LEISURE-TIME LEADERSHIP
WPA RECREATION PROJECTS
^ 1 >\C ij
WORKS PROGRESS ADMINISTRATION
WORKS PROGRESS ADMINISTRATION
HARRY L. HOPKINS, Administrator
LEISURE-TIME LEADERSHIP
WPA RECREATION PROJECTS
WASHINGTON, D. C. — MARCH 1938
This study was conducted jointly
by the Division of Research, Statistics,
and Records, Bnerson Ross, Director, and
the Division of Recreation, Eduard C.
Lindeman, Director. The report was pre¬
pared by Robert A. Graham of the Division
of Research, Statistics, and Records.
LEISURE-TIME LEADERSHIP
WPA Recreation Projects
WPA recreational leadership projeots have been adminis¬
tered since August 1936 by the Recreation Division of the
Works Progress Administration under the supervision of Aubrey
Williams, Deputy Administrator, with Eduard C. Lindeman as
Director, During the preceding year of WPA operations this
work had been conducted by the Section for Community Organ¬
ization of Leisure in the Professional and Service Projects
Division,
The WPA recreation work, which continues and extends
similar activities of the Civil Works Administration and the
Federal Emergency Relief Administration, is carried on wide¬
ly throughout the country. In most States recreation activ¬
ities are handled as a State-wide project, with one official
sponsor - usually the State Department of Education or of
Public Welfare or the State University - and numerous local
cosponsors. Local project units are cosponsored by municipal
or county commissions or other local governmental units and
are carried on in close cooperation with advisory councils
or lay committees. Over 2,500 such committees are now ac¬
tive in helping to determine community leisure-time needs,
in promoting public participation, in planning programs, and
in training workers.
For the most part the depression had little effect on
recreational leadership work. This had been a somewhat
limited and specialized occupational field - although one
which was expanding - and only a few persons with extensive
professional experience in it were to be found on the relief
rolls, Among the persons certified as in need of relief,
however, were many who had been active in this field for
short periods of time or on a part-time basis either as paid
or as volunteer workers, and also other persons who possessed
educational backgrounds or special skills that promised to
be of value in a recreational program. By operating proj¬
ects to utilize the abilities of these persons, who through
their work obtain invaluable training in recreational lead¬
ership, the Recreation Division has endeavored to further
the general interest in recreation and to demonstrate both
1
2
the benefits that accrue from a constructive and healthful
use of leisure time and the desirability of making recrea¬
tion a permanent responsibility and function of government.
By the summer of 1937 evidences of the progress of the
program -were numerous. These included the growth in the
number of advisory committees giving their time to program
planning and in the number of communities which had voted to
establish departments of recreation or had extended existing
programs through increasing funds for this purpose. The in¬
creased financial participation of the sponsors and cospon-
sors of WPA recreation projects was further indication of
this progress. Evidence was also to be found in the opin¬
ions, expressed by both observers and participants, that the
program was broadening the interests of large numbers of the
population, and that people were enthusiastic about learning
to do things they had never attempted or had the opportunity
to do before.
The question of precisely what the participants in the
WPA recreation program were doing is of considerable inter¬
est and importance. Were social events and cultural pur¬
suits included in the programs, or was recreation restricted
for the most part to athletic games and sports? Had oppor¬
tunities been provided for adults or had the programs been
planned exclusively for children? Did participants of dif¬
ferent ages show differences in leisure-time preferences,
and did differences exist between the various regions of the
country in the types of programs offered? And, if the pro¬
grams did vary, were differences in the sex, age, education,
and previous occupations of the recreation workers re¬
lated in any way to these variations? Since the answers to
such questions as these would not only add to existing
knowledge of an important but little studied aspect of liv¬
ing - the use of leisure time - but also be of immed¬
iate value in the operation of recreation projects,a special
study was undertaken to determine in detail what was being
done through the recreation program and how this was being
accomplished.
Description of the Survey
The survey of recreation work, conducted by the WPA
Division of Research, Statistics, and Records in cooperation
with the Recreation Division, was carried out on a Nation¬
wide basis during the week ending August 28, 1937. This
week did not prove a wholly satisfactory one, because a
succession of rainy days in certain sections of the East and
3
the South prevented many of the scheduled activities from
taking plaoe and greatly reduced the participation of the
public in outdoor events. Furthermore, recreation activi¬
ties in some sections were in a transition period because
summer activities were being curtailed and plans being laid
for autumn programs. Therefore, although the data obtained
from the survey may be regarded as representing a summer
program reasonably typical of types of activities, they
probably understate the normal both in the amount of leader¬
ship work and in the number of persons participating in the
program.
The method used in securing the data was simple and in¬
expensive. A report form, printed on a 5 by 8 card, was
given to each project worker. One side of the card pro¬
vided for certain information about the worker himself, and
for summarization of the hours he worked and the number of
participants in the activities conducted by him during each
hour of the week, by the type of work and by the type of
facility used in carrying on the work. On the other side of.
the card the worker kept an hourly record of work done dur¬
ing the week, by types of work, and numbers of persons par¬
ticipating, by age groups (under 16 years, 16 to 25, and
over 25).
Since the ways in which leisure time can be spent are
numerous and heterogeneous, just as are the occupations of
gainful workers, grouping of activities was necessary. The
classification chosen for the purposes of the survey divides
all recreational activities into four major classes - physi¬
cal, social, cultural, and therapeutic. The most important
kinds of games, events, and recreational pursuits included
under each of these main headings are shown below.
PHYSICAL RECREATION
Swimming - Includes swimming instruction, lifesaving,
aquatic games and meets, and wading pool activities.
Athletics and Sports - Includes baseball, volley ball,
tennis, badminton, golf, track and gymnasium meets,
fencing, boxing, archery, horseshoes, and quoits.
Other - Includes hiking, camping, bicycling, preschool
playground and play-school activities, and other activ¬
ities not classifiable elsev/here under physical recrea¬
tion.
4
SOCIAL RECREATION
Gameroom Activities - Includes oards, games, checkers,
and other activities taking place in gamerooms.
Danoing - Includes ballroom, social, folk, tap, and
square danoing.
Special Events - Inoludes picnics, parties, pet and
fashion shows,' carnivals, and parades.
Other - Includes club meetings, story hours, and other
activities considered primarily social in character but
not classifiable elsewhere under social recreation,
CULTURAL RECREATION
Arts and Crafts - Includes painting, sketching, sculp-
turing, photography, block printing, and the many types
of handicrafts.
Drama - Inoludes plays, marionettes, puppetry, vaude-
ville, radio broadcasting, and similar activities.
Music - Includes all types of instrumental and choral
music.
Lectures, Forums, and Discussion Groups - Includes
lectures on, and discussions of, public affairs•
Art, Music, and Literature Appreciation - Inoludes
classes in the study of the history of, or standards of
merit in, these fields of art.
Other - Includes classes in literacy, nature study,
folklore, etc.
THERAPEUTIC RECREATION
Includes all activities, regardless of type, carried on
for the benefit of disabled, maladjusted, or other in¬
stitutionalized persons.
The measurement of participation in the program,as well
as the classification of activities, gave rise to problems.
Carefully controlled studies of playgrounds had shown that
an actual count of registrants was the most reliable method
of determining the number of different individuals taking
part in the activities. However, since this would have
5
proved difficult to oarry out, it was decided that a count
of the number of participant-hours would serve as an ade¬
quate gauge of public interest in the programs even though
it did not reveal the actual numbers of different individuals
participating.
To obtain this information each worker, at a given time
during each hour of leadership work, counted and recorded
the number of participants according to age groups, noting
the types of recreational activities involved, Where two
or more workers were engaged in the leadership of a single
group, the total count was divided by the number of leaders
working and each reported only his share. Therefore, only
those persons actually served by each worker — in effect,
his own work load - were reported, and duplication in par¬
ticipant data was avoided.
Reports were submitted by recreation project workers in
47 States, the District of Columbia, and Hawaii (no projects
of this type were operated in Maine). Summaries of these
reports provide the basis for most of the information in the
following pages. Special summaries, however, were made of
reports for workers in 320 counties, giving data for areas
of different degrees of population concentration. These
counties were selected from 26 mid-continent and Southern
States and included about 8 to 15 counties from each State.
(The group comprises the counties selected by the WPA Social
Research Division for certain of their studies.)
Participation in Different Types*of Recreation Activities
The public devoted nearly 16,500,000 hours to partic¬
ipation in recreational activities supervised by WPA proj¬
ect workers during the week of the survey. This figure,
equivalent to one hour each on the part of one-eighth of the
total population, is probably an understatement of par¬
ticipation during an average summer week, owing to the ef¬
fect of abnormal rainfall during the period of the survey
and to the incompleteness of some of the data. It also
should be pointed out that only those persons taking active
part were counted. For instance, team members in a baseball
game or swimming meet and members of the cast of a play were
included, but not spectators at games or performances.
6
It was to be expected that during & sunnier week most of
the participation would be in physical activities such as
athletics and sports. A total of nearly 11,500,000 hours
was recorded during the week for physioal reoreation, of
which more than 6,000,000 were spent in athletics and sports,
approximately 2,500,000 in swimming, and almost 3,000,000 in
other types of physioal recreation. Sooial recreation ac¬
counted for about 2,500,000 hours of participation. Of
these, about a million "hours were devoted to activities
classified as speoial events; a little more than 750,000 to
gameroom activities; some 300,000 hours to social, folk,
and other forms of dancing; and the balance to other types
of social recreation. Nearly as many hours were spent in
cultural recreation as in social recreation. Of the total
of 2,250,000 hours for this type, approximately 1,250,000
hours were spent in arts and crafts, about 500,000 hours
in music, and almost 300,000 hours in the types of recrea¬
tion included under drama. The remaining hours were devoted
to lectures, forums, and discussion groups; art, music, and
literature appreciation; and other types of cultural recrea¬
tion. About 135,000 hours were reported for therapeutic
recreation.
