TEMPORAL CLAUSES
IN
LIVY
BY
R. B. STEELE
TEMPORAL CLAUSES IN LIVY.
The particles meaning when or after occur most frequently,
82.4%, before 8%, while or so long as 6.9%, until 2.7%. This
does not take into account some of the particles not freely
used, the effect of a negative with anteqaam and donee, nor the
possibility of a double interpretation of some of the dum- and
cwm-clauses in the imperfect subjunctive. The distribution of
the particles through the different Decades is of some interest
as it is not in all instances uniform throughout. Nearly one-
half of the occurrences of ut are in the third Decade, in which
ubi is also used most freely, while both fall below the general
average in the fifth Decade where postquam is relatively most
frequent.
The particles have been taken with their ordinary temporal
meaning though occasionally the casual force may be as obvious
as is the temporal, e. g. 44, 36, 8 omnes approbantes, cum pug-
naturum consulem credebant; 3, 60, 4 postquam concessum
propemodum de victoria credebant . . . abeunt; 42, 7, 4; 21,
13, 4 postquam nec ulla est spes nec vestra vos iam aut arma
aut moenia satis defendunt, pacem adfero ; 22, 6, 6 pavor nando
etiam capessere fugam impulerit, quae ubi immensa ac sine
spe erat . . . repetebant; cf. 26, 48, 11 detestabili exemplo rem
agi, quippe ubi fraude ac periurio decus petatur virtutis ; 5,
Í3, 13 ante portas caesi, dum . . . extremos suorum exclusere.
The introduction of speeches and of an occasional philosoph¬
ical remark by Livy gave an opportunity for a free use of the
indicative a¿m-clause in which the imperfect and the plu¬
perfect occur less freely than with the rival particles which,
excepting ubi, are not construed with the subjunctive in direct
discourse. There is a clearly marked preference for priusquam
instead of ante quam, and for the imperfect subjunctive with
the former and the perfect indicative with the latter. While
is generally expressed by dum with the present indicative
(though there is a tendency to use the subjunctive), so long
iis, in direct statements, by either d^lm or quoad, occasionally
4
doneCj but in the subjunctive there is little difference between
donee and quoad. Terminal relations excepting the ideal with
expecto/rej whether in the indicative or in the subjunctive, are
in most instances expressed by donee, the indicative being used
most freely in the first Decade. With the meaning so long
as the indicative, and the subjunctive with three exceptions,
occur only in the first two Decades where are also found the
occurrences of quoad meaning until. These facts seem to indi¬
cate the influence of early Latin writers in the first part of
the history, and the shifting either directly or indirectly to
Greek sources in later parts.
The connection between the two clauses is usually quite close
in antecedent actions, and in more than three hundred passages
a particle, most commonly Him, extemplo or repente, is placed
with the principal verb. This frequently shows merely the
alertness of the actors, as in 25, 13, 8 cum enuntiata essent,
legatos extemplo miserunt; 25, 19, 15 ut conspecta . . . sunt,
extemplo instructae acies ; 29, 22, 7 postquam Romam est
ventum, extemplo in career em conditi ; 40, 39, 6 ubi . . . m-
travit, repente . . . exorti . . . invaserunt; 38, 5, 8 simul con-
stituta nox venit, repente opera est adgressus ; 32, 14, i cum
Gomphos peteret, oppidum protinus . . . cepit. Pertinacity is
sometimes indicated, as in 43, 16, 3 cum impetrare nequissent
. . . tandem . . . patronum nancti sunt, or a result not suddenly
attained, as 39, 49, 7 ut super ahum alius . .. veniebant, tandem
facta fides. These particles are relatively more numerous v/ith
ut, ubi and postquam than with eum, and in some instances
precede the temporal clause : 9, 10, 8 tum ubi . . . ventum est
. . . verba fecit ; 23, 43, 8 tum, ubi sensit . . . copias . . . tenuit ;
25, 38, 4 et ne tum quidem, ubi . . . cogitandum est . . . licet ;
22, 3, 8 tum vero, postquam . . . vidit ; 5, 39, 2. Dies also pre--
cedes in a few passages: 9, 32, 3 póstero die, ubi consilia
placuere; 22, 51, 5; 24, 15, i.
The temporal clause indicates the relation of one point of
time to another as prior, successive or coincident, and the
basis may be given either by a clause or by other forms indi¬
cating time. There are several thousand ablatives absolute,«
the larger part expressing time (A. J. P. 23, pp. 298, 413),,
and more than a thousand nominatives of the participles of de¬
ponent verbs (A. J. P. 24, 441), as in 37, 31, 7 functi officio^
s
tum demum Rhodum rediere. Deponent verbs in ír^m-clauses
are few compared with the participles, though with priusquam
the occurrences of the subjunctive forms of proñcisci are more
numerous than with cum. With temporal meaning are also
used some of the ablatives of ger. forms (A. J. P. 27, 299),
as in 22, 39, 6 hie, priusquam peteret consulatum deinde in
petendo consulatu, nunc quoque consul, priusquam castra videat
aut hostem, insanit There is a large number of passive parti¬
ciples, most noticeable those with nouns construed with ad,
post, secundum, sub, e. g. 2, 23, 7 ad haec visa auditaque clamor
ingens oritur; 2, 50, ¿ ut ad conspecta . . . pécora . . .decur-
rerent; 26, 18, 10 post rem actam . . . silentium ortum. These
verbal forms are more numerous than the nouns indicating
points of time to which reference is made. The most com¬
monly occurring of the latter are Ofnno, die, luce, tempore, and
vigilia modified by adjectives, as primus or certus, many ab¬
latives with in J as cert amine, discrimine, proelio, tumultu, and
also in parenthetic statements, such as in re, with tali or trepida,
and not a few accusatives with ad (see Fügner, p. 389 B),
post, secundum and sub, as in i, 58, 2 cum post cenam . . . de-
ductus esset; 10, 28, 16 cum secundum sollemnes precationes
adiecisset; 21, 18, 13 sub banc vocem . . . succlamatum est.
All these elements combined make a mass several times larger
than that expressed by temporal particles, and add to the
rhetorical quality by obviating the necessity of repeating kin¬
dred clauses. Compare 37, 27, 9 tandem sub noctem vano
incepto cum abstitissent, with 27, 12, 10 cum iam nox instaret.
Notice also, e. g. 3, 26, 9 seu fossam fodiens palae innixus, seu
cum araret, operi certe .... agresti intentus; i, 48, 6 cum
se domum reciperet pervenissetque . . . fiectenti . . . ostendit;
42, 59, 8 fluctuanti rege . . . postquam . . . vidit; 42, 63, 3
consilium habenti, cum iam consedisset; i, 32, 8 haec, cum
fines suprascandit, haec, quicumque ei primus vir obvius fuerit,
haec, portam ingrediens, haec forum ingressus . . . peragit;
22, 3, 7 Flaminius, qui ne quieto quidem hoste ipse quieturus
erat, tum vero, postquam . . . vidit . . . ratus . . . proripuit;
8, 18, 9 cum rem ad ceteras rettulissent . . . epoto medica¬
mento . . . omnes interierunt; 41, 23, 9 vivo Philippo ex-
pectatum, id post mortem Philippi futurum.
6
Similar variations are also shown in the expression of other
time relations. Livy has priusquam advenit 9, 13, 10 and
22, 49, 10 but prefers ante adventum as in 22, 61, 13 neque
ante consulis adventum nec postquam rediit, and the preposi¬
tion is freely used with other nouns (see Fügner Lex, Liv.
p. 1213 B), especially when associated with a perfect participle,
and similarly 21, 28, 6 id ut tutius consilium ante rem foret,
ita acta re ad fidem pronius est Substitutes for cíí^m-clauses
are freely used. Inter occurs a few times with ger. forms,
and inter bibendum as well inter vinum, as in 9, 18, 4; inter
epulas 9, 40, 17 ; inter cenam 40, 13, 6. There are also occur¬
rences of other nouns, e. g. 42, 52, 7 inter apparatum belli
fato oppressum, and more freely with bellum and tumultum;
Instead of dum cunctatur we find inter cunctationem, as in
10, 20, 10 and 21, 56, 4; and other abstracts in -io are fairly
common, e. g. 7, 28, 4 inter ipsam dimicationem aedem . . .
vovit; 41, 15, 8 inter traditionem . . . intercidere; 2, 49, 11
inter primam trepidationem, dum . . . locant . . . ademit locum ;
5, 21, 16 convertentem inter banc venerationem traditur mem¬
oriae prolapsum cecidisse. Inter haec is not infrequently used
for dum haec geruntur, as in I, 29, I ; 2, 24, I ; 3, 57, 7 ; cf.
sub haec 41, 4, i. A very comprehensive statement of temporal
relations is in 4, 20, 9 inbelle triennium ferme pestilentia in-
opiaque frugum circa A. Cornelium consulem fuit; cf. 42, 57,
IG postero die circa eandem horam.
There is some variety also in the expression of terminal re¬
lations. The limiting period is freely expressed by in espe¬
cially indutiae in annos. Compare also 40, 25, 10 intra vallum
suos tenuit, ut extraheret rem in id tempus, quo Babius venire
posset; 41, 14, II prorogatum est Imperium in id tempus quo
in provinciam consul venisset ; see also 23, 42, 3 ad id tempus
quo in Italiam venisti; and 41, 15, 4 usque ad litationem sac-
rificari iussit; 3, 9, 12 agite cum collega, ut rem integram in
adventum consulum différât. A subjunctive clause is more
frequently employed, for an action is more commonly in view,
e. g. 29, 12, 15 in duos menses indutiae factae, donee Romam
mitterentur legati; 8, 20, 7 in carcere adservari iussit, quoad
consul redisset; 26, 26, 9 prope iustitium .... futurum vide-
batur, donee . . . venisset. Ante also does service in 25, 5, 11
relegatus in Siciliam ... ne ante belli finem in Italiam re-
7
portarentur. Compare 24, 18, 9 mitterentur in Sidliam ....
non prius, quam pulsus Italia hostis esset, finitum stipendiorum
tempus erat; see also 30, i, 10 donee debellatum in Africa
esset, prorogatum; and 23, 25, 7 in Siciliam . . . militare,
donee in Italia bellum esset.
Cum is used in about 71% of the clauses expressing ante¬
cedent action, but in little more than 22% of the occurrences
with the indicative. Primum occurs with cum, ubi and ut,
and the relative frequency does not differ much from that of
the indicative clauses with the same particles. See Archiv 14,
p. 239. Indirect statements with ut and postquam are not
held in esteem, though the usage with ubi gravitates toward
the subjunctive. Iteration has been adduced as the reason for
the subjunctive, as in i, 32, 13 id ubi dixisset, hastam in fines
eorum emittebat, ' each time he said this he hurled the spear ' ;
cf. 2, 27, 8 cum vidissent, undique convolabant. But iteration
is as clearly expressed in 38, 21, 12 cum comminus vénérant,
gladiis a velitibus trucidabantur ; i, 56, 2 minus tamen plebs
gravabatur se templa deum exaedificare manibus suis, quam
postquam et ad alia . . . traducebantur opera, foros in circo
faciendos cloacamque maximam . . . sub terram agendam;
and 2, 48, 6 ubi abductas senserant legiones, agros incursabant.
Iteration does not always cause the verb with ut quisque to go
into the subjunctive though the conditions are perfect, as in
27, 51, 4 ut q. audierat . . . extemplo aliis porro impertiebant
gaudium. As iteration does not necessarily bring the sub¬
junctive, it seems best to take the instances with ubi, as well
as with dum where iteration plays no part, as a result of the
tendency toward the subjunctive with cum.
The -choice of the particles is affected somewhat by a desire
for variation in statement, somewhat by the meaning of the
verbs, and instances of each will be given in co-ordinate as well
as in subordinate statements. In such relations ut is used
much less freely than ubi and postquam: 22, 17, 4 primo cum
procul cernerent .... constiterunt ; deinde ut humana apparuit
fraus, tum vero . . . concitant se in fugam; 36, 43, 13 primo
. . . . cum urgerentur . . . cogebantur; deinde, ut lenita vis
venti . . . conati sunt; 23, 17, 10 cum traduxissent, ut . . .
habuere . . . occupavere; 24, 44, 10; 25, 41, 6: 22, 30, 2 ut
constituta sunt ante tribunal signa, progressus . . . cum . . .
8
appellasset . . . inquit; 27, 24, 8 ut venit, cum poposcisset . . .
imposuit. 22, 14, I ut vero, postquam . . . sunt posita, exure-
batur; 43, 15, 8 postquam venit, ut processerunt . . . silentium
fuit.
58, 3 cum mulier . . . vider et, tum Tarquinius fateri . . .
ubi obstinatam videbat . . . addit; 22, 29, 10 ad praetorium
eius signa cum tulerimus, ubi ego eum parentem appellavero;
38, 21, IG ubi . . . est . . . putant; idem, cum aculeus . . . urit
. . . tum prosternunt; 32, 17, 13 ubi . . . Macedones obiecis-
sent .... Romani . . . cum strinxissent gladios ; 35, 28, 2 ubi
iter faceret ... et venisset . . . cum solus iret . . . cum comités
haberet: 3, 14, 4 cum primo . . . lex coepta ferri est . . . ubi
primum submoventes praebuere causam, adorti sunt; 23, 24, 9
Galli oram extremae silvae cum circumsedissent, ubi intravit
agmen saltum, tum . , . impellunt ; 25, 15, 15 ; 40, 33, 4 cum
tandem superatis, ubi primum imbres remiserunt, amnibus
. . . venissent ; 21, 32, 11 ; 26, 50, 3 ; 27, 47, 10 cum . . . proces-
sisset, ubi prima lux transitum ostendisset, transiturus erat;
37, 34, 8 cum . . . expectasset, ubi is venit, consulem adit: 5,
28, 12 ubi prima lux metum sustulit, cum perequitasset ; 25,
23j 17 i 33í 36, 10 quod ubi Marcellus animadvertit . . . cum
opposuisset.
Cum with postquam is not an unusual combination, as in
I, 6, I cum . . . avocasset, postquam . . . vidit; 2, 30, 13 cum
se . . . intulissent Romanis postquam sensere . . . vertunt terga ;
8,^ 7, 21 ; 21, 12, 4; 21, 59, 5 ; 26, 3, 11 ; 26, 40, 17; 27, 28, 12 ;
30,"^, 11; 32, 21, 10; 35, 36, 3; 35, 38, 14; 37, 32, 10 haec
cum audissent, postquam legati rettulerunt, tum portas aperu-
erunt; 41, 5, 12; 41, 14, i cum agebatur, postquam audierunt;
34, 30, 2 cum acquievisset . . . postquam . . . audivit esse, et
cum . . . nihil spei esset . . . misit; and with an equivalent for
cum 42, 7, 4 primo sub adventum . . . continebant, deinde post¬
quam . . . cernebant ; and for postquam^ 28, 19, 2 cum . . . socii
fuissent, post caesos . . . Scipiones . . . defecerat; 34, 42, 2
cum post fusos . . . Boies . . . habuisset; 43, 21, i cum . . .
esset, post profectionem ; 40, 13, 2 volui post lustrationem, cum
concurrimus: 8, 28, 3 dein postquam aspernabantur . . . pos¬
tremo, cum . . . videret; 21, 18, 3 postquam venerunt, cum
senatus datus esset; 25, 19, 3 postquam pugnari coeptum est
. . . cum iaculis obrueretur, laborabat . . . donee ; 32, 16, 3 ;
9
37? 17? I í 37? 34? 6; 43, 6, 8 discessisse se, postquam . . . venis-
set, cum . . . fuissent: 3, 8, 2 cum . . . exissent . . tertio die
quam inierat; 25, 19, i cum movisset, tertio post die quam
venit: 45, i, 2; 36, 39, 5 ipse postero die quam venit, senatu
. . . vocato, cum . . . disseruisset, postulavit; 45, 37, 4. There
are also a few instances in which there is variation with uhi
and postquam: 6, 20, i ubi est factum primo commota plebs
est, utique postquam . . . viderunt: i, 16, 2 postquam lux
rediit, ubi . . . vidit; cf. 3, 60, 8 ubi inluxit, postquam multa
iam dies erat. Interchange with participles is illustrated by
2, 40, 7 non tibi . . . ingredienti fines ira cecidit? non, cum in
conspectu Roma fuit, succurrit? 6, 25, 9 ingressus urbem, ubi
. . . vidit.
