JOB NUMBER
2800
san diego county california
WATER DISTRIBUTION
AND SANITARY SEWERAGE
SYSTEMS BACKGROUND
AND POLICY STUDY
comprehensive plañning organization
TECHNICAL REPORT
WATER DISTRIBUTION AND
SANITARY SEWERAGE SYSTEMS
BACKGROUND AND POLICY STUDY
February 1972
SAN DIEGO COUNTY COMPREHENSIVE PLANNING ORGANIZATION
This report was produced by staff of the County of San Diego on behalf of
the San Diego County Comprehensive Planning Organization with federal
funds from the U. S. Department of Housing and Urban Development and
local funds from the County of San Diego.
Room 801 County Administration Center- 1600 Pacific Highway — San Diego, California 92101 - 239-7711 Ext. 717
ABSTRACT
TITLE:
AUTHOR:
SUBJECT:
DATE:
LOCAL PLANNING AGENCY:
SOURCE OF COPIES:
HUD PROJECT NUMBER:
NUMBER OF PAGES.
ABSTRACT:
Water Distribution and Sanitary Sewerage
Systems Background and Policy Study, Job
2800
San Diego County Planning Department
Water Management in San Diego County
February, 1972
County of San Diego on Behalf of the San
Diego County Comprehensive Planning
Organization
National Technical Information Service
Operations Division
Springfield, Virginia 22151
San Diego County Comprehensive Planning
Organization
1600 Pacific Highway, Room 801
San Diego, California 92101
California P-294 (G)
Summary Report: 56
Technical Report:75
This study is contained in two volumes, each
intended to serve a specific purpose. The
Summary Report, includes discussions
concerning the need for regional water and
sewer planning, the responsibilities of CPO in
the metropolitan clearinghouse function, a
framework of objectives and principles which
provide a basis for policy decisions regarding
water and sewer facilities, a short explanation
of Federal and State water quality programs,
examples of possible alternative
organizational arrangements, arid an
explanation of the water and sewer data
maintenance system. The Technical Report
provides an up-to-date inventory of water
distribution and sanitary sewerage agencies of
the region in both map and narrative form,
including a description of all facilities, their
existing level of utilization and design
capacity.
íí
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
Many persons liave aided in the preparation of this project. In particular the cooperation
and assistance of the members of the Ad Hoc Committee on the Water Distribution and
Sanitary Sewerage Systems Background and Policy Study is appreciated:
Richard G. Rypinski, Chairman, Councilman, City of Del Mar;
Richard Aldrich, Superintendent, Department of Sewer and Water, City of
Oceanside;
Charles R. Bras, Director of Public Works, City of La Mesa;
Leonard Burtman, Senior Engineer, California Regional Water Quality Control
Board;
Linden R. Burzell, General Manager and Chief Engineer, San Diego County Water
Authority;
Hunter T. Cook, City Engineer, City of Carlsbad;
Roy E. Dodson, Director of Water Utilities, City of San Diego;
Malcolm C. Gerschler, Director of Planning, City of National City;
Case J. Houson, Director, Department of Sanitation and Elood Control, County
of San Diego;
Thomas R. Parks, Manager, City of Imperial Beach;
Laurence W. Van Dusen, Vice Chairman, LAECO Special Districts Advisory
Committee;
Bruce Warren, Director of Planning, City of Chula Vista;
John A. Williamson, Director of Public Works, City of Escondido.
In addition, the following staff of the County of San Diego participated in the technical
work:
Richard J. Huff, Executive Director, San Diego County Comprehensive Planning
Organization;
Kenneth E. Sulzer, Deputy Director for Program Coordination, San Diego County
Planning Department;
Robert A. Clark, Chief, Regional Planning Division;
Larry K. Erazier, Senior Planner;
Richard K. Walbert, Associate Planner:
Richard L. Brockett, Assistant Planner;
Kenneth L. Pyle, Chief Cartographer.
iií
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Parti FINDINGS AND RECOMMENDATIONS
Definition of the Problem
Purpose and Scope of the Report .
Recommendations
Land-Use Policy
Basin/Regional Water Resource Management
Eragmentation of Governmental Entities
Local Regional Planning Initiative
Major Eindings of the Study
Glossary
Part II EXISTING WATER SOURCES IN THE SAN DIEGO REGION
Present Sources of Water Supply
Ground Water
Imported Water . . . .
Part III EXISTING WATER DISTRIBUTION SYSTEMS
Bueno Colorado Municipal Water District .
Vista Irrigation District . .
San Marcos County Water District .
Carlsbad Municipal Water District
City of Carlsbad
City of Del Mar ....
De Luz Heights Municipal Water District . . -
City of Escondido
Fallbrook Public Utility District . .
Helix Irrigation District
City of Oceanside
Olivenhain Municipal Water District
Otay Municipal Water District
Poway Municipal Water District
Rainbow Municipal Water District .
Ramona Municipal Water District .
Rincón Del Diablo Municipal Water District
Rio San Diego Municipal Water District
City of San Diego
San Dieguito Irrigation District
Santa Fe Irrigation District
South Bay Irrigation District
California-American Water Company
Valley Center Municipal Water District
Yuima Municipal Water District .
Water Storage Capacities
. 1
1
. 1
1
. 2
. 2
. 2
3
. 3
6
8
8
. 8
. 9
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19
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21
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28
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29
iv
Part IV FUTURE SOURCES OF WATER FOR
THE SAN DIEGO REGION 40
Underground Water Storage 40
Desalinization ... 40
Reclaimed Water 41
Other Technological Innovations 44
Industrial Reuse . . . . 44
Weather Modification 44
Evaporation Reduction from Impoundments 44
Part V EXISTING SANITARY SEWERAGE SYSTEMS
IN THE SAN DIEGO REGION 46
City of Del Mar 47
Encinitas Sanitary District ... 47
City of Escondido . .47
Fallbrook Sanitary District . . . . 48
Leucadia County Water District . . . .48
City of Oceanside . . . .49
Otay Municipal Water District 49
Pauma Valley Community Service District 49
Pomerado County Water District . . ... .49
Rainbow Municipal Water District 50
San Diego Metropolitan Sewage System . . 50
Historical ... .... 50
Facilities . . . 51
Financing . . . 51
City of San Diego . . . . . . 53
County of San Diego, Department of Sanitation and
Flood Control ... ... 54
Alpine Sanitation District 54
Cardiff Sanitation District and Solana Beach
Sanitation District .... . . 54
City of Carlsbad, Vista Sanitation District, Buena
Sanitation District, San Marcos County Water District . . . . .55
Julian Sanitation District 55
Lakeside Sanitation District 55
Pine Valley Sanitation District 55
Ramona Sanitation District . .55
Rancho Santa Fe Sanitation District 56
Whispering Palms Sanitation District 56
Santee County Water District . . . 56
Valle Verde Community Services District 56
Valley Center Municipal Water District 56
Other Privately Owned Sanitary Sewerage Systems
In the San Diego Region .57
Sewage Treatment Plants 58
V
Part VI FEDERAL AND STATE PROGRAMS OF FINANCIAL ASSISTANCE
FOR WATER AND SEWER DEVELOPMENT 60
Federal Programs 60
Water and Sewer Development Construction Funds 60
Long Range Planning and Research Funds 64
Federal Aid Program: Water Resources Planning 64
State Programs ... 68
Water and Sewer Project Development Construction Funds 68
Bibliography 71
VI
FOREWORD
The Water Distribution and Sanitary Sewerage Systems Background and Policy Study was
accomplished as part of the overall regional planning program of the San Diego County
Comprehensive Planning Organization.
CPO is a voluntary association of local governments formed to assure sound overall
area-wide planning for the San Diego County Region. Members include the County of
San Diego, the 13 incorporated cities-Carlsbad, Chula Vista, Coronado, Del Mar, El Cajon,
Escondido, Imperial Beach, La Mesa, National City, Oceanside, San Diego, San Marcos
and Vista; the Unified Port District; and the California State Division of Highways.
Part I
FINDINGS AND
RECOMMENDATIONS
1
FINDINGS AND RECOMMENDATIONS
DEFIIMITIGN OF THE PROBLEM
The San Diego Region, which comprises all of San Diego County, lies in the southwest
corner of California and the United States. Bounded on the South by Mexico and on
the west by the Pacific Ocean, this area, along with all of Southern California, has
experienced a tremendous amount of growth in the last two decades.
The rapid expansion of population and industry in the San Diego Region has created
a number of multijurisdictional problems with respect to the planning and control of land
use, and the provision of public facilities such as schools, parks, roads, and water and
sewerage systems. The San Diego Region covers approximately 4,258 square miles and
on April 1, 1971, had an estimated population of 1,408,900.
The increase in population in the region since 1960 has amounted to 375,900 or 36 percent.
If the present trends continue, it is expected to increase an additional 941,100 by 1990,
which would create a total population of 2,350,000. Given this projected population, the
problem then becomes one of providing well planned water distribution and sanitary
sewerage systems to satisfy future demands.
Today there are over seventy-five public water and sewer agencies in the San Diego Region.
This multiplicity of districts along with a lack of regional water and sewer coordination,
has led to the creation of overlapping service areas and gaps between districts which receive
no service at all.
An inability, especially at the local level, to invest in new facilities has caused water and
sewer service to lag behind the urbanization of the region. This is especially true of sewerage
facilities. The primary problems in the provision of water and sewer services in the San
Diego Region are governmental rather than technical. Local governments are increasingly
unable to handle water and sewer problems unilaterally. The growth has reached a point
where planning should now be done on a regionwide basis.
PURPOSE AND SCOPE OF THE REPORT
The purpose of this technical report is to provide an up-to-date inventory of water
distribution and sanitary sewerage agencies of the region, including a description of all
facilities; present and future water sources for the region; and a description of the various
programs available for the financing of water and sewerage facilities.
RECOMMENDATIONS
The Water Distribution and Sanitary Sewerage Systems Ad Hoc Subcommittee was
composed of professional planners and engineers as well as other qualified persons from
throughout the San Diego Region. The opinions expressed during the course of the
2
subcommittee meetings were varied, indeed, with respect to the basic recommendations
resulting from this study. As a result, any member of the subcommittee who felt his
viewpoint was sufficiently different from that of the consensus was invited to write an
alternative recommendation. Based on the findings of this study, the recommendations
are as follows:
LAND-USE POLICY
Land-use planning defines, in essence, the quality of the environment. Thus, the
responsibility for planning and implementation of a viable land use in the San Diego Region
rests solely with the elected officials of the municipal, multi-purpose units of government
and depends upon their effective cooperation with other levels of government. Other
land-use determining factors (taxes, utilities, access) should, then, also be subservient to
those charged with the responsibility for land-use planning. Therefore, land-use policy
decisions and population goals, once they have been formally adopted, should remain
unchanged in order to alleviate the conflicts which arise in determining the proper water
management facilities for future growth.*
BASIN/REGIONAL WATER RESOURCE MANAGEMENT
Water resource management in the San Diego Region should be practiced on a drainage
basin basis, recognizing local as well as basin-wide functions. In order to accomplish this,
it will be necessary for all agencies with water management responsibilities within the
region to effectively cooperate on the basis of quality of service and economy, not on
the basis of existing political jurisdictions.**
FRAGMENTATION OF GOVERNMENTAL ENTITIES
An important goal for the San Diego Region is to minimize the proliferation of
special-purpose districts where regional functional management or general-purpose units
of government could better serve the needs of the area. A restructuring of the organizational
arrangement within the region is clearly needed.
^Recommendation of Richard G. Rypinski, Chairman
Intensive land development requires the availability of water and sewer facilities. Consequently, the location and timing
of these life support systems are critical components of regional population goals. It is recommended that (1) the
fundamental policy questions of how many people will be served, where facilities are to be located, and when they
will be constructed, first be decided by the elected officials with land-use jurisdiction, and (2) that facility planners
then design facilities which are sized, located, and phased to conform with current population goals and strategies.
''Recommendation of Richard G. Rypinski, Chairman
As the policy questions of how many people to serve, where to locate and when to construct facilities are to be
answered by elected officials, so the functional design and operation of water and sewer facilities is best handled by
qualified water management personnel. Functional administration of water management facilities should be generally
congruent with drainage basins rather than prescribed by arbitary political boundaries. It is recommended that functional
management be administered by a comprehensive agency created to solve problems on a regional basis.
3
LOCAL REGIONAL PLANNING INITIATIVE
Local governmental entities in the San Diego Region must show a willingness and an ability
to solve the urban problems of the region on a cooperative basis, and soon, if they are
to prevent the imposition of increased State and Federal controls. To maintain strong
local control over land-use planning standards, it is incumbent upon local agencies to take
the initiative, through strong region-wide cooperation, to set common goals and develop
criteria to assist in attaining those goals.
MAJOR FINDINGS OF THE STUDY
1. The rapid urbanization of the San Diego Region has resulted in a steadily increasing
demand for dependable supplies of water. At present, domestic and industrial uses
account for over 254 million gallons of water daily. About 84 percent of this water
is imported from the Colorado River through the combined aqueduct systems of
the Metropolitan Water District of Southern California (MWD) and the San Diego
County Water authority (CWA). This system supplies water to 94 percent of the
total San Diego County population. Although precipitation, surface water, and
groundwater are also used as domestic sources, these are only of minor importance
to the total water supply.
2. For the 1970-71 fiscal year, the San Diego County Water Authority produced a total
flow of 282,710 acre feet, or 88 percent of the maximum 320,000 acre feet which
could be delivered, assuming continuous operation of the Authority's two aqueducts
at capacity for the entire year. However, in order to achieve even the present flow,
the CWA has to purchase much more Colorado River water than is guaranteed under
its preferential entitlement. Anticipating a drastic cut in the amount of water available
for purchase when the State of Arizona and the other MWD agencies begin to utilize
all of the water to which they are entitled, the MWD, of which the CWA is a member,
has contracted with the State of California to purchase 2,000,000 acre feet per year
of Feather River water, starting in 1974.
3. Amongst the 22 member agencies which comprise the CWA, there is considerable
variation in service area, population size, distribution systems, and storage capacities.
Several of the districts have less than three days storage capacity which, according
to the criteria set up by the CWA, indicates that a capital improvements program
is necessary in order to augment present capacity and avert water shortages during
emergency situations. In addition, the time is approaching when the California
Department of Public Health will require filtration of all public water supplies. This
requirement will necessitate further capital outlays for the needed filtration facilities.
Several local water agencies will also need to undertake capital improvement programs
to expand transmission lines which carry water from the main aqueducts to the local
distribution system.
4. Rapid urbanization of the San Diego Region has also placed a heavy burden on those
agencies supplying sanitary sewerage service. Not only have these agencies been unable
to keep pace with growth by expanding the collection system, but in many cases
the treatment facilities are operating at or beyond capacity.
5. A partial solution to this regional problem is the San Diego Metropolitan Sewerage
4
System. Since its inception in 1963, the Metro System has solved the sewage disposal
problems of seven cities and four special districts which lie within the San Diego
Metropolitan area. However, the problem does not end there. Including the 11
members of the Metro System there are over 40 public agencies which provide
sewerage service in the San Diego Region. Most of these agencies were created to
serve a specific need on a limited basis. Through the process of urbanization they
have been called on to provide service beyond the capabilities of the original treatment
facilities. At the present time, there has been a regional response to the problems
of sewage collection, treatment and disposal with the implementation of the Encina
Regional Water Pollution Control Facility, and the organization of the Santa
Margarita-San Luis Rey Joint Powers Watershed Planning Agency.
6. Since the water and sewer systems in San Diego County and the type of sewage
disposal are governed largely by drainage conditions, the planning of these systems
should be on a regional basis, taking into account the natural drainage areas. Future
water and sewer services must be developed on the basis of population goals for
development of the region as a whole, and this planning should take place well in
advance of actual construction.
7. Another facet of water and sewer systems development which must be considered
is the area of technological innovation. One innovation concerned with the supply
of fresh water is the process of desalinization. Many different desalting techniques
are in use and others are presently being developed. The coupling of desalinization
with nuclear energy, as a source of heat for the distillation process, gives promise
of greater economy and cheaper fresh water in the future. At the present time, with
the demand for water continually increasing, much can be done to supplement the
local water supply through the reclamation of waste water. Successful reclamation
of waste water and subsequent use for beneficial purposes that have lower quality
requirements, such as irrigation and industrial uses, would preserve the imported water
for domestic uses which require high quality standards. Other technological
innovations which may have an impact upon future water and sewer systems
development planning include industrial reuse of waste water, weather modifications,
evaporation reduction from impoundments, and improved watershed management.
8. Comprehensive river basin planning is another aspect in the discussion of water and
sewerage systems development. Under Title II of the Federal Water Resources Planning
Act of 1965, Federal-State River Basin Commissions have been established to
coordinate federal, state, inter-state, local and nongovernmental plans for the
development of water and related land resources within a river basin jurisdiction.
This kind of comprehensive planning is the best way of assuring that development
of water and related land resources will keep pace and adequately support regional
growth of population and economic activity.
9. A major issue which must be considered in planning for future needs is the question
of water pollution. Current sources of water must be protected and preserved, and
sources that have deteriorated below levels acceptable for domestic use must be
rehabilitated. In California there is a statewide program of water quality control which
is administered by nine regional boards. The Porter-Cologne Water Quality Act, signed
into law in July, 1969, has strengthened the role of these boards as far as enforcing
water quality objectives and waste discharge requirements.
5
10. One of the most serious ground water pollution problems in western San Diego County
occur in residential areas where septic tank systems are used. Many of these areas
are not served by sewerage systems, or have only recently received sewer service and
continue to use the septic tank systems. Some of the areas involved have soil
conditions that are poorly suited to septic tank use. Other areas have soil conditions
which are relatively favorable to this type of sewage disposal, however, the amount
of development has exceeded the percolation capacity of the soil. Efforts should
be made to eliminate existing septic tank systems in urban areas by providing public
sewers, and to provide sewers in developing areas as growth takes place. Individual
sewage disposal systems should be allowed only in areas where low population density
and good percolation conditions will prevent the contamination of ground water
resources.
11. For the most part the bays in the region are free of pollution, but only because
of an intensive program including development of the San Diego Metropolitan
Sewerage System. The only remaining sources of pollution in San Diego Bay are
Navy ships, pleasure craft, and the local tuna fleet.
12. The coastal lagoons in the region are, however, suffering from pollution. This pollution
(in most cases eutrophication) is caused by treated sewage which collects in the lagoons
at times when they are cut off from the natural tidal action of the sea by sand
or other natural barriers. The lagoons in the region which are now suffering from
pollution include: Sorrento Lagoon, San Dieguito Slough, San Elijo Lagoon, Batiquitos
Lagoon, and the Santa Margarita Lagoon.
6
GLOSSARY
Specialized words and terms used in this report are defined below. They are based on
the "Glossary of Water and Sewage Control Engineering," 1949, published by the American
Society of Civil Engineers.
Aeration The bringing about of intimate contact between air and a liquid by one of
the following methods: Spraying the liquid in the air, bubbling air through the liquid,
or agitating the liquid to promote absorption of air.
Clarifier A tank or basin in which water, sewage, or other liquid containing settleable
solids is retained for a sufficient time so that a part of the suspended matter is removed
by gravity. Usually in waste water treatment, the detention period is short enough to
avoid anaerobic decomposition. Also termed settling tank.
Comminutor (Also Barminutor) A device for the cutting of coarse sewage solids into
particles of sufficient fineness to pass through fine screen openings.
Complete Waste Water Treatment Combined sedimentation and biological treatment of
waste water which produces a clear, stable, and well-oxidized effluent.
Digester A tank in which the solids resulting from the sedimentation of sewage are stored
for anaerobic decomposition.
Imhoff Tank A deep, two-storied sewage tank consisting of an upper or continuous
flow sedimentation chamber and a lower or sludge-digestion chamber.
Oxidation Pond An artificial pond that provides an environment for living organisms,
which, in the presence of oxygen, converts the organic matter contained in waste water
to a more stable form.
Parshall Flume A device for measuring the flow of liquid in an open conduit.
Primary Waste Water Treatment Any process that removes a portion of the settleable
suspended and floating matter from domestic or industrial waste by screening, skimming,
sedimentation, or other physical means.
Reclamation The process of recovering water from domestic or industrial waste so that
the water may be put to beneficial use.
