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 of -£be Series 
 
 curious it is, 
 that though 
 the name of 
 paper has its 
 origin with the 
 Egyptians, the com- 
 modity itself, as we 
 know it and as it has been known to 
 civilization for centuries, has no ge- 
 netic connection with the papyrus roll 
 of antiquity* As in the case of many 
 useful arts, the earliest beginnings 
 of paper-making, properly so-called, 
 must be traced among the Chinese ; but 
 it is worth while to bestow some atten- 
 tion upon a material which anticipated 
 both the name and function of paper. 
 
O F MAK IN G PAP E R 
 
 Papyrus is the classical form repre- 
 senting the name of an aquatic plant 
 called by the Egyptians pa-p-yor, sig- 
 nifying "the thing or product of the 
 river*" From the Latin the term has 
 found its way with slight variations 
 into most of the languages of Europe. 
 The plant was grown in great abun- 
 dance in the marshes of the delta and in 
 the pools formed by the overflow of the 
 Nile* It is believed, however, not to 
 have been indigenous to the country, 
 as it is not found in modern Egypt* If 
 this was the case, the Egyptians prob- 
 ably introduced it from Nubia or Abys- 
 sinia, where it still grows wild* It had a 
 large root and a smooth, thick, triangu- 
 lar stalk rising several feet above the 
 water and bearing at the top a beau- 
 tiful plume which had its uses in dec- 
 orating the statues of the gods* In fact, 
 every part of the papyrus plant was 
 utilized, so that an astonishing variety 
 of articles was evolved from this simple 
 reed* The discovery of its value as a 
 writing material must date from remote 
 antiquity and the process of fabrication 
 probably varied but slightly during 
 thousands of years. 
 
 Pliny the Elder, a Roman writer of 
 
O F MAK ING PAPER 
 
 the first century of our era, gives the 
 fullest account that has come down to 
 us of the process of manufacturing the 
 papyrus sheet* Unfortunately, owing 
 either to the corruptions of the text or 
 to Pliny's own imperfect acquaintance 
 with the subject, his narrative is in 
 some parts obscure* The general fea- 
 tures, nevertheless, may be readily 
 grasped* It seems to be well established 
 now that the raw material was the 
 pith of the plant and not the bast or 
 thin membranes as formerly was 
 assumed, investigation having shown 
 that the papyrus, like other reeds, con- 
 tains within the rind only a cellular 
 pith* This pith was split into thin strips 
 with some sharp instrument, Pliny says 
 with a needle; but this could hardly 
 have been the case* At any rate, how- 
 ever done, this primary work demanded 
 the greatest care and skill, for no sub- 
 sequent treatment could wholly remedy 
 a fault committed at this stage* The 
 strips thus obtained were laid side by 
 side on a table, their edges slightly 
 overlapping and secured to each other 
 by some adhesive preparation, of which 
 Nile water was an essential, or, at least, 
 a favorite ingredient. The ends were 
 
OF MAKI N G PAPE R 
 
 fashioned and cut off evenly* The 
 width of the strips would depend, of 
 course, upon the size of the stalk, and 
 the width of the sheet could be made 
 as desired* Over this sheet as described 
 was now laid a second formed in the 
 same manner, but with the strips cross- 
 ing the first at right angles. The whole 
 was then subjected to heavy pressure, 
 dried in the sun, and finally smoothed 
 with a piece of ivory or shell* The 
 papyrus roll was formed by gluing 
 these sheets together end to end, never 
 more than twenty sheets to the roll, 
 according to Pliny. In the last particular 
 he is in some error, as rolls are extant 
 exceeding this limit. Probably the prac- 
 tice varied at different epochs. 
 
 Defects in the sheet were either rem- 
 edied or concealed by the use of a sizing 
 made from wheat flour mixed with 
 boiling water and a few drops of vine- 
 gar added* But sizing was also used 
 merely to give a fine finish to the sur- 
 face and for the highest class of work 
 was made by straining the water in 
 which crumbs of leavened bread had 
 been boiled. 
 