Repetition of particles in successive clause is not uncommon,
especially in the case of cum^ though perhaps relatively as
frequent in the case of uhi and postquam: 8, 6, 11 ubi . . .
cónsules contulerunt . . . ubi . . . responsa . . . congruerunt;
8, 7, 14; 24, 47, 13 ; 25, 23, 16: 9, 37, 3 postquam . . . sensere.
postquam . . . sensere. Cum occurs six times in 28, 43, 11,
four times 28, 30, 10 seqq. and is not unusual in clauses which
are co-ordinate as well as where one is subordinate to the
other: 5, 28, i Camillus meliore multo laude, quam cum tri-
umphantem . . . vexerant equi, cum in urbem redisset ; 4, 10, 4
cum temptassent . . . cum caederentur; 6, 34, 6; 8, 11, 4; 8,
18, 9; 21, 56, 2 cum pugnarent . . . cum evadere nequissent
. . . cum esset; 27, 19, 8; 31, 16, 8 cum iam vix sustinerent
obsidionem . . . cum traiecisset; 2, 12, 3; 2, 12, 13; 3, 68, 9;
9, 41, 3; 30, 44, 5; 31, 31, 8; 33, 6, 4; 38, 41, 3 cum . . .
milites aliquot, cum . . . pugnaretur, cecidissent; 41, 26, 2;
42, 56, 8.
The association with certain particles of several verbs fre¬
quently occurring is noticeable. Accipere — audire, and ani¬
madvert ere ^ (see Fügner) are rarely used with cum. There
are a few occurrences of sensisset with both cum and uhi, and
we find sentirent 7, 33, 14 and sensuri essent 43, 22, 10. Else¬
where cernere is used, and is in the indicative with cum 8, 8,
13 ; ut 24, 26, 10; uhi 27, 42, 12 ; postquam 6, 13, 3 ; 5, 39, 2 ;
24, 36, 8; 35, 38, 2; 38, 48, 12; 42, 7, 4, but thirty-eight times
in the subjunctive with cum; sentire forty-four times in the
indicative, is in the pluperfect subjunctive with cum 28, 2, i ;
10
ubi 2, 48, 6 ; 3, 26, 4 ; 23, 27, 3. Comperire and videre occur
twice as often in the indicative as in the subjunctive, nuntiare,
ire and venire about the same, showing, relatively considered,
a strong preference for the indicative. In contrast with these,
esse, habere, and especially die ere are used with cum. Some of
the passages already quoted for variation in statement illustrate
this preference, as is also shown in 8, 27, 2 cum sustinuissent,
postquam . . . accepere; 28, 15, 7 cum eo ipso acrius, ubi. .
sensere . . . inveherent; and in successive sentences 27, 28, 16
seqq. ubi primum sensit, ut supervenere, postquam sensit;
44, 12, 6 seqq. cum conspexissent, ubi animadverterunt, cum
vidissent.
A distinction is not always carefully drawn between cum
and dum, and each trespassed on the domain of the other. The
imperfect subjunctive is in a few passages used the same as
the present indicative with dum, e. g., i, 40, 7 rex totus aver-
teret . . . securim in caput deiecit, but Livy did not develop the
possibilities of this construction. Usually the connection be¬
tween the principal and the cr^iw^clause is quite close, and dum
is used to bring widely separated acts into juxtaposition, as
in 21, 60, I dum haec in Italia geruntur, Cn. Cornelius Scipio
in Hispaniam . . . missus . . . oram . . . Romanae dicionis
fecit; 37, 46, I dum haec in Asia geruntur . . . Romam redi-
erunt ; 39, 54, i dum haec in Macedonia g., cónsules in provin-
ciam profecti. Similar actions are also expressed by cum:
25, 23, I cum maxime Capua circumvallaretur, Syracusarum
oppugnatio ad finem venit; 30, 33, 12 cum maxime haec im-
perator apud Carthaginienses, duces . . . agerent, tubae . . .
cecinerunt; 32, 32, i ; 33, 21, 6 cum hie status rerum in Asia
Graeciaque et Macedonia esset .... ingens in Hispania ulte-
riore coortum est bellum; 33, 36, i cum haec in Graecia
Macedoniaque et Asia gererentur, Etruriam infestam prope
coniuratio servorum fecit; 38, 5, 6; 42, 64, i cum haec in
Boeotia gererentur, Perseus ad Sycurium stativa habuit; 45,
II, I. Agere and gerere are both used in these sentences, as
also to express closely associated events in 3, 31, 3 ; 4, 22, 2 ;
4, 41, 8; 5, 25, I ; 23, 24, 6; 26, 48, 10; 28, 7, 14; 29, 15, i ;
33, 20, 10. The imperfect indicative is also found in similar
statements: 29, 31, i Hasdrubal tum forte, cum haec gere-
bantur, apud Syphacem erat; 35, 2, i; 36, 5, i cum haec
II
Romae agebantur, Chalcide Antiochus; 36, 7, 2; 36, 15, i
cum haec agebantur, Chalcide erat Antiochus; 41, 14, i.
Instances of cum and its equivalents associated with temporal
clauses of another class are not without some interest, cum,
priusquami occurring most frequently, as in i, i, 7 cum acies
constitissent, priusquam signa canerent; i, 12, i ; 3, 60, 9 cum
consul, priusquam . . . constaret hostium acies, intulit signa;
3, 70, 4; 4, 39, 9; 8, 37, I ; 21, 5, 16; 22, 15, 8 cum, priusquam
ad coniectum teli veniret, avertisset hostis ; 42, 2, 3 ; 42, 3, 10:
23, 17, 5 ut . . . viderunt, priusquam continuarentur ; 23, 16,
7 ubi nuntiata sunt . . . priusquam motus in urbe oreretur
. . . statuit: 31, 40, 3 postquam . . . viderunt, priusquam ex-
perirentur certamen ; 3, 39, 2 post relationem, priusquam ordine
sententiae rogarentur. Occurrences with dum-, donee- and
g^oú5í/-clauses are of similar character, dum, cum being used
most freely: 21, 60, i dum haec in Italia geruntur, Scipio . . .
cum . . . adpulisset; 22, 45, i dum . . . tempus teritur, Hanni¬
bal . . . cum in castra ceteras reciperet copias; 22, 52, 4; 23,
27, 7; 27, 5» 8; 29, 23, i; 37, 12, i; 41, 10, i; 41, 15, i;
44, 29, I dum haec geruntur . . . cum venissent: 5, 7, 2 cum
vineae . . . iniunctae moenibus essent, dum opera hunt . . .
coniecit; 30, 39, 2 cum pervenisset stetissetque ibi, dum . . .
exsaeviret ; 42, 66, 3 ; 41, 18, 11 cüm propulissent . . .dum ipse
incautius ante signa obversatur . . . cecidit: 21, 7, 10 ut vero
Hannibal ipse, dum incautius subit . . . cecidit. Inter also
takes the place of dum: 5, 9, 4 inter haec tribuni plebis, cum
. . . tenuissent ; 25, 25, 10: 2, 20, 9 cum . . . esset relatus, inter
primam curationem expiraverit: 6, 24, 2 quae inter commis-
sum iam certamen, ubi vallo adpropinquasset, erumpcrent. For
dum, postqucm in successive clauses see 9, 31, 8; 9, 31, 14;
22, 48, 3 dum proelium . . . conseritur, quieti manserunt ; post¬
quam . . . occupaverat, tum; 29, 2, 9; 45, 11, 7 non per
obsidionem modo, sed etiam postquam abscessum est, adtenuata
erat: 4, 26, 7 donee, cum alia aliis terribiliora adferrentur . . .
inquit; 27, 34, 7: 38, 22, 2 cum, quoad viam colles obliqui
dederunt, escendissent, postquam ad invia ventum est, flexere ;
ID, 24, 8 quoad potuerint, patres adnisos . . . postquam ipsa
virtus pervicerit . . . quaeri ; 7, 34, 2 dum id morae Samnitibus
est, quoad .... demitteret agmen.
12
The development of the use of citraj intra and ultra with
temporal meaning gave Livy a chance to employ them in rela¬
tive temporal clauses if he had so willed. Intra is fairly
common with annus and other temporal terms, and is found
in relative expressions 36, 10, i intra decimum diem, quam
Pheras venerat; 41, 16, 8 intra triduum quam oppugnare
coeperat . . . restituit; 43, 9, 2 intra dies sexaginta quam in
provinciam venit; see also Periocha 49 intra quintum annum
quam erat coeptum. Ultra occurs 4, 39, 7 tumulus tamen cir-
cumsessus ultra mediam noctem; 9, 34, 21 nec ultra finitum
lege tempus L. Papirius censuram gessit; 41, 10, 13 non ultra
triduum mora tus Romae . . . abit: 9, 34, 16 sex menses ultra
quam licet; 45, 10, 15 legati non ultra quam quinqué dies
morati . . . proficiscuntur ; and indirectly stated 32, 8, 13 nec
retenturos ultra quam régi commodum esset; 32, 16, 13 haec
mixta metu spes ultra quam vellent aut possent trahere eos
tempus cogebat. The usual form of definite limitation of the
time between the two actions in the past is by post quam or
simply quam. Corresponding limitations of prior actions are
most noticeable with pridie quam: 9, 11, 4 quidquid pridie
habuerunt, quam in conloquium est ventum, habeant; 37, 56,
6; 22, 25, 16 ne, p. q. . . . dies adesset . . . abiit; 22, 38, 8;
23, 35, 12 ipse p. q. statum sacrificium Campanis esset. Cumas
movet castra; 26, 21, 6; and with the pluperfect in an indirect
order 23, 31, 10 latum ut . . . essent ex pridie quam defecis-
sent; and within a r^iw-clause 2, 4, 5 nam cum, p. q. proficis-
cerentur, cenatum forte apud Vitellios esset.
Prius is the only comparative freely used with quam in the
expression of temporal relations. There are however a few
others for which a temporal clause could be substituted: 9,
34, 15 non hora citius quam necesse est; 5, 24, 9 and 24, 3, 12
morituros se adfirmabant citius quam . . . verterentur ; cf.
42, 16, 7 celerius quam dignum erat: 2, 48, 6 ab . . . non
diutius quam recens dolor transiret, quiescentibus, which equals
either while or until ; cf. 9, 26, 22 nec diutius, ut fit, quam dum
recens erat, quaestio viguit. In affirmative statements equal
to ultra quam 7, 34 14 si diutius hic moremur, quam com¬
modum sit; 8, 21, 6 d. q. necesse sit, mansurum. Serius quam
is used in the same way 4, 13, 9 serius se quam tutum fuerit
. . . ea deferre; and equalling postquam 42, 66, 4 quae et
13
serius quam res postulabat, erat adventura; 37, 45, 19 serius
facit quam facere potuit. Like prms these are also used with
contrasted terms: citius 2, 43, 10; 3, 45, 11 ; 8, 32, 9; celerius
25, 15, i; 44, 43, 3 perpauci c. q. Perseus ipse pervenerunt;
diutius 25, 29, 7 ; 27, 21, 2 d. hie q. Carthagine vixerit. There
are also a few occurrences in elliptical comparisons : 22, 29, 2
celerius quam timui deprendit fortuna : 27, 39, 3 maturius quam
constituerant, exire; 32, 9, 6 consul m. q. priores soliti erant
cónsules, cum tramisisset: 42, 28, i rediit serius quam senatus
censuerat See also 35, 31, 16 citius per furorem saevituros,
quam ut Romanam amicitiam violarent ; and 42, 6, 6 Stipendium
serius quam ad diem praestaret.
When a period of time is mentioned—aestCDs, annus, dies,
mensis, tempus—it is followed by a relative clause giving the
occurrence of the main act within the period more frequently
than by a temporal clause giving, as point of reference for
the main act, an action performed within the period, as in
26, 21, I eiusdem aestatis exitu M. Marcellus . . . cum ad
urbem venisset . . . senatus . . . datus est ; 44, 48, I eodem
anno, cum in Hispania res prosperae essent .... extenderunt ;
25, 38, II hesterno die, cum signum receptui dedi . . . volui;
3, 65, 8 ne ipsi quidem inviolati erant, utique postremis mensi-
bus, cum . . . iniuria fieret; 2, 30, 3 quae res utique alienasset
plebem periculosissimo tempore, cum ... in armis essent;
3, 20, 4; 4, 57, I. Poster0 die is quite commonly followed by
a ci^m-clause which is unusual in other connections. The two
forms of expression are varied 3, 19, 11 tum hercule illo die,
quo ego consul creatus sum, male res gesta publica est, peius
multo, quam cum P. Valerius consul periit; and, if the text
is correct, 44, 22, 2 maiorem . . . gratulationem factam, quam
cum aut consul sum consalutatus, aut quo die magistratum inii.
The last expression is given either with quo: 8, 20, 3 illo die
quo magistratum inierunt; 22, 8, 7; 41, 8, 4; 41, 14, 7; 42,
22, 7; 42, 30, 8; or in the feminine 42, 28, 7 ut, qua die m.
missent, precarentur; with cum 38, 35, 7; with ubi 43, 11, 12;
44, 17, 8; with ut 28, 38, 12 ut consulatum inierunt, nominatae
provinciae sunt. Sometimes the relative expression is for the
sake of variety: 42, 4, 5 per idem tempus, quo haec agebantur;
44j 5 quibus diebus haec agebantur ; 22, 54, i eo tempore
quo haec Canusii agebantur; 3, 20, 3 cum, quo tempore . . .
14
dédit, iuraverint; 23, 2, 3 is cum eo forte anno quo res male
gesta ad Trasumennum est, in summo magistratu esset.
A much quoted example indicating lapse of time is 9, 33, 3
permulti anni iam erant, cum . . . nulla certamina fuerant, cum
certamen oritur. Compare with .this 42, 52, i sextus et
vicesimus annus agebatur, ex quo petenti Philippo data pax
erat, which illustrates the regular form of expression with
ex quo, rarely with noun expressed, as in 22, 10, 3 quod ver
attulerit ... ex qua die senatus populusque iusserit; 33, 39, 4
acta eius, ex quo tempore ab Syria classem solvisset, displicere
senatui. Annus is the antecedent in i, 40, i duodequadragesimo
ferme anno ex quo regnare coeperat Tarquinius . . . erat;
27, 36, 8 eo anno ex quo Hannibal in Italiam venisset, comitium
tectum esse; 39, 12, 6 aliquot annis ex quo manumissa sit,
nihil scire; cf. 45, i, 11 tertius decimus dies erat ab eo, quo
in Macedonia pugnatum erat. With a particle in the main
clause 34, 62, 13 non modo semper, ex quo coeperint, sed ne
diu quidem possedisse; 3, 24, 4 ñeque fratrem ex quo semel
fuerit aeger umquam . . . visum; 42, 49, 7 numquam ex quo
regnum accepisset, desitum. The verb is generally in the per¬
fect indicative : 4, 27, 5 nec, ex quo castris castra conlata sunt,
cessatum; 6, 40, 4 neque nego nos, ex quo adsciti sumus . . .
operam dedisse; 28, 39, 8; 35, 16, 8 ; 36, 7, 2 ; 39, 46, 7 nam
ex quo fama . . . vulgata est, crimina . . . audiri; 40, 5, 12;
42, 29, 4; 42, 40, 4; 44, 4, I. There is also an occasional sub¬
junctive I, 35, 3 ; 3, 24, 4 ; 22, 34, 8 plebem, ex quo contemni
a patribus desierint, coepisse; 22, 37, 10; 39, 13, 10. The
imperfect is found 34, 26, 13 iam per aliquot aetates, ex quo
tyranni tenebant . . . alii ab aliis expulsi: 29, 15, 6 dedisset,
ex quo hostes in Italia essent; and also pluperfect 42, 43, 5
discedentibus .... ex quo renuntiatum erat: 42, 11, 7 iam ex
quo ipse accepisset regnum, multa . . . tenuisse. The phrase
indicates merely .the starting point 21, 5, i ex quo die dux es
declaratus . . . statuit ; and i, 35, 4 se, ex quo sui potens fuerit,
Romam . . . commigrasse.
