ElementariP Classics 
 
 MELIUS NEPOS 
 
 ECTED LIVES 
 
 E. BARSS, M.A. 
 
 W^ 
 
LIBRARY OF CONGRESS. 
 
 Chap. Copyright No. 
 
 Shelf_.i_A3. uS5 
 
 UNITED STATES OF AMERICA. 
 
CORNELIUS NEPOS 
 
•Tig?>y^°. 
 
lilementars Classics 
 
 CORNELIUS NEPOS 
 
 >\ 
 
 SELECTED LIVES 
 
 EDIT^, WITH INTRODUCTION, NOTES, EXERCISES, 
 AND VOCABULARY 
 
 BY 
 
 JOHN EDMUND BAESS, M.A. 
 
 Mastek IX The Hotchkiss School 
 
 '• AUG ^i IMP 
 
 "' * - - 
 
 l^.l.iotfe VV-\^V-^-\ 
 
 THE MACMILLAN COMPANY 
 
 LONDOX: MACMILLAN & CO., Ltd. 
 
 1896 
 
 All rights reserved 
 

 Copyright, 1896, 
 By the MACMILLAN COMPANY. 
 
 /?o;^f/ 
 
 J. S. Cushing & Co. — Berwick & Smith 
 Norwood Mass. U.S.A. 
 
PREFACE 
 
 These selections from the ^^ Lives'^ of Cornelius 
 Nepos have been chosen with the idea of giving 
 familiarity with some of the greater names and 
 events in Greek and Eoman history. The editor 
 has found by experience that the study of Ancient 
 History assumes a new and vivid interest the 
 moment the pupil comes upon something which 
 has formed the subject of his reading in Latin 
 or Greek, where he can compare the more general 
 statements of the English writer with some of 
 the original facts out of which his history has 
 been constructed. 
 
 The notes and exercises aim especially at devel- 
 oping the student's power of translation into idio- 
 matic English, and helping him to that clear 
 understanding of the Latin which such translation 
 implies. It is taken for granted that word-for- 
 
VI PREFACE 
 
 word renderings do not of necessity suppose that 
 the pupil knows the meaning either of the Latin 
 or of the quasi-English into which he has turned 
 it. Surely it is no unworthy use of even so noble 
 a language as Latin to make it thus minister to 
 the student's better command of his mother 
 tongue. 
 
 In preparing the Introductions and the Analyses 
 of the Text the author has benefited by the criti- 
 cisms of a number of his colleagues^ and would 
 here gratefully acknowledge their kindness and 
 help. 
 
 The Hotchkiss School, 
 
 LA.KEVILLE, Conn., May, 1896. 
 
A . W . SAWYER 
 
 D-D : LL-D 
 
 VXIVERSTTATIS • ACADIAE • PRAESIDI 
 
 DOCTRIXA • EXCELLEXTI 
 
 COXSILII • PLEXO 
 
 PRAECEPTORVM • PRINCIPI 
 
 HOC • OPVSCVLVM 
 
 D • D • D • D 
 
 DISCIPVLVS 
 
CONTENTS 
 
 PAGE 
 
 General Introduction ...... ix 
 
 Chronological Table . . . . . . xii 
 
 Historical Introduction: 
 
 I. Greece xiii 
 
 II. Hannibal and the Punic \Yars . . . xvi 
 
 Praefatio ......... 1 
 
 Miltiades ......... 3 
 
 Themistocles ........ 12 
 
 Aristides 23 
 
 Lysander ......... 25 
 
 Alcibiades .29 
 
 Epaminondas . . . .... .42 
 
 Hannibal ......... 52 
 
 Notes .......... 07 
 
 Exercises for Translation into Latin . . . 117 
 
 Word-Groups . .143 
 
 Vocabulary ,,..,... 159 
 
 viii 
 
GENERAL INTRODUCTION 
 
 Cornelius ISTepos was born about the year 
 100 B.C., probably at Ticinium, in Cis-Alpine Gaul. 
 As his death did not occur until near the last 
 quarter of the century, he lived in stirring times ; 
 yet he took no part in politics. In his life of 
 Atticus he attempts to excuse his friend for hold- 
 ing aloof from public affairs, and perhaps he may 
 be considered to apologize for himself at the same 
 time. At all events, he was more of a student 
 than a man of action, and attempted, as Catullus 
 says in dedicating his poems to Nepos, 
 
 *' omne aevom tribus explicare chartis, 
 doctis, luppiter ! et laboriosis." 
 
 The learning which Catullus here admires is 
 not that of a modern scientific historian; ISTepos 
 paints with a broad touch, and is not too critical 
 of details. His biographies, however, have decided 
 
X CORNELII NEPOTIS 
 
 human interest, and he shows in them a sympa- 
 thy with foreign ideas quite unusual in a Eoman. 
 His fondness for the study of Greek, besides 
 thus broadening his mind, may have been a bond 
 in the friendship existing between him and the 
 learned Atticus. The orator Cicero was also a 
 friend of Atticus, and in turn became the friend 
 of ]N'epos. 
 
 Besides the ^^ History of the World'' referred 
 to in the passage from Catullus given above, ]S"epos 
 wrote many other works, all of which are lost, 
 except a portion of his book ^^De Yiris Illustribus.'' 
 Of the sixteen or more books into which this was 
 divided, we have only one, " De Excellentibus Du- 
 cibus Exterarum Gentium,'' from which the selec- 
 tions in this volume are taken, and part of an- 
 other, ^^De Historicis Latinis," embracing the lives 
 of Cato the Censor and of Titus Pomponius Atticus, 
 who has already been mentioned. 
 
 The purpose of these biographies can be inferred 
 from the '^Praefatio"; namely, to present men for 
 their enlightenment and instruction with an ac- 
 count of the deeds of great men of all times 
 and nations. 
 
CHRONOLOGICAL TABLE 
 
 GREECE 
 
 B.C. 
 
 600 Revolt of the lonians. 
 
 490 Battle of Marathon. 
 
 480 Battle of Thermopylae. 
 
 480 Battle of Saiamis. 
 
 479 Battle of Plataea. 
 
 477 Confederacy of Delos formed. 
 
 431-404 .... Peloponnesian War. 
 
 405 Battle of Aegospotami. 
 
 404 Rule of the Thirty Tyrants at Athens, 
 
 371 Battle of Leuctra. 
 
 362 Battle of Mantinea. 
 
 264-241 
 218-201 
 218 . . 
 217 . . 
 216 . . 
 202 . . 
 149-146 
 
 ROME 
 
 Eirst Punic War. 
 Second Punic War. 
 Battle of Trebia. 
 Battle of Trasimenus. 
 Battle of Cannae. 
 Battle of Zama. 
 Third Punic AVar. 
 xii 
 
HISTORICAL INTRODUCTION 
 
 L GREECE 
 
 The great period of Greek history lies between 
 600 and 300 b.c. Within that time three states in 
 turn reared tliemselves to a position above their 
 fellows, only to be overthrown by the combined 
 fear and envy of the others. They were Athens, 
 Sparta, and Thebes ; and of these states the Greeks 
 whose lives are here included were citizens, — 
 Miltiades, Aristides, Themistocles, and Alcibiades, 
 of Athens ; Lysander of Sparta ; and Epaminondas 
 of Thebes. 
 
 Before any of these powers came into serious 
 conflict with one another, they had to fight an 
 enemy w4io threatened them from without. Darius, 
 king of Persia, who had already got possession 
 of the Greek cities which fringed the coast of 
 Asia Minor, began to turn his eyes towards Europe. 
 
XIV COBNELII NEPOTIS 
 
 But not only liis attention but his desire for 
 vengeance became centred on Greece when^ in the 
 year 500 b.c, the cities of Ionia, aided by Athens, 
 revolted, massacred his troops, and destroyed the 
 great Lydian city of Sardis. To avenge this insult 
 he prepared to crush the Greeks. In 490 he swept 
 down upon Greece with an overwhelming force 
 of ships and men; but at Marathon, in Attica, 
 ten thousand determined Greeks routed ten times 
 their number of frightened barbarians. Maddened 
 by this defeat, Darius began still greater prepa- 
 rations to punish the Greeks ; but in the midst 
 of them he died, leaving the legacy of revenge 
 to his son, Xerxes. A second expedition threat- 
 ened to overrun Greece ; but again at Thermopylae 
 and Artemisium and Salamis, at Plataea and 
 Mycale, the Greeks showed themselves best in 
 bravery, and the year 479 found their country 
 free from dread of Eastern tyranny. 
 
 ^Nevertheless, to scour the sea of any lurking 
 remnants of the Persian fleet, and to punish those 
 cities and islands which had too readily submitted 
 to the Persian power, Athens organized a great 
 league, with herself at the head, called the Con- 
 
HISTOBICAL INTBOBUCTION XV 
 
 federacy of Delos. In timej however^ under the 
 direction of Pericles, Athens began to follow too 
 imperial a policy for the taste of the other mem- 
 bers of the League. She removed the treasury from 
 sacred Delos to Athens, building ships and beauti- 
 fying the city at the charges of the common fund. 
 Still less was her growing power pleasing to Sparta 
 and her other rivals who were not of the League. 
 
 Feeling grew so strong that in 431 began a 
 bitter struggle between Athens and the states of 
 the Peloponnesus, aided by revolting members of 
 the Delian League. This conflict, known as the 
 Peloponnesian War, lasted twenty-seven years. 
 At the end, Athens was x^i^ostrate, and Sx3arta mis- 
 tress of Greece. 
 
 For OA^er thirty years the Greek city-states bore 
 the rule of the Spartans ; then by a sudden in- 
 surrection, headed by the brave Pelopidas, Thebes 
 wrested herself free. Seven years of conflict Avith 
 Sparta followed. At the end, in b.c. 371, Epami- 
 nondas gained a victory for Thebes at Leuctra, by 
 which she in her turn achieved a ten years' suprem- 
 acy — the last before independent Greece became a 
 mere province in the empire of Alexander the Great. 
 
XVI CORNELII NEPOTIS 
 
 II. HANNIBAL AND THE PUNIC WAES 
 
 To understand the deep enmity wliicli brought 
 Eome and Carthage together in the Punic ^ wars, 
 and which filled Hannibal with his undying hatred 
 of the Romans, one must know something of the 
 early history of Carthage. 
 
 The Canaanites, named Phoenicians by the 
 Greeks, inhabited a strip of coast-land north of 
 Palestine and west of the Lebanon range, whither 
 they had been driven by the invasion of the 
 Hebrews under Joshua. Dwelling in a narrow 
 land, they turned to the sea for support, and 
 became the greatest navigators and traders of 
 antiquity. Their ships sailed westward over the 
 Mediterranean, even to the shores of Britain, 
 carrying the manufactures of the East, and ex- 
 changing them for the raw materials which other 
 countries produced. Everywhere they established 
 trading posts, many of Avhich grew into cities. 
 
 1 From the Greek ^olvlktj (PhoenTce), ** Purple-land," comes 
 the Lathi Poem, "Phoenicians," and the adjective Punicus, 
 "Phoenician." The last two words are regularly applied to 
 the Carthaginians, Avho were of Phoenician extraction. 
 
HISTORICAL INTBOBUCTION XVll 
 
 The greatest and most prosperous of these was 
 Carthage, on the north African coast. 
 
 About a hundred miles northeast of Carthage 
 lay the rich island of Sicily. In time there sprung 
 up on its western half a number of Carthaginian 
 colonies. The eastern end was settled by Greeks, 
 with whom the Carthaginian towns long and strenu- 
 ously contended for the ownership of the island. 
 Finally the Eomans were drawn into the struggle 
 as allies of the Greeks. The Carthaginians were 
 driven from the island, but they did not forget 
 the injury which they had suffered, and twenty- 
 three years later (b.c. 218), renewed the struggle. 
 At their head was Hannibal, a man in whom the 
 resentment of the whole nation seemed to burn 
 with concentrated fury. The one thing which 
 he strove without rest to accomplish was the 
 downfall of Eome. But though he invaded Italy, 
 and with consummate generalship worsted the 
 Roman troops in battle after battle, he could not 
 break the Eoman power, and finally suffered such 
 reverses that he had to account his campaign a 
 failure. In b.c. 205 the Eoman general Scipio 
 Africanus "carried the war into Africa.^^ Car- 
 
XVlll COBNELII NEPOTIS 
 
 tliage had no outposts of resistance equal to the 
 fortified Italian towns, and soon was obliged to 
 make terms of peace. The second war ended 
 in B.C. 201. 
 
 The underlying motive of these wars was com- 
 mercial rivalry. They were inspired more by the 
 desire of gain than by feelings of patriotism. 
 With such a spirit it is no wonder that treaties 
 were made only to be broken, nor does -it cause 
 surprise to learn that half a century later, when 
 Carthage began to show signs of recovery from 
 the blow she had received in the second war, 
 Eome again savagely struck at her rival, and 
 utterly destroyed her. This third war lasted from 
 B.C. 149 to B.C. 146. 
 
Cbm£hbjslTepos 
 
 1( 15 
 
CORNELII NEPOTIS 
 
 LIBER DE EXCELLENTIBUS DUCIBUS 
 EXTERARUM GENTIUM 
 
 PRAEEATIO 
 
 In his preface Nepos attempts to meet the objections of 
 persons prejudiced against everything Greek, and of those 
 who will be shocked at finding practices common in Greece 
 which are accounted in bad taste or even wicked at Rome. 
 The attitude of the first class, he says, is that of ignorance ; 
 while the others should remember that men's acts are to be 
 judged by the standards of their own time and nation. 
 
 1 Non dubito fore plerosque, Attice, qui hoc genus 
 scripturae leve et non satis dignum summorum viro- 
 rum personis iudicent, cum relatum legent quis mti- 
 sicam docuerit Epammondam, aut in eius virttitibus 
 commemorari saltasse eum commode scienterque ti- 5 
 
 2 biis cantasse. Sed hi erunt fere qui expertes litte- 
 rarum Graecarum, nihil rectum nisi quod ipsorum 
 
 3 moribus conveniat putabunt. li si didicerint non 
 
 B 1 
 
2 COBNELII NEPOTIS 
 
 eadem omnibus esse honesta atque turpia^ sed omnia 
 maiorum mstitutis iudicari, non admirabuntur nos 
 in Graiorum virttitibus exponendis mores eorum 
 
 4 secutos. Neque enim Cimoni fuit turpe, Athenien- 
 sium summo viro, sororem germanam habere in 5 
 matrimonio, quippe cum elves eius eodem uteren- 
 tur mstituto. At id quidem nostris moribus nefas 
 habetur. Nulla Lacedaemoni vidua tam est nobilis 
 
 5 quae non ad cenam eat mercede condictam. Magnis 
 in laudibus tota fere fuit Graecia victor em Olym- 10 
 piae citari, in scaenam vero prodire ac populo esse 
 spectaculo nemini in eisdem gentibus fuit turpitu- 
 dini. Quae omnia apud nos partim infamia^ partim 
 
 6 humilia atque ab honestate remota ponuntur. Con- 
 tra ea pleraque nostris moribus sunt decora, quae 15 
 apud illos turpia putantur. Quem enim Eomanorum 
 pudet uxorem ducere in convlvium ? Aut cuius non 
 mater f ami lias primum locum tenet aedium atque 
 
 7 in celebritate versatur ? Quod multo fit aliter in 
 Graecia. Nam neque in convlvium adliibetur nisi 20 
 propinquorum, neque sedet nisi in interiore parte 
 aedium, quae gynaeconitis appellatur, quo nemo 
 
 8 accedit nisi propinqua cognatione coniunctus. Sed 
 hic plura persequi cum magnitudo voluminis pro- 
 hibet, tum festlnatio ut ea explicem quae exorsus 25 
 sum. Quare ad propositum veniemus et in hoc 
 exponemus libro de vita excellentium imperato- 
 rum. 
 
MILTIADE8 
 
 I. MILTIADES 
 
 [Note. — Nepos confounds an uncle and a nephew of the 
 same name. The elder Miltiades went to the Chersonesus in 
 560 B.C., and became tyrant of that region. He was succeeded, 
 in turn, by two nephews, both sons of his half-brother Cimon ; 
 the first was named Stesagoras, and the second was the Mil- 
 tiades who fought at Marathon.] 
 
 § I. Miltiades is chosen general of an expedition to plant a 
 colony in the Chersonesus. On his way he calls at Lemnos, 
 and tries to induce the inhabitants of that island to acknowledge 
 the supremacy of Athens. Failing, he continues his journey to 
 Thrace. 
 
 § II. Having subdued the barbarians and established his 
 colony, he returns to Lemnos, and brings it, together with 
 the Cyclades, under Athenian rule. 
 
 1 I. Miltiades, Cimonis filius, Atheniensis, cum et 
 antiquitate generis et gloria maiorum et sua mo- 
 destia tinus omnium maxime floreret eaque esset 
 aetate, ut non iam solum de eo bene sperare, sed 
 etiam confidere elves possent sui talem eum futti- 5 
 rum J qualem cognitum iudicarunt, accidit ut Athe- 
 
 2 nienses Cliersonesum colonos vellent mittere. - Cuius 
 generis cum magnus numerus esset et multi eius 
 demigrationis peterent societatem, ex iis delecti 
 Delplios deliberatum missi sunt, qui consulerent 10 
 Apollinem quo potissimum duce titerentur. ISTam- 
 que tum Thraeces eas regiones tenebant, cum qui- 
 
 3 bus armis erat dimicandum. His consulentibus 
 
4 COBNELII NE^OTIS 
 
 nominatim Pythia praecepit ut Miltiadem impe- 
 ratorem sibi stimerent : id si f ecissent, incepta 
 
 4 prospera futura. Hoc oracull responso Miltiades 
 cum delecta mann classe Chersonesum profectus 
 cum accessisset Lemnum et incolas eius insiilae 5 
 .sub potestatem redigere vellet Athenieiisium, id- 
 
 5 que ut Lemnii sua sponte facerent postulasset, ill! 
 irridentes responderunt turn id se factfiros, cum 
 ille domo navibus profectus vento aquilone venis- 
 set Lemnum. Hic enim ventus ab septemtrioni- 10 
 bus oriens adversum tenet Athenis proficiscentibus. 
 
 6 Miltiades morandi tempus non habens cursum di- 
 rexit quo tendebat, pervenitque Chersonesum. 
 
 1 II. Ibi brevi tempore barbarorum copils disiectis, 
 tota regione quam petierat potitus, loca castellis 15 
 idonea communiit, multitudinem quam secum duxe- 
 rat in agris collocavit crebrlsque excursionibus lo- 
 
 2 cupletavit. Neque minus in ea re prtidentia quam 
 felicitate adiutus est. Nam cum virtute mllitum 
 devlcisset hostium exercittis, summa aequitate res 20 
 
 3 constituit atque ipse ibidem manere decrevit. Erat 
 enim inter eos dignitate regia, quamquam carebat 
 nomine, neque id magis imperio quam iustitia con- 
 secutus. Neque eo setius Atheniensibus, a quibus 
 erat profectus, officia praestabat. Quibus rebus 25 
 fiebat ut non minus eorum voluntate perpetuum 
 imperium obtineret qui miserant, quam illorum 
 
MILTIADES 5 
 
 4 crnn qiiibus erat profectus. Cliersoneso tali moclo 
 constituta Lemniim revertitur et ex pact 6 postulat 
 ut sibi urbem tradant (illl eniin dixerant, cnm 
 vento borea domo profectus eo pervenisset^ sese 
 dedittiros) se enim domum Chersonesi habere. 5 
 
 5 Cares J qui turn Lemnum incolebantj etsi praeter 
 opmionem res ceciderat, tamen non dicto, sed 
 secunda fortuna adversariorum capti resistere aiisi 
 non sunt atque ex insula demigrarunt. Pari feli- 
 citate ceteras insulas^ quae Cyclades nominantur, 10 
 sub Atheniensium redegit potestatem. 
 
 § III. Darius makes war on the Scythians. To secure his 
 retreat, he leaves a bridge over the Danube in charge of a 
 number of his vassals, tyrants of the Greek cities in Asia 
 Minor. Hearing that Darius is being hard pressed by the 
 Scythians, Miltiades, who happens to be present, advises the 
 others to destroy the bridge, and thus free the Greek cities. 
 The selfishness of the tyrants prevents his advice being fol- 
 lowed, and Miltiades seeks safety in flight to Athens. 
 
 § IV. Darius returns to Asia, and sends a fleet and an army 
 to conquer Greece. The Persians take Eretria in Euboea, then 
 cross to Attica, and land at Marathon. Miltiades is chosen one 
 of the ten Athenian generals, and urges the Greeks to prepare 
 to make an immediate attack. 
 
 I III. Eisdem temporibus Persarum rex Darius ex 
 Asia in Europam exercitu traiecto Scvtliis bellum 
 inferre decrevit. Pontem fecit in Histro flumine, 
 qua copias traduceret. Eius pontis, dum ipse abes- 15 
 
6 COBNELII NEPOTIS 
 
 set^ custodes reliquit principes quos secnm ex 
 Ionia et Aeolide duxerat, quibus singularum ur- 
 
 2 bium perpetua dederat imperia. Sic enim facil- 
 lime putavit se Graeca lingua loquentes qui 
 Asiam incolerent sub sua retenturum potestate, si 
 amicis suls oppida tuenda tradidisset, quibus se 
 oppresso nulla spes salutib relinqueretur. In 
 
 3 hoc fuit turn numero Miltiades. Hic, cum crebri 
 afferrent nuntii male rem gerere Darium premi- 
 que a Scythis, bortatus est pontis custodes ne a ic 
 fortuna datam occasionem liberandae Graeciae 
 
 4 dimitterent. IN'am si cum iis copiis quas secum 
 transportarat interisset Darius, non solum Euro- 
 pam fore tutam, sed etiam eos qui Asiam inco- 
 lerent Graecl genere llberos a Persarum futuros 15 
 dominatione et perlculo. Id facile effici posse : 
 ponte enim rescisso regem vel hostium ferro vel 
 
 5 inopia panels diebus interiturum. Ad hoc consi- 
 lium cum plerique accederent, Hestiaeus Mllesius 
 ne res conficeretur obstitit, dicens non idem ipsis, 20 
 qui summas imperil tenerent, expedire et multitu- 
 dinl, quod Darll regno ipsorum niteretur domina- 
 tio; quo exstincto ipsos potestate expulsos civibus 
 suls poenas daturos. Itaque adeo se abhorrere a 
 ceterorum consilio, ut nihil putet ipsis utilius quam 25 
 
 6 conflrmarl regnum Persarum. HuiuS cum senten- 
 tiam plurimi essent secuti, Miltiades non dubitans 
 tain multls conscils ad regis aures consilia sua 
 
MILTIAJDES 7 
 
 perventura, Chersonesum rellqnit ac rursus Athe- 
 nas demigravit. Cuius ratio etsi non valuit^ tamen 
 magno opere est laudandaj cum amicior omnium 
 llbertati quam suae fuerit domination!. 
 