 Some eight or nine varieties of papy- 
 rus are enumerated, each bearing a dis- 
 
OF MAKING PAPER 
 
 tinctive name by which it was known 
 to the trade* It must be borne in mind 
 that the nomenclature given belongs to 
 the Graeco-Roman period, but corre- 
 sponding no doubt measurably with the 
 earlier Egyptian practice* 
 
 The finest quality was known as the 
 Augustan, so termed in honor of the 
 Emperor Augustus; while the next 
 grade bore the name of his wife, Livia. 
 Another kind was the Amphitheatrica, 
 an inferior quality extensively manu- 
 factured near the Amphitheater of 
 Alexandria, and which Remmius Fan- 
 nius made over at his factory in Rome 
 into a first-class article to which he gave 
 his own name, the Fannian. Cheaper 
 varieties still were the Saitic and 
 Taeniotic, the latter sold by weight 
 only, while the Emporetic, that is, 
 "shop-paper," used only as a wrapping 
 material, stood at the foot of the list* 
 
 The width, which in the Augustan 
 was not far from twelve inches, nar- 
 rowed down through the scale to three 
 and one-half inches in the Emporetic, 
 which must consequently have been 
 wound around packets like a ribbon* An 
 improvement on the Augustan brand 
 was introduced under the Emperor 
 
O F MAK IN G PAPE R 
 
 Claudius and hence called the Claudian* 
 It consisted in backing the Augustan 
 with a coarser sheet to give it body and 
 obviate transparency* 
 
 From the papyrus pith the Egyptians 
 had succeeded in fabricating an almost 
 perfect writing material, light, smooth, 
 strong, of convenient size and great 
 durability. Indeed, in the last respect, 
 nothing was left to be desired* The 
 earliest extant specimen of papyrus 
 dates from the thirty-sixth century 
 B* C* That means that when Israel 
 went out of Egypt this bit of papyrus 
 was as old even then as all the years 
 that have passed since our era began* 
 
 Down to the time of Alexander's 
 conquest the papyrus industry was a 
 government monopoly, and the sale of 
 the product was strictly regulated* As it 
 was a common practice in *Egypt to 
 wash the writing off and use the papy- 
 rus over and over, we may fairly infer 
 that in those times the material was 
 sold at a considerable price* When under 
 Alexander's successors all restrictions 
 were removed the trade developed pro- 
 digiously and papyrus became one of 
 the chief articles of Egyptian export. 
 The multiplication of factories and ware- 
 
OF MAKING PAPER 
 
 houses kept pace with the increased 
 demand. At one time in Rome serious 
 popular disturbances arose owing; to the 
 scarcity of papyrus following- the failure 
 of the Egyptian reed crop. This circum- 
 stance indicates clearly the staple char- 
 acter that the commodity had assumed, 
 and proves beyond doubt that the com- 
 moner grades at least must have been 
 within the popular means. 
 
 The export of papyrus was, indeed, 
 at one time prohibited, and with 
 important results. A king of Pergamus 
 was gathering a library which threat- 
 ened the supremacy of the collection at 
 Alexandria. Ptolemy, king of Egypt, 
 thought to block the ambition of his 
 rival by shutting off the supply of 
 papyrus. But the crisis in the book 
 trade of Pergamus was met by the fab- 
 rication of a new product, which, 
 under the name of parchment, that is 
 "Pergamus paper," was destined to 
 share with papyrus for many centuries 
 the preferences of authors and copyists. 
 In the end, however, the invention 
 availed little to the claims of Pergamus 
 as a literary center, for in the following 
 century, the city having fallen under 
 the sway of Rome, its library of two 
 
