n
Í'
' /r ^ ^
ill)
' OF THE
TIGRÉ LANGUAGE.
WRITTEN DOWN BY
T 7
MORITZ VON BEURMANN,
PUBLISHED"
WITH A GRAMMATICAL SKETCH
BY
DR. A. MERX,
OF THE UNIYEESITY OF JENA.
VOCABÜLAEY
LONDON:
TRÜBNER & CO., 60, PATERNOSTER ROW.
1868.
/{^vloart
F547v
TO THE
MEMORY
OF
MORITZ VON BEURMANN
THE ZEALOUS BUT UNHAPPY
AFRICAN EXPLORER.
I
I'" PREFACE.
When my late friend Moritz v. Beurmann returned from his
first journey to Nubia and the North of Abyssinia in the year 1861,
he brought with him a Tigré servant, Abu Bekr, whom he had en¬
gaged at Massowa, and who had accompanied him already on his
travels in the northern boundaries of Abyssinia. During his stay
at Neisse he introduced the clever young man to me, and as he
spoke besides his native language, Arabic and, if I am not mis¬
taken, Galla, I requested Beurmann to try, whether we might
learn from him the general features of Tigré, of which at that
time nothing was known in Europe. Our common exertions were
not unsuccessful, and as our first questions belonged to some very
usual Ethiopie words, we were soon able to state the general
changes, which the ancient dialect had suffered in the modern
pronounciation. After these first attempts we began a systema¬
tical examination, by which we hoped to obtain the outlines of a
grammar, but here we had many difficulties to overcome. Not
only did the rapidity of the pronounciation and the indistinct and
even fluctuating character of the vowels present a great hindrance
to an accurate orthography, but also the consonants especially
— VI —
those of the S-class were spoken in different manners. Besides it
was no easy task to obtain certain grammatical forms, especially
those of the broken Plurals, for if we addressed a question to
Abu Bekr, he often translated it litterally in Tigré instead of
answering its meaning, or vice versa, and it always required great
pains to make him understand, that we wished to hear the
different forms of the same word. The results of these our com¬
mon exertions will be found in the following grammatical sketch.
After having left Neisse M. v. Beurmann did not abandon
the idea of collecting a vocabulary of the Tigré language, and so
he daily wrote down those words, which he had heard from Abu
Bekr, and as he was obliged to speak with him only Arabic he
followed Humbert's Guide francais-arabe, asking always the Arabic
word of Humbert and writing down the Tigré translation. Though
he wished to obtain all those words in Tigré, which that Arabic
vocabulary contains, nevertheless the preparation for his second
expedition, which alas! had so deplorable an end, required so
much time, that even he with all his extraordinary energy and
zeal was not able to finish this work. So when he had started
again on the day after Christmas 1861 in search of Vogel's re¬
mains with the firm intention either to cross the whole African
continent from Benghazi to Chartum and Massowa, or never more
to return, the materials he had collected were sent to me to be
published.
I immediately prepared them for the press, arranged the
vocabulary after the German Alphabet, added the Arabic words
of Humbert, in order that mistakes, which scarcely could have
been avoided, might more easily be detected, compared the mo¬
dern words with the ancient, and lastly presented the whole to the
German Oriental Society to be printed in their Journal. Though
— VII —
the publication had been accepted, Jt was continually delayed,
and so finally Munzîng^'s and d'Abbadie's vocabularies appeared
together with Dillmann's Ethiopie dictionary, whilst the collec¬
tion of Beurmann, who had been the first to prepare a work on
the Tigré language, remained six years in the portfolio of the
editor.
Under these circumstances, as the collection seemed too small
to be published separately, I accepted with the greatest pleasure
the kind offer of the Honourable Geographical Society of Leipzic, ^
to whose members M. v. Beurmann had belonged, to receive the
little work into their annual report, and this so much the more,
as I regarded it as my indispensable duty to publish the only
litterary remains of the late author. Just at the time when
the following vocabulary was about to be printed, the Enghsh
Abyssinian expedition was being prepared, and by an easy associa¬
tion of ideas I was induced to hope, that such a Vocabulary might
possibly be at this moment of practical use, if it came early enough
into the hands of the members of the Abyssinian expedition, who
would find in it about one thousand very usual words of the most
extended Abyssinian dialect. I therefore added the English words
to the German series in a separate column, and wrote a more com¬
plete grammatical sketch than I had formerly done, to make the
whole collection in some degree useful also to those, who have not
Studied another Semitic language. By the liberality of the Geo- ■ ' ' /
% /
graphical Society I received a number of private copies of the vo-''
cabulary, which together with an English Index and the outlines
of the grammar form the present volume.
Though nobody can be more convinced of the incompleteness
and insufficiency of this first essay, than I myself, I hope, that
even an incomplete sketch will do a better service than nothing,
c/cf/'
— vin —
and to those critics, who may be able to give anything better, I
recommend the words of Saadi :
t;
Say to the malicious and ignoble wasp:
If thou doest not give honey, do not sting.
Adalbert Merx, Dr. ph.
/
Jena, December 1867.
/
Thus much I had to say on the origin of the following voca¬
bulary , hut as it is at present the only remains of the unhappy
traveller, who had collected it, I feel it my duty to join to this
preface some notices of the life of a man, who was zealously devoted
to the promotion of science and civilization, and finally murdered
by one of those, whose gradual civilization was the primary object
of all his exertions.
Charles Moritz von Beurmann was horn on the 28'*' July 1835
at Potsdam, where his father occupied a hign employment. Edu¬
cated in the house of his father, who since 1840 was Governor in
Chief of the province of Posen, he was afterwards entrusted to the
care of Dr. Kiessling and his wife, of whose paternal kindness and
love he always bore a most thankful memory. In 1850 he left
Posen, and as he wished to enter into military service, he began his
career in the Garde-Pionier-Bataillon at Berlin, after having
passed the years 1850—53 as a pupil of the Boyal Realschule.
It is customary for Prussian artillerists and engineers to frequent
a sort of military academy, the Artillerieschule at Berlin, and
so did Beurmann, who in 1856 became an officer. In this school
he acquired a considerable knowledge of geography, mathematics
and physics, which afterwards enabled him to determine the
astronomical position of the localities, he visited on his travels,
and to sketch plans and maps with great quickness and accuracy.
1
- 2 -
The following tiresome days of garrison life in Luxemburgh, where
the company of his comrades had often but little interest for
him, produced within his mind the first glimpse of that idea, in
the service of which he afterwards lost his life. Here he began
to study the travels of different African explorers, and it was
especially the great work of Dr. Barth just then appearing (1857),
that excited his vivid interest. But he knew very well that for
the noble and high but difficult task of an African journey a par¬
ticular preparation and especially a wider linguistical education,
than he could boast of, was necessary. So the young lieutenant,
who in summer 1858 was sent to Neisse in Silesia, devoted all
his free time to the study of Semitic grammar, and as he was
endowed with rare talents for learning foreign languages he soon
mastered the elements of Hebrew and Arabic. Studies of this
kind were not favorable to his former inclination to a military
career, and after three years of service, when he had abandoned it,
he left Neisse and began in Breslau the special preparation for
his first African expedition. There he certainly had many and
difficult mental struggles to pass through, he felt the strong voca¬
tion to a life devoted only to scientific enterprise, and at the same
time a filial respect to the wishes of a mother and a father, who
trembled to think, that the life of their only son shonld be ex¬
posed to the inclemency of African climate and still more to
the dull cruelty of African barbarians. Nevertheless, as Prof.
Magnus informs me, under whose direction he continued his
Arabic studies, he was inspired with a calm and settled enthusi¬
asm for his^great intention, and this gave him unfailing strength in
his extraordinary exertions, for it is of course extraordinary, that
in four months, during which he stayed in Breslau, he easily
mastered an Arabic prose writer and had learned a good deal of
Syriac too. The study of Ethiopie for the present was delayed,
but afterwards I found him in some degree also acquainted with
this language. Besides he participated in the operations of practical
surgery, which he supposed might be possibly useful, and—it is
- 3 -
indeed astonishing, that in the evenings after a long day of toil he
took the sledge-hammer and forged indefatigably with his black
companions, as he also in the hours of the day began to learn
the profession of a mason. In spite of all these exertions he never
seemed to be weary, the great tenacity both of his mind and body
overcame them all.
But what was his primary intention? It was by no means
the expectation of romantic scenes in the hunting-grounds of
Africa, which induced him to set out, he intended to carry out an
idea, which the Rev. J. L. Krapf had uttered long before, viz. that
the only way, by which Africa can be freed of the plague of rhazzias
and slavery, and by which a better European civilization, than that of
brandy and guns, can be procured for the poor negroes, is the
foundation of a colony living upon the work of their hands, from
which in the course of time a second and a third might issue, so
that by degrees a long chain of such stations might be formed,
which would serve as a solid basis for civilization, and what must
precede it, for exploration of these unknown countries. Moritz
von Beurmann had the immutable intention to spend in the
service of this idea his considerable wealth as well as all his
force.
So he set out for Egypt and Abyssinia in February 1860, but
the political situation of the country hindered a wider extention
of his journey, when he had reached Massowa, he therefore returned
to Kairo. His second expedition succeeded better, he was able
to cross the country of the Bogos, to visit Kassela, Chartum &c.
and in June 1861 he returned to Germany, This first attempt
corroborated his views, and he soon set out a second time in search
of the relics of the unhappy Vogel 26"' Dec. 1861 to obtain by
this means the moral, pecuniary and scientific assistance of
German learned societies for his further intentions. Many un¬
favorable circumstances hindered little excursions, so he could
1*
- 4 —
not reach Waganga, as he intended, but in spite of bad luck and
illness he arrived at Kuka in the beginning of September 1862,
•whence he made a visit to Yacoba and to the country of the
Marghis, though with considerable sacrifices. His last letter
from Kuka of the 24"" Dec. 1862 informed Dr. Barth of his
intention to leave this town for Kanem on the 26"* Dec. but the
march was soon interrupted by an attack of his servants, who
robbed him at two days' distance from Kuka, and after a second
return there, he left it again and for ever in the first days of
January 1863 against the direct wishes of the Sultan, who earn¬
estly sought to hinder this dangerous undertaking.
The unhappy man arrived at Mao, about a five days' journey
from Wadai in the beginning of February and here he was
murdered, it is uncertain whether by a direct order of the Sultan
of "Wadai or by the private cruelty of an avaricious Governor,
though the former may be more probable. After the account of
a native of the Kanem, who gave this report to Mr. G. Rohlfs in
Kuka, the Governor requested him to visit a town near Mao with
the intention of having him killed by his companions there or on
the road in the night. The courage of the traveller frustrated
this diabolical plan, one of the three assassins was wounded in the
struggle following the attack, the two others fled, but Beurmann
himself, who had no choice but to returne to the Governor of
Mao, in the house of this wretch received the deadly blow, where
defence was hopeless and escape impossible.
The hope expressed by Dr. Barth of obtaining a portion of his
papers and collections has failed tül now and presumedly will
faü for ever.
Moritz von Beurmann was a tall slender man, with light
colored hair; his grey eyes, his vaulted forehead and his fine
straight nose showed a high and quick intellect, his small lips be-
- 5 -
trayed a tenacious energy, and the natural force and the exercise
of his muscles enabled him to undergo considerable fatigues. After
his first Abyssinian expedition he had suffered very much from
the fever.—
His noble zeal brought him a second time into the interior of
Africa and here he fell, one more German sacrifice for science
¡ '
ai^íi civilization. Voluit quiescit.
/
/ ♦
I REQUIESCAT IN PACE.
The old language of Ethiopia has not entirely disappeared,
there still remain two dialects of it, the Tigriña and the Tigré,
which are spoken through the northern part of Abyssinia, besides
the Amharic language, which prevails in the southern provinces
lying between the Tacazzé, the Abay and the kingdom of Shoa.
The similarity of the Tigré language to the old Ethiopie dialect
is much greater than that of the Amharic tongue, therefore the
grammatical sketch, which we propose to give, is foxmded on the
Ethiopie grammar as well as on the materials of the following
Vocabulary, which contains about 1000 words and phrases after
the pronounciation of common people near Massowa. Besides I
have made use of Munzinger's Vocabulaire de la langue Tigré,
which forms an appendix to Dr. Dillmann's great Ethiopie dictio¬
nary. As I can dispose only of very scanty materials, the reader
will not exspect anything perfect, nevertheless I hope, that even
such a small compilation, as I am enabled to give, will prove in
some way fit for practical use, and this hope induced me to
publish my materials in such a form.
The Tigré language extends over the northern boundaries of
Abyssinia from the Red Sea to the Gash, and after the accounts
of the renowned traveller W. Munzinger the nations, which use it,
are the following:
1, The inhabitants of the Dahlak islands, 2, the people in
the plain of Samhar, 3, the Habab, 4, the Mensa, 5, the people
_ 7 -
of Gümmegan, 6, the tribe Bedjuk, 7, the Maréa, 8, the Beni
aAmr, 9, the 'Algeden, the Sabterat, the Hallenga. Besides these
tribes also the Bogos, the Takué and the Barea, speak and under¬
stand Tigré, though they have a language of their own. The
finest pronounciation is found with the Habab.
The language has no written littérature, there are only rhymed
popular songs, which are handed down by word of mouth.
As it would be entirely impractical to employ the Ethiopie or
rather the Amharic letters in our transcription, because their
number amounts to 251, we write in this sketch as well as in the
Vocabulary all words with Roman letters, and we observe once for
all, that ch expresses the sound of a thick rough h, German and
Scotch ch, that g has always the sound of g in gold and gild,
that sell has the sound of English sh (ship), and that the vowels
a, e, i, u are to be spoken like a in father, (e) ai in vain, i in
dim, u in full. Final e is always to be pronounced, and w is always
to be pronounced as v.
With respect to the single consonants we notice, that the
Labials b and are often negligently pronounced, so that it is
difficult to state whether the true sound is m or b. Thus for in¬
stance the Arabic medàd ink is spoken bedàd, mirsa, anchor,
briissi and the old Ethiopie sagàm is changed into schéngeb, left.
Out of the Palatals, h (Qaf.) and g are no more distinguished
in the same way as in the Arabic dialect of Egypt. The old
Ethiopie wadha in Tigré sounds wadga and even wotcha, to fall,
and the Arabic hadim is spoken gadim, axe. On account of this
pronounciation we express the k (Qaf.) by g.
Also the two different t and t are not accurately pronounced,
no difference between them being perceptibe, the t at the end of
words, especially the Feminines, has the weak sound of English d.
So instead of zibdet people say zibded, butter.
The three old Gutturals h, h, h, are spoken like a thick and
rough h, words once distinguished by these different aspirates,
have now the same sound. The different old sounds Alf the
Spiritus lenis, and Ajin ?, a deeper guttural sound, are entirely
the same in the modem pronounciation, sásda white, is spoken
like sada, from the old basâmes sorcery proceeds hosà'i, the
sorcerer, and 'angues, marrow is to be pronounced 'inge.
The emphatic Sibilants Saddai and Sappa of the old language,
which already in the old Ethiopie pronounciation undergo frequent
changes, are pronounced in different manners, sometimes they
have the sound dsch (as g in gentle) and the old word, séwé salt,
'asbâst finger, sounds to day tschaiwa, cdschabét, afterwards
they are spoken like tz, and the old form sénd smell, is now
changed into tzéna. Also the Arabic bed, egg, in the vocabulary
is once rendered by bét, another time by bèdsch.
Exemples of the change of I and n are nesál language instead
of lesán, zelàm rain, instead of zenam, ise/am a camels hump
instead of ssendm.
I. After these general remarks we enumerate the absolute
forms of the personal pronouns. They are
Sing. Plur.
I, ana We nehna
Thou mascul. enta You entum
fem. enti, entissi ?
He ho tu, hu They mscl. ho tum
She heta fem. hetum.
n. As in all Semitic languages also in Tigré absolute forms
of possessive pronouns do not exist. Instead of them some
syllables, which are derived from old pronominal forms are affixed
to the end of the substantives. In the vobabulary I find the affix
of the first person ige, of the second msc. ka, of the third msc.
Jm, fem. ha, and as these forms agree entirely with the affixes of
the old Ethiopie language, I give also the terminations wanting in
the vocabulary, but marked with a cross, to show by this, that
their form is a conjectural one, which possibly is to be cor¬
rected.
These forms are:
- 9 -
Sing.
1'' Prs iye
2^ Prs. mscl... .ka fern. \ki
3^ Prs. mscl hu fem. ha.
Plur.