 1 TV. Darius autem, cum ex Europa in Asiam re- 5 
 dTsset, liortantibus amlcis ut Graeciam redigeret 
 in suam potestatem, classem quingentarum navium 
 comparavit elque Datim praefecit et Artaphernem 
 iisque ducenta peditum, decern equitum milia dedit, 
 causam interserens se liostem esse AtlieniensibuSj 10 
 quod eorum auxilio lones Sardls expugnassent sua- 
 
 2 que praesidia interfecissent. 111! praefecti regii 
 classe ad Euboeam appulsa celeriter Eretriam ce- 
 perunt omnesque eius gentis elves abreptos in 
 Asiam ad regem mlserunt. Inde ad Atticam 15 
 accesserunt ac suas copias in campum Maratliona 
 deduxerunt. Is abest ab oppido circiter milia 
 
 3 passuum decem. Hoc tumultu Atlienienses tam 
 propinquo tamque magno permoti auxilium nus- 
 quam nisi a LacedaemoniTs petiverunt Pliidip- 2c 
 pumque, ciirsorem eius generis qui liemerodromoe 
 vocantnr, Lacedaemonem miserunt, ut nfmtiaret 
 
 4 quam celerrimo opus esse auxilio. Domi autem 
 creant decem praetores, qui exercitui praeessent, 
 in eis Miltiadem. Inter quos magna fuit conten- 25 
 tio, utrum moenibus se defenderent an obviam 
 
 5 irent hostibus acieque decernerent. Unus Miltia- 
 
8 CORNELII NEPOTIS 
 
 des maxime nitebatiir ut primo quoque tempore 
 castra fierent: id si factum esset, et civibus ani- 
 mnm accessurum, cum viderent de eorum virttite 
 non desperai% et hostes eadem re fore tardiores, 
 si animadverterent auderl adversus se tam exiguls 5 
 copiis dimicari. 
 
 § V. Miltiades' advice is adopted. The Greek array marches 
 to Marathon, offers battle to the Persians, and drives them to 
 their ships. 
 
 § VI. All states are alikec When poor and weak, the honours 
 they bestow are rare and highly valued ; when they grow rich 
 and powerful, they scatter their prizes widely ; but though these 
 have greater cost, they have less worth. 
 
 1 V. Hoc in tempore nulla civitas Atlieniensibus 
 auxilio fuit praeter Plataeenses. Ea mllle misit 
 mllitum. Itaque liorum adventu decem milia arma- 
 torum completa sunt^ quae manus mirabili flagrabat 10 
 
 2 ptignandi cupiditate. Quo factum est ut plus quam 
 collegae Miltiades valeret. Eius ergo auctoritate 
 impulsl Atlienienses copias ex urbe edtixerunt loco- 
 
 3 que idoneo castra fecerunt. Dein poster dig sub 
 montis radlcibus acie regione Instrticta non aper- 15 
 tissima (namque arbores multis locis erant rarae) 
 proelium commlserunt hoc consilio, ut et montium 
 altitudine tegerentur et arborum tractu equitatus 
 liostium impediretur^ ne multitudine clauderentur. 
 
 4 Datis etsi non aequum locum videbat suls, tamen 20 
 
MILTIADES 9 
 
 f retus numero copiarum suarum confligere cnpiebat, 
 eoque magis^ quod, priasquam Lacedaemonii sub- 
 sidio venirent, diraicare utile arbitrabatur. Itaque 
 in aciem peditum centum, equitum decern milia 
 5 prodtixit proeliumque commisit. In quo tanto 5 
 plus virttite valuerunt Atlienienses, ut decempli- 
 cem nunierum hostium profligarint, adeoque eos 
 perterruerunt, ut Persae non castra, sed naves 
 petierint. Qua ptigna nihil adhuc exstitit nobi- 
 lius : nulla enim umquam tarn exigua manus tan- 10 
 tas opes prostravit. 
 
 1 VI. Cuius victoriae non alienum videtur quale 
 praemium Miltiadi sit tribtitum docere, quo facilius 
 intellegi possit eandem omnium civitatum esse natu- 
 
 2 ram. Ut enim popull Eomani lionores quondam 15 
 fuerunt rari et tenues ob eamque causam gloriosi, 
 nunc autem effusi atque obsoleti, sic olim apud 
 
 3 Athenienses fuisse reperimus. Nam que huic Mil- 
 tiadi, qui Athenas totamque Graeciam liberarat, 
 talis honos tributus est, in porticti quae Poecile 20 
 vocatur cum pugna depingeretur Maratlionia, ut 
 in decem praetorum numero prima eius imago 
 poneretur isque hortaretur milites proeliumque 
 
 4 committeret. Idem ille populus, posteaquam ma- 
 ins imperium est nactus et largitione magistratuum 25 
 corruptus est, trecentas statuas Demetrio Phalereo 
 decrevit. 
 
10 COBNELII NEPOTIS 
 
 § VII. Miltiades is put in charge of a fleet to punish those 
 islands which have helped the Persians. He attacks Paros, but 
 fails to take it; is accused of treason, fined, and thrown into 
 prison, where he dies. 
 
 § VIII. The Athenians feared that Miltiades wished to make 
 himself tyrant of Athens : this was a second reason for his con- 
 demnation. He had had too much experience of power, and his 
 manners were too persuasive. 
 
 1 VII. Post hoc proelium classem septuaginta na- 
 vium Athenienses eldem Miltiadi dederimtj ut insu- 
 las, quae barbaros aditiverant^ bello perseqiieretiir. 
 Quo in imperio plerasque ad officium redire coegit, 
 
 2 nonnullas vi expugnavit. Ex his Parum insulam 5 
 opibus elatani cum oratione reconciliare non posset, 
 copias e navibus edtixit^ urbem operibus clausit om- 
 nique commeatu privavit, dein vineis ac testtidinibus 
 
 3 constitutis propius muros accessit. Cum iam in eo 
 esset, ut oppido potiretur, procul in continent! lucus, 10 
 qui ex insula consiDiciebatur, nescio quo casu noc- 
 turno tempore incensus est. Cuius flamma ut ab 
 oppidanis et opptignatoribus est visa, utrisque venit 
 
 4 in opmionem signum a classiariis regiis datum. Quo 
 factum est ut et Pari! a deditione deterrerentur et 15 
 Miltiades, timeiis ne classis regia adventaret, incen- 
 sls operibus quae statuerat, cum totidem navibus 
 atque erat profectus Athenas magna cum offensione 
 
 5 civium suorum rediret. Accusatus ergo est prodi- 
 tionis, quod, cum Parum exptignare posset, a rege 20 
 corruptus infectis rebus discessisset. Eo tempore 
 
MILTIABES 11 
 
 aeger erat ynlneribus, quae in oppugnando oppiclo 
 acceperat. Itaque cmn ipse pro se dicere non 
 6 posset, verba fecit frater eius Stesagoras. Causa 
 cognita capitis absoltitus pecuuia multatus est, 
 eaque lis qumquaginta talentis aestimata est, 5 
 quantus in classem stimptus factus erat. Hanc 
 pecuniam quod solvere in praesentia non poterat, 
 in vincla publica coniectus est ibique diem obiit 
 supremum. 
 
 1 VIII. Hic etsi crimine Pario est accusatus, tamen «o 
 alia causa fuit damnationis. ISTamque Athenienses 
 propter Pisistratl tyrannidem, quae paucTs annis 
 ante fuerat, nimiam clvium suorum potentiam exti- 
 
 2 mescebant. Miltiades, multum in imperils magi- 
 stratibusque versatus, non videbatur posse esse 15 
 privatus, praesertim cum consuetudine ad imperii 
 
 3 cupiditatem trahl videretur. Nam in Cbersoneso 
 omnes illos quos habitarat annos perpetuam obti- 
 nuerat dominationem tyrannusque fuerat appellatus, 
 sed itistus. ISTon erat enim vi consecutus, sed suo- 20 
 rum voluntate, eamque potestatem bonitate retine- 
 bat. Omnes autem et dicuntur et liabentur tyranni, 
 qui potestate sunt perpetua in ea civitate, quae 
 
 4 libertate us a est. Sed in Miltiade erat cum summa 
 humanitas tum mira communitas, ut nemo tam 25 
 liumilis esset, cui non ad eum aditus pateret ; magna 
 auctoritas apud omnes civitates, nobile nomen, laus 
 
 I 
 
12 COBNELII NEPOTIS 
 
 rei militaris maxima. Haec j)opulus respiciens 
 maluit ilium iiinoxium plecti quam se dititius esse 
 in timore. 
 
 II. THEMISTOCLES 
 
 § I. In his youth Themistocles was a rake, and disinherited 
 by his father. To overcome the disgrace of this, he gave him- 
 self to politics with such success that he soon became famous. 
 
 § II. War with Corcyra springmg up, Themistocles persuades 
 the Athenians to turn all their surplus revenue to equipping a 
 navy. Xerxes, king of Persia, invades Greece by land and sea. 
 Themistocles urges the Athenians to abandon their hpmes and 
 entrust themselves to their ships. 
 
 § III. Some who disagree with this plan send a force to Ther- 
 mopylae, which is utterly defeated by the Persians. The Greek 
 fleet proves a match for the Persians at Artemisium, but for 
 prudence' sake retreats to Salamis. 
 
 1 I. Themistocles^ Neocli filius^ Atlieniensis. Hu- 
 ius vitia ineimtis adulescentiae magnis sunt emen- 5 
 data virttitibus, adeo ut anteferatur liuic nemo, 
 
 2 pauci pares putentur. Sed ab initio est ordiendus. 
 Pater eius Keocles generosus fuit. Is uxorem 
 Acarnanam civem duxit, ex qua natus est The- 
 mistocles. Qui cum minus esset probatus paren- 10 
 tibus, quod et llberius vivebat et rem familiarem 
 
 3 negiegebat, a patre exheredatus est. Quae contu- 
 melia non fregit eum, sed erexit. Nam cum 
 
THEMISTOCLES 13 
 
 iudicasset sine summa industria non posse earn 
 exstingui, totuin se dedidit rei publicae, diligen- 
 tius amicls famaeque serviens. Multiim in iudiciis 
 privatis versabatur, saepe in eontionem populi pro- 
 dibat ; nulla res maior sine eo gerebatur ; celeriter 5 
 4 quae opus erant reperiebat^ facile eadem oratione 
 explicabat^ neque minus in rebus gerendis promptus 
 quam excogitandis erat^ quod et de Instantibus, ut 
 ait TliucydideSj verissime iudicabat et de futuris 
 callidissime coniciebat. Quo factum est ut brevi 10 
 tempore illustraretur. 
 
 1 II. Primus autem gradus fuit capessendae rei 
 publicae bello Corcyraeo : ad quod gerendum prae- 
 tor a populo factus non solum praesenti bello, sed 
 etiam reliquo tempore ferociorem reddidit civitatem. 15 
 
 2 Xam cum pecunia publican quae ex metallls redi- 
 bat, largitione magistratuum quotannis interiret, ille 
 persuasit populo ut ea pecunia classis centum na- 
 
 3 vium aedificaretur. Qua celeriter effecta primum 
 Corcyraeos f regit, deinde maritimos praedones con- 20 
 sectando mare tutum reddidit. In quo cum dlvitils 
 ornavit, tiim etiam peritissimos belli navalis fecit 
 
 4 Atlienienses. Id quantae saluti fuerit tiniversae 
 Graeciae, bello cognitum est Persico. Xam cum 
 Xerxes et marl et terra bellum universae inferret 25 
 Europae, cum tantis copiis cam invasit quantas 
 
 5 neque ante nee postea liabuit quisquam : liuius 
 
14 CORNELII NEPOTIS 
 
 eniixL classis mille et dncentarum navium longa- 
 rimi fuit^ quani duo milia onerariarum seqiieban- 
 tur, terrestris autem exercitus septingenta peditimij 
 
 6 equituni quadringenta niilia fuerimt. Cuius de 
 adventti cum fama in Graeciam esset perlata et 5 
 maxime Atlienienses peti dicerentur propter ptig- 
 nam Marathoniam^ miseruut Delplios eonsultnm, 
 quidnam facerent de rebus suis. Deliberantibus 
 Pythia respondit, ut moenibus lignels se munlrent. 
 
 7 Id responsum quo valeret cum intellegeret nemo, 10 
 Themistocles persuasit consilium esse Apollinis, ut • 
 in naves se suaque conferrent : eum enim a deo 
 
 8 significari murum llgneum. Tali consilio probato 
 addunt ad superiores totidem naves triremes sua- 
 que omnia, quae mover! poterant, partim Salamma, 15 
 partim Troezena deportant : arcem saeerdotibus 
 panels que maioribus natti ad sacra procuranda tra- 
 dunt, reliquum oppidum relinquunt. 
 
 1 III. Huius consilium plerisque cTvitatibus dis- 
 plicebat et in terra dimicari magis placebat. Itaque 20 
 missi sunt d.electi cum Leonida, Lacedaemoniorum 
 rege, qui Tliermopylas occuparent longiusque bar- 
 baros progredi non paterentur. Ii vim hostium 
 
 2 non sustinuerunt eoque loco omnes inter! erunt. At 
 classis communis Graeciae trecentarum navium, in 25 
 qua ducentae erant Atheniensium, primum apud 
 Artemlsium inter Euboeam continentemque terram 
 
THEMISTOCLES 15 
 
 cum classiariis regiis conflixit. Angustias enini 
 Themistocles qiiaerebat, ne multitiidine circimii- 
 
 3 retur. Hinc etsi pari proelio discesserant^ tamen 
 eodem loco non sunt ausl manere, quod erat peri- 
 culum, ne, si pars navium adversariorum Euboeam 
 
 4 superassetj ancipiti premerentur periculo. Quo 
 factum est ut ab Artemisio discederent et exad- 
 versum Athenas apud Salamina classem suam 
 constituerent. 
 
 § IV. Xerxes destroys the abandoned city of Athens. See- 
 ing the Greek fleet in danger of dispersing, Themistocles, by a 
 stratagem, causes the barbarians to attack at once. They are 
 defeated. 
 
 § v. To i^revent the Persians' making a second attack, The- 
 mistocles informs the king that his retreat is in danger of being 
 cut off. Xerxes hastens back to Asia. 
 
 IV. At Xerxes Thermopylis expugnatis protinus lo 
 accessit astti idque niillis defendentibus interfectis 
 sacerdotibus, quos in arce invenerat, incendio dele- 
 vit. Cuius flamma perterriti classiarii cum manere 
 non auderent et plurimi hortarentur ut domos suas 
 discederent moenibusque se defenderent, Themisto- 15 
 cles unus restitit et universos pares esse posse aie- 
 bat, disperses testabatur perituros, idque EurybiadI, 
 regi Lacedaemoniorum, qui turn summae imperil 
 praeeratj fore affirmabat. Quem cum minus quam 
 vellet moveret, noctu de servls suls quem liabuit 20 
 
16 COBNELII NEPOTIS 
 
 fidelissimum ad regem misit^ ut ei nuntiaret siiIs 
 
 4 verbis, adversaries eius in f uga esse : qui si disces- 
 sissent, maiore cum labore et longmquiore tempore 
 bellum confecturum, cum singulos consectari coge- 
 retur ; quos si statim aggrederetur, brevi universos 5 
 oppresstirum. Hoc eo valebat, ut ingratiis ad depu- 
 
 5 gnandum omiies cogerentur. Hac re audita barba- 
 rus, nihil doll subesse credens, postridie alienissimo 
 sibi loco, contra opportunissimo hostibus adeo an- 
 gusto marl conflixit, ut eius multitudo navium 10 
 explicarl non potuerit. Victus ergo est magis etiam 
 consilio Tliemistocli quam armis Graeciae. 
 
 1 V. Hic etsi male rem gesserat, tamen tantas lia- 
 bebat reliquias copiarum, ut etiamtum iis opprimere 
 posset hostes : iterum ab eodem gradti depulsus est. 15 
 Nam Tliemistocles, verens ne bellare perseveraret, 
 certiorem eum fecit id agl, ut pons, quem ille in 
 Hellesponto f ecerat, dissolveretur ac reditu in Asiam 
 
 2 excltideretur, idque ei persuasit. Itaque qua sex 
 mensibus iter fecerat, eadem minus diebus triginta 20 
 in Asiam re versus est seque a Themis tocle non su- 
 
 3 peratum, sed conservatum iudicavit. Sic unius viri 
 prtidentia Graecia liberata est Europaeque succu- 
 buit Asia. Haec altera victoria, quae cum Mara- 
 thon io possit comparari tropaeo. Nam pari modo 25 
 apud Salamina parvo numero navium maxima post 
 hominum memoriam classis est devlcta. 
 
THEMISTOCLES 17 
 
 § VI. The Piraeus is fortified by direction of Themistocles. 
 Later, when the Athenians are rebuilding the walls of their city, 
 and the Spartans try to prevent them, Themistocles undertakes 
 an embassy to Sparta, leaving orders to have the work go on 
 with all speed in his absence. 
 
 § VII. At Sparta Themistocles contrives to keep the Lacedae- 
 monians in ignorance until the walls are fit for defense ; then he 
 discloses the whole matter, and ui^braids the Spartans for their 
 selfishness. 
 
 1 YI. Magnus lioc bello Themistocles fuit neque 
 minor in pace. Cum enim Phalerico portu neque 
 magno neque bono Atlienienses uterentur, litiius 
 consilio triplex Pirael portus constitutus est iisque 
 moenibus circumdatus, ut ipsam urbem cllgnitate 5 
 
 2 aequiperaretj utilitate superaret. Idem niuros Athe- 
 niensium restituit praecipuo suo perlculo. Nam que 
 Lacedaemonii causam idoneam nacti propter barba- 
 rorum excursiones, qua negarent oportere extra Pe- 
 loponnesum ullam urbem muros habere, ne essent 10 
 loca munita, quae bostes possiderent, Atbenienses 
 
 3 aedificantes proliibere sunt conatT. Hoc longe alio 
 spectabat atque videri volebant. Atlienienses enim 
 duabus AactoriiSj Marathonia et Salaminia, tantam 
 gloriam apud omnes gentes erant consecutT, ut Intel- 15 
 legerent Lacedaemonii de principatu sibi cum iis 
 
 4 certamen fore. Quare eos quaiii Iiifirmissimos esse 
 volebant. Postquam autem audierunt muros strul, 
 legates Atlienas miserunt, qui id fieri vetarent. 
 His praesentibus desierunt ac se de ea re legatos ad 20 
 
18 COBNELII NEPOTIS 
 
 5 eos missuros dixeriint. Hanc legationem suscepit 
 Themistocles et solus primo profectus est : reliqui 
 legatl ut tnin exirent, cum satis altl tuendo miiri 
 exstructi videreiitur, praecepit : interim . omnes, 
 servi atque liberi, opus facerent neque tilli loco 5 
 parcerent, sive sacer sive privatus esset sive ptibli- 
 cus, et undique, quod idoneum ad mtiniendum putar 
 rent, congererent. Quo factum est ut Atheniensium 
 mtirl ex sacellls sepulcrisque constarent. 
 
 1 VII. Themistocles autem, ut Lacedaemonem ve- 10 
 nit, adire ad magistratus noluit et dedit operam, ut 
 quam longissime tempus duceret, causam interpo- 
 
 2 nens se collegas exspectare. Cum Lacedaemonii 
 quererentur opus nihilo minus fieri eumque in ea re 
 conari fallere, interim reliqui legati sunt consecutl. 15 
 A quibus cum audisset non multum superesse niil- 
 nitionis, ad eplioros Lacedaemoniorum accessit, 
 penes quos summum erat imperium, atque apud eos 
 contendit falsa iis esse delata : quare aequum esse 
 illos viros bonos nobilesque mittere quibus fides 20 
 liaberetur, qui rem explorarent : interea se obsidem 
 
 3 retinerent. Gestus est ei mos, tresque legati ffincti 
 summis lionoribus Athenas missi sunt. Ctim his 
 collegas suos Themistocles iussit proficisci iisque 
 praedixit, ut ne prius Lacedaemoniorum legatos 25 
 
 4 dimitterent quam ipse esset remissus. Hos post- 
 quam Athenas pervenisse ratus est, ad magistratus 
 
THEMISTOCLES 19 
 
 senatumque Lacedaemoniorum adiit et apud eos 
 liberriine professiis est : Atlienienses suo consilio, 
 quod commtini iiire gentium facere possent, deos 
 publicos suosque patrios ac penates^ quo facilius ab 
 hoste possent defendere, muris saepsisse neque in 
 
 5 eo quod inutile esset Graeciae fecisse. Nam illorum 
 urbem ut proptignaculum oppositum esse barbaris, 
 apud quam iam bis copias regias fecisse naufragium. 
 
 6 Laeedaemonios autem male et iniiiste facere, qui id 
 potius intuerentur, quod ipsorum domination! quam 
 quod universae Graeciae utile esset. Quare, si suos 
 legatos recipere vellent, quos Atlienas miserant, se 
 remitterent, cum aliter illos numquam in patriani 
 essent recepttiri. 
 
 § VIII. Banished from Athens through the fear and envy of 
 his fellow-citizens, he goes to Argos. In his absence he is 
 accused of secretly siding with Persia, and to avoid capture 
 and punishment takes refuge in Corcyra, Epirus, and finally 
 Ephesus. 
 
 § IX. He sends a letter to king Artaxerxes, saying that 
 he can be as useful a friend as he has been dangerous an 
 enemy, and begging the king to take a year to consider his 
 answer. 
 
 § X. Themistocles uses the year to learn the Persian lan- 
 guage. He promises to give Greece into the hands of the 
 king, who gives him Magnesia and two other cities. Some 
 say that, when he found he could not fulfil his promises, he 
 killed himself. 
 
 
20 CORNELII NEPOTIS 
 
 1 yill. Tamen non effugit civium suorum invi- 
 diam. ISTamque ob eundem timorem, quo damnatus 
 erat Miltiades, testularum suffragils e civitate eiec- 
 
 2 tus Argos habitatum concessit. Hic cum propter 
 multas virttites magna cum dignitate viveretj Lace- 5 
 daemonii legates Athenas miserunt, qui eum absen- 
 tem accusarent^ quod societatem cum rege Perse ad 
 
 3 Graeciam opprimendam fecisset. Hoc crimine ab- 
 sens damnatus est. Id ut audivit, quod non satis 
 tutum se Argis videbat^ Corcyram demigravit. Ibi 10 
 cum eius principes insulae animadvertisset timere, 
 ne propter se bellum iis Lacedaemonii et Atlieni- 
 enses indlcerent, ad Admetum^ Molosstim regem, 
 
 4 cum quo ei liospitium non erat, confugit. Hue cum 
 venisset et in praesentia rex abesset, quo maiore 15 
 religione se receptum tueretur, f ilium eius parvulum 
 arripuit et cum eO se in sacrarium, quod summa co- 
 lebatur caerimonia, coniecit. Inde non prius egres- 
 sus est, quam rex eum data dextra in fidem recipe- 
 
 5 ret, quam praestitit. ISTam cum ab Atlieniensibus 20 
 et Lacedaemoniis exposceretur piiblice, suppliceni 
 non prodidit monuitque ut consuleret sibi : difficile 
 enim esse in tam propinquo loco ttito eum versari. 
 Itaque Pydnam eum deduci iussit et quod satis 
 
 6 esset praesidii dedit. Hic in navem omnibus igno- 25 
 tus nautis escendit. Quae cum tempestate maxima 
 IsTaxum ferretur, ubi tum Atheniensium erat exerci- 
 tus, sensit Themistocles, si eo pervenisset, sibi esse 
 
THEMISTOCLES 21 
 
 pereundum. Hac necessitate coactns domino navis, 
 quis sit, aperit, mnlta pollicens, si se conservas- 
 7 set. At ille clarissimi viri captus niisericordia 
 diem noctemque procul ab insula in salo navem 
 teniiit in ancoris neque quemquam ex ea exire 5 
 passus est. Inde Epliesiim pervenit ibiqne The- 
 mistoclem exponit. Cui ille pro meritis postea 
 gratiam rettulit. 
 