The number of tense combinations with the different particles
has resulted in a few instances in the violation of strict logical
agreement be.tween the main and the temporal clause. Some¬
times with donee the continuation of the principal action must
be inferred, as in Praef. 8 tum ire coeperint praecipites, donee
15
ad haec témpora . . . perventum est; 9, 26, 22 inde labi coepit
ad viliora capita, donee . . . oppressa est; 41, 3, 5 pugna oritur,
d. classis summota est. lam, generally the accompaniment of
a cum-cldiViSQ, is found also with 6, 32, 8 ut semel inclinavit
pugna, iam intolerabilis Romana vis erat, but is much more
noticeable when used with dum. With the imperfect it occurs
I, 25, 9 dum . . . inclamat, iam Horatius petebat ; 2, 47, 4 vanior
iam erat hostium acies, dum . . . subsidia mittunt; 6, 4, 11
dum cunctantur, iam militum praeda erat; 9, 35, i dum ea
Roma geruntur, iam Sutrium . . . obsidebatur; 21, 7, i dum
ea Romani parant, iam Saguntum summa vi oppugnabatur.
More interesting still are occurrences with the pluperfect 9,
32, I dum haec geruntur in Samnio, iam ... ad arma ierant;
24, 20, 9 dum haec ab Romanis geruntur iam Tarentum per-
venerat Hannibal. Interim is used 3, 17, 12 dum haec in foro
. . . aguntur, cónsules interim . . . discesserant ; and 21, 29, i
dum elephanti traiciuntur, interim Hannibal . . . miserat; and
without a particle in main clause 23, 11, 7 dum haec Romae
. . . geruntur, nuntius . . . Carthaginem venerat ; 33, 9, 11
dum . . . pulsos insecuntur, tradiderant.
The perfect with cum is also used at times where we should
expect either the imperfect subjunctive, or a dî/m-clause, e. g.
45, 34, 10 cum haec in Macedonia Epiroque gesta sunt, legati
. . . in Asiam pervenerunt, and some of these are paralleled
by clauses with ut, ubi, postquam and simul. Compare the
following 4, 44, 10 cum dies venit, damnatur ; and, with main
clause in oratio obliqua, 6, 20, 3 cum dies venit, quae . . . obi-
ecta sint reo, apud neminem auctorem invenio, with 23, 49, i ;
29, I, 5 ubi dies advenit, arma equosque ostenderunt; 38, i, 9;
38, 51, 6 ubi ea (sc. dies) venit, tribuni. . . consederunt ; 38, 52,
3 ; 43, 8, 9; 45, 29, I ; I, 9, ID ubi spectaculi tempus venit . . .
tum ex composito orta vis. The impersonal perfect is used
29, 37, ID cum ventum est... iussit, and with the other particles
it is found forty-four times most freely with ubi, e. g. 30,
32, I in castra ut ventum est, pronuntiant; i, 51, 8 ubi est eo
ventum, Turnum . . . circumsistunt ; 37, 14, 5 Samum post¬
quam ventum est . . . advocavit. Altogether the perfect of
venire and its compounds occurs nearly a hundred times, and
of videre 165 times, most freely with postqiiam. The relative
occurs a score of times with ubi, e. g. 7, 33, 9 quos ubi . . .
i6
vidit . . . revectus . . . cum desiluisset, inquit; 38, i, 5 quos
ubi vidit, certiores subinde facit; with cum 4, 60, 8 quos cum
vidit, certamen ortum est. Compare also 2, 40, 7 cum in con-
spectu fuit, succurrit: 29, 27, 9 ut in conspectu fuit, iubet;
28, 16, I ut rettulerunt, iubet ; 29, 34, 7 quod ubi relatum est,
inquit; 35, 4, 6 postquam relatum est, iussit: 45, 12, 10 cum
relatum est, decreverunt; 8, 12, 12 postquam iussit, dixit:
23, 20, 5 cum iussi sunt, profuderunt; 24, 30, 11 quod ubi
frustra fuit, movent; 25, 25, 2 postquam id inritum fuit, iussit:
34, 5, 10 cum opus fuit, adiuverunt. Instances are also found
of the perfect of dare, facere, coepisse with four particles.
I. SUBSEQUENT ACTION.
Antequam. Priusquam.
These words are equivalent, and in a few passages are used
side by side for rhetorical variation : 22, 4, 7 Romanus clamore
prius undique orto, quam satis cerneret se circumventum esse
sensit, et ante in frontem lateraque pugnari coeptum est, quam
satis instruerentur acies aut expediri arma stringique gladii pos-
sent ; 26, 2, 8 ante conrupisse omnibus vitiis legiones suas, quam
proderet, itaque vere dici posse eos perisse quam vidèrent hos-
tem; 34, 4, 8 sicut ante morbos necesse est cognitos esse quam
remedia eorum, sic cupiditates prius natae sunt quam, leges
quae iis modum facerent. In the first example prius . . . quam
is used with cerneret which is often construed with cum. Ante¬
quam outnumbers priusquam with the perfect indicative '(28:
12), and is construed much more freely with the indicative
(36:60) than is priusquam (20:289). Of the subjunctives
with antequam 60% are in oratio obliqua, with priusquam 40%'.
These figures indicate a decided preference for priusquam
especially with the subjunctive in direct statements, approach¬
ing cum much more closely than does antequam.
The present indicative is sporadic, and there are also but
few instances of the future perfect. Hoffmann, Zeit Partikeln,
p. 175, gives five occurrences of the imperfect indicative, Cic.
pro Domo ad Pont. 30, 78 ; Livy 7, 34, 2 ; 23, 30, 3 ; 23, 48, i ;
and 38, 3, 8. For other instances see Hullihen, Antequam and
Priusquam, p. 74 (35). The pluperfect is probably not used
at all as intra seems the better reading 41, 16, 8 intra triduum
17
quam oppugnare coeperat. See Weissenborn ad loe; Fügner,
Lex. Liv. p. 1234, 5.
The imperfect subjunctive is usually in direct statements,
but the perfect is found only in oratio obliqua, and all of the
pluperfects, excepting 7, 13, 6 priusquam expertus nos esses,
de nobis desperastis.
Two features in the use of the particles are worthy of notice ;
i. The separation of parts ; and 2. The occurrences of a nega¬
tive in the principal clause.
1. The parts of antequam are separated in a majority of
the examples, but with priusquam there is non-separation in
70%, though this is nearly reversed with pairs of contrasted
words, so that is we take into account only the occurrences
with finite forms of the verbs about 77% are not separated.
2. With antequam separation and negation are of equal
prominence (see Fügner, Lex. Liv.), the occurrences with the
perfect and future perfect indicative and these indirectly stated
in the pluperfect subjunctive being regularly negatived, though
not the imperfect subjunctive, which with priusquam occurs
in affirmative statement, excepting in 45, 11, 4 non prius destitit
mittere, quam pacem cum iis confirmaret ; in a disproportional
clause 40, 47, 5 nihil prius petierunt a praetore quam ut bibere
sibi iuberet dar i ; and with the negative in adjective form, 26,
19, 5 nullo die prius ullam publicam privatamque rem egit, quam
in Capitolium iret. The case is reversed with affirmative sen¬
tences in the past where Livy has the indicative with priusquam
9, 13, 10; 9, 32, 6; 24, 25, 10; and 44, 32, 5 hoc unum bellum
prius perpetratum quam coeptum Romae auditum est, if we
accept for the statement the interpretation of Florus i, 29
(2, 13) hoc bellum ante finitum est quam geri Romae nunti-
aretur ; and of Eutropius, Breviarium 4, 6, 4 ante cognitum est
Gentium victum, quam coeptum bellum nuntiaretur. Similar
to the antequam-Q\^.nses> is 22, 10, 6 si antidea, quam senatus
populusque iusserit fieri, faxitur . . . liber esto.
II. CONTEMPORANEOUS ACTION.
i. Quoad.
There is some ambiguity in the use of quoad for it intro¬
duces an action co-extensive with another, or a terminating
i8
action, and also like ubi expresses both temporal and local re¬
lations, as in 22, 6, 6 pars magna, ubi locus fugae deest, . . .
progressi, q. capitibus umeris77^ extare possunt, sese immer-
gunt. The local force is evident i, i8, 8 signum contra, q.
longissime conspectum oculi ferebant, animo finivit; but it can
be taken either way in 32, 12, 10; 38, 22, i ; 37, 20, 14 secutus
q. tutum fuit, and indirectly stated, 27, 19, 12 prosequi q.
vellet ; 27, 39, 2 q. tutum putaret progressurum ; 37, 24, 8
insequi, q. putarent tutum, iussit. In 5, 50, 2 both quod and
quoads are read. If the latter is taken this will be the only
pluperfect with quoad not developed from a future perfect.
But the complete statement et senatus consultum facit, omnia
fana, q. ea hostis possedisset, restituerentur ; cum Caeritibus
hospitium publice fieret, quod . . . recepissent; ludi Capitolini
fierent, quod . . . tutatus esset, calls for a parallel statement
quod . . . quod . . . quod,
SO LONG AS.
INDICATIVE.
Barring 22, 6, 6, historical present, only the imperfect, perfect
and future are used with quoad, and the first only 23, 42, 2
fuimus, q. . . . poterant. The perfect is most freely used:
2, 25, 4 potuit ; 36, 45, 2 potuerunt et erant ; 8, 12, 11 ; 37, 20, 14
fuit; 35, 30, 10 super fuit; 5, 51, i vixi ; 23, 10, 7 est ductus;
26, 51, 5 morati sunt; 30, 25, 7 suppeditarunt. The future in
speeches is found 24, 16, 13 ; 40, 15, 7 ; 42, 34, 13 ; 43, 14, 6
quotienscumque dilectus erit, quoad (or quamdm) hi censores
magistratum habebunt, si miles non eris, in dilectu prodibis.
SUBJUNCTIVE.
Both the presents and imperfects are indirect futures: 5,
51, 2 q. vita suppetat; 42, 42, 6 sit; and twice with iubet 32,
II, 7; and 38, 20, 7. The imperfects are 4, 13, 7 posceret,
26, 27, II sciret; 27, 6, 7; 42, 42, 5 and 45, 14, 6 esset; 44,
14, 6 foret. The pluperfect is found 28, 2, 16 and 29, 13, 3,
both indirect future perfects; the perfect 6, 5, 3 habuerint;
10, 24, 8 potuerint; and 34, 48, i passae sint.
UNTIL.
Quoad meaning until is not freely used, and is confined to
the first and third Decades. The indicative is limited to the
19
perfect 23, 26, 2 ; 26, 46, 10 ; 30, 30, 30 ; and the future perfect
2, 12, 16 primi, q. te opportunum fortuna dederit, . . aderunt.
The occurrences in the subjunctive are indirect statements of
the future tenses, the perfect 24, 38, 6 ; the imperfect 7, 34, 3
id morae Samnitibus est, q. demitteret agmen; the pluperfect
6, 31, 4; 8, 23, 12; 8, 2, 4; 8, 20, 7; 23, 34, 14; 26, 3, 8 q.
vel capitis vel pecuniae indicas s et privato.
2. Quamdiu.
Quamdm occurs as an interrogative 2, 32, 6; 25, 28, 6 in
ipsorum esset potestate q. ea paterentur, and as a relative 34,
14, 9 quam diu missilibus pugnatum est, anceps pugna erat;
perhaps 43, 14, 6, parallel with quotienscumque; and in an
indirect statement 34, 6, 16 tamdiu mansuram, quamdiu causa
scribendae legis mansisset.
3. Donec.
SO LONG AS.
indicative.
The present is not used with donec meaning ' so long as,'
and the imperfect but twice, 6, 13, 4 donec . . . abibant, peditum
labor in persequendo fuit; and 27, 27, 6 non tamen omisere
pugnam . . . donec integri cónsules .... rem sustinebant. The
perfect is limited to four passages: i, 7, 13; 2, 49, 9; and 25^
19, 15 and 30, 18, 12 d. stetit. The future occurs twice 6,
14, 10 ne quem vestrum . . . d. quidquam in re mea supererit
. . . patiar; and 22, 39, 10 sed eadem ratio, quae fuit, futura,
d. res manebunt, immutabilis est.
subjunctive.
The occurrences of the subjunctive are in indirect statements.
The present is found 21, 10, 3; and 25, 11, 12. The perfect,
representing an original perfect occurs i, 40, 3 tenuerit regnum,
d. in terris fuerit. In negative statements donec occurs with
the imperfect esset representing an original future 2, 24, 6;
4, 2, 4; 5, i, 6 auxilium Veientibus negandum, d. sub rege
essent; 24, 31, 8; 27, 38, 5 ; 25, 7, 4 dum ne quis . . . vacaret,
neu dono .... donaretur, neu in Italiam reportaretur, d. hostis
20
in terra Italia esset ; 4, 60, I ut nemo . . . d. quicquam virium
superesset . * . parceret ; and 34, 23, 9 numquam, d. . . . tene-
rentur, liberam Graeciam fore. In affirmative passages: 23,
25, 7 militare, d. in Italia bellum esset, placuit; 42, 6, 11 sump-
tus decretus, d. in Italia esset; 28, 22, 7 praecipiunt, ut, d.
incertus eventus pugnae esset, praesidium . . . servarent.
Is the subjunctive used with donee so long as in direct dis¬
course? 21, 28, 10 nihil sane trepidabant, d. continenti velut
ponte agerentur, seems a clear case, for we should hardly
expect that Livy would, unless he thought that judgment had
fled to brutes, shape his grammatical statements according to
the passing qualms of an elephant's mentality. Another pas¬
sage 38, 40, 9 nihil se moverunt, d. armati transirent, can be
taken so long as or until, according to the point-of view, as
transirent is continuative.
UNTIL.
INDICATIVE.
Donee occurs i, 54, 10 with traditur in connection with a
historical infinitive, twice with inquit 4, 26, 7 ; and 22, 6, 3 ;
cdt 4, 57, I ; and with historical presents 4, 34, 3 deduntur; and
7, 26, 5 obtruneat,
A past action is generally expressed by the perfect giving
the abrupt termination, as in Praef. 9 tum ire coeperint prae-
cipites d. . . . perventum est; i, 7, 14 per multas aetates fuerunt,
d. . . . interiit; 21, 46, 7 iam pugna venerat, d. Numidae . . .
ostenderunt ; 37, 42, 8 iam ab latere urgebat, d. fugati équités
. . . cumpulsi sunt; 41, 3, 3 pugna oritur d. . . . classis sum-
mota est. There are forty"^ other similar examples, and the
imperfect is well represented in the principal clause. The
donee-clause is dependent on a historical infinitive: 3, 35, 5
venditare, d. . . . coniecere 3, 48, 6 ille . . . viam facere, d.
. . . perrexit; 4, 46, 3 accendi . . . contemnere in vicem et
*ï, 23, 3; I, 31, 5; I, 34, 11; 4, 22, 6; 4, 28, 6; 4, 30, 10; 5, I5, 5;
5, 32, 5; 6, 31, 4; 9, 26, 22; 9, 27, 10; 9, 28, 2; 9, 46, 13; 10, I, 5;
10, 16, 2; 23, 19, 16; 23, 31, 9; 23, 46, 10; 25, 19, 3; 27, 17, 17; 27,
34, 7 ; 27, 42, 10 ; 28, 26, 15 ; 29, 34, 13 ; 30, 33, 16 ; 32, 25, 4 ; 34, 47, 3 ;
35, 50, 4; 36, 20, 2; 38, 41, 10; 38, so, 10; 39, 32, 12; 39, 39, 13; 40,
33, 9; 40, 41, 5; 44, 5, 2; 44, 5, 7; 44, 37, 9; 45, 6, 7; 45, 7, 4-
21
I
Gontemni, d. . . . comparatum est; 5, 7, 11 manare gaudio
lacrimae, d. . . . factum est; 23, 18, 9 coeptis obviam ire, d.
pudor . . . avertit ; 28, 16, 6 inde non iam pugna sed trucidatio
. . . fieri, d. . . . evasit ; 40, 47, 2 agros urere, d. . . pervenit.
