the West Side, and Ellis, Douglas Alonument, Woodland and (Iroveland parks on the .South Side. Of these none but I'nion Park com])rised more than five acres. The latter contains but .seventeen acres. In addition to these, thirty-four other small areas, many of them mere triangles at street intersections were created into parks. The real beginning of Chicago's great s\ stem of parks and boulexards was in i860, when an agitation was started urging the city to devote a tract of fifty- nine acres between Webster avenue and .Menominee street, and Clark street and the lake for park purposes. This land had been secured by the city eight years before on account of emergencies arising from an epi¬ demic of cholera. The land was intended to be used as a cemetery, hospital grounds and ([uarantine sta¬ tion. The cost of the fifty-nine acres was $8,831.50. The cemetery w as used as a place of burial until 1866, and the hospital was not torn down until 1870. The rapid growth of the North Side soon showed that it would be neces.>-ary to do away with a burial ground so near to the center of the city, and, because of the agitation of the citizens and physicians, the sale of burial lots was sto])])ed in 1859. in the following year the city council i)assed an ordinance reserving the north section of the cemetery for park purposes. Imr several years little was done toward laying out a park, and it 71 THE CITY OF CHIC.1G0. was left a stretch of sand waste, with scattering- thickets of send) oak and willows. A few walks were hnilt and it began to he known as "the ])ark." Definite action by the council took place in 18f)4, when an ordinance was passed declaring that this pro])ert\ should he set aside as a pnhlic ])ark to be known as "Lake Park." The next year the name was changed to "Lincoln Park," and an appropriation of $10,000 made for its improvement. A landscajie gardener was employed and drives and walks were laid out and trees planted. Less than half the appropriation was used up the first year. Slow progress was made until 1869 when the citi¬ zens of the North Side joined with the citizens of the South and West sides in securing the needed legislation at Springfield for establishing park districts and com¬ missions as separate taxing and governing bodies. These commissions proceeded in an orderly, systematic way to establish the present magnificent chain of con¬ nected parks, which has placed Chicago in the front rank of American cities in park facilities. This chain includes Lincoln Park on the North Side. Humboldt, Garfield and Douglas parks on the WTst Side and Wash¬ ington and Jackson parks on the South Side, with their connecting boulevards. Two more parks were recently added to this chain along Western Avenue boulevard, McKinley Park at Thirty-seventh street and Gage Park at Pi/ty-fifth street. The park area after the establishment of these parks in 1870 was 1,887 acres. In the next ten years it was increased to 2,000 acres and remained at that figure until 1900, when the great movement for the establish¬ ment of the most comprehensive park system in the world was started. As a result in a few years the area had grown to 3,174 acres, embracing eighty-four parks and the boulevards connecting them are thirtv-four in number and fifty miles long. LINCOLN PARK, Lincoln Park as it is to-day was made i)ossible b\- the passage of the first park act, February 8, 1869. This act appointed IL B. HcCagg, John B. Turner, Andrew Nelson, Joseph Stockton and Jacob Rehm, commis¬ sioners of Lincoln Park. They were to serve for five years, or until their successors were selected by the judge of the Circuit Court of Cook County. This last provision of the law was subsequently changed so that commissioners are now appointed by the governor. The first board met with many obstacles. Law suits were instituted against them and they were harassed in many u ays. They took in the cemetery grounds to the south of the original tract and all the bodies buried there were ordered removed and interred at various other cemeteries in the \ icinity of the city. With its connecting boulevards Lincoln Park now embraces 409 acres. An increase of area is to be made to the north along the Lake Shore which will add several hundred acres and give it another mile of shore ' line in addition to its present four and a half miles of water front. One million dollars are available for this purpose. No other large park in the city is so advan¬ tageously situated and so easily reached. As a result it is the most popular playground in Chicago, and immense crowds enjoy its beautiful drives, walks, shady meadows and lawns, and picturesque lagoons. It con¬ tains a magnificent collection of statuary, the heroic figure of the martyred president from whom it received its name, and that of General Grant being the most striking. The horticultural features of Lincoln Park are espe¬ cially attractive. The old English garden is a most delightful place to loiter in on summer days, and its floral displays are unrivalled. The propagating houses are new and extensive, and its greenhouses, ferneries, and palmhouse can hardly be surpassed in this country. The pride and distinctive feature of Lincoln Park, however, is its "zoo." In the cages and enclosures are confined one of the best and most instructive collections of animals in America. There is a herd of buffaloes that has steadily increased until it has completely out¬ grown the five-acre range provided for it. All the great fauna and bird families of the globe are represented, and are the delight and wonder to armies of boys and girls, as well as the adult population of the entire city. The Lincoln Park board has $500,000 available for the purchase of small parks, and negotiations are now under way for their purchase. These will be equipped with neighborhood-center houses and made as attract¬ ive and beautiful as the means at hand permits. Unlike the other sections of the city, the North Side has its great park so located that it is accessible to the most crowded part of its territory, and its lake shore is not cut off as it is on the South Side by the Illinois Central tracks. TME SOUTH PARKS. The act for the appointing of the South Park com¬ missioners was passed by the legislature in Februar^', 1869, on the 23d of the same month Governor Palmer named John ^[. Wilson, Chauncev Bowen, George W. (lage, L. B. Sidway and Paul Cornell, to take charge of carrying out the provisions of the law. They had large ideas as to what the parks of the South Side should be, and the magnificent stretches of Wash¬ ington and Jackson parks with their connecting boule¬ vard bear evidence of their foresight. An issue of $2,000,000 bonds was floated and with the proceeds about 1,500 acres of land were purchased. THE CITY OF CHICAGO. The first work of improvement was begun, on what is now Washington Park. Landscape architects were employed and plans for laying out the park submitted. During the next two years great progress was made until the great fire in 1871 caused a suspension of the work for about a year. In 1872, however, the public spirit of the South Side was aroused and a public move¬ ment for the improvement of the parks was begun. The commissioners were short of funds, and under the existing conditions hesitated about offering another bond issue. They called upon the citizens for assist¬ ance and the response was enthusiastic. Contributions were worked there in the course of the next year will never be forgotten, though the \\ hite City has van¬ ished, and all the magnificent structures except the crumbling art palace, now occupied as a temporary home by the Field Columbian Museum, have vanished. This structure and the German building were the only reminders of the World's Fair left in two years, and the park has been fully restored. No park in Chicago has such magnificent vistas as Jackson Park. Its driveways are laid out on magnifi¬ cent lines, and its stretches of meadow and lawns are highlv artistic and restful, \gainst it cannot be brought GARFIELD PARK. were also solicited abroad, and plants and seeds in abundance came from the botanical gardens of Europe and Asia. Greenhouses were erected and the grounds plowed and fertilized. Lakes and lagoons were exca¬ vated, and before the close of the '70s 1,057 acres had been improved in Washington and Jackson parks. Py 1884 all the floating debts of the parks had been paid, the special assessments for park purposes on the South Side, up to that time, amounting to $4,709,652. Jackson Park will always be remembered as the site of the Columbian Ex])()sition. Eor this pur])ose the commissioners turned over 666 acres, including the stretch along the Midway Plaisance. The wonders that the criticism, that has been made against some of the other parks of Chicago, that it is overdeveloped. With a magnificent water front, its beauty is further enhanced by an extensive system of lagoons in the center of which is the "Wooded Island," where are still the quaint tea houses of the Japanese exhibit at the World's Pair. Its rose garden is a spot of surpassing beauty and interest. It has excellent golf links and many tennis courts. The total area of these parks and their boulexanls is 1,500 acres. Grant Park on the Lake Eront is being enlarged to five times its |)resent size, and will become the site of the Eield Columbian Museum and the Crerar Library. 74 THE CITY OF CHICAGO. CROQUET GROUNDS—GARFIELD PARK. For this and other improvements recent enactments bv the legislature make $2,000,000 available to the South Park board. The South Park commissioners were the first to act under the statute of 1903, which gave them the authority to purchase sites for small internal parks, in the crowded residence districts. In many of the quarters a blade of green grass was a no\ elt\'. \\'ith the $1,000,- 000 immediately available they purchased fourteen parks, located as follows: Bessemer Park, Eighty- seventh and Lake Shore tracks in South Chicago; Cornell Park, Fifty-first, Lincoln, W ood and Fiftieth streets; Davis Square, Hermitage, Marshfield, Forty- fourth and Forty-fifth streets; Hamilton Park in Fngle- wockI, Seventy-second and the Rock Island tracks; Hardin Square, Twenty-fifth and W'entworth avenue; Palmer Park, ( )ne hundred and eleventh street and Indiana avenue; Russell Square, Eighty-third and Houston streets; Alark White Square, Twenty-ninth and Halsted streets; Armour Scjuare, Thirtieth and .Shields avenue; Maiajuette Park, .Seventy-first and Cal¬ ifornia avenue: Ogden Park, Si.xtv seventh and Centre avenue; Sherman Park, Carfield boulevard and Centre avenue; Calumet Park, Xinety-fifth street and tbe lake in .South ( hicago, and an nnnamefl park at I''()rty- sixth ami .Stewart avenue. The commission had started out to provide simple parks, but the conditions showed that such places to be serviceable to the city where seventy per cent of the peo])le live in contracted cjuarters, must be more than breathing places with flowers, grass, trees and perhaps a pond and fountain. So its was decided to equip them with gymnasia, libraries, baths, refectories, club rooms and halls for meetings and theatricals, making them a rallying place and center of interest and inspiration for the betterment of the condition of the people of the dis¬ trict. Following out this idea their improvement was begun. Each park is being equipped with a field house or neighborhood-center building. This contains a gvmnasium for women and girls, provided with appara¬ tus, shower bath, plunge bath and lockers. A similar gymnasium is provided for men and boys. At the refectories wholesome foods are .sold at first cost. Club rooms, -wdiere meetings of athletic clubs, sewing guilds and other org'anizations are held, and an assembly hall are also provided in each field house. These vary in size, in accordance with the neighborhood served, from a .seating capacity of 1,000 to 3,000. These field houses are of artistic design and con¬ structed mainly of cement and concrete. TME WEST PARKS. The \\ est Park system had its real beginning bv the enactment of the legislature which established the parks of the two other great divisions of the citv. The first THE CITY OF CHICAGO. 7'» board appointed in Febrnarv, 1869, was made np as follows: Charles C. P. Holden, Henry Greenebainn, George Stanford, Eben F. Runyan. Isaac R. Hitt. Clarke Lipe and David Cole. The new board was authorized to expend $400.000 for the ])urchase of land for a boulevard and park sites in the districts in which are now located Garfield. Douglas and Humboldt parks and their connecting boulevards. The great fire followed by the i)anic of 1873 were hardships the first board had to contend with, but they were alb overcome successfully. The work progressed favorably until 1877 when a scandal, growing out of charges of mismanagement, brought about a reorgan¬ ization of the commission. Again in 1896 the A est Park system received a hard blow by the defalcation of its treasurer, which left it clipped financially. This was met by remedial legislation at Springfield, and under new management the parks have made greater i)rogress than ever before. The park board at this time also changed its attitude towards the city streets adjoining or running through park ])roperty by deciding to co-operate with the property owners in improving these thoroughfares, and not saddling the entire cost on the abutting property owners. This has resulted in greatly improving these thoroughfares, and has attracted to them many handsome private residences, which had been kept away because of the unfavorable conditions governing their improvement. Garfield Park, the most highly improved of the larger parks, covers 18X acres, lying four miles directly west of the citv hall. It was formerly known as Central Park, the name being changed in memory- of President Garfield. Madison and Lake streets divide it into three parts, each of which has been distinctively developed. That portion north of Lake street is sparsely wooded with rolling, winding roadways and shallow brooks, in close imitation of Xew England farm lands. The area south of Madison street has been given over to an elaborate svstem of drives and promenades, twining about a massive marble band-stand, and splendidly- equipped cycling and trotting courses. The central por¬ tion is ornately laid out, yet so closely has nature been followed that it is difficut for the visitor to detect in the winding lake, the sloping lawns and nodding trees any trace of the handiwork of those who have built a beau¬ tiful rural scene upon what was a stretch of level prairie. To the north of Garfield Park is Hund)oldt. and to the south Douglas Park, the three connected by the boulevard jilanned in 1869. Humboldt is the largest of the West Side [)arks. and contains 206 acres, while Douglas contains a few acres less than Garfield. Humboldt Park lias a fine lake covering twenty- three acres, a new boathouse and its beauty is greatly VIKW—WEST CHICAGO PARK 70 THE CITY OP CHICAGO. enhanced by lily ]ionds, mai^nificent driveways and walks. It has a thoroughly eqiiipjied hothouse and in connection with this is an extensive nursery containing thousands of trees and shrubs, embracing no less than 1,200 distinct varieties. It is named after the great German naturalist, .\lexander von Humboldt, and is bounded by .\ugusta street. Grand, Kedzie, California and North avenues. Douglas Park is named after Lincoln's great adver¬ sary. It is divided by ( )gden avenue, and much of the section lying to the south has been only reclaimed from its natural state during the past five or six years. By .\\ enue boulevard have recently been added to the magnificent chain of \\ est Side ])arks, and are being rapidlv improved. In addition to this chain of greater park areas there are six smaller breathing spots, which have been turned over from time to time to the West Park commissioners. These are Union, Jefïerson, X'ernon, Wicker, Campbell and Shedd's parks. Twelve boulevards are now included in the West Park system. They are Humboldt, Central, Douglas, Southwest, Washington, Jackson, Ashland, Twelfth street, Ogden, Central Park, Homan and Oakley. All the boulevards, with the exception of Southwest are lighted with elec- co-operating with the drainage board the park commis¬ sioners secured many improvements at a low cost. An immense quantity of dirt needed for filling in the park and the Southwest boulevard was secured from the canal commissioners, and they were in turn granted concessions in the construction of the bridge over the canal at the boulevard crossing. In this way the park was improved in less than a year to an extent that would have taken a decade to accomplish under ordinary con¬ ditions. The lake at Douglas Park is (»ver twenty-six acres in extent, and is the largest on the West Side. Lily ponds, bridges, conservatories and other improve¬ ments have made Douglas Park one of the most attract- i\e jdeasure grounds in the city. McKinley Park and Gage Park, the one at Thirtv- seventh and the other at Fifty-fifth street and Western tricity, which is furnished by the lighting plant of the West Park system. The M est Park board has done nothing towards establishing small neighborhood parks as yet. It has $1,000,000 available for this purpose, but is waiting for certain questions as to the legality of the bond issue to be settled before issuing the securities. THE MUMCIPAL PLAYGROUNDS. 1 he beginning of the present movement in Chicago to enlarge its park facilities first took form in 1900, when the city council ai)pointed a commission known as the Special Park commission, to investigate and report on the conditions in the congested districts of the city, as to what could he done to prcn ide a remedy. In the few THE CITY OP CHICAGO. 77 years of its existence this commission has done mucli practical work in establishing playgrounds in addition to bringing prominently to the attention of the public, the need of Chicago at once engaging in an extensive scheme to enlarge its park area on a plan consistent with its present size, and with a view to providing facilities for its great future growth. In this work the Special Park commission has performed a service of incalculable value. The nine municipal playgrounds established and maintained by the city are located as follows : Webster ground, Thirty-third street and ^\'entworth avenue; Moseley ground. Twenty-fourth street and Wabash avenue ; Holden ground, Bonfield and Thirty- first street; McLaren ground, \\Tst Polk street near Laflin street ; Jones ground, Plymouth ])lace, south of Harrison street ; Orleans ground, Orleans street and Institute place; Northwestern Elevated Railway ground, Larrabee and Alaska streets; Adams ground. Seminary avenue near Center street; Lincoln ground. West Chicago avenue near Robey street. Some of these grounds are owned by the city, while others are donated for this use by individuals. The city spends annually $20,000 a year to maintain them. They are equipped with swings and other outdoor apparatus for gymnastic exercises, and are in charge of a competent athletic director, assisted by a policeman, and in the summer by a trained kindergartner. A superintendent, who donates his services to the cause has a general direction of the playgrounds. The children of the neighborhoods in which these playgrounds are located are greatly benefited and kept from the streets. As a practical work in improving the citizenship of the com¬ ing generation no work undertaken by a municipality is productive of greater results than this. It offers a field for public spirited citizens of means to do a lasting good by donating grounds for these bright spots in the lives of the children of the tenements. CHICAGO'S GREAT PARKS OE THE EUTURE. Thirtv-seven thousand acres of parks is the dream of Chicago's greatness for the future. The Metropolitan Park report submitted by the Special Park commission outlines this stupendous undertaking. Henry G. Fore¬ man, former president of the South Park commissioners and of the Outer Belt Park commission thus takes a look into the future ; "Grant Park is the axis of the inner and outer belts of parks and boulevards. In it are the buildings of the Art Institute, Crerar Library, and Field Columbian Museum. From Grant Park as the hub, the system expands in the form of half a wheel. I he diagonal citv .streets are the spokes; the inner belt of parks and boulevards is the support of the spokes; the outer belt of preserves and parkways is the tire ; and the inner and outer systems are merged into the broad shore boulevard. All parts of the great recreation area are accessible quickly by transf>ortation lines at low fares. When this system is a reality, Chicago will take its place at the head of American cities in park area and applied facilities. It will then be the Paris of .America for artistic attractiveness." The sites for this outer park belt as outlined by the report of the special commission follow ; 1.—A three-eighths mile strip along the north line of Cook County from Lake Michigan to the Skokee, an ancient back bay now a marsh in springtime and prai¬ rie in summer, thence south and west embracing all of the Skokee within Cook County for a distance of about sixteen miles, terminating in the Peterson woods at Bowmanville and covering an area of 8,320 acres. 2.—.V strip along the Fvanston drainage canal through the northeast section of the city to the lake. This strip might be widened in certain places to make beautiful residence parks with lagoons in the center. 3.—By country drive along the north county line from the Skokee to the Desplaines river; thence south through Wheeling. I)esi)laines. Franklin Park. River Forest and Riverside to the Drainage Canal, a distance of twenty-five miles, covering an area of 8,800 acres. 4.—-V strip running west alc)ng Salt Creek from Riverside to Western Springs, thence south along Flag Creek, or the high ground one mile east, to Willow Springs. 5.—The highlands and forest at Mt. Forest and Willow Springs, the north half mile of the hills of Palos, and the intervening Sag Valley, are recommended for a great forest reserve and city camping ground. There are 7.3^0 acres in this tract, and it differs from the others in that it is not long and narrow, but is nearer an oval in shape. 6.—A parkway along the proposed South Chicago Drainage Canal from the main canal to Blue Island. Thence along the Calumet river to Lake Calumet, and all around the latter, including about 1,500 acres south of the lake ; making a park of nearly 3,000 acres of land and as much more of water in the midst of one of the greatest manufacturing centers in the world. 7-—The Hvde Park Reefs in the lake form a menace to navigation and it is i)roposed to cover them with spoil from the drainage canal banks or from subways, so as to make island parks. Similar treatment should be given the submerged land along the lake shore from Jackson Park to Grant Park. The Illinois Central can¬ not be moved, but the shore can be and thus restore it and the lake to the people and preserve and embellish our best known "natural feature"-—the lake—for posterity. CHAPTER XVI. LE first newspaper printed in Chi¬ cago bears the date of Tuesday, November 26, 1833. It was called the Chicago Democrat and had for its motto Franklin's splendid apho¬ rism, "Where Liberty Dwells, There Is My Country." The pio¬ neer journalist of the city was John Calhoun, who came west for the ])ur])ose of starting a paper in this village. He was a sturdy admirer of Andrew Jackson. Having the field all to himself, his paper was the oflicial organ of the town. His monopoly was not long enjoyed. In the summer of 1835 ^ Whig paper, the .\merican. was established by F. ( ). Davis. Neither of these newspapers' founders had any very considerable career in the profession. The first citizen of Chicago to make himself a i)f)wer in journalism was John Wentworth, one of the most unique characters in the early history of the city. He came here fresh from Dartmouth College, and soon bought out Mr. Calhoun. His original intention was to be a lawyer, but he found journalism suited to his taste. He was an ardent Demo¬ crat, with ari aptitude for politics. As a writer, he had a biting wit, jjungent ])ersonal paragraphs being his forte. For a long time he had associated with him Joseph K. C. Forrest, also a pungent writer, but a man of varied gifts, writing fluently and often brilliantly on all current topics. The Deimjcrat became a morning daily just before the ])residential campaign of 1840. It continued in existence and under Mr. Wentworth's con¬ trol until its discontinuance in 1861, going out of exis¬ tence just as the era of newspaper prosperity was about to begin. The name Democrat w as used to the end, but with the organization of the Republican party Mr. Wentworth espoused the Rejniblican cause. The American, and a little later the Express, had each a short and inconsequent existence, but the Chi¬ cago Daily Journal, called later the Evening Journal, wdiich was started April 22. 1844. still lives. It was really, but not nominally, started by Thurlow Weed and a small coterie of close friends of William H. Seward for the unavowed purpose of promoting the presidential ambition of that great statesman. Mr. Richard L. Wil¬ son, who as a young man was well known to Mr. Weed, became its editor. He was often, and deservedly, called the Prentice of the Northwest. His paragraphs were models of keen wit. Between Wentworth and Wilson was kept up a runnning fire of lampoonry. There was no real malice in their warfare. Their sharp thrusts contributed much to the enjoyment of the community. Mr. Wilson died in 1850, when his brother, Charles L. \\ ilson, who had been associated with him for several years succeeded to the editorship, which he retained until his death, more than twentv vears later. The Journal remained true to Seward, even though Mr. Wil¬ son was a warm i)ersonal friend of Abraham Lincoln. Mr. Lincoln's friendship for the editor was, however, unshaken. I he Journal was a very infiuential and prof¬ itable newspaper so long as it remained Republican in politics. 1 he managing editor for many years, Andrew Shuman, was elected lieutenant-g'overnor in 1876 in recognition of the service rendered to the partv by the Evening and \\ eekly Journal. The Journal continued under the control of the \\ ilson familv until the year 1^95' when John R. \\ ilson, a nephew of the founder of the ])ai)er, sold the controlling interest to James E. Scripps and others of Detroit. Mr. Wilson, at the time he sold, had been in control t)f the Journal for several years and had continued to conduct it as a Republican newspa])er. The new purchasers, however, at once changed it into an independent paper of a sensational character. The change lost it many of its old subscrib- 78 THE CITY OF CHIC.^OO. 70 ers. but eventually largely increased its subscription list. The management continued in control of the Journal with varying success, until the summer of 1904, when its control was purchased by John Eastman, a veteran Chicago newspaper man. His long experience in all departments of active newspaper work in Chicago and New York has been of great advantage in reviving the paper's business and editorial prestige. Numerous newspapers of a mushroom growth sprang up in the forties, some of them dailies, hut only two gained a permanent foothold, the Chicago Daily Tribune and the Staats Zeitung. The first number of the Tribune was issued July 10, 1847. To Mr. For¬ rest, so long the able assistant of Mr. Wentwr)rth. belongs the honor of being the most prominent of its founders, but his connection with it was brief. Many changes were made in a few \ ears. In 1853 Mr. Joseph Medill came to Chicago from Cleveland, and became part owner of the paper and one of its editors. Soon after Dr. C. H. Ray and William Bross became asso¬ ciated with him. and for some years those three eminent journalists were co-editors, with neither paramount in authority. Dr. Ray was an accomplished and brilliant writer, elegant in diction and ardent in temperament. The great triumvirate worked together harmoniously, albeit each man was of pronounced individuality. With them was associated as publishers Mr. Alfred Cowles. All four except Dr. Ray, continued their connection with the paper until death, and for nearly a quarter of a centurv' iMr. Medill was editor-in-chief, and enjoyed the distinction of being the dean of Chicago newspaper men. At his death, early in 1899, he was succeeded by Robert W. Patterson, long the managing editor of the paper. The Staats Zeitung was started in 1848, and was the -'first Chicago newspaper of importance printed in the German language. The first editor tO' achieve fame was Captain George Schneider, who came to Chicago from St. Louis in the summer of 1851 to assume the editor¬ ship. He made the Staats Zeitung a daily of great power. Being a strong advocate of freedom in all its breadth of meaning. Captain Schneider was one of the founders of the Republican party. During the Know- Xothing craze he rendered great service to the country, saving the Republican party from alliance with it. He retired from the work on the Staats Zeitung to acce])t a lucrative position under President Lincoln. He was succeeded by two strong men, A. C. Hesing, as pub¬ lisher, and Herman Raster as editor. \\ ith Mr. Raster to wield the pen and Mr. Hesing "to do politics,' the paper was for about ten years one of the greatest jjowers in Republican politics in the West, dhey broke from the partv in 1876, and afterwards the pa])er was independent in jjolitics. Being published in the German language it suffered from the fact that American born Germans naturally drift away from the language, both spoken and written. Washington Hesing succeeded to the property at the death of his father. He was prominent in Demo¬ cratic politics, and was postmaster and independent candidate for mayor before his death. After his death the Staats Zeitung property gradually declined until a few years go it was absorbed by the Freie Presse. While it is published under his own name as the morning edition of the Freie Presse, it has lost much of its old individuality. Both papers are under the control of Richard Michaelis, as the head of the Illinois Publishing Company. The next important newspaper of Chicago in chron¬ ological order was the Daily Times, founded in 1854. From the beginning it was strongly Democratic in politics. Four years later another Democratic morning daily was started, called the Herald. The Times was a Douglas organ, the Herald a Buchanan organ. Both ran until 1860, when Cyrus H. McCormick, proprietor of the Herald, bought the Times and merged them under the name of the Herald-Times, the intention being to droj) the latter name. The next year, however, Wil¬ bur b. Stdi'ey bought out McCOrmick, and, not carry¬ ing out the intention of the former proprietor, dropped the Herald and retained the name of the Times. Under the editorshij) and management of Mr. Storey the Chi¬ cago Times entered upon a great career as a newspaper. Air. Storey was a strong and daring character, and devoted himself to building up the Times with a reck¬ less disregard for morals and religion. He had a genius' for newspai)er work, and with enterprise unprecedented at that time used the telcgaph to collect news from all portions of the country, especially those portions tributary to Chicago. Sensational and salacious matter was given special prominence and the paper increased rapidly in circulation and held an important place until the failüre of Mr. Storey's mind and his eventual decease. After that it had an uncertain life, appearing a great deal in the courts, where various people were trying to get possession of what remained of it. It lived a sickly life, however, until about the close of 1894, when it suspended publication and became a part of the Her¬ ald, under the name of the Times-Herald. The Chicago Daily Herald was started in 1881 bv Frank W. Palmer and some other Republican politi¬ cians, to.gether with a few aspiring young journalists, with James W Scott as ])ublisher. It had a trving sort of existence for a few \ ears until John R. Walsh joined with Martin J. Russell and James W Scott, purchased it and put it on its feet. Mr. Russell was the editor and Mr. Scott the publisher. It i)rovetl a great success. Typographically it was the handsomest pajrer printed in ( hicago, if not in the L'nited States. It grew rapidly in fax'or as an inde|)endent Democratic i)aper, and event- 80 THE CITY OF CHICAGO. ability as a publisher and manager. That gentleman, however, very suddenly died in April, 1895, before he had secured any of the fruits of his great work. The Evening Post, an afternoon paper that had been started bv the Herald and published as an afternoon edition, was also a part of the Times-Herald property. On the death of Mr. Scott both papers were sold to H. H. Kohlsaat, who at once changed the papers from Demo¬ cratic organs to independent papers with Republican leanings. This was in 1894. Mr. Kohlsaat started under the most auspicious circumstances to manage these great properties, but his lack of training in the newspaper business soon became manifest in the guidance of the Herald and Post. He u as compelled to relinquish his control of the Post several years ago and in 1903 practically ceased to be a factor in the management of the Times- Herald. A consolidation of the Record and the Times-Herald was brought about in the spring of 1901 as a means of saving the Herald and also conserving a large financial inter¬ est that \dctor Lawson, publisher of the Record, had secured in the Times- Herald property. Frank B. Noyes, of Washington, later became interested and assumed control of the property. Mr. Kohlsaat retiring from an active participation in its management. The Inter Ocean was the first daily newspaper bom in Chicago after 'J the great fire of 1871. The first num¬ ber was published March 25. 1872. J. Young Scammon one of the pio¬ neers of Chicago was the founder. .\s a lawyer, banker and philanthro¬ pist he had stood at the forefront almost ever since Chicago had a name. He had had something to do with the founding of more than one of the pioneer papers of the city, but the Inter Ocean was his individual enter¬ prise, at least for the first few years of its existence. It was radically Repub- '^dican from the beginning. The Chi¬ cago Tribune, which was the leading Republican newspaper of the North¬ west having bolted the nomination of Ceneral Grant in 1872, gave great opportunity for the Inter Ocean to MARQUETTE BUILDING. secure a strong hold on the party ually took position as the leading organ of the party. Late in 1894. Mr. Russell having some time before ceased his connection with the paper, Mr. Scott and a syndicate of gentlemen purchased Mr. Walsh's interest, at the same time purchasing what remained of the Chi¬ cago Times, and consolidated the two papers as the Times-Herald. The new parties that came into the deal were led to do so bv their confidence in Mr. Scott's THE CJTV OF CHICAGO. 81 throughout the northwest country, and being ably edited it did much toward supplanting the Tribune in Republican households. In 1S75 Mr. Scammon retired altogether from any connection with The Inter Ocean, and a new company with William Penn Nixon as editor and manager, took possession ^of the property. Mr. Xixon continued from that time as editor-in-chief and general manager of the paper until 1897. when a controlling interest was purchased bv Charles T. Verkes. The pa])er continued, as it had been for twenty-five years, tbe ablest and most aggressive exponent of Republican ])rinciples west of the Alleghany v* mountains. After the purchase lyv Mr. Verkes. George W. Hinman of New York, succeeded Mr. Xixcm as editor-in-chief. Under his editorship the paper showed increased vigor and aggressiveness and attracted wide attention. In January. 1898, Mr. Xixon was appointed collector of customs by President McKinley, but continued as publisber of the Inter Ocean until 1902 or 1903, when the control of the paper was acquired by Mr. Hinman. Under Mr. Hinman's personal con¬ trol the Inter Ocean has been a power in the political and civic activities of the city. The weekly edition of the Inter Ocean secured the widest circulation of any political and secular paper published west of the Allegheny mountains. It is the Ixîast of its publishers that it has subscribers in every state and territory of the Union and many foreign coun¬ tries. It is especially valuable as an advocate of Repub¬ lican principles, and probably exercises a wider influ¬ ence in states composing the northern portions of the Mississippi and Missouri valleys than any other half dozen publications. Its popularity as a family paper added greatly to its influence politically. The first one-cent paper published in Chicago was the Chicago Daily Xews. The first number was issued on Christmas Day, 1875. At first it was a paper devoted almost entirely to local matters, being entirely outside of the Associated Press, and being unable to spend much money in securing telegraphic service. In spite of all this, as a cheap evening paper, it grew in favor and early fell into the hands of X'ictor F. Lawson and Mebille E. Stone. These men pushed it forward with great skill and energy, and by purchasing the franchise of the Daily Evening Post, which failed and was sold in 1878, it became a member of the Associated Press, h rom that day its forward step was rapid and until it became the greatest monev-making publication west of Xew \ ork. On March 21, 1881, a morning edition of the Daily Xews was first published. On March 13. 1893. the name of the morning edition was changed to the Chicago Record. The Lawson papers have always been of the class called inde]»endent. and support such policies and men as best please the tastes or serve the interests of their proprietor. The Record was consolidated with the Times-Herald in 1901. When Mr. Kohlsaat purchased the Times-Herahl and made it an independent newspaper it left the Demo¬ cratic party without any newspaper to advocate itN princi])les. To fill this want Martin J. Russell, former editor of the Herald, and H. W' Seymour, at one time managing editor of the Daily Times, with the aid and assistance of a prominent capitali'-t. started the Chicago Chronicle. From the beginning it was ably edited and grew in favor as a straight Democratic organ. It declined to follow the party in 1896 and headed the bolt of the Gold Democrats. While continuing radically Democratic, its chief characteristics are great independ¬ ence in action and in the advocacy both of men and ])rinci])les. John R. Walsh has been the virtual owner of the Chronicle from the beginning and his pronounced antagonism tu the radical wing mí the Democratic party finally resulted in 1904 in a complete change in the polit¬ ical i)()licy of the paper, it coming out as an avowed Republican organ. W . R. Hearst is the last ¡)ublisher who has entered the daily news])aper field. In 1900 he started the Chi¬ cago American, an afternoon paper, along the same lines as his .^an Francisco and Xew York publications. Highly semsational in tone and make-up his paper was forced to the front with lavish expenditure of money and soon had a large circulation. A morning edition of the American was started which also achieved suc¬ cess from the beginning. The morning edition is called The Examiner. The papers are exponents of the radical wing of the Democratic party, of which Mr. Hearst is one of the acknowledged leaders. He has used his various newspapers to e.xpound his own per¬ sonal \ iews and advance his own political ambitions. In addition to the above there are several daily papers published in foreign languages. Among these the most important are: The Freie Presse, published both morn¬ ing and evening in the German language. Richard Michaelis is editor ami proprietor. It was at one time ReiJublican, but later supported the Democratic party. The Abendpost, also German, is published as an evening paper. Fritz Glogaur is editor and general manager. The paper is conducted with considerable vigor and with German-Americans has considerable influence. The Skandinaven. John Anderson, editor and pro¬ prietor, is the most influential newspaper among Norwe¬ gians and their descendants of any publication in the West or .Northwest. It is independent in its tenden¬ cies. but is generally with the Republican party. It is published dail\' and weekly. The religious newspapers of Ghicago are probable second to those of no other city of the nation. They are numerous and many of them are prosperous. Outside of the daily ])apers there are about 600 weekly papers— 82 THE CITY OF CHICAGO. political, religious, agricultural, sporting, mercantile, manufacturing, banking and social—published in Chi¬ cago. A number of these are published in foreign lan¬ guages. All classes of newspapers are large contribu¬ tors to the revenues of the postoffice. The total news¬ paper and periodical mail sent out from Chicago for the fiscal year ending June 30, 1904. was 61,402,007 pounds, for which the amount of postage paid was .$614,020. Chicago has made a number of attempts at high- grade literary magazines, but as yet only one or two of them have met with more than ordinary success. While it has proved a great center for success in daily and weekly newspapers of various classes, those of an exclu¬ sively literary character have generally been short-lived. This is probably owing to the fact that literature is not of a local character and the difference between the delivery in Chicago of a magazine published in New York or Boston and one published in Chicago is so small as to give no advantage whatever to a home pub¬ lication. The older publications of the East, having been long established, consequently have the great advantage over new publications in public favor. TME UNTER OCEAIN. The Inter Ocean may be said to have been born of the great fire of October, 1871. When the first num¬ ber was issued, March 25, 1872, the remnants of the great fire were still smoking and smoldering and the ashes floated everywhere on the breeze. The paper received, too, its Associated Press franchise, which gave it actual life and possibility of living, by purchase from the old Republican, which, after a varying struggle, ''received its death-blow in the great disaster. The Republican w^as started in 1865, and, notwithstanding it had two of the greatest newspaper editors of the times successively at its head, it had a struggling and unsatisfactory existence, which resulted in a condition in 1871 that only a good, sound body-blow was neces¬ sary to end its troubles. After the fire the stockholders and creditors were glad to receive a paltry $10,000 for the Associated Press franchise, which apparently was the only asset the paper had left. J. Young Scammon, well known throughout the state as lawyer, banker and capitalist, purchased -this franchise and started The Inter Ocean. The Inter Ocean, from the beginning, was radi¬ cally Republican and earnestly American in all things. The Chicago Tribune, which for years had been the leading Republican paper of Chicago and the North¬ west. in 1872 bolted the nomination of General Grant, thus lea\ ing a wide field open to The Inter Ocean. This great advantage was seized upon, and before the cam¬ paign of 1872 was over The Inter Ocean had largely supplanted the Tribune in ]^ei)ublican households. The Weekly Inter Ocean gained an enormous circulation, especially throughout the Northwest. It was earnest, full of ideas and aggressively for Republican principles, which greatly pleased the sturdy Republicans of the country. In 1873 Frank W. Palmer, then a Representa¬ tive in Congress from the Des Moines (Iowa) district, purchased an interest in the paper and became the editor. Mr. Palmer was a popular gentleman, with a wide acquaintance, and added to the popularity of the paper. The financial troubles of 1873 were disastrous, however, to the fortunes of Mr. Scammon, and the troubles of The Inter Ocean began, coming to a crisis in the fall of 1875, when the old Inter Ocean Company, on account of an accumulation of debts, failed, and the paper was sold to a new corporation called the Inter Ocean Publishing Company and came under the con¬ trol of William Penn Nixon and his brother. Dr. O. \V. Nixon. There were three more years of struggle, when, if it had not been for the income of the weekly edition, which then had a circulation of 150,000 copies, the daily must have failed, but, with the advent of new perfecting presses and other labor-saving machinery, it was brought safely through in good condition to catch the better times that came in the early eighties. In all its troubles The Inter Ocean never lost its place as the leading Republican paper of the West. By -T)oth leaders and the rank and file of the party it was looked to as a guide and a mouthpiece. One of the most marked features showing the influence of the paper was in the change of sentiment on the question of protection in the Northwest. The Chicago Tribune, the St. Paul Pioneer-Press and the St. Louis Globe- Democrat, three leading papers of the Northwest, had for years been teaching tariff reform and tariff for revenue until almost the entire Republican press of the Northwest was more or less tainted with their heresies. At the very beginning of its existence The Inter Ocean combated these heresies and became the untiring advo¬ cate of the protective policy. As a result, within ten years, there was a complete change in the tone of the press of the Northwest. The first office of The Inter Ocean was on Congress street, between W abash and Michigan avenues, where the Auditorium now stands. In 1873 it moved to Lake street, near the corner of Clark. In 1880 it removed from Lake street to 85 Madison street, between State and Dearborn. From the time of its establishment at the last-mentioned place it became a prosperous institu¬ tion, although it still lacked the abundant capital to push forward so great an enterprise. On May, 1890, The Inter Ocean removed to the corner of Madison and Dearborn streets and in May, 1900, to the new building on Monroe street, specially constructed for it. With the e.xception of a period of three years in the early nineties, Mr. Nixon was in THË CITY ÖF CHICAGO. absohlte control of the paper as s^eneral manap;er and editor, from 1875 to 1897. In May, 1891, Mr. \ixon sold a larg-e block of stock to i\lr. H. H. Kohlsaat, and the latter became publisher of The Inter 'Ocean and manager of its finances and business. May 3, 1894, Mr. Nixon repurchased the stock held by Mr. Kohlsaat and was in com¬ plete control of the paper until July, 1897, when a majority of the stock was sold to Mr. Charles T. Yerkes. The change in owner¬ ship was announced November 18, when Mr. George ^\dleeler Hinman of the New York Sun became editor-in-chief and mana¬ ger of the paper. Under the new arrangement ]\Ir. Nixon continued as publisher. In announcing the change in ownership, on Novem¬ ber 21, 1897, The Inter Ocean said : "The Inter Ocean appears to-day for the first time under the active management of its new owners, and it will endeavor to maintain the high standard long adhered to in its columns. "It will give special attention to literature, politics, art, sciences and the welfare of this city. It will oppose the Chicago news¬ paper trust, whose evils it recog¬ nizes and whose abuses it has experienced. It will advocate giving to all newspapers who desire it Asso¬ ciated Press news and any other news which it will he desirable for the people to have. "It will take special care that this news shall he truthful ; that facts only beneficial to the people shall he printed, and it will oppose and expose false and sensational articles, which are used so generally nowa¬ days for catch-penny purposes. "It will combat falsehood and hypocrisy wherever they are exposed, whether in a newspaper, a public office, or a pulpit. It will critcise public officials fear¬ lessly and fairly, hut the sancity of the home will he recognized and private character will he respected. "It will he loyal to the principles of the Republican party and will fight to retain them intact against the assaults of socialists, anarchists and their allies in the Democratic party. It will defend at all times the sys¬ RE.\PER BL(.H:K. tem of protection and the gold standard, the bulwarks of our prosperity. It wilkhe an unwavering advocate of a strong, though pacific, foreign policy, and will never surrender a point of national honor. "It will assist in building up Chicago and in show¬ ing to the world the advantages of this coming metrop¬ olis of the continent. Its columns will not he in the service of an\ man or party who would use them for selfish ends, and its policy will he straightforward, inde¬ pendent and courageous, without fear or favor." Carrying out its own idea in regard to the news business, the management of The Inter Ocean sought every available source for the collection of news. The only prominent newspaper in the country that was not in the power of the Associated Tress was the New York Sun. The managers of the \ssociated Press had tried in everv way to induce the management of the Sun to join it. W hen, however, all their importunities failed. S4 THE CT TV OF CHICAGO. they pronounced the Sun "antag'onistic" and forbade any of its members from buying of or selling to the Sun. The foreign news at that period was \ ery import¬ ant. To supplement the \ssociated Press news the management of The Inter Ocean made arrangements for the purchase of the ft)reign news of the Sun. As soon as they learned of this action there was a great hubbub among the officials and managers of the Asso¬ ciated Press and The Inter Ocean was warned to cease having any dealings with the Sun and to publish no more of that pa])er"s foreign or domestic news, threat¬ ening it with deprivation of the .\ssociated Press news and expulsion from the association. To pre¬ vent this. The Inter Ocean began a suit to enjoin the Associated Press fnnn carrying out its intention to cut off The Inter ( )eean"s news service. The case was fully argued before Judge Waterman of the Circuit Court. While he refused to grant the injunction, he pronounced the l'y-Paw under which the officers of the Associated Press took this action illegal and the contract based u])o;i it void. This decision was rendered Friday, March 4, and, though notice of appeal was given, the .Associated Press, withoiit any notice or warning, at midnight, Saturday, March 5, i kpk. suddenly and unex- 4)-ctedly stop])ed serving news to The Inter Ocean. .XnvDiie at all familiar with newspaper work will know that at that time of night and at that time of week was he verv worst period at which such acion could have been taken. Pnit for the fact that several wires from the New A'ork Sun office were placed at the service of the paper. The Inter Ocean, on Sunday morning, must have made a poor showing to its readers. As it was, how¬ ever, the absence of the Associated Press news was hardly missed. At that time an Associated Press franchise in Chi¬ cago was considered worth at least $100,000, and it is doubtful if one could have been purchased at double that sum. It was thought by many, both inside and outside ,the Associated Press, that no newspaper could live with¬ out that seiwice, and, in fact, had not The Inter Ocean had the money to buy and the energy and determination to collect the news, the action of the Associated Press management would have proved disastrous. As it was, ill iffliance w ith the New \ ork Sun, it built up a news service for itself different from tbat published by the other Chicago newspapers, and by many of the best judges considered very superior to any of them. Recurring to the suit, the Appellate Court affirmed the judgment of the court below. I he case was then taken to the Supreme Court of the state, and after nearly DOUGLAS PARK GREENHOUSE. THE CITY OF CHICAGO. two years from tlie time of tlie beginninji of the first suit, the judges of the Supreme Court sent down a unanimous decision, which sustained ever}- pf)sition of The Inter Ocean., declaring tlie Ry-T.aw under which officers of the .Vssociated Press acted illegal and the contracts between the .\ssociated Press and its members void. It further decided that the Associated Press was at common carrier of news and must deliver the goods without partiality to all news])apers that desired it and would pay for it. This decision was like a thunderbolt in the camp of the trust newspapers, and as it affected nearly all the important newspapers of the country, the attention of the whole world was called to this triumph of The Inter Ocean—a triumph, in fact, of a single newspaper against an organization composed of all the other papers of the country. This decision, coming so closely on the verdict of "Xot guilty" in the case of Mr. Hinman, editor of The Inter Ocean, who was charged by Mr. Kohlsaat, editor of the Tinies-Herald. with criminal libel on him (Kohlsaat) gave a prestige to The Inter Ocean before the people that it had never before enjoyed. In that case, like the case of the Associated Press, all the trust newsi^apers had combined to aid Mr. Kohlsaat in secur¬ ing the conviction of Mr. Hinman, and his defeat was a practical verdict against them. The outcome of the controversy between The Inter Ocean and the Asso¬ ciated Press was the reorganization of the latter and the payment under decision of arbitrators of $40,000 to The Inter Ocean. Meantime The Inter Ocean aggressively pursued the way marked out, and added to its fame as a leader in American thought. Always Republican and always .American, it led in the movement for national expan- x'-sion, and proved itself an able and forceful defender of the administration of President McKinley during the troublesome times of the Spanish war and the agita¬ tion over the new questions resulting from that war. Whether it was the crushing of the rebellion in the Phil¬ ippines, the acceptance of Porto Rico at the hands of her people, the settlement of the troubles in C uba, or defense of the conduct of the war. The Inter Ocean stood by the administration, fighting its battles in the name of the .American peo])le. M'hen a conspiracy was formed to disgrace Secretary of War Alger and smirch the administration on account of the conduct of the war. The Inter Ocean was one of the few metro¬ politan dailies that bravel}' fought the combination until General Alger was vindicated. W hen the country was shocked—almost paralyzed—by the news of the hor¬ rible crime, the sinking of the Maine, The Inter Ocean, quick to see the results foresharlowed. said: "This is the beginning of a contest, the end of which will be the expulsion of Spain from the West Indies." Within six months these words were proved prophetic. \\ hen the delegates tu The Hague Peace Confer¬ ence of 1899 were about to vote on the arbitration treaty The Inter Ocean called attention to the fact that .\rticle 27, as submitted, was a surrender of the .Monroe Doctrine and insisted that the .American commissioners should be instructed to demand such modification of that article as would recognize the Monroe Doctrinj&r Xot another newspaper in .\merica joined The Inter Ocean in this protest against the abandonment of a traditional .American policy, but President .McKinley, seeing the force of The Inter Ocean's argument, instructed the .\merican delegates to insist upon the incorporation in the treaty of a declaration which was in effect a recognition of the Monroe Doctrine. These instructions were carried out and the .American declara¬ tion was accepted by the conference. b'nder date of January rr, 1902, the controlling interest in The Inter Ocean was acquired bv Mr. Hin¬ man, w ho had been for four years its e i8()3, for the purpose of purchasing all the roads thus far mentioned, but the word "Chicago" was not prefixed until February, 1874, the line between Milwaukee and t hicago having been constructed during the previous year. The policy of the new management was one of e.xpansion, and from 1875 to 1880 several small roads were either leased or purchased, among them the THE CITY OP CHICAGO. 97 Dubuque &r Southwestern Railroad, in Towa; tlie Min¬ nesota Midland Railway Company, in Minnesota; the Madison & Portag^e Railroad, Viroqua Railway Com¬ pany, and Oshkosh & Mississippi Railroad Company, all of Wisconsin. During 1880 eight roads, with a total of 1,195 niiles, were added to the system, which was further increased during the year by the construction of 349 miles of branches and extensions. In 1881, 442 miles of road were added ; in 1882 the system was further increased by 303 miles; in 1883; by 240 miles; in 1884, by 44 miles, thus making a total on January i, 1885, of 4,760 miles of road under operation by this comjrany. Since 1885, further lines have been leased or built, until there are now operated 7,085 miles of thoroughly- equipped road in the states of Illinois, Wisconsin, Iowa, Minnesota, South Dakota, North Dakota, Missouri and the upper peninsula of Michigan. The Chicago, Milwaukee & St. Paul Railway Com¬ pany has been the foremost line in the WTst in adopting every possible appliance for the .safety and comfort of its passengers, including an absolute block system, Westinghouse train signals, steam heat, electric light, vestibuled and compartment cars. Its train service is unsurpassed, and its celebrated train, "The Pioneer 7 Limited," which leaves Chicago every night at 6:30, reaching St. Paul and Minneapolis early the following morning, is well entitled to the claim made for it, that it is the only perfect train in the world. Illinois Central Railroad. As will be seen from the accompanying map, the lines of the Illinois Central Railroad extend south from Chicago to St. Louis, to Itvansville, and to Memphis and New Orleans; south from St. Louis and Louisville and Cincinnati to Mem¬ phis and New Orleans; and from Chicago west to Council Bluffs and Omaha, to .Sioux City and to Siou.x Falls. The total mileage of this great railroad, includ¬ ing that of the ^'azoo & Mississippi X'^alley Railroad from Memphis to New Orleans, was 5,584 miles at the close of the last fiscal year, June 30, 1905. The material, or tangible, beginning of the Illinois Central may be said to have been in the years 1855 and 1856, at which time its original 706 miles were com¬ pleted and opened between Dunleith, now East Dubuque, and Cairo, and between Chicago and Cen¬ traba. Its first passenger station in Chicago was at Twelfth street, on a section of the grounds now occupied by ILLINOIS CENTRAL DEPOT. (ivomiva 1VH.1.NH3 siONrni NOtlDnuiSNOO MlONn NOliOnulSNOO HIONH xoYMi nanoQ xovui iiflnoQ, Oi lN31VAin03 MOVMi iienoa U69a »OVOIHO 'fiOU9 djflOd |n*nJV1.ï N •anjan^ iiioia«jnfl 07n:iv>nfKÍap«i U -I ? '\rr\/\ • l^T «nqMliXuij, I »ÎMKÎ/^ I íinq«ant*lk • /*\ »jcocnnfl • \ f»»iT|0 ,>níl(»q; \l /"ViqXOUNOW>* ■ Iv /- J'®®®aA4 p¿^„ « ! \ J ««"i'ifs ivS?," I »wí"U'3 Cfi Aío.c/Sli prniia««,-), /öftn^nf) »dPa' i)nno^' tmjUlV' IrnVqiv UijpnvTaiv 3iniAOOO« tí,yptiih!P-í¥i ptiiiq.v»>j qjtio nananv A n'Srv— ■mÍ «aq.'wpSoanj^ iujaAni »|]]Ao»aj|[) qin)i fßr-' \ UojtjajJVj^ 1 [OHOfiSXOlA IDOÜiuSd :|joi|8o|nrty /oräoisuaMU laqnAiii): ^ifl »»fHtHaflf «iqtnnioO, ;M«JÇ "»l'ifl )ai?qi4«n AHanooiNi UTÎIP1J9JÇ paiHBqif,! H='"9|: ri|n»Joj «1«*' jamo||' '9,"M!n A BJj'iao nohj: uomtq^y n3IO 'nóíhhvh / tujua y ^üAy p puTipjoj miiAii.-Mjf) •X^NiíOyíiM júrMMytj op*J«a la qnDonx »qnavfv^ »aaaintnofj «Sap«ll^J, M"* M oapnrafjV'-^ »doin^ 0,1 f \ V A v'^ mil *. i A lai I y ^ '("Kl" I °"*";^XS9NiadS lOH V/ ^ -ip "'«Vt TpHbuÎÎÎVM VjgpüiíC -f •xV /^f HVQO: '^XN. oooîana î D iOïtnqgn^ ioi« v-in. tin«nv «aijnv. A wqinm imaad imntjtmgn j_ \\ Siu^ll ¿>08U3Aa>S \ iqe«|n. \Xa|in,\^3lO|II A uoiSujxr^e^^ "Tiî ' """- H XV *oipn t'-ù. auio^ r^Dh-Tîïv? 'hvj, ~ aoçJU^AX aTIlAHSVlT lIvqejvjQ •^fliunfio—^ •BJdfi wîjajn^^^ UTiiu3|ia9' nftijv JiaqooTi •A A—CUT!tid(uri(i pB®ia LA 6®®nn.M enimj isaj^ *d"lA O|ta.->puo|^ ©UjAsnoos )}auo] najnd nn^ "Sjdti^N ^ *01ÙA1 a3t3tj}jv. SjTiqcuaaJO o»3oa^^r) g, i|3Jta]e]g /»inu*q3 aoo«q»q opnao^jf «Auoa' ^=3^ 3VÏV^^ÂW» I 3ni^s,4^íSíX&^--^ a?. p'wgwy leojoj \ «lliAidajt «Hajn-îi «loaoflQ. liauSTHi ' MU B m AvyWJ® 1 ® U 0 "AO "lUP^A WOSHa.^f ÎOà HVHÄ •\ llOgJJJTIU\ »y'!? ®KJ ri«.4V vuvisinod UollIOiij; /[J^qoT^ '•iqaajl'Sl *^o^sna n€îï®ù puvipjnj] unqny iJjojlHiIl Xo ïuwf) qi^ûqBna if Xniiqia{ hond l»liil£^| a»)B»iiin£[. ®OW\0 X9U4no3|8 / jinocal loiJJ'qD^Ci coiB^ ^iBoq: ^optpy 8 Tu ¿^10 \d ^6^ «ni«x -t, 9i»mJ INISNV SNuuoAnqX î IllWP^ f» ««lw3iy A JumiBj C/ UO|U04{ «nboJiA jj3>9qèua\/^\ \ V^r \y V31 A^ieqy ^ntv^®.w poo*p.>^i\^^ SnOdV3NNIlAJ UD|»9U)J, »0"lM '•«»<111111 üjj»p*io •jj i»ua*aj8' uoii^M UUJUU3 -_/qnvdy. >»dd]qn>/ Hujii'io' i.jBjoqqv ODVDIHD dO Á1ÍJ HHl THE CITY ÔF CHICAGO. its present Cential Station locsted between Park Row and Twelfth street on the Lake Front. Early in its development the line was extended to the foot of Lake street over trestle-work constrncted for the pur¬ pose, thus crossing the waters of the lake encroaching on what is now Michigan avenue. Later, on the fill¬ ing in of this water stretch hy the city and the rail¬ road company, the trestle-work disappeared. .V few years ago when the Illinois Central depressed its tracks between Park Row and Van Buren street this trestle- work was uncovered. At the new terminus on Lake street, what was in its day a fine stone station, was erected, and became ultimately one of the last relics of Chicago's great fire. In 1893 it was abandoned and the present Central Station occupied as the pas¬ senger terminal for through trains. During the intervening years, between 1856 and the present day. the Illinois Central has contributed its share towards the development of the Mississippi Val¬ ley and the City of Chicago. By dikes, piers and breakwaters the company has for fifty years protected the City of Chicago against the encroachment of Lake Michigan, and has s])ent in so doing over three million dollars of money. It was a large factor in making the World's Fair of 1893 possible, it being the first rail¬ road in the city to elevate its tracks. It made ])ossihle, hy filling and reconstruction, the Lake Front Park from an unsightly loafing ground to the present attract¬ ive Logan Park along Michigan avenue, and will build the inner wall marking the boundary of the new park along the Lake Front which is being so rapidly filletl in. That it is an important factor in the tax situation of the City of Chicago will he seen from the following facts: The charter of the Illinois Central Railroad Company reserves for the .State of Illinois, in lieu of taxes, seven per cent of the gross receipts of the 706 miles of railroad originally built under the charter. The sum so paid for the year ending June 30, 1903, was the largest ever turned into the state treasury, it having been $1,026,650.84. This, if capitalized at three and one-half per cent would give $29,332,880 as representing the proprietary interest of the State of Illinois in the Illinois Central Railroad The City of Chicago pays rather more than one-third of the total taxes of the State of Illinois. From these two facts it will he apparent that the direct money interest of Chi¬ cago in the Illinois Central Railroad is considerable. 0 In short, valuable as are the company s lands and buildings to Chicago, the saving in taxation to the city is verv largelv in e.xcess of what would he paid hy direct taxes, and largely in excess of what is paid hy any of its competitors. In line with the early history of the road within the City of Chicago, it .should mF he forgotten to mention the extraordinary development in connection with its suburban service. The Illinois Central's first suburban train was run out of Chicago June i. 1856, to a point just south of Hyde Park. At first there were hut three trains a day in each direction, increasing in number as circumstances warranted. They were run, however, up to 1864 at a loss to the company, and it is questionable whether the latter received any profit from its suburban service for many years after that date. Beginning about 1880, however, by the inaugu¬ ration of special equipment, and the addition of two tracks for the exclusive use of the suburban trains, an era of prosperity began for this service which has con¬ tinued ever since. To-day it runs 122 trains, includ¬ ing ex])ress and local, in each direction between Ran¬ dolph street and suburban points, not counting its suburban service west. Another era in this suburban train development dates from the World's Fair of 1893, at which time the special service designed for that occa¬ sion was put in effect. Between May i and October 31. the exposition period. 29.528,435 passengers were carried on the suburban trains of the Illinois Central without the loss of a life. In addition, out of this Columbian Exposition service was develoi)ed the present ex])ress suburban service, operated on double tracks inde|)endent of the double tracks assigned to the local suburban service, making four tracks in all for the suburban business. In conclusion it should not be forgotten that the Illinois Central, with its fast through passenger and its fast manifest freight service, is a most important factor in linking Chicago to the South and West. Chicago Terminal Transfer Railroad Company. Although chartered as recently as June 4. 1897. the history of this property dates from 1867, when the old La Salle & Chicago Railroad Company was granted the power by the Legislature to construct a line of road between the points named in its title. Xo determined effort was made to construct the line until 1885. when parties secured an interest in the organization with a view of constructing the line and employing it as a link in a through route from Chicago to the Northwest. The Chicago & Great Western Railroad Company was the title under which operations were continued until 1890, when the Chicago & Northern Pacific Railroad Company, organized the previous year, purchased and consolidated under one management the Chicago & ( ireat Western Railroad Company, the Chicago, Harlem & Batavia Railway Company and the Bridgeport & South Chicago Railroad Company, together with the property on w hich is located the Grand Central Passen¬ ger Station in Chicago. The road was operated as the Chicago N Northern Pacific Railroad Company until 1897, when the Chicago Terminal Transfer Railroad Company, chartered on June 4 of that year, acquired. 100 THE CITY OF CHICAGO. througii sale under foreclosure, all the pro])erty owned by this road, and snhse(|nently also ac(|nired the prop¬ erty of the l ineado îv C alumet Terminal Railway C'om- l)any, a consolidation, hroui^ht about in 1888. of the Calumet Ri\er. Hammond (.K; Lake Michigan and Chi¬ cago (iv Calumet Terminal Railroad companies. These, in brief, have been the ])rincipal ste])s leading u]) to the formation of the most extensive terminal company oper¬ ating in and about Chicago. The Chicago Terminal Transfer Railroad Company Suburban Railroad. The Chicago Terminal Transfer Railroafl (Vunpany has direct connection, by means of its 244.5 miles f'f track, with every railroad enter¬ ing Chicago, and it thus affords a rapid transfer of freight between different lines. Starting from South Chicago, its belt line runs through Whiting, Indiana, and thence in a western and northwe.stern direction to McCook. Illinois, thus reaching the leading indus¬ tries and manufacturing plants located at South Chicago. Whiting, East Chicago, Hammond. Blue Man? (Ht CAM i» I' "Ul Î1Î GRAND CENTRAL PASSENGER STATION is a company formed to acquire and lease facilities to other roads and to transact a local suburban and switch¬ ing business. The property of the company consists of passenger and freight terminals in the business center of the cit\', lines of rail\\a\- leading thereto, and a belt line about the city, just outside the corporate limits. .\t the present time the terminals of this com])an\' are used by the Chicago ■ Creat Western Railway C(mi])anv. Baltimore ik f )hio Railroad Company and Rere .Mar- (|uette s\stem. It also leases a considerable trackage to the Chicago Junction Railway Company, Wabash and Island, Harvey, Thornton, Chicago Heights, Chicago Ridge, Chappell and McCot)k. It also has connections with the industries at l^a Cirange, Broad\ iew,\BellcwûO(L Melrose and Franklin Park. An extension from the latter ])oint to Maxfair is now under construction, and when that is completed it will aft'ord direct connections outside corporate limits with all the railroads centering in the city. The amount of traffic originating on this railroad and delivered daily to the railroads by this com¬ pany is ver\ large. By its facilities for prompt transfer, its motive ])ower and eciuipment it has attained a front THE CITY OF CHICAGO. 101 rank in its particular field ainoni^ the roads dependent upon it. From Blue Island the Chicajj^o Terminal Transfer Railroad Company has a line running' directly ni)rth into the city to ^^■estern avenue and ^^Tst Twelfth street, and from thence to the Trrand Central Passenger Sta¬ tion. at Harrison and Fifth avenue, thus affording a second connection with many of the trunk lines within the city limits. \\'hen it is considered that the railroads entering Chi¬ cago are by far the greatest factor in the city's trade and commerce, the importance of the road under con¬ sideration, with its facilities of track, terminals, connec¬ tions, etc., is the more easily understood. Besides oper¬ ating nearly 250 miles of track, this companx- also owns over 760 acres of real estate in and adjacent to the city, of which more than 50 acres are in the center of the business portion. It owns about 7,500 feet of frontage on the Chicago river, and also' the Grand Central Pas¬ senger Station in the heart of the city. The latter, which covers nearly four acres of ground, is one of the best specimens of the highest type of modern architecture to be found in the United States, and it is classed among the great buildings which have made Chicago famous. Constructed of pressed brick and Connecticut brown- stone, it is surmounted by a tower, 242 feet high above the foundation, 27 feet square, and weighing 6,000 tons. This tower contains the second largest clock in the United States, having four dials, each 13 ' j feet in diameter. The hours are struck by a hammer, weighing 250 pounds, on a 5/2-ton bell. The building, which was opened to the public on Monday, December 8, 1890, has a frontage on Harrison street of 228 feet and of 482 feet on Fifth avenue. The main waiting-room, situated on the ground floor, is 267 feet long, yi feet wide, and with a ceiling 25 feet high. .A. ladies' parlor, 32x40 feet, adjoins the same. To enter trains, passengers do not have to climb stairs, but enter the train-shed directly from the waiting-room. Another feature of its con¬ struction worthy of special notice, is the carriage court, 146x167 feet, by which carriages, buses and automo¬ biles in large numbers at once can enter and discharge their passengers at the entrance to the waiting-room and train-shed. A dining-room, 56x73 feet, is located on the second floor, and the remainder of the upper floors is devoted to offices, including the general offices of the Chicago Terminal Transfer Railroad Company. A noteworthy feature, which should be mentioned in regard to this company, is the commanding position which it occupies with respect to freight terminal facili¬ ties, as well as passenger accommodations. Its tracks penetrate the heart of the manufacturing district of Chi¬ cago, and the growth of its switching business, so-called, has been phenomenal, consequent upon the increase in the number and extent of such manufactories. Its tenant lines have benefited in this regard, they enjoy¬ ing the right to handle the traffic with their own engines to and from tracks to industries tributary to the main tracks, which thev have the use of under their respective leases But rither railroads entering Chicago, alive to the situation in this regard, have not been slow to appreciate the advantage which follows direct con¬ nection with the manufacturing interests spoken of; hence there is a constant demand from what may be termed outside railroads for branch freight terminal facilities in the district referred to. and the day is not far distant when the larger proportion of the railroads reaching Chicago will of necessity have established JOHN NICHOLSON FAITHORN. facilities for the receipt and delixerv of freight on the rails of this terminal company. The officers of this company are : John X. Faithorn, president and general manager; S. L. Prest, comp¬ troller: H. H. Hall, treasurer; W. B. Barr, general freight agent; J. B. Barton, general attorney; F. R. Knowlton, superintendent. John INicholson I^aithorn, president and general manager of the Chicago Terminal Transfer Railroad, was born at London. England. March 21, 1852. After receiving a common school education, and sjxending three years in the employ of the Lomlon and St. Katharine Dock Company, he embarked for the United States when twenty years of age. In February, 1873, the year following his arrival here, he received his first experience in railroading in the freight de])artment of the Chicago X; Alton Railroad. 102 THE CITY OF CHICAGO. He was successively clerk, general freight agent's secre¬ tary and chief clerk in the general office of the company. ^Ir. Faithorn left his position with the Chicago (S: Alton in Septeinher, 1882, to become auditor of the Southwestern Railway association. In May. 1885, he made another change, accepting the position of com¬ missioner of the Western Freight Association and Xorthwestern Freight Association. From A])ril i, 1887. to October, 1890. he was suc¬ cessively commissioner of the M'estern & Northwestern Railway Freight Bureau, and chairman of the M'estern Freight Association. The following two years, from October. 1890. to December. 1892. he was chairman of the Southwestern Railway & Steamship Association and commissioner of the M'estern Freight Association at .St. Louis. Missouri. From January i, 1893. until December I. 1898, Air. Faithorn was vice-president and general manager of Street's Western Stable Car Company at Chicago. In 1895 and 1896, he was also general mana¬ ger of the Wisconsin & Alichigan Railway. In Decem¬ ber. 1898. he was made president and general manager of the St. Louis. Peoria & Northern Railway. August I. 1889, he became president and general manager of the Chicago Terminal Railroad. He still holds this position. Twenty years after Mr. Faithorn left the employ of the Chicago & Alton Railway he returned to the com¬ pany in July, 1902, as vice-president. He held this last position until December, 1904, along with his present position, as president and general manager of the Chi¬ cago Terminal Transfer Railway. Air. Faithorn is a member of the Chicago Club, the Chicago Athletic Association and the Engineers' Clul) of New York. The Chicago & Eastern Illinois Railroad is the great coal road of the West. How many people among the city's 2,000,000 inhabitants know that it is entitled to be called "the road that keeps Chicago warm"? Few. indeed. i)robably, yet it is a fact that this line with its splendidly ballasted main stem and branches traversing the rich bituminous mining sections of Illi¬ nois. Indiana and Alissouri, brings into the great city by the lake over five-eighths of its entire soft coal sup¬ ply. Thus, after forty years, the original purpose in building the Chicago & Eastern Illinois Railroad as a coal-carrying road has never been lost to sight, but has steadily develo])ed by wise management into the busi¬ ness of to-day—an amjde vindication of the courage and judgment of its projectors and backers of more than a generation ago. But, remarkable as the grf)wth of this road has been on its freigh.t-carrying side, the ])rogress made in the development of its passenger traffic is even more note¬ worthy, because it has been a growth of comparatively recent years, and the obstacles have been more difficult to overcome. All the more honor and credit then to the men whose executive skill and trained ability have produced these results. To-day the general pas¬ senger agent, from his headquarters in the magnificent new $1,000,000 La Salle Street Station, Chicago, directs a passenger service that is growing by leaps and bounds. Since the formal opening of the Chicago & Eastern Illi¬ nois passenger line between Chicago and St. Louis, July 31, 1904, the public has been quick to appreciate the high standard of service maintained, and to respond with liberal and constantly increasing patronage. The up-to-date spirit of enterprise that permeates every department of the Chicago & Eastern Illinois Railroad is seen in the advertising policy of the com¬ pany. A carefully thought out and well systematized campaign of publicity is being carried on under the direction of the general passenger agent. Liberal news¬ paper space is used, and the copy features the special points which appeal to the average person traveling either for business or pleasure. Emphasis is laid upon the smooth double-track, block signal system, ventila¬ tion and cooling of all cars by means of electric fans, electric reading lights in berths, splendid dining car service, etc. By this kind of intelligent advertising, the public is favorably influenced, and the result is readily seen in the increased volume of business. The Chicago & Eastern Illinois Railroad through its affiliations with the Erisco system is now enjoying a large and growing passenger traffic from Chicago through St. Louis to the great Southwe.«i. It is now admittedly the best route to Galveston, Houston, Dallas, Fort Worth, Oklahoma City, and other points in that great and prosperous region. This line also reaches New Orleans, running splen¬ didly equipped trains in connection with the Louis¬ ville & Nashville, via Nashville, Birmingham, Alont- gomery and Alobile. For several years the Chicago & Eastern Illinois Railroad has had a practical monopoly of the Chicago-Florida travel. During the past twelve months it has controlled about 90 per cent of the traffic to Jacksonville, St. Augustine, Tallahassee, Pensacola and other Florida points. ( )ne of the peculiarly fortunate circumstances that have contributed to the rapid development of travel o\er this popular line, is the location of its general offices and depot in the La Salle Street Station, Chi- cago. The location is ideal for the convenience of the road s patrons, being the only railroad station on the Elevated Loop and within three or four minutes' walk THE CITY OF CHICAGO. 103 AurortT I^Hnt-on Rochelle Stiircls, )lkhart lieiid Ooihei MeDd(0 >rk Island Painesville r/"> 3^%®* s S^.adV \ /''^^---...^W.-.storia 1 5^" Mt.A)\ ^ífEi"}»-'«/ /\ //i T^HjulianX / JXC |\ r^y / \ "reenwi. |£^'' l">''^ï~yfiiTi« \ / öM^fn \y A Atllbuc/ W>"vi|l^ ^t. /¡y iKinsWn-V—7^ ' CpLÜUBVi^if-^ |Bridg<-pnrt|7 Ä» ¡WeBW^nrt / J (-1 d / Z«nesvillJ , Í>f>í~ y-O-Aj^.ciHTy ^ I 1 I Spriniitóld 7"LondAn\ / I fA I o-V^ 7 ^¡/í . 1 X7 ¿ . . «XL ; |P(7 r 31ROSEO$Lc/\X u Xenia ancaster l^whatan»/ \ llS&r \SÍJ71\ 77 1 J\ j Watson/ y, 4\ / / 1 \ Marietta J/^ vJ^lVandalia GreensbufK y \ / / \ . , , ! B ¡SAUNE cv. I \ / 7 í MCifrthUr Harksdalai Çdi'Ci'y AWeiftort ïH.niUt.ti chillir.'Sh7 íjlf 5 }äorthinqton\ / \ 1'^-^ tiimir. ine y JWeJch \ ^1 úlUCINNi (I/TTC ELLISTON ' '^ r. Newl^LtEji—7;rv^ TAN-Vernon {[ Ax /^V. EtTToRA ^^iymoilr fr A \R \ /\ phüji^iir \ f I I/\ A_ WASHINGTON \ f A ji* ., «1 Green Mojnd \s<-nUsl,uri^7/xV I Sandy Hook \ 1 \ L tn^ ^1 Blackburn \^ f? / \ »¡»V"'"' I ^ ^ jP Petersburg 5^5=i^OAKUAND CITV Ä ® ' BSotnerv ÎTTe~-0«ew ■^t^Elberfeld B cWGreen Riv.Road M c(J II tc h a n 7 «^St. George y7>^~==^-/' / . yÇfiirrÎbEnsoN / VsLebanou Je. PSebree I J j-Psiaughters li^abethtîiwn^ le Koven' HMadis<>aviÍÍe 7 ^ \^^^^„„.«--frNORTONVILLE y^-T iTTx^""^ ^Crofton rp ^ gTi \ KApem^^ fowling Green \ »GUTHRIE / «¿'r Rock RavennaX / /St.Anne / Rlartinton mhîgton Z i », BRT^®^D f# Fi^bunt Alliance 'eorj .incoin Golden [Bluff I innibal dhouse Louisian^ Parkersburg 7=AÍi»"Xt ¿fnbakcj" I áALE^f Cdcttcr rTvÈRfïDN. Bonmc I úttríigton I "^enton ! Ston CyM "SÛLÛvXîî Paxton ' OaktowM Emisoi^ VINCENNES — puree]/ Deck^ N Hazeljron P PayflKn I PRINCETON T. BR/yrWCH, (wensvjile^ ^ "^Weston Beverly Spencer ^rtsmontj Plckeni Sutton. PrAÍvW« J JT-PRANK^RT ♦ Cuba ' Ste.Gene\íév^ Salem ¿t S'#"" Bismarck I Z'V ;town Somerset 'airo AND CONNECTIONS Poplar BlufT ^edayHill kuuiee Toi Cuiiil Clarks, (rthage Mam^noth/ X / jki Spring>w ÎÇàrhçyilJ^ Hoxi^íW /J Jonesl^o^^*.