 1 IX. Scio plerosqiie ita scripsisse, Tliemistoclem 
 Xerxe regnante in Asiani transisse. Sed ego potis- 10 
 simiim Tliucydidi credo, quod et aetate proximiis 
 de iis, qui illorum temporum historian! rellqiierunt, 
 
 et eiusdem civitatis fuit. Is autem ait ad Artax- 
 erxen eum venisse atque his verbis epistulam mi- 
 
 2 sisse: ^ Themistocles veni ad te, qui pltirima mala 15 
 omnium Graiorum in domum tuam intuli, quamdiu 
 mihi necesse fuit adversum patrem tuum bellare 
 
 3 patriamque meam defendere. Idem multo pltira 
 bona feci, postquam in tiito ipse et ille in periculo 
 esse coepit. Nam cum in Asiam reverti vellet proe- 20 
 lio apud Salamlna facto, litteris eum certiorem feci 
 id agi ut pons, quem in Hellesponto fecerat, dissol- 
 veretur atque ab hostibus circumiretur : quo nimtio 
 
 4 ille periculo est liberatus. ISTunc autem confugi ad 
 
 te exagitatus a cuncta Graecia, tuam petens amici- 25 
 tiam : quam si ero adeptus, noii minus me bonum 
 amicum habebis, quam fortem inimicujn ille exper- 
 
22 COBNELII NEPOTIS 
 
 tus est. Te autem rogo^ ut de iis rebus, quas tecum 
 colloqui volo, annuum mihi tempus des eoque tran- 
 sacto ad te venire patiaris.' 
 
 1 X. Huius rex animi magnitudinem admirans 
 cupiensque talem virum sibi coiiciliarl yeniam 5 
 dedit. Ule omne illud tempus litterls sermo- 
 nique Persarum dedit: quibus adeo eruditus est, 
 ut multo commodius dicatur apud regem verba 
 fecisse, quam ii poterant qui in Perside erant 
 
 2 natl. HTc cum multa regl esset pollicitus gra- 10 
 tissimumque illud, si suis titi consiliis vellet, 
 ilium Graeciam bello oppresstirum, magnis mune- 
 ribus ab Artaxerxe donatus in Asiam rediit do- 
 
 3 miciliumque Magnesiae sibi constituit. Kamque 
 banc urbem ei rex donarat, bis quidem verbis, 15 
 quae ei panem praeberet (ex qua regione quin- 
 quagena talenta quotannis redibant), Lampsacum 
 autem, unde vlnum stimeret, Myunta, ex qua obso- 
 nium liaberet. 
 
 Huius ad nostram memoriam monumenta manse- 20 
 runt duo : sepulcrum prope oppidum, in quo est se- 
 
 4 pultus, statua in foro Magnesiae. De ciiius morte 
 multimodis apud plerosque scrlptum est, sed 116s 
 eundem potissimum Thucydidem auctorem proba- 
 mus, qui ilium ait Magnesiae morbo mortuum neque 25 
 negat fuisse famam, venenum sua sponte sumpsisse, 
 cum se, quae regi de Graecia opprimenda pollicitus 
 
ABISTIDES 23 
 
 5 esset^ praestare posse desperaret. Idem ossa eius 
 clam in Attica ab amicis sepulta, quoiiiam legibus 
 non concederetnr^ quod proditionis esset damnatus, 
 memoriae prodidit. 
 
 III. AEISTIDES 
 
 § I. Aristides was a contemporary and rival of Themistocles, 
 through whose influence he was ostracized. He was allowed 
 to return before the term of his exile had expired. 
 
 § II. He fought in the battles of Salamis and Plataea. 
 Through his influence Athens got command of the united navy 
 of Greece. 
 
 § III. Aristides was assessor of the tribute to be paid by each 
 state in the Delian league, yet he died in poverty. 
 
 1 I. Aristides, Lysimacliifilius, Athenien sis, aequa- 5 
 lis fere fiiit Tliemistocli atque cum eo de prlncipatu 
 
 2 contendit : namque obtrectarunt inter se. In his 
 autem cognitum est, quanto antestaret eloquentia 
 innocentiae. Quamquam enim adeo excellebat 
 Aristides abstinentia, ut tinus jiost liominum me- 10 
 moriam, quem quidem nos audierimus, cognomine 
 lustiis sit appellatus, tamen a Tliemistocle collabe- 
 factus testula ilia exilio decem annorum multatus 
 
 3 est. Qui quidem cum intellegeret reprimi concita- 
 tam multitudinem non posse, cedensque animadver- 15 
 
24 CORNELII NEPOTIS 
 
 tisset queiidam scrlbentem ut patria pelleretur, 
 qiiaeslsse ab eo cllcitur, quare id faceret aut quid 
 Aiistides comniisisset^ cur tanta poena dignus duce- 
 
 4 retur. Cui ille respondit se Ignorare Aristiden, sed 
 sibi non placere quod tarn cupide laborasset ut 5 
 
 5 praeter ceteros Itistus appellaretur. Hic decern 
 annorum legitimam poenam non pertulit. Xam 
 postquam Xerxes in Graeciam descendit, sexto fere 
 anno quam erat expulsus, populi scito in patriam 
 restitutus est. 10 
 
 1 II. Interfuit autein ptignae navali apud Sala- 
 minaj quae facta est prius quam poena liberaretur. 
 Idem praetor fuit Atheniensium apud Plataeas in 
 proelio, quo fusus barbarorum exercitus Mardonius- 
 
 2 que interfectus est. !N'eque aliud est ullum liuius 15 
 in re militarl illustre factum quam eius imperii me- 
 moria, iustitiae vero et aequitatis et innocentiae 
 niulta, in prlmis quod liuius aequitate factum est, 
 cum in communi classe esset Graeciae simul cum 
 Pausania (quo duce Mardonius erat fugatus), ut 20 
 summa imperii maritimi ab Lacedaemoniis transfer- 
 
 3 retur ad Atlienienses : namque ante id tempus et 
 marl et terra duces erant Lacedaemonil. Turn au- 
 tem et intemperantia Pausaniae et iiistitia factum 
 est Aristidis, ut omnes fere civitates Graeciae ad 25 
 Atheniensium societatem se applicareiit et adversus 
 barbaros lios duces deligerent sibi. 
 
LY SAN DEB 25 
 
 1 III. Quos quo f acilius repellerent^ si forte belluni 
 renovare conarentur, ad classes aedificandas exerci- 
 tusque comparandos quantum pecuniae quaeque ci- 
 vitas daret^ Aristides delectus est qui constitueret, 
 eiusque arbitrio quadringena et sexagena talenta 5 
 quotannis Delum sunt collata : id enini commune 
 aerarium esse voluerunt. Quae omnis pecunia pos- 
 
 2 tei'o tempore Atlienas translata est. Hic qua f uerit 
 abstinentia, nullum est certius indicium quam quod, 
 cum tantis rebus praefuisset, in tanta paupertate 10 
 
 3 decessit/ut qui efferretur vix reliquerit. Quo fac- 
 tum est ut filiae eius publice alerentur et de com- 
 muni aerario dotibus datis coUocarentur. Decessit 
 autem fere post annum quartum quam Themisto- 
 cles Athenis erat expulsus. 15 
 
 lY. (VI.) LYSANDEE 
 
 § I. Lysander, the Spartan general, gives the death-blow to 
 Athens at the end of the Peloponnesian war. After this event, 
 he establislies governments favorable to Sparta in all states 
 which have been friendly to the Athenians. 
 
 § II. All the states are now in his power. His cruelty and 
 perfidy are shown by his treatment of the Thasians. 
 
 § III. The Spartan governments which Lysander had estab- 
 lished in the cities being broken up, he begins to plot against 
 
26 CORNELII NEPOTIS 
 
 the Spartan kings. Failing to corrupt the oracles, he is accused 
 of bribery. He is acquitted and falls in battle against the The- 
 bans. Seditious papers are found after his death. 
 
 § IV. Lysander once asked Pharnabazus to testify to the 
 humanity with which he carried on the war. The satrap con- 
 sented, but secretly substituted a document giving a true 
 account in place of the one w^hich Lysander had seen. Thus 
 Lysander fell a victim to his own deceit. 
 
 1 I. Lysander Lacedaemonins magnani rellquit sui 
 f amam, magis felicitate quam virttite partam ; Athe- 
 nienses enim adversus PeloiDonnesios bellum geren- 
 
 2 tes sexto et vicesimo anno confecisse apparet, neque 
 id qua ratione consectitus sit latet ; non enim vir- 
 ttite sni exercitiis, sed immodestia factum est adver- 
 sariorum, qui, quod dictp audientes imperatoribus 
 suis non erant, dispalati in agris relictis navibus in 
 hostium venerunt potestatem. Quo facto Atheni- 
 
 3 enses se Lacedaemoniis dediderunt. Hac victoria lo 
 Lysander elatus, cum antea semper factiosus audax- 
 que fuisset, sic sibi indulsit, ut eius opera m maxi- 
 mum odium Graeciae Lacedaemonii pervenerint. 
 
 4 Nam cum banc causam Lacedaemonii dictitassent 
 sibi esse belli, ut Atlieniensium impotentem domi- 15 
 nationem ref ringerent, postquam apud Aegos flumen 
 Lysander classis liostiuni est potitus, nihil aliud 
 molitus est quam ut omnes civitates in sua teneret 
 potestate, cum id se Lacedaemoniorum causa facere 
 
 5 simularet. Namqiie undique, qui Atlieniensium 20 
 rebus studuissent eiectis, decem delegerat in una 
 
LY SANDER 27 
 
 quaque civitate, qnibus smnmum impermm potesta- 
 temque omnium rerum committeret. Horum in 
 numerum nemo admittebatur, nisi qui aut eius lios- 
 pitio contineretur aut se illlus fore proprium fide 
 confirmarat. 5 
 
 1 II. Ita decemvirali potestate in omnibus urbibus 
 constituta i|)sius nutti omnia gerebantur. Cuius de 
 crudelitate ac perfidia satis est unam rem exempli 
 gratia proferre, ne de eodem pltira enumerando 
 
 2 defatigemus lectores. Victor ex Asia cum reverte- 10 
 retur Thasumque devertisset, quod ea civitas prae- 
 ci]3ua fide fuerat erga Athenienses, proinde ac si 
 non iidem flrmissimi solerent esse amlci, qui con- 
 stantes fuissent inimlcl, pervertere cam concuplvit. 
 
 3 Vidit autem, nisi in eo occultasset voluntatem, fu- 15 
 ttirum ut Thasil dllaberentur consulerentque rebus 
 suls . . . 
 
 1 III. Itaque il decemviralem potestatem ab illo 
 constitutam sustulerunt. Quo dolore incensus iniit 
 consilia reges Lacedaemuiiiorum tollere. Sed senti- 20 
 ebat id se sine ope deorum facere non posse^ quod 
 Lacedaemonil omnia ad oracula referre consuerant. 
 
 2 Primum Delpliicum corrumpere est conatus. Cum 
 id non potuisset, Dodonaeum adortus est. Hinc 
 quoque repulsus dixit se vota suscepisse, quae IoyI 25 
 HammonI solveret, existimans se Afros facilius 
 
28 CORNELII NEPOTIS 
 
 3 corrupturiim. Hac spe cum profectus esset in Afri- 
 can!, mnltum eum antistites lovis fefellerunt. Nam 
 non solum corrumpi non potuerunt, sed etiam lega- 
 tes Laceclaemonem miserunt, qui Lysandrum accu- 
 sarent, quod sacerdotes fani corrumpere conatus 5 
 
 4 esset. Accusatus hoc crimine iudicumque absolutus 
 sententils, Orchomeniis missus subsidio occisus est 
 
 5 a Thebanls apud Haliartum. Quam vere de eo 
 secus foret iudicatum, oratio indicio fuit, quae post 
 mortem in domo eius reperta est, in qua suadet 10 
 Lacedaemoniis, ut regia potestate dissoluta ex 
 omnibus dux deligatur ad bellum gerendum, sed 
 sic scripta, ut detim videretur congruere senten- 
 tiae, quam ille se babiturum pecunia fidens non 
 dubitarat. Hanc ei scrlpsisse Cleon Halicarnasius 15 
 dicitur. 
 
 1 IV. Atque hoc loco non est praetereundum fac- 
 tum PharnabazI, satrapis regii. Nam cum Lysan- 
 der praefectus classis in bello multa crudeliter ava- 
 reque fecisset deque iis rebus suspicaretur ad elves 20 
 suos esse perlatum, petiit a Pharnabazo ut ad epho- 
 ros sibi testimonium daret, quanta sanctitate bellum 
 gessisset sociosque tractasset, deque ea re accurate 
 scriberet : magnam enim eius auctoritatem in ea re 
 
 2 futuram. Huic ille iTberaliter pollicetur ; librum 25 
 grandem verbis multis conscripsit, in quibus sum- 
 mis eum effert laudibus. Quem cum hic legisset 
 
ALCIBIADES 29 
 
 probassetque, dum signatur, alteriim pari magnitti- 
 dine et tanta similittidine ut discern! noii posset, 
 sTgnatum subieeit, in quo accuratissime eius ava- 
 3 ritiam perfidiamque acctisarat. Lysander domiim 
 cum redisset, postquam de suis rebus gestis apud 
 maximum magistratum quae voluerat dixerat, 
 testimonii loco librum a Pharnabazo datum tra- 
 didit. Hunc summoto Lysandro cum ephori 
 cognossent, ipsi legendum dederunt. Ita ille im- 
 prtidens ipse suus fuit acctisator. 
 
 V. (VII.) ALCIBIADES 
 
 § I. Alcibiades' pre-eminence in both vice and virtue. 
 § II. He was brought up by Pericles and taught by Socrates. 
 
 I. Alcibiades, Cliniae filius, Atlieniensis. In hoc 
 natiira quid efficere possit videtur experta. Constat 
 enim inter omnes, qui de eo memoriae prodiderunt, 
 nihil illo fuisse excellentius vel in vitiis vel in vir- 
 tutibus. Natus in amplissima civitate sum mo 15 
 genere, omnium aetatis suae multo formosissimusj 
 dives ; ad omnes res aptus consiliique plenus (nam- 
 que imperator fuit summus et marl et terra) ; diser- 
 tus, ut in primTs dicendo valeret, quod tanta erat 
 commendatio oris atque orationis, ut nemo el posset 20 
 
30 COBNELII NEPOTIS 
 
 3 resistere ; cum tempus posceret, laboriosus, patiens ; 
 llberalis, splendidus non minus in vita quam victu ; 
 affabilis, blandus, temporibus callidissime serviens : 
 
 4 idenij simulac se remiserat neque causa suberat 
 quare animi laborem perferret, luxuriosus, dissolti- 
 tus, libldinosus, intemperans reperiebatur, ut omnes 
 admirarentur in uno homine tantam esse dissimili- 
 ttidinem tarn que diver sam nattiram. 
 
 I II. Educatus est in domo Pericli (privlgnus enim 
 eius fuisse dicitur), eruditus a Socrate. Socerum 
 habuit Hipponicumj omnium Graeca lingua loquen- 
 tium ditissimum, ut, si ipse fingere vellet, neque 
 plura bona eminisci neque maiora posset consequl^ 
 quam vel natura vel fortuna tribuerat. 
 
 § III. Alcibiades is chosen ooe of the three generals to have 
 charge of the Sicilian invasion. The night before they embark, 
 all the statues of Hermes are mutilated. Alcibiades is believed 
 guilty of this outrage. 
 
 § IV. Against his will, Alcibiades has to sail without pleading 
 his cause. In his absence he is declared guilty, and summoned 
 home to answer to the charge. On the way he escapes, and goes 
 to Italy, Elis, Thebes, and Sparta. He is cursed by the priests 
 of Demeter. 
 
 I III. Bello Peloponnesio hiiius consilio atque 15 
 auctoritate Athenienses bellum Syractisanis in- 
 dixerunt. Ad quod gerendum ipse dux delectus 
 
ALCIBIABES 31 
 
 est^ duo praeterea collegae clati^ Xicias et Lama- 
 
 2 clins. Id cum appararetur, prius quaui classis 
 exiret. accidit ut una nocte omnes Herniae^ qui 
 in oppido erant Athenis, deicerentur praeter unum, 
 qui ante ianuam erat Andocidi (itaque ille postea 5 
 
 3 ]\Iercurius Andocidi vocitatus est). Hoc cum appa- 
 reret non sine magna multorum consensione esse 
 factum, quae non ad privatam, sed ad publicam 
 rem pertineret, magnus multitudinl timor est in- 
 iectus ne qua repentma vis in civitate exsisteret^ 10 
 
 4 quae llbertatem opprimeret populi. Hoc maxime 
 convenire in Alcibiadem videbatur, quod et poten- 
 tior et maior quam privatus exTstimabatur : multos 
 enim llberalitate devinxerat, plures etiam opera 
 
 5 forensi suos reddiderat. Qua re fiebat ut omnium 15 
 oculos, quotienscumque in publicum prodisset, ad 
 
 se converteret neque ei par quisquam in civitate 
 poneretur. Itaque non solum spem in eo liabe- 
 bant maximanij sed etiam timorem, quod et obesse 
 
 6 plurimum et prodesse poterat. Aspergebatur etiam 20 
 infamia, quod in domo sua facere mysteria dice- 
 batur (quod nefas erat more Atheniensium) idque 
 non ad religionem, sed ad coniurationem pertinere 
 existimabatur. 
 
 IV. Hoc crimine in contione ab inimicis com- 25 
 pellabatur. Sed mstabat tempus ad bellum pro- 
 ficiscendi. Id ille intuens neque Ignorans civium 
 
32 CORNELII NEPOTIS 
 
 suorimi consuetiidinem postulabat, si quid de se 
 agi vellent, potius de praesente quaestio haberetur, 
 
 2 quani absens invidiae crlmine acciisaretur. Inimlci 
 vero eins quiescendum in praesentlj quia iioceri ei 
 lion posse intellegebant^ et illud tempus exspec- 
 tanduni decreveruntj quo classis exisset, ut absen- 
 
 3 tern aggrederentur, itaque f ecerunt. Nam postquam 
 in Sicilian! eum pervenisse crediderunt, absentem, 
 quod sacra violasset, reum f ecerunt. Qua de re 
 cum ei ntintius a magistratti in Sicilian! missus lo 
 esset, nt domuni ad causam dicendam rediret, esset- 
 que in magna spe provinciae bene administrandae, 
 non par ere iioluit et in triremem, quae ad eum 
 
 4 erat deportandum missa, ascendit. Hac Tliurios 
 in Italian! pervectus, multa secum reputans de 
 immoderata civium suorum licentia crtidelitateque 
 erga nobiles, utilissimum ratus impendentem evitare 
 tempestatem, clam se ab custodibus snbduxit et 
 
 5 inde primum Elidem, dein Thebas venit. Post- 
 quam autem se capitis damnatum bonis piiblicatTs 20 
 audivit, et, id quod numquam antea usu venerat, 
 Eumolx:)idas sacerdotes a populo coactos ut se de- 
 voverent, eiusque devotionis quo testatior esset 
 memoria, exemplum in plla lapidea incisum esse 
 positum in publico, Lacedaemonem demigravit. 
 
 6 Ibi, ut ipse praedicare consuerat, non adversus 
 patriam, sed inimicos suos bellum gessit, qui 
 eidem liostes esseiit clvitati ; nam cum intellege- 
 
ALCIBIABES 33 
 
 rent se plurimum prodesse posse rei ptiblicae, ex 
 ea eiecisse pltisque irae suae quam titilitati com- 
 7 mtlni paruisse. Itaque huius consilio Lacedae- 
 monii cum Perse rege amicitiam fecerunt, dein 
 Deceleam in Attica munierunt praesidioque ibi 5 
 perpetuo posito in obsidione Atbenas tenuerunt. 
 Eiusdem opera loniam a societate averterunt Atlie- 
 niensium. Quo facto multo superiores bello esse 
 coeperunt. 
 
 § V. The Spartans fear Alcibiades, and try to kill him. He 
 takes refuge with the Persian satrap, Tissaphernes. He is re- 
 stored to favour with the Athenians, and re-appointed general. 
 He wins many victories over the Spartans. 
 
 § VI. On his return to Athens he is welcomed more warmly 
 than either of the other two generals. He makes an affecting 
 speech in the public assembly, and his estates are restored to 
 him. The curse which has been pronounced against him is 
 removed. 
 
 1 V. Neque vero his rebus tarn amici Alcibiadl 10 
 sunt facti quam timore ab eo alienati. Kam cum 
 acerrimi viri praestantem prudentiam in omnibus 
 rebus cognoscerent. pertimuerunt ne caritate patriae 
 ductus aliquando ab ipsis descisceret et cum suis 
 
 in gratiam rediret. Itaque tempus eius interfici- 15 
 
 2 undi quaerere instituerunt. Id Alcibiades diutius 
 celari non potuit ; erat enim ea sagacitate ut decipi 
 non posset^ praesertim cum animum attendisset ad 
 
34 COBNELII NEPOTIS 
 
 cavendum. Itaque ad Tissaphernem, praefectum 
 
 3 regis Darii, se contulit. Ciiins cum in intimam 
 amlcitiam pervenisset et Atheniensium male gestis 
 in Sicilia rebus opes senescere, contra Lacedaemo- 
 niorum crescere videret, initio cum Pisandro prae- 5 
 tore^ qui apud Samum exercitum habebat, per 
 internuntios colloquitur et de reditu suo facit 
 mentionem. Is erat enim eodem quo Alcibiades 
 sensti, populi potentiae non amicus et optimatium 
 
 4 fautor. Ab hoc destitutus primum per Thrasy- 10 
 bulum, Lyci fllium^ ab exercitu recipitur praetor- 
 que fit apud Samum, post sulfragante Theramene 
 populi scito restituitur parique absens imperio 
 praeficitur simul cum Tlirasybulo et Theramene. 
 
 5 Horum in imperio tanta commutatio rerum facta 15 
 est, ut Lacedaemonii, qui paulo ante victores 
 viguerant, perterriti pacem peterent. VictT enim 
 erant quinque proeliis terrestribus, tribus nava- 
 libus, in quibus ducentas naves triremes amlse- 
 rantj quae captae in hostium venerant potestatem. 20 
 
 6 Alcibiades simul cum collegis receperat loniam, 
 Hellespontum, multas praeterea urbes Graecas, 
 quae in ora sitae sunt Thraeciae, quarum expugna- 
 rant compltires, in eis Byzantium, neque minus 
 multas consilio ad amlcitiam adiunxerant, quod in 25 
 
 7 captos dementia fuerant tisl. Ita praeda onusti, 
 locupletato exercitu, maximis rebus gestis Athenas 
 venerunt. 
 