The future alone is not found with dome, until, but with the
future perfect, in the declaration of an oracle 25, 12, 6 sed
ñeque credes tu mihi d. compleris sanguine campum, multa
milia occisa tua deferet amnis in pontum magnum.
SUBJUNCTIVE.
There is one occurrence of the present subjunctive in a direct
statement 3, 29, 2 donee consularem animum incipias habere,
legatus praeeris, and eight indirect: 2, 11, 7 iubet . . . stare,
d. hostis praetereat; 3, 54, 4; 6, 27, 8; 40, 8, 18; 41, 23, 17;
I, 53, 8 petiturum d. ad eos perveniat; 34, 27, 7; 4, 39, i ut
locus detur, d. . . . excludantur. The perfect is found twice,
9, 42, 3 interpellata, d. se censura abdicarit; and 30, 13, 12
nec conquiesse, d induerit. The imperfect is used with
more freedom: 4, 59, 8 a cetera praeda Fabius militem ab-
stinuit, d. collegae venirent; 5, 26, 3 nihil moverunt, d. . . .
profisceretur ; 38, 40, 9. Other instances are in oratio obliqua:
3, 40, 12 an d. leges . . . perferrentur ; 4, 13, 10; 26, 2, 3;
27, 18, 15 ; 30, 17, 2 ; 30, 38, 6; 39, 18, i ; 42, 27, 6; especially
in terms of truces, 9, 9, 13 ; 29, 12, 15 ; 32, 39, 10; within ut-
clauses: 8, 38, 5 ut, d. lucesceret, proelio abstineret; 32, i, 4;
33, II, 3; 38, 25, 7; 25, 37, 6; 8, 28, 8 ne quis, d. poenam
lueret . . . teneretur.
The pluperfect is found with donee in two or perhaps three
passages directly stated: 5, 17, 5 numquam desitum interim
comitia interpellantibus tribunis plebis, d. convenissent prius,
ut maior pars crearetur; 21, 28, 11 urgentes inter se cedentibus
extremis ab aqua trepidationis aliquantum edebant, d. quietem
ipse timor circumspectantibus aquam fecisset ; and possibly 45,
7, 4 progredi . . . non poterat, d. a consule lictores missi essent.
The other pluperfects represent original future perfects: i,
39, 2 moveri vetuisset, d. sua sponte experrectus esset ; 26, 10,
9; 31, 8, 8; 33, 31, 11; 35, 8, 7; 39, 4, 7; 45, 16, 2; 26, 26, 9;
35, 44, 6 ; 38, 33, 3 : 7, 37, 13 edicto ut, d. ipse revertisset praeda
abstineret; 10, 25, 17 censuisse ut . . . servarentur, d. vel ipse
22
. . . revertisset; lo, 38, 12 ; 30, 37, 5 ; 38, 32, 4; 45, 44, 16 and
17; 29, 20, 7 qui praeessent, d. . . . venisset; 42, 36, 7; 42,
41, 12; and with prorogare 27, 7, 17; 30, i, 10; 32, 28, 9;
40, 36, 7 prorogatum imperium iussique provincias obtinere,
d. cónsules venissent.
4. Dum.
WHILE. SO LONG AS.
indicative.
Next to the c^w-constructions those with dam are the most
varied as it is used with extensional, terminal and provisional
actions. The prevailing construction is with the present in¬
dicative, while or so long as. In 22, 29, 9 dum imperare disci-
mus, parare in animum inducamus, dum^ may be taken as until,
and it must be in 23, 19, 14 eone usque dum ea nascuntur,
ad Casilinum sessurus sum? unless nascunhir is translated
'growing.' But cf. 3, 65, 4 is usque eo rogaret, dum . . .
faceret. The temporal indicative clause is sometimes re¬
tained in connection with a subjunctive, as in 8, 38, 10 ut
neque clamor, ut primo semel concursu est sublatus, iteratus
sit; 24, 16, 13 stantes cibum potionemque, quoad stipendia
facient, capturos esse; 38, 22, i cum, quoad . . . dederunt,
escendissent ; 22, 49, 10 nuntia . . . muniant, ac, priusquam
victor hostis advenit, firment. This retention is most notice¬
able in the case of dam: Praef. 2 quippe qui . . . vulgatam esse
rem, dum .... credunt ; 8, 7, 7 visne, dum dies ista venit . . .
congredi; 8, 40, 4 vitiatam . . . reor, dum . . . trahunt; 24,
19, 3 altero exercitu, dum . . . oppugnatur, opus esse ; Praef. 5
ut . . . dum . . . repeto, avertam ; 2, 53, i ut, dum .... excur-
runt . . . caperetur; 7, 34, 14 ut, dum lucis aliquid superest
. . . ponant; 28, 44, 10 ne quid interim, dum traicio, dum ex-
poni . . . dum castra . . . promoveo, res publica . . . capiat.
23, 8, ii si forte abesse, dum facinus patratur, malles.
With the imperfect, dum means so long as when the imper¬
fect also occurs in the principal clause: 5, 25, 3 abstinebatur
. . . obstabat; 30, 11, 8 erat . . . poterat; and sometimes the
meaning is the same with the perfect in the principal clause:
21, 25, ii nec, dum per patentia loca ducebatur agmen, ap-
paruit hostis; 21, 58, i dum intoleranda frigora erant, quies
23
militi data est; 22, 47, 4 coorta est . . . par dum constabant
ordines ; 33, 18, 17 usque dum ordines et velut stipata phalanx
constabat, moveri nequiverunt. Other occurrences of the im¬
perfect are 5, 47, i dum haec Veis agebantur, interim arx
Romae Capitoliumque in ingenti periculo fuit; 10, 36, 16;
7, 39, I ; 9, 26, 22; 10, 40, 9; 21, 53, 6; 35, 31, I ; 36, 23, 4;
37, 16, 9; 37, 21, 3 ; 39, 20, 4. Notice 31, 42, 5 disponunt dum
quietos hostes . . . spectabant; and 36, 19, 2 primo dum . . .
apparebat . . , credere.
Occurrences with the perfect are as follows: 4, 39, 5 dum
quicquam superfuit lucis, hostem tenuit; 5, 13, 13 multi ante
portas caesi, dum . . . extremos suorum exclusere; 21, 13, 3
ñeque dum vestris viribus restitistis neque dum auxilia ab
Romanis sperastis pacis umquam apud vos mentionem feci.
In 5, 8, 2 his tribunis, dum cura omnium in Veiens bellum
intenta est, neglectum Anxuri praesidium .... oppressum
est, intenta has been taken as predicate, as in 25, 9, 4 paterentur,
et in primis intenti ad imperia accipienda essent, neu . . .
facerent; 41, 2, 2 in occasionem intenti. The future is found
9? 3? 3 9^0 9^^ eamus? Num montes moliri sede sua
paramus, dum haec imminebunt iuga, qua tu ad hostem venias ?
Of the pluperfect there is but a single instance 32, 24, 5 dum
in unam partem oculos animosque hostium certamen averterat,
pluribus locis scalis capitur murus. This is explained as the
equivalent of aversos tenehatj though it may be changed to
avertehat, or frankly faced as a pluperfect.
SUBJUNCTIVE.
The present subjunctive in oratio obliqua occurs 2, 57, 3
dum trahant, nihil relictum esse; 3, 10, 13 nisi, dum in integro
res sit, dum domi, dum togati sint, caveant ; 26, 5, 14 ; 27, 46,
11; 40, 17, 5; 42, 50, 8; 44, 36, 11 suadere, dum in campo
patenti hostem habeat, adgrediatur.
The imperfect in direct statements is found i, 40, 7 dum
intentus in eum se rex totus averteret, alter elatam securim in
caput deiecit; 2, 47, 5 dum . . . tererent tempus, triarii . . .
redeunt; 4, 25, 9 interim Romae principes plebis . . . dum
foris otium esset, coetus indicere ; 10, 18, i dum ea in Samnio
. . . . gererentur, interim bellum ingens concitur; 36, 9, 13
24
dum recens terror esset, Scutosam misit; 39, 49, 8 clauserat
portam turba, dum pro se quisque . . . vix pro comporta tantam
rem habiturus videretur ; 40, 58, 9 et dum firmaret res, legatos
misit
The interpretation of some clauses where dum is construed
with the imperfect may vary as we look at the continuance of
the action while or at the termination until, in the latter the
action being praevisional and involving design, and hence the
subjunctive. But in many passages, as 3, 17, 12 ; 3, 23, i ;
6, 28, 5 ; 6, 30, 5 ; 21, 47, 7 with the indicative, and 4, 25, 9
and 10, 18, I with the subjunctive, the Ji^m-clause is the meas¬
ure of interim in the principal statement. In harmony with
this we should prefer to take the Ji^w-clause in the same way
as the measure of an accusative indicating duration in the
principal clause: 21, 8, i obsidio deinde per paucos dies magis
quam oppugnatio fuit, dum vulnus ducis curaretur; cf. 29,
32, II cum curaret; 22, 38, i paucos morati dies, dum . . .
venirent milites; 24, 40, 10; 28, 34, 12; 32, 9, 8; 34, 9, 11;
38, 39, 4 ; 42, 38, 2 ; 37, 33, 7 causaque et ipse morae erat dum
consequeretur. Other statements of similar import are tern-
pus terere 3, 46, 7; teuere 31, 45, 10; 33, 36, 7 per dies aliquot
sese tenuit, dum et saucios curaret ; 45, 2, 4 ibi tantum temporis
retenti, dum exponerent quantae . . . fuissent; 3, 13, 7 reus,
dum consulerentur patres, reten tus in publico; 26, 51, i re-
tentum Laelium, dum captivos .... disponeret . . . mittit.
But cf. in oratio obliqua 6, 13, 5 satis esse . . . agmen teneri,
dum adsequi pedes . . . posset. With these may also be placed
the instances with tantum moratiis: 25, 18, 12 t. m. dum im-
peratores consulerent ; 37, 12, 7 t. m. dum adsequeretur ; 45,
6, 5 t. m. dum pecunia deferretur ; and of the same import 4,
21, 10 Verginius dum collegam consuleret moratus. Compare
27, 42, 13 t. m. dum milites ad praedam diseur runt; and
29, 2, 9 t. m. dum ducit. The di^w-clause may be affected by
a ci^w-clause in 25, 25, 4 cum is diem de die differret, dum
. . . admoverent castra; and 30, 39, 2 cum stetissent ibi, dum
reliquum tempestatis exsaeviret . . . traiecit.
jD^im-clauses indirectly stated are fairly common, and out¬
number those in which the indicative is retained. They are
akin to those with donee, though in some passages they are
associated with a gerund or gerundive: 6, 18, 12 spem cepit,
25
dum tam po.tentem haberet, fenoris expugnandi; 7, 36, 10;
24, 24, 2 monentis illud esse tempus occupandi res, dum túr¬
bala omnia essent, dum obversaretur miles, dum . . . possent;
26, 4, 2 ; 31, 15, 4 adhortatio capessendi belli, dum se, dum
Rhodios, tum quidem dum etiam Romanos haberent ; 42, 44, 8
ad Chalcidem tuendam, dum Romanus exercitus in Graeciam
traiceretur, misit. Other indirect statements occur 2, 32, 10
bac ira dum ventrem fame domare vellent, ipsa . . . venisse;
3, 27, 4; 7, 22, 6; 7, 37, 10; 25, 20, 6; 27, 47, 10; 30, 16, 14;
32, 36, 7; 33. 28, I ; 35, 24, 7; 35, 32, 14; 37, 18, 2; 45, II, 2:
40, 56, 2: 41, 21, 2: 30, 4, 2: 22, 41, 9; 22, 50, 4; 22, 6o, lO
adbortari eos, dum paucitas . , . sineret, dum quies ac silentium
esset, dum nox inceptum legere posset, se ducem sequeretur;
23, 49. 2; 25, 41, 9; 27, 12, 2; 27, 46, 7; 29, 7, 3; 31, 26, 6;
34, 33, I (twice) ; 35, 5, II ; 35, 32, 14; 36, 9, 7; 39, 37, 19;
41, s, 7; 42, 60, 3; 42, 66, 3: 21, 21, 10; 21, 53, 9 ne quod
prae terminer et tempus, sollicitus intentusque erat, dum tiro
bostium miles esset, dum , . . inutilem vulnus faceret, dum
Gallorum animi vigerent.
The pluperfect is found only 26, 34, 7 neve quis eorum, qui
Capuae fuisset, dum portae clausae essent . . , maneret; and,
if esset is the correct reading, 34, 20, 2 conscientia, dum consul
. . . occupatus esset, depopulatorum . . . sociorum.
UNTIL.
D^lm with the subjunctive expressing an ideal action occurs
a few times with expectare: 3, 11, 13; 3, 18, 3; 7, 24, 6; 7,
40, 12 expectate dum veniant, and all could be resolved into
paratactic statements ^ bide awhile, they are coming.' The
imperfect is used once, 10, 36, 2 stabant expectantes dum ab
bostibus prius impetus, prius clamor inciperet. In 42, 66, 7
nullo expectante dum utcumque explicaretur agmen, ut is pref¬
erable to dum, see 23, 31, 7, as all other occurrences of ex¬
pectare are in the first Decade. In a few other passages the
verb action is momentary, and dum must be taken as until:
3, 65, 4 faceret ; 4, 32, 10 cunctatus parumper, dum speculatores
referrent; 28, 31, 5 regressi paulisper, dum . . . scirent,
suspensi quieverunt; cf. 30, 38, 7 morari, donee . . . sciretur;
and 23, 47, I id modo moratus, ut consulem percunctaretur.
20
Some of the examples already given as while, might also be
interpreted in harmony with the last two examples, or be con¬
sidered as instances of the extension of the Ji^m-construction
by Livy, who has the present indicative only 23, 19, 14.
DUM PROVISO.
Akin to the temporal statements, are some in which a condi¬
tional element is involved with the temporal, and these are
with both the present and the imperfect subjunctive: 2, 41, 7
Verginius dicere passurum se adsignari agros, dum ne cui
nisi civi Romano adsignentur, ' would allow the fields to be
assigned the while they were assigned to none except a Roman
citizen ' ; 3, 21, 6 ; 6, 26, 7 ; 28, 40, 7 ; 29, 34, 7 ; 36, 28, 5 ; 38, 38,
16 vim vi arcendi ius esto, dum ne quam urbem aut belli iure
teneat aut in amicitiam accipiat. The imperfect occurs in a
few more passages: 2, 6, 9 neuter, dum hostem vulnaretur,
sui protegendi corporis memor, ' neither, the while he was
striking his foe, mindful of forefending his own body ' ; 2,
51, 7; 25, 7, 4; 26, i, 8; 26, 34, 10; 33, 24, 9; 38, ii, 8; 36,
9, 7; 38, 44, 4; 39, 5, 10; 44, 45, 4; 39, 18, 9 ita id sacrum
faceret, dum ne plus quinqué sacrificio intéressent, neu qua pe¬
cunia communis neu quis magister sacrorum aut sacerdos esset.
III. ANTECEDENT ACTION.
i. Quando.
The use of quando as a temporal conjunction is very limited,
in almost all instances being used to express non-temporal re¬
lations. Yet it is found in a few formulae quoted by Livy:
22, 10, 4 qui faciet, quando volet quaque lege volet, facito ;
36, 2, 5 quisquís magistratus eos ludos quando ubique faxit,
hi ludi recte facti , . . sunto; 38, 11, 5 qui non comparabunt
quando quisque . . . inventus erit, reddatur. Similar state¬
ments are given indirectly 25, 12, 12 q. ludi facti essent . . .
duas hostias maiores dandas ; 34, 56, 13 dimittendique ei, quos
eorum quandoque vellet. Also 5, 15, 11 sic disciplina Etrusca
traditum esse, ut quando aqua Albana abundasset, tum . . .
victoriam . . . dari; and 7, 12, 11 dictatori neutiquam placebat,
quando nulla cogeret res, fortunae se committere.