The percentage distribution of participant-hours for
the Nation and for each TWPA administrative region is shown
in Table 1. The percentage of hours devoted to physioal
recreation was greatest in Region IV and least in Region III,
For social activities the percentage was largest in Region
III and smallest in Region II, and cultural types of recrea¬
tion attracted the largest percentage of participant-hours
in Region III and the smallest in Region I. Therapeutic
recreation constituted more than 1 percent of the total only
in Region I.
The figures in Table 1 report hours of participation
by an undetermined number of individuals. They show the
manner in which participants distributed the leisure time
they devoted to recreational activities which were super¬
vised by WPA personnel during the week of the report.
Between the States large differences existed in the
distribution of participant-hours by type of activity. In
Michigan, Idaho, Connecticut, and New York (exclusive of New
York City), for instance, over 80 percent of all participant-
hours were spent in physical activities, but in Mississippi,
Delaware, New Hampshire, and the District of Columbia the
proportion was less than 45 percent. Participation in so¬
cial recreation ranged from over 25 percent of the total
in Rhode Island, Louisiana, Mississippi, South Carolina, and
7
TABLI 1 - PERCENTAGE DISTRIBUTION Of PARTICIPANT-HOURS ON VPA
RECREATION PROJECTS, BY TYPES OF RECREATION AND BY
WPA ADMINISTRATIVE REGIONS
Week Ending Angaet 28, 1937
Type of
Recreation
Unitad
States
WPA Administrative Region A/
i
ii
hi
iv
v
TOTAL
100*0
100*0
100*0
100*0
100.0
100.0
Physical
70*0
70.6
71*1
62.4
73.0
65.5
Social
15*2
15.6
12.6
19.4
33.9
17.6
Cultural
14*0
12.2
15*3
17.8
12.6
16.1
Theraneutie
0*8
1*6
1*0
0.4
0.5
0.8
The States inoladed in eaoh VPA administrative region are as fol¬
lows i
Region I* Connecticut, Maine, Massaobnsetts, New Heaps hire,
New York City, New York State, Rhode Island, and
Vermont•
Region II* Delaware, District
soy, Pennsylvania,
Alabama, Arkansas,
New Jer-
of Coltmhla, Maryland,
and Nest Virginia*
Region III* Alabama, Arkansas, Florida, Georgia, Louisiana,
Mississippi, North Carolina, Oklahoma, South Caro¬
lina, Tennessee, Texas and Virginia*
Region IV* Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Kentucky, Michigan,
Minnesota, Missouri, Nebraska, North Dakota, Ohio,
South Dakota, and Wisoonsia.
Region V* Arizona, California, Colorado, Idaho, Montana, Ne¬
vada, New Mexico, Oregon, Utah, Washington, and
Wyoming*
the District of Columbia to les3 than 5 percent in New York
(exclusive of New York City), Vermont, Maryland, and Oregon,
Cultural types of recreation accounted for more than 25 per¬
cent of the hours in New Hampshire, Arizona, Nevada, Florida,
Mississippi, Oklahoma, and the District of Columbia, and for
less than 5 percent of the hours in Connecticut, Rhode Is¬
land, Vermont, and Delaware, Therapeutio recreation, which
represented only 0.8 percent of the total for the Nation as
a whole,constituted 2.5 percent or more in Kentucky, Wiscon¬
sin, Arizona, Delaware, and New York City, and less than
0.1 percent in 15 States.
That relative interest in the various types of recrea¬
tional activity also differed in metropolitan and urban
areas as contrasted with rural areas is indicated by data
secured for 320 counties. When these counties are grouped
aocording to the 1930 population of their largest urban cen¬
ters it is found that participation in physioal reoreation
63990 0—38 3
8
was relatively greatest in the counties whose largest munic¬
ipality had between 2,500 and 10,000 inhabitants. In these
counties almost 87 percent of the total participant-hours
were spent in this type of recreation as compared with 66
percent or less in the other groups. Participation in so¬
cial recreation was relatively greatest in the oounties with
urban oenters which had populations of 10,000 to 25,000 per¬
sons, and recreation of the cultural type was most popular
TABLE 2 - PERCENTAGE DISTRIBUTION OT PARTICIPANTJ0OURS 0
RECREATION PROJECTS, BY TYPES OP RECREATION AND BY
COUNTY GROUPS A/
Week Ending August 28, 1997
NPA
Type of
Reore&tioa
Under
2.500
2,566-
10.000
16,560-
25.000
Over
25.000
TOTAL
100,0
100.0
100.0
100.0
Physioml
66,0
86.8
57.7
65.9
Social
17.6
4.3
30.1
15.8
Cultural
16.3
8.9
12.1
17.6
Therapeutic
0.1
—
0.1
0.7
Based on data for 320 counties In 26 mid-continent and Southern
States; groupings based on population in 1930.
in those having cities with populations of 25,000 or more
persons, although the same type accounted for almost as
large a proportion of the total participant-hours in the
most rural counties - those having no town of more than
2,500 inhabitants. These data are shown in Table 2.
Participation by Persons in Different Age Groups
Information as to the age of the persons who took part
in recreational activities during the week when the study
was made indicates that the youngest group took greatest
advantage of the recreational opportunities offered. Of the
16,500,000 hours of participation, 10,000,000 were accounted
for by persons under 16 years of age, 4,250,000 by persons
16 to 25, and 2,250,000 by persons over 25, For all types
of recreational activities the participation of persons tin¬
der 16 was relatively greatest in IP A Region I, that of per¬
sons 16 to 25 years of age was greatest in Regions II and
III, and that of persons over 25#in Region V. The percent¬
age distribution of total participant-hours by age of partic¬
ipant is shown in Table 3.
9
On a State basis the extent of participation by persons
in the various age groups differed considerably from the re¬
gional averages. The proportion of participant-hours at¬
tributed to persons under 16 years of age ranged from more
than 75 percent in Nevada, Wyoming, and New York City to less
than 35 percent in New Hampshire, Rhode Island, and Delaware,
in contrast to a range from 58 to 67 percent in the various
table 3 - percentage distribution 0t participant-hours on wpa
recreation irojtcts, by age of participants and by
wpa administrative regions
Week Ending August 28, 1937
Age of
Partieiuant
United
States
WPA Administrative Region
i
n
hi
iv
V
TOTAL
100,0
100,0
100,0
100.0
100,0
100,0
Under 16
60,5
66.8
62,2
58.3
57.7
60,0
16-25
26.1
23.2
27.9
28.0
27.1
23.9
Over 25
13,4
10.0
9.9
13.7
15.2
16.1
WPA regions.
Persons
between
16 and
25 years
old accounted
for 30 percent or more of the total participant-hours in 12
States - Indiana, Kentucky, Louisiana, Maryland, Michigan,
Mississippi, New York (excluding New York City), Pennsyl¬
vania, Rhode Island, South Carolina, Virginia, and West Vir¬
ginia - and for less than 13 percent in Nevada and New York
City, Differences in the relative participation of persons
over 25 were even greater, the proportion of total hours
they spent in recreational activities ranging from over 40
percent in New Hampshire and Delaware to less than 5 percent
in Nevada and New York City. It must be remembered, how¬
ever, that these data represent total hours of participation
and not numbers of persons; the distributions of individuals
participating in the program by age groups might vary con¬
siderably from those mentioned above.
Although persons of all ages spent the greatest propor¬
tion of their hours of participation in the WPA recreational
program in physical recreation, the degree of concentration
on this and other types of activities differed somewhat for
the different age groups. The proportion of participant-
hours devoted to physical recreation ranged from 67 percent
in the case of persons over 25 years of age to 74 percent
for those between 16 and 25, as is indicated in Table 4.
10
An outstanding fact presented
is that the youngest group of
years of age) spent a greater
activities classed as oultural
in this tabulation, however,
participants (those under 16
proportion of their time on
recreation than did either
TABLE 4 - PERCENTAGE DISTRIBUTION OT PARTICIPANT-HOURS ON WPA
RECREATION PROJECTS, BY TYPES OF RECREATION
AND BY AGE OT PARTICIPANTS
Week Ending August 28, 1937
Type of
Reoreation
Ale of Participant
All Ales
Under 16
16 to 25
Over 25
TOTAL
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
Physical
70.0
68.9
74.0
67.4
Social
15.2
14.3
35.6
18.3
Cultural
14.0
16.2
9.8
12.3
Therapeutic
0.8
0.6
0.6
2.0
of the older groups - 16 percent as compared with about 10
and 12 percent. Persons 16 to 25 years of age showed a
greater preference for physical activities and persons over
25 a greater interest in social recreation than did other
age groups.
Average Number of Participants Per Worker
The recreational program may also be described in terms
of the average number of participants supervised during each
hour of leadership work (derived by dividing the number of
participant-hours by the number of hours worked by the lead¬
ers of the recreational activities). For the program as a
whole the number of participants averaged 31 per leader. It
was greatest in physical and social recreation in each of
which types about 36 participants were served during each
hour of leadership work. Leaders of cultural and therapeu¬
tic recreation supervised about half as many participants
per hour of work; these are given in Table 5 which shows the
average for each major type of recreation and also for the
more important activities included under each type.
The number of participants per hour of leadership work
did not vary greatly between WPA regions. As is shown in
Table 6, the average number of participants per man-hour of
11
TABLE 5 - AVERAGE NUMBER OF PARTICIPANTS IN WPA RECREATION PROJECTS
SUPERVISED DURING EaCH MAN-HOUR OF LEADERSHIP WORK,
BY TYPES OF RECREATION
Week Ending August 28, 1937
Average Number of Participants per
Type of Recreation Man-Hour of Leadership Work
TOTAL 31.0
Physical 35.6
Swimming 64.9
Athletics and sports 32.8
Other 30.2
Sooial 35.6
Cameroon activities 25.6
Dancing 30.5
Special events 58.5
Other 29.6
Cultural 17.7
Arts and orafts 16.1
Drama 21.2
Music 19.7
Leotures, forums, and discussion groups 21.2
Art, musio, and literature appreciation 18.1
Other 17.1
Therapeutio 18.4
TABLE 6 - AVERAGE NTM3IR OF PARTICIPANTS IN WPA RECREATION PROJECTS
SUPERVISED DURING EACH MAN-HOUR OF LEADERSHIP WORK, BY TYHSS
OF RECREATION AND BY WPA ADMINISTRATIVE REGIONS
Week Ending August 28, 1997
Type of
United
WPA Administrative Region
Recreation
States
I
n
HI
17
V
TOTAL
31.0
32.3
34.3
26.1
31.8
28.3
Physioal
Sooial
Cultural
Therapeutic
35.6
35.6
17.7
18.4
38.3
30.5
18.6
18.9
38.5
38.0
22.3
19.4
28.4
30.2
18.4
18.1
37.1
39.2
16.0
17.2
31.5
39.1
16.8
18.4
12
leadership work ranged only from 34 in Region II to 26 in
Region III. The highest averages for each of the major
types of activity were also found in Region II, with one ex¬
ception - social recreation. Region III had the smallest
numbers of participants per worker in physical and social
recreation and Region IV the lowest for oultural and
therapeutic types.