Secondary Waste Water Treatment Any process of domestic or industrial waste treatment
that may or may not follow primary treatment, and that accomplishes stabilization of
organic matter by biological or chemical action.
Sewage Defined in Section 13005 of the California Water Code as " . . . any and all
waste substance, liquid or solid, associated with human habitation, or which contains or
may be contaminated with human or animal excreta or excrement, offal, or any feculent
matter."
7
Sewerage The removal and disposal of sewage by sewers; a system of sewers.
Trickling Filter A bio-filter contact chamber consisting of coarse material, such as stones,
over which waste water is distributed, and through which it trickles, giving opportunity
for the formation of zoogleal slimes which clarify and oxidize the waste water.
Head Pressure exerted by a column of liquid.
Waste Water Water that has been put to some use or uses and has been disposed of
commonly to a sewer or wasteway. It may be industrial liquid waste, or sewage, or both.
Water Requirement The water needed to provide for all beneficial uses, whether
consumptive or nonconsumptive, and for irrecoverable losses incidental to such uses.
Comprehensive Planning - Systematic and continuing process designed to help solve current
problems and provide for future needs. It includes the identification and continuous
refinement of objectives and criteria; collection and analysis of pertinent data; consideration
of alternative courses of action; policy decisions on selected courses of action; coordination
of local plans and of programs and activities affecting the development of the area;
formation, maintenance and updating of a comprehensive development plan; and
improvement programming and other measures to implement the plan. Comprehensive
Planning covers land use, transportation, water and sewers, open space and recreation,
housing, health and education facilities, community development and renewal, and other
aspects of physical, economic and social development of significance to the particular urban
area.*
Water and Sewer Functional Planning Planning concerned with all facilities for providing
water to meet residential, commercial, industrial, public and other needs and for the
collection treatment, disposal and otherwise managing sanitary, storm and other wastes.
The facilities and systems of which they are part should be planned on a coordinated
basis, taking into account service requirements, alternative uses of water, benefit-cost
considerations, natural drainage basin factors, the quality of environment and
interrelatiohships of facilities and systems. Planning should be done in accordance with
appropriate standards and be directed towards the development of unified or officially
coordinated areawide systems that are designed to provide adequate capacity for future
growth.
Water and sewer planning should be done not only in the context of comprehensive
planning, but should also take into account activities in environmental health, water
pollution, air pollution and other related fields.*
♦Source: Water and Sewer Facilities Planning Requirements Guide, DHUD, 1966
Part II
EXISTING WATER SOURCES
IN THE SAN DIEGO REGION
8
EXISTING WATER SOURCES IN
THE SAN DIEGO REGION
Since the early 1900's, the San Diego County Region has experienced rapid development
which has, in turn, profoundly affected the water supply. At the same time the area
has experienced a rapid population increase, accompanied by the inevitable conversion
of land from rural to urban uses. This process of urbanization has led to a steadily increasing
demand for dependable supplies of water.
Municipal and industrial consumers account for the use of over 883 acre feet daily in
the San Diego Region. About 74% of this water is imported from the Colorado River
through the combined aqueduct systems of the Metropolitan Water District of Southern
California (MWD) and the San Diego County Water Authority (CWA). In 1970 the CWA
supplied water to 1,255,000 people, approximately 89% of the total San Diego County
population.
Water has a variety of uses in the San Diego Region, including domestic, industrial,
agricultural and recreational. In the area served by the CWA, roughly the western half
of San Diego County, the water use per capita for the fiscal year 1969-70 was
approximately 0.25 acre foot. In recent years the ratio of domestic and industrial use
to agricultural water use has remained at about two to one, as the increased demands
of agriculture have kept pace with the increased urban use.
PRESENT SOURCES OF WATER SUPPLY
Precipitation and runoff in the San Diego Region is extremely variable, both geographically
and seasonally. The mean annual precipitation varies from approximately 10 inches near
the coast to more than 45 inches in the higher mountain areas. Since the mid 1940's,
there has been a general deficiency of precipitation throughout the San Diego Region.
This deficiency has had an important bearing on the amount of runoff which is the major
determinant of the Region's local water supply. Precipitation and runoff, which was once
the major source of supply, has been relegated to a minor role in serving the rapidly
increasing demands of the Region.
GROUND WATER
Historically, ground water has been an important source of supply in the San Diego Region.
The utilization of ground water supplies depends mainly on availability, which is a function
of pumping costs, quality, demand by the people, and cost and availability of other sources.
In recent years, the demand has progressively increased, the availability of ground water
has decreased, its quality has been impaired in many areas, and imported Colorado River
water has become readily available. These factors have relegated ground water to a minor
position as a source of water supply for much of the region.
9
IMPORTED WATER
Due to the geography and climate of the County, only the area of the coastal plain and
adjacent inland valleys has attracted extensive settlement. This coastal area, excluding Camp
Pendleton, relies essentially on imported water as a source of supply and derives only
minor amounts from local production.
The San Diego County Water Authority is a public agency which provides most of the
water from municipal, domestic and other beneficial uses throughout San Diego County.
The CWA imports its entire supply from the Colorado River, 300 miles away, and
distributes the water to its 22 member agencies including 12 municipal water districts,
4 irrigation districts, 1 public utility district and 5 cities (See Figure 1 ).
Annexations to member agencies, and the resulting change in boundaries, has increased
the total acreage within the CWA by 4,387 acres. As of June 30, 1970, a total of 753,200
acres or 1,177 square miles were included within the CWA. This is approximately 28%
of the total 2,725,100 acres in the County.
In November, 1947, the first aqueduct to bring water to the County was completed (70,000
acre feet annual capacity). The increased demand for water from expanding post-war
population has made it necessary for the CWA to continually plan for and provide new
water distribution facilities in advance of the time when growing demand would surpass
existing supplies. In October, 1954, and again in November, 1960, major increments of
water supply were provided through the completion of the second pipeline of the first
aqueduct (70,000 acre feet annual capacity) and, subsequently, the first pipeline of the
second aqueduct (180,000 acre feet annual capacity).
The total flow in the CWA's system for the 1969-70 fiscal year was 249,258 acre feet.
This amounted to 78% of the maximum of 320,000 acre feet which could be delivered,
assuming continuous operation of both aqueducts at capacity for the entire year.
At the present time, the CWA purchases much more Colorado River water than is
guaranteed by its preferential entitlement. This is possible because other member agencies
of the Southern California Metropolitan Water District do not, at the present time, buy
all of the water to which they are entitled. The Southern California MWD is nearly last
on the priority list for Colorado River Water and when Arizona begins to utilize the entire
amount of water to which it is entitled, it is quite possible the MWD's allotment will
be cut in half. Anticipating this cut, the MWD contracted with the State of California
to purchase 2,000,000 acre feet per year of Feather River water from Northern California
and transport it to Southern California via the California Water Project. In addition the
MWD will continue to receive its specified allotment from the Colorado River. It is doubtful
that the supply of Colorado River water will be cut before 1974, the date the California
Water Project is scheduled for completion.
In June of 1969, construction began on the second pipeline of the second aqueduct, which
is expected to be in service by the time the California Water Project is completed. The
second pipeline will be much larger than the previous three and will be capable of delivering
275,000 acre feet of water per year to San Diego. With the completion of this pipeline,
San Diego County will have the following water capacity by 1980;
SAN DIEGUITO I.D
DEL MAR
Reprint from The San Diego County Water Authority,
Twenty-Fourth Annual Report—1970
MEXíC
FIGURE 1
SAN DIEGO COUNTY WATER AUTHORITY
COLORADO RIVER AQUEDUCT
ESCONDIDO
11
Source
Acre Feet (per year)
Aqueducts of the CWA
First Aqueduct; 1st pipeline
2nd pipeline
Second Aqueduct: 1st pipeline
2nd pipeline
180,000 These capacity
275,000 figures refer to
design maximum.
595,000
70,000
70,000
Local systems drawing from local sources
(under drought conditions)
50,000
Total Capacity
645,000
A water supply system able to furnish on the order of 600,000 or more acre feet per
year should be able to provide San Diego County with a sufficient margin of supply over
demand during the next two to three decades to ensure to new developments (both urban
and agricultural) that ample water will be available (See Figure 2). However, this additional
water which will be available after the completion of the second pipeline of the second
aqueduct will not be adequate forever.
Other CWA Facilities include: a portion of the Fallbrook-Oceanside Branch Aqueduct,
extending southwesterly from the First San Diego Aqueduct at Rainbow; the La
Mesa-Sweetwater Branch Line, extending from the First Aquduct at Slaughterhouse Canyon
through Lakeside to a terminal point at Sweetwater Reservoir; and a cross-over adqueduct
between the Second Aqueduct in Twin-Oaks Valley to a point on the First Aqueduct
just north of the City of Escondido. Treatment facilities are provided at a chlorination
station in Rainbow Pass just north of the San Diego County line where water in both
aqueducts is chlorinated.
The CWA does not own or operate storage facilities. It does, however, have a contractual
right with the City of San Diego to store up to 30,000 acre feet of water in San Vicente
Reservoir. Under the agreement, the first of any water which might be lost over the spillway
would be that stored by the CWA. The CWA also has an agreement with the City of
San Diego which permits it to store up to 2,500 acre feet of water in the City's Lower
Otay Reservoir, which is the terminus of the Second San Diego Aqueduct. This storage
is for operational purposes only, and the water is transferred to the City of San Diego
when water is requested by the City at this location. Storage capacity for member agencies
is not provided at Lower Otay Reservoir.
SAN DIEGO COUNTY WATER AUTHORITY
WATER PRODUCTION
12
FISCAL YEAR ENDING JUNE 30
FIGURE 2
Reprint from The San Diego County Water Authority,
Twenty-Fourth Annual Report—1970
Part III
EXISTING WATER
DISTRIBUTION SYSTEMS
IN THE SAN DIEGO REGION
13
EXISTING WATER DISTRIBUTION SYSTEMS
The San Diego County Water Authority has a total of 22 member agencies which, in
turn, supply water to approximately 1,255,000 consumers throughout the San Diego
Region. The following is a description of each of these agencies and their major facilities.
The number following the title of each district is coded to the Water Facilities and Water
District Boundary Map. (See back pocket.)
BUENO COLORADO MUNICIPAL WATER DISTRICT (36)
This agency was annexed to the County Water Authority on June 11, 1954. The district
is composed of approximately 39,000 people and covers 49,000 acres, including the cities
of Vista and San Marcos. The Bueno Colorado MWD does not act as a retail distributor,
but rather as the wholesale supplier to the Vista Irrigation District and the San Marcos
County Water District.
VISTA IRRIGATION DISTRICT (10)
This district was formed in 1923 and started receiving waters from Lake Henshaw on
February 27, 1926. Due to the availability of water, avocado and citrus groves were planted
on many of the 12,600 acres of land entitled to receive District water. As the groves
matured, demand for water increased to 12,500 acre feet in 1948. From that time on,
agricultural use declined until 1956, when the demand for water again increased to 12,750
acre feet resulting from a continued population increase and prolonged drought conditions
since 1950. Groves and other forms of agriculture have been further reduced until 1965,
when only 10,212 acre feet of water were used. Population increases have continued,
however, resulting in the District delivering approximately 13,500 acre feet of water in
1970. Drought conditions still dominate the general water situation.
In 1950, Lake Henshaw's impounded water decreased to a very low level which necessitated
drilling of wells in the flat lands above the lake area. Additions were made in 1957 and
the District now maintains 57 wells at Lake Henshaw. In 1969, 49,891 acre feet of surface
runoff was impounded in Lake Henshaw resulting in a maximum storage of 48,966 acre
feet. An excellent recovery of the well field, 10,500 acre feet, was also recorded during
this period.
The District's maximum water use occurs during the months of July, August, and
September when approximately 1,600 acre feet are used each month. However, peak
months in past years have exceeded 2,000 acre feet per month. Operational storage facilities
of 254 acre feet are maintained by the District, and should an emergency shutdown of
the aqueducts occur, consumer needs will be met by available storage capacity until water
from Lake Henshaw arrives. By the year 2010, annual water use will approximate 22,400
acre feet, with maximum monthly distribution of about 12.5%, which will require 2,800
acre feet of seasonal storage, currently available to the District in Lake Henshaw.
14
The Vista Irrigation District appears, under present plans of operation, to have no
immediate or future water shortage problems. The primary capital improvement project
for the District is the construction of a 50 mgd Filtration Plant in cooperation with the
City of Escondido. The District is presently participating with the City of Oceanside and
the Carlsbad Municipal Water District in a feasibility study regarding the construction of
a joint pipeline from the Second San Diego Aqueduct that will provide an additional
transmission line along the southern boundary of the District, as well as providing additional
water to the other public agencies.
SAN MARCOS COUNTY WATER DISTRICT (11)
This agency was formed to serve the water needs of the expanding industrial and residential
community of San Marcos. Since the District is responsible for sewer service as well as
water service, it is important that the district boundaries conform to the watershed, as
drainage is an important consideration in the provision of service.
The District has 345 acre feet of available water storage capacity which can serve 95%
of the present service area by gravity flow. In addition, the District can serve the higher
elevations from a 20 acre foot storage reservoir using booster pumps. The District now
serves approximately 2,300 homes with a total storage capacity of 345 acre feet. However,
if development occurs within the District according to plans, it is estimated that a storage
capacity of 1,500 acre feet will eventually be needed.
CARLSBAD MUNICIPAL WATER DISTRICT (12)
The Carlsbad Municipal Water District comprises 20,236 acres of land bounded by
Oceanside to the north, San Marcos to the east, and Leucadia to the south. Approximately
4,300 acres of this District are coastal lagoons and are not included in the service area.
The City of Carlsbad covers approximately 7,200 of the remaining 16,000 acres. The
population of the District in 1970 was 15,500 and its water requirements amounted to
7,960 acre feet at that time.
Carlsbad Municipal Water District was organized in 1954, and initial construction of
transmission facilities commenced in 1957. Extensive development of the local distribution
system for various areas of the District has resulted in an increased amount of irrigation.
La Costa resort and residential community is responsible for a major portion of the
residential service.
Palomar Airport is located in the geographical center of the District, and industrial and
commercial water service has accompanied the growth of the airport facility.
Water supply is transported and distributed to the service area through a network of over
40 miles of pipelines ranging in diameter from 6 to 27 inches. Delivery of wholesale water
to the City of Carlsbad is made at six selected locations. In general, the primary distribution
system is high pressure to serve the needs of residences, agriculture, commerce and industry.
The District operates Squires Dam, providing storage capacity of approximately 196 mg,
and eight distribution storage reservoirs having a combined total capacity of 10 mg. Squires
Dam plays a vital role in providing regulatory as well as emergency storage capacity. It
15
is situated so that most of the District can receive emergency water service without
pumping.
All of the imported water supply is chlorinated utilizing modern equipment which provides
for a regulated dosage to insure adequate treatment. Upon entering the distribution system,
the water supply is protected from subsequent contamination by utilization of modern
fully-covered distribution storage reservoirs. Construction features are also added to protect
the supply from reverse flow of contaminants. The District and the local Public Health
Department monitor water quality by collecting and anlayzing samples on a regular monthly
schedule.
Together with nine other northern San Diego County water agencies, Carlsbad participated
in a comprehensive study to determine goals for supplying filtered water to urban areas.
As a direct result of the joint study, the Metropolitan Water District of Southern California
has begun planning studies to provide filtered water for San Diego County to be timed
with the importation of Feather River Water.
The District's existing facilities are designed to serve the immediate public water supply
needs of the growing service area. The District has initiated planning programs aimed at
developing a second level of transportation and distribution capacity to meet the anticipated
demands for the next 10 to 20 years. Carlsbad Municipal Water District is involved in
a continuing program of developing workable programs of water service, readjustment of
common boundary lines for the benefit of the property to be served, and interdistrict
cooperation to provide emergency water service connections.
CITY OF CARLSBAD
The City of Carlsbad lies within the Carlsbad Municipal Water District and purchases water
from the agency to serve municipal and industrial consumers within the corporate city
limits. This includes approximately 5,291 residential service connections. The City also
receives water from a well field located in the San Luis Rey Valley. The City of Carlsbad
presently has a 7 mgd reliable source of supply with facilities to store six million gallons.
CITY OF DEL MAR (19)
The City of Del Mar is a recent member of the San Diego County Water Authority, being
annexed in November, 1962. In the first year of its membership in the CWA, the City
had to rely on local sources to supply well over half of its water requirements. In recent
years, all of the City's water has been provided by the Authority. As a small, exclusively
urban community with no agricultural sector, Del Mar has shown only minor changes
in population, area or water requirements in the past eight years. Del Mar, in 1970, had
a population of 4,000 (1,200 water service connections), covered an area of 1,082 acres
and had an annual water requirement of 868 acre feet.
Work began in October, 1968, on a $500,000 Water Improvement Project. Two new steel
reservoirs were constructed to replace existing reservoirs. These reservoirs increased storage
capacity by 940,000 gallons. Total storage with five reservoirs in Del Mar is five million
gallons. Other improvements included:
16
10" Asbestos Cement Pipe installed
8" Asbestos Cement Pipe installed
6" Asbestos Cement Pipe installed
5,380 Lineal Ft.
7,240 Lineal Ft.
18,460 Lineal Ft.
The entire water improvement project was completed in August of 1969.
Because of the close tie of Del Mar to the City of San Diego system, the availability
of certain portions of the City of San Diego's water system, and the fact that the City
of Del Mar is almost completely surrounded by other agencies thereby limiting its
expansion, storage requirements of Del Mar have thus become a management-negotiating
problem.
This District is the newest member of the County Water Authority having been annexed
on June 28, 1967. In 1970 the District included 11,800 acres and a population of 150.
At the present time De Luz Heights Municipal Water District is not receiving water from
the County Water Authority. The District has plans for construction of a local distribution
system and recently apphed for a Federal loan to finance the project. Included in the
system are three one million gallon storage reservoirs to be located at selected sites within
the District. Other water production information for this District is not yet available.
In the last decade Escondido's growth rate and annual water requirements have been
steadily increasing. The population now stands at 36,000 and the City covers approximately
9,524 acres. In 1970, water requirements reached 6,459 acre feet; 4,988 acre feet (77.2%)
being supplied by CWA and 1,471 acre feet (22.8%) produced from local sources. The
City currently serves 14,300 residential water connections.
In 1963 voters approved the sale of bonds for purchase of the Escondido Mutual Water
Company. The final agreement was postponed several years pending the outcome of a
lawsuit filed by the Rincón and La Jolla Indians regarding water rights in the subject
area. However, the agreement has now been completed and the City of Escondido took
over operation of the Mutual System on May 1, 1971.
Lake Wohlford provides 6,900 acre feet of storage capacity, as well as a fine recreational
fishing facility. Also, the City has recently completed construction of Dixon Dam and
Reservoir which provide an additional 3,200 acre feet of storage capacity. This will allow
the City to take a constant flow from the CWA's first aqueduct, as well as provide for
emergency storage. Dixon Reservoir is situated in an excellent location as it is able to
receive water from the aqueduct and Lake Henshaw by gravity flow, yet is high enough
to provide water to the service area by gravity flow as well.
A site has been selected for a 50 mgd filtration plant to be located at Dixon Reservoir
and plans are proceeding for the construction and operation of this facility in cooperation
with the Vista Irrigation District. It is expected that this facility will be in operation
by 1974. It will then provide both of these agencies with a filtered water supply.
DE LUZ HEIGHTS MUNICIPAL WATER DISTRICT (5)
CITY OF ESCONDIDO (14)
17
FALLBROOK PUBLIC UTILITY DISTRICT (2)
The Fallbrook Public Utility District became one of the original members of the County
Water Authority when it was formed on June 9, 1944. Fallbrook was then a small
agricultural community, and although it has experienced considerable urban growth in
the following years, it has retained its predominantly agricultural character.
By mid-1970, Fallbrook Public Utility District had grown to 12,000 people with a total
area of 15,759 acres of which 7,500 acres were receiving water. There are currently 2,600
service connections. It is estimated that by the year 2000 the total area being supplied
with water will be about 9,000 to 10,000 acres.
Annual production of local water dropped from 2,500 acre feet in 1964-65 to no
production at all in 1967-68. This decrease of local production is the result of the long,
dry period which the area has experienced since 1946. However, due to the heavy rainfall
in 1968-69, pumping from the Santa Margarita River was resumed once again. During
1970, 452 acre feet were pumped from the Santa Margarita River; however, pumping
was discontinued in mid-1970 due to a Tow flow and turbidity.