OF MAK IN G PAPER 
 
 hundred thousand volumes was given 
 by Anthony to Cleopatra and was by 
 her transferred to Alexandria* The dis- 
 organization of commerce following 
 the Saracen occupation of Egypt in the 
 seventh century served to enhance the 
 use of parchment. The trade in papyrus 
 considerably revived, however, and 
 flourished with other arts under the 
 domination of the Arabs* Down to the 
 ninth century papyrus was commonly 
 employed by the Greek scribes; in the 
 tenth century it was still used exclu- 
 sively in papal deeds, and in various 
 localities and for special purposes its use 
 persisted for, perhaps, a hundred years 
 more; but by the twelfth century its 
 manufacture had entirely ceased* 
 
$«$ 
 
 >#•' 
 
 oF "the Series 
 
 sdom- 
 
 says an Eastern 
 write*, u hath 
 alighted upon 
 three things — the 
 brain of the Franks, 
 the hands of the Chi- 
 nese, and the tongues 
 of the Araks," On the 
 cunning hands of the Chinese, at any 
 rate, first alighted the wisdom to fab- 
 ricate paper, and though the brain of 
 the Franks has contrived many im- 
 proved appliances, the modern process 
 of paper making is, in all essentials, 
 identical with the methods devised and 
 
O F MAK IN G PAPE R 
 
 still employed in the Empire of China* 
 It is true that the Aztecs made a sort of 
 paper from the pulp of the maguey and 
 that the aborigines of New Zealand 
 even were accustomed to chew up cer- 
 tain leaves and fibrous substances, and 
 by spreading and drying on a smooth 
 surface, made something which might 
 be called paper* These* however, are 
 merely isolated phenomena and do not 
 enter into the great current of history* 
 Still it is remarkable that the funda- 
 mental principle of so useful an art 
 should have been independently reached 
 by Aztecs, Maoris, and Chinese, and 
 totally escaped the energetic and pro- 
 gressive nations bordering the Mediter- 
 ranean* It would seem probable that 
 papyrus supplied so satisfactory a ma- 
 terial that there was no great incentive 
 to the discovery of a substitute* The 
 Chinese from the time of Confucius, at 
 least, say the sixth century B* C*, had 
 been accustomed to write with a stylus 
 on tablets made from the finely pared 
 bark of the bamboo* The brush pencil 
 as at present used was invented some 
 three hundred years later, and a substi- 
 tute for the bamboo tablets was at first 
 found in a sort of closely-woven silk. 
 
O F MAK I N G PAPER 
 
 This was too expensive for general pur- 
 poses and was soon superseded forever 
 by the invention of paper* The merit of 
 this invaluable discovery is attributed 
 to the Marquis Tsai, a Minister of Agri- 
 culture under the Han dynasty, who, 
 towards the end of the second century 
 B* C*, when every encouragement was 
 given to men of letters, invented and 
 taught in a complete manner the art of 
 making paper from the fibres of mul- 
 berry and bamboo, and from the ends of 
 hemp, old rags, and fishin gnets* It is, 
 of course, possible, and perhaps even 
 probable, that the noble Marquis has 
 reaped the glory of the discovery of 
 some humble person, but as to this we 
 must always remain in ignorance and 
 must concede to Tsai a conspicuous posi- 
 tion among the great benefactors of the 
 race* 
 
 The process of paper making as the 
 Chinese have continued to practise it 
 from the time of its discovery may be 
 readily described, taking bamboo as the 
 stock most commonly employed* The 
 stalks are sorted according to age, the 
 younger shoots making the better paper* 
 The first step is to produce a partial 
 decomposition of the fibres, the object 
 