®í'lW¡lle Wilkesboro Corryton nton Cranbe; •nsboro iruthersVillei à r)irlwn»*<.. ^ » Zx Athens /-I -«-^^BonAlr inboldt Jackson Gastonia! Sanford Monroe Spartanburi ^ W _ 7 Athens! T lA c u III b 14 lï^^ôîyS» • \ Hartselle sj \ Cullman |^*N,,,,,,RlOunt Sprs. » JasperZ?^^^ 1 birm^GHA^ / CAMERA Planton T u 8 c a I u 1111 o r e MD^TGOMOÏA' IHuntsyii, Brinkley >«.-neca arllsl^ Helen^reLula pamdeo Attain S o COLUMBL fciarksda) Athens. Grenada iumter Arkansas ihinibus Btarkvill Benniark Xewuaj Mscuii AUGURA' Scooha' fort Valle: Meridian lACKSON Amerlcus ? Luverne/ [arrlston Ldana y77 "W Natchez \vAd\ilie Brbokhavei AxUogWn Andalusia [attiosburi De Funlak Sprs. BATON ROUOE Mand IStsrki Leesbur] POOLE BROS. CHICAGO 104 THE CITY OF CHICAGO. of leading hotels, public buildings, office and business bouses. All passenger trains of the Chicago & Eastern Illinois Railroad leave from and arrive at this depot. A brief descri]ition of the station, which was dedi¬ cated to the public July 13. 1903, will be of interest. The structure occupies a frontage of 215 feet in \\an Buren street, and extends 1.44S feet south of that thoroughfare. The Chicago (!v Eastern Illinois, Lake Shore and Rock Island roads occupy the entire build- passage has been constructed from the Chicago & Eastern Illinois Railroad waiting rooms at the elevated road station at Van Buren street. With its fine natural advantages, and the trained intelligence that directs the affairs of this company, the future of the Chicago & Eastern Illinois Railroad is indeed assured. Everything jioints to a greatly increased volume of business, both freight and passenger traffic, during the next few years, as both shippers and the great traveling public are LA SALLE STREET DEPOT—CHICAGO & EASTERN ILLINOIS RAILROAD. ing with their various dei)artments and offices. The concourse between the general office building and the train-shed proi)er is 45 feet long; the train-shed is 580 feet long; the distance from the train-shed to the end of the two-stor\' express building in Pacific avenue is 653 feet. Eourteen thousand, two hundred tons of structural steel were used in the office building, train- shed and track elevation, and o\er 200,000 field rivets were driven. Passengers leaving or arri\'ing at this station do not have to descend to the street level, as a direct connecting cpiick to appreciate and respond to improvements in service which mean added speed, comfort and safety. Happy I. iWiilep. second vice-president and general manager of the Chicago & hAstern Illinois Railroad, was born at Cleveland, Ohio, January 12, 1862. He .attended Russell's College, New Haven, Connecticut, Mount Saint Mary's, Emmetsburg, Maryland, and Cor¬ nell C^niversity. Cpon leaving college he entered the em])lo\' of the Pennsylvania Lines West of Pittsburgh. He served successively as clerk, inspector of masonry, assistant engineer, and engineer maintenance of way on THE CITY Of CHIC.ICO. 105 several of the divisions of the Pennsylvania lines. He filled the position of superintendent of the Richmond and Louisville divisions of the Pennsylvania lines and main line division of the \"andalia system, and in June, 1901, was appointed general manager of the \'andalia system. On December 15. 1903. he was appointed general manager of the Rock Island system, and on March i, 1905- elected second vice-])resident and general manager of the Chicago Eastern Illinois Rail¬ road. and vice-president of the Kvansxille & Terre Haute Railroad. Evansville & Indianapolis Railroad and Evansville Belt Railway. His father is John E. Miller, who was for many years identified with the Pennsvlvania Lines in an November to accept a jio-ition as assistant local freight agent for the Chicago & Eastern Illinois, which he held until Januar}-. when he was appointed local agent. HARRY I. MILLER. official capacity and is now vice-president of the Cle\ e- land, Akron & Columbus Railway. W. J. Jackson, general superintendent of the Chi¬ cago & Eastern Illinois at Chicago, has for twenty- eight vears have been in active service. He was born in Toronto, Canada, December 28, 1859, the only son of John and Jane Jackson. In November, 1877, as machinist's liel])er, he went to work at the Grand Trunk railway shops, in his native citv. The following vear he worked as a freight handler and after that as freight clerk. He came to Chicago in 1882, becoming chief claim clerk for the Grand Trunk, and three ) ears later he was promoted to the position c^f general freight foreman. Erom November, 1890, to .\ugust, 1891. he served as assist ant agent for the road. He left the Grand Trunk in \V. J. JACKSON. He became assistant general superintendent of the line in July. i8(/y and in Eebruary. 1903. he became gen¬ eral sui)erintendent. Mr. Jackson is a man of domestic tastes and has little to do with clubs. He has always been affiliated with the Republican party. He was married to Miss Eliza ITeston. They have a familv of four children, three daughters. Anna May. Edna Gracey and Emma Isabella, and a son. Arnold. The Chicago & Western Indiana Pdilway extends from Dearborn Station. Chicago, to Dolton, with an extension to the Indiana state line, near Hammond, Indiana. It is a terminal road and has been used for over twenty years for an entrance into Chicago by the Wabash, Grand Trunk, .\b)non. lo'ie and Santa Fe railroads. These popular railway svstems extend into all parts of the East and West : from Portland, Maine and New York City in the ICist, to Los Angeles and San Erancisco, California, in the \\ est. Dearborn Station on Polk street is easily reacheil from all parts of the city and is one of the most beau¬ tiful and comnuKlions stations in the citv. Its iwe b\ eastern, southern and western roads, makes transfer of ])assengers from one road to another easv and con- \ enient. The Belt Railway Company of Chicago is popu¬ larly known as the Inner Belt Line, and it enjoys a 106 THE CITY OF CHICAGO. large business in the transfer of freight cars between the various railroad lines, industries and warehouses in and about Chicago. Its tracks extend from the Chicago, Alihvaukee iV St. Paul Railway (Cragin) to South Chi¬ cago and the South Chicago docks, connecting with all railroads entering the city. Many large industries are located on the Belt Railway. Among them may be men¬ tioned the great works of the Illinois Steel Company and the International Harvester Company, Heering Division, at South Chicago, the new and extensive plant tively small industry in proportion to its present mag¬ nitude, and from the company, as it was first establi.shed for the purpose of constructing sleeping cars after the pattern of Mr. Pullman's invention, it has grown to a cori)oration with a capital stock of $74,000,000, and facilities for building, not only sleeping cars, but pas¬ senger and freight cars of all descriptions. A few fig¬ ures regarding this great industry cannot fail to be of interest. The shops at Pullman have a capacity of turning out an average of six sleeping cars, fifteen pas- POLK STREET DEPOT. of the Western Electric Company, and Pettibone, Mulliken ik; Comi)any, the .Morden Frog & Crossing Works, International Salt Works, Western Steel Car C(jmpany, besides innumerable ele\ators, iron furnaces, coal and lumber \ ards. The management is constantly recei\ing incpiiries from and furnishing information to parties seeking suit¬ able sites for industrial plants. Pullman's Palace Car Company was organized under the laws of the state of Illinois in Februarv, 1867, by the late George M. Pullman, with a capital of $100,000. As originally founded, it was a compara- senger coaches, and 400 freight cars per week. In the shops about 54,000 tons of coal are consumed annually, and over 100,000 tons of iron and about 56,500,000 feet of lumber are used. The total amount of wages paid by the com])any to its employees at Pullman, from Sep¬ tember I, 1880, to July 31, 1904, was $67,174,361.05, and the value of materials used during the same period was $141,213,423.10. The number of cars owned and controlled by the company at the close of the fiscal year ending July 31, 1904, was 4,095, consisting of sleeping, parlor and dining cars. The total mileage of railways covered by contracts for the operation of cars THE CITY OF CHICAGO. 107 of the company dnriipç that year was 180,035; number of miles rim by Pullman cars was 408.234,38 2, and the number of passenjjers carried was 13,312,^)68. The longest regular unbroken run of any cars in the Pullman service is from \\'ashington to San Francisco, a distance of 3.624 miles. The total number of em¬ ployees of the company in its operating and manufac¬ turing departments for that year was 20,355, 61^ - wages paid during the year $12,570,913.55. The town of Pullman, which is now part of the Thirty-third ward of Chicago, is about two miles long in a north and south direction, and its average width is one-half mile. There are eight miles of paved streets and twelve miles of sidewalks. The rents of dwellings range from $5.00 to $50 per month, the avera.ge being $i 1.75 per month, and there are hundreds of tenements, ranging from $6 to $9 a month. These rents are con¬ siderably less than those for similar homes with as many conveniences in the city. Tlie Pullman Loan and Sav¬ ings Bank showed savings deposits, July 31, 1904, of $2,180,618, an aver¬ age for each depositor of $348, and the enrollment of pupils in the public schools of Pullman for the fiscal year was 1.525, the staff of teachers num¬ bering twenty-seven. In October, 1898, the Illinois Supreme Court handed down a deci¬ sion to the effect that the company- had exceeded its charter powers in holding certain jiroperty and exercis¬ ing certain functions not contemplated in its organization license. The prin¬ cipal effect of this decision is to deny the companv's right to hold the real estate at Pullman not used in its manufacturing business. The decree has been complied "with except as to sale of the real estate, and the time limit of the decree in that respect has been extended to February 18, 1909. The Pullman Company has alwaxs been liberal in its dealings with its employees, and although employing a small army of men, it has been particu¬ larly fortunate in its relations with them. The only serious trouble ever experienced was the great strike of 1894, which involved the greater por¬ tion of all the railroads in the country. In this case the company's position was maintained, and the result, which is now historv, "-ettled the broad principle that the owners of a business are the men to shape its policy, and not professirinal acritators, whose only real labor consists in fomenting trouble." In pursuance of authority given by the stockholders of the companv at a special meeting held December 5, 1899, 6ie capital stock of the company was increased from $54,000,000 to $74,000,000; the name of the com¬ pany was changed from Pullman's Palace Car Com- [lany to The Pullman Company, and the number of the board of directors was increased from seven to eleven. On December 30, 1899, the company acquired by pur¬ chase (using in payment therefor the additional issue of 200,000 shares of its capital stock) all the assets and propertv of the W agncr Palace Car Company, includ¬ ing its cars and equipment and its contracts with vari¬ ous railwav companies. PULLMAN BUILDING. 108 THE CITY OF CHICAGO. The officers of the coinpanx are : Robert T. Lin¬ coln, president; John S. Rnnneils, vice-president and g'eneral counsel; (ieore;e F. Brown, treasurer; A. S. W'einsheinier, secretary; Richmond Lean, í^eneral tnan- af;;er. The directors are: Marshall Field, C). S. A. Sprague, Henry C. Tlulbert, Robert T. Lincoln, Nor¬ man B. Ream, William K. \'anderbilt, J. Pierpont Mor¬ gan, Frederick W. ^T^derbilt, W. Seward Webb, Frank O. Lowden. The general offices of the com]:>any are in the Pull¬ man Building, which was erected in 1883, at the corner of Michigan avenue and Adams street. John C. 8tubbs is one of the railroad officials of Chi¬ cago who has been intimately identified witb the growth and dc\elopment of the great railroad systems of the JOHN C. STUBBS. West. ILitering the railroad business at an early age, Mr. Stubbs has seen the great West developed from a trackless prairie to a section of the country intersected with the many lines of the transcontinental railroads which have been factors in its extraordinary growth. He was born in Ashland, Ohio, May 31, 1847, and first entered the railway ser\ice in okOj. He held \ ari- ous positions on different roads until 1871, and was assistant general freight agent from 1871 until 1873. He was general freight agent from 1873 until 1882 and became traffic manager of the Central Pacific road in J882, holding that jxjsition until 1884. In 1884 -Mr. Stubbs was promoted to the position of general traffic manager of that road and its leased lines, and from 1885 to 1889 he vvas general traffic manager of the Southern Pacific Railroad. Mr. Stubbs is now third vice-president and traffic director of the Southern Pacific Railroad, traffic director of the Union Pacific road, the t)regon Railroad & Navigation Company and of the Oregon Short Line. He is well known in business and social circles of Chicago and is a member of the Chicago Mid-day Club, tlie Chicago Club, the Union League Club, the Pacific Union Club of San ÍM-ancisco. the Denver Club and the Lawyers' Club of New York. His office is at 135 Adams street and his home is at 620 Dearborn avenue. A. C. Bird was born at Pittsfield, Illinois, March 4, 1843. His career is a notable exemplification of the success that comes to a man who from the first obeys the scriptural adage of doing with all his might what¬ soever his hand findeth to do. Mr. Bird has been actively engaged in railroad w-ork since December, 1865, when be became a night watchman and station baggage¬ man at Pana, Illinois, on tbe St. Louis, Alton & Terre Haute road. He was for two and a half years bill clerk and cashier at the same station, and for nineteen months claim clerk in the general office at St. Louis. From April 8. 1872, to July, 1874, he was chief clerk in the general freight office of the St. Louis, Kansas City & Northern, and from that date to November, 1879, g®"' eral freight agent of the same road. When the St. Louis, Kansas City & Northern and the Wabash railways were consolidated under the title of the \\'abash, St. Louis & Pacific, ^Ir. Bird's past serv¬ ices were rewarded by an appointment as general freight agent, remaining in this responsible position until Jan¬ uary, 1880, when he became superintendent of freight traffic. From January i, 1883, to February, 1889, Mr, Bird w as general freight agent of the Chicago, Mihvau- kee N St. Paul and was successively freight traffic man¬ ager, general traffic manager and third vice-president of the same road. He resigned from the vice-presidency of the St. Paul road in March, 1903, to become vice- liresident, in charge of traffic, of the Gould railroads, comprising about 18,000 miles of trunk lines. From that date .Mr, Bird has been promoted from one post of honor and responsibility to another, until to-day he is vice-president of the Gould railroads. The young man, who in i8r)5 was a truckman and station baggageman at a little obscure Illinois town, is now vice-president of one of tbe greatest railroad corporations the world has ever known. \. C Bird is a self-made man and is proud of it. 1 'nlike so many men who have been the architects of their own fortunes, Mr, Bird is always willing to help \()ung railroad men help themselves. Like President THE CITY Of CHICAGO. 100 Roosex clt, . Rircl believes in a scjtiare deal f'lr every man." And every man who comes under Mr. Bird's eye in the cause of his professional duties q-ets "a square deal, as .\. C. Bird s personal record has alwavs been clean as a hound s tooth '—to use another of our Presi¬ dent's expressive similes. .Ml his life Mr. Bird has been a worker. The gos¬ pel of work has found no more strenuous advocate. one of the ymingest agents employed by the road. His first station as agent was that at Evansville, Indiana. .\fter one year he became traveling and general agent of the Continental Fast Freight Lines. In that capacity he served eight years. From January i to September I, 1888, he was general agent of the Iowa Central Rail¬ road at Peoria, Illinois, and became general freiglit agent of the same road in September, 1888. .\Ir. Banks' steady rise continued, ^^ay i, the following year, he took the ])ositions of general freight and general pas¬ senger agents of the Iowa Central. In March. 1 Sqo, he was made traffic manager and remained as such until .\ugust. 1893. when he resigned to accept the ¡»ostion of traffic manager of the FIgin. Joliet & Eastern Rail¬ road. In May, i8(j(y he was appointed traffic manager also for the Chicago. Lake .Shore & Eastern Railroad. In May, 1901. he was elected to his present position. Mr. Banks, although an indefatigable worker in his office, is one of the pillars of some of the representa- ti\e clubs of Chicagi5 and Evanston, Illinois, residing A. C. BIRD. Mr. Bird, nevertheless, has always found time to secure the exercise necessary to keei)ing in gcjod ])hysical trim, for preserving the "sound mind in the sound body." So in Mr. Bird's case, at least, there is no fear of the sword wearing out the scabbard. Unlike some rail¬ road magnates he never has to spend long weeks at continental s])as to obtain a new lease of health. IMr. Bird is now in the prime of life holding perhaps the most responsible position among all the captains of industry in this busy city. Alexander F. Banks, president of the Elgin, Joliet & Eastern Railroad and of the Chicago, Lake Shore & Eastern Railroad, has been a railway man all his life, having begun his career as office boy in the contract¬ ing freight agent's office of the St. Louis & Southern Railwav. He is a young man, but is as well known in railway circles as many of his veteran colleagues. Mr. Banks was born on a farm in Crawford County, Indiana, but from his verx' childhood he evincef its suburban lines. In 1895 Mr. Mitten became connected with the Mil¬ waukee street railway, during a period when a most bitterly contested strike was on. As a street railway superintendent, his administration was eminently suc¬ cessful, and his energy, firmness and tact, together with his manner of handling this strike, brought him into prominent notice, and secured him the position of gen¬ eral superintendent of that railway system. It was during the Pan-American Exposition at Buf¬ falo in 1901, however, that Mr. Mitten first had an opportunity to display his superior qualifications as 3 railroad manager. Selected as otie who had a record of being competent to handle large traffic, Mr. Mitten was made general superintendent of Buft'alo's Allied Street Railway companies, and the immense crowds which attended the exposition were so satisfactorily THOM.\S EUGENE MITTEN. cared for as to excite the admiration of the public as well as the local Ww ^'ork press. In recognition of his executive ability and results secured by him, Mr. Mitten was made general manager of the International Railway Company of Buffalo, in December, 1901, which position he filled most accept¬ ably until February, 1905, when he resigned and accepted the position of first vice-president and manag¬ ing director of the Chicago City Railway Company, which position he filled until July, 1905, when he was elected ])resideiit of that companv. Mr. Mitten is one of the best equipped railroad men in the country. As a general manager he had few equals. Executive ability never had a more thorough exponent than is shown in the make-up of Mr. Mitten, who possesses the happy faculty of winning the confi- THE CITY OF CHICAGO. 113 dence and respect of his employees, toward wliom he literally applies the Biblical injunction of "doing toward others as he would be done by." His well-established reputation for absolute fairness and impartiality in treat¬ ment of employes, has won for him the respect, con¬ fidence and loyal support of his subordinates. For a number of years Mr. Mitten has given leading street railway .systems of the country specialized serv¬ ices of the highest character, coupled with integrity of character, fertility in resources, the ability to create and carry out new ideas, admirable executive powers, and an unfailing gift of doing the right thing at the right time. He is in the prime of life, untiring in zeal and energy, and unites in his official administration all the qualities of the ].)rogressive business man and the rail¬ roader. Judging by his past career, he is eminently fitted for the hard and complex duties that will be lequired of him as the operating head of a system having to handle such an immense traffic as is enjoyed by the Chicago City Railway. Mr. Mitten is a member of the leading clubs in Chicago, Buffalo and New York City, as well as the Lafayette Lodge, F. & A. M., of Milwaukee: a thirty- second degree Mason, and a Knight Templar, belong¬ ing to Ivanhoe Commandery. Mason B. Starring has risen from the position of clerk to general manager of the Chicago Cit\' Rail¬ way Company, in a period of fifteen years. A long line of sturdy American ancestors who have participated in the upbuilding of the Nation since its inception, com¬ bined with his own ambition and concentration have contributed to his success. Mr. Starring was born in Chicago, iMay 8, 1859. His father was general baggage agent of the Chicago, Burlington & Quincy Railway, and invented the system of checking baggage now in vogue in this country. Among the first settlers in the New Wffirld were members of the Starring family, who came from Holland. Starrings fought in the Revolu¬ tion. Mr. Starring graduated from the old Central High School, and at the age of eighteen years entered the baggage department of the Chicago, Burlington & Quincy Railway. At the age of twenty )ears he had become a general officer of the company, being made head of the baggage department to succeed his father. Lffitil 188:5 Mr. Starring continued in the employ of steam railwavs, part of the time being general bag¬ gage agent of the Pennsylvania Company. From 1885 to 1888 he engaged in business for himself, settling in Iowa as a banker and grain dealer. In 1888 he entered the office of the president of the Chicago City Railway Company as a clerk. He studied law at 8 night, was admitted to the bar, and in 1894 was made a.ssistant general counsel of the Chicago City Railway, under Julius S. Grinnell. At the death of Mr. Grinnell in 1898 Mr. Starring was made acting general counsel of the railway company. In 1903 his title was changed to general solicitor. Since May. 1904. Mr. Starring has been a director and general manager of the company. His wife was Miss Helen Swing, daughter of the late Prof. David Swing, perhaps the greatest liberal and independent preacher Chicago ever knew. The Star- rings' elder son. who is seventeen years old, is a name¬ sake of his famous grandfather. The younger .son, fifteen years old, is named after Mr. Starring. The Star- M.\SOX B. STARRING. rings live at 568 East Division street in the winter and at Lake Geneva, Wisconsin, in the summer. Mr. Star¬ ring is a member of the Chicago, Calumet, Washington Park and Lake Geneva Country clubs. He is one of the convention committee of the Chicago Commercial Association, and a member of the Sons of the American Revolution. Dwight Poster Cameron's career admirably illus¬ trates the opportunity for success the poor country boy has in this country. He left his father's farm in New ^'ürk state in the fifties imd settled in Illinois with $40 as his worldy possessions, but endowed with determi¬ nation and ambition inherited from a long line of Scottish ancestors. To-day he is president of the South Chicago City Railway Company and the Hammond Wiiiting & East Chicago City Electric Railway Com- 114 THE CITY OF CHICAGO. ])any. and a very capable and snccessfnl lawyer, although not now in active ])ractice. Until he was sixteen \ ears old Mr. Cameron remained on his father's farm in Madison County, New York, near the villag'e of I^eterhoro, where he was horn July Jwer plant, sub-stations and equipment have all been maintained in a high state of efficiency. During 1904 and 1905 the power plant was enlarged to more than double its former capacity. It is the ultimate plan of the road to have its right- of-way entirely confined to its own property. So rapidly is the country building up along the line that every effort is being made to secure the private right-of- way before the value of the property will make such a plan prohibitive by reason of the extensive improve¬ ments going in all along the line. Ov«r a million dol¬ lars has already been spent by the companv for its private right-of-way, which, in time, is to be a four- track system. All the improvements that are being put in along the line are of the most permanent and sub¬ stantial character. The rapid growth of the company is best shown by the steady increase in the net earnings for the past five years. The net earnings for 1900 were $81,169; 1901, $97,15(); for 1902, $110,746; for 1903, $193,619; and for 1904, $285,617, this being an increase of 250 percent in five years. The traffic during 1905 has been steadily on the increase and the earnings will undoubt¬ edly go well over the $300,000 mark. MILWAUKEE RACIN KENOSH V/INIHROP HARBOl CAMP LOGAf ZION CíT> BEACH WAUKEGAN NO CHICAGO ''' ^ BLU/l LAKE FOREST ROCKEFELLER FORT SHERIDAN HIGHWOOD MfGHLANO PARK RAVINIA OLENCOE LAKESIDE NNINNETK A KENILWORTH WILMETTE EVANSTON CHICAGO CHAPTER XIX. URIN^G the first century of its exist- "i ence Chicago has grown from a fron¬ tier trading post, where the mediums of exchange were pelts and powder and ball, to the second financial cen¬ ter of the United States. To-day its banking institutions are exceeded only by New York in capital in¬ vested, resources, deposits and clear¬ ings. But three cities in all the world take financial rank ahead of Chicago—New ^'ork, London and Paris. New York was nearly two centuries old before Chicago became dis¬ tinguishable upon the map of the United States, while London and Paris had become centers of population over a thousand years before. The greatest growth of Chicago's financial interests has taken place in the last forty years. When the Chi¬ cago clearing house was organized in 1865 its business hardly exceeded $400,000,000 a year. It is now over $9,000,000,000, an increase of over 2,100 per cent. In., the tremendous growth and dex elopment that followed after the great fire the banks of Chicago led. Chicago's clearing house was organized in 1865, but its records for the local banks date back only to 1873. For that year the thirty national, state and private banks had a capital of $11,940,700. On May 31, 1905, the forty-nine national and state banking institutions of Chicago were capitalized for $48,350,000, an increase in thirty-three _\ears of $36,409,300. The surplus and profits of all the banking institutions of the city in 1873 were $4,222,010. For May, 1905, they were more than nine times as great, reaching the immen.se total of $38,273,341. In the same year after the fire the banks loaned $36,951,998. They now carry over tenfold that amount, the loans in May of this year aggregating $403,673,162. But in no way is the w ealth and jirogress of the city so emjihatic- ally indicated as in the increase in deposits in the banks 1 since the fire. The first clearing house statistics give the total bank deposits for Chicago at $40,600,522. They now total $634,935,642. The first step in Chicago's financial history was taken w hen the Indian traders adopted a rude banking system by issuing a kind of currency in the nature of written promises to pay for the pelts the Indians brought to the fort. Every scrap of that paper was redeemed and passed current at its face value. To Gurdon S. Hubbard may be given the credit of being Chicago's first banker, and he lived to see the trading post lying under the protecting stockade of Fort Dearborn, grow to a city of a million souls. He had funds on deposit at Buíífalo, and his bills of exchange were always honored. He was able to do his neighbors an important neighborly service by selling them Buffalo exchange, and in those days Buffalo was the metropolis of the Middle West, to use a modem term. All through the East such bills were acceptable money remittances. The first bank in Illinois, called the Bank of Illinois, was located at Shawneetown, which, for all practical purposes, was about as far from Chicago as Manila is to-day. Its charter was granted two years before the state was admitted into the Union. It was renewed by the state legislature, the state itself becom¬ ing a partner in the business. That institution failed, involving considerable loss to the state. Branches were established, but Chicago was too small to have even a branch until late in the year 1835, when the Chicago Branch of the Illinois State Bank was announced. That was the first real banking house in the history of the city. It was located at the corner of La Salle and South Water streets. W. H. Brown, whose name is fitly borne by one of the public schools of the citv, he being eminent in the promotion of our educational sys¬ tem, was the practical head of the bank, having the title of cashier. The deposits for the first three months averaged about seven hundred dollars a day. It flouf- 10 THE CITY OF CHICAGO. 117 ishcd until the spring of wlien the great crash which came to the whole countr>' brought distress. The state undertook to rescue the bank bv plunging into a grand system of intenial improvements, but the inevit¬ able bankruptcy came to a head in 1X43. and the Chicago branch went out of existence finally in 1843. Even before this it had been reduced to an agency, the branch proper being removed to Lock])ort. The actual cur¬ rency of the period from 1837 lo 1843 was largely made up of city and private scri]), with a very considerable infusion of bank notes issued under the banking laws of other states. The first reallv great banker of Chicago was George Smith, a preeminently "cann\'" Scotchman, a man of remarkable business ability and unimpeachable integ¬ rity. Not a dollar of the millions of paper bearing the signature of "Geo. Smith" ever failed to be redeemed on demand. No run evei broke him. Hi< system was fiercely assailed as illegal, but it had no taint of dishon¬ esty. Private banking, as conducted by him in Chicago for twenty vears, while it yielded him a great fortune, was of incalculable benefit to Chicago and the region round about. It was in the spring of 1834 that Mr. Smith reached Chicago to seek his fortune. He found it and returned to London to enjoy it in 1860, where he died a few years ago. He belonged to Milwaukee almost as much as Chicago, for his banking career really began with secur¬ ing from the legislature of Wisconsin in 1839 a charter for the Wisconsin Marine & Fire Insurance Company, authorized to receive deposits and issue "certificates" to the sum of $1,500,000. That institution had its headquarters at Milwaukee, but Mr. Smith resided in Chicago, where he conducted a private bank under the name of George Smith & Co. For twenty-one years he was the leading banker of the \\ est, and the certificates which l)ore his name were always redeemed on demand. It was a great thing for Chicago banking to have its foumlations laid by so sound and sagacious a banker. Many of the banks, private and chartered, which were doing business here when the crash of 1857 came, went down with the general crash, (dthers went out vol¬ untarily and still others reorganized under the national bank act. J. M. Adsit. who began as a private banker in 1846, continued the business thirty years and then retired, the last of the private bankers who survived the Storni of 1857. Of the banks then doing business under state charters all are gone and have been for many years, except the Merchants' Loan & Trust Bank, which declined to go into the national system, and has always been one of the great banks of the city. During the period of "wild-cat" banking Chicago made, as a whole. G.^RFIELD P.ARK GREENHOUSE—INTERIOR IIS THE CITY OF CHICAGO. a good hanking record. Besides the hankers named honorahle mention shonld l)e made of J. Young Scam- mon, J. H. Bnrch, E. J. Tinkham, R. K. Swift. H. A. Tucker and Solomon .\. Smith. The national hank act dates from March 25, 1863. ft found Chicago, in common with the country gener¬ ally. in woeful need of a larger and, ahove all. a better medium of exchange. The legal tender notes of the government were utterly inadeciuate to the currency needs of trade. The countrv had fullv recovered from the depression which hegan almost simultaneously with the year 1857. rendered more pronounced dur¬ ing the early period of the war. Many of the hanks whose hills circulated largely here when the Civil War hegan were located in the South. Those which con¬ tinued to do business suspended specie payments. It is not too much to say that the national hank sVstem was horn of necessity. The government needed the money, which would have to he ])aid for its bonds, to serve as a base of circulation, and the people needed the hills for use as a sound medium of exchange. Still for more than a year the change from state hank notes to a national hank currency went on slowly. Finally, patience exhausted, the Chicago Board of Trade announced, in a notice signed by all the leading mem¬ bers of that body, and dated May 9. 18Ó4, "that on and after the 15th inst. the base of transactions, either buy¬ ing or selling, should he legal tender notes or thew eciuivalent." Three days later the hankers of the city announced that "on and after Monday. May ih, 1864. - we will receive on deposit at par. and pay out at par only, legal tender notes, national hank notes and the notes of such other hanks as redeem at par in the city of Chicago." That ended the era of wild-cat money in this city. The national hank svstein received a veri¬ table boom. By the close of 1864 Chicago had seven national hanks—namely, the First. Second. Third. Fourth, Fifth, Mechanics' and Northwestern. Of these only three survive, the First, Northwestern and Fifth, the latter under a change of name. An eighth, the Manufacturers', long since defunct, was organized about that time. One of the newspapers of the period remarked at that time: "One million of dollars a day goes into the country from Chicago to the producers. Well may the hankers rejoice that the days of rag money are over." On those days, and for many years after, there was profit in the national hank circulation, and it was issued as the needs of business required, hut of late years the policy of our hanks has been to ])ut in circulation onl}' the minimum amount of their own notes. Bonds are so high and the rate of interest so low that there is no profit in it. The adoi^tion of the national hank system caused a few hank failures, hut from the close of i8()4 to the great fire of October 9. 1871, the hanking business of Chicago went on prosperously. The seven national hanks had become seventeen, and there were also ten private hanking institutions. The national bank cap¬ ital at that time was $6.800,000, not including the undivided surplus, amounting to $2,715.000- The total bank capital of the city was $12.250,000. In this connection should he given a memorable, hut little remembered, episode. While yet the ruins of the smoking cit\' were hot and no bank vaults were opened, the hankers of the city held a conference. The question was. How shall we open and what per cent of deposits shall he paid on demand."' A committee was appointed. No one on that committee dreamed of pay¬ ing dollar for dollar. Some said 15 per cent, others 25 per cent and .still others a little more. It looked as if the 25 per cent plan would he adopted as a compro¬ mise. Suddenly, hut in a very quiet way, the president of the Merchants' National Bank. Chauncey B. Blair, remarked, without rising from his chair: "Gentlemen, I always like to agree with my brother hankers, and in ordinary matters would yield to the majority, hut when it comes to paying my debts or the debts of my hank I have only this to say. I have always paid in full and always shall if I can. Perhaps I shall not be able to pay even 25 per cent. The vault is still closed. It may contain only ashes, hut I shall do the best I can to meet all the demands of my depositors." That was a thunder- holt. It created consternation. An adjournment was had without action, in the hope of convincing Mr. Blair that the hanks ought to stand together. The ne.xt day the comptroller of the currency put in an appearance, and without knowing what Mr. Blair had said notified the national hanks that they must pay in full, or he would not let them open at all. He was ine.xorahle. \\'hen the country correspondents and local depositors found that this decree had been issued they were greatly relieved, and when the banks did open there was no nm on them. The vaults all stood the fire test, and in a very short time the deposits were larger than ever. The stringency which hegan in the fall of 1873 grad¬ ually developed until it weeded out several national hanks, without, however, weakening the system; hut the failure of the State Savings Institution, the leading sav¬ ings hank of the city, which occurred in 1877, and of some minor hanks, produced a far-reaching effect. It seemed as if the very foundations of Chicago's confi¬ dence in savings hanks were shaken and overthrown, h or years this branch of hanking was depressed. The recovery from the shock was slow. It was not until the state adopted a policy of supervision of all banks doing business on state charters that confidence was regained. W hen the hank panic of 1893 swept over the coun- ti y it toppled over a few weak hanks, hut it did not work anything like a general havoc. The Chicago clearing house showed most excellent coolness. The storm was THE CITY OP CHICAGO. CONDITION OF CHICAGO BANKS JUNE 13, 1873. 119 First National Second National Third National Fourth National Fifth National Merchants National Northwestern National Manufacturers National Mechanics National Commercial National I'nlon National City National Mcichants Savings Loan and Trust. Corn F.xchange National National Kank of Commerce Traders National Preston Kean A Co Hibernian Banking Association Cook County National .1. M. Adsit Central National National Bank of Illinois Prairie State Loan and Trust German National Bank of Montreal Franklin Bank International Bank Hide and Leather I'nion Trust state Savings Institution Totals Caiiitai. SiirpliKS. Undivided ITotlts. Loans and Ijisroiints. Cash and i ^ D^^posits. $1,000,000 $400.0011 $151,.5:19 Í3.018.I99 $1,113,763 $3,7.31.059 UKi.oon 50,000 20.:i90 tViLI4H 2.54.697 970.581 7,50.(100 200.000 lor.ixii 1,22.3,511 .3,912.664 200.000 10,1X10 14.1.51 RHi.TBn 17.5,.548 42.5.491 .500,000 100,000 .50.739 1,1'dB 219,781 1,1.57.921 500, (X)0 400,000 111 I.XII l.7n-LfiBl 429,703 1.604,116 .500.000 .500,000 19,379 Lion OBI 429,438 1.016.411 .500.000 100,000 7,219 I.;B6,7BC 451,423 1,482..598 2.50.(X)0 .50,000 '.XI. 255 229 :MO 928,.549 ,5(K),(K)0 200,000 .59.631 L4.T0.7C)I .598..372 1,632,8.36 1,000.000 200,000 101,975 B..V)7.Ô:S 1,709,741 5,351,032 2.50,000 110,000 3,295 ÍIr>.A.B17 1.55.421 967.774 1..500.000 100,000 .5X1,4«! 22.5,9.59 1.721.130 500.000 .50,000 34,4.59 LB40.t)( >B 379,801 1.444.429 250, (K10 11.000 11.796 012.Ml 23(1.215 767.65.3 200,000 40,000 21.896 47H.H89 332.893 669.045 100,000 28.325 0HB,2'd7 226,105 1,187,235 111,000 81,221 621,337 25,971 7.55,954 .500.000 lO.fXIO :(4,633 1,164.761 436.122 1.460,151 90,(X10 1 ..525 130,817 60,990 1.50,805 200.000 8,679 22.=), 202 98,11X1 187.398 .5(K),000 10.000 26.1:12 020 24Ó 249,872 847.877 1.50,IXM) 7..500 33,72.3 501.BH5 38.236 813.8.58 .500,000 100,000 19,281 L205.9.=»3 418.860 1.215,881 lOO.CXIO 21,221 1.449.970 85.0(Xi 241,903 100,000 3.449 331 952 45,981 313,326 200,000 115.79:1 6.306 495.71H 106.288 351.1.56 259,700 1.515 4.539 3«.5.920 94,784 232,805 125,000 :i2.i»xi 16.283 449.MP7 91,282 614,100 500.(XX) 10,609 B.O5O.045 1I2.:i27 4.445,770 $11,940.700 $2,H02.709 $l,619,.301 136.951.998 $10,620,330 .$40,6CX)..522 severe, but not desolating. Tliere was an admiraliie spirit of mutual helpfulness shown all through the try¬ ing ordeal. While some weak hanks were obliged to go out of business, that panic had at least one good effect in Chicago. It is hardly too much to say that it put an end to private hanking. Individuals and partner¬ ships doing a hanking business felt constrained by the pressure of self-preservation to organize under the state banking act, thus sharing in the strengthened public confidence which I'esults from state inspection. In the years from 1890 to 1899 Chicago hanks passed through trying days to end in a jieriod of great pros- pierity. In that time Chicago emerged from the pro¬ vincial in hanking to the metropolitan, and became the depository of funds for large dotation enterprises. In this latter particular, however, it must he said that the Illinois Trust and Savings Bank stood as the particular representative. The first instance in which the hanks of Chicago acted as a depository of trust funds in the matter of company promotions was at the time of the fioating of the Glucose .Sugar Refining Comjjany, with a capital of $40,000,000. In this promotion the [principal state hank mentioned received jointly with a New ^ ork institu¬ tion the underwriting deposits. Next followed the National Biscuit Company, with a cajiital of $55,000,- 000, the principal floating of which was done in Chi- ago. Then during the active jiromotion year of 1898 Chicago acted either in whole or in part as trustee for enterprises floated with a total capital amounting to $304,000,000. Tliese flotations included some of the most widely known trusts in the country. Among them, in addition to the Glucose Sugar Refining and National Biscuit companies, were the American Steel & Wire Company, the American Tin Plate Company, the National Steel Company, the National Carbon Company, the Chicago Union Traction Com])anv and the American Linseed Company. In addition to furnishing a good portion of the cap¬ ital for these enterprises, Chicago, through its hanks, became a large lender of money, not only in New York hut in London and Berlin. When, in 1898, money was stringent in Germany and the hank rate was advanced to h per cent, Chicago hanks carried credits of per¬ haps $10,000,000 in the German capital. In 1899, when through the fluctuations of the New York stock market and the heavy transactions on that exchange, money advanced rapidly, Chicago was accustomed to loan daily from $2,000,000 to $8,000,000 on call, an experience which five years previous had been unknown. .\n evidence of the esteem in which Chicago hanks were held by other Western institutions was afforded in the period of the Spanish-American war in i8(j8, when there was a general disposition to withdraw deposits and strengthen reserves. Between Fehruar>' 12, 1898, and April 30, 1898, the dejiosits of the New York associated hanks showed a decrease of $80,180,500. The with¬ drawals began immediately after the explosion of the Maine, Fehruar\' 15, i8i)8, and ended with the battle of Manila, i\la\- i, i8()S. New York hank deposits in that time decreased for $738,(183,800 to $658,503,300. While country institutions were drawing their depos¬ its from New ^'ork hanks they were increasing their balances with Chicagii institutions. \ccording to offi¬ cial statements there were in Chicago institutions about h'ehruar\' i total deposits of $2(>(>,48i ,24(). .According 120 THE CITY OF CHICAGO. to similar statements three months later there were, about May i, $272,(>34,242. There was increase there¬ fore, of $6,452,996. This preference on the ])art of countrv hanks for Chicago institutions as depositories for funds rather than the New York banks probably grew out of the fact that in 1893, when the industrial depression began. New York institutions issued clearing bouse certificates. The growth in deposits bv \ears of Chicago banks from 1890 to May 30, 1905. are shown in the following table : CHICAGO BANK DEPOSITS. üecember. National. State. Total Both. 1890 $ 94,470,800 $ 35.753.854 $130,224,654 1891 118,154,700 44.442.399 162,597,099 1892 130,058.550 58,363.226 188,421,776 1893 122,354,131 56,854,484 179,208,615 1S94 129,626,653 67,062,067 196,688,720 1895 120,705,569 72,686,890 193.392.459 1896 110,298,369 66,963,345 177,261,714 1897 150,042,071 90,502,701 240.544.772 1898 188,131,143 113.958.404 302,089,547 1899 195,346.694 132.036,352 327,383.046 1900 231.386,146 158,238,138 298,624,284 1901 262,797,936 184,889,793 447,687.729 1902 265,136,636 209,921,612 475,058,248 1903 276,048,884 234,306,041 510,354,925 1904 299,588,196 297,070,456 596,658,652 May, 1905 315.077,903 319,857,721 634.935.624 From the foregoing table it will be seen that the state banks have been steadily gaining on the national banks in tbe volume of deposits since 1890. and at the last call in May, 1905. were ahead. This development has been due probably in a large part to the latitude which the state laws offer with reference to reserves, compared with the national banking act. Pre\ ious to 1899 tbe record in tbe matter of clear¬ ings in tbe history of the clearing house association was made in 1S92. .\fter the latter date, or until 1898, Chicago, instead of advancing, went backward, and in 1896 tbe clearings were but about $100,000,000 better than 1894, the latter being the low year after 1892. The clearings since the clearing house was organized follow : CHICAGO BANK CLEARINGS. 1865 $ 319,606,228 1866 453,798,648 1871 868,030,754 1872 993,060,503 1873 1,047,027,828 1874 1,101,347,918 1875 1,212,817,207 1876 1,110,093,624 1877 1,044,*.7«,475 1878 967,iS4,093 1879 1.257,75^124 1880 1,725,0^4.894 1881 2,240,329,924 1882 2,393.437.874 1883 2,517,371,581 1884 2,259,680,391 1885 2,318,579,003 1886 2,604,762,912 The days of suspensions, liquidation and consolida¬ tions in the last nine years began late in 1896. The most important failure was that of the National Bank of Illinois. A complete showing of the changes imme¬ diately prior to and following the failure of that insti¬ tution follows: Banks. Central Trust and Savings Bank, suspended first quarter 1896 Dime Savings Bank, suspended third quarter of 1896, Globe Savings Bank, suspended first quarter of 1897. Bank of Commerce, principal assets purchased by the Union National Bank, November. 1897 International Bank, purchased by the Continental National Bank, February, 1898 Commercial Loan and Trust Company, purchased by the Royal Trust Company, October, 1898 National Bank of Illinois, suspended, December, 1896 Atlas National Bank, voluntary liquidation, first quarter, 1897 Prairie State National Bank, consolidated with Prairie State Savings and Trust Company, August, 1897, under new name of Prairie State Bank Hide and Leather National Bank, purchased by Union National Bank, December, 1897 American Exchange National Bank, consolidated with the National Bank of America, under new name of America National Bank, Februrary 18, 1898 Home National Bank, voluntary liquidation, Jan¬ uary 18, 1898 Globe National Bank, purchased by Continental National Bank, November 18, 1898 Metropolitan National took over West Side Bank, February, 1899 Bankers National took over Lincoln National, July 1900 Corn Exchange National took over Northwestern Nationaland American National, September, 1900. First National absorbed Union National, September, 1900 Corn Exchange National took over Merchants National, March, 1902 First National absorbed Metropolitan National, May, 1902 Continental National took over National Bank of North America, October, 1904 American Trust and Savings took over Federal Trust and Savings, May, 1905 Central Trust of Illinois, reduction of capital Capital. $ 200,000.00 100,000.00 200,000.00 500,000,00 500,000.00 500,000.00 1,000,000.00 700,000.00 200,000.00 300,000.00 250,000.00 1,000,000.00 1,000,000.00 50,000.00 200,000.00 2,000,000.00 2,000,000 00 1,000,000.00 2,000,000.00 2,000,000 00 2,000,000 00 2,000,000.00 Decrease in banking capital ' $19,700,000.00 1887 $2,969,216,210 1888 3,163,774,462 1889 3,379,925,188 1890 4,039,145,904 1891 4,456,885,230 >^92 5.135.771.187 1893 4,676,960,968 1894 4,315,440,476 1895 4,614,979,203 1896 4,413,054,108 '^97 4.575.693.340 >898 5.517.335.595 1899 6,612,313,614 1900 6,799,535,598 1901 7.756.372,455 1902 8,394,872,351 '903 8,755,553,649 1904 8,989,983,764 But in the meantime there were increases in old capital, as well as new additions. These changes were as follows : 1897-98— National Live Stock, $750,000 to $1,000,000. . Increase, ç 250,000.00 Foreman Bros Banking Company NewCapital, 500,000.00 Home Savings Bank, $5,000 to $100,000 Increase, 95,000.00 Prairie State Savings and Trust Company, under new name of Prairie State Bank, $200,000 to $250,000 Increase, 50,000.00 Western State Bank New Capital, 300,000 00 1899 - July Illinois Trust and Savings Increase, 1,000,000.00 July State Bank of Chicago Increase, 500,000.00 tirst National of Kvanston NewCapital, 100,000.00 I goo— Sept. Corn Kxchange National Increase, 1,000,000.00 Sept. First National Increase, 2,000,000.00 1901 Jan. Chicago National Increase, 500,000.00 April Continental National Increase, 1,000,000.00 May—Hibernian Hanking Association Increase, 500,000.00 Aug.—Commercial National Increase, 1,000,000.00 Illinois Trust and Savings Increase, 1,000,000.00 THE CITY OF CHICAGO. 121 1902 Jan.—Drovers Trust and Savings New Capital, Feb — Federal Trust and Savings New Capital^ March—American Trust and Savings Increase, March—Chicago Savings Bank organized New Capital, March—Corn Exchange National Increase. March—Western State Bank Increase, March—Stock Yards Savings New Capital, April—Colonial Trust and Savings Bank New Capital, April—Brexel State Bank New Capital, May —First National Increase. May—South Chicago Savings New Capital, May—National Bank of North America New Capital, May—Central Trust Company New Capital, June—National Bank of the Republic Increase, Aug.—Bankers National. Increase, Sept.—Metropolitan Trust and Savings .... Increase, 1903— Feb. - Hamilton National Bank New Capital, April—Manufacturers Bank New Capital, June—Merchants' Loan and Trust Increase, June—Pearsons-Taft Land Credit Company. .Increase, June—Western Trust and Savings Increase, Sept.—Jackfeon Trust and Savings New Capital, Sept.—Calumet National Increase, Dec.—First Trust and Savings New Capital, $ 200 2,000, 1,000, 250, 1,000, 200, 250, 200, 200, 3,000, 200 2,000, 4,000, 1,000, 1,000 250 000.00 000.00 000.00 000.00 000.00 000.00 000.00 000.00 000.00 000.00 000.00 000.00 000.00 000.00 000.00 000.00 500,000.00 200,000.00 1,000.000.00 100,000.00 500,000.00 250,000.00 50,000 00 1,000,000.00 1904— June Hibernian Banking Association Increase, $500,000.00 June—Prairie National New Capital, 250,000.00 Sept. -Chicago Savings Increase, 250,000.00 Sept.—Calumet Trust and Savings New Capital, 250,000.00 1905 May—American Trust and Savings Increase, r,000,000 00 Total additions to capital $33.895,000.00 It will be seen from the foregoing tables that the changes and combinations of banks have been great during the past decade. The centralization of banking interests has been more than counterbalanced by the starting of new institutions and the bringing of new capital into the field. At the close of 1899 the banking capital since the Illinois National failure, had shrunk over four and a quarter million dollars. In the ne.xt five years this had been more than overcome and the net in¬ crease since 1896 was over $14.000.000. up to May. 1905. The condition of the Chicago banks at the time of the call. May, 1905, follows: CONDITION OF CHICAGO STATE BANKS. MAY 31, 1905. NAMfe. American Trust and Savings Bank Austin State Central Trust of Illinois Chicago City Bank Chicago Savings Colonial Trust and Savings Cook County State Sa\ ings Brexel State Savings Drovers Trust and Savings First Trust and Savings Foreman Bros. Banking Company Hihernian Banking Association Home Savings Bank Illinois Trust and Savings Bank ... .lackson Trust and Savings Kenwood Trust and Savings Manufacturers Bank Merchants' Loan and Trust Company. Metropolitan Trust and Savings -Milwaukee Avenue State Bank Northern Trust Company North Side State Savings *Fearsons-Taft Land Credit Comjiany . Peoples Trust and Savings Prairie State Bank Pullman Loan and Savings Royal Trust Company South Chicago Savings State Bank of Chicago State Bank West Pullman Stock Yards Savings Cnioii Stock Yards State Bank Union Trust Company Western Trust and Savings Capital Stock Paid In. $3,000,000 25,000 2,000,000 200,000 .500,000 200,000 50,000 200,000 200.000 1,000,000 500,000 1,000,000 100,000 4,000,000 250,000 200.000 200,000 3,000,000 ■¡50,000 250.000 1,000,000 .50,000 200,U(X) 200,000 250,000 300,000 500.000 200,000 1,000,000 25,000 250,000 200.000 1,000,000 1,000,000 Surplus and Undivided Profits. $1,969,687 39.3.50 916,36! 157,528 65,314 101,477 2,417 16.274 48,094 698,075 627.237 1.049.404 1.5.5,785 5.948.405 56,675 14,244 11,.589 3,6I7,.532 257,748 2.55.760 1.684.022 6,034 5.700 13.510 73.721 170,613 447,335 31.875 609,543 4,643 104,615 12,448 577,970 187,170 Total May 31, 1905. $23.750,000 $19,938,6,5,5 Loans and Discounts. $18,360.031 415.691 7,346.041 1.0.55,201 1,161,686 1,226,813 225,205 850,932 1,143,696 11.931.892 4..594,078 12.216,423 5L0tÍ9.379' 1,047,084 332,865 380,566 25,704,245 3,861,516 2,667,263 13,829,196 244.630 3,262,193 624,519 4,006,321 1,714,380 3,530,703 535,723 10,727,233 133,971 1,048,800 476,970 6,166,478 4,283,333 $196,205,057 Bonds and Stocks. $ 4.947.801 204.,345 1,196,726 187,832 924,349 77,700 50.000 9.5.125 419,000 7,577.313 229,653 2,044,216 3,787,000 23,808,677 240,169 67,365 8,890,129 663,946 303,634 7.8.57.111 3,100 760.225 1,078,095 1,217,137 160,987 894,190 26.836 632,342 1,906 284 483,382 Cash O)) Band. Due from Other j Banks. ( 'hecks and Other Cash Items. Savings Deposit's Suhject to Notice. Individual Deposits. $ 4.648,.547 $ 4.867.827 $1,467.,5,32 Í 3.o<."»4,I72 tlO,sI5.s.V> 56 251 101.2o9 1.140 3So,<,»51 341.434 498.992 2.676,438 521,.599 1.5« »2.126 5,961,::05 1 .52.8.51 330.S3.5 1 ♦>19.326 710,593 21.5.917 lifi ,2t- 17.'278 1 792, 1.112.126 26.61)3 191.9S3 136.331 1 1 1 303 1,031.321 11), 4 25 99,421 14,709 142.33S 2t >5.504 70.71)2 8.5,043 55 336.56S 607,316 45.432 265,161 101 1,521.037 93,290 ! 608.402 2,087,646 76.689 8.7i 15.746 11.638,397' 405.677 1,171.896 97,280 5,371,347 886 521 2.939.965 14.011,030 1 2.108,769 19.8.57 513..T51 4.064.426 10.812.927 13.170.387 592.309 ! 61,150,514 •26.600.686 î 67,165 18O.021 33.223 131.224 1,025.257 6,778 8.050 37.946 102,996 14.993 62.166 10.37e 72.218 212.603 6,641.797 12,018,007 2.1 IS 4S2 5,238,095 27.634,837 233,000 4.39.032 ISS.419 697.152 3.71.5,997 •222.809 607,603 73.607 2,554.257 918.476 3.759,2,56 5.154.700 554.751 1 1 9,720.894 17,672.415 14,034 8.5.7.57 22.927 151.966 159.947 1,137 2,983,59,3 26,750 ,51.766 399 ■202.075 361.771 484,351 527.893 71.763 3.734,51.3 1,.SUT,341 107,545 437.996 2.173 2.123.468 715.808 233,526 912,4a5 isy.097 1.7'-'0,022 2,908,687 1 73,476 93.494 265,194 412,883 i 991,899 2,032.662 678,203 6,991.3,50 i 5,279,.>1.5 20.573 18,893 107,300 1 73,467 i 67,339 206.399 7,096 ! 1.441.497 165,865 ! 36..535 1 84,849 ' 1 249,498 1 210,245 1 420,475 1 2,714,689 654.935 3,707,601 6,257,836 96,442 664,418 214,694 873,483 2.73)1,187 Due to f tther Banks. $ 6,763,344 1,859,879' 31.'r69 21,5,319 239,723 39,125 I,a52,6a5 1'24,496 42,554 1.5,944,552 1,847,333 6,183 532,659 1,443,629 4,312 319,455 94,5,169 Total Deposits. $29,58.3,371 722.385 9,3'.'3.310 1,329 919 1.936,191 1,357,943 347.842 943,884 1,614,.327 20,.583,866 5,371,347 16,458.924 4.064,426 89,603,83.5 1,280,977 140.942 327,375 48.817,484 4.413.149 3.472.T33 29.240,642 311.913 2.983,593 .563,846 5,,548,037 2.869.276 5,161,368 678,077 13.714,524 180,767 1,607.362 464,955 10.284,892 4.555,139 $70,734,669 $31,909,014 $.55.04.5,836 $7.998,026 $136,361,586 $151,283,999 ' $32,212.136 ' $319,857,721 * Pearson-Taft Land Credit Company does not do a general banking business. CONDITION OF CHICAGO NATIONAL BANKS MAY 29. 1905. BANKS. Hankers Chicago Commercial Continental Corn Kxchange Drovers Deposit First Fort Dearborn Hamilton Live Stock Prairie Republic Calumet.. First (Englewood)... Oakland ( apltal. $2,0IKI,IKXI 1,000,(4)0 2,000,(4)0 3.000,000 3,000.080 600,000 8,000.(44) I.OOO.OOO .500,000 1.000,(44) 250,000 2,(44),(44) 100,000 100,000 50,000 Surplus and Profits. ! . $1,065,962 1,423.345 1,79'2,1'23 1,232,536 3,561,208 274,692 6,113-755 226,614 141.896 1,302,966 59,596 952,610 31,067 106,770 49,536 Total May 29, 1905 $24,600,0(4) $18,334,676 Loans and Discounts. $10,471,300 12,602,6.53 23,99.5,870 33.128,159 35,10.5,323 3.609,495 57,498,.5Ü0 6,303,188 2.097,966 6,583.9.56 593,536 12,630..548 ,568.004 1,492,220 787,387 $207,468,105 Siieoie. $ 2,352,108 3.530,000 4,836,667 4,699,134 7,603.828 444,958 11,514.830 991,440 4-28,651 530,129 134,944 2,634,051 66,037 41.160 35.231 Other Cash and Treasury Credits. $ 731,377 1,333.166 1,937,316 6,230,294 2,171,713 422,510 4 946,301 814,507 50,824 307,596 32,126 809,6.54 52,851 36,704 35,595 9,833,168 $10,915,.537 Individual Deposits. $ 4,729,583 18,009,505 12,872,133 15,543,107 2.5,412,540 2,.544,750 40,009.751 6,243,307 1,912 274 4,671,382 .502,330 9,473.822 722,867 1,598,090 905,867 $145,151,314 Due Hanks. $10.218,761 4,949,319 21,946,850 37.129,714 22.756.877 2,722.151 52,565.506 3,341,506 1,103,080 4,009,478 259.030 8,9'24.224 93 $169,926,.589 Due from Banks and Agents. $ 3.184,601 4,393,080 4,429,780 9.400,176 6,638,629 1,079,309 22,917,564 2,039,157 603,749 1,9)12,921 215,296 3,.539.382 169,872 170,583 140,283 United States Bonds. $ 50,000 50,0(4) 500.000 .50,0(X) 1,(II))I.)4H) .5)).', until now it is one of the foremost financial institutions in the city. Besides transacting a general hanking business this institution dexotes much attention, as its name signifies to its trust and savings departments. Its expansion continued uhtil its consolidation with the F'ederal Trust Company on May 29, 1905- capital was then in¬ creased from $2,000,000 to $3,000,000. Its surplus and undivided profits are $2,004,229.98, and its deposits are $30,127.616.98. On .Mav i, 1906, the institution will occupy its own building at the northeast corner of Monroe and Clark •AMERICAN TRL'Sr AND S.WINGS BANK. streets, which will he one of the largest in the city. The building will he eighteen stories high, with 90 feet on Alonroe street and 125 feet on Clark street. The officers of the hank are as follows: E. .\. Potter, president; T. P. Phillips, vice-president; James R, Chapman, vice- president; John Jay .\hhott, vice-president; Charles S. Castle, cashier; F. J, Scheidenhelm, assistant cashier; Oliver C. Decker, assistant cashier; lAlwin L. W^agner. assistant cashier; krank H. Jones, secretary; William P. THE CITY OP CHICAGO. Kopf, assistant secretary: Irving J. Shuart, assistant secretary; (ieorge B. Caldwell, manager bond depart¬ ment; Wilson Lampert, auditor. Its directors are Joy Morton, E. H. Gary, E. P. Ripley. Theodore P. Shouts, Norman B. Ream, John F. Harris. T. P. Phillips, H. McDoel, Charles H. Thome, E. J. Bufbngton, William Kent, V. A. Watkins, G. B. Shaw, Benjamin Thomas, Charles H. Deere, James R. Chap¬ man, Edwin A. Potter. The INorthern Trust Company was organized .\ugust 7. 1889. and has taken its place as one of the soundest and most conservative" banking institutions in 000. Of pure classic architecture it will be one of the most imposing structures in Chicago. The first story will be of massive layers (Á stone, forming a solid base for the ( irecian facade of Ionic style of architecture. Si.xteen massive Ionic columns will support the cornice. The interior plan contemplates the following divi sions : The first floor will be reserved for the savings department, with a grand lobby and grand marble stair¬ way leading to the second floor, which will be devoted to the banking department ; the third floor will be given over to tbe trust department, and the fourth floor will be occupied partly by the Chicago Clearing House, and the West. It has a capital of $1,500,000 with a surplus fund of $1,000,000, its capital having been increased July I, 1905, from one million to one million and a half. The Northern Trust Company has been located on the banking floor of the Rookery building, but owing to the steady increase of its business it is now (1905) erecting a building of its own at the northwest corner of La Salle and Monroe streets, upon the site of the old Bryan block. This building will be for the exclusive use of the Northern Trust Company, with its main frontage of 190 feet on La Salle street and a depth of 73 feet on Monroe. It will comjjrise four stories with basement and sub-basement, and will cost approximately $750»" supply, storage and filing rooms. The convenience of patrons is especially provided for and when finished the new building will be one of the handsomest and most complete structures of its kind in the city. .Vt the close of business, August 26. 1905, the condition of the bank was as follows : Resources.—Time loans on security, $5,859,891.04; demand loans on security. $7,012,509.23 ; lH)nils, $7,- ti98,3_>8.o() ; stocks, $114,815; real estate (northwest corner La Salle and Monroe streets ft)r bank building), $850,000; due from banks, 80,870, loc).84 : checks for clearings, $760,617,76; cash on hand, $3,910,665.4(). Total, $33,082,(137.32. Liabilities.—Capital stock, $1,500,000; surjilus fund. THE NORTHERN TRUST COMPANY BANK. 1P.2 THE CITY OF CHICAGO. $1,000,000; undivided profits, $702,468.78; dividends unpaid, $330; interest reserved, $97.5'^'!^ 05 ; cashiers' checks, $246,707.54: certified checks, $13,509-51 i demand deposits, $16,119.466.27 : time deposits, $13,- 402.88(..27. Total, $33.082.937.32. The officers are: Byron L. Smith, president; F. L. Hankey, vice-president; Solomon* A. Smith, second vice-president; Thomas C. King, cashier; Robert McLeod, and G. F. Miller, assistant cashiers; Arthur Heurtley, secretary ; Howard O. Edmonds and Harold H. Rockwell, assistant secretaries ; Edward C. Jarvis, auditor. The directors are : A. C. Bartlett, J. Harley Bradley, \\'illiam A. Fuller, Marvin Hughitt, C. L. Hutchinson, Martin A. Ryerson, .Vlbert A. Sprague, Solomon A. Smith, Byron L. Smith. IN. W. Marris & Company, bankers, of Chicago, Xew York and Boston, have for their watchword, "con¬ servatism.'' This successful firm deals only in high- grade investment securities, and transacts a general banking business. It was organized in 1882 by the pres¬ ent senior partner, Mr. Norman \\b Harris. The firm has steadily increased its business, always along ultra- conservative lines, to such an extent that its sales of bonds now exceed $75,000,000 annually. The success of N. W. Harris & Company, and the high esteem in which its judgment on securities is held by investors, is justified by its record, of whicb it is jealously proud. While the firm does not guarantee the payment of securities handled by it, it stands ready to devote its best efforts and the ability of its perfect organization to the protection of its clients' interests. The firm believes that the responsibility of a reliable banking house should not end with the marketing of an issue of bonds. In the event of new and unexpected developments of an unfavorable character in a prop¬ erty, the house should be in a sufficiently strong posi¬ tion to assume the entire management, and to protect the interest of its clients. The knowledge that the strength and influence of the house will be exercised in this way is almost as important to the investor as the ability and care necessary in making original invest¬ ments. The average investor has neither time nor the facil¬ ities to make a complete and proper examination of proposed investments, and in consecpience must rely largely on the judgment of his banker. Realizing this fact, the conscientious and successful banker should have in his employ tried and experienced exjjerts, and a business experience extending cjx er a period of many years eo\ ering times of dejiression as well as of financial prosperity. N. W. Harris & ("omj^any combine these important elements of success. Their experience extends over twenty-tw(» ye.irs. during which time occurred the financial panics in 1893 and 1896. Mr. Harris was for thirteen years the principal executive officer of one of the leading life insurance companies of this country and was largely responsible for its invest¬ ments. Tbere are now seven other active partners in the firm, all men of wide experience in the business and wbo have been associated with the house for from ten to twenty vears. The firm's banking houses in Chi¬ cago, New York and Boston are each under the direct supervision of one or more active members of the firm, who are assisted by an experienced and competent corps of managers and experts in each department of the business. The total number of people now giving N. W. HARRIS. tbeir entire time to the firm's business is one hundred and eighty. j In addition to the investment business, N. W. Harris & Company, in their banking department, transact a private banking business, pay interest on deposits which, according to a late statement, amount to $4,926.373.02. The firm makes loans on collateral, buvs and sells for¬ eign exchange and issues travelers' letters of credit available in all parts of the world. Every facility is afforded its customers for the prompt transaction of business in this department. N. W. Harris & Company's Chicago office is on the banking floor of the Marquette building, 204 Dearborn street. Greenebaum Sons is one of the strongest private banking institutions in Chicago. The house was founded in 1877, continued in business uninter¬ ruptedly up to the present time (1905). The banking THE CITY OP CHICAGO. rooms are at 83 and 85 Dearborn street. The members of Greenebaum Sons are Henry Everett Greenebaum, Moses E. Greenebaum and James Eugene Greenebaum. The father, Elias Greenebaum, is one of the pioneer bankers of Chicago and had l)een in tlie l)usiness for twenty-two years when Ins sons formed their ])anking house. He still takes an interest in affairs and main¬ tains an office at their place of business. The firm does a general banking and foreign exchange business, mak¬ ing a specialty of negotiating loans on Chicago real estate and of sup])lying investors with investment securi¬ ties, mortgages, bonds, etc. This firm is well known in all parts of the world on account of their extensive foreign connections. Elias Greenebaum was born at Eppelsheim, Gross¬ herzogthum Hessen, Germany, June 24, 1822, the son of Jacob and Sarah Greenebaum. He was educated in the public schools and in the agricultural, commercial and trade schools of Kaiserslautern, Germany, and came to the United States in September, 1847. ^ months he stopped on his way west at Uniontown, Ohio, but came to Chicago, April 14, 1849, present is one of the oldest residents of Chicago, having lived here over half a century. He entered the mercan¬ tile business for himself shortly after coming to Chicago and prospered from the start. Seven years afterwards he became a banker. In i860 Mr. Greenebamn founded the banking house of Greenebamn & Foreman, of which he was the senior member for a number of years. M'hen the firm of Greenebamn & Foreman was dissolved be retired from active business. Mr. Greenebamn was school agent of Chicago in 1856 and is independent in politics. He was one of the founders of Sinai congre¬ gation. He has a handsome residence at 4510 Grand boulevard. He was marrierl March 3, 1852, to Miss Rosina Straus. Their children are Henry E\'erett, Moses Ernest, Emma E. (Mrs. Gutman), and James E. Greenebamn. Henry Everett Greenebamn, the oldest son of lilias Greenebaum, has had a wide experience in the banking business. He was born in Chicago, September i, 1854, and graduated from the Jones .School in 1867, and from the Central High School four years later. He also attended business college the next }ear, graduating from Bryant & Stratton's in 1872. He entered the employ of the First National Bank in the spring of the same year, and the next year went with his father's firm, Greenebaum & Foreman, bankers. In order to get a wider experience of tbe business he accepted positions with New York banks in 1873, remaining tbere for four years. On his return to Chicago in 1877, he organized the banking firm of Greenebamn Sons. Since tben be has occupied a prominent position in the banking, real estate and loan circles, at present being chairman of the 133 executive board of the Chicago Real Estate Loan Asso¬ ciation, composed of the principal banks and firms in tbe business. He is independent in politics and a mem¬ ber of the Reformed Jewish Church. He al.so belongs to tbe Standard, Ravisloe Golf and French clubs. He was married .\pril 15, 1879, to Miss Helen F. Leopold. Their children are Carrie (the wife of Frank E. Mandel, of the firm of Mandel Brothers), Walter Jerome and John G. The family residence is at 3337 Michigan avenue. Moses Ernest Greenebamn was born in Chicago March 17, 1858. He was educated at the public and high schools of Chicago. He entered his father's bank after graduating and was admitted to the firm in 1877. ELIAS GREENEB.A.UM. He became a member of Greenebamn Sons the same year. To his energy and aggressive business methods is due much of the success of the house. He is a mem¬ ber of the Chicago Real Estate Board, the United Hebrew Charities and the Standard and Ravisloe clubs. He is a Republican. He was married to Miss Julia Friedman of Chicago, December 23, 1884. They have three children, Eleanor E., Ernest M. and Edgar M, Their home is at 4504 Drexel boulevard. James lùigene Greenebamn, tbe third member of Greenebamn Sons, was born April 3, 1866, He was educated in tbe public schools of Chicago and at Yale University, being graduated from this institution with the degree of Ph. B. in 1886. He entered the banking house of Greenebamn Sons just after his gradua¬ tion and was admitted as a partner a few years later. He is a Republican in politics. He is a member of the Standard and \'ale clubs. He was married to Miss 134 THE CITY OP CHICAGO. Amy B. Kramer, September 7, iSp.p They have three children. Frederic J., Charles J. and Edith J. The family residence is at 450S (irand boulevard. John Burnett Russell, head of the well-known bank¬ ing firm of J. B. Russell «.k: Company, was born at Hart- wick. Ctsego County. New York. January 8, 1869. His Ca I V» JOHN BURNETT RUSSELL. parents were John Emory and Belle (Burnett) Russell. He was educated in the grammar schools of his own city and later at \\'yf)ming Seminary. Kingston, Penn- sybania. Mr. Russell has been in the banking business since 1886. In that year he went to work for the Wyoming Xational Bank of \\'ilksbarre. Pennsvlvania. He remained with this institution until iScjy when he estab¬ lished the banking house of J. B. Russell X Conpxmv in Wilksbarre and Scranton. Pennsylvania. The busi¬ ness of the firm grew rapidly and houses were estab¬ lished in Xew "Shjrk. Chicago. Reading and Carbondale. Pennsylvania. Binghamton, Xew 't'ork and Dayton, Ohio. The concern has financed a number of e.xtensive public utilitN' corporations, the most prominent among them being the Illinois Tunnel Company of Chicago and the .\utomatic Electric Company, also of this cit\-. The entire capital for financing these two large enter j)rises was raised thnnigh J. P. Russell & Companv. For a long time, while the tunnels wwre building in Chicago, there was much speculation as to where the millions were coming fiajin. In due time, when the enterprise had been carried to a successful conclusion, the real backers were made known. J. B. Russell & Company at the present time are the financial representatives of a number of large cor¬ porations and transact a general banking and stock exchange business. The associate partners of Mr. Rus¬ sell are .\lbert C. Wheeler. Jr.. and John M. Shaw of Xew York, both of whom are members of the New ^'ork Stock Exchange, and Grant Pelton of Scranton, Pennsylvania. The main offices of J. B. Russell & Com¬ pany are at 46 Wall street, Xew York. The Chicago offices are in the Rookery. Mr. Russell was married to Miss Fannie J. Schooley of West Pittston, Pennsylvania, in 1892. They have three children. Louise. Joseph and John B.. Jr. Mr. Russell is well known in club life in Chicago. Xew York and Pennsvlvania. He is a member of the Union League. Lawyers' and Cit\' i\Iid-day clubs of Xew York; of the Calumet. Midlothian and Exmoor clubs of Chi¬ cago. and of the Westmoreland and Wyoming Valley Countrv Club of Wilksbarre. the Scranton Club of Scranton. Pennsylvania, and numerous other organ¬ izations. A. P. Ballou, capitalist, is a representative type of the voung. enterprising and progressive business men who ha\e made Chicago famous. Barely thirty years A. P. BALLOU. old. his ])osition in the world of finance and business is one that is rarel\ attained b\- men until they have passed the middle span of life, even in hustling, bustling Chi¬ cago. .\mos Percy Ballou was born in Bradford, Miami ( ounty, Ohio, ( Ictober 24. 1874. His father, Horace Martin Ballou, conducted and edited the Brad- THE CITY or CHICAGO. ford Free Press for many years. When lie was nine years old his father died and the family moved to Cov- ing^ton, Ohio, where the hoy attended the common schools. At the age of fifteen he entered upon a course of study in the W est Side Commercial School of this city. He hegan his business career with tiie Henry Sears Cutlery Company, but finding that uncongenial, he entered the real estate business with E. F. Jacobs. He was given charge of Evergreen Park subdivision, which he conducted so ably that it soon developed into a thriving and beautiful suburb. With characteristic energy Mr. Ballon took a lively interest in the affairs of the village he had helped to create. He estal)lished and edited the local pajier, and was chosen village treasurer on the Republican ticket. His real estate transactions naturally brought him into close relations with the insurance business, and he was offered the position of general agent of the Ro\aI Union .Mutual Life Insurance Company of Des Moines, Iowa. This agency he successfully handled for two years, when he was induced to make investments in some Butte, Mon¬ tana, mining properties. This led him to an investiga¬ tion and study of mines and mining generally, and discovering in it a pursuit for which he was eminently fitted, he soon abandoned all other business and ga ve his entire attention to this line of endeavor. He is secre¬ tary and treasurer of the International Copper & Cold Mining Company, of Arizona and Me.xico; secretary and treasurer of the ^Montana Copper & Gold Mining- Company of Wyoming; secretary and treasurer of the Santa Fe Copper & Gold Company of Arizona and Mexico; president of the Santa Cruz Mining Company and treasurer of the Southern Sonora Development Company of Mexico, besides having a close connection and exercising a powerful influence in several other companies. To quote Mr. Ballon: "Old Mexico is the great¬ est field of mineral wealth known to man." In 1S94 Mr. Ballon married Clara May Ruhl. of Covington, Ohio. He is connected with several literary organizations, in which he takes considerable interest. He is a member of the Colonial Club, a Mason, Knight Templar and Mystic Shriner. He is a member of the Forty-first Street Presbyterian Church. Mr. and Mrs. Ballon have one child, a daughter, six years old. Robert C. Sturgeon, secretary-treasurer of the I.agle Mining & Improvement Comjiany, was born near Pitts¬ burg in 1X62. He received an academic education and at the early age of sixteen became a teacher in the public schools. Mr. Sturgeon entered commercial life at the age of eighteen with a prominent Pittsburg firm, and in 1885 came to Chicago determined to be "some¬ body." He had eminent success. He was asscjciated with Xelson Morris & Company for several years, dur¬ ing which lie took a law course in the night scliool of the Lake Forest L'niveiNity. He was admitted to the bar in iSpb. and during his subsequent six years of law- practice conducted successfully many important cases in the Chicago and Cook County courts. Early in the vear of 1902 .Mr. Sturgeon became inter¬ ested in the Eagle Mining and Improvement Company, and at present he holds the responsible position of busi¬ ness manager and shares in the controlling interest of the concern, which will soon rank among the best paying mines in the world. The Eagle mines are by mining experts considered on par with the Homestake mine and other bonanzas. The company was in need of an ROBERT C. STURGEON. energetic man to finance and manage it when Mr. Stur¬ geon entered the corporation. Through his efforts the Eagle Mining and Improvement Company has become an assured success. Having satisfied himself of the unlimited possibilities of the mines, and ambitious to make it one of the foremost mines in the United States, Mr. Sturgeon has maintained the almost unequaled growth of the concern. At present a plant with a c;i- pacit\- of 150 tons per day is in full operation on the mine, which is located at Parsons, New Mexico. Up to the moment Mr. Sturgeon became interested in the mine, the thought of his becoming a mining man never occurred to him. Before he decided upon his life's work he \ isited the mining region with expert engineers and, because of the almost incredible reports of the high qual¬ ity of the property, he decided to devote his entire time THE CITY OF CHICAGO. to the new enterjíHse. The present shareholders com¬ prise a small circle of ])rominent business men who implicitly confide in the leadershij) and management of Mr. Sturgeon, and his ])artner, Mr. Rice. The Parsons mine compares favorably with the larg¬ est in the world, with its three fifty-ton unit mills, which means an output rendering a net profit of $300 per day. Mr. Sturgeon is a member of the Illinois .