Hours of Work on Recreation Projects
Complementing the data on participant-hours, which con¬
stitute a measure of public preferences in recreational
activities, are the hours of work of project employees. The
survey conducted during a week in August secured information
on the nature and amount of work performed by all WPA recre¬
ation project workers - the amount of time spent in group
leadership, by type of activity, and the amount of time that
was spent in other types of work essential to program opera¬
tion but not specifically group leadership in character.
Since the duties of most project workers might include both
leadership and other work, they were required to report each
paid assigned hour during the week according to the type of
work performed. Additional hours voluntarily spent by the
workers in training classes or other unpaid activities were
not included.
During the week of the survey, project employees put in
a total of 746,488 hours of work. About three-quarters of
this total represents hours worked on public property; the
remainder of the hours were spent in work on facilities open
to the public but supported by private funds. Classifica¬
tion of the hours of work by type of location indicates that
about two-thirds of the time was spent at outdoor sites
such as playgrounds, parks, athletic fields, beaches, and
swimming pools. Work in community centers, gymnasiums, aud¬
itoriums, theaters, and other indoor locations consumed the
remainder of the time.
Analysis of the total hours by general type of work
performed shows that 530,000 of the 746,000 hours were spent
in leadership work, as indicated in Table II of the appen¬
dix. Of the hours devoted to leadership about 321,000, or 61
percent, went into activities classed as physical recreation.
Leadership of athletics and sports consumed 187,000 of these
hours; swimming, 36,000 hours; and hiking, camping, and
other activities grouped under the heading of physical
recreation, 94,000 hours. For the remaining 4,000 hours
13
reported as physical recreation the type of activity was not
specified.
Sooial recreation accounted for 13 percent, or about
69,000,of the hours of leadership work. Nearly 30,000 of
these hours were spent in the supervision of gameroons,
which generally provided opportunities for reading and craft
work, and also for playing chess, checkers, cards, and
other quiet games. Another 17,000 hours were devoted to
special social events, including such activities as picnics,
parties, carnivals, parades, and hobby shows. More than
9,000 hours went into the supervision of various types of
group dancingj a multiplicity of other activities con¬
sidered primarily social in character took up the remaining
8,000 hours that were distributed by specified kinds of
social recreation.
About 25 percent of all leadership work, or approxi¬
mately 129,000 hours, was spent on cultural activities. Of
these, 78,000 went into arts and crafts which include sketch¬
ing, painting, sculpturing, photography, and the many types
of handicraft. Music was second in prominence among cul¬
tural activities, with nearly 25,000 man-hours of work re¬
ported for various instrumental and vocal types. Drama,
marionettes, vaudeville, radio broadcasting, and other work
allied with the theatre took up more than 13,000 hours. The
balance of the hours reported by type of cultural recreation
leadership (10,000) were spent in lectures, forums, and dis¬
cussion groups, and in classes in art, music, and literature
appreciation, as well as in literacy, writing, nature study,
folklore, and other subjects. Barely 1 percent of the total
hours of work were devoted to therapeutic recreation.
"When analysis of hours of work is undertaken by 1PA
regions, it is found that the proportion of total leadership
hours devoted to physical recreation was highest in Region
II (63.3 percent), lowest in Region III (57.4 percent).
Social recreation represented the largest share, relative to
other regions, in Region III (16.8 percent), and the small¬
est share in Region IV (11.3 percent). Cultural recreation
was given greatest emphasis in terms of man-hours of work
in Region V,where it constituted 27 percent of the total,and
least in Region I, where 21 percent of the hours were spent
on this type of recreation. Therapeutic recreation received
2.8 percent of all leadership hours in Region I, but only
0,6 percent in Region III. The percentage distribution of
hours worked at each major type of leadership is given
by "WPA regions for all persons, for men, and for women in
Table 7.
14
TABLE 7 - PERCENTAGE DISTRIBUTION OF HOURS SPENT IN LEADERSHIP
HO RE ON WPA RECREATION PROJECTS, BY TYPES OF RECREATION,
BY SIX, AND BY WPA ADMINISTRATIVE REGIONS
Week Ending August 28, 1937
Type of
Recreation
United
WPA Administrative Region
and Sex
States
I
II
III
IV
V
TOTAL
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
Physical
60.9
39.6
63.3
57.4
62.7
58.9
Social
13.2
16.5
11.4
16.8
11.3
12.7
Cultural
24.5
21.1
23.5
25.2
25.1
27.1
Therapeutic
1.4
2.8
1.8
0.6
0.9
1.3
Men
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
Physical
69.5
67.6
72.1
67.8
69.7
69.3
Social
11.3
15.0
9.2
12.9
9.8
12.2
Cultural
18.1
15.1
16.9
18.9
19.8
18.0
Therapeutic
1.1
2.3
1.8
0.4
0.7
0.5
Women
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
Physical
48.8
44.3
48.1
52.8
50.8
43.5
Social
15.8
19.2
15.1
18.5
14.0
13.5
Cultural
33.7
32.6
35.0
28.0
34.1
40.4
Therapeutic
1.7
3.9
1.8
0.7
1.1
2.6
As in the case of participant-hours, the States dif¬
fered greatly in the relative number of leadership-hours
spent on various types of activities during the week of the
study. In the States of Arkansas, Idaho, Minnesota, New
York (exclusive of New York City), Rhode Island, Vermont,
Washington, and West Virginia more than 70 peroent of lead¬
ership work went into physical activities but less than 50
percent of all hours were devoted to such activities in
Delaware, Mississippi, Nevada, New Hampshire, New York City,
Oklahoma, and the District of Columbia, The proportion of
leadership hours devoted to social recreation exceeded 20
percent in Louisiana, Mississippi, New York City, South
Carolina, and the District of Columbia, and was less than 5
percent in Kansas, Maryland, Missouri, North Dakota, and
Oregon. Cultural recreation ranged from about 50 percent of
the total leadership hours in Nevada, New Hampshire, and
Wyoming to an extreme low of 3,5 percent in Vermoiit. Thera¬
peutic recreation, which constituted only 1 percent of the
program on the basis of national totals, received more than
4 percent of all leadership hours in Arizona, Delaware, Ken¬
tucky, and New York City; none was reported in many States,
15
As noted previously, not all the work on recreation
projects represents actual leadership of recreation activi¬
ties. On leadership work itself, approximately 71 percent
of the total hours were spent; the remaining percentage,
representing 216,000 hours, was consumed by various kinds of
non-leadership work. This includes such duties as project
supervision, clerical work of all kinds, planning and prepa¬
ration for recreational activities, service and repair of
facilities, production of recreation equipment, and leader¬
ship training.
The proportions of total hours devoted to leadership
work and to other project services by men and women workers
are shown in Table 8 for each WPA region. The relative
amounts of time spent on other project services ranged from
21 percent in Region II to 32 percent in Region I. The
difference between regions in this respect was attributable
largely to variations in the amounts of time spent in super¬
visory and clerical work, and in service and repair of
facilities. (See Table 9.) The fact that most of this work
of service and repair of facilities was done by men was re¬
sponsible in large part for the differences in the proportion
of time spent by men and women workers on other project ser¬
vices in general. Men employed on the projects devoted 32
percent of their total hours to these and other services as
compared with 24 percent for the women workers, and similar
relationships were noted in each administrative region.
TABLE 8 - PERCENTAGE DISTRIBUTION OF HOURS WORKED ON WPA RECREATION
PROJECTS, BY TYPES CF WCRK, BY SEX, AND BY
WPA ADMINISTRATIVE REGIONS
Week Ending August 28, 1937
Type of United WPA AflMnIstrati vc Region
Work and Sex
States
I
n
III
TV
V
TOTAL
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
Leadership activities
71.1
67.6
79.4
75.4
69.0
70.5
Other project services
28.9
32.4
20.6
24.6
31.0
29.5
Men
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
Leadership activities
67.9
66.7
78.5
68.4
65.2
68.0
Other project services
32.1
33.3
21.5
31.6
34.8
32.0
Women
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
Leadership activities
76.0
69.4
80.9
78.9
76.4
74.7
Other project services
24.0
30.6
19.1
21.1
23.6
25.3
63996 O—38 3
16
Of the total of 216,000 hours devoted to other project
servioes during the week of the' survey, 53,000 reflect the
work of State Directors of the Division of Recreation, dis¬
trict and county supervisors, and technical consultants in
project administration, program planning, and personnel
supervision. As indicated in Table II of the appendix,
30 percent of these hours were worked by women and 70 per¬
cent by men. Another 46,000 hours were spent in adminis¬
trative clerical duties such as stenography, filing, book¬
keeping, and timekeeping. About 42 percent of this type of
work was performed by men; 58 percent by women.
About 66,000 hours of work, of which 87 percent were
performed by men,went into service and repair of facilities,
involving such work as conditioning and lining game courts
and playing fields, maintaining cleanliness in rooms and
buildings used for administrative and leadership purposes,
and making minor repairs on recreational equipment and
facilities. Another 11,000 hours went into the produc¬
tion of recreation equipment, which includes building and
painting stage sets and making game sets and shuffleboard
and table tennis equipment.