ALCIBIABES 35 
 
 1 VI. His cum obviam uniyersa clvitas in Piraeum 
 descendisset, tanta fuit omnium exspectatio visendl 
 AlcibiadiSj ut ad eius triremem vnlgus conflneret, 
 
 2 proinde ac si solus advenisset. Sic enim populo 
 erat persuasum, et adversas superiores et praesentes 5 
 secundas res accidisse eius opera. Itaque et exer- 
 citum in Sicilia amissum et Lacedaemoniorum vic- 
 torias culpae suae tribuebant, quod talem virum e 
 civitate expulissent. ISTeque id sine causa arbitrari 
 videbantur. Xam postquam exercitui praeesse coe- 10 
 perat, neque terra neque marl liostes pares esse 
 
 3 potuerant. Hie ut e navi egressus est, quamquam 
 Theramenes et Thrasybulus eisdem rebus praefue- 
 rant simulque venerant in Piraeum, tamen unum 
 omnes ilium prosequebantur, et, id quod numquam 15 
 antea tisu venerat nisi Olympiae vlctoribus, coronis 
 laurels taeniisque vulgo donabatur. Hie lacrimans 
 talem benevolentiam civium suorum accipiebat, re- 
 
 4 minlscens pristinl temporis acerbitatem. Postquam 
 
 in astu venit, contione advocata sic verba fecit, ut 20 
 nemo tarn ferus fuerit quin eius casui illacrimarit 
 inimicumque ils se ostenderit, quorum opera patria 
 pulsus fuerat, proinde ac si alius populus, non ille 
 
 5 ipse qui tum flebat, eum sacrilegil damnasset. Pe- 
 stituta ergo huic sunt publice bona, eidemque ill! 25 
 Eumolpidae sacerdotes rtirsus resacrare sunt coacti, 
 qui eum devoverant, pilaeque illae, in quibus devo- 
 tio fuerat scripta, in mare praecipitatae. 
 
36 COBNELII NEPOTIS 
 
 § yil. Alcibiades' good fortune is short-lived. Not succeed- 
 ing in a military venture in Asia Minor, he is deposed from bis 
 command, and retires to Thrace. 
 
 § VIII. Even yet he shows his friendship for Athens by offer- 
 ing to drive off or bring to terms Lysander, who is threatening 
 the Athenian fleet at Aegospotami. Through the jealousy of the 
 Athenian general his offer is refused. Alcibiades warns hira 
 that his camp is not safe with Lysander so near, and he is not 
 mistaken ; for presently Lysander captures the fleet when the 
 Athenians are off their guard. 
 
 VII. Haec Alcibiadi laetitia non nimis fuit diu- 
 turna. Nam cum ei omnes essent honores decreti 
 totaque res publica domi bellique tradita, ut unius 
 arbitrio gereretur, et ipse postulasset ut duo sibi 
 collegae darentur, Thrasybtilus et Adimantus, neque 
 id negatum esset, classe in Asiam profectus, quod 
 apud Cymen minus ex sententia rem gesserat, in 
 invidiam recidit : nihil enim eum non efficere posse 
 ducebant. Ex quo fiebat ut omnia minus prospere 
 gesta culpae tribuerent, cum aut eum neglegenter : 
 aut malitiose fecisse loquerentur, sicut tum accidit ; 
 nam corruptum a rege caper e Cyraen noluisse argu- 
 ebant. Itaque huic maxime putamus malo fuisse 
 nimiam opinionem ingenii atque virtutis ; timeba- 
 tur enim non minus quam diligebatur, ne secunda 15 
 fortuna magnlsque opibus elatus tyrannidem con- 
 cupisceret. Quibus rebus factum est ut absent! 
 magistratum abrogarent et alium in eius locum sab- 
 stituerent. Id ille ut audivit, domum revert! no- 
 
ALCIBIADES 87 
 
 luit et se Pactyen contulit ibique tria castella com- 
 
 muniitj OrnoSj Bizanthen, Neontichos, maiitiqiie col- 
 - lecta T)rimus Graecae civitatis in Thraeciam introiit, 
 
 gloriosius existimans barbarorum praeda locupletarl 
 5 quam Graiorum. Qua ex re creverat cum fama turn 5 
 
 opibuSj magnamque amicitiam sibi cum quibusdam 
 
 regibus Thraeciae pepererat. 
 
 1 yill. Neque tamen a caritate patriae potuit re- 
 cedere. ISTam cum apud Aegos flumen Philocles, 
 praetor Atheniensium, classem constituisset suam 10 
 neque longe abesset Lysander, praetor Lacedaemo- 
 niorum^ qui in eo erat occupatus ut bellum quam 
 diutissime duceret, quod ipsis peciinia a rege sup- 
 peditabatur, contra Atheniensibus exhaustis praeter 
 
 2 arma et naves nihil erat super^ Alcibiades ad exer- 15 
 citum venit Atlieniensium ibique praesente vulgo 
 agere coepit : si vellent, se coacturum Lysandrum 
 dimicare aut pacem petere spondit ; Lacedaemonios 
 eo nolle classe confligerCj quod pedestribus copiis 
 
 3 plus quam navibus valerent ; sibi autem esse facile 20 
 Seutliem, regem Thraecum, addticere ut eum terra 
 depelleret ; quo facto necessario aut classe conflic- 
 
 4 tilrum aut bellum compositilrum. Id etsi vere 
 dictum Philocles animadvertebat, tamen postulata 
 facere noiuit, quod sentiebat se Alcibiade recepto 25 
 nulllus moment! apud exercitum futtirum et^ si quid 
 secundi evenisset, niillam in ea re suam partem 
 
38 COUNELII NEPOTIS 
 
 fore, contra ea, si quid adversi accidisset, se iinnm 
 
 5 eius delicti futurum reum. Ab hoc discedens Alci- 
 biades ^Quoniam/ inquit, ^victoriae patriae repu- 
 gnas, illud moneo, ne itixta hostem castra habeas 
 nautica; perlcuhim est enim, ne immodestia mili- 5 
 turn vestrorum occasio detiir Lysandro vestri oppri- 
 
 6 mendi exercitfis.' Neque ea res ilium fefellit. 
 Nam Lysander, cum per speculatores comperisset 
 Yulgum Atheniensium in terram praedatum exisse 
 navesque paene inanes rellctas, tempus rel gerendae 10 
 non dimlsit eoque impetu bellum totum delevit. 
 
 § IX. After the fall of Athens, Alcibiades thinks it best to 
 penetrate farther into Thrace, but finding himself in danger 
 from the Thracians themselves, he goes to Asia. There he tries 
 to gain influence with the Persian king, so that Athens may 
 again be freed. 
 
 § X. The aristocratic party at Athens get wind of this, and 
 advise Lysander to have him murdered. Assassins set his house 
 on fire in the night : Alcibiades rushes out and is slain by their 
 javelins. 
 
 1 IX. At Alcibiades, victis Atheniensibus non sa- 
 tis tuta eadem loca sibi arbitrans, penitus in Thrae- 
 ciam se supra Propontidem abdidit, sperans ibi 
 
 2 facillime suam fortunam occull posse. Falso. Nam 15 
 Thraeces, postquam eum cum magna pectinia ve- 
 nisse senserunt, Insidias fecerunt eaque quae appor- 
 tarat abstulerunt, ipsum capere non potuerunt. 
 
ALCIBIADES 39 
 
 3 Ille cernens nullum locum sibi tutum in Graecia 
 propter potentiam Lacedemoniorum ad Pharnaba- 
 zum in Asiam transiit, quem quidem adeo sua ce- 
 pit humanitate, ut eum nemo in amicitia antece- 
 deret. Namque el Grynium dederat, in Phrygia 5 
 castrum, ex quo quinquagena talenta vectigalis ca- 
 
 4 piebat. Qua fortuna Alcibiades non erat eontentus 
 neque Athenas victas Lacedaemoniis servire poterat 
 patl. Itaque ad patriam liberandam omni fereba- 
 
 5 tur cogitatione. Sed videbat id sine rege Perse 10 
 non posse fieri, ideoque eum amicum sibi cupiebat 
 adiungi neque dubitabat facile se consectiturum, si 
 modo eius conveniundi liabuisset potestatem. ISTam 
 Cyrum fratrem ei bellum clam parare Lacedaemo- 
 niis adiuvantibus sciebat; id si aperuisset, magnam 15 
 se inittirum gratiam videbat. 
 
 1 X. Hoc cum moliretur peteretque a Pharnabazo, 
 ut ad regem mitteretur, eodem tempore Critias cete- 
 rlque tyranni Atheniensium certos homines ad 
 Lysandrum in Asiam miserant, qui eum certiorem 20 
 facerent, nisi Alcibiadem sustulisset, nihil earum 
 rerum fore ratum, quas ipse Athenis constituisset ; 
 quare, si suas res gestas manere vellet, ilium perse- 
 
 2 queretur. His Laco rebus commotus statuit accu- 
 ratius sibi agendum cum Pharnabazo. Huic ergo 25 
 renuntiat quae regl cum Lacedaemoniis convenis- 
 sent, nisi Alcibiadem vivum aut mortuum sibi tra- 
 
40 COBNELII NEPOTIS 
 
 3 didisset. Non tulit hoc satrapes et violare clemen- 
 tiam quam regis opes minul maluit. Itaque mlsit 
 Susamithren et Bagaeum ad Alcibiadem interficieii- 
 dam, cum ille esset in Phrygia iterque ad regem 
 
 4 compararet. Mis si clam vlclnitati, in qua turn Al- 5 
 cibiades erat, dant negotium ut eum interficiant. 
 Illi cum ferro aggredi non auderent^ noctii llgna 
 contulerunt circa casam eam, in qua quiescebat, 
 eaque succenderunt, ut incendio conficerent, quem 
 
 5 manu superarl posse diffldebant. Ille autem ut 10 
 sonitti flammae est excitatus, etsi gladius ei erat 
 subductus, familiaris sui subalare telum eripuit. 
 Namque erat cum eo quidam ex Arcadia hospes, 
 qui numquam discedere voluerat. Hunc sequi se 
 iubet et id quod in praesentia vestimentonim fuit 15 
 arripit. His in ignem coniectis flammae vim tran- 
 
 6 siit. Quem ut barbari incendium effugisse vide- 
 runt, tells em inns missis interfecerunt caputque 
 eius ad Pharnabazum rettulerunt. At mulier, quae 
 cum eo vivere consuerat, muliebri sua veste con- 20 
 tectum aedificii incendio mortuum cremavit, quod 
 ad vivum interimendum erat comparatum. Sic 
 Alcibiades annos circiter quadraginta natus diem 
 obiit supremum. 
 
 § XL Three critical historians unite in praise of Alcibiades, 
 adding to what has already been said many other instances of 
 his wonderful versatility. 
 
ALCIBIABES 41 
 
 1 XI. Hunc mfamatum a plerlsque tres gravissimi 
 historic! summis laudibus extulerunt : ThticydideS; 
 qui eiusdem aetatis fuit, Tlieopompus, post ali- 
 qiianto iiatns, et Timaeus : qui quidem duo maledi- 
 centissimi nescio quo modo in illo uno landando 5 
 
 2 consentiunt. Nam que ea, quae supra scripsimus, 
 de eo praedicarunt atque hoc amplius : cum Athenis, 
 splendidissima civitate^ natus esset, omnes splen- 
 
 3 dore ac dignitate superasse vitae ; postquam inde 
 expulsus Thebas venerit, adeo studiis eorum inser- 10 
 visse, ut nemo eum labore corporisque viribus pos- 
 set aequiperare (omnes enim Boeoti magis firmitati 
 
 4 corporis quam ingenil actimini serviunt) ; eundem 
 apud Lacedaemonios, quorum moribus summa vir- 
 tus in patientia ponebatur^ sic duritiae se dedisse, 15 
 ut parsimonia ylctus atque cultus omnes Lacedae- 
 monios vinceret ; fuisse apud Thraecas, homines 
 vinolentos rebusque veneriis deditos : hos quoque 
 
 5 in his rebus antecessisse ; venisse ad Persas, apud 
 quos summa laus esset fortiter venarl, Itixuriose 20 
 vivere : horum sic imitatum consuetudinem, ut illi 
 
 6 ipsi eum in his maxime admirarentur. Quibus 
 rebus effecisse ut, apud quoscumque esset, princeps 
 poneretur habereturque carissimus. Sed satis de 
 hoc : reliquos ordiamur. 25 
 
42 CORNELII NEPOTIS 
 
 VI. (XV.) EPAMIIsrONDAS 
 
 § I. As in the Praefatio, the reader is warned not to judge 
 Greek manners by Roman standards. 
 
 § II. Epaminondas had the most distinguished teachers, and 
 surpassed his schoolmates in all his studies. His athletic train- 
 ing was devoted to developing his body in the most useful 
 way. 
 
 § III. He was virtuous, brave, and clever ; fond of learning, 
 and charitable. 
 
 1 I. Epaminondas, Polymnii fllius, Thebanus. De 
 hoc prinsquam scribimuSj haec praecipienda viden- 
 tur lectoribus, ne alienos mores ad suos referant, 
 neve ea quae ipsis leviora sunt, pari modo apud 
 
 2 ceteros fuisse arbitrentnr. Scimns enim miisicen 5 
 nostris moribus abesse a prlncipis persona, sal- 
 tare vero etiam in vitils poni; quae omnia apiid 
 
 3 Graecos et grata et lande digna dticuntiir. Cum 
 autem exprimere imaginem consuettidinis atque 
 vitae velimus Epaminondae, nihil videmur de- ic 
 bere praetermittere quod pertineat ad earn decla- 
 
 4 randam. Quare dicemus primum de genera eius, 
 deinde quibus disciplmis et a qiiibus sit eru- 
 ditus, turn de moribus ingenilque facultatibus et 
 
 si qua alia memoria dIgna erunt, postremo de 15 
 rebus gestis, quae a plurimis animi anteponimtur 
 virtutibus. 
 
EPAMINONDAS 43 
 
 1 II. Katus igitur patre quo diximus^ genere ho 
 nestOj panper iam a maioribus relictus est, eruditus 
 aiitem sic ut nemo Thebanus magis. aSTam et citba- 
 rizare et cantare ad cbordarum soniim doctus est a 
 Dionysio, qui non minore fuit in mtisicis gloria 5 
 qnam Damon aut Lamprus, quorum pervulgata 
 sunt nomina, cantare tibiis ab Olympiodoro, saltare 
 
 2 a Callipbrone. At pbilosopbiae praeceptorem ha- 
 buit Lysim Tarentinum, Pytbagoreum ; cui quidem 
 sic fuit deditus ut adulescens tristem ac severum 10 
 senem omnibus aequalibus siiis in familiaritate 
 anteposuerit ; neque prius eum a se dimisit, quam 
 in doctrmis tanto antecessit condiscipulos, ut facile 
 intellegi posset pari modo superattirum omnes in 
 
 3 ceteris artibus. Atque baec ad nostram consuetu- 15 
 dinem sunt levia et potius contemnenda; at in 
 
 4 Graecia, utique olim, magnae laudl erant. Post- 
 quam epbebus est factus et palaestrae dare operam 
 coepit, non tam magnitudini viriuni servlvit quam 
 velocitati; illam enim ad atbletarum tisum^ banc 20 
 
 5 ad belli existimabat utilitatem pertinere. Itaque 
 exercebatur pltirimum currendo et luctando ad eum 
 finem, quoad stans complecti posset atque conten- 
 dere. In armis vero pltirimum studii constimebat. 
 
 I III. Ad banc corporis firmitatem plura etiam 25 
 animi bona accesserant. Erat enim modestus, prti- 
 dens, gravis, temporibus sapienter utens, peritus 
 
44 COBNELII NEPOTIS 
 
 belli, fortis manu, animo maximo, adeo veritatis 
 
 2 diligens, iit ne ioco quidem mentiretur. Idem con- 
 tinens, clemens patiensque admirandum in modum, 
 non solum populi, sed etiam amicorum ferens iiiiii- 
 rias, in primis commissa celans, quodque interdiim 5 
 non minus prodest quam diserte dicere, studiosus 
 audiendi ; ex hoc enim facillime disci arbitrabatur. 
 
 3 Itaque cum in circulum venisset, in quo aut de re 
 publica disputaretur aut de philosophia sermo habe- 
 retur, numquam inde prius discessit, quam ad 10 
 
 4 finem sermo esset adductus. Paupertatem adeo 
 facile perpessus est, ut de re publica nihil praeter 
 gloriam ceperit. Amicorum in se tuendo caruit 
 facultatibus, fide ad alios sublevandos saepe sTc 
 usus est, ut itidicari possit omnia el cum amicls 15 
 
 5 fuisse commtinia. ]N'am cum aut civium suorum 
 aliquis ab hostibus esset captus aut virgo nubilis 
 propter paupertatem collocari non posset, amicorum 
 concilium habebat et quantum quisque daret pro 
 
 6 facultatibus imperabat. Eamque summam cum 20 
 fecerat, potius quam ipse acciperet pecuniam, 
 adducebat eum qui quaerebat, ad eos qui confe- 
 rebant, eique ut ipsi numerarent faciebat, ut ille 
 ad quem ea res perveniebat sclret quantum culque 
 deberet. 25 
 
 § IV. An attempt is made to bribe Epaminondas to betray 
 his city to Persia, but he proves incorruptible. To prevent 
 
EPAIflNONDAS 45 
 
 others* being approached in like manner, he gives the king's 
 agent a safe-conduct out of the country. 
 
 1 IV. Tentata aiitem eius est abstinentia a Diome- 
 donte Cyziceno ; namque is rogatu Artaxerxis regis 
 Epamlnondain pecunia corrumpendum siisceperat. 
 Hic magno cum pondere auri Thebas venit et Mlcy- 
 thum adulescentulum, quern turn Epammondas plu- 5 
 rimum diligebat^ quinque talentis ad suam perdtixit 
 voluntatem, Micythus Epannnondam convenit et 
 
 2 causam adventtis Diomedontis ostendit. At ille 
 Diomedonti coram ^ Nihil/ inquit^ ^opus pecunia 
 est : nam si rex ea vult, quae Tliebanis sunt utilia^ 10 
 gratiis facere sum paratus, sin autem contraria, 
 noil habet auri atque argent! satis. Kamque orbis 
 terrarum divitias accipere nolo pro patriae caritate. 
 
 3 Tu quod me incognitum tentasti tuique similem 
 existimasti^ non miror, tibique ignosco; sed egre- 15 
 dere propere, ne alios corrumpas, cum me non potu- 
 eris. Et tu, Micytlie, argentum huic redde, aut, 
 nisi id confestim facis, ego te tradam magistratuL' 
 
 4 Hunc Diomedon cum rogaret, ut ttito exire suaque, 
 quae attulerat, liceret efferre, ^Istud quidem/ in- 20 
 quit, ^faciam, iieque tua causa, sed mea, ne, si tibi 
 sit pecunia adempta, aliquis dicat id ad me ereptum 
 
 5 pervenisse, quod delatum accipere noluissem.' A 
 quo cum quaesisset, quo se dedtici vellet, et ille 
 Atlienas dixisset, praesidium dedit, ut ttito perve- 25 
 iiiret. ISTeque vero id satis habuit, sed etiam, ut 
 
46 COENELII NEPOTIS 
 
 inviolatus in navem escenderet, per Chabriam Athe- 
 niensenij de quo supra mentionem fecimus, effecit. 
 Abstinentiae erit hoc satis testimonium. Pltirima 
 quidem proferre possumus, sed modus adliibendus 
 est^ quoniam uno hoc voltimine vitam excellentium 
 yirorum compltirium concludere constituimus, quo- 
 rum res separatim multis milibus versuum complu- 
 res scrlptores ante nos explicarunt. 
 
 § V. Epaminondas gets the better of his rival Meneclides in 
 repartee. 
 
 § VI. His eloquence also appears in speeches urging the 
 Argives to join the Theban alliance, and showing Sparta's 
 allies her true character. 
 
 1 V. Fuit etiam disertus, ut nemo ei Thebanus par 
 esset eloquentia^ neque minus concinnus in brevi- lo 
 tate respondendi quam in perpetua oratione orna- 
 
 2 tus. Habuit obtrectatorem Menecllden quendam, 
 indidem Thebis, et adversarium in administranda 
 re publica, satis exercitatum in dicendo, ut Theba- 
 num scilicet; nam que ill! genti plus inest virium 15 
 
 3 quam ingenii. Is quod in re militari fiorere Epa- 
 minondam videbat, hortari solebat Thebanos, ut 
 pacem bello anteferrent, ne illius imperatoris opera 
 desideraretur. Huic ille ' Fallis/ inquit, ^ verbo el- 
 ves tuos, quod eos a bello avocas : otii enim nomine 20 
 
 4 servittitem concilias ; nam paritur pax bello. Itaque 
 
JEPAMINOJSTDAS 47 
 
 qui ea clititma Yolimt frul^ bello exercitati esse 
 debent. Quare si principes Graeciae vultis esse, 
 
 5 castris est vobis utendum, non palaestra.' Idem 
 ille jMeneclTdes cmn liuic obiceret, qiiod sibi Aga- 
 memnonis belli gioriam videretur consecutus : at 5 
 
 6 ille ' Quod/ inquit, ^ me Agamemnonem aemiilari 
 putas, falleris. Namque ille cum universa Graecia 
 yix decem annis imam cepit urbem, ego contra ea 
 una urbe nostra dieque uno totam Graeciam Lace- 
 daemoniis fugatis liber a vi.' 10 
 
 1 YI. Idem cum in conventum venisset Arcadum, 
 petens ut societatem cum Thebanis et Argivis face- 
 rent, contraque Callistratus, Atheniensium legatus, 
 qui eloquentia omnes eo praestabat tempore, postu- 
 laret ut potius amicitiam sequerentur Atticorum, et 15 
 in oratione sua multa invectus esset in Tliebanos et 
 
 2 Arglvos in elsque hoc posuisset, animum advertere 
 debere Arcades, quales utraqne clvitas elves pro- 
 creasset, ex quibus de ceteris possent iudicare : Ar- 
 glvos enim fuisse Orestem et Alcmaeonem matri- 20 
 cidas, Tliebis Oedipum natum, qui, cum patrem 
 suum interfecisset, ex matre llberos procreasset : 
 
 3 liuic in respondendo Epamlnondas, cum de ceteris 
 perorasset, postquam ad ilia duo opprobria pervenit, 
 admlrarl se dixit stultitiam rhetoris Attici, qui non 25 
 animadverterit, innocentes illos natos domi, scelere 
 admlsso cum patria essent expulsl, receptos esse ab 
 
48 COBNELII NEPOTIS 
 
 Atheniensibus. Sed maxime eius eloquentia eluxit 
 Spartae legati ante pugiiam Leuctricam. Quo cum 
 omnium sociorum convenissent legati^ coram fre- 
 quentissimo legationum conventu sic Laceclaemo- 
 niorum tyrannidem coarguit, ut non minus ilia ora- 
 tione opes eorum concusserit quam Leuctrica pugna. 
 Tum enim perfecit^ quod post apparuit, ut auxilio 
 Lacedaemonii sociorum privarentur. 
 
 § VII. Though unjustly robbed of his command, jealousy 
 does not prevent his helping the army when in straits. He 
 retains his command longer than the law allows, though at 
 the risk of his life, because he believes that he alone can 
 save the state. 
 
 § VIII. An appeal to the court*s sense of humour prevents 
 his suffering the legal penalty of his act. 
 