Annual water requirements rose slightly in 1969-70 to 11,608 acre feet as a result of
the dry winter. By the year 2000, the annual water demand is expected to by 19,800
acre feet. Of this amount, 6,800 acre feet may be availble from local sources, primarily
from the proposed Santa Margarita Reservoir. This reservoir will be created by the proposed
Fallbrook Dam which is a part of the Santa Margarita Project being developed by the
Bureau of Reclamation.
In 1963-64 the Fallbrook Public Utility District needed a seasonal storage equal to 19%
of annual use. From 1959 to 1965, the percentage of agricultural water use dropped from
91.8% to 89.5% and further dechned to 85% in 1968-69. Since the economy of this area
is basically agricultural and expansion is predicated on expanded use of land within the
District suitable for agricultural development, the need for seasonal storage can be expected
to remain at about the same percentage factor or slightly less. Present storage capacity
within the District is 225 acre feet allocated as follows;
Red Mountain Reservoir 213 acre feet
Rattlesnake Reservoir 9 acre feet
Martin Reservoir 3 acre feet
A 10-day emergency supply for the District would be 532 acre feet. Such an amergency
would be handled by curtailing or stopping all irrigation for the duration of the emergency.
Domestic water requirement would be 15% of 532 acre feet or approximately 80 acre
feet. Based on estimates of future water use and a gradual reduction of the seasonal factor,
seasonal storage requirements would be as follows:
Estimated
Storage
Year
Factor
Population
Required
1969
18.5
14,200
2,630
1979
18.0
17,700
3,180
1989
17.5
19,200
3,360
1999
17.0
19,800
3,360
18
At the present time, Fallbrook has an additional 2,000 acre feet of storage in the City
of San Diego's San Vicente Reservoir. When completed, the Santa Margarita Reservoir
will provide thenecessary storage to equalize aqueduct flow to the District. Since the water
from the Santa Margarita Reservoir will require expensive pumping not required of aqueduct
water, it would be the advantage of Fallbrook Public Utility District to make maximum
use of CWA water. At this time the District is considering a six million gallon tank to
increase its operational storage. Also, consideration is being given to increasing the capacity
of Red Mountain Reservoir.
The maximum amount of seasonal storage required by the District has been estimated
to be 3,360 acre feet. It has also been estimated that Santa Margarita Reservoir will produce
5,600 acre feet of water annually. With 36,500 acre feet of storage, Fallbrook Public
Utility District will not only be in good condition to take care of its own needs but
will be able to provide storage capacity to down-stream agencies.
HELIX IRRIGATION DISTRICT (29)
The Helix Irrigation District was another of the origianal CWA member agencies. At the
time of its formation, the economy of the District relied heavily on agricultural activities
despite the fact that urban development was increasing rapidly. The District has grown
to the point where it now includes 31,480 acres including the City of El Cajon (7,654
acres) and the City of La Mesa (4,968 acres). The population presently stands at 163,000
(including the City of El Cajon with 50,900 and the City of La Mesa with 38,000). In
1970, the District's water requirements reached 31,802 acre feet; 24,309 acre feet supplied
by CWA, with the remaining 7,493 acre feet coming from local sources.
The District currently has 48,492 residential service connections. Filtered water has been
delivered to portions of the District since construction of the R.M. Levy Water Treatment
and Liltration Plant in 1965, but because of limited pipeline capacity some service areas
received chlorinated but unfiltered water as a supplement to the filtered water supply.
To increase transmission capability, an application for a Lederal grant was made to HUD
and it received approval in late 1967. Construction of additional lines was started in June
of 1968 and completed in December of that year. These new 54 and 42 inch transmission
lines have made it possible to deliver treated and filtered water to the District's entire
population. The R.M. Levy Treatment Plant can now operate at its rated capacity of
55 mgd during periods of peak demand.
As a result of this project and some additional construction, the District can now obtain
water from several sources. These sources provide a wide range of flexibility in the event
of an emergency and include two connections to the first aqueduct of the San Diego
County Water Authority, LI Capitan and Cuymaca Reservoirs, Lake Jennings and stand-by
wells in the San Diego River Basin.
Plans are being prepared for the replacement of many miles of unlined cast iron pipe
which was placed in the system prior to 1941. Plans are also being prepared to provide
for additional storage and pumping facilities. At the present time Helix Irrigation District
is conducting a study of the use of the San Diego River Basin for underground water
storage. It would be economically feasible to store water underground in river basins
because the Metropolitan Water District, from which Helix purchases water, charges less
for water that is used for underground replenishment purposes. And too, there is much
19
less evaporation loss of water stored underground. The Helix Irrigation District currently
has a total storage capacity of 176 million gallons, including the 140 million gallon
Grossmont Reservoir and 36 million gallons in tanks located throughout the district.
CITY OF OCEANSIDE (9)
In recent years the City of Oceanside has experienced a steady rate of growth. The
population has risen to 40,700 inhabiting a gross area of approximately 22,830 acres,
12,600 of which receive water. The city's water requirements reached 10,134 acre feet
in 1970, and the CWA supplied all but 10.8 acre feet of the total. An additional 1,000
acres are proposed to be annexed in the near future. Upon completion of the annexation,
all of the Mission Basin area of the San Luis Rey River will be located within the city.
Years ago Oceanside had the foresight to make long-range plans for the use of Basin water.
Some 25 to 30 years ago the Mission Basin was pumped so heavily that salt water intruded
into the acquifers. The problem was solved by returning reclaimed sewage to the Lower
Basin to prevent further intrusion. With the availability of Colorado River water, the City
discontinued pumping in this area, whereby the Basin was permitted to refill. As a
precautionary measure, the wells and pumping equipment are maintained in working
condition.
During periods of low-water use, surplus imported water is discharged into the Upper
Basin area thus minimizing the number of aqueduct flow changes. One of the greatest
problems facing the City of Oceanside is to reduce the salt content of the Basin water
which in some areas has reached 1,500 parts per million (p.p.m.) of total dissolved solids.
One way to filter imported CWA water in the future would be to discharge water into
the Basin and then use wells to pump the water into the City system. However, the resulting
loss available head and increased salt content would be undesirable.
A water treatment study was completed by the City of Oceanside through its consulting
engineer in October, 1968. As a follow-up of this study, the City conducted a pilot test
well program designed to study the feasibility of spreading imported water into the San
Luis. Rey Mission Basin for the purpose of providing filtration and underground storage.
Successfully completed in January, 1972, the results of this program have contributed
to the formulation of guidelines for the City regarding its future water facilities. In addition
to this source of supply, Oceanside will be able to receive treated water from the San
Diego County Water Authority when the Auld Valley treatment facilities are complete.
The City of Oceanside has six existing concrete storage tanks which serve its entire service
area by gravity except for two areas requiring small booster pumps. The City has two
6-inch tie-ins to the Vista Irrigation District system near Tri-City Hospital. In addition,
the Fallbrook Public Utility District could deliver water to the City of Oceanside from
the proposed Santa Margarita Reservoir if the two agencies desire to work out the necessary
agreements.
In summary, the City of Oceanside appears to have its water problems, including all types
of storage, under control. However, it is questionable as to when and how much the
City will use Mission Basin water. As with every other agency, Oceanside will continue
to take advantage of aqueduct peaking capacity as the least costly method of operation
as long as it is available.
20
OLIVENHAIN MUNICIPAL WATER DISTRICT (16)
This District was formed in 1959 and currently consists of four improvement districts
with a total area of 27,537 acres. Development has sharply increased during recent years
and the population of the District has grown from 200 in 1960 to the current estimate
of 2,000 in 1970.
Also of significance was the increase in water requirements to 1,923 acre feet in 1970,
all of which was provided by the CWA. Water was supplied to 9,300 acres in the community
and all but 30% of the total was used for agricultural purposes.
Today, the Olivenhain Municipal Water District is in the midst of a building boom. The
District had 850 service connections as of January, 1971. La Costa Country Club, which
is building 500 homes on the hillside south of its golf course, had de-annexed about 200
acres from Carlsbad Municipal Water District and annexed it to Olivenhain Municipal Water
District which is better able to serve the area. Another 15 acres was recently annexed
including the Pacific Serena subdivision-a group of 384 duplexes north of Encinitas
Boulevard and east of Quail Gardens Botanical Park. In addition, the Avco Corportation
has begun construction on a proposed 900 acre development located one-half mile east
of El Camino Real on Encinitas Boulevard.
The Olivenhain Municipal Water District has taken several steps to meet the anticipated
increase in service:
1. The District has contracted with San Dieguito Irrigation District to take care of its
billing. This makes better use of the special equipment which San Dieguito Irrigation
District has for this purpose.
2. The District has an agreement with the San Dieguito and Santa Fe Irrigation Districts
to buy filtered water when it is needed. The latter two districts are building a $7
million reservoir and filtration plant east of Olivenhain to supply filtered water, some
of which consists of runoff impounded at Lake hodges.
Storage facilities consist of one 30 acre foot unproofed panel Kraft-lined reservoir, two
1 million gallon steel tanks, one 500,000 gallon steel tank, one 600,000 gallon steel tank,
one 400,000 gallon steel tank, and two smaller tanks for a combined storage capacity
of 13.3 mg. For several years the District had an option on a 4,000 acre foot reservoir
site but permitted the option to lapse. Emergency domestic need for a 10 day shutdown
of the CWA aqueduct would be 7.5 acre feet plus losses. This requirement, except for
summer months, could be met with the District's current storage. Future seasonal storage
requirements, based on estimated use of 12,300 acre feet and a 14% variation in 1990-2000,
would be 1,720 acre feet.
OTAY MUNICIPAL WATER DISTRICT (33)
The Otay Municipal Water District encompasses an area of approximately 63,888 acres.
The area included in the District is approximately 10% developed at this time with a
population of 19,400. The District currently maintains 5,100 accounts delivering 9,037
acre feet of water per year. Eighty percent of this water is applied for agricultural purposes,
primarily row crops. The District relies entirely upon the San Diego County Water
21
Authority for its water supply as it does not produce any local water at the present
time.
The District can store 230 acre feet or 75 million gallons in its own facilities in addition
to capacity rights in San Vicente Reservoir. During times of aqueduct shutdown, the District
can obtain water from the City of San Diego and the Helix Irrigation District. Future
problems may be encountered in that the 230 acre foot storage does not cover the entire
service area. Should a 10 day emergency shutdown of the CWA aqueduct occur, Otay
Municipal Water District would probably secure water from neighboring agencies for the
hard-to-serve areas within its service area. The District is continuing to study its water
storage capacities and inter-ties between adjacent agencies to make the best use of existing
water storage facilities.
POWAY MUNICIPAL WATER DISTRICT (20)
In 1954 Poway was a small agricultural community completely dependent on local sources
of supply for its water requirements; some 98 per cent of total area was devoted to
agriculture. In recent years, the District has managed to retain its predominantly agricultural
character, but considerable urban development has also occurred as Poway MWD currently
has 3,899 residential service connections.
The population of the District has reached 14,000 and the area includes some 22,980
acres. Approximately one-third of the area (7,000 acres) is served with water. Annual
water requirements reached 4,375 acre feet, all of which was provided by the CWA.
Poway's demand for water has steadily increased over the years with agriculture now
accounting for 50% of the demand. The demand during July and August results in aqueduct
peaking which requires regulatory storage in excess of the present system capacity of 47.2
acre feet. The estimated current requirement of emergency storage to span a 10 day
aqueduct shutdown is 158 acre feet.
When this quantity of storage is acquired, operational problems and frequency of aqueduct
flow changes will be reduced.
Seasonal storage is also a problem for Poway in that there is a wide range in demand
for water between the summer and winter months. Based on recent trends, approximately
11% of the year's water use must be placed in storage to regulate the supply to a uniform
flow. Present seasonal storage requirements are, therefore, approximately 420 acre feet,
which will steadily increase to about 1,630 acre feet in the year 2000.
The Poway Municipal Water District is aware of its problems. In June of 1969, the
electorate approved a $3.2 million bond issue for construction of Poway Water Storage
Project. At ultimate development, this project will have adequate capacity (4,200 acre
feet) for emergency, operational, and seasonal demands of the District, in addition to
a 12 mgd filtration plant scheduled for completion in 1972. As an interim measure, Poway
Municipal Water District has negotiated an emergency arrangement with the City of San
Diego for an inter-tie near Rancho Bernardo.
22
RAINBOW MUNICIPAL WATER DISTRICT (3)
Formation of this District occurred in 1953 primarily to bring Colorado River Water to
the area. At the time, Rainbow was an agricultural community consisting of 36,500 acres
and entirely dependent on local sources for its water supply. Since then an additional
11,200 acres have been annexed for a total of approximately 47,700 acres. However, only
9,200 acres are presently being served with water.
In the past 17 years the population of this area has increased slowly, only 4,200 persons
resided within the District in 1970. Approximately 93% of the water sold in this area
is used for agricultural purposes. The amount of water used during fiscal year 1969-70
was 15,987 acre feet, but the demand in 1990-2000 is expected to reach 60,000 acre
feet.
The seasonal variation in water use is 18% which indicates a requirement for seasonal
storage of 2,200 acre feet today and 11,000 acre feet in 2000. Emergency storage,necessary
to meet a 10 day shutdown of the aqueducts, based on 2,260 acre feet used during the
peak month of August, 1968, would be 730 acre feet. The large number of nurseries,
chicken ranches and row crops in this area increases the need for an adequate emergency
storage capacity. At the present time, the District has an operational storage capacity
of 200 acre feet and plans to construct an additional 465 acre feet of storage facilities
in 1972. Completion of Auld Reservoir in Southern Riverside County will satisfy seasonal
storage requirements until the year 2000.
The need for control of water usage to maintain safe operational storage and to provide
protection for consumers is provided by cross-connection tie-ins with Valley Center MWD,
San Marcos CWD, and the Fallbrook Public Utility District. The tie-ins are of value from
an operational point of view but would be of limited use in aqueduct emergencies. A
$4.5 million bond issue was passed in 1966 to increase capacity of the Rainbow Municipal
Water District's system. Of this, $2.5 million has laready been used in pipeline construction.
Improvements costing $2.0 million are scheduled for 1971.
RAMONA MUNICIPAL WATER DISTRICT (21)
The Ramona MWD was formed in 1956 to provide its constituents with imported water
from the Colorado River. Prior to formation of the District, the town of Ramona and
limited surrounding areas were served by the Ramona Irrigation District. In 1944 the
Ramona Irrigation District became a member agency of the County Water Authority and
in 1946 it withdrew from the Authority. The Ramona Irrigation District is no longer
in existence, having been dissolved in 1967. The Ramona Municipal Water District now
serves the entire area, having an estimated population of 6,500.
The Ramona Municipal Water District receives approximately 1,700 acre feet of water
annually from the First San Diego Aqueduct. This water is delivered to the District's
pumping station by gravity where it is then pumped 1,067 feet to an elevation of 1,815
feet. In addition to the 1,700 acre feet of water received from the Authority the District
produces approximately 150 acre feet of water each year from local wells located in Santa
Maria Creek, a tributary of the San Dieguito River. The present storage capacity of the
District is 15,500,000 gallons, or 47.75 acre feet.
23
Ramona Municipal Water District's storage reservoirs are maintained within two feet of
overflow level and in the winter season, because the CWA's meter requires a minimum
of 1.5 second feet of flow. Deliveries from the Authority are turned on each week and
off each weekend. This operation required numerous aqueduct flow changes in 1970.
The District is comprised of 43,837 acres, of which 1,600 acres are used for residential
properties and 5,200 acres are used for agricultural purposes. Of the 37,037 remaining
acres, approximately 17,500 acres are too steep and rugged for use of any kind.
Future plans of the District call for a total acreage of approximately 54,000 acres, of
which 13,500 will be residential properties, 19,000 will be used for agricultural purposes,
and the balance of 21,500 acres will be unusable. On the basis of 13,500 acres for domestic
use and 19,000 for agricultural use, the planned use of 19,020 acre feet of water is certainly
not excessive. Revision of the Master Water Plan, originally prepared in 1964, is scheduled
for completion in 1971.
Ramona Municipal Water District has entered into a contract with the City of San Diego
to provide emergency water from the City's Sutherland Reservoir and has completed
facilities needed to deliver that water to Ramona. The District has also discussed the
purchase of water from Sutherland Reservoir. Should the District arrive at an arrangement
with the City of San Diego, a large saving will be made in pumping costs, estimated by
Ramona MWD to be about $20 an acre foot.
Two million gallons of covered storage was constructed during 1969 (two .5 mg tanks
and one 1.0 mg tank). Also 10 miles of additional pipe and two new booster pumps
were added to the system. A 1.5 mg tank was completed in 1970. This tank is adjacent
to the existing 10 mg reservoir on Mount Woodson. Even though water quality has not
been much of a problem, Ramona Municipal Water District has acquired a site for
construction of a water treatment plant as soon as it is practicable.
RINCON DEL DIABLO MUNICIPAL WATER DISTRICT (13)
The Rincón Del Diablo MWD surrounds the City of Escondido and, as a result, has
witnessed substantial growth in the last decade. Despite this urban development, however,
the District has retained its predominantly agricultural character. The leading crops in
the District are citrus and avocados.
In 1970, the District had a population of approximately 19,000 and covered 20,034 acres.
At the same time the water requirements reached 14,642 acre feet, of which 4,645 acre
feet (31.7%) were supplied by CWA and 9,997 acre feet (68.3%) were obtained from
local sources. At the present time the District has a total storage capacity of 4.35 million
gallons which is contained in steel tanks located throughout the service area. The District
also has a contractual agreement with CWA for emergency storage capacity rights in San
Vicente Reservoir.
RIO SAN DIEGO MUNICIPAL WATER DISTRICT (37)
Originally this District was established as a wholesale water agency. Now, however, it also
retails water directly to the consumer. Rio San Diego was annexed to the CWA on June
24
7, 1956. It was made up of Lakeside Farms Water District (25), Lakeside Irrigation District
(24), Santee County Water District (23) and the Riverview Water District (26). Santee
and Lakeside, which originally made up Rio San Diego Municipal Water District, are
established communities making a transition in character from rural to suburban.
Rapid growth has taken place in recent years. The population of the District currently
stands at 46,000 and the District covers approximately 53,448 acres including Flinn Springs,
Alpine and Dehesa. The District currently maintains 1,200 residential service connections.
Annual water requirements reached 6,956 acre feet in 1970 of which the CWA supplied
all but 220 acre feet.
The eastern portion of the District receives water through the City of San Diego's El
Capitan Reservoir line at an elevation of 460 feet and pumps the water to an elevation
of 2,600 feet through five pumping lifts. Water can also be delivered to the District from
the CWA's First San Diego Aqueduct at the Lakeside connection.
The Santee County Water District receives water from the CWA's Second San Diego
Aqueduct and by joint use of the Helix Irrigation District line from the First San Diego
Aqueduct. The Riverview Water District receives some water from local wells, as well as
from the Rio San Diego Municipal Water District.
In an emergency, the eastern portion of the District can be served from either El Capitan
or San Vicente Reservoirs. Emergency service is available to the western portion through
existing facilities in the Lakeside area. At the present time Rio San Diego MWD has only
1.7 days of storage for peak months. Some improvement of this condition will be needed
in the near future.
It is the belief of the District that a relatively slow but steady growth will occur in the
area. Management is presently working with the State Department of Water Resources
in compiling a study of the underground basin of the San Diego River between El Capitan
Reservoir and Mission Gorge in the hope of better utilizing the 100,000 acre feet of
underground storage estimated to be in the basin. At this time. Helix Irrigation District
is conducting their own study to determine the potential use of San Diego River Basin.
Rio San Diego MWD hopes to blend the two studies and thereby produce a desirable
water resources plan.
The Rio San Diego MWD is negotiating to purhcase property in Sycamore Canyon for
the construction of a 13,000 acre foot terminal reservoir. A geological study has been
made and the land has been appraised. The proposed reservoir will be slightly larger than
Lake Jennings, 180 feet deep at the dam with a spillway elevation of 725 feet. This
proposed reservoir will give Rio San Diego MWD a total storage capacity of 13,044 acre
feet.