\thletic Club and is a very popular man in commercial and pro¬ fessional circles. He declares he is the "kind of a Demo¬ crat any citizen ought to be, as he voted twice for McKinl ey and twice for Roosevelt." Howard H. Hoyt, western superintendent of the Equitable Life Assurance Society, in a few years has taken first rank in the insurance field. In May, 1902, HOWARD H. HOYT. when he took charge of the Chicago office, the entire Illinois business did not e.xceed $4,000,000 a year. Be¬ fore the close of J 904 Chicago had passed the $2,000,000 a month class and headed the list for the month of all the society's agencies in the United States. It is difficult to overestimate the importance of this achievement, one of the greatest in the historv of life insurance. But great things were expected of Mr. Hoyt. There were far older men in insurance work. There uere men of greater experience, but Mr. Hoyt had the reputation of (hung things. In two years, be¬ fore coming t(j Chicago, he had increased the volume of business in ^\'isconsin from $380,000 to $3,000,000 a year, which in itself was a notable achievement. When the officer,^ of the society looked around for a man who could raise Illinois from the dead, it was inevitable tbat they should select the leader who had worked such a miracle in Wisconsin. At this time. May, 1902, the entire volume of Illinois business did not exceed $4,000,000 a year, although the Chicago field is naturally one of the richest in the United State.s. In the monthly statement showing the relative rank of the fifty leading Equitable agencies in the country, up to this time Chicago rarely, if ever, appeared. The wisdom of Mr. Hoyt's selection was at once apparent. The first month after his appointment to so responsible a position Chicago took its place on the fifty list, never again to be ousted. Then the agency began to move steadily and swiftly toward the top. In less than one year the volume of business doubled. Two strenuous years passed, and this agency, whose annual business had been only $4,000,000, took its place in the $2,000,000 a month class. Before the close of the year 1904, Chicago headed the list for the month and when the report of the year's business was finally made, Chicago actually led all the agencies of the United States. Mr. Hoyt had "made good," to use an expressive colloquialism, and Chicago had come into its own. Even a superficial student of these changes must attribute the enormous growth of Chicago business largely to tbe personality of Mr. Hoyt. That he is an able organizer and a good judge of men is evident, talents greatly needed in perfecting the Illinois organi¬ zation. But the real secret of his strength seems to be the spirit of loyalty which he has been able to infuse into the men, from the general manager to the humblest salesman in the field. In his Wisconsin work he showed still another side of his genius. Much of the increase in the volume of business there was due to his personal efforts. Al¬ though a comparatively new man in the work, he made a record for writing insurance second to none in the United States. There, too, he established the same personal relations with his men. When he came to leave the field to take the superintendency in Chicago there was a notable gathering in Milwaukee at which the retiring manager was presented with a beautiful loving cup, as evidence of the esteem of his associates. Un Christmas eve, 1904, an elegant gold Swiss watch, appropriately engraved, was given to him by the men who have been accomplisbing such wonders under his leadership. The remarkable rise of Mr. Hoyt in the insurance firmament demonstrates what can be done by an earnest consecration of talent to this great work. He was born in Madison, \\'isconsin. May 29, 1857. His ele¬ mentary education in the public schools was followed by a course in the University of Wisconsin and a sub¬ sequent course in the law school of the same institution. THE CITY OF CHICAGO. 137 After his graduation, in 1879, he practiced law five years in \\'ausau. Wisconsin. He then removed to Milwaukee and established an original credit system. In 1898, becoming convinced of the unusual o])portuni- ties in life assurance work, he accepted an appointment as general agent for the Northwestern Mutual Life In¬ surance Company. Such was bis record that in two years the Equitable Life made him general manager for the state of Wisconsin and northern Michigan. Now, as the western superintendent of the strongest financial institution on earth, he is in the fullness of his powers and at the outset of his career. The society secured new quarters in the magnificent First National Bank building and in May, 1905, took possession of the finest offices in the \\Tst. Mr. Hoyt is also widely known in insurances circles because of his contributions to insurance literature. His published lecture. The Making of An Insurance Salesman, delivered at the Association Auditorium in Chicago, and his series of pamphlets on insurance topics ha\e been in great demand by managers and field men in all parts of the United States. The Federal Life Insurance Company. For many years the financial and commercial giants of this great city have desired the establishment of a legal reserve life insurance company. They realized it would be an influential factor in the gi'owth and develop¬ ment and prosperity of the large and rapidly developing area of country tributary to Chicago. Tbey realized that the influence which the great life insurance com¬ panies of New York Citv had exercised upon the finan¬ cial supremacy of that citv would be du])hcated by the establishment in Chicago of a legal reserve comi)any which would command the confidence and siqtport of the general public. Many meetings were held by our public spirited financiers with the view of establishing such a company. These meetings developed the fact that great abilitv, zeal, continuous efïort and fidelity to such a companv if established were neces.sary in order to place the company in the comtnanding position which thev desired, and in order that the company should have the unquestioned confidence, the unqualified stipport and the liberal patronage of the general public. In 1900, after verr' careful consideration, tbe Federal Life Insurance Comjiany was organized. as a legal reserve companv, itntainted witb any of the erroneous ideas of assessmentism, and so carefully were its officers and representatives selected, and .so ably and faithfully have thev exercised the trttsts reposed in them, that the companv from its incipicncy has commanded the confi¬ dence and i)atroiKige of the insurance buying public to such an extent thát its success has been almost phe¬ nomenal. December 31, 1904, at the end of its fifth year (being a little more tban four anfl a half years of actual operation), the company has accomplished tnore than many of its larger and older competitors in from ten to thirty years of their existence. .\t the date in question it had over $8,000,000 of insurance in force, over $700,000 of assets and a rapidly increasing surplus. It is rapidly increasing its able represetitatives, and dur¬ ing each month of the present year is writing approxi¬ mately 200 per cent more of insurance than it wrote during the corresponding month of last year. The Federal never for a minute has deviated a single iota from correct underwriting principles. It has "hewn strictly to the line" that has been approved by time-tried actuarial science, and as a result is stable from the bot- I. M. HAMILTON. torn of its foundation up. The company has made a s])eciaity of pa}ing all just claims promptly and imme¬ diately upon receipt of completed proofs of death. The investments of the company have been made with great care, and its assets are worth at least one hundred cents on the dollar. Senator Isaac Miller Hamilton, who was born in Iroquois County. Illinois, and resided within four miles of his l)irthi)lace until 1889, when he removed to this city, is one of the best known and liked lawvers and bankers in this state. Energetic, forceful and consider¬ ate, he surrounds himself with able men and alwavs makes conspicuous successes of his efforts. Upon the organization of the Federal he accejited the presidency of the companv, and has devoted his entire time and talents to its service e\er since, .\ssociated with Presi- 138 THE CITY Of Chile AGO. dent Hamilton in the management of the company are tlie following^ strong and able men: C. A. Atkinson, vice-president and counsel ; ( leorge M. Bard, second vice-president; S. 11. Lew, fourth vice-president and assistant su])erintendent of agencies: R. M. ^\'i]1)ur, sec¬ retary: W E. Brimstin. assistant secretar\-; J. T.. Hamil¬ ton. treasurer; E. M. Potter, assistant treasurer; Miles M. Dawson, consulting actuaiy ; J. P. Mahoney, assist¬ ant counsel: F. L. B. Jenney, medical director; Jasper E. Brady, superintendent of agencies. The manage¬ ment of the company has been economical, progressive and courageous, and the results secured are highly grat¬ ifying to the policyholders, stockholders and officials. The success of the company illustrates what the Chi¬ cago "I will"' spirit, combined with able, earnest, con¬ tinuous efïort. will accomplish. The company always has believed in the thought that the la¬ borer is worthy of his hire, and has had no "soft snaps" anywhe^'e for anyone. The company's policy has been to pay low salaries, give small commissions, in¬ vite publicity and give to the policy holder the greatest returns possible for his investment. The company's head¬ quarters always have been in the Mar¬ quette building. Dearborn and Adams streets, and there the work of the agen¬ cies in the various parts of the country is directed. The growth of the business has compelled the company to occupy additional s])ace from time to time asi the necessary employees have in¬ creased. There is no busier center in this busy city than the home office of the Federal Life Insurance Company. The company has a paid-up capital of $150,000, of which amount $100,000 is and always has been on de])osit with the State Insurance Department, as an initial jtrotection to its policy holders. The officers of the Federal, who have labored so hard for the success of the company, feel entirely justified in assert¬ ing, with a great deal of pleasure, that there is no better comjianv on earth, none which issues better polic\' con¬ tracts, none which pays its death claims more promjjtly. none in which the pol- icv holder may carry with more safety his jwotection for his loved ones or his investment for himself. The INational Life Insurance Com¬ pany of the LInited States of America. The growth of the Xalional Life In¬ surance Company, whose home office is in Chicago, in the National Life building, has been surpris¬ ingly rapid. The most marked progress has been made under the present management, Avhich dates from Feb- ruarv, 1904. The National Life was established in 1868; up to 1900 its growth was gradual. In 1900 its assets were but $2,335,000, and its insurance in force a trifle over $14,000,000. Two years later these items had increased to $3,000.000 and $24,400,000 respect¬ ively. At the close of 1903 the assets were $4,700,000 and the insurance in force $40,000,000. After the election of P. M. Starnes as president, measures were taken to push the company, and the following year, while the insurance in force had only increased to $42.000,000, the assets were $5.250.000, in round figures. The premium income increased from $338,000 1 NATIONAL LIFE BUILDING. THE CITY OF CHICAGO. 139 in 1900 to $1,690,000 in 1904; snd the amount paid to policy holders increased from $164,000 to $500,000 for the same years. The assets of the National Life are represented hv strong collateral. The aggregate outstanding first mortgage loans, the safest form of investment and upon which better rates of interest are ])aid in the West than the East, was slightly over $1,600,000 in December, 1904, which sum was secured b^' property valued at over $5,000,000. The bonds and stocks, on the same date, had a market value of $2,480,- 000. The remaining assets, valued at $871,000, con¬ sisted of cash and miscellaneous loans to policy holders. At the beginning of the current year the company's policy holders numbered 39,355 : of this number 15,465 were in Illinois, and over 11,000 in the city of Chicago. The premium income in Illinois alone was $471,800 for 1904, an increase of $96,000 over the previous year. The total income from all sources during the year was $1,968,000 for 1904, and the total disbursements only $1,289,000. As can be seen from the figures, the company's growth has been healthiest since the accession of Mr. Starnes to the presidency. Mr. Starnes is a native of Hancock county, Illinois, where he was born January 1, 1863. He received a public, high school and business college education, and then studied law. After practic¬ ing in Kansas for nine years he entered the insurance business, accepting an agency for one of the big eastern companies. After becoming state manager for several concerns, he organized the National Life & Trust Com¬ pany of Des Moines, Iowa. In 1903 this was merged with the National Life, Mr. Starnes becoming vice- president and general manager of the united companies. In February, 1904, he was made president. Though one of the youngest, Mr. Starnes is recognized to be one of the ablest insurance men in the country. A. M. Johnson, the vice-president and treasurer, is a young man. He was graduated from Cornell Univer¬ sity in 1895. He was associated with his father in western railroad interests for a number of years.. He became affiliated with the National Life in 1902, when he purchased a block of the stock. He is connected with a number of big enterprises in Chicago. Julian C. Harvey, the second vice-president, son of the late Augustus Ford Har^'ey, the eminent actuary, was con¬ nected with the Missouri insurance department, and was assistant secretary of the Co\ enant Mutual Life for seven years. He is a graduate of W^ashington University of St. Louis and an actuary by prrtfc^sion. Robert F. Sackett, secretary, is a nati\e of Pittsford, New York. He was secretary of the Iowa Life Insurance Company from 1894 to 1900, and secretary of the National Life since the latter date. The board of directors of the Na¬ tional Life follows; Edward A. Shedd, director, Corn I'Achange bank, Chicago; Albert M. Johnson, president. Fidelity Safe Deposit Company, of Chicago, and director of Broadway Savings & Trust Company, Cleveland; Charles B. Shedd, director, Knickerbocker Ice Com¬ pany, Chicago; George A. Gilbert, manager Employers' Liability Assurance Corporation ; Abner Smith, former judge of the circuit court, Chicago; James H. Stowell, P. M. STARNES. physician, Chicago ; Stewart Goodrell, e.x-insurance commissioner of Iowa ; P. M. Starnes, Julian C. Har¬ vey and Robert F. Sackett. The home of the National Life, at 15p La Salle street, is one of the handsomest office buildings in the United States. It is the center of the Chicago insurance world, housing more insurance concerns than any other building in the city. The National Life occupies the entire ninth floor. Jose ph H. Lenehan, general agent for the Phoenix Insurance Company of Brooklyn and a well-known figure among the Chicago underwriters, was born at Dubuque, Iowa, where he received his early education in the public schools. He entered the insurance busi¬ ness there in 1880 as local agent. Five years later he was made manager of the Will County Insurance Com¬ pany. From 1887 to 1892 he was Illinois state agent for the Insurance Company of North America and the Pennsylvania Fire. After assisting in the organization of the Palatine's western department, with which he was identified until 1898, he was appointed assistant manager of the western department of the North British 140 THE CITY OF CHICAGO. and Mercantile. In July. 1899, he joined the Phoenix as assistant g-eneral aident, becominíí ç^eneral agent in May, 1900. Mr. Lenehan was married iii 1883 to Margaret L. Littleton of Dubuque. They have three children liv- JOSEPH H. LENEHAN. ing, Margaret L., Francis L. and Mary Calesta Lene¬ han. They reside at 4515 Greenwood a\enue. Mr. Lenehan is a member of the Chicago .\thletic .Associa¬ tion, the Lhiion League Club, the ^V^ashington Park Club, the Kenwood Club and the Glenview Golf Club. J. Elliott Jennings, president of the real estate com¬ pany that bears his name, and one of the most successful operators in Chicago, was born .\])ril 5, 1869, in the extreme backwoods of Arkansas, in a little log house about twelve or fourteen feet square, and worked on a farm during his early life. At the age of seven he plowed corn, split rails at ten, and at the age of eleven removed with his parents to Eureka Sju-ings, Arkansas. There the drndger)' of farm work was replaced bv that of sawing, splitting and hauling wood, for which his earlier experience had adapted him. When he reached the age of fourteen he sought for more lucrative employment and started clerking in a store at lùireka Springs. This was too commonplace for him, ho\\e\ er, and he went with some others to Carterville, Missouri, and wiwked in the mines for a time, líe then returned to .\rkansas and, at the age of se\ enieen, entered the State Uni\ersity t)f Arkansas at Fayelteville. He came north in 1889, and engaged in \ arious pur¬ suits, finally entering the office of one of Chicago's leading real estate firms. After having thoroughly familiarized himself with the bu.siness, he started in the real estate, renting and loan business on his own account at 100 Washington street, Chicago, in 1894. In the same year he was married to Miss Mae DaMond at Terre Hante, Indiana. After several years of strenu¬ ous work in the real estate, renting and loan business at ICQ Washington street, he was selected, as one of the most competent and versatile real estate men in Chi¬ cago, to take the management of the real estate and real estate loan department of one of Chicago's down-town banks. Mr. Jennings consolidated his business with that of the bank and managed tbe real estate loan department on a partnership basis for several years. In 1903, having tried out some of his theories con¬ cerning real estate loans and having found them worka¬ ble, be organized and incorporated the Jennings Real Estate Loan Company, of which he is president and is the controlling factor. The Jennings Real Estate Loan Company is the most progressive and ably managed institution of its kind in the ^^'est. Mr. Jennings lives in Evanston, has one son ten vears of age, and is a member of all the Evanston clubs. J. ELLIOTT JENNINGS. and also the Glenview Golf Club. He is an expert golfer, a good horseman and an automobilist. He is a good example of w hat can be done by forcible, energetic and honest effort. Mr. Jennings is only thirty-six years of age, but he has accomplished more in a busi¬ ness way, perhaps, than many men have done in a life¬ time. CHAPTER XX. BOARD OF TRADE. Board of Trade typifies Chi¬ cago as no other institution in the city. It has made Chicago the food supply center of the world. It is the main factor in fixing the irices of grain and provisions for the civilized nations of the earth. Its name is synonymous with en¬ ergy and progress. To the move¬ ment started over half a century ago by the founders of the Board of Trade may be traced the commercial greatness of Chicago. As the gateway for the flood of products from the farms and ranges of the Mississippi Valley and the West, the city stands as a monument to the foresight of the founders and the energy and integrity of their followers. Through the same gateway sweeps the flood of com¬ merce that supplies the rich markets created by the granger wealth, and makes Chicago rank even greater, as the chief distributing point of the nation. The Chicago Board of Trade had its beginning on March 13, 1848, when a group of business men gathered for the purpose of organizing an exchange by which they would be able to control and regulate their business afïairs. From that date on, the Board of Trade has been a distinctive feature and influence in the business life of Chicago. The following firms signed the call for the first meeting of fifty-five years ago ; Wadsworth, Dyer & Chapin, Geo. Steele, I. H. Burch & Co., Gurnee, Hayden & Co.. H. H. Magie & Co.. Neiï & Church. John H. Kinzie. Norton. WMlker & Co.. DeW olf & Co., Thos. Richmond, Thos. Hale, Chas. Walker and Ray¬ mond Gibbs & Co. As a result of the meeting resolu¬ tions were drawn up and adopted, setting forth the benefits t(j be derived from a Board (d Trade, and the need for such an organization. Committees were appointed to effect the organization and a meeting was held in April, at which resolutions and by-laws were adopted. ( )tficers were elected as follows: Thos. Dyer, president; Chas. Walker and John P. Chai)in, vice- presidents; W. L. Whiting, secretary, and Isaac H. Burch, treasurer. The first board of directors follows; Gurdon S. Hubbard, Elisha S. Wadsworth, Thomas Richmond, John Rogers. Horatio G. Loomis, George F. Foster. Richard C. Bristol. John H. Dunham. Thomas Dyer, George A. Gibbs. John H. Kinzie. Cyre- nius Beers. Walter S. Gurney, Josiah H. Reed, Edward K. Rogers. Isaac H. Burch, Augustus H. Burley, John S. Read, William B. ( )gden. Orrington Lunt, Thomas Hale, Edward H. Hadduck, Isaac V. Germain, Laurin P. Hilliard. The roll of members for the first year contains names that have become famous in the history of the citv. It follows; Heals, Joseph R. Beers, Cyreniiis Blaikie, Andrew Brand, Ale.xander Bristol, Richard C. Brown, S. Lxjckwood Burch, Isaac H. Burley, Augustus H. Carpenter, James H. Carter, Thomas B. Case, J. R. Chapin, John P. Clarke, W. H. Cobb, Zenas Jr. DeWolf, A. V. G. DeWolf, William F. Dodge, John C. Drew, George C. Dunham, John H. Dyer, Thomas Foster, George F. Foster, Jabez H. Gage, Jarcd Germain, Isaac V. Gibbs, George A. Gurney, Walter S. Hadduck, Edward H. Haines, John C. Hale, Thomas Hardy, Isaac Harmon, C. L. Harrison, H. H. Higginson, Geo. M. High, John Jr. Hilliard, L. P. Hotchkiss, J. P. Hubbard, Gurdon S. Humphrey, D. King, John Jr. Kinzie, John H. Laflin, Matthew Loomis, H. G. Lunt, Orrington Marsh, John L. Marsh, Sylvester Morgan, T. S. Necly, Albert Ogden, Wm. B. Pardee, Theron Parker, Thos. L. Payson, H. R. Pearson, John Peck, James Raymond, B. W. Read, John S. Reed, Josiah H. Richmond, .Allen Richmond, Thomas Robb, G. A. Rochester, Jas. H. Rogers, E. K. Rogers, John Rumsey, Julian S. Russell, J. B. F. Ryerson, Joseph T. Sherman, O. Shoemaker, Jno. W, Smith, George Smith, J. .A. Stearns, M. C. Steel, George Stockbridge, F. B. Thompson, Thomas Throop, Amos G. Wadsworth, F. S. Walker, Almond Walker, Charles Walter, Joel C. Whitcomb, T. Whitney, W. L. Winn, James Winslow, H. J. Sessions of the Board were held from then on daily in a small office about twenty feet stpiare at 8 Dear- 141 1-lL' TU Ii CITY Ôf CHICAGO. born street. Tlie tradins^ hour was between eleven and twelve o'clock. There were no railroads and very little lake traffic at that time, most of the produce and grain arriving in the city liy wagons. Trading on the new exchange was for this reason very light, and transactions far between. The opening of the Illinois and Michigan canal brought a larger grain growing territory in touch with Chicago, was far from satisfactory, and the members decided to make an effort to increase and facilitate it by getting telegraphic communication with eastern markets. The trading hour was changed to nine o'clock in the morn¬ ing, and new and larger quarters were secured on the corner of Fifth avenue and South Water street. During the next year a further advance was made by having the Board of Trade incorporated. This temporary boom i 4-- BOARD OF TRADE BUILDING. and caused a large boom in the shipments in wheat and corn to the cit)-. Xot long after this the (¡aleña X Chi¬ cago I'nion I'iailroad started in business, and brought more shipments here. The first year, h()\\e\er. of the Board of Trade was a quiet and uneventful one. At the first annual meeting in April, 1849. all the old officers were elected. e\ce])ting W. L. Whiting, in whose place John C. Dodge became secretary. The nature and the bulk of the business the first year was. however, short-li\ ed, and during the next year, in 1851, little interest was taken in the new exchange. In fact, days would pass when not a single member would attend. \'anous expedients were adopted to stimulate interest. One of these was to set up a free lunch. Liberal suiqilies of beer, cheese and crackers made the exchange for a time (|uite popular, and the attendance was compar.'itively large. Some of the present members still recall the free lunch campaign, and have lived to see THE CITY ÔP CHIC ACÓ. the day when memberships of the Board are worth $4,500, and the floor, and even the visiting- galleries, are crowded daily. Things continued in a rather perfunctory way until the fourth annual meeting in April, 11^53. The mem¬ bership roll at that time contained fifty-three names. Another year of struggle followed, but in 1854 the exchange came into its own. The wave of prosperity that started at that time has continued ever since. The railroads began to build into Chicago and the lake car¬ riers rapidly grew in number. The settlement and cultivation of millions of acres to the west and northwest and the geographical position of the city at the head of the lakes have all contributed to make Chicago the greatest grain and produce market in the world. The '"first shipment of wheat in 1838 comprised 78 bushels. In twenty years the trade had increased to 8,500,000 - bushels. The first shipment brought 38 cents a bushel. The highest price between this and 1845 was 55 cents, while the average price for the next nine years was close to 60 cents a bushel. The Crimean war sent the prices for American grain soaring. In 1854. 1855 and 183b. the prices went to over $1.00 a bushel, rising as high as Si.31 at one time. The exchange moved its cpiarters in 1855 to the corner of South Water and La Salle streets. It occupied the entire third floor, and during the next year 167 new members were added. The trading in futures was begun, but it was hardly what might be called a specu¬ lative trade. In 1859 another boom struck the wheat trade. The Austro-Sardinian war sent the prices for red winter wheat soaring to $1.73. and for spring wheat to $1.30. This was the real beginning of the boom times for the Chicago Board of Trade. Grain and produce began to pour into Chicago in large and ever-increasing quantities. The establishment of the stockyards and packing houses added to the growth of the Board of Trade. The city was also rapidly advancing in population and commercial importance. About this time the Board of Trade moved to the second floor of the Chamber of Commerce building at La Salle and Washington streets. Then followed the Civil war period in which the wild speculations in gold and grains still further increased the business of the board. The great fire of 1871 wiped out the Chamber of Commerce building. On the Monday following, the Board of Trade met on Canal street, between W^ashington and Madison, and passed resolutions urging tbe owners of the Chamber of Commerce building to erect at once a larger and more expensive structure. The members also voted a large amount of money for the relief of the destitute, and in a few days resumed its sessions as usual, remaining in these (ptarters until the construc- - tion of a temp ears. and has done much b\ his tact, ability and wisdom to add to the good name and fame of the Chicago Board of Trade. The ])resent officers of the exchange are : William S. Jackson, president; Walter Fitch, first vice-president; John IL Jones, second vice-president; G. F. Stone, sec¬ retary; IC A. Hamil. treasurer. The board of directors follows: John B. Adams. Find W. Wagner. Robert Bines, Geo. W Fatten. Walter Comstock. Paul Tiet- 144 THE CITY OF CHICAGO. g"ens. J. Herbert Ware, A. Stamford White, John T. Sickel, James Cris;^hton, Hiram N. Sag'er, J. Finley Barrel!, John F. Harris, Edward Andrew, James Bradley. The Albert Dickinson Company was ore^anized in 1888. succeeding the business of Albert Dickinson, the latter of which was the outgrowth of a general grain, produce and seed business, founded in 1854 by Albert F. Dickinson. Its founder, who was one of the oldest members of the Cdiicago Board of Trade, was engaged in business between Dearborn avenue and State street, on Kinzie street. In the great fire of October, 1871, every¬ thing was lost, excepting a memorandum of the debts which the firm owed. Th.e blow was a severe one, and the elder Dickinson's health was failing, but in 1872 his two sons, Albert and Nathan, who hain, under the firm name of Chapín & Co.. packers, tlie business being' under this name for two years, when it became known as the firm of Chapín iS.- Cudahy. A few years later Mr. Chapín withdrew, and since that time Mr. Cudahy has con¬ ducted the business under the name of the Cudahy Packing Company. Some years ago Mr. Cudahy, togetlier with his brother Patrick. ])urchased the busi¬ ness of John Plankinton of Milwaukee, which has been carried on under the name of Cudahy Brothers Com¬ pany, packers. In the life of Mr. Cudahy we certainly find a good example of what can be accomplished by industry, per¬ severance and, above all, business integrity. These qualities would have made him prominent, no doubt, in other lines of business, and it may be truthfully said that the success he has achieved and the prominence he holds to-day are the natural results of these character¬ istics. together with others which are to be found in men tbat bave made tbeir own way. Chicago certainly owes much of her prosperity to men like Mr. Cudahy. A liberal-minded citizen, pos¬ sessed of the highest ideals in all things, he has freely contributed his wealth in the aid of many charitable and public undertakings. Personally, he is a genial companion, and. although his entire attentions are given to his business, be finds time to mingle with his fellow- men. He is \'erv fond of outdoor recreation, and has a beautiful summer home on Mackinac Island, where he spends much of his time during the summer months. He is a member of the Washington Park Club, the Lbiion League Club and the Chicago Club, besides bold- ing membership in many other social organizations. Mr. Cudahy has been twice married, the first time in 1873, to Miss Mar}' Nolan of Bridgeport, Connect¬ icut, and the second time, in 1881, to Miss Margaret F. C)'Neil, daughter of the late INlr. John O'Neil, one of Chicago's most respected citizens. He has two daugh¬ ters and one son. Edward William Bailey, a member of the Chicago Board of Trade, was born at Elmore, La Moille Cdunty, \T-rmont, August 31, 1843. His parents, George W. and Rebecca Warren Baile\', were natives of Berlin, \'ermont. The Bailey family is of Scotch lineage. Edward W. Bailey is the youngest of ten children. His education was obtained in the public schools and in Washington County Grammar School at IMontpelier. At the age of seventeen years he assisted his father in the management of the homestead farm, thereb\ devel- oj)ing a strong muscular frame, and acquiring strength and endurance, which in the after \ears stood him in good stead in the stremunis battle of Chicago life. He also inherited the ujjright character and conscientious principles for which his progenitors had been conspic¬ uous. In 1869 he purchased a grocery store at Mont- pelier, and the following year he and his partner increased their business by the addition of a grist mill. When the firm dissolved a few years later. Mr. Bailey retained the mill and still continues to own and operate the same. In 1879 he located in Chicago, and formed a part¬ nership with V. W. Bullock for dealing in grain on commission. After the first three years Mr. Bailey became the sole proprietor of the business, and now occupies commodious quarters in the Board of Trade building. Mr. Bailey's business career has been strik- EDWARD WILLIAM BAILEY. ingly successful, and be has an enviable reputation for bonorable dealing and integrity of character. Air. Bailey holds liberal \ iews on religious subjects, and was for many years a member of the congregation of the late Prof. David Swing. Air. Bailey's religion in a nutshell may be defined as a praiseworthy aspira¬ tion to do unto others as he would wish others to do untó him. Air. Bailey never fails to exercise the right— as well as the duty—to cast his vote. He supports Republican principles, believing the Republican party to represent the best social and economical ideals Emphatically a man of resolution and prompt action, he holds a creditable place in the business and social world of Chicago. William Ii. Ldke. senior member of the firm of W. H. Lake & Company, commission merchants, is one of the most successful of the younger Chicago Board of Traile brokers. He was born in Chicago in 1861 and entered the commission business with Dwight THE CITY OF CHICAGO. 1IÍ) & Gillette in 1877- Later Air. Lake took a ¡Position with Charles Counselman it Company, and still later he became connected with Bartlett, Frazier it Company, where he held a superior position until 1901. In that year he established himself in business and formed the firm of W. H. Lake & Company, with the entire first floor of the premises at 6-8 Sherman street as offices and customers' rooms. At the present. Air. Lake— "Billy Lake" as he is better known among' his competi¬ tors and numerous friends—is considered one of the representative commission dealers of the Aliddle West. Air. Lake is a member of the Chicago Board of Trade, Chicago Stock Exchange. New A^ork Produce Exchange. Alilwaukee Chamber of Commerce, St. Louis Alerchants' Exchange and the Alinneapolis Chamber of Commerce. He is a director of the Chicago Athletic Association, and member of the Washington Park Club. Glenn View Golf Club, Edgewater Club. Chicago Auto¬ mobile Club, Chicago Yacht Club and North Shore Club. He has a daughter aged sixteen and a young son. WILLI.AM H. LAKE. GARFIELD PARK. CHAPTER XXI. CHICAGO THE CATTLE MARKET OF THE WORLD. _ OR half a century Chicago has been pre-eminent as a cattle market. During that time it has grown from a small beginning to the greatest meat packing center the world has mown. The stock yards are still the H[ w onder of every visitor who comes to < "hicago, from far and near. It was in 1848 that the first step m founding this tremendous industry was taken. A vacant lot at Madison street and Ogden avenue was rented ^v\ eral stock men, and a few pens built. It was known as the "Bull Head" stock¬ yards, and a few hundred cattle, sheep and hogs were handled there c\cry year. The slaughtering was done entirely for local consumption by a few small butchers. All the cattle were raised within a radius of less than 100 miles, and they were driven in by the owners and sold direct to the butchers without the advantage of a fixed market price. The nearest butcher was at Halsted and Madison streets, and in this way the great West Side highway, Madison street, was first marked out by the hoof tracks of the cattle, sheep and hogs. The next step in the development of this great industr\' was taken by the Michigan Southern Railroad, which had begun to haul no inconsiderable number of stock from the farmers of Michigan and Indiana. It was not convenient or profitable to drive the cattle from the southern entrance of the town to the West Side stockyards and the railroa5.000. after ha\ing saved $375.000 b\' doing all their construction work, from cellar to garret, through their own construction depart¬ ment. Libby, MclNeill & Libby, whose name has long been a household word in all parts of the ci\ilized world, has been made famous b\' the uniformly excellent meats bearing this brand, sold in all markets of the world for almost a third of a century. There is scarcely a man, woman or child under the sun who has not, at some time or other, eaten some of Libby's delicious brothers, hailed from Portland. Maine, and Mr. McNeill from Buffalo. New York. They became the pioneers in the great meat-canning industry of to-day. Their capital, as Mr. Arthur A. Libby once expressed it. con¬ sisted of but little cash, three pairs of strong and willing hands, and an indomitable determination to succeed. The name of the firm was first A. Libby & Company, which was subsequently changed to its present style, h or many years the business was confined almost exclu¬ sively to the packing and preserving of beef. l)ut during the last few years pork, mutton, veal, poultry, pickles, olives, etc.. have been added. The average number of carcasses of beef handled daily during the first year was only about 4.63. The second year showed a material increase over the first, and so did each succeed¬ ing year over its predecessors, until now the capacity THE CITY OF CHICAGO. 157 has been increased to 3.000 head of cattle per day, exclu¬ sive of the other lines. When the business was incorporated, Mr. A. A. Libby was elected president ; Mr. C. P. Libby, vice- president and manager; Mr. A. Libby, Jr., treasurer, and Mr. L. C. \ oung, secretary. At the present time officers are as follows: Edward Tilden, president and treasurer ; Edward E. Swift, vice-president ; W. F. Bur¬ rows, vice-president and secretary; C. T. Lee, assistant secretary; Henr\' M'. Hardy, assistant treasurer. The INational Packing Company was incorporated under the laws of New Jersey, March 18, 1903, in order to acquire a number of the smaller packing houses bought up by the stockyards interests prior to this time. The capital stock of the company, authorized and out¬ standing, is $15,000,000. The plants acquired by the National Company, which had been purchased before the organization by the leading stockholders in their in¬ dividual capacity, are the G. H. Hammond Company, Hammond Packing Company, Omaha Packing Com¬ pany, the Anglo-American Provision Company, the Fowler Packing Company, St. Louis Dressed Beef & Provision Company, United Dressed Beef Company, Fowler's Canadian Company. Limited; Fowler Bros., Limited, Liverpool ; and the Continental Packing Com¬ pany. The officers of the National Packing Company are: Edward Tilden, president; Arthur Colby, secretary and assistant treasurer. The directors are : J. Ogden Armour, P. A. Valentine, Louis F. Swift, Edward F. Swift, Edward Morris, Ira N. Morris, J. P. Lyman, T. J. Connors, Edward Tilden, Thomas E. Wilson, Arthur Meeker. L. A. Carton, Kenneth K. McLaren, Charles H. Swift, L. H. Heyman, S. McRoberts and F. A. Fowler. S. A. McClcan, Jr., late president of the National Packing Company, which comprises a number of large packing firms in America and Canada, was without a doubt the most widely known and well-liked member of the packing trade. His sudden death the morning of August 29, 1905, was a shock to his many friends and business associates. He was telephoning from his home to his office when he was stricken with heart disease, and a few moments later the word was flashed over the ticker to the La Salle street financial houses that he was dead. Combining a most happy faculty of winning even his opponents over to his way of thinking, with a strong personal magnetism and a jovial and kind disjiosition, he advanced steadily from the position of office boy. until, at the age of thirty-five years, he was directing the complex machinery of one of the largest ])acking plants in the world. Mr. McClean was bom at Belfast, Ireland, Feb¬ ruary II, 1870, and entered the employment of the Anglo-American Provision Company, twenty-five years ago as office boy. By sheer will power and great perseverance, ne\ er being satisfied until he had accom¬ plished what he set out to do, no matter how small, he climbed the ladder until at the exceptionally young age of twenty-five years, the position of vice-president of the Anglo-American Provision Company was ofïered him. His success in this position being such as to bring him conspicuously to the foreground as a commanding factor, S. A. McClean was elected vice-president of the National Packing Company very shortly after the for¬ mation of the latter company, and in this capacity proved himself more than equal to the task. Illustrat¬ ing his superior ability as the executive head of an institution having extensive interests throughout the S. .A. MvCLEAN, JR. world, quick in forming correct deductions and decid¬ ing most important questions on the spur of the moment, he had at the time of his sudden death reached the pinnacle of success, occupying the president's chair with the National Packing Company. He was a man without an enemy, esteemed even by his adversaries for his sterling qualities and honest dealings. S. A. McClean was a member of the Chicago Athletic Association, Union League, Chicago, Mid-day and Washington Park clubs, as well as director of several other large corporations and banks. The title given him by his friends, "the Little Napoleon of the Pack¬ ing Business," was certainly well chosen, Schwarzschild & Sulzberger Company, The vear 1853 saw the beginning of the history of the Schwarzschild & Sulzberger Company of to-day, and which has covered a successful business period of 158 THE CITY OF CHICAGO. fifty years. On the date above mentioned the slaugh¬ tering of fifty cattle weekly was considered a large busi¬ ness, and compared to the present output of about fif¬ teen thousand (15.000) cattle per week, together with the handling of thousands of sheep, lambs and hogs, shows the progress and growth of the company. Schwarzschild & Sulzberger Company, more familiarly known as the "S. cK: S." Company, may be truly classed as one of the pioneers in the handling of refrigerated dressed beef, and are now conceded to be one of the packing powers of the world, which is due. in a great measure, to the high standard of its goods and strict business principles. During its early history the business was carried on as a firm, of which the partners were Mr. Joseph FERDINAND .SULZBERGER. Schwarzschild and Mr. Ferdinand Sulzberger, the lat¬ ter being president and treasurer of the present corpo¬ ration. It early demonstrated itself to the firm that in connection with the slaughtering of cattle, the success of an abattoir business depends largely on the most advantageous handling and utilizing of the by-products, particularly the fats, which had been given little and careless attention by the old-time slaughterers. The adoption of new machinery and ideas, backed by the energv and experience of the firm, resulted in placing on the market the famous "Harrison Brand" of Oleo oil, which soon found favor on the domestic and Euro¬ pean markets, and is to-day conceded to be the leading brand, with a world-famed demand and reputation. In 1885, owing to the practical retirement of Mr. Schwarzschild from active business, his son-in-law, Mr. Frederick Joseph, who had previously been a handler of live stock, became associated with the firm, assum¬ ing Mr. Schwarzschild's active duties, and on the incor¬ poration of the Schwarzschild & Sulzberger Company- later, was elected vice-president, which office he holds at the present time. In 1888, on account of increased European business, Mr. Sulzberger went abroad for the general promoting of their foreign interests. It was at this time that Mr. Samuel Weil became associated with the firm, and, with Mr. Joseph, ably assisted in handling the business. Mr. Weil's energy and business abilities made him an important factor in the Schwarzschild & Sulzberger Company. Upon the incorporation of the company, he was elected vice-president and secretary, which offices he holds to-day. In 1892, the rapid increase of domestic and export business having outgrown the capacity of the New York plant, the firm saw the advantages of an addi¬ tional plant in the ^\'est, and negotiated the purchase of a corporation, at that time known as thé Phœnix Packing Company, having a plant located at Kansas City, Kansas, with a few distributing branches in the East, and a refrigerator car line, known as the Cold Blast Transportation Company. Enlargement of the plant to several times its original capacity, with added modern machinery and facilities, immediately followed. After purchasing the western interests, the New York plant gradually increased the output of kosher killed cattle for the supply of Greater New York, as an equi\alent for volume transferred to Kansas City for export and general branch distribution. On May 10, 1893, there was filed with the secre¬ tary of state in Albany, New ^'ork, a charter of incor¬ poration, known as the Schwarzschild N; Sulzberger Company, which is the corporation of to-day. Branch houses were rapidly established throughout the country and the export business was materially increased. The Schwarzschild & Sulzberger Company's success and growth again demonstrated the further enlarge¬ ment of plant requirements, and in 1899 it was decided to build their famous Chicago plant, conceded to be the finest in the world, which, with that at Kansas City, gave the company the advantage of being located on two of the leading cattle markets of the country—Kan¬ sas City and Chicago. With modern plants, an increased refrigerator car line, and a complete equipment of livestock cars for transporting their cattle to New York, it put them in an advantageous position—second to none—to com¬ pete for the general business of this country and Europe. In 1900, Mr. M. J. Sulzberger, son of President Sulz¬ berger, was elected vice-president, and upon completion THE CITY OF CHICAGO. 150 of the Chicago plant, assumed general charge as resi¬ dent ofhcial at Chicago. The volume and magnitude of the Schwarzschild & Sulzberger Company's business, backed by the high standard and reputation of its ju-oducts, and with the enormous army of employees, aggregating twelve thousand, including auditors, inspectors, depart¬ ment superintendents, managers and general employees of the best talent, also its own architects and a construction department for the building and maintaining of its plants, branches, car lines, etc., gives this company an enviable standing in the packing interests of the world. Approximately, the aggregate domestic and European business for 1905 will aggre¬ gate $100,000,000. The Chicago plant covers eighteen acres, and is connected with the Union Stock Yards by overhead viaduct. It has a capacity per week of 10,000 cattle, 25,000 hogs, 15,000 small stock. There are cellars, outbuildings, a canning plant and an oil refinery. The motive power is electricity and it has a large artificial refrigeration plant. It is visited yearly by thousands of people who mar¬ vel at the uniqueness of this modern institution. Walter H. Miller, pies ident of the packing house of Miller & Hart, ttpifies the Chicagoan whose busi¬ ness reflects the personality of its founder and owner. In 1876 Mr. iMiller was an office boy. Now he is directing a great concern employing hundreds of peo¬ ple, In 1882, when Mr. Miller embarked in business for himself as a jirovision dealer, his capital was less than $2,000. The capital of the packing house which has been built up in a little over twenty years, by the perseverance and energy of the man at the head, is now $250,000. Mr. Miller was born in Chicago, March 15, 1857. He was educated in the ptiblic schools, graduating from high school in Blue Island. The first two years of his business life were spent in the employ of a stationery firm. In 1876 he began his career in the packing busi¬ ness as office boy with Fowler Bros., at the Union Stock Yards. He rose from this position to assistant shipping clerk and soon after was made shipping clerk. Then he was sent by his employers to the Board of Trade to buy cooperage and salt. With this experience, in 1882, Mr. Miller, then twenty-five years old, went in business for himself, be¬ coming a provision dealer on South Water street. Two years later he combined his resources with those of William Craig. The provision house of Miller, Craig Y Co. was founded with a capital of $2,500. In 1890 the firm name was changed to Miller & Hart. After the death of Mr. Plart, which occurred in 1897, business was incorporated. Two years previous to this the company moved into the plant it now occupies at Twenty-fifth street and La Salle avenue. This plant covers an area of several acres. There is a frontage of 300 feet on La Salle avenue and at the rear of the plant are the tracks of the Chicago, Rock Island N Pacific Railway. A side-track from the railway runs directly into the yards of the packing company. From here the Miller & Hart products are sent to all parts of the continent. The Miller & Hart Company have always been MILLER & HART'S PLANT. 160 THE CITY OF CHICAGO. entirely independent of other packing houses at the Union Stock ^'ards. The "Berkshire" brand of ham, which is the Miller & Hart Company's special product, has become widely known throughout the country. Associated with Mr. Miller in directing the packing company is D. C. Roberton, who has been with the concern seventeen years. He is now assistant manager. D. V. Colbert, who is secretary of the company, is an influential member of the M'ays and Means Committee of the Chicago Commercial Association. John Roberts, vice-president of the company, is also a member of the packing firm of Roberts & Oake at the Union Stock Yards. The treasurer, C. Bruce, was formerly credit man for a large wholesale grocery house at Blooming- ton. Illinois. Twenty-five traveling salesmen have made the Miller dc Hart products known and used from coast to coast. In 1879 Mr. Miller was married to Rowena P. Fobes of Chicago. They have two children, M'alter F., twenty-three years old, who is an architect, and Char¬ lotte, who is now Mrs. Arthur R. McDougall. The Millers live at 4580 Oakenwald avenue. Mr. Miller, who has for many years been prominent in Masonic circles, is a Knight Templar and member of the Medi- nah Temple, Mystic Shrine. He is also a member of the Chicago Athletic Club. M. M, Tichcnor & Company, the well-known firm of horse dealers, was established in 1893. The firm consists of M. H. Tichenor and L. M. Newgass. Mr. Tichenor was engaged in the horse business eight or ten years previous. Tichenor & Company have always advocated the "American Trotter" as the best type for a high-class coach or carriage horse. It has always been the aim of this firm to handle only high-class horses; they have furnished more first prize winners at the principal horse shows than all of the dealers of the United States com¬ bined, which certainly proves the quality of the horses they sell. The firm has two stables in Chicago, one at Forty- third and Halsted streets, adjoining the Dexter pavilion, and the other at Fifty-ninth and Paulina streets. The former is the finest appointed sales stable in the stock¬ yards. It has a capacity of eighty-five head, and is fitted with every convenience. The training barn is the most up-to-date in America, with box stalls for over 100 horses, and a beautiful park for exercising and training their horses. LAKE N'llAVS IN DOUGLAS PARK. CHAPTER XXII. CHICAGO'S MANUFACTURING INTERESTS. tICAGO'S growth and greatness can be best measured by the story of the city's manufacturers. Favored by location and the accessibility of cheap fuel, iron, lumber, clay, sand and other raw materials for a score or more of the most important indus¬ tries, Chicago has become the manu¬ facturing wonder of the world. Dur¬ ing the past twenty-live years the forward strides of the city's factories h;i\c outstripped all precedents. The gains made during this last quarter century have been so marvelous as to arouse the envy and wonder of all other centers of industry. Coupled with Chicago's near¬ ness to the unmeasured natural products of the Middle West, has been the cheapness of land and its natural and inevitably advantageous location, as the main gate¬ way for the transcontinental trafFc of the country. Xowhere in the world has such a record been made in the number and diversity of manufacturing inter¬ ests, in the great capital invested, in the annual output and in the hundreds of thousands of men and women employed. The congestion of traffic in the streets, the crowded side-walks of the down-town districts, the street cars, carriages, trucks and motors, the disarray of busy streets, the worn out pavements, the dirt, the grime, the very smoke which gives Chicago its reputa¬ tion as an unclean city, are all evidences of a manufac¬ turing growth without parallel. In the terrific pace set by Chicago's manufacturing interests, the municipality has been well-nigh overwdielmed in dealing with the questions of public utility, convenience and safety. But at the same time the great manufacturing interests have always stood for all that is best in Chicago's public s])irit, civic pride and municipal advancement. To the II great wealth developed by these industries is due every movement for the beautification of the city, for better streets, better traffic facilities, better schools, greater parks and j)urer civil government. Already the city is surrounded by a cordon of manufacturing centers to which many of the larger industries have been forced to move. There are being built the most modern plants. Industrial communities are being started that have drawn thousands from the crowded and unsanitary sec¬ tions of the citv. In this wav the inevitable con:iestion - ' o of the down-town streets and the terminals of the rail¬ roads is being relieved, the border expansion being but the natural consequence of the tremendous industrial strides of the city. Chicago's greatest industrial development may be said to have set in about the year 1880. There was invested in manufacturing in Chicago at that time upwards of $68,800,000. At the close of the year 1900 this investment had gTown almost nine-fold, the aggre¬ gate being over $534,000,000. This increase of nearly $450,000,000 in twenty years has never been equaled. The total sum now invested in the manufacturing inter¬ ests of the city will approximate $650,000,000, show¬ ing a continued advance for the last five years of approximately twenty per cent. From 1890 to 1900 the percentage of increase was forty-eight, and every¬ thing points to a larger increase during the present decade. I he output of these great industries now aggregates over one billion dollars. In 1880, Chicago's factories pioduced only $248,995MOO, rising to $88o,945'0®C) in 1900, and Ijv the latest estimates has well passed the billion mark. New York and Pittsburg, although their gains have been tremendous in the same decade, can show no such advance. Chicago's manufacturers, twenty-five years ago, employed less than 80,000 wage earners. Its factories 101 TUE CITY OF CUÎCAGO. now gi\ e employment to over 300,000 and the wages paid twenty-five years ago have increased from, approx¬ imately $35,000,000 to nearly $175,000,000 In the last quarter century Chicago's manufacturing interests have passed all American rivals, except New York. This supremacy has not only been attained in the value of the total output, but in the capital invested, the number and size of the plants, the number of wage earners and wages paid and in the cost of the raw material used. Chicago's manufacturing energies show no disposition to go back or even to remain stationary. The growth continues strong- and vigorous. Despite the great combination in industrial enter¬ prises, Chicago's increase shows a larger proportion of smaller factories than in enterprises involving a million dollars or over. Combinations have had no diminish¬ ing eiïect upon the total capital invested in Chicago's industries nor in the number of employees and the wages paid them, nor in the aggregate of the output or the value of the products. To-day the scale of wages paid in the factories of Chicago is higher than ever before. The length of the working day is less than it was ten years ago. In increasing the capacity of their plants Chicago manufacturers have looked into the future, and while the comparison of the capital invested is relatively small, still the volume of business done is growing by such leaps and bounds that whatever has been sacrificed in percentage of profits is being more than made up by the increase in volume of business done in practically all lines. Chicago represents not less than two-thirds of the manufacturing potentiality of the entire state of Illinois. The factories of the city and the suburbs and the towns, practically a part of Chicago, are increasing in number and in the value of their output, at a rate greater than all the rest of the state combined. This is in a measure largely due to the convenience of transportation facili¬ ties, the ability to secure power without a large invest¬ ment for a motive plant and the general accessibility tij the market. Some of the larger institutions, in order to avoid the annoyance of labor troubles and the great investment in realts' have gone to country towns, but this had no appreciable effect on the city's steady, onward growth. The effect, however, has been to give the country outside of Chicago an increase in the num¬ ber of wage earners. The increase in the number of factory workers in Chicago, during the last fifteen years has been somewbat ox er fifty per cent. For the rest of the state the increase has been ox er sixty per cent. This same rate of increase holds good throughout the slate as to the total xxages p;iid and the value of products. .^\s many of the industries have gone to nearby toxvns, their advantages and increases can all be justlx' recorded as part of Chicago's tremendous industrial growth. The Pepublic Iron & Steel Company was incor¬ porated May 3, 1899, under the laws of the state of .New Jersey, xvith a capital stock of $55'000>000. A large number of the most prominent steel companies in the country were consolidated under one manage¬ ment. The principal products of the company are pig iron, bar iron and steel, splice bars, steel billets, steel rails, bolts, nuts, screws, car axles, harrow teeth, T-rails, agricultural shapes, etc. The annual capacity of the plants exceeds 1,000,000 tons of finished iron and steel, and 600,000 tons of pig iron. The capital stock authorized $25,000,000 7 per cent cumulative preferred and $30,000,000 common, each of the par value of $100 per share; $20,852,000 of the pre¬ ferred and $27,352,000 of the common stocks are issued and outstanding, of which the company holds in its treasury $435,100 of the preferred and $161,000 of the common stock. The preferred stockholders are entitled to priority as to assets and dividends. Dividends on preferred 7 per cent per annum pay¬ able quarterly, were paid regularly from October i, 1899, to October i, 1903. None since. The fiscal year ends June 30. The registrar of stock is the Chase National Bank, New York, and the stock transfer offfce is the City Trust Company, New York. The stock transfer books close about twenty days before the date of the annual meeting, and fifteen days before the date of the payment of the annual dividends. The annual meeting is the third YYdnesday in October at Jersey City. The bonds consist of $10,000,000 of thirty-year 5 per cent gold mortgage bonds payable in 1934. The company operates the following properties: Ore Properties—Cambria iMine, Lillie Mine, Mar¬ quette Range, Negaunee, iMichigan; ^\'ills Mine, McKinley, Minnesota; Franklin Aline, Bessemer Aline, Victoria Aline, Pettit Aline, Kinney Aline, Alissabe Range, Fay Aline, Adrginia, Alinnesota ; Alahoning Ore & Steel Co. (three-fiftieths interest), Hibbing, Alinne¬ sota; Union Ore Company (one-half interest), Virginia, Alinnesota ; .Antoine Ore Company (one-half interest). Iron Alountain, Alichigan; Brown & Red Hematic Ore Alines, near Birmingham, Alabama. Coke Properties—Connellsville Coke Works, Atche- .son, Pennsylvania; Pioneer Coke Ovens, Thomas, Ala¬ bama; Warner Coke ( )vens, Birmingham, Alabama District; W oodside Coking Coal Lands (Connellsville District) Nicholson, Pennsvlvania. Coal Proi)erties—Washington County Steam Coal Lands, Clokeyville, Pennsylvania; Springfield Aline (Wilmington & Springfield Coal Company), Spring¬ field, Illinois; Sayreton Aline, Warner Aline, Thompson Aline, on Pioneer property near Birmingham, Alabama. Limestone Properties—Croton Limestone N: Brick Company (interest), Nexv Castle, Pennsylvania; Dale THE CITY OP CHICAGO. Limestone U'orks (on Pioneer property) near Birminfi- ham, Alabama; Union Limestone Company (interest), Lowellville, Ohio ; Lake Krie Limestone Company, Carbon, Pennsylvania. Blast Furnaces—Pioneer, No. i. Pioneer, No. 2, Pioneer, No. 3, Thomas, Alabama; Atlantic, New Cas¬ tle, Pennsylvania; Hannah, Haselton, ^"oimgstown, Ohio; Hall, Sharon, Pennsylvania. Steel Plants—Bessemer Steel Plant, Bessemer Steel Rail Mill, Youngstown, Ohio ; Birmingham Open Hearth Steel Plant, Birmingham, Alabama. Railroads and Docks—Springfield & Northern Rail¬ road, Springfield, Illinois; Thomas & Sayreton Railway and other Industrial Railways in Birmingham District, Sharon Connecting Railroad, Sharon, Pennsylvania; iMadison County Belt Railroad, Alexandria, Indiana; Mahoning & Shenango Dock (two-ninths interest), Ashtabula, Ohio ; Union Dock Company (one-ninth interest), Ashtabula, Ohio. Rolling Mills—Alexandria Works, Alexandria, Indiana; Alabama Y'orks, Birmingham, .Alabama; Andrews M'orks, Youngstown, Ohio; Atlantic Works, New Castle, Pennsylvania; Birmingham Rolling Alill Works, Birmingham, Alabama; Brown-Bonnell M'orks. Youngstown, Ohio; Central Works, Brazil, Indiana; Corns Works, Massillon, Ohio ; Eagle Works, Ironton, Ohio; Indiana Works, Aluncie, Indiana; Inland Works, East Chicago, Indiana; Alahoning A^alley Y'orks. Youngstown, Ohio; Muncie MYrks, Muncie, Indiana; Mitchell-Tranter MYrks, Covington, Kentucky; Sharon WYrks, Sharon, Pennsylvania; Sylvan MYrks, Moline, Illinois; Springfield WYrks, Springfield, Illinois; Toledo WYrks, Toledo, Ohio; Tudor Works, East St. Louis, Illinois; Terre Haute WYrks, Terre Haute, Indiana; Wabash W orks, Terre Haute, Indiana. These properties include valuable iron and coal mines, and coal and limestone lands in Pennsylvania, Alabama, Michigan, Illinois and Minnesota, chief among them being the Pioneer properties at Birming¬ ham, Alabama, which comprises 26,000 acres, of which 14,000 acres are underlaid with coal of excellent qual¬ ity, suitable for coking and general steam purposes, and 10,000 acres, rich in brown and red ores; the Frank¬ lin group and the Pettit and Kinney Mines on the Missabe Range; Cambria and Lillie Mines on the Mar¬ quette Range, an interest in the Mahoning Ore & Steel Company, and a half interest in the Union Ore Com¬ pany, and Antoine Ore Company (all being well-known iron properties); also some 800 acres of coking coal lands in the Connellsville District, 2,000 acres of steam coal lands in Washington County, Pennsylvania, and 200 acres steam coal lands in Illinois. The officers of this company are as follows: Presi¬ dent, Alexis W. Thompson ; Chairman Executive Com¬ mittee, G. Watson French; Vice-Presidents: Archibald W. Houston, J. F. Taylor, W. H. Hassinger, George A. Baird, Edwin N. Ohl; Treasurer, John F. Taylor; Sec¬ retary and General Auditor, H. L. Rownd; Assistant Secretary, Charles E. Graves : General Counsel, Harry Rubens; Solicitor, R. Jones, Jr.; General Sales Agent, Geo. A. Baird; .\ssistant General Sales Agent, R. P. Zint; Purchasing Agent, W. I.. Lee; Traffic Manager, H. R. Aloore. Directors: Archibald W. Houston, L. C. Hanna, Geo. A. Baird, G. Watson French, Alexis W. Thompson, Harr\- Rubens, Chas. H. Wacker, John F. Taylor, George R. Sheldon, William H. Hassinge.r, Grant B. Schley, John Crerar, Jno. W. Gates, Chas. S. Guthrie. E.xecutive Committee: G. Watson French, Chairman ; Alexis W. Thompson, John F. Taylor, Harry- Rubens, George A. Baird, Chas. hi. Wacker. The main office is in the First National Bank build¬ ing, Chicago, Illinois. The New AYrk office is at m Broadwa}-. The Iroquois Iron Company, one of the largest plants of its kind in the Middle West, is located on the Calumet river, and extends from Ninety-fifth street to the railroad bridge, over which run the trains M. C. -\RMOUR. of the Baltimore & (.)hio, the Fort Wayne and the Lake Shore roads. The plant's shipping facilities are excellent; aside from the proximity of the railroads, their ore docks lie along the Calumet river, which accommodates the deepest draft vessels which transport ore from the Lake Superior regions. The annual capacity of the company's furnaces, which give employ¬ ment to o\ er 500 men, is 200,000 tons of foundrv and malleable pig iron, all of which products are made from 164 THE CITY OF CHICAGO. Lake Superior and Old Range ores. Their coke for fuel is brought in trainload lots from the Stonega and Connellsville districts. The officers of the Iroquois Iron Company are M. Cochrane Armour, president; ^^'illiam .\. Rogers, vice- president; George A. Tripp, secretary and treasurer, over the old-fashioned center-pier swing bridges is the absence of any center-pier and large obstructive pier protection. The supports for the Scherzer Rolling Lift Bridge are supplied by piers placed upon the sides of the navigable channel, and upon these the movable parts of the bridge roll in a vertical direction, and through VIEW OF IROQUOIS IRON COMPANY'S PLANT. and Samuel A. Kennedy, superintendent. Mr. Armour, who is likewise associated with Rogers, Brown & Co., sales agent for the Iroquois Company, is a native of Auburn, Xew York, where he was born in 1851, of Scotch parents. He received his education in Michigan and Wisconsin high schools, and came to Chicago in 1876. He was connected with the Adams & Westlake Company of this city for ten years, and in 1890 he helped organize the finn of Rogers, Brown & Co. In 1899 he was elected president of the Iroquois Iron Company, which position he has since held. He is also vice-presi¬ dent of the Rogers Iron Mining Company. The Scherzer Rolling Lift Bridge is the invention of the late William Scherzer, C. E. It fulfills every requirement of a movable bridge, eliminating, in so doing, all the objectionable features of a swing bridge and spanning navigable waters in the simplest and least expensive manner. The efficiency of this type of bridge for the accommodation of heavy land and water traffic, and its many points of superiority o\er a swing bridge, have been demonstrated by more than seventv large Scherzer Rolling Lift Bridges constructed during the past ten \ ears and in successful operation for the prin¬ cipal railroad companies and municipal corporations in the United States and abroad. The chief advantage of Scherzer Rolling Lift Bridges the clear opening thus obtained vessels are enabled to pass rapidly. A partial opening of the bridge will usually suffice. The power expended and the time occupied in opening and closing the bridge are both reduced to a minimum. The large bridges of this type now in use are usually opened or closed in thirty seconds, and receive highway or railroad traffic in less than one minute from the time the bridge begins to close. Another important advantage of this type of bridge con¬ sists in the absolute protection which the bridge itself affords against accidents when opened. In the open position the bridge itself forms a positive signal and barrier, absolutely preventing vehicles and pedestrians from falling into the water, which accidents are very frequent with swing bridges and result in large losses of life. The first bridge of the Scherzer type was constructed across the Chicago River at Van Buren street. It was completed in the spring of 1895, and has been used continuou.sly by the city of Chicago for the heaviest highway traffic, and is now carrying both highway and electric car traffic and giving complete satisfaction. The four-track railroad bridge of the Scherzer type conveying the Metropolitan West Side Elevated Rail¬ way Company's lines across the Chicago River midway between Jackson and Van Buren streets was completed THE CITY OF CHICAGO. 165 very soon after the Van Buren street bridge. It is composed of two similar or duplicate bridges placed side by side and firmly coupled together so as to oper¬ ate as one bridge, or when desired may be uncoupled in a few minutes and operate separately, thus insuring a crossing for trains at all times. This bridge is operated by electricity and is opened or closed within thirty seconds. The satisfaction which this bridge has given can be no better shown than by an e.xtract from a letter to Mr. Scberzer, written by Mr. W. E. Baker, general manager of the Metropolitan Vest Side Elevated Rail¬ way Company, under date of July 12, 1897, in which be says, referring to this subject: "It was completed some time before May 6, 1895. at which date the road was opened and the bridge placed in active service, since which time it has operated continuously, and of itself caused no delays to trains, of which there are and have been, since shortly after the date of opening the road, about 1,200 daily cross¬ ing the bridge. Ve do not make any charge for motive power for r>perating the bridge: it is too small to be considered. The bridge is operated, as you know, by motors, using the current with which we operate the trains. The l)ridge has proved rigid. It is ra])id to open and shut, has nexcT shown any signs of failure; it refjuires little power to move it and shows no evidence of a depreciation, and we are satisfied with it." The North Halsted -treet bridge of the Scherzer type was completed in 1897. The State street bridge of the Scherzer type was completed in 1903. It replaced a very obstructive cen¬ ter-pier swing bridge, through which modern vessels could not pass. The new bridge gives a clear channel for navigation 140 feet wide. It was constructed by the Sanitary District of Chicago in connection with similar bridges at Randolph street, Harrison street. Eighteenth street and other points on the Chicago River where obstructive center-pier swing bridges had to be removed in order to secure an unobstructed water flow and pas.sage for vessels. Eirmness and rigidity under heavy loads is a marked feature of the Scherzer Bridge, and is due to a great extent to the simplicity of the bridge structure as com¬ pared with other movable bridges now in use. This is at once apparent upon inspection of the bridge itself or the views herewith presented. Whether compared with the best class of swing bridges now in use, with the direct lift bridge, of which that at South Halsted street is an example, or with the various plans of experi¬ mental structures intending to do away with the center- SCHERZER ROLLING LIFT BRIDGE Across the Chicago River at Entrance to Grand Central Station, Chicago. The Longest Span;Bascule Bridge in the World. 10(5 THE CITY OF CHICAGO. pier, the Scherzer Bridge iias no ecpial for simplicity, ripdity. safety, rapidity of operation, economy, effi¬ ciency or durability. This is demonstrated hy the fact that the princii^al railroad comiianies are rapidly remov¬ ing their center-pier swing bridges and replacing them with modern Scherzer Rolling Lift Bridges. The New York. New Ha\en Y' Hartford Railroad Company constructed a six-track Scherzer Bridge across Fort Point Channel at the entrance to the South struction for this company at Cos Cob, \\ estport, over the Blousatonic River and over the Connecticut River, CVmnecticut ; also at Neponset, .Xfassachusetts, and six- track bridges across the Bronx and Hutchinson rivers, Xew York. All of these modern bridges take the place of discarded center-pier swing bridges. They are intended to accommodate and expedite the increasing traffic of the railroad company and to facilitate the improvement from steam to electric operation of trains. SCHERZER ROLLING LIFT BRIDGE Across the Chicago River at State street, Chicago. Invented by Williatn Scherzer, C. E. Terminal Station. Boston, ^Massachusetts, in 1899. This Ntation is one of the largest and most important ter¬ minal stations in the world. The Scherzer Bridge was selected by the railroad company because it fulfilled the highest requirements of a movable bridge. It has been so satisfactory that the railroad comjjanv removed its double-track swing bridge at Bridgejxtrt. Connecticut, and replaced it with a Scherzer Bridge, completed in 1903. Iñnir-track Scherzer Bridges are now under con- Sex en Scherzer Rolling Lift Bridges have already been constructed for Greater Xew York; four at Boston, Massachusetts; fixe at Cleveland, Ohio, and other cities too numerous to mention here. One of the illustrations herewith shows the double- track railroad Scherzer Rolling Lift Bridge constructed across the Chicago River at the entrance to the Grand Central Station, Chicago. This bridge is the longest span bascule bridge in the world. It is also opened THE CITY OF CHICAGO. 167 more frequently than any other bridge in the world. It has given perfect satisfaction to the railroad company. The Scherzer Rolling Lift Bridge Company also has the distinction of having made the designs and plans for and constructed the eight-track railroad bridge across the Drainage and Ship Canal, Chicago. This bridge is used by the Pittsburg, Cincinnati, Chicago & St. Louis Railway, the Chicago Terminal Traction Rail¬ way, the Chicago Junction Railway, and the Baltimore & Ohio Raihvay. It is the largest movable railroad bridge in the world and consists of four double-track bridges of the Scherzer type placed side by side to be operated either jointly or separately, as desired. In England a large Scherzer Bridge has already been completed for the South Eastern & Chatham Railway, near London. Others are under construction in Ire¬ land, the north of England, Russia and Holland, where the Scherzer type of bridge is superseding and replac¬ ing the trunnion type of bascule bridge. A distinguished authority has stated : "The Scherzer type is the bridge of perfection. It is recognized by the engineering profession as the most perfect bascule bridge in existence. It is a monument to the inventor.'' This statement is verified by the fact that all of the largest and most important movable bridges constructed during the past ten years have been bridges of the Scherzer type. William Scherzer, the inventor and patentee of the Scherzer Rolling Lift Bridges, was born at Peru, La Salle County, Illinois, on January 27, 1858. His parents were William and ^^filhelmina Scherzer. His early education was acquired in the public schools of Peru, Illinois. At the age of fifteen he was placed in charge of a private tutor with a view of preparing him for entrance to some European University. At the age of eighteen he entered the Polytechnicum at Zurich, Switzerland, to take the four years in civil engineering. He was graduated with honors in the year 1880. Upon his return to the United States William Scherzer was engaged as engineer with the Matthiessen & Hegeler Zinc Company, remaining with that company for three years. For the following eight years he was employed with the Pittsburg, Port Wayne & Chicago Railway Company, the Keystone Bridge Company and the Carnegie Steel Company, leaving the latter com¬ pany to establish an office as consulting engineer. One of the problems upon which he was consulted was the question of a movable bridge to carry the four tracks of the Metropolitan West Side Elevated Railway across the Chicago River, to the business center of Chicago, between the Jackson street and Van Buren street swing bridges. .\ swing bridge was impossible because it would interfere with the movements of both of the existing swing bridges. One of the ablest American engineers submitted to the management of the railroad company a pivot bascule bridge design, similar to the Tower bascule bridge at Louflon. England, which was then under construction, and it seemed to be the only feasible solution of the difficulties, and detail plans were prepared for the construction of the bridge, but in work¬ ing out the details, objectionable features became more apparent. The bridge question was becoming critical and the management of the railway company consulted William Scherzer with reference to overcoming the objectionable features of the design, .\fter careful study of the problems, William Scherzer became convinced that it was impossible to eliminate the objectionable WILLIAM SCHERZER. Inventor of the Scherzer Rolling Lift Bridges. features of the pivot or trunnion type of bascule bridge. As the railroad was nearing completion, the bridge problem became ver)- critical and induced William Scherzer to endeavor to solve the problem on entirely new lines. This ultimately led to his invention of the type of bridge known as the Scherzer Rolling Lift Bridge. He prepared a design for a four-track rolling lift bridge, which was at once adopted by the railroad company for construction. It was also decided by the raihaiad company and city authorities to remove the obstructive center-pier swing bridge at Van Buren street and replace it with a Scherzer Rolling Lift Bridge. The plans for both of these bridges were completed by William Scherzer shortly before his death, which occurred on July 20, i8t)^^. The complete success of the above-mentioned 168 THE CITY OF CHICAGO. bridg;es has been the foundation for the unparalleled success and rapid adoption and use of the Scherzer Roll- inor Lift Bridge thronghont the world. The invention of the Scherzer Rolling Lift Bridge formed a now era in movable bridge construction, enabling and facilitating the improvement of waterways and the accommodation of the ever-increasing railroad, electric railroad and highway traffic. William Scherzer was immarried. He was a member of the American Society of Civil Engineers, the Society of Engineers for ^\Tstern Pennsvlvania, the ^\Tstern Society of Engineers, The .American Society for the Advancement of Science, and the Uni\ersity Club of Chicago, besides a number of social clubs. Albert M. Scherzer, president and chief engineer of The Scherzer Rolling Lift Bridge Company, was born at Pern, La Salle County, Illinois, and is the son of ALBERT H. SCHERZER. President and Chief Engineer, The Scherzer Rolling Lift Bridge Company. William and Wilhelmina Scherzer. After completing his preliminary education at th.e high school of his native city, he went to Europe, where considerable time was devfited to study at the universities in Zurich, Switzer¬ land. Returning to this country in 1882, he became iden¬ tified with the Illinois Zinc Company of Peru, Illinois, one of the largest firms in the world engaged in the smelting and rolling fif sheet zinc, remaining with that company for the following eight years. In 1890 Mr. Scherzer came to Chicago and entered the Union Col¬ lege of Law, ])ursuing the regular course leading to the degree of LL. B., and graduating therefrom with the class of '92. He subsefjuently entered upon the practice of his profe-ssion, but in 1893, upon the death of his brother, the late William Scherzer, the inventor and patentee of the Scherzer Rolling Lift Bridges, he gave his attention to the development of the business estab¬ lished by him. Mr. Scherzer has made an exhaustive study of mov¬ able bridges, and in pursuit of his studies along this line has traveled extensively throughout both this country and Europe, visiting all the principal structures of that class. Under Mr. Scherzer's management the scope of the business has been very widely extended. In addition to the many large railroad, electric railroad and highway bridges of the Scherzer type in successful operation, more than thirty of the largest movable bridges in .the world are now under construction in the United States and abroad upon the designs and plans and under the supervision of the Scherzer Company. The very high standing which this company has attained under the direction of Mr. Scherzer is evidenced by the fact that thev are retained as consulting engineers by the prin¬ cipal railroad companies and the largest municipal cor¬ porations for the largest, most important and difficult movable bridges. Mr. Scherzer was married to Miss Donna Gunckel Adair of Dayton, Ohio, in May, 1902. Samuel Worthington McMunn, president and treas¬ urer of the Kindl Car Truck Company, is one of the best known manufacturers in Chicago. His offices are at 135 Adams street. He has extensive business inter¬ ests both in Chicago and throughout the ^^'cst. Air. McMunn was born at Sharon, Noble County, Ohio, March 20, 1850, the son of Isaac and Alaria AIcAIunn. He attended the public schools and later Sharon Acad¬ emy in his home town. Eor some time after leaving the academy he taught school, wheti he entered business in the employ of the Ohio River Salt Comj)any at St. Louis and later became a member of the firm of G. L. Joy & Company, the successors to that concern. Shortly after this he became president of the American Trans])ortation Comi)any and also president of the American Brake Company. Erom 1884 to 1889 he lived in New A'ork as the manager of the Consolidated Coupling Company. In the latter year Air. AIcAIunn mo\'ed to Pittsburg, where he was identified for five years with the Carnegie Steel Company. He came to Chicago in 1894 as the manager of the Otis Steel Com¬ pany. He later became interested in the Kindl Car Truck Company and is at present the active head and treasurer of that concern. Air. McAIunn is also a di¬ rector of the Raymond Concrete Pile Company, second vice-i)resident of the ( )ro A'erde Alining Company of Colorado, director of the Page Woven Wire Fence Company, president of the Lffiited States Steel Piling THE CITY OF CHICAGO. 169 York, Xew York Athletic and Lawyers' clubs of New York and the Duquesne Club of Pittsburg. Mr. McMunn was married to Miss Jessie Northrop of Belpre, Ohio. December 4. 1878. They have two chil¬ dren, William Northrop and Afarx" \Va\ne. now Airs. \lvar L. Bournique. The family residence is at 5423 East End avenue. P. M. Hicks & Company (F. M. Clicks and \\ rn. Mclnnes), builders of locomotives, coaches and freight cars, and dealers in railway equipment, began opera¬ tions in 1897. This firm :^tarted as dealers in locomo¬ tives, buying from the larger railroads locomotives which were retired for various reasons, chiefly as replaced by larger and more powerful engines. These locomotives they sold to smaller roads, relying on the railroad shops for needed repairs. It soon became apparent that they must have their own .