 1 YII. Fuisse patientem suorumque iniurias feren- 
 tem civium, quod se patriae Irasci nefas esse duce- lo 
 ret, liaec sunt testimonia. Cum eum propter invi- 
 diam elves sui praeficere exercitui noluissent dux- 
 que esset delectus belli imperitus, cuius errore res 
 
 'eo esset deducta, ut omnes de salute pertimescerent, 
 quod locorum angustiis clausl ab hostibus obside- 15 
 bantur, deslderari coepta est Epammondae dlligen- 
 
 2 tia: erat enim ibi privatus numero militis. A quo 
 cum peterent opejn, nullam adliibuit memoriam 
 contumeliae et exercitum obsidione liberatum do- 
 
 3 mum reduxit incolumem. Nee vero hoc semel fecit, 20 
 
JEPAMINONDAS 49 
 
 seel saepins. Maxime autem fiiit illnstre^ cum in 
 Pelopoiinesuni exercitum cliixisset aclversiis Lace- 
 daemonios haberetqne collegas cluos^ qiioriini alter 
 erat Pelopiclas. vir fortis ac strennus. Hi cum crl- 
 minibus adversariorum omnes in invidiam venissent 5 
 ob eamque rem imperium iis esset abrogatum atqiie 
 
 4 in eornm locum alii praetores successissent^ Epami- 
 nondas populi sclto non paruit idemque ut facerent 
 persuasit collegis et bellum quod susceperat gessit. 
 Namque animadvertebat^ nisi id fecisset^ totum 10 
 exercitum propter praetorum imprtidentiam insci- 
 
 5 tiamque belli periturum. Lex erat Tliebls^ quae 
 morte multabat, si quis imperium diutius retinuis- 
 setj quam lege praefinltum foret. Hanc Epami- 
 nondas cum rei ptiblicae conservandae causa latam 15 
 videret, ad perniciem civitatis conferri noluit et 
 quattuor mensibus diutius quam populus iusserat 
 gessit imperium. 
 
 1 VITI. Postcjuam domum reditum est^ collegae 
 eius hoc crimine accusabantur. Quibus ille permi- 20 
 sit, ut omnem causam in se transferrent suaque 
 opera factum contenderent, ut leg! non oboedirent. 
 Qua defensione illis perlculo llberatis nemo Epami- 
 nondam responsurum putabat, quod quid diceret 
 
 2 non liaberet. At ille in indicium venit, nihil eorum 25 
 negavit quae adversarii crimini dabant, omniaque 
 quae collegae dixerant coiifessus est neque recusa- 
 
60 CORNELII NEPOTIS 
 
 vit quominus legis poenam subiret, seel unum ab iis 
 
 3 petlvit ut in sepulcro suo inseriberent : ' Epami- 
 nondas a Thebanis morte niultatus est^ qiiod eos 
 coegit apud Leuctra superare Lacedaemonios, quos 
 ante se imperatorem nemo Boeotorum ausus sit as- 5 
 
 4 picere in acie^ quodque uno proelio non solum The- 
 bas ab interitti retraxit, sed etiam tiniversam Grae- 
 ciam in llbertatem vindicavit eoque res utrornmque 
 perdtixit, ut Thebani Spartam opptignarent, Lace- 
 
 5 daemonii satis haberent si salvl esse ^^ossent, neque 10 
 prius bellare destitit, quam Messene restituta urbem 
 eorum obsidione clansit.' Haec cum dixisset, risus 
 omnium cum hilaritate coortus est, neque quisquam 
 index ausus est de eo ferre suffragium. Sic a iudi- 
 cio capitis maxima discessit gloria. 15 
 
 § IX. Epaminondas falls fighting against the Spartans at 
 Mantinea. 
 
 § X. Epaminondas never married. The liberty which he 
 won for Thebes perished after his death. 
 
 IX. Hic extremo tempore imperator apud Man- 
 tineam cum acie instructa audacius instaret hostes, 
 cognitus a Lacedaemonils, quod in unius pernicie 
 eius patriae sitam putabant salutem, tiniversi in 
 unum impetum fecerunt neque prius abscesserunt, 20 
 quam magna caede edita multisque occisis fortis- 
 sime ipsum Epammondam pugnantem, sparo eminus 
 
EPAMINONBAS 61 
 
 2 percussum, concidere viderunt. Htiius casu ali- 
 quantum retardati sunt Boeoti, neque tamen prius 
 pugna excesserunt quam repugnantes profligarunt. 
 
 3 At Epammondas, cum animadverteret mortiferum 
 
 se vulnus accepisse simulque, si ferrum, quod ex 5 
 hastili in corpore remanserat, extraxisset, animam 
 statim emisstiruni^ usque eo retinuit^ quoad renun- 
 
 4 tiatum est vicisse Boeotos. Id postquam audlvit, 
 ^ Satis/ inquit, ' vixi ; invlctus enim niorior/ Turn 
 ferro extracto confestim exanimatus est. 10 
 
 1 X. Hic uxorem numquam duxit. In quo cum 
 reprehejideretur a Pelopida^ qui fllium liabebat in- 
 famenij maleque eam in eo patriae consulere diceret, 
 quod llberos non relinqueret^ ^ Vide/ inquit, ^ne tti 
 peius consulas, qui talem ex te natum rellcturus 15 
 
 2 SIS. Xeque vero stirps potest mihi deesse ; namque 
 ex me natam relinquo pugnam Leuctricam, quae 
 non modo milii superstes, sed etiam immortalis sit 
 
 3 necesse est.' Quo tempore duce Pelopida exules 
 Thebas occuparunt et praesidium Lacedaemonio- 20 
 rum ex arce expulerunt, Epaminondas^ quamditi 
 facta est caedes civium, domo se tenuit, quod ne- 
 que def endere malos volebat neque impugnare, ne 
 mantis suorum sanguine cruentaret. Namque om- 
 nem civilem victoriam ftinestam putabat. Idem^ 25 
 postquam apud Cadmeam cum Lacedaemoniis pu- 
 gnari coeptum est, in primis stetit. 
 
62 COBNELII NEPOTIS 
 
 Huius de virtutibus vitaque satis erit dictum, si 
 hoc unum adiunxero, quod nemo ibit mfitias, Tlie- 
 bas et ante Epaminondam natum et post eiusdem 
 interitum perpetuo alieno paruisse imperio, contra 
 ea, quamdiu ille praefuerit rei publicae, caput fuisse 
 totius Graeciae. Ex quo intellegi potest unum 
 hominem pluris quam civitatem fuisse. 
 
 VII. (XXIII.) han:n^ibal 
 
 § I. Hannibal's greatness as a general. His inherited hatred 
 of Eome. 
 
 § II. Autiochus, whom Hannibal has induced to become an 
 enemy of Rome, grows suspicious of his sincerity. Hannibal 
 tells of his oath. 
 
 1 I. Hannibal, Hamilcaris fllius, Karthaginiensis. 
 Si verum est, quod nemo dubitat, ut populus 
 Eomanus omnes gentes virtute superarit, non est lo 
 mfitiandum Hannibalem tanto praestitisse ceteros 
 imperatores Tjrudentia, quant 6 populus Eomanus 
 
 2 antecedat fortitudine ctinctas nationes ; nam quoti- 
 enscumque cum eo congressus est in Italia, semper 
 discessit superior. Quod nisi domi civium suorum 15 
 invidia debilitatus esset, Romanos videtur superare 
 potuisse. Sed multorum obtrectatio devicit unius 
 virtutem. 
 
HANNIBAL 53 
 
 3 Hic autem veliit heijeditate relictuni odium pater- 
 num erga Eomanos sic conservavit, nt priiis animam 
 quani id deposuerit^ qui qnidem, cum patria pulsus 
 esset et alienarum opum indigeret, numquam dSsti- 
 terit animo bellare cum Eomams. 5 
 
 1 II. Xam ut omittam Philippum, quem absens 
 hostem reddidit Romanis, omnium iis temporibus 
 potentissimus rex Antiochus fuit. Hmic tanta 
 eupiditate incendit bellandi, ut usque a rubro marl 
 
 2 arm a conatus sit inferre Italiae. Ad quem cum 10 
 legati venissent EomanT, qui de eius voluntate ex- 
 plorarent darentque operam consiliis clandestmis ut 
 Hannibalem in suspicionem regi adducerent, tam- 
 quam ab ipsis corruptus alia atque antea sentiret, 
 neque id frustra fecissent idque Hannibal comperis- 15 
 set seque ab interioribus consiliis segregari vidisset, 
 
 3 tempore dato adiit ad regem, eique cum multa de 
 fide sua et odio in Eomanos commemorasset, hoc 
 adiunxit : ^ Pater mens/ inquit, ' Hamilcar puerulo 
 me, utpote non amplius novem annos nato, in Hispa- 20 
 niam imperator proficiscens Karthagine lovi optimo 
 
 4 maximo liostias immolavit. Quae divlna res dum 
 conficiebatur, quaesivit a me vellemne secum in cas- 
 tra proficisci. Id cum libenter accepissem atque ab 
 eo petere coepissem ne dubitaret ducere^ tum ille 25 
 " Faciam/^ inquit, " si mihi fidem quam postulo de- 
 deris/' Simul me ad aram adduxit, apud quam sacri- 
 
54 CORN EL II NEPOTIS 
 
 ficare instituerat, earn que ceteris reinotis tenentem 
 itirare iussit numquam me in amicitia cum Eoma- 
 
 5 nis fore. Id ego iusiurandum patri datum usque ad 
 hanc aetatem ita conservavi, ut nemini dubium esse 
 debeat, quin reliquo tempore eadem mente sim futti- 
 
 6 rus. Quare si quid amice de Eomams cogitabis, non 
 imprudenter f eceris^ si me celaris ; cum quidem bel- 
 lum parabis. te ipsum frustraberis, si non me in eo 
 principem posueris.' 
 
 § III. At the age of twenty-five, Hannibal obtains command 
 of an army in Spain. He subdues Spain and crosses the Alps 
 into Italy. 
 
 § IV. He defeats the Romans in five battles, and comes into 
 Apulia, where he is again victorious. 
 
 § V. He approaches Rome. He extricates himself from a 
 dangerous situation by a stratagem, and in a number of conflicts 
 with the Romans comes off best. 
 
 1 III. Hac igitur qua diximus aetate cum patre in ig 
 Hispaniam profectus est^ cuius post obitum, Has- 
 drubale imperatore suffecto, equitatui omni praefuit. 
 Hoc quoque interfecto exercitus summam imperii 
 ad eum detulit. Id Kartliaginem delatum publice 
 
 2 comprobcitum est. Sic Hannibal minor quinque et 15 
 Yiginti annis natus imperator factus proximo trien- 
 nio omnes gentes Hispaniae bello subegit, Sagun- 
 tum, foederatam civitatem, vi expugnavit, tres exer- 
 
HANNIBAL 55 
 
 3 cittis maximos comparavit. Ex his unum in Afri- 
 can! misit, alterum cum Hasdrubale fratre in His- 
 pania reliqiiit, tertinm in Italiam secnm duxit. Ut 
 saltnm Pyrenaenm transiit, qnacnmqne iter fecit, 
 cum omnibus incolis conflixit ; neminem nisi victum 5 
 
 4 dimisit. Ad Alpes posteaquam venit, qua Italiam 
 ab Gallia seiungunt, quas nemo umquam cum exer- 
 citu ante eum praeter Herculem Graium transierat 
 (quo facto is hodie saltus Grains appellatur), Alpi- 
 cos conantes prohibere transitu concidit, loca pate- 10 
 fecit, itinera mtiniit, effecit ut ea elepliantus ornatus 
 Ire posset, qua antea unus bomo inermis vix poterat 
 repere. Hac copias traduxit in Italiamque pervenit. 
 
 1 lY. ConflTxerat apud Eliodanum cum P. Cornelio 
 Scipione consule eum que pepulerat. Cum hoc eo- 15 
 deni Clastidii apud Padum decernit sauciumque 
 
 2 inde ac fugatum dimittit. Tertio idem Scipio cum 
 collega Ti. Longo apud Trebiam adversus eum 
 venit. Cum iis manum conseruit, utrosque profli- 
 gavit. Inde per Ligures Appennlnum transiit, pe- 20 
 
 3 tens Etruriam. Hoc in itinere adeo gravi morbo 
 afficitur oculorum, ut postea numquam dextro aeque 
 bene usus sit. Qua valetudine cum etiamnum pre- 
 meretur lecticaque ferretur, C. Elaminium consulem 
 apud Trasumennum cum exercitu insidiis circum- 25 
 ventum occidit, neque multo post C. Centenium 
 praetorem cum delecta manti saltus occupantem. 
 
56 COBNELII NEPOTIS 
 
 4 Hinc in Aptiliam pervenit. Ibi obviam ei venerimt 
 duo consiileSj C. Terentius et L. Aemiliiis. Utrms- 
 que exercitus nno proelio fugavit^ Pauliim consulem 
 occidit et aliquot praeterea consulares. in els Cn. 
 Servilium Geminum^ qui superior e anno fuerat 
 consul. 
 
 1 V. Hac ptigna ptignata Eomam profeetus nullo 
 resistente in propinquis urbi montibus moratus est. 
 Cum aliquot ibi dies castra habuisset et Capuam 
 reverteretur, Q. Fabius Maximus, dictator Eomanus, lo 
 
 2 in agro Falerno ei se obiecit. Hic clausus locorum 
 angustiis noctu sine ullo detrimento exercitus se 
 expedivit Fabioque^ callidissimo imperatori, dedit 
 verba. ISTamque obducta nocte sarmenta in corni- 
 bus iuvencorum deligata incendit eiusque generis 15 
 multitudinem magnam dispalatani immisit. Quo 
 repentino visu obiecto tantuni terrorem iniecit exer- 
 citui Romanorum, ut egredi extra vallum nemo sit 
 
 3 ausus. Hanc ^Dost rem gestam non ita multls die- 
 bus M. Minucium Etifum, magistrum equitum pari 20 
 ac dictator em imperio^ dolo productum in proelium 
 fugavit. Ti. Sempronium Gracchum, iterum con- 
 sulenij in Lucanis absens in msidias inductum sus- 
 tulit. M. Claudium Marcellum, quinquiens consu- 
 
 4 lem, apud Venusiam pari modo interf ecit. Longum 25 
 est omnia enumerare proelia. Quare hoc unum 
 satis erit dictum, ex quo intellegi possit, quantus 
 
HANNIBAL 31 
 
 ille fuerit : quamditi in Italia fuit^ nemo ei in acie 
 restititj nemo adversus eum post Cannensem pugnam 
 in campo castra posuit. 
 
 § VI. Hannibal is recalled to repel Roman invaders at 
 home. He tries, without success, to secure an amnesty. 
 He is worsted in battle, but at Hadrumetum takes rein- 
 forcements. 
 
 § VII. Carthage makes peace with Rome, but Hannibal does 
 not disband his army. On this account the Romans refuse to 
 give up their hostages to the Carthaginians. Hannibal is made 
 king, and restores the finances of the state. Fearing that an 
 embassy which is sent to Carthage will demand that he be given 
 up, he flees to Syria. He is declared an outlaw. 
 
 1 VI. Hinc invictus patriam defensum revocatus 
 bellum gessit adversus P. ScTpionem, fllium eius 5 
 Scipionis, qiiem ipse primo apud Eliodannm, iterum 
 
 2 apud Padum, tertio apud Trebiam fugarat. Cum 
 hoc exhaustis iam patriae facultatibus cupivit im- 
 praesentiarum bellum componere, quo valentior 
 postea congrederetur. Inde colloquium convenit, 10 
 
 3 condiciones non convenerunt. Post id factum pan- 
 els diebus apud Zamam cum eodem conflixit ; pulsus 
 (incredibile dictu) biduo et duabus noctibus Hadru- 
 metum pervenitj quod abest ab Zama circiter milia 
 
 4 passuum trecenta. In liac fuga Numidae, qui simul 15 
 cum eo ex acie excesserant, insidiati sunt ei, quos 
 non solum efftigit, sed etiam ipsos oppressit. Ha- 
 
58 COENELII NEP0TI8 
 
 drumetl reliqnos e fuga collegit, novis dilectibus 
 panels diebus multos contraxit. 
 
 1 YII. Cum in apparando acerrime esset occupatus, 
 Karthaginienses bellum cum Eomanis composue- 
 runt. Ille nihilo setius exercitui postea x^i^aefuit 5 
 resque in Africa gessit usque ad P. Sulpicium C. 
 
 2 Aurelium consules. His enim magistratibns legati 
 Karthaginienses Romam venerunt, qui senatui 
 populoque E/omano gratias agerent, quod cum iis 
 pacem fecissent, ob eamque rem corona aurea eos 10 
 donarent simulque peterent, ut obsides eorum Ere- 
 
 3 gellls essent captivique redderentur. His ex sena- 
 tus consulto responsum est : munus eorum gratum 
 acceptumque esse; obsides, quo loco rogarent, fu- 
 turos ; captivos non remissuros, quod Hannibalem, 15 
 cuius opera susceptum bellum foret, inimicissimum 
 nomini Eomano, etiamnum cum imperio apud exer- 
 citum liaberent itemque fratrem eius Magonem. 
 
 4 Hoc responso Karthaginienses cognito Hannibalem 
 domum et Magonem revocarunt. Hue ut rediit, 20 
 rex factus est, postquam imperator fuerat, anno 
 secundo et vicesimo : ut enim Eomae consules, sic 
 Karthagine quotanms annul bini reges creabantur. 
 
 5 In eo magistratu pari diligentia se Hannibal prae- 
 buit, ac fuerat in bello. Namque effecit ex novis 25 
 vectigalibus non solum ut esset pecunia, quae Eo- 
 manis ex foedere penderetur, sed etiam superesset, 
 
HANNIBAL 59 
 
 6 quae in aerario reponeretur. Deinde M. Claudio 
 L. Furio consulibus Eonia legati Kartliagineni ve- 
 nerunt. Hos Hannibal ratus sui exposcendi gratia 
 missos, priusquam iis senatus daretnr, navem ascen- 
 dit clam atque in Syriam ad Antiochum perftigit. 
 
 7 Hac re palani facta Poeni naves duas, quae eum 
 comprehenderent^ si possent consequi^ miseruntj 
 bona eius publicarunt^ donium a fundamentis disie- 
 cerunt^ ipsum exulem itidicarunt. 
 
 § VIII. Hannibal tries unsuccessfully to induce Carthage to 
 renew the war with Rome. He returns to Antiochus. The 
 king's fleet is beaten in a battle with the Rhodians, with the 
 exception of the wing commanded by Hannibal. 
 
 § IX. He seeks safety in Crete, and uses deception to pre- 
 vent his money being stolen. 
 
 YIII. At Hannibal anno quarto postquam donio lo 
 proftigerat, L. Cornelio Q. Minucio consulibus, cuin 
 quinque navibus Africani accessit in finibus Cyre- 
 naeorum, si forte Kartliaginienses ad bellum indu- 
 cere posset Antiochi spe fiduciaque^ cui iam persua- 
 serat ut cum exercitibus in Italiam proficisceretur. 15 
 Hue Magonem fratrem excivit. Id ubi Poeni resci- 
 verunt, Magonem eadem^ qua fratrem, absentem 
 affecerunt poena. Hli desperatis rebus cum solvis- 
 sent naves ac vela ventis dedissent, Hannibal ad 
 Antiochum pervenit. De Magonis interitti duplex 20 
 
60 CORNELII NEPOTIS 
 
 memoria proclita est : namqne alii naiifragio, alii a 
 servulls ipsius interfectum eum scrlptum relique- 
 
 3 runt. Antiochus autem si tarn in gerendo bello 
 consiliis eius parere voluisset, quam in suscipiendo 
 institueratj propius Tiber! quam Tliermopylis de 5 
 summa imperil dimicasset. Quem etsi miilta stulte 
 
 4 conari videbat, tamen nulla deseruit in re. Prae- 
 fuit panels navibus^ quas ex Syria iussus erat in 
 Asiam dticere^ iisque adversus Eliodiorum classem 
 
 in Pampliylio marl conflixit. In quo cum multitu- 10 
 dine adversariorum sul superarentur, ipse quo cornu 
 rem gessit fuit superior. 
 
 1 IX. Antiocho fugato verens ne dederetur, quod 
 sine dubio accidissetj si sui fecisset potestatem, 
 
 C retain ad Gortynios venit^ ut ibi quo se conferret 15 
 
 2 consideraret. Vidit autem vir omnium callidissi- 
 mus in magno se fore periculo, nisi quid providisset, 
 propter avaritiam Cretensium ; magnam enim secum 
 pectiniam portabat, de qua sciebat exisse famam. 
 
 3 Itaque capit tale consilium. Amplioras complures 20 
 complet plumbo, summas operit auro et argento. 
 Has^ praesentibus prmcipibus deponit in templo 
 Dianae, simulans se suas fortunas illorum fidei 
 credere. His in errorem inductis statuas aeneas, 
 quas secum portabat, omni sua pecunia complet 25 
 
 4 easque in propatulo domi abicit. Gortynii tem- 
 plum magna ctira custodiunt, non tam a ceteris 
 
HANNIBAL 61 
 
 quam ab Hamiibale, ne ille mscientibiis iis tol- 
 leret sua seciimque dticeret. 
 
 § X. Hannibal goes to Pontus, and tries to form an alliance 
 against Rome. He makes war on the king of Pergamus because 
 he favours the Romans. He invents a plan for killing the king. 
 
 § XI. The fleets join battle. The king escapes, but serpents 
 thrown on the decks of the ships cause the Pergamean fleet to 
 retreat in terror. 
 
 1 X. Sic conservatis suis rebus omnibus Poenus 
 illtisis Cretensibus ad Prusiam in Pontum pervenit. 
 Apud quern eodem aninio fuit erga Italian! neque 5 
 arliud quicquam egit quam regem armavit et exacuit 
 
 2 adversus Eomanos. Quem cum videret domesticis 
 opibus minus esse robustum, conciliabat ceteros re- 
 ges, adiungebat bellicosas nationes. Dissidebat ab 
 eo Pergamenus rex Eumenes^ Komanis amicissimus^ 10 
 
 3 bellumque inter eos gerebatur et marl et terra ; sed 
 utroblque Eumenes plus valebat propter Komano- 
 rum societatem. Quo magis cupiebat eum Hannibal 
 opprimi, quem si removisset^ faciliora sibi cetera 
 fore arbitrabatur. Ad liunc interficiundum talem 15 
 
 4 iniit rationem. Classe panels diebus erant decre- 
 turl. Superabatur navium multititdine ; dolo erat 
 pugnandum, cum par non esset armis. Imperavit 
 quam plurimas venenatas serpentes vivas colligi 
 
 5 easque in vasa fictilia conici. Harum cum effecisset 20 
 
62 CORNELII ^EPOTIS 
 
 magnam multitudinem, die ipso quo factiirus erat 
 navale proelium, classiarios convocat ilsque prae- 
 cipit, omnes ut in uiiam Enmenis regis concurrant 
 navem, a ceteris tantiim satis habeant se defendere. 
 Id illos facile serpentiu-m miiltitudine consecutuios. 5 
 6 Rex autem in qua nave velieretur, ut scirent, se 
 facttirum ; quern si aut cepissent aut interfecissent, 
 magno ils poUicetur praemio fore. 
 
 1 XI. Tall coliortatione militum facta classis ab 
 utrisque in proelium dedticitur. Quarum acie con- lo 
 stituta, priusquam sTgnum pugnae daretur^ Hannibal, 
 ut palani faceret suis quo loco Eumenes esset^ tabel- 
 
 2 larium in scapha cum caduceo mittit. Qui ubi ad 
 naves adyersariorum pervenit epistulanique osten- 
 dens se regeni professus est quaerere, statim ad 15 
 Eunienem deductus est^ quod nemo dubitabat quin 
 aliquid de pace esset scrlptum. Tabellarius ducis 
 nave declarata suis, eodem unde erat egressus se 
 
 3 recepit. At Eumenes soluta epistula nihil in ea 
 repperit nisi quae ad irridendum eum pertinerent. 20 
 Cuius rei etsi causam mirabatur neque reperiebat, 
 tamen proelium statim committere non dubitavit. 
 