CITY OF SAN DIEGO (22)
The City of San Diego was one of the original members of the CWA when it was formed
on June 9, 1944. As the principal urban center in the County, San Diego has been a
major beneficiary of the CWA water programs. In 1970 the population of the City was
675,800 and the gross area was 201,068 acres, of which 77,800 were supplied with water.
25
Water requirements reached 122,630 acre feet* in 1970, of which the CWA supplied 99,623
acre feet (81%). Approximately 23,007 acre feet (19%) were obtained from local sources.
San Diego's early water history was centered around wells. However, there are no large
dependable ground water supplies in the entire area so this source could not keep pace
with the growth of San Diego. From the turn of the century to the 1940's, the City
depended more and more on impounded creek and river waters from various watersheds
in the eastern portion of the County. San Diego's system of impounding reservoirs is
divided into three geographical districts; Cottonwood-Otay District, San Diego River
District and San Dieguito River District.
Parallel with the Mexican Border is the Cottonwood-Otay District which includes the City's
Morena and Barrett Reservoirs on Cottonwood River, the Dulzura conduit and Upper and
Lower Otay Reservoirs on the Otay River. A possible future damsite partially owned by
the City is in Marron Valley where the Cottonwood River crosses into Mexico.
To the north is the largest system of the County in terms of runoff, the San Diego River.
This watershed contains Cuyamaca Reservoir, owned by the Helix Irrigation District, and
El Capitan and San Vicente Reservoirs, owned by the City of San Diego.
Finally, there is the San Dieguito River District which includes Sutherland and Hodges
Reservoirs. Possible future damsites owned by San Diego are at Pamo Valley, San Pasqual
Valley and a point just below Hodges Dam. Today the City of San Diego receives
approximately 90% of its water from the Colorado River. This imported water is drawn
into the San Diego water supply system at San Vicente, Miramar and Lower Otay Reservoirs
and Lake Murray near the Alvarado Filtration Plant. Southern California has created a
tremendous water supply demand on the Colorado River. It is estimated that by 1975
a new source of supply will be needed. The California Water Project to be completed
in 1974, will bring water from the Feather River and other often-flooding rivers of Northern
California, through a system of transmission works to serve central and Southern California.
San Diego is fortunate in having a system of reservoirs at high enough elevations to permit
flow to the City by gravity. This is accomplished by using over 130 miles of open canals
and closed pipes, some as large as 69 inches in diameter. At times of high demand some
of the transmission pipelines are unable to carry a sufficient amount of water. Anticipating
this situation, the City has installed booster pumping plants to force more water through
the pipelines to the consumer.
There are times when parts of the transmission system are under repair or when there
is a short-time demand for water that exceeds the capacity of the pipelines. For these
occasions, the City uses two storage reservoirs, Murray and Miramar. The City of San
Diego has three filtration plants where water is run slowly through sand filters and is
then chlorinated. Water from the Cottonwood-Otay system and from the Second San Diego
Aqueduct is treated at the Lower Otay Filtration Plant which consists of 26 large steel
pressure filters, and chlorination and corrosion control treatment facilities. Pretreatment
facilities have recently been added. Water treated at Lower Otay serves the southern areas
of the City. Water from Sutherland, San Vicente and El Capitan Reservoirs and from
*Does not include production by City of San Diego for areas outside City (not in CWA).
26
two San Diego aqueducts is treated at the Alvarado Filtration Plant. The northern parts
of San Diego are served by the Miramar Filtration Plant which receives water only from
the Second San Diego Aqueduct either directly or after storage in the adjacent Miramar
Reservoir.
The City of San Diego has over 1,700 miles of water distribution mains in service. This
pipe network starts from the water treatment plants in the form of large trunk mains
branching to a series of small interconnected mains forming a grid system. Valves are
spaced at frequent intervals in the grid system so portions may be taken out of service
for repair without disrupting service to adjacent areas. The entire system is designed to
meet the most critical of all demands, maximum flow from fire hydrants.
SAN DIEGUITO IRRIGATION DISTRICT (15)
This District was annexed to the CWA on December 13, 1948. At that time San Dieguito
Irrigation District served an established community with considerable agricultural activity
which has tended to decline in recent years. In 1970, the population reached 21,800
covering an area of 4,911 acres, 4,240 acres of which were supplied with water. Annual
water requirements were 4,397 acre feet, 4,382 acre feet of which (99%) were produced
from local sources.
The District purchases water from the City of San Diego under a contract between the
City, San Dieguito Irrigation District (SDID) and Santa Fe Irrigation District (SFID). San
Diego delivers the water into a jointly owned (SDID and SFID) open conduit which runs
from Lake Flodges to the jointly owned San Dieguito Reservoir. San Dieguito Irrigation
District also has a connection to the CWA Second San Diego Aqueduct.
Water in San Dieguito Reservoir is pumped to a new filtration plant. After complete
treatment, it then flows to a 13 mg regulating reservoir. Imported water from the Second
San Diego Aqueduct may also be treated and stored in this reservoir without need for
pumping. The filtration plant is able to purify 40 mg of water a day, well over the area's
present needs. According to the SDID, this plant should be adequate beyond 1990. Then,
if necessary, the capacity can be increased by adding two sections. This should take care
of the area's ultimate development.
Water from the reservoir is transported through a new 54 inch line to a point west of
San Dieguito Reservoir where it is taken into three 30 inch lines serving SDID and SFID.
San Dieguito Irrigation District has a new 30 inch main line (completed 1968) which
carries the full reservoir head (520 feet) and an old (1950) 30 inch line which has a
head equal to San Dieguito Reservoir or 240 feet. With usable storage of 800 acre feet
in the San Dieguito Reservoir backed up by the storage in Lake Hodges and the flows
available in the San Diego CWA Aqueduct, this District is in a good position with regard
to reliability of supply. Also, with the operation of the joint filtration plant and a
distribution system modernizing program now under way, the 6,000 metered customers
of the District can be assured of adequate water service.
SANTA FE IRRIGATION DISTRICT (18)
The Santa Fe I.D. was annexed to the CWA on December 13, 1948. At that time the
27
District was a small mixed urban and agricultural community. In recent years, considerable
growth has occurred and, although agriculture is still of some importance in the economy
of the District, a substantial amount of urban development has also taken place. By 1970,
the population reached 8,600 with the gross area increasing to 10,184 acres. The Solana
Beach portion of the District contains approximately 4,000 acres. In 1970, the District's
water requirements reached 5,958 acre feet of which the CWA supplied only 14 acre
feet. The District currently maintains 3,100 service connections.
Santa Fe I.D. and San Dieguito I.D. use about equal amounts of water. Both operate
on Lake Hodges runoff water supplied by the City of San Diego to aqueduct water when
water from Lake Hodges is unavailable. The two Districts also share a 13 mg storage
reservoir to supplement any intermittent delivery from either Hodges or CWA. Santa Fe
I.D. and San Dieguito I.D. have completed construction of a joint underground water
reservoir and treatment plant. Santa Fe's entitlement to treatment capacity is 55% of
the 27 mgd capacity, or 14.85 mgd.
Santa Fe I.D.'s portion of the available water in the San Dieguito Reservoir is about 400
acre feet which will permit a steady flow. With approximately 24 acre feet of water being
used daily, a 10-day emergency supply of 240 acre feet can be met with available storage
in the reservoir. Since water is supplied to the District by the City of San Diego, the
City's storage is also available to offset seasonal variation.
SOUTH BAY IRRIGATION DISTRICT (32)
This District was annexed to CWA on November 3, 1952, and currently serves as a wholesale
supplier to the California-American Water Company. Cal-American is a private,
investor-owned corporation which in turn acts as a retail distributor for the cities of
National City (31), Chula Vista (32), Imperial Beach (34), Coronado (30), portions of
the City of San Diego (22), and unincorporated areas of the County including Bonita
and the Lower Sweetwater River Basin.
CALIFORNIA-AMERICAN WATER COMPANY
The Sweetwater District includes National City, Chula Vista and those unincorporated
portions of the County mentioned above. This District receives water from Loveland and
Sweetwater Reservoirs, the latter being the terminus of the CWA First Aqueduct. These
reservoirs provide a total of 53,000 acre feet of storage capacity. The Company also
operates a water filtration plant located at Sweetwater Reservoir. The Sweetwater District
services approximately 23,625 residential connections.
The Coronado District includes the cities of Coronado, Imperial Beach and a portion of
the City of San Diego. This District receives its water supply through a purchase agreement
with the City of San Diego at two points: 1) The Cal-American Water Company purchases
filtered water from the City of San Diego's Otay Reservoir to serve the southern portion
of the District, and 2) The Company maintians a 24 inch line running under San Diego
Bay which connects the City of Coronado with downtown San Diego. In addition, the
Cal-American Water Company has an agreement with the City of San Diego for the supply
of emergency water should a failure occur in the Cal-American system.
28
VALLEY CENTER MUNICIPAL WATER DISTRICT (8)
This District was annexed to the CWA on May 9, 1955. At that time Valley Center was
a small agricultural community, and although some urban development has occurred in
subsequent years, the District has retained its predominantly agricultural character.
Until imported Colorado River water was made available, the residents of the Valley Center
area existed on sparse underground supplies. This District now includes 62,110 acres, of
which approximately 1,000 are in residential properties and 10,000 are devoted to
agriculture. Of the 62,110 acre area, about 20,000 acres are too rugged for future
development. In 1970, the population of the District reached 7,000 and the area served
with water had increased to 23,000 acres. Annual water requirements had jumped to 14,409
acre feet, all of which came from the CWA, while only 1,282 acre feet of the total was
used for non-agricultural purposes. The District has 1,000 residential service connections
at the present time.
To the east of the District lies approximately 18,000 acres of open land known as the
Guejito area. If this area annexes to the District, the District would have over 50,000
serviceable acres. The estimated future water requirement of 52,200 acre feet for 1990-2000
appears to be an adequate estimate.
Valley Center MWD consists of 14 to 16 separate service areas, and 95% of all water
delivered is pumped at least once. According to the District, the average pump lift is
from an elevation of 1,080 to 1,840 feet, or a 760-foot lift. Some water is now pumped
to an elevation of 2,300 feet.
This District now has a total storage capacity of 2,060 acre feet with the completion
of Turner Dam. Approximately 96 acre feet of storage is contained in tanks located
throughout the District. Valley Center has also made arrangements with the Vista I.D.
to secure emergency water from the Vista-Escondido Canal.
YUIMA MUNICIPAL WATER DISTRICT (7)
This District is one of the newest members of the CWA, having been annexed on December
16, 1963. At the present time, Yuima is primarily an agricultural district and there is
indication this agricultural activity will continue for many years.
The population increased from 650 in 1964 to 1,250 in 1970. Gross area reached 12,813
aereas of which 3,950 acres are served with water. Water requirements increased from
8,625 acre feet in 1964 to 9,926.6 acre feet in 1970. Currently, only 318 acre feet of
water are used for non-agricultural purposes.
A relatively large groundwater basin underlies portions of Yuima MWD permitting the
District to produce a supplemental local water supply of 7,909 acre feet (80%) in 1970.
Only 20% of the total demand for 1970 (2,018 acre feet) was supplied by CWA. This
availability of groundwater has helped to reduce demand for aqueduct water during peak
water use periods.
The management of Yuima MWD feels that, in order to meet future needs, additional
storage capacity will be required because of the limited capacity in the relatively long
29
pipeline connection to the First San Diego Aqueduct. They foresee construction of surface
storage sometime within the next five years. At the present time, Yuima MWD has only
one day storage (9 mgd) in the peak month of August. The District has a total storage
capacity of 50 acre feet. Until a new reservoir is constructed, the District's domestic
consumers can be provided for during emergencies from existing storage or groundwater
supphes.
WATER STORAGE CAPACITIES
Insufficient storage facilities exist in the most northern part of the County where water
is now being used primarily for agricultural purposes. It is also in the most northern part
of the County that a large rate of growth is expected to occur within the next thirty-five
to fifty years. Some of the agencies with limited amounts of storage can solve the problem
of emergency shutdown of aqueducts by curtailing irrigation of agriculture. Several of
the northern county agencies are in the process of initiating arrangements with adjacent
agencies to supply emergency water.
Some incentives are needed to encourage agencies to reduce their peak demands for water.
Irrigation demands frequently cause peak demands, because present practice does not
include scheduling of irrigation by the member agencies. In like manner, municipal demands
occasionally cause peaks during hot spells. Within several agencies, local storage is available
to reduce the peak demand, but there is no financial incentive to offset the increased
operating cost due to pumping. During some periods of time in past years the City of
San Diego has taken its peak flows in April, May and June prior to the normal summer
peaks on the CWA aqueducts. This has aided the CWA in that peaking capacity becomes
available to the other water agencies.
The logical solution to several of the agencies' storage problems would be more extensive
use of existing reservoirs by agreements and contracts between two or more agencies.
Already, the Ramona MWD has arranged with the City of San Diego for use of water
in Sutherland Reservoir. Similarly, the Valley Center MWD has arranged to take Lake
Henshaw water from the Vista-Escondido Canal. Other possibilities exist for some of the
agencies to secure additional storage by contract and they are being studied by the agencies.
The following criteria* have been developed to evaluate the storage capacity owned by
or available to member agencies of the CWA.
Distribution system and emergency storage capacity: based on peak monthly flow.
Days Storage (Peak Month) Evaluation
a.
Less than 1
Needs improvement, provides for
daily peaks.
b.
1 3
Fair, provides for weekly peaks.
c.
4 10
Good, provides for daily and weekly
peaks, plus some emergency storage,
d.
11 30
Very good, provides for peaks, plus
reserve for emergency.
e.
More than 30
Excellent, provides for all peaks, plus
seasonal regulation.
*Source: County Water Authority
30
These criteria can then be related to the following table listing total storage capacity by
member agency.
TABLE 1
Storage Capacities CWA Member Agencies
Name Capacity
BUENO COLORADO MWD
Vista Irrigation District
E-1 Reservoir
1.90
acre
feet
E-2 Reservoir
2.30
acre
feet
F Reservoir
2.30
acre
feet
H Reservoir
3.10
acre
feet
A Reservoir
2.30
acre
feet
C Reservoir
2.30
acre
feet
E Reservoir
9.30
acre
feet
HP Reservoir
15.30
acre
feet
HB Reservoir
15.30
acre
feet
Pechstein Reservoir
204.00
acre
feet
MD Reservoir
0.70
acre
feet
Total Storage Capacity
253.50
acre
feet
Avg. Day in Peak Month
56.60
acre
feet
Avg. Number of Days Storage
in Peak Month
4.50
days
(Additional 53 days reserve stored in
Lake Henshaw)
Marcos CWD
South Twin Oaks Tank
300.00
acre
feet
Atterberry Tank
0.01
acre
feet
Coronado Hills Tank
0.30
acre
feet
Meadow Lark
3.80
acre
feet
Richland Tank
3.80
acre
feet
395 Tank
1.50
acre
feet
North Twin Oaks Tank
1.50
acre
feet
North Twin Oaks Reservoir
25.00
acre
feet
Total Storage Capacity
335.91
acre
feet
Avg. Day in Peak Month
3.50
million gallons
Avg. Number of Day Storage
in Peak Month
20.00
days
31
CARLSBAD MWD
Squires Dam
600.00
acre feet
D-1 Reservoir
1.25
million gallons
D-2 Reservoir
1.25
million gallons
Reservoir E
1.50
million gallons
Reservoir C
1.00
million gallons
Reservoir B
1.00
million gallons
Elm Reservoir
1.50
million gallons
Elleny Reservoir
3.00
million gallons
La Costa Reservoir
1.50
million gallons
Total Storage Capacity
636.80
acre feet
Avg. Day in Peak Month
12.00
million gallons
Avg. Number of Days Storage
in Peak Month
17.30
days
MAR, CITY OF
Balboa Reservoir
0.40
acre feet
Zunia Reservoir
3.10
acre feet
Crest Reservoir
2.30
acre feet
Eleventh Street Reservoir
6.10
acre feet
Torrey Pines Reservoir
0.80
acre feet
Total Storage Capacity
12.70
acre feet
Avg. Day in Peak Month
1.40
million gallons
Avg. Number of Days Storage
in Peak Month
3.00
days
ESCONDIDO, CITY OF & MUTUAL SYSTEM
Dixon Reservoir
2,500.00
acre
feet
Wohlford Reservoir
6,900.00
acre
feet
Park Hill Reservoir
3.10
acre
feet
Reed Reservoir
8.48
acre
feet
A-3 Reservoir
5.00
acre
feet
Lindley Reservoir
6.23
acre
feet
A-11 Reservoir
3.69
acre
feet
Total Storage Capacity
9,426.50
acre
feet
Avg. Day in Peak Month
77.56
acre
feet
Avg. Number of Days Storage
in Peak Month
30.00
days
32
FALLBROOK PUD
Red Mountain Reservoir
Martin Reservoir
Rattlesnake Reservoir
212.70 acre feet
3.10 acre feet
9.20 acre feet
Total Storage Capacity
Avg. Day in Peak Month
Avg. Number of Days Storage
in Peak Month
225.00 acre feet
16.70 million gallons
4.50 days
HELIX IRRIGATION DISTRICT
South Rim Tank
3.10
acre
feet
El Cajon
7.30
acre
feet
Calavo
5.60
acre
feet
Helix No. 1 Tank
12.20
acre
feet
Helix No. 2 Tank
1.10
acre
feet
Helix No. 3 Tank
0.02
acre
feet
Gross No. 1 Tank
1.00
acre
feet
Gross No. 2 Tank
0.20
acre
feet
Grossmont Reservoir
352.00
acre
feet
Aldwych A Tank
2.30
acre
feet
Aldwych B Tank
5.80
acre
feet
Fletcher Hills Tank
4.30
acre
feet
Windsor Hills A Tank
0.50
acre
feet
Windsor Hills B Tank
3.10
acre
feet
Lemon Grove Tank
12.00
acre
feet
Dictionary Hill Tank
9.20
acre
feet
Vista Tank
3.70
acre
feet
Homelands Tank
0.90
acre
feet
Greenfield Tank
6.10
acre
feet
Bostonia
1.80
acre
feet
Tunnel Hill Tank
6.30
acre
feet
Filtered Water Tank
16.60
acre
feet
Johnstown Tank
6.90
acre
feet
Lake Jennings Reservoir
9,790.00
acre
feet
El Capital! Reservoir
10,000.00
acre
feet
San Vicente Reservoir
2,000.00
acre
feet
Cuyamaca Reservoir
11,756.40
acre
feet
Total Storage Capacity
Avg. Day in Peak Month
Avg. Number of Days Storage
in Peak Month
22,112.20 acre feet
42.00 million gallons
120.00 days
33
CALIFORNIA AMERICAN WATER COMPANY
National City & South Bay
Sweetwater Reservoir
27,700.00
acre
feet
Loveland Reservoir
25,400.00
acre
feet
Filter Plant Storage
30.00
acre
feet
0. D. Arnold Tank
0.40
acre
feet
Bonita Highlands Tank
2.30
acre
feet
Claira Vista Tank
3.80
acre
feet
Halecrest Tank
6.10
acre
feet
Judson Tank No. 1
12.30
acre
feet
Lincoln Acres Tank
0.90
acre
feet
Lomacitas Tank
0.10
acre
feet
Lynnwood Hills Tank
0.30
acre
feet
Morris Tank
2.30
acre
feet
Paradise Knolls Tank
0.80
acre
feet
Starr Tank
1.20
acre
feet
Wheeler Tank
0.10
acre
feet
Bonita Bel Aire Tank
1.30
acre
feet
Total Storage Capacity
17,720.00
million gallons
Avg. Day in Peak Month
23.00
million gallons
Avg. Number of Days Storage
m Peak Month
935.00
days
OCEANSIDE, CITY OF
Morro Hills Reservoir
15.30
acre
feet
Guajome Reservoir
15.30
acre
feet
Henie Hills Reservoir
9.00
acre
feet
San Francisco Reservoir
4.60
acre
feet
Fire Mountain Reservoir
9.00
acre
feet
Buddy Todd Reservoir
15.30
acre
feet
Total Storage Capacity
68.50
acre
feet
Avg. Day in Peak Month
18.50
million gallons
Avg. Number of Days Storage
in Peak Month
1.50
days
OLIVENHAIN MWD
Reservoir #200
1.80
acre
feet
Reservoir #400
4.30
acre
feet
Golem Reservoir
3.10
acre
feet
Berk Reservoir
1.50
acre
feet
Maryland Reservoir
0.10
acre
feet
Gaty Reservoir
30.00
acre
feet
Wiegand Reservoir
3.10
acre
feet
34
Total Storage Capacity 43.90 acre feet
Avg. Day in Peak Month 3.50 million gallons
Avg. Number of Days Storage
in Peak Month 4.00 days
OTAY MWD
Vista Grande Reservoir
32.10
acre
feet
3-2 Reservoir
1.60
acre
feet
Reg. Reservoir ID-2
4.90
acre
feet
2-1 Reservoir
2.60
acre
feet
2-2 Reservoir
1.40
acre
feet
9-1 Reservoir
0.90
acre
feet
9-2 Reservoir
3.10
acre.
feet
9-3 Reservoir
0.90
acre
feet
No. 5 Reservoir
3.40
acre
feet
No. 4 Reservoir
1.30
acre
feet
No. 3 Reservoir
5.20
acre
feet
No. 2 Reservoir
3.40
acre
feet
Patzig Reservoir
42.90
acre
feet
ID-5 Reservoir
3.10
acre
feet
ID-10-2 Reservoir
5.40
acre
feet
ID-10-1 Reservoir
2.50
acre
feet
Roll Reservoir
104.30
acre
feet
Upper Reservoir
36.80
acre
feet
No. 1 La Presa
3.10
acre
feet
Total Storage Capacity 230.00 acre feet
Avg. Day in Peak Month 15.60 million gallons
Avg. Number of Days Storage
in Peak Month 4.80 days
POWAY MWD
Clear Well Reservoir
30.00
acre
feet
Improve. District #4 Reservoir
3.10
acre
feet
Green Valley #1 Reservoir
0.60
acre
feet
Green Valley #2 Reservoir
1.20
acre
feet
I.D. #1 Reservier
1.50
acre
feet
Espola Road Reservoir
3.10
acre
feet
Main Reservoir
4.60
acre
feet
I.D. #2 Reservoir
3.10
acre
feet
Total Storage Capacity
47.20
acre
feet
Avg. Day in Peak Month
7.95
million gallons
Avg. Number of Days Storage
in Peak Month
2.00
days
(Figures do not include Warren Canyon Dam storage capacity of 4,200 acre
feet available by April, 1972.)