O F MAK I N G PAP ER 
 
 being to tender the stock tender. This 
 retting, as we should call it, is a tedious 
 process with the Chinese, The bamboo 
 stalks are said to be soaked in water for 
 perhaps a hundred days before the fibres 
 are sufficiently softened to be broken up 
 and separated from the bark by beating* 
 After this comes a cooking for about a 
 week in a solution of lime; washings, 
 boilings, and soakings in water and 
 ashes follow until the fibres begin to 
 decompose, when they have a final 
 washing, and are put in mortars to be 
 reduced to a pulp with large pestles 
 operated by water power when avail- 
 able. The pulp is transferred to a vat 
 and after being properly diluted with 
 water is ready to be converted into 
 paper. The workman who now comes 
 upon the scene is provided with a rec- 
 tangular sieve, usually about two feet 
 wide, and three and one-half feet long, 
 the meshes of which are formed of 
 bamboo splints, oiled, and polished, and 
 fastened with raw silk. A detachable 
 rim, that is to say "the deckel," is laid 
 upon the framework of the sieve and 
 held firmly in place by the hands, the 
 whole forming the mould. The operator 
 dips this apparatus into the vat, the 
 
OF MAKING PAPER 
 
 contents of which are kept in constant 
 agitation, and takes up a trayful of the 
 liquid material* A few deft shakes serve 
 to interlace the fibres and the water 
 rapidly draining: off leaves a sheet de- 
 posited on the sieve* The deckel is lifted 
 off and the mould passed to a second 
 workman who. in turning it up-side- 
 down on the slanting surface of a kiln 
 covered with gypsum, disengages the 
 sheet* which is left for a time to set and 
 dry* The sheets are finally placed in a 
 pile one upon the other and subjected to 
 heavy pressure* after which they are 
 hung up to completely dry* Sizing is 
 not commonly used* 
 
 Chinese paper is very light and soft, 
 but possesses great strength and fine- 
 ness* The best qualities are made in the 
 northeastern provinces of the empire 
 where a greater variety of stock is used* 
 while the paper of the south is produced 
 principally from the bamboo which 
 gives a yellowish color and a rather 
 coarse texture. In Peking there is said 
 to be a quarter inhabited solely by peo- 
 ple whose occupation is making into 
 paper the rags which they collect 
 through the streets of the great city, 
 and which they reduce to pulp by beat- 
 
O F MAKIN G PAPER 
 
 ing on stone* The invention of paper 
 contributed largely to the spread of the 
 literary spirit for which the Chinese 
 have always been remarkable* Paper 
 has also assumed among them great 
 importance in domestic economy* and a 
 good supply of paper is not infrequently 
 stipulated in marriage contracts* 
 
 The art of paper making was prac- 
 ticed for centuries within the limits of 
 the empire before it became known even 
 to the near neighbors of the Chinese. It 
 was not until 610 A*D. that a knowl- 
 edge of it was carried to Korea, and from 
 thence to Japan* so complete was the 
 isolation of the Chinese, who do not ap- 
 pear to have made any secret of their 
 craft. A century later the wave of Arab 
 Conquest touched the western borders 
 of the Chinese dominions* and we shall 
 next have to trace the progress and vi- 
 cissitudes of our art through the vast 
 empire of the Chalifs* 
 
of* "tbe Series 
 
 O art of writing; 
 
 ■ ■ • 
 
 $7 II Wa W ~ WaS an Un ~ 
 
 j£>I ]lfftjsual accomplishment 
 
 1 among: the Arabs in the 
 time of Mohammed, and 
 the common writing: ma- 
 terial of their neighbors, 
 papyrus or parchment, 
 was a rare exotic in Arabia* The 
 Koran itself, as its various portions 
 were from time to time revealed, was 
 to some extent entrusted to memory, 
 but was more generally taken down 
 by the secretaries of the prophet on 
 almost anything: at all suitable that 
 happened to be at hand* Zaid ibn 
 
O F MAK ING PAPER 
 
 ■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■» 
 