-hops if they would control the work and attain the high standard which they had set as essential to the largest measure of success. \ small frame building was secured at Chicago ideights. a suburb of Chicago, having excellent railroad facilities, including two belt lines. This building was equi])ped with such tools as were immediately necessary and an industry established which has grown to the foremost plant of its kind, employing 800 to i .000 skilled workmen and controll¬ ing an enormous business. The demand for this equip¬ ment grew rapidly and as the business increased the original building was enlarged and a new building erected for coach and freight car work. In 1901 the business had reached such proportions that a large one and two-storv brick building was put up and equipped with all modern machinery necessary Company, president of the Monarch Supply Company and President of the Cameron Septic Tank Company. He is prominent in fraternity and club life, being a SAMUEL WORTHINGTON McMUNN. member of Elks' Lodge No. 9 of St. Louis, Tuscan Lodge No. 360, A. F. & A. M., St. Louis. Normal Park Chapter R. A. M. and Englewood Commanden' Knights Templar. He is a Republican in politics and a member of the Hamilton, Union League. Chicago Athletic and Calumet clubs of Chicago, and also of the Transportation, Lotos, Manhattan, Engineers', New HICKS LOCOMOTIVE AND CAR WORKS. 170 THE CITY OF CHICAGO. to a complete and efficient locomotive erecting and machine shop. (Ither hnildings have heen added until what is now kmown as the "West Works." comprises a nnmber of snhstantial brick buildings, including a two- storv machine shop, fully equipped with modern machiner}' ; erecting shop, with pits for twenty-four locomotives; boiler shop, blacksmith shop, coach house F. M, HICKS. with space for twenty-eight coaches ; wood mill, cabinet shop, dry kiln, paint shop, mirror plating and orna¬ mental glass department, upholstery department, tin sho]). brass dei)artment. etc. Electric power is used throughout the plant. Compressed air also is largely used for portable tools. In 1905 F. M. Hicks & Company jnirchased another large tract of land near the original plant, with a number of substantial brick buildings and transferred the freight car work to the new plant, known as the "East W orks." During the earlx- years the business was confined to rebuilding old equipment, but more recently new coach and freight car l)uilding has become a most important branch of the industry. The official car built and exhibited by E. M. Hicks & Company at the Louisiana Purchase Exposition in 1904 was awarded the gold medal in competition with several of the oldest and most noted car builders in the country. Alvin Carr McCord, ¡¡resident of the Western Steel Car & Foundrx' Company, is a native of Illinois, having been born at Paris. Edgar county, November 24, 1867. His earl\- education was obtained in the Paris public schools. At the age of thirteen his parents removed to Chicago, and he continued his studies in the schools here. Later they took up residence in Minneapolis, and he entered the public schools of that city, remaining until his fifteenth year. Following his course in the public schools he entered Princeton, graduating with the class of 1889. The next year was spent in the law school of the Eniversity of Minnesota. For a short time subsequent to this Mr. McCord was special agent of recorded indebtedness with the United States census bureau. About this time he became interested in certain mechanical devices for rail- wav equipment and a company was formed in Chicago to exploit them. This was known as the Brexel Rail¬ way Supply Company. Mr. McCord associating himself with the company and coming to Chicago to live. His connection Avith this company and his interests in another device of value to railways led to the formation of ]\IcCord & Company, a very much larger railway supply concern, of which he was made president, an office he still retains. In 1900 he was elected to the vice-presidency of the Illinois Car & Equipment Company, manufacturers of freight equipment, with several large car building ])lants. and controlled very largely by English interests. ALVIN CARR McCORD. I wo A vars later Mr. McCord, in company with his brother. D. W. McCord. organized the W^estem Steel Car & houndry Company, forming an alliance Avith the Pressed Steel Car Company. He Avas made the execu- li\ e head of the company at the time of its organization, a position Avhich he has occupied continuously since that time. In addition to the companies mentioned, Mr. THE CITY OF CHICAGO. 171 McCord is president of the Chicago & Calumet River Railroad Company. Mr. McCord was married on December 26, 1896, to Emily Davis Rowe of Evanston, daughter of Mrs. C. H. Rowe. They have one daughter, three vears old. He is a member of the Chicago Club, the Union League Club, the University Club and the Princeton Club of New \ ork. Mr. iMcCord is an enthusiastic automobilist and his interest in golf is evidenced by membership in both the Glen \uew Club and the Skokie Country Club. John J. Cummings was born in Christian Countv. Illinois, July 25. 1874. He is president of the Cum¬ mings Car Company, the largest manufacturers of street railway cars in this state, and also president of the McGuire-Cummings Manufacturing Company, builders of trucks, snow sweepers, sprinklers, electric locomo¬ tives and other railway specialties. This latter company has been in business twenty- one years, and is known almost as well in foreign coun¬ tries as at home. Their trucks are running on all the elevated and surface lines in Chicago, and on railways in all parts of the country, from New York to San Francisco, as well as in Canada. These companies employ about i.ooo men, and have shipped their product to all parts of the globe. In Africa, Soutb America, Cuba, Australia, England, Japan and the Continent are seen rolling stock manufactured by them. The Metropolitan tramways of London use their pneu¬ matic sprinkling cars. The "Tuppenny Tube" under¬ ground railway in London uses their trucks and when the Paris & Versailles division of the Western Railway of France was built, they were authorized to purchase the best equipment in America, and they bought the trucks from this firm, although Chicago is 1,000 miles inland. The entire lines owned by the Australian gov¬ ernment are furnished with them, the same being true of the cities of Havana, Cuba, and Glasgow, Scotland, Brazil and Peru are fitted out as well, and even Siam has its quota. The Cummings Car Company plant at Paris, Illi¬ nois, which has attracted the attention of the industrial world, is known throughout the country as the most modern manufacturing plant of its kind in the United States, and covers thirty acres. The east building is the main erecting shop, 600 feet long bv 175 feet wide, with floor space for 140 cars. It is crossed with fire walls. The buildings east of this shop include a finish¬ ing shop, cabinet shop, wood-working machine shop, truck shop, machine shop and forging shop. Between these and the main erecting shop is a 76-foot transfer table, operating electrically the full length of the fac¬ tories and to the car-loading table. An iron and steel warehouse and three dry lumber warehouses, a power plant with a capacity of 700 horsepower and entire elec¬ tric transmission and brick dry kilns, with the latest improved lumber-drying appliances, complete the ecpiipment of this model institution. The plant embodies the most modern features of first-class con¬ struction, evidenced by the low est insurance rate of any VIEW OF CUMMINGS C.\R COMPANY'S PLANT. 172 THE CITY OF CHICAGO. car plant in the United States. Tt is located on the Big Four, New York Central Lines, Cairo Divi¬ sion of the Big Four and the Yandalia-Pennsylvania system. Chicago Bridge & Iron Works. Going in any direc¬ tion from Chicago the traveler will notice in many of the small cities and villages steel water towers or large round-bottom tanks high in air. If the traveler were to examine the manufacturer's stamp on tower or tank he would find that most of them had been constructed by the Chicago Bridge N Iron \\''orks. Up to 1894 the company had been engaged in the building of bridges, but about that year the small towns throughout the country began to construct waterworks systems and the Chicago Bridge & Iron Y'orks was the first concern in the field to meet the demand for tanks and towers. The concern developed the present its energies to the manufacture and erection of highway and railway bridges and many a country road bears tes¬ timony to its industry. In 1903 the properties of the Chicago Bridge & Iron Company were taken over by Mr. Horace E. Horton, who for some time had been the owner of all the stock of the company. Since that time his business has heen transacted under the name of the Chicago Bridge & Iron Works. The officers of the company are Horace E. Horton, proprietor; George T. Horton, engineer and manager; Henry W.Wilder, office director. Alfred 8frombcpg, founder and vice-president of the Stromberg-Carlson Telephone Manufacturing Com¬ pany of Chicago, and Rochester, New York, whose plant is recognized as the most extensive and complete in the independent telephone field of America, is a native of Sweden, bom near the city of Stockholm, March 9, VIEW OF PLANT, CHICAGO BRIDGE & IRON WORKS. type of hemispherical bottom, steel storage tanks for pressure, a large number of which have been constructed within the last ten years. The manufacture of water towers followed and the company became more widely known as a builder of water tanks and towers than of bridges. For the same reason it has become more widely known throughout the United States than any other bridge company. The Chicago Bridge & Iron Works has erected water towers in every state in the Union except six, and has built a large number in Canada, Mexico and Cuba. The company's plant is located in Washington Heights at One Hundred and hfifth and Throop streets, between the main lines of the Rock Island and Pan Handle rail¬ roads. On this site, which is about ten acres in area, the company built its first sho]) in 1889. It was constructed of wood and in the fall of 1897 was destroyed by fire. The following sjwing it was rebuilt entirely of brick and steel. For the first five years the company devoted 1861. Mechanical achievement was a familiar idea to him from infancy, he being the son of Andrew Strom- berg, one of the largest threshing-machine manufac¬ turers in Sweden. His early training in electrical work he acquired in his native countiw, side by side with L. M. Erickson, the well-known European telephone manufacturer. ICxternal influences, however, ser\'ed to indicate the direction in which the marked abilities and energies of the boy were to operate, and whetted his enthusiasm in the progressive field of labor in which he has won his great success. Before coming to .America he had some ]>ractical experience in his chosen spe¬ cialty, having assisted in the tests of the first pair of tele])hone instruments sent to Stockholm bv the Bell Telephone Gompany and having had charge of part of the work of installing their exchange, and later he con¬ ducted the construction and installation of numerous exchanges throughout the northern peninsula and Den¬ mark. THE CITY OF CHICAGO. 173 The year of 1884 found him entering upon his career in this country in the repair department of the Chicago Telephone Company, where he was given full charge, not only of the repairing but the changing of all instru¬ ments and the practical application of new ideas issuing from the engineering department. In 1885 young Stromberg entered the instrument department of the Bell Telephone Company in Chicago, and for the next five years was prominently connected with the manu¬ facturing department of the company's rapidly expand¬ ing business, inventing in the meantime a number of improvements, some of which are still used by that company. In 1890 he associated himself with the Chicago Elec¬ tric Protective Company as superintendent of their burglar alarm system, and while with that company made many improvements and inventions, which are still utilized by them, and through which was practi¬ cally secured to them the entire control of this line of business against the strongest opposition by the Bell Telephone Company. Upon the expiration of the fundamental patents of the telephone receiver in 1893, Mr. .Stromberg, with Mr. Andrew Carlson, organized the Stromberg-Carlson Telephone Manufacturing Company, whose growth since that year, both in point of industrial dimensions and of reputation, is among the notable developments in the electrical field. The company was incorporated and all the capital possessed by Mr. Stromberg and Mr Carlson, which was considerable, was put in the busi¬ ness. The status of the company was sound. Conscien¬ tious care was taken not to infringe any valid patent claims of other concerns, and the electrical and mechanical engineers employed were experts in their special lines. The enterprise has always been under the control of Mr. Stromberg and Mr. Carlson. The estab¬ lishment was located on \\ est Jackson boulevard and Clinton street, the massive brick building and the nearly half of a block it covers, being owned by the company and valued at $400,000. From fifteen 'phones per day the output increased to seven hundred. Nearly all the improvements manufactured by the company are pro¬ tected by United States patents, issued to Mr. Strom- berg or to him and Mr. Carlson jointly, and these gen¬ tlemen have done more for the independent telephone patrons than all the other manufacturers combined. By the beginning of 1902 the business had grown to such pro])ortions that additional capital was neces¬ sary to meet the demands upon the company for its apparatus and telephones, and Mr. Stromberg suc¬ ceeded in interesting capital from Rochester, New "i'ork. The result was that the Stromberg-Carlson Telejihone Manufacturing Company was organized under the laws of the State of .New York, ami succeeded to the busi¬ ness of the company, which had been organized under the laws of Illinois, and Mr. Stromberg was made vice- president of the new company. The capital of the new company was $3,000,000, and plans were made for building another factory in Rochester. Since that time the capital has been increased, owing to the growing business of the company, and now it is $6,000,000, and the factorv at Rochester has been built covering over seven acres of floor space, and all the latest and best machinery has been put in to manufacture the highest type of apparatus and instruments. The company employs about 3,000 people in all departments, and Mr. Stromberg's relations with his force and his good judgment in selecting employees are the most satisfactory and creditable. He is just in every ALFRED STROMBERG. way and as his business has prospered he has advanced the pay of his men without solicitation. Throughout his rise to his present enviable position he has main¬ tained the same pleasant attitude toward his help and given the same careful attention to the needs of his patrons, so that by both classes he is much appreciated. Mr. Stromberg is a family man, having been married in 1866 to Miss Ellen Johnson of Chicago. They have a family of four children, Minnie, Alice, Emil and Eva. In politics IMr. Stromberg is a stanch Repub¬ lican, but has never aspired toi any prominence in this direction, his energies and interest having been concen¬ trated upon his chosen industry. One who has enjoved a long business acquaintance with our subject says of him : "In some respects Mr. Stromberg is the most remarkable man I have ever known. Of humble origin, 174 THE CITY OF CHIC.iCO. he has by native ability, coupled with jiersistent effort, risen to his present high position in the business world as head of its largest independent telephone company. His (piick perception enables him to grasp a situation at once and to master evcr\' detail of the proposition involved. His life is wrapped up in his enterprise, and he has put work into it which no one can appreciate except those who are intimately associated with him. A capable man at the outset, he has constantly developed with the growth of his business interests. From a w orking mechanic with a daily wage of two dol- pendent factory in the city, if not in the entire country, is that of the Automatic Electric Company, manufactur¬ ing automatic telephone switchboards and apparatus. This company is the successor of the Strowger Auto¬ matic Telephone Exchange in the manufacturing field. Three or four years before the launching of the Inde¬ pendent telephone movement, A. B. Strowger brought to Chicago a crude model of an apparatus designed to do away with telephone operators. This was called an automatic telephone switch. Strowger showed his invention to various people in an endeavor to secure ELECTRIC CO AN Y AUTOMATIC ELECTRIC COMPANY'S PLANT. lars to a man of large affairs and wealth in the short space of a dozen years is a recorrí which few can boast; but with it .Mr. Stromberg has retained his simple and direct manners and the respect and esteem of his asso¬ ciates.'' Automatic Electric Company. Eollowing the birth of the independent telephone movement, some ten years ago, Chicago became the center for the manufac¬ ture of apparatus for the independent companies, and at this date there are a score or more of these factories making everything from complete telephone plants down to the smallest apinirtenances. The largest inde- financial hacking. Mr. Joseph Harris was the first to recognize the latent commercial and financial possibili¬ ties in the invention and, with E, Keith and others, organized the Strowger .\utomatic Telephone Exchange for the purpose of controlling the Strowger patents and developing and manufacturing the switch. Offices were opened in Chicago and an experimental station was established at Ea Porte, Indiana, in 1892, and used for three years. Several small e.xchanges were built, some of which, notably those at Albuquerque, New Mexico, and Manchester, Iowa, are still in operation and giving satisfactorv serxice. THE CITY OF CHICAGO. 17.1 Mr. Harris and his associates allied themselves with the independent telephone movement at its commence¬ ment and therefore deserve to be classed amonij the pioneers in it, and the first in the automatic field. During the ten years in which the Strowger Automatic Telephone Exchange manufactured the switches more effort was devoted to bringing the apparatus up to a high standard of mechanical excellence than to dispos¬ ing of the product, and it was not until the organization of the Automatic Electric Company, in 1901, that any great amount of progress was made in the selling of the apparatus. At that time, by additional patents and improvements, the system had advanced so far in its development that larger things could be and were under¬ taken. The first exchange of 20,000 capacity was built in Da3don, Ohio. It has an installation of 6,000 stations. This exchange was put in operation on June i, 1903. About the same time the first exchange with 100,000 capacity was installed in Chicago, for the Illinois Tunnel Company with nearly 10,000 stations in operation. The largest exchange outside of Chicago is that at Los Angeles, California, which was completed in August, 1905, with more than 9,000 lines. The ulti¬ mate capacity of the Los Angeles exchange is 100,000 lines, the same as that of the Chicago exchange. Other cities in which automatic exchanges have been installed and are in operation at present, are : Grand Rapids, Battle Creek, Pentwater and Traverse City, Michigan; Columbus, Dayton, Van Wert and St. Mary's, Obio ; Lincoln and Hastings, Nebraska; Portland, Lewiston and Auburn, IMaine ; San Diego, Riverside, Ocean Park and Sawtelle, California; Wilmington, Delaware; Eall River and New Bedford, Massachusetts; and a number of smaller places. Other cities in which the automatic telephone exchange has been adopted, and at the present writing (August, 1905), is being built or installed, are: Sioux City, Iowa; El Paso, Texas; Havana and Marianao, Cuba ; Portland, Oregon ; and several smaller places. The officers of the Automatic Electric Company are : C. D. Simpson, Scranton, Pa., president; Joseph Harris, Chicago, vice-president and general manager; C. C. Wheeler, Chicago, secretary; A. G. Wheeler, Jr., New York, treasurer; and the following, in addition to the above-mentioned gentlemen, are directors : A. G. Wheeler, J. B. Russell and C. B. Eddy. A. E. Keith is general superintendent and chief engineer. The general offices and manufacturing plant of the company are located in a large six-story, brick building on the southwest corner of Van Buren and Morgan streets, Chicagf). The factory is one of the most com¬ pletely equipped in the country for its work. Nearly eight hundred hands are emjjlfjyed, and the most mod¬ ern machinery, much of it automatic, is in use. So complete is the plant and the svstem of manufacturing that an entire automatic exchange of five hundred lines can be built in one day. Tlie automatic telephone sys¬ tem manufactured by this company has proven itself a mechanical, commercial and financial success. It is revolutionizing the telephone business. The Automatic Electric Company is still allied with the independent telephone movement and sells only to independent companies. E. Schneider & Ca., one of the largest manufacturers in the world of candles, oil and glycerine, has been located in Chicago since 1865. The corporation was founded in St. Louis in 1842, and has had a continuous existence under the same name for sixty-three years. The firm was first organized for the manufacture of soaps, in addition to the lines to which it now confines its energies. E. Schneider was the company's first president and Anthony- Schmitt entered office at the same time as secretary and treasurer. When the firm moved its office and factory to Chi¬ cago, it found that another concern was located here manufacturing the same lines. By mutual agreement E. Schneider & Co., discontinued the manufacture of soaps, which had grown to a large proportion of its business, and in return the rival concern abandoned the field as far as the manufacture of candles, oil and glyc¬ erine were concerned. The "stearic wax" candles of E. Schneider & Co. are now favorabl)' known in everv mining district of the world. The concern specializes in the making of can¬ dles for mining and such purposes. The glycerine it produces is in the crude state for trade purposes. Ever since the concern was incorporated in 1881, it has been a close corporation. After the death of ]Mr. E. Schnei¬ der, in 1889, his business associate, Anthony Schmitt, succeeded as president of the corporation. ^Ir. Schmitt has continued in that office since then. The other executive officers of the corporation are : A. C. Schmitt, vice-president and treasurer, and C. P. Wood¬ cock, secretary, who has been connected with the con¬ cern for many years. The main offices of E. Schneider & Co., are in the Eisher building, 277 Dearborn street. Its factory occu¬ pies the block fronting on \\'allace street and bounded by Twenty-fourth and Twenty-fifth streets. The Cable Company, in the course of twenty-five years, has developed from a factory of insignificant size to the greatest institution manufacturing pianos and organs in the world. This phenomenal growth has been due largely to the two great factors which enter into the conduct of almost all institutions which reach snpremacv—the production of articles offered at prices which give the buyer the full measure of value and an 17G THE CITY OF CHICAGO. organization by which mannfacturing and selling can be carried on with the highest efficiency. The results of the policy which has directed the interests of this company are shown in two immense fac¬ tories, branch houses in leading cities, agencies in all parts of the United States and Europe and a business which co\ers both hemispheres. The productions of The Cable Company comprise all grades of pianos and organs from the reliable, moder¬ ate-priced instrument to the masterpiece of design and craftsmanship. It has always been the accomplished CABLE BUILDING. purpose of this institution to make every instrument, whatever its grade, the best in every feature that could be offered at a given price. The natural consequence has been that these instruments have set the standard in their respective classes and have attained an unparal¬ leled popularity. In the entire conduct of its business this company has followed broad-gauge, progressis e methods which have fully ke])t pace with the advance of modern com¬ mercial life. To \ isit its factories and offices is to be impressed at once with the splendid organization of every department, the remarkable system by which every department co-operates with all the others and with the executive ability which is demonstrated in their operation. It has always been the custom of the Cable Com¬ pany to employ supervising talent of the highest order, to select its workmen with regard to both skill and personal character and to train each one in some spe¬ cial operation. It has at its command, therefore, a force of specialists who naturally are much more accurate in the performance of their work than any general mechanic can be. A department is maintained where special machinery is designed and built exclusively for use in the com¬ pany's factories, and by this means it has introduced many devices which have increased the efficiency of operations to a remarkable degree and made it possible to reduce the cost of manufacturing to a minimum, and at the same time to improve the quality of the productions. Back of all this splendid manufacturing organiza¬ tion and office system is a policy, unhampered by tra¬ ditions, which does not hesitate to establish precedents ; a policy that points the way toward larger growth and greater prosperity, and it is but a natural result that such an institution should have attained pre-eminence in its field. The Steger Piano Company owes its existence and success to John V. Steger, its president and founder. In the year 1854, in the little city of Ulm, Wurtemburg, South Germany, John V. Steger was born, under hum¬ ble and unauspicious circumstances. At the age of four¬ teen he was apprenticed to a woodworker by his father, who was himself a cabinetmaker. He remained in his employ for three years, and then started for x\merica. Having no knowledge of the English language, with a capital of but twelve cents, alone in a foreign land and among utter strangers, it was this sturdy German lad "started out to make his fortune." The first thing this young man did was to form a resolution which was never afterward broken. It was to live within his resources. Having as a capital with which to start in life but twelve cents, he made an expen¬ diture of five cents for a piece of pie, reserving the seven cents as a capital against need until he should have earned something. Within six hours John V. Steger was employed. He was engaged at rough carpenter work in the reconstruction of ice-houses on the Hudson river. It was not a desirable position, as he was fitted for something better, being fully competent to earn more than he would receive for this work, but it was the best available, and he took it. Within two months he returned to New York with his savings, which amounted to more than one-half of his wages. This sum he di\ ided into two ecpial portions, one that was not to be expended under any circumstances, the other to THE CITY OF CHICAGO. 177 supply his wants and necessities until he could aj^ain get work. Shortly afterward he secured a position at the bench as a cabinetmaker, and for a year his wages averaged $10.50 per week. Of this amount he invariably placed $5-5® into his reserve fund ; always this much, sometimes more. He then resolved to seek a new location in Chi¬ cago. He was also intensely de^irous of acquiring a all this perif)d the indoniitab'e purpose to accumulate prevailed. The sum of .Si2 was allowed for household e.xpenses, and the balance of his earnings was placed in a bank. The sum grew until it reached $3,900. when it was withdrawn from the bank and invested in the piano business, the location chosen being 1 54 State street. In iSSi a change was made to 109 Wabash avenue, the same having become necessary liy reason of greatly '1 iiaBiaii"!" jflF«- tiJ ■ » an «9111 .S I EGER Pl.XNO WORKS. better knowledge of the English language, and it is needless to say that whatever John V. Steger set out to do he accomplished. After being in this country but t\\ (j years, and, being a young man of rare good sense, he realized that he could not prosper if he remained single. Accordingly he .sought the hand in marriage and was wed to Miss Louise R. Jacobs, a daughter of one of Chicago's first settlers. For eight year.s he worked for others, but during increased business, which was annually becoming larger in volume. His quarters here were much more exten¬ sive than his former location, the rental being twelve times in e.xcess. \\ ithin three years another change was necessitated by the demands for space, and the location chosen was Adams street and Wabash avenue. Here he lost everything in the Langham Hotel fire, and devoted the next four years in building up his business at State and Jackson streets. In 1891 he made his final remoxal to his present location, northeast corner of 12 178 THE CITY OF CHICAGO. Jackson boulevard and Wabash avenue, where he has established a trade second to none in the United States. Mr. Steg-er has surrounded himself with a corps of able and efficient assistants, but still devotes his time to the active management of the immense interests con¬ nected with the business. He is in constant touch with his men. As fully and thoroughly acr|uainted with every detail of the vast works as is the most efficient of his employees, Mr. Steger evinces an interest in all that is going on, and with tireless energy superintends the oper¬ ations, and from early morning until late at night care¬ fully oversees the vast establishment, as well as keeping in touch with the selling branch of the business. This involves tireless, ceaseless vigilance, and as "eternal vigilance is the price of liberty," so John V. Steger believes it the price of business success. In the year 1891 there was purchased in the suburb of Chicago twenty acres of land, and a single building erected as a piano factory, in which the manufacturing of the Steger pianos was begun. To-day living in Steger are about 2,500 persons mainly composed of workmen in the extensive Steger piano manufactunng plant. Another such a town does not exist on the face of the JOHN V. STEGER. earth, and in no other collection of human beings of a similar extent in numbers does peace, happiness, plenty and contentment reign as here. Wherefore. John V. Steger may be rightly accounted as one who loves his fellowmen. The United States Peat Fuel Company is indeed a name to conjure with, for its business bids fair to rival some of the great industrial organizations of this century. Its general offices in the Fort Dearborn build¬ ing are among the most complete and elegant in this city, while its officers and directors are all men of affairs and prominence in commercial circles. Henry D. Bushnell, the president of the company, is a fitting head for this great institution. He is consid- EIENRY D. BUSHNELL. ered an authority on corporate organization and devel¬ opment, and is backed with exceptional executive knowledge and ability, the outgrowth of a lifetime of labor in the vineyard of corporate management. Mr. Bushnell is also the executive head of one of the largest American controlled foreign trading and transporta¬ tion companies and a director in several other corpora¬ tions of moment in the business realm. His services are in great demand and his advice is sought almost daily upon troublesome and intricate corporate ques¬ tions by prominent business men throughout the United States. Had Mr. Bushnell turned his energies to law instead of to commerce there is no question but what he would have stood head and shoulders among the great corporation lawyers of this country. This fact, coupled with his far-seeing executive ability, eminently qualifies him to direct the tremendous possibilities of the peat fuel business. John Addison, first vice-president, was for over thirty years one of Chicago's most noted architects, a gentleman of wide social and business acquaintance and recognized integrity. Many of this city's largest busi¬ ness edifices and palatial homes stand as monuments to his artistic talents and construction management. The other officers of the company are: Murry A. THE CITY OF CHICAGO. 179 Pierson, treasurer; Chas. H. Ade. secretary; J. Campbell Morrison, consulting engineer; Dave Williams, mechan¬ ical engineer, and Daniel F. Flannery, general-attorney. All of these men are prominent in the business, profes¬ sional, social, club and fraternity life of Chicago, but space forbids a detailed record of their individual accom¬ plishments and successes. The United States Peat Fuel Company controls a monopolistic line of patents on the manufacture of peat fuel in this and some fifteen foreign countries. It is the parent organization governing the industry under its patented processes, systems and machinery in every land. A large number of subsidiary corporations have been organized in the United States and throughout the world. The list is growing steadily, and there seems no reasonable doubt but what the number of subsidiary plants paying tribute to the parent company will reach into the thousands. The industry is fast assuming gigantic proportions, and by some well informed authorities it is predicted that thé business controlled by this corporation will within the years to come equal in magnitude and influ¬ ence that of coal mining. It must of necessity reach out and its branches will be permanent industrial factors in every civilized country. The company is now manufacturing its fuel in com¬ mercial quantities, and has contracted for the installa¬ tion of other large plants—one of which is to be located a few miles from the business center of Chicago. This factory will be the mecca for engineers and fuel experts from every corner of the globe. The fuel has been demonstrated to be fully the equal of high-grade anthracite coal, but is smokeless, sulphur- less, sootless and clinkerless. The cost of manufacture is below the cost of mining coal, and the crude material used is nothing more or less than common bog, swamp or marsh land. But little stretch of imagination is necessary to fully realize the present and future commanding influence of this company, for by its efforts and under its process and machinery the vast bog lands of the earth are rap¬ idly being converted into fuel mines of stupendous output and value. The Corn Products Company was organized March I, 1902, for the production from corn of glucose, grape sugars, corn syrups, various grades of laundry and edible starches, dextrines of all grades and British gums. It is an amalgamation of a number of subsidiary organ¬ izations, each manufacturing one or more of the products of corn, and its expansion along only one of many lines has been such that it makes practically every brand of laundry and edible starch now on the market. The Corn Products Company grinds in the manufac¬ ture of its multitudinous products, thirty-five million PLANT OF THE CORN PRODUCTS COMPANY 180 THE CITY OP CHICAGO. bushels of corn per annum, or an amount equaling over one-fourth of the corn exj^orted hv the United States. Its works and factories, giving employment to six thou¬ sand persons, are located in fifteen different cities and towns as follows: Chicago, Illinois: I'uffalo, ( iswcgo and (den Cove, New \'ork; Uockland and St. Bernard, Ohio; Indianapolis. Indiana; Nebraska City, Nebraska; Waukegan, Rockford, Peoria and Pekin, Illinois; and Des IMoines. Davenport and Marshalltown, Iowa. Its Chicago factor}', located at West Taylor street and the river, covers an area of eight acres and is probably the largest, most modern and best equipped factory in the world. At this one factory of the com¬ pany the amount of corn ground daily is thirty thou¬ sand bushels. Corn syrup (glucose) and allied products have been produced for some years past, but the development of their manufacture and their popularization among con¬ sumers with the consequent increase of the demand to an enormous extent, both domestic and foreign, has been a matter of the last few years. The results have been most profitable to the American farmer since it has developed uses for corn formerly unpracticed, and thus supplies a daily cash buyer for the large surplus of this commodity. In affording employment in a new- field, and in the consumption of coal, tin and other products necessary to its manufacture, also, the com¬ pany occupies a distinct and important place in the nation's economy. Among the well-known starches which it produces are Kingsford's Silver Gloss, a laundr}- starch, and Kingsford's Corn Starch, both of which brands have long been household necessities, and the high quality of which the Corn Products Company has maintained. Of corn syrups, its best known product is "Karo" Corn S}'rup, compounded of 85 per cent of corn syrup and 15 per cent of cane syrup. It is a predigested article of food of exceptional purity, manufactured from starch contained in corn and its use is general, the low price at which it can be bought, added to its flavor and wholesomeness, popularizing it throughout the world. The officers of the Corn Products Company are: C. H. Matthiessen, President ; C. L. Glass, Vice-Presi¬ dent and Secretary: Benjamin Graham, Treasurer. Executive Committee: C. H. IMatthiessen, \V. J. Cal¬ houn, Charles E. Glass. (i.ARFlKLD P.ARK. CHAPTER XXIII. > # AKSHALL FIELD & COM- O - The name of Marshall I'leld and business integrity have liccome synonymous in Chicago and the est. In the jobbing trade and the retail business of the great firm of ^Marshall Field & Company, this repu¬ tation for square dealing is tlie foundation stone of its suc¬ cess. Of the millions controlled I)}- it this good name is its chief asset. Tliis application of the princi- 'a square deal" has resulted in mak¬ ing this company the largest mercantile institution in the world. Of the great throngs of buyers who enter Marshall Field & Company's establishments every day, there is not one of them but feels that e\ery penny spent there will purchase its full value of the best goods of the kind the market affords. The neatly wrapped bundles bearing the name of "Marshall Field & Company" have upon them the stamp and guar¬ antee of integrity and quality. The very atmosphere of the establishment is refresh¬ ing. The uniform courtesy of every employee, the con¬ sideration they show to one another, the absolute frankness with which even the smallest transaction is carried on, the lack of all quibbling—all make for one end—the complete satisfaction of the purchasing public. It is the working out of the basic jirinciple of the con¬ cern. "A satisfied customer first, a profit second," is the fundamental rule every employee of the store must follow. This has bred a confidence that makes e\ cry man, woman or child who enters the great house of Alarshall Field & Company feel confident of fair an.l courteous treatment. And this confidence is indeed the greatest of all Marshall Field's millions of fairly won fortunes. The establishments of Marshall Field & Company present an array of merchandise as complete as human ingenuity, energy and wealth can secure. Its buvini; organization is the largest single factor in the world's markets. F\erv country or province produces some¬ thing in art, material or manufactures that goes to make up the stock. Permanent buying offices are maintained at Xew York, Paris, Manchester, Nottingham, Brad¬ ford, Chemnitz, Calais, St. Gall, Lyons, Plauen, Anna- berg and Y okohama. In Kashmir. India, there is a large rug factory, operating 178 looms, controlled by Marshall Field X Company. The outputs of numerous other factories in almost every country are controlled by this house. The great retail store occupies practically the entire block bounded by State, Randolph and Washington streets and Wabash avenue. The floor area is now about one million square feet, equivalent to twenty- three acres or eleven city blocks of ordinarv size. The frontage on State street is 385 feet ; on Washington, 341 feet: on Randolph, 190 feet; and on Wabash avenue, 266 feet. A new i2-stc)r\' building, now in process of erection, on W abash avemfe, will add about 30 per cent to tlie present area of the retail premises, making a total area of 1,300,000 scjuare feet, or about 30 acres. The ultimate plan is to make the State street frontage of a uniform height of twelve stories of solid granite with an imposing central entrance. Over half of this front¬ age is now occupied by such a building. The main entrance on State street is marked by four large granite monolith columns and when the building to the south, e.xtending to Washington street, is completed, will form, as it now does, the central feature of the State street front. The principal building is of steel ci.nistruction. 181 182 THE CITY OF CHICAGO. faced with ç^ray granite—a simple and massive style of architecture. The foundation for this structure con¬ sists of 84 concrete caissons sunk down 100 feet to "hard-pan." Two immense light shafts extend from the first floor to the skylights, the extreme height being 234 feet. An ornamental iron and mahogany railing encloses the court on each floor. The view from the top story down is a grand panorama of a portion of the interior. The large white columns extending the length of the store form some of the imposing colonnades in existence. On the first floor the aisles and showcases are arranged on a most generous scale for the comfort of the large crowds of shoppers that continually stream through the store. The usual crowding and discomfort of a large establishment is in this way entirely avoided. The same generous treatment of space for aisles, show¬ cases, counters and fixtures pertains throughout the entire establishment. In no city in the world can be found such a magnificent arrangement. The "main aisle" is a most remarkable interior thoroughfare, ex¬ tending one entire block from Washington street to Randolph street, a distance of 385 feet. The showcases on either side are of solid mahogany and plate glass, the framework being of the lightest possible construction, which gives the efifect of the cases being practically of solid glass. They are brilliantly lighted by invisible incandescents and, filled as they are with the most beautiful merchandise which the store affords, form a magnificent sight. This main aisle may be said to be one of the show places of Chicago, great throngs of people visiting it for the many beautiful displays which it affords. The first floor of the main building is devoted to dress accessories, laces, ribbons, gloves, hosiery, notions, shoes, men's furnishings, etc., all of which lend them¬ selves to a most artistic arrangement. On the second floor are the dress goods, silks, linens, prints and white goods, such as are sold by the yard. The third floor is devoted to muslin underwear, corsets, aprons, infants' wear and boys' clothing. The fourth floor is one of the attractive spots of the great establishment. Here are to be seen extensive displays of women's hats and millin- MARSHALL FIELD & CO:\irANY'S WHOLES.\LE HOUSE, THE CITY OF CHICAGO. 183 ery material, gowns and outer apparel and furs. On the fifth floor are found rugs and carpets of every for¬ eign, oriental and domestic weave; trunks, toys, baby carriages, baskets, athletic goods, etc. The sixth floor is devoted, for the most part, to high class house fur¬ nishings, such as lace curtains, upholsterv goods, fine furniture, pictures, metal beds and high-class wall paper. The tea and grill rooms occupy the entire seventh floor, there being accommodations for seating 2,000 persons. The upper floors are devoted to the shipping rooms and various manufacturing branches carried on in con¬ nection with the retail store. On the twelfth floor is a cold storage vault where during the summer furs belong¬ ing to customers, aggregating $3,000,000 in value, are kept at a temperature of 12 degrees below freezing. The Marshall Field & Company Annex is another modern fireproof structure, ten stories high, on the cor¬ ner of \\'ashington street and Wabash avenue. The first floor of the annex is devoted to stationer}^ silver¬ ware, leather goods and toilet accessories. On the second floor are hall clocks, optical goods, photographic supplies, fancy needlework and American Indian wares. The next two floors, third and fourth, are devoted to pottery, bric-a-I)rac, cut glass and china. They present a most beautiful display of art objects. The third floor in particular, which is known as the floor, contains a most extensive collection of American and foreign art potteries, metals, Japanese wares. Tiffany favrile glass and lamps, candelabra, jardinières and other art wares. The fourth floor is filled with a mag¬ nificent display of cut and Bohemian glass and fine china. Few expositions have ever exceeded in quality and the completeness of the display the wares shown along the magnificent aisles of this great retail store. Every convenience is afforded to the public. There are read¬ ing, writing and rest rooms for the patrons and vi.sitors. .\n information bureau is maintained where general directions as to railroads, street cars, ocean steamships, hotels, theaters and other information are given out. There is a branch postoffice where stamps, money orders, registered letters and other p(jstotfice busines-^ is transacted. Near this is a telegraph and cable office. There is a clock which shfuvs the comparative time of all the great cities of the world. A carefully selected library containing w ell selected books, the leading maga¬ zines and representative newspapers, directories of the principal cities, and other reference books, is another attractive feature. An emergency hospital fitted with complete surgical outfits is maintained, lelephone booths are found in all parts of the store for local and long-distance connection. A stall of guides speaking various languages is kept in connection with the information bureau to conduct visitors through the store, showing to them the many intere-^ting features which otherwise might be overlooked. The electrical plant supplies 30,000 incandescent, 200 arc lights and 50 electric elevators. All showcases are illuminated by concealed bulbs. The store has a pneumatic tube cash system, an automatic fire sprinkler system, a refrigerating plant for storage and water cool¬ ing purposes, a water filtering plant, a telephone exchange of 250 lines and a delivery system of 100 wagons and automobiles. The retail store opens at 8 a. m. and closes at 5 :3o p. m. Women employees report 30 minutes later in the morning and leave 10 minutes before closing time. An annual vacation of two weeks is allowed every employee who has been in the service more than a year and one week after six months. Lunch rooms, music rooms, gymnasiums, baths and such conveniences are provided for employees. In the retail establishment are between 6,000 and 8,000 employees and in the wholesale are 3.000 more. These figures do not include the hundreds of persons scattered through all i)arts of the world in the service of the firm. The number of customers who enter the store varies from day to day from 80,000 to 125.000. IDuring the holidays it reaches 200,000. The week of the opening of the new building on State street, in September, 1902, it averaged 350,000 per da\'. reaching 450,000 on one of the days of that week. Marshall Field, the head of the great mercantile house that bears his name, has been a prominent figure in the business interests of Chicago since he was a voting man of twenty-one years. The business principles on which he started out in the Chicago field of commerce have been steadfastly adhered to and have characterized Mr. Field's leadership in the enterprise of which he is the head and which is now the greatest of its kind in the world. Mr. Field was born in Conway, Massachusetts, August 18, 1835. His father was a well-to-do farmer and gave his son the advantages of an education in the grammar schools and later at Conway Academy. But at an early age Mr. Field's bent was toward business, neither the life of a fariner nor the glamour of a college education ajipealing very strongly to him. When seventeen years old he started to work in a. country store at Pittsfield, Massachusetts, remaining there until he came to Chicago in 1856. His first employment w as as a salesman with Cooley, W adsworth & Company. One year later this firm was reorganized as Cooley, Farwell N: Company, and in i860, when Mr. Field was but twenty-five years old, he became a junior partner in the concern. He soon took the lead in molding the policy of this house and in thy reorganiza- 1S4 THE CITY OF CHICAGO. tioii wliicli took place in 1865 be became tbe senior niemlier of a new firm known as Field, Palmer & Leiter. Two years later Mr. Potter Palmer retired to dc\'ote bis time and attention to bis g-reat real estate interests and tbe name of tbe firm was changed to Field, Leiter ».S: Company. Air. Field's masterful grasp of business sys¬ tems and detail was never more manifest tban during tbe trying times following tbe Civil war. During tbe financial storms wdiicb swept tbe country, wben many erstwbile substantial business bouses were going down, and tbus tbe example of Field, T.eiter & Company became tbe turning point in wbat was perhaps one of tbe greatest revolutions in business methods of tbe last centurv. This svstem has now reached such a perfec¬ tion that tbe percentage of losses through poor credits to Afarsball Field & Company is only a very small fraction of i per cent. Tbe fire of 1871 wiped out both the retail and whole¬ sale establishments of tbe firm. Coming as it did in tbe fall of tbe year wben tbe heaviest stock is carried, MARSHALL FIELD & COMPANY'S RETAIL PREMISES. Viewed from the corner of Wasliington street and Wabash avenue, showing new building on the right. Field, Leiter & Coupiany survived. For some time Mr. Field bad been observing tbe e\'ils of tbe credit system as it then existed in tbe business world generalh', with its long datings and jfromissor)- notes, and deferred ])ay- ments, and to bim must be gi\ en credit for turning back this tendency to tbe more sound methods which prevail to-day. At that time be established bis wholesale busi¬ ness practically on a cash basis, gi\ing discount for prompt payment, and paid cash on tbe same basis for all his purcba.ses. Tbe indisjiutable advantages of this sv stem became more and more ajiparent to other bouses. tbe loss aggregated $3,500,000. On this was carried an insurance of two and one-half million dollars, but little of this could be realized immediately and much of it was lost in tbe insurance failures that quickly followed the fire. In this crisis tbe cash system established by Mr. bield and which bad placed tbe bouse on a sound financial basis, saved it from being involved in the general ruin. Work on starting in business again was begun tbe day after tbe fire. Tbe old car barns at State and 1 wentietb streets were rented by tbe firm and their THE CITY OF CHICAGO. 185 doors thrown open with lint a sHg'ht interruption of busi¬ ness. Construction on the new buildintj was g'ot under way immediately and was completed the next year, the wholesale and the retail houses being- located in dif¬ ferent parts of the city. The first wholesale building still stands at Madison and Market streets, and is used as a w^arehouse and for factory purposes. A new retail building was erected on the corner of State and ^\ ashington streets, and was occupied until 1877- when it was burned. Business was temporarily resumed at the old Exposition building, on tbe site of the present Art Institute. The following spring the store was moved to M'abash avenue, where it occupied part of the block between Madison and Monroe streets. In 1879 the business was moved into a new building at the old site, State and Washington streets. In 1888 the tw'o five-story buildings on State street, just nortb of the original building, were acquired. In 1892-1893 the establishment was enlarged by the erection of the "Annex"' building on the corner of Washington street and A'abash avenue, and within a comparatively short time the three buildings on W^abash avenue, just north of the annex, were included. In 1901 the two north buildings on State street, together with the old Central Music Hall, w^ere torn down, and in their places there was erected a twelve-story building of steel and granite. This gave the retail business possession of about seven- eighths of the block bounded by State, Washington and Randolph streets and A Abash avenue. In 1905 the three old buildings on AAbash avenue, north of the Annex, were torn down to make room for the erection of a new twelve-story building, similar to the new por¬ tion of the State street building. The great wholesale department of Marshall Field & Company occupies the block bounded by Adams, Quincy, Franklin and Fifth avenue, and bears the dis¬ tinction of being the "largest wholesale dry goods store in the world." In addition to this there are seven ware¬ houses, the floor space of which is nearly equivalent to the area of the retail premises. The wholesale house is of massive granite construction and though it follows none of the popular models for mercantile structures, it is considered one of the best specimens of commercial architecture in the country. In 1881 Mr. Levi Z. Leiter retired from the firm and the house became known as Marshall Field & Company, which name has been unchanged for a quarter of a century. Marshall Field has given unostentatiously to many public institutions in Chicago. The most notable of his benefactions is his endowment of one million dollars to the Field Columbian Museum, In 1893, toward the close of the Columbian Exposition, the mo\'cment was started to preser\ e the many priceless exhibits of scien¬ tific, historical and artistic curios which were being donated to the city by the exhibitors at the Fair, as a nucleus for a public museum, Tlie enterprise was still in a formative state when Afr. Field came forward with his princely donation as an endowment. In recognition of this act the new institution was named the Field Columbian Museum and it has been rapidly taking a high rank among similar institutions of the world. The Fine Arts building of the World's Fair was left in Jackson Park as a temporary home for the museum and the enterprise organized. Since then Mr. Field has announced that he was ready to furnish the necessary funds for the erection of a permanent museum building as soon as the site could be provided for it in the exten¬ sion of Grant Park on the Lake Front. This extension to the park is being rapidly filled in and the erection of a magnificent museum is now the question of only a few years. Air. Field has also given liberally to the L^nix ersity of Chicago. That Air. Field still cherishes his New England asso¬ ciations is manifest in the Alemorial library which he has erected in the village of Conway, Massachusetts, where he was born, in honor of his parents, John and Fidelia (Nash) Field. Air. Field was married to Miss Nannie Douglass Scott of Ironton, Ohio, January 3, 1863. He has had two children, a son, Alarshall Field, Jr., recently deceased, and a daughter, Airs. David Beatty, who makes her home in England. He is a member of the Presbyterian Church. Morris Selz, head of the great shoe manufacturing firm of Selz, Schwab & Co., was born in Germany in 1826. He came to the L^nited States at the age of sev¬ enteen, with a total capital of $15, and his first business undertaking was as a traveling retail merchant, carry¬ ing his stock with him, A little later he was employed as a salesman by a house in Hartford, Connecticut. From there Air. Selz went South, to work in a general store in Georgia ; and after a little time there he started for the gold fields of California, by way of Panama. After several years on the Pacific Coast, Air. Selz came to Chicago in 1854. and engaged in various small undertakings until 1871, when he invested all his capital and savings in the boot and shoe business. The estab¬ lishment was a small one, occupying about half of what is now one of the firm's lesser factories. It had a daily capacity of about three hundred pairs. The business was chiefly the making of boots, and the boots were s*» good that they S(.)on gained a great reputation all through the West ; a reputation which still continues. In many localities "Selz boots" are still considered the standard of good quality, although the making of boots has become a minor feature of the business. In 1878 the firm became Selz, Sciiwab N Co., and it 186 THE CITY OF CHICAGO. was incorporated in 1890. The firm now operates seven largfe factories, with a daily capacity of 20,000 pairs; employs 100 travelins;- salesmen, 160 office and house employees, and more than 2,000 operatives. These factories produce all kinds of footwear, from the finest dress shoe for men and women to the heaviest mining' or work shoe. The firm has also a rubber mill, making rubber footwear of all kinds. The prominent characteristic of Mr. Selz as a busi¬ ness man has shown all through his business life, and is the main idea in his business to-day. "Make nothing but good goods. Make the name Selz on a shoe the sign and mark of good quality; whenever anyone puts MORRIS SELZ. his confidence and his money in goods bearing that name let him be sure of getting his full money's worth ; and a little more if possible." Upon these principles his business has become the largest producer of good shoes in the world. Gage Brothers & Company. Chicago's largest and foremost wholesale millinery establishment, occupies the magnificent twelve-stor\' building at 129-131 Michigan avenue, where it has been located since 1899. The business is an old one, having been founded in 1856 by Seth Gage and John N. Gage. The concern has since, however, passed into the hands of a stock company, of which Frederick Bode is the president, George Ebeling, the vice-president, and Geo. H. Hovey, the secretary and treasurer. A visit to the establishment as it is to-day reveals the magnitude and class of the business. The Gage building is a handsome structure of stone and brick, facing towards the Lake Front. The building was origi¬ nally eight stories, but it was found necessary to add four more floors in 1902, since which the house has achieved the reputation of being the largest importers in America, and having the most complete stock of mil¬ linery merchandise ever displayed under one roof. The GAGE BROTHERS & COMPANY'S BUILDING. first floor of the establishment is devoted to the recep¬ tion room, general offices and the ribbon and yard goods departments. On the second floor are the street and outing hats, with special display rooms. The third floor is given over to untrimmed hats. This floor is particularly interesting, showing as it does the founda¬ tions which later become elaborate creations. On the THE CITY OF CHICAGO. 187 fourth floor are exhibited the flowers and feathers. This floor is a panorama of color. The fifth floor is occupied by the lace, ornament, millinery, notion and novelty departments. The pattern hat department, with special display rooms, is on the sixth floor. On the seventh floor is the tailored hat department with display rooms, with its large varied assortment. The factor)- itself, the most interesting part of the establishment, covers the eighth floor. The ninth and tenth are used for packing, shipping, casing and basketing, the eleventh is devoted to the reserve stock, while the top floor is used for miscellaneous purposes. The advertising department, naturally an important feature of the busi¬ ness, and the editorial rooms of The Gage, a quarterly publication issued by the firm, are on this floor. A fair notion of the methods and policy which have brought the house to its present prominent position can be derived from the pages of The Gage. It is well edited and finely illustrated, and its make-up, in gen¬ eral attractiveness, is superior to that of a majority of the magazines of the day. It editorially lays stress upon the fact that Gage Brothers & Company are the largest import¬ ers in the country and as a result offer decided advantages to the trade. In point of fact the house sets fashions rather than follows them. Every day hundreds of new styles and creations are produced in the Gage factory. The house employs the best talent in the way of designers and makers that money can pro¬ cure. The two elements to be observed in millinery manufacture are material and work¬ manship; both these phases are developed to the highest degree of perfection in the Gage establishment. They give the "Gage hat" a certain prestige or class that is denied the inferior article. One word expresses the Gage business slogan—"quality." Spaulding & Co. The house of Spauld- ing & Co., jewelers, was established and incorporated in 1888. Mr. Henry A. Spauld¬ ing, one of the founders, and the first presi¬ dent of the company, had for years been prominently identified with the jewelry house of Tiffany & Co. in Paris. He, together with a party of gentlemen, including Levi Z. Leiter and Edward Eorman, of Chicago; Edward Holbrook of New York; E. J. Smith, then of Detroit, and George St. Amant of Paris, organized and established the present well-known house. The business was incor¬ porated with a paid-in capital of $500,000, and the following officers chosen : Idenry A. Spaulding, president; Edward Forman, secre¬ tary, and Edward Holbrook, treasurer. These were all men of business experience and ability, and all thor¬ oughly informed in the special departments to which they gave their attention. Mr. Lloyd Milnor of New York became treasurer in 1890 and president in 1896, succeeding Mr. Holbrook, who had been chosen to that office in 189^. Edward Forman died April 14, 1898, and Mr. E. J. Smith was made secretary. Within a short time it was demonstrated that Chi¬ cago could support such an establishment as it was the intention of the promoters to make it, and soon Spaulding & Co. became recognized as the leading jewelry house of the West. Located on the southeast corner of State street and Jackson boulevard, the com¬ pany occupies a six-story-and-basement building, two floors of which, each with a space of 147x40 feet, are utilized as salesrooms. On the upper floors are the manufacturing departments, and here all of the diamond mountings are made, and the special designs in gold and SPAULDING & CO.'S BUILDING. 188 THE CITY OP CHICAGO. silverware, for which the house has establisliecl such a wide reputation. There is also a very complete sta¬ tionery department, and evervthiiiir connected there¬ with, including embossing, is done in the building. The main floor is devoted to the sale of jewelry, diamonds, silverware, gold and silver mounted leather goods, Sta¬ tionen- and a full line of English hall and mantel clocks. On the second floor is to be found the art department, where everything in the way of statuary, bronzes, rich cut-glass and costly bric-a-brac are gathered in pic¬ turesque display. Throughout the entire building one is impressed with the taste shown in the furnishings, as well as the artistic arrangements, making it one of the best-appointed shops of its kind in the world. Spaulding & Co. also maintain a branch establish¬ ment in Paris at 36 Avenue de l'Opéra, said to be the most conspicuous American addition to that city in the way of adornment and trade. The showrooms are handsomely decorated in white and gold, and the "even¬ ing room," draped in black velvet, like the ^ "gem boudoir" of the Chcago house, is of special interest to the large number of \ isitors who throng the place. The Paris house is of special value in connection with the American house, as it enables them to secure all the newest Parisian novelties as they make their appearance. And in this regard it may be said that Chicago, with its close jwoximity to the mineral wealth of the great Xorthwest, is rapidly becoming the center of the jewelry trade of the country. The E, L, Mansupe Company, the lead¬ ing upholstery and drapery concern in Chicago, was established in 1890, with small (juarters at 45 Randoljfli street. The advancement in the business was rapid from the outset; in 1900 they removed to their present quarters at 74-76-78 Michi¬ gan avenue. The company occupies the entire seven floors and basement, the largest establishment devoted exclusively to their line of business in the West. The building houses the offices, salesrooms, stockrooms and manufactories of the com- |)any. On the first floor are the offices, ship])ing rooms, show and receiving rooms, etc. The second floor is devoted to the finishing department, where 150 girls are emjdoyed. Here is done the measuring and inspecting and varions details are smoijthed (i\er and the goods are made ready for shipping. The matching and stock de])artments are on the third floor. Here the colors are matched and goods selected. The fourth and fifth floors are devoted to the manufacture of cord, cot¬ ton and silk, respectively, requiring dozens of spinning machines of the latest models. The hand looms are on the sixth floor; here are employed scores of workmen skilled in their craft. They do the difficult work, such as the manufacture of special pieces of draperies, fringe, etc. The large power looms are on the seventh floor; these machines turn out the larger pieces of thirty-six and seventy-two yards. The basement of the building shelters all the raw materials employed in the manufac¬ ture of the firm's finished products. Here are stored bales on bales of cotton and bags of worsted. On every floor is a fireproof vault in which is stored the silk, which comes in large skeins. These are extremely valuable and extra precautions are taken to guard them against being spoiled or destroyed. Altogether over 500 peo¬ ple are employed in the establishment. The firm's THE E, L. MANSl'KE a)MP.\NY'S BUILDING. THE CITY OF CHICAGO. 180 machinery and equipment are of the most improved models. The company has a branch factory in Phila¬ delphia, smaller than the local plant, to accommodate the eastern trade and help out the local people in rush orders, and turn out special work. They also have a Xew York sales office in the Hartford building. The company's trade extends over the United States and Canada. They both make draperies, uphol¬ stery, fringes, portières and similar household equip¬ ment of their own designs, and according to special orders. Carl Weilert, designer of their embroideries, is the cleverest man in his line in the country. Mansure's work has always been artistic, though utility has not been overlooked. IMr. E. L. Mansure, founder of the business, has been its president since its establishment. He was asso¬ ciated with the drapery business many years previous. H. F. Walliser is vice-president, P. R. Rudhart is secre¬ tary, and Jobn H. \"an Arsdale, treasurer. George /V\. Clark &. Company has been a leading name in tbe stove manufacturing business for the past twenty-four years. The firm was founded by George M. Clark in 1881, and since then has made rapid progress. The home offices are at 72 Lake street. The firm has made a specialty of the manufacture of gasoline and gas stove ranges and appliances, known as the "Jewel." The growth of the business necessitated the removal of the factory in 1897 to Harvey, Illinois, where four hun¬ dred hands are employed. In 1902 the business was merged, with other companies, in the American Stove GEORGE M. CLARK & COMl'ANY'S PLANT. Company, of which Air. Clark became first vice-presi¬ dent and general manager of the ( ¡eorge Al. Clark Com¬ pany division. George Alark Clark was born at Westminster, Ver¬ mont, June 10, 1841, the son of Alark and Sarah (Hall) Clark. Air. Clark received his education in the public school at Westminster. He began his business life in a general merchandise store in Brattleboro, Vermont, where he lived from 1858 to 1864. The opportunities of the West tempterl him to come to Chicago in 1864. He accepted a ¡position with Jessup, Kennedy & Com- ])any, which firm afterward became Crerar, Adams & Company, manufacturers of railway supplies. Air. Clark GEORGE ^[. CLARK. soon became superintendent of the works. In 1874 the Adams-Westlake Alanufacturing Company was incor¬ porated, taking over the manufacturing interest of Cre¬ rar, Adams & Company. Air. Clark was made superin¬ tendent of the new corporation, which position he held until 1885. In 1881 Air. Clark, with Air. .\dams, started a new company for manufacturing gasoline and vapor stoves, incorporating same under the name of Alyers Alanufacturing Company. In 1886 the name was changed to George AI. Clark & Company. Air. Clark was married to Aliss Elizabeth AI Keep at Oberlin, Ohio, June 18, 1872. They have two chil¬ dren, Alice Keep and Robert Keep. Air. Clark is a Republican in politics and is a member of the Union League Club. The family residence is at 460 Dearborn avenue. Moses Bensinger, the late president of the Bruns- wick-Balke-Collender Company, Chicago, New York and Cincinnati, with branch houses in all the principal cities of the United .States, France, Germany, Canada and Alexico, was born in Louisville, Kentucky, August 17, 1839, and died October 14, 1904, in his sixty-sixth year. » Air. Bensinger commenced his business career as a jeweler's apprentice and watchmaker, continuing in that 190 THE CITY OF CHICAGO. line until 1869, when he became identified with J. M. concern has been increased to something more than Brunswick, the pioneer manufacturer of billiard tables, four times that of 1890, when he took direct charge of with factories in Cincinnati and Chicago. By persistent the great establishment. He was too enterprising and effort and energetic push, he soon mastered the details energetic to rest content with a business which he con¬ sidered susceptible of enlargement and improvement. He told several of the stockholders who were opposed to development that new methods, new life and vigor were essential to continued prosperity, and that without them the great business that he and the two or three other living founders of the company had built up would die out of dry rot, and disintegrate of itself. He did not by any means have clear sailing, so to speak. There Avere numerous rocks and shoals, which might have brought a less skillful or less determined mariner to disaster. Mr. Bensinger was a member of the Chicago Ath¬ letic and Standard Clubs, and was of a jovial, good- natured disposition, to which, in a measure, can prob¬ ably be attributed his populartiy. He was never so happy as when relating anecdotes of- the good old days when he was roughing it as traveling salesman and gen¬ eral utility man for the company of which he was the head for a number of years. Mr. Bensinger was married to Eleanora, one of the daughters of J. M. Brunswick, in 1865. Of his three children, B. E. Bensinger, his only son, has succeeded his father as pre.sident of the company, of the business and became the practical head of the business. Owing in a large measure to his foresight and Monarch Book Company. The civilized world capability as an organizer, the rival house of Julius agrees with the philosopher who suggested that we Balke of Cincinnati and St. Louis was induced to join bless the man who invented books. It must be con- forces with the J. M. Brunswick Company, under the ceded, however, that he who publishes and sells books corporate name of the J. M. Brunswick & Balke Company. Mr. Bensinger, one of the partners in the new firm, assumed the management of the principal establish¬ ment in Chicago. Subsequently through Mr. Bensinger's efforts, the H. W. Col- lender Company of New York, which was at that time a formidable competitor, was absorbed, and the corporate name of the company changed in 1884 to its pres¬ ent title. The Brunswick-Balke-Collender Company. The office of the president of the com¬ pany was held in succession by J. M. Brunswick, Julius Balke and H. W. Col- lender. Upon the death of the latter in 1890, Mr. Bensinger was unanimously chosen for the important position, which he held until his death. The company has for many merits equal, if not more, consideration from those who years been known as the oldest and largest manufac- 'nay be disposed to bestow benedictions on the members turers of billiard and pool tables in the world, but under of the book craft. Mr. Bensingei s able management the output of the The business of publishing and selling books has MOSES BENSINGER. BRUNSW'tCK-BALKE-COLLENDER COMPANY'S PLANT THE CITY OF CHICAGO. made great strides during the past twentv-five years, and the Monarch Book Coinpanx' has been a leader in the advance movement at all times. This concern was founded in 1882. by two college students at Beloit, Wis- LINCOLN W. WALTER. consin, who shortly thereafter finished college and moved the business to Chicago, where, under able and farsighted management, it has been developed from the small beginning to the present large business institu¬ tion. Originally this company sold only such books as it could buy from other publishers, but its business grew so rapidly that it shortly engaged in publishing its own books, and has been for a number of years regarded as one of the leading publishing houses of the world. It was a pioneer in publishing juvenile literature and sell¬ ing these books through agents during the holiday sea¬ son. It is safe to say that millions of its children's books have been purchased for Christmas presents, which have been a never-ending source of amusement and instruction to the little ones. This house has always been ahead of its competitors in introducing new fea¬ tures, with the result that its books have been made more attractive from year to year. Besides children's books, its list of publications includes historical, bio¬ graphical, religious, educational and works of reference. The Monarch Book Company has from the beginning employed the best authors obtainable, and its list of writers contains the names of the most famous men and women in literature of the last quarter of a century. Among these are the Rev. Frank W. Gunsaulus, presi¬ dent of Armour Institute of Technology, the Rev. Sam¬ uel Fallows, the Rev. J. J. McGovern. Theodore Roose- \'elt, William McKinley, Grover Cleveland, Henry Cabot Lodge, George William Curtis, George F- Hoar, James Bryce, James Cardinal Gibbons, Seymour Eaton, Dr. Henry Hopkins, president of Williams College; David Starr Jordan, president of Leland Stanford Uni¬ versity; Hon. Murat Halstead, Edward S. Ellis, Dr. John Lord, Evelyn H. Walker, Anna A. Gordon, Opie Read, Press Woodruff, Samuel L. Clemens, the Rev. J. S. Kirtley and many other eminent scholars and writers equally well known. The Monarch Book Company has always enjoyed the esteem of the public because of its sterling honesty and fair dealing, and its strong financial condition is due to the fact that its publications have invariably been successful, many of them reaching enormous sales in a short space of time. Of the Life of McKinley over 750,- 000 copies were sold in less than four months after his death. Several hundred thousand Bibles, both family and teacher's editions, have been sold. Enormous sums in royalties have been paid to the authors. The W. C. T. U., through Anna A. Gordon, received over $24,000 royalty from the sale of the Life of Frances E. Willard. The Monarch Standard Atlas and Illustrated World is a monumental work and its sale has reached over 300,- 000 copies. Barnes' Bible Encyclopedia in three vol- GORDON G. SAPP. nines and the History and Government of the United States in six volumes have been but recently issued and are already in great demand. To properly market its great output, this company employs hundreds of travelers, who visit every section THE CITY OP CHIC. I GO of the country several times each war, and thousands of local agents. The management earl\' adopted the policy of rewarding faithful work hy advancement, and the result is that to-day every de])artmcnt is in charge of WILLIAM H. RIDER. thoroughly experienced and competent managers, and the grand success of the house is due, in no small degree, to the hearty and efficient co-operation of its army of workers. The main office in Chicago and the branch office in Philadelphia are veritable hives of industry. The officers of the Monarch Book Company are: Lincoln W. Wal¬ ter, president and treasurer; Gordon G. Sapp, vice-presi¬ dent, and William H. Rider, secretary and general man¬ ager. These gentlemen also constitute the board of directors. The Bläkely Printing Company. In 1898, when the Stercotypers' union marched out in a body and the Chicago newspapers were compelled to suspend publication, at a time when the public thirsted for news of the Sijanish-American War, it remained for an enter¬ prising printing firm. The Blakely Printing Company, to fill in the gap and supply the public with a news¬ paper that contained comjdete and authentic intelli¬ gence. It will be remembered that the Chicago i)apers did not appear on July 2, at the time when Shafter was knocking at Santiago's gates and an encounter between Schley's and Cer\ era's naval forces was hourly expected. C.