1®' Prs f Ha
2^ Prs. mscl.... f ^¿>hm fem. fken ').?
3® Prs. mscl.... fhómu fem. fhon?
The preceding forms are affixed to the end of the sub¬
stantives, and by this rise the following forms e. g. of iimmu,
mother.
Ummiye my mother fUmmu^m our mother
UmmuAa thy mother mscl.) , tt i
, , > f UmmuAem your mother
jUmmuAî thy mother fem. )
Ummu or his mother \
f Urn m u/at, Ummey« \ fUmmu/iom theii' mother.
UmmuÄa her mother )
According to the analogy of the old language it is to be ex-
spected, that the same affixes are joined to the plurals of sub¬
stantives , but as the vocabulary does not afford examples, from
which we may judge of the changes in the vocalism of them, we
do not propose doubtful conjectural forms.
III. The verbs seem to have but two tenses, the Preterite,
which is used for the past times, and the Aorist or Imperfect,
by which the present and future times are designed. In the Am-
haric language there exists a much greater variety of forms, but
the Tigré has preserved the simplicity of the old Ethiopie
dialect.
IV. The terminations of the Preterite are the following;
As in the verbal flexion the 2d prs. fern. Plur. is now lost, perhaps the
affix Teen too is no more in use, and instead ef kému people may drop the last
vowel and speak hum. The same is to be said of homu and hon. This is so
much the more probable, because also in the Amharic language the feminines
are abandoned.
-lo¬
sing. Plur.
3® Prs. mscl. ... 3^ Prs. mscl. u (o)
fern. at fem. a
2^ Prs. mscl. H a
fem. ki
1®' Prs. ku (ko) 1"' Prs. na
These terminations are added to the crude form of the verb,
which is found in the third Prs. Singh, whose last vowel « or e is
always dropped before them. Besides the personal pronouns are
put before the forms of the verbs, and the whole scheme of ¿fésa
to go is the following^):
Sing.
3^ Prs. mscl. hotu gésa He is gone ^).
fem. beta gés«í She is gone.
2^ Prs. mscl. enta géska Thou art gone,
fem. en ti gé s Aï Thou art gone.
1'' Prs. ana gésku I am gone.
Plur.
3^ Prs. mscl. hotum gesw or gesó They are gone,
fem. hetum gesá They are gone.
2^ Prs. en tum géskum You are gone.
1®' Prs. nehna gésna We are gone.
V. Verbs whose original old from terminated in y a in the
third person mscl. Singh as e. g. ré'eya, to see, which is now a
days pronounced îvî, contract the ny or ey before the personal ter¬
mination' in é, and in this way arise the forms: ra he sees,
■\re'eyat she sees, ré'óka thou seest, r&eko I see &c. and so
from kaloi to sing is derived -fliáleyat, haleka &c. The analogy
of the old language would induce us to conjecture, that those
verbs, which terminated in wa in the old language, contract the
') The simple form of the verb is always the third person Sing. Prêt,
which is written in the Vocabulary, but in the English and German words we note
always the Infinitive because it is the shortest form in our languages.
In the old Ethiopie language the word is spelt geiea.
2^ Prs. mscl. and fem. kum
— 11 -
syllable mv in o, so that from the modern ssachá to awake (properly
ssachawa), proceeds ssachoku I awake, but as a great number of
these verbs have evidently changed their original wa in ya, it is
more probable, that they have an e before the personal termi¬
nations, and consequently that the form is ssachéku, ssachéka.
So the modern halé to be, 1®' Prs. sing, haléko answers to an old
halawa and haloku.
Verbs, whose second and third consonants are the same,
sometimes preserve them both, especially in the derived con¬
jugations comp, paragr. XI, sometimes they are contracted into one
e. g. chánma to be sick (instead of chúmema) and in these verbs,
as it is to be presumed after the analogy of the old Ethiopie
language, the forms chámmat, chámtnu, chámma'^) will always
be contracted, whilst in chamámka, chamamki, ckamotnku, cha-
mámna ®) the double consonant will be audible.
VI. The Aorist or Imperfect Sing, was formed in the old
language by the Prefixes yê prs., të 2^ prs., ë 1®* prs. In the
Plural the 3^ and 2^ prs. added u to the cerresponding forms of
the Singular, the first had the Prefix në. Besides a change of
the vowels took place. In the modern dialect the prefixes yë and ë
are apparently abandoned, and thus proceed the following inflexions
of gésa he is gone:
3^ Prs. hotu ge'isch (instead of y egsáz) He goes msc.
Sing.
2^ Prs. enta t«ga'tsch
P'Prs. ana ga'ísch
(ega'tsch?)
Plur.
Thou goest msc. (fm.?)
I go.
3^ Prs. hotum ge'isch?«
2^ Prs. entum /ege'ischw
I'^Prs. nehna «ege'ísch
They go msc.
You go msc. (fem.?)
We go.
' ) Their persoual termination begins with a vowel.
Where the termination begins with a consonant.
- 12 -
VII. With respect to the mutual change of the vowels in the
Preterite and the Aorist we repeat the rule of the old Ethiopie
language, which certainly will form the basis of the changes in
the modern dialect. The general law is very simple : 1»' verbs,
whose second consonant') has the vowel a, change it into e,
2^ verbs, whose second consonant has the vowel e, change it into a.
Thus from the old word kábura, he has buried, is formed yekhér
he buries, of lábesii, to put on (clothes) yelbás. — But as in the
modern pronounciation the old a is often changed into e, whilst
the old e (the sixth vowel) is now spoken ö, ü, i or e, the mutual
relation between the characteristic vowels of both the tenses
cannot but have suffered many alterations, and possibly the Aorist
of the modern gabre to bury and lebsa, to put on, is hohi gb'iir
or gbör, hotu Ibés.
Vni. Words beginning with w like worréd to descend, wodge
to fall, in one of both the forms of the Aorist drop the iv in the
old language and form y erad, yedak from war a da and wádeka,
in the other they preserve it yewárd, yewádk. As to the modern
dialect I cannot point out, in what manner these verbs are to be
inflected.
IX. Besides the above mentioned form of the Aorist there
exists still another, where the syUabe igt, egl, gel is put before
the verbal forms ®), to which is joined the syllabe tu. I am of
opinion, that this formation may serve to express our Future,
hut this is not certain. The forms I have heard arc the following,
and here the prefixes i, ye and e. Nr. VI, are possibly preserved :
') For these, who have not studied any Semitic language, it is necessary to ob¬
serve, that all roots consist of 3 consonants, and therefore one may always correctly
and clearly speak of the changes of the vowel, following the first or the second con¬
sonant.
But this syllable is wanting in the 2 d prs. Sing, and 1st prs. Plur., and it
seems indeed not to be essential to the infiexion. The final tu is wanting too in the
first person of the Singular. The latter has a demonstrative character, hut of the
meaning of egl I am not able to state anything.
- 13 -
Singular.
3^ Prs. hotu gel-egís-tu (perhaps) he will go &c.
2^ Prs. enta tegís-tu
1®* Prs. ana igl egis.
Plural.
3^ Prs. hotum egl-igesu-tu
2^ Prs. entuna igl-tigisú-tu
1"' Prs. nehna negis-tu.
X. The Participle past is formed by the insertion of n after
the second consonant, and beschul means cooked from baschla to
cook, tabnss roasted from tabsa to roast, mnW full from mél'a to
fill '). Verbs terminating in <?, which is contracted out of the old
ay, as chase to betroth (old hasaya), had in the old language the
form cheséye, which has been contracted into chesé, the betrothed
(masc.) the Fem. of which is cheslt, contracted out of cheséyet.
The Imperative of intransitive verbs has a after the second
consonant e. g. tru/', stay, rest, from tar/« to rest, to remain,
transitive verbs will probably insert an e. In the Plural the Im¬
perative takes the termination v, if addressed to a woman in
Sing., the termination is i. e. g.
nd come. Fem. nan. Plur. nusu.
inka take. „ inki. „ iukîi.
The Infinitive is formed by the insertion of i after the second
consonant and so ge'isch would be its form ®).
XI. In the preceding paragraphs we spoke of the verbs in
their most simple form and explained the derivation of the Tenses,
Moods and Persons, as far as we were able, here we have still to
') The old Tocalism of this Participle was e and u, as it is seen in heschúl, but
here the modern pronounciation has the general tendency to deepen the « of the
first syllable into m, so that mulú' is spoken instead of melú'.
From my materials I cannot judge of the other form of the Infinitive, which
in the old language is derived from this form by addition of ôt. Such an ot in Tigré
probabiy would have been preserved, so that the second Infinitive would be ge'ischot.
Indeed there are many nomina actionis or Infinitives derived by means of ôt in Mun-
zinger's Vocabulary, e, g. tserôt health of tseré to be limpid.
- 14 -
treat of those formations, by which the original meaning of the
not augmented verbal root is subjected to certain slight modifi¬
cations , and we observe in general, that these modifications, as
they are produced by the same etymological means, have always
the same sense *).
A. The first modification is produced by doubling the second
consonant or lengthening the vowel of the first into «. Forms
with a doubled second consonant are passives, and from regzc
to wound consequently reggeze is derived which means to be
wounded, iromsemm, to hear, sennnem to be heard. Forms
with a long A after the first consonant are intensives, and in
translations into European languages this modification of the sense
is to be rendered in different manners, as e. g. telme means to
injure and táleme the same or rather, to injure violenty, and
ganche to look, but gàneche to look attentively. There are verbs,
which are used only in this intensive form as schàfefe to fight,
other words have a different meaning in the simple and in the in¬
tensive form, as degme, which means in this simple form to
repent , whilst the intensive form dàgeme is to be translated to
relate, to narrate.
B. By prefixing an a to the simple form a causative signi¬
fication is a produced, which we are obliged to translate by an¬
other word, than the simple root. So gancha is to see, to look,
but ''agneche means to cause to look, to show, behd is to eat, but
''ablas means to cause to eat, to give food to.
C. By prefixing the syllable te or ta to a verb in the simple
form as well as with a doubled middle consonant or a long first
vowel forms are produced, the signification of which is either re¬
flexive or passive. The former signification is indeed the primary,
and the passive meaning is derived from it, but in both the
senses this form is often used. So from gabre to bury is derived
tegabbei'e (with a doubled consonant), in the sense of to be
The contentü of this paragraph are almost all borrowed from Munzinger's
Vocabulary.
- 15 -
buried, which otherwise is also expressed by gabbere itself, and
from logme, to bridle, proceeds teleggeme to be bridled. Ex¬
amples of the reflexive or rather reciprocal use of this from are
ieschâfefe to fight one against another, from schàfefe to fight
and tegdneclie, to look one at another, from gàneche to look
attentively. Sometimes the simple and the compound forms
have nearly the same significations, though there is always a
slight modification. Thus ehellene and terheUene means to think,
to imagine, but the former may be translated more accurately by
penser, the latter by s'imaginer.
D. Also from this reflexive or passive form a new Causative
may be derived by a prefixed a, and such new words have almost
the same sense as the simple Causatives with this slight modifi¬
cation, that often also a reflexive sense is involved in them. So e. g.
techâlebe means the cow has been milked, and therefrom comes
ulchàlehe to order, to cause that the cows are,milked, without a
reflexive modification, but from sarga to steal is derived besides
asraga, to order, to cause to steal, a second form atasraga,
which means, if we analyze it rigorously, to cause to steal for
one's self.
E. After these remarks the following scheme of this whole
derivation will be clear; as we have not all forms derived from the
same word, we choose different verbs.
Simple form
Passive
Intensive
to look
to be seen
to look attentively
gancha
ganneche
gânecha
to show
agneche
?-)
?
I. Causative
to translate
to be milked
to look one at another
Eefiexive
Urgente
Uchallebe
Ugâneche
to cause that some¬
to cause to be
body shows himself
to cause the cows to
II. Causative
saddled
• foolish
be milked
Reflexive.
•atamseke (root maske)
atgeUele (from gellele)
atchälebe
') The signification of this form with a doubled consonant being almost pas¬
sive, I doubt wether there are Causatives of it.
- 16 -
F. Besides these most usual forms, there are still other deri¬
vations like antaltala, to hang up, to suspend, with a prefixed
an, which has its corresponding form in the old Ethiopie dialect
and like tasaràrege, to rob one another, which is a new Intensive
from f tasarrege, but here we omit them because it is not our in¬
tention to compare the modern and the ancient Ethiopie dialect.
G. The infiexion of these derived verbs is the same as that
of the simple form, as far as it is produced by the personal affixes
or prefixes, but of the changes, which the vocalism undergoes,
as we may exspect according to the corresponding old forms, we
are not able to say anything.
H. The personal pronouns depending on a verb are added
to it in the form of affixes, and though I cannot but borrow their
form by conjecture from the old language, nevertheless I enumer¬
ate them on account of their practical importance. In fact it is
possible, that they may have suffered some changes.
They are the following:
Sing. l^'Prs. me; 2® Prs. m. 2^ Prs. f. thee;
ni ka kí
3^ Prs. m. him; 3^ Prs. f. her;
hu, o, u ha, a
Plur. 1®' Prs. us 2^ Prs. you 3^ Prs. them
na \hnn (old kémii) f om f Äom (old/íOotm).
By the composition of these affixes with the verb, such forms
as the following would proceed:
regzeni he wounded me regzena he wounded us
regzeka „ „ thee regzekum „ „ you
regzo „ „ him regzom „ „ them.
As we give this whole paragraph only by conjecture, we
do not enter into further details.
I. The vocabulary of M. von Beurmann contains but a small
number of verbs, therefore the following catalogue of some very
usual words, which we take from Munzinger and d'Abbadie, may
- 17 -
serve as well to complete the vocabulary as to illustrate the verbal
derivation.
To approach gerbe, Caus. 'ogrebe, 'atâgrebe, to cause to ap¬
proach to bring, to conduct, Kefl. tegárebe, to approach mu¬
tually.
To augment 'nbzacba, Caus. of bazcha, to be much.
To bend, to descend, denne, Caus. 'adnene, to cause to descend.
Black, to grow, tsebne, Caus. ''atsleme, to blacken.
To bleed, to let blood, chagme (kegiam). Pass, chaggeme, ta-
clmggeme, to suffer a phlebotomy.
To bridle lögme, Pass, teleggeme, to be bridled.
Bright, to grow, tseré, Caus. atsré, to brighten. The Infinitive
or nomen actionis tsei-ót means health, the Participle isurtiy
clear, sound.
To bury dafne or gabre, Pass, daffene, gabbere, tegabbei'e, Caus.
'agbere, to cause, to order to bury.
Captivate màreke. Pass, temàreke, to surrender.
To carpet, nadsfe, nâdsefe and ^andsefe.
To circumcise, koschbe. Pass, koschschebe.
Cold, to be, borde, Caus. 'abrede, to make cold, Caus. Refl. 'at-
bàrede, to cool, to calm.
To conceal setre. Pass, settere, Caus. 'astere, to cause to conceal.
To counsel gemse. Pass, gemmeae, to take advice, Caus. Refl. 'at-
gàmeae, to bring to reason.
To cut batke. Pass, bait eke, to be cut, Caus. 'abteke, to cause
to cut.
To deny nakre.
To desire, seek, chazé, Caus. Refl. 'atchazé, to cause to seek.
To dream chölme. techàleme, 'atchâleme.
To dress lebse. Pass, lebbese, Caus. 'albese, to cause somebody
to put on his clothes.
To drink seié. Pass, setté, it has been drunk, Caus. 'asté, to give
to drink.
2
- 18 -
To eat helm. Pass, belha, Caus. ^ablaa, to give food to.
To end, finish ^atmeme, Caus. of tamme, to be perfect.
To fall wodga, Caus. audaga, to overturn.
Far, to be rachge, Parte, ruclnig, far.
To fasten ckadsdse, Pass, chadsdsedse, Caus. Refl. atchadsdsedse.
To fear farche, Caus. Utfreche, ''atfnreche, to frighten.
To fight schàf'efe, Ree. teschàfefe, to fight one against another.
To find rekbe. Pass. I'ekkebe, terekkebe, Caus. ^arkebe, to cause
to find, Ree. terûkebe, to find one another, \itràkebe, to cause
' to find one another.
Fill, meVa, Pass. méWa, Caus. ''amid, to fill.
To fly harbe, ^atharebe.
Foolish, to be, gellele, tegellele, Caus. to cause that somebody
shows himself like a madman \itgellele.
To forget resm, teresm, Caus. to cause to forget ''atrasm.
To give hebe, Caus. 'athebe, to cause to give.