27
There are also a few instances of quandoque in oratio oh-
liqna: i, 31, 4 mansit certe sollemne, ut, q. idem prodigium
nuntiaretur, feriae . . . agerentur ; 29, 10, 5 invento carmine
. . . q. hostis alienigena terrae Italiae bellum intulisset, eum
pelli Italia vincique posse; 39, 24, i numquam tamen remisit
animum a colligendis in pace viribus, quibus, q. data fortuna
esset, ad bellum uteretur.
Quandociimque was noticed 7, 30, 7 Aequis Volscisque . . .
q. se moverint, ab tergo erimus ; 7, 38, 9 optimum ratus differ-
endo spem, q. vellent, consilii exsequendi militarem impetum
frustran.
2. Quotiens.
Quotiens^ and its compounds are rarely used by Livy either
with or without a copelative. Quotiens is found only with
the subjunctive: 27, 6, 7 ex iis, qui cónsules fuissent, quos et
quotiens vellet, reficiendi cónsules populo ius esset, which is
parallel with the statement 34, 56, 13 quandoque vellet; 39,
33, 8 et illis, quotiens vellent, senatus daretur : 23, 32, 3 cónsules
edixerunt, q. in senatum vocassent, uti senatores . . . con-
venirent: 6, 15, 7 non adversus Volscos, totiens hostis, quotiens
patribus expediat; cf. 2, 13, 2 subeunda dimicatio totiens, quot
coniurati superessent. Quotienscumque, usually without a cor¬
relative, is also found: 25, 38, 8 quotienscumque occurret
memoria illorum ; 43, 14, 6 q. dilectus erit, quamdiu hi censores
magistratum habebunt ... in dilectu prodibis? 7, 26, 5 q.
certamen initum est . . . adpetit: 5, 54, 3 cum abessem, q.
patria in mentem veniret, haec omnia occurrebant: 31, 44, 6
q. pro populo Atheniensi sociisque . . . precarentur, totiens
detestari atque exsecrari Philippum.
3. SiMUL. SiMUL Ac.
Simul alone was noticed in 287 passages used as a unifying
particle with adjectives, as multi, plures, omnes, numerals, as
duo, tres, pairs of nouns, verbs or complete sentences. How¬
ever, its temporal use is limited, simul ac occurring 25, 24, 5
* On the Usage of Quotiens and Quotienscumque in Different Periods
of Latin. O. F. Long, J. H. U. Dissertation, Baltimore 1901. See
Archiv II, p. 395 seqq.
28
and 36, 7, 5, and simtd forty-one times. It is to be classed
with ut, ubi, and postquam in its prevailing use with the perfect
indicative, but differing from them in its free use with the
future perfect: 4, 5, 2; 6, 7, 6; 6, 19, 7; 24, 38, 3; 34, 3, 2;
34, 4, 16; 34, 4, 18; and with the future 26, 43, 4 erunt, ex-
templo tradent. Extemplo is found also 10, 35, 18 ; 23, 29, 14 ;
34, 3, 2; repente 38, 5, 8; primum 6, i, 6; 35, 44, 5; cf. 6,
24, I s. primo incursu. The pluperfect subjunctive, represent¬
ing a future perfect occurs 4, 32, 6; 9, 26, 12; 35, 17, 8; 35,
44, 5 ; 37, 34, 2 ; 44, 19, 4 censuisset, exituros ; 4, 18, 6 ut, s.
admisissent, tolleretur. The perfect represents the same tense
36, 7, S dubium est quin . . . simul ac . . . viderint ... se
avertant. The present, originally a future, is used 36, 32, 8.
There is one indirect perfect 9, 25, 5 simul ad Lautulas pug-
natum audierint, pro victis Romanos habuisse. Twenty-two
of the occurrences are in the first Decade, and eleven of the
remainder originally expressed future actions, leaving only
nine perfects for the later Decades, showing that Livy asso¬
ciated the particle chiefly with early speakers and early events.
In the fifth Decade it is confined to Book 44: 8, 4; 19, 4;
43, I ; 44, 8.
4. A. UT.
Ut is used less freely than ubi and is construed only with
the indicative, except in oratio obliqua with the perfect sub¬
junctive : Prae. 9 ; 7, 6, 11 ; 22, 25, 9 ; 24, 40, 3 ; 25, 28, 7. The
imperfect indicative is sometimes associated with the perfect:
6, 24, 7; 21, 29, 5 ut . . . redierunt, nec . . poterat ; 22, 14, 3 ;
22, 44, I ; 24, I, 6; 26, 27, 9 ut coram arguebantur, et quaestio
... haberi coepta est, fassi omnes. See Hoffmann, p. 9. The im¬
perfect generally occurs alone: 2, 45, 3; 3, 20, 6; 10, 28, 12;
24, 13, 7 ; 42, 66, 5: 10, 22, 2 ; 22, 14, i ; 24, 26, 11 ; 24, 32, 5 ;
25, 26, 15 ; 26, 51,11; 29, 25, 7 ; 33, 8, II ; 36, 18, 6 ; 39, 49, 7 ;
40, 22, 4. See Hoffmann, p. 11. There are four occurrences
of the pluperfect alone: 2, 65, 5; 21, 47, 3; 26, 18, 10; 32,
31, I (see Hoffman, pp. 36-37), and one with the imperfect
I, 29, 4. The present is limited to videt, 10, 42, 3; 31, 42, 9;
32, 23, 12, which could easily be changed to vidit.
29
B. Ut Quisque.
Slightly differing from the examples already considered are
the instances in which ut expresses the temporal relation of
the two clauses, and at the same time the distributive quisque
emphasizes the order of the actions. The mood is either the
indicative or the subjunctive, and at times the introduction of
a temporal particle in the principal clause tends to fix more
definitely the temporal character of the other part, as in 25,
39, 6 ut quisque evaserat, protinus ad castra altera fugiunt;
25, 22, 5; 27, 51, 4; but not in 23, 27, 5 ut quisque arma
ceperat ... in proelium ruunt ; and 4, 5, 2 ut quaeque rogatio
promulgata erit, vos dilectum pro poena decernetis? The ac¬
cusative form of the pronoun also occurs : 5, 8, 13 ut quosque
Studium privatim aut gratia occupaverant, adsunt ; 24, 26, 11;
37, 43, 8 postremos, ut quosque adepti sunt, caedunt ; 4, 56, 7 ;
35j 8 ut ad quosque venerat, increpabat ; 34, 17, 11 ut in
quamque regionem venerat . . . accepit. Other occurrences
of the indicative are as follows : 34, 27, 8 ut q. ad nomen
responderat . . . tradidit; 41, 20, 7; 9, 31, 9 ut q. liberaverat
. . . coibant; lo, 13, 11; 24, 15, 4; 28, 3, 13; 39, 31, 12; 32,
15, 9 ut q. locus ab hoste temptabatur, praesidia . . . sum-
mittebat ; 29, 9, 3 pugna orta, ut suis q. opportunus advenerat ;
3, 50, 13 eunt . . . ut q, occurrerat; 21, 57, 5 vagantibus . . .
ut quaeque iis impeditiora erant, Celtiberis Lusitanis.
{
The subjunctive occurs in direct statements: 2, 38, i ut
quisque veniret, primores . . . deduxit; 8, 23, 10 qua, ut q.
locus premeretur, inter se usi fuerant; 34, 38, 6 ut q. maxime
laboraret locus, aut ipse occurrebat aut aliquos mittebat. Most
of the subjunctives are in indirect statements or in connection
with subjunctive clauses: 5, 20, 6 cum ita ferme eveniat, ut
. . . ut q. . . . soleat; 10, 27, 4; 25, 22, 5 ; 32, 16, 9; 30, 10, 17
quos cum . . . possent, ut q traheret, scindi videres
vincula; 37, 29, 6; 37, 25, 6 ut q. proximus ab oppresso sit
. . . peryasurum ; 39, 10, 7 ut q. introductus sit, velut victimam
tradi sacerdotibus ; 21, 28, 5 traxisse gregem, ut quemque
. . . . destitueret vadum. There is a break in the text 35, 34, i
ut quaeque de Antiocho ....
In a few instances the proportional rather than the temporal
element seems to be predominant: 22, 7, 12 varios vultus
30
. . . cerneres ... ut cuique laeta aut tristia nuntiabantur ; 25,
8, 2 ánimos inritavit. . . ut q. contingebat ; 23, 23, 5 in senatum
lecti assent, ut q. primus creatus erat; 3, 18, 10 de captivis ut
q. liber aut servus esset, suae fortunae a queque sumptum
supplicium est; 31, 8, 8 iussus . . . ut q. minime multa stipendia
haber et, legere ; 39, 38, 12. Notice 9, 6, i ut q. gradu proximus
erat, ita ignominiae obiectus ; 22, 46, i ut quosque traduxerat,
ita in acie locabat.
5. POSTQUAM.
The indicative is regularly used with postquam, or postea-
quam 9, 46, 11 ; 23, 29, 17; 26, 31, 7; 37, 53, 18. It is con-
strued most freely with the perfect, but the frequency with
both imperfect and pluperfect is noticeable. There are only
a few instances of the historical present: videt 6, 8, lo; and
23, 17, 4; vident 34, 15, 7; moventur 34, 19, 11.
An interesting feature is the use of post quam with the im¬
perfect in ninety-six passages,"^ but of these nearly one-half
are used with a negative, as in 3, 38, 12 non conveniebat; 34,
28, 6 nemo exibat ; 40, 32, 3 nullus erat. However, the differ¬
ences between the tenses must not be stressed too much as
the perfect and imperfect are found: 2, 7, 3 ; 6, 30, 7; 24, 31,
2; 25, 33, 8; 35, 38, 2; 39, 53, 10; 45, 41, 4 (of. Hoffmann,
p. 8), and in five passages different stages of completion are
indicated by the imperfect and pluperfect : 7, 2, 11 ; 24, 36, 8 ;
25, ID, 6 ; ¡1, 26, is; 33, 7, 9. See Hoffmann, pp. 25-26. The
*1, 23, 6; I, 54, s; i, 56, 2; i, 58, 2; 2, 7, 3; 2, 25, 3; 2, 52, 2;
3, 38, 12; 3, 46, 9; 3, 60, 4; 3, 60, 8; 3, 66, 5; 4, 10, i; 4, 51, 8;
5, 10, 11; 5, 12, 6; 5, 39, 2; 6, 10, 4; 6, 13, 3; 6, 20, 15; 6, 29, i; 6,
29, 3: 6, 29, 5; 6, 30, 7; 6, 32, I ; 7, 2, 11; 7, 7, 8; 7, 37, 7; 8, 2, 6;
8, 28, 3; 8, 38, 7; 9, 26, 16; 9, 30, 7: 9, 31, 6; 9, 31, 9; 10, 14, 16;
10, 24, 4; 10, 34, i; 10, 43, 6; 21, 12, 4; 21, 28, 4; 21, 51, 3; 21, 59, 5;
22, 40, 8; 23, 27, i; 23, 33, 4; 23, 42, 2; 24, 31, 2; 24, 36, 8; 24, 46, 6;
25, 10, 6; 25, 33, 8; 25, 36, 4; 26, 3, 12; 26, 31, 7; 27, 48, 12; 28, 13, 9;
30, 18, 3; 31, 26, 13; 31, 36, 5; 31. 45, 4; 32, 22, 7; 32, 23, 5: 32, 24, 2;
32, 39, i; 33, 5, 3; 33, 7, 9; 33, I7, 4; 34, 28, 6; 35, 5, 12; 35, 30, 3;
35, 34, 10; 35, 35, 18; 35, 38, 2; 37, 13, 8; 37, 16, 10; 37, 21, 2; 37, 24, 9;
37, 32, 13; 37, 36, I ; 38, 6, 6; 38, 28, 10; 38, 48, 12; 39, 53, 10; 40, 27, i;
40, 32, 3; 40, 38, 5; 42, 7, 4; 42, 36, 5; 42,'58, i; 42, 62, 15; 42, 64, 9;
43, I, 3; 43, r8, 7; 45, i, 4; 45, 41, 8. Compare Hoffmann's list, p. 10,
and also p. 34 a.
31
pluperfect alone occurs 2, 8, 7 p. alia frustra temptata erant
. . . nuntium incutiunt; 3, 23, 6; 3, 26, 4; 3, 44, 4 (the perfect
is also read) ; 9, 45, 6; 10, 6, 4; 21, 33, 10; 22, 23, 3; 22, 48,
4; 24, 35, 4; 25, 23, 8; 26, 5, 17; 26, 17, II ; 26, 40, 17; 27,
16, 16; 27, 45, I ; 33. 3. I ; 35. 4. 3; 37. 3^, 10; 39, 9. 5; 4^.
50, I postquam legati ab Roma regressi praeciderant spem
pads, consilium habuit (see Hoffman, pp. 34-36) ; the perfect
and pluperfect 9, 46, 11 habuit, nec adeptus erat.
There are only a few occurrences of the subjunctive: 21,
30, 5 cernant: i, i, 8; 45, 3, 8 audierit; 24, 22, 15 animad-
verterit; 7, 11, 10 viderint; 10, 24, 9 pervicerit; 21, 38, 5
transient; 40, 8, 13 exorsus sit; 40, 55, 7 adductus sit: 29,
I, 20 postquam in Italia gravius bellum urgeret. . . arcessitum:
5, 49, 2 negat eam pactionem ratam esse, quae, postquam ipse
dictator creatus esset . . . facta esset; 38, 10, 6 postquam flare
. . . coepissent, tum illam tempestatem coortam ; 43, 6, 8 com¬
mémorantes discessisse se a Perseo, postquam Romanus ex-
ercitus in Macedoniam venisset.
Two other features are worthy of notice, i. The use of
postquam preceded by some word indicating time ; 2. The use
of quam in the same way.
I. Annus or dies are the words most commonly preceding,
though a few others are used: 21, 20, 9 redeunt haud ita multo
post, quam cónsules . . . profecti erant; and in oratio obliqua
3, 13, 2 h. m. p. q. pestilentia fuerat . . . incidisse; 23, 30, i
aliquot post mensibus quam coepta oppugnari erat.
Annus.—7, 28, 6 anno p. q. vota erat, aedes Monetae dedi-
catur; cf. 35, 9, 6 biennio post, quam vovit; and 45, 15, 10
dedicavit quinquennio p. vovit; 25, 36, 14 anno octavo p. q.
in Hispaniam venerat; 29, 11, 13; 36, 36, 4; 37, 59, 6; 44,
17, 4; 42, 10, 5. The parts post, quam are sometimes sep¬
arated: 30, 35, 10 sexto ac tricésimo post anno, quam puer
inde profectus erat ; 33, 26, 5 ; 33, 44, 2 ; 34, 8, 3 ; viginti annis
post abrogata est quam lata. Also, in an indirect statement,
I, 40, 3 post centesimum annum quam Romulus . . . tenuerit
regnum ... id Servius, serva natus^ possideat.
Dies,—25, 19, I tertio post die q. venit ; 36, 27, i ; 44, 2, 5 ;
45, I, 2; 45, 42, 6 paucos post dies q. haec acta . . . venerunt;
cf. 21, 32, I triduo post, quam movit; 28, 6, i quadriduo p.
adpulsa classis est, urbem adgressi sunt.
32
2. Quam is used in the same way but more frequently. The
following are the occurrences with annus 3, 33, i anno tri¬
centésimo altero quam condita Roma erat ; 4, 7, i ; 7, 18, i
(twice) ; 28, 16, 14 quinto décimo anno post bellum initum,
quinto quam P. Scipio provinciam et exercitum accepit.
Dies,—6, 29, 10 die vicensimo quam creatus erat dictatura
se abdicavit; 4, 47, 6; 3, 8, 2; 25, 31, 14; 26, 27, 15 ; 27, 5, 9;
27, 7, i ; 28, 45, 21 ; 29, 35, 5 ; 36, 29, 4; 44, 45, i ; 31, 7, 7
quinto die quam ab Corintho solverit naves, in Italiàm per-
veniet; with postero preceding: 22, 14, 13 ; 36, 39, 5 ; 44, 28, 7;
45J 37> 4Î 31J 14? 2 altero die quam a Brundisio solvit, in
Macedoniam traiecit ; and with mensis 4, 7, 3 tertio mense quam
inierunt; 21, 15, 3 octavo mense quam coeptum oppugnari
.... quinto deinde mense quam profectus sit.