Ten percent, or 21,000 hours, of non-leadership services
represented leadership training. Workers are given instruc¬
tion in art and craft work, dancing, music, dramatics, etc.,
in the techniques of program planning and group leadership,
and in the philosophy of recreation. In some States the
training is carried on intensively at infrequent periods;
TABLE 9 - HOURS SPENT IN NON-LEADERSHIP SIR VICES AS A PERCENTAGE 0T
TOTAL HOURS NO KITED ON WPA RECREATION H10JECTS, BY TYPES OF SER¬
VICES AND BY WPA ADMINISTRATIVE REGIONS
Week Ending August 28, 1937
Type of
Non-leadership Service
United
States
WPA Adndnistrativ
I II m
e Regi
IV
on
V
TOTAL
28.9
32.4
20.6
24.6
31.0
29.5
Supervision and olerical
13.3
15.7
11.0
12.7
13.3
12.9
Production of recreation
equipment
1.4
0.7
0.6
1.2
2.0
1.6
Service and repair of
facilities
8.8
9.7
6.1
6.1
10.1
8.8
Leadership training
2.8
2.1
1.0
3.7
3.2
2.7
Other
2.6
3.6
1.9
0.9
2.4
3.5
17
in other States the workers spend a certain number of hours
each month attending training classes. The 21,000 hours
reported greatly understate the amount of training actually
occurring during an average week because these reported
hours represent only the paid assigned hours devoted to
training; the hours voluntarily spent by workers in train¬
ing classes were not reported.
A residual group of non-leadership project services at
which 19,000 hours were spent, represents miscellaneous ac¬
tivities not classified under the other headings. These
include hours which went into transportation of supplies and
equipment, preparation for group activities, operation of
public information services on community recreational oppor¬
tunities, special demonstrations of project activities, and
medical examinations and first aid work. A survey of hours
worked at the various types of other project services, as a
percentage of all hours worked (leadership and non-leader-
ship), is shown for the Nation and for each WPA adminis¬
trative region in Table 9.
Characteristics of Recreation Workers
An important aspect of the analysis of any program in¬
volves the characteristics of the workers it employs. For
the persons working on WPA recreation projects a fairly com¬
prehensive description is provided by data secured through
the August survey. This included information on the geo¬
graphic distribution of the workers, and on their sex, age,
educational backgrounds, and previous work experience.
During the week of the survey about 26,500 persons were
employed on recreation projects. The largest number of
project employees were working in the central part of the
country, in the States comprising WPA Administrative Region
IV, as is true for all WPA projects, but the smallest num¬
ber were located in the group of southern States comprising
Region III, whereas for all WPA workers Region V has the
smallest employment. Of all the workers on recreation proj¬
ects 61 percent were men and 39 percent were women. A
similar ratio applied in all the regions of the country ex¬
cept Region III where women outnumbered the men employed by
more than two to one. (See Table 10.)
The workers on recreation projects during the week of
the survey were on the average relatively young. The median
age of 26,183 employees who reported their ages was 32.S
years and was practically the same for the women as for men
employed on the project.
18
TABLE 10 - NUMBER OF PERSONS EMPLOYED ON WPA RECREATION PROJECTS,
BY SEX AND BY WPA ADMINISTRATrVE REGIONS
Week Ending August 28, 1937
United EPA Administrative Region
Sex
States
I
II
III
IV
V
TOTAL
26,515
5,062
3,522
3,164
10,345
4,422
Men
16,230
3,367
2,246
1,CB9
6,858
2,720
Women
10,285
1,695
1,276
2,325
3,487
1,702
Peroentage Distribution
TOTAL
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
Men
61.2
66*5
63.8
32.8
66.3
61.5
Women
38.8
33.5
36.2
67.2
33.7
38.5
Workers in the East and the South were relatively-
younger than those in the Middle West and the West. The
median age was lowest in the States comprising Region II
(30.2 years), and highest in Region V (36.7 years). The
variation in median age was greater for women than for men,
the median for women ranging from 29.5 years in Region II to
38.8 years in Region Y and the median for men from 30.6 to
35.1 in the same regions. In Regions I, II, and IY the me¬
dian age was higher for the men than for the women, but in
Regions III and Y the reverse was true. These data, for the
United States and for each WPA region, are shown in Table 11.
TABLE 11 - MEDIAN AGE OF PERSONS EMPLOYED ON WPA RECREATION 1ROJECTS,
BY SEX AND BY WPA ADMINISTRATIVE REGIONS
Wook Ending August 28, 1937
SCX
United
States
WPA AdministratiTe r glon
T
XT
TTT TV
V
TOTAL
32.8
31.5
30.2
33.2 32.9
36.7
Men
32.9
32.3
30.6
31.6 33.1
35.1
Women
32.8
29.7
29.5
33.9 32.3
38.8
19
Another aspect of the age of workers on recreation
projects is provided by their percentage distribution ac¬
cording to age groups. About 58 percent of the men and
an only slightly smaller proportion of the women employed
throughout the country were under 35 years of age. The
largest proportion of both men and women workers were be¬
tween 25 and 35 years of age. The men, however, were more
concentrated in this age group than the women workers, as
shown in Table 12. In this connection it should be noted
that a somewhat larger proportion of the women than of the
men were under 25 years of age.
TABIC 12 - FBtCKKTAGE DISTRIBUTION OF MEN AND WOMDJ SMPI0YED ON
WPA RECREATION PROJECTS, BY AGE AND BY WPA ADMINISTRATIVE REGIONS
Week Ending August 28, 1937
Sex and
Age
United
States
WPA Administrative Region
I
II
III
17
V
Men
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
Under 25
16.6
14.1
20.0
22.4
17.4
13.7
25-34
40.8
45.5
46.9
37.7
38.9
36.1
35-44
20.8
21.7
18.9
19.2
20.7
21.9
45-54
12.7
11.0
9.2
11.2
33.9
15.5
Over 54
8.9
7.7
5.0
9.5
9.1
12.8
Women
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
Under 25
23.6
26.3
28.2
20.5
27,4
13.4
25-34
32.5
40.0
37.6
33.1
29.6
26.0
35—44
25.6
21.7
21.5
30.0
25.0
29.6
45—54
13.5
9.7
10.1
12.5
13.4
21.6
Over 54
4.6
2.3
2.6
3.9
4.4
9.4
For the most part the distribution of workers by age in
each WPA region followed that for the country as a whole.
Region V was an exception in that a relatively larger number
of both men and women workers were 35 years of age or older
(50 and 61 percent, respectively). That workers in this re¬
gion were relatively older than persons employed on recrea¬
tion projects elsewhere is particularly evident from the
fact that 13 percent of the men and 9 percent of the women
were 55 years of age or older as compared with 9 and 5 per¬
cent, respectively, of all recreation project workers.
Persons employed on recreation projects were in gen¬
eral well educated, judging by their years of formal educa¬
tion. Nearly 85 percent of the workers reported at least
63999 0—38 4
20
some high-sohool education and more than 40 percent at least
one year of college training. Furthermore, of the 11,000
workers with some college training about 1,700 had had one
year or more of graduate study. The education of women
workers, on the whole, was more extensive than that of the
men employed on recreation projeots; more than 48 percent
of the women and a little less than 38 percent of the men
reported some college training. About the same proportion
of men as of women, however, had taken some graduate work.
Data on nonrelief workers as distinct from those certified
as in need of relief indioate that the former group had had
relatively more education; more than 80 percent of the non-
relief workers had had some college training and about 25
percent had done some graduate work.
Regional data indicate that workers in Regions I and II
were relatively better educated than workers in the other
WPA regions. More than half (54 percent) of the project em¬
ployees in these two regions reported some college training
as compared with not more than 43 percent in any other re¬
gion and as few as 32 percent in Region IV. Also, roughly
twice as many workers in Regions I and II as in other
regions had had some graduate study. A percentage distribu¬
tion of men and women workers in each region by years of
schooling is shown in Table 13.
TABLE 13 - PERCENTAGE DISTRIBUTION OF MEN AND WOMEN EMPLOYED ON
WPA RECREATION IROJECTS, BY YEARS OF SCHOOLING AND BY
WPA ADMINISTRATIVE REGIONS
Week mdir ' August 28, 1937
Sex and
Years of United WPA Administrative Region
Schooling
States
I
II
ni
IV
Y
Men
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
8 years and leas
18.6
10.7
11.7
24.6
25.6
14.2
9-12
43.9
39.0
40.3
43.2
46.0
47.8
13-16
31.0
40.2
36.9
28.5
24.3
32.5
17 years and more
6.5
10.1
11.1
3.7
4.1
5.5
Women
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
8 years and less
9.3
2.9
4.6
13.6
12.5
7.1
9-12
42.4
34.2
35.1
44.3
48.5
41.5
13-16
42.0
52.0
51.6
38.5
34.7
43.9
17 years and more
6.3
10.9
8.7
3.6
4.3
7.5
21
Data on previous occupational experiences of recreation
project workers were secured through questions as to the na¬
ture of their longest jobs in private employment or govern¬
ment employment other than on emergency programs during the
past 10 years. Workers who had had no previous work ex¬
perience were instructed to report whether they had been oc¬
cupied as students or housewives, or at other pursuits not
classified as gainful employment.
As a result of these questions it was found that near¬
ly 20 percent of the project workers had had no previous
work experience. Almost 12 percent of the men and 33 per¬
cent of the women were in this category. The majority of
these workers were young persons who had failed to find
private employment upon completion of schooling; the balance
were housewives who had not been obliged to seek employment
prior to the depression. The term "inexperienced" as used
here does not imply absence of skills, however, for all of
these persons were selected because their educational back¬
ground or their experience as volunteer workers qualified
them for recreational leadership service.
Of the 21,111 workers who reported previous work ex¬
perience, approximately one-third had held professional and
technical jobs, another third had been employed at other
types of white collar work, and the bulk of the remainder
had been skilled or semiskilled workers. Eigjhty percent of
the experienced women had been white collar workers, but
slightly less than 60 percent of the men had worked at such
occupations. A greater percentage of nonrelief than of per¬
sons certified as in need of relief had held white collar
jobs; about 90 percent of all experienced nonrelief workers
had come from the white collar ranks and 65 percent of ex¬
perienced workers certified as in need of relief had similar
occupational backgrounds. (See Appendix Table VI.)