To hear semaa. Pass, sámmem, Caus. \tsma3a, to cause to hear
= to tell.
Hidden, tobe, chaVa, Refl. chabb'a, techabbe'a, to hide one's
self, Caus. 'atchab'a, to hide, to conceal.
Humid, to be, lasse, Caus. ^alsese, to make humid, to soak, to
steep.
To injure, telme, táleme.
To kill galla, ^atagtele.
To kneel (of camels) ^abreke, 'atàbreke.
Large, to be, tauche, Caus. ''atfeche, to enlarge, to extend.
To look Caus. ''agneche, to show, Pass. ^oMwecÄe, tobe
seen. Intens, gàneche, to look attentively, Refl. tegnneche, to
look at one another.
To make wodé (old tvadaya), I have made wodéku, Caus. \iudé,
to cause to make.
To milk clialbe. Pass, challebe, iechallebe, Caus. ^atchàlebe.
To number, to count sälbe. Pass, süllebe, teaällebe, Caus. ^ataàlebe,
to cause to count.
- 19 -
Open, to be, fatcha. Pass, fattecha. Cans, ""afteche, to open, Refl.
tefateche, to declare war (to open one against another).
To pack up lâdede.
To pass by chalfa, aädde, Pass, challefe, teaâdde. Cans, châlefe,
^atchàlefe, to cause to pass by. Nom. müadéi, passage.
Peace, to make tamrrege^ aaré, Caus. ''atddrege, to cause to make
peace, to reconcile.
Perfect, to be, Umme, comp, to end.
To praise chamde. Pass, chammede, Caus. ^atchdmede.
To relate dâgeme. Pass, tedâgeme. Nom. dögem, story.
To remove ''archege, "'atràchegc, Caus. of rachge, to be far.
To repeat degme. Pass, dcggeme.
To rest, stay nebre, Caus. ^anbere to cause to rest, to entertain.
To rub, scrape dûkeke.
To saddle maske, Caus. ""amseke, ''atamseke, to order to saddle.
To seal chatme. Pass, chatteme.
To seize dsable. Pass, dsubbete, Caus. ^adsbete.
To sicken chamma, Caus. chommeme, to cause to be sick.
To speak tezñrebe from zei'bd word.
To spy aéyyene from sain eye.
To steal sarga. Pass, sarrege, Caus. ^asraga, atasraga, Recipr.
tesarArege, to steal from one another.
To suspect chamé, Pass, techammé.
To swear mächte, Caus. ''amchcle, to cause to swear, to conjure.
To think chcllcne, techellene.
Thirsty, to be, seyeke, iseycke.
To tire, to fatigue salbe. Pass, satiehe, to be tired.
To translate tergeme.
To wound regze. Pass, reggeze, tereggeze, Caus. ""atrâgcze; to
wound to death delme. Pass, delleme.
An example of the preserved ancient derivation by means of
asta is 'astachalleme nocturna seminis effusione pollutus est.
The personal inflexion of these derived forms is the same as
that of the simple verbs and the Imperf. oVdmara he knows, is e. g.
2*
- 20 -
Sing.
3^ Prs. m. hotu 'amir
Plur.
3^ Prs. ra. hotura 'arairw
2^ Prs. in. enta ía'arair 2^ Prs. ra. entura ta'arairu
XII. The nouns of the Tigré language have two genders viz.,
masculine and feminine and two numbers, Singular and Plural.
The different means, by which nouns are derived from the roots
of the language, as a prefixed ma, an affixed i, awi, various
changes of vowels, cannot be explained here in short, even if the
collection of words should prove to be sufficient for such a task,
because an acquaintance with the old Ethiopie language would be
indispensable for a full understanding of it. Thus we are con¬
tented with an explanation of the forms of the gender and the
number, which we shall give in the following paragraphs.
Xin. The masculines are not distinguished by a particular ter¬
mination and semu, the name, abii, the father, bassel, the onion
are masculines. On the other hand feminines have the termina¬
tion t with vowels at, ut, et, ot and it, whose t has a very weak
sound like English d'), and consequently ganschid, the halm,
kenkennit, the paroxysm of the ague, magbaret, the burial place,
chestt, the betrothed fem., contracted from cheséyet, msc. clmséy,
the betrothed msc., magzemit, the penknife &c. are feminines.
So begés means the ram and begäbet, the sheep, adig, the ass,
edgit, the she ass.
Examples of adjectives are the following: hankisch, lame, f.
hankischéd, dabass, humpbacked, f. dabassid, ao-ui', blind, fem.
30-urít, saaid, happy, saaîdét, aùgll, clever, dngílét. Words
whose second and thii'd consonants are the same as chemkm, sick,
seem to contract them, the feminine of this form being chemmet.
Thus one says ente chemúm, thou art sick, if spoken to a man,
but, entissi chemmet if spoken to a woman. Besides the formation
1®* Prs. c. ana 'amir
1®'Prs. c. nechna ma'amir.
') On account of this peculiarity in the vocabulary, which gives the actual
pronounciation, d is often written, where etymological reasons would de¬
mand a t.
- 21 -
of feminines by means of an affixed t, there is still the other way
by the change of the second vowel i, sometimes also e, into a.
Thus for instance are derived
ssasda white f. of ssaade
hamelmal yellow f. of hamelmil
guyach red f. of gayech
achdar green f. of adder
tsalam black f. of tsalim
galal easy f. of galil.
A very unusual form, which cannot be explained by the com¬
parison of the old Ethiopie language, is esdraktere, which was
said by M. von Beurmann's Tigré to be the fem. of esdirok
squinting.
Though the language by means of these two formations, viz.
the affixed t and the change of the vowel, was able to mark ac¬
curately all feminines, this has not been the case, and many
words, which are feminines, have no external sign of the gender,
as e. g. vmnui mother, and on the other hand also masculines have
the feminine termination t in Sing, and in Plur. So tabáat, a
male, has the form of a feminine, notwithstanding which feras
tahdai means a male horse, a stallion.
XIV. "With respect to the formation of the Plurals we remark,
that the two different ways, by which the old language formed
its Plurals, are preserved. So Plurals are derived as well by a
termination, as by a change of the whole vocalism of the re¬
spective Singular forms.
1®' The termination of the Plural of masculines is dn, én, so
tabaaén men from tabda, male, strong.
2® The Plural of feminines is formed by adding the termina¬
tion ñt to the Singular, e. g. mabél, widower, the second husband
of a woman PI. mabldt, chessit, bride (contracted out of ckesséyet
= chessúyet) Pl. dessiiyât. 'akán, place. Pl. \ikdnát, aain, eye.
Pl. anintát. I am disposed to believe, that this termination is
also pronounced ôi and even U, comp. Nro. 3.
- 22 -
The same feminine termination is used also for masculine
nouns, which design an employment, a title &c. So the Plural of
wakil, the trustee, governor, is wakilât, of mai-aâwî the bride¬
groom, marmwitàt, where a feminine t is added to the form of
the Singular, mar3âwî(t). ,
3^ Some words, as far as we have been able to ascertain, al¬
most always names, by which relation and kindred are designed,
join a second termination atsche to the simple and regular form
of the Plur. fem., which is sometimes in this case pronounced ôt.
So from abii father proceeds a plural ab-ot-átche. The termina¬
tion atsche is nothing but a corrupted modem pronounciation of
dt, which is also to be found in the amharic termination otsch,
and even in the singxilar aavmetsche aunt, sister of the father,
instead of sammei. Therefore forms like ab-ot-atsche properly
have a doubled Plural termination, which is produced by a re¬
petition of the same inflexion, that in the second place has suffered
a very natural change of pronounciation >). Examples of this form
of Plurals are:
Sing. Plur.
'ummi mother 'umm-at-átsche
bismase grand-son bisms-at-átsche
sammetsche aunt samm-ôt-âtsche sisters of the father,
châlétsche aunt chal-ot-átsche sisters of the mother.
But on the other hand there are also words, which have the
same doubled termination, without the change of the final t in
tsche, so that the repetition of the same termination is quite
doubtless. After the final t a slight vocalic sound is to be heard,
and its change into tsche is to be attributed for linguistic reasons
to the influence of this sound. Examples are:
Sing. Plur.
naaálta sister in law naaalt-ot-atá
talakmâ brother in law talakm-út-atá
') Also in Arabic there exist secondary forms of Plurals, which are derived
rom primary Plurals.
- 23 -
Sing.
Plur.
'anf-ót-át
dag-ót-át
gan-ót-át.
'anif nose
dága fog
gáne a foreigner
So much may be said of the formation of Plurals by means
of an affixed termination.
XV. The second way, in which the language forms the Plural,
is a change of the whole vocalism of the word, besides in some
Plural forms produced by this derivation the feminine t is added
to the word.
It will be the most simple way to follow in the explanation of
these so called „broken Plurals" the custom of the Arabic gram¬
marians, who take one certain root, consisting of three immutable
consonants, from which they derive all possible forms by the legi¬
timate changes of the vocalism, without any regard to the real
occurence of the forms themselves, the whole being nothing but a
scheme of derivation. Therefore we choose the root l-b-s, which
means generally to covei' and in its special sense to put on
clothes.
1. The most simple form of a broken Plural in the ancient
Ethiopie language takes an à after the second consonant and an
indistinct short vowel e after the first. In the pronounciation of
the modern dialect the indistinct vowel receives different colors as
Ö, a the second a is often lengthened into ä so, that the schema-
tical form lébás may now be spoken also lobas, labCis. Words
which take this form are:
Beam for fastening
the sandals, scherket, „ scheràk.
Words, which have lost in the Singular their third radical,
which is always either w or y ^ generaly preserve it in the Plural,
Skin, gorbet, Plur. gerâb.
Rock, balqCit, „ balûq.
Sandal, 'ös«, „ 'as«n.
Ear, 'ÔXW, „ ^azân.
- 24 -
though it may produce together with the preceding vowel a diph-
m
thong éi. Examples are:
Hand Hd (root 'dw) PI. ^idéi instead of 'edaw ' ), 'edau.
Tree aetsch (root ssw) PI. ''etschai instead of aetschaw, aetschau.
Mouth 'fl/" (root 'fw) PI. ''aféi, ""afedsch properly 'afaw®).
2. The second form of broken Plurals takes a long « after
the second consonant and a short ä before the first The scheme
is ^albâs.
Ex. c. Camel, geml, Plur. 'agmal.
Cloth lebs, „ ''albas.
Knee bork, „ ^abrâk.
Root süi'r, „ ^asrâr.
Dung Schiffer,,., 'aschfâr.
A pair of oxen tsumid, „ 'atsmâd.
The second wife of a man,
whose first is still living temer, „ ^atmâr.
Those roots, whose second or third consonant was to or y,
which is almost always contracted with the preceding vowel a
into a diphthong ô or é, restitute the to or y, which cannot be
contracted, if it is followed or preceded by a long a. Thus e. c. the
Plural of^'or, neighbour, which is contracted out of gator, is
''agtodr, and /ec//é jaw-bone, from the root l-ch-y, has the Plural
^alchdi.
Examples: Saddle, kbr, Plur. ^akwar.
Nerve, tôt, „ ^attcat.
House, bèt, „ ^abyât.
Tooth, nib (naib) „ ^ any ab, (ainàb).
Sword, seif „ ^aschyâf or ^aschdf
3. The third form of the broken Plural shows a long ù instead
') Comp, what has heen said p. 10. V of the change of an ancient to into a
modern y.
The consonant dsch like j and dg in judge is a product of the original y in
the same way as the sound of j in judge.
') The y has been absorbed by the sch.
- 25 —
of the long à, which constitutes the character of the second. It's
scheme therefore is \dbùs.
Examples: Foal möcIir,Fem.niöc/iret,'P\.\mckm'.
Ostrich segén, sagano, „ ''asgim.
Boot göfi'd, „ "'agrùt.
Horn garn, gerr, „ ''agrün.
Ass ''edig, „ ''ñdüg instead of
^a'dùg.
Belly kebed, „ ^akbiid.
Shield geteb, „ ^agtub.
Shadow 3edl, „ ^aadul.
Horse feras., „ ^afrûs.
Femal slave ''amet, „ ^à'amùt.
4. The fourth form has an indistinct short e after the second
consonant, where the preceding forms have â or ù, consequently
it is \ilbes. Examples of this form are dsdfei-, ream, strap, PI.
\idsfei-; qabr, tomb, PI. \iqbei'; deber, mount, PI. ^ddber,
tsifer, nail, PI. 'atsfer.
5. The fifth form joins a feminine t to the foregoing, from 'albes,
therefore proceeds 'albcst or albesèt, but in words whose root
terminated in y in the ancient language, which in the modem
dialect show the contracted termination é, the original form in
eyt is contracted into it, as also in the Ethiopie language. Ex¬
amples are: legâm, bridle, PI. 'alogmet; r'as, head, 'ar'est; be's,
husband, 'ab'est; bar ai, black cattle, ''abéret; segad, neck,
'asigdet; legâ, a male calf, 'alegit; halé, kettle, 'akiit; serâd,
rivulet, 'aschirdet.
6. The sixth form has besides a feminine t, the vowel a
both after the first and the second consonant, its paradigm being
labast. An example of it is merwet, ring, whose Plur. is merdnt
(originally marawt).
7. The seventh form belongs only to those words, which
consist of more than three consonants, and all these words are
derived from a simple root by means of some added fourth con-
- 26 -
sonant. They take after the first consonant a short e, after the
second a long a and after the third again a short e. If we derive
from ¡ebsa to dress a noun malbns, tegument, gown, its Plural
will be mctäbes. Plurals of this form are melatech of meltecb,
cheek; mekâtef oi maltnf, shoulder; megâbir oí magbar, burial
place; schebérir of sckebrâr, water-bag; kanâfîr of kan ferj lip;
berâschim of bei'schàm, the cross-bar of the handle of the sword;
'añadir of 'tinder, fiute. Feminines of this form drop their t in
the Plui'al and from 'antsábet, rope, cord is formed 'aiuitsib.
Besides also words, where a diphthong has been produced by a
contraction of w with the foregoing vowel, take this form and
restitute the original w as e. c. schôkcn (contracted form schawkan),
PL schuwâkin, a species of Antilopes, kokeb, PL kawakib, star.
The same restitution certainly will take place in words, where a
y has been contracted with a foregoing a into é, but I have no
examples of this form. To this form belong also words like
duworrih, PL of dirho, hen, whose a has been deepened into o
an account of the preceding and 'atâscM, PL of tisclio, a
wood plate.
8. The eight forms joins a feminine t to the preceding, its
scheme is malâbset. Ex. monbsâ, master, PL monâbait; 'arwé,
serpent, PL 'aratcit; masnéí, benefactor, PL masânit (contracted
out of masânyet); 'antzéi, rat, PL 'anâtzit.
9. Some words take a long « after the first consonant and a
short one before it, e. g. 'ubâgea is the PL of beges, the ram, and
'anagil, PL of negel and negelet, goat, m. and f., and welet,
daughter (from weledt), forms its Plural 'awâlid, daughters.
Words of this form, which had a final y in the root and an i in the
old language at the end, seem to abandon it, 'atâl (old 'atali) being
the PL of talît, goat.
10. There still exists a form, which belongs only to the
modern dialect, and has not been in use in the ancient Ethiopie
language. Its formation is analogous to the verbal derivation,
which is visible in tasardrcge, comp. p. 16, F viz. words with a
- 27 -
double middle consonant, resolve this duplication and insert a
short a or e between the iterated consonants. So from diimmo, cat
proceeds, demcvmi; iromdunve, a little pot, denenni, and to
this paradigm belongs also lebebbis, clothes of libs, and schökekkim,
PL of sckökm, chin. By a similar way from kolkot basket is
derived a Plural kolókkí with a duplication of the third con¬
sonant.
11. Besides this form there certainly are also other new
forms, to which none of the old language corresponds exactly as
e. g. guwonni, PI. of gonét, spear, and bayehi, PI. of baihof, fox
(Munzinger translates bcd/io by jakal), but we may only mention
the fact, without trying to enumerate them.
12. The great number of foreign Arabic words form their
Plurals according to the Arabic custom, as 'atfét, a tripod, or
rather three stones on which the kettle is put, PI. \ttafi, and I
believe, it is the influence of the Arabic language, by which the
Abyssinians have been induced to form the Plural of Feminines
by a simple change of the gender viz. by dropping the feminine
termination et. So gî7net cloud has the Plural gim (|v;s¿) and
'adongelet, which is explained by kidney bean, 'adongel. In the
same way also natsâïf is derived according to the Arabic law
from nutsf'ii (partie, pass, of natsfe to be dry) which means a cow,
that has no milk, and 'adschâdig from dschidg, cheek, has also an
Arabic feature.