6. Ubi.
Ubi occurs of tener than either postquam or ut though the
general features of the usage are the same excepting that
with the imperfect and pluperfect subjunctive ubi resembles
cum. As the word represents both local and temporal rela¬
tions, here and there is a passage which can be taken either
way. It is not infrequently associated with a relative, as in
i, 7, 6 quae ubi foras versa vidit . . . occepit, and there are
instances of the phrase haec ubi dicta dedit 3, 61, 7; 22, 50, 10.
Ubi is usually construed with the perfect indicative, with
which the imperfect is sometimes associated: i, 9, 10; 9, 3, 7;
22, 5, 6; 38, i, 9; 39, 30, 8 ubi satis placuere vires et iam
miles quoque . . . hostem poscebat, posuerunt castra ; cf. Hoff¬
mann, p. 9. The principal verb is generally perfect or his¬
torical present when the imperfect is used: i, 58, 4; 3, 62, 8;
7, 17, 4; 9, 45, 14; 22, 6, 7; 27, 42, 12; 28, 3, 5; 28, 14, 13;
28, 14, 14; 31, 21, ii ; 31, 27, 3. See Hoffmann, p. 11. When
ubi is construed with the pluperfect the principal verb is gen¬
erally the imperfect : 2, 27, 2 ; 2, 48, 6 ; 3, 26, 4 ; 23, 27, 3 ;
27, 49, I ; 30, 32, 6 ; 44, 5, 2 ; 44, 25, 9. See Hoffmann, pp. 36
and 45 ; Weissenborn-Mueller ad 3, 26, 4.
Livy has the present once referring to his own times 7, 6, 6
nunc fama rerum standum est, ubi certam derogat vetustas
fidem, and a few times in general statements: 5, 28, 13; caedis
33
. . . qualis ubi ira magis quam virtute res geritur ; 5, 37, i ;
5, 44, 6 ; 9, 5, 3 ; 9, 34, 7 ubi duae contrariae leges sunt, semper
antiquae obrogat nova. Some of the presents are historical:
videt 8, 38, 8; 10, 12, 6; 21, 32, 2; 25, 21, 9; 27, 41, 9: vident
I, 59, 6: 4, 55, 2 ubi cónsules dilectum habere occipiunt, obstare
tunc enixe tribuni ; 4, 56, 8 quae ubi . . . nuntiantur Romam,
senatus extemplo iussit; 34, 19, 9 ubi hostis . . . elicere nequit
. . . ducit; cf. 44, 16, 6 postquam nequiit. The remaining
occurrences are in the speeches.
The future with ubi is limited to 26, 6, 15 dixisse ferunt
ne tu perditas res Campanorum narras, ubi summus bonos
ad filium meum perveniet.^' The future perfect also is found
in a few passages : 3, 68, i ; 6, 12, 9 ubi illi vana iniecerint
missilia et effusi stantibus vobis se intulerint, tum micent gladii
. . . ubi haerere iam aciem conlato pede videris, tum terrorem
. . . infer ; 7, 34, 5 i 7. 35> 2 ; 9, 23, 13 ; 22, 29, 10 ; 32, 20, 6
ubi semel decretum erit, omnibus id . . . fore defendendum;
39, 16, 4 iam ubi vos dilapsi domos et in rura vestra eritis, illi
coierint, consultabunt.
The present and perfect subjunctives with ^lhi are due to
indirect statement, as in 2, 29, 11 quippe minas esse consulum,
non imperium, ubi ad eos, qui una peccaverint, provocare liceat ;
I, 51, 5 non dubitare . . . quin prima luce, ubi ventum in con-
cilum sit, venturus sit. As the subjunctive with ubi is some¬
times placed within an ^/./^-clause, it may be that ubi has fallen
from the text 33, 11, 6 cum Philippo iam gratiae privatae locum
quaerere, ut dura atque aspera belli Aetoli exhauserint, pacis
gratiam et fructum Romanus in se vertat. About three-fourths
of the occurrences of the imperfect and pluperfect subjunctive
with ubi are in indirect statements. The remainder, excepting
35, 4, 2 praedatumque, ubi nemo obviam exiret, discurrebant
Romani, are classed as iterative, with the principal verb usually
an imperfect, sometimes an infinitive or participle. The most
interesting occurrence in the imperfect is 35, 28, 2, and other
instances are in 3, 19, 3 ; 3, 65, 8; 7, 39, 14; 21, 4, 4; 21, 35, 4;
21, 42, 4; 44, 33, 6. The pluperfects are more numerous:
I, 32, 13 ; 5, 25, 2 ; 8, 8, 9; 8, 8, 12 ubi. .. recepissent, extemplo
. . . Claudebant vias ; 22, 38, 3 ; 28, 25, 5 ; 31, 43, 2 ; 32, 17, 13 ;
36, 23, 10; 42, 65, 8; 44, S, 7; 44, 35, 22: 21, 46, 6; 22, 2, 7;
34
26, II, 3) ^6, 25, 7 mcurrere sólita erat, ubi ; . . sensisset;
and associated with a finite verb, but logically defining the
time of a noun, 27, 49, 2 ea celérrima via mortis in tantae molis
belua inventa erat, ubi regentis imperium sprevissent ; cf. sec. i
ubi coeperant . . . adigebat.
IV. CUM.
Cum and uhi are used throughout the indicative and sub¬
junctive, but owing to its greater frequency there is the most
variety in the use of cum. Indicative and subjunctive are used
side by side, 4, 60, 7 cum senatus . . . contulisset, primores
plebis . . . conferre incipiunt . quos cum . . . vulgus hominum
vidit, repente . . . certamen conferendi ortum est; 29, 37, 8
cum ad tribum Polliam ventum est et praeco cunc-
taretur . . . inquit; 30, 44, 10 cum spolia . . . detrahebantur,
cum inermem . . . cerneretis, nemo ingemuit ; 34, 5, 10 proximo
bello . . . nonne et, cum pecunia opus fuit, viduarum pecuniae
adiuverunt aerarium, et, cum dii . . . . accerserentur . . .
matronae universae ad mare profectae sunt? The past and the
present are contrasted 26, 41, 17 cum . . . clades cumularentur,
ac di . . . starent . . . sustinuisse, nunc eosdem, cum . . . sunt,
animis deficere; 44, 39, 7 facilius abire fuit, cum procul abes-
semus, quam nunc, cum in cervicibus sumus; and with the
indicative 36, 7, 2 cum . . . agebatur . . . hodie, cum . . . agitur.
23, 9, II semel, cum . . . iterum, cum . . . fuisti, tertio hodie,
cum ... es. Notice also 23, 13, 5 tum pacem speratis, cum
vincemur, quam nunc, cum vincimus, dat nemo.
The particle reinforcement of the main clause is nearly the
same for both the indicative and the subjunctive, though the
clause, with iam is generally associated with a r^^m-clause in
the indicative, yet the subjunctive occurs, as in 4, 41, 8 cum
haec agerentur, iam consul . . . erat; 25, 13, i; 29, 22, 8:
23, 27, 5 iam primi conseruerant manus, cum currerent; 28,
14, 19 iam confiixerant, cum . . . venissent; 30, 34, 7; 39,
12, 7 iam consul laudare, cum non infitiaretur ; 40, 8, 8 iam
pridem timebam, cum cernerem.
Some of the ri^w-clauses are irregular in form, the most
being those in which historical infinitives are dependent on
cum^: 2, 27, I senatus expectabat, cum Appius . . . dicere; 3,
35
37j 5 id modo plenum agitabat . . . cum interim mentio comiti-
orum nulla fieri; 4, 51, 4 iacere tam diu inritas actiones . . .
cum interim . . . latam legem confestim exerceri et tantam
vim habere; 6, 27, 6 cum interim obaeratam plebem obiectari
aliis atque aliis hostibus ; cf. 6, 11, 4. In i, 48, 2 there is an
ellipsis of the verb, cum ille ferociter ad haec . . . clamor oritur.
Noticeable are i, 35, 3 cum se non rem novam petere, quippe
. . . tertius . . . regnum adfectet; and 2, 12, 2 spem Porsina
habebat, cum C. Mucius adulescens nobilis, cui indignum vide-
batur populum servientem, cum sub regibus esset, nullo bello
nec ab hostibus ullis obsessum esse, liberum eundem . . . obsi-
deri .... constituit.
In a few passages the clauses are co-ordinate, where we
might expect a clause with cum: 3, 12, i iam aderat iudicio
dies, apparebatque ; 5, 19, i iam . . . instaurata erant, aqua
emissa, Veiosque fata adpetebant; 4, 28, i et iam luciscebat,
omniaque sub oculis erant; 44, 30, i; 35, 41, i iam fere in
exitu annus erat, et . . . crescebat; 35, 10, i in exitu iam
annus erat et ambitio .... exarserat; 32, 32, i hiems iam
eo tempore, et, cum . . . hiberna haberet, Opunte seditio orta est.
INDICATIVE.
Present.
The following analysis will show the way in which the
indicative is used by Livy in the expression of temporal rela¬
tions. The instances assigned to speakers have been separated
from those in Livy's own narrative, for they stood in a different
relation to the facts stated than did Livy toward his, excepting
where the statement is a general one, applicable to all times,
or where Livy speaks of himself. Of the latter there are two
instances: 9, 19, 12 equidem cum . . . recordor, . . , reor; and
31, I, 2 cum in mentem venit . . . iam provideo animo. The
present is also used in a proverbial statement 8, 8, 11 inde
rem ad triarlos sensim redisse, cum laboratur, proverbio in-
crebuit; and in a simile i, 31, 2 in conspectu baud aliter, quam
cum grandinem venti glomeratam in terras agunt, crebri
cecidere caelo lapides. In explanation of a single term a
cum-údiMst is used 27, 18, 14 intervallo tutum, cum procul
missilibus pugna eluditur. General statements are of more
36
frequent occurrence: i, 29, 2 qualis . . . solet, cum . . . miscet;
I, 32, 8 haec, cum fines suprascandit . . . peragit; 7, 33, 2 in
ludo militari, cum . . . certamina ineunt, comiter facilis ; 9,
14, 3 quae adsolent, cum acie dimicandum est; 23, 14, 2 ad
ultimum . . , auxilium, cum honesta utilibus cedunt, descendit ;
30, II, 7 quod inritamentum certaminum equestrium est, cum
aut vincentibus spes aut pulsis ira adrigat suos ; 42, 49, 2
praecipue convertit oculos animosque cum .... consulem
prosequuntur ; 44, 41, 4 nam sicut pleraque nova commenta
mortalium in verbis vim habent, experiendo, cum agi, non quem
ad modum agantur edisseri oportet, sine ullo effectu evanescunt,
ita tum elephanti in acie nomen tantum sine usu fuerunt. The
ri/m-clause is used for the clearer definition of a point of time
38, 21, II cum . . . urit . . . tum . . . prosternunt; 9, 37, 5
décima erat fere diei hora, cum cibum capere milites iubet;
43, 18, I sub tempus brumae, cum inexsuperabiles .... montes
nivis altitudo facit.
Cum in the narrative portions occurs as follows: 5, 7, 5
quod ubi Romam est nuntiatum, maestitiam . . . iniecit . . .
cum .... repente . . . adeunt ; 22, 19, 7 tumultus ... est ortus
. . . cum repente eques . . . iubet; 23, 18, 3; 37, 29, 2 egressi
milites nautaeque sunt. . . cum . . . nuntiat ; 45, 28, 6 Demetria-
dem cum revertitur . . . occurrit.
The present indicative following the imperfect or the plu¬
perfect is not an unusual occurrence, but another temporal
particle, most generally iam^ is often found in the principal
clause.
Imperfect.—The imperfect with iam followed by cum with
the present is found i, 50, i iam magna Tarquini auctoritas
erat, cum in diem certam . . . indicit ; 2, 23, 14 iam prope erat,
ut ne consulum quidem maiestas coerceret iras hominum, cum
incerti . . . tandem in senatum veniunt; 2, 25, 3 iamque . . .
vellebantur, cum consul emittit; 3, 44, 8; 3, 49, 5; 6, 17, 6;
6, 24, 4; 7, 36, 5; 8, 38, 12; 9, 33, 3; 21, 33, 2 iam montani
. . . conveniebant, cum repente conspiciunt ; 28, 30, 6 ; 29, 7, 8 ;
38, 40, 15 ; and also with the pluperfect 3, 59, i metus inces-
serat, vultusque iam erant . . . cum . . . inquit; 33, 15, 6 iam
haud procul castris aberant pedites equitesque et Thracum
quidam . . . impetum fecerant, cum repens terror castris in-
37
fertur. 0.ther temporal particles are used, here and there
with the imperfect: interdum 24, 5, 9 i. in se convertebant
animum adulescentis, cum coniuratio . . . indicatur : vixdum
27, 28, II V. satis patebat iter, cum perfugae certatim ruunt;
with procul 25, 3, 19 nec p. dimicatione res erat, cum Fulvius
. . . inquit ; and 30, 36, 4 baud p. aberat, cum . . . occurrit navis.
The unmodified imperfect is found 3, 30, 4 vincebatur . . .
cum alius additur terror ; 4, 48, 5 inveniebant, cum Ap. Claudius
. . . dicitur; 4, 55, i sed nulla erat consularis actio . . . cum
. . . adfertur; 22, 21, 6 castra . . . erant, cum fama repens alio
avertit bellum; 25, 37, 10 and 11 ñeque sedari lamentatio
poterat . . . cum subito clamor tubarumque sonus—iam enim
prope vallum hostes erant—exauditur.
Pluperfect,—The pluperfect occurs in a less number of pas¬
sages, but more freely with vix than does the imperfect: icmi'
I, 25, 8 iam . . . aufugerat, cum respiciens videt; 3, 18, 8 iam
in vestibulum perruperant templi, cum P. Valerius . . . inter-
ficitur; 3, 46, 10; 7, 24, 4; vix 7, 33, 11 vix haec dicta dederat,
cum équités ... discurrunt ; 26, 45, 6 vix prior tumultus conticu-
erat, cum Scipio . . . iubet. 42, 66, 8 vix . . . expedierant sese,
cum . . . occurrunt : vixdum 22, 19, 10 v. omnes conscenderant,
cum . . . evehuntur: nondum 34, 50, 8 n. conventus dimissus
erat, cum respiciunt. The pluperfect is also used without
accompanying particles : 4, 33, i concusserat primo statim con-
gressu hostem, cum repente . . . nova erumpit acies ; 27, 27, 10
tumultuatum in castris fuerat . . * cum cernunt; 30, 34, i
utrimque nudata equite erat Púnica acies, cum pedes concurrit.
It is to be noticed that the present tense in these combinations
is used most freely in the first Decade, and decreases to the
fifth which has but one, 42, 66, 8.
In the speeches there are but few general statements, though
a larger number more closely defining a single term, or stating
present or past facts. 3, 17, 4 velut cum otium superat, senator
sententiam dicit; 5, 3, 8 et quam ad modum cum servis suis
vêtant domini ... sic vos ; 38, 17, 15 primo servare, dein cum
diu manibus humanis aluntur, mitescere ; 38, 48, 14 in sollemni-
bus verbis habet, cum . . . decernit; 42, 40, 3 subibo, sicut
medici, cum salutis causa tristiora remedia adhibent. Of the
temporal particles used, nunc occurs most frequently with cum-
38
clauses: 23, 13, 4; 26, 41, 17. 34, 31, 4 nunc cum vos intueor,
Romanos esse video ; 44, 39, 7. H odie occurs 36, 7, 2 h. cum de
Thessalis agitur; 23, 9, 11. Tarn dm 5, 54, 5 tam diu bella
geritis, cum interea . . . non vobis par est. Other occurrences
in the oratorical portions are more numerous : 22, 60, 26 cum
erumpere e castris oportet, cunctamini ac manetis ; cum manere
. . . necesse est . . . vos ipsos traditis hosti ; 25, 6, 5 Universum
senatum intueri videor, cum te . . . intueor ; 26, 36, 3 nec im-
pensa gravis est, cum . . . vident; 34, 4, 13 sed utrumque lex
vobis demit, cum id, quod habere non licet, non habetis ; 34,
7, 5 indignatio est, cum . . . vident ea concessa ornamenta . .
cum insignis eas . . . cum illas vehi per urbem ; 38, 56, 10 ; 40,
II, 3 quaeruntur adiutores consiliis . . . cum . . . iubet; 40,
45, 3 and 4 singulos cum intuemur ... neminem hodie in ci vítate
habemus . . . ambo cum simul aspicimus, non possumus non
vereri. In 39, 37, 10 we read cur, cum ego quid Capua capta
feceritis Romani non quaero, vos rationem reposcitis, quid . . .
victis fecerimus? cf. 31, 31, 15 quid ego Capuam dico, cum
Carthagini victae pacem ac libertatem dederimus?