Data on a regional basis indicate that Region II had
the largest percentage of workers with professional and
technical experience. The largest percentage of workers
with office work backgrounds was found in Region I and the
largest proportion of workers whose previous experience was
in other than white collar work was found in Region IV.
Region III had the highest proportion of inexperienced
persons.
From the information secured through the survey of
recreation projects during a week in August it appears that
the oharacteristies of the workers employed are associated
22
to some extent with the type of program offered. The rela¬
tionship is general, however, and evident chiefly in connec¬
tion with the sex, age, and educational backgrounds of the
workers.
For the most part a larger proportion of women project
employees is associated with a lesser emphasis on physioal
recreation. Region III, the only one in which women workers
outnumbered men, reported the smallest proportion of hours
devoted to physical activities. Also, in a State where four
out of five workers were men the hours of leadership of
groups in physioal recreation constituted a much larger pro¬
portion of total hours of work than in most other States.
On the other hand, another State in which nine out of ten of
the workers were women had one of the smallest physioal
recreation programs in the country.
Where the project workers are in the older age groups
the recreation programs tend to be composed to a greater ex¬
tent of social and cultural types of activities than where
the workers are relatively young. A sample tabulation of
man-hours of work by types of recreation and by age of work¬
er indicates that the largest proportion of hours devoted to
physical recreation activities was accounted for by workers
under 35 years of age. Workers 35 to 49 years old performed
the largest proportion of the hours of work in social rec¬
reation and workers 50 years of age or older the largest
percentage of hours of cultural recreation work.
The amount of schooling reported by the workers also
appears to be associated with the cpntent of the program.
In general, the more advanced the education the smaller the
proportion of hours devoted to the leadership of physical
types of recreation, and in connection with this educational
factor, the compensating increase in types of recreation
other than physical is more noticeable among the activities
classed as cultural than among those termed social. In suoh
States as West Virginia, Rhode Island, Connecticut, and Idaho
where 35 percent or less of the workers reported some col¬
lege training, 70 percent or more of the hours of work went
into physical recreation. On the other hand, in Florida, New
York City, and Wyoming,where about 70 percent of the workers
reported some college training, physical activities consti¬
tuted only about 50 percent of the program. Similarly, from
a sample tabulation of man-hours of work by types of ac¬
tivity and by numbers of years of schooling, it was found
that groups of persons engaged in cultural recreation were
23
almost never led by persons with only an elementary educa¬
tion. Workers with high-school education spent but a small
proportion of their time at such leadership. College grad¬
uates, on the other hand, devoted a large percentage of
their hours of work to arts and crafts, drama, music, dis¬
cussion groups, and other types of cultural recreation.
Comments in Conclusion
The survey made in August was the first Nation-wide
study of the program of WPA recreation projects. Although
the information secured from it indicated a considerable
variation in the types of programs conducted in the several
States, the fact that the national summary showed nearly 40
percent of the program composed of nonphysical types of
recreation during a summer week was noteworthy. A study of
the winter program would undoubtedly reveal a larger propor¬
tion of total man-hours of work devoted to social and cul¬
tural activities, and heavier participation in all activi¬
ties by persons 16 to 25 years and over 25 years of age.
The Division of Recreation is not attempting to make physi¬
cal activities an inconspicuous part of its recreational
leadership program, for it recognizes the importance of
athletics, sports, and other forms of physical play in
building and maintaining health. But the Division does
intend to give social and cultural activities a more promi¬
nent role in the program because these are the activities
most likely to enlist the participation of all persons,
regardless of sex or age, and to develop attitudes of mind,
habits, and skills beneficial to the temper of the partici¬
pants' personal and family life.
Another important contribution of the study was the in¬
formation it provided concerning the backgrounds of the
workers employed on recreation projects. It is evident that
many workers are qualified to benefit from the training and
experience provided on recreation projects and to secure
permanent salaried jobs in this type of professional service
as such positions become available through a wider institu¬
tion of recreation programs as permanent funotions of the
community governments.
APPENDIX
TABLES
27
TABLE I - NUMBER OF PARTICIPANT-HOURS SPENT ON «PA RECREATION PROJECTS,
BY TYPES OF RECREATION AND BY AGE OF PARTICIPANTS
Neck Ending August 28, 1937
age of Participants
Type of
recreation total under 16 16-25 qxsb-2&
TOTAL
16,394,300
9,922,936
4,277,680
2,193,684
Physical
11,428,857
6,803,105
3,152,414
1,473,338
srimming
2,306,318
1,260,925
614,117
433,276
Athletics and sports
6,137,752
3,338,189
1,977,814
821,749
Other
2,827,189
2,102,187
521,929
203,073
not specified
155,598
101,804
38,554
15,240
Social
2,471,797
1,405,964
665,910
399,923
Game room activities
754,848
473,497
196,006
85,345
Dancing
290,116
150,286
94,217
45,613
Special events
1,001,557
553,386
250,374
197,797
Other
237,419
137,045
56,307
44,067
not specified
187,857
91,750
69,006
27,101
Cultural
2,285,304
1,600,147
417,100
268,057
Arts ano crafts
1,260,583
961,955
194,549
104,079
Drama
282,670
194,842
54,399
33,629
music
489,904
281,047
120,413
88,444
Lectures, forums, etc.
53,434
25,774
12,107
15,553
Art, music, and literature
appreciation
20,289
10,073
4,845
5,371
Other
103,386
76,932
14,842
11,612
not spec if1eo
74,838
49,524
15,945
9,369
Therapeutic
134,253
62,792
26,738
44,723
not spec 1f1 CO
74,089
50,928
15,518
7,643
28
TABLE II - HOURS fORKED BY PERSONS EMPLOYED ON WPA RECREATION
PROJECTS, BY TYPES OF ACTIVITIES AND BY SEX A/
Week Ending August 28, 1937
Type of Activity
Total
men
women
TOTAL
746,488
457,946
288,542
Physical recreation
321.050
214,882
106.168
s*imw|ng
35,528
26,444
9,084
Athletics and 8ports
187,307
144,834
42,473
other
93,717
41,370
52,347
not specifieo
4,498
2,234
2,264
social recreation
69.340
35.005
34,335
game room activities
29,859
16,911
12,948
dancing
9,502
3,825
5,677
special events
17,130
8,732
8,398
other
8,014
3,250
4,764
not specified
4,835
2,287
2,548
cultural recreation
129.191
55,943
73,248
arts and crafts
TO,249
31,520
46,729
drama
13,320
4,318
9,002
music
24,804
15,222
9,582
lectures, forums, etc.
2,520
1,449
1,071
art, music and literature appreciation
1,123
468
655
other
6,035
2,062
3,973
not specifieo
3,140
904
2,236
therapeutic recreation
7,289
3,461
3,828
recreation not specified
3,533
1,734
1,799
other project services
210,085
146,921
69.164
general project supervision
53,083
37,616
15,467
clerical
46,236
19/473
26,763
service and repair of facilities
66,018
57,331
8,687
Production of recreation equipment
10,647
8,482
2,165
leadership training
21,082
12,203
8,879
other
19,019
11,816
7,203
A/ Based on reports for 26,216 persons
29
TABLE III - HOURS fORKEO BY PERSONS EMPLOYED ON *PA RECREATION
PROJECTS. BY TYPES OF FACILITIES ANO BY SEX A/
veek endinq auoust 28*
1937
Type of facility
total
MEM
vomen
total
746*468
457,946
288*542
athletic field
42*894
38,353
4*541
Playground
242*248
143*536
98*712
Play street
8,673
6*946
1,727
park
86*627
56*325
30*302
camp
5*463
3*828
1*635
svinminq pool
21,271
14,738
6*533
bath ins beach
15,180
13*096
2*082
80lf course
452
390
62
Gymnasium
12*303
8*881
3*422
audi tori CM
23*345
13*506
9*839
theatre
1,257
663
594
common1 tv center
88*697
45,194
43*703
indoor b/
126*3%
65*504
60*824
Outdoor b/
13*748
9*697
4,051
not specified
57,802
37,287
20,515
a/ Based on reports for 26,216 persons.
8/ not elseshere classified.
30
TABLE IV - NUMBER OF PERSONS EMPLOYED ON WPA RECREATION PROJECTS,
BY AGE, AND BY RELIEF STATUS ANO SEX
Week Ending August 28, 1937
certified as in
Age All Persons need of relief non-Relief
Total
men
women
Total
men
Women
Total
Men
womeii
total
26,515
16,230
10,285
25,195
15,501
9,694
1,320
729
591
under 20
519
219
300
492
206
286
27
13
14
20 - 24
4,565
2,471
2,094
4,377
2,398
1,979
188
73
115
25 - 29
5,667
3,789
1,878
5,296
3,564
1,732
37!