XVI. From the preceding theoretical enumeration of the
different manners, by which in Tigré the Plurals are formed, it
is evident, that here the practical acquaintance with the language
will do the best, and that practice is the only way, by which the
forms of the Plural to every Singular can be learned. Finally we
observe that in our schematical forms, 'albâs, 'albus &c. the
vocalism of the ancient language has been adopted, instead of
which the modern dialect apparently shows many alterations.
These belong generally to the old short e and a, which now a
- 28 -
days have suífered many changes, by which the modern pro-
nounciation of Tigré is nearly brought to a similar condition with
respect to the litterary Ethiopie language, as the modern English
pronounciation to its written archetype. Here Munzinger under¬
took to represent the actual vocalic pronounciation of some
forms in Amharic letters, an experiment, we cannot approve of,
because the historical origin of the modern pronounciation by this
way is rather darkened than elucidated ^). On the contrary we
believe, it will prove to be the best way for writing the Tigré
language to follow the ancient orthography without hesitation, as
we do in English, for the native Tigrés certainly will correctly
pronounce the so written language, and as to foreigners, an
accurate rendering in Roman letters is sufficient, as it is in our
Persian, Turkish and modern Arabic dictionaries. By preserving
the historical orthography one will facilitate the comparison of the
modern and old language, from which European scholars, who
desire to study Tigré, naturally should begin, if they ever will
succeed. Only the changes, which belong to consonants d (dsch),
n (ng), s (sch) &c. necessarily are to be expressed in writing by
means of the Amharic letters. We recommend this observation
to missionaries and other persons, who may possibly be disposed
to write Tigré, as the Rev. C. W. Isenberg has done, whose trans¬
lation of the New Testament in Tigré exists in the Royal library
at Berlin.
XVII. The numerals are as follows:
in Massaua.
in Adaua.
hadé
killeté
tsalesti
'arbaate
chamischte
schüdüschte
1 hanté
2 killé
3 tsales
4 'arbaj
5 chamus
6 suss
' ) Those who will compare the Tigré words of the following vocabulary with
the corresponding Ethiopie forms will find the truth of this remark.
- 29 -
in
Massaua.
in Âdaua.
7
sebeae
schabaaté
8
tsaman
schamante
9
tissea
tischaaate
10
aassur
aasserte
11
aassur u hante
aassertu u hadé
12
aasser u killé
aassert' u killeté
20
aaschrîn
aassrâ
30
talatîn
tsalatsâ
40
'arbaaîn
'arbaaâ
50
chamsin
chamsâ
60
sittin
sittâ
70
sabain
sabaâ
80
themanin
tsamania
90
tisain
tissaâ
100
miye
mieti
200
mi'etain
killeti mieti
1000
'alf
schech
2000
'alfain
killeti schech.
The Cardinals are the following: gadâm, gaddem, the first,
kala'i, the second, dacltra'i, the other, the second, salts, the
third, the fourth, f the fifth, sâdis, the sixth,
sâbis, the seventh, ^sâmin, the eight, tâsia, the ninth, aâsar,
the tenth.
The formation of the Multiplicatives is exactly the same
as in English by means of 'ogât or ugât. Pl. of wagt, which means
times, three times is therefore tsâles 'ugât, six times suss 'ugât
&c. Besides instead of 'v 'gài also dot (old dawal, limit) and s«3c
(hour) are used and kit lé dot, means two times, twice, kam sâae
re'éka, how many = kam, times = sâae, re'éka, hast thou
seen. A fourth expression is formed by tischa, ckamus tischa,
means five times, but I cannot explain the origin of this word.
The numbers of fractures are sörr or ferraga, one half,
temim (?), one third, ruba or rubesi, one quarter, and after this
- 30 -
Bcheme, I suppose, also the following numbers will be derived so
that chnms, means one fifth, suds, one sixth &c.
XVin. Finally we believe, it will not he useless to collect
a number of the most necessary particles, for which as for many
other particulars of this grammatical sketch the reader is indebted
to Munzingens and d'Abbadie's vocabularies.
Adverbs of time: ^amél, 'eyôm, to day; gézem, fangech, to
morrow; degim, at a future time; for ever; temdlé or
mole, yesterday; char or min char, after; hâta, not yet; 'esha,
'assik, till; maz, when?
Adverbs of place: laal, over, on, upon; ba'i, in, within;
(acht, below, under; dongob, gerra, behind; godór, besides;
'eíéi, where?; 'enzi, here; kén, there below; 'esJ¿a lehâ, till
there; min aya, from where, whence.
Besides we notice: kam, like; kemd, also, still; 'agit, bagit,
quickly; kan, enough; meséch, in vain; 'eché, an injection of
surprise; 'aha and aiwu, yes.
The negation is 'i, which is prefixed to he verb, 'i-dmir
(spoken 'îyâmir). Ido not know; 'i-fdl, there is not; 'î-fàlna
(spoken ei-falna), we are not. 'Aiabu means there is not. Why
and how are 'afu or 'nfzi.
XIX. Some demonstrative and interrogative pronouns, which
have been omitted above are: mi, what?; 'aya, which of...;
lechéi, this.
Besides the expression of Possessives by pronominal affixes to
the nouns, comp. p. 8,II, also the same circumlocution as in the
ancient dialect by means of a relative pronoun, to which these
affixes are joined, seems to he still in use. The relative is zi,
which means litterally that of, it takes the pronominal affixes
eye, ka &c., and so f zi'aka contracted into f zeka is that of thee
— thy, -fzi'akum contracted inte zékum that of you = your.
So ssa nim zékum, which is translated p. 71 good evening, is to be
analyzed litterally ssaa = sàae, hour, nim = neatm, happy
zékum, that of you, and the whole is: Good hour, time that of you.
— 31 —
XX. Prepositions are: viîsl, with; 'abi, ah, hi, by means
of, with; la, to; min, from: examples of which will be found
p. 71.
XXL With respect to the syntax we have but little to
remark, viz.
1. The Genitive has no proper form, nor has the word on
which it depends a particular termination, as was the case
in the ancient dialect. So ssit wife and uchv, brother being
connected in ssit tichu, mean wife of the brother, sister in law,
mod, son, and heische, sister, in the form icod hetsche, son of*
the sister, nephew. Nevertheless the ancient termination a (e)
of the first word seems to be preserved in some cases e. g. bète
ssararit egg of a bird from bèt egg, and aba abu, grand-father,
litterally father of the father.
2. The accusative, which seems as well to precede as to
follow the verb, has no more its particular form terminating in a,
and so one says: aarab tn'dmir, doest thou understand Arabic?
yelU 'Ú7UÍ1', I understand a little; but on the other hand the
Accusative has the second place in 'l-'àmh- 'ne gurí, I cannot
read, where the Accusative gurí depends on 'amir, I know.
3. Adjectives follow their nouns in all examples, of which
I can dispose, as hisiâii mbi, a great garden; bèt ngul, a high
house; fei'as degub, a strong horse.
4 In the conjunction of adjectives with nouns I observe a
syllable tu, which is joined to the adjectives, though it does not
belong to their simple form. Ex. mesách ke/ot7(., bad food, from
mesach, food, and/.íí/v^ bad; awoJu guUlin, cheap price, from
awola, price, and galil, little. I am not able to ascertain, whether
this tu is a simple affix of a demonstrative character, by which
the meaning of the adjective is scarcely changed or an abbreviated
form of hotu he. If the latter be correct, the words mesách
kef'otu should be translated the food is bad, as the pronouns he
and she, hotu and hetta possibly may compensate the copula after
the custom of other Semitic languages; but tne ancient dialect
- 32 -
has many such affixed little words, and so the first opinion seems
more propable.
5. In the simple sentences, where the copula, is not ex¬
pressed by halni, to exist, to be, the Subject has the first place,
the Predicate follows and consequently ana tagier, means I am
rich, ente chemînn, thou art sick, masc. eniissi chemmeti thou
art sick, fem. hottn sastd, he is happy, Iiefta aàgilet, she is clever,
'abu gorun, the father is good, nefas kufu, the weather is bad.
Glossar der Tigrésprache,
wie sie bei Massaua gesprochen wird.
A.
Supper
To purge^ cacare
To depart
To descend
To refuse
Arm-pit
Bread fruit tree
To add
Address
To resemble
Ear of corn
Sleeve
All
OU
Age
Louse
Other
drar S'ZíiC I späte
Abendbrot,
Mahlzeit.
Abführen, purgiren, ,5^; chara.
Abreisen, ^L«; er ist abgereist, hottu
ssafera.
Absteigen, ^ Jy; worréd
Abweisen, ^f; 'aha AilP:
Achselhöhle, iaj| oder isL; hihbet.
Adansonia digitata, Affenbrotbaum,
gongolês; habhuba.
Addieren, giumla, wohl denominat.
..f '
von &JU^.
^ ^ 9
Adresse, ; \eln)ân.
Aehnlich sein, messla <f^tih.'.'elhed.
Aebre, hascher xhWJC' stipula, und
^ ^ medullae expers hordeum.
Aermel, , kum.
Alles, kullo W-A-: mit suff. 3. ps. Sgl.
Alt, 'aber, vgl. AÛ.C: vetula.
Alter, iomr.
? A m e i s e, ; gomal, : pediculus =■
Andere, der, 'acher.
— 34 —
To accept
Beginning
Fish-hook
A sort of bed¬
stead
To stop
Aiwhor
To arrive
To tar
Antilope
To put on
{clothes)
Work, task.
Annehmen, den Brautpreis, gahál jag-
hatha =» LgJUÄJ he took her.
Anfang, i>tjuüi; stebda,
Angelhaken, b^LLa, safrit, vgl.
ö4iC' opus tortile, od. ÂÎZ.C^I laqueas
bei Ludolf Addenda.
Angerêb, aus Lederstreifen und Dattel¬
stricken geflochtene Bettstelle (Rüppell
Reise in Nubien p. 40, schreibt Ankarêb),
\arrat, lectus.
Anhalten, stehen bleiben, betar.
Anker, oLkiS"; brussi, mit Wechsel der
Labialen aus den Anker werfen,
to cast anchor oLtaSsJI ; tara brussi,
tara is probably the Arabic
Ankommen, bas ha ilÄA!
Anstreichen, das Schiff mit Theer,
; rantsch.
Antilope, die von den Amharern Agasên
genannte Antilopa strepzicerus {kuduf,
o
Gnellet; Antilopa pygmaea, ^1;
mantalé, vgl. hare H aase, Ariel,
Antilopa leucoryx, arab ; Antilopa addax,
yü; beeza; -ilôn: Tätelantilope
(Rüppell Tedal), total. Junger Ariel, Scho-
kan, young Ai'iel.
Anziehen, lebis, A-ilfi."
Arbeit,* schogul; to labor, to work
arbeiten, ¿ ; ischtagulund betne-
dach, vgl. 4J?'/h : impulit und pass. ■tiÄ'A :
- 35 -
Arm Arm (brachium), ide, Armband,
bracelet ^1^*, tekket.
Poor Arm (egenus), fagir.
Jacket with Aermeljacke, kurze, weite, guhha.
sleeves
Albanian soldiers Arnauten, Arante.
Physician .^Doctor Arzt, jvaJCs. ; hakim.
Breath Athem, ,j«^; tinfas, einem nach Dill¬
mann Grammatik S. 187 vorauszusetzen¬
den tJi4.il- entsprechend.
Atlas Atlas, ^jJlb | ; Alias.
Partner Associé, ; scha?'îk.
To untie., to open Aufknüpfen, díi; fetach,
To load upon Aufladen, J1.4Ä ; hamal.
To strand Auflaufen, vom Schiffe auf Felsen, jviai
hagiefn,
lo rise, Aufstehn, |.U; galass.
To awake Aufwachen, ssacha, Äih(DI^)
To lift up {the Aufwinden, den Anker, t>1 U-bv,tf
anchor) ekschah.
Eye Auge, aint, O.BÎ: eye-brow Augen¬
braue, ; handschib, mit Einsatz
von N; eye-lid Augenlid, konuff,
vgl. 5114^ :
To unload Ausladen, ^ ^'g^- itW
evulsit und JüLi transportavit.
To repose Ausruhen, '5 istera.
To put off one's Ausziehen, die Kleider, ¿sJLi; fessich.
clothes
■ ® -«•
') Auch Vulgärarabisch ^5^9 impf. (5^' in dieser Bedeutung.
3*
— 36 —
Advanced guard Avantgarde zu Pferde,
hajâl, vgl. "ííA : und Arab. Jlíí. Kelter,
coll.
Hatchet Axt, ^J«L9; fâs, arahar. 4^' i» Halhal
geddïb "P-Ä'-Or
B.
Cheek
Bath {warm)
Ballast
Ribbon
Tapeworm
Barber, to shave,
razor.
Beard
Barefoot
Bark, boat
Cambric
Timber tree
Cotton
To hasten
9 9
Backe, (pi. von Jlä.); da gum.
Bad, warmes, ; mâi wuiui =>
©"O-K: warmes Wasser.
o
Ballast, (5piJô, tarm^).
Band, cheïtan, ia^ (vgl. ÍKIR:
decepit eigentl. irretivit und
fallada).
Bandwurm, srut.
Barbier, lasé, vgl. AOP I lâssé ?
Scheermesser, melâssé ?
Bart, zachüm,
^ o ^
Bar fuss, uLxaä.; hafjan.
Barke, sembuk, vgl. bei Meninski.
Battist, tarabesûn.
Bauholz, LuJI b.• -ietschai, öö^Baum,
; latschai, ebenso Holz.
Baumwolle, ; ottub; cotton-stuff.
Baumwollenzeug, gazil (J^ allgemein
Gespinnst).
Beeilen, ; scheffâg, AÄ4.^ • frequen¬
ter, crebro fecit.
T 9
') in der Barbarei bedeutet cabestan, Schiffs¬
winde (s. Humbert, Guide de la Conversation arabe, S. 128).
37 ~
To meet Begegnen, iaalefo ; vgl. À'îAiÇ. :
transiré fecit, und davon das reciproke
"iJAZ." welches bei Ludolf nicht von
uäJLä. stammt, sondern von .
Companion, fol- Begleiter, (J^^; matlci, Participialbildung
lower
To bury
Leg
von "LA®: => (Pl-Ad)":
Begraben, gahara,
Bein, ; iggir, (rowsers,
Beinkleider, Jl^^; serwal, scherwan.
Bekanntschaft, Kenntniss, marifa.
Berühren, hessasu,'i\Sí\íS'. quaesivit,
lùft:
Beschneidung, kischbo. äth.
Bezahlen, sellim, vgl. D^î^.
Bier, marissa, vgl. <P"HC: Bier
ohne Hopfen.
Billig (d. h. wohlfeil), rachis, awola
galillu, vgl. ^A.A : Awola scheint Preis
zu bedeuten, s. theuer.
Bissen, íUíl!; loqmat.
Bitter, marir
Blatt, ^JJy, leoraq.
Blei, rosas.
Bleibe hier, ^V,nesit-traf,'tl,A,\xQsXdxç^,
remanere.
Blind, ; w-Mr,ö(D.C : (arab.^_^| einäugig.)
Blut, dem, : to scarify Blut ziehen,
iXoj: mahegiam, vgl. |V^ schröpfen.
Bogen, tinschab.
o . .0
1) Auch im Vulgärarabischen statt
vt 9 ''
Î) Vielleicht verwand t mit jüLäo, Pfeil, Bogenschütze.
Knowledge
To touch
Circumcision
To pay
Beer
Cheap
Bit, morsel
Bitter
Leaf
Lead
Remain
Blind
Blood
Bow, the
- 38 -
Bean
Brandy
Wound caused
by burning
To 7-oast
Bride
Epistle, letter
Bring hither
Bread
Breast
Gun-smith
Hunchbacked
Butter
Bohne, ; ful.
Branntwein, ^><iraqi.
Brandwunde, ssathargatu, +
Braten, tebass, íñílA; roast-meat,
der Braten, tabuss,
Braut, hessit, rhÄ.!*: hñdegroom
Bräutigam, ; hasé-ala, msc. des
vorigen mit der Praeposition A, weil
Lgj i , t| gefragt wurde, dah. ÄiÄi :
Braut ist auch marat,
Brief, sahaf &íh4í: scriptio.
Bring her, cjbc; hamsi. K<^R'h'.