Cum maxime occurs in a speech 29, 17, 20 omnia, quae
captae urbes patiuntur, passi sumus et cum maxime patimur;
and with nunc in sec. 7 passi sumus .... nunc cum maxime
patimur.
Perfect.
Most of the instances of cum with the perfect indicative are
in the narrative portions which have all the passages with the
imperfect or pluperfect in the principal clause, excepting 28,
27, 14 quid populus Romanus (sc. meruerat) cum . . . detulistis,
cum . . . detulistis ; 34, 6, 15 tali tempore . . . occupatae erant,
cum senatus . . . iussit ; 45, 39, i ambo regnabant, cum de iis
triumphatum est; and 34, 31, 15 iam feceram haec . . . cum
societatem mecum pepigistis.
In the narrative with the perfect or the present in the main
clause, cum is used in a general statement 22, 9, 8 non ferme
decernitur, nisi cum taetra prodigia nuntiata sunt; and in¬
stances are fairly common in which a temporal term precedes :
annus 39, 38, i principio anni cum actum est : and in a speech
22, 14, 12 : dies 24, 29, i dies haud ita multi intercesserunt, cum
39
. . . legati . . . venerunt; 40, 8, i postero die Perseus, cum
primum conveniendi potestas patris fuit: tempus 40, 48, 4 haud
multum temporis intercessit, cum . . . conspexit: nuper 28,
42, 14 terrore in quo nuper fuimus, cum Hasdrubal in Italiam
transcendit: Utm 28, 24, 6 motae . . . mentes sunt non tum
primum, cum . . . dubii rumores allati sunt. The principal
verb is in the infinitive 3, 55, 10 tribunos . . , cum primum eam
potestatem creavit, sacrosanctos esse; 22, 36, 4 fuisse, cum
pugnaturn ad Cannas est, quidam auctores sunt ; and a historical
infinitive i, 4, 8 cum primum adolevit aetas . . . peragrare
sal tus ; 5, 46, I silentium esse, cum repente . . . convertit. As
in two of these examples cum primum regularly precedes:
3, 14, 4 cum primo . . . lex coepta ferri est . . . adorti sunt;
21, 5, 9 cum prima quies . . . fuit, amnem vado traiecit; 28,
3, 6; 29, 7, 2; 31, 3, i; 33, 48, 7; 37, 45, 3; 37, 60, 4; se9
also in the speeches 25, 29, 4; 42, 34, 3. Cum subito is found
8, 38, 2 posita, cum s. advenere; and 26, 18, 7 fremunt, cum
s. . . . constitit; and with prope in the main clause 6, 42, 10
prope . . . venit, cum tamen . . . sedatae discordiae sunt. In
the remaining examples the cum-clsiuse precedes in two-thirds
of the narrative passages, but follows in two-thirds of the pas¬
sages in speeches.
The thirty other occurrences in the speeches are used in a
variety of connections, about two-thirds having one or both
verbs in the first or second person. In some the causal force
is evident: 8, 33, 10 bene agis, cum iussisti; 23, 9, 11 sustinen-
dum est, cum fuisti ; 29, 17, 19 uter casus sit detestabilor, cum
hostes . . . cepere, an cum tyrannus . . . oppressit. The main
statement is indirect: 9, 8, 4 pepercerim, cum obstrinxi; 25,
6, 2 adissemus, cum primum factum est; 5, 3, 4 cum aera
constituta sunt . . . concitatos esse, and perhaps 44, 22; 2.
Three instances are in comparisons 3, 19, 11 male gesta est,
peius multo, quam cum . . . periit ; 6, 40, 7 quale fuit, cum in-
sedit; 28, 42, 21 gloriosum censes esse, sicut cum . . . com-
misisti ; Cum primum occurs 25, 29, 4 cum p. coepimus, ex-
templo venimus; and 42, 34, 3 cum p. veni, pater . . . dedit;
in connection with volui 25, 38, 11 cum signum dedi . . .
volui; 40, 13, 2 V., cum concurrimus; v., cum invitavi; v.,
cum secuti sunt. The logical perfect is found 32, 20, 3
>
40
cum mentio incidit, vix manibus temperatis ; 34, 31, 5 cum
respexi, cum me esse spero; 34, 7, 10 quid, cum eluxerunt,
sumunt? Other examples with perfect in both clauses are
34, 31, 12 qui fui, cum . . . pepigisti ; 39, 37, 5 fecimus,
cum dedimus, cum eiïecimus ; 5, 52, 3 conspectum est, cum
. . . obiit; 9, 34, 9 indicarunt, cum fecerunt; 10, 8, 3 iniuria
facta est, cum . . . adiectus ; 30, 44, 7 tunc decuit, cum adempta
sunt : 34, 3, 7 cum fuit, negasti ; 2, 40, 7 cum in conspectu fuit
. . . succurrit? 34, 5, 10 cum pecunia opus fuit . . . adiuverunt.
The perfect with cum in the narrative is not infrequently
associated with the perfect, and in a few passages with the
historical present: 4, 32, i fiunt, cum . . . increpuit; 4, 44, 1Ó
cum dies venit, damnatur ; and in a different connection, 6,
20, 4 cum dies venit, quae obiecta sint reo, apud neminem
auctorem invenio; 29, 37, 8 cum venit, inquit; 29, 37, 10 cum
ventum est, iussit; 4, 60, 8 quos cum vidit, certamen ortum
est; 8, 8, i cum descensum in aciem, profuit; 23, 20, 5 cum
iussi sunt, profuderunt; 28, 3, 6 cum adorta est, atrox . . .
proelium fuit; 42, 66, i cum in conspectu fuerunt, recreatus
est; 45, 12, 10 cum relatum est, decreverunt; 45, 34, 10 cum
gesta sunt, pervenerunt; and in a comparison 40, 17, 3 baud
minore certamine, quam cum dimicarunt, res acta: 4, 52, 7
experti sunt, cum coacti sunt; 5, 39, 8 continens fuit, cum
inlata sunt; 5, 49, 8 servavit, cum prohibuit; 6, 8, 6 evidens
fuit, cum restituit; 10, 6, 8 multiplicati sunt, cum expleverunt.
Imperfect.—As with the present, iam is generally used with
the imperfect in the principal clause: 2, 10, 10 iam impetu
conabantur detrudere virum, cum simul fragor rupti pontis
simul clamor Romanorum . . . impetum sustinuit; 2, 65, 6;
3, 28, 7; s, 7, I ; 5, 16, 8; 6, 8, 7; 8, I, I ; lo, 36, 6; 21, 59, 5
iam nona ferme diei hora erat, curri Romanus . . . Signum
receptui dédit ; 27, 20, 11; 28, 26, 7 ; 29, 10, i ; 29, 34, 6 ;
31, 39, I corpus iam curabat consul, cum . . . nuntiatum est;
32, 4, 7 ; 33, 37, 2 ; 34, 47, I ; 36, 24, 6 iam dilucescebat, cum
Signum consul dedit. The pluperfect is used in connection
with the imperfect 3, 60, 9 iamque pars egressa portis erat,
deincepsque alii servabant ordinem . . . cum consul Romanus
. . . intulit signa; 9, 43, 17 iam . . . dederant colligebantque
. . . cum repente . . . integravere caedem; 22, 29, 5 ac iam
prope una acies facta erat . . . inferebantque signa in hostem,
41
cum Poenus receptui cecinit; 37, 42, 6 iam media acies . . .
prostrata erat, et subsidia . . . caedebantur, cum . . . accepere.
The usual order is reversed 2, 51, i cum haec accepta clades
est, iam C. Horatius et T. Menenius erant. The imperfect
without iam occurs i, 36, i circumdare urbem parabat, cum
Sabinum bellum coeptis intervenit ; 2, 12, 2 ; 2, 46, 5 ; 2, 63, 2 ;
4> 59? 7^6? 14? IÎ 23? 3^? 7 erant qui . . . averterent, cum . . .
repentina spes adfulsit ; 25, 19, 4 ; 28, 2, 3 ; 28, 39, 9 ; 29, 23, 3 ;
37. 6, 7; 37, 29, 7; 41, 26, 2; 42, 57, 7; 42, 65, II nec flecte-
batur animus, cum . . . spes adfulsit; and with the opposite
arrangement 42, 18, 4 cum primum potuit, profectus Per-
gamum . . . parabat bellum ; and 23, 49, 5 cum hi commeatus
venerunt, Iliturgi oppidum . . . oppugnabatur.
Pluperfect,—Iam with the pluperfect precedes 4, 40, i ;
7, 36, 2 iam evaserant media castra, cum . . . praebuit sonum ;
9, 24, 13 ; 10, 41, S ; 24, 32, 5 ; 24, 33, 3 ; 25, 24, i.; 26, 17, 12 ;
28, 19, 17 ; 29, 18, 17 ; and follows 21, 39, 4 sed cum Placentiam
consul venit, iam ex stativis moverat Hannibal; and 34, 16, 7
cum Tarraconem venit, iam omnis eis Hiberum Hispania per-
domita erat. Nondum occurs 27, 42, i n. exierat, cum audivit :
vix 28, 29, 9 vix finem dicendi fecerat, cum terror ... est
eifusus; 29, 2, 12 vix haec dicta dederat cum . . . turbarunt;
44, 33, 3 vix deducta summa arena erat, cum scaturigines . . .
emicare . . . coeperunt; vixdum 34, 60, i vixdum hi profecti
erant, cum legati . . . attulerunt ; paulo ante 27, 28, 5 p. a
venerat, cum (or quam) litterae allatae sunt. The pluperfect
without iam is followed by cum repente 38, 28, 7; and by a
simple cum- clause 7, 16, 2; 9, 25, 2; 21, 25, i; 23, 16, 13;
37, 6, I multis tamen locis decussus murus erat, cum adlatum
est . . . successor em . . . venire. Notice also i, 41, 7 And
liberi . . . cum \ut) vivere regem nuntiatum est . . . exulatum
ierant. Ut nuntiatum est is found 5, 23, i ; 26, 45, 7 ; 29, 7, i ;
35, 30, 5, and the verb more than thirty times with ubi and
postquam.
Imperfect,
The use of the imperfect indicative with cum is very limited,
and most commonly with the imperfect in the principal clause.
This is accompanied by iam 35, 8, i cum haec gerebantur,
42
comitiorum iam appetebat dies ; 44, 10, 6 iamque urbi terri-
bilis erat, cum . . . percutiebantur ; with iam accompanying
cum 40, 4, 12 cum iam appropinquabant, Poris . . . intentus
erat ; and without iam 8, 8, 13 id erat formidolosissimum hosti,
cum . . . cernebant; 29, 31, i ; 36, 5, i ; 36, 15, i. The plu¬
perfect is in the principal clause 10, 7, 2 quae dicta erant,
cum plebeis consulatus rogabatur; and 35, 2, i nondum pro-
fectus erat, cum haec gerebantur. The principal verb is in
the perfect in a similar statement 41, 14, i cum agebatur,
Ligures . . . ceperunt. Notice 44, 36, 8 legati circa . . . erant
. . . omnes approbantes, cum pugnaturum consulem credebant.
The cum-c\dMS>e defines a single term 33, 34, 3 nihil iam per¬
plexe, ut ante, cum dubiae res . . . erant, sed aperte denunti-
atum. Apart from the omission of iam, the occurrences in
the speeches are similar: 3, 68, 6 cum stipendia . . . faciebatis,
redibatis; 25, 6, 14 cum captivis redemptio negabatur, nos
vulgo homines laudabant ; 45, 38, i aliter . . . quam paulo ante
eram, cum ad plebem urbanam spectabat oratio. 7, 32, 13 fuit,
cum hoc dici poterat; 6, 40, 17 si hodie bella sint, quale Etrus-
cum fuit, cum Porsina laniculum insedit, quale Gallicum modo,
cum . . . omnia haec hostium erant; 21, 18, 4 praeceps . . .
fuit, cum Hannibalem . . . deposcebatis ; 22, 60, 25 cum pro
vallo pugnandum erat, in castra refugerunt; 30, 44, 10. In
an indirect statement 34, 4, 10 nec aliam tum legem deside-
ratam esse . . . cum aurum et purpuram . . . non accipiebant ;
also in a speech in connection with a subjunctive statement
36, 7 2 si ex quo traiecimus in Graeciam, adhibitus essem in
consilium, cum . . . agebatur . . . dixissem.
Pluperfect,
The pluperfect is used in both parts of the statement 31,
6, 3 id cum fessi . . . fecerant, tum Q. Baebius . . . incusaverat
bella ex bellis seri; 45, 34, 11 iamque Synnada pervenerat, cum
Eumenes ad Sardes undique exercitum contraxerat; and 27,
44, I Romae baud minus terroris ac tumultus erat, quam fuerat
biennio ante, cum castra Púnica obiecta . . . fuerant. The im¬
perfect occurs in the main clause 9, 33, 3 ; 28, 2, i tria milia
ferme aberat, cum hauddum quisquam hostium senserat; 38,
21, 12. Occurrences with the perfect are as follows: 2, 46, 3
vix explicandi ordines spatium Etruscis fuit, cum . . . pugna
43
iam in manus, iam ad gladios . . . venerat; 24, 7, 3 cum . . .
profectus erat . . . sumpserunt; and in an indirect statement
44, 10, I malle .... non obtemperatum esse, cum . . . navalia
iusserat incendi. The ci^m-clause is found in other connections
5, 28, I ; and 26, 40, 17 capitalia ausi plerique, cum in civitati-
bus suis ac sub legibus vixerant. There is a single occurrence
in a speech, and there representing different stages of activity,
22, 60, 25 cum in acie stare ac pugnare decuerat, in castra
refugerurit; cum . . . pugnandum erat, castra tradiderunt;
cum erumpere e castris oportet, cunctamini ac manetis; cum
manere . . . necesse est . . . vos ipsos traditis hosti.
Future.
The occurrences of the future, with the exception of Praef.
12 sed querellae, ne tum quidem gratae futurae, cum forsitan
necessariae erunt, are confined to the speeches: i, 23, 9 memor
esto, iam cum signum pugnae dabis, has duas acies spectaculo
fore; 3, 25, 8 nunc querellis adsint et mox armis, cum . . .
iura exsequemur; 3, 53, 10 etiam si quando metuendos vos
praebituri estis, cum . . . iudicia penes vos erunt . . . tunc . . .
statuetis, nunc libertatem repeti satis est ; 9, 16, 16 remitto ne
utique dorsum demulceatis, cum ex equis descendetis; 23, 13,
4; 28, 42, II aliter . . . defenderunt, aliter . . . defendent,
cum prosequetur et . . . occursabunt; 31, 7, 12 nisi cum deerit
. . . ab nobis non deficient; 31, 29, 14 ser o et nequiquam, cum
dominum Romanum habebitis, socium Philippum quaeretis ;
32, 21, 28 in . . . nos urbes recipiemus . . . cum . . . urgebunt;
34, 4, 17 miserum illum virum . . . cum, quod ipse non dederit,
datum ab alio videbit ; 35, 19, 6 cum de bello Romano cogitabis,
inter primos amicos Hannibalem habeto; 37, 53, 5 cum has
tantas opes affectabunt, dissimulabunt.
Future Perfect.