35
RAINBOW MWD
Rainbow Heights
2.80
acre
feet
U-1 Tank
1.50
acre
feet
North Reservoir
24.00
acre
feet
North Side Reservoir
70.00
acre
feet
Pala Mesa Reservoir
27.00
acre
feet
Sumac Reservoir
2.00
acre
feet
Bonsai Reservoir
30.00
acre
feet
South Reservoir
14.00
acre
feet
Morro Tank
12.00
acre
feet
Canonita Tank
18.00
acre
feet
Open Reservoir (formerly
San Luis Rey Hgts. MWD)
4.50
acre
feet
Total Storage Capacity
205.80
acre
feet
Avg. Day in Peak Month
71.40
acre
feet
Avg. Number of Days Storage
in Peak Month
2.80
days
*
* (Proposed Morro Reservoir will increase
capacity to :
8.4 days.)
RAMONA MWD
Old Julian Road
Reservoir
3.10
acre
feet
Mount Woodson
31.00
acre
feet
Mount Woodson
Bypass
4.60
acre
feet
Humistion Tank
1.50
acre
feet
Wells Tank
3.10
acre
feet
Chavez Tank
0.04
acre
feet
Highland Valley
#1
3.10
acre
feet
Highland Valley
#2
1.50
acre
feet
Highland Valley
#3
0.02
acre
feet
Total Storage Capacity
47.75
acre
feet
Avg. Day in Peak Month
14.10
million gallons
Avg. Number of Days Storage
in Peak Month 1.10 days
RINCON DEL DIABLO MWD
Yannke Reservoir 9.20 acre feet
No. 1 Reservoir 1.10 acre feet
No. 2 Reservoir 3.10 acre feet
Total Storage Capacity 13.40 acre feet
Avg. Day in Peak Month 11.10 acre feet
Avg. Numbers of Days Storage
in Peak Month 1.20 days
36
RIO SAISI DIEGO MWD
Blossom Valley
23.00
acre
feet
Mountain Top
0.60
acre
feet
Chocolate Summit
9.00
acre
feet
West Victoria
7.70
acre
feet
Fast Victoria
3.10
acre
feet
Viejas Tank
0.80
acre
feet
Total Storage Capacity 44.20 acre feet
Avg. Day in Peak Month 0.68 million gallons
Avg. Number of Days Storage
in Peak Month 21.00 days
RIVERVIEW FARMS WATER DISTRICT
Water Hill Road Reservoir
North Emerald Grove Reservoir
Walnut Road Reservoir
Sky Rim Drive Reservoir
0.48 million gallons
1.50 million gallons
1.50 million gallons
(in one year will
increase by 1.0 mg)
1.50 million gallons
Total Storage Capacity 3.98 million gallons
Avg. Day in Peak Month 2.00 million gallons
Avg. Number of Days Storage
in Peak Month 2.00 days
LAKESIDE IRRIGATION DISTRICT
Shiller Reservoir
Johnson Lake Reservoir
Reservoir #3
Reservoir #4
2.00 million gallons
1.00 million gallons
0.83 million gallons
0.40 million gallons
Total Storage Capacity 4.23 million gallons
Avg. Day in Peak Month 2.10 million gallons
Avg. Number of Days Storage
in Peak Month 2.00 days
SANTEE COUNTY WATER DISTRICT
Fletcher Hills Reservoir
Grossmont Reservoir
Fanita Reservoir
Carlton Hills Reservoir
1.50 million gallons
2.10 million gallons
1.50 million gallons
2.43 million gallons
Total Storage Capacity
Avg. Day in Peak Month
7.93 million gallons
5.60 million gallons
37
Avg. Number of Days Storage
in Peak Month
1.40 days
LAKESIDE FARMS WATER DISTRICT
Vista Camino Reservoir
Total Storage Capacity
Avg. Day in Peak Month
Avg. Number of Days Storage
in Peak Month
1.00 million gallons
1.00 million gallons
0.45 million gallons
2.20 days
SAN DIEGO, CITY OF
Barrett Reservoir
44,755.00
acre
feet
Morena Reservoir
50,206.00
acre
feet
Lower Otay
56,519.00
acre
feet
Upper Otay
2,795.00
acre
feet
Brown Field Reservoir
3.10
acre
feet
San Ysidro Reservoir
3.70
acre
feet
Lomita Village Stand Pipe
2.40
acre
feet
Paradise Hills Stand Pipe
2.20
acre
feet
Encanto Stand Pipe
2.30
acre
feet
Em.erald Hills Stand Pipe
4.60
acre
feet
Redwood Village Stand Pipe
6.10
acre
feet
College Heights Tank
1.50
acre
feet
Catalina Stand Pipe
4.60
acre
feet
Point Loma Reservoir
30.70
acre
feet
Chesterton Stand Pipe
3.00
acre
feet
Del Cerro Reservoir
4.60
acre
feet
Murray Reservoir
5,742.00
acre
feet
San Carlos Reservoir
15.30
■"acre
feet
College Ranch Stand Pipe
4.60
acre
feet
Miramar Reservoir
7,210.00
acre
feet
Penasquitos Reservoir
15.30
acre
feet
Rancho Bernardo Reservoir
30.70
acre
feet
Torrey Pines Reservoir
10.40
acre
feet
Callan Stand Pipe
6.10
acre
feet
Callan Reservoir
13.80
acre
feet
La Jolla Reservoir
3.00
acre
feet
La Jolla View Tank
2.20
acre
feet
Country Club Reservoir
1.50
acre
feet
Soledad Reservoir
4.60
acre
feet
Kearny Mesa Stand Pipe
4.70
acre
feet
El Capitan Reservoir
112,807.00
acre
feet
San Vicente Reservoir
90,280.00
acre
feet
South San Diego Reservoir
46.00
acre
feet
Alderado Reservoir
62.00
acre
feet
Earl Thomas Reservoir
107.40
acre
feet
University Heights Reservoir
Universtiy Heights Elevated Tank
Miramar Regulating Reservoir
Pomerado Park Reservoir
Sutherland Reservoir
Bayview Reservoir
Pacific Beach Reservoir
36.50
acre
feet
3.70
acre
feet
61.40
acre
feet
16.00
acre
feet
29,694.90
acre
feet
3.10
acre
feet
7.40
acre
feet
Total Storage Capacity
Avg. Day in Peak Month
Avg. Number of Days Storage
in Peak Month
400,533.00 acre feet
187.00 million gallons
698.00 days
SAN DIEGUITO IRRIGATION DISTRICT
Wood Drive Tank Site
3.70
acre
feet
Saxony Reservoir
3.10
acre
feet
Oak Crest Tank
3.10
acre
feet
Santa Fe Tank A
3.10
acre
feet
Santa Fe Tank B
3.10
acre
feet
Riqueza Reservoir
0.70
acre
feet
San Dieguito Reservoir
194.00
acre
feet
(Also 256.00 acre feet for Santa Fe Irrigation
District.)
Filtered Water Reservoir
16.00
acre
feet
(Also 24.00 acre feet for Santa Fe Irrigation
District.)
Total Storage Capacity
226.60
acre
feet
Avg. Day in Peak Month
20.10
acre
feet
Avg. Number of Days Storage
in Peak Month
12.00
days
SANTA FE IRRIGATION DISTRICT
San Dieguito Reservoir 256.00 acre feet
(Also 194.00 acre feet for San Dieguito Irrigation District.)
Filtered Water Reservoir 24.00 acre feet
(Also 16.00 acre feet for San Dieguito Irrigation District.)
Larack Reservoir 18.40 acre feet
Marview Reservoir 0.20 acre feet
Total Storage Capacity 298.60 acre feet
Avg. Day in Peak Month 30.00 acre feet
Avg. Number of Days Storage
in Peak Month 9.50 days
39
VALLEY CENTER MWD
Betsworth
3.10
acre
feet
Betsworth Forebay
1.50
acre
feet
Burnt Mountain
3.10
acre
feet
Circle R
0.30
acre
feet
Cobb Open Reservoir
27.00
acre
feet
Couser Canyon
4.60
acre
feet
Hauck Mesa
2.00
acre
feet
Jesmond Dene
0.12
acre
feet
Kuchei Mesa
0.10
acre
feet
Lilac Open
14.40
acre
feet
Mactan
4.60
acre
feet
Mc Naiiy
6.10
acre
feet
Meadows
6.10
acre
feet
Mizpah
3.10
acre
feet
Oak Glen
1.20
acre
feet
Old Castle
1.50
acre
feet
Old Country Club
1.50
acre
feet
Peau Open Reservoir
5.50
acre
feet
Red Mountain
0.90
acre
feet
Reidy Canyon
4.60
acre
feet
Rincón
3.10
acre
feet
San Gabriel
1.20
acre
feet
Paradise Mt.
3.10
acre
feet
Turner Dam
1,950.00
acre
feet
Total Storage Capacity 2,048.80 acre feet
Avg. Day in Peak Month 27.80 miiiion galions
Avg. Number of Days Storage
in Peak Month 30.00 days
YUIMA MWD
No. i Reservoir
No. 6 Reservoir
No. 8 Reservoir
No. 9 Reservoir
Barrett Reservoir
Stevens Reservoir
9.20
acre
feet
1.50
acre
feet
3.00
acre
feet
6.00
acre
feet
3.50
acre
feet
12.00
acre
feet
Total Storage Capacity
35.20
acre
feet
Avg. Day in Peak Month
10.90
acre
feet
Avg. Number of Days Storage
in Peak Month
1.10
acre
feet
Part IV
FUTURE SOURCES OF WATER
FOR THE SAN DIEGO REGION
40
FUTURE SOURCES OF WATER
FOR THE SAN DIEGO REGION
As the San Diego Region develops and population continues to grow, demands on the
water supply will continue to increase. With additional demands created by continued
growth in the other areas which share the water imported from the Colorado River and
Northern California, it will become increasingly important to develop alternative sources
of supply and more sophisticated methods of purification for reuse. This chapter describes
some methods which are currently in use, and others which are in various stages of
development, that will be used to avert future water shortages in the San Diego Region.
UNDERGROUND WATER STORAGE
San Diego County does not have extensive groundwater basins for the storage of water,
and those that do exist have been lowered in recent years due to drought conditions
and overdraft. In addition, sea water intrusion and other forms of pollution have degraded
some groundwater bodies rendering them unsuitable for domestic use.
Unlike San Diego County, coastal Los Angeles and Orange Counties have extensive deep
groundwater basins capable of storing about 7,000,000 acre feet of water in a volume
50 feet above and below the normal groundwater level. These basins are an extremely
important asset to, the water supply of the Southern California coastal plain and, if properly
managed, can be utilized as a natural system to provide for the storage of water to meet
seasonal peaking requirements as well as for emergency supply.
DESALINIZATION
Recognizing the nation's need for water. Congress enacted Public Law 85-883, in
September, 1958, authorizing the U.S. Department of Interior to construct and operate
five saline water conversion plants. In addition, the California Legislature voted to share
the cost of any of these plants that might be authorized for the State of California.
Subsequently, San Diego was selected as the site of one of the five plants.
In March, 1962, a sea water conversion plant was constructed at Point Loma with a capacity
of one million gallons of potable water per day. The Department of Water Resources
provided 50 percent of the cost of the original plant. The water, which was sold to the
City of San Diego for about $65.00 per acre foot, was mixed with the city's water supply,
and distributed to consumers. After the government of Cuba cut off water to the Marine
Base at Guantanamo Bay in 1964, the San Diego plant was dismantled and shipped to
the base to provide fresh water. It has been operating there successfully ever since.
The Department of the Interior, Office of Saline Water, has subsequently replaced the
Point Loma facility with a new plant located adjacent to San Diego Bay in the City
of Chula Vista. In addition, a test module was constructed for experimentation with full
scale sections of larger desalting plants. The test module will produce up to 3.5 mgd
of potable water while in operation.
41
The replacement plant was completed in 1967 and is called the Clair Engle Desalting
Plant. The test module was completed during the summer of 1968. The State has negotiated
with the Office of Saline Water for a one-quarter interest in the replacement plant in
exchange for the State's investment in the original Point Loma facility.
The desalted water (more than 1 mgd) is being sold to the City of San Diego and delivered
through State-financed, constructed, and operated facilities into and through the
California-American Water Company's system to the City's system.
The State's investment in water transmission facilities will be repaid by the sale of desalted
water at approximately 20 cents per thousand gallons. Following repayment to the State,
the price of water produced at this plant will drop to about 10 cents per thousand gallons.
Many different desalting techniques are in use or in the process of development. For
example, the coupling of desalinization plantg with nuclear energy as a source of heat
for the distillation process gives promise of greater economy and cheaper fresh water.
Despite a steady stream of advertised new "solutions," water authorities say there are
three methods of desalinization which can take place outside the laboratory at realistic
prices and under a realistic operating and maintenance condition. These are:
Distillation This process involves boiling water and condensing the steam resulting in
distilled water. It is used in virtually all existing sea water conversion plants.
Reverse Osmosis This system forces saline water under pressure against a selective membrane
which allows water molecules to pass through but not the molecules of impurities. It
has been used in inland areas to treat brackish water, although the Navy has an 80,000
gallon-per-day plant proposed for use in Vietnam.
Electrodialysis This method is based upon use of electrical current to cause the pure water
ions to pass through membranes and separate from the impurities in saline solutions. It
is used in comparatively small plants that treat low-salinity water.
Of these three methods, distillation is the most widely used. It accounts for almost all
the large (25,000 gallons-per-day and up) systems in operation.
The cost of desalinization can be compared with the cost for complete fresh water
treatment. Such a comparison shows conversion in its present state of development to
be 20 to 30 times as great as for complete fresh water treatment. Although it is inevitable
that the desalinization of sea water will eventually be able to compete cost-wise with
the importation of Northern California water, this is not the only consideration involved.
The desalting plants, by necessity must be located at sea level. Examination of the
topography of the San Diego region discloses that any water produced at sea level will
have to be pumped to higher elevations for distribution. This involves a tremendous expense
that could render the desalinization process economically infeasible. Until this problem
is resolved, we must continue to explore new sources of fresh water in the north.
RECLAIMED WATER
With the demand for water continually increasing, much can be done to supplement the
local supply through the reclamation of waste water. In 1966, under the operation of
42
the San Diego Metropolitan Sewerage System, approximately 40 mgd discharged into the
ocean. Successful reclamation of waste water and subsequent use for beneficial uses with
lower quality requirements, such as irrigation and industrial uses, would preserve the
imported water for domestic uses which require higher quality standards.
Four areas that have a record of successful use of reclaimed water are as follows;
1. Industry Use in cooling, boiler feed, and various other plant processes.
2. Agriculture A satisfactory disposal of water that might otherwise cause stream
pollution, but instead provides additional nutrients for the land.
3. Recreation Irrigation of golf courses and parks, development of decorative lakes,
wildlife areas, and lakes for fishing.
4. Recharge Use in rejuvenating underground aquifers and in establishing
underground fresh water barriers in river valleys to prevent salt water intrusion.
There is a great deal of discussion and concern today about the need for recreational
facilities and clean, fresh, unpolluted water. The Santee County Water District has
successfully combined the two in their water reclamation project. Through the ingenious
use of reclaimed water they have transformed arid Sycamore Canyon into a series of lakes
and a beautiful park (see Figure 3 ). The Santee Project not only shows the need for
recreational use of waste water in arid and semi-arid regions, but it demonstrates the
feasibility of certain treatment techniques and operational methods of reclaiming water
from sewage.
Further, it offers evidence that inter-agency cooperation can be successful. The Santee
Water Reclamation Project is a cooperative effort of the U. S. Public Health Service,
California Department of Public Health, California Department of Water Resources,
California Department of Fish and Game, California State Water Quality Control Board,
San Diego County Department of Public Health, and Santee County Water District. The
latter agency initiated the project in 1959 and put it into operation in 1961.
The first system involved basic sewage treatment, detention of the water in an oxidation
pond followed by percolation of the water through natural sand and gravel material
available in the canyon where the project is located. The Santee County Water District
began construction of a tertiary treatment plant in July, 1968.
The water from the first system, treated in the tertiary plant to the degree necessary
for recreation, irrigation, and industrial use is used for irrigation by spilling it from the
downstream lake into a stream bed which transports it to the Carlton Oaks Golf Course.
The Santee Lakes Project is directly responsible for making it possible to build the Carlton
Oaks Golf Course. This was due to the availability of relatively inexpensive water selling
for about one-fourth the cost of original, domestic water.
A swimming pool, another phase of the project, has been enthusiastically accepted and
approved by the public. Before entering the pool, bathers must pass a sign that reads,
"This swimming facility has opened a new field of recreational opportunity for the
American public. It is supphed with reclaimed water."
Chlorination
Lake 5
Lake 4
Recreation
Lake 3
Lake 2
Oxidation Pond
Swimming Pool
Chlorination .
Used Downstream
for Irrigation
n , Ù-
Emergency Bypass
SANTEE RECLAMATION PLANT
FIGURE 3
Treatment Plant
44
It is essential that agencies responsible for constructing and operating a waste water
reclamation system realize that it must be made compatible for nearby developments,
whether they are subdivisions or commercial areas. By making sewage treatment plants
attractive and finding ways to eliminate odors, conflicts and negative attitudes between
homeowners and the location of plants can be resolved.
The Santee Project is being used as a model. It has proven to the satisfaction of all agencies
that waste water can be treated and processed to make it safe for high quality purposes,
and has further opened the doors for other agencies to start planning similar projects
of their own.
OTHER TECHNOLOGICAL INNOVATIONS
INDUSTRIAL REUSE
Industrial reutilization of waste waters is practiced extensively in the West. Much of it
represents recycling, reutilization, and counter-current washing within the plant property,
using the industry's own waste. Prime examples are found at the Kaiser Steel Plant at
Fontana, California, at the Lever Brothers plant in Los Angeles County, and at almost
every paper mill and refinery throughout the country. In addition to in-plant reuse, a
few industries have found economic advantage in using treated municipal wastes for cooling
water or even for certain processes. At Baltimore, Md., for example, the treated sewage
is used by the Bethlehem Steel Co. for industrial processes. Thus, fresh water is used
at least twice once by the city and once by the company before it is discharged to
the sea in Chesapeake Bay.