Brot, gesäuertes, hemus, vgl. und
^ t~- acri sapore fuit, s. sauer; unleavened
ungesäuertes Brot,^j.jdai ; fettir; thin cakes,
Brot in dünnen Fladen auf Eisenblech
gebacken, löhlöh, vgl. kuchenähn-
of .-o '
liehe Brote, trocknes Brot;
milite bread, weisses Brot
iœmbesit ssada, «í-ílíi^: fiùX'. s. weiss;
old baked bread, altes Brot, teü'd; new-
baked, frisches Brot, ipsit.
Brust, nehar, vgl. iîhZ,'. weib¬
liche Brust, tit y ; tob ^-fl, plur. atbai,
A'PQ^: s. Euter, udder.
Büchsenmacher, bendukgie.
Bucklig, dabass.
^ O 9
Butter, SJo^; zibdet; zerlassene, melted
hcssas.
— 3y -
C.
Dead body
Lemon
Compass
Corsair
Cadaver, gennaset, vgl. líHI pol-
linxit, arab. Leiche, Leichnam.
Gitrone, limun.
" ^ *
Compass, aJLo^; dira, dir et.
C o r s a r, ; njam, m-haissa, vgl. /h PÄ
intente speculatus est doli faciendi causa ==>
D.
Gui, bowels Darm, amevd. viscera.
Dates, dry Datteln, getrocknet, tammer ; in
the form of a great cake, in einen
Fladen zusammengepresst, arabisch
agua (s. Bocthor unter Datte),
maagiun, vgl. to knead kneten,
dough, Teig und vom dick
• sein benannt.
Adze Dechsel, krumme Hacke, yadum.
Thick Dick, gasif ÎH.4Î:
Ink Dinte, bedad, Verwechselung der
Labialen, s. Anker.
Ink-horn; itik- Dintenfass, dauaje.
glass
Dagger Dolch, sotel. iiö)"l'AI
fo, o,
Box Dose, hoga, arab. jüLs..
Thread, wire, Dr at h, jlj"; géra.
Darkness Dunkel, das, damana. ^<PÍ\ Wolke.
- 40 —
Durra
Jewel
Althea
Lizard
Eggs
One-eyed
One-armed
Invitalion
To envelop
Disgusting
Elephant
Ivory
Ell, yard
Elbow
Parents
Heir
Durra, durra; reife Durra, gekocht,
Food of ripe durra balila (von baila essen);
unreife Durrah grob gestossen und gekocht
als Zuspeise Food of unripe durra genossen,
schauid. Durramehlbrei, Pap of
durra arab. lugm genannt, gaad.
E.
«M
Edelstein, fis (arab. sejaga
(arab. 'achbab.
Eibisch, hibiscus esculentus, iLyoU; bâmije.
Eidechse, kleine,
Chamäleon,
SSO fan; a greater species, grosse Ei¬
dechse galgal.
Eier, (jdvu ; bedschdraui, zsgs. von \j¿ugi +
dirho, Í CD*; hen, Huhn. Vogeleier heissen
bete sararit in Halhal =■ + UJZnÄ :
Einäugig, ^^1; kante ainte ourde; haute
ist one, eins
Einarmig, kante adchu\ Arm, ide +
suff. 3 Sgl. msc.
Einladung, lasuma.
Einwickeln, kaffan.
Ekelhaft schmeckend, linabra labolil, vgl.
balila.
Elephant, Jk^; haromâs.
Elfenbein, \âg.
Elle, àra\.
Ellenbogen, pl. minkub,
S o
was Ludolf aus humerus,
armus erklärt.
Eltern, ; woledên.
Erbe, waris, plur. ebenso, 0¿i£l:
— 41 —
To vomit
Fatigue, wear- Ermüdung,
iness
Ass
Erbrechen, gai,
taiab.
Meat
Vinegar
Eunuch
Udder
Tasteless
Rottenness
To fall
Family
Color
Fist
Pen
Penknife
Fig
File
Eselj^LéÂ.; adig, hX^'. Eselin,
s^Uä- ; edgií, to cry like an ass, to
bray, wie ein Esel schreien, (3^ ; nahiek.
Essen, das, belUh, "ilAOl"; he eats,
er is st, hottu belUh. ÍIAD: Bad food
schlechtes Essen, mesach kefotu, vgl.
und bad, schlecht kufu.
Essig, Já; chai.
Eunuch, ; tauaschi.
Euter, y', atbai, vgl. íllíl® suxit, Tdi:
breast, Brust.
F.
Fade im Geschmack, Ju-Lj (?); bodeg.
Fäulniss, muschmusch, rad.
putruit, vgl. confusio operis.
Fallen, wotcha, ©^"$1 oder walga
gesprochen.
Familie, Jjcl; ahelu.
Farbe, Ion, laun.
Faust, dschgáma.
Fed er, (Oi-; qallam, To cut the pen
Federn schneiden, gassim,
Federmesser, qallamije, magsemii=>
welches bei Ludolf fehlt. Fea¬
ther, wings, Vogelfedern, agnaf
AÏ15'4ÎI plur. von ÏIÎ4Î;
Feigen, tin.
Feile, mabrat.
- 42 -
Enemy
Windoiv
Telescope
Heel
Greasy
Fever
Finger
Fish
Flag
To twist, she
twists
Meat
Fly the
Flea
Navy, fleet
Birds
Feind, ahai, vgl. ùfbJBr superbus;
wenn nicht zu ¿flPT
Fenster, Jülis ; hennur.
Fernrohr, nadar.
Ferse, _■ öv ; tschikaret. (UJÎ^Î incessit).
Vielleicht ist es verhört, vgl.
Fett, dick, ^ ' I -; hous, suavis?
Fieber, xSjJxl; hömmet, in ülZä.
verwandelt, vgl. ihö®<P: Fieber-
schau e r, ; kenkennit.
Finger, dschabeet, edschawe plur.
edschabet, Aiiibö;
Fisch, assa, *501: Fischer,
baal assa, QOAl + assa, fisherman.
Flagge, => 8^jJj, vulgärarah. aus
dem itiil. bandiera.
Flechten, sie flicht, gedellef. In
der alten Sprache '1'!ÍSA=='J¿>Ls30 lucta-
tus est, eig. sich verflechten.
Fleisch, SS eg a, WD: Meat, dried
in the air, an der Luft getrocknet,
JoJö; sir ser o; Meat in long strips in
Streifen geschnitten, arah. scher-
muta genannt; baliku, vgl. il'l'ïl.' la-
ceravit; Broth, Fleischbrühe, iüjjó;
maraq.
, & y
Fliegen, die, dschanadschit, /fîô'JP:
pl. ÄVai-:
Floh, tukân.
Flotte, 8^U.c; sauai.
Flügel, y/^, soll wohl heissen Geflügel;
konnuf ala.
— 43 —
To go away Fortgehn, gis IöH:
Woman Frau, s^^l, essit, Àîfi^: aus ansit
zusammengezogen, denn der plur. ist annis.
Field^ country Freies Feld, ; kaddên, ÎJÎ<P
Inn Fremdenhaus, beet krai, í)>í*: +
einer durch Metathesis aus ent¬
sprungenen Form.
Breakfast Frühstück, ^ySa¿ ; fattur.
Fox Fuchs, baihot.
Quide Führer; marra, von
90 f
Ring as an orna- Fussspangen, JüáLs».; hegiil, arab.
*«*
ment of the an¬
cles of Arabic
women.
Ankle Fussknöchel, garedelgir. vgl. iggñ\
"hlQ". Beiu.
G.
Gall Galle, gai-i, ruber.
To give Geben, haba, (DUÍl \
She bears Gebären, sie gebiert, ; woladat
Horse-bit G e b i s s (am Pferdezaum), |.L4- ; legiarn, Sl'X'F^ '
To go on foot Gehen zu Fusse, aba agru geisch,
scheint aus gis ISH'. mit ba'egru
iïhIC'. zusammengesetzt; /oslowly,
langsam gehn, abugrutkagis => itis-
sa'éni. Statt A wird aba, abi gesprochen,
vgl. in dem Gespräch abi higa in der
Sprache von tahage sprechen.
Brain Gehirn, ¿Lohangal.
Hearing Gehör, semil, , vgl.
Vulture Geier, hobai, IFQi: ¿Ktlvog, milvus.
— 44 —
Cooked
Fellow
Joint
Consort
General
Barley
Smell
Sort
Sharpened
Taste
Sore
Swelling
Sight
Musket
Gain
Glass-bottle
Sfnooth
Gekocht, ; beschul, -íl/i-A I
Gelb, I ; hamelmil, fem. hamelmal'í^^d\^
o ^
Gelenk, ¿Jksuo', mufscl.
Gemahl, bêissa, vgl. -ÍIÍííl: Ge¬
mahlin, spouse ; ssitu, vgl. Frau,
essit, plur. ansu.
General, L¿|; aga.
Gerste, ; schaiir.
Geruch, tzena, Afl a bad odour
schlechter Geruch, iLüa>o ; tzena-
kui =" Âf I ! a good odour guter
Geruch, ; gorum. Vielleicht ein
Missverständniss, vgl. venerabilis.
Geschlecht, Art gins.
Geschliffen, schleifen, niashal von
AAA:
Geschmack, |V*ic, taum, Aö«?®:
fi5 >
Geschwür, xJLot>; megl, <P1bi\ pus.
Geschwulst, höbut, Ail'î*."
Gesicht, 7iadar >= ^Jaj, vgl. iíiL,\
short-sightedness kurzes (rpsic.hf.^^.
nadi-u huttu.
Gewehr, ^Juo; benduq, neft\ í4Í'?.'
Gewinn, t»*-wwJóo; kasban.
Glasflasche, gar a'ir (eig. plural
von Glasgefäss, stattGlas
zum Trinken käs.
y
Glatt, lamist, A<?'G planum fuit,
1) ia¿j, Naphta, ein sprachlicher Ueberrest aus der Zeit des
Gebrauches des Naphta als Projectils im Kriege.
Happy
Gold
Tomb
Straight
Gray old man
Great, tall
Green
Gum
Good
Hair
Ugly
Half
Halm, gtaïk
— 45 -
Glücklich, 4XAX.0; said.
Gold, dahab, worq. Gold¬
smith Goldarbeiter, ^La; zdig.
Grab, kabber in der alten Sprache
u. 4»nc:
Grade, |Vaíüu*uo; watata; straight on grade
aus, dugri^).
Greis, abe?', ebenso plur. und fem.
vgl. 2iíl>C. In Halhal dagegen
dcglel, plur, degalil. Der weissbaarige
Mann, v.^L¿, scheba (vgl. ftfill".') und
plur. schajab = ñj-fll
Gross, lang, Jo^; regim, abi, Dilf:
Grünes, chodra; grün, ach-
der, fem. achdar.
Gummi, ^^-0; asha.
Gut, gorun saleh
H.
Haare, tschigger, dschiggar, A'hC*
ebenso die Thierhaare, .
Hässlich, ähi, das Arab.
selbst mit Aufgabe des ; Lane, Aegypter,
deutsch von Zenker, II, p. 14.
Halb, sör, ferraga, vgl. ob¬
gleich diese Wurzel im Geez nur = »«04^
erlösen vorkommt.
Halm, (j-o, gandschid.
1) Türkisch-Arabisch .
46 —
Collar, a Utile
Hammer
Palm
To traffic
Bladder
Hare
Highroad
Skin
Seadog
Hazard
Midwife
To marry
Halsband, kleines, meschchas;
a great one, grosses, bis zum Boden
reichendes, meschachis.
Hammer, S3^hje; matraga.
Handteller, erhad plur.
"hLiihtl back of the hand Handrücken,
arde; right hand, rechteHand, I Jo 5
mân, verkürzt aus left hand, linke
Hand, JUxÜI Jo; schengeb, durch
den Nasal erweitert.
Handeln (mercari), taggier, sogub.
Harnblase, äJt^; minnefaUud;
Urine Harn, ; niai,
Hase, v^^f; maniaté, vgl. Antilope.
Hauptstrasse, ^jUaJLwyJI ^jo^; sog
essultân.
Haut, jJU».; gilt, in Adaua gorbet, vgl,
cortex; to skin die Haut ab¬
ziehen, 5 garbotufefgir, dessen
erster Theil = gorbet.
Hayfisch, arwe, AC^: welches, wie es
scheint, einen sehr weiten Begriff
hat; auch der Delphin,
heisst so.
Hazardspiel, úúJo-, kornar,
Hebamme, jült>; machrassit yo'a hhjfVO
plur. machariss.
Heirathen, ^y, beissa (Dñíi: (?) oder
denominat. von •fíhü,'. vgl. Gemahl. Viel¬
leicht ist eins von beiden Wörtern un¬
richtig und mit verwechselt.
— 47
Shirt
Stallion
Autumn
Heart
Sorcerer
Lame
Hinder quarter s
Plane
High
Espoused
Wood
Honey
Horn
Pretty
Hip
Hen
Hemde, qamiss.
Hengst, Jcs\i ; feras tabaat, Z.^ii \ 't'Qöl' :
d. i, männliches Pferd.
Herbst, amul.
Herz, luh, A-fir
Hexenmeister,bosâi, vgl.
nehabai, vgl. iVíi.: íaber; Hexe, bosâit,
nehabait.
Hinkend, hankisch, ihï'ûûl
Hintere, der, ^1; gora, daharai
the hindmost, der Hintere, podex,
; angeb *) ; Hinterbacke, Jû5' ; fendud.
Hobel, s^li; fâre.
Hoch, u 'gul.
?Hochzeit, ; IÏ1SC. maraui, fem.
marât. Doch scheint dies irrig und viel¬
mehr sponsus, sponsa
geraeint zu sein.
Holz, ^^ ; atschai, öö :
Honig, ; maiâry^'^Z.'' Wine made of
honey, der Honigwein, têdsch.
Horn,
karin, •
Hübsch, grun, vgl. guter (Geruch?)
gbrum.
Hüften, ssamettu (?) vgl. Schenkel.
Huhn, dirho, plur. ÏTCU:
Dog
Hungry
Hyena
Hund, v_JL5^; kelb,
Hungrig, gje\an.
Hyäne, karetsch.
1) Wahrscheinlich von vgl. Loch.
— 48 —
Fes
Jacket
Youth, a
Coß'ee
Caftan
Calf
To calk
Chalk
Comb
Camel
I.
Ja, aha.
Jacke, (^yCjLc ; anterri.
Jüngling, ; rvodu nusch == young boy,
jungerSohn ® AÄ" I Íítil I young daughter,
junge Tochter, woletu nisch^^
®AT* : îîiiiT* Virgin, Ju ngfrauyCj ; bikr.
bachelor Junggeselle, schebâb, pl. schab.
K.
Kaffe, 'iy^\ kachwa.
Kaftan, ^jUkèï; kuftan.
Kalb, Jää; agâl, plur. agul, ïi'hA: veal,
Kalbfleisch, Jlsvä egal.
Kalfatern, JaiJU; kalfut.
Kalk, nur et, CAT
Kamm, iaJLn', to comb kämmen, iiAx»;
re'eschi ssItter, vgl. flT*^: und C^ñl
Kamel, Juä ; geml, female camel,
Kamelstute, xi'b; naët, f^T*: mit Auf¬
gabe des 1^- wie in hässlich => abi;
for riding Keitkamel, hegin;
the hump of a camel, Kamelbuckel,
|*LÁaM, sselâm, vgl. von dem Ludolf
sagt: Kespondet graeco xvçroç, gibbo-
sus, Levit. 21, 20. Ein Wechsel von L und
N findet sich auch in = scherwan.
The saddle for baggage, Kamelpack¬
sattel, heiwot; the saddle for riding,
Kamelreitsattel, arab. mahlufa ge¬
nannt; schönefett. Camel-driver Kamel¬
treiber, JUä; gemmâl.
— 49 -
Canmn
To catch
Caravan
Cheese
Stew-pan.
To chew
To buy
Taper
Babe
Chin
Chest
Clothes
Moth
Little
aw
Kanone, medfah; cannon-ball Ka¬
nonenkugel, äJIä; yielila; can-
nonier, Kanonier tubgie.
Ki
pern,
Denoniinat. von
corsair] nahab, g ^ rapuit.
Karawane, äJLiU, gaßla; the caravan
arrives, die Karawane kommt, gafila
temetselit.
Käse, gibn,
Kasseroll, diss.
Kauen, mitscher^
Kaufen, sabCy, to sell verkaufen
asbaa, Cans.