-F. Blakely, \ ice-president of The Blakely Printing Company, 126-132 Market street, and W. M. Knox, ])resident of the Press Club, heard of the walk-out, and decided to supply the deficiency. The P.lakely Company had all the necessary facilities, presses, etc. Knox organized his "stafï " at three in the morning, and offices were established at Blakely's. Telegraphic service was secured ; at eight in the morn¬ ing the presses started, and in five minutes the sheet was on the street. It was a four-page affair, as large as the Inter-Ocean. It contained not merely the latest war news, with full details of the American victories in Cuba, but all the current news, even including the base- hall scores. The paper's circulation the first day reached 40,000; on the fourth it sold 1,000,000 copies. The publication was suspended as soon as the dailies resumed issue. The projectors pocketed a handsome profit and a handsomer reputation for enterprise and push. The Blakely Printing Company, among the oldest concerns of its kind in Chicago, was established in 1871 on Green street, near Randolph street, on the West Side, since which time they have grown to be one of the largest and most modern ecjuipped printing houses in the West. They are now located at 126-132 ^Market street, occupying a large portion of the front and rear buildings. Their plant is in operation both day and night, employing a large force of the most skilled and intelli¬ gent workmen. The company has a reputation for turning out high- class work. This volume is a product of their press- I C. V. BLAKELY. rooms. Their most worthy pieces of work were the two volumes "The Book of The Fair" and "The Book of Wealth." The latter was the most expensive modern hook ever published. The edition de luxe was limited; each volume sold for $2,500. W. K. Vanderhilt, J. Pier- THE CITY OF CHICAGO. pont Morgan, Alva E. Belmont, Caroline Aster, J. J. Astor and Helen Gould were among the subscribers. Mrs. David Blakely is president of the company; C. F. Blakely, vice-president and founder, is its active bead. J. I. ( )s\vald, secretan' and manager, bas been associated with the concern for twenty-bve years; Haw- ley Olmstead, the treasurer, bas been with tbem for the last fifteen years. Peter Reinberg, alderman of the Twenty-sixth ward, whose florist establishment is the largest in the world, was born on a farm at Rosebill in 1858. His father bad settled on a tbirt\-two-acre tract there ten years previous, when only Indian roads stretched through the forests in the direction of Chicago. \\ bile a boy. Alderman Reinberg attended the rural schools about bis home and herded cattle in the district now known as Ravenswood. As Chicago grew vege¬ table raising became profitable and he was engaged in this pursuit on his father's farm until 1887, when he laid the foundation of his great flower industry by building his first greenhouses. These were very small affairs in comparison with the ones which he now puts up a block at a time. For the first two years, Mr. Reinberg grew lettuce and cucumbers in his greenhouses. With an addition of four more greenhouses he then turned his attention from truck gardening to growing roses and carnations. He has kept adding to these greenhouses until the present time when his greenhouse property aggregates 1,200,000 square feet of glass, the largest in the world. Alderman Reinberg regards the flower habit as con¬ tagious and his endeavor has been constantly to edu¬ cate the public to an appreciation of his products. There are times in the vear when the flower market is dull and when prices are extremely low. Mr>st florists are then disposed to gather their blooms and dump them as waste fertilizing material. This is not so with Mr. Reinberg, however. Iiis philosophy has been to PETER REINBERG. market the flowers regardless of the prices they bring. The working of this theory is seen in the rapidly increas¬ ing use of flowers in Chicago. "Where flowers are brought into a house because they are cheap at some particular season," he says, "these same flowers are likely to find their way into 194 THE CITY OF CHICAGO. the home wlien they cost a ^reat deal more. There is no doubt that the per capita consumption of llowers has increased greatly and that it is still g"rowing'." Ordinarily when a visitor sees the twenty-six acres of ]\ir. Reinberg's plant under glass, he wonders about the cost of the glass. As a matter of fact the glass represents only about one-seventh of the cost of a greenhouse establishment. The framework for the glass, the benches for the plants, the steam piping for heating and even the ventilating apparatus by which all of the windows may be opened simultaneously by the turning of a ratchet wheel, are all expensive items. Mr. Reinberg's establishment represents an investment of nearly one million dollars. In the last year the steam plants at his greenhouses have consumed more than 12,000 tons of coal. The main offices of his green¬ houses are at 3468 Robey street. Until the spring of 1904 Mr. Reinberg was inter¬ ested in politics only as a looker-on. He had persist¬ ently refused to run for office. The mayor and sheriff then persuaded him to run for alderman. Although his ward is normallv republican by 1,500, he swept the ward on the democratic ticket with a plurality of 2,293. Brock &. Pankin. The edition book business of Brock & Rankin was established in 1892, the firm occu- A. J. BROCK. pying quarters at 327 Dearborn street. From its incep¬ tion the gnnvth of the business was rapid and a year later they moved into larger cpiarters at 87 Plymouth place. In 1897 they removed to 155 Plymouth place, the increase in business again necessitating a change. Finally, in 1902, they erected their present establishment at 383 La Salle street to accommodate the needs of the concern. It is a modern fireproof seven-story structure, of which four floors are devoted exclusively to their printing and binding business. They have 70,000 square CHARLES W. RANKIN. feet of floor space, and their equipment represents the very latest developments in composition, printing and binding machinery. They employ 250 people in their plant. Their business embraces the composition, printing and binding of books, catalogues, encyclopedias, his¬ tories, fiction, et al. They do a very large amount of school book work, supplying as they do school books in over half the states in the Lhiion. Their work is of the highest quality ; this volume is a product of their binding department. The two members of the firm are A. J. Brock and Charles \\', Rankin, both of whom are men who have been identified with Chicago's business growth for thirty years, during which time they have both been connected with the printing and book business. They have contributed their share towards developing the printing and binding industry in Chicago. Some idea of its expansion can be gained from the fact that Brock & Rankin's present plant has a capacity twice that of all the Chicago plants of thirty years ago combined. Chicago Edison Company. Climatic and commer¬ cial conditions peculiarly favorable to the manifold applications of electric current for power and lighting purposes, together with the remarkable growth of the city within the last decade, have made Chicago one THE CITY OP CHICAGO. 195 of the foremost electrical centers of the country. The prevailing fogs of the winter season, aggravated by the "smoke nuisance" and intensified bv the lofty office buildings and narrow streets of the down-town district, necessitate the use of a tremendous amount of artificial illumination, and this demand has l)een greatly aug¬ mented during recent years by the almost universal acceptance of electricity as the most efficient and desir¬ able medium for residential, store and sign lighting and as the most flexible and economical form of applied power. The development of this important industry in Chi¬ cago is largely due to the Chicago Edison Company. Incorporated in April, 1887, as an outgrowth of the old Western Edison Electric Light Company, its first central station, located at 139 Adams street, was placed in commission in August, 1888, with a total capacity of about 50,000 lights and a connected business of 16,800 sixteen candlepower equivalent, contracts for which had been secured during the erection of the plant. The growth of business was rapid, and within three years the Adams Street station, in which it was thought that ample provision had been made for future expan¬ sion, became heavily overloaded, thus necessitating the erection of a larger plant. This need was increased by consolidation with several other companies, the largest of which was the Chicago Arc Light and Power Com¬ pany, operating a high-tension arc lighting plant at Washington street and the river. Land was accordingly purchased on the west bank of the Chicago river at Harrison street, and plans were prepared for what then seemed an immense plant, equipped with the most modern apparatus, laid out in accordance with the latest ideas in central station construction and desisrned to take care of the anticipated increase in business for the next decade. The Harrison Street station was com¬ pleted in August, 1894, when the entire load of the Adams Street station was transferred to the new plant, the station at 139 Adams street being permanently shut down. It did not seem practicable to raise all the feeders which had formerly centered at the Adams Street plant, and it was therefore decided to connect the Harrison Street station to 139 Adams street by an immense trunk line capable of carrying several 196 THE CITY OF CHICAGO. times the amount of current turned out by the old station, which therel)\ became the "center of dis¬ tribution.'' As soon as the trunk line was completed the building; at 139 Adams street was reconstructed to accommodate tbe company's general offices and some of its operating departments. In the meantime a demand had sprung up in the southern residence section of the city and to meet this a station was built on \\'abash avenue just south of Twenty-sixth street and a new system of conductors reaching nearly to that of the down-town system, was laid in the streets. In 1S94 a corresponditig station was erected for the northern residence district, located at Clark and Ohio streets, for the purpose of supplying the territory bounded by the river. North avenue and the lake. The original installation at Harrison street was kept in sendee from 1894 to 1897, after which, during another period of rapid expansion from 1897 to 1902 this plant was also developed to the full extent per¬ mitted by the property, while the Washington Street station (acquired from the Chicago Arc Light & Power Conqjany) was likewise developed to the limit of its capacity. In 1897 the advance of the science made it commer¬ cially possible to transmit high potential current and to convert the same current to lower voltages for dis¬ tribution o\er existing low-tension lines, whereupon the first three-phase transmission line at 2,300 volts (which one year later was raised to 4.500 volts) was installed to sup])ly alternating current to rotary con¬ verters located in the Twenty-seventh Street station. These machines and the auxiliary step-down trans¬ former received high potential alternating current and delivered direct current to the low-tension distributing system. The larger area which could now be economically supplied from a single large station gave a great impetus to sub-station develo])ment, and the transmis¬ sion voltage was raised to 9,000 volts. The smaller generating plants were gradually converted into rotary sub-.stations with auxiliary steam reserve, while Harri¬ son Street station was equi])ped with larger units rang¬ ing up to 3,500 kilowatts, to take care of the con¬ stantly growing demand. In order to supplement its central station capacity during the period of maximum load, and as an addi¬ tional safeguard against possible interruption of service the company decided to install a huge .storage batterv in the basement of 139 Adams street, the installation of which was completed in .May, 1898. Jn October, 1899, a second battery was placed in the .same building and two years later a third was installed, thus insur¬ ing the utmost possible jn-otection to the company's customers in the event of trouble at the generating stations. The changes occasioned by gradual betterment of the service have involved amongst other improvements the substitution of direct current constant potential arc lighting for the old series arc system and the abolition of 500 volt power, this ha\ ing been superseded by 220- volt service. At the present time the Chicago Edison Company operates one large generating station, three subsidiary steam plants which are operated the greater part of the year as sub-stations, and eighteen other sub-sta¬ tions for direct current distribution to the company's customers, a number of these sub-stations being equipped with storage batteries in addition to the con¬ verting apparatus, while four of them are storage bat¬ tery sub-stations pure and simple, their sole function being the accumulation of a reserve supply of energy to supplement the direct supply to the distribution system during the period of heavy load. The com])anv has been remarkably successful in displacing isolated plants with its central station service, and practically all of the larger stores, clubs, office buildings and hotels are now supplied with light and power by the Edison company. The development of its power business has also increased verv- rapidly dur¬ ing the last few years as the economical possibilities of small direct-connected motor installations are becom¬ ing more widely understood and appreciated. Some idea of the company's growth may be derived from a comparison of its ])resent connected business with that of ten years ago. Light. Eiscal year ending 1894 183,400 16 candlepower Eiscal year ending 1905 775,900 16 candlepower Power. Fiscal }'ear ending 1894 3,600 horsepower Fiscal year ending 1905 55,000 horsepower d he officers of the company are : Samuel Insull, president ; Robert T. Lincoln, first vice-presitlent : Louis A. herguson, second vice-])resident ; M'illiam .V. Fox, secretary and treasurer; Robert L. Elliott, assistant secretary; John H. L.ulick, auditor. Commonwealth Electric Company. .\bout the year 1889, in the small towns then e.xisting around Lhicago, which have now become a part of the city, a number of small companies or individuals almost simultaneously obtained franchises for the erec¬ tion of poles for systems of electrical distribution in the valions sections, and small lighting businesses were started. Many of these districts overlapped each other, and all were in contact with competitors, so that 1896 found no less than ten small companies operating in what had now become the new portion of the city. THE CITY OF CHICAGO. 197 Most of these properties were not very profitable to the holders of their securities, and some were hardly able to pay their bond interest. Continuous require¬ ments for additional investment for extensions, taken perforce from earnings, and a ruinous competition had seriously interfered with the success which promised at the time of their establishment. About this time certain gentlemen of discriminating judgment in the matter of lighting fields and of wide experience in the electric lighting business generally, controlling ample means of financing any proposition which received their Power Company, Hyde Park Thomson-Houston Light Company, Hyde Park Electric Company, Englewood Electric Company. Mutual Electric Light Company, M est Chicago Light & Power Company, \\ estem Light & Power Company. Edgewater Light Com¬ pany. and Miller Electric Light Company. The new company found itself the owner of a hetero¬ geneous assortment of plants and systems, supplying various kinds of electric energy over a district compris¬ ing about one hundred square miles of territory. As soon as conditions would permit, a number of the less SECTIONAL VIEW OF THE COMMONWEALTH ELECTRIC COMPANY'S WORKS. endorsement, began the movement which, in 1898, resulted in the purchase of all the companies by a corpo¬ ration formed at that time, named the Commonwealth Electric Companv. This company was possessed of a broad and liberal franchise for the installation and oper¬ ation of underground systems of conductors for the distribution of electricity in the finer portion of the old city, and pole line systems in the balance of the old city and all of the new city. The following plants were thus c^t of Pittsburs:. ■J HO.MAS J. O'GARA. Mr. O'Gara's latest and greatest exploit in the coal business is the organization of the ( ) Gara Coal Com¬ pany, with a capital stock of $6,000,000. He controls this large corporation and is its pre.sident and general manager. The control of the O'Gara Coal Company, with the mines already owned by Mr. O'Gara, gives him twenty-seven mines, all in operation, and having a capacity of 7.000,000 tons a year. His latest enterprise places Mr. O'Gara in the ranks of the leading coal mine owners and operators in the Nation. James McDonald was born at Lincoln, England. July 21, 1865. the son of John and Elizabeth (Halliday) McDonald. Mr. IMcDonald was educated at the Lin- james McDonald, coin Grammar School, the alma mater of so manv famous Englishmen. His scholastic career culminated in 1881 when he won the degree of A. A. (Associate of Arts) from the ancient University of Oxford. In 1882 Mr. IMcDonald determined to follow Berke¬ ley's famous admonition and "come west." iVttracted by the opportunities for young men in Chicago he came in the fall of that year. In 1883 identified himself with the Chicago, Wilmington & Vermillion Coal Company as general accountant. Later he took charge of the company's jobbing department, and for several years acted as general sales agent. In April. 1903. Mr. McDonald organized the Interstate Coal & Coke Company of Illinois, with large interests in Indiana. Illinois, and Ohio coal fields. Associated with Mr. McDonald is William Job, a large Ohio and Indiana operator. IMr. McDonald is also secretary and general manager of the Mammoth Vein Coal Company in Sullivan County, Indiana, of which company Mr. Job is president. Mr. McDonald is also secretary of Job's Ohio Hocking Coal Company, with large mines in Perry County. Ohio. Mr. McDonald was natural¬ ized in i88(), and has voted the Republican ticket ever since. He takes a great interest in the politics of his 206 THE CITY OF CHICAGO. adopted conntrv, but has never seen fit to identify him¬ self with any political organization. Mr. McDonald was married in 1891 to Miss Flor¬ ence R. Lemmon and has a son and a daughter, Paul A., and Bessie Mae ^IcDonald. The son Paul is at present attending the Lake Forest \cademy and as he has already evinced a decided taste for business is ex¬ pected to follow in the father's footsteps. Mr. McDon¬ ald attributes his success in business to the fact that all through his career he has insisted upon the faithful per¬ formance of all contracts. In coal circles Mr. Mc¬ Donald's word is as good as his bond. Hence his envi¬ able reputation among the representative men of the Middle M'est. Robert R. Hammond, president of the Dering Coal Company of Chicago, and formerly second vice- president and general manager of the Chicago & ROBERT R. HAMMOND. Eastern Illinois Railroad Co., is a native of Iowa. He was born at Ottumwa, February 14, 1857. nineteen be entered the service of the Burlington Railroad Co. as agent and operator. He left the Burlington in 1881, going to Kansas City for the Kansas City, Fort Scott & Memphis (now a part of the Frisco system). His pro¬ motion in the road's service was rapid. In turn he became train disi)atcher, chief train dispatcher, division superintendent and general sui)erintendent, holding the latter ]jost after the road had been merged with the Frisco. He was appointed su|>erintendent of the maintenance for the Frisco in August, 1901, and the following year he joined the "Katy" (Missouri, Kansas & Texas) forces, becoming assistant general manager. .\s general manager of the Chicago & Eastern Illinois he came to Chicago in January, 1903. At this time the road was a part of the Frisco system, and in April, 1904, he was transferred to St. Louis, having been elected second vice-president of the entire system, with 5.000 miles of trackage under his jurisdiction. He returned to Chicago last fall to become second vice-president and general manager of all the Fri.sco lines east of the ^Mississippi, wdiich embraced the management of the Chicago & Eastern Illinois, the Evansville & Terre Haute and the Evansville & Indianapolis roads. His official duties put him in close contact with the coal trade, as the volume of coal shipments over these lines is enormous. Mr. Hammond developed the system to a high degree of efficiency, which proved beneficial both to the Frisco system and the immense coal interests of the West. In March, 1905, he severed all connection with the railway service and became president of the Dering Coal Company, the largest coal concern west of Pittsburg. The Dering Com- panv, which has its offices in the Old Colony building, is a consolidation of six different concerns, of which the Crescent Coal & Mining Company and the West- ville Coal Company were the largest. The company operates fifteen properties in Sullivan, Vigo and Ver¬ milion counties, Indiana, and Vermilion and Franklin counties, Illinois. Among these are some of the most valuable coal properties in the West. The company conducts both a wholesale and retail business, the latter having been instituted but recently. J. K. Dering, for¬ merly president of the J. K. Dering Coal Company, now a part of the big concern, is vice-president. ]\lr. Hammond, in addition to his affiliation with the principal coal trade organizations, belongs to some of tbe leading clubs here. Col. A. L. Sweet is president of the Chicago, Wil¬ mington & Vermillion Coal Company, one of the oldest and largest concerns in the state. Few men have con¬ tributed more towards the development of the immense coal interests of the West. Colonel Sweet is a native of Illinois. He was born in Jacksonville, August 21, 1831. His father, the Rev. Joel Sweet, was one of the pioneers of the Baptist clergy in the state. Mr. Sweet's first business experience was in the commission line, in St. Louis, but he shortly afterwards became an agent for the Rock Island Railroad at La Salle, Illinois. His first association with the coal trade dates from 1865, when he secured a situation with E. D. Taylor & Son of Chicago, in the capacity of general salesman. Three years later he accepted a similar position with the Chicago & Wilmington Company. His promotion in their employ was rapid, and he was made superintend¬ ent of the company in 1870. When, in 1872, the Chi- THE CITY ÔP CHICAGO. 207 cago & ilmington and tlie \'^erinillion companies were consolidated, Col. Sweet was elected secretary and general manager of the new company, known to this day as the Chicago. Wilmington & \"ermillion Coal Company. In 1890 he was elected president, in which capacity he has served ever since. Maj. T. .\. Lemmon is the company's secretary and treasurer. The Chicago. Wilmington & \ ermillion Coal (Com¬ pany. whose general offices are in the ( )ld Colony build¬ ing, ranks as one of the largest coal i)roducers in the state, the output of its properties at Thayer. South Wilmington and Streator for 1904 being 1.250,000 tons. The mine at Thayer. Sangamon County, which \ ields more than its share of the total output, is a wonder. The development of this proj^erty has been remarkably rapid. The first shaft was sunk in June. 1900, and by the following January the mine produced 250 tons a the war he was attached to the Fifteenth Army Corps of the .\rmv of the Tennessee. After being mustered out, in 1866. he came to Chicago, entering the employ of E. D. Taylor & Son, coal dealers on Market street. Col. A. L. Sweet, president of the Chicago, W ilmington COL. A. L. SWEET. day. By December, 1901, the mine's daily capacity was 2,ooo tons, which average it has since maintained. The plant is one of the newest and best equipped in the state. T. A. Lemmon, secretary of the Chicago, Wilming¬ ton & X'ermillion Coal Company and one of the leading coal men of the W est. was born at New Albany, Indiana, April 16, 1841. His parents were Michael and Martha (Griffin) Lemmon, his mother being a grandniece of Thomas Jefferson. Young Lemmon obtained his schooling in his native town. Shortly after graduating, in 1861, he enlisted in the Fifth ( )hio Cavalry, fighting at Shiloh and several other large battles. Throughout T. A. LEMMOX. & \'ermillion, secured his start in the coal business with the same people. In 1868 Mr. Lemmon established a l)usiness of his own, but the fire of 1871 wiped it out. -\fter serving in several capacities he became sec¬ retary and treasurer of the Chicago & Wilmington Coal Company, in 1887. Mr. Lemmon married Miss Sara C. Berry of New Albany. Indiana, in 1865. He has a family of two sons and a daughter. IMrs. James IMcDonald of this city. Both sons are engaged in the coal business. The La Salle County Carbon Coal Company was organized in 1883 and is one of the most prominent operative concerns in the La Salle County field. Its large properties in Illinois produce a high grade of fuel coal, which is shipped to Chicago and other clistrihuting points in immense quantities. The offices oí the com¬ pany are in the Old Colony building. Franklin O. Wyatt, manager and secretary of the La Salle County Carbon Coal Company, is one of the best known coal operators in the West. He was born at Norwich, Vermont, June 12. 1838, the son of Joseph L. and Abigail Wyatt. He was educated in the public schools and Asbury University, now DePauw Uni¬ versity, at Greencastle, Indiana. He began his business life as a civil engineer and was engaged in railway con- 208 THE CITY OF CHICAGO. strnction and in the operation of railways from 1867 to 1885. Toward the close of this period he became inter¬ ested in a nnmber of coal properties, and in 1884 be¬ came manager of the La Salle company. lie was married at Honesdalc, Pennsylvania, in 1S72, to Miss Marian L. Piirdy. They have three daughters. Edith F., Faitli and Pliyllis M. The family residence is at 1761 Sheridan road. The Standard Washed Coal Company, in the short time since it was organized, April i, 19OT. has grown to be one of the largest of the many fuel companies doing business in Chicago. Though the corporation is comparatively new to the Chicago field, its executive \V. T. DELIHANT. officers ha\e had many years' experience in the local trade. The concern was organized and incorporated by W. T. Delihant, now its president, and M. C. O'Donnell, its present secretary. Shortly after incorporation the Clear Lake and Spaulding mines in the Springfield dis¬ trict were acquired by the company. Later the Car- tersville mine in the district of that name also came under the same control. The entire output of the company now comes from these three properties. The product of these mines is such that it is said to improve to a large degree by the process of washing. The popularit}- of the product is proven b\' the fact that the company ranks second among Chicago's coal con¬ cerns in wagon business, handling about 750,000 tons per year. The Standard Washed Coal Company specializes in supplying coal in car-load lots, and for steam purposes. such as for office buildings. Its car business is exten¬ sive in Dakota, Minne.sota, Iowa and Nebraska. In Chi¬ cago it has coal yards at the following places: On the Illinois Central railroad at South Water street. Twenty- sixth .street, and Fifty-first street; on the Chicago, Bur¬ lington & Quincy railroad at Twenty-first and Jefferson streets, and on the Chicago, Milwaukee & St. Paul railroad at Roscoe street and Racine avenue. The company was incorporated in 1901, with a capital stock of $30.000. and an office consisting of one room in the Fisher building. The following year the stock was increased to $70.000. and the concern moved to the Plymouth building. Last year it took possession of the entire third floor of the Plymouth building, and this spring increased its capital stock to $200,000. Closely associated with the Standard Washed Coal Company is the Commercial Coal & Coke Company. It was organized in April of 1904. with a capital stock of $30,000. The latter company confines itself exclu¬ sively to the retail trade, and does not encroach on the field of the older corporation. The Commercial com¬ pany secures its coal from the Chicago & Eastern Illinois Railroad, and has its yards at Twenty-second and Jefferson streets. The officers of the two companies at present are: W. T. Delihant, president; T. J. Hudson, Jr., vice-pres- dent; M. C. O'Donnell, secretary, and Albert Tebo, treasurer. F. W. McCullough is mine manager for the Standard W^ashed Coal Company, and George W. Ford occupies a similar position for the Commercial Coal & Coke Company. President Delihant started in the coal business in 1881, with W. P. Rend & Company. Later he was with the Peabody Coal Company for ten years, the Edwin F. Daniels Company for five years, the F. G. Hartwell Company, and many other larger coal com¬ panies in Chicago. He was born in Missouri, Alarch i, 1862, and came to Chicago in 1864. He is a member of the Illinois Athletic Club and the Royal Arcanum. Vice-President Hudson is a son of T. J. Hudson. Sr., the general traffic manager of the Illinois Central Rail¬ road. He entered the coal business in 1894 with the Independent Fuel Company, and in the fall of 1903 came to the Standard Washeil Coal Company. Secretary O'Donnell and Treasurer Tebo have both been in the coal business for the better part of the past twenty years. They have worked with the same firms as Mr. Delihant, and have been with the Standard Washed Coal Company since its organization. Mr. McCullough has spent his life in the Illinois mining fields and is considered one of the best mining managers in the country. THE CITY OF CHICAGO. 209 Wells Brothers Company. The building and con¬ tracting firm of \\'ells Brotliers Company had its incep¬ tion, strictly speaking, directly following the Chicago fire in 1871. Warren A. Wells, founder of the busi¬ ness, had come here from St. Paul to engage in some manufacturing enterprise. The fire occurred shortly afterwards and Mr. Wells, seeing his opiK)rtunity, estab¬ lished a contracting and mason business with his eldest son, Addison E. From the outset the concern kept abreast of the latest methods in construction, to which fact they attribute their success. The bi-partnership was retained until 1885. when Fred A. Wells was admitted into the business ; the cap¬ tion of the firm these years was W A. & A. F. \\'ells. The elder Mr. Wells died in October, 1900, and two years later the business was incorporated under the style of Wells Brothers Comj^any. The present officers of the corporation are Addison F. WTlls, president : Fred A. Wells, vice-president and treasurer: and W. G. Luce, secretary. Among the buildings erected by Wells Brothers Company and W. A. & A. F. Wells are the Stude- baker. Fine Arts. Studebaker Repository. Cable build¬ ing. McClure building. Republic and Chicago Savings .A.DDISON E. WELLS. Bank buildings, all in Chicago; the Mississippi State Capitol at Jackson, Mississippi; Stock Exchange at Philadelphia, and Belvidere Hotel, Baltimore. One of their earlic>t jobs was the erection of the old Inter- State and Industrial Exposition building on the Lake Front, in 1872. The company have the following build¬ ings under way: Baltimore & Ohio office building at 14 Baltimore, the .$1,000,000 Onondagua court house at Syracuse. New York, the new Mandel building, Chi¬ cago, and others. Addison F. W^ells, president, is a native of Janes- ville, Wisconsin, where he was born February 4, 1856. After completing his high school education he entered business with his father. Fred x\. Wells was born FRED A. WELLS. July 26. 1859. at Mitchell, Iowa. He went through the public schools and graduated from high school in 1877. He was employed by Fowler Brothers and W. J. Quan & Company, packers at the Union Stock Yards, prior to his association with the contracting business. There is one other son, Judd F. Wells, who is vice-president of Wells Brothers Company of Xew York, contractors. /WacArthur Bros. Company. The well-known con¬ tracting firm of MacArthur Bros. Company was estab¬ lished in New York State in i860 by Archibald Mac- Arthur, together with his two brothers, James and Wil¬ liam, and until 1893 was known under the name of MacArthur Bros. Up to 1884 its specialty was the construction of railroads and canals, but since then the firm has undertaken successfully all kinds of construc¬ tion work, including that of railroads, canals, streets, sewers and all kinds of other heavy work of this nature, as well as the erection of buildings and bridges and the laving of their foundations. The firm located in Chicago in 1874, and since that time has done a great deal of important work through¬ out the West and Northwest, although its field of operations is by no means limited to this portion of the 210 THE CITY OF CHICAGO. country. In the line of railroad construction, which they have engag^ed in since tlieir estahlishnient here thirty years ago, may be mentioned the building of the larger portion of the heavy work of the Santa Fe extension from Chicago to K:msas Cit\ : the Chicago. Burlington t!v Qnincy extension to St. Paul : many of the smaller extensions of the Manitoba Railroad in Minnesota, and similar work for the Clhcagct Great W estern Railroad. In 1891 and 1892 seventy-fi\ e miles of road for the Chi¬ cago & Eastern Illinois Railroad were constructed in the central part of the state, and there has also been con¬ siderable work of a like nature done for the Illinois Cen¬ tral Railroad. This company have had contracts for con¬ struction with nearly all the railroads coming into Chi¬ cago. Between 1884 and 1890 the company had an es¬ tablished office in St. Paul, and during that time com¬ pleted over half of all the street improvements then being made in that city, and between 1886 and 1890 about a million dollars of street work was also done for the city of Duluth. For the World's Columbian Expo¬ sition the firm executed contract No. i. which included a large amount of dredging and the grading of the entire grounds. They also erected the Horticultural building, the Dairv building, the police station, the docking on the lagoons and numerous smaller buildings. They had an important part in digging the Drainage canal, doing all the work on Section 2 and Section 4 and having joint contracts for portions of Sections N and O. Other contracts completed- by the firm include the construction of the foundation for the new Postoffice building of tbis city and the building of two immense locks for the government on the Cumberland River, near Xashville. Tennessee. In 1903 they were doing contract work in thirteen states, e.xtending from Massachusetts to Oklahoma, hav¬ ing twenty-eight different contracts under execution at one time. The com]rany have at this time (1905) a large contract with the United States Government for exca¬ vating a channel through the rock at the west side of Xeebish Island, in St. Mary's River, near Sault Ste. Marie, amounting to nearly $3.000,000; also a contract with the city of New York for the construction of a masonry dam on the Croton water system, amounting to about $1,500,000, also several large railroad contracts under execution at this time. They have just completed the \\'achusett dam for impounding water for the city of Boston, which dam contains ab(jut 300,000 cubic yards of stone masonr\-. In 1893, shortl\- after the death of James Mac- .\rthur, the business w^is incorporated under the name of -Mac.Vrthur Bros. (■om])anv and in 1903 was incor])orated under the laws of Xew Jersev as Mac- Arthur Bros. Company. The present officers of Mac- Arthur Bros. Company are: .\rchibald .\lac.\rthur. president; Arthur F. MacArthur, vice-president and general manager; John R. .MacArthur, secretary and treasurer. Archibald MacArthur, president of the firm of Mac- Arthur Bros. Company, was born at Mount Morris, N. v., in 1834. His father was a prominent contractor in New 'SMrk State at that time, and from him his son ginned his first knowledge of the contracting business; his education was academic, in which he pursued a course 'of civil engineering, but never followed civil engineering as a profession. At that time the contracting business was far differ¬ ent from what it is now ; without definite headquarters, contractors traveled from place to place, wherever a .ARCHIBALD M.wARTHUR. piece of work could be secured ; these temporary loca¬ tions were generally retained only so long as was neces¬ sary to complete the contract. In this rather itinerant mode of life, contractors saw a considerable portion of the world. Mr. MacArthur traveled through all of the United States and Canada, Mexico, Central America, South .America, West Indies and the principal countries of Europe. At the age of twenty-one, together with his brothers. James and Wfilliam. he became one of the firm of Mac- Arthur Bros., which, for nearly a quarter of a century, engaged successfully in business, with its headquarters in New York State; its location being removed to Chi¬ cago in 1873. Arthur F. MacArthur. vice-president and general manager of Mac.Xrthur Bros. Company, was born at THE CITY OP CHICHCO 211 Oramel, New ^ (nk, October 24, i860. His parents are Archibald and Ketnrah (Pratt) Mac.Xrthnr. He came to Chicago in 1874 and in-epared for a col¬ legiate course at the Chicago Academy, entering Har¬ vard in the fall of 1878, from which institution he was graduated with the class of '82. receiving the degree of A. B. He then returned to Chicago and for the follow- ARTHUR F. :\IacARTHUR. ing two years was connected with the Chicago yard of The \V & A. iMacArthur Lumber Company of Cheboy¬ gan, Michigan. In 1884 he moved to St. Paul, Minne¬ sota, to take charge of the large street contracts under execution for the citv of St. Paul Ijv the MacArthur Bros. Company, contractors, Imt returned to Chicago in 1890 in order to take charge of the work being done by them in preparing the grounds of Jackson Park for the W^orld's Fair. He was admitted to the hrm in 1887, and in 1893 became its treasurer. Mr. MacArthur has traveled cjuite extensively. In 1888 he made a trip through Egyjit, the Holy Land and continental Europe, and in the winter of 1889 he spent some months in \ isiting the countries of South Amer¬ ica, He was married in 1889 to Miss Mary S. Barnum, daughter of Mr, David Barnum of New X'ork City. John Meiggs Ewen. engineer and builder, vice- president of the Thompson-Starrett Company, was born at Newtown, New V(jrk, September 3, 1859. His father, \\ arren Ewen, was for many years chief engineer of con¬ struction for the railroads in Chili and Peru, South America, among them the famous railroad in the clouds to Oroya. \ oung Ewen sitem his bgyhood days in South America with his father, but at the age of twelve was sent to the Russell Military Academy at New Haven, Connecticut, and then to the Ste\ ens Institute of Technology, from which he was graduated in 1880. Shortly afterward he was engaged as engineer in charge of construction for the J. B. & J. M. Cornell Iron Works at New X'ork, where he had charge of the erection of many buildings and alsf) of the elevated roads to Brooklyn. He next joined the forces of W. L. B. Jenney, the Chicago architect, going from there to Burnham & Root, where he became general manager. He left them in 1889 to organize the original Fuller Company with George A. Fuller. He was vice-presi¬ dent and general manager for years. He went to Lon¬ don for the purpo.se of introducing American construc¬ tion methods, but abandoned the idea and returned to this countr}'. After acting as consulting engineer for the George A. Fuller Company until 1903, he became vice-president and western representative of the Thompson-Starrett Company, the largest builders in the countr}', which position he now holds. Mr. Ewen is a member of the American Society of Civil Engineers, the American Society of Mechanical JOHN MEIGGS EWEN. Engineers and the Western Society of Engineers. Dur¬ ing the career of twenty-four years he has figured in the c(Histruction of some of the largest oíEce buildings in the countrw many of them in Chicago. He has rycentlv been appointed to serve on the county commissioners' committee to select plans for the new Cook County court house. He is also one cT the committee of engi¬ neers appointed by the commissioner of Public Works to 212 THE CITY OF CHICAGO. to report upon the construction of the Illinois Telejrhone Company's subway of this city. The Thompson-Starrett Company is now erecting the new Wanamaker store in Philadelphia, the Union Station at Washington, the Rockefeller building in Cleveland, the new Northern Trust Bank building of this city, and the great plant for Sears, Roebuck & Company. They recently completed the Heyworth building and the Thomas Orchestra building, both in Chicago, the Kuhn-Loeb, Empire- Realty, Aeolin, Navarre Hotel, Marie .\ntoinette and St. Regis hotel buildings in New York, the Touraine and Title Guarantee and Trust buildings in Brooklyn, the Penn building at Philadelphia, the Keystone Bank at Pittsburg, the Union Bank in Winnipeg, Canada, and others, ranging from twelve to twenty stories in height. The Thompson-Starrett Company have offices in New York, Chicago (Railway Exchange building), Boston, Philadelphia, Baltimore, Washington, St. Louis, Cle\e- land, Pittsburg, Toronto and Winnipeg. Henry W. Schlueter, well known as a contractor and builder, was born at Unterluebbe, Westphalia, Ger¬ many, on Eebruary 22, 1861. He spent his boyhood davs on his father's farm. After receiving an element¬ ary education at the village school he entered the gymnasium at the age of fourteen, studying architect¬ ural drawing, engineering and kindred technical branches. He graduated in 1880 and came to America in October of the same year. Finding his way to \\'isconsin, he obtained employ¬ ment in a lumber camp and sawmill in the northern part of the state, and subsequently secured a posi¬ tion as estimator and draughtsman for a large sash and door factory. After learning the business he estab¬ lished a factory of his own at Topeka, Kansas. The following year the mill burned to the ground and the business was abandoned. In June, 1891, he came to Chicago, attracted by the World's Fair, and organized the Congress Construction Company, of which he was the vice-president and secretary and Gustav Ehrhardt the president. Mr. Schlueter established in 1898 an independent contracting and building business, the offices of which have been in the Marquette building for a number of years. At the St. Louis Exposition he erected the Trans- j)ortation building, the Fraternal Temple, the Cali¬ fornia, Massachusetts and Wisconsin State buildings, the Government Indian school, the foundation for the Ferris Wheel, and the foundations for the installation and testing plants for the Pennsylvania Railroad in the Transportation building, for testing the speed and jjower of locomcjtives. In addition to these, Mr. Schlueter has erected numerous other large structures, among them the Bartlett G\ nmasium at the University of Chicago, the Sears, Roebuck & Co. building, the court house at Des Moines, Iowa, where he had his own sawmill and stone yards on the ground, and many others. He is now engaged on several important jobs in Iowa, the Deaf and Dumb school at Council Bluffs, the Hall of History at Des Moines, and three buildings HENRY W. SCHLUETER. at the Iowa State College at Ames, all of the above being state institutions. Mr. Schlueter was married to Miss Minnie Meyers of Green Bay, Wisconsin, and his two sons, Walter M. and Christian LL, and one daughter, Lillian. His eldest son, Walter M., is now superintending the work at Council Bluffs. Mr. Schlueter is a member of the Automobile Club and the New Illinois Athletic Club, besides being affiliated with a number of trade organi¬ zations. Robert W. Hunt & Co. The engineering and in¬ specting firm of Robert W. Hunt & Co., with their general offices in The Rookery, Chicago, and branch offices in New York, Pittsburg and London, England, was established in April, 1888. The firm is composed of the following gentlemen: Robert W. Hunt, John J. Cone, i\. W. Fiero, James C Hallsted and D. W. Mc- Naugher. 1 he i)rincipal business of the firm is the inspection of railway materials, such as rails, splice bars, bolts, nuts, spikes and cars, also structural material for bridges and buildings. They also have a special depart¬ ment for the testing of the efficiency of engines and boilers, notably city waterworks engines. In this con¬ nection they have been employed by the citv of Chicago THE CITY or CHlC.iCO. 213 to supervise the construction and erection of the engines purchased by it during the last few years, and in addition have represented the city in the final duty tests on which the engines were accepted. They also represented the city of St. Paul in the same capacity, and later the city of Buffalo. They have designed several electric power stations and cement factories. The investigation and reporting upon manufactur¬ ing establishments has become a verv important branch of their business. Some of the largest indus¬ trial concerns in the United States have been reported upon by them, and on such reports the reorganization and the placement of bonds have been based. In connection with the growing export trade of the United States in both metals and machinery, the firm has been employed by foreign purchasers to super¬ vise the e.xecution of their contracts. This covers not only railway materials, but pumping engines, cars and bridges. The senior member of the firm, Robert W. Hunt, was identified with the manufacture of Bessemer steel in America from its earliest introduction, and had ROBERT W. HUNT. charge of the first Bessemer steel plant operated in America, located at Wyandotte, Michigan, and after¬ ward the .steel works of the f ambria Iron Company, Tohnstown, Pennsylvania, and the 1 roy Steel & Iron Company, Troy, New York. In fact, the earliest steel rails manufactured in this country on a commercial basis were uufler his direction, and it was based upon his long e.xperience as a manufacturer that the firm of Robert W. Hunt & Co. was established, and the business developed. The other members of the firm are all educated engineers and men who have had long practical experience in manufacturing and inspection, as well as other engineering work. Mr. Hunt is a past president of the American Insti¬ tute of Mining Engineers, the American Society of Mechanical Engineers and the Western Society of Engineers, and is also a member of the American Society of Civil Engineers, and acted as secretary of the committee of that society which designed and rec¬ ommended the rail sections, which are now recognized as the standard ones by the majority of the railroads of the United States. He is also a member of the Insti¬ tute of Civil Engineers and the Institute of Mechan¬ ical Engineers and the Iron and Steel Institute. Mr. Hunt's specifications for the manufacture of steel rails are recognized as standard ones, and his papers, con¬ tributed to the several scientific societies to which he belongs, have had a very large influence upon the development of the steel industry of America. In fact, he is recognized as an authority on that subject, both in this country and in Europe. As necessar)' to their business, the firm have thor¬ oughly equipped chemical and physical laboratories, in which the assaying of ores and the analyses of metals, oils, paints, etc., as well as the physical testing of materi¬ als, are conducted. So well is the firm's reputation established, that they have for their patrons nearly all the most prominent railway systems of the country, fully 75 per cent of the rails manufactured in America being subject to their inspection. Albert W. Fiero, civil engineer and member of the firm of R. A'. Hunt & Co., was born in Calhoun County, Michigan, in June 1849. His parents, P. \'. and Jane (Halliday) Fiero, were early settlers in that county, coming from New York State in 1836. After graduat¬ ing from high school in 1871, he obtained employment with the Grand Trunk Railroad, and the following year he was made assistant engineer and put in charge of the road's construction work between Cassopolis, Michigan and \Hlparaiso, Indiana. He resigned in 1873 to accept a more responsible position with the Chicago & Illinois Railway, as engi¬ neer of construction, with headquarters at Joliet, Illinois. Two years later he became inspector of rails for the Iron and Steel Works of Joliet, whence he removed to St. Louis, in 1876, to become foreman of the finishing department of the Vulcan Iron and Steel Works of that citv. He returned to railroad work in 1878, assuming charge of the construction of the line from Mexico, Mis¬ souri, to Kansas City, but he was subsequently trans¬ ferred to Joliet. He became identified with the R. W. 214 THE CITY OP CHICAGO. Hunt Company in 1888. of wliich firm he has since become a member. Mr. Fiero is a member of the Western Society of Engineers and the Engineers' Chil) of New ^'ork City, the American Railway Engineering and Maintenance of Way Association, the American Institute of Mining Engineers, and the Union League Club of Chicago, and is politically a Republican. He was married in i88t to Miss Elorence Carpenter of Joliet, Illinois, and has two children, Emilie Louise and Conro. The latter, who was graduated from Yale University in June, 1904, is cardinal duty of a good citizen. National and local elections always find him ready to "dr) his duty as God irives him to see his duty." ALBERT W. FIERO. assistant engineer for the San Pedro, Los Angeles & Salt Lake Railroad and also assistant engineer of the Indiana Harbor Railroad. John C. /V\c/V\ynn, mechanical engineer for Robert W. Hunt & Company, was born January 16, 1869, at Racine, W isconsin, the son of Colonel John G. McMynn and Marion (Clark) McIVlynn. Mr. McMynn was edu¬ cated at his father's academy and at the University of Wisconsin (] 887-88-89). In 1890 he was given the degree of P. \. at Williams College, Massachusetts. He got his M. E. and M. M. E. from Cornell in 1891 and 1892 respectively. In 1892 Mr. McMynn accepted an offer to come to Chicago and assficiate himself with Robert W. Hunt & Company. Mr. McMynn is a ])rominent clubman. He holds membership in the C. A. .A., the .Marquette, the Chicago A'acht and the Columbia 't'acht clubs. Politically he is a dyed-in-the-wool Republican. Although an e.xcep- tionally busy man, Mr. McM}nn never forgets the JOHN C. McMYNN. Mr. AfcAfynn was married on January 15, 1904, to Aliss Elsie \'oche of Ch.icago. Chicago has many brainy young men, but few of them who have been the archi¬ tects of their own fortune have such great gifts as has young Air. AIcMynn. Bion J. Arnold was fourteen years old, when, using a magazine picture for a model, he constructed the first bicycle ever seen in Nebraska. Succeeding years have trained and developed the mechanical genius of the one¬ time precocious country bov, until to-dav he is con¬ sidered one of the leading electrical engineers of the world. His father was a western pioneer and a mem¬ ber of the first territorial legislature of Nebraska. Other ancestors were leaders in the colonial and revo¬ lutionary days of this country. Joseph Arnold wanted his son to follow in his footsteps and read law, but the successful completion of the bicvcle convinced the father that his son's talents were not those of a barrister. .\ locomoti\e that would run was young Arnold's tri¬ umph in his eighteenth vear. The next year he left home to come east, where he could meet older engi¬ neers and attend school. At the present time. Air. .Arnold divides the week between his Chicago and New A'ork offices. In Chicago he is the consulting engineer for the city and upon him devolves the burden of planning a satisfactory munici¬ pal trans] )()rtation system and reorganizing the $100,000,000 worth of traction properties. In New THE CITY OP CHIC. ICO. \ ork he is acting^ as consulting engineer for the New \ ork Central and the Grand Trunk Railway companies and is a member of the commissidii that is designing and installing the $30,000,000 system bv which the New York Central Railroad will propel all trains within thirty miles of the Cirand Central station bv electricity. Mr, Arnold was born at Casenovia, near Grand Rapids, Michigan, August 14, 1861. The family moved to Nebraska where he attended school until entering Hillsdale (Michigan) College, which gave him the degree of B. S. in 1884, and the honorary degree of M. Ph. in 1889. In 1903 his alma mater conferred on him a testimonial diploma in recognition of his "dis¬ tinguished learning and achievement in invention and mechanical and electrical engineering."' Mr. Arnold also attended Cornell University and holds an honorary degree from the University of Nebraska. He was only 27 years old and mechanical engineer of the Great Western Road when he resigned the position to enter a post-graduate course at Cornell, Not satisfied with a position in which many an older engineer would have been contented, he was willing to start anew in order to equip himself for further advance in his profession. After leaving Hillsdale College, Mr. Arnold's first position was with the Upton Manufacturing Company of Port Huron. From there he went to the Edward P. Allis Company of ^Milwaukee. In 1887-1888 he was mechanical engineer of the Chicago & Great ^\ esteni Railroad; from 1888 to 1889, general agent of the Thomson-Houston Electric Company of St. Louis, and from 1890 to 1893, consulting engineer for the General Electric Company. Since that time he has been in business for himself. He designed the Intramural Railway at the orld's Columbian Exposition and its equipment was an inno¬ vation in electrical engineering. The electrical plant of the Chicago Board of Trade which is copied by many office buildings where economy of space is desired, was planned and installed by him. The Chicago & Milwaukee Electric Railway, equipped by him, demonstrated to the world the prac¬ ticability of his theory of long-distance electrical rail¬ roading. One of the mountain lines of the Burlington svstem was also equipped by him. Mr. Arnold holds patents covering his inventions and has written various technical articles of value to his profession. He has always been a pronounced advocate of the merits of the storage battery and has probably done more than any other man to demonstrate and prove its efficiency and economv of operation. So positive were his opinions when he installed the sub-station rotary converter storage-battery system for the Chicago & Mil¬ waukee Electric Railway, that he financially guaran¬ teed the efficiency and operation of the entire line. So great was the saving o\ er previous methods of opera- tif)n that now electric roads are generally equipped with the same system. His pioneer work in single-phase traction has recently caused another advance in the art of electric railroading anrl makes practicable the electri¬ fication f)f manv steam roads. The problem of operat¬ ing the trains of the New York Central with electricity is one of great difficultv. Upon its successful solution will depend whether electricity is to be installed as a motive power for railroads. Numerous reports on Chicago's traction problem have been presented by Mr. Arnold since he first took up the work. The first comprehensive plan for routing, equipping and operating all lines—elevated, surface or subway—was presented November i, 1902, after four BION J. .ARNOLD. months' investigation. Supplementary reports have since followed. Traction negotiations even in other cities are based on these reports of the Chicago situ¬ ation. Air. Arnold is president of the Arnold Companv, an electrical engineering corporation, operating for manv of the principal steam railway companies of the coun¬ try. He also is president of the Kem)sha (Wisconsin) Electric Railway Company. He is a member and a former j^resident of the .American Institute of Electri¬ cal Engineers, and was one of its five representatives at the International Electrical Congress at Paris in 1900, He is a trustee of Hillsdale College and has served as a trustee of the AA estern Soviet v of Engineers, He was first vice-])resident and chairman of the execu- ti\e committee of the International Electrical Con¬ gress at St. Louis in 1904. He is vice-president of the THE CITY OP CHICAGO. United Enqineerinq- Society of New York, an organi¬ zation liaving charge of the $1,500,000 donation of Andrew Carnegie for the construction of a joint engi¬ neering building for the American Institute of Electri¬ cal Engineers, the American Society of Mechanical Engineers and the American Institute of Mining Engineers. IMr. Amold is also a member of the Union League Club of Chicago, the Transportation and Engineering clubs of New York, the American Association for the Advancement of Science, the American Society for the Promotion of Engineering Education and the Ameri¬ can Societ\- of Civil Engineers. Lyman Edgar Cooiey. civil engineer, was born at Canandaigua, Ontario County, New York, December 5, 1850, the son of Albert ?>. and Aksah (Griswold) Cooiey. He is a great-grandson of John Cooiey, who removed to western New A'ork from Connecticut early in the nineteenth century, making his home on a farm a few miles west of Canandaigua. The family is traced to Sir Ydlliam Cooiey in England, before whose time the name is found written Cowley and Colley. A collateral branch was the WTll- esley or Y'esley family, and from one Richard Colley, who assumed this name to inherit estates, Arthur W'ellesley, the first Duke of Wellington, was descended. The original Cooiey in this country came to New England prior to 1636, and from this stock has sprung many able men, among whom is the late Judge Thomas M. Coobey of Michigan. After a course of study at the Canandaigua Acad¬ emy, Lyman E. Cooiey taught in that institution in 1870-1872, and then attended the Rensselaer Polytech¬ nic Institute at Troy, where he was graduated in 1874, having covered the course in two years. In 1874-1877 he became the professor of engineering at North¬ western University, and in 1876-1878 was associate editor of the Engineering News. In 1878 he aided William Soriy Smith in the construction of the railroad bridge over the Missouri, at Glaseo, Missouri. Later in the year he was engaged under Major (now Colonel) Suter, on the improvement of the Missouri and Mis¬ sissippi rivers, with headquarters at St. T.ouis. For four years following he had charge of local improve¬ ments and smweys in Nebraska, Iowa, Missouri, .\rkansas and Tennessee. For two years more he was chief assistant, in general charge of all local work on the Missouri River below "S'ankton. Return¬ ing to Chicago toward the end of 1884, Mr. Cooiey became editor of the American Engineer, but in 1885 severed his connection with that journal. Later he became interested in sanitary agitation. As a member of a sub-committee of the Citizens' associa¬ tion, he drew the report, in September, 1885, w'lich began the public agitation in favor of a sanitary canal, and aided in securing the organization of a drainage and water supply commission, of which he was chief assistant in 1886-1887. In 1888, he was consulting engineer to the city, and to the commission that framed the sanitary district act, and represented the city and its seven civic organizations in promoting the bill to a passage by the State Legi.slative in 1889. He acted as engineer to the commission that determined the bound¬ aries of the Sanitary District in 1889, and was the first chief engineer during 1890. He became a member of the board of trustees in 1891, serving until the expira¬ tion of his term in December, 1895, and during the entire time was chairman of the Engineering Com- LYMAN EDGAR COOLEV. mittee. He also acted as consulting engineer of the Sanitary District in 1897. Since 1889 he has taken an active interest in the extension of the taxing power in the district ; in fact, has stood sponsor for all legislation thus far had in relation to this question. In 1895 he was apj^ointed by President Cleveland a member of the international deep-waterways commission (a joint commission with Canada), together wdth Dr. James R. Angelí, of Michigan, and John E. Russell, of Massa¬ chusetts, and had charge of the investigation. Surveys ha\e since been made for ocean navigation from the Atlantic seaboard to Chicago and Duluth via the Great Lakes. Of the international association to promote this I)roject, he is the .\merican vice-president. In the fall of 1897, Mr. Cooiey, with a number of contractors and engineers selected by him, w ent to Nicaragua, incidently visiting Panama, for the purpose of advancing the THE CITY OF CHICAGO. 217 Nicaragua Canal. The events of tlie Spanish war interrupted their plans, and the project has since been a matter of government concern. In the summer of 1898 he acted as advisorv engi¬ neer to the committee appointed bv Governor Black to investigate the expenditures for the improvements of the canals of the state of New York under what is known as the "Nine IMillion Act." In 1896-1897 he served as a member of the expert committee appointed by Mayor Swift of Chicago to devise a remedy for the pollution of Lake Michigan bv means of intercepting sewers, etc. He has been a member of the Western Society of Civil Engineers since 1875, and in 1888 was its secretary, and was its president two terms. 1890- 1891. In 1901 he was a member of the Expert Com¬ mission on a comprehensive plan for the completion of the works of the Sanitary District of Chicago. He has been the consulting engineer for the Union Water Company. Denver, Colorado, during the construction of the Cheesman dam. which controls the flow of the South Platte near the outlet of South Park. This dam is the highest in the world, requiring four years for its construction. It is 225 feet high and forms a reservoir with a depth of 210 feet, and is designed to control a reserve supply of water for the City of Denver, and is sufflcient for three years. Mr. Cooley is engineer for the Keokuk & Hamilton Y'ater Power Comiiany. which recently secured the consent of congress to the construction of a dam across the Mississippi River at the foot of the Des Moines rapids. This dam will be over a mile long, and 30 to 35 feet high, and will jiro- duce a minimum of over 60.000 horse power. Mr. Coolev has continued to promote the deep waterway between Chicago and St. Louis, which formed part of his original conception of the sanitary solution in 1885. Mr. Coolev is a member of the American Society of Civil Engineers, the WYstern Society of Engineers, the Chicago Academy of Sciences, the National Geographic Society, and the Chicago Press Club. He has lectured at the State Universities of Wis¬ consin, Illinois and Michigan. His most important publications on his special subject are: "Lakes and Gulf Waterways" (1888-1889). and a more elaborate work with the same title in 1891. He was married at Canandaigua. New York. December 31, 1874, to Lucena. daughter of Peter and Lucena McMillan. They have two sons and a daughter. Menry Byllcsby. president of H. M Byllesby & Companv, incorporated, is one of the well-known mechanical engineers of the city, whose name con¬ nected with a big commercial enteri)rise is looked upon as a guarantee of its success. He was born in New lersey, the son of the Rev. DeW itt C. and Sarah Mathews Bvllesbv, and was educated in Lehigh Uni¬ versity as a mechanical engineer. He afterward served in the shops and drafting office of Robert Wetherill & Co., Chester. Pennsylvania, and was subsequently in the engineering department of the Edison Electric Light Company. New York. Mr. Byllesby then became first vice-president and general manager of the Westing- house Electric Company, managing director of the WYstinghouse Electric Company. Limited, of London, England, and afterward president of the Northwestern General Electric Company. Mr. Byllesby's rapid advance in the world of electric development soon gave him a foremost position among the electrical experts of the country. During the first few years after his leaving college he was constantly HENRY M. BYLLESBY. identified with the development of electric light, street railways, power transmission and gas plants. He launched into a business career for himself when H. M. Byllesby & Company wa>i incorporated and he became I)resident of the corporation. The company is engaged in the business of consulting, designing and construct¬ ing engineers for all classes of railway, light, gas, hydraulic and power transmission plants. The company is largely interested as managers and engineers and also as part owners in utility properties at San Diego, California. Oklahoma Citw Oklahoma Territory. Port Smith. Arkansas. Zanesville, Ohio. Mansfield. Ohio, as well as a large number of prop¬ erties distributed generally throughout the country. Although his business interests have been vast, Mr. Byllesby has fcnmd time to indulge in the social ameni¬ ties of life and is a member of the Union League Club, 218 THE CITY OF CHICAGO. C hicag'o, the Midlotliian Couiitrv t lul). Chicaj^o, the Lawyers' Clnb, New York City and tlie (City Clnh, Cincinnati, Oliio. He married IMarg-aret Stearns, daughter of the late H. P. Baldwin of the New Jersey Central l^ailroad Company. His residence is at 4'>42 Lake avenue, Chicago. James Ormerod Mcyworth, one of the most success¬ ful of western civil engineers and contractors, was born at Chicago. June 12. i8t)(). His elementary education was secured in the grammar and high schools of this city. After graduating from high school with honors, ]\Ir. Heyworth entered Yale University and completed his college education at that institution. Even as a boy, IMr. Hey worth's tastes inclined to engineering and scientific work. His studies and JAMES ORMEROD HEYWORTH, collegiate training w ere directed along the lines he pre¬ ferred and he started active engineering work imme¬ diately after leaving college. .\s a general contractor he has su])ervised and completed important engineering undertakings in many parts of the United States. The immense jetties at Port Arthur, Texas, were con¬ structed by him. Those at J'ernandino, Florida, also, are the result of his j)lanning and W(jrk. The locks and dams of the Warrior river in Alabama are others of his accom])lishments. Various sections of Chicago's superb track elevatiim s\stem now are being built bv Mr. }ie\ worth. A number of (jther large engineering tasks are under his charge and nearing completion. Mr. fleywijrth's parents were James O. and Julia F. (Dimon) Heyworth. He was married to .Miss Mar- tica G. Waterman of Southport, Connecticut, and has his home at Lake Forest, Illinois. Mr. Heyworth is a member of numerous social and professional clubs. ,\mong the number are: The University Club, the Calumet Club, the Engineers Club, the Onwentsia Club, the Washington Park Club, the Chicago Yacht Club and the Tolleston Club. His business office is in the Railway Exchange building. Kühler Brothers, contracting engineers, specialize in the complete installation of lighting and power plants, the building of electric railways and various phases of newspaper and printing press engineering. The reputation of the firm in the latter line is world¬ wide, and it owns many valuable patents which increase the production of press rooms, save time and paper, and govern and control presses and other machinery by means of electric push buttons. The firm was organized in 1891 by G. A. Edward Kohler and Franklin W. Kohler. Its main offices are in Chicago, occupying suites 1804 to 1812 Fisher build¬ ing. The factory is located at 54-56 Custom House court. The New York office is in the Aletropolitan Life building and the European office is in London at 56 Ludgate Hill. Among the electrical contracts that the company has completed in and near Chicago are the following: Chicago & Alton railroad shops, Chicago, Burlington & Quincy railroad shops, the Illinois Central terminal and suhurban stations, the Oregon Short Line shops. South Side Elevated Railroad entire installation, the Union Pacific Railroad shops, the lighting and heating plants of the Illinois Eastern Hospital for the Insane and the Illinois Northern Hospital for the Insane, the lighting plant of the St. Charles Home for Boys, and numerous other puhlic and private institutions. The devices of Kohler Brothers are used in printing establishments in ad ])arts of the world. Collectively these inventions are known as The Kohler System, and are adopted in their entirety by most of the best ecpiipped newspaper offices. The Kohler System includes patents covering Stone magazine reels, for continuously feeding paper without stopping the press, pneumatic lifts, paper carriers, trucks and lifts, plate trucks, auto-plate controllers, flat-bed press controllers and all devices entering into the operation of news¬ paper and printing plants. Their electric push-button method of control is the most distinctive feature of the system. After the great Baltimore fire, everv new press¬ room in the city, except one, was designed, recon¬ structed and etpiipped with The Kohler Svstem. Notable printing establishments wdiich use this sys¬ tem for the electrical operation and speed control of their presses and other machiuerv are: The United THE CITY OF CHICAGO. States Government Printini^ Office, the Chicago Dailv News, the Chicago Tribune, the Itrooklyn Eagle, the Baltimore American, the St. T.ouis Post-Dispatch. Frank .\. Mimsey, R. R. Donnelley N Sons Company, the ^ietropolitan Life Insurance Company. Sears, Roe¬ buck & Company. Arbuckle Brotbers. tbe Morning Post of London. Le Matin of Paris. El Mercurio of Santiago. Chili, and hundreds of others. The Roebling Construction Company, after a long series of practical experiments, has perfected one of the most effective and economical s\ stems of fireproof con¬ struction for modern buildings, and its systems of floors and partitions is rapidly becoming one of the best known and most favored througbout tbe country. Fireproof construction as an economic feature of modern buildings has in recent years attained a jKjsition of great importance and has been the subject of exhaust¬ ive investigation by engineers and architects, and claims an important place in all engineering and architectural journals. Numerous methods are now on the market, only a few of which satisfactorily fulfill the requirements, and some of these are so expensive as to preclude their extensive use. The main offices of The Roebling Construction Company are located in New York City, where it employs a very large force of engineers. Its factories are at Trenton. New Jersey. Branch offices are located in the principal cities of the country, and the company is prepared to make estimates promjjtly and execute contracts in all parts of the United States, Canada and Mexico. The Chicago office is in charge of Mr. Andrew W. Woodman, who is not only the Western but also the New England agent of the corporation, having another offlce at Bfjston, w here he spends part of his time. He is a graduate of the Massachusetts Institute of Tech¬ nology and has been associated with The Rcjebling Con¬ struction Company since its incorporation. His early experience in structural work was obtained in the East, where he seiwed for a number of years witli one of the leading bridge companies, after being graduated from college. .\mong the fireproof buildings in Chicago in which the company has erected its system of floor construction may be mentioned : Orchestra Hall, the addition to the Rialto building, the addition to the Union League Club, The Inter Ocean's new building, Brooke's Casino, McVicker's and other theaters and numerous high-class apartment buildings and hfiteU. Some of the largest works of the comjiany have been carried on in New York city, as that city has the reputation of erecting more new buildings than any other city in the country. It has built its floors in some of the finest hfitels and private residences in the coun¬ try, notably; the Astoria, the St. Regis, the \>tor and the Belmont hotels, the Andrew Carnegie. P. A. B. Widener and Edwin J. Berwind residences. At present the company is engaged upon the largest fireproof build¬ ing in the world, the store of John Wanamaker at Phila¬ delphia, a building which, will contain about forty acres of floor space. The system of floors as developed by the company is capable of economic use in any and all kinds of build¬ ings. and in each case the type of floor used is scientific¬ ally designed so as to properly meet the existing condi¬ tions. By its method the company can with ease build floors capable of sustaining the heaviest loads, as proof of which may be cited tbe fact that its construction has in several instances been used for the floors of heavy bridges. Experiments made of a section of flooring previously subjected to a five-bout fire test, in which the temperature reached a height of 2.350 degrees, jtroved that it could sustain a load of 4.10a pounds per square foot. The Roebling system is impregnable to fire, can be quickly installed and assures immunity from those unsightl}- stains which so generally appear on tellings where other forms of floors are used. It is the cheapest and most successful of all the fireproofing systems, and buildings where it is used are assured of the lowest rates of insurance. E. C. & R. /V\. Shankland, of the Rookery building, is one of the leading engineering firms in the West. The firm was organized in 1898, both brothers at that time being connected with D. H. Burnham & Company, the architects. Edward Clapp Shankland came into interna¬ tional prominence in 1892. when he acted as engineer of construction of the \\Mrld's Columbian Exposition and later as chief engineer of the fair. He was born in Pittsburg. Pennsylvania, .\ugust 2. 1854. .\.t an early age he went with his j)arents to Dubuque. Iowa, where he was educated in the public schools. In i8y8 he was graduated from the Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute in Troy, New York, as a civil engineer. Immediately after his graduation he was employed by the national govern¬ ment on the improvement of the Mississippi and Mis¬ souri rivers, being engaged in this work for five years. From 1883 to 1889 Mr. Shankland made a reputation as an engineer in bridge work at Canton. Ohio. In the latter year he joined the staff of Burnham & Root in Chicago, designing the steel work for many of the modern skyscrapers in the country. In 1894 he became a member of the firm of D. H. Burnham & Company, where he remained until he entered into partnership with his brother. The specialty of the firm is the designing of steel wt)rk for modern buildings. Mr. Shankland has received many testimonials of his ability. He has been awarded the Telford sfold o 220 THB CITY OP CHICAGO. medal and premium from the Institute of Civil Engi¬ neers for a paper read by him on "Steel Skeleton Structure in Chicago." Cornell College, Iowa, gave him the honorary degree of M. A. He is a member of the American Society of Civil iMigineers, American Societ\' of Mechanical Engineers, the Institute of Civil Engineers, M'estern Society of Engineers. .Ameri- EDWARD CLAPP SHANKLAND. can Society of Testing Materials, and Eranklin institute. He is also a member of the University, Midday, Press and Engineers' clubs. He resides with his wife and th ree children at 4808 Champlain avenue. Ralph Martin Shankland was born in Dnhnqne, Iowa, September 8, 1863. He was graduated as a civil engineer from the University of Michigan in 1888. In 1890 he came to Chicago and entered the employ of I). H. Bnrnham & Comj^any. He remained there until 1898, when he formed the present partnership with his brother. He is a member of the American Society of Civil Engineers, the Western Society of Engineers, Kenwood, Homewood, I'niversity and Midday clubs. In 1894 he married and with his wife and one son makes his home at the Hyde Park hotel. Thomas Elevator Company. The construction or material elevator is the mechanical heart whose throbs mark the life and growth of a modern skyscraper. The use and development of the elevator has accompanied and been a i)hase in the adoption of the present style of office building. Twenty-five >ears ago when build¬ ings were few stories in height, elevators to carry materials and tools were unnecessary and unheard of. To-day, even the temporary disabling of a construction elevator means the halting of all work on the building. The Thomas Elevator Company of Chicago is the pioneer in the devising, manufacturing and operating of such elevators. It was the first concern to perfect and install the electrical hoist, and there is hardly a large building in Chicago in whose construction this com¬ pany has not assisted. In the construction of the immense new plant of Sears, Roebuck & Company, thirty electrical hoists are now being operated by the company. This is the largest number ever in use in one building at one time and for their maintenance alone it was necessary that the elexator company install a sub-station at a cost of $4,000. The Thomas Elevator Company has been operating since the Chicago fire in 1871. With the advent of the high building came the era of the steam machine hoist. Four years ago, realizing the possibilities of electrical appliances, the company began experimenting with electrical hoists, though to adopt them meant the discarding of more than one hundred steam engines. The electrical machine was found to be far superior in doing awa\' with steam, smoke, xvater, grease and E. A. THOMAS. other dirt, and the engines were thrown away. The electrical hoists were first used in the construction of the Irnde building. Since that time they have beer, used with absolute success in every large building in the down-town district. They are operated at an average speed of one story per second—the top floor of a twenty-story building THE CITY OP CHICAGO. 221 being reached in twenty seconds. This means to the builder that his material arrives as promptly and his work is conducted as cheaply on the twentieth as on the second stoiw. Contractors realize the \ital charac¬ ter of the elevators and their stopping means the tie- up of the material and all the workmen on the building. As a safety precaution a stringent rule is always enforced against carrying workmen on these elevators. The machinery is not rented to contractors but the elevator company receives a subcontract to furnish, install, maintain and operate these machines when a building is being constructed. The steam hoists are still used on small buildings and outside of the business sections of cities. On some buildings even horsepower hoists are used. The first hoists a generation ago were operated by hand power, and still continue in use on small flat buildings. The main ofiice, factor^' and store house of the Thomas Elevator Company are at 113 to 115 South Hoyne avenue. A branch ofifice for Chicago is at State and Fifty-first streets. In 1895 another branch olifice was started in New York, which has come to be one of the largest of its kind in the East. E. A. Thomas, the head of the comi)an}', was born in Delavan, Wisconsin, IMarch 19, 1850. He came to Chicago in 1871 and took a place with his brother, the late Charles E. Thomas, in the present business. Chi¬ cago has been his permanent home since that time. He has always taken an interest in the business affairs of the city and is a director of the Builders' Club and a member of the Chicago Athletic Association. The Illinois Brick Company was incorporated March 31, 1900, under the laws of Illinois, to consolidate under one ownership and control the principal brick interests of Chicago. The properties acquired by the company embrace thirty-six brick-making plants, including those of the Ho\ t & Alsip Brick Company. .\lsi]) Brick Com¬ pany, Purington-Kimbell Brick Company, Weckler Brick Company. Weckler-Prnssing Brick Company, Wehl Brothers, Purington Brick Company, Thomas Moulding Company, Evanston Brick Company, Jeffer¬ son Brick Company, Bernard E. Weber, Harms-Schlake Brick Company, iH Brothers, Riemer, Labahn & Kuester, Henry J. Lutter, Wolff & Blaul, Robinson Brick Company, Gray Tuthill Company, J. Hundriser Company, Harland Brick Company, Sherman ville Brick Company, Michael Myers, John Busse & Son and Wil¬ liam Mensching. The capital stock is $4,000,000, 6 per cent cumula¬ tive preferred, of which $3>550-5oo was issued, and $5,000,000 common, of which $4,350,500 is outstanding. The preferred shareholders are entitled to priority as to assets. The company has $370,000 trust deed obligations among its liabilities, and as an offset thereto has $300,000 bonds in the treasury. The officers of the Illinois Brick Company are; President, (jeorge C. Prussing; vice-president, A. J. Weckler; secretary, W. E. Schlake ; treasurer, C. D. B. Howell; auditor. Charles B. Ver Nooy. The directors are : Geo. C. Prussing, William Schlake. C. D. B. Howell, C. B. Ver Nooy. Wm. Legnard. Arlam J. Weckler, Joseph Moulding. Phillip Lichtenstadt. D. R. Porgan, E. C. Potter, M. A. Farr. Martin B. Madden's rise from a farmer bov to a member of Congress is a story of political and business success with few parallels. He was born in England, at Darlington, March 20. 1855. His father, John Madden, was one of the Third Estate and his mother. Eliza G'Neill. was descended of the ancient ruling family. The Maddens migrated to America in i860, arriving at Lemont, Illinois. When Martin was six \ears old he was sent to the jiublic schools, which he attended four years. In his early youth he worked on neighboring farms, the while attending night school. His life was not particularly eventful, except for his marriage to Miss Josephine Smart of Downer's Grove. Illinois, in 1878, and his purchase of an interest in the Joliet .Stone Company in 1881, until April. 