 4 Horum in concursu Bitliyni Hannibalis praecepto 
 universi navem Eumenis adoriuntur. Quorum vim 
 rex cum sustinere non posset, fuga saliitem petiit, 25 
 quam conseciltus non esset, nisi intra sua praesidia 
 
 se recepisset, quae in proximo litore erant collocata. 
 
HANNIBAL 63 
 
 5 Keliqnae Pergamenae naves cum adversarios pre- 
 merent acrius, repente in eas vasa fictilia^ cle quibus 
 supra mentionem f ecimus, conici coepta sunt. Quae 
 iacta initio risum ptignantibus concitarunt, neque 
 
 6 quare id fieret poterat intellegl. Postquam autem 
 naves suas oppletas conspexerunt serpentibus^ nova 
 re perterriti, cum quid potissimum vltarent non 
 viderent, puppes verterunt seque ad sua castra 
 
 7 nautica rettulerunt. Sic Hannibal consilio arm a 
 Pergamenorum superavit, neque tum solum, sed 
 saepe alias pedestribus copiis pari prtidentia pepu- 
 lit adversarios. 
 
 § XII. The Romans learn of Hannibal's whereabouts, and 
 send ambassadors to demand that he be given up. The king 
 of Pontus fears to refuse ; Hannibal's house is surrounded, 
 and he takes poison rather than fall into the hands of his 
 enemy. 
 
 § XIII. The exact date of his death is uncertain. The 
 books written by and about him are numerous. 
 
 XII. Quae dum in Asia geruntur, accidit casu ut 
 legati Prusiae Komae apud T. Quintium Flamini- 
 num consularem cenarent, atque ibi de Hannibale 15 
 mentione facta ex iis tinus diceret eum in Prusiae 
 regno esse. Id postero die Plamininus senatui de- 
 tulit. Patres conscript!, qui Hannibale vivo num- 
 quam se sine insidiis futuros existimarent, legates 
 in Bithyniam miserunt, in eis Plamininum, qui ab 20 
 
64 COBNELII NEPOTIS 
 
 rege peterent ne inimlcissimum snum secum habe- 
 
 3 ret sibiqiie dederet. His Prtisia negare ausus non 
 est; illud recusavit, ne id a se fieri postularent, 
 quod adversns itis liospitii esset : ipsi^ si possent, 
 comprehenderent ; locum, ubi esset, facile inventu- 5 
 ros. Hannibal enini uno loco se tenebat, in castello 
 quod el a rege datum erat muneri, idque sic aedifi- 
 carat, ut in omnibus partibus aedificil exittis habe- 
 ret, scilicet verens ne usti veniret quod accidit. 
 
 4 Hue cum legati Romanorum venissent ac multitu- 10 
 dine domum eius circumdedissent, puer ab ianua 
 prospiciens Hannibal! dixit plures praeter consue- 
 ttidinem armatos apparere. Qui imperavit ei, ut 
 omnes fores aedificil circumiret ac propere sibi nun- 
 
 5 tiaret, num eodem modo undique obsideretur. Puer 15 
 cum celeriter quid vidisset renuntiasset omnesque 
 exitus occupatos ostendisset, sensit id non fortuito 
 factum, sed se peti neque sibi diutius vitam esse 
 retinendam. Quam ne alieno arbitrio dimitteret, 
 memor pristinarum virtutuin, venenum, quod sem- 20 
 per secum habere consuerat, sumpsit. 
 
 I XIII. Sic vir fortissimus, multis varilsque per- 
 ftinctus laboribus, anno acquievit septuagesimo. 
 Quibus consulibus interierit non convenit. Namque 
 Atticus M. Claudio Marcello Q. Fabio Labeone con- 25 
 sulibus mortuum in aim all suo script um reliquit, at 
 Polybius L. Aemilio Paulo Cn. Baebio Tampliilo, 
 
HANNIBAL 65 
 
 Sulpicius autem Blitho P. Cornelio Cethego M. 
 
 2 Baebio Tamphilo. Atque hlc taiitns vir tantisque 
 bellis districtus noniiiliil temporis tribuit litteris. 
 Nainque aliquot eius libri sunt^ Graeco sermone 
 confectl^ in els ad Rliodios de Cn. Manlii Volsonis 5 
 
 3 in Asia rebus gestis. Huius belli gesta niulti me- 
 moriae prodiderunt, sed ex els duo, qui cum eo in 
 castris fuerunt simulque vixerunt, quamdiu fortuna 
 passa estj Silenus et Sosilus Lacedaemonius. Atque 
 hoc Sosilo Hannibal litterarum Graecarum usus est 10 
 doctore. 
 
 4 Sed nos tempus est liuius libri facere finem et 
 Eomanorum explicare imperatores, quo facilius 
 collatis utrorumque factis, qui virl praeferendi 
 sint, possit iudicarl. 15 
 
NOTES 
 
GREECE AND THE COASTS OF ASIA MINOR 
 
NOTES 
 
 Abbeetiations. — Grammars : A., Allen and Greenoiig-li ; B., Ben- 
 nett: G., Gildersleeve-Lodge ; H., Harkness. Oilier al>breviatio7is : 
 8C. (scilicet), supply; i.e. (id est), that is ; c/. (confer), compare; sqq. 
 (sequentla), the things following. 
 
 PRAEFATIO 
 
 Page 1. — 1. 1. fore is used by Xepos for quin futuri sint. 
 
 A. 332, 2:, remark and note 2 ; B. 298, a; G. 555, 3, note ; H. 505, 3. 
 plerosqiie: here equivalent to plurimos. 
 
 Attice: Titus Pomponius Atticus, to whom the work is dedi- 
 cated. He was a friend of Nepos and of Cicero, and an accom- 
 plished Greek scholar. 
 
 2. leve: sc. esse. 
 
 summorum virorum personis: the words are arranged in 
 the order of emphasis. For the case of personis, A. 245, a, 1 ; 
 
 B. 226, 2: G. 397, note 2; H. 421, III. 
 
 3. iudicent: subj. of characteristic. 
 
 relatum : in agreement with the appositive clause quis . . . 
 Epaminondam. Translate : '' When they find it told who . . . 
 or that it is mentioned (commemorari) among his points of 
 excellence," etc. 
 
 legent: what tense does the English idiom require here? 
 A. 278, b; c/. 305, b, 1, (a); B. 261, 2; G. 242, remark 1 ; H. 
 470, 2. 
 
 4. docuerit: A. 334; B. 300; G. 467; H. 529, I. 
 
 2. 6. fere: translate with erunt. Supply some word like 
 illi for the antecedent of qui. 
 
 69 
 
70 COBNELII NUPOTIS 
 
 expertes : from ex and pars. 
 
 litterarum: A. 218, a; B. 204; G. 374; H. 399. 
 
 7. nihil (esse) rectum. 
 
 ipsorum : why not illorum ? A. 195, g, and 196, 2 ; B. 249, 3; 
 G. 311,2; H. 452,5. 
 
 8. conveniat: A. 33(5, 2; B. 314; G. 650; H. 524, c/. 523. 
 moribus: A. 228; B. 187, 3; G. 347; H. 386. 
 
 3. li: the tendency in Latin would be to have a relative here. 
 
 Page 2. — 1. omnibus: dative of reference. While "to "or 
 *' for " generally gives the main idea of the dative, it is often 
 best rendered by an adverbial clause. Here translate "in 
 everybody's opinion." 
 
 honesta does not mean "honest" in the modern sense, but 
 is the opposite of turpia. For an English use of " honest " in 
 the Latin sense, compare the expression in the New Testament, 
 King James' Version: "Let us walk honestly {evaxvf^ovios) as 
 in the day" (Rom. xiii. 13). 
 
 2. nos : like the " editorial * we,' " but used much more freely 
 by Latin writers. 
 
 4. secutos (esse) : by this time it will have been noticed how 
 frequent is the omission of esse in compound infinitives. 
 
 4. Cimoni: "in the case of Cimon." Cf. note on omnibus, 
 in 2. 
 
 5. viro: A. 183; B. 169; G. 321; H. 363. Sc. "although." 
 
 6. quippecum: " because, you know, . . ." 
 
 7. instituto: A. 249; B. 218, a; G. 407; H. 421. 
 id quidem : " that, of course." 
 
 moribus : " according to our standard of morals." This kind 
 of ablative contains a mixture of the ideas of instrument and 
 specification, being equivalent to either " judged by " or " hav- 
 ing reference to." In such cases — and they are many in Latin 
 — the student should search for the English idiom w^hich best 
 fits into the rest of the sentence. 
 
 nefas : see word-group Vfa. 
 
 9. quae non eat: A. 319; B. 284, 2; G. (551) 552; H. 500. 
 A cena mercede condicta w^as a banquet at which each per- 
 son contributed part of the expense, either in money or 
 provisions ; not unlike a picnic. 
 
NOTES 71 
 
 5. 9. Magnis in laudibus : '* one of the greatest honours." 
 
 10. tota Graecia: A. 258, f , 2 ; B. 228, 1 ; G. 338 : H. 425, II, 2. 
 Olympiae : A. 258, c,- 2 ; B. 232 ; G. 411 ; H. 425, II. 
 
 11. in scaenam prodire : "to go on the stage." 
 
 populo . . . spectaculo and nemini . . . turpitudini: A. 
 233, a ; B. 191, 2 ; G. 356 ; H. 31)0. 
 
 13. Quae omnia: notice how the relative tends to stand first. 
 Translate, " all of which." 
 
 infamia means " disreputable " ; humilia atque ab honestate 
 remota, " vulgar and in bad taste." 
 
 6. 14. Contra ea: *' on the other hand." 
 15. pleraque: as in 1. 
 
 17. uxorem . . . convivium: *' to take his wife out to dine." 
 
 18. primum locum aedium: i.e. the atrium, which was the 
 reception room of the Roman house. Here the Roman lady 
 went as freely as her husband ; but at Greece the women kept 
 to their own part of the house. 
 
 19. in celebritate versatur : *' goes into society." 
 
 7. Quod: here, and very frequently, the relative should be 
 rendered by a demonstrative. 
 
 20. adhibetur: subject uxor understood. 
 
 22. nemo : notice the gender, shown by coniunctus. Women 
 were tiot debarred from visiting each other. 
 
 23. cognatione : co = cum. (g)natio has the same root as 
 (g)nascor. 
 
 8. 24. plura persequi : "to cite more instances." 
 
 cum . . . tum : "as well . . . as," or, less literally, "both 
 . . . and." 
 
 25. explicem: A. 317; B. 282; G. 545 ; H. 497. 
 
 27. excellentium : " distinguished " or " eminent " — a force 
 which " excellent " has largely lost in English. 
 
 I. MILTIADES 
 
 Pages. —I. 1. 1. Translate the cum with Miltiades. Notice 
 that the principal verb does not come until line G. 
 2. antiquitate . . . gloria . . . modestia: ablatives of cause. 
 maiorum : sc. natu. 
 
72 CORNELII NEPOTIS 
 
 gloria is contrasted with modestia, and maiorum with sua. 
 This order, in which the first part of each clause is balanced by the 
 second of the other, is called chiastic, i.e. " criss-cross," from the 
 shape of the Greek letter x, whose name is " chi." Latin is fond 
 of contrasts, and this Avas a favourite method of making them. 
 
 3. unus omnium : a form of expression sometimes used to 
 strengthen the superlative, by limiting it. Translate, '*was so 
 eminent as to be without a peer." 
 
 4. ea aetate: A. 251; B. 224; G. 400; H. 419, 11. Ea, liter- 
 ally '* that," must here be rendered " such." 
 
 5. futurum (esse) : infin. in indirect discourse, depending on 
 sperare and confidere. 
 
 6. cognitum : = postquam cognovissent. Notice how the 
 present and perfect tenses of this verb differ in meaning. Spe- 
 rare and confidere are contrasted with cognitum iudicarunt, 
 — the hopes concerning the young Miltiades with the later judg- 
 ment based on positive knowledge. 
 
 7. Chersonesum : A. 258 and 2, b ; B. 182 ; G. 337 ; H. 380, II, 
 and 2, (2). 
 
 2. 8. generis: '* class (of people)." 
 
 9. demigrationis : partitive genitive. The Latin has "a 
 share of," where we must translate " a share in." 
 
 10. Delph5s : for construction, see note on Chersonesum 1. 7. 
 Delphi was the seat of an oracle of Apollo, the most famous in 
 the Greek world. 
 
 deliberatum: A. 302; B. 340; G. 435; H. 543. 
 
 qui Apollinem : (a purpose-clause) expands the idea of deli- 
 beratum. It was possibly inserted by some early commentator 
 to explain the uncommon use of that word. 
 
 11. quo: see note on institiito, Praefatio, 4, 1. 7. 
 
 duce: not " what leader they had best employ," but '* whom 
 they had best employ as leader." 
 uterentur : A. 334 ; B. 300 ; G. 467 ; H. 529, 1. 
 
 12. cum quibus : this variation from the more regular qui- 
 buBCum is not to be followed in writing Latin prose. A. 99, c ; 
 B. 142, 4; G. 413, remark 1; H. 187, 2, cf. 184, G. 
 
 13. armis dimicandum: impersonal. "There would have 
 to be a war." For the gerundive see A. 113, d; B. 337, 7; G. 
 251, 1 ; H. 200, IV, fourth example. 
 
NOTES 73 
 
 3. consulentibus : dat. after the prae in composition in 
 praecepit. 
 
 Page 4. — 1. nominatim: unlike the ambiguous answers by 
 which the oracles usually provided against their predictions' 
 failing to come true. 
 
 Pythia: the priestess of Apollo at Delphi. The name is 
 derived from Pytho, the part of Phocis in which Delphi lay. 
 
 imperatorem : see note on duce, § I, 2, 1. 11. 
 
 2. sibi: A. 235; B. 188; G. 352; H. 384, II, 1, 2). 
 sumerent: A. 331; B. 295; G. 546; H. 498. 
 
 fecissent : the regular construction for a future perfect indica- 
 tive, when quoted after a past tense. A. 337 and 307, c; B, 320, 
 
 A, and 302 ; G. 656 and 595 ; H. 527 and 508. 
 
 3. futura (esse) : depends on the idea of saying contained in 
 praecepit. 
 
 4. Hoc oraculi : like ''quid boni," etc.; partitive genitive. 
 Hoc is an ablative of cause. To bring out in translation the exact 
 meaning of this sentence, which implies that the action of Mil- 
 tiades and his followers depended on the answer of the oracle, 
 insert an est with the participle profectus, and a corresponding 
 et before cum accessisset : "Since this was the answer given, 
 Miltiades set out . . . (and) when he had come to Lemnos," etc. 
 
 4. Chersonesum : see note on § I, 2, 1. 7. 
 
 6. id(que) : object of facerent, which depends on postulas- 
 set. See note on sumerent, § I, 3, 1. 2. 
 
 5. 9. aquilone: Lemnos lay northeast from Athens. 
 venisset: they said " cum veneris." See note on fecissent, 
 
 § I, 3, 1. 2. For constructions with cum temporal, see A. 325; 
 
 B. 288-290 ; G. 579, 580, 585 ; H. 521. 
 
 11. Athenis: A. 258, a; B. 229, a; G. 391 ; H. 412, II. 
 proficiscentibus : A. 235; B. 188, 2, a; G. 352; H. 384, II, 
 1, 2). " Blows dead ahead as you leave Athens." 
 
 6. 12. tempus non habens: the Latin prefers "not having 
 time," where we say " having no time." 
 
 13. tendebat: notice the tense. "Whither he was bound." 
 
 II. 1. 15. regione: A. 249; B. 218, a ; G. 407; H. 421. 
 easterns: A. 234; B. 192; G. 359; H. 391. 
 
74 COBNELII NEPOTIS 
 
 17. coUocavit: noi^ ''collected." 
 
 2. 18. Neque minus: neque is usually translated by "and 
 . . . not" (appropriately placed), unless followed by a second 
 neque, when the two mean ''neither . . . nor." 
 
 19. cum : in this and similar cases do not decide what mean- 
 ing belongs to the doubtful word until the whole sentence has 
 been read, so as to see which is fitting or necessary. 
 
 20. res constituit: avoid translating res by "things." It 
 always takes a meaning reflected upon it from the rest of the 
 sentence. Here render "he settled their affairs." 
 
 21. manere : he had been sent out merely to found the colony 
 and return. 
 
 3. 22. dignitate regia: "(a man) of royal rank." A. 251; 
 B. 224 ; G. 400 : H. 419, II. 
 
 23. nomine : sc. regio. A. 243, a ; B. 214, 1, c ; G. 405 ; H. 414, 1. 
 neque : see note on § II, 2, 1. 18. 
 
 imperio : i.e. his authority as general. 
 consecutus : sc. erat. 
 
 24. eo: " on that account." 
 
 26. eorum stands early in the sentence because it is in em- 
 phatic contrast to illorum. The relative clause qui miserant is 
 crowded towards the end by other more important ideas which 
 usurp its normal position. 
 
 perpetuum is emphatic, because preceding its noun. 
 
 Page 5. — 4. 2. ex: "according to." 
 
 pacto: explained by the clause in parentheses, which was 
 probably inserted by a later hand. See § I, 5. 
 
 5. se refers to the subject of postulat. 
 
 domum . . . habere : hence the north wind would now carry 
 his ship to Lemnos. 
 
 Chersonesi : locative case. 
 
 habere : infinitive after the idea of saying implied in postulat. 
 
 5. 7. res ce cider at : see note on § II, 2, 1. 20. "Events had 
 turned out." 
 
 diets : i.e. the pactum referred to in § II, 4. Abl. of cause. 
 
 10. ceteras : to say that " the rest of the islands " were called 
 the Cyclades is an error, as reference to a map will show- 
 
NOTES 75 
 
 Moreover, it was the general Conon and not Miltiades who 
 subdued these islands. 
 
 III. 1. 14. Histro : the lower part of the Danube. 
 in in such a connection must be rendered '' over." 
 15. qua: adverbial ; = ut ea via, followed by the subj. of 
 purpose, traduceret. 
 
 Page 6. — 1. abesset: the subjunctive shows that this is 
 really a quotation, though no word of saying introduces it. 
 Darius' own thought was '' dum absim." A. 327 ; B. 293, III, 2 ; 
 G. 571; H. 519. 
 
 custodes: see note on § I, 2 (quo . . . duce). 
 
 2. singnlSrum : the force of this is best brought out by trans- 
 lating ''to each of whom he gave absolute power over our city." 
 
 2. 4. lingua: abl. of means. 
 
 loquentes : sc. eos. Translate by a relative clause. 
 
 6. tuenda : A. 294, d : B. 337, 7, b) , 2 ; G. 430 : H. 544, 2, note 2. 
 
 tradidisset : quoted fut. perf. See note on § I. 3, 1. 2. 
 
 se oppresso = si (ipse) oppressus esset. The thought of 
 Darius was ''si oppressus sim (or ero),'' nulla spes salutis 
 relinquatur (relinquetur). See Grammar on Conditions in 
 Indirect Discourse. 
 
 4. 12. Nam si . . . interiturum : the speech of Miltiades, as 
 is implied by hortatus est : hence the use of moods. Frequently, 
 as here, quotations are introduced without the verb of saying, 
 etc., being expressed, the context and the construction of indi- 
 rect discourse making the meaning sufiiciently clear. 
 
 13. transportarat, being an explanatory remark of Xepos', 
 and not part of the quotation, is in the indicative instead of the 
 subjunctive. 
 
 si interisset : the class of conditions to which this is to be 
 assigned is to be learned from the tense of fore. In general, 
 when there is doubt about classifying a conditional sentence, the 
 conclusion (apodosis) will furnish the means of determining it. 
 
 15. Graeci: in apposition with qui. 
 
 genere : ablative of specification. 
 
 17. ponte rescisso : the ablative absolute should hardly ever 
 be translated literally. Here employ a conditional clause. 
 
76 CORNELII NEPOTIS 
 
 6. 19. Hestiaeus (more commonly Histiaeus) was tyrant of 
 Miletus, in Asia Minor. The tyrants, being despots, were gen- 
 erally favourable to and supi^orted by Persia, while the demo- 
 cratic and oligarchic states of Greece were its enemies. 
 
 20. ipsis (he said *' nobis ") : defined by qui tenerent and in 
 contrast with multitudini. Both are datives after expedire. 
 A. 227 ; B. 187, II, a ; G. 346 ; H. 385 sqq. 
 
 21. summas imperii : " supreme authority." 
 
 23. quo: see note on ponte, § III, 4, 1. 17. Darii, and not 
 regno, is its antecedent, because it was on his safety and not 
 merely that of the Persian empire that the tyrants' power 
 depended. The same thing is proved by the relative position 
 of Darii and regno. 
 
 6. 28. consciis: notice the derivation. Translate, ** since so 
 many were in the secret." 
 
 Page 7. — 2. Cuius ratio etsi: translate as though etsi eius 
 ratio. 
 
 IV. 1. 6. hortantibus amicis: "at the (earnest) solicita- 
 tion of his friends." Compare the notes on § III, 4, 1. 17, and 
 6, 1. 28. 
 
 redigeret: see note on sumerent, § I, 3, 1. 2. 
 
 9. peditum . . . equitum: A. 98, e; B. 80, 5 ; G. 95, 3; H. 
 178, note. 
 
 10. causam: '' (as) a reason." 
 Sardis : accusative. 
 
 2. 14. abreptos: A. 292, remark; B. 337, 2; G. G37 ; H. 549, 5. 
 
 3. 18. tumultii: this word is used of disturbances which 
 hurst out suddenly. Cf. tumeo. 
 
 > 21. qui: agrees by a common attraction with its predicate 
 hemerodromoe, instead of with its antecedent, generis. 
 
 22. Lacedaemonem : see note on Chersonesum, § I, 2, 1. 7. 
 
 23. quam celerrimo : A. 93, b : B. 240, 3 : G. 303 ; H. 170, 2. 
 auxilio : A. 243, e ; B. 218, 2; G. 406; H. 414, IV. 
 
 24. praeessent: subj. of purpose. 
 
 2(). utrum . . . decernerent: A. 211 and 334; B. 172, 4, and 
 300 ; G. 458-461 ; H. 353 and 529, I. 
 \ 27. unus : here means ** alone." 
 
NOTES 77 
 
 Page 8. — 1. maxime nitebatur : '' earnestly contended." 
 primo quoque tempore: "at the very first opportunity.'* 
 
 A. 93, c ; B. 252, 5, c) ; G. 318, 2 ; H. 458, 1. 
 2. castra fierent: " the army should commence operations." 
 id . . . dimicari: for the moods, see A. 337: B. 319; G. 656; 
 
 H. 527. The whole depends on the idea of saying contained in 
 
 nitebatur. 
 4. desperari . . . auderi . . . dimicari: impersonal verbs 
 
 are seldom to be translated literally. Here one may render, 
 
 ''when they saw that their valour was not despaired of . . . 
 
 if they noticed that (anyone) dared to fight against them," etc. 
 