Kerze, schamaa, grosse
Kerze, schamadan,
Kind, kleines, Jùis; wo gtdha, (DA.^.* und
2í:ia:? An illegitimate child uneheliches,
degala, pl. de 'galit : amh. ;
zweites Kind, ^b; dâgem; Besser
als "iyXA^' wäre zu vergleichen.
Kinn, ssachem I vgl. Bart,
jaw-bone Kinnbacke, nakak, vgl. iïliïLI
Kiste, muschtagsa.
Kleid, lebas, A-ílfi: doch scheint die
Form arab. zu sein,
Kleidermotte, gon 'gon, fullo,
tinea.
Klein, yfJuo', né use h, ïîi-ii: fem. néisch.
Klippe, schaab,
') Altarabisch Ly«, speciell Wein kaufen.
2) Big. Leuchter zum Aufstecken einer Kerze.
2) Bocthor: „Bätard — en Syrie plur.
— 5ü —
Clever Klug, Jj'Lc; agil.
Boy Knabe, hessân,
Bnee Knie, ^y, bei'ik, "nCÏH
Bone Knochen, ; âssem, addim, ezum, OÄ^ l
Waistcoat-hd- Knöpfe, runde zur Weste, sing, gäbet,
ton plur. gobeb; gewöhnliche Knöpfe, xJLàï;
kubbat^ the ordinary buttons.
To bind Knüpfen, Jülc; angid, mit Nasal¬
einsatz.
Boat Kahn, gelbet, g erar.
Mire Kot h, tschenduch.
Bick Krank, schwach, luLuuó; hönmm, fera, hem¬
met,
To scratch Kratzen, .¿L; ihïlïl :
Borb Kraut, (j£uAä.; schâir, UIóC'
Circle Kreis, dajira.
Krieg, v»5^; harb, inHalhal^0«áí=='W{"^.'
declaration of war Kriegserklärung,
worar; man ¿»//¿ör Kriegs¬
schiff ; schuki Commander
of a thousand Koraraandeurvon Tausend,
; bimbaschi; of a hundred., von
Hundert jus haschi; General
in chief Obercomraandeur, bascha oder
kullo gassi (scheint mir
Commandeur der Janitscharen); Command-
67' of fifty, Kommandeur von Fünfzig,
buluk baschi.
Company Kompagnie, auo^T); karakün.
M Türk. 80^1 oda, eig. Stube, Zimmer, ursprünglich die in einer
Caserne zusammenwohneuden Soldaten.
— 51 -
Head Kopf, ras, Cîsfi: neben dem arab.
râs auch, wie es scheint, re'esch. Vgl.
kämmen.
Cork-wood Korkholz, kischr,
Body Körper, nefis,
To taste Kosten, ^16; ta\mu, 'Pöö®: to lick rait
der Zunge lecken, <3*3; lachas Aiiiii'.
arab. auch
Crooked, curved Krumm, awatsch,
Cuirass Kürass,£^í>; der'e, JÇ'Cô :
Cake,unleavened Kuchen, ungesäuert, diinnplattig, aus Wei-
and thin zenraehl, mit viel Fett zum Frühstück
genossen, fettir.
Short Kurz, ^juaä; hatschir '5Ä.CI
L.
To load Laden, die Flinte, Jx; mela <PAK\ Rum-
^ ^
rod Lade stock, ijjoo; tekteki.
The charge, load ha. schechnet (arab.
^-■o. A anfüllen, beladen, befrachten).
Lamb Lamm, ajot.
Lamp Lampe, JuJuLï; gandil.
Long Lang, Jo^; ragim, regim.
Lance, spear Lanze, konat, a little lance
kleineLanze, ; belach,■fl^«5\muero.
A pair of spears. Ein Paar Lanzen^
tschimara, bei den Beduân und Schohos.
Vgl. compages, vom Zu¬
sammenbinden so benannt.
To run Laufen, ssa'é (arab.
^ ♦
Louse (of the
carnet)
Liver
Leak
Leather
Teacher
Body
Light, easy
Glue
Linen-cloth
ÏMdder
Leopard
To read
Lover
Lieutenant
Left
- 52 —
Laus (nänil. eine eigenthümliche Art von
Camellaus), o'yS; tschih.
Leber, kahdet,
Leck, dobala, vgl. advei'sitas; cleft,
Spalte, 5 haschua (vgl. ihWö®1' :
Vitium in quavis re ?) to become leaky
Leck werden, harjatdobala, vgl. ÍZ,(D
insculpsit, mit Wechsel von W und J
Leder, gild, in Halhal maess ö92ifi:
Lehrer, ^ujü; fagi.
Leib, gof
Leicht (facilis), JjeL»,; gufif (levis)
galil, ^A.\\
Leim, 1^; habako, vieil, verhört
für tabako, vgl. íllíl^ I adhaesit,
gluten.
Leinew and, kottan.
6 y
Leiter, ,0-; maarakit, vgl. ÖZ,"!'. ascendit,
gradus plur. öoqa(^):
Leopard, arab. mar a fil (?) ; humûm, leo ?
Lesen, |y»; gara.
Liebhaber, fatai, the be¬
loved woman, Geliebte, àuy.s!uo; fatait
'' love-apple Liebesapfel, Lycoper-
sicum esculentum, badengân.
Lieutenant, melasim; Sergeant,
ünterofficier, (türk. ^^Lä,);
schauisch.
Links, JU-áJl schengeb einer
der Links ist, franz. gaucher, I; schan-
gawai; würde einem Güí'í'E: entsprechen.
- 53 - ■
Lentils Linsen, addas.
_ , a >
Lip Lippe, MÁ (vulgär statt äixi); kamfer^
Ï1ÏZ.C:
Hole Loch, mang ab.
Lion Löwe, Ju«l; hajet.
M.
Measure
Meager
Man
Cloak with short
sleeves
Marrow
Mast
Sailor
Mason
Mule
To bleat
Medicine
Meal, flower
Maass, hendâssa.
Mager, daîf.
Mann, ; ennas, ( Aîfi \ ?) males of animals
Männchen von Thieren dakr,
tabaat, Der Plural ist nur tabaën,
ob ^ ■tQ'îï : ?
Mantel, mit kurzen aufgeschnittnen
Aermeln, (ji-Uj; bennisch; embroidered
cloak, gestickter Mantel, abbat.
Mark, inge, K'i'hö'.
Mast, (5^La; daggal (altarab. Jötj).
Matrose, ; nachuda pers.
Schififsherr).
Maurer, LIÍ; banna.
Maulthier, Jju; bagl,
Meckern, von der Ziege, _L¿; negai,
vgl.
Medicin, daua.
Mehl, haridsch, "ihS'. dagêt; pap,
Mehlbrei von Durra, arab. lugm
von iUÄ) ?) genannt, gaad. Zu dagêt
vgl. wo Ludolf sagt; Aethiops
meus mihi exponebat mola minor quam
: ad tenuiorem reddendam farinara.
— 54 —
Several persons
Men
Knife
Milk
Dinner
Month
Morning
Miller
Mouth
Muslin
Shell
Nutmeg
Mother
Mehrere, xJUa»; giumlat.
Menschen, adâm, plur.
Messer, sekin, in Halhal schekin;
Schlachtmesser, a butchers knife >
esluch. Messerschmidt, ; sekakin.
Milch, halih ihA.-ii: saure Milch
sour milk, hegân, lac
tridui, amharisch /h£*nr
Mittagbrot, ItXc; messach, Das
Essen nach Mitternacht im Kamadan,
the supper after midnight in the Ramadan
ssahur.
Monat, waré, (DCî!
Morgen, oguah, vgl. ilU'. und
IIUmatutinum tempus, Hauasa niggâho.
Müller, ^LäIs; tahân, vgl. die Wurzel in
'î'Âiî: Gerstenmehl; mill-stone Mühlstein,
tahûn; Stein zum Zer¬
quetschen der Durra, stone for
^ o
€7'ushmy the dm^i^ah, maichan^ vgl.^LsxLx.
Mund, |vi; af
Musselin, yiLi; schâsch.
Muscheln, o<XÓ; ssadif the same means
mother of pearl, so auch Perlmutter.
Muskatnuss, hêl.
Mutter, |,f; ummi, 'h<P'. meine Mutter,
my mother, ummie ; deine, thy mother, um-
muka ; seine, his mother, ummu. Nach
der Vocalisation arabisch, allein das Suffix
in iimmie Aethiopisch,
- 55 -
N.
Navel
Night
Rear-guard
Neck
Naked
Needle
Nail
To sow
Food
Name
Mad
Nose
Clove
Nerv
Net
Nice
Reins
Hippopotamus
Nabel, ; ssora,
Nacht, xJL^; lali, ,
Nachtrab, j ^ m* p , nasam^
Nacken, erdod^ segad, vgl. ÍlfliJ?*!
Nackt, \ erjan.
Nadel, ibrat.
Nagel (unguis), ydb, so/für S-^C ' (clavus),
musmar.
Nähen, XlsLca».; chajate.
Nahrung, belléh, -ilAü:
Nahrungsvorräthe, provisions
sotvade.
Namen, ssemu, plur. asmaju
Narr, magnûn. Narrheit, madness ;
gienân.
Nase, v_ij|; anif, Nasenspitze,
the top of the nose, ; ramschettu
anif.
9 0
Nelken, Gewürz, J^yä; kanufr, aus dem
arab. corrumpiert.
Neu, JocX:>; haddis /hJ?,fir
Netz, schachual, ob Transposition
des arabischen?
Niedlich, grun.
Nieren, kulot, pl. ÏIAPT-:
Nilpferd,a'énssid.
— 56 —
O.
Bull, Ox Ochse, bm^ai, -flöÄi: Ein Ochsenfell,
welches auf das Angerêb gelegt wird, heisst
gindi, skin of an ox, which is covered
over an Angareh.
Oil Oel, sselid (arab- u. AA.^1).
Slove Ofen, furn.
Ear Ohr, ezin, "hlïi: Ear-ring Ohrring,
iUiJLa.; kulkulet.
P.
Slipper
Parrot
Paper
Horsemen PI.
passengers
Cartridge
Pitch
Whip
Pearl
Pepper
Pipe
Horse
Pantoffel, jiyL; babusch.
Papagei, sj(>, durra.
Papier, ; woraqa.
Passagiere, «^1^'; rukkab.
Patrone, jJCmó ; faschaka.
Pech, ssendrus,
und fiîtÇCfl- Sandarach).
^ ^ o
Peitsche, axyLe; hanadsch.
Perle, pp; lal; A(D"A: TbA." Mother of
pearl Perlmutter, oJua, ssadaf wie
Muschel.
Pfeffer, J^ii ; herberéh. flCflZ. I
Pfeife, türkische, ; kurze
abyssinische aus braunem Thon,
a short abyssinian pipe of brown clay, buri.
Pferd, ^JLaÄ.; faras, LJJP. »?«/?(? Pferde¬
mähne, halhala.
- 57 -
A/vl
Pilot
Pistol
Purslain
Provision
Gun-powder
Pfriemen, machras.
Pilot, ruban,
Pistole, ùyi, xsxJu^; ferd, tahanga.
Portulak, ; rigli, malachie (X^^JLo).
Provision, masruf,
Pulver, harut ; Pulverwagen,
4>j|^b; arabije.
Raven
Cream
Reckon
To the right
Rain
Regiment
Rich
Rice
Journey
Reptiles
Radish
Black-cattle
R.
Rabe, iJ&û I (%!).: bedeutet
Coccus, Dillm. nicht Rabe Ludolf.)
Rahm, Sahne, 8; teffêt.
Rechnen, i_f,; hessab, Aflíi:
Rechts, mann, verkürzt aus
P09Ï:
Regen, ^ S0Ti/Q,1ñ^ und senâb.
Regiment, (türk.); urdi (türk.
Reich, tagier, von ^U>, merchant.
Reis, rus. äiHI
Reise, ^• ssaffer; der Reisende, the
traveller mussafir.
Reptilien, arwé AC^! so auch
Delphin und Hayfisch.
Rettig, J».^; ßgl.
Rinder, yb; waâd; herd of, Rinder¬
herden, aha AA: Ege; to low. Brüllen,
vom Rindvieh ; ^Lä. ; tnakelid, negai 1A® \
Rindsleder,yb jJLä Rindfleisch,
yb |v:¿-; segaha, was irrig scheint; auf
die Frage antwortete Abubekr |W3V:
ihr Fleisch. The tongue of an ox Rinds¬
zunge, ^jLwJ; lessan waad.
Ring
Crude
Red
Back
Rudder
To call
Matter, thing
Sack
Sabre
Saw
Saw-fish
Sand
Sandals
She suckled
Salt
- 58 -
Fleisch der jungen Kuh, flesh of a young
cow, makân, vgl.
•sterilis, was xcít è^ox'rjv vom Rinde ge¬
braucht sein kann.
Ring, chatim; ohne Stein, ring
without'a gem makrait.
Roh, ungekocht, drai,
Roth, ^ gajcch, fem. g ajach,
Rücken, hesad, vgl. ïl'l.Ç'I
Ruder, oIjUxi; miqdâf; d®^í4í:u.í'?'5S4ÍI
rudern, to row, oJcS; sahah. Rowing
bench Ruderbank, = ital. ciurma,
franz. chiourme; garia.
Rufen, la gam, koka.
s.
Sache, ; hage, seihat.
Sack, Ballen,' Jjtc; sembil, arab.
eigentl. great basket grosser Korb.
Säbel, straight, grader, séf
curved, krummer, ^Ls^L¿; djerdad. Pl.
goradit (zu ^ZM'. amh. «foZJlH:).
Säge, ^Licuu«; maschar, von sägen =»
Sägefisch, chassif.
Sand, (?); matrab.
Sandalen, madass.
Säugen, raddaiat.
© '
Salz, ^JU; tschaiwa, Ä®*:
— 59 -
Velvet Sammt, ka/fai,^) vgl. die Wurzel
Satiated Satt, segub, Äl-iir ÄIA : satt sein.
Saddle Sattel, kor, vgl.und 13, ^yCo
sella camelina. Girth Sattelgurt, |»l^j
hombalet, vrgl. A-flA^: Seil, und AÎQAI
Kamelsattel, a camel's saddle.
Acid Sauer, ^ hömiis vgl. ■ vene""
num. Leaven, Sauerteig,; chamir,
in Halhal meléh, vgl. ^AAI sale condire.
Sheep Schaaf, xsuü; bcgaet, ßlö r raz« Wid¬
der, bege\ their fat tail Fettschwanz,
XjJI; ssebolet. Ein ganzes Schaaf am
Spiesse gebraten, a whole roasted
sheep, schauarme.
Scull Schädel, g,-gv; hamhammed raasga.
Shaft of a musket Schaft des Gewehres,
chandak.
Schärpe, |»l^; hezâm.
Scharf, beluch, ■flA'ír rauh
anzufassen, garagirtu.
S cheer e, JoiLc; magass.
Scheiden, die Ehe, talega.
Schenkel, iXSls", baggerot. Es scheint
nach dem arab. Hüfte.
Schielend, eschrak.
Schiessen, ircha; udrub
(Imp er.).
Schiff, European europäisches,
merkab; ¿o«/Kahn, gelbet, gerar;
Man of war Kriegsschiff, viLJL^ ;
1) ÏIA.Î Í Isenb. p. 145; es hat mit ö®5lAo.' nichts zu thun.
Scarf
Sharp
Scissors
To divorce
Hip
Squinting ■
To shoot
Ship
— 60 -
schuki; Indian ship indisches Schiff,
h a galet, gandscha; Persian ship per¬
sisches Schiflf, ebri; ships from Dahlak,
Schiffe von der Insel D ahlak, merajischa.
Schififsvordertheil, sidder ;
Sailor-hoy Schiffsjunge, ital.
mezzo, franz. mousse; sgair =<
0
Windlass of the ship Schiffs win de, ;
goraa; The open room of the Arabic ships,
der unbedeckte Raum des arabischen
Schiffes, surra = (?) ; Room for the
cargo, Raum für die Ladung, schittri.
Shield Schild, ^^2; geleb, vgl. làAii: vela«iento
operuit, texit.
Tortoise, Turtle Schildkröte, ;gachfot, plur.gachfi.
Vieil, von canistrum nach der
Form benannt.
Schlächter, ; gezzâr-, Butchery
Schlächterei, gensarin.
Schläfe, dschabab.
Schlafen, |»Lj; skab, flïlil\ Iam sleepy,
ich bin schläfrig, ^1 Z-ñy Li; gasin
heleko =• UjfV?ÏF:
Schlagen, ; haram, oga, Gaus. (D4>ö\
Schlange, argab.