1889, when his jiolitical endeavors commenced. He was elected alderman to represent the Fourth Ward, and two years later he was returned to his seat by the over¬ whelming majority of 1,500 votes. He served a third term from 1891 to 1893. his third election being marked 1)\- a 2,000 plurality. During these six years of public service iMr. Madden made an enviable record for him¬ self. He was the chief sponsor for the civil service reform movement. The final passage of the Merit law, in 1895, during his fourth term, may be ascribed to his efforts. He accomplished much in the way of improv¬ ing the city's finances, and also Imsied himself very largely with the traction problem. Three times Mr. Madden was urged to run for Maytw, but be stepped aside for George B. Swift, whose ticket was successful by a majority of 4,000. He played a prominent part in the national campaign of 1896, probably the most memorable in history, when Bryan espoused the silver cause. As an orator of abilty, Mr. Madden was instrumental in making votes for .McKin¬ ley and returning Illinois to the Republican ranks by a comfortable margin. Business duties curbed his political activities for eight years following. He had become president of the Western Stone Company in 1891, and the concern had by this time grown to an enterprise of some magnitude. To-day it represents the consolidation of twelve distinct stone companies, and is one of the largest industries in the state. In this connection Mr. Madden's views THE CJTV OF CHICAGO. u])on the trust and labor jnadilems are interestin.q'. He is himself a large em])loyer of labor, in addition to being an organizer, and is consequently equipped to offer a solution for these economic questions. The remedy be suggests is to apply the national bank method of super¬ vision to all trusts or combinations that make or handle articles of universal necessity, and having the states adopt similar methods of supervising local combinations. In the national election of 1904. Mr. Madden, at a great personal sacrifice, accepted the nomination for Congress in the First district, where he was elected by a good margin in a hitberto Democratic stronghold. Mr. Madden's success calls to mind a prophetic utterance of his mother, when Martin was yet in his teens : "I have raised a son." she said, "who will not lie, nor take anything that does not belong to him. nor own anything that he has not paid for in full. He will not say anything against his neighbor, even if that neighbor be his enemv. He will not go into debt for himself. He will live on less than he earns and ever have money on hand to help himself and his friends along. He will all his da\ s do for his employers more than he may be paid to do. He has a fine mind, a good tongue and a clean soul, and he will keep them that way as long as he li\es. I know. He cannot easily be deceived, can take care of bimself, and will never deserve an\' shame. He will rise from the time he left home and will not fall until he dies, and he will always stand up tall and straight among his fellow men. I am satisfied alto¬ gether with him and proud of what I have done in rearing him. The greatest statesman can do no more for the Cijuntrv than I have done in giving Martin to it—God bless tbem both." The !S\ eacham &. Wright Company. The firm of Meacham lC Wright, manufacturers' agents and dealers in hydraulic cements. stucc(v etc.. was organized in 1874 by Florus D. Meacham and Frank S. Wright. It is the sole distributing agents for the FTica Cement companies of La Salle County, Illinois, and its business ramifica¬ tions extend to all points throughout the country where the Utica hydraulic cement has been known and used for upward of fifty years. Tbe firm is likewise one of tbe largest dealers in imi)orted and domestic Portland cements in the Central and Western states, and for years it has furnished the cementing material for a large majority af the celebrated engineering and architectural works executed in Chicago. St. Louis. Denver. Kansas City, St. Paul, Detroit, Cle\ eland, Indianapolis, etc., and for practically all the railroads radiating from Chicago. The well-known b tica cement, whose entire output of 4.000 barrels per diem is alone controlled and distributed by this firm through its Chicago and St. Louis houses, has been exclusively used since 1854 in the construction of the entire water supply and sewerage systems of the citv of Chicago, and largely in its gas works and cable traction and other street railroad systems, and in its roadway and sidewalk paving foundations. On January 14. 1904, the firm was incorporated under the name of the Meacham & Wright Company. Its officers are Florus D. Meacham, president: Frank S. WTight, vice- president. Florus D. Meacham, of the firm of Meacham & Wright, was born at Whitehall, Washington County, Xew York, on April 26, 1844. He is the son of Florus D. and Lucinda (Church) Meacham. Mr. Meacham came to Chicago with his parents in 1857, and up to the time of the Civil war was engaged FLORUS D. ME.\CHAM. as a clerk in the offices of the Illinois Central Railroad. Mdien the war broke out he would have been one of the first to enlist had he followed his own inclinations, but he yielded to the entreaties of his parents and remained at home. A year later, however, when it was found that the suppression of the rebellion was not to be as easy as was at first thought, a number of voung men, com¬ posed for the greater part of employees of the large mer¬ cantile houses of the city, organized the Chicago Mercantile Battery. The name of Florus D. Meacham was on the enlistment roll, and he went to the front with others who had lain down their work that they might help save the Union. Mr. Meacham served until the close of hostilities. In the first year of army life he took part in the Mississippi River campaign, and in the following year went through THE CITY Of CHICAGO. the siege at Vicksliurg from its commencement in the early spring until the final surrender on Julv 4. After the capitulation of this place he was with General Banks on the Red River campaign, and after this his battery was sent to Rew Orleans, and subsequently took part, under General Davidson, in the land operations against Mobile, which was among the last of the Southern ])orts to fall. Returning to Chicago in 1865, Mr. Meacham was mustered out with the remaining members of his battery who had survived the three years of service in the field. Taking up civil life where he had left it, he was engaged in various mercantile pursuits until 1874, when, with Mr. F. S. M right, he organized the firm of Meacham & Wright, dealers in Gtica and Portland cements. This business has been very successful, and is by far the largest of its kind in the countrv. Mr. Meacham is a Republican in his political affilia¬ tions, and, although he has never sought office, he was honored by the Republican County Convention of i8g8 with the nomination for member of the Board of Review, to which position he was elected November 8, 1898, and reëlected in November, 1904. This office, which is one of the most important to the taxj)ayer, is the arbiter in all matters that pertain to both real and personal tax¬ ation, and his election was but a just recognition of hi^ executive ability and his successful business career. Mr. Meacham is a member of the Loyal Legion and of the Grand Army of the Republic. He is also identi¬ fied with the Blinois and Lincoln clubs, and has a high standing among the business men of Chicago. Prank S. Wright, of the firm of Meacham & Wright, is a native of the Badger State, having been born at Milwaukee, July 27, 1846. He is the son of Peter B. and Elizabeth (Ledden) Wright. Mr. Wright received his education in the common schools of his native city and in those of Sheboygan in the same state, to which latter place his parents removed when he was ten years of age. When he was fifteen, however, he gave up his studies and came to Chicago in search of work. His first employment was with the commission house of Shackford & How, afterward better known, perhaps, under the name of George M. How. Here he remained until the spring of 1867, when, although not yet of age, he formed a partnership with Mr. A. C. Scoville, under the name of Scoville & Wright, and engaged in the com¬ mission business at N(j. 44 W est Lake street. This firm had a prosperous career until January i, 1869, when Mr. W right withdrew and entered the employ of Haskin, Martin & Wheeler, wholesale dealers in salt and cement. He remained with them until the formation of the pres¬ ent firm of Aleacham & Wright, some few years later. Mr. Wright is a strong Republican in his political views and a member of the Blinois Club. He takes .>o*) much interest in the welfare of the fraternal order known as the Royal League, and as a member of its Supreme Council was very active during it- early years in building it up and placing it on its present secure footing. FRANK S. WRIC.HT. He was married January 4, iSfif), to Miss Mercy .\. McClevey, daughter of Colonel Smith McClevey of Chi¬ cago, and has a family of four daughters and one son. The Morthwestern Terra Gotta Company, ft is not generally known that the majority of our great skyscrapers are built of clay. A visit to the immense plant of the Northwestern Terra Cotta Company, 1000 Clybourn avenue, will prove the truth of this, however. This company is the largest terra cotta concern in the world, in size as well as output. The plant covers about twenty acres of ground on the north side. To see carloads of clay come in at one end and watcji it through various metamorphoses, until it is shipped out as architectural terra cotta. of almost end¬ less colors and designs and of a durability that will withstand the wear of centuries, is an interesting studv. Coming into the plant, the clay is ground to a powder and then mixed with water until it becomes pliable and elastic. B is next put into molds of plaster of Paris. Tbese molds have been made from models done in modeling clay by sculptors. Having received their forms in these molds, the pieces of soft clay are put into a drying room until all moisture has evaporated, leaving them hard and firm. The surfaces are then semi- glazed or enameled by being spraxed with a chemical mixture with compressed air. The material is then read\' for the final process, that of burning. In great 224 THE CITY OP CHICAGO. kilns, of which there are twenty-six at the plant, each as large as a honse, it is subjected to the constant heat of a roaring fire for seven clays. The brick door of the kiln is gradually taken down when the fire is extin¬ guished, the ware being allowed to cool for several days. The kiln is then opened and terra cotta, a material of high compressive strength and lightness, taken out, where clay had been put in. The inside of each block of terra cotta is hollow for brick filling. In the thirty years the Northwestern Terra Cotta Company has been in existence it has furnished terra cotta for numberless skyscrapers and for government and public buildings thoughout the country. Seven hundred and fifty employees, working in eight-hour shifts, make the plant a scene of industry, night and day. At the St. Louis Fair the products of the company received the grand prize, in a competition with seventy exhibitors. First awards were also received at New Orleans in 1884 and at Chicago in 1893. An interesting exhibit of the work done by the company is made at its branch office in the Railway Exchange building. The walls of the room are built of inlaid enameled terra cotta in an almost infinite variety of shades and colors. At the time the Railway Ifxchange building was erected an innovation was made in executing the rotunda in cream-colored terra cotta, instead of marble. This work was done by the Northwe.stern Company as was the exterior of the Railway Exchange building. The officers of the concern are skilled by long expe¬ rience in the manufacture of terra cotta, dating back to the time of their predecessors, the Chicago Terra Cotta Company. The president, G. Hottinger, was a sculptor. John R. True, vice-president and treasurer, gained his first experience as a clerk, and F. Wagner, the secretary, was an architect. Cameron L. Willcy, importer, exporter and manu¬ facturer of foreign and domestic hardwood lumber and veneer, is the proprietor and operator of the largest \'eneer plant in the world. His offices, yards, docks and factories are located at 1225 Robey street, south of Blue Island avenue. The eastern and export office is at 130 Pearl street, New York city; the foreign office is at No. 45 Exchange Chambers, Liverpool, England. The Chicago business of C. L. Willey was estab¬ lished in 1891. Previous to that he had been in business for himself in Pittsburg, selling out his interests there in 1889. The Eastern business had been established in 1877 and grown steadily. After coming west. Mr. Willey pushed his plant forward until now it outranks all com¬ petitors and is the only one of five in the United States. THE NORTHWESTERN TERRA-COTTA COMPANY'S PLANT. THE CITY OF CHICAGO. The ability to produce the choicest veneer is accjuired onh through long experience in manufacturing and by having access to a vast quantity of hardwood logs from which to make selection. The whole world is ransacked for the logs that are sawed in this mill, and constant CAMERON L. WILLEY. investigation keeps the concern in the foreground in advanced methods of manufacture. Agents for Mr. AVulley are constantly traveling through the United States and in foreign countries in search of material. He has just returned from an extended trip through Europe, where he studied the foreign methods of veneer manufacture. Mr. W'illey personally supervises the opening and sawing of the logs for the finest and most costly veneer. There are few other industries in which quality is so flexible, or the matter of opinion so variable. Mr. Wdlley's method makes it possible to meet all requirements of the users of forest productions of the hardwood variety. Mr. W'illey was born in Dansville, New York, in 1855. His earlier education was secured in the schools of that town, and later he attended Dufifs College at Pittsburg, Pennsylvania, graduating in 1871. His first practical business experience was secured in his father's saw and shingle mill at Warren, Pennsylvania, where he worked for seven years. When he had sufficiently mas¬ tered the trade to start business for himself, he moved to Pittsburg. Mr. Willey's home is at 4750 Grand boulevard. He has one son, Charles B. A\'illey, who is now associated with him in business. He is a member of the Union 15 League Club, the Chicago Athletic Association, the Washington Park Club and the Builders' and Traders' Exchange. The John Sppy Lumber Company, one of the largest and foremost in the West, was founded in 1885 as a successor to the Gardner & Spry Lumber Company, one of the pioneer lumber concerns of Chicago. The company's yards which have an annual capacity of sixty million feet are situated at Aslfland avenue and Twenty-second street, over a half mile in length, and extending from the waterworks to the Chicago river's south branch. The business has e.xpanded steadily since its inception and to-day the company's trade extends to every part of the United States. John Spry, the founder and for many years president of the company, was a native of Cornwall, England, where he was born August 3, 1828. He came to America with his parents when a child. The Sprys located in Chicago, and John, at the age of thirteen, secured employment in the lumber yard of Andrew Smith. The position was humble, but the boy acquired a thorough knowledge of the business, which later qualified him for one of the principal factors of the .American lumber indu-^try. At the age of twenty-seven S.\MUEL A. SPRY. he secured a working interest in the yard of F. B. Gardner, and in 1866, he became an active partner, organizing the firm of (Aardner N Spry, with F. B. Gard¬ ner as senior partner. In iSbq it became the Gardner & Spry Lumber Company. When Air. Gardner retired, in 1885, Mr Spry reorganized the business as the 226 THE CITY OF CHICAGO. Jolin Spry Lumber Company, which name has since endured. Mr. Spry was prominent in public affairs, was one of the early members of the Board of Trade and was a leading Mason. After his death, which occurred in Chicago, February 5. 1891, bis sons, John C., Samuel A. and George E. Spi*y, assumed control of the business. The first named, the eldest of the three children, was born in Chicago in 1857. After receiving an education in the public schools and a business college, he entered the employ of Gardner & 8pry, working his way up to the presidency, which he assumed in 1891, after the death of his father. He was succeeded in 1900 by Sam¬ uel .\. Spry, who had hitherto served as vice-president, while George E. Spry, the youngest son, who had been secretary and treasurer, became vice-president and treasurer. In addition to th^ir lumber manufacturing business the Sprys are largely interested in pine lands. Einan- cially they are resourceful, while they are regarded as stimulating factors in the lumber industry. The Reginald J. Davis Company stands at the head of the firms in Chicago which make a specialty of high- class interior finish work and building contracting. It was incorporated in 1900 by Reginald J. Davis and is a close corporation, being owned and controlled solely by Mr. Davis, its founder. Its work is to be seen in many of the largest and finest buildings of Chicago, among them being the Marshall Field new retail store at State and Randolph streets the Railway Exchange building at Jackson boulevard and Michigan ave¬ nue, the Heyworth building at Wabash avenue and Madison street, the First National Bank building, and in many of the finest residences in Chicago. The firm's reputation has extended all over the country, so that it is frequently called upon to bid upon out-of-town struc¬ tures. At present it is engaged upon the contract on the new San Francisco Chronicle building, San Fran¬ cisco, California. The company has its offices at 1451 Railway Exchange building and it operates three fac¬ tories in Chicago, located at 2300 to 2310 La Salle street, 22 and 24 South Jefferson street and 2253 to 2257 Wentworth avenue. Reginald J. Davis, the president of the company, is known as one of the experts in the line of interior finish in the United States. He was born August 18, 1848, in South Wales, England, and learned his profession in the old country, serving a long indoor apprenticeship and perfecting himself in the many branches which have prox'cd so useful to him in his subsequent career. His ajiprenticeshij) ccn ered the technical as well as the prac¬ tical side of his profession and he took the first prize in his examination at the London Technical School, receiving a percentage (jf 97 out of a possible 100. He came to the United States in 1878 and settled in St. Paul. He came to Chicago in 1882, and speedily forged to the front as a contractor. His incorporation of the firm of R. J. Davis & Company was the result of close application to business and taking advantage of the opportunities for fine work when Chicago took the lead in the erection of skyscraper buildings. Mr. Davis REGINALD J. DAVIS. is independent in politics, is a Royal Arch Mason, a member of the New Illinois Athletic Club and of the Flinsdale Coif Club. He was married in the old country previous to coming to America, and leads a quiet life at his home at 945 Sawyer avenue. Arthur Nollau, of the Nollau & Wolff Manufactur¬ ing Company, was born in Manitowoc, Wisconsin, in 1859. He is one of the best knowm manufacturers of general millwork and interior finish of the Middle West. Some of the most modern and handsome buildings in Chicago and vicinity have been fitted with the products of his firm. He began his successful career as a cash boy in a Manitowoc general merchandise store, but soon was promoted to clerk, and later to bookkeeper. With his savings he came to Chicago in 1884 and formed a partnership with Otto E. Wolff under the firm name of Wolff & Nollau. Their plant is located Iff 35 to 45 hnllerton avenue, covering half a block. It has gradually increased from a small factory employing 20 men to their present capacity of 200 men. In 1900 the firm was incorporated as the Nollau & M'olff Manu¬ facturing Company. The floor space of the present fac¬ tory is more than 48,000 square feet, not including dry¬ ing kilns, engine rooms, large lumber yards and the the city of chicago. offices. The plant of the Nollaii & Wolff Manufactur¬ ing Company is to-day considered one of the best equipped and best located for interior finish and general millwork in the United States. The new Chicago & North-M'estern Rail way's office building at Jackson boulevard and Franklin streets, the Majestic theater and office building on Monroe street .\RTHUR NOLL AU. near Dearborn street and Sears, Roebuck & Com¬ pany's new plant at Hamlin and Harvard streets are amonsf the recent structures in which the Nollau & \\'olff Manufacturing Company furnished all the mill- work and interior finish. Mr. Nollau is a member of the Chicago Athletic Association, a prominent Mason and a member of several other organizations and fraternities. B. P. Weber is a native Chicagoan, born January 6, 1853, at a date wlien the population of the City of Chi¬ cago scarcely exceeded 50,000 souls. He is the son of Michael and Anna M. Weber, pioneer settlers of the city. He acquired a practical education in the public schools, and in Dyrenfurth College. Upon attaining his majority he engaged in the real estate and loan busi¬ ness on his own account, having offices in the Ewing block, and has since been interested in the business, being the senior partner of the firm of Weber, Kransz & Company, located since 1881 at 84 La Salle street. He is one of the original fifty members of the Chicago Real Estate Board, and still remains a member. In 1889 he extended his business operations to include an interest in the Jefferson Brick Company, of which he was the president, until the formation of the Illinois Brick Company, which combination was effected in April, 1900. In 1891 he organized the Weber-Labahn Company, of which he was president until he disposed of his inter¬ est and established his own works, which for many years was the model yard of the Illinois Brick Company, known as Yard No. 5. Mr. Weber was vice-president of the Illinois Brick Company until his resignation in February of this year, when he resigned to accept the presidency of the National Brick Companv, recently organized with a capital of $500.000, now erecting plants at Weber Sta¬ tion, Illinois, on the Chicago & North-Western Railway, Afaynard, Indiana, and Chicago Heights, Illinois. \\'hen completed, the company will have a capacity of 1.250,000 brick per day. the largest output of any establishment in this line in the world, not a trust or a combination. The company's offices are at 84 La Salle street. While engaged in the brick business, Mr. Weber did as much to develop and improve the territory between Chicago and Evanston as any one man. As a B. F. WEBER. builder, he erected within the past three years over 200 first-class residences within the territory from Grace- land a\enue on the south, to, and including Rogers Park on the north. He has improved miles of streets with first-class paving and sidewalks and all under¬ ground improvements. Many tracts of highly improved property are the best testimonials of his efforts. He has also built several miles of railroad extending 22S THE CITY OF CHICAGO. from Oakton avenue to Peterson avenue along the township line between Evanston and Niles. This terri¬ tory owes its appreciation in land values solely to his efforts, being formerly one vast unimproved semi-wil¬ derness. It now has large manufacturing plants employ¬ ing a thousand or more people. Mr. \\'eber has entirely withdrawn from public affairs in which he formerly took considerable part, having served in both the Thirty-second and Thirty- third General Assemblies as representative from the old Sixth senatorial district, which comprised all the towns in Cook County outside of the then limits of the City of Chicago. He also seiwed two terms as assessor and member of the board of trustees of the Town of Lake View, and was elected and served two terms in the city council, after the annexation of Lake \'iew to the City of Chicago in 1895. He was appointed election commissioner by Judge Scales, which office he subsequently resigned to accept from Governor Altgeld a place on the Lincoln Park Board. Mr. Weber was married October 14, 1884, to Miss Anna M. Kransz, daughter of Nicholas Kransz, one of the earliest settlers and prominent citizens of Lake \ iew. This union was blessed with seven children, three of whom are deceased. Those living are: Clar¬ ence J., Cassius M., Cressie O., and Bernard F., Jr. He is a member of Our Lady of Lourdes parish, of which he is a regular attendant, belongs to North Shore Court, Catholic Order of Foresters, and is also a mem¬ ber of the Knights of Columbus. Mr. Weber is a member of the Ravenswood Club, Illinois Athletic, and other social organizations. Rudolph S. Blome, senior member of the well-known firm of Rudolph S. Blome Company, cement paving and concrete contractors, is one of the best examples of what a young man possessing business ability can accomplish in the metropolitan city of the \\'est. The adage of "young blood will tell" seems to be especially appro¬ priate in this instance, for although only slightly more than thirty years of age it is his energy that has been the life of the firm e\ er since he became connected with it. Mr. Blome was borne at Monroe, Michigan, in 1871, and after graduating from the local high school, com¬ pleted his studies in the University of Michigan at iVnn Arbor, following which he pursued further work at the University of Detroit. He then came to Chicago to become identified with Mr. Joseph Stamsen in the cement paving business and in i8()4 entered into part¬ nership with him under the firm name of Stamsen & Blome. Upon the death, in i8(/), of Mr. Stamsen, Mr. Blome became sole proprietor of the business and later changed the firm name to Rudolph S. Blome Companv, and in January, 1904, gave an interest to Mr. William Sinek, who had been with the concern a number of years. Since Mr. Blome's connection with the business this firm has executed nearly all of the larger contracts of cement floors and sidewalks, concrete foundations, and other forms of concrete construction in and about Chi¬ cago. The field of operations has extended as far north as Hamilton, Canada, east to Washington, D. C., south to Alabama and west to Salt Lake City, and the number of men employed increased from ninety in 1894 to as high as fourteen hundred in 1904. Some idea of the magnitude of the operations of this concern may be gained from the fact that during the greater part of the season of 1904 they were at work in RUDOLPH S. BLOME. twenty-two cities outside of and in addition to Chicago. Also, while the laying of cement sidewalks is but one of the many forms of concrete work they execute, the firm has built more cement sidewalks than any other concern in the world, aggregating on December 31, 1904, slightly more than 26,000,000 feet. The firm occupies large and well-appointed offices on the bank floor of the Unitv Building, 79 Dearborn street, where all business comes under the personal supervision of Mr. Blome. It may here be remarked that the success and envied reputation of this firm are partially due to the fact that they solicit and execute a first-class and superior grade of work only, as is proven by the vast amount of their work now in use. Mr. Bhjine is, and has been for three successive terms, pres¬ ident of the Chicago Concrete Contractors' Association. THE CITY OF CHICAGO. 220 He is also a member of tlie Buiklers and Traders Exchangee, and the Union League, Germania Alänner- chor, Illinois, Athletic and Marquette clubs. The Palmer House, located at State and Monroe streets in the heart of the retail business district, main¬ tains its position as one of the leading hotels of the city, despite the fact that it was built more than thirty years ago. Massive in size and built of the finest materials, mere alterations have been found necessary to keep it up to the standard of the hotels more recently erected. Within the last ten years the dining rooms have been remodeled, an electric light plant installed and a large laundry established in the basement. The parlors have been redecorated frequently and many fine paint¬ ings added to the collection that was already on the walls. Only recently a new heating plant was estab¬ lished in the basement and a telephone .system with wires connecting with each of the guest rooms installed. The spacious main dining room on the parlor floor of the hotel, famous in years gone by, is perhaps the scene of more large baiK|uets than any other room in Chicago. The club rooms are also a favorite place for conventions of various mercantile associations. With its 781 guest rooms, the hotel ranks as one of the largest in America. Since the death of Potter I'almer a change has been made in the system of management. The Chicago Hotel Company, organized in 1904, leases and conducts the house. Willis Howe, for many years manager of the house, was the first president of the Chicago Hotel Company and continued in charge of the house until the spring of 1905. After his retirement, W. C. Vier- buchen, for many years head clerk in the hotel, was elected president of the Chicago Hotel Company and manager of the house. Mr. Vierbuchen still retains the position. The history of the hotel is known to most Chi- cagoans. Work on its construction was begun before the great fire of 1871. When it was up to the first floor it was destroyed with manv of the neighboring buildings. With renewed energy Mr. Palmer began again the construction of one of the best and most costly hotels in \nierica. The hotel was completed in the fall of 1873. PALMER HOUSE. THE CITY OP CHICAGO. The Auditorium Hotel opened a new era in hotel construction in America. Until the granite pile had been built at tbe northwest corner of Michigan boule¬ vard and Congress street, there was not an entirely non- combustible hotel in the country. For nearly twenty years previous to the opening of the hotel in 1890, there had been no advancement or improvement in hotel con¬ struction in Chicago, and it was not until after that date that the first fireproof and thoroughly modern hotel was erected in New York City. The Auditorium was, therefore, in a sense, the pioneer of the great, magnifi¬ cent, indestructible, palatial botéis of America. Not only was it, when first completed and opened, regarded as the most beautiful room of its kind in the United States, and the grand dining room on the tenth floor which is even larger than the banquet hall, and is also frequently used for banquets. Other dining facili¬ ties of the Auditorium proper include a large restaurant on the ground floor, and a grill room which was the first to be opened in Chicago. The World's Columbian Exposition made the erection of an additional building necessary and in 1892 ground was broken at the southwest corner of Michigan avenue and Congress street, and the construction was begun of the hotel which has since become famous all over the world as the Auditorium Annex. This is a AUDITORIUM HOTELS. a magnificent hotel far superior to anything the United States had seen up to that time, but it contained many other than the hotel features and some of them were of an exceedingly im])f)rtant and interesting character. The Auditorium Hotel was so named from the fact that the building contains under the same roof with the hotel, an auditorium for public gatherings which is, in fact, the largest and finest opera house or theater west of New York City. The fact that patrons of the .\udi- torium Hotel may attend the opera or other entertain¬ ment in the Auditorium theater without stepping out of doors is of such importance as to need only passing mention. Other features of the original Auditorium building include a banquet hall on the sixth floor, which is much larger hotel, so far as the number of rooms is con¬ cerned, than the original Auditorium, and the entire structure is given up to hotel purposes. The Auditorium Annex is connected with the Audi¬ torium proper by means of a white marble tunnel directly underneath Congress street. Thus it is that the patrons of the Auditorium Hotel, the Auditorium Annex, the Congress Apartments, the .\uditorium 1 heater and Fine .\rts building are easily enabled to intermingle, passing from one great structure to the other and enjoN-ing all the privileges and features of each without stepping out of doors. So great has been the success of the Auditorium Annex that a still further enlargement of this magnifi¬ cent hotel was found necessary, and in the spring of THE CITY OP CHICAGO. 231 1902 the erection was begun of the building known as the Congress Apartments. The greater portion of tlie first floor of the new building is given up to the Pompeiian room, which, since its opening last autumn, has become known from one end of the country to the other as an apartment of surpassing grandeur and artistic beauty, the counter¬ part of which has never been heretofore encountered in hotel construction or equipment. The prominent feature and chief attraction of this room is the celebrated Tiffany fountain, which was on exhibition at the Pan- American Exposition in Buffalo and was considered by many visitors as one of its most attractive features. The location of the Auditorium Hotel and its annexes is superb. Facing Lake Front park, near the northern terminus of Michigan boulevard, and over¬ looking the broad expanse of Lake Michigan, its sur¬ roundings and environments are such as no other hotel, located close to the business center of a great citv, can offer. The Congress Hotel Company has recently acquired the two lots adjoining its property on the south, and known as Nos. 228 and 22q IMichigan avenue. It is intended to erect on these lots a build¬ ing to be operated in connection with the Annex hotel. This building will contain about 150 guest rooms, a magnificent banquet hall and assembly rooms. A large portion of the first floor will be used to enlarge and add to the present Pom])eiian room. This new building w ill be built on a magnificent scale, in keeping with the Congress Hotel Company's properties. R. H. Southgate is president of the Congress Hotel Companv, which owns and manages the three properties. A. G. Bullock is the vice-president and Thomas H. Joyce, secretary and treasurer. The board of directors consists of R. H. Southgate, J. Frank Lawrence, G. B. Shaw, R. H. Southgate, Jr., J. H. Breslin, A. G. Bullock and F. H. Carmack. R. H. Southgate is the general manager of all the properties. Mx S. Shafer is assistant manager in charge of the .\uditorium Hotel and J. F. Kennedy, of the Annex. The Great Northern Hotel is one of the best equipped and most centrally located hostelries in the city. Convenient to the business districts, both wholesale and retail, all elevated and steam railway stations within easy reach, and near to the theaters, it has become the recognized head(iuarters of commercial men, and popular with the traveling pub¬ lic generally. It is a fourteen-siory fire])roof structure, fronting on Jackson boulevard, Dearborn and Ouincy streets. with 400 rooms, 250 of which have bathrooms connect¬ ing. There are more rooms with connecting bathrooms at the Great Northern than at any hotel in the city. The hotel was opened in 1892, and the number of guests since then have averaged 400 a day. .\t the present writing, improvements costing over $140,000 are being made throughout the house. A new kitchen, the finest in the citv, done in white tile, has recently been completed. Ml employees in the kitchen are dressed in spotless white uniforms, giving a general aspect of cleanliness not generally met with in the kitchens of big hotels and restaurants. The hotel is run strictlv on the Furopean plan. \ café on the parlor floor and a grill room in the basement furnish ample accommodations for those gne>ts who wish to take advantage of the excellent cuisine of the Great North¬ ern. .\ banquet hall on the parlor floor has recently been opened. GREAT NORTHERN HOTEL. THE CITY OP CHICAGO. Besides the usual equipment of the modern hotel, every room in the Great Northern is equipped with a long- distance telephone, an advantage which only a few other hotels in the city have. What is said to be the finest and most complete barher shop in the country, MAJESTIC HOTEL. a system of compressed air cleaning throughout the house, and an $18,000 yEolian organ in the lobby on which nightly concerts are given, are but a few of the features which attract the wayfarer to the Great Northern. The basement of the hotel presents a busy scene, where new boilers and an improved system of heating are being installed. A new electric light plant has recently been finished. Hotel Majestic is located in Quincy street, between State and Dearborn streets, 150 feet from the main Dearborn street entrance of the new Chicago postoffice. The hotel is a model steel structure and absolutely fire¬ proof. Built in the form of a quadrangle with halls running lengthwise, every room is an outside room, insuring fresh air and sunshine tO' every patron. All the bathrooms are beautifully finished with tile and furnished with porcelain bath tubs, marble wash stands and nickel trimmings. Each room is provided with a long distance telephone, is steam heated, lighted by electricity and furnished with hot and cold water taps. It is no exaggeration to say that the Hotel Majestic is one of the most desirable of Chicago's down-town hotels. The 200 rooms are unexcelled in Chicago for size and elegance of appointments, light, ventilation and general desirability. The rates at this hotel are extremely reasonable considering the nature and quality of the accommodations provided. At the top of the house there is one of the most beautiful restaurants in Chicago, St. Hubert's Inn. Situated as it is on the seventeenth floor, it affords the visitor a splendid view of Chicago, Lake Michigan and the surrounding countr}-. Hotel Majestic is adjacent to the great down-town shopping district. j\11 street car lines pass within one to three blocks and the Board of Trade, Stock Exchange, hanks, large office buildings, and the main jobbing houses of Chicago are within easy walking distance, making it one of the most desirable hotels in Chicago for patrons tO' whom time is a valuable con¬ sideration. A modern compressed air vacuum system of dust- less cleaning is used at the Majestic. It has a sta¬ tionary air-compressing plant in its basement, with standpipes connecting all floors. By this method all the rooms in the hotel are kept sweet and clean and sani¬ tary. All the carpets, rugs, draperies, upholstered fur¬ niture, pillows, mattresses, etc., are renovated and cleaned with the compressed air vacuum system, "h^resh Air" is the motto of the Majestic. The perfect ventilation of every room is further enhanced by the use of pure atmosphere in removing all dust and microbes, l)roducing a sanitary condition that can be attained in no other manner. CHAPTER XXIV. 'ram. RUS HALL McCORMICK, in¬ ventor, manufacturer and benefac¬ tor, was l)orn February 15. 1809. at Walnut Gro\ e, I^ockbridge Countw Virginia. The surroundings of his early life were extremely pic¬ turesque, the Blue Ridge towering above the valley to the east, the Alleghanies not far away on the west, and the valley itself ])resenting a panorama of fields and waving interspersed with streams, hills and comfortable homes. Such environment, and the inherited genius of his father, together with the prac¬ tical ability of his mother, all combined to fit him for his life task. His father, Robert McCormick, was a farmer, possessing one thousand eight hundred acres of excel¬ lent land, upon which he operated, in the patriarchal fashion of the South, a number of industries, including a flour mill and saw mill, and a car])enter and blacksmith shop. Characterized by tireless industr>' and imbued with mechanical talent, he invented a number of devices to simplify the labors of the farm, including a hemp break, a threshing machine and a tub-shaped bellows toi the blacksmith shop. The idea of constructing a reap¬ ing machine as a means of saving much of the heavy work and time consumed in harvest had engaged his attention for many years. In 1816 he made a crude ma¬ chine in his own shoj), in which he sought to obtain his object by means of a row of upright cylinders, armed with sickle blades, rotating against a stationary cutting edge. The several stalks fell on leather straps, which carried them to one side and threw them on the ground The contrivance illustrated the inventor's ingenuity, but was not operative, and after another unsuccessful trial in 1831 it was abandoned. 233 The son, Cyrus H. McCormick, who had gained partly by inheritance, partly by practice, a love for the mechanical arts, watched his father's experiments and mechanical work in many lines with a boy's interest. He attended an old field school every winter, and in the open months of the year learned, by his own experience in the work of the farm, the im[)ortance of a machine which would relieve the husbandman of his heaviest toil in harvest time. At the age of fifteen he constructed an ingenious, light and symmetrical grain cradle, which enabled him to keep pace in reaping with the workmen. In 1831 he patented a hillside plow, to throw a fur¬ row alternately to the right and left, and in 1833 another improved plow, which he called "self-sharpening." The father's experimental reaping machine, laid by, was a familiar object to young Cyrus in his early years, as he has often said. In 1831 Cyrus H. McCormick, filled with the idea of a successful reaper, conceived a machine upon an entirely different plan, and with re¬ markable energy constructed it and tried it in the field during that harvest. The operation was successful and the machine thus brought forth, by meeting the difficul¬ ties which had baffled previous efforts, determined the line of future development of harvesting machinery. So well had he w rought that the essential features of the first reaper have never been departed from. The inventor used in this machine the vibrating blade, operating in fingers, or supports, to the grain being cut, a principle w hieb has been retained througbout the developinent of the reaper. The platform for receiving the cut grain after it had been severed by the cutting apparatus, ami from which it was raked to the side in gavels, ready to bind, remains the same in principle to-day. The neces¬ sity for the reel to bring the standing grain to the knife, and finally incline it upon the platform, was also recog¬ nized in this first machine. The divider also was made 234 THE CITY OF CHICAGO. a part of this machine, to meet the clifificulty found in separating efifectively the grain which was cut from that left standing. The construction upon two wheels, like a cart, thus avoiding the awkwardness of some previous attempts, has been preserved, as well as the concentra¬ tion of most of the weight of the machine upon the driving wheel, a feature which is readily seen by the practical man to be important. Much thought and repeated improvements during the first twenty years had combined to produce a machine that, when exhibited at the \\'orld's Fair in London, in 1851, astonished the world and saved the American exhibit from being regarded as commonplace, although the London Times had ridiculed the McCor- CVRUS HALL McCORMICK. mick reaper before the exhibition as a "cross between an Astley (circus) chariot, a wheelbarrow and a flying machine." It was compelled to acknowledge, after a test had been made in the fields, that this machine was "worth to the farmers of England the whole cost of the exhibition." Writing of this glorious success, Honor¬ able William H. Seward said: "So the reaper of 1831, as improved in 1845, achiex ed for its inventor a triumph which all then felt and acknowledged was not more a j)ersonal one than it was a national one. It was justly so regarded. No general or consul, drawn in a chariot through the streets of Rome by order of the Senate. e\er conferred upon mankiml benefits so great as he who thus vindicated the genius of our countrv at the World's Exhibition of Art in the Metropolis of the British Empire in 1851." Important improvements were added to Mr. McCor- mick's machines, and they constantly led in the race to produce the best machines for reaping the great harvests of the world. The raker and driver had been given seats on the machine by 1847, and the one was relieved of the drudgery of walking and the other of riding a horse. In 1858 experiments were made with the self- rake of McClintock Young, and machines xvith this invention were put upon the market in i860. Scylla & Adams had in 1853 conceived the idea of making a machine upon which the hinders could ride. Marsh Brothers further improved this in 1858. and Mr. McCor- mick had such a machine on the market in 1873, t)ut not much was done with this, for he had experimented with a wire binder in 1872, and had such harvesters ready to sell in 1875. The twine binder was already planned, and he began to supply them to the trade in 1881. When Mr. McCormick thus saw the modern machine develop from his original invention, he built up a manu¬ facturing business for the introduction of his reaper to the markets of the world, and thus guided its subse¬ quent development to meet the demands of each successive period. He had the satisfaction of developing in this manner the largest business of its kind in the w^orld. In nearly every national and international exhi¬ bition of the century, ]\Ir. McCormick's reaper was awarded the first honor, and he himself w as the recipient of many marks of distinction. From the first machine of 1831 up to the latest Right-hand Automatic Binder of 1900, there has been a gradual evolution in the McCormick machines, so natural, so important and so far-reaching in their benefits to bread winners, as to place his name high on the roll of the illustrious men of our land. But his life-work would not he adequately apprehended if we should stop here. He was a philan¬ thropist and benefactor as well. In 1859 proposed to the Ceneral Assemhl\- of the Preshvterian Church to endow, with $100.000 the professorships of a theological seminary, to be established in Chicago. This was done, and during his life-time he gave about half a million dollars to this institution, the Preshvterian Theological Seminary of the Northwest, now McCormick Theolog¬ ical Seminar)-. The McCormick professorship of natural philosophy in Washington and Lee University of Vir¬ ginia, and gifts to the Union Theological Seminary at Hampden-Sidnc)-. and to other colleges under Presby¬ terian influence, also attest his solicitude for the church in which he had been reared, and of which he had been a member since 1834. In 1872 he came to the aid of the struggling organ of the Presbyterian Church in the Northwest. The Interior, and used it to foster union between the old and the new schools in the church, and to aid in harmonizing the Presbyterian C hurch in the Northwest. Under his care and advice The Interior THE CITY OF CHICAGO. 235 grew to be a mighty voice, expressing the convictions, the aspirations and hopes of a great church. In 1858 Mr. McComiick was married to Miss Nettie Fowler, a daughter of Melzar Fowler of Jefferson County. New \ork. Seven children were born to them, of whom five are yet living. Mr. McCormick died May 13, 1884, in Chicago, leaving an honored name to his family. Potter Palmer is one of the best known names in Chicago. So closely was Mr. Palmer identified with the early growth and development of the city that there is hardly a landmark in it that does not bear his signet. For fifty years he was a conspicuous figure in the his¬ tory of the city and its leading commercial character. He was born in Albany County, New York, May 20, 1826, the son of Benjamin and Rebecca (Potter) Pal¬ mer. He was a descendant of Y'alter Palmer who was a companion of John Endicott, colonial governor of Massachusetts, 1629, who later settled at A'equete- quock, Connecticut, the scene of present day re-unions of the Palmer family. Mr. Potter's early ancestors in America were attracted to the sea. Many of them were established at New Bedford, Massachusetts, where they were engaged in foreign commerce. Three members of the family were lost at sea in one year and this so shocked the others that they abandoned the sea. The direct ancestors of Potter Palmer moved from New Bedford to Albany County, New York, in the early part of the nineteenth century, where they became prominentlv connected with the affairs of a growing community. Benjamin Palmer, father of Potter Pal¬ mer, engaged in stock raising, and at one time owned three large stock farms. He married Rebecca Potter, daughter of Samuel and Deborah (Ricketson) Potter. Potter Palmer, the fourth son of this marriage, lived with his parents until he was seventeen years old, when he left home for the purpose of learning the ways of commerce with his father's promise that as soon as he demonstrated his ability he would supply him with the needed capital to start him in business. His first work was as a clerk in a country store, postoffice and bank at Durham, New York. Here his abilities won speedy recognition and at the end of two years he was given entire charge of the establishment. Shortly thereafter he started a dry goods store in Oneida, New York, which he later disposed of to open a larger one in Lockport. He chafed under the stagnancy of small towns and the limit on his capacities, and he determined to seek a larger field for his efforts. He first thought of going to New York, but the won¬ derful progress then being made in the Middle West attracted him and after a visit to Chicago in 1852 he decided to move here and establish himself as a dry goods merchant. After selling out his business in Lockport and adding the capital given him by his father, he purchased a stock of goods in New York and opened an establishment in Lake street, which was the foundation of the immense fortune he amassed and the cornerstone of the business integrity of the city. PI is store prospered and the name of Potter Palmer became known throughout all the territory tributary to Chicago, and was a synonym for honesty and fair dealing everywhere. His business was founded upon his known insistence upon generous dealing and full value in return for the money of customers. Many innovations in the business of retailing dry goods were inaugurated by the young merchant, and though they were bitterly opposed by his competitors POTTER PALMER. all of them have since been adopted and though they worked a revolution of the business modern retail dry goods merchants the world over acknowledge the wis¬ dom of them. Mr. Palmer was the first to start the bargain day. He was the first to set aside certain days for the sale of certain articles. He was the first to adopt the plan of exchanging goods or refunding money to customers who were not satisfied. He was the first to start the general and extensive advertising that is now a feature of all retail dry goods houses. He was the first to arrange show windows and dress and decorate them. He was the first to inaugurate the system of delivering goods to the homes of customers. These innovations rapidly drew trade to his store and while his competitors opposed him they were one by one compelled to follow. Under this plan of deal- 236 THE CITY OF CHICAGO. ing the Potter Palmer establishment soon became known as tbe largest of its kind in the northwest country and the mere association of the name of the firm with the name of the city resulted in a greater confidence being placed in the plans proposed by the growing metropolis of the West and contributed in itself largely to the develoi)ment of the place. The head of the firm of jNlacy & Company of New York, heard of the business plans of the young Chicagoan and a special agent was sent to Chicago to study them. On his return the New York house immediately adopted them and after a few years the same plans were being put into practice in London, Paris and Berlin. Through all IMr. Palmer's career he never had a - business partner. All his work was accomplished alone and it stands a monument to himself. The arduous labors spent in the building up of his business and in helping the city generally on its road of progress told on the remarkable abilities in the end, however. The physical and mental structures were not able to with¬ stand the strain, and in 1867, on the advice of phy¬ sicians, IMr. Palmer gave up his business and devoted several years to rest and travel. Tbe business he had built up was turned over to Marshall Field and Levi Z. I.eiter, and, in order that they might begin wbere he left oi¥, under the most aus¬ picious circumstances, the retiring founder of the firm left them his name and part of his capital. For several years the business was conducted under the old title, or until they were-able with their own resources to con¬ trol the business. After nearly tbree years spent in travel Mr. Palmer returned to Chicago, bettered dn health and eager to get into the world of affairs once again. Still acting under the advice of his physicians, he decided he would not take up the more confining and arduous labor of his old business, and he determined to turn his millions into real estate. It was this decision that has resulted in a greater good to Chicago than the decision of any other one man. State street then was a narrow, ill-kept and unsightly thoroughfare. The main street of the city was Lake street. As his far-seeing judgment told him the best foundation upon wbich to build his dry goods business, an ecpial prescience told him that if Chicago was to grow ,its main thoroughfare must run parallel with the Lake Front, and he set about the task of turning the tide of the city's business from cast and west to north and south. He bought the land on either side of State street for more than a mile, fought through the city council a bill widening the street twenty feet and providing for its paving, and he then used his sur¬ plus capital in erecting one after another the finest com¬ mercial buildings the city had then seen. Tlie irregular, poorly-built structures gave way to the handsome new buildings, the narrow ill-drained street was widened into the State street of to-day, and as if by magic the commercial enterprises on Lake street turned to the new thoroughfare and in the space of a few years the whole tide of the city's business had been turned into a new and better channel. Then came the fire of 1871, and the flames swept out the patient work of years. When the fire had at last been extinguished the general scene of devastation seemed to spell ruin for the man whose millions had been swept away as well as for the city itself. With equal courage, however, the man and the city turned to the work of rebuilding. Though the fire had destroyed in all thirty-two buildings belonging to Mr. Palmer, his credit enabled him to borrow $1,700,000 from the Mutual Life Insurance Company of Connecti¬ cut, the largest sum that had till then been loaned by tbat company, and with his new capital he set about building even finer structures in the place of those destroyed. The State street of to-day speaks eloquently of his success. The turning thus of the entire life of a city was not the only achievement of the man. After he had accom¬ plished that he spent thousands of dollars in the pur¬ chase of the then waste and swamp lands north of Chi¬ cago avenue and east of Rush street. In a few years he had turned the swamps and sand dunes into the most valuable property district in tbe city. It bordered the Lake Front and was bounded on the north by Lincoln Park and to tbe south abutted tbe expanding business district of the city. The Lake Front was parked and inside it the beautiful Lake Shore Drive was laid out and the homes of Chicago's wealthiest and most exclu¬ sive now border it, facing tbe lake and looking upon the same scene toward which Mr. Palmer faced his own magnificent residence, almost midway between the ends of the fashionable driveway. In 1871 Mr. Palmer married Bertha, daughter of Henry H. Honore, a prominent capitalist and real estate holder of Chicago. Through all his efforts in the build¬ ing up of the city she was his constant aid and it was largely through her encouragement that the hard days following the fire were safely bridged. By his mar¬ riage he had two sons, Honore and Potter Palmer, who have both risen to prominence in the life of the city. During his long years there were few projects of worth that did not receive his support, ami that sup¬ port was usually material. He was an incorporator of the Chamber of Commerce, an early member of the Chicago Library Association and one of the first sub¬ scribers to the Chicago May festivals. He was one of the three founders of the Chicago Interstate Industrial Exposition and vice-president and director of the World's Columbian Exposition, to which he contrib- THE CITY OF CHICAGO. 237 uted both time and money and throug-h his efforts it was crowned with success. Mrs. Palmer was chief of the Women's Commission of the fair and contributed larg-ely to the success of the enterprise. Though he was always keenly interested in matters of public welfare and took an active part in them when it was for the interest of Chicago, he did not care for the distinction which comes from holding public oihce. He preferred the pleasure of accomplishment more than the honor of mere position. In 1870 he declined the Interior portfolio in President Grant's cabinet. On many other occasions he was oft'ered positions of politi¬ cal honor, but he declined them all. His one position that might be called political was as commissioner of the South Park board. That he accei)ted in order that he might be instrumental in beautifying the south end of the city by laying out a splendid boulevard system in that section of the town. The result of his work speaks for itself. It was largely through his efforts that Chicago can now boast of the finest park system in the world, and in the most complete boulevard system connecting all the parks in a continuous driveway. No man ever worked more for the joy of working and less for self-aggrandizement. He died in Chicago. May 4, 1902. Philip Danforth Armour, son of Danforth and Juli- anna (Brooks) Armour, was born at Stockbridge, Mad¬ ison County, New York, May 16. 1832. His parents, who were farmers, gave their family of six boys and two girls such educational advantages as were to be obtained in the near-by country schools, and some of the children also attended a neighboring village seminary. Among them was Philip, and many anecdotes have been told of his boyish pranks while a student at that institution. During the winter of 1851-52. Mr. Armour was one of a small party that succumbed to the California gold craze, and in the early spring of 1852 this band of goldseekers began their journey toward the far West. Six months later they reached their destina¬ tion, having traveled by the overland route, and encoun¬ tering all the hardships incident to making the trip in this manner. Mr. Armour returned to the East in 1856, after having had a varied experience in mining enterprises, and it was conjectured at the time that he brought back with him considerable of the golden dust, but the facts of this interesting matter are known only to himself. He devoted a few weeks to visiting his parents, after which he again started MYst, this time locating in Milwaukee. Here he formed a partnership with Fred¬ erick B. Miles in the commission business. This firm continued until i863> when Mr. Armour became asso¬ ciated with John Plankinton in the pork-packing industry. This venture was probably the turning point in Mr. Armour's career, since Mr. Plankinton had for many years been connected with Frederick Layton, one of Milwaukee's pioneer residents, and not only stood high and commanded the respect of the citizens of Mil¬ waukee. but had also built up an industry of no small magnitude. This partnership enjoyed a thriving busi¬ ness, and the fluctuations in the price of provisions at the close of the war left the firm a fortune. Mr. .Xrmour's brother, Herman O. Armour, had established himself in Chicago in 1862 in the grain com¬ mission business, but three years later he was induced to surrender his interests 'here to a younger brother, Joseph F. Armour, and take charge of a new firm in PHILIP UAXFORTH .\RMOUR. New York, under the name of Armour, Plankinton & Company. The firm name of H. O. Armour & Company was continued in Chicago, however, until 1870. Thev continued to handle grain, and commenced packing hogs in 1868. This part of the business, however, was conducted under the firm name of Armour & Companv, and in 1870 the firm of Armour & Company assumed all the business transacted at Chicago. In 1871, in order to keep abreast of the demands of the market, the firm of Plankinton N: Armour was established at Kansas City, under the charge of Simeon B. Armour, and in 1875 Philip D. Armour came to Chicago, where he resided until his death, January 6, 1901. Mr. Armour gave largely of his wealth to various charitable and educational institutions, to say nothing of his numerous gifts toward other worthy enterprises, and the various other endowments of which no public 238 THE CITY OF CHICAGO. mention has been made. In 1881. upon the death of his brother, Joseph F. Armour, he was çiven charge of a trust of $100,000. witli which to found an institution wliose purpose should be to reach the people with the teachings and influences of the gospel of Christ, and to insure the care and development of the children and youth of that part of Chicago where it should be located. ]\Ir. Armour took his brother's bequest as a suggestion, and his benefaction has multiplied the amount many times, his own gift reaching the sum- of two millions of dollars. The result has been, not only the building of the Armour ^Mission, but the Armour flats, and later the Armour Institute, the i)ublic being made aware of the latter gift on Christmas E\ e, 1892. Mr. Armour was married at Cincinnati in 1862 to Miss Relie Ogden, daughter of Jonathan Ogden. Two sons have been born to them, Jonathan Ogden Armour and Philip D. Armour, Jr., who died January, 1900. Gustavus Franklin Swift was born June 24, 1839, at Sandwich, Cape Cod, Massachusetts, and died in Chicago, iMarch 29, 1903, at the age of sixty-three. Mr. Swift was one of eight sons in a family of twelve children. His parents were plain New England people, his father being a farmer, the boys working on the farm in their younger days. Feeling that his father's farm was not capable of supporting the entire family, Gus¬ tavus F. Swift determined to branch out into some other occupation and obtained employment with the town butcher at Sandwich. Having acquired a knowl¬ edge of butchering, he decided after a few years to go into the business for himself and started with a peddling wagon, selling from house to house. He afterwards moved to Barnstable, Massachusetts, where he con¬ tinued his business and established a small slaughter house. ( )n January 3, 1861, Mr. Swift was married to Annie M. Higgins, and continued to reside at Barnstable until 1869, when he moved to Brighton, Massachusetts, a suburb of Boston, which was then the principal live stock market of New England. Shortly after his arrival in Brighton, he entered the employ of J. A. Hathaway, subsequently becoming a partner under the firm name of Hathaway & Swift. They bought cattle in Albany and Bufïalo and shipped the animals to Brighton, Mr. Swift visiting the cattle markets and making most of the purchases. It was about this time that Chicago began to attract attention as a live stock center and Mr. Swift bought cattle in Chicago for eastern shipment to his firm. In 1875 he moved his family to Chicago and the ljartnershi]j with Mr. Il.'ithaway was dissolved, Mr. .Swift going into business under the firm name of Swift Bros. & Co. During the year 1877 Mr. Swift started to slaughter cattle in the Union Stock Yards, Chicago, and in the winter of that year he first shipped dressed beef from Chicago to eastern markets, using ordinary box cars for the railroad journey. The idea was at first considered impracticable, but as the result proved profitable, ship¬ ments were continued until the refrigerator car finally solved the problem of transporting fresh meat over long distances. From this time the business increased rap¬ idly and the firm prospered. In 1885 Swift & Company was incorporated with $300,000 capital and Mr. Swift elected president, the corporation taking over the business of Swift Bros. GUSTAVUS FRANKLIN SWIFT. & Co. In 1905 the company had a capital of $35,- 000,000 and had over 25,000 employees on its payroll. Mr. Swift made it a rule to keep in close touch with all branches of his business and was familiar with every detail of it. He was a firm believer in quality and constantly aimed to produce the best in all the varied products manufactured by the modern packing house. The e.xceptional growth of Swift & Company can be directly traced to the successful management and rare executive ability of the man who conducted its affairs from its inception until within a few days of his death in 1903. He was always enthusiastic about his business and had the faculty of instilling that enthu¬ siasm into his associates and employees. He was a man typical of his time and was quick to see the advantage of any new idea which could be applied to the packing industry. The continual development of scientific methods for the handling of by-products, of economy THE CITY OF CHICAGO. 239 in operation and of mechanical refrigeration were all factors contributing to the success of the Swift business and he who was ever on the alert to further the interests of the company took the greatest personal pride in its expansion and progress. It is perhaps worthy of remark that his success was won by strictly business methods. He was not a specu¬ lator, although there was no keener judge of market conditions and no one knew better than he the trend of trade affairs. Among his employees he was as plain and matter-of- fact as when he was comparatively poor. Many of the men who had been employed under him for years, he knew intimately and he was familiar with the names of scores. Outside of his business his whole life interest was centered in his home and his church. His home life was ideal and he left behind him a family consisting of his widow, two daughters and seven sons. His eldest son, Louis F. Swift, is now president of the com¬ pany, and Edward F. Swift is vice-])resident, and all of the other sons, with the exception of the youngest, are connected with the company. Mr. Swift's charities were numerous, but little was heard of his gifts, as he was much op])osed to having such matters made public. Many educational institu¬ tions and scores of struggling churches all over the country were constant recipients from his thoughtful and kindly purse. Coming to Chicago at a time when that city was on the threshold of its commercial glory, Gustavus Franklin Swift foresaw the many oj^portunities lying before him and the vast work he constructed and per¬ fected is a fitting monument to his greatness. Philip F. W. Peek came to Chicago in 1830, when the city was nothing but a frontier post, known as Fort Dearborn. He came by sailing vessel from Buffalo and brought with him from the East a stock of goods, proposing to locate here or continue south. The natu¬ ral advantages of this point, however, and the future which he foresaw for it, induced him to decide upon remaining. Born in Providence, Rhode Island, in 1809, Mr. Peck had been brought up in New England, which had been the home of several generations of his ancestors, the American progenitor of the family having immi¬ grated to that region from England some time before the middle of the seventeenth century. His educational and industrial training had been of that practical kind which the men who became pioneers in building up western trade and commerce had generally received. He grew to manhood with correct habits, a capacity for close application to bu.^iness, and a comprehensive knowledge of the principles which govern the building up of centers of commercial activity. He was ambi¬ tious, enterprising and self-reliant, and, as his subse¬ quent career demonstrated, had a genius for finance, and was possessed of unusual business foresight. Pie came to Chicago with, or perhaps shortly before, Captain Joseph Napier, founder of the town of Naper- ville—at one time the county seat of DuPage County— and was for a short time associated with the latter in business. His first merchandising operations in Chi¬ cago were carried on in a small log building, which he erected near old Fort Dearborn, in 7831, and which he occupied until the fall of the same year. At that time he had completed—or at least had got in fit condition for occupancy—a two-story frame m ^ PHILIP F. W. PECK. building, located at what is now the southeast corner of South M ater and La Salle streets, into which he moved his stock of goods. But one frame building had been erected in Chicago prior to that time, and Mr. Peck's building was, in fact, the first of this character to be used as a "store building." The land upon which this building was located is still owned by members of his family. It was in the unfinished second storv of this btiildino- O that the first Sunday-school organized in Chicago held some of its earliest meetings, and in which also the Rev. Jeremiah Porter, the first minister, to hold regular religious serx ices in the town, established his study and found a lodging place. It was in this—for that time— superior structure, too, that Mr. Peck laid the founda¬ tion of a fortune, which has since been developed into a rich estate. Here he carried on the business of mer- 240 THE CITY OF CHICAGO. chandizing until sncli time as it became necessary for liim to give his whole attention to his realty interests and the care of his growing fortune. A resident of C hicago two years before it bad a recognized corporate or municipal existence, Mr. Peck was a pioneer of the pioneers. He was one of the volnnteers who went ont from the straggling settle¬ ment around Fort Dearborn to aid in suppressing the famous Indian chief, Black Hawk, in 1832, and he helped to org-anize the settlement into a town in 1833. He was a member of the first fire company organized in Chicago and a voter at the first city election. The first brick dwelling erected in the city—at the corner of W ashington and La Salle streets—was bnilt by Mr. Peck as a residence in 1836, and the site is also still owned in the family. He was "in at the birth" of the town, witnessed the transition from town to village, from village to city, and from a provincial city to the great metropolis of the Northwest, and, two weeks be¬ fore his death, which resulted from an accident and occurred on the 23d of October, 1871, he saw the city that had sprung up under his observation practically swept out of existence by the great fire of that year. Such are not the experiences of an ordinary lifetime. The accumulator of a large fortune, Mr. Peck dem¬ onstrated that adherence to approved and conservative business methods builds up more substantial estates than those which result from speculative enterprises. A sagacious and far-seeing man, who had always great confidence in the continued growth and prosperity of Chicago, he was never carried away by the speculative excitements which swept over the city from time to time, to be followed by corresponding periods of busi¬ ness depression and financial distress. His own affairs were kept so well in hand that he passed safely through financial crises like those of 1837 and 1857, when many of his contemporaries met with reverses from which they never recovered. These periods of general business depression did not weaken even temporarily his faith in the ultimate growth and prosperity of Chicago, but rather had the etïect of stimulating him to make investments at the more advantageous terms offered under such circum¬ stances. His conservatism was such that he met with no reverses of consequence during his business career, and bis fortune grew steadily from the date of his com ing to Chicago to that of his death. In 1835 he was married to Miss Mary K. Wythe, a Philadelphia lady, of English parentage, a tiiece of the celebrated Baptist divine. Dr. Staughton of Phila- deljdna. She died in 1899. Their family consisted of eight children, all of whom were born in tbis city. Four of them died in infancy, and one of the sons, Harold S. Peck, died some years since. The other sons, Wal¬ ter L., Clarence I. and Ferdinand W. Peck, are all leading citizens of Chicago, which they have greatly benefited by their enterprise and public .spirit. The latter has become widely known through various public institutions with which he has been prominently con¬ nected and the public-spirited enterprises which he has projected. He was one of the founders of the Illinois Humane Society and also of the Chicago Athenœum, of which he is the president, and the vice-president and chairman of the Finance Committee and one of the directors of the World's Columbian Exposition of 1893. He conceived the idea of the renowned Auditorium building, containing a vast auditorium hall, a hotel and other features, organized the company for its erection, and, as its president, carried it through to completion and successful operation. This great building is to-day the pride of Chicago, an object almost, if not quite, as conspicuous among the splendid structures by which it is surrounded as was the framed store building built by the elder Peck among the log shanties of Chicago .seventy-four years ago. He was also commissioner-general of the Paris exposition of 1900, appointed by President McKinley. David R. Frasep, deceased, was born at Berwick-on- the-Tweed, Scotland, on May 18, 1824. He came to this country "in 1848, and obtained employment in a machine shop in Pittsburg. That same year he removed to Chicago, entering the employ of Gates & Hoag, later Gates & McKnight. One of his fellow employees was Thomas Chalmers, with whom he created the firm of Fraser & Chalmers twenty-three years later. In 1850 Mr. Fraser was struck by the gold craze that swept the country and crossed the ])lains to California, but fever and ague drove him back, he returning by way of Panama. In 1852 he returned to California, where he secured a position in a machine shop, but the climate did not agree with him, and he returned to Chicago, becoming foreman in the locomotive works of Scoville & Sons, which stood on the site now occupied by the Union depot at Canal and Adams streets. He superintended the construction of the first locomotive ever built in Chi¬ cago. and personally ran it over the plank road on Canal street up to Kinzie street, delivering it to the old Galena & Chicago Railroad. In 1854. when the Scoville works shut down, Mr. Fraser became associated with P. W. Gates N Co., where he built engines by contract. He served as foreman until 1857, when he became a partner of the firm. Later on he aided in organizing the Eagle Works Manufacturing Company at the corner of Canal and Washington streets. Both he and Mr. Chalmers were stockholders and superintendents in this enterprise. After the fire in 1871 the business was aban¬ doned and tbe firm of Eraser & L halmers established. THE CITY OF CHICAGO. 241 It retained its name until 1890, wlien it was purcliased by an English syndicate. In 1890 Mr. Eraser went to England and erected the English works of Eraser & Chahner.s. Ltd., at Erith on the Thames, a short distance from London. He remained there for three years, until the works were completed, except for an occasional trip to C hicago to DAVID R. FRASER. assume charge of the local factory when it was deluged with orders for mining machinery. His executive ability in shop management was remarkable ; it alone enabled the firm to meet its orders. He retired from active busi¬ ness in 1893, though he was vice-president and largest stockholder of the Chicago Portland Cement Company, of which his son, Norman D. Eraser, is president. On May 29, Mr. Eraser was stricken with apoplexy, and after twenty-four hours of unconsciousness he suc¬ cumbed, at the ripe age of eighty. He was married in November, 1851, to Miss Lydia H. Scoville. Three children were horn to them: Airs. E. F". Minor. Mrs. W. F. Alain and Norman H. Eraser. Their golden wedding was celebrated in November, 1901, on which occasion they were surrounded by their children and grandchildren. Mr. Eraser, as a mechan¬ ical engineer and inventor, occupied a front rank in America. He invented many devices and contributed verN' largely to the development of modern mining machinerv. He was a man of winning ])ersonality, his generosity and kindness extending down to his dealings with his humblest employees. Joseph Edward Otis, ca])italist and real estate owner, was horn in Berlin, Erie County, fNiio, April 30, 1830, 16 the son of Joseph and Nancy (Billings) Otis. .After receiving a common school education in his native town he took a three years' academic course in the Huron Institute, at Milan, Ohio. At the age of twenty-one he was appointed postmaster of Berlin, serving in that capacity until 1855, when he became cashier of the Milan Bank. Shortly afterwards he acquired a half interest in the institution by purchase, hut the business was brought to a close in 1862. Through his connec¬ tion with the hank he came into possession of several vessels on the Great Lakes, so he removed to Chicago, in i860, to assume charge of them. The boats were used for shipping grain to Buffalo and Oswego, New A'ork, and bringing hack coal, from Erie and Cleveland. In those days shipping rates were high and the business was profitable, the coal cargoes yielding large profits in Chicago. The firm was dissolved in 1865, owing to the death of one of the partners. About this time Mr. Otis began to recognize the possibilities of future growth for Chicago, in a commer¬ cial and business way, and selected this city as a field for investment. In i8f)S, in connection with Matthew Laflin, John \'. Earwell, P. W'illard, James Woodworth JOSEPH EDWARD OTIS. and others, he organized the Chicago Eire Insurance Comiiany, which was chartered under the state laws with a capital of $100,000. He was chosen president of the hoard of directors. ser\ ing in this capacity for three years. In 1870 he was elected alderman from the Second ward, on the Republican ticket. During his term of office he was on the finance committee and the com¬ mittee on streets and allevs for the South Side. He THE CITY OF CHICAGO. retired from active business a mtniber of years ag^o, siiending mncli of Iiis time abroad, though he still devoted some time to his large real estate interests, located largely in the doivn-toivn district. Mr. Otis visited nearly every civilized land on the globe, achiev¬ ing ciiiite a re])ntation as a traveler. In 1888 he visited I'.g\])t. spending an entire year there to study the anticphties of that country. He made a trip around the world in 1894. He was especiallv interested in Cuba, where he made an extensive study of that island's con¬ ditions and industries. He was making a trip through the West Indies in the sjiring of 1898, at the time the Maine was 'destroyed in the harbor of Havana. In the winter of 1901-1902 he contracted a fatal illness which extended over a jieriod of se\'eral months, his death occurring on March 9. 1902. Mr. Otis was married to Miss Ellen Marie Taylor, daughter of Judge S. F. and Judith (Kellogg) Taylor, of iMilan. Ohio. Four children survive them, Joseph IF Otis. Jr.. Ralph C. Otis. Mrs. J. F. Jenkins and Mrs. H. W. Buckingham. Thomas M. W ickes, late vice-president of The Pull¬ man Company, devoted the best part of a lifetime to the organization and develojnnent of that great corporation. "IHO.MAS H. WICKES. He was born in Leicestershire, England, .