 V. 1. 7. Hoc in tempore means ^* during this period," while 
 hoc tempore would mean 'Uit this time," — one expressing time 
 within which, and the other time when. 
 
 8. auxilio: A. 223, a; B. 191, 2; G. 356; H. 890. 
 
 9. militum : mille is only rarely, as here, a noun. Cf. note 
 on§IV, 1, 1. 9. 
 
 10. completa sunt: " the number of armed men rose to ten 
 thousand." 
 
 2. 11. Quo: ''from this fact," i.e. the pugnandi cupiditas 
 of the army, which lent weight to Miltiades' desire for immedi- 
 ate battle. 
 
 3. 15. regione non apertissima: locative ablative. The 
 superlative here must be rendered by "very." 
 
 16. rarae : for an English use of the same word in its sense 
 of "scattered," compare Milton's 
 
 " The cattle in the fields and meadows green, 
 These rare and solitary, those in flocks." 
 
 18. arborum tractu: " by the position of the trees." 
 
 19. clauderentur: the subject is the same as that of commi- 
 serunt. 
 
 4. 20. non : be careful to join with the proper word, as shown 
 by the position and required by the sense. 
 
 Page 9. — 2. eoque magis: "and all the more" (literally, 
 " the more on this account ") . 
 subsidio : dative of end or purpose. 
 
78 
 
 CORNELII NEPOTIS 
 
 3. venirent: A. 327; B. 291; G. 577 (c/. 574) ; H. 520. 
 
 4. peditum: partitive genitive. iSc.iiiilia. C^'. note on § IV, 
 1, 1. 9. 
 
 5. 5. tanto plus . . . valuer unt: A. 250; B. 223; G. 403; 
 H. 423. *' Were so much superior (to the enemy) in valour." 
 
 J; "'A 
 
 Village" of 
 Marathon 
 
 Mansji 
 
 i MMk: 
 
 VI. 1. 12. Cuius: translate by a demonstrative, 
 victoriae: limits praemium. 
 
 13. quo = ut 60. Cf. note on § V, 4, 1. 2 (eo). 
 
 14. eandem: emphatic by position. 
 
 3. 20. talis : translate so as to bring out the idea of quality, 
 not quantity. ''This is the kind of honour which was i^aid." 
 
 Poecile (Greek iroLKiXr)), ''painted," the name applied to 
 that great hall at Athens which was adorned by the painter 
 Polygnotus with frescoes of the battle of Marathon. It was in 
 this building that the school of philosophers met, called Stoics, 
 from the fact of their assembling in this stoa (Greek crTod), or 
 colonnade. 
 
 21. pugna Marathonia: Latin usually, as here, prefers an 
 adjective, wheu possible, to a limiting genitive. 
 
NOTES 79 
 
 22. decern: there were ten generals of the Athenian army, 
 who commanded each one day in rotation. 
 
 prima: i.e. his portrait occupied the most prominent place in 
 the painting. 
 
 4. 25. largitione : free money grants paid from the pub- 
 lic treasury, on various accounts, to Athenian citizens, — a 
 system begun under Pericles, and carried to excess by later 
 politicians. 
 
 Page 10. — VII. 1. 4. imperio: the regular word for the 
 power of a military commander. Cf. § II, 3, 1. 23. 
 
 2. 5. Ex his: " among these." 
 
 6. opibus elatam: ^' puffed up by its wealth." 
 
 cum must here, as often, be translated at the beginning of 
 its clause. 
 
 8. commeatu: A. 243; B. 214; G. 390; H. 414. 
 
 vineis . . . constitutis : (as a protection to besiegers working 
 close under the city wall) . 
 
 3. 9. in 60 esset, ut: " was on the point of." 
 
 10. oppido: A. 249: B. 218, a; G. 407; H. 421. 
 
 11. nesciS quo = aliquo. A. 332, c; B. 253, 6; G. 467, re- 
 mark 1 ; H. 455, 2. 
 
 13. utrisque: dative of reference. ''Both made up their 
 minds that." 
 
 14. datum: sc. esse. 
 
 4. 15. deterrerentur : subjunctive of result, which follows 
 expressions of accomplishment, like quo factum est. 
 
 17. totidem . . . atque: "just as many . . . as." 
 
 5. 21. infectis rebus : "with his mission unaccomplished." 
 
 Page 11. — 3. Stesagoras: an error, as he had died before 
 Miltiades went to the Chersonesus. 
 
 6. Causa . . . absolutus: " when his case was tried, though 
 acquitted of a capital offence." 
 
 5. talentis : ablative of price. The talent was equal to about 
 ^1200. 
 
 6. quantus: agrees with siimptus. The antecedent, if ex- 
 pressed, would be tanta, in apposition to lis. 
 
80 CORNELII NEPOTIS 
 
 7. solvere: compare our use of '' solvent" and "insolvent " 
 in financial matters. 
 
 VIII. 1. 10. crimine Pario : instrumental ablative. ''Prose- 
 cuted under the charge concerning Paros." Compare the note 
 on pugna Marathonia, § VI, 3, 1. 21. 
 
 3. 18. obtinuerat: " had held," not " had obtained." 
 
 23. potestate perpetua: c/. note on § II, 3, " dignitate re- 
 gia"; also on § III, 1, 1. 2, "perpetua imperia" (under note 
 on singularum). 
 
 24. usaest: " has enjoyed." 
 
 4. 26. cui= ut sibi. 
 
 27. auctoritas: sc. erat. 
 
 nobile: here not "noble," but "famous" (literally, "well 
 known"). 
 
 Page 12. — 2. innoxium: "(even though) guiltless." 
 
 II. THEMISTOCLES 
 
 1. 1. 4. Neocli: B. 238; A. 218, d, and 234, d, 1; G. 359, 
 remark 1; H. 391, 11,4. 
 
 Huius : modifies vitia, which is further defined by iaeuntis 
 adulescentiae. The pronoun hie regularly, as here, refers to 
 the principal person or thing of the preceding sentence. 
 
 6. anteferatur : clauses of result follow expressions of attain- 
 ment ; those of purpose, expressions w^hich aim at attaining that 
 which the purpose clause describes. 
 
 2. 7. ordiendus: Nepos says " /le must be," instead of the 
 less condensed, " the story of his life must be," etc. 
 
 9. duxit: 5c. in matrimonium. 
 
 10. Qui cum : " when he " ; never, " who, when he.' 
 parentibus : this dative of agent shows that the disapproval 
 
 lelt by the parents of Alcibiades was involuntary, resulting from 
 their interest in what he did, as though we should translate 
 " did not commend himself in the eyes of his parents"; while 
 the ablative of agent would imply that they deliberately passed 
 judgment on his conduct — " was not approved by his parents." 
 
 11. liberius: A. 93, a; B. 240, 1; G. 297, 2; H. 444, 1. 
 
NOTES 81 
 
 Page 13. — 3. 1. earn: refers to contumelia. 
 
 3. serviens: notice that ''serving" would not describe the 
 action of Themistocles, because it was done voluntarily and for 
 his own benefit. 
 
 4. contionem: the Ecclesia, or Public Assembly, at Athens; 
 which was its most powerful legislative body, and composed 
 not of elected representatives, but of all citizens. The right of 
 speaking in its meetings was open to all its members. 
 
 4. 6. quae: A. 243, e, remark; B. 218, 2, a ; G. 406; H. 414, 
 note 4. 
 7. gerendis : contrasted with excogitandis, 1.5. 
 
 10. Quo factum est ut: a favourite mode of introducing a 
 clause of result. 
 
 11. 1. 12. capessendae: A. 296; B. 339; G. 428; H. 543, 544 
 rei publicae : here not " the state," but " public business." 
 13. bello Corcyraeo : an historical error. 
 
 praetor: A. 176, b; B. 168; G. 205 and 206; H. 362 and II. 
 15. reliquo tempore : "for all time to come." 
 
 2. 16. metallis: Athenian money, the standard throughout 
 Greece on account of its purity, was coined from silver ob- 
 tained at Laurium, in Southern Attica. The mines were very 
 rich, and owned by the state. 
 
 17. largitione magistratuum : see note on Miltiades, VI, 4, 
 1. 25. 
 
 18. populo: A. 227; B. 187; G. 346; H. 385. 
 
 The dative is used with this class of verbs to show that their 
 objects are not merely acted upon in the manner described by 
 the verb, but have some interest in the action. 
 
 19. aedificaretur : A. 331 ; B. 295; G. 546; H. 498. 
 effecta: A. 255; B. 227; G. 409; H. 431. 
 
 3. 20. consectando: A. 301; B. 338, and 4; G. 431; H. 542 
 and IV. _ 
 
 21. quo: refers, as often, to the action of the preceding sen- 
 tence as a whole. 
 
 22. belli: A. 218; B. 204; G. 374; H. 399. 
 
 4. 23. saluti: dative of end or purpose. 
 
 24. bello Persico: see Historical Introduction, I. 
 
82 CORNELII NEPOTIS 
 
 26. quantas: this word after tantus, like qualis after talis, 
 must usually be rendered "as." 
 
 Page 14. — 5. 1. navium: genitive of measure. 
 3. peditum: see note on the same ellipsis in Miltiades, IV, 1, 
 1.9. 
 
 6. 7. miserunt Delphos consultum : do not attempt to supply 
 an object to miserunt, but translate, "they sent to Delphi to 
 ask." 
 
 8. facerent: A. 334; B. 300; G. 467; H. 519. 
 Deliberantibus : translate, "to the questioners" (not "those 
 
 questioning," — a form of expression to be avoided). 
 
 9. munirent: as the answer of the oracle was practically a 
 command, respondit takes after it the purpose-subjunctive. 
 
 7. 10. quo valeret: literally, " in what direction this oracle 
 had strength." Translate, " what the force of the oracle was." 
 
 12. eum . . . ligneum: order for translation, eum enim 
 murum ligneum a deo significari = eum enim esse ilium 
 murum ligneum qui a deo significaretur. 
 
 8. 14. superiores : " those which they had before." 
 
 16. arcem: the Acropolis, w^hich besides being the citadel 
 bore several of the principal temples. 
 
 17. prociiranda: c/. note on tuenda, Miltiades, III, 2, 1. 6. 
 
 18. reliquum : A. 193 ; B. 241 ; G. 291, remark 2 ; H. 440, notes 
 1 and 2. 
 
 III. 1. 19. civitatibus: c/. note on populo, I, 2, 1. 17. 
 20. dimicari: verbs used impersonally have their subject in 
 themselves. Translate, " for the battle to be fought." 
 
 22. qui = ut ei. It is generally more idiomatic to introduce 
 purpose clauses simply with " to." 
 
 23. vim: usually means "force" in the singular, and 
 "strength" (of body), as we say "powers," in the plural. 
 
 24. sustinuerunt : in English we should say ''could not 
 resist." 
 
 Leonidas and his men occupied a narrow pass, which they 
 held against the Persians, until a traitor showed the enemy a 
 path by which they could pass around and attack the Greeks 
 in the rear. 
 
I^OTES 83 
 
 2. 25. communis : Greece was made up of a number of inde- 
 pendent and often hostile states. They combined, however, for 
 defence against the Persian. 
 
 Page 15. — 2. ne. By what particles would a negative clause 
 of result be introduced? 
 
 3. 4. loco : locus is very frequently used in the locative abla- 
 tive (without a preposition). Such expressions are relics of the 
 older usage of the language. 
 
 lY. 1. 11. nullis . . . sacerdotibus : ablatives absolute. 
 
 2. 13. Cuius . . . auderent: translate in the following order : 
 cum classiarii perterriti cuius (render like huius) flamma ma- 
 nere non auderent. 
 
 11. domos ; regularly, as here, omits preposition with the 
 accusative of limit. 
 
 16. unus = solus. 
 
 universes: translate so as to make a proper contrast with 
 disperses. 
 
 pares: "a match for." 
 
 esse : sc. se. 
 
 18. summae . . . praeerat: " was commander-in-chief." 
 
 3. 19. Quem: translate after moveret, and as though hunc. 
 20. vellet: A. 342; B. 324; G. 6G3; H. 529, II. 
 
 Page IG. — 1. fidelissimum: the antecedent is often drawn 
 into the relative clause in this manner. 
 
 suis : refers to subject of principal verb, while eius refers to 
 regem. 
 
 2. qui, etc. : begins the quotation of the messages, as is shown 
 by the moods without any word of sajnng (except niintiaret) 
 being expressed. 
 
 discessissent : quoted future perfect after secondary tense. 
 
 4. 4. confecturum: 5c.eum. He said ''confides." See Gram- 
 mar, under " Conditional Sentences in Indirect Discourse." 
 
 singulos : " one at a time." 
 
 5. brevi: 5c. tempore, 
 universes : "all together." 
 
84 CORNELII NEPOTIS 
 
 G. oppressurum: not '* oppress." 
 
 eo valebat : '" had this object." See note on IT, 7, 1. 10. 
 5. 7. barbarus: sc. rex. The Greeks called all foreigners 
 barbarians. 
 
 8. doli: A. 216, 3; B. 201, 2; G. 369; H. 397, 3. 
 
 9. sibi: contrasted with hostibus. 
 
 10. eius : the emphatic position of this word implies a contrast 
 with something like hostium naves. 
 
 V. 1. 13. Hie . . . gesserat: "although he had failed in this 
 instance" (literally, "here"). 
 
 15. gradu: do not connect with eodem. Translate, "was 
 forced to give way." The writer is thinking of the manoeuvres 
 of swordsmen. 
 
 17. idagi: " a plan was on foot." 
 
 19. id(que). Verbs which, like persuadeo, take their object 
 in the dative, may have a cognate accusative in addition. Trans- 
 late, " convinced him of the truth of this." 
 
 2. qua: sc. via (though qua is practically an adverb). 
 
 3. 23. prudentia ( = providentia, /oresi^/iO : "astuteness." 
 
 24. Haec: sc. est. 
 
 25. Nam : most frequently introduces something explanatory 
 of the previous sentence. 
 
 .26. post: notice difference between Latin and English idiom : 
 " within the memory of man." 
 
 Page 17.— VI. 1. 2. portu: A. 249; B. 218, 1; G. 407: H. 
 421, 1. The Athenians used the Phalerum as their first harbour, 
 because marshy ground lay between Athens and the much better 
 port of Piraeus. 
 
 4. triplex : it consisted of the Piraeus proper and the smaller 
 harbours of Munychia and Zea. 
 
 iis(que) = talibus. See note on ea, Miltiades I, 1, 1. 3. 
 2. 6. idem: "he also." Frequently so rendered. 
 
 7. restituit : they had been levelled by the Persians. 
 periculo : ablative of manner. 
 
 8. causam: "excuse." 
 
 9. qua : .sc. causa. Ablative of cause. 
 
 12. aedificantes = quiu aedificarent. Or translate, " tried to 
 stop the Athenians in their building." 
 
/ 
 
 .^"^Z 
 
 v> 
 
 \ 
 
 ^y. 
 
 ^. 
 
 /» 
 
 mmm 
 
 WM 
 
86 CORNELII NEPOTIS 
 
 3. alio: adverbial. "Had a far different object." What is 
 the literal rendering? 
 
 13. atque : A. 247, d ; B. 341, c ; G. 643 ; H. 459, 2. 
 
 16. sibi . . . fore: '* that they would have." A. 231 ; B. 190; 
 G. 349 ; H. 387. 
 
 4. 18. strui: use the form for continued action ; '* walls were 
 building." 
 
 19. fieri: A. 331, a ; B. 331, II; G. 423, 2, note 6 ; H. page 310, 
 footnote 1 ; c/. 498. 
 
 20. His praesentibus : ''aslongas these were on the ground." 
 
 Page 18. — 5. 2. primo : notice that primo means *' at first," 
 while primum would mean "first" (in order), with usually 
 deinde, "next," "then," to follow, concluding, if necessary, 
 with denique, "last." 
 
 3. tuendo: A. 299 and 234; B. 338, 2, a, and 192; G. 429 and 
 359; H. 541, II, and 391. 
 
 5. facerent: in the indirect discourse, commands are ex- 
 pressed by the subjunctive. 
 
 loco: see note on populo, II, 2, 1. 17. 
 
 yil. 1. 12. quam : A. 93, b ; B. 240, 3; G. 303; H. 170, 2, (2). 
 causam: " (as) an excuse." 
 
 2. 14. fieri: " was going on." 
 eum: refers to Themistocles. 
 
 17. ephoros : five magistrates in the Spartan state who served 
 as a check on the two kings and who held much of the administra- 
 tive power. Their name is a Greek word meaning "overseers." 
 
 19. falsa . . . delata: " that false reports had been brought." 
 The student Avill find it convenient to notice how frequently 
 fero and its compounds mean "say," "tell," — the fundamental 
 idea being, of course, the h^inging of tidings. 
 
 20. illos is the subject and viros the object of mittere. 
 fides habere is equivalent to confidere, and hence has the 
 
 construction of A. 227; B. 187; G. 346; H. 385. 
 
 21. qui . . . explorarent: A. 317, 2; B. 282, 2; G. 630; H. 
 497, I. 
 
 22. retinerent : he said, " me retinete." 
 
 3. ei: dative of reference, morem gerere (alicui) : "to fol- 
 low one's advice." 
 
NOTES 87 
 
 functi . . . honoribus : as they had been thus tried in public 
 office, they a-nswered to the requirement of men, '' quibus fides 
 haberetur," 1. 20. 
 
 24. iussit: what is the construction after other verbs of com- 
 manding ? 
 
 25. prius: not to be translated until the quam of the next 
 line is reached. 
 
 ut ne is less common than ne in negative clauses of purpose. 
 
 26. ipse: see note on Miltiades, III, 5, 1. 20 (ipsis). 
 
 esset remissus : for the tense and mode of the direct form see 
 A. 327; B. 291, 292; G. 574, 577; H. 520. 
 4. 27. magistratus : refers to the ephors. 
 
 Page 19. — 2. liberrime professus est : ''made a clean breast 
 of the matter." 
 
 suo : suus, like se, generally refers to the subject of the lead- 
 ing verb. 
 
 3. quod: as though id quod — '' a thing which." 
 
 ius gentium is the regular expression for " international law." 
 
 4. publicos, etc. : the greater gods were worshipped by the 
 community, rather than by the individual. This would be espe- 
 cially true of the dei publici — gods worshipped by all Greeks 
 — and the dei patrii — the gods who had peculiar charge of 
 some particular state. The penates were guardian deities of the 
 home, and their worship was entirely an affair of the family. 
 
 Notice the conjunctions in this clause, -que connects the 
 divinities which are alike in kind, while ac introduces the dif- 
 ferent order of the penates. 
 
 4. quo facilius: A. 317, b : B. 282, a; G. 545, 2; H. 492, II, 2. 
 
 5. 7. oppositum : not '' attracted " from the gender of urbem 
 to that of propugnaculum, but belonging with it. The sense is, 
 ** the city is as a breastwork thrown up in the way of the barba- 
 rians." 
 
 8. bis : at Marathon and Salamis. 
 
 fecisse naufragium : had suffered defeat. What is the literal 
 meaning? 
 
 6. 10. intuerentur: in all likelihood subjunctive also in the 
 direct form. See A. 320 and e; B. 283 and 3; G. 631; H. 517 
 (C/.503). 
 
88 CORNELTI NEPOTIS 
 
 10. ipsorum : used here, as frequently, as indirect reflexive, 
 to refer to a subject other than that of the principal clause, se, 
 on the contrary, in 1. 10, refers to the main subject, Themistocles. 
 
 12. recipere : not " receive," which is generally expressed by 
 accipere, while recipere has the idea of recovering something 
 formerly in one's possession. 
 
 13. remitterent : A. 339; B. 316; G. G52; H. 523 and III. 
 
 Page 20.— VIII. 1. 2. ob means "on account of" (causal) ; 
 quo may be either causal or instrumental. 
 
 3. testularum suffragiis : '' ostracism " (literally, *' potsherd- 
 votes"). At Athens, when the prominence of two public men 
 seemed likely to cause a deadlock or other difficulty, the people 
 were called together and voted for the banishment of one or the 
 other. Originally the ballot used was an oyster-shell, Gk. ostra- 
 kon, whence the name; afterwards a tile or potsherd was used. 
 A man was not ostracised unless he received at least six thousand 
 votes. The banishment lasted for ten years, but involved neither 
 confiscation of property nor permanent loss of civic rights. In 
 later times, through abuse and evasion, the defects of ostracism 
 began to appear, and the custom fell into disuse. 
 
 2. 4. Hie: adverbial. Translate with viveret. 
 
 7. ad Graeciam opprimendam : A. 300; B. 338, 3; G. 432; 
 H. 541, III, and note 2. Do not translate opprimo in such con- 
 nections by " oppress." 
 
 8. fecisset: A. 321; B. 286, 1; G. 539-541; H. 516. 
 
 3. Hoc crimine damnatus : "judged guilty of this charge." 
 
 12. se: refers to Themistocles. 
 
 13. MolossTim: A. 40, e; B. 25, 6; G. 33, 4; H. 52, 3. The 
 
 Molossians were the strongest of the tribes which inhabited 
 Epirus, or Northwestern Greece. One of their later kings was 
 Pyrrhus, who made war on the Romans. 
 
 14. hospitium: inearly times, when all strangers were looked 
 on as enemies, travellers in foreign lands were not safe unless 
 protected by the hospitality of some native of the country. To 
 secure this protection or hospitium they had to be recommended 
 to their host either on the score of previous acquaintance or by 
 a mutual friend. Themistocles, not having this right, took the 
 measures to ensure his safety described in the text. 
 
jsroTES 89 
 
 4. 15. in praesentia : ''for the time being.'* 
 quo : see note on VII, 4, 1. 4. 
 
 16. religione: not "religion." 
 
 se: refers to Tliemistocles, but the subject of tueretur is rex. 
 
 17. sacrarium: a private oratory or shrine, probably the 
 place where the images of the household gods were kept. 
 
 19. datadextra: among the Greeks to clasp hands was the 
 mark of a pledge, not, as with us, of greeting only. They did 
 not "shake hands." 
 
 20. quam : translate as though " et earn (fidem)." 
 
 5. 23. tuto = tute. 
 
 25. esset: A. 3il; B. 323; G. 662; H. 528, 1. 
 
 6. 26. nautis : the dative of agent is used with the passive of 
 video and its equivalents. What are its other uses ? 
 
 28. sibi: compare note on parentibus, I, 2, 1. 10. 
 pervenisset (also conservasset, page 21, 1. 2): A. 337, 3; B. 
 319; G. 656, 3; H. 527, 2. 
 
 Page 21. — 2. sit: A. 334; B. 300; G. 467; H. 529, I. 
 
 7. 3. viri: objective genitive. Kender with *' for," not ** of,'' 
 so as to preserve the English idiom. 
 
 4. diem noctemque : '' a day and a night," not simply, " day 
 and night." 
 7. Cui : i.e. to the captain. 
 
 IX. 1. 9. ita: '' as follows." 
 11. aetate: ablative of specification. 
 
 proximus de: note the difference in idiom. The idea of the 
 Latin is " nearest /ro?)i the point of view o/ those," etc. 
 13. eiusdem : " (a citizen of) the same," etc. 
 
 2. 15. Themistocles: the form of the verb makes it unneces- 
 sary for him to say, " Ego Themistocles." 
 
 qui . . . intuli: A. 198; B. 250; G. 614; H. 445. 
 