With responsible care to avoid cross-connections and with normal sanitary prudence,
industrial reclamation of municipal sewage or recycling of plant wastes should present
no serious hazard to health. Indeed, the decision to reutilize waste waters is generally
based on economic feasibility and the availability of alternative sources of supply. In San
Diego County and throughout most of southern California, the industrial use of waste
water may be expected to increase as urbanization and industrialization displace agriculture,
and as alternative sources of supply become increasingly scarce.
WEATHER MODIFICATION
In the fiscal year beginning July 1, 1966, American taxpayers spent $7 million on the
study of weather modification. The year 1966 marked a turning point in the view of
many scientists as to the possibilities in weather modification. Their optimism was based
on two points; the accumulation of evidence that rainmaking and other control experiments
have been more successful than previously thought possible, and the possession of new
tools, such as computers and weather satellites.
Seeding is often successful on the windward side of mountain slopes where clouds form
in abundance at temperatures low enough for precipitation. With the exceptions of inducing
precipitation under favorable conditions, dispelling fog, and perhaps pulling the teeth of
some storms, anything that could be regarded as 'commercial" weather modification is
still in the discussion stage.
45
EVAPORATION REDUCTION FROM IMPOUNDMENTS
Quantitatively evaporation accounts for a major portion of the water involved in the
hydorlogical cycle. In Illinois a study showed that the evaporation loss from the land
and water surfaces of this comparatively humid state was 4.3 billion gpd - about 43 percent
of that state's total water supply derived from rainfall.
The largest potentially controllable evaporation loss is that from the surfaces of rivers,
canals, irrigation ditches, lakes, and reservoirs. Such losses in the arid western states are
estimated at 24 million acre feet every year. Research has resulted in the development
of two waxdike anti-evaporants, one named hexadecanol. They are
monomolecular producing films, one molecule thick, and have reduced evaporation
significantly when spread over lakes and reservoirs. Experiments at Saguaro Lake, near
Phoenix, Arizona, and Lake Cachuma, near Santa Barbara, California, resulted in a 22
percent reduction in evaporation losses.
So far, at least, the use of monolayers has not been very successful. One major problem
inhibits use: winds tend to blow the material into piles on the shore lines. New tests
are aimed at overcoming this problem by using the winds themselves to spread the
monolayer over the surface. Victor K. LaMer, a Columbia University researcher, has asserted
that "suppressing evaporation from large water storages by monolayers is the most
economical of all methods of conserving water that are now available."
Evaporation may also be reduced in reservoirs by decreasing the surface area per unit
volume of water stored, and by eliminating parasitic plant growth in and surrounding
the storage lake. The depth of reservoirs is often reduced by sedimentation. In fact, the
life of dams and reservoirs is usually determined by the time required for useful capacity
to be reduced by sediment. Dredging out.sediment or improving the natural cross-section
contour of a storage lake involves considerable costs. Until recently, the usual situation
was that the value of the water saved by these procedures did not warrant incurring the
cost involved. However, as the value of water increases, operations of this kind may become
economically feasible in the future.
The City of San Diego has taken the approach of operating their reservoirs on a maximum
yield basis. Under this type of operation winter runoff stored in the reservoirs is released
for use as rapidly as possible in an endeavor to reduce evaporation losses and thus increase
efficiency of use. This method of operation also provides greater storage capacity for
conservation of water during the infrequent years of high runoff. However, this method
of operation requires greater dependence on imported water supplies during drought
periods.
Part V
EXISTING SANITARY
SEWERAGE SYSTEMS
IN THE SAN DIEGO REGION
46
EXISTING SANITARY SEWERAGE SYSTEMS
IN THE SAN DIEGO REGION
One of the most important needs of an urban community is its sanitary sewerage system.
The provision of these facilities is among the more basic considerations in the planning
of any urban development. The planner, engineer or elected official may be confronted
by a variety of conditions. He may have to develop a sewerage system for a completely
undeveloped area, for an area partly developed and having septic systems or inadequate
private sewer systems, for an area containing a combined sewer system, or for an area
undergoing redevelopment and changing land use.
Sewerage master planning is a major part of the comprehensive planning of a region and
its communities. Like flood control projects, sewerage systems are most economically
accomplished on a drainage basin system regardless of political and geographic boundaries.
Existing sewerage facilities of an areawide magnitude, like the San Diego Metropolitan
Sewerage System, the Vista-Carlsbad-Buena-San Marcos Sewerage System and the Solana
Beach-Cardiff Joint Sewerage Project, are examples of successful cooperative ventures which
involve the participation of two or more governmental agencies. A master sewerage plan
comprises the assembly of information, analysis of data, and formulation of proposals,
all for the purpose of achieving an orderly and economical development of the necessary
transportation, treatment and disposal facilities for waste water.
An initial step taken by San Diego County nearly twenty years ago pioneered the regional
and basin-wide sewerage planning concept. In 1952 a study entitled, "Report on the
Collection, Treatment, and Disposal of the Sewage of San Diego County, California" laid
the foundation for what ultimately became the San Diego Metropolitan Sewerage System.
A second report entitled "A Comprehensive Plan for the Collection, Treatment, and
Disposal of Sewage in North Coastal San Diego County, California" was prepared in 1960.
As a direct result of the recommendations contained in this report a Joint Powers
Agreement was established among the City of Carlsbad, the Vista Sanitation District and
the Buena Sanitation District. This agreement provides for the construction and operation
of a wastewater transportation, treatment and disposal system for these three areas. In
1969 the San Marcos County Water District was admitted to this joint sewer system.
Also acting on the recommendation of the 1960 report, a Joint Powers Agreement was
executed between Solana Beach and Cardiff Sanitation Districts providing for common
treatment and disposal facilities for these areas.
The County of San Diego through its Department of Sanitation and Flood Control has
the responsibility of preparing regional master plans for areas facing potential development
or served by inadequate facilities. The Department has completed studies covering the
San Dieguito and Los Penasquitos Basins, Santa Maria Valley, Jamacha Valley, Rainbow
Valley, Lakeside Sanitation District, and the community of Alpine.
In 1969-70 the total waste water flow in San Diego County was approximately 100 mgd.
Of this, approximately 85 percent (85mgd) was discharged to the ocean. A major
contributor to this figure is the San Diego Metropolitan Sewerage System which discharged
(in 1969-70) about 80 mgd of its waste waters to the ocean. During 1969-70, wastewater
47
in San Diego County approximated 100 gallons per capita per day. This is an increase
of about 30 gallons per capita per day from 1962-63.
The following is a description of each of these agencies and their major facilities. The
number following the title of each district is coded to the Sewer Facilities and Sewer
District Boundary map. (See back pocket.)
CITY OF DEL MAR (16)
The City is presently operating a 0.4 mgd sewage treatment facility which provides primary
and secondary treatment before discharging effluent to San Dieguito Slough. This plant
is now serving approximately 1,050 homes.
Recently the existing treatment plant has been operating near capacity, except during
the Southern California Exposition, when increased water use causes a peak flow in excess
of 0.6 mgd. As a result of this overloading, the California Regional Water Quality Control
Board has issued a Cease and Desist Order against the City of Del Mar. In an effort to
remedy the situation, the City of Del Mar is in the process of negotiating capacity rights
in the San Diego Metropolitan Sewerage System.
ENaNSTAS SANITARY DISTRICT (12)
The Encinitas area (approximately 1,700 homes) receives sewage treatment service from
a 0.75 mgd waste water treatment facility operated by the Encinitas Sanitary District.
The treatment units include an Imhoff Tank, sludge drying beds, a standard rate trickling
filter, a secondary clarifier, and an oxidation pond. The final effluent is transported to
a local farm where it is used for the irrigation of flowers.
The District is currently studying the possible alternatives of pumping raw sewage either
to the Encina Wastewater Treatment Facility at Carlsbad, or the San Elijo facility located
adjacent to San Elijo Lagoon. In the event either of these proposals was implemented,
the existing plant would then be phased out.
CITY OF ESCONDIDO (10)
The City of Escondido was incorporated on October 8, 1888, and has provided sewer
service for properties within its corporate limits since 1908. The first sewerage facilities
included a small system of collectors, a septic tank, and an outfall discharging into
Escondido Creek. In 1928, a trickling filter sewage treatment plant was constructed at
the site of the original septic tank. In 1947 further improvements were made to treat
the increased sewage flows tributary to the trickling filter plant.
In 1960 a 1.0 mgd activated sludge sewage treatment plant and several important trunk
sewer lines were put into service. In 1965, the capacity of the activated sludge treatment
plant was increased to 4.0 mgd, and the older trickling filter plant was abandoned. The
new plant consists of an influent pumping station, a primary clarifier, aeration tanks, two
secondary clarifiers, two chlorine contact tanks, and two digesters. The City of Escondido
48
is, at the present time, discharging the well treated and chlorinated effluent into Escondido
Creek. This has created a pollution problem in the San Elijo Lagoon, which lies at the
mouth of Escondido Creek. The lagoon is very shallow, and after winter floods only a
thin layer of water covers its upper reaches. During the summer the upper part of the
lagoon is generally dry, or in a marshy condition. At this time the sewage effluent tends
to pond in certain areas causing objectionable odors. In the lower and deeper part of
the lagoon water is present all year, but because the lagoon is separated from the sea
by natural sand bars, the waters in this lower part also become stagnant.
The City is currently operating under a Cease and Desist Order issued by the California
Regional Water Quality Control Board in January, 1969. In an effort to correct the present
deficiency, the City has approved a bond issue, and applied for a federal assistance grant
to enlarge the present treatment facility from 4.0 to 10.0 mgd, and construct a land
outfall which will connect to an existing ocean outfall owned by the Cardiff and Solana
Beach Sanitation Districts. The ocean outfall presently serves the San Elijo Sewage
Treatment Facility located adjacent to the San Elijo Lagoon. In addition, the City has
proposed a plan for waste water reclamation in the San Pasqual Valley which would be
undertaken after satisfying the requirements of the Cease and Desist Order. Under the
reclamation proposal the reclaimed water would be used for irrigation in the San Pasqual
Valley and then percolate to the San Dieguito River above Lake Hodges.
FALLBROOK SANITARY DISTRICT (1)
The Fallbrook Sanitary District operates two secondary treatment facilities which serve
the immediate Fallbrook area. Plant #1 currently has a capacity of 0.425 mgd, however,
it is in the process of being enlarged to 1.0 mgd. Plant #2 is also being enlarged from
0.2 to 0.4 mgd. This will give the District a total capacity of 1.4 mgd. The facilities
at Plant #1 currently include a comminutor, bar screen, Parshall flume, pumping station,
Imhoff tank, sludge drying beds, a high rate trickling filter, and three aerated oxidation
ponds. Following the enlargement plans, this facility will be converted to activated sludge.
Plant #2 includes a comminutor and bar screen, an activated sludge unit, an effluent
pumping station, and an effluent holding pond. Chlorination equipment is in operation
at both plants. The final effluent overflows into Fallbrook Creek and flows to O'Neill
Lake on Camp Pendleton. The Fallbrook Sanitary District presently serves approximately
2,000 residential and commercial connections.
LEUCADIA COUNTY WATER DISTRICT (11)
The Leucadia area of San Diego County receives sewerage service from the Leucadia County
Water District. The District operates the Leucadia Wastewater Treatment Plant; a secondary
treatment facility consisting of a barminutor, primary clarifier, trickling filter, final clarifier,
and chlorine contact chamber. The plant has a capacity of 0.75 mgd and is presently
treating 0.4 mgd. The treated wastewater is used for golf course irrigation at La Costa
Country Club. The District currently serves 825 homes.
The Leucadia County Water District and the Encinitas Sanitary District have filed a joint
application for a federal assistance grant to aid in construction of the Leucadia-Encinitas
Sewerage System. This proposed system would transport sewage from these two agencies
49
to the County operated Encina Water Pollution Control Facility located in the City of
Carlsbad. This project will eliminate the Encinitas Sanitary District treatment plant, and
may possibly eliminate the Leucadia County Water District's water reclamation facility.
CITY OF OCEANSIDE (5)
The City of Oceanside currently provides sewerage service to 9,500 homes covering an
area of 15,600 acres within the corporate limits. There are three general drainage areas
in the City, with a sewage treatment plant within each basin. Treated sewage from these
plants is collected in a common force main which discharges to Whelan Take, a terminal
oxidation pond. Elere final treatment is given prior to discharging the water for groundwater
recharge in the San Luis Rey River Basin.
The La Salina Sewage treatment plant serves the La Salina drainage area and receives
approximately 75% of the City's total sewage flow. This plant is designed for a capacity
of 5 mgd primary treatment, and has a secondary activated sludge treatment capacity
of 5.5 mgd. The Buena Vista sewage treatment plant serves the Buena Vista drainage
area and has a design capacity of 0.5 mgd, giving both primary and secondary activated
sludge treatment. The San Luis Rey drainage area with a design capacity of 1.85 mgd,
provides primary treatment only. These three plants give a total capacity of 7.35 mgd.
In addition, the City operates 21 lift stations located throughout the system.
A bond issue was approved by the voters in June, 1970, and the City has subsequently
filed for a $2.2 million federal assistance grant to aid in construction of improvements
and additions to existing treatment plants, pump station expansion, effluent force mains,
water reclamation system additions, and, an ocean outfall. The estimated cost of these
projects is $8.7 million, giving the City a total capacity of 13.1 mgd.
OTAY MUNICIPAL WATER DISTRICT (31 & 32)
The Otay MWD provides sewerage service to a small (200 acre) portion of the District
known as Hillsdale. The reclamation plant which serves this area has a design capacity
of 0.03 mgd and is currently operating under a Cease and Desist Order issued by the
Regional Water Quality Control Board in April, 1971. To eliminate the problem, the Otay
District is preparing plans for a connection to the Metropolitan Sewerage System through
the County-owned Spring Valley Outfall. This connection would accommodate 0.36 mgd
of sewage and, therefore, meet the requirements of the Cease and Desist order.
PAUMA VALLEY COMMUNITY SERVICE DISTRICT (3)
The Pauma Valley Community Service District operates a 0.05 mgd primary treatment
facility which serves 120 homes within the District. Treated effluent is discharged to
groundwater.
POMERADO COUNTY WATER DISTRICT (20)
The Pomerado Sewage Treatment plant was constructed in 1958 to provide service in
50
Poway Valley. This plant serves approximately 3,700 homes in the District and has a
design capacity of 1.12 mgd. At the present time the plant treats nearly 0.9 mg each
day. The treated effluent is discharged to Los Penasquitos Creek for percolation to
groundwater. The Regional Water Quality Control Board regulates the amount of discharge
into the creek by prohibiting dry season surface flow beyond a point located 4 miles
west of Interstate 15. The amount of effluent being discharged is now in violation of
this requirement. In an effort to alleviate this situation, the Pomerado County Water District
has filed an application for a federal assistance grant. The grant would help finance a
proposed $2,973,000 project which would include one mile of outfall interceptor and
the purchase of 4.0 mgd capacity rights in the Pensaquitos Basin Interceptor to be
constructed by the City of San Diego.
RAINBOW MUNICIPAL WATER DISTRICT (2)
Rainbow Municipal Water District is a sparsely populated district with only 4,200 residents
living within its boundary in 1970. The district presently operates three sewage treatment
plants, serving approximately 370 homes.
Plant "A" serves the Fallbrook Country Club and two adjacent housing tracts. It has
a capacity of 0.06 mgd and is presently operating at 0.015 mgd.
Plant "B" serves Pala Mesa Village, Pala Mesa Country Club, and Valley Oaks Mobile
Home Park. The plant is located southwest of the intersection of Interstate 15 and State
Highway 76. It has a capacity of O.IO mgd and is now treating at 0.025 mgd. There
is considerable room for expansion of the facility on the present site, however, it is expected
that the existing plant will be adequate through 1975.
Plant "C" has a 0.03 mgd capacity and is located on the San Luis Rey Golf Course
in Bonsall. A new replacement plant with a 0.30 capacity is now under design to
accommodate the San Luis Rey Downs development. Plants "A," "B," and the new
proposed Plant "C" are secondary treatment plants. Provision is being made at all three
locations for the use of effluent to irrigate nearby golf courses. The relatively low flows
are now percolated underground.
SAN DIEGO METROPOLITAN SEWERAGE SYSTEM
City of San Diego (21), City of Chula Vista (35), City of Coronado (33), City of El
Cajon (26), City of Imperial Beach (37), City of La Mesa (27), City of National City
(34), Lemon Grove Sanitation District (29), Montgomery Sanitation District (36), Rolando
Sanitation District (28), and Spring Valley Sanitation District (30).
HISTORICAL
Liquid waste disposal has been a city function since 1885 when the first public sewers
were built south of Broadway along 4th and 5th Avenue to San Diego Bay. The discharge
of untreated waste into the Bay and Pacific Ocean continued until 1943, when a 14.0
mgd treatment plant was placed into service. In 1948-49 the Harbor Drive plant was
enlarged from 14.0 to 40.0 mgd.
51
In the early 1950's, the City was continuing to grow at a catastrophic rate, and it was
becoming apparent that the Harbor Drive plant was once again reaching capacity. In 1954
the City conducted a bond election to finance an area-wide solution to the ever increasing
problem of sewage treatment.
The bond issue was defeated, and in 1955 conditions had deteriorated to the point where
the California Department of Public Health quarantined San Diego Bay and placed warning
signs along the shorelines of Coronado, National City, and San Diego.
In May, 1958, the San Diego City Council retained consulting engineers to design an
area-wide system for collection, treatment and disposal of sewage. The basic objective
of the engineers was to provide a comprehensive sewerage solution for the entire San
Diego Metropolitan Area. After an evaluation of the sewage treatment problem on a regional
basis it was concluded by the several agencies that joining the Metropolitan Sewerage
System with a unified control would be the safest and most economical method of
eliminating pollution in San Diego Bay and the Pacific Ocean.
FACILITIES
The Metropolitan Sewerage System (see Figure 4) begins with a 42" diameter, reinforced
concrete, plastic lined pipe at 19th and Coronado in South San Diego. At Pump Station
1 the waste water enters a 72" diameter concrete pipe which increases to 84" at the
downtown San Diego tunnel. The downtown tunnel is approximately 11,500 feet long,
and is lined with a corrosion resistent plastic liner. In the south parking lot of the County
Administration Center the tunnel becomes a 102" diameter inceptor paralleling San Diego
Bay to Pump Station 2. At this point the 95" diameter interceptor serving the northern
portion of the City joins the southern half of the system. Station 2 pumps to the Point
Loma tunnel which is 4,000 feet long and 108" in diameter. This tunnel is also protected
with plastic lining, and connects to the 114" diameter concrete interceptor to the treatment
plant.
Treatment begins at Pump Station 2 where mechanical barscreens remove rags, wood and
other debris. At the treatment plant sand, grit and other organic matter is separated from
the waste water in the aerated grit removal units. After grit removal the waste water
enters settling basins where suspended matter is allowed to settle to the bottom. The
sludge and grease are pumped from the settling basins to the five digesters where they
are processed. Treated effluent is discharged to the Pacific Ocean through a 11,430 foot,
108" diameter marine outfall. At the end of the outfall effluent enters a "Y" branch
and is discharged through two 1,368 foot diffuser pipes for disposal at 220 feet below
sea level.
The Metro System was designed for the year 2000 with an ultimate capacity of 234 mgd.
The Point Loma treatment plant has a design capacity of 88 mgd and is currently processing
approximately 86 mgd. In June, 1971, the City of San Diego filed an application for
$1,037,500 in federal assistance to aid in the construction of sedimentation basins 5 and
6. These two basins would add 44.0 mgd to the capacity of the plant, giving it a total
of 132.0 mgd.
FINANCING
The Metro System was financed initially by the issuance and sale of $42,500,000 worth
LCU CIV Lf
Metering Station
Aqency Measured
Location of Meter
1.
City of El Cajon
Mission Gorge
2.
Cities of La Mesa and San Diego
Alvarado Fwy. & 70th
3.
Cities of La Mesa and San Diego
University 8c 69th
4.
Lemon Grove S.D. and San Diego
Federal & Winnett
5.
Lemon GroVe S.D.
Akins 8i 69th
6.