6, 41, 3 si quidem nos ne cum volueritis quidem creare inter-
dum poteritis ; 9, 9, i dedetis . . . cum primum abierint ; 22,
29, 10; 22, 59, Il utemini et nobis . . . cum . . . restituti fueri-
mus; 24, 8, 7 cum . . . eum legerimus . . . comparabitur ; 24,
38, 7 cum toga signum dedero, tum ... invadite ; 28, 42, i
cum ex alto Africam conspexeris .... videbuntur ; 28, 42, 12
quid porro, si ... . cum . . . viderint, ultro . . . miserint, aut
44
iusserint . . . erimus ; 36, 7, 18 cum . . . contraxeris vires . *
habebis ; 37, 45, 14 dabitis . . . cum . . . comprobaverint ; 37,
45, 15 haec cum pepigerimus . . . erit . . . pignus, si . . . dabitis.
SUBJUNCTIVE.
The occurrences of the subjunctive, as in all retrospective
narrative, are chiefly in the imperfect and pluperfect tenses
into which have been put nearly all the imperfect and perfected
actions of the past, and in these tenses, but more especially
in the present and perfect, adversative and causal force is
often clearly indicated. With the present about one-fifth of
the occurrences can be taken as concessive, though there may
be no formal indication of the relation of the parts. A few
of these are observations of Livy: 10, 6, 7 non invenio, cum
inter augures constet imparem numerum debere esse; 21, 31,
10 cum aquae vim vehat ingentem, non tamen navium patiens
est; 40, 54, 8 et cum multa adsoleat Veritas praebere vestigia
sui, omni ope adiuvabat. The remainder are in both direct
and indirect statements, as in 9, 34, 6 cum centesimus iam
annus sit, . . . nemo . . . tabulas legit; 34, 13, 8 nunc cum duo
practores, cum consul, cum tres exercitus Romani Hispaniarn
obtineant . . . imperium amissum est; 22, 34, 4 ab isdem, cum
debellari possit, fraude bellum trahi; 4, 25, 10 adeo spretos,
ut, cum per tot annos tribuni creentur, nulli umquam plebeio
ad eum honorem aditus fuerit; 34, 5, 13 superbas aures habe-
mus, si, cum domini servorum non fastidiant preces, nos rogari
honestis feminis indignamur. The occurrences in the perfect
are fewer but of the same general character, as in i, 13, 7 id
non traditur, cum haud dubie aliquanto numerus maior fuerit ;
2, 2, 3 cum nihil aliud oflfenderit, nomen invisum civitati fuit ;
45, 22, 3 liberos esse . . . iubetis, cum servierint antequam
vobiscum bellarent. Clearly expressed adversative relations
are not frequent in the imperfect and pluperfect, some one
hundred twenty-five instances, with tamen expressed in about
one-fourth, as in i, 2, 5 tamen, cum moenibus bellum propul¬
sare posset, in aciem copias deduxit; 22, 13, 3 cum res maior
quam auctores esset . . . tamen moverunt ; 34, 27, i cum terra
marique tantum belli circumstaret tyrannum . . . non tamen
omisit bellum; 4, 31, 6 cum tamen nullam societatem movis-
sent, voluntarios . . . adsciverunt; 31, 24, 15 cum maiorem in
45
angustiis trepidantium edidisset caedem . . . tutum tarnen
receptum habuit; cf. 27, 26, 3 quibus cum extrahi aestatem
posse cónsules crederent, nihilo minus oppugnari Locros posse
rati . . . scribunt.
There is a large number of occurrences in the perfect
where the causal idea can be differentiated from the purely
temporal: 7, 9, 5 cum mentionem . . . nullam inveniam . . .
inclinât animus ; 21, 38, 6 id cum inter omnes constet, eo magis
miror ambigi; 26, 49, i piget scribere, quippe cum ... in¬
veniam : 4, 29, 6 cum, qui prior foret, occupaturus . . . fuerit ; 6,
12, 3 quod cum ab antiquis tacitum praetermissumque sit . . .
cuius rei . . . auctor sim ; 6, 20, 5 ; 10, 18, 7 piget . . . ponere,
cum . . . disceptatio fuerit ; 29, 29, 5 cum longe maximus . . .
hie fuerit plurimumque rem Romanam iuverit, operae pretium
videtur excedere paulum ad enarrandum. The remaining oc¬
currences, owing to tense relations, are confined to the speeches,
as in I, 52, 2 quod, cum omnes Latini ab Alba oriundi sint,
in eo foedere teneantur: 34, 5, 2 nunc cum insectatus sit
rogationem nostram, necesse est paucis responderé. With
the other tenses we have made no attempt to count the num¬
ber of instances in which the causal nexus is to be distinguished
from the temporal succession, for each antecedent action can
be taken as ground for what follows, and this is held by some
as the reason for the development of the subjunctive with cum
in retrospective narrative.
Circumstantial relations are occasionally expressed in the
present and perfect, as in 33, 20, 13 non operae est, cum . . .
vix sufikiam; cf. 27, i, 13 quis pro certo adfirmet, cum . . .
inveniam: 21, 19, 9 praeponamus, cum . . . prodideritis ; 28
34, 4 rabiem . . accusat, cum . . . insanierint; 31, 31, 15 sed
quid ego Capuam dico', cum Carthagini victae pacem et lib-
ertatem dederimus; 39, 37, 2 quae utraque . . . obici qui pos-
sunt, cum muri . . . exstructi sint; 42, 41, 12 quorum casum
cum ego subierim, qui sum armis lacessitus, quid potest queri
sibi accidisse, qui causa belli fuit? In the indirect statements
two periods of time are sometimes contrasted, as in 28, 44, 13
tum, cum de Sicilia certaretur, nunc, cum de Italia certetur;
3, 40, 10 aut quid ita, cum per tot menses nemo . . . contro-
versiam fecerit, nunc demum cum hostes prope ad portas sint,
civilis discordias serant; cf. in different relations 30, 31, 8 si.
46
priusquam . . . traiecissem . . . aspernarer, sic nunc, cum prope
. . . adtraxerim, nulla sum tibi verecundia obstrictus ; 32, 20, 4
cum legatorum utrimque verba audieritis, cum référant magi-
stratus, cum praeco ad suadendum vocet, obmutuistis! The
presents are, in a few passages, indirect present indicatives,
as in 5, II, 16 cum liceat et oporteat, non uti ; 26, 2, 9 neminem,
cum suffragium ineat, satis cernere; 39, 26, 6 quod falso
obiciant, cum veri nihil habeant, ea crimina esse; 44, 37, 7
ne obscurari quidem, cum condatur umbra terrae. Though
but few instances of the future indicative occur in temporal
clauses, it has been changed in oratio obliqua to the present
subjunctive more freely than has the present indicative, as in
5, 5, 10 fore, cum itura sit; 24, 28, 4 fore, cum habitura sit;
4, 32, II cum opus sit, Signum daturum; 8, 34, 7; 35, 35, 8
paratos esse venire . . . cum res poscat ; 10, 24, 12 cui dubium
esse, cum . . . mandetur, quin alter consul . . . habeatur; 23,
6, 2; 21, 27, 3 ut, cum opus facto sit, adoriatur; 28, 42, 7;
31, 32, 4; 3, 72, 2 ; 39, 10, 7 ne vox, cum . . .. inferatur, ex¬
audir! possit.
Nearly a third of the perfect subjunctives were originally
perfect indicatives, as in 3, 71, 6 vicésima iam stipendia meren-
tem, cum ad Coriolos bellatum sit ; 6, 28, 9 tunc cum effecerint ;
10, 21, 14 iam tum cum . . . gesserit; 30, 13, 11 tum se in-
sanisse, tum hospitia . . . eiecisse, cum . . . acceperit ; 34, 6, 9,
The original was less frequently a future perfect, as in 3,
56, 10 cum causae dicendae data facultas sit, tum se expertu-
rum; 4, 2, 14; 5, 5, 3; 10, 24, 14; 21, 13, 8 haud despero, cum
omnium potestas facta sit. . . remissurum ; 26, 29, 8 ; 28, 41, 9 ;
40, 15, 16; and two clauses construed with vereor 21, 10, 7
quo lenius agunt, segnius incipiunt, eo, cum coeperint, vereor
ne perseverantius saeviant; 21, 40, 10 ac nihil magis vereor,
quam ne, cum vos pugnaveritis, Alpes vicisse Hannibalem vide-
antur. There are also a few occurrences within ut-clanses :
I, 9, 15 ut, cum suam vicem functus officio sit . . . expleat;
5, IG, 8 ; 28, 41, 8 ; 38, 29, 6 ; 44, 33, 8 ut, cum senserit hostium
adventum, recipiat se. 5, 54, 3 nunc moveant ... ut maneatis
. . . quam postea, cum reliqueritis ea macerent desiderio.
The pluperfect with cum is used somewhat more freely than
the imperfect, though the occurrence of several verbs com¬
monly used are widely different. Esse, posse, velle, videre,
47
cemere, agere, habere, tenere and stare are prevailingly in the
imperfect, while accipere, capere, inhere, nuntiare, referre, ex-
ponere, consedere, and venire are generally in the pluperfect,
the character of the act requiring its completion before another
is taken up, while those of the first class easily admit a con¬
current action, or in the case of esse coincident status. These
dififerences are well illustrated by the passages in which both
the imperfect and pluperfect are used with the same cum:
I, 5, 6 haberet, audisset; 4, 54, 8 sumpsisset, haberet; 35, 27, 3
essent, haberent, texissent; 2, 29, 2 staret, constitisset ; 27, i,
10 cecidissent, starent; 6, 9, 10 factum esset, circumstarent,
vidèrent; 9, 4, i capti essent, iam esset; 21, 25, 8 nuntiatum
esset, esset; 24, 15, 7 occurrissent, esset; 27, 2, 6 extendissent,
essent; 44, 28, 10 iam esset, aperuissent; 9, 4, 7 fuisset nec
possent ; 22, 60, 9 habuissent, possent ; 4, 19, 2 videret, cognos-
set ; 10, 37, 6 petisset, videret ; cf. 42, 43, 2 videretur, cuperet,
petisset ; 6, 38, 5 consedisset, ageretur ; 30, 25, 3 violati essent
nec cernerent ; 38, 49, i cepissent, tenerent ; 38, 30, 5 discepta-
tio fuisset, cerneret: i, 40, 5 appellarent, pervenisset; i, 48, 6
reciperet, pervenisset; 3, 5, 8 obsiderentur, venisset; 23, 38, 5
venissent, congruerent; 26, 12, 15 venisset, faceret; 45, 10, 4
praeterveherentur, venissent ; 29, 24, 10 convenisset nec caperet ;
3, 71, 4 negarent, iussisset; 23, 5, 3 nüntiassent, pollicerentur ;
26, 15, 8 consedisset, deligarentur ; 34, 37, 3 exposuisset, ad-
finxisset, acclamaretur. These form a majority of the passages
in which the two tenses are used side by side, and are a fair
index of the mass of verbs in which a distinction is shown.
Some verbs, as dicere, are freely used with both tenses, for the
principal action may either follow the speaking or break in
upon it.
The imperfect subjunctive with cum expresses a continuative
action, and the extent is sometimes indicated, e. g. 2, 5, 8 cum
inter omne tempus pater . . . esset; 28, 12, 3 cum . . . per annos
tredecim . . . bellum gereret; 27, 2, 11 per dies aliquot, cum
. . . procursaretur ; 40, 12, 2 diu fuit silentium, cum . . . ap-
pareret. The extent of the action expressed by the pluperfect
is more frequently indicated and by a temporal term, as annus
40, 2, 5 cum plus annum aeger fuisset; 33, 21, i cum quat-
tuor et quadraginta annos regnasset; 38, 27, 7 cum . . . per
48
multos a. tenuisset; 39, 37, 5 cum . . . per octingnetos prope
a. liberi . . . fuissetis (see Fügner, pp. 1176-8) ; biduum 31.
45, 6 cum b. . . . . tenuissent; biennium 45, 3, 7 cum per b.
. .. obsideret ; quadriennium 45, 9, 2 cum q. continuum bellatum
esset; dies 3, 60, 7 cum per totum diem stetissent; 5, 21, 7 cum
per tot dies nemo . . . movisset ; 25, 26, 3 ; 35, 38, 14 ; 37, 12, i ;
tempus 37, 18, I cum per omne hibernorum tempus exercitum
continuisset ; diu 27, 6, 9; 27, 9, 13; 27, 11, 12; 28, 33, 15;
39, 28, 3 cum diu fatigatus . . . essem . . . revocavit consul ;
and without a particle accompanying 38, 10, 5 cum in fide
Romanae societatis mansissent . . . quiesse eos aiebat.
There is occasionally a particle associated with cum, as
maxime in i, 50, 8 cum m. dissereret ; 2, 59, 7 ; 3, 31, 3 cum m.
haec agerent ; 4, 3, i ; 23, 24, 6 ; 30, 33, 12 ; 8, 33, 4 ; 25, 23, i ;
43, 7, 8 cum m. faceret; cf. 40, 13, 4 tum cum m. . . . intuens
. . . volutabam ; 33, 9, 3 ; 27, 9, 4 nunc cum m. florens ; prae-
sertim 3, 52, 9 cum p. temperemus ; 3, 72, 2 ; 32, 20, 6 cum p.
nemo tam hebes sit, qui . . . possit ; quippe 4, 28, 4 ; 4, 57> i
39^ 9*
The following table gives the number of occurrences noticed
for the different particles, not including a few instances where
the verb with cum has been lost.
•
•
VJ
w
*
w
î>
•
>
•
v>
h
•
s
to
•
Vi
Vj
VJ
"g,
Vj
t
a,
s
«
HH
h
u
0
•vk
§
•
i
Vj
Vj
V)
ü
%
m
•
<
h
s
t-H
p
c/3
0
H
Cum.
82
142
23
12
13
10
282
88
117
1280
1474
2959
3241
Ubi,
20
340
4
9
i
9
393
16
13
27
66
122
515
Ut.
3
155
16
4
178
5
5
183
postquam.
5
292
96
22
415
i
8
i
3
13
428
Dum :
Extensional^
180
4
19
i
i
205
8
74
5
2
84
289
Terminal^
i
i
4
9
ig
Provisional.
7
12
19
19
DonEC;
Extensional,
4
2
2
8
2
i
12
15
23
Terminal.
6
52
i
59
9
2
20
26
57
1x6
Quoad:
Extensional^
i
12
2
4
19
4
3
9
2
18
37
Terminal.
3
i
4
i
i
6
8
12
Antequam.
i
28
3
4
36
8
5
31
17
61
97
Priusquam.
3
12
2
3
20
16
3
243
26
288
308
302
1044
177
48
21
28
1620
163
158
1715
1622
3658
5278
PB-1092--311--SB
75-46T
cc
49
A presentation of the details of Livy's use of the separate
time particles, even giving many quotations, does not show
the skill with which successive parts have beeh put together,
as in 2, 38, i cum prope continuato agmine irent, praegressus
Tullius . . . ut quisque veniret, primores eorum excipiens que-
rendo indignandoque . . . deduxit; or 4, 57, i haec contentio
minime idoneo tempore, cum tantum belli in manibus esset,
occupaverat cogitationes hominum, donee, ubi diu alternis
lulius Corneliusque, cum ad id bellum ipsi satis idonei duces
essent . . . disseruere, tum Abala Servilius ... ait; and in
longer passages, as 31, 21, 11 seqq. (11 lines) ubi procedebat
. . . ubi vidit . . . ut vidit . . . cum sternerentur ; or 35, 4 (23
lines) cum constitisset . . . ubi exiret . . . postquam evastata
erant . . . ut sensere . . . praetergressi . . . cum fecissent . . .
cum moveret. . . postquam relatum est . . . postquam viderunt.
To what extent Livy may have reproduced the phrasing of
current stories we can not tell, but certain it is that in the
account of the battle of the Caudine Forks 9, 2-11, and of
Lake Trasumene 22, 4-6, ubi is very freely used, as also in
the account of Cato's doings in Spain 34, 11-21. Numerically
considered the different particles are used with greater even¬
ness than by Cicero, and in the free retention of the imperfect
and pluperfect indicative with postquam^ ut and ubij the sub¬
junctive with priusquam, dum and ubi, and the expression of
terminal relations by donee, Livy gives us a more evenly bal¬
anced modal statement than that of Cicero.
R. B. Steele.
Vanderbilt University,
Nashville, Tennessee.
039 107Ö08
Motb (§añímote
BALTIMORE, MD., U. S. A.
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