\ugnst 28, 1846. and died suddenly in Chicago, March 28, k^os. On A]>ril 1, 1868. he entered the railway ser\ ice in the ]iosition of an assistant to the agent of the IFilhnan Palace Car Company. From April. i8t)8 to 1870 he held thi^ place in the IFist St. Louis oflices of the com¬ pany. In the latter war he was adx anced to an assistant superintendent, and in May, 1873, he became superin¬ tendent of the St. Louis division. He filled this posi¬ tion, making his hearUpiarters in St. Louis, for the next twelve years. In May, 1885. his headquarters were transferred to Chicago, and he was made western general superin¬ tendent. He was promoted to the responsible position of general sui)erintendent of the company in September of the following year. On New Year's day, 1889, he was elected second vice-president of the company and took control of the operating department. He was elected first vice-president, October 15, 1896, and con¬ tinued in this office when the corporation was reorgan¬ ized as The Pullman Company. Mr. Wiekes held this position at the time of his death. He was interested financially in numerous other ventures and took an active part in affairs of the day, but The Pullman Company was the only corporation to whose interests he devoted his entire time. Thomas Gahan was in many ways one of the most prominent figures in the political, business and social activities of Chicago during the past decade. For over twenty-five years he was the leader of the Cook County Democracy and for eight years represented his state on the national committee of his party. As president of the Ogden Gas Company he held a high place in the business world. Mr. Gahan was born in what is now known as Arlington Heights, Cook County, April 7, 1847. His first public position was that of captain of police in the old town of Lake, in which position he won distinction by establishing and maintaining law and order. This was especially true during the great strike of 1884. Through his police connection he drifted into poli¬ tics. organizing the Democracy of the town of Lake. He brought about the nomination of the late Julius S. Cirinnell for state's attorney, who was the only demo¬ crat on the ticket to be elected. When the town of Lake was annexed to the City of Chicago he was elected alderman to represent the new ward, the 1 wenty-ninth. having served several terms as super¬ visor before annexation. Mr. Gahan served in the city council from 1889 to 1893, when he resigned to become railroad and warehouse commissioner under (lovernor .Mtgeld, whose nomination and election he had been instrumental in securing. In 1896 he was elected a member of the Democratic National Com¬ mittee for Illinois and re-elected in 1900. Ill health prevented his acce])tance of the honor in 1904. He also served as chairman of the Democratic Central Committee, Cook County, from 1895 to 1902. He was elected delegate to each Democratic national con¬ vention from 1884 to 1904. inclusive. In politics Mr. Ciahan was a power. He secured the nomination and election of such men as (¡overnor THE CITY OF CHICAGO. 24:; Altgekl Mayor Hopkins, of whom he was a close friend and adviser, and many others. He exerted a large influence in state and national politics, taking an active part in every campaign from the Cleveland- Blaine struggle in 1884 to the McKinley-Binan cam¬ paign in 1900. His business career u-as marked by tbe same suc¬ cess as attended his political endeavors. He was asso¬ ciated with Thomas Byrne for n^any years in general contracting business, during which time they built three sections of the drainage canal, the Robey Street sewer and all the underground work at the Columbian Exposition. Saturday evening, April 29, 1905, Mr. Gahan con¬ tracted an acute attack of Bright's disease, with which he had been ailing for two years. His condition rapidly became worse and the following evening he succumbed at his residence, 4619 Grand boulevard. iMr. Gahan was a member of the Sheridan, Cook County, Ellerslee Cross Country, and Iroquois clubs, and of the Knights of Columbus. He was a liberal and silent giver to charity and always evinced a deep Shortly after arriving he connected himself with W iglieb & Co., who were then in the feather and leather business. Following the feather branch, he was soon placed in charge of a branch store. This proved very successful : in fact, this business in a short time sur¬ passed that of the home office. Mr. Wiglieb, about this time decided to retire from business, and sold the feather CHARLES EMMERICH. THOMAS GAHAN. interest in the schools of Chicago. He was married November 8, 1877 to Miss Sarah A. McNarney, who survives him, together with his daughters, Sarah, Olive. Agnes and Rose. Charles Emmerich, the founder of the largest feather-pillow manufactory in the United States, was born August 31, 1840, and died SejJtember 14, 1903- He came to this country at the age of sixteen. branch to Mr. Emmerich, from which sprang the pres¬ ent company of Chas. Emmerich & Co. The success of the house is due to the untiring efforts and honorable dealings of its founder. That he had much to contend with its evidenced by the fact that in the great Chicago fire, not only was his business place entirely destroyed, but he also lost his home, and all its contents. He had nothing but what was due him from his customers, and it was a long time, on account of poor postal facilities, before he received anything from this sotirce. Whth renewed energy he again opened up a temporary office, and soon had the business on a pay¬ ing basis again. In 1905 the plant of Chas. Emmerich & Co. was again totally destroyeil by fire, but, as in the former case, it arose from this calamity and to-day holds an enviable position among the btisiness lu)uses of Chicago. William H. Bush. In a great commercial center, in the most attractive period of the world's existence, it is pleasing to note the philanthrojyv of a practical business man, successful and unselfish. The death of William H. Bush removed not only a prominent factor in the piano industry of America, but a man THE CITY OP CHICAGO. whose sterling- name and siil)stantial achievements are interwoven witli the wonderful growth of Chicago and the development of the West. Mr. Bush came here from Baltimore more than half a century ago, beginning business at a time when stren¬ uous and honorable individual efïort assisted so much in the advancement of Chicago as the metropolis of the W est. His energies were ever in the direction of the higher citizenship and a sterling standard for integrity in the career of the man, the merchant and the manu¬ facturer. When Chicago was almost obliterated by the great fire Mr. Bush was engaged in the lumber business, and all of his worldly possessions, the day after the great conflagration, consisted of two small charred schooners laden with lumber, that had been towed from the river to the outer harbor. His first thought was for Grace M. E. Church, where he had been a deacon for a quarter of a century. From his meager stock he generously aided in the rebuilding of a church on the site of its predecessor that was completed within a week after its destruction. Then came anew the struggle for exist¬ ence, and i\[r. Bush was unusually successful. With a well-grounded belief in the North Side, Mr. Bush in 1875, securing the services of Edwin Burling, irnjiiir Î1 IIUTTIIII rTfi' 1 I^ S?win BUSH TE.MPLK. architect, erected a large two-story brick building on the northwest corner of North Clark street and Chicago avenue, with the idea of establishing a market fashioned after the old Lexington market in Baltimore. Mr. Bush devoted the basement, and the three-story addi¬ tion in the rear, facing on Chicago avenue, to his pack¬ ing interests. As a market-house with the stall plan was not so successful as had been anticipated, the free delivery sys¬ tem in vogue in this city militating against the old-fash¬ ioned style of marketing, the building was remodeled into stores. In 1882, after seven years in the packing business, Mr. Bush sold out his interests in that line and retired, merely devoting his attention to real estate holdings. But Mr. Bush preferred the activity of a busi¬ ness life, and late in 1885 formed a partnership with Mr. John Certs, a practical piano man, for the purpose of manufacturing pianos. The business thus promulgated flourished with unprecedented success, and Mr. Bush was still at the helm guiding and directing its large interests when stricken with the illness which robbed Chicago of one of its most successful financiers and a citizen of whom it might well be proud. The late M'illiam H. Bush, while taking a justifiable pride in his business, had loftier ambitions in bettering the general conditions of the community. He was active in the work of the Church for over forty years, a thorough believer in practical Christianity, a member of the Civic Federation, the Society for the Prevention of Vice and other beneficial munic¬ ipal organizations. He was ever a strong advo¬ cate for temperance, and the encroachment of the saloons in the Clark street neighborhood was to him a sore trial. Personally he would tolerate no affiliation with liquor interests in any property that he owned or controlled. In addition to his many charities, one in which he was particularly interested was the Methodist Old People's Home, on Foster avenue, in Edge- water. It was his first donation of $35,000, that made the building of Bush Hall possible, and his gift of the lots adjoining will enable the directors to add the projected wings of the completed build¬ ing. The present Bush Hall is a substantial four- Bstor\- building, accomodating sixty inmates. The comj)leted building plan includes three continuous buildings, of which the one erected is the middle building, and a chapel on the corner adjoining. The Home com¡)leted will take care of two hun¬ dred and fifty people. .An inspection of the Home demonstrates that it has the inviting atmosphere of a home, with cozy rooms well lighted and heated and comfort¬ ably furnished. The furnishings are substantial and have been selected with taste. Many indi- THE CITY OF CHICAGO. \iduals, Kpworth Leagues and other Societies, liave furnished rooms. An institution of tliis nature must have an endowment fund, and one of the last becjuests of Mr. Bush was the sum of $30,000 for this purpose. The Home was dedicated three weeks after Mr. Bush's death. Interested frienids have alreadv promised the WILLIAM H. BUSH. necessary money to erect the second building of the series projected. Mr. Bush had a sincere fomlness for the old corner where he had been in business so long, and an abiding faith in that particular section of the North Division. During the last ten years of his life he had several times planned to remodel the building, but two years before his death ordered plans for an entirely new building upon the site. It was his desire that it should be freed as far as possible from the environments of commer¬ cialism, a monumental structure that should be beautiful as well as useful. A few weeks before the time appointed for the breaking of ground preparatory to the erection of the building Mr. Bush was seized with a fatal illness. His last request of his two sons was that they should carry out his projects in regard to the building. As a result of this request and its faithful execution, the Bush Temple of Music, a beautiful and imposing structure now stands as a memorial to one of the most honored citizens, successful business men, and broad minded philanthropists of the great western metropolis. Charles INetcher when fourteen years old started work as a cash Ixjy and bundle wrapper, and at the time of his death, thirty-eight \ ears later, was sole jiroprietor of one of the largest mercantile houses in the world. By unceasing work and keen business ability he built up as a monument to his name, the great retail store where he passed all the working hours of his life. The history of his life reads like a young man's sermon on how to succeed. Born in Bufîfalo in 1852 Mr. Xetcher when fourteen years of age entered the dry- goods business of Edward and C. \\* Pardridge as cash boy and bundle wrapper. W hen the Pardridge brothers came to Chicago in 1869 young Xetcher came with them. It is said that after he became manager of the store at State and Madison streets, receiving $4.000 a year, he worked eighteen hours a day and slept on the counter in the store in order to be at work early the next morning. After the Chicago fire in which the firm lost every¬ thing with the exception of a few cases of goods, which were on the road in transit. Mr. Xetcher suggested they construct a shanty on Twenty-second and State streets, which was done, with any available lumber they could find. They made a success of this undertaking and this was the beginning of Mr. Xetcher's upward career. When the Pardridges turned their attention to wheat deals. Mr. Xetcher gradually acquired an interest in the dry goods house over which he was their mana- CHARLES NETCHER. ger. Five years later they relinquished all their hold¬ ings in the business and he became the sole proprietor of the Boston Store. Although Mr. Xetcher never considered his health in his close application to business, the brief fatal ill¬ ness preceding his sudden death came as a surprise to even his closest friends. He had been operated upon rnii CITY OP CHICAGO. for appendicitis and tlie family was confident of a speedy recoxery when he xxas stricken with apoplexy. Death occurred on june JO. 1004. A short time before his death, Mr. Xetcher pur¬ chased the Champlaiu block, one of the lars^e office l)uildina;s of the citw The lower floors of the block were utilized for the expanding- business of the Boston Store and it was his intention to ultimately rebuild the old store huildinp^ to the height of the new structure, making one of the finest building blocks in tbe city, to be known as the Charles Xetcher block. Mr. Xetcher cared little for those outside actix'ities of political and public affairs which attract so many business men. He adhered closely to business and all his spare time was dex'oted to his family. He dex'eloped the Boston Store from an obscure position to one of the leading retail establishments of the city and increased his real estate holdings until they were among the largest in Chicago. Only a few months before his death, Mr. XTtcher took out a life insurance jrolicy for $500,000, of which his widow was the beneficiar)-. She has assumed with rare executixe ability the actixe management of his x'ast business interests. Immediately after Mr. Xetcher's death, the em])loyees of the Boston Store met and passed resolutions, pledging themselx'es to carry on the business on the lines taught by their late employer. Mr. Netcher's home life xxas ideal. While his idea xxas to sax-e, yet for his xvife and family there xvas nothing too good. In his entire married life of thirteen years, Mr. Xetcher spent all his time, xxhich xxas not gix-en to his business, xxith his family, xxhere he found contentment and rest after strenuous day's xxork. His life xxas aboxe reproach, and his habits xxere of the best. Jacob Forsyth, xxbo died January jp, 1899, xxas one of Chicago's pioneer land oxx-ners and real estate dealers. He xxas born in tbe north of Ireland, January 12, 1821, and came to this country xxhen he xxas fifteen xears old, settling in I'ittsburg, Penmsylvania. He xvas employed in a commision house in that citx- for txxentv years before coming to Chicago. In 1857 he entered the emplox- of Clarke & Co., the xvestern through trans])ortation agents of the Pennsyl¬ vania Railroad. A fexv years later he became tbe north- xvestern agent for xvhat xvas then the Xexx \'ork & Erie Railroad. I'rex ious to this he married a sister of Ceorge W Clarke, at that time an extensix e oxvner of Chicatro property. General H. E. Clarke, xvho gave di.stin- guished service in the Mexican xvar, and later as a mem¬ ber of General .Mc(dellan's staff, and Colonel R. I). Clarke, xvere (jther brothers-in-laxv of Mr. h'orsyth. Mr. I'orsyth's xxidoxv surxixed him little more than three months, He laid the foundation for his fortune in realty when he purchased 10,000 acres of land in Lake County, Indiana, in i8bf). By this one transaction, he became tbe largest single land oxvner in the Calumet region near Chicago. In the same year, George W. Clarke died leaving much of his property to his sister and con- siderablx increasing the acres under Mr. Forsyth's control. For x ears Mr. hb^rsyth xvas involved in litigation with s(|natters on his immense tracts. He was finally suc¬ cessful, and they were expelled. Another bitter contest to establish his title xvas xvith the city of Hammond, Indiana. Former President Harrison represented him in this litigation and carried it to a termination favorable to his client. During these long years of litigation. Air. Forsyth xvas an eager student and reader of authorities and literature on riparian rights, and was one of the best posted men in the countrx' on this phase of land liti¬ gation. The East Chicago Improvement Company purchased 8,000 acres from him, and at the same time he donated 1,000 additional acres as a site for the town of Fast Chicago. In 1888, a further inroad into the immense holding xvas made xvhen he transferred to the Standard Oil Company the land xvhich is now covered by the corporation's plant at Whiting, Indiana. Air. Forsyth xvas a man of pronounced opinions and great physical vigor. His purchases of realty were made at a time xvhen the barren sand dunes of the Indiana shores xvere considered valueless, except as a cause for paying taxes. It was not until several vears later that his opinion of their ultimate value xvas realized. He xvas survived by four daughters and five sons, of xvhom Olixer O. Forsyth, now administers the affairs of the estate. John V. Farweil. Sr.. a pioneer and a chief among the xvholesale dry goods merchants of Chicago, was born in Steuben County, Xexv A'ork, Julv 29, 1825, the son of Henrx' and Xancy (Jackson) Farxvell. While he xvas in his thirteenth year his parents came to Illinois and settled on a farm on Rock river, in Ogle County. Like many others of our great merchants and eminent professional men. Air. John \b Farxvell was inured to labor in his youth. Indeed, until the latter half of this century had begun, com])aratively little trade was done xvitbout reference to the value of farm products. The country merchant took grain from his customers in exchange for other goods, and frecpiently offered it as payment in xvhole, or in part, to the jobber from whom he ])urchased his stock. Air. Farxvell relates that in his x'outh he sold xvheat at forty-five cents a bushel, after hauling it a hnndred miles, to Air. W^adsxvorth, head of a drx- goods house, and after selling it he helped to store it in an clexator xxhich was worked bv a rope. W adsworth & C ompanx', xvhich became the commercial l)arent of the far greater firm of J. \'. Farxvell & Coin- THE CITY OF CHICA CO. 1'47 pany, dealt, until in dry £?roceries. as well as in textile fabrics. In the panic of 1857-5X. when stnniptail money was the only currency in the Northwest, this firm paid its debts by hnying and shipping wheat to New York. After a preliminary education in the common schools of New York and ITinois. Mr. Farwell became a student in the seminary at Monnt Morris, Illinois. He came to Chicago in 1845. after several years of service as clerk in varions dry goods stores he became a partner in the firm of Wadsworth & Phelps, in 1851. The firm of Wadsworth & Company was established in 1835. and thns its great offshoot, the incorporated firm of J. \^ Farwell & Company, lays claim to the title of the oldest wholesale dry goods house in Chicago. From the time of Mr. Farwell's entrance as a partner the business of the firm was confined solely to the sale of dry goods and their legitimate adjuncts. In 1870 the headquarters of the firm were at 72. 74 and 76 Wabash avenue, and in this year the stock was all hnt completely destroyed by fire. Scarcely had this disaster been overcome before the great fire of 1871 involved the firm in new difficulties. Undismayed by these calamities, the firm, now John V. Farwell & Company did business in a wood building on ]\Iichigan avenue, and within six weeks from the destruc¬ tion of their premises on M'abash avenue, they convertefl their stable and warehouse into a five-story brick store on Monroe street, near the river. Ten years later the new Farwell block, that occupies all the space on Market street between Adams and Monroe and abutting on the river with a 400-foot frontage on Market street, was built and occupied. Here, as he sits in his private office, that is occasionally darkened by the towering hull of some great iron-built steamer, i\Ir. Farwell calls to mind that he saw and assisted in the joyful celebration of the event of the first canal boat to enter the Chicago river. The circumstance was regarded as prognostic of great enlargement of the trade between the city and country, and for many year.s after this arrival of the first boat, the advent of a barge was regarded as important. The firm of John V. Farwell & Company became an incorporated concern in 1891. It has grown with the city's growth, and has strength¬ ened with its strength, and stands in the front rank of the commercial institutions of a metropolis of 2,000,000 inhabitants, just as it stood in the first rank when Chi¬ cago was but a flourishing and ambitious city of the third class. In addition to his labors as manager of the great firm with which his name is associated, Mr. Far- well was active in the establishment of the Union National bank, and served as one of the directors until several years after the great fire. In politics .Mr. Farwell is Republican. He was a member of the electoral college that cast its vote for Lincoln in i860, and for six years held the honorable and arduous, though unprofitable, office of Indian Com¬ missioner during the first and second administrations of President Crant. Though frequently solicited tri accept a nomination for various political offices. Mr. Farwell has declined to become a candidate for any elective office, or to hold any lucrative federal appointment. His ])olitical work has been of the unpaid and patriotic order. During the progress of the war for the Union Mr. Farwell served as chairman of the Northwestern Christian Commissions, and in that capacity devoted most of his time to advancing the temporal and spiritual welfare of the soldier in the field. There is no nonsec- tarian. religious or philanthropic movement to which Mr. Farwell has not given liberal and unostentatious aid. .T. \'. FARWELL, SR. Old "F'arwell Hall." now the finest Y M. C. A. build¬ ing on earth, is, perhaps, the most widely-known manifestation of zeal and munificence toward the propagation of Christian doctrine. i\lr. Farwell has been twice married: first, to Miss Abigail Taylor of Illinois, and, second, to Aliss Emeret Coole\- of Hartford. Connecticut. There are five sur¬ viving children. Frederick Augustus Smith, appellate justice of the Branch Court. First District of Illinois, is the S(.)n of Israel (¡. and Susan (Penoyer) Smith, and was bom at .Norwood Park, Cook County. Illinois, February 11. 1X44. His early education was ac([uired in the common schools of Chicago, and in iXfio he entered the old Uni¬ versity of Chicago. He w as making excellent progress in that institution, w hen in 1X93. fired by patriotic ardor, he threw aside his books and enlisted as a private in 248 THE CITY OE CHICAGO. I'onipanv (l. 134th Illinois X'olnnteers. He remained in the service with his regiment, participating in the campaign of Missouri and Kentucky, in which his regi¬ ment was engaged, until mustered ont in 1864. Return¬ ing to ci\ il life, he ttiok u]) the interru])ted course in the University, and was graduated with honors in 1866. h\)llowing ont a long cherished plan he began the study of law at the Union College of Law, receiving his diploma from that institution in 1867. He immediately heg'an practice, forming a partnership with ]>resent United States District Judge C. U Kohlsaat, which continued until 1872. The firm of Smith, Helmer & Moulton was formed in 1890. Afterward Mr. Price's FREDERICK AUGUSTUS SMITH. name was added, and the firm name became Smith, Hel¬ mer, Moulton & Price. Mr. Smith had always been an unswerxing Republi¬ can, and in 1898, became the ])arty's candidate for judge (A the Circuit Court. He failed of election that \ ear, but again in 1903 was honored by receixing the nomina¬ tion for the next term, and xvas elected, being f)ne of the three Rej)ublicans chosen that year out of the fourteen candidates of his party for the Circuit Rench. Since his clcvatif)n to the bench. Judge Smith has occupied his i)0.sition xxith all honor and dignitx, fulfilling in the highest degree the confidence and expectations of his friends. Still greater homjrs were to come to him, hoxxcxer. In December, 1903, he xxas chosen bx the members of the Su])reme Court to be one of the justices (jf the Branch \])])ellate Court, First District of Illinois. Judge Smith has been successful since his admission to the bar. The honors that haxe come to him liaxe been fairlv and honestly earned, xvon by meritorious and constant aiiplication to the trusts confided to him. As a practicing laxvyer, his clients' interests were care¬ fully and faithfully guarded, and his conscientious efïorts in ]u*otecting the many intricate and important litiga¬ tions confided to his care brought to him a large prac¬ tice, and the good xvill and esteem of all who came in touch xvith him. His bearing on the bench has been marked xvith the confidence and dignity which come from dee]) knowledge, and thorough understanding of the laxv in all its pha.ses and complicated details. Judge Smith has alxvays been a man of great public spirit, and has been actively connected xvith many benev¬ olent and educational measures. Among the many social and professional organizations in xvhich he is prominent may be mentioned the Union League Club; the Hamilton Club, of xvhich he has been president; the Chicago Bar Association, to which he was also chosen president in 1890, and the Chicago Law Qub, one of the most select and successful organizations of lawyers in Chicago, and in xvhich he has also filled the executive office, being elected to that position in 1897. He is a member of the board of trustees of Rush Medi¬ cal College, and has also been a member of the board of trustees of the U^niversity of Chicago since its founda¬ tion, and has ])articipated actively in the organization and groxx'th of that great educational institution. Judge Smith xvas married July 26, 1871, to Miss Frances B. Morey, daughter of the Rev. Ruben and Mrs. Ahby (Clemons) Morey, of Merton, XXdsconsin. Willard Milton McE wen, judge of the Superior Court, xvas born on a farm in Milan Township, De Kalb County, Illinois, December 15, 1863. XXdien he was five years old his parents moved to De Kalb and he received his grammar and high school education in that toxvn, graduating from the De Kalb high school in 1882. Judge McEwen came to Chicago in 1885 and took a course at the Union College of Laxv. After his grad¬ uation in 1887 he entered the laxv office of Edxvard W. Russell, xvho was then counsel for several large corpora¬ tions. He remained xvith Mr. Russell three years be¬ fore he began practicing for himself. In ( )ctober, 1890, he formed a partnership xvith ( liarles S. Deneen, present governor of Illinois, under the firm name of Deneen & McExven. The partnership xvas dissolved a year later and Judge McExven formed a ¡lartnershij) xx ith Erank B. Pease under the firm name of Pease K- Mclxxven. \\ hen Charles S. Deneen xvas elected attorney for the Drainage Board in 1895, McEwen left his ]jartnership to become Mr. Deneen's assistant. He took Mr. Deneen's ])lace xvhen the latter xvas nominated for state's attornev. In Eebruary, 1896, Judge McEwen became first THE CITY OF CM ¡CACO. 240 3ssistsnt state s attorney, retaining' the position until January, 1900, 'when he resigned to ])ractice law for himself again. His most notable uork as assistant state's attorney was the breaking up of the so-called jury bribing "ring. ' His ten months' investigation resulted in the flight of Daniel Coughlin and James J. L}'nch and the subsequent indictment of .Alexander WILLARD MILTON McEWEN. Sullivan when Lynch returned and turned state's evi¬ dence. The alleged fixing of juries involved several street railway cases. As assistant state's attorney, Judge McEwen also attracted widespread attention through his prosecution of the Adolph Luetgert and Emil Rollinger murder cases and the embezzlement charges against Charles MA Spalding. Luetgert was sent to the penitentiary for life for the murder of his wife and Rollinger was hanged for a similar ofïense. Spalding was convicted of embez¬ zling $419,000 of tbe State Lhiiversity's funds. In 1902 he was elected judge of the Superior Court. Abner Smith, for two terms a judge of the circuit court of Cook County and now of the firm of Smith & Caswell, attornevs and counselors at law, with offices at 630 Chicago CApera House building, is of thorough American lineage. His ancestors, alike on the mother's and father's side, were among the earliest settlers of Alassachusetts. He was born at Orange, Alassachusetts, August 4, 1843. His mother, prior to her marriage, was Miss Sophronia A. Ward. The head of the W ard family settled in Massachusetts as earl\' as i639' many of its members have been distinguished in judicial, military, legislative and clerical circles. While Abner Smith was but a child his parents moved to Middlebury, Vermont, attracted by the supe¬ rior advantages that town offered for the education of their family. After due preparation in the public and other schools. Aimer Smith was enrolled as a student of Aliddlebuiy college, and was graduated in 1866. The Undergraduate, the journal of Aliddlebury college, in a review of the professional career of Judge Smith, charac¬ terizes him as "one who never aimed at ephemeral bril¬ liancy or at the attainment of signal momentary results, but careful to ax oid errors of judgment, and wisely dis¬ trustful of mere temporary achievements." These attri¬ butes have distinguished the judge through life and have been the dominant factors of'his successful career. After leaving college Mr. Smith was in charge of Xewton Academy at Shoreham, A'^ermont, for about a year, when he decided to go west. Arriving at Chicago, he became a student in the law ofifice of J. L. Stark. Air. Stark himself was from the Green Alountain State and was a descendant of that Colonel Stark who, in the Revolutionan,^ War, had come to the aid of Judge Smith's maternal ancestor, Alajor-General Ward. There was a warm feeling of friendship between preceptor and pupil, and in due time Abner Smith was admitted to the ABNER SMITH. practice of law and became a partner with Air. Stark. The firm of Stark X Smith was dissolved by the death of its senior member. Jmlge Smith continued the busi¬ ness of the firm and enlarged it. Subsequently Air. .Smith formed a partnership with Air. John Al. H. Bur- gett, and the firm of Smith & Burgett was well known to lawyers and clients for a period of ten years. After forming other partnerships of brief duration. Thill CITY OP CHICAGO. Mr. Smith for a ])crio(l l)efîintiing- in 1887 practiced as an individual, and won his most notable legal victories l)v his own generalship. While eminent as a general practitioner. Mr. Smith attained the highest measure of success as a commercial and corporation lawyer, and has been retained as standing counsel by some of the most famous corporations of this and other states. In 1893 he was elected to the bench of the circuit court, a ]:)Osi- tion that he filled with honor to himself and to his con¬ stituents for two successive terms. Judge Smith was married in i8f)9 to Miss Ada C. Smith, daughter of the late Sereno .Smith of Shoreham, Vermont. He is of eminently domestic and artistic tastes, and his home. No. 15 .\ldine scpiare, reflects his artistic and musical rlisposition. Simeon P. Shopc, former justice of the Supreme Court of Illinois and one of the leading members of the Illinois bar, is a native of .\kron, ( )hio, where he was born December 3, J 837. Two years later his parents moved to Marseilles, Illinois. He obtained an academic education and later taught school, in the meantime pur¬ suing his studies. After teaching for several years he entered the law office of Judge h..lihu N. Powell and sub- secpiently that of Judge Norman H. Purple of Peoria, Illinois. After being admitted to the bar in 1858, he l)racticed his jrrofe.ssion in the various courts of Illinois until 1877, when he was elected to the circuit bench. He served two terms in the old tenth circuit, with Judge Chauncey L. Higbie as one of his associates. He was elected in June, 1885, to the Supreme bench of the state, for a period of nine years. At the expiration of his term he was urged for the renomination, but he declined the honor. Removing to Chicago in 1894, he resumed his law ])ractice. He is well known as a prominent member of the Chicago bar. He is now senior member of the firm of Shope, Mathias, Zane & Weber. Judge Shope has interested himself largely in public affairs. Prior to- his judicial election he had been a con¬ servative Democrat, taking an active part in his party's activities. He is a Mason, Knight Templar, Elk and Knight of Pythias. He w"as married in 1858, his wife dying in Florida, on January 4, 1883. There were four children born to them, of whom the two younger are still living. Ephraim Banning comes of good legal stock, his mother, who was a Kentuckian, being a sister of the late Judge Pinkney H. Walker of the Supreme Court of Illinois, and having among her people others who attained distinction in the science of law. Her father, Cilmer \\'alker, had a large practice, and his brother, Cyrus Walker, was a distinguished practitioner in Ken¬ tucky until he removed to Illinois, where he achieved still more noteworthy success—Lincoln, Douglass, S. T. Logan and Cyrus Walker ranking at one time as the four leading law\'ers of the state. Mr. Banning's name may be placed on the long roll of successful men whose characters have been formed largely by maternal influence, but the character of his father, after whom he was named, was far above the average. A \'irginian by birth, and of the class to which in that early day few opportunities of educa¬ tion were offered, he became a person highly esteemed among the early settlers of Illinois and Kansas. He turned his back upon slavery, and at a \cry early day settled in McDonough County, Illinois, where Ephraim Banning was born, July Ji, 1841). Subseiptently the family mcrved to Kansas, and in that territory the early boyhood of Irphraim was spent, and by the incidents of his life among the early, sturdy, freedom-living set¬ tlers of "John Brown's Commonwealth," his earnest devotion to the cause of civil and religious liberty doubtless was largelv determined. From Kansas the Banning family moved to Missouri, and while there the Civil war broke out. Two of Mr. Banning's SIMEON P SHOPE. THE CITY OF CHICAGO. 251 brothers promptly enlisted for service in the cause of the Union, Ephraim—then about twelve vears of at^e— becoming his father's "right-hand man" on the farm. One of the brothers gave his life to the national cause, the other served with honor till the close of the war. The educational advantages of a frontier settlement in Missouri during the war times were not of the best, hut young Banning made the most of them, and in his seven¬ teenth year had learned all the schools of the neighbor¬ hood could teach, and afterward attended the Brookfield, Missouri, Academy, where, under the tutor¬ ship of the Rev. J. P. Finley, D. D., he studied the classics and other courses of a liberal education. Subse¬ quently he became a student at law in the office of Hon. Samuel P. Huston of Brookfield. In 1871 Mr. Banning came to Chicago and acted as student and clerk in the law office of Messrs. Rosenthal & Pence, and was admitted to the bar of Illinois by the Supreme Court in June of the following year. In October he opened an office for himself, and without the advantage of influential friends or political patron¬ age soon succeeded in gaining a fair clientage as a suc¬ cessful practitioner. Speaking of his early e.xperience, the late Judge Henr)- W. Blodgett has said that "he had a large and varied practice" in his court, and that "he showed himself a good admiralty lawver, was well equipped on all questions arising under the bankrupt law and in commercial cases generally, as well as in real estate law." Mr. Banning's mind was directed by circumstances attendant on his practice and by natural tendencv to a special studv of the law of patents, and after about ten years he practically withdrew from general prac¬ tice and made a sjvecialty of patent cases. There is no doubt that Mr. Banning would have achieved marked success as a general practitioner, for he has an intellect that is both quick and cautious, and is a very convincing speaker ; but he did well in following the bent of his nature. In 1877 he was joined in practice by his brother, Thomas .\. Banning, and in 1888 by George S. Pavson, who was succeeded in 1894 by Thomas F. Sheridan, who retired from the firm in 1900. Samuel \\^ Banning, son of Thomas A., was admitted to the firm in 1903, and Walker Banning, son of Ephraim, in 1905. For twenty-five years or more the firm has been not only eminent, but prominent, in the management of litigations relative to patents and other intellectual property. Their briefs are familiar in the Supreme Court of the United States and in the bederal courts at Chicago, Detroit, Cleveland, Pittsburg, St. Louis, St. Paul, Cincinnati, Kansas City, Boston, Philadelphia, New York, Xew Orleans and other places. Though an ardent Republican, Mr. Banning remained "a private in the ranks " until elected a McKinley presidential electnr in 1896. In 1897 he was appointed by Governor Tanner to the unpaid, but hon¬ orable and responsible, office of member of the State Board of Charities, the duties of which he was peculiarly well fitted to perform. Early in 1899 he was strongly urged for the office of U^nited States District juilge at Cliicago, for which he was supported by Senators Cul- lom and Mason and a majority of the Chicago congress¬ men—five out of seven—and, as stated by one of his opponents, endorsed by "the Republican organizations of the state, county and city, together with the bar asso¬ ciation and the leading citizens of Chicago." The Presi- EPHR.\n[ BANNIN'G. dent, however, had other plans, and, in pursuauce of these, made a personal appointment. i\lr. Banning is a member of the Union League Club and of the American, State and Chicago Bar associa¬ tions, in the latter of which he has at times been an active factor. For several years he was a mem¬ ber of the committee of the Chicago Bar Associa¬ tion on legislation with reference to Federal judges and l^ractice in the Federal courts. He was also a member of its committee on legislation to establish the juvenile court in Chicago and revise the laws relating to the care of delinc|uent and dependent children in Illinois. He served as chairman of the committee on Organiza¬ tion of the Congress on Patents and Trademarks, held under the aus])ices of the World's Congress Auxiliary of the World's Columbian Exposition, in 1843, and which was i)resided ov er by Judge Blodgett, formerly of the United States Court at this city. He was chosen by this congress as one of five to present certain industrial Til Ii CITY OP CHICAGO. (liiestions. s])eciallv relative to patents and trademarks, to the Cons^ress of the United States. Tn religion Mr. Banning" is a Ih'eshyterian, and is an elder in that chnrch. He has been twice married— first, to Miss Lncretia T. Idndsley, who died in 1887. leaving three sons, all of whom snr\i\e: and, second, to Miss Emilie Ik Jenne. He resides on \\ ashington boulevard, near Rohey street, and has been a resident of that vicinity for over thirty years. John Stocker Miller. s(^n of John and Jane ( McLeod) Miller, was horn at Louisville, St. Lawrence Comity, New York, May 24, 1847. Pnrsning his earlier studies in the common schools and academy in his native town, he later entered the St. Lawrence University at JOHN STOCKER MILLER. Canton, Xew York, and received his bachelor's degree from that institution with the class of '()(). hie then entered ujion the study of law in the legal department of the same unii-ersity, and in the following l ear was admitted to the bar at ( )gdensburg. Mr. Miller did not at once enter upon the practice of his ])ri)fession, hut devoted himself to teaching, becoming jinjfessor of mathematics in his alma mater during the school year of 1871-72, and of Latin and Creek for the two \ears. 1872-74. He then resigned, and in the early ])art of the year last mentioned came to Chicago. Mr. Miller's prejiaration in the law had been most thorough and his jireceptors men of high standing at the bar. As a natural result of this he had no difficulty in securing a foothold and building u]) a s.itisfactory clientage from the beginning of his career in this pro¬ fession. Lrom 1874-76 he practiced alone, and, fol¬ lowing this time, in association with George Herbert and John H. S. Quick, under the firm name of Herbert, Quick & Miller, .\fter the death of Mr. Herbert some years later, the firm was continued under the name of Quick & Miller, until 1886, when Mr. Miller became associated with Senator Henry W. Leman. Lour years later Merritt Starr was admitted to the firm, and since then George R. Peck has succeeded Mr. Leman, the stvle of the firm name being now Peck, Miller & Starr. Mr. Miller has come to he ranked among the ablek and most successful chancery lawyers in Chicago, and his connections with numerous important cases of this nature, among them the "Plagler," "Riverside" and "Phillips and South Park" litigations, brought him prominently before the public. The manner in which he acquitted himself in these and other cases led to his being appointed corporation counsel of Chicago by Mayor Washburn in the spring of 1891. This most important post Mr. Miller held for the following two years, and in this time was exceedingly active in behalf of the interests of the city in several cases against railroad companies, involving the eleva¬ tion of tracks and extension of the city streets over the same. The celebrated "Lake Pront" case against the Illinois Central Railroad Company was also argued by Mr. Miller in behalf of the city during this period. He retired from this office in 1893 and has since then devoted himself to general practice. ]\Ir. Miller is an influential Republican and a mem¬ ber of St. Paul's Protestant Episcopal Church in Ken¬ wood. He is affiliated with the Union League, Chicago, Hamilton, Kenwood and other clubs. He was married December 12. 1887, to Miss .\nn Gross of this city, and has two children, a son and a daughter. Will ¡am W, Gurlcy, prominent in transportation circles of the bhiited States on account of his connec¬ tion with several traction companies as general counsel, was born in Mt. Gilead, Ohio, January 27, 1851. He was the son of John J. Gurley, also a lawyer, who was a member of the constitutional convention of Ohio and who served as probate judge of Morrow County. After attending the |)ublic schools of Mt. Gilead, Mr. Gnrley entered ( )hio W'eslevan Lhiiversity, and was graduated in 1870. During the year after his gradua¬ tion he was superintendent of public schools of Seville, Ohio. He then gave up teaching, read law in his father's office and was admitted to the bar in June, Mr. Gurley came to Chicago in September, 1874, and has been practicing law here since. His work has been principally cori)oration practice, and during his nu)re than thirty years in Chicago he has organized and acted as general counsel of many large companies. He THE CITY OF CHICAGO. became identified with traction interests first in 1888, when he aided in the org'anization of and l)ecan'ie g^en- eral counsel of the South Side Elevated Railroad. He was one of the incorporators of the Metropolitan M est Side Elevated Railroad, which was org'anized in March, 1892. and has up to the present time acted as general counsel of the company. In 1901 he was WILLIAM W. GURLEY. appointed general counsel of the Union Traction Com¬ pany and has been brought prominently before the public since, owdng to the protracted litigation between the company and city over the company's rights. Mr. Gurley is a member of the Chicago, Union Ueague, Washington Park, Chicago Golf, Exmoor, Country and Edgewater Golf clubs. The New York Club and the Transportation Club of New York City. His wife is a daughter of Joseph Turney, who served two terms as state treasurer of Ohio. Mr. and Mrs. Gurley and their one daughter, Helen Kathryn, reside at 528 North State street. Mr. Gurley's offices have been in the Marquette building for several years. Charles M. Aldrich. one of the leading lawyers of Chicago and one of the foremost exponents of cor])ora- tion law in the country, was born in Uagrange, Indiana, August 26, 1850. Both his father and mother, Hamil¬ ton M. and Harriet (Sherwood) Aldrich, came from the East, the former from Vermont and the latter from New York. The Aldriches spring from old English stock, though the family have been native Americans for the last few generations. As a boy Mr. Aldrich worked on his father's farm until the age of sixteen, obtaining in the meantime such elementary education as a common school would permit. His parents then moved to f)rland. Steuben County, Indiana, to allow their children better educational advantages. Charles H. entered the Orland seminary^ at sixteen, and, com¬ pleting his studies there, entered the high school at Coldwater, Michigan. Thence he went to the University of Michigan at Ann Arbor, graduating with the class of '75, receiving a bachelor's degree, classical course. In 1893 the faculty conferred upon him the honorary degree of M. A. Mr. Aldrich began the practice of law at Fort W ayne, Indiana, then the second city to Indianapolis in the state in point of population, wealth and progress. From the outset he assumed a leading place at the Indiana bar. In 1884 fie was urged by leading Repub¬ licans to become a candidate for the nomination to the state's attorney-general's oftice. Without making any campaign whatsoever to promote his candidacy, he fell short of the nomination by only a few votes. In 1886 he moved to Chicago. He gained a national reputation in the Central and .Southern Railroad, the Union Pacific Railroad and the Western Union Telegraph cases, in CHARLES H. ALDRICH. which he successfully upheld the side of the federal gov¬ ernment against the most eminent law) ers in the coun¬ try. These cases both served to augment his profes¬ sional reputation and practice, and led to his selection as Solicitor-General under President Harrison. After serving the Republican administration for several years he returned to Ciiicago to resume his private practice, which has since continued uninterruptedly. Among his THE CITY ÖF CHICAGO. clients are some of the largest corporate interests in the W^est. ]\lr. Aldrich is an ex-president of the C hicago Law Club and trustee of the Chicago I.aw Institute. He has also served as vice-president and member of committee of political action of the Cnion League Club. He was married on October 13. 1N75, to Hiss Helen Roberts of Indiana. Idiey have a family of one son and two daughters. Charles S.Thornton was born in Boston. Massacbu- setts, .April 12, 1851. He attended the public schools of Boston, including the Boston Latin School, and grad¬ uated from Harvard College in 1872. He came to Chi¬ cago and has remained here continuously since that date. He was admitted to the bar on examination by tbe Supreme Court of Illinois in the fall of 1873. He entered into active practice immediately, and has con¬ tinued ever since. He entered into business relations with Air. Justus Chancellor in 1883. For many years Air. Thornton has been the senior member of tbe firm which has always been known as Thornton & Chancellor, although for many years the CHARLES S. THORNTON. inn comprised eight ])racticing lawyers. Air. Thornton las ser\ed the public as ])resident of the board of edu- :ation of .i\uburn Bark, where he resides, and has )ecn a member of the several boards of education e>f Illinois, Cook Countv and Chicag(x He was corpora- ion counsel (jf tbe Town of Lake and afterwards cor- >oration counsel of the City (T (diicago. His practice it the bar has been largely in tbe direction of corpora¬ tion and real estate litigation. In politics he has alway.s been a Democrat, and has managed several local cam- ])aigns for his party. He is a member of the Masonic and Odd Fellows orders. Adams Augustus Goodrich, senior member of Good¬ rich, \ancent & Bradley, has a large practice in both the ci\ il and criminal courts of Cook County. At different ADAMS AUGUSTUS GOODRICH. times he has been elected to the offices of state's attorney and judge. Air. Goodrich was born at Jerseyville, Jersey County, Illinois, January 8, 1849. His grandfather, Clark H. Goodrich, was one of the pioneer lawyers of the state, coming here in 1840 and becoming district attorney of tbe old first district, of wbich Peoria was then a part. Air. Goodrich received his early education in the Jersey- \ ille elementary and high schools. When he was sixteen years old his uncle. Congress¬ man A. L. Knapp, secured an appointment for him in the United States military academy at West Point. He followed his studies there for three and a half years, and when the course was almost completed decided to abandon his military prospects on account of ill health and a preference for a i)rofessional career. After a two years' trip through the W est he began reading law in the office of his uncle, Robert M. Knapp, at Jerseyville, and later at Springfield, Illinois, in the office of the Hon. .A. L. Knapp. -\t the bar examination of 1873 he was admitted, and at once started to j)ractice in Jerseyville. In 1878 he was elected state's attorney of Jersey County, and THE CITY ÔF CHICAGO. re-elected with increasing majorities to the office in 1880 and 1884. In October, 1887. he resigned the prose¬ cutor s office to enter tlie field as a candidate for county judge of Jersey County, and was elected to this office in November, 1887. \\ bile still a judge he opened law offices in Chicago, and in 1889 mo\ ed here and made his permanent resi¬ dence in this city. ^\ hen Jtidge Richard Prendergast was county judge of Cook County, it was often neces¬ sary that he be absent from the bench, and during such occasions Judge Goodrich invariably was invited from his Jersey County bench to preside for him. Later Mr. Goodrich became attorney for the drainage board and had charge of the immense number of condemnation suits that \\ ere fought by that body. Judge Goodrich is a Democrat in politics, and dur¬ ing the incumbency of the younger Mayor Harrison was chairman of the board of Bridewell inspectors. He has always taken an active part in municipal affairs, but has never been a candidate for any political office in Chicago. In 1895 he wa.s appointed by Governor Altgeld one of the five trustees to select a location, establish and build the X'orthern Illinois Normal School. He was the first president of the board when the school was established at De Kalb. In 1900 he was re-elected for another five-year term. Judge Goodrich is a Knight Templar, Odd Fellow and Knight of Pythias and a member of the Chicago Athletic, the Iroquois, the Washington Park, Chicago and other local clubs. Albert J. Hopkins, junior senator from Illinois, is a distinctive product of the state he represents in the upper house of the Congress of the United States. He shares with General John A. Logan the distinction of being the only native born Illinoisan to represent his state in the Senate. As a lawyer and as a member of both houses of Congress, Senator Hopkins has a strong, clean and clear-cut record. He was born on a farm in De Kalb County, August 15, 1846. This environment developed a strong, robust constitution and an ambition for a thorough education. To attain this end much self denial and painstaking economy was practiced. After the usual experience of the countrv bov in the district school and the town .schools he entered Hillsdale (Michigan) College. He was graduated from this institution in the spring of 1870, and his alma mater has since honored him with the degree of LL. D. The bar was his aim from the start, and after graduation he studied law and com¬ menced the practice of his profession at Aurora. He soon entered politics, and was elected state's attorney of Kane County in 1872, holding that office for four years. His record as state's attorney brought him a large and lucrative practice. He kept up his interest in political affairs and was a member of the Republican state central committee from 1878 to 1880, and was on the list of presidential electors on the Blaine and Logan ticket in 1884. Senator Hopkins was first elected to Congress to fill a vacancy caused by the death of the Hon. Reuben Ellwood, during the Forty-ninth Congress. From then on he served continuously during the Fiftieth, Fifty-first, Fifty-second, Fifty-third, Fifty-fourth, Fifty-fifth, Fifty- sixth and Fifty-seventh Congresses. This service of nearly eighteen years in the House of Repre¬ sentatives gave him a leading position in the Illinois delegation in Congress. During the time he served .\LBERT J, HOPKINS. on many of the leading committees of the House, notably the merchant marine and fisheries, post- offices and postroads, and ways and means. The import¬ ance of his work on the ways and means committee, which is the most important committee in Congress, extended over a period of twelve \ ears. The sub-com¬ mittee which framed the I )ingley law was guided in a large measure by him. As a member of that sub-com¬ mittee he helped to frame all the tariff legislation that has been enacted by Congress since the McKinley bill. In 1902 when the Republicans of the state began to cast about for a suitable candidate for the senate to succeed the Hon. Win. E. Mason, the logical man for the honor was Representative .Mbert J. Hopkins. For many years he had been one of the leading members of the Illinois delegation in the House, and this combined with his clean recoial as a lawyer and a citizen made hin; THE CITY OF CHICAGO. the most availal)le man. His choice was settled upon at the state convention in tlie fall of 1902, and this action was confirmed by the legislature in January of the next vear. He took his seat in the Senate at the extra ses¬ sion of that body on March 4, 1903. Though one of the comparatively new members in the Senate his ability has been already recognized in his appointment on a number of the important committees. He is chairman of the fisheries committee and also member of the fol¬ lowing: Commerce, corporations in the District of Columbia, Cuban relations, enrollment of bills, Inter- oceanic canals, Mississippi river and its tributaries, priv¬ ileges and elections and disposition of documents. In the reorganization of the Senate at the coming session he will no doubt be recognized even more fully than he has been. Senator Hopkins has always been a friend of labor and has taken an active interest in all legislation that tended to shorten working hours, and to ameliorate the condition of the working man. Much of the legis¬ lation that has improved the condition of the American sailor was secured by his active support and cooperation while a member of the committee on merchant marine in the House of Representatives. He has already taken a prominent part in the deliberations of the Senate con¬ cerning the building of the Panama canal. While the treaty between tbe United States and Panama was pend¬ ing in the Senate he ably defended the action of the administration in recognizing the Republic of Panama, and in negotiating the treaty which secured the authority to the United States of constructing and maintaining the canal. Senator Hopkins is a strong, virile individual. Intellectually and physically he might be said to be in bis prime. His friends and constituents in Illinois look forward to seeing bim take a leading and commanding l)()sition in the Senate of the United States within the next few years. Within recent years he has identified himself more closely with Chicago interests than for¬ merly. The large practice that has come to him has necessitated his nuning his law offices to this city, and he is now the senior member of the firm of Hopkins, Pefïers & Hopkins, with offices in The Temple. His home he still keeps in Aurora. Senator Ho])kins was married to Cmma C. Stolp of Aurora. Thev have an interesting family of four children. William S. Forrest, the celebrated criminal lawyer, was Ixjrn in Paltimore, July 9, 1852. After recei\ ing a thorough school education in his nati\e cit\', he enteied Dartmouth College, where he was graduatcfl in 1S75, with a classical degree. ITom Dartmouth he went to I'.oston, reading law there for three \ ears. Coming to Chicago, he readily pas.sed the Illinois bar examinations and commenced his practice. Hquipped with a comprehensive knowledge of the various branches of law and endowed with the gift of oratory, he has been peculiarly qualified to succeed in his particular branch of jurisprudence, criminal law, of which he has become one of the most eminent expo¬ nents in the country. He has figured in many notable cases which gave him a national reputation, of which the famous Cronin murder cases probably attracted the widest attention. In the John Lamb case, almost equally famous, Mr Forrest secured the defendant's acquittal after a four-year fight. In this case Lamb had been adjudged guilty of murder through circumstantial evidence, and sentenced to be hanged. The case was appealed, and the first decision reversed. The chief WILLIAM S. FORREST. ])oint of contention was the liability of a conspirator for the acts of a co-conspirator. The Schank case was an¬ other where Mr. Forrest distinguished himself. Here he secured the acquittal of the defendant upon a murder charge by showing that the deceased party met his death through malpractice of the attending surgeon after the stabbing. Another example of his astuteness was e.xhibited in the IVlcLain brothers case, in which the defendants were charged by the federal govemment with using the mails for fraudulent purposes. The McLain brothers were prominent board of trade operators, and the charge was "bucket-shop[ung." Mr. Forrest raised the con¬ tention that bucket-shopping was gambling rather than fraud, and, after a month's argument, during which no e\idence was introduced, the court sustained his point THE CITY OF CHICAGO. and the men were discharged. He secured an acquittal in the case of the state against Officer John Baginski, charged with killing an Italian and wounding two others. In defending E. S. Dreyer. the banker, he secured a disagreement of the jury. The Chandler embezzlement case ended in an acquittal. In the first case of John Dalton, who had been sentenced to the penitentiaiT for two years for fraudulent use of the mails, Mr. Forrest carried the case to the United States Court of Appeals, and the decision was reversed. In the second case, where Dalton was tried for sending lottery advertising matter from one state to another, the prosecution intro¬ duced eighty-six witnesses, and the defense none, but the case ended in a disagreement. He secured the release of Alderman John J. Brennan, who had been con¬ victed of election fraud, by having the decision set aside in the appellate court. He also successfully defended Charles Spalding, Thomas J. O'Malley, John D. Snearly and James Manev, lieutenant of the Fifteenth United States Infantry, and Baron von Beidenfeld. He has been equally successful in conducting prosecutions, notably Mannow and Wind¬ rath, who were hanged for the murder of Carey B. Birch, Lake and Griswold, who received a life sentence for kill¬ ing Patrick Owens, and Healy and Robbard, who were tried in Dubuque, Iowa, and sentenced for life for the murder of two pri\'ate policemen. He was retained by the civic federation in 1894 to prosecute sixty-nine Democrats for election frauds. Three were sent to the penitentiary, and forty-nine were fined. He conducted the criminal prosecutions for the Chicago, Milwaukee & St. Paul Railroad for three years, securing during that time 189 convictions. During his legal career Mr. Forrest has participated, either for defense or prosecution, in over two hundred and fifty homicide cases, in which his percentage of suc¬ cesses has been so great as to entitle him to his present high rank in criminal law. Granville W. Browning was born at IndianapKDlis, Indiana, March 14, 1856. After graduating from the Literary Department of Michigan University with the class of 1877 he came to Chicago, read law in the office of the late William H. King, and was admitted to the bar in June, 1880. Since his admission to the bar Mr. Browning has been activelv engaged in the practice of his profession, devoting himself to real estate and corporation law. He was first a partner of Judge Samuel M. Moore, for a long time chancellor of the Superior Court, and after¬ wards was associated with Col. Alexander M. Wool- folk. Since 1898 he has been associated w ith Stuart C. Shepard. Mr. Browning was a candidate for judge on the Democratic ticket in J 893 and 1897, but both tickets went down in landslides. Mr. Browning 17 received the highest number of votes cast for any can¬ didate on the ticket in 1897. Mr. Browning was appointed first assistant corpora¬ tion counsel of the City of Chicago by Mayor Harri¬ son, in July of 1897. and has represented the city as special counsel since 1899 in many important cases with uniform success. His most notable victorv' was in the famous "Lake Front" case, in the Supreme Court of the United States, which had dragged along in the courts in different forms for twenty years, the riparian rights and real property in dispute being estimated to be worth $100,000,000. Mr. Browning conducted the final liti¬ gation in the case, defeating the claims of the Illinois Central Railroad Co., to enlarge its use of the lake shore GRANVILLE W. BROWNING. along the entire Lake Front to Fiftieth street. He also won the case of the People's Gas Light & Coke Company against the city, in the Supreme Court of the United States, where all contract rights to charge one dollar per 1,000 feet of gas, as set up by the company, were defeated. He also won the Van Buren street tunnel case, wherein the Illinois Supreme Court ordered the West Chicago Street Railway Company to lower the Van Buren street tunnel, so that the navigation of the Chicago river might be restored. Mr. Browning took the position that the tunnel destroyed navigation and must be lowered as a nuisance at the company's expense and the Supreme Court sustained his posi¬ tion. He has recently won the Westfall case, wherein one party sought to reduce Lake avenue south of Jackson Park to a street eighty feet wide, and others sought to THE CITY OP CHICAGO. recover the entire street as private property. He obtained a decree, maintaining the street perpetually as a street 150 feet wide. Air. llrowning also wleting his high scIkjoI course. Mr. Brown came to Chicago and stndied law in the otilice of llovne. Horton & Hovne. then one of the most prominent firms in the citv. In the s])ring of he was admitted to the bar and a few months later was ajjpointed Master in Chancerv of the Circuit Court of Cook County. So well did Mr. Brown meet the requirements of the positi(m that he was reappointed three times. In the fall of 1893 after eight years serv¬ ice he resigned in order to devote his entire time to private practice. In 1889 Mr. Brown formed a partnership with Clarence .A. Knight, and this continued until 1903. They were largely engaged in corporate and chancery practice and represented several railway companies as general solicitors. After leaving the firm of Knight & Brown Air. Brown, in the fall of 1903, formed a part¬ nership With Oliver H. Horton, then but recently retired from the Circuit Court bench, where he had served for si.xteen years. AA'hile engaged in a general practice, the firm is counsel for a large insurance com¬ pany and has recently administered the afïairs of an elevator company, handling more than a million dollars in a year. Air. Brown is a member of the Union League. Alid- day and Calumet clubs. In 1888 he was married to Aliss Grace A. Owens, daughter of O. W. Owens of AIcHenrv County and they have a family of two boys and a girl. Thomas S, Megan, conspicuous in legal circles of Chicago, was born in Chicago, January 31, i860. His father, AI. AAA Hogan, also an attorney, moved to St. Louis soon after the subject of this sketch was born, became state's attorney and held the office for twelve years and other state and municipal offices during his long residence in that city. After graduating from the St. Louis University with the degree of Alaster of .Arts. Air. Hogan studied law in the office of Ex-Governor Reynolds of Alissouri and Judge Irwin Z. Smith. He later attended the AA'ash- ington University, where he obtained the degree of LL. B.. and was admitted to practice in the courts of Alissouri. April 10. 1882. Returning to Chicago in 1886. Air. Hogan was within a month admitted to the bar of Illinois and has since been engaged in general practice in the state and federal courts. In the course of his practice in Chicago Air. Hogan has been engaged as counsel in much important litiga¬ tion. .As associate counsel for plaintiff he helped to secure the largest verdict ever rendered in a personal injur)' case, the amount being $40,000. in the case of Bush vs. the Northern Pacific Railroad Companv. The case was heard before Judge Gresham in the I'nited States Circuit Court. Air. Hogan also rep¬ resented Richard Alansfield in the litigation brought against the actor by S. E. Gross involving the author¬ ship of the play. Cyrano de Bergerac. The case involving the title of the play. Sherlock Holmes, in which he represented Charles Frohman, AAdlliam Gil¬ lette and Annan Doyle in the Supreme Court of Illi¬ nois was decided in favor of his clients. He also repre- THfl CITY OF CHIC.UiO. sented Mr. Frohman in the Little Minister case. In the Iroquois theater cases before the Cook Connty coroner lie successfully p^uarded the interests of his clients. Klaw and Erlanp^er. He has been frequently called to other .\nierican cities and to London. Fng'- land. to represent clients. Mr. Hogan is a director in the National Printing & Engraving Company, the United Chemists" Asso¬ ciation. the Credit Protective Association, the San Marcos Rubber Plantation Company, the Colonial Min- ing Company, the .\merican Atnusement Company and the United States Amusetnent Company. He is a metnber of many of the leading clubs of Chicago, and an honorary metnber of clubs in New York. Boston. St. Louis. London and Paris. .\t present he is a member of the firm Hogan & Hogan. which has an extensive practice throughout the countrv. Mr. Hogan is not married and resides at 1578 Jack¬ son boule\'ard. He has probabK' one of the finest private libraries in Chicago. He is the author of several plays and has a reputation for public speaking. THOMAS S. HOGAN. Mr. Hogan has never held a public office. Several times he has been tendered the nomination for jiulge. hut has declined each time. Edwârd J. Brundagc was born at Campbell, New York, May 13, 1869. and attended the ])ublic schools in Detroit, Michigan. At the age of fourteen he entered a railroad office in Detroit, remaining there until the removal of the general office to Chicago, in 1885. ^L. Brundage at once took up the duties of the position at ("hicago and remained with the companv until 1898, at which time he had risen to the position of chief clerk. He studied law at night, was admitted ti) the bar in 1892, and was graduated from the Chicago College of Law the following year. In 1898 he was elected a member of the I'ortv-first tieneral Xs^tmbly. He was appointed by (jovernor Tanner a> one of the twf> vice- presidents from Illinois to the Pan-American Exposi¬ tion and was later named as a member of the Illinois EDWARD J. BRUXtlAGE. State Commission. In 1902 he was again elected a member of the Illinois Cîeneral Assembly. Pie was elected president of the board of commissioners of Cook CountV on the I^epublican ticket in November, 1904. Mr. Brundage is engaged in the iiractice of law, and has represented the state on several occasions as special counsel. John E. Smulski has achieved success in more lines of effort than often fall to the lot of a man of his age. He has been successful in business, in law, in politics and in the public service, l^or seven years he has been the president of the Pulaski Lumber Company, a pros¬ perous and growing concern; with his father, William Smulski, he has been instrumental in building up an extensive and profitable publishing business; he has built u]) a lucrative law practice, and four times in the last eight years the people have approved his acts as a public serxant by re-electing him by increasing major¬ ities. Mr. Smulski was born in tierman Poland in i8()7. and came to this country when thirteen years old. His education was begun in Cermany, but completed in this countrv, when he graduated from St. Jerome's P'ollege. 2G0 THE CITY OF CHICAGO. Berlin, C'anada, in 1884. After his graduation lie joined his father in the ])nhlication of the Polish Catholic Gazette, to which he devoted his eneri,;ies for four years. It was the first Polish paper established in this country, its ]>uhlication having been begun in 1871 by W illiam Smulski, who came to America in i8()9. In 1888 Mr. Smulski decided to study law. He JOHN F. SMULSKI. graduated from the Union College of Law in 1890, and at once entered upon the practice of his profession. But it is in politics that Mr. Smulski has achieved his greatest success. From boyhood he had taken an interest in the politics of his ward, always affiliating with the I\e])ublican ])arty. In 1896 the Republicans of the Sixteenth ward insisted that he make the race for alderman against Peter Kiolbassa, the Democratic candidate. .Mr. Kiolbassa had always been popular among the Polish voters, who largely constitute its citizenship, and he entered the contest with the prestige of having just come from two years' ser\ice as cit\- treasurer. The ward was nominally Democratic by 3,000 majority, but .Mr. Smulski was defeated by only sixty-three votes. In 1898 Hem*)' Ludolph, one of the Democratic aldermen, was killed in a railroad accident and Mr. Smulski was elected to fill the unex])ired term. He was continuously re-elected alderman until 1903, when he was elected cit\- attorne\ on the Republican ticket, being its onl\' successful candidate. When he entered the office he found the dockets crowded with personal injury cases against the city, the damage claims aggre¬ gating $36,000,000. In two years he practically cleared the dockets and the first year reduced the average judg¬ ment again.st the city from $1,000 under his predecessor to $426. The next year he reduced the average to $273. In the spring of 1905, Mr. Smulski was renominated for city attorney and again was the only Republican candidate elected. While the Republican candidate for mayor was defeated by 24,000 votes, Mr. Smulski was elected by a plurality of over 19,000 votes. In all his candidacies Mr. Smulski has never sought the office. In each race it has been a case of the office seeking the man. Hugo Pam, member of the law firm of Pam & Hurd. was born in Chicago, January 20, 1870. He received his education in the public schools of Chicago, and grad¬ uated from the West Division High School in 1889. He entered the literary department of the University of Michigan, and graduated with the degree of Ph. B. in 1892. In the fall of 1892 Mr. Pam entered the law offices of Moses, Pam & Kennedy, and was admitted to the bar in January, 1894. In February, 1897, Mr, Pam withdrew from the firm of Moses, Pam & Kennedy and opened his own office HUGO P.\M. in the New \ork Life building. By this time his repu¬ tation was such that his services were in wide demand, and in 1898 he became a member of the firm of Pam, Donnelly N fdennon and continued as a member of the firm of Pam, Calhoun N Glennon, after Judge Donnelly had been elevated to the circuit bench. Mr, Pam now is a member of the firm of Pam & Hurd, the two other THE CITY OF CHICAGO. 261 members of the firm being- his distingiiislied brother, Mr. Max Pam, and Mr. Harry B. Hurd. Mr. Pam is a strenuous -worker, and tlie knottier the problem at hand the more enjoyment does he take in its solution. As an ad\ ocate, his command of the details of a case when addressing court and jury, and his accurate knowledge of the law, have won him a high position at the bar. In addition to a large general prac¬ tice, his fimi numbers among its clients many of the large corporations in the country. In conclusion, it may be said that Mr. Pam is a thorough American in his ideals and sentiments. He is a Republican in his political affiliations, but he is not a politician, since to him the study and practice of his pro¬ fession is everything. He holds membership in many social and professional clubs, but he is not a club man for the same reason that he is not a politician. M. W. Borders, one of the leading members of the Chicago Bar Association, is general counsel for Nelson Morris & Company, meat packers. His rise in the law has been steady. He was born on a farm in Randolph County, Illinois, May 9, 1867, the son of James J. and Mary A. Borders. He was graduated from Monmouth College in 1888 and began his study of law in the office M. W. BORDERS. of Keorner & Horner in Belleville, Illinois, and was admitted to practice before the courts of the state in 1890. For the term of 1890-91 he attended the Columbia Law School, New York City, and on July 15, 1891, he formed a law partnership with James M. Hamill for the practice of his profession in Belleville. This partnership continued for ten years. Mr. Borders was citv attorney of Belleville for two terms, was master in chancery of St. Clair ( ounty two years and occupied an enviable position in his general practice. In .\pril. 1903, he moved t<> Chicago to become the general counsel for Nelson Morris & Company. Mr. Borders was married in February, 189J. to Miss Alice Emma Abbey of Kirkwood. Illinois. He has four sons, James, Melville, Edward and Horatio, aged twelve, eight, ten and six years, respectively. He is one of the prominent club men of the city, being a member of the Elks, the Chicago \thletic, the New Illinois .\thletic, the Mid-day, the Iroquois and the Colonial clubs. J.VMES J. GRAY. James J. Gray, rfiaster in chancery and formerly pres¬ ident of the board of Cook County assessors, is a native of Chicago. Since his birth, November 23, 1862, he has lived in the Twenty-first ward, on the North Side. After obtaining an education in the Chicago public schools and a business college, he secured a posi¬ tion with the printing firm of J. M. W. Jones N Co., remaining in their employ until 1893, when he became deputy probate clerk, studying law in the meantime. In 1895 he became one of the deputies, being assigned to Judge Tuley's court as minute clerk and record writer. He was admitted to the bar in iSqt), and a year later, resigning his deputyship and associating himself with M. J. Moran, he established the law firm of Gray N Moran, with offices in the Ashland block. In 1897 Mr. Gray was elected assessor of the north TU Ii CITY OF CHIC. ICO. low n in a rattling; campaign, in which lté ran 4,000 votes ahead of the Democratic ticket. In his own ward he received 900 more votes than Carter H. Harrison, the mayoralty candidate. He was re-elected in 1898, and the following spring he w as made a member of the Cook County hoard of assessors, seiwing with that body for six years. He was president of the Itoard during 1903 and 1904. He was re-nominated in the fall, hut was defeated in the Roosevelt landslide, in which, how-ever, he ran 40,000 ahead of Judge Ikarker in Cook County. He was appointed master in chancery by the circuit bench, -Mr. Cray is a member of the Chicago -Athletic, the Iroquois and the Germania Clubs and a number of fra¬ ternal societies. Chaples McGavin, member of the National House of Representatives for the Eighth Illinois district, is one of the youngest men in Congress. His rise in ])olitics has CH-ARLES McG.WlN. been rapid. When twenty years of age he lost his left arm in a railroad accident, which decided him to abandon a business career and study law. He has met with sig¬ nal success. Representati\e Mc(ia\in was born at Riwrton, San¬ gamon Comity, IlliiKuri, June to, 1874, being the voung- est of a family of ten children. He attended jiublic school at Sfiringfield until ele\en years of age, when he went to make his home with a married sister at Mount Olive, Illinois, his mother having died when he was but six \ ears old. .\t -Mount 01i\e he attended the gram¬ mar and high schools and there made the accpiaintance of Representative William -\. Rodenberg of East St. Louis, who at that time was principal of the -Mount Olive High School. At the age of fifteen he entered the office of the Smithboro Coal Company at Smithboro, Bond County, Illinois, asa clerk, his brother-in-law be¬ ing interested in the firm. His sister's family, with wfiiom he was living, removed to Springfield in 1890 and he went with them. For a short time he was em¬ ployed with the Sangamon Coal Company and after¬ ward became connected with the agency of the Dupont Powder Company. The railroad accident in which he lost his arm occurred in 1894, and as soon as he had re¬ covered he decided to take up the study of law, and en¬ tered the office of ( )rendorfif & Patton as a clerk. Three years of close application to law followed, and in 1897 he was admitted to the bar. Seeking a wider field, he came to Chicago in 1899, where he has been a practic¬ ing attorney ever since. Mr. McGavin always took an active interest in ])olitics, but it was not until 1903 that he began to take a lead in the Republican ranks of the Eighteenth ward. In this year he was nominated for alderman, but, the Eighteenth ward being strongly Democratic, he was defeated. The energetic campaign he conducted at the time attracted much attention, and in recognition of his ability he was appointed assistant city attorney under John E. Smulski. In the fall of 1904 he was nominated for Congress in the Eighth district, which is nominally a Democratic stronghold. Under normal conditions it has been carried by the Democrats by about 8,000 majority. Mr. AIcCa\in made the most energetic campaign, and not only overcame the Demo¬ cratic majority but polled 7,000 additional votes. Mr. -McGavin is not married. He has offices in the Unity building, Chicago. He took his seat in Congress at the regular session, December, 1905. Dr. Edwin Hartley Pratt. A. M., M. D., LL. D., illustrates by his life and achievements what may be won by persistent and painstaking etïort. Not only is he one of the leaders in his chosen profession, but also a diligent student of all that is best in literature and the broader affairs of the world. Dr. Pratt was born in Towanda, Pennsylvania, Nox ember 6, i84(y He comes of a family whose names are well known in the annals of medicine and surgery. Iiis father was the celebrated Dr. Leonard Pratt. His mother, before her marriage, was Miss Betsey Belding, and of English descent. In recognition of his merit, and the great part he has taken in advancing the science of medicine and surgery, Dr. Pratt has had many honors conferred upon him, 1 he I'uiv ersity of Chicago honored him with the degree of Doctor of Laws in i88i). He received his master's degree from the .same institution in 1874, One year THE CJTY OP CHICAGO. 