 Thabit, who was entrusted with the 
 task of first collecting into one whole 
 the scattered fragments of the work 
 some years after Mohammed's death, 
 gathered it, we are told, from strips 
 of cloth, palm leaves, skins, smooth 
 stones, the shoulder blades of sheep, the 
 bones of camels, and from the memory 
 of men. The scarcity of a good writing 
 surface could hardly be more empha- 
 sized; for Mohammed was rich and 
 powerful for years before his death, and 
 these scattered revelations were regarded 
 as the very words of Allah himself. It 
 must be added, however, that at this 
 time the Arabs set no great store upon 
 written documents among themselves, 
 that some of their tribes possessed a 
 considerable unwritten literature, and 
 that many of the Moslems knew the 
 Koran by heart, and it was only when 
 the ranks of these "Carriers of the 
 Koran n had been thinned in a bloody 
 battle that the project of collecting the 
 work in a single written volume was 
 undertaken* 
 
 Whatever may have been the pov- 
 erty, ignorance, or carelessness of the 
 Arabs at this time as regards writing 
 material, they were destined not long 
 
OF MAK IN G PAPER 
 
 after to become expert paper makers 
 themselves, and to spread a knowledge 
 of the art over the whole world of civili- 
 zation. 
 
 Chinese paper became known to the 
 Saracens about the middle of the VII 
 century as an article obtained by way 
 of Samarcand, the great Emporium of 
 Central Asia, but it was a century later, 
 when they had extended their conquests 
 beyond the Oxus, and had for some time 
 established themselves in Samarcand, 
 that the process of paper making came 
 into their possession* This important 
 event coincides with the battle of Atlah, 
 fought between Arabs on one side and 
 Turks and their Chinese auxiliaries on 
 the other in the year 75 1 A, D. Among 
 the captives brought back into Samar- 
 cand by the victorious Moslems were 
 found certain Chinese skilled in the art 
 of paper making, and the enterprising 
 and energetic Arabs were not long in 
 setting them to work at their trade for 
 the profit of their masters, a proceeding 
 with many parallels in oriental history* 
 The Persian speaking population of 
 Chorasan, the province in which Samar- 
 cand lay, took up the art, and prosecuted 
 it for a considerable time, the Arabs 
 
OF MAKING PAPER 
 
 themselves being too busy with their 
 wars and other matters* To these Per- 
 sians is probably due the very important 
 step of employing linen rags as material 
 for the fabrication of paper* The term 
 for paper which the Arabs adopted from 
 them was Kaghid, derived, as the Per- 
 sians believe* from the word Kagh, 
 which in their tongue signifies a rustling 
 or crackling noise* though this etymol- 
 ogy is regarded as superficial and the 
 true origin of the term is most likely 
 Chinese* 
 
 Samarcand developed its new industry 
 rapidly* and the fame of its paper spread 
 and continued for centuries* It was a 
 common saying that the people of Cho- 
 rasan were as skillful as though they 
 formed a part of China* and in fact 
 Chinese influence was long prevalent 
 there* 
 
 It is curious to note how custom 
 has persisted in the nomenclature of 
 paper fabrics* The Romans* it will be 
 remembered, styled several brands of 
 papyrus in honor of Augustus, Livia. 
 or Claudius* as the case might be. and 
 in Samarcand they followed a similar 
 politic or patriotic principle in distin- 
 guishing some of their grades with 
 
OF MAKING PAPER 
 
 which we are acquainted* Several des- 
 ignations were taken from the names 
 of governors of Chorasan* or from great 
 officers of the Mohammedan state* 
 Among them we find the "Jaafar" 
 brand which does honor to the famous 
 vizier of Haroun al-Rashid* The "Pha- 
 rao" quality was designed no doubt to 
 compete with the Egyptian papyrus* 
 The "Saltan" enjoyed great favor* as 
 also the Samarcand "Silk" paper* 
 which was* however* made from linen 
 rags* and received its name from the 
 soft silky touch it obtained from a light 
 sizing of soap and the use of a glassy 
 polishing stone* It was clearly an imi- 
 tation of a Chinese article* 
 