Schlecht, kufu; mit tu: kefotu; schlech¬
tes Essen, bad dinner, mesach kefotu ;
batal, von dem das i abfällt wie
in A^A.1 Ziegen.
Schloss am Gewehr, v.^JljLo; senat, '¿xXja,
Kunst, artificial wo7'k.
Butcher
Temple
To sleep
To beat
Serpent
Bad
Lock of a gun
— 61 —
Throat
Ache
Smith
Kidney-bean
To snarl
Tailor
{Pocket) hand¬
kerchief
Moustachios
Beauty
Screw
To cry
Shoe
Debts
School
Shoulder
Scale
Schlundröhre, iuuai"; guryuma,
o ^
vgl.'hC^: guttur; Schlund, helgom,
9 o ^
arab. |»yÜÄ, siehe wo Ludolf hat:
Graecus habet ^layovia maxillas, at Gre¬
gorios mihi exponebat Ambar.
Â*HTAl ingluvies, Kropf, Kehle.
Schmerzen, hammomole, vgl. Da¬
her Augenschmerzen, pain in the
eyes, oentu hammomole; pain in the
belly, láQÍhsc\imQXz&ú,gofutham. Siehe
Leib ; headache, Kopfschmerzen,
ras ssachem harn. vgl. Kinn.
Schmid, haddad.
Schminkbohne, hada'gora.
Schnarchen, nachar,
Schneider, ieL^ ; hajat.
Schnupftuch, JoJOjo; mandil,
Schnurrbart, schauârib.
Schönheit, ^ y ^ ; husn, laché,
sen, WÎ:
Schraube, ; lolab.
Schreien, ssach ; crying, a cry
Schrei, ' tschisch.
Schuh, ; merkûb. Shoemaker,
Schuhmacher, ma\llem el-
medas, |vLu<i (wörtl. der Sandalen¬
meister, master of sandals).
Schulden, dejan.
Schule, miskid
Schulter, v_4xí'; maktuf, vgl.
Schuppe, yÁJé-, kischr, ^UIC: squama.
62 -
Pregnant
Tail
Black, blue
To be silent
Pork
Sweat
Difficult
To swim
Scorpion
Mariner
Sinew
Sail
To see
Silk
Sit down
Shawl
To sing
To sink, to be
drowned
Sole
Schwanger, JuoLä.; amsat ? !
Schwanz, dsanab, Hí-fll
Schwarz, blau, «>^1; tzalîm, fem. tzalâm,
vgl, arab, pJû\, '¿tliô.
Schweigen, vüJw; esam, sagbel.
Schwein, î harawi, AZñ<D*JP I
Schweiss, araq.
Schwer (difficilis), ; besuchti, ■illt'S \
an Gewicht, heavy Jl^'; komud, Ílíbí':
rasin, arab. Schwierig, saïba,
• Schwimmen, ; aum.
Scorpion, ; agrab,
Seemann, ^5^.; bachri.
Sehne, ^ -, ssirr^ WC®"'
Segel, ^ ; schra, arab. u. äth. Wä»ö :
Sail-yard, Segelstange, torman.
To hoist the sail die Segel aufziehn,
; üchmur, affixit als cau¬
sât.?); To furl the sail Segel nieder-
lassen, ; bassed; Segel binden,
asser schra, ÄUTi^.'
Sehen, he sees, er sieht, oLi; lireh. C2iP'
imperf.
Seide, ^^5 harir; a silken cloth, seid-
nes Kleid,harir. ihÄC'
Setz dich, iXxsf ; gassi, vgl. ^Äö ' curvavit.
Shawl, JL¿; schal.
Singen, halai, ÍAP:
Sinken, von einem Schiffe, einem Ertrinken¬
den u. dgl., ; garik.
Sohle, Joü; maddas,
- 63 -
Pay Sold, «uJCcIä; jamkie, hidm (¡LoSá ?),
meschacherri, arab. syeLiu«, eig. Monats¬
sold; soldier, Soldat, ; asker.
Summer Sommer, v_¿juaJI; hag ai,
Sun Sonne, ; tzachai vgl. arab.
SlU Spalte, (3-á; churg, arab. (Ji^-
To bend the bom Spannen, den Bogen, Jlä, neschad.
Looking-glass Spiegel, miraje.
Spider Spinne, ssarût, iiLtrl
To speak Sprechen, JU; tahâgi,
Fat Stark, fett, hous, valid kräftig,
degub.
Dust Staub, hossa, "Çfi'.
Stone Stein, (plui*.); uban, "h-fíi'. pl. îiilîr
Stearage, Rud- ' Steuerruder, ûù, sukan (alt-
c y
der arab. ^jÜCww).
Embroidery Stickerei, ; gaetan.
Voice Stimme, ; ssaut; laute Stimme, ^ya.s
ssautu besuchtu, loud voice, •flft'î :
to speak with a low voice mit leiser
Stimme sprechen, ab höthöt tahâgi.
Forehead Stirn, (Jjuä.; gamber.
Stick Stock, xjLax.; murra.
Stutterer, Stut- Stotternd, latad, äth.
tering
Ostrich Strauss, ssagm, MÇ:
Rope, cord, cable Strick, habí, A*Í1AI
Stocking Strumpf,
Piece Stück, '¿»¡aS; ssebar, äth. ÙQC:
Dumb
Mare
To suhstrací
Sweet
Fen, marsh
Tobacco
Day
Tallow
Tamarind
To dance
Pocket
Pigeons
Deaf
Tea
Dear
- 64 —
Stumm, legum, vgl A'hö®: fraenavit,
als parte, pass.
Stute, badra.
Subtrahieren, laL*.; gaïb,
Süss, ^ ; toum, very sweet, aus¬
gezeichnet süss, jojJ; taum bilmarra,
Sumpf, lebbé^y
T.
Tabak, Kautabak, teisch;
der feuchte Tabak für das Nar-
gileh, tombak; er zerfällt in zwei Sorten,
{one sort) kesrun und {the other one)
hömmi. Snuff, Schnupftabak, tombak ;
indischer Tabak, surretti, haugöt.
Tag, amhel, ob plur. ■= !
Talg, jvÄui ; schibech äth. W-flih \
Tamarinde, homar, ist
ohne Zweifel Arabisch, wie die Vocali¬
sation zeigt.
Tanzen, ; soffen, äth. HZ.Í ■'
Tasche, kis.
Tauben (columbae), |»Uä.; hamâm.
Taub, tsamam,
T h e e, ; tschai.
Theuer, sabun, awolu butu; cheap
billig, wohlfeil, ist awola galiUu.
1) ilJ Vulgärarabisch Brei, Mehlbrei, vieil, vom türk. ü^.
- Ü5 -
Animal
Dead
Groom
To give to drink
To drive
Dry
Carbine
Drum
Trumpeter
Troops
Cloth
Turban
Thier, heiwûn.
To dt, mut, :
Trainknecht, Pferdeknecht, ssajñs.
Tränken, Give me to drink, gieb
mir zu trinken, stenni, Imprt.
Drink, trinke C>^l; ssitté, fldt:
Treiben, ijLI; talai, ■I'AíD:
Trocken, hart, ibus, Pfbii: über die
Aussprache des £ als I siehe Dillmann,
Gram. p. 30.
Tromblon, machholled.
Trommel, trompetta, but it means perhaps
trumpet.
Trompeter, semâra,
Truppen, jÍLua ; ask er ; To collect troops,
Truppen sammeln,
asker.
Tuch, giuch; ein grosses Tuch,
das die einzige Bekleidung des
C5 »
niedern Volkes bildet, iüui (Lane
Hulalije), for; duster, Tuch zum Ab¬
wischen, scheldud.
Turban, ewUx ; imâma ; tarbusch, ;
the white cap under the tarbush, die
weisse Baumwollenkappe unter
dem Tarbusch, tukie; cap of
coloured sdk, steife Kappe aus bun¬
tem Seidenband, kofije; seid-
nes Kopftuch meist roth und gelb,
oU-o ; ssemadät, yellow or red cloth for
covering the head.
5
— 6(i —
To digest
Deck
Affianced
Different
Degrees of kindred
V.
Verdauen, ; asser, vgl. OÄZi,T succum
expressit.
Verdeck, sjsJom', dakkct, arab. ïSù-
Verlobt, i zu^is-Sxx; hessit,
Verschieden, muchtalif.
V erwandtschaf tsgrade.
Mother
Son
Brother
Father Vater, abu, Â-fi: my father mein
Vater, iba, MbP: thy father, dein
Vater, abuka, Âfbîl ; his father sein
Vater, abuhu Aíbl>: plur. abotatsche.
Mutter ummi, plur. ummatatsche.
Sohn, wodu, ©A.?": plur. uladu,
oder (D'A-ÍÍ': daughte7\ Tochter, v^uu;
woletu, 0AT"I plur. awaledii, ÄTAi"!
Bruder, Schwester,
ois-l; hetsche 2i'5T'.' plur. hetbi AíT*:
brothers Brüder, haujé Afîdr.'
Grand-father Grossvater, abe-abu; ¿ÍG Aíl*¡
grand-mother, Grossmutter,
abutu.
Grand-son E n k e ; in Massaua bismaé, plur.
bismatatsche, im Tigré wod-wodjie — ®AÄ I
0AJÇ-:
Grand-daughter Enkelin, owü; in Mas¬
saua bismaé; im Tigré wolet-ivoletje,
0A-P: 0AT-:
Uncle Onkel, väterl., brother of the father, ;
iba plur. abotatsche; aunt Tante, väterl.,
sister of the father, ¿ùx ; ammetsche plur.
ammotafsche.
— Ü7 —
Uncle
Nephew
Niece
Cousin
Father-in-law
Mother-in-law
Brother-in-law
Sister-in-law
0 n k e 1, miitterl., brother of the mother^ JLä. ;
haliê plur. halotatsche; aunt Tante,
miitterl., sister of the mother ; haletsche
plur. haltotatschc.
Neffe, ^!Ni| wod hue;
wod hetsche ; plur. wolad hue unci hetsche,
<srN^\
Nichte, o^; wolet hue; oOj,
7volet hetsche,
Vetter, wod abuê von iba Onkel;
Cousine, oUj; wolet abuê.
Schwiegervater, |*-c
; hanm-
ha plur. hamutata., father of the husband
Vater des Mannes; ^I;
hamuhuta, father of the wife Vater
der Frau,
Schwiegermutter, sUä.; hamatu plur.
hamatatu, mother of the wife Mutter
der Frau; ^1, hamota plur. haino-
tata, mother of the husband Mutter des
Mannes,
Schwager, brother of the husband
^■.^\\talakêmâplur. talakmutata; brother
of the huswife St^l ^f, samahu plur.
samatatsche.
Schwägerin, sister of the husband
; naalta plur. naltotata ; sister of the
huswife samaitu, plur. samaitu.
Schwägerin, wife of the brother
sitt uhu plur. a7iis hauje,
- 68 —
Husband of
sister
Beast, cattle
Much, many
A quarter
Bird
Full
Inspector,
Trustee
the Schwager, ouà>bl| Jes».^ ; samaé plur. sama-
tatsche, dann beiss hedsche, das daneben
auch im Gebrauch ist = ■fiïsi'L I u. :
Vieh, bahinia.
Viel, besuch, •flH-'î:
Viertel, rub\ rube'i.
Vogel, yj^-, aifot plur. ajefi, von
mit Wechsel von (D und PI in Halhal,
ssararit UlZhZI Vogeleier, bete
fot, bete ssararit, aus den vorigen mit
Voll, y¡AX); mulû <pMbi\
Vormund, Aufseher, wakîl plur.
wakilât.
W.
Watch, Guard
Wache, an der Küste, nadur, wie
Fernrohr.
Wa:f
Arms, weapons Waffen,
Otphan
Wachs schäm,
.iL«; selâ.
Balance
Road
Shoulder-belt
Waise, |Viyö; atlni.
Wage, näzän.
Weg, ^3jy!b; gabai î-flÀI abiit; a broad
road breiter Weg, gabai abaitu, vgl.
OflLPI a direct road grader Weg, gabai
ssenêta, akélled hêd, vgl. UJfíI bonus;
a bad road holpriger Weg, gabai
kitnessana.
Wehrgehenk, iuilajue; tatak.
- 69 -
Woman, ?vi/e
Grapes-
Wise
White
Wheat
Little
Instrument
Weather
Ram
Cradle
To neigh
To smell
Widow
Wolf
Wool
Word
Wound
Worm
Root
W e i b, besa, hé esa, Females of ani¬
mals Weibchen von Thier en, onta ==
15^'-
Weintraube, ennab.
Weise, jJLfi plur. LgÄs ; aUm^Xvec. fugaba ;
wisdom, science, Weisheit, jJLc ; Um.
Weiss, (jû-u'î saade fem. sâda an
old man with white hair weisshaariger
Mann, schêba plur. schajab,
nj'-n:
Weizen, ; schenrai, flCfJÎ "
Wenig, JoyU; heud, 'íí'P:
Werkzeug, iüt; edda, arab. SiXe.
Wetter, nefas,
Widder, hege illö:
Wiege, holeli, plur. hauêlil.
Wiehern, ; hanhâna, vgl. arab. .
Wittern, tsena la, Äi(D: + îiAI?
Witt we, XJLo^l; mabell, a widower
Wittwer, mabil. Das letztere be¬
zeichnet auch den zweiten Mann einer
Frau. The lall er means also a second
husband of a woman.
Wolf, haschin.
Wolle, Wollenzeug, oyo; dscheggar,
vgl. Haar Â*Î*-CI
Wort, ILjS-, kclma.
Wunde,
; regus, vgl. fTR'. confodit.
Wurm, 8jO ; haschaka, ihfiïl K o r n -
wurm, cornworm.
Wurzel, gurd, Umstellung von^j^?
- 70 -
z.
Number
Teeth
Pincers
To demonstrate,
to show
Time
To cut
To tear
She-goat
Carpenter
Cinnamon
Sugar
Percussion cap
Tongue
Biscuit
Onion
Linen Thread
Zahl, in Massaua hessab,
in Adaua godsur, vgl. amh.
zählen.
Zähne, (sing.) ; ajtiâb, von ;
Backzähne, (sing.); hâi.
Zange, LiLbl kelbe vgl. forceps.
Zeigen, ariu,
Zeit, oöj ; Hö®? : doch unmittelbar
wohl von ^JLo^, wie syr.
Zerlegen, tranchieren, betag, ill'ïir
Zerreissen, schedetto, TDíUflll
(äth.).
Ziege, ïyua ; talit, illA.^ plur. atal,
he-goat Ziegenbock, debela,
mA.:
Zimmermann, negiar.
Zimmt, karfa,
cortex.
Zucker, ; ssukhar, /"ïlCi Sweet-meats
Zuckersachen, ; halaua.
Zündhütchen, kapsul.
Zunge, (jLJ ; lessan,
Zwieback, t-.i ^ v " y biscuit de met",
buksmât.
Zwiebel, Juaj; basset, ÍIBA.:
Zwirn, ialí.; fattil,
English.
Good evening.
How are you?
(^pr. how is your siate?)
Doest thou speak Arabic ?
understand Arabic.
Yes, I understand a little.
Where didst thou learn
Arabic '?
I learned it at Cairo.
Some phrases. Einige Redensarten.
Arabic. German.
Guten Abend.
jjCIU. ljíaJ' Wie geht's?
|JüCij Sprichst du Arabisch?
..®". . I
0.4-L*J (J..^
Ich verstehe Arabisch.
Ja ich verstehe ein wenig.
Wo hast du das Arabische
gelernt?
xxJLft yCLK ¿ Zu Kairo habe ich es
gelernt.
1 studied Arabic six |JÍjüI Es sind sechs Jahre, dass
years.
ich Arabisch lernte.
Why didst thou learn it osJÍjü Lo |¿ UJ Warum hast du es (nicht?)
ijiot) perfectly':
Die Negation scheint im
Tigré zu fehlen.
vollständig gelernt?
Tigré.
Ssaniim ssekumlAJ^^ ■'
Yfûi, tiA,'.
Arab tethagi (von tahagi.,
sprechen).
Arab (huir OZ,fl>!
°Aha, gelil aniir ♦ï'A.Al
Min aya mharka lehige
arab?^\^<P\J(:'ii:
mit A und Infinitiv.
It massir mharkua <P\J
CÎIT:
Ssiss amét biarab nihar-
ku. íiít-: »iöo-i: no
z.a: tJ'uc'o-:
Afu senit mharka lahige.