Cities of National City and San Diego
Division & Laurel
7.
City of National City
7 th 8c Wilson
8.
Cities of National City and San Diego
23rd 8c Wilson
9,
Spring Valley S.D.
Orange 8c Woodlawn
10.
City of Chula Vista
"G" St. 8c Fwy.
11.
City of Chula Vista
"J" St. 8c Fwy.
12.
Cities of Imp. BeacH and San Diego
Palm City Pump Station
13.
Montgomery S.D.
Industrial Blvd.
14.
City of Imperial Beach
9th 8c Coronado
15.
Navy and City of Coronado
Kettner 8c Harbor
Pumping Plant
P.I
Pumping Plant No. 1
P.2
Pumping Plant No. 2
Q Junction Structure — San Diego River
Q Point Loma Treatment Plant
■i^ Metro Sewer
— City of San Diego Trunk Sewer
FIGURE 4
COUNTY OF SAN DIEGO
San Diego
Metropolitan
»
Sewerage Systenr
SAN DIEGO COUNTY PLANNING DEPARTMENT
CARTOGRAPHIC SERVICES SECTIDN
FEgT 0 SOOO 10 000 70.000 M.OQO *0000 40 000 60 000
1
MILES 0 17 * e e 10 17
y
ui
to
53
of Sewer Revenue Bonds in 1961, by the City of San Diego. These bonds had been
authorized by the voters of San Diego in the general election of November 8, 1960.
Operating costs of the Metro System are shared by the member agencies on the basis
of two formulas;
1. Capital Costs are shared according to the percent of total capacity in the ultimate
or fully expanded system held by each contracting agency. Each agency then
pays annually a lump sum fixed in the original contract. Later joining agencies,
or those increasing their capacity, will pay a higher rate based on the increase
in the construction cost index, plus interest, from 1963. These annual lump
sum payments are deposited in the City's Sewer Revenue Fund, from which
the annual bond interest and redemption payments are made on the Sewer
Revenue Bonds of 1961.
2. Administration, Maintenance, and Operation expenses are shared according to
the percent of total flow to the system by each contracting agency. These annual
payments are deposited in the City's Sewer Revenue Fund, from which the
operation and maintenance expenses are then paid.
The City of San Diego's share of both capital and maintenance and operation costs are
derived from a portion of the City-wide sewer service charge. Additional sewer revenue
bond funds may be needed in future years to aid in financing the City's share of major
expansions, however, present repayment methods appear to be adequate.
CITY OF SAN DIEGO (21)
In addition to the Metropolitan Sewerage System there are five smaller treatment plants
within the City of San Diego that serve different geographical drainage areas. These plants
are operated and maintained by the Water Quality Division of the Water Utilities
Department.
Callan Treatment Plant Located on Torrey Pines Mesa, the Callan Plant was built by the
U. S. Army Corps of Engineers in 1939. This 1.0 mgd plant was operated by the Army
to serve Camp Callan and the Torrey Pines Housing Area until 1947. After Camp Callan
was abandoned, the plant was transferred to the City in 1948 and was reactivated in
February, 1958, when the Gulf General Atomic Laboratory was completed. The Callan
Plant now serves the La Jolla Farms subdivision, Torrey Pines Inn, Gulf General Atomic,
and Salk Institute. The present flow averages 0.5 mgd. This was the first waste water
reclamation project to be implemented in the San Diego Region. Since 1958, effluent
from the Callan Plant has been used for irrigation of the landscaped areas surrounding
the Gulf Laboratory. That which is not used for irrigation is discharged to Sorrento Slough.
It is anticiapted that this plant will be abandoned upon completion of the Penasquitos
Sewerage System in 1972.
Sorrento Treatment Plant The Sorrento Plant was built in 1960 to serve the Sorrento
Valley Industrial Park. However, it also serves over 400 homes at the present time. This
1.5 mgd plant includes a barscreen and comminutor, grit chamber, primary clarifier,
chlorination facilities, sludge digester, and oxidation pond. This plant is located adjacent
to Sorrento Slough and discharges effluent directly to it. It is anticipated that this plant
will also be abandoned upon completion of the Penasquitos System.
54
Los Penasquitos Plant The Penasquitos Plant, an interim facility, was completed in 1967
to serve the development at Rancho de Los Penasquitos. The plant includes mechanical
pre-aeration, two-stage oxidation ponds, and has a capacity of 0.5 mgd. The present flow
is approximately 0.12 mgd which is discharged to Penasquitos Creek. The Penasquitos
Sewerage System will replace this plant and have the ability to connect with the Pomerado
County Water District and City of Del Mar systems.
Rancho Bernardo Treatment Plant The Rancho Bernardo Plant is located on the west
side of Interstate 15, just south of Lake Hodges. It was completed in 1963 and is specifically
designed for waste water reclamation. The plant has a design capacity of 1.0 mgd, and
consists of a comminutor, aeration unit, chlorine contact chamber, and two holding ponds.
The treated effluent is used to irrigate the Rancho Bernardo golf courses. It is now proposed
that excess effluent will be piped to San Pasqual Valley for crop irrigation.
Brown Field Treatment Plant The Brown Field Waste Water Treatment Plant is a secondary
treatment facility with a design capacity of 0.22 mgd. The plant consists of a comminutor,
primary Imhoff tank, trickling filter, secondary Imhoff tank, Parshall flume, chlorination
facilities, and two sludge drying beds. The present flow is approximately 0.03 mgd which
is discharged to sand filter beds which overflow to a dry wash tributary to the Tia Juana
River. Current plans are to abandon this plant upon completion of the East San Ysidro
trunk sewer in 1973.
COUNTY OF SAN DIEGO
DEPARTMENT OF SANITATION AND FLOOD CONTROL
ALPINE SANITATION DISTRICT (24)
Was formed in April, 1952, serves the central core of the community. The present facilities
are operating under a Cease and Desist Order issued by the Regional Water Quality Control
Board. To alleviate the problem, voters in the District approved a $580,000 bond issue
to finance the construction of new facilities. In addition, the District has filed an application
for $147,000 in federal assistance to supplement construction costs. The new facilities
will include outfall sewers, a pumping station, and a force main which would transport
waste water to the County-operated Lakeside Water Pollution Control Facility for treatment
and disposal.
CARDIFF SANITATION DISTRICT (13)
and
SOLANA BEACH SANITATION DISTRICT (15)
The San Elijo Water Pollution Control Facility, located adjacent to San Elijo Lagoon in
Cardiff, provides primary treatment and disposal facilities for the Cardiff and Solana Beach
Sanitation Districts. The plant began operation in 1966 and has a design capacity of 2.0
mgd. The present flow is approximately I.O mgd. Facilities at the plant include a
comminutor, grit remover and washer, primary sedimentation tank, chlorination facilities,
sludge digester, and sludge centrifuge. Final eftluent is discharged to the Pacific Ocean
through a 4,000 foot ocean outfall, 30" in diameter.
55
The Cardiff and Solana Beach areas are continuing to gain population, with the Sanitation
Districts now serving 2,760 and 2,540 homes respectively.
CITY OF CARLSBAD (9), VISTA SANITATION DISTRICT (6), BUENA SANITATION
DISTRICT (7), SAN MARCOS COUNTY WATER DISTRICT (8)
The Encina Water Pollution Control Facility, which provides primary treatment and disposal
facilities for the four members of this joint powers agreement, began operation in
September, 1965. It was originally designed for a capacity of 4.5 mgd and was enlarged
to 6.75 mgd after the San Marcos CWD was admitted to the system. Facilities at the
plant include a flow meter, prechlorination, bar screen, grit remover, primary sedimentation
tanks, primary and secondary sludge digesters, and sludge drying beds. The present flow
at the Encina Plant averages 4.5 mgd, which is discharged to the Pacific Ocean through
a 5,500 foot ocean outfall after treatment.
JULIAN SANITATION DISTRICT (38)
The Julian Wastewater Treatment Plant includes a septic tank with a design capacity of
0.02 mgd, and three oxidation ponds. The facility is now serving approximately 58 homes
producing an average flow of 0.01 mgd.
LAKESIDE SANITATION DISTRICT (23)
The Lakeside Water Pollution Control Facility currently serves 5,056 homes; approximately
85% of those in the District. The treatment plant is a secondary treatment facility with
a design capacity of 0.5 mgd, however, the average daily flow has now reached 0.92 mgd.
The facilities include a wet well, comminutor, Parshall flume, primary clarifier, mixing
tank, secondary clarifier, reaeration tank, aerobic digester, anaerobic digester, aerated sludge
lagoon, and sludge drying beds. Effluent is discharged to percolation beds in the San Diego
River Basin.
PINE VALLEY SANITATION DISTRICT (39)
The Pine Valley facility consists of an aerated raw sewage collection pond which overflows
to percolation beds. The facility, which was originally built by a developer, has a capacity
of 0.05 mgd. The County of San Diego now maintains this operation which has an average
daily flow of 0.02 mgd.
RAMONA SANITATION DISTRICT (19)
The Ramona Sanitation Distirct was formed in August, 1946, with construction of the
Ramona Water Pollution Control Facility occurring four years later. The District now covers
over 6,800 acres and serves 1,019 homes within the town of Ramona. The treatment
plant is a secondary treatment facility with a capacity of 0.15 mgd. Equipment includes
an Imhoff tank, sludge digester, a standard rate trickling filter, secondary clarifier, oxidation
pond, and an effluent holding pond. The average daily flow has now reached 0.16 mgd,
however plans are underway for construction of a new treatment plant with a design
capacity of 0.5 mgd.
56
RANCHO SANTA FE SANITATION DISTRICT (14)
The Rancho Santa Fe Wastewater Treatment Plant serves 216 homes with a design capacity
of 0.1 mgd. Facilities include a barminutor, aeration tank, secondary clarifier, and
percolation ponds, providing secondary treatment for an average daily flow of 0.08 mgd.
Final effluent is discharged for groundwater replenishment.
WHISPERING PALMS SANITATION DISTRICT (17)
This District was formed to serve the needs of the Whispering Palms Subdivision located
on 1,000 acres approximately 2 miles east of the City of Del Mar. There are approximately
70 homes in the District at this time. The treatment plant is an interim facility with
a design capacity of 0.15 mgd. The present flow averages 0.03 mgd. This plant will be
replaced with a permanent facility when the need arises.
SANTEE COUNTY WATER DISTRICT (22)
Since 1961, the Santee County Water District has owned and operated a planned waste
water reclamation plant and a series of lakes used for recreation.
At present, the plant is designed for 4.0 mgd capacity and is currently processing 2.4
mgd. The plant consists of a grit removal unit, barminutor, primary clarifier, aerobic
digestion tanks, activated sludge unit, final sedimentation tanks, sludge drying beds,
oxidation pond and percolation beds. The effluent from the oxidation pond flows by
gravity to the percolation beds, after traveling a minimum of 400 feet horizontally through
the soil, it is collected in an interceptor trench. Still flowing by gravity it is chlorinated
prior to entering Lake No. 5, the upper-most recreational lake. The effluent passes through
three more recreational lakes, it is chlorinated again and discharged into Sycamore Canyon
and used for the irrigation of a nearby golf course and tree farm. The reclamation facility
now serves 5,202 homes; approximately 93% of those within the District.
VALLE VERDE COMMUNITY SERVICES DISTRICT (18)
The Valle Verde Waste Water Treatment Plant is a secondary treatment facility with a
design capacity of 0.15 mgd. The plant contains a bar screen, primary settling tanks, two
aeration units, a chlorine contact chamber, and effluent holding ponds. The average flow
is now over 0.010 mgd, with final effluent being used for golf course irrigation.
VALLEY CENTER MUNICIPAL WATER DISTRICT (4)
This district now includes 62,150 acres, of which 1,000 are in residential use. The District
operates one waste water treatment plant, located at The Meadows, which has a design
capacity of 0.09 mgd. The average daily flow at this plant is 0.030 mgd at the present
time.
There are also three small, privately owned and operated, treatment plants within the
District ;
57
Lawrence Welk's Country Club Village This complex includes a mobile home park, a
restaurant, and an 18-hole golf course. A large motel, new restaurant, and driving range
will be added soon. The development is served by a secondary treatment facility consisting
of an activated sludge package plant with a capacity of 0.035 mgd. The average daily
flow is 0.020 mgd.
Circle "R" Ranch This development consists of a golf course, club house, and a thirty
unit motel. The treatment plant is a small package treatment facility with a capacity of
0.005 mgd. The final effluent is discharged for groundwater replenishment.
Hide-Away-Lake Mobile Estates This development includes 130 mobile homes with an
estimated population of 270. The Mobile estates are served by an activated sludge-type
contact stabilization package plant with a capacity of 0.019 mgd. The present flow is
approximately 0.005 mgd which is disposed of through spray irrigation.
OTHER PRIVATELY OWNED SANITARY SEWERAGE SYSTEMS
IN THE SAN DIEGO REGION
Pauma Valley Country Club Estates The Utah Construction and Mining Company operates
a secondary waste water treatment plant at this location with a capacity of 0.10 mgd.
The average daily flow remains at 0.01 mgd which is discharged for groundwater
replenishment.
Warner Springs Guest Ranch This resort provides secondary treatment with an activated
sludge-type contact stabilization package treatment facility. Final effluent is used for golf
course irrigation.
SEWAGE TREATMENT
PLANTS
RATED CAP
REPORT
PLANT
(MGD)
(MGD)
Calif. Dept. of Corrections
La Cima
0.020
0.008
Carlsbad Raceway
0.025
Circle R Ranch
0.005
0.004
Convair, Julian
0.010
Del Mar, City of
0.400
0.350
Elfin Forest
0.020
Encinitas, S.D.
0.750
Escondido, City of
Hale Ave.
4.000
Southside Plant
*
Fallbrook, S.D.
0.630
0.530
Hidden Valley Mobile Park
0.050
Hideaway Lake Estates
0.020
Leocadia, C.W.D.
0.750
0.400
Oceanside, City of
*7.350
3.900
Otay M.W.D.
0.030
Pauma Valley Community, S.D.
0.050
0.012
Pomerado C.W.D.
1.120
0.900
Rainbow M.W.D.
Live Oaks Estates
0.060
0.015
Pala Mesa
0.100
0.025
San Luis Rey Country Club
0.030
0.005
Ramona Unified School District
0.150
0.140
Saint Charles Priory
0.002
San Diego, City of
Brown Field
0.220
0.032
Callan
1.000
0.500
Point Loma
88.000
89.000
Rancho Bernardo
1.000
1.000
Sorrento
1.500
0.880
San Diego Co. Honor Camps
Rancho Del Campo
0.150
0.030
Viejas
0.015
0.018
San Diego Co. Dept. of Sanitation and
Flood Control
Alpine, S.D.
*0.050
0.052
Cardiff-Solana Beach, S.D.
2.000
1.000
Carlsbad-Vista-Buena-San Marcos
6.750
4.500
Julian, S.D.
0.020
0.010
Lakeside, S.D.
0.500
0.920
^ Cease & Desist
Pine Valley Sanitation District
0.050
0.020
Ramona, S.D.
0.300
0.165
Rancho Santa Fe
0.100
0.080
Whispering Palms
0.150
0.030
San Pasqual Academy
0.075
Santee C.W.D.
4.000
2.400
Sun Air Parks
0.010
Valle Verde Com. S.D.
0.150
0.010
Valley Center M.W.D.
0.090
0.030
Warner Resort Company
Lake Henshaw
Warner Springs
0.025
Welks Country Club Estates
0.035
0.020
Part VI
FEDERAL AND STATE
PROGRAMS OF FINANCIAL
ASSISTANCE FOR WATER
AND SEWER DEVELOPMENT
60
FEDERAL AND STATE PROGRAMS
OF FINANCIAL ASSISTANCE FOR
WATER AND SEWER DEVELOPMENT
FEDERAL PROGRAMS
There are more Federal grant programs for water and sewer facilities than for any other
single activity except housing. Four agencies the Farmers Home Administration
(Department of Agriculture), the Federal Water Pollution Control Administration
(Department of the Interior), the Economic Development Administration (Department of
Commerce) and the Department of Housing and Urban Development make grants for
water and sewer facilities. The FHA and FWPCA issue grants to public bodies for sewage
treatment plants, HUD makes grants for water and facilities other than those covered
by FWPCA, while EDA furnishes grants for all types of water and sewer facilities within
its development districts.
The Basic Water and Sewer Facilities Program (Section 702) of HUD provides grants to
public bodies to cover one-half of the cost for construction of water treatment and
distribution systems and sewage collection systems (sewage treatment plants are excluded).
However, only municipalities within SMSA's are eligible for this assistance.
The FWPCA program provides grants to public bodies for 30 percent of the cost of waste
treatment plants (including interceptors and outfall sewers), with a 10 percent bonus
provided if a local comprehensive planning program is underway. The Farmers Home
Administration program provides a maximum of a 50 percent grant to any jurisdiction
of 5,000 or less not adjacent to an urbanized area for the construction of water and
sewer facilities. Nonprofit corporations are also eligible for such grants.
There are other Federal loan programs relating to water and sewer facilities. The Farmers
Home Administration may in addition to grants issue 10 percent loans for water and
sewage treatment plant construction to those communities eligible for the grant program.
The loans may be made for up to a 40-year period with 5 percent interest rates. New
communities might be considered eligible recipients for program benefits. The Public
Facility Loans of HUD for public bodies within SMSA's cover all water and sewer facilities
including sewage treatment plant construction. Private nonprofit corporations are eligible,
and coverage has been extended to privately developed new community projects. The
Advance Acquisition of Land Program of HUD provides grants consisting of interest on
loans incurred by public bodies which acquire land for public facilities. Such aid is limited
to five years. However, httle use has been made of this program. A further breakdown
on the above mentioned Federal Programs is given below;
WATER AND SEWER DEVELOPMENT CONSTRUCTION FUNDS
Department of Agriculture
Federal Aid Program Rural Water and Waste Disposal Systems (PL 89-240).
Administrating Agency Farmers Home Administration (U.S. Department of Agriculture).
61
Purpose of Program To assist public agencies in the development and use of rural water
supplies, waste treatment facilities, and related facilities for rural residents. Assistance may
be in the form of grants for planning, grants for development of facilities, and loans or
insurance of loans for related purposes.
Recipients Public or quasi-public godies and nonprofit corporations which will serve
residents of open country and rural towns and villages of not over 5,500 population.
Conditions 1) Loans Repayment period up to 40 years. Interest rate to most nonprofit
corporations, 5 percent; to public bodies in EDA areas, 4.125 percent; to public bodies
in non-EDA areas, 4.5 percent. 2) Grants Amount of development grant shall not exceed
amount necessary to reduce user costs to reasonable levels and in no event 50 percent
of project development cost.
Appropriation (Fiscal Year 1968) Total: $80,000,000 Loans, $23,000,000 Construction
Grants. California: $2,030,000 Loans, $601,000 Construction Grants.
Department of Housing and Urban Development
Federal Aid Program Water and Sewer Facilities Grant Program (PL 89-117, Title VII
of Housing and Urban Development Act of 1965).
Administrating Agency Land and Facilities Development Administration, Department of
Housing and Urban Development.
Purpose of Program To help communities in the construction of adequate basic water
and sewer facilities.
Recipients Local public bodies and agencies.
Conditions Grants are made to finance the cost of constructing new water and sewer
projects or enlarging or improving (rehabilitating) existing facilities. Additional grant
assistance is available to applicants to pay the cost of relocation payments to persons
and organizations displaced from land acquired as a site for the facility to be assisted.
A grant may be made for any project if it is determined that the project is necessary
to provide adequate water or sewer facilities for the people to be served, and that the
project is: 1) Designed so that an adequate capacity will be available to serve the reasonably
foreseeable growth needs of the area; 2) Consistent with a program for a unified or officially
coordinated area-wide water or sewer facilities system as part of the comprehensively
planned development of the area; and 3) Necessary to orderly community development.
No grant shall be made for any sewer facilities unless the Secretary of the Interior certifies
to the Secretary of the Deaprtment of Housing and Urban Development that any waste
material carried by such facilities will be adequately treated before it is discharged into
any public waterway so as to meet applicable Federal, State, interstate or local water
quality standards.
Appropriation (Fiscal Year 1968) Total: $165,000,000 plus $10,000,000 of unobligated
funds from previous years.