 Samarcand* the mother city of the 
 paper trade in Islam* monopolized the 
 manufacture for about fifty years* The 
 spreading of the art through the domin- 
 ions of the Chalifs began with the 
 adoption of paper for official use in the 
 various departments of the government* 
 The Ommeyads who held their court 
 at Damascus had commonly employed 
 papyrus rolls for their despatches, pub- 
 lic documents and records* Under their 
 successors the Abbaside Chalifs* who 
 established their capital at Bagdad* 
 
O F MAK IN G PAPE R 
 
 parchment seems to have quite gen- 
 erally supplanted the Egyptian fabric. 
 It is related that during some disturb- 
 ances early in this period the public 
 offices were sacked and the records, 
 which were all on parchment, were car- 
 ried off, and, the writing having been 
 washed off, the parchment was sold for 
 writing material, and it is said to have 
 been sufficient to satisfy the needs of 
 the inhabitants for a long time. The 
 credit of the innovation which substi- 
 tuted paper for the older material in 
 the governmental offices is due to the 
 all powerful vizier Jaafar, though it 
 may be conjectured that he was largely 
 influenced by the advice of his brother 
 who had been governor of Chorasan 
 and had probably there become 
 acquainted with the value of the prod- 
 uct of the Samarcand paper workers* 
 One of the principal motives for this 
 step was, no doubt, that, aside from the 
 costliness of parchment, writing on this 
 or on papyrus could easily be scratched 
 or washed out, which could not be 
 done on paper without leaving easily 
 discernible traces. 
 
$Tb6 FaurW>£'& 
 ^crFijbe Series 
 
 w 
 
 HJ 
 
 itj) 
 
 the official adop- 
 tion of paper 
 In the various depart- 
 ments of the government 
 and the establishment at Bagdad of 
 a paper mill under government con- 
 trol, which occurred about 795 A. D., 
 the fortunes of the fabric may be 
 regarded as permanently settled, and 
 the way opened for its rapid spread* It 
 was not long before paper works were 
 in operation in all parts of the Moslem 
 world. In Bagdad the industry flour- 
 ished well into the fourteenth century, 
 the product being distinguished for its 
 admirable quality and the sheets being 
 
O F MAK IN6 PAPER 
 
 made up of unusual size for the special 
 purposes of the state. In Arabia itself 
 factories were soon in operation on the 
 southwest coast, though the account of 
 a paper mill at Mecca which formerly 
 ran through books on this subject has 
 no secure basis* In the tenth century- 
 paper making was prosecuted in Yemen 
 along with the thriving kindred industry 
 of bookbinding* 
 
 Paper making does not seem to have 
 taken root very early in Egypt, notwith- 
 standing the favorable circumstances of 
 a large linen industry, and an inex r 
 haustible supply of rags from the mum- 
 my cloths of ancient tombs, rifled by 
 Bedouins either for their own clothing 
 or for immediate sale to paper workers. 
 Probably the papyrus factories made a 
 hard fight against the intruder on their 
 own grounds. Nevertheless the newer 
 and better article eventually won, and 
 by the tenth century paper making was 
 firmly established in the valley of the 
 Nile. Some very beautiful and delicate 
 specimens of Egyptian paper are still to 
 be seen in the collection of the Archduke 
 Rainer at Vienna. Cairo was the center 
 of the Egyptian paper trade and one of 
 its thoroughfares bore the name of u old 
 
O F MAK I N G PAP E R 
 
 paper makers street." A specialty of the 
 Egyptians was the so-called "Bird 
 paper," made extremely light but firm 
 for use of the "Pigeon post" which 
 was operated systematically by the gov- 
 ernment, and by means of which the 
 capital was kept constantly and prompt- 
 ly advised of all matters even from the 
 uttermost parts of the realm* 
 
 Tiberias in Palestine and several 
 places in Syria prosecuted the art of 
 paper making. In all this region, how- 
 ever, Damascus was by far the most 
 conspicuous in this respect. Under the 
 name of Charta Damascena its paper 
 became famous through Europe, and in 
 the East, as Syrian paper, seriously 
 rivalled the output of the Bagdad mills. 
 