¿pucïî:
A und tahagi.
English.
Thou speakest Arabic,
as if thou 7verest an
Arabian.
Canst thou read?
Arabic.
iAiii^pA
^7^
German.
Dusprichst das Arabische,
als ob du Araber wärst.
Kannst du lesen?
Fes Sir.
I read to day from morn¬
ing till evening.
Canst thou write Arabic?
I cannot read.
Good bye.
g ; M «yljj*
L^mJI
Ja mein Herr.
Ich habe heute von Früh
bis Abend gelesen.
o^'i Kannst du Arabisch
schreiben?
aulyül (jipi^l U Ich kann nicht lesen.
d^Ls». Lebe wohl.
The End.
Tigré.
Abi higa arab tethageente
kam arabatai. {Abi
ist das alte II.)
Taamir gari. (Scheint
äthiop. Infinitiv des
arab. 1^".)
°Aha chatvage.
Garaaku amél min fagr I
assik missé. (Assik = ^
îifi'Q:) I
Taamir abarab kitib ?
(Aethiop. Infinit, von
Jeamirne gari (das erste
scheint=ís.í5iK<?®C* Ai :)
Fimânila (zusammenge¬
zogen aus *ll|
y
im Schutze Gottes!)
INDEX.
The numbers indicate the pages. The corresponding English and Tigré words
are printed in Italics. The Verbs, Numerals, Adverbs and Prepositions, which have
been enumerated p. 17—19, 30, are not repeated in the following alphabetical list.
To accept 34.
Ache 61.
Acid 59.
To add 33.
Address 33.
Addice 39.
AfBanced 66.
Age 33.
Albanian 35.
All 33.
Althea 40.
Anchor 34.
To cast anchor 34.
Animal 65.
Ankle 43.
Antilope 34.
To arise 35.
Arm 35.
One-armed 40.
Arm-pit 33.
Arms 68.
To arrive 34.
Ass 25. she ass
41.
Atlas 35.
Aunt 67.
Autumn 47.
To awake 35.
Awl 57.
Babe 49.
Bachelor 48.
The back 58.
Bad, bad dinner
60.
Balance 68.
Ballast 36.
Barber 36.
Barefort 36.
Bark 36.
Barley 44.
Basket, a great 58.
Basket 27.
Bastard 49.
Bath 36.
Bean 38.
Kidney bean 27.
Kidney-bean 61.
Beauty 61.
To bear 43.
Beard 36.
Beast 68.
To beat 60.
Bedstead 34.
Beer 37.
Beginning 34.
Belly 25.
To bend the bow
63.
Benefactor 26.
Bird 68.
Birds 42.
Biscuit 70.
Bit 37.
Bitter 37.
Black 21, 62.
Bladder 46.
To bleat 53.
Blind 37.
Blood 37.
Blue 62.
Boat 50, 59.
Body 51, 52.
Bone 50.
I Bow 37.
Bowels 39.
Box 39.
Boy 50.
Bracelet 35.
Brain 43.
Brandy 38.
Bread 38.
Bread-fruit-tree
33.
Breakfast 43.
Breast 38.
Breath 35.
Bride 38.
Bridegroom 22,
38.
Bridle 25.
Bring hither 38.
Broth 42.
Brother 66.
Brother in law 67,
68.
Eye-brow 35.
Bull 56.
To bury 37.
6
- 74 -
Burial place 26.
Butcher, butchery
60.
Butter 38.
Button 50.
To buy 49.
Cable 63.
Caftan 48.
Cake 51.
Calf mscl. 25.
Calf 48.
To calk 48.
To call 58.
Cambric 36.
Camel 24, 48.
Camel-driver 48.
Cannon 49.
Cannon-ball 49.
Cap 65.
Caravan 49.
Carbine 65.
Carpenter 70.
Cartridge 56.
Cat 27.
To catch 49.
Cattle 68.
Black-cattle, 25,
57.
Cinnamon 70.
Circumcision 37.
Chalk 48.
Cheap 37, 64.
Cheek 26, 27, 36.
Cheese 49.
Chest 49.
To chew 49.
Chillness 42.
Chin 27, 49.
Circle 50.
Clever 50.
Cliff 49.
Cloak 53.
Cloth 24, 65.
Clothes 49.
Cloud 27.
Clove 55.
Coffee 48.
Collar 46.
Color 41.
Comb 48.
To comb 48.
Come Impr. 13.
Commander of a
thousand 50.
Commander of a
hundred 50.
Commander of fifty
50.
Company 50.
Compass 39.
Consort 44.
Cooked 44.
Cord 26, 63.
Cork-wood 51.
Corsair 39.
Cotton 36.
Cotton-stuff 36.
Country 43.
Cousin 67.
Cow, that has no
milk 27.
Flesh of a young
cow 58.
Cradle 69.
Cream 57.
Crooked curved
51.
To cry, a cry 61.
Crude 58.
Cuirass 51.
To cut 70.
Dagger 39.
To dance 64.
Darkness 39.
Dates, dry 39.
Daughter 26, 66.
Day 64.
Dead 65.
Dead body, corpse
39.
Deaf 64.
Dear 64.
Debts 61.
Deck 66.
To depart 33.
To descend 33.
Different 66.
Difficult 62.
To digest 66.
Dinner 54.
Disgusting 40.
To divorce 59.
Doctor 35.
Dog 47.
To give to drink
65.
To drive 65.
To he drowned 62.
Drum 65.
Dry 65.
Dumb 64.
Dung 24.
Durra 40.
Stone for crushing
the durrah 54.
Dust 63.
Duster 65.
Ear 56.
Ear-ring 56.
Eear of corn 33.
Easy 21, 52.
To eat 41.
Eggs 40, 68.
Elbow 40.
Elephant 40.
Ell 40.
Embroidery 63.
Enemy 42.
To envelop 40.
Epistle 38.
Espoused 47.
Eunuch 41.
Eye 21, 35.
One-eyed 40.
Eye-lid 35.
To fall 41.
Family 41.
Fat 63.
Fatigue 41.
Father 66.
Father in law 67.
Females 69.
Fen, marsh 64.
Fever 42.
Field 43.
Fig 41.
File 41.
Finger 42.
Fish 42.
Fish-hook 34.
Fist 41.
Flag 42.
- 75 -
Flea 42.
Guard 68.
Fleet 42.
Advanced guard
Flower, meal 53.
36.
Flute 26.
Rear-guard 55.
Fly 42.
Guide 43.
Foal 25.
Gum 45.
Fog 23.
Gun-powder 57.
Follower 37.
Gun-smith 38.
Food 55.
Gut 39.
Forehead 63.
Foreigner 23.
Hair 45.
Fox 27, 43.
Half 45.
Full 68.
One half 49.
To furl the sail 62.
Halm, stalk 45.
Hammer 46.
Gain 44.
Hand 24.
Gall 43.
Back of the hand
General 44.
46.
General in Chief
Handkerchief 61.
50.
Happy 45.
To give 43.
Hare 46.
Glass-bottle 44.
To hasten 36.
Glue 52.
Hatchet 36.
To go 10, 43.
Hazard 46.
Goat 26 his., 70.
Head 25, 51.
Gold 45.
Headache 61.
Goldsmith 45.
Hearing 43.
Good 45.
Heart 47.
Grand daughter
Heavy 62.
66.
Heel 42.
Grand father 66.
Heir 40.
Grand mother 66.
Hen 26, 47.
Grand son 66.
Herb 50.
Grapes 69.
High 47.
Gray 45.
Highroad 46.
Greasy 42.
Hinderquarters
Great 45.
47.
Green 21, 45.
Hip 47, 59.
Groom 65.
Hippopotamus 55.
To hoist the sail
Lame 47.
62.
Lamp 51.
Hole 53.
Lance 51.
Honey 47.
Lead 37.
Horn 25, 47.
Leaf 37.
Horse 25, 56.
Leak 52.
Horsebit 43.
To become leaky
Horsemen 56.
52.
House 24.
Leather 52.
Hump of a camel
Left 46, 52.
48.
Leg 37.
Hunchbacked 38.
Lemon 39.
Hungry 47.
Lentils 53.
Husband 25.
Leopard 52.
Hyena 47.
Letter 38.
To lick 51.
Jacket 48.
Lieutenant 52.
Jacket with slee¬
Light 52.
ves 35.
Linen-cloth 52.
Jaw-bone 49.
Linen thread 70.
Jewel 40.
Lion 53.
Ink 39.
Lip 26, 53.
Ink-horn 39.
Little 49, 69.
Inn 43. '
Liver 52.
Inspector 68.
Lizard 40.
Instrument 69.
To load 51.
Invitation 40.
To load upon 35.
Joint 44.
Lock of a gun 60.
Journey 57.
Long 51.
Ivory 40.
Looking-glass 63.
Loud 63.
Kettle 25.
Louse 33, of ca¬
Knee 24, 50.
mels 52.
To knit, bind 50.
Love-apple 52.
Knife 54.
Lover 52.
To know 20.
To low (bleat) 57.
Ladder 52.
Had, Madness 55.
Lamb 51.
Male 53.
6*
76 -
Man 53.
Man of war 50, 59.
Mane 56.
Many 68.
Mare 64.
Mariner 62.
Marrow 53.
To marry 46.
Mason 53.
Mast 53.
Master 26.
Matter 58.
Meager 53.
Meal 53.
Measure 53.
Meat 41, 42.
Bad meat 41.
Medicine 53.
To meet 37.
Men 54.
Midwife 46.
MiUer 54.
Mill-stone 54.
Milk 27, 54.
Mire 50.
Month 54.
Morning 54.
Morsel 37.
Moth 49.
Mother 54, 66.
Mother in law 67.
Mother of pearl 56.
Mount 25.
Moustachios 61.
Mouth 24, 54.
Much 68.
Mule 53.
Mush 53.
Musket 44.
Nail 25, 55.
Naked 55.
Name 55.
Navel 55.
Navy 42.
Neck 25, 55.
Needle 55.
To neigh 69.
Nephew 67.
Nerve 24.
Net 55.
New 55.
Nice 55.
Niece 67.
Night 55.
Nose 55.
Number 70.
Nutmeg 54.
Oil 56.
Old 33.
Onion 70.
To open 35.
Orphan 68.
Ostrich 25, 63.
Other 33.
Ox 56.
A pair of oxen 24.
Pain in the belly
61.
Pain in the eyes
61.
Palm 46.
Paper 56.
Parents 40.
Parrot 56.
Partner 35.
Passengers 56.
Pay 63.
To pay 37.
Pearl 46.
Pen 41.
Penknife 41.
Pepper 56.
Percussion cap 70.
Physician 35.
Piece 63.
Pigeons 64.
Pilot 57.
Pincers 70.
Pipe 56.
Pitch 56.
Place 21.
Plane 47.
Plate of wood 26.
Pocket 64.
Poor 35.
Pork 62.
Pot, a little 27.
Pregnant 62.
Pretty 47.
Provision 57.
Provisions 55.
Purslain 57.
To purge 33.
To put on (clothes)
34.
To put off one's
clothes 35.
A quarter 68.
One quarter 29.
Radish 57.
Rain 57.
Ram 26, 59, 69.
Ramrod 51.
Rat 26.
Raven 57.
Razor 36.
To read 52.
Reckon 57.
Red 21, 58.
To refuse 33.
Regiment 57.
Reins 55.
Remain 37.
To repose 35.
Reptiles 57.
To resemble 33.
Ribbon 36.
Rich 57.
Right 46.
Right (to the) 57.
Ring 25, 58.
Ring as a ornament
of the ankles 43.
Rivulet 25.
Rize 57.
Road 68.
To roast 38.
Roast-meat 38.
Rock 23.
Root 24, 25, 69.
Rope 26, 63.
Rottenness 41.
Rough 59.
To row 58.
Rowing-bench 58.
Rudder 58.
To run 51.
Sabre 58.
Sack 58.
Saddle 24, 59.
- 77 -
Saddle for baggage
48.
Saddle for riding
48.
Sail 62.
Sailor 53 (it seems
rather captain).
Sailor-boy 60.
Sail-yard 62.
Salt 58.
Sand 58.
Sandals 23, 58.
Ream for fastening
the sandals 23.
Satiated 59.
Saw 58.
Saw-fish 58.
Scale 61.
Scarf 59.
To scarify 37.
School 61.
Science 69.
Scissors 59.
Scorpion 62.
To scratch 50.
Screw 61.
Scull 59.
Seadog 46.
To see 62.
To sell 49.
Sergeant 52.
Serpent 26, 60.
Several persons
54.
Shadow 25.
Shaft of a musket
59.
Sharp 59.
Sharpened 44. '
To shave 36.
Shawl 62.
Sheep 59.
Shell 54.
Shield 25, 60.
Ship 59.
Shirt 47.
Shoe, shoemaker
61.
To shoot 59.
Short 51.
Short-sightedness
44.
Shoulder 26, 61.
Shoulder-belt 68.
To show 70.
Sick 50.
Sick to be 11.
Sight 44.
Silent (to be) 62.
Silk 62.
Sinew 62.
To sing 62.
To sink 62.
Sister 66.
Sister in law 67.
Sit down 62.
Skin 46.
Skin of an ox
covered over
the Angareb 56.
Slave fem. 25.
To sleep, sleepy 60.
Sleeve 33.
Slipper 56.
Slit 63.
Smell 44.
To smell, scent 69.
Smith 61.
Smooth 44.
To snarl, snore 61.
Snuff 64.
Soldier 63.
Sole 62.
Son 66.
Sorcerer 47.
Sore 44.
Sort 44.
To sow, sew 55.
To speak 63.
Spear 27, 51.
Spider 63.
Spouse 44.
Squinting 59.
Stalk 45.
Stallion 47.
Star 26.
Stay Impr. 13.
Stearage 63.
Stew-pan 49.
Stick 63.
Stocking 63.
Stone 63.
Stove 56.
To stop 34.
Straight 45.
Straight-on 45.
To strand 35.
Strap 25.
Stutterer 63.
To substract 64.
To suckle 58.
Sugar 70.
Summer 63.
Sun 63.
Supper 33.
Sweat 62.
Sweet 64.
Sweet-meats 70.
Swelling 44.
To swim 62.
Sword 24.
Cross-bar of the
handle of the
sword 26.
Tail 62.
Tailor 61.
Take Impr. 13.
Tall 45.
Tallow 64.
Tamarind 64.
Taper 49.
Tapeworm 36.
To tar 34.
Task 34.
Taste 44.
To taste 51.
Tasteless 41.
Tea 64.
Teacher 52.
To tear 70.
Telescope 42.
Temple 60.
Thick 39.
Thing 58.
One third 29.
Thread 39.
Throat 61.
To tie up 35.
Timber 36.
Time 70.
Times 29.
Tobacco (sorts of)
64.
Tomb 25, 45.
Tongue 70.
- 78 -
Tooth 24, 70.
To unload 35.
Water-bag 26.
Wolf 69.
Tortoise 60.
Urine 46.
Wax 68.
Woman 43, 69.
To toueh 37.
Weapons 68.
Wood 47.
To traffic 46.
Traveller 57.
Tree 24, 36.
Tripod 27.
Troops 65.
Trumpeter 65.
Trustee 68.
Trowsers 37.
Turban 65.
Turtle 60.
Valid 63. '
Veal 48.
Velvet 59.
Vinegar 41.
Virgin 48.
Voice 63.
Low voice 63.
To vomit 41.
Vulture 43.
Weariness 41.
Weather 69.
Wheat 69.
Whip 56.
White 21, 69.
Widow 69.
Wife 69.
To wind up 35.
Windlass of the
ship 60.
Wool 69.
Word 69.
Work 34.
To work 34.
Worm 69.
Wound 69.
Wound of burn¬
ing 38.
To twist 42.
Window 42.
lard 40.
Har 50.
Wine made of
Yellow 21, 44.
Udder 41.
Declaration of war
honey 47.
Yes 30, 48.
Ugly 45.
50.
Wire 39.
Young 48.
Unele 66.
Watch 68.
Wise 69.
Youth 48.
ERRATA.
p. 4, L. 9 from bottom read return for retorne.
P. 8, L. 13 „ top ,, examples for exemples.
P. 8, L. 8 „ bottom ,, vocabulary for vobabulary.
P. 27, L. 12 „ „ „ nutsûf for nutsfû.
P. 39, L. 10 ,, ,, ,, Addiee for Adze.
LEIPZIG: THE VOCABULARY PRINTED BY C. B. LOROK.
492.8 B567V
uiminuini
3 5556 011 648 078