Federal Aid Program Public Facility Loans (42 U.S.C. 1491; PL 84-345, as amended).
62
Administrating Agency Land and Facilities Development Administration, Department of
Housing and Urban Development.
Purpose of Program To assist in providing essential public works or facilities by purchasing
securities issued to finance specific projects in cases where loans cannot otherwise be
obtained on reasonable terms.
Recipients 1) Municipalities and other political subdivisions and instrumentalities of one
or more states, and Indian tribes with population under 50,000 (under 150,000 in
designated redevelopment areas, and no population limit for communities in or near which
is located a research or development installation of the National Aeronautics and Space
Admmistration). 2) Private nonprofit corporations to assist the construction of water and
sewerage facilities in communities with populations under 10,000, and in rural areas where
there is no public body able to construct and operate such facilities. 3) Groups of
municipalities, political subdivisions, or unincorporated areas to be served by a particular
work or facility where each community separately is within the applicable population
limit even though the aggregate population of groups exceeds that limit.
Conditions When an application has been approved, the bonds by which the project is
to be financed must be advertised for public sale. HUD buys the bonds only if private
investors do not offer to take them at rates equal to or better than the HUD interest
rate. Maximum term of loan is 40 years. Interest may be up to 1/2 of 1% above average
for interest-bearing public debt. Special rate applies in redevelopment areas. In certain
situations, interest payments may be postponed. Priority given to towns of less than 10,000
population for assistance in constructing basic public works including facilities for water,
gas distribution and sewage.
Proposed project must not be inconsistent with areawide comprehensive planning.
Appropriation (Fiscal Year 1968) None. This program is funded by a Treasury borrowing
authorization which is adequate to finance a fiscal year 1968 program level of $50,000,000.
Federal Aid Program Advance Acquisition of Land Program (PL 89-117; Housing and Urban
Development Act of 1965).
Administrating Agency Land and Facilities Development Administration, Department of
Housing and Urban Development.
Purpose of Program Encourages and assists local public bodies or agencies to acquire, in
a planned and orderly fashion, land and interests in land to be utilized in connection
with future construction of public works and facilities.
Recipients Local public bodies.
Conditions Grants are authorized not in excess of the aggregate amount of reasonable
interest charges for a period of five years on funds borrowed locally to finance the
acquisition of land only. Interest is reimbursable from the date the financial obligation
is incurred until the date construction begins on the public improvement for which the
land was acquired, or five years, whichever is earlier.
The applicant agency must be a local public body or agency of one or more states, an
63
Indian tribe, or a board or commission established by State law.
Appropriation (Fiscal Year 1968) Total: $1,000,000. California: No allocation limitations
for individual states.
Department of the Interior
Federal Aid Program Waste Treatment Works Construction (PL 84-660), Law amended
by PL 87-88, PL 89-234, and PL 89-753.
Administrating Agency Federal Water Pollution Control Administration.
Purpose of Program To accelerate construction of works needed to prevent discharge of
untreated or inadequately treated sewage or other waste into water.
Recipients States, municipalities, interstate or intermunicipal agencies.
Conditions for Aid Grants may not exceed 30% of reasonable cost of project, except
that: Grant may be increased if State agrees to pay not less than 30% of the cost of
all projects receiving Federal grants within the State. Grants may be increased by 10%
to a total of 55% where project is part of comprehensive metropolitan or regional planning
agency.
Recipients are required to pay all costs not covered by the Federal construction grant
and to assure proper and efficient operation of the treatment works after completion.
Appropriation (Fiscal Year 1968) Total: $203,000,000.
Allocation to State California: $13,912,000. A State may be reimbursed for State or local
funds used for projects constructed after June 30, 1966, which proceeded without Federal
assistance or with reduced Federal aid because of the lack of Federal funds if the projects
are approved by the State water pollution control agency and by the Secretary of the
Interior.
Prior to December 31, 1965, this program was carried on in the Bureau of State Services,
Public Health Service, Department of Health, Education and Welfare. From December 31,
1965, to May 10, 1966, the program was administered by the Federal Water Pollution
Control Administration, Department of Health, Education and Welfare. Transfer to
Department of the Interior was effective May 10, 1966, pursuant to Reorganization Plan
No. 2 of 1966.
Department of Commerce
Federal Aid Program Public works and development facilities, including sewer lines and
waste treatment plants. (Public Works and Economic Development Act of 1965.)
Administrating Agency Economic Development Administration, Department of Commerce.
Purpose of Program To alleviate unemployment in economically distressed areas.
Recipients State or political sfibdivision of state, Indian tribe, private or public nonprofit
64
Organization or association representing a redevelopment area.
Conditions Title I: Grants within a redevelopment area. 1) Grant shall not exceed 50
percent (50%) of project cost. Project must improve opportunities to establish or expand
industrial and commercial plants; assist in creating long-term employment opportunities
in area; primarily benefit long-term unemployed and members of low-income families. 2)
Supplementary grants may be made to bring the total of Federal grants funds to not
more than 80 percent (80%) of project cost in areas too poor to supply matching share
in Federal aid programs under Watershed Protection and Flood Prevention Act.
Title II; Loans. 3) Funds must not otherwise be available. Amount of loan and amount
of other available funds must be adequate to insure completion of project. Period of
repayment must not exceed 40 years. No assistance given for facility which would compete
with existing privately owned public utility.
Appropriation (Fiscal Year 1968) Total: $175,000,000. (Not broken down by states, but
no state may receive more than 15 percent of the total appropriation for public works
grants.)
Army Corps of Engineers
Federal Aid Program Water Reservoirs (PL 88-140, Act of October 16, 1963) (PL 85-500,
Title III, as amended 43 US Code 390 b.)
Administrating Agency Corps of Engineers, Department of the Army, Department of
Defense, Bureau of Reclamation, Department of the Interior.
Purpose of Program To develop water supplies for domestic, municipal, industrial and
other purposes.
Recipients States or local interests;
Conditions Affected states or local interests are required to pay equitably for the cost
of water supply provisions. Maximum term for recovering project costs in 50 years from
time when project first used for storage. Not more than 30% of total estimated cost of
project may be allocated to anticipated future demands for water supply. Scheduled payout
period may not extend more than 50 years.
Appropriation (Fiscal Year 1968) Total: Not broken down by purpose.
LONG RANGE PLANNING AND RESEARCH FUNDS
Department of the Interior
Federal Aid Program Water resources research (PL 88-379), the Water Resource Research
Act of 1964, amended April 19, 1966 (PL 89-404).
Administrating Agency Office of Water Resource Research, Department of the Interior.
Purpose of the Program To promote research and training of scientists in water and resource
which affect water by establishing water resources research institutes and by making grants,
contracts, or other arrangements with various qualified participants.
65
Recipients Land-grant colleges and universities, other educational institutions, private
foundations and other institutions, private firms or individuals, and local, State and Federal
Government agencies (see #1 and #2).
Conditions 1) State Water Resource Research Institute At one land-grant university in
State or at some other institution designated by State Legislature, a water resources research
institute may be established with Federal aid. Two or more states may cooperate in a
single interstate institute. Each institute is expected to plan and conduct research and
experiments relative to water resources and to train scientists through such work. Other
non-institute universities within the state may participate in the water resources research
program of the State institute. In California the institute is: Water Resources Center,
University of California, Los Angeles, California 90024. 2) Flat grants (Annual allotments
to State Institute) Matching of basic grants is not required. The grants are authorized,
however, to assist each state in establishing and carrying on work of the water resources
research institute. 3) Matching grants to State Institute In addition to flat grants, funds
are available to the State Institute, if matched, to cover expenses of specific water resources
research projects. Each project is subject to approval by the Department of the Interior.
4) Additional research programs Subject to approval by the Department of the Interior.
Additional water research will be supported by grants, contracts, matching, and other
arrangements with local, state, and Federal government agencies, educational institutions
and various private institutions, firms or individuals having competence to carry out water
resources research project work.
Appropriation (Fiscal Year 1968) Total: $11,130,000. California: $400,784.
FEDERAL AID PROGRAM: WATER RESOURCES PLANNING
(WATER RESOURCES PLANNING ACT; PL 89-80; 79 STAT 244; 42 USC 1962 d-1)
Administrating Agency Water Resources Council.
Purpose of Program To encourage increased: 1) State participation in Federal-state
comprehensive water and related land resources planning; 2) State preparation of plans
in light of regional and national plans and programs for the development and use of a
state's water and related land resources; and 3) State training of personnel where necessary,
to develop additional technical planning capability.
Recipients State agency designated by any state, the District of Columbia, Puerto Rico
or the Virgin Islands to administer a comprehensive plan for intrastate and interstate water
resources in such states.
Federal Aid Program Saline water research and development (42 USC 1951-1958; amended
by PL 89-118).
Administrating Agency Office of Saline Water, Department of the Interior.
Purpose of Program To develop a practical means of producing water suitable for municipal,
industrial and agricultural uses from saline water.
Recipients State and local governments, agencies and instrumentalities; educational
institutions.
66
Conditions Contracts may be made with educational institutions, scientific organizations,
and industrial and engineering firms. Research and training grants may be made.
Research and development activity undertaken by Secretary of Interior shall be coordinated
with the Department of Defense.
Appropriation Total: $105,782,000 plus additional sums authorized by Congress but not
to exceed $169,218,000.
Federal Aid Program Water Pollution control-research projects, etc. (PL 84-600, law
amended by PL 89-234, and PL 89-753).
Administrating Agency Federal Water Pollution Control Administration (Prior to December
31, 1965, this program was carried on in the Bureau of State Services, Public Health
Service, Department of Health, Education and Welfare. From December 31, 1965, to May
10, 1966, the program was carried on in the Federal Water Pollution Control
Administration, Department of Health, Education and Welfare. Transfer to Department
of the Interior was effective May 10, 1966, pursuant to Reorganization Plan No. 2 of
1966.)
Purpose of Program To conduct and to promote research, investigations, experiments,
demonstrations and studies on water pollution.
Recipients Public or private agencies, institutions, and to individuals.
Conditions Grants are awarded at less than 100% of project cost. Contracts may be awarded
for up to 100% of project cost.
Appropriations (Fiscal Year 1968) Total: Research Grants $6,500,000. Fellowships -
$63.3,000. Training Grants $3,367,000. Demonstration Grants $2,500,000.
Federal Aid Program Water Pollution Control Methods (PL 84-660, law amended by PL
87-88, PL 89-234, and PL 89-753.)
Administrating Agency Federal Water Pollution Control Administration (Prior to December
31, 1965, this program was carried on in the Bureau of State Services, Public Health
Service, Department of Health, Education and Welfare. From December 31, 1965, to May
10, 1966, the program was carried on in the Federal Water Pollution Control
Administration, Department of Health, Education and Welfare. Transfer to Department
of the Interior was effective May 10, 1966, pursuant to Reorganization Plan No. 2 of
1966.)
Purpose of Program 1) To develop new or improved methods of preventing untreated
or inadequately treated sewage and other wastes from being discharged into any waters
from storm water sewers or from combined storm and sanitary sewers. 2) To develop
new or improved methods of advanced waste treatment and water purification methods,
or of joint municipal-industrial treatment systems. 3) For research and demonstration
projects for prevention of pollution of waters by industry.
Recipients 1) and 2) States, municipalities and interstate or intermunicipal agencies. 3)
Grants limited to 70% of project cost; maximum award is $1,000,000 for any one project.
Contracts may be awarded for up to 100% of project cost.
67
Appropriation Total: $8,000,000 for 1), $10,000,000 for 2), $10,000,000 for 3).
Federal Aid Program Water pollution control (PL 84-660, law amended by PL 87-88,
PL 89-234, and PL 89-753).
Administrating Agency Federal Water Pollution Control Administration (Prior to December
31, 1965, this program was carried on in the Bureau of State Services, Public Health
Service, Department of Health, Education and Welfare. From December 31, 1965 to May
10, 1966, the program was carried on in the Federal Water Pollution Control
Administration, Department of Health, Education and Welfare. Transfer to Department
of the Interior was effective May 10, 1966, pursuant to Reorganization Plan No. 2 of
1966).
Purpose of Program To assist states and interstate agencies in meeting cost of establishing
and maintaining adequate measures for prevention and control of water pollution including
cost of training personnel.
Recipients States and interstate agencies. Grants are made on the basis of: 1) Population,
2) Extent of water pollution problem, and 3) Financial need of state. Grant may be used
to pay from 1/3 to 2/3 of cost of carrying out an approved state or interstate agency
plan. (State approval required by State Water Resources Control Board.)
Appropriation (Fiscal Year 1968) Total: $10,000,000. California: $615,300.
Department of Housing and Urban Development
Federal Aid Program Public Works Planning (68 Stat. 590, 641; 40 USC 462;) (PL 83-560,
as amended).
Administrating Agency Land and Facilities Development Administration, Department of
Housing and Urban Development.
Purpose of Program To encourage public agencies to maintain a current reserve of planned
public works that can be placed under construction rapidly, and to help attain maximum
economy and efficiency in planning and construction.
Recipients States and municipalities, counties, public agencies and Indian tribes.
Conditions Interest-free advances may be obtained to aid in financing the cost of
engineering or architectural studies, designs, plans and specifications which are preliminary
to and in preparation for construction of specific public facilities except public housing.
Construction must conform to an overall state, local, or regional plan. Municipalities, public
agencies or Indian tribes must contract formally to complete plans promptly and repay
the advance when due. The entire advance is repayable when construction begins, or a
proportionate amount when only a portion of the public work is started. Advances do
not commit the Congress to appropriate funds for construction. Advances outstanding
in one state at any time may not exceed 1/8 of the total amount actually appropriated.
Appropriation (Fiscal Year 1968) None. This program is financed through a revolving fund
and will operate at an estimated $8.5 million level based on repayments during fiscal
year 1968.
68
Federal Aid Program Urban Planning Assistance (PL 83-560, Title VII of the Housing
Act of 1954).
Administrating Agency Department of Housing and Urban Development.
Purpose of Program To provide assistance for solving planning problems resulting from
increasing urban population; to encourage comprehensive planning which is defined as
including the provision of public facilities including surveys and sites of historic or
architectural value.
Recipients State planning agencies; state, metropolitan or regional planning agencies; cities
or counties in redevelopment or disaster areas; Indian tribal planning councils.
Conditions Grants are additional to and may be used jointly with funds for planning under
other federally aided programs.
Grant may not exceed two-thirds of estimated cost of work, except that it may cover
not more than 75% of cost in case of a grant to city or county in redevelopment area,
or to state planning agency for assistance to such a city or county, or to area where
closing of Federal installation has increased unemployment.
Appropriation (Fiscal Year 1968) Total: $45,000,000.
STATE PROGRAMS
The State of California lends funds to political subdivisions which cannot otherwise finance
their local water projects. California also has programs providing grants or loans to
municipalities or other political subdivisions to aid in the planning and establishment of
sewerage systems. Some of these state programs are reviewed below:
WATER AND SEWER PROJECT DEVELOPMENT CONSTRUCTION FUNDS
Department of Water Resources
State Aid Program Dam and Reservoir Construction (Davis-Grunsky Act, Water Code
Section 12880 et seq.)
Administrating Agency Department of Water Resources (approval of California Water
Commission required).
Purpose of Program In furtherance of the development, control and conservation of the
water resources of the State and the State Water Resources Development System it is
the policy of the state to provide financial assistance to public agencies for the construction
of water projects to meet local requirements in which there is a statewide interest by
making loans.
Recipients City, county, district or other political subdivision of the state.
Conditions General Qualifications: A project is eligible only if it substantially conforms
to the California Water Plan, is engineeringly feasible, economically justified, and, if a
69
loan is proposed, that there is reasonable assurance, commensurate with the need for the
proposed project, that the public agency can repay it.
1) Construction Loans Only for projects primarily for domestic, municipal, agricultural,
industrial, recreation, or fish and wildlife enhancement purposes. Loans may be made for
all or any part of the construction cost of any such project but in no event in an amount
greater than the portion of the construction cost of the project which is beyond the
reasonable ability of the public agency to finance from other sources. Such loans are
repayable over a period not to exceed 50 years. A period of development of not exceeding
10 years may be allowed in addition to such maximum 50-year repayment period, during
which no payments on the principal of or the interest on such loans shall be required,
when in the department's judgement such development period is justified under the
circumstances. Interest charged at a rate of 2-1/2 percent per year (effective May 23,
1967).
Loans in excess of $4 million for any one project may be made by the department only
upon specific authorization of the Legislature and upon such terms and conditions as
the Legislature may prescribe. Election in local agency required.
Loans not available for either irrigation distribution system projects or municipal
distribution system projects, except in cases which involve extreme hardship which
jeopardizes the public health, safety or welfare. Distribution facilities which are a necessary
and integral part of an overall water development project may be covered by a state loan.
2) Feasibility Study Loans Loans may be made for the preparation of feasibility reports
on proposed projects in an amount for any one feasibility report on a proposed project
not exceeding 2 percent of the estimated cost of the proposed project or $50,000 whichever
is less. A loan in excess of this amount for any one feasibility report may be made by
the department upon authorization by the Legislature and upon such terms and conditions
as the Legislature may prescribe.
Loans may be made for all or any part of the cost of the preparation of proposed feasibility
reports but in no event shall any such loan be in an amount which is greater than the
portion of the cost of the preparation of the proposed feasibility report which is beyond
the reasonable ability of the public agency to finance from other sources. Such loans
shall be repayable over a period not to exceed 10 years. Interest charged at the same
rate as for construction loans.
3) Site Acquisition Loans Loans may be made for the acquisition of interests in lands
that are necessary for the construction, operation or maintenance of proposed projects
that would meet water needs of the public agencies. Such loans may be made separate
and apart from construction loans. Loans may be made for all or any part of the cost
of acquiring interests in lands for a proposed project but in no event shall any such loan
be in an amount which is greater than the portion of such cost which the department
finds to be beyond the reasonable ability of the public agency to finance from other
sources. Contracts for such loans must provide that if, in the department's determination,
the construction of the proposed project has not commenced within a period of five years
from the date of the first disbursement of loan funds or within any extension of such
period that the department may allow, such interests in lands shall be offered for sale
within six months from the termination of such five-year period or of any extension
thereof. Proceeds of sale are to be applied to repayment of principal amount of the loan
70
and to the payment of accrued interest, with remaining proceeds, after deducting
administrative costs of the purchase and sale being repaid to the state.
Any land acquired with such a loan which is located outside the boundaries of the public
agency and which was subject to taxation at the time of acquisition remains subject to
taxation.
Loans in excess of $400,000 for any one project may be made by the department only
upon specific approval of the Legislature and upon such terms and conditions as the
Legislature may prescribe. Election in local agency required. Repayment terms and interest
charge same as those applicable to construction loans.
4) State Participation If in order to accomplish the objectives of the Davis-Grunsky
Act it is necessary to construct a project that is larger than one which a public agency
proposes to construct, the state may participate in planning, designing, constructing,
operating, and maintaining the project, and in so participating shall finance those costs
of the project allocated to the state on terms agreed upon with the agency to the end
that the project shall accomplish the maximum water development objectives at a minimum
total expenditure.
The department may perform all or part of the planning, designing, construction, operation
or maintenance of the project on terms agreed upon with the agency.
Projects may be primarily for domestic, municipal, agricultural, industrial, recreational or
fish and wildlife enhancement purposes. The State finances those costs of such projects
that are allocated to the state.
Participation in excess of $1 million must be specifically authorized by the Legislature.
Appropriation Permanent $130,000,000.
State Aid Program Local Water Projects (Local Agency Bond Payments, Water Code Sec.
12894 et seq.).
Administrating Agency Department of Water Resources.
Purpose of Program Loans to pay the difference between the amount a public agency
is able to raise to make any payment of the principal and interest on general obligation
bonds issued by such public agency for the construction or a project utilizing water from
the State Water Resources Development System and the amount due on such principal
and interest.
Recipients Any city, county, district or other political subdivision of the state which has
contracted for water from the State Water Resources Development System.
Conditions Commitment for such a loan must be needed to assist the public agency in
the sale of such bonds at a reasonable charge and there must be reasonable assurance
that the public agency can repay any sums paid out under the commitment. Project for
which bonds are issued must substantially conform to the California Water Plan and be
financially feasible. Approval of such bonds by the California Districts Securities
Commission for certification constitutes a finding that the project is financially feasible.
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71
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74
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