 At Fez in North Africa the trade 
 must have reached great dimensions, as 
 it is stated that four hundred mill stones 
 were there busy in making paper. 
 
 The industry in Spain was located at 
 Xativa, a beautiful, fortified city not 
 far from Valencia. The excellence of its 
 paper was proverbial and it supplied the 
 demands of all Andalusia. The art of 
 linen making had flourished here even 
 from the time of Pliny, and this fact 
 probably attracted the paper industry. 
 
O F MAK I N G PAPER 
 
 At the other extremity of the Arab 
 dominion the manufacture of paper 
 was carried on among the Hindoos, 
 whose earlier writing surface had been 
 supplied by the birch bark and the 
 palm leaf* 
 
 The materials used by the Arab 
 paper makers were linen rags and, to 
 some extent, hemp and ravelled cordage* 
 Their methods were practically those 
 of the Chinese, though they have the 
 credit of employing the mill stone run 
 by water to reduce their stuffs to pulp. 
 
 In respect to colors, some interesting 
 details may be noted* The ground color 
 of the Arab paper makers was white, as 
 with us, and they had early learned the 
 art of producing a pure white, so that 
 ** white as paper n was a common ex- 
 pression among them* Their blue tints 
 were obtained from indigo and cobalt* 
 In a large part of the Mohammedan 
 world blue was the mourning color, and 
 sentences of death were drawn up on 
 blue paper. It was an unhappy selection 
 of color, then, when the Byzantine Em- 
 peror sent to the Chalif of Cordova a 
 magnificent Epistle in letters of gold on 
 a blue ground* In Persia, on the other 
 hand, medicines were wrapped in blue 
 
O F MAK IN G PAP E R 
 
 paper as a good omen. Notwithstanding 
 the fact that Mohammed himself had 
 stigmatized red as "an adornment of 
 Satan/' it enjoyed great favor among 
 the faithful as a fortunate and festive 
 color in all its shades* It was also re- 
 garded as the color of humanity and 
 was worn by the oppressed and needy 
 to attract public attention, and it was 
 related that a deaf Indian King had 
 ordained this custom that he might 
 readily recognize cases demanding at- 
 tention* In Persia these peculiar red gar- 
 ments were made of paper and were 
 worn also by the plaintiff in court* so 
 that u paper shirt n became a slang term 
 for law suit* Yellow was next to red the 
 favorite color of the Oriental paper 
 makers, and even before the introduction 
 of paper the Persians had been accus- 
 tomed to dye parchment and papyrus a 
 safron hue* An astonishing variety of 
 yellow shades is exhibited in the manu- 
 script collections* Yellow being the 
 color of wealth and magnificence* pa- 
 per colored with safron enjoyed speci- 
 ally high consideration* Variegated 
 paper served for all kinds of ornamen- 
 tation* 
 The sizing employed by the Arabs 
 
O F MAK IN G PAP ER 
 
 has been shown by the microscope to 
 have been a paste of wheat starch* 
 
 Notwithstanding the great debt which 
 European civilization owes to the Arab 
 paper maker, but one technical term of 
 this trade of Arabic origin has been 
 bequeathed to us* Our word "ream" is 
 derived through the old French "resme/* 
 from the Arabic "rizma," which means 
 simply a bundle* or a package; but this 
 word is one of the many signposts* as 
 they have been called, which indicate 
 the route from East to West which has 
 been travelled by so many arts and sci- 
 ences* 
 
WffOB 
 
 used m the makjk? 
 oFtbisboofc^ 
 
 for the cover** 
 
 RHINOS-SIM 
 
 f oi'tbfi pases* 
 
 I TA LM 
 
 ■ ■ I « —■ ■IIIII U M IW I I J ll l ll— MB— — > 
 
 Rilcb in color* 
 V aNd texture* 
 "^j \Nd durable- 
 
 TRADE ** MARK