225
146
30-34
4,175
2,756
1,419
3,931
2,612
1,319
244
144
100
35 - 39
3,275
1,851
1,424
3,112
1,767
1,345
163
84
79
40-44
2,675
1,482
1,193
2,561
1,424
1,137
114
58
56
45 - 49
2,068
1,170
898
1,970
1,109
861
96
61
37
50-54
1,350
874
476
1,302
847
455
48
27
21
55 - 59
955
680
275
927
663
264
28
17
11
60-64
662
526
136
641
509
132
21
17
4
65 and over
272
220
52
269
218
51
3
2
1
not spec ified
332
192
140
317
184
133
15
8
7
TABLE V - NUMBER OF PERSONS EMPLOYED ON WPA RECREATION PROJECTS, BY YEARS OF SCHOOLING,
AND BY RELIEF STATUS AND SEX
week Ending August 28, 1937
Certified
years as in
of All Persons Need of Relief Non-Relief
Schooling
Total
men
women
Total
men
women
Total
men
women
TOTAL
26,515
16,230
10,285
25,195
15,501
9,694
1,320
729
591
8 and less
3,961
3,010
951
3,934
2,990
944
27
20
7
9-12
11,430
7,084
4,346
11,220
6,974
4,246
210
110
100
13 - 16
9,294
4,999
4,295
8,540
4,608
3,932
754
391
363
17 and over
1,698
1,053
645
1,375
850
525
323
203
120
not specifieo
132
84
48
126
79
47
6
5
1
31
TABLE VI - NUMBER OF PERSONS EMPLOYEO ON WPA RECREATION PROJECTS,
BY USUAL OCCUPATIONS, AND BY RELIEF STATUS ANO SEX
week Ending August 28, 1937
certified as in
usual occupation all per80n3 need of relief non-rslief
total
Men
women
Total
men
women
Total
men
w0mek
TOTAL
26,515
16,230
10,285
25,195
15,501
9,694
1,320
729
591
professional and technical workers
6,812
3,654
3,158
6,094
3,282
2,812
718
372
346
actors
389
229
160
367
219
148
22
10
12
professional athlete6
179
177
2
172
170
2
7
7
-
artists, sculptors, teachers of art
ano designers
294
194
100
272
180
92
22
14
8
musicians and music teachers
1.109
722
387
1,076
706
370
33
16
17
physical training and athletic
01rectcrs
704
527
177
597
458
139
107
69
38
Playground and recreation workers
560
320
240
453
258
195
107
62
45
social ano welfare workers
373
172
201
287
129
158
86
43
43
other teachers
2,338
744
1,594
2,077
648
1,429
261
96
165
Other professional and
semi professional w0rker6
866
569
297
793
514
279
73
55
18
proprietors, managers, and officials
1,278
1,133
145
1,221
1,064
137
57
49
8
office workers
3,886
2,093
1,793
3,728
2,034
1,694
158
59
99
accountants ano bookkeepers
378
258
120
357
245
112
21
13
8
clerks
2,239
1,499
740
2,186
1,468
718
53
31
22
stenographers ano typists
752
57
695
683
52
631
69
5
64
other clerical workers
517
279
238
502
269
233
15
10
5
salesmen ano kinoreo workers
2,118
1,651
467
2,047
1,597
450
71
54
17
Skilleo workers in Building
ano construction
879
875
4
866
862
4
13
13
-
Skilled workers in manufacturing
and Other industries
983
936
47
956
911
45
27
25
2
Semiskilleo workers in builoing and
construction
454
454
-
451
451
-
3
3
-
semiskilled Workers in manufacturing
and other industries
2,382
1,873
509
2,340
1,843
497
42
30
12
unskilled laborers
1,214
1,201
13
1,200
1,187
13
14
14
-
Oomestic workers
1,105
391
714
1,100
390
710
5
1
4
inexperienced persons
5,217
1,859
3,358
5,009
1,752
3,257
208
107
101
Students
3,132
1,739
1,393
2,965
1,634
1,331
167
105
62
housewives
1,758
-
1,758
1,724
-
1,724
34
_
34
Other
327
120
207
320
118
202
7
2
5
not specified
187
110
77
183
108
75
4
2
2
52
TABLE VII - NUMBER OF PERSONS EMPLOYEO ON WPA RECREATION PROJECTS, BY WAGE CLASSES, AND
BY RELIEF STATUS AND SEX
Ieek Ending August 28, 1937
certified as in
Wage Class All persons need of Relief non-Relief
Total Men women Total men women Total Men women
total
26,515
16,230
10,285
25,195
15,501
9,694
1,320
729
591
Security Wage workers
25,160
15,317
9,843
24,615
15.053
9,562
545
264
281
un8killed
1,851
1,343
508
1,841
1,334
507
10
9
1
Intermediate
7,674
4,288
3,386
7,599
4,242
3,357
75
46
29
Skilleo
10,157
6,302
3,855
9,996
6,235
3,761
161
67
94
professional
ano technical
5,478
3,384
2,094
5,179
3,242
1,937
299
142
157
Non-security
Wage workers
1,355
913
442
580
448
132
775
465
310
TABLE VIII - NUMBER OF PERSONS EMPLOYED ON WPA RECREATION PROJECTS, BY NUMBER OF MONTHS
EMPLOYEO, ANO BY RELIEF STATUS AND SEX
week Ending August 28, 1937
months Employed Certified as in
on WPA recreation All Persons need of relief non-Relicf
Projects a/
Total
men
women
Total
Men
women
Total
men
WOM Eh
total
26,515
16,230
10,285
25,195
15,501
9,694
1,320
729
591
1-4
4,318
2,586
1,732
4,159
2,500
1,659
159
66
73
5—8
3,623
2,184
1,439
3,496
2,115
1,381
127
69
58
9-12
3,625
2,163
1,462
3,396
2,057
1,339
229
106
123
13 - 16
3,354
2,099
1,255
3,204
2,010
1,194
150
89
61
17 - 20
6,364
3,925
2,439
5,996
3,717
2,279
368
208
160
21 - 24
4,093
2,562
1,531
3,864
2,427
1,437
229
135
94
25 and over
1,015
623
392
961
589
372
54
34
20
not specifico
123
88
35
119
86
33
4
2
2
a/ number of months during any part of which the worker was employed on recreation projects.
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35
TABLE X - PERCENTAGE DISTRIBUTION BY MAJOR TYPES OF RECREATION OF UAN-MOURS OF IXAOERSHIP «ORK
ON BPA RECREATION PROJECTS, BY REGIONS AND STATES, ANO BY SEX
SPA Administrative
region and
stats
Week Ending August 26, 1937
total
total
phy6- so- cul- thera-
ical clal tural peutic
men
tdtat
phy8- so- cul- tmera-
ical clal tural reutic
total
somen
phy8- so- cul- thcra-
ical clal tural reutic
UNITED STATES
100,0 60.9 13.2 24.5 1.4
100.0 69.5 11.3 18.1 1.1
100.0 46.B 15.8 33.7 1.7
:gion i
100.0
59.6
16.5
21.1
100.0
67.6
15.0
15.1
2.3
100.0
44.3
19.2
32.6
3.9
connecticut
100.0
69.6
9.1
22.1
0.2
100.0
76.3
6.9
16.8
-
100.0
53.5
11.1
34.9
0.5
Maine a/
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
Massachusetts
100.0
67.3
14.4
16.6
1.7
100.0
75.1
13.3
10.5
1.1
100.0
52.2
16.6
28.5
2.7
new hampshire
100.0
26,1
18.7
55.2
-
100.0
57.7
9.6
32.7
-
100.0
14.3
22.1
63.6
-
ne» york city
100.0
47.7
21.3
26.2
4.8
100.0
55.2
20.3
20.4
4.1
100.0
35.8
22.8
35.6
5.8
new york (excl. n.y.c.}
100.0
73.2
8.3
18.0
0.5
100.0
79.8
7.0
12.6
0.6
100.0
54.2
12.0
33.8
-
Rhode islano
100.0
60.1
9.6
10.3
-
100.0
83.0
10.2
6.8
-
100.0
67.8
7.0
25.2
-
vermont
100,0
86.0
10.3
3.5
0.2
100.0
94.4
3.2
2.1
0.3
100.0
69.5
24.1
6.4
-
-gion 1 i
100.0
63.3
Hi!
23.5
1.8
100.0
72.1
9.2
16.9
1.8
100.0
48.1
15.1
35.0
1.8
delaware
100.0
6.2
18.5
15.5
59.8
100.0
6.9
18.9
7.3
66.9
100.0
5.4
17.8
26.5
50.3
district of columbia
100.0
45.1
29.4
25.5
-
100.0
62.0
26.3
11.7
-
100.0
18.0
34.2
47.8
-
Maryland
100.0
64.8
4.1
30.1
1.0
100.0
82.0
1.6
15.0
1.4
100.0
45.3
6.9
47.3
0.5
new jer8ey
100.0
63.5
12.3
22.1
2.1
loo.o
73.0
10.3
14.1
2.6
100.0
51.3
14.9
32.4
1.4
pennsylvania
100.0
63.4
10.5
25.4
0.7
100.0
71.5
8.4
19.6
0.5
100.0
42.8
15.7
40.4
1.1
best virginia
100.0
71.5
12.8
15.3
0.4
100.0
78.3
10.0
11.7
-
100.0
64.7
15.4
19.0
0.9
Region III
100.0
57.4
16,8
25.2
0.6
100.0
67.8
12.9
18.9
0.4
100.0
a.8
18.5
28.0
_2i2
Alabama
100.0
56.3
16.8
24.1
0.8
100.0
79.4
6.7
13.8
0.1
100.0
49.5
21.0
28.3
1.2
Arkansas
100.0
71.9
14.5
13.1
0.5
100.0
80.9
10.8
8.3
-
100.0
65.6
17.1
16.4
0.9
Florida
100.0
52.1
12.7
35.2
-
100.0
61.0
13.3
25.7
4.