263 previously he eHined his doctor s degree nt Hahnemíinn Medical College of Chicago. He is an honorary member of the Ohio Medical Society, the Missouri Medical Society, the Kentucky Medical Society and the Southern Association of Phy¬ sicians. He is an active member of the Illinois State Medical Association, the Chicago .\cademv of Med- DR. EDWIN HARTLEY PRATT. and Alexander Hugh Perguson. M. D.. C. 1^., professor of surgery in the Chicago Post-Graduate .Medical School and Hos[)ital. was horn in Tlntario (óninty, Canada, February 27. 183 ^ the s(jn of .Alexander and .\nn (McFadyen) Ferguson, both natives of Scotland. He received his education in the common schools. Rock- wood .\cademy. Manitoba College, Toronto University and Trinity .Medical Scliool, from which latter institu¬ tion he was graduated in 1881. He received post-grad¬ uate training in Xew York. Glasgow. I.ondon and Berlin, where he took a thorough course in bacteriology under the celebrated Professor Koch. Dr. P'erguson began the practice of his profession in Bufïalo. Xew York, but in 1S82 he went to Canada and settled in W innipeg, where, in the same year, he was appointed registrar of the College of Physicians and Sur¬ geons of Manitoba, and in the following year he took a most active part in founding the Manitoba Merlical College, which has had a phenomenal success, and now enjoys the name of being one of the high-grade medical schools of Canada. He was j^rofessor of physiology and histology in this institution for three years, and in 1886 he took the professorship of surgery upon the resigna- icine, the American Institute' of Homeopathy, numerous less prominent medical organizations. The science of orificial surgery is a triumph of Dr. Pratt's scholarly and untiring efîforts. He is the pioneer in this branch of medical thought and is the author of a handsomely illustrated volume on the subject which has run into its fourth edition. Lincoln Park Sanitarium was built for Dr. Pratt's use, and was a mecca for a steadily increasing throng of physicians seeking to master the principles of orificial surgery. The patronage of the institution was large and consisted of only the more advanced and best members of the profession. Dr. Pratt was married to Miss Charlotte Kelley. February 26. 1900. Aside from his large and lucrative practice, Dr. Pratt finds time to devote many spare hours to the literature of the day. His library is one of the finest private collections of books in Chicago. In physique. Dr. Pratt is of a commanding stature— six feet in height, weighing 250 pounds and finely pro¬ portioned. His mentality shows the cheerfulness and hopefulness of his celebrated father, and the energy, courage and persewrance of his mother. ALEXANDER HUC.H FERGUSON. tion of 1 )r. James Kerr, who now holds a similar chair in Columbia University. Washington, D. C. He was a member of the staff of the Winnipeg General Hospital, surgeon-in-chief to the St. Boniface Hospital, and also the chief operator at Brandon and Mordon hospitals in the same province. He was the first president of the Manitoba branch of the British Medical Association, and he was also appointed by the Gox ernor as a meiuber THE CITY OF CHICAGO. of the Provincial Board of Health. His connection with the Manitoba Medical College covered a period of eleven years, and he was identified with it, not alone as re^strar, but also as treasurer and a member of the I'niversity Conncil. Ide enjoyed the rcsi)ect and con¬ fidence of the i)rofession and ])eo])le. as well as the lo\al devotion and veneration of his students, and when he severed his connection with the Hos])ital of the Sisters of Charity before leaving Canada to locate in Chicago, his resignation was not accej^ted. in the hope that some day he might return. On December i8. 1893, Dr. Ferguson was offered the chair of surgery in the Chicago Post-Ciraduate Med¬ ical School and Hospital, and assumed his duties in June. 1894. Since locating here his services have been in great demand, and he now holds the position of sur¬ geon to the Post-( iraduate Hospital, surgeon-in- chief to the Chicago Hospital, also surgeon to the Cook Countv Hospital for the Insane, and consultant to the Provident Hospital. It has been as a teacher of surgery and as an opera¬ tor that Dr. Ferguson has gained his wide reputation. There is hardly a major operation on the body that he has not performed. His work on Hydatids of the Liver has been the most extensive of any man in America, and was instrumental in first bringing him into notice. He has successfully performed partial hepatectomy. splenectomy, nephrectomies, craniectomies, thyroidec¬ tomies. hip-joint amputations, excisions, thoracoplasty, (Schede) cholecyst duodenostomies, appendicectomies, etc., all of which would be too numerous to mention. Suffice it to say that Dr. Ferguson has opened the abdo¬ men over a thousand times. He was the first to use Murphy's button to unite the duodenum to the stomach after removing a cancerous pylorus, and he was also the first to make an anastomosis with Murphy's button after excision of a cancerous cecum, in both of which cases he was successful. The doctor has been an extensive contributor to the medical press. It is only ]K)ssible to mention a few of his more important papers, among which are: Hyda¬ tids of the Liver, Operative Treatment of Diseases of the Gall Bladder, Pylorectomy in America, Tho¬ racoplasty in America and \bsceral Pleurectomy, with Report of a Case, Typic and .\ty])ic Operations for the Radical Cure of Hernia. Dr. Ferguson is recognized as one of the best sur¬ geons in Chicago, and all his time is de\oted to the teaching and practice of surgery. He is a member of the British Medical Association, International Medi¬ cal Congress, .\merican Medical \ssociation. Chicago Medical Society, Chicago Gynecological Society, the Physicians' Club of Chicago. Chicago Surgical Societw Military Tract .Medical Association, Wayne County Medical Society, and also a fellow of the Chicago Academy of Medicine and of the American Association of Obstetricians and Gynecologists. In religion he is a Presbyterian. He is a member of the Scottish Rite, thirty-second degree, A. F. and A. M.. and other societies. He was married in 1882 to ■Miss Thomas, daughter of the late Edward Thomas, Esq., a wealthy pioneer of Nassagaweya, near Guelph, Ontario. Canada. His family consists of two sons, Ivin Havelock and Alexander Donald. Dr. F ranees Dickinson. The day was chill—frost was in the air. Company shivered in the old-fashioned parlor of Mrs. Thomas Church, and marveled at the coatless, hatless little girl on the street. "Pity? Please don't !" said Mrs. Church. "That little girl with the bright eyes and long brown braids never wears hat nor coat. She is the daughter of my neighbor, and 'neath the front steps you will find she has hidden her wraps, rolled in a bundle." She was on her way to school, the old Dearborn school, opposite McVicker's theater, where they used to receive children at the age of five. At recess she was most popular and in great demand by the boys ; both sides wanted her. She never could "bat," but she was the ver)' best shortstop catch. Again we see her in front of her home (where Car¬ son, Pirie, Scott & Company is now located) on Wabash near Madison street, a happy, light-hearted, wholesome girl, walking the new curbstone, one of the first the city put down, and as she romped and played we noticed the old-fashioned garden, with its flowers and its cab¬ bages. and saw her sisters. Hannah and Melissa, and her brothers, Albert, Charles and Nathan, come and go. The little girl was Frances Dickinson. To-day Dr. Frances Dickinson is one of the most intelligent, industrious and successful women in the city of Chicago. She was born in Chicago, January 19, 1856; graduated at the Central High School in 1875. The next four years were spent as a teacher in our pub¬ lic schools, but. finding the scope limited, and having decided to enter the medical profession, she abandoned her first work for the broader field. Accordingly, in 1880 Frances Dickinson matriculated at the Woman's Medical College in Chicago, where she took the full course and proved an earnest student, graduating in 1883. She served as interne in the Women's and Children's Hospital, under Dr. Mary Harris Thompson. Having meanwhile resolved to make a specialty of ophthalmol- (ig)'. she took the course in that branch at the Illinois -State Eye and Ear Infirmary. Chicago. In 1883 in Lon¬ don Dr. Dickinson studied under the celebrated sur¬ geon, Dr. Cooper, in the Royal Ophthalmic Hospital at Moorfields, and also attended the ophthalmic clinics at the Royal Free Hospital in Gray's Inn Road. THE CITY OF CHICAGO. 265 In Germany, at Darmstadt, she was for five months under the private tutorship of Dr. Adolph Wchev. who had a larg;e private clinic and hospital of sixtv beds attached to his home. This was the Dr. Weber to whom Von Graefe, the "father of ophthalmology," willed his instruments, and under so devoted a teacher she could hardly have failed to receive lasting benefit, and inspiration. Dr. Dickinson is the leading Avoman practitioner in her specialty in this country. At one time she enjoyed the distinction of being the only woman engaged as post-graduate instructor in ophthalmology, filling that chair in the Chicago Post-Graduate School of Medicine. She is president of Harvey Medical College, where she fills the chair of ophthalmology. Dr. Dickinson is an active and honored member of the City and State Medical societies and of the American Medical Association, of the Chicago Ophthalmological Society, the American Academy of Political and Social Science and the Chicago Academy of Sciences. She was the first woman received into the International Medical Congress, in which she was admitted to mem¬ bership at its ninth convention, held in 1887 at Wash¬ ington, D. C. Since that year women have not been denied membership, in spite of the fact that congresses have been held in foreign cities, where women are not allowed equal privileges with men at the universities. Many of Dr. Dickinson's maternal ancestors \vere physicians, and in the paternal line are found a number oí schoolmasters ; and in both lines we find them fre- quentlv being honored with and honoring ])ublic office. Her father, a man of broad character and wide sym¬ pathies, was a prominent business man in Chicago for many }ears. His wife, Ann Eliza Anthon\'. like him¬ self, was a native of Massachusetts, a woman of strong personalitv and the organizer of the First Society of Friends in this cit\'. and an aunt of the famous woman suffragist, Susan B. Anthony. The first of the Anthony family of whom there is any mention is William Anthony, born in Cologne, Germany, who came to England during the reign of Edward Y I, and was made chief graver of the royal mint and master of the scales, continuing to hold office through the reigns of that monarch and Mar\' and part of the reign of Elizabeth. His crest and coat of arms are entered in the royal enumeration. His son Derrick was the father of Dr. Francis .\nthony, born in London in i55®- He graduated at Cambridge with the degree of Master of Arts, and became famous as a physician and chemist, but was intolerant of restraint and in continual con¬ flict with the College of Physicians and Surgeons. He died in his seventy-fourth year, and was buried in the church of St. Bartholomew the Great, where his hand¬ some monument is still to be seen. Dr. Anthony left a daughter and two sr)ns. both of whom became dis¬ tinguished as physicians, and John, the elder, founded the .American branch of the family. He was born in Hempstead, England, and sailed for .America in the ship Hercules. -April 16. 1^34. Dr. Dickinson's brothers developed The .Albert Dickinson Company of this city, which is the leading firm dealing in grass seeds the world over. This unique and extensive business further e.xemplifies the organiz¬ ing ability of the doctor's family. Dr. Dickinson was the first woman to hold a large down-town meeting for women, bringing the women together to hear Mrs. Chant at Central Music Hall in 1889. She was also a party to the forming of the first DR. FR.ANCES DICKINSON. Union of Physicians, regardless of the pathies. They are now united on sanitation. During the World's Fair, Dr. Dickinson was a member of the Board of Lady Managers, and in con¬ nection with Dr. Waite formed the first medical union composed of women of the various schools of medicine —the Illinois Medical AA'omen's Sanitary .Association— which immediately sent Dr. Kate Bushnell, Dr. Alice Ewing and, later. Dr. Rachel Hicke\ , to the scene of the Johnstown disaster. They were the first on the ground to commence the relief work, and remained seven weeks in the prosecution of their noble purpose. Dr. Dickinson is one of the most progressive women of the day, one of the best known club women of Amer¬ ica, as well as one of the leading oculists of this country, a woman who commands respect and holds attention. 266 THE CITY OP CHICAGO. Samuel W. Àllerton lias all the characteristics of the New "S ork Y ankee. He is quick to conceive an idea, cautious in determination of its value, resolute in its accomplishment when once he has decided Ujion a course of action, and it must also he said that he is jmblic- spirited as well as mindful of his personal welfare. Born in Duchess Countv, New York, in of farmer par¬ ents, and with only such advanta^çes of education as could he ijained from the somewhat inefficient public schools of the first half of the century, Mr. .\llerton has attained commercial, social and jiolitical distinction He is a director of the First National Bank and of the Chicago City Railway Company and has large interests in the principal stockyards of the United States. Mr. SAMUEL W. ALLERTON. Allerton has not achieved wealth by any gigantic s])ecu- lation ; he has built bis fortune on the sure and honorable foundation of industr\'. econom\', sound judgment and resolute action. He worked on a farm until he was eighteen years of age ; then he began stock raising on his own account. B\- the time he was twenty-one he had accumulated nearly $5,000. That was nearly si.xty years ago, and si.xt}' I'ears ago $5,000 had a larger ojieratixe ])ower than it now has. With this capital .Mr. \llerton pur¬ chased a stock farm in I'iatt County, Illinois. 'S et e\en then Chicago had its fascinations for Mr. .Mlerton. He was a fre(|uent \isitor to the future metrojiolis, but always with intent to sell or buy. lie soon became famous as a successful breeder and raiser of stock. His farms increased in number and his flocks and herds in value and magnitude. He also was a shrewd purchaser of real estate in what was to be the great city of the West. He was among the first to discern the needs and uses and profits of stockyards as centers of the cattle trade and was among the earliest and most active promoters of the system. .\nd thus, by the e.xercise of strict industry, strict integrity and sound judgment, Mr. Mlerton has achieved rank among the millionaires of the countri'. But it is not alone as a financier that Mr. Allerton is known and respected. His political acumen is as remarkable as his commercial capacity. Few moves are made on the Republican checker board of Illinois without the knowledge of Mr. Allerton. He never has sought office, but in 1895 the Republican nomination for mayor literall\- was thrust upon him. He made a gallant fight, but it was an "off year" for Republicans, and tbat past master of ])olitical tactics, the late Carter H. Harrison, defeated him. In the same year Mr. .\ller- ton rendered great service to the public as a member of tbe World's Fair directory. .Mr. Allerton has been twice married. He has two children, Robert H. and Katie R. Trankin Marvcy Head, a gentleman who has dem¬ onstrated the compatibility of literar}- instinct and cul¬ ture with business acumen, was born January 24, 1835. at Paris, Oneida County, New York. His father, Harvey Head, and his mother, who prior to her marriage was Miss Calista Simons, came of families long resident in the vicinity of Paris. Mr. F. H. Head received a sound preparatory education at the .\cademy in Cazenovia, New York, and afterward enrolled as a student in Ham¬ ilton College, and was graduated as B. A. in 1856, and received the degree of M. .\. three years later. He was also graduated from the law school of his alma mater in 1858, and subsequentl}' was honored by it with the degree of LL. D. In 1858 Mr. Head settled in the W est, and in con¬ junction with his uncle, .Mr. (). S. Head, founded the law firm of O. S. eK; F. H. Head, at Kenosha, Wis¬ consin. The firm continued in existence and enjoyed a lucrative practice for about nine years, w hen Mr. F. H. Head was compelled by failing health to retire from so sedentary a business, .\fter spending a time in Europe he went to Utah and to California, in which states he ac(|uired proprietaiw interests in a cattle ranch and in a mine. Supervision of their business occupied his atten¬ tion, and was productive (if profits for three or four \ears, when, his health being restored, he returned to w hat in those days were called "The States" by settlers in the I"ar West, and entered into partnership with .Messrs. Wirt Dexter and X. K. Fairbank in the manufacture of lumber and charcoal iron at Elk Rapids, .Michi gan. \\ hile exercising a general super\dsion over these large industries, Mr. Head made his home in h-vanston, Illinois, for several vears. in the meantime THE CITY OF CHICAGO. 207 he ciccjniied inteiests in banking' and manufacturing" enteiprises in Cliicago, of wliicli citv he l)ecanie a per¬ manent resident al)out ten years ago. Mr. Head served for se\'eial years as jiresident of the Chicago Malleable lion Company, and as director of the .\merican I rust and Savings Bank, and of the Northwestern Xatimial FRANKLIN HARVEY HEAD. Bank, in all of which institutions he retains a considera¬ ble interest. In addition to the successful management of numer¬ ous business enterprises, Mr. Head has found time to contribute many interesting articles on financial and commercial questions to The Forum, the New England Magazine, Current Topics and to other high-class peri¬ odicals. Though actively Republican in politics, Mr. Head never has aspired to office. He was, however, intrusted by the national administration with the super- intendencv of Indian affairs while resident in Utah. He has twice been president of the Union League Club, and is a member of tbe Commercial, Chicago, Uni\ersity, Literary and Quadrangle clubs. Mr. Head was married in i860 to Miss Catherine Putnam Durkee of Kenosha, Wisconsin. There are three daughters. He has an ele¬ gant home at No. 2 Banks street. Jacob L. Loose, the organizer and first president of the .\inerican Biscuit & Manufacturing Company and a prominent figure in the western cracker and con¬ fectionery trade, was born in Pennsylvania, June 17, 1850. -At the age of ten he removed to Illinois with his parents, who settled in Springfield, but the boy was sent back to his native state to complete his educa¬ tion. His first business e.xperience was as a clerk in a dry goods store in Decatur, Illinois. In 1870, together with his elder brother, he establisherl a store in southern Kansas, on what was then the frontier. There he remained until 1882. when he went to Kansas City and engaged in the biscuit and confectionery business. Before long he conceived the idea of consolidating the western trade for mutual protection and advance¬ ment and in competition with the New York Biscuit Company of the .\tlantic coast. The result was the inception of the .Vmerican Biscuit & .Manufacturing Company, with himself as its president. He held this po.sition for seven years, until ill health compelled him to abandon business duties for some time. The forma¬ tion of the .American company was unif|ue, inasmuch as there was no common stock or outside capital used, no promoter's fees paid or any "rake-offs" allowed. It was singularly free from the stock jobbery that usually accomj^anies such operations. Mr. Loose traveled e.xtensively in Europe and the Orient until he regained his health. Since then he has resumed his interest in the baking and confection trade, being one of tbe ruling spirits of the Loose-Wiles JACOB I.. LOOSE. Cracker N Candy Comjianv of Kansas City, which plant employs from a thousand to twelve hundred hands. .\lr. Loose is also largely interested in bakeries at Minnea])olis, St. Lt)uis and Dallas, Texas. Daniel Trancis Crilly, one of C hicago's representa¬ tive real estate men, and the man who is generally s])oken of as "the father of McKinlev Park," was born at Mercersburg, I'ranklin County, Pennsylvania, cActo- ber 14, 1838. Mr. Crilly's parental grandfather was a 268 THE CITY OF CHICAGO. native of Ireland where tlie Crilly family is an old one. A descendant of the Crillys is now a member of the British parliament. Mr. Crilly's father was John D. Crilly, editor of the Perry Comity Standard, published at Bloomfield, Pennsylvania. Mr. Crill\' was educated in the common schools of Pennsylvania, and at the age of seventeen he was indentured to John Wilson, a contractor and mason. ()n the latter's removal to Iowa City, Iowa, Mr. Crilly accompanied him in 1856. .A.fter serving his apprenticeship young Crilly sought an open¬ ing for his talent in Louisiana. He erected the exten¬ sive buildings on the ]ilantation of the Hon. Richard Pugh, which were considered the finest of their kind in those days. After perilous adventures during the vears of the war of the rebellion, IMr. Crilly reached St. Louis and later Chicago. Here he spent his first three winters as superintendent of the tank dejiartment in the packing jilant of Robert Law. His summers he devoted to building. He erected the first .Methodist Church block, and manj' prominent down-town struc¬ tures, .steadily acquiring extensile real estate holdings. He retired from the contracting business in 1878, and has since devoted much of his time to the manage¬ ment of his own property. He built all the residences in Crilly j)lace, on the North Side. He lost heaiily in the great fire, but regained it all and more by his energy, integrity and indomitable ])erserverance. The "Crilly Dii isions" near the south end of Lincoln Park, are his property, among other holdings, which comprise 141 flats, twelve residences and ten business buildings. He also fjwns the old Stock Lxchange building. It is difficult to estimate what a city like Chicago owes to such men as Mr. Crilly, who gave it the be«t part of his life. His name stands for everything that represents solidity and morality. He was appointed South Park commissioner by the Circuit Court in 1900 to fill the unexpired term of Commissioner Ellworth, who took up his residence in New York. At the end of this term Mr. Crilly was re-elected for a five years' term. He filled the office of president of the commis- .sion for one term. It was on Mr. Crilly's suggestion that McKinley Park was named after our martyr presi¬ dent, and the handsome McKinley monument which he unveiled July 4, 1905, is said to be to a large share the donation of Mr. Crilly. He carried on the work of the subscription for the balance of the required sum for the purchase of the monument. IMr. Crilly was married in Loudon, Pennsylvania, March 3, 1863, to Miss Elizabeth Snyder. He is the father of six children, Erminnie, George S., Frank L., Edgar, Isabelle and Oliver D. Mr. Crilly has been a pew holder of the Plymouth Congregational Church since it was built, and is now one of its trustees. He is a member of the Hamilton Club, one of the first-year members of the Union League Club, a member of the Sheridan Club and a charter member of Home Lodge, No. 508, Ancient and Accepted Masons. Mr. Crilly has for years been treasurer of the Apollo Com- mandery No. i, and is now a trustee. He is also promi¬ nently connected with other lodges. He has been the treasurer of the Knights Templar Charity Ball since its organization, with the exception of one term. Mr. Crilly has always been active in national and local poli¬ tics and he was a member of the famous executive com¬ mittee of the McKinley Club, which was organized by the leading Republicans of Chicago. John Sutphin Jones. In the ranks of the sound and substantial business men of this land of opportunity are many illustrations of success earned bv sturdy and honest endeavor, and wealth and position won by those who started without any advantag'es beyond the com¬ mon, and have worked their own wav to the top. No better examj)le of self-earned success and prominence in the business world can be cited than is afforded by the career of Mr. John Sutphin Jones, now one of the foremost coal operators of the country. His parents, ^^'illiam R. and Elizabeth M. Jones, were of \\ elsh birth, and from their native Montgom¬ eryshire, in North \\ ales, came to the United States in 1831. They settled on a farm in Fayette County, near Washington Court House, Ohio, and it was there that their son John was born January 4, 1849. He was brought up on the farm and did his share of the farm work while attending the neighboring schools, and when he had absorbed the branches of knowledge pro- the city of chicago. 269 vided by the common schools of the locality, he became a telegraph operator for a year. \\ hile so engaged he became impressed with the opportunities of a railroad career, and determined to fit himself for that sen ice. He began as freight brake- man and soon advanced to a conductf)r's position, first JOHN SUTPHIN JONES. on a freight train and later on a passenger train. From that position to trainmaster and assistant superintend¬ ent. and then lyv another step to superintendent, he ad¬ vanced by faithful and efficient service. Leaving Ohio he became division superintendent of the Milwaukee. Lake Shore .& W'estern Railroad in Wisconsin, holding that position until 1889. when he resigned it to become western manager of the Columbus & Hocking Valley Coal & Iron Company, with offices at Chicago. He gave efficient management to the large interests placed in his hands by that company and supervised the erection of several coal docks and after a while retired to estab¬ lish the business of the Jones & Adams Company, oper¬ ating coal docks at Ashland and West Superior, Wis¬ consin and Duluth. Minnesota, with offices at St. Paul and Minneapolis, and general offices in Chicago. The companv do a large jobbing business in coal, own and operate coal mines in the Springfield and Danville regions, and also in the Hocking Valley District in Ohio. A chartering office for the shipment of the com¬ pany's products to their docks on Lake Superior is maintained at Cleveland. (Jf the business carried on by this company, Mr. Jones is the principal owner, and he is also ])resi(lent of the National Hocking Coal Com¬ pany, which owns 40.000 acres of coal lands in Ohio. He is connected also with the Buckeye Steamship Com¬ pany. which owns several boats engaged in the coal and iron trade on the Tireat Lakes. These successive steps were each of them earned by energetic methods and the application of practical ideas to every undertaking in hand. Mr. Jones is regarded as one of the foremost representatives of the great mining industrv' of the Middle West. His suc¬ cess has been rapid and continuous, and yet prosperity such as he has enjoyed does not occur by accident. Persistency in effort toward the achievement of his plans has brought legitimate fruitage in a career that has been continuously prosperous. Mr. Jones was married at Granville. Licking County, Ohio. Octiiber 22. 1S84, to Miss Sarah F. Follett. only daughter of Dr. and Mrs. Alfred Follett. and has added a life of domestic happiness to a career of financial prosper¬ ity. He has for years been identified with the Masonic order and is a member of .\pollo Commandery. Knights Templar, and of Medinah Temple in the Ancient Arabic C)rder of Nobles of the Mystic Shrine. He is a member of the Lnion League. Kenwood. W ashington Park. Mid-day and Midlothian Golf clubs, and is as popular in his social relations a.s he is prominent in business life. Mr. Jones and Mrs. Jones still retain the old house at Granville. ( )hio. as a summer home, and a farm to which he is much devoted, now called .Monomoy Place. HOMER H. PETERS. Momcp H. Peters, who has been identified with various enterprises since his coming to Chicago in Jan¬ uary. 1889, is one of the city's substantial business men. He is a native of Michigan, having been bom at Scio, 270 THE CITY OF CHICAGO. that state. Januarv jo. TS54. He is a graduate of Ann Arbor. For fifteen years .Mr. Peters was a member of the Chicago Board of Trade, being connected with the firm of Bartlett. hh\azier iv Co.. now Itartlett. Frazier & Car- rington. In 1903 he was made jnesident of the Buffalo, Dunkirk Western Railroad Company (electric), to the duties of which office he now devotes the major portion of his time. He is also president of the Crescent Oil. Asphalt ».K: (uis Company. He is one of the most suc¬ cessful business men of the cit\'. and is well and favor¬ ably known by financial men not only in Chicago but through the country generally, both east and west. He is vice-])resident of the First National Bank of San Diego, California, where he has a beautifid winter resi¬ dence, considered one of the handsomest homes on the Pacific coast. He also has a beautiful home at S5-^ East End avenue, numbered among the finer residences of the city. Washington Porter is a fine representative of a class much more numerous in Chicago and throughout the Cnited States than is suspected by the politicians and professional traders in nationalities. He is of good Eng¬ lish stock, both on the paternal and maternal side. The famih' of Porter was known for full three hundred years among the large landed proprietors of the English County of Norfolk, whence Thomas \V. Porter, father of Washington Porter, came to the United States in 1830. He married Miss Charlotte Lane, also of Eng¬ lish hirth. Mr. Thomas W. Porter, settled first in Buffalo County, New \'ork. in which place he engaged activelv in merchandising, but in a short time the heredi¬ täre instinct for land owning and management of agri¬ cultural affairs asserted itself, and he moved to Boone County, in this state, and became a successful farmer on a large scale. AVashington Porter was horn at the Boone Comity homestead. ( )ctoher jb. 184b. and was educated first in the public schools of the neighbor¬ hood. and afterwards at the high school of Belvidere. After some preliminary commercial exjierience in the country, Mr. Washington Porter came to Chicago in i8b9. He was then twent\-three \ ears of age, and, true to the instincts of his family, began to e-xjiloit the great fruit-growing resources of the Far West. Dur¬ ing his first year of residence in this city he shipped the first full carload of fruit that ever came to Chicago from ( alifornia. This was simultaneous with the oi)eu- ing of the first transcontinental railway. .\t a later jieriod Mr. Porter furnished the money for the ])lanting of the first orchard and vinewird in I-'resno County, California. Fresno is now one of the great fruit-pro¬ ducing regions of this continent, but in i8b() it took men with such ])erse\erance and courage as .Mr. Ikirter always had displayed in the man.igeinent of business alTairs to promote what seemed to many a visionary jiroject. In 1869 Mr. Porter also brought the first full carload of bananas to Chicago from the Isthmus of Darien, or Panama, as it is now generally called. Mr. Porter maintained an active commercial interest in the fruit trade between the Pacific States and the states of Central .\merica and Chicago, until his retirement a few \ears ago from active business. He now enjoys the ease and dignity of a large property owner, whose fortune is the result of foresight, energy and honesty. The ])ublic life of Mr. Porter has been of signal bene¬ fit to the citizens of Chicago. He was one of the small, resolute and brainy coterie to whose efïorts the estab¬ lishment of the WMrld's Columbian Exposition in Chi- WASHINGTOX PORTER. cago was due. He was a member of the committee appointed to wait ui)on Congress with intent to secure legislation favorable to Chicago, and from the first day of the session of 1890 until the passage of the act by wdnch the metropolis of the West was designated as the place to w hich the eyes of the world should be turned in 1893. as the center of the most wonderful e.xposition ever made of the arts, sciences, agriculture and manu¬ factures of all nations. Mr. Porter was incessant in argu¬ ment with representatives and senators from all the states. During the constructive ]>eriod of the great enterprise Mr. Porter was an active member of the W ays and Means Committee, and when the great expo¬ sition w as an accomplished fact he was chairman of the sub-committee of directors, under whose management the first half-dollar souvenir coin was sold for the fabu¬ lous sum of $ro.ooo. He was also a member of the THE CITY OF CHICAGO. 271 committee for reduction of expenditures, by the efïorts of liich the lunning' expenses of the g^reat institution were reduced from $23,000 to $15,000 per day. At the close of the exposition Mr. Porter made stronj^^ efforts to have the great Manufactures building removed from the exposition grounds to the Lake Front, there to remain as one of the attractions of the park that is tak¬ ing the place of the old dreary waste of cinders that used to stretch from Randolph to Twelfth street. The destruction of the World's Fair buildings bv fire ren¬ dered the public-spirited plan of Mr. Porter nugatory. It may be said, in passing, that Mr. Porter was among the first, and probably absolutely the first, to advocate and champion the permanent improvement of the Lake Front into a spacious and elegant plaisance. ]\Ir. Porter has a good war record. He enlisted at the age of sixteen years in the Ninety-fifth Illinois Vol¬ unteers, and was in action at Champion Hill and at the Siege of \'icksburg, participated in the Red River Expe¬ dition and was seriously wounded in the affair at Guns- town, ^Vlississippi, June 10, 1864. Mr. Porter is a Mason of high degree, a member of the Washington Park and Athletic clubs, and of several other social organizations. He married, June 11, 1891, Miss Frances Paulina Lee of Chicago. Mr. and Mrs. Porter have three children, Paulina C., Washington and Frederick C. Porter. John George Shortall, son of John and Charlotte (Towson) Shortall, was born at Dublin, Ireland, Sep¬ tember 20, 1838. When he was between two and three years of age his parents emigrated, with their family, to this country, joining an elder branch that had been long settled in New York City. After the d^th of his parents, the subject of this sketch was employed by the late Horace Greeley in the editorial rooms of the New York Tribune, and here, for the following three vears, he was brought in close contact with Mr. Greeley and other master minds who molded the public opinion of the day. This period in his life proved to be a period of education tbat he feels he could in no way have disjjensed with. In the summer of 1854, following the advice oí Mr. Greele\-, he came West, and located in Galena, Illinois, where he was engaged for a short time upon the con¬ struction and survey work of the Illinois Central Rail¬ road, then building between that place and Scales Mound. Late in the fall, however, he came to Chicago and secured a position on the Chicago Tribune, but soon afterward withdrew from the newspaper business to enter the f)iifice of J. Mason Parker, where he took up the .study of real estate law and titles, a profession he has foTlowed to the present time. He is a member of the Illinois bar. When Mr. Shortall entered this office Mr. Parker was engaged in ])reparing the real estate abstract books, afterward known as the Shortall & Hoard Al )stracts, and which are now the property of the Title Guarantee and Trust Company of Chicago, of which Mr. Shortall is a director. At the time of the fire of 1871, the firm in which Mr. Shortall was interested was one of the three ab¬ stract firms in Chicago. Each saved a portion of its records, but no one set was complete. A consolidation was therefore effected between them, and Mr. Shortall remained actively connected with his associates in the conduct of the business until 1873. Mr. Shortall has led an active life along other than purely business lines. In musical, literary, educational and social circles he has been especially active. For JOHN GEORGE SHOR'L ALL. years he was one of the directors of the old Philhar¬ monic Society, and afterward president of the old Bee¬ thoven Society, during almost its entire existence. For years also he was a director of the Chicago Public Library, and served three terms as president of the board. It was under bis administration that plans for the present superb Library building were selected and that the negotiations were conducted which finally secured Dearborn Park as the site for the erection of the structure. Along few lines of work, however, has the name of Mr. Shortall become so widely known as through his connection with the Illinois Humane Society. He was one of the organizers of this commendable institution in 1869, ami in 1877 was chosen its president, a posi¬ tion to which he has ever since been annually elected. Mr. Shortall was also instrumental in the founding of THE CITY OF CHICAGO. llie American Humane Association in 1877. and was elected its president in 1884, being re-elected in 1892, and annually thenceforward to 1898, inclusive. At the World's Fair he was chairman of the Men's Committee on iMoral and Social Reform of the Au.xiliarv Con¬ gresses, and conducted the Humane Congress in Octo¬ ber, 1893, which was so successful. In social circles he is a member of the Chicago Club, the Chicago Literary Club and the Reform Club of New '^'ork. He is also an honorary member of the Amateur Musical Club of Chicago and of the Pennsylvania Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals. He was married September 5, 1861, to Miss Mary Dun¬ ham Staples of Chicago, who died August 24, 1880, leaving one child, John L. Shortall. George E. Lincoln, general western manager for the Mergenthaler Linotype Company, is one of the l)est known men in the country among members of the ju-inting and publishing trade. From the time when he completed his apprenticeship in Philadelphia until he took up his permanent residence in Chicago in his l)resent position, he traveled through the Cnited States first as a journeyman printer and later as the represent¬ ative of the Mergenthaler Company. When the company o])ened a branch in Chicago on January i, 1902, ]\lr. Lincoln was sent here to take charge. At that time he had been with the company longer than any other traveling man. Mr. Lincoln had always urged strongly the opening of a Chicago branch office and the fact that its monthly business is now almo.st as great as that of the New York office is evi¬ dence of his sound judgment. Practically all of Mr. Lincoln's life has been spent in various branches of the printing trade. He was born in Lancaster County, Pennsylvania, Se¡)tember 2, 1848. When he was three years old the family moved to a farm along the Pennsylvania pike, near Parkes¬ burg, Chester County. Mr. Lincoln still makes it a practice to spend several weeks each summer on the old homestead. He left the farm when a boy and >tarted in as a ])rinting apprentice at Ashmead's book office in Philadelphia, the first establishment in the Cnited States to use a power press. He completed his api)renticeship when twenty-one years old and suddenlv decided to come West. After his first trip to the West, Mr. Lincoln traveled back and forth across the country working as a printer in hundreds of towns and cities. .\t one time he was part owner of the North Missouri Courier of Hannibal and also proprietor of a brewery in the same town. \t another time he published a string of Colorado mining town ])apers. Again he was a plainsman with the J. & J. outfit, in 1880 Mr. Lin¬ coln went on the road selling ])rinting material. In 1886 he entered the emplo\ of the Mergenthaler Lino- t\ pe Company. In the first f(jur \ ears of that com¬ pany's existence, on account of temerity of publishers and violent opposition from printers, not a machine was sold. The promoters spent $2,000,000 pushing the invention before the printers realized that with its aid they could make money easier and quicker than by set¬ ting tvpe by hand. Since then the sale of the machines has been rapid. In the United States there are now 10,000 in 2,000 different offices. Though the matrices GEORGE E. LINCOLN. must be replaced, the machines never wear out and Nos. 30, 31, 32 and others are still in use in the office of the New Orleans Times-Democrat. The company estimates that 20,000 more machines will be needed before every office in tbe United States is supplied. Matrices are manufactured for twenty-seven different languages. The Chicago branch was first located in small rooms on Dearborn street, but so rapid was its growth that it was soon moved to its present quarters in Steinway Hall, 17 \Tn Buren street. From twenty-five to forty new machines are shipped from this branch monthly. More than 6,000,000 matrices of tvpe sorts are kept constantly in stock, besides the complete alphabets. The office handles all of the territorv between Pennsylvania and Utah. Mr. Lincoln is married, but has no children. He is a member t)f the C hicago .\thletic .Association and the C hicago Commercial Club and various fraternal organi¬ zations. Jacob Levi Kesner. in less than twenty years rose from the position of cash boy to be general manager of I he hair, one of the largest department stores in the THE CITY OF CHICAGO. 273 world. Starting in October, 1887, cash liov at $2.50 a week, he was advanced from time to time to bundle wrapper, cashier, salesman, floorwalker, buyer, assistant manager and then to head control of the entire business, which position he has held since January i, 1895. He was born in London, England, December 30, 1865, the son of I.. J. and Sarah (Staal) Kesner. He came to Chicago with his parents in ])o^■hood and received a comnron school education at the Scammon and Haven schools. For a time he also attended busi¬ ness college. Devoting himself conscientiously to whatever task his employers set him to do, he soon won their confidence and was rewarded by a consistent advancement of position. In addition to his holdings in The Fair, Mr. Kesner has other large interests. He is president of the Strowger Automatic Telephone exchange and other business organizations. He was married in Chicago, August 30, 1887, to Miss Bettie Frohman. They have one daughter. Fucile. He is a member of Sinai congregation. Mr. Kesner is a Republican in politics and belongs to the Hamilton and Standard clubs. He has a beautiful residence at 4756 Grand boulevard. Oscar f. Mayer, of the firm of O. F. Mayer & Brother, came to Chicago from Detroit in J 876, and began his successful career as an independent packei, with his brother as business associate, on the present site of the firm's plant at Sedgwick street and Beethoven place. Its packing houses, refrigerating plant, smoke houses and atixiiiary premises, such as sausage houses, pickling vats and shipping rooms, are said to be the best ig equipped in Chicago. The products of Mayer & Brother are well known throughout Illinois, Iowa and Wisconsin, and have proven formidable in competition with other provisions and "delikatessen." The plant consists of two modern four-story build¬ ings, with an aggregate floor space of 123,000 square feet. The salesrooms on the main floor are the largest on the North Side, and in direct communication with the capacious freezing vaults and refrigerators. The slaughter house, where all hogs for local sales as well as shipment are slaughtered, is one of the most sani¬ tary and best equipped in Chicago. Oscar F. Mayer's brother, Godfried Mayer, is known as one of the ablest buyers and connoisseurs of hogs, sheep and cattle. Both members of the firm were prac¬ tical butchers until the growth of their business com¬ pelled them to take the parts of supervisors and managers of their extensive trade and responsibilities. A short time ago a complete set of the most up-to-date machinery known to the provision trade was installed, and the working force was increased 80 to 100 men on the various killing floors, freezing vaults, cutting rooms and other departments. Mr. Oscar F. IVIayer is one of the best known German-Americans in Chicago. He is a prominent mason, a member of the Germania Club, the Illinois Athletic Association, the Chicago Turn- gemeinde. Chicago Schuetzenverein, an ardent hunter, and a general sportsman. Charles Enoch Morrill, son of Amos and Sarah (Eastman) Morrill, was born on a farm in Fast Kings¬ ton, New Hampshire, January 11, 1832. He was edu¬ cated in the public schools of that district and at the age of sixteen took up the trade of a shoemaker, working two years at it. In 1850 he found better oppor¬ tunities for his efforts in a country store at Fast Kingston, and entered the place as a clerk, which store he later on bought out. In 1858 he was employed by the firm of Stimson, Valentine N Company, manufacturers of varnishes and paints, as a shipping clerk, which position he held for four years. At the end of that time he was made a traveling salesman, and in 1882 became manager of the Chicago branch of the company. During the same year he organized the Lawson Varnish Company, and was made president of the concern. He maintained his con¬ nection with Valentine N Company, however, and in 1898, when the two companies consolidated under the name of \'alentine A Company, he was made vice-pres¬ ident of the consolidated company and two years later was made president, which office he holds at the present time. The concern is one of the largest varnish and color comi)anics in the world, and has offices in New York, Chicago, Boston, I'aris, London and Amsterdam. Mr. Morrill is a Democrat in i)olitics and is a mem- THE CITY OF CHICAGO. ber of the Union Leag'ite and Washing-ton Park clubs. In 1857 he was married to Miss Adeline Susan Carter, and has three children, I\lr. Allan A. Morrill, Mrs. Susie A. Cole and Mrs. Annie S. Havs. His residence is at CHARLES ENOCH MORRILL. 275 East Fifty-third street, hut much of his time is spent at his summer home in New Hampshire. Professor Thcophilus Noel, founder and president of the Theo. Noel Company, is a personality of remarkable characteristics. From his boyhood days until the pres¬ ent time the story of his experiences and adventures reads like the pages of a popular and thrilling romance. In commerce, politics and even in the literary history of the nation he has taken a conspicuous and successful place. Professor Noel was horn at Niles, Berrien County, Michigan, in July, 1840. His father was the village physician and a man of influence in the neighl)orhood. Theophilus Noel was the youngest hoy of the family, and upon him devolved the duty of chief aid to his father, first as messenger and eventually as assistant in the medical practice. In these vears of early training under this stem and exacting parent were acquired the habits of self-reliance and uprightness which form a strong part of Professor Noel's character. In September, 1853, the elder Noel sold his Michi¬ gan farm and started with his family for Texas. Though at the time Professor N(jel was (uily twelve years of age. ever\ detail of that transaction and the incidents of the Jong trip down the Misxissip])i to New Orleans and across the countr) to Seguin, Texas, is still vivid in his memory. That part of the country was then a wild and only sparsely settled section of the frontier. Here Theophilus Noel educated himself. His text books were Cobb's Speller, Pike's Arithmetic and Webster's Elementary Spelling Book. The first book he ever read was the Idfe of Washington, and from it was acquired much of his hatred of monarchs and despots and his love for the free born, independent and sterling American citizen. When the Civil War broke out, young Noel was naturally found on the side of the Confederacy. His frontier experience stood him in good stead and, as a Texas Ranger, he took a prominent part in the field, while in the afifairs of state of the "lost cause" his shrewd business judgment was often of value. After the war Mr. Noel was one of the foremost ones in helping to heal its scars and bring about a better feeling of har- monv between -the North' and South. He helped to organize the Confederate veterans of Chicago, and was a warm personal friend of Generals Grant and Logan. Professor 'Noel has been interested in many note- worth}- commercial ventures." . His first was the placing of a superior grade of cotton-seed On"the market. Next came the introduction to the fruit world of the famous Alberta peach. But the greatest was the discovery of Vitae-ore. Professor Noel- recognized the medicinal properties of the mineral, arid organized the corporation PROFESSOR THEOPHILUS NOEL. which bears his name, for the purpose of putting these properties in such form as to be valuable to mankind. In his spare moments during travel or rest he has found time to prepare a comprehensive autobiography covering e\ cry detail of his life from babyhood to the the city of chicago. 27.-, present time. It is one of tlic most novel ímd interest¬ ing books one would care to read. Full of the strong philosophy and hard common sense of the author, it is highly appreciated by his friends who have been so fortunate as to receive a ccjiw Charles A. Plamondon is one of Chicago's leading business men and public-spirited citizens. He has twice held public ofFce. but in each case the office called for great sacrifice on his part and for the cpialities of public spirit that he possesses. As a member of the Chicago Public Lilirary Board for four years, he gave the devo¬ tion to his work which is often most required in posi¬ tions that are the farthest removed from the limelight. For a year he was president of the board. While Mr. CHARLES A.- PLAMONDON. Plamondon was a member of the library board many of the important innovations and improvements in its management were inaugurated and it was through his energy that many of them were put into use. Mr. Plamondon has for four years been a member of the Board of Education. For one year he was vice- president of the board and at anotber time was a promi¬ nent candidate for president. In this capacity, too, his work has been tireless. In many respects the work of the board of education is the most important in the life of the city. In all the perple.xing problems of educa¬ tion and finance that have come before the body, Mr. Plamondon has shown an enthusiasm and a grasp gfeneral educational and busiuos conditions that have made him one of the leading factors. \s a busine'^s man, Mr. Plamondon has been known nujstlv through his connection with the .\. Plamondon Manufacturing Company, founded by his father during the early days of the city. He entered the employ of his father in 1872. then a boy of 16. When his father died. February 19. 1896. he was made head of the com¬ pany and has held that position since. He is also vice- president of the Saladin Pneumatic .Malting Construc¬ tion Company and a director of the Fort Dearborn National Bank. He has also been a director of the Illi¬ nois Manufacturers' .\ssociation and was president of that organization for a year. In May. 1900. following the sinking of the Spanish fleet in Manila Bay, Mr. Plamondon was made chair¬ man of the reception committee diu"ing the Dewey celebration. In 1903 he was chairman of the Chicago Centennial Committee, which conducted the celebra¬ tion of Chicago's looth anniversary, or the settling of the first white man in the city. Mr. Plamondon was born at Ottawa, Tllinoi.s, Sep¬ tember 14. 1856. Shortly after his birth his family moved to Chicagoi. He was sent to the Chicago public schools where he received the major portion of his education. In social circles Mr. Plamondon has taken a leading part and is one of the best known men in the citv. He is a member of the Chicago Athletic Association, the ( ierman Männerchor and the Washington Park Club. Charles L. Bartlett is a comparatively recent addi¬ tion to the coterie of progressive western business men who have made the name of Chicago synonymous with enterjwise and success. The earlier years of Mr. Bart- lett's business career were passed in the East and he came to Chicago as local manager of the Procter & Gamble Distributing Company only ten years ago. .\t present Mr. Bartlett is Chicago manager for this great soap company, and also president and controlling factor in the organization of the Orangeine Chemical Company. Mr. Bartlett was born at Fishkill-on-the-Hudson. November 13, 1853. Shortly afterwards his family moved to Hartford. Connecticut, where he received his earlier education, -\fter being graduated from the high school of that city he entered Yale University. He received his college degree as a member of the famous Yale class of 1876. The first business experience of Mr. Bartlett, after his college tlays. was in the actuarial department of the Connecticut Mutual Life Insurance Company of Hartford. He left this position in 1880 to start in the brokerage business at Utica, New York. In this he was financially successful, but after ten years' experience became disgusted with the fundamental princij^les of the business and decided to withdraw from all speculative ventures, lu 1890 he scfld his interests in order to associate himself with the business of the Procter N Gamble Company. He was at once made manager of the New York State interests of the concern. So marked was his sue- rilE ('¡TV OF CHICAGO. ccss in tills position that wlicn the firm cast aliont for a progressive manager of the Chicago office of the Procter (îaml)le Distributing Company. Mr. Bart- lett was sent west in 1895. In 1899 ^Ir. Bartlett started the business of tlie Orangeine Chemical Comjianv. which has now grown to world-wide proportions. He has been the president of CHARLES L. BARTLETT. the corporation since its inception. One day when ph ysically depressed. Mr. Bartlett happened to meet his friend. William Gillette, the playright and actor. Gillette gave him a powder which he always carried for such occasions, and IMr. Bartlett tried it with ime.x- pected relief. After further test of the remedy for fatigue, colds, headaches and minor ailments, the Orangeine powder became a factor for both his house¬ hold and staff of enpiloyees. So accurate and invariable were tbe results in the saving of time and strength from pain and sickness, that Mr. Bartlett decided to extend the Orangeine jirescription for public usefulness, and from this decision has resulted its present wide sale and appreciation. The Hamilton National Bank. 80 La Salle street, was fonnded in 1903. with .Mr. Bartlett's eoö])eration. ?Ic has been one of the directors of the financial institn tion since its organization. Mr. Bartlett is an entertain¬ ing conversationalist, of a sociable nature and a member of many clubs. In Chicago he is a member of the Uni wrsity Club, the Chicago Club, the Saddle and C\cle Glnb, the Onwentsia Club and the Merchants' Club. Pobcrt /V\. Simon, former recorder of deeds for Cook County and now a member of the State Boyard of lupialization from the Tenth Congressional district, was born on the North Side, February 17. 1866. He is the son of Simon Simon, one of Chicago's most respected citizens, .\fter attending the public schools and graduating from the Lake View High School in the class of 1883, he went to work. He took an inter¬ est in polities from the start and soon became an able worker in the Republican party. Mr. Simon in 189..) was elected collector of Lake View by the largest plurality ever received by a Repub¬ lican candidate for that office. He was chosen recorder of deeds in 1896 and was re-elected in 1900. Between 1896 and 1900 Mr. Simon was secretary of the Cook County Republican Central Committee, an office to which he was duly elected in 1898. He has repeatedly headed the delegations from his district in Republican conventions. Few men in politics enjoy tbe confidence of bis fellow party leaders as does ]\Ir. Simon, his most distinguished characteristic being bis stanch loyalty to his friends. Honesty and economy have been the predominating factors of Mr. Simon's régime as an ROBERT M. SIMON. office holder and he has filled the positions of trust to which he has been repeatedly elected to the satisfaction of the public. He inaugurated many reforms and intro¬ duced systems by which the work of his departments was greatly facilitated. The Torrens law became oper¬ ative during his incumbencv. Mr. .Simon married Miss Nellie Frances Ceperly and resides at _'59i North .\shland avenue, Ravenswood. He THE CITY OF CHICAGO. 277 is a leading spirit in social as well as political affairs in the district and was a founder of the Ravenswood His¬ torical Society and Public Library. He is a contributor to many other public enterprises. In addition to being a Royal Arcb Mason, Mr. Simon is a prominent member of many fraternal organizations, including the Royal League. National Union. Chicago Athletic Club, Ham¬ ilton Club, Ravenswood Club and Ravenswood Whist Club. Charles J. Happel, Lbider tbe administration of Warden Charles J' Happel the two most important additions to the county hospital have been built and the daily average of patients has increased 150 owing to the growing confidence of the peo])le in the CHARLES J. HAPPEL. institution. The new additions consist of an annex for children and a separate building for contagious diseases. The children's hospital is the only institution of the kind in Chicago and it owes its existence largely to the efforts of Warden Ha])pel. Mr. Happel first became connected witb the county hospital in 1895. when he was appointed warden. (Jwing to the defeat of Mayor .Swift's faction in the Republican party the following year Mr. Happel was superseded in the position, and was given the position of assistant superintendent of water-])ipe e.xtension by the mayor. In 1897 and 1898 he was superintendent of Douglas Park and in 1899 and 1900 was elected county commissioner. When Daniel D. Healy was made warden of the county hosjutal in 1901 Mr. Hapi)el was appointed assistant warden, and when Mr. Healy resigned the position to accept the Republican nomination for sheriff in 1902 Mr. Happel succeeded him. taking the position in August of that year. Mr. Happel soon after began to advocate the construction of a separate building for contagious diseases. Last year his plans were realized in the construction of a building costing .Sr 20.000, with beds for one hundred and fifty patients, completely isolated from the other hospital buildings. Mr. Happel also urged the building of a hospital where the children of the poor could have expert medical attention and nursing. In 1904 a building was erected which was opened in 1905. which provides one hundred and thirty beds for the little folk, who may be suffering from dis¬ ease. The building cost $80.000, and contains all the modern appliances for the treatment, care and amuse¬ ment of the small patients. These new buildings added 300 beds to the capacity of the hospital, increasing the number from 950 to 1,250. Under Mr. Happel's administration the county hospital has become a popular sanit:irium for the sick in moderate circumstances. In prior years the hospital was regarded with something akin to dread b\' the unfortunates who were compelled to go there. This feeling has worn away, and the instittition is now eagerly sought as offering the best medical attention under the best sanitary conditions. Mr. Ha|)pel was born-in Chicago January 27. 1857. He obtained his education in the ])ublic schools and started in business in 1875 as a cigar manufacturer. He continued in the business until 1892. He had taken an interest in ])olitics and his first political reward was the appointment as county agent in iSijg. He served a year in this position, at the end of which he was appointed warden the first time. Mr. Happel is married and has two children, Fred and Etta. He is a member of Herder Lodge A. F. Ñ A. M.. and other s(jcieties. Thom as E. Barrett, sheriff of Cook County, was born in Chicago, on the north side of the river, obtained his edtication at the old Kinzie school at Ohio street and La Salle avenue, and, e.xcept the eight months he worked in a coal mine in Pennsylvania, has lived con¬ tinuously in the north division of the city. More than sixty years ago .\nthony and Rose llarrett, jKirents of .Sheriff Barrett, came to Chicago, and took up their residence at the corner of Market and Erie streets, where the subject of this sketch was born April 30, 1863. When Young Barrett w as in his ninth year the fire of 1871 destroyed the Barrett home, and the future sheriff started out to help repair the family fortttnes by going to work in a coal mine at Inkerman, Pennsylva¬ nia. He found tbe task of picking slate out of coal uncongenial, and at the end of eight months returned 278 THE CITY Of CHICAGO. to Chicago, wliere he got a job as errand lioy with Field, Leiter i!v Co., hut soon after entered the messen¬ ger service of the American District Telegraph Com¬ pany. His real business career began, liowevcr, when he became a messenger boy for Brown, bdeming Co.. a board of trade firm, with which he remained for twenty-eight years. In 1887 Mr. Barrett entered the brokerage firm of Boyden & Co., with which he remained until the death of Mr. Boyden. in 1894 or 1895, when the firm name was changed to J. F. Barrett »iv Co., which consisted of John, Tom and Tony Barrett. A few }ears afterward the firm name was changed to Barrett. Farnum & Co., which did business two and one-half vears. On the dis- THOMAS E. BARRETT. solution of the firm, Mr. Barrett went into the grain brokerage business for himself, and was engaged in it when elected sherifi". Sheriff Barrett has always been interested in sports, especially baseball and boxing, though handball, horse racing and other outdoor amusements have received a great deal of his attention. In 1880 he organized the old Whiting Baseball Club, which achieved a high reputa¬ tion in amateur baseball circles. Mr. Barrett was (me of the organizers, and was at the head of the cit\' baseball league ior fourteen \ears. He is still a liberal ])atron of the amateur as well as professicmal exhibitions of the national game. \s an amateur boxer, Mr. Barrett was for many wars the idol of the Ifijard of Trade and other local patrons of the pugilistic art. He met all the leading amateurs oí his class in the W est. and at a tournament in the old Athenaeum gymnasium in March, 1887, won the middle-weight amateur championship of Illinois, in a contest with Frank Rheims. This victory satisfied his pugilistic ambition, and the following August he married and retired from the ring. In later years Mr. Barrett owned and managed an extensive racing stable of runners and trotters, but a few > ears before his election as sheriff he disposed of his horses and gave up the turf. He has never ceased, however, to take an interest in racing as a sport. Sheriff Barrett has always been a Democrat, and taken an active interest in politics. He was never a candidate for office until he was nominated for sheriff by the Democrats in 1902, when he was the only man on the Democratic County ticket elected. Except the candidate for sheriff all the Republicans on the county ticket were elected by pluralities ranging from 5,000 to 15,000, while Mr. Barrett defeated Daniel D. Healy, the Republican candidate, by nearly 7,000 plurality. In August, 1887, iMr. Barrett married Miss Ellen McCoy. Tbey have one child, a daughter, Josephine, now sixteen years old. Mr. Barrett lives in Ravens- wood, in the twenty-sixth ward. Francis O'INeill, chief of police of Chicago, is a type of officer of the old school. He rose from the ranks as a result of lus strict attention to duty, his bravery and abilitv as a thief-catcher. Fearless and energetic his . O name stands without stain or reproach. Born of Irish parentage in Tralibane, three miles from Bantry, County Cork, Ireland, on August 28, 184(9. Francis O'Xeill secured in the national school of Bantry a thoroughly sound education on all general subjects, including the classics. His father was an edu¬ cated and well-to-do farmer, while his mother was one of the O'Maboney's, an influential and historic name in the province of Munster. Francis O'Neill was a bright boy, an omnivorous reader, an ardent student, and so distinguished himself in mathematics as to be named by his teacher, "Philoso- ])her ( )'Neill." He was senior member of his class at fourteen years of age. When barely sixteen and with the limited capital of fi\'e dollars he left home and started out in the world to seek his own fortune. He was advised to become a Christian Brother or a teacher in one of the Catholic schools. To having mis.sed an appointment with Bishop I )elaney of the t it\ of Cork he attributes his failure to become a monk. He worked his way to Sunderland in the north of England in March, 1865, after vari¬ ous vicissitudes shipped there as a cabin boy, sailing up the Mediterranean and \ ia the Dardanelles, the Bos- phorus and the Black Sea to ( Idessa, the great southern port of Russia. .\n accident in which he fractured his skull occurred during his return trip to Sunderland. He THE CITY OF CHICAGO. 270 next shipped to Alexandria, Eg^'pt, wliere he remained nine weeks. During the course of the voyage he saved the boatswain from drowning, but received ill treatment instead of reward during the balance of the trip. He had some \"ery interesting experiences in subsequent voyages, and finally shipped for Xew York at Liverpool in July, 1866, from which point he sailed to Santa Cruz, the \\ est Indies, and manv places in South America, returning to Xew ^'ork. He left for Japan on the 'Alinnehaha" of Boston a few months later and reached his destination after seven months of interesting and exciting experiences. Ten weeks later the journey was resumed to Hono¬ lulu, Sandwich Islands, from where he went to Baker's Island in the Southern Pacific, where the vessel was wrecked entailing great loss and sufïering. After eleven days on this coral island the crew was picked up by a passing ship. The sailors were fed on one and one-half biscuits daily with a ])int of unsweetened black tea for thirty-four days and landed at Honolulu. All, with the exception of three, Mr. O'Xeill being one. were sent to the hospital. Mr. O'Neill's skill as a musician proved a valuable accomplishment on the voyage. Among the Kanaka crew of the rescuing vessel was a man who had evidently met the missionaries, for he could play one hymn fairly well on a concert flute. Mr. O'Xeill being an expert on the instrument found a warm friend, and he was favored with a share of the Kanaka sailor's rations. For this reason Mr. O'X'eill says he did not go to the hospital. Arriving at San Francisco some months later, Mr. O'Xeill decided on a change of occupation, hiring out as a care-taker of sheep. He was engaged for five months in the Sierra Xevada mountains in this capacity and then returned to New York, via Cape Horn, after a few weeks' stay at Culiacan on the west coast of Mexico. After circumnavigating the globe before his twenty- first birthday, he decided to settle down and came westward, having saved a few hundred dollars, to estab¬ lish a home. He settled at Fdina, Knox County, IMis- souri, where he passed the examination necessary to obtain employment as a teacher in the district school during the winter of 1869. He came to Chicago the spring of the following vear and found employment on the lakes until the close of navigation that year. He married Miss Anna Rogers at Bloomington, Illinois, in 1870. Chief O'Neill returned to Chicago in 1871 and found employment with the Chicago & Alton Railroad as laborer in the freight house. Promotion followed promotion, but the work being arduous and the remu¬ neration small, he decided to try for a position on the police force. Having received his appointment under Flmer Washburne, he was sworn in on July 12. 1873, and assigned to the Harrisc)n Street Station under Cap¬ tain Buckley. He was shot the following month in an encounter with a burglar and still carries a memento of the e[)isode in a bullet which penetrated his left breast and became encysted near the spine. By the unanimous vote of the police board he was advanced on the following day to regular patrolman on account of his bravery. In .\ugust, 1878. he was made police sergeant and transferred to the Deering Street Station. He was moved to the general superintendent's office by Chief of Police Doyle in 1884 and was advanced to ]>atrol sergeant on January r, 1887. Three years later he was advanced to lieutenant, and, at his own request. Chief of Police Maj. R. W. FRANCIS O'NEILL. iMcClaughrv' transferred him to the Tenth Precinct at Hyde Park, where he remained until recalled to Harri- soti Street Station by Chief of Police Brennan in Julv, 1893. The latter made him his private secretary the following month and he was promoted to captain and assigned in charge of the Fighth District, the L'nioit Stock Yards, on April 17, 181)4. Labor troubles and the memorable railroad strike of 1894 gave Captain O'Neill opportunity for new laurels ami he personally directed his men against the disturbers, notwithstanding the attack of rive thousand strikers thoroughly enraged bv the state militia's action. Chief of Police Brennan made public acknowledge¬ ment that in his opinion C'aptain O'Neill's command was deserving of the greatest credit in the strike trouble. Since that lime Mr. O'Neill has risen rapidly in the THE CITY OF CHICAGO. 2S(l police department until he finally headed that institu¬ tion. realizing his ambition. Chief O'Neill was a stickler on discipline, and after his elevation to the head of the department did more toward establishing a clean, wholesome and thoroughly reliable force than any of his predecessors had ever accomplished. Chief O'Neill is the father of ten children, five daughters and five sons. Four daughters and four sons are now living. His youngest son, Rogers F., a collegian of much promise, died in 1904. Chief O'Neill is the only member in Chicago of tbe Cork Historical and Archaeological Society. He belongs to no secret organizations, but is a member of the Police Benevo¬ lent Association. He is a keen business man and during his adventurous days in the ])olice department he man¬ aged to invest his savings in real estate at much profit and a good income. His student mind and delight in reading have found an outcome in a well-stocked library, in which are quite seven hundred volumes devoted to Ireland and Irish subjects, many of them being extremely rare and valuable editions. One of the tangi¬ ble results of his studies and research is the publica¬ tion of a large quarto volume of the melodies of his native land entitled. The Music of Ireland. Nothing at all comparable to it has ex er appeared in print and the demand for it in Ireland and Australia is as great as in America. Chief O'Neill has served the city of Chicago in its police department longer than any man who ever became chief of police and has served in the office longer than any of his predecessors, excepting the late Joseph Kipley. ILLUSTRATIONS. PAGE The Inter Ocean Building 2 Survey of Chicago, 1830 12 \'iew of Chicago. 1820 14 Fort Dearborn, 1853 16 City Hall 17 I'. S. Government Building 19 Columbus Memorial Building 20 Great Northern Building 21 Floral Display 23 Stock Exchange Building 26 Auditorium Building 36 Chicago Savings Bank 37 Masonic Temple 46 Water Works 48 Western Union Building 52 International Harvester Company 58 Armour Institute 59 Public Library 62 Newberry Library 63 .\rt Institute 66 Bedford Building 69 Marquette Building 80 Reaper Block 83 Monadnock Block 87 Chicago & Northwestern Depot 94 Map Northwestern Railway 95 Map Chicago, Milwaukee & St. Paul Railway 96 Illinois Central Depot 97 Illinois Central Map 98 Grand Central Passenger Station too Map Chicago & Eastern Illinois Railroad 103 La Salle Street Depot 104 Polk Street Depot 106 Pullman Building 107 Map Chicago & Milwaukee Electric Railroad 115 First National Bank 122 Continental Naliunal Bank 124 Chicago National Bank 125 Commercial National Bank 126 Illinois Trust and Savings Bank 128 Merchants' Loan and Trust Company 129 PAGE American Trust and Savings Bank 130 Northern Trust Company 131 National Life Building 138 Board of Trade '42 Armour & Co.'s Plant 151 Armour & Co.'s Grain Elevators '53 Swift & Co.'s Plant 154 Old Myrick Stnck ^'a^(ls 155 Libby, McNeill & Libhy's Plant 156 Miller & Hart Plant 159 Iroquois Iron Cuinpany's Plant 164 Scherzer Rolling Lift Bridge 165, 166 Hicks Locomotive and Car Works 169 Cummings Car Coninanv's Plant 171 Chicago Bridge and Iron Works 172 Automatic Electric Coinp.iny 174 Corn Products Plant 179 Marshall Field & Co.'s Wholes.ile Store 182 Marshall Field & Co.'s Retail Store 184 Gage Bros. .S: Co 186 Spaulding & Co i.Xy E. L. -Mansnr Company 188 George M. Clark Company 189 Brunswick-Balke-Collender Company 190 Peter Reinberg's Plant '. 193 Chicago Edison Company 195 Commonwealth Electric Company 197 People's Gas Light & Coke Company 198 Chicago Telephone Company 200 Illinois Tunnel Company : 202 Northwestern Terra Cotta Company 224 Palmer House 229 Auditorium Hotel ; 230 Great Northern Hotel 231 Hotel Majestic 232 Bush Temple 244 Douglas Park .' 30, 3g, ix>. 84, 92, 160 Garfield Park 10, 34, 45, 54, 56, 73, 74, 91, 117, 149, 180 Humlwldt Park 25, 29, 44, 64 Union Park 70, 76 West Chicago Parks 6, 75 281 INDEX. page PREF.VTORY s CH.APTER I—Chk agti's Fik.st Centi kv 7 CH.\PrER n—The Centennial Celeiiratkin g CHAPTER III—Eaklv Chicago ii CHAPTER 1\'—The Growth and Mayors of Chicago 24 The Mayors of Chuago 28 CHAPTER —Chicago i.n W'.vr 35 CH.\PrER \T—Chicago's Great Fire Disasters 38 CHAPTER \'II—The Columbian Exposition 41 CHAPTER \TII—The Illinois and Michigvn C.vnai 43 CHAP'I'ER IX—Chicago's Water System 47 Chapter X—The drainage Canal 51 CH.APTER XI—Chicago's Public School Sy.stem 55 CH.\PrER XII—Chicago's Libraries 61 CHAPTER XHI—Chicago as an Art Center 65 CHAPTER XIV—Cm'rches of Chicago 68 CHAPTER XV—Chicago Parks 71 CHAPTER X\T—Newspapers 78 CHAPTER XVI!—Chicago's Charities 86 CHAPTER XVHI—Chicago's Railroad Systems 89 CHAP'l'ER XIX—B.vnks of Chicago 116 CHAPTER XX—Board of Trade 141 CH.\P'i ER XXI—Chicago Cattle Market of the World... 150 CH.^P'i'ER XXH—Manufacturing Interests 161 CH.\P'i ER XXIll—Chk AGo's Business Interests 181 CH.A.PTER XXIV—Pru.minent Men, Past and Present.... 233 Aldrich, Charles H ' -53 Allerton, Samuel W 266 American 1 rust and Sa\iiit;s Bank 130 Armour Institute 59 .Armour. -M. C 163. 164 Armour, Philip D 237 Armour & Co 152 Arnold, Bion J 214 Auditorium Hotel 230 Automatic Electric Company 174. 175 Bailey, Edward W 148 Ballon, .A. P 134 Banks, Alexander F 109 Banning, Ephraim 250 Barrett, Thomas E 277 Bartlett, Charles 1 275 Belt Railway Company of Chicago 105 Bensinger, .Moses 189, 190 Bird, A. C 108 Blakely. C. F 192 Blakeli Printing Company 192 Blome, Rudolph .'s 228 Bogle, W. S 204 Borders, .M. W 261 Box les, Ch.'rles D 14t) Broxxn, Paul 258 Browning, Grainille 257 Brundage, Edward J 259 page Brunswick-Balke-Colleiider Company 190 Bush, William H 243 Bushnell, Henry D 178 Brock, A. J 194 Brock & Rankin 194 Byllesby, Henry M 217 Cable, The Company 175- 176 Cameron, Dwight F 114 Chicago Bridge & Iron Works 172 Chicago Edison Company 194-196 Chicago, Milwaukee & St. Paul Railway Company 96 Chicago National Bank 124-126 Chicago Telephone Company 200 Chicago Terminal Transfer Railroad Company 99-iot Chicago & Eastern Illinois Railroad 102-104 Chicago & Milwaukee Electric Railroad, The 114 Chicago & Northwestern Railway Company 93-95 Chicago & Western Indiana Railway 105 Clark, George M 189 Clark, George Al.. Company 189 Commercial National Bank 126 Commonwealth Electric Company 196-198 Coole}', Lytnan E 216 Continental National Bank 123, 124 Corn Products Company .". 179 Cudahy, John 147 Ctiinmings, John J 171 Crilly, Daniel !•" 267, 268 Dax'is, Reginald J., Company 226 Delihant, W. T 208 Dickinson, Albert 144 Dickinson, Charles 145 Dickinson, Dr. Frances 264 Dickinson, Nathan 145 Dickinson, The Albert, Company 144 Dunne, Hon. Edward F 33 Emmerich, Charles 243 Ewen, John M 211 Failhorn, John N loi Farwell, John V., Sr 2411, 247 Federal Life Insurance Cotnpany 137 Ferguson, Dr. .Mexander H 263 F'etzer, John C 109, no Field, .M.irshall, & Co 181-185 l-'iero, Albert W 213 First National Bank 122 Fitzgerald, Richard no I'Anrest, W. S 256 Forsyth, Jacob 24b F"raser, David R. .. 240 Greenebattin, Elias 133 Greenebaum, Henry E 133 ( ¡reeiub.nnn. James E 133 Greenebauin, Moses E 133 INDEX. PAGE Greenchaum Sons Gage Bros. & Co jgg Gallan. Thomas 242 Goodrich. Adams A -,154 Gray. James J 261 Great Northern Hotel 231 Gurley. W. W 252 Hamilton, Isaac M 137 Hammond. R. R 206 Happel, Charles J 277 Harris. N. & Co 132 Head. Franklin H 266 Heyworth. James 0 218 Hicks. F. M., Company 169. 170 Hogan. Thomas S 258 Hopkins. Albert J 2^5 Hotel Majestic 232 Hoyt. Howard H 136 Hudson, T. J., Jr 208 Hughitt. Marvin 95 Hunt. Robert W 213 Hunt. Robert W.. & Co 212 Illinois Brick Company 221 Illinois Central Railroad 97 Illinois Trust and Savings Bank 127. 128 Illinois Tunnel Company 201 Inter Ocean. The 82 Iroquois Iron Company 163, 164 Irwin. Charles D 147 Irwin. Green & Co 146 Jackson, George W 203 Jackson. \V J 105 Jennings, J. Elliott 140 Jones, John S 268 Kesner, Jacob L 272 Kohler Bros 218 Lake, William H i49 La Salle County Carbon Coal Company 207 Lemmon. T. A 267 Lenehan, Joseph H I39. 140 Libby. McNeill & Libby 156 Lincoln, George E 272 Loose, Jacob L 267 Madden, Martin B 221 Mansur, E. L.. Company 188 Mather, Alonzo L 10-112 Mayer. Oscar F 273 Mac Arthur Bros. Company 209, 210, 211 MacArthur, Archibald 210 Mac.\rthur. Arthur F 211 McClean, S. A.. Jr 257 McCord, Alvin C 170 McCormick, Cyrus H 233 McDonald, James 205 McEwen, Willard M 248 McGavin, Charles 262 McMunn, Samuel W 168, 169 .McMyiin, John C -'14 Meacham, Florus D 222 Mcacham & Wright Company 222 Merchants' Loan and Trust Company 129, 130 Miller, Harry I lOS Miller, John S 252 Miller. Walter H '59 Mitchell, John J '27, 128 Mitten, 'ihomas E "2 Monarch Book Company '90 iMf>rrill, Charles 27.1 Morris, Nelsi>u & Co '55 National Life Insurance Company of the U. S. of .\inerica. 138, 139 National Packing Company '57 PAGE Netcher. Charles 245 Noel. Prof. Theophilus 274 Nollau, Arthur 226 Northern Trust Company 131 Northwestern Terra Cotta Company 223, 224 O'Doiinell. M. C 208 O'Gara. Thomas J 204 Ogden Gas Company 199 O'Neill. Francis 278 Otis. Joseph E 241 Palmer House 229 Palmer, Potter 235 Pam. Hugo 2tio Peck. Philip F. W 239 People's Gas Light and Coke Company 198 Peters, Homer H 269 Plamondon. Charles .\ 275 Porter. Washington 270 Pratt, Dr. Edwin H 262 Pullman Palace Car Company ro6-io8 Rankin, Charles W *. 194 Reinberg, Peter 193 Republic Iron and Steel Company 162 Rider. William H 192 Roche. John 31 Roebling Cdnstnictiun Company 219 Russell. John B 134 Sapp. Gordon G 191 Scberzer. .Mbcrt H 168 Scberzer Rolling Lift Bridge Company 1O4-167 Scberzer. William 167 Scblueter. Henry W 212 Schneider, E., & Co 175 Sclnvarzschild & Sulzberger 137 Selz. Morris 185 Sbankland. E. C. & R. M 219 Sbope. Simeon P 250 Shortall, John G 271 Simon, Robert M 276 Smith, Abner 249 Smith. Frederick A 247 Smulski. John F 239, 260 Spaulding & Co 187 Spry, Samuel A 225 Spry. The John. Lumber Company 223 Standard Washed Coal Company 208 Starnes, P. M 139 Starring, Mason B 113 Steger, John V 178 Steger. The Piano Company 176-178 Stromberg. Albert 172-174 Stubbs, John C 108 Sturgeon, Robert C 135 Sulzberger, Ferdinand 158 Swift, George B 32 Swift, Gustavus F 238 Swift & Co 153 Sweet, Col. A. L 220 Thomas, E. A 220 Thomas Elevator Company 220 Thornton. Charles S 254 United States Peat Fuel Company 17S Vebmeyer, Henry F 14O Walker, Lincoln W 191 Welier, B. F 227 Wells. Addison E 209 Wells, Fred A 209 Wells Bros. Company 209 Wiekes, Thomas H 242 Willey, Cameron L 224 Wright, Frank S 223