100.0
46.1
12.4
41.5
-
georgia
100.0
60.1
8.8
31.1
-
100.0
68.9
6.2
24.9
-
100.0
57.0
9.8
33.2
-
louisiana
loo.o
54.5
22.8
22.3
0.4
100.0
67.3
21.2
11.5
-
100.0
42.8
24.3
32.1
0.8
MISSISSlepI
100.0
45.7
24.9
29.1
0.3
100.0
53.0
27.9
19.1
-
100.0
44.8
24.5
30.4
0.3
north Carolina
100.0
59.2
19.8
20.1
0.9
100.0
70.7
13.1
16.2
-
100.0
55.8
21.8
21.3
1.1
Oklahoma
100.0
43.5
19.4
34.9
2.2
100.0
56.3
15.9
27.0
0.8
100.0
36.8
21.3
39.0
2.9
South Carolina
100.0
61.4
22.3
16.1
0.2
100.0
79.7
15.0
5.3
-
100.0
58.5
23.4
17.8
0.3
Tennessee
100.0
57.9
15.9
24.3
1.9
100.0
62.8
14.5
18.5
4.2
100.0
55.8
16.5
26.8
0.9
Texas
100.0
60.3
13.2
26.5
-
100.0
67.0
8.4
24.6
-
100.0
56.9
15.7
27.4
-
virginia
100.0
57,1
19.1
23.3
0.5
100.0
66.5
15.0
18.5
-
100.0
52.7
21.0
25.6
0.7
region iv
100.0
62.7
11.3
25.2
0.8
100.0
69.7
9.8
19.8
0.7
100.0
50.8
14.0
34,1
1.1
illinois
100.0
54.4
16.2
27.3
0.1
100.0
60.8
17.2
21.9
0.1
100.0
44.2
19.6
35.9
0.3
Indiana
100.0
67.2
10.2
22.0
0.6
100.0
71.6
9.1
18.5
0.8
100.0
55.9
12.8
31.2
0.1
iowa
100.0
60.0
6,7
32.1
1.2
100.0
64.8
5.4
29.0
0.8
100.0
53.8
8.3
36.2
1.7
Kansas
100.0
61.1
3.9
34.9
0.1
100.0
70.4
4.4
25.1
0.1
100.0
47.8
3.2
48.9
0.1
Kentucky
100.0
63.8
9.6
21.3
5.3
100.0
65.4
11.3
16.7
6.6
100.0
62.5
8.2
25.2
4.1
Michigan
100.0
69.8
5.6
23.2
1.4
100.0
77.2
4.2
18.0
0.6
100.0
54.0
8.6
34.2
3.2
minnesota
100.0
70.5
7.7
21.1
0.7
100.0
76.0
6.4
16.6
1.0
100.0
56.8
11.1
32.1
-
missouri
100.0
56.3
4.4
36.8
0.5
100.0
69.1
2.0
28.1
-
100.0
42.4
6.8
49.6
1.2
Nebraska
100.0
66.7
8.9
24.3
0.1
100.0
75.4
5.0
19.6
-
100.0
55.0
14.3
30.6
0.1
North Dakota
100.0
66.9
4.2
28.7
0.2
100.0
71.9
2.9
25.0
0.2
100.0
57,7
6.7
35.6
-
Ohio
100.0
65.5
12.3
21.1
1.1
100.0
72.9
10.6
15.7
0.8
100.0
54.4
14.9
29.1
1.6
South Oakota
100.0
61.2
15.2
23.6
-
100.0
78.0
6.5
15.5
-
100.0
50,4
20.8
28.S
wisconsin
100.0
67.4
7.8
21.4
3.4
100.0
73.6
5.9
17.7
2.8
100.0
48.4
13.7
32.8
5.1
region v
100.0
58.9
11*2
22*1
1.3
100.0
69.3
11*1
18.0
0.5
100.0
43.5
13.5
40.4
-!A!
9.0
Arizona
100.0
53.1
7.1
35.5
4.3
100.0
64.5
8.4
25.7
1.4
100.0
35.0
5.0
51.0
california
100.0
54.9
16.5
27.1
1.5
100.0
65.6
16.4
17.6
0.4
100.0
39.5
16.5
40.9
3.1
colorado
100.0
64.3
10.1
23.9
1.7
100.0
77.7
4,9
16.5
0.9
100.0
41.8
18.7
36.4
3.1
Idaho
100.0
77.4
7.0
15.6
-
100.0
81.3
6.0
12.7
-
100.0
69.6
9.1
21.3
Montana
100.0
64.5
5.8
28.6
1.1
100.0
67.9
4.4
27.7
-
100.0
55.9
9.3
30.9
3.9
nevada
100.0
43.8
6.2
49.0
1.0
100.0
63.3
4.0
32.7
-
100.0
35.8
7.2
55.6
1.4
new Mexico
100.0
56.4
9.1
34.5
-
100.0
67.2
-
32.8
-
100.0
46.3
18.1
35.6
Oregon
100.0
63.7
3.5
32.5
0.3
100.0
77.7
3.3
19.0
-
100.0
52.7
3.6
43.2
0.5
utah
100.0
60.0
7.1
32.9
-
100.0
80.6
3.2
16.2
-
100.0
34.9
12.0
53.1
■ash inston
100.0
73.7
7.2
18.3
0.8
100.0
77.8
7.0
14.2
1.0
100.0
64.7
7.5
27.5
0.3
Wyoking
100.0
38.7
9.1
52.2
-
100.0
43.7
5.2
51.1
-
100.0
35.9
11.3
52.8
A/ no recreation project! in operation.
36
TABLE XI - NUMBER OF PERSONS EMPLOYED ON WPA RECREATION PROJECTS,
BY REGIONS AND STATES, AND BY SEX
WEEK ending august 28, 1937
wpa Administrative
region ano
State
Total
number
men
percent
of total
number
women
percent
of total
united states
26,515
16,230
6T.2
10,285
38.8
region 1
5,062
3.367
66.5
1.695
33.5
Connecticut
250
171
68.4
79
31.6
maine v
-
-
-
-
-
massachusetts
1,779
1,212
68.1
567
31.9
new hampshire
14
3
21.4
11
78.6
new york city
2,392
1,499
62.7
893
37.3
new york (excl. n.y.C.)
390
293
75.1
97
24,9
Rhode Island
197
163
82.7
34
17.3
vermont
40
26
65.0
14
35.0
Region ll
3,522
2.246
63.8
1.276
36.2
delaware
64
38
59.4
26
40.6
district of columbia
59
38
64.4
21
35.6
maryland
183
92
50.3
91
49.7
new jersey
1,075
621
57.8
454
42.2
pennsylvania
1,804
1,291
71.6
513
28.4
west virginia
337
166
49.3
171
50.7
region iii
3.164
1.039
32.8
2.125
67.2
Alabama
270
88
32.6
182
67.4
Arkansas
175
73
41.8
102
88.2
florida
126
46
36.5
80
63.5
georgia
392
109
27.8
283
72.2
louisiana
238
122
51.3
116
48.7
mississippi
122
14
11.5
108
88.5
North Carolina
301
87
28.9
214
71.1
Oklahoma
330
122
37.0
208
63.0
south carolina
191
27
14.1
164
85.9
tennessee
223
71
31.8
152
68.2
texas
487
169
34.7
318
65.3
virginia
309
111
35.9
198
64.1
region iv
10.345
6.858
66.3
3.487
33.7
illinois
3,220
2,179
67.7
1,041
32.3
1no 1ana
1,021
789
77.3
232
22.7
iowa
360
209
58.1
151
41.9
kansas
323
199
61.6
124
38.4
kentucky
288
141
49.0
147
51.0
michigan
818
551
67.4
267
32.6
minnesota
806
580
72.0
226
28.0
missouri
854
346
62.5
208
37.5
nebraska
321
195
60.7
126
39.3
north dakota
253
171
67.6
82
32.4
Ohio
1,652
1,023
61.9
629
38.1
South Dakota
220
85
38.6
135
61.4
wisconsin
509
390
76.6
119
23.4
region v
4.422
2.720
61.5
1.702
38.5
Arizona
162
106
66.7
54
33.3
California
2,805
1,718
61.2
1,087
38.8
colorado
235
152
64.7
83
35.3
Idaho
87
58
66.7
29
33.3
Montana
146
104
71.2
42
28.8
nevada
47
17
36.2
30
63.8
new mexico
21
13
62.0
8
38.0
Oregon
227
113
49.8
114
50.2
utah
205
118
57.6
87
42.4
washington
427
299
70.0
128
30.0
wyoming
60
20
33.3
40
66.7
a/ no recreation projects in operation.
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39
TABLE XIV - PERCENTAGE DISTRIBUTION BY MAJOR OCCUPATIONAL GROUPS Of MEN AND SOMEN EMPLOYEO
ON (PA RECREATION PROJECTS, BY REOIONS AND STATES
(eck Ending Auoust 28, 1937
profes¬
Proprie¬
Sales¬
w?A Administrative
sional
tors
men
Reqion and
Total
and
Managers
and
semi-
un¬
Domes¬
inex¬
State
Technical
and
office
Kindred
skilled
ski lleo
skilled
tic
perienced
Workers
officials
workers
workers
workers
workers
workers
workers
pgrsonft ,
UNITED STATES
100.0
22.7
7.0
13.0
10.3
11.2
14.5
7.4
2.4
11.5
pec ion 1
100.0
27.6
8.3
16.6
12.9
8.4
11.0
2.5
_li£
10.9
Connecticut
100.0
25.2
11.1
15.8
11.7
11.7
5.8
4.1
2.3
12.3
Maine &/
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
Massachusetts
100.0
21.9
9.3
14.2
13.9
10.0
16.0
3.1
1.7
9.9
new hampshire
100.0
-
-
33.3
-
33.3
33.4
-
-
-
NEW YORK CI TV
100.0
36.6
7.0
19.2
12.8
5.6
5.5
0.5
1.7
11.1
new york (excl. n.Y.C.)
100.0
15.0
10.0
15.3
12,5
14.2
13.5
8.9
2.1
8.5
Rhode island
100.0
13.5
8.0
9.2
11.0
9.8
26.4
3.7
3.1
15.3
vermont
100.0
19.2
-
34.6
-
-
3.9
3.8
-
38.5
region tl
100*0
ao.e
-li2
13.3
7.9
8.6
10.6
4.6
1.9
17.6
delaware
1C0.0
31.6
2.6
23.7
2.6
10.5
15.8
7.9
5.3
-
district of columsia
100.0
16.2
2.7
29.8
13.5
10.8
18.9
-
-
8.1
Maryland
100.0
26.1
5.4
13.1
6.5
7.6
16.3
1.1
9.e
14.1
NEW JERSEY
100.0
26.6
4.4
15.7
8.0
e.6
8.1
1.5
2.6
24.3
pennsylvania
100.0
35.7
4.4
11.6
7.9
8.5
10.9
5.4
1.0
14.6
west virginia
100.0
14.0
9.2
7.9
7.9
10.4
11.6
11.6
1.2
26.2
region 111
100.0
20.4
6.8
12.8
10.4
11.1
12,6
9.9
-Isi
11.6
Ala&ama
100.0
6.e
8.0
9.1
13.6
11.4
25.0
10.2
10.2
5.7
Arkansas
100.0
30.1
5.4
19.2
11.0
6.8
11.0
1.4
1.4
13.7
Flopida
100.0
41.3
10.9
8.7
8.7
8.7
2.2
4.3
4.3
10.9
GEORGIA
1C0.0
21.1
10.1
12.8
12.8
14.7
8.3
6.4
3.7
10.1
Louisiana
100.0
17.2
4.1
22.1
e.2
8.2
9.1
10.7
5.7
14.7
Mississippi
100.0
21.5
14.3
-
7.1
14.3
7.1
7.1
-
28.6
north Carolina
100.0
14.9
4.6
6.9
11.5
9.2
15.0
24.1
4.6
9.2
Oklahoma
100.0
10.9
10.9
8.4
4.2
25.2
14.3
16.0
3.4
6.7
South Carolina
100.0
11.1
3.7
14.8
18.6
11.1
11.1
7.4
7.4
14.C
Tennessee
100.0
39.4
5.6
11.3
11.3
4.2
9.9
-
4.2
14.1
Texas
100.0
22.7
4.2
13.2
10.2
8.4
16.1
10.2
2.4
12.6
virginia
100.0
19.9
6.3
13.5
12.6
9.0
11.7
9.0
3.6
14.4
region iv
100.0
IZt1
-6*2
11 *5
9.1
13.3
17.8
10.4
2.6
10.9
illinois
100.0
16.0
6.0
13,0
8.6
16.2
18.9
9.8
2.4
9.1
Indiana
100,0
13.7
4.9
5.8
6.7
13.6
26,4
18.6
3.0
5.3
iowa
100.0
21.7
6.3
7.2
10.2
13.1
16.9
13.5
2.9
8.2
Kansas
100.0
13.6
7.5
13.1
9.0
12.6
17.6
15.6
4.0
7.0
Kentucky
100.0
23.5
8.5
14.2
7.8
15.6
9.2
9,2
1.4
10.6
Michigan
100.0
16.4
5.6
11.6
7.3
12.9
22.4
5.3
1.8
14.7
Minnesota
100.0
19.0
1C.0
11.7
10.5
11.0
10.9
12.1
2.4
12.4
Missouri
100.0
32.1
6.1
12.1
6.9
11.3
10.4
6.1
2.0
13.0
nebraska
100.0
14.6
10.5
8.9
15.2
13.6
13.1
11.5
3.7
e.9
North Dakota
100.0
17.2
9.5
10.6
n.e
10.1
14.2
12.4
1.8
12.4
Ohio
100.0
17.e
6.5
12.4
11.5
11.8
14.7
7.5
3.1
14.7
South Dakota
100.0
11.9
11.9
8.3
3.6
7.1
16.7
10.7
3.6
26.2
Wisconsin
100.0
20.7
7.0
13.2
10.1
8.3
16.8
7.8
2.3
13.8
Region v
100.0
23J
6.4
12.4
11.6
11d
111!
-Zc£
8.6
Arizona
100.0
25.0
4.8
12.5
6.7
13.5
22.1
5.8
3.8
5.8
California
100.0
23.1
9.7
13.9
13.0
13.0
11.4
6.5
2.1
7.3
Colorado
100.0
25.2
4.0
7.3
11.3
8,6
15.2
9.3
2.6
16.5
idaho
100.0
12.5
1.6
12.5
1.8
7.1
23.2
25.0
1.8
14.3
Montana
100.0
19.6
5.9
14.7
2.0
10.8
18.6
7.8
2.9
17.7
NEVADA
100.0
11.8
-
11.8
-
5.9
29.4
23.5
17.6
new Mexico
100.0
46.2
-
15.4
-
-
7.7
7.7
23.0
oregon
100.0
29.5
9.8
8.9
11.6
11.6
13.4
7.1
2.7
5.4
Utah
100.0
18.3
10.4
13.0
5.2
6.1
17.4
17.4
0.9
11.3
washington
100.0
21.9
5.4
6.?
15.4
9.7
20,8
6.4
5.0
8.7
Wyoming
100.0
50.0
10.0
5.0
10.0
20.0
-
5.0
A/ NO NECREATION PROJECTS IN OPERATION.
(Concluded on next paoe)
40
TABLE XIV - PERCENTAGE DISTRIBUTION BY MAJOR OCCUPATIONAL GROUPS OF MEN ANO WOMEN EMPLOYED
ON WPA RECREATION PROJECTS, BY REGIONS ANO STATES (CONCLUOEO)
week
Ending August 28,
1937
women
profes¬
proprie¬
Sales¬
WPA Administrative
sional
tors
men
region ano
Total
and
managers
and
scmi-
un¬
domes¬
Inex¬
State
Technical
and
Office
kindred
Skilled
skilleo
skilled
tic
perience
workers
offic1al6
workers
workers
workers
workers
workers
workers
person!
UNITED STATES
100.0
30.9
1.4
17.6
4.6
0.5
5.0
0.1
7.0
32.9
rcqion 1
100.0
42.5
1.7
23.2
3.8
0.5
3.0
0,1
3.0
22.2
Connecticut
100.0
39.2
-
20.2
6.3
1.3
5.1
-
3.8
24.1
Maine a/
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
Massachusetts
100.0
27.9
1.4
25.0
5.5
0.9
4.6
0.4
4.6
29.7
new hampshire
100.0
36.3
9.1
27.3
-
-
-
-
-
27.3
new york city
100.0
55.3
1.9
20,7
2.4
0.2
2.1
-
1.7
15.7
NEW YORK (ExCL. N.Y.C.)
100.0
19.8
2.2
42.8
2.2
-
-
-
5.5
27.5
Rhode island
100.0
25.0
-
12.5
12.5
-
6.3
-
-
43.7
vermont
100.0
21.4
-
21 .4
7.2
-
-
-
7.1
42.9
region ii
100.0
41.1
0.8
16.5
2.6
0.5
3.5
0.1
4.6
30.3
delaware
100.0
44.0
-
20.0
-
-
4.0
-
-
32.0
district of columbia
100,0
47.6
-
23.8
-
-
-
-
-
28.6
maryland
100.0
29.7
-
11.0
-
-
13.2
-
28.6
17.5
mew jersey
100.0
40.3
1.1
20.3
2.9
0.2
2.9
-
2.4
29.9
pennsylvania
100.0
51.3
0.8
14.1
1.8
0,4
1.8
0.2
2.9
26.7
west virginia
100.0
17.3
0.6
15.5
6.5
1.8
5.3
-
4.2
48.8
region iii
100.0
27.2
1.3
15.0
5.2
0.6
6.1
0.2
9.7
34.7
Alabama
100,0
13.3
0.5
16.1
7,0
-
17.8
-
16.7
27.0
Arkansas
100.0
26.4
2.0
23.5
2.0
2.9
3.9
2.0
5.9
31.4
Florida
100.0
41.2
5.0
18.7
6.3
-
-
-
C.3
22.5
georgia
100.0
28.3
1.1
14.1
8.8
-
4.2
-
10.3
33.2
louisiana
100.0
18.1
3.4
16.4
7.7
0.9
0.9
-
0.9
51.7
mississippi
100.0
32.4
1.0
14.9
4.6
-
4.6
-
4.6
38.0
North Carolina
100.0
26.2
0.5
12.6
2.3
0.5
9.9
-
14.0
34.1
Oklahoma
100.0
25.2
0.5
18.4
4.4
2.9
9.7
-
8.3
30.6
South Carolina
100.0
27.8
3.1
9.9
3.7
-
2.4
-
7.4
45.7
Tennessee
100.0
30.9
0.7
16.4
2.6
-
2.0
-
6.6
40.8
Texas
100.0
23.5
1.3
16,8
6.3
-
5.1
-
12.7
34.3
Virginia
100.0
41.4
0.5
7.6
3.1
1.0
5.6
1.0
10.0
29.9
region iv
100.0
23.5
-1*2
17.4
4.6
0.6
6.1
0.1
8.7
37.8
Illinois
100.0
22.6
1.2
20.0
5.0
1.0
6.4
-
5.7
38.1
1no iana
100.0
13.0
2.2
18.3
6.1
-
10.9
0.4
16.1
33.0
iowa
100.0
23.3
2.1
16.4
5.5
-
4.1
-
17.1
31.5
Kansas
100.0
24.2
2.4
14.5
2.4
-
4.8
-
8.1
43.6
kentucky
100.0
21 .8
-
14.3
2.0
0.7
6.9
0.7
7.5
46.2
Michigan
100.0
28.4
0.7
19.3
3.8
0.4
4.9
-
8.0
34.5
minnesota
100.0
29.2
1.3
19.0
6.2
0.4
5.9
-
6.2
31.9
missouri
100.0
38.5
1.0
7.7
2.4
1.4
5.8
-
3.8
39.4
nebraska
100.0
36.8
O.Q
12.0
3.2
-
3.2
-
10.4
33.6
north Dakota
100.0
27.2
-
27.1
4.9
-
2.5
-
2.5
35.9
Ohio
100.0
17.3
1.4
17.8
5.9
0.5
6.7
0.1
11.9
38.5
South Dakota
100.0
18.2
-
8.3
2.3
-
5.3
-
14.4
51.5
1i8g0nsin
100.0
28.2
0.9
17.1
1.7
1.7
5.1
0.9
6.s
37.6
region v
100.0
31.7
2.2
16.4
6.0
0.2
4.3
0,1
5.9
33.2
Arizona
100.0
35.2
-
20.4
5.5
-
5.5
-
5.6
27.8
California
100.0
30.7
2.6
13.9
6.9
0.2
3.9
-
4.9
32.1
colorado
100.0
43.4
2.4
18.1
3.6'
-
1.2
-
3.6
27.7
idaho
100.0
3.4
-
17.3
6.9
-
13.9
3.4
17.3
37.9
montana
100,0
29.3
-
19.4
4.9
-
7.3
-
9.3
29.3
nevada
100.0
23.3
3.3
-
3.3
-
10.0
•
6.7
53,4
new mexico
100.0
62.5
-
12.5
-
-
12.5
-
-
12.5
Oregon
100.0
37.7
1.8
7.9
2.6
-
7.9
-
11.4
30.7
utah
100.0
24.4
-
5.8
3.5
1.2
1.2
-
7.0
56.9
Washington
100.0
33.8
0.8
11.8
7.1
-
4.7
0.9
e.7
32.3
Wyoming
100.0
45.0
7.5
10.0
2.5
-
2.5
-
-
32.5
k/ NO RECREATION PROJECTS IN OPERATION. U.S. GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE: 1938