 3. 18. Idem: " I also." This pronoun has often this force. 
 multo plura : " many mere " ; literally, " more by much." 
 
 19. ipse : supply coepi, and see on Themistocles, 1. 15. 
 
 20. proelio: A. 255; B. 227; G. 409; H. 431. 
 
90 CORNELII NEPOTIS 
 
 22. agi: see note on same idiom, V, 1, 1. 17. 
 
 23. quo: " and by this." 
 
 Page 22. — 4. 2. annuum : the adjective is often equivalent 
 to a genitive ; " a year's time." 
 eoque transacto : " and when this has passed." 
 
 X. 1. 4. animi magnitudinem : often, more briefly, ma- 
 gnanimitatem. 
 
 8. dicatur: Latin usually prefers the personal "he is said" 
 to the impersonal '' it is said that he." 
 
 2. 10. multa: ?20^ "promised many things," but ''made many 
 promises." Cognate accusatives are always to be so treated in 
 translation. 
 
 gratissimumque illud: "and what was especially pleasing, 
 (that) if," etc. For moods and tenses, see Grammar under 
 "Conditional Sentences in Indirect Discourse." 
 
 11. suis: see note on VII, 4, 1. 2. 
 uti: not " use." 
 
 12. ilium : to whom must this refer ? 
 muneribus : ablative of means. " Presented with." 
 
 13. Asiam: this, to a Roman, meant Asia Minor. 
 
 3. 16. quae = uteae. 
 
 17. redibant: indicative, because an explanatory note by the 
 author, and no part of the quotation. Translate (as of revenue) , 
 " came in." 
 
 20. nostram : this and nos are constantly used in Latin for 
 meus and ego, like our "editorial 'we,'" only much more 
 freely. 
 
 21. oppidum : notice how the clauses balance : 
 
 sepulcrum prope oppidum / ^=^_s^i«e 
 statua in foro ^ J^agnesiae. 
 
 4. 23. apud plerosque: "m the accounts given by many " ; 
 while a plerisque would mean simply " by many." plerosque 
 is used as in Praefatio, 1, 1. 1. 
 
 24. auctorem : " as an authority." 
 
 25. morbo mortuum : " died in his bed." 
 
NOTES 91 
 
 Page 23. — 1. praestare: used in same sense in VIII, 4, 1. 20. 
 
 5. 2. sepulta: cf. p. 22, 1. 21. His body would have been 
 interred at Magnesia, immediately after his death, then disin- 
 terred, and taken to Athens. 
 
 3. proditionis : the crime of which one is condemned may be 
 put either in the genitive or the ablative. 
 
 4. memoriae prodidit: ''has informed us." 
 
 III. ARISTIDES 
 
 1. 1. 6. Themistocli: see note on Neocli, Themistocles, I, 1, 
 1.5. 
 
 principatu : a position nearly akin to that of the leader of a 
 dominant political party in England or Canada ; only, from the 
 extreme democracy of the Athenian constitution, it did not of 
 necessity involve holding any particular public office. 
 
 7. namque : see note on Themistocles, V, 3, 1. 25. The general 
 fact of their rivalry is mentioned as an explanation of this par- 
 ticular instance. 
 
 2. 8. quanto . . . innocentiae : "what an advantage a 
 smooth tongue had over a fair reputation." 
 
 10. abstinentia: not "abstinence." Determine the sense 
 from the context. 
 
 unus : " he was the only one who." 
 
 11. quidem : serves to emphasize quern : ** at least that I have 
 heard of." 
 
 audierimus: A. 342; B. 324; G. 663; H. 529, II, note 1. 
 
 13. testula : see note on testularum suffragiis, Themistocles, 
 VIII, 1,1. 3. 
 
 ilia: when this word follows its noun, it usually means, as 
 here, " the well known." 
 
 exilio : see note on pecunia, Miltiades, VII, 5, 1. 4. 
 
 3. 14. Qui quidem cum : "now when he." 
 15. cedens : " as he was going away." 
 
 Page 24.-2. dicitur : cf. note on dicatur, Themistocles, X, 1, 
 1.8. 
 3. poena: A. 245, a; B. 226, 2; G. 397, note 2; H. 421, III. 
 
92 COBNELII NEPOTIS 
 
 5. 7. legpitimam : see note on Ostracism, Themistocles, VIII, 
 
 I, 1. 3. 
 
 9. quam : for postquam. 
 
 II. 1. 11. pugnae: dative after intransitive compound of 
 inter. Salamina is the Greek form of the third declension 
 accusative. 
 
 13. idem: see note on Themistocles, VI, 2, 1. 6. 
 
 2. 18. multa: sc. facta. 
 
 20. quoduce: " under whose command." Ablative absolute 
 (= quo ducente). 
 
 21. summa . . . maritimi: ''control of the navy." 
 
 3. 21. intemperantia : puffed up by his successes, Pausanias 
 had assumed the dress and manners of a Persian despot. 
 
 27. duces sibi: " (as) their leaders." Sibi, the dative of 
 reference, can here best be rendered like a possessive. 
 
 Page 25. — III. 1. 2. conarentur: this tense and mood makes 
 the phrase equivalent to "if (as they thought) they should try," 
 etc. (" Implied," or *' informal " indirect discourse.) 
 
 4. daret: subjunctive of indirect question depending on con- 
 stitueret. Translate the clauses in the order, Aristides . . . 
 constitueret, quantum . . . daret, ad . . . comparandos. 
 
 7. voluerunt: "appointed." For further information about 
 the Delian Confederacy, see the Historical Introduction. 
 
 2. 8. qua . . . abstinentia: ablative of quality. C/. Miltiades, 
 
 II, 3,1. 22; VIII, 3,1.23. 
 
 fuerit : A. 287 ; B. 267 ; G. 511 ; H. 492. 
 
 9. quam (id) quod: "than the fact that." A. 333 and a; 
 B. 299; G. 524, 525 ; H. 540, IV. 
 
 11. qui : an old ablative from the stem qui-. " Scarcely any- 
 thing was left wherewith to bury him." 
 
 3. 12. publice : " at the expense of the state." 
 
 13. dotibus : dowry was a necessary condition in the marriage 
 of an Athenian woman, and the match was arranged by friends, 
 without mucli regard to the bride's preferences. Notice that 
 et collocarentur must be translated immediately after ale- 
 rentur. 
 
NOTES 93 
 
 14. post . . . expulsus: "four years after." The sense is, 
 *' after Themistocles" exile had lasted through (force of the accus- 
 ative) its fourth year." Anno quarto postquam would mean 
 any time after the fourth year had begun. 
 
 Compare sexto fere anno, at the end of I. 
 
 IV. LYSANDER 
 
 Page 26. — I. 1. 3. bellum: see the Historical Introduction, 
 
 2. 0. id : object of consecutus sit. 
 
 6. virtute: study this word. In 1. 2 it meant "merit" or 
 " worth " ; here, " bravery," that is, " manfulness," its original 
 meaning. C/. also Praefatio, 1, "in eius virtutibus," where 
 it is equivalent to " points of excellence." 
 
 immodestia : modestus means observing a modus, "limit." 
 Hence immodestia is applicable to the laxity of discipline here 
 described. 
 
 7. dicto : when audio means " obey," it takes the dative. 
 imperatoribus, being less closely connected with audientes 
 
 than diets, may be classified as dative of reference. Translate 
 like a genitive. 
 9. Quo facto = postquam igitur id factum est. 
 
 3. 12. in maximam odium Graeciae pervenerint : " won for 
 themselves the most bitter hatred of Greece," 
 
 4. 15. impotentem . . . refringerint : " break in pieces the 
 enfeebled power of the Athenians." The battle of Aegospotami 
 practically ended Athenian supremacy, but the following meas- 
 ures of Lysander were intended to prevent any possibility of 
 Athens' reviving. 
 
 18. civitates : the members of the Delian League. 
 
 19. cum . . . simularet: "although he pretended." The 
 object of the Spartans was to crush the power of Athens, not 
 necessarily to acquire her territory, 
 
 5. 21. studuissent: A. 320; B. 283; G. 631 ; H, 503, I. 
 eiectis : sc. lis as an antecedent of qui. Translate with 
 
 undique. 
 
94 COBNELII NEPOTIS 
 
 Page 27. — 2. omnium rerum : '' over everything." 
 committeret : subjunctive of purpose. 
 
 3. eius refers to Lysander; illius being used of the same 
 person, in the next line, for the sake of variety and emphasis. 
 
 hospitio: see note on this word in Themistocles, VIII. 
 
 4. contineretur: same construction as studuissent, above, 
 fide: construe with confirmarat. 
 
 II. 1. G. decemvirali potestate : this species of government 
 
 was called by the Greeks a decarchy, i.e. the rule of ten. 
 9. plura enumerando : " by telling too many anecdotes." 
 
 2. 12. praecipua fide: ablative of quality; but translate, 
 *'had been especially loyal." 
 
 13. solerent : A. 308 ; B. 303 ; G. 597 ; H. 510. 
 
 15. occultasset: quotation of his thought, "nisi occulta- 
 vero." 
 
 f utiirum ut . . . dilaberentur: this periphrasis for the future 
 infinitive passive is far more common than the supine with iri. 
 The latter would properly mean, " a movement was on foot to 
 ruin him," the use of iri corresponding to our " going to." 
 
 The last part of this chapter has been lost ; but from other 
 sources we know that the Spartans, annoyed by Lysander's mis- 
 rule, decided to take away his power over the subject cities. 
 
 III. 1. 18. ii: the ephors. 
 
 19. Quo dolore: translate, "chagrin at this." 
 
 20. tollere : the expression iniit consilia is equivalent to con- 
 stituit, for instance, which would take a complementary infini- 
 tive. But it would have been more usual to say, consilia 
 tollendi. 
 
 23. Primum : see note on Themistocles, VI, 5, 1. 2. 
 
 2. 24. Dodonaeum {sc. oraculum): a famous oracle of Zeus 
 " in Epirus, though not so renowned as that of Apollo at Delphi. 
 The priests of the oracles were in a position to have extraor- 
 dinary knowledge of events in all parts of the world, and thus 
 exercised a powerful political as well as moral and religious 
 influence. The part they played in the planting of colonies will 
 be recalled from the story of Miltiades. 
 
 26. solveret: direct, "solvam." 
 
NOTES 95 
 
 Page 28.— 3. 5. quod . . . conatus esset: subjunctive, be- 
 cause a quoted reason. 
 
 4. 7. Orchomeniis . . . subsidio : see note on nemini . . . 
 turpitudine, Praefatio. 
 
 5. 8. Quam: modifies vere; secus, iudicatum foret. The 
 latter phrase has the construction of apodosis of past contrary- 
 to-fact condition ; " might have been." 
 
 9. indicio : see note on Orchomeniis . . . subsidio, above. 
 11. Lacedaemoniis : A. 227; B. 187; G. 346: H. 385. 
 
 13. ut deum, etc.: the *'sententia" is the oracle which he 
 hoped his money would buy for him. 
 
 14. habiturum: see note on Praefatio, 1, 1, fore. 
 
 15. ei: " for him " (not *' to him "). 
 
 Cleon: a professional rhetorician. The Spartans had no in- 
 terest in eloquence or learning, but on this very account they 
 were the more susceptible to the influence of a cunningly 
 devised speech. 
 
 IV. 1. 19. multa: see note onThemistocles, X, 2, 1.10; ''had 
 performed many acts of cruelty and greed." 
 
 21. perlatum: impersonal; ''news had been brought." The 
 per gives an idea of distance, as though it were " all the way." 
 
 ephoris would have meant simply ^^for the ephors," and 
 perhaps caused confusion witli sibi; but in ad ephoros the 
 accusative plainly shows that the testimonial was deliberately 
 directed towards them. 
 
 24. scriberet: depending (like daret) on petiit. 
 
 eius : how would this possessive be expressed if Lysander were 
 the person referred to ? 
 
 2. 25. Huicille: since pronouns in English are not so finely 
 distinguished as in Latin, in translating it is often best, for 
 clearness' sake, to substitute the noun which one of the pro- 
 nouns represents. 
 
 Page 29. — 1. signatur: A. 276, e, and 328; B. 243, I and 
 III: G. 229, remark, and 572; H. 467, IV, and 519. 
 alterum : why more appropriate than alium ? 
 
 3. 6. magistratum : z.e. the board of ephors. 
 7. loco: "to serve as." Literally? 
 
96 CORNELII NEPOTIS 
 
 8. summoto = postquam iussus erat exire. 
 
 9. legendum = ut (ab eo) legeretur. 
 
 V. ALCIBIADES 
 
 1. 1. 12. experta: 5C. esse, and see A. 185, a; B. 108; G. 205, 
 206; H. 3()2. possit is present as denoting a general truth. 
 
 13. memoriae prodiderunt = scripserunt. 
 
 14. nihil : more emphatic than nemo. 
 
 2. 15. amplissima civitate : in this expression, as in medio 
 colle, summus mons, and the like, the adjective contains the 
 main idea, and must be translated by a noun ; " during the most 
 glorious period of the state." 
 
 18. imperator summus : "commander-in-chief." 
 disertus : sc. tam. 
 
 19. valeret: "ranked." Literally? 
 
 20. oris would refer to the tone of his voice; orationis, to 
 his rhetoric. Notice the conjunction used. 
 
 Page 30. — 3. 2. liberalis : notice carefully the derivation of 
 this word. It means more than " liberal." 
 
 splendidus . . . vita . . . victu: "magnificent . . . habits 
 . . . style of living." 
 
 3. temporibus . . . serviens: "adapting himself to circum- 
 stances." 
 
 II. 1. 9. privignus: a mistake. Pericles was his great-uncle, 
 
 11. lingua: see note on Miltiades, § III, 2, 1. 4. 
 
 12. vellet: A. 308, a; B. 304, 2; G. 597, remark 1; H. 510, 
 note 2. 
 
 Page 31. — III. 2. 3. exiret: A. 327; B. 292; G. 577; H. 520. 
 
 Hermae : square stone pillars bearing the head of Hermes. 
 The Romans called him Mercurius. He was the god of roads ; 
 and these terminal statues, as they are called, were to be found 
 everywhere through the city. 
 
 3. 6. Hoc: translate in connection with esse factum. 
 
 9. multitudini; dative of reference. 
 
NOTES 97 
 
 4. 11. opprimeret: subjunctive ("integral part" — "attrac- 
 tion"), because simply an expansion of existeret. It is thus 
 equivalent to et ne ea vis opprimeret. 
 
 11. opera forensi ; i.e. by acting as their advocate in lawsuits. 
 
 5. 16. prodisset: see note on opprimeret, above. 
 
 6. 21. mysteria: carefully guarded rites, performed at Eleu- 
 sis, near Athens. It is believed that, in connection with the 
 myth of Demeter and Persephone, the planting and growth of 
 the seed was made a symbol of death and immortality. There 
 were other mysteries, but these, the Eleusinian, were the most 
 important. 
 
 22. more: ablative of respect. 
 
 IV. 1. 25. contione: seenoteon Aristides, § I, 3, 1.4. Besides 
 their legislative duties, the members of the Athenian assembly 
 also acted as jurors, the whole body of citizens being divided 
 into large groups, called dicasteries, any one of which, with its 
 presiding archon, constituted a court. 
 
 Page 32. — 2. vellent : direct, vultis. 
 
 praesente : sc. se. 
 
 haberetur : the subjunctive, after verbs of asking, command- 
 ing, and the like, is frequently found without ut, this being 
 probably the original construction. 
 
 3. invidiae crimine: " an accusation due to ill will." 
 
 2. 4. quiescendum: impersonal. >Sc. sibi (esse). 
 
 noceri: imiDersonal. " Xot possible for injury to be done 
 him." See A. 230; B. 138, 4; G. 208, 2 ; H. 301, 1. 
 
 5. .intellegebant : notice tlie use of the indicative, implying 
 that the statement is made on the author's own authority and 
 is no part of the sentence depending on decreverunt. 
 
 6. exisset: their thought was "quo exierit."" C/. the pre- 
 ceding note. 
 
 3. 10. magistratu : not necessarily any particular magistrate, 
 but, as we should say, " the government." 
 
 In this sentence notice with great care the subjunctives de- 
 pending on cum, so as not to begin the principal clause too soon. 
 11. esset . . . spe: "began to feel very confident." 
 
98 COBNELII NEPOTIS 
 
 12. provinciae: i.e. the work of subduing Sicily. 
 
 13. noluit: " did not like." 
 
 triremem: tlie *' Salaminia," one of the two state barges of 
 Athens. 
 
 4. 14. Thurios : an Athenian colony on the site of the once 
 great and wealthy city of Sybaris. 
 
 18. subduxit : sub in composition often conveys the idea of 
 secrecy or stealth. 
 
 6. 20. capitis damnatum: c/. Miltiades, § VII, 6, 1.4, "capi- 
 tis absolutus." The crime of which a person is accused (or 
 declared innocent) may be expressed either by the genitive or 
 the ablative. 
 
 21. id quod: " a thing which " ; the most idiomatic way of 
 referring to a preceding clause, though the omission of id in 
 such connections is not uncommon. Cf. note on xAristides, 
 § m, 2, 1. 9. 
 
 usu (=usui) venerat: literally, ''had come into use," i.e. 
 *'had happened." 
 
 22. Eumolpidas : the Eumolpidae were hereditary priests of 
 Demeter at Eleusis. Their ancestor, Eurnolpos, was believed to 
 have instituted the Eleusinian mysteries. See note on § III, 6, 
 1.21. 
 
 coactos: sc. esse (depending on audivit). 
 se : refers to subject of leading verb. 
 
 24. incisum is merely an adjective descriptive of exemplum ; 
 esse belongs with positum. 
 
 25. publico: sc. loco. 
 
 6. 26. praedicare: not ''predict." 
 
 27. inimicos : distinguish from hostes in the next line, 
 qui eidem essent : " who were at the same time." 
 
 Page 33.-3. paruisse : " followed the dictates of." 
 
 7. 7. loniam: the general name for the group of Greek 
 cities on the south-central coast of Asia Minor. Being of the 
 same blood as the Athenians, they were her natural allies. 
 
 V. 1. 11. suntfacti: " did they become." 
 
 14. ipsis : a se might, as far as form goes, have referred to 
 Alcibiades ; but ipsis is perfectly clear. 
 
NOTES 99 
 
 15. tempus: '* opportunity." 
 
 interficiundi : Nepos occasionally uses this older form of the 
 gerund, in place of that in -endus. 
 
 2. 16. Id . . . potuit: " Alcibiades could not be kept igno- 
 rant of this very long." A. 239, d, and note; B. 178, 1, e; G. 
 339, remark 3; H. 374, note 1. 
 
 17. ea: see note on Miltiades, § I, 1, 1. 3. 
 
 Page 34. — 1. praefectum: i.e. the " satrap," or governor of 
 one of the twenty provinces into which the Persian empire was 
 divided. 
 
 3. 2. Cuius . . . pervenisset : " when he had become his in- 
 timate friend." 
 
 3. Order for translation: et Atheniensium opes senescere, 
 male gestis rebus in Sicilia ('' through mismanagement of their 
 operations in Sicily "). 
 
 6. Samum: the island of Samos, on account of its command- 
 ing position, was made the naval headquarters of Athens during 
 the latter part of the Peloponnesian war. 
 
 The army of Athens had great political power because it was 
 not a body of mercenaries, but composed of Athenian citizens of 
 all ranks. 
 
 8. quo: like qualis after talis, quantus after tantus, and 
 quot after tot, qui after idem must frequently be rendered '' as." 
 
 4. The explanation of this paragraph is as follows: The oli- 
 garchic party at Samos, led by Pisander, did not at first find it 
 expedient to recall Alcibiades ; but later, the Athenian democracy 
 having been destroyed and an oligarchy of four hundred set up 
 in its place, the state was so badly administered that the more 
 moderate oligarchs — among them Thrasybulus — looked upon 
 Alcibiades as their only possible deliverer, and so summoned 
 him back. 
 
 10. per: ** through the efforts of." 
 
 12. suffragante : " on the recommendation of." 
 
 13. Observe the contrasts — the mere taking back by the 
 army with the restoration to citizenship by thepeo^^e. 
 
 pari imperio : " with equal rank." 
 
 15. in: see note on Miltiades, § V, 1, 1. 7. 
 
100 COBNELII NEPOTIS 
 
 6. 21. receperat: see note on Themistocles, § VII, 6, 1. 12. 
 24. neque minus multas = totidem. 
 
 7. 26. onusti . . . locupletato : a good illustration of the 
 rule that the ablative absolute never refers to the subject of the 
 sentence. 
 
 27. maximis . . . gestis: ''having accomplished the most 
 important results." 
 
 Page 35. —VI. 1. 1. Order: cum obviam his. 
 
 2. 4. populo : see note on § IV, 2, 1. 4, noceri. 
 
 5. et: " (that) both." 
 
 6. exercitum amissum: '' the loss of the army." 
 
 9. expulissent : what would the indicative signify here ? 
 11. pares: par and impar are regularly used to denote ''a 
 match for " and '' no match for." 
 
 3. 13. rebus : not ''things." 
 
 15. id quod : cf. note on § IV, 5, 1. 21. 
 
 16. coronis : ablative of means ("was presented ivith"). 
 The taenia was a ribbon or baud fastened about the heads of 
 priests and victims for sacrifice, of the images of the gods, or, 
 as here, of any one on whom a sacred distinction was conferred. 
 
 4. 20. astu: the city proper, four miles from the port of 
 Piraeus, where he had landed. 
 
 21. quin: A. 319, d; B. 284, 3; G. 552, 3; H. 504. 
 24. sacrilegii : A. 220 ; B. 208 ; G. 378 ; H. 409, II. 
 
 5. 25. publice: by decree of the assembly. 
 
 Page 36. — VII. 1. 1. nonnimis: "none too." 
 
 3. respublica: "administration." 
 
 unius: sc. eius. 
 
 Be careful, in all such sentences having a number of subor- 
 dinate clauses, to keep the distinction very clear between them 
 and the principal clause or clauses. 
 
 7. Cymen : Alcibiades attacked the town because it would 
 not pay tribute. 
 
 minus ex sententia: " not much to their liking." 
 
 8. nihil . . . non . . . posse: " nothing which he could not." 
 2. 11. accidit: this refers, not to the expression just preced- 
 ing, but, as the next clause shows, to omnia . . . tribuerant. 
 
NOTES 101 
 
 12. corruptum = quod corruptus esset. 
 
 rege; unless otherwise designated, "king" always meant the 
 king of Persia to the Greeks of this period. 
 
 3. 13. maxime: construe with fuisse: " w^as especially un- 
 fortunate for him." Malo is the dative of end or purpose. 
 
 16. opibus : distinguish carefully the different meanings of 
 this word, and do not confound it with operibus. 
 
 17. absent! : A. 229 ; B. 188, d ; G. 345, remark 1 ; H. 385, II, 2. 
 
 Such uses of the dative will give no difficulty, if it be remem- 
 bered that when something is done " for " or *' to " a person, it 
 may be done either to benefit or injure him. Compare " I'll 
 black his eye for him," and " He opened the door for me." 
 
 18. locum: accusative, because the Latin feels more sensi- 
 tively than does the English the implied idea of motion. 
 
 Page 37. — 4. 3. primus: sc. civis. 
 
 Graecae civitatis : ''a Grecian state," not, *'the state of 
 Greece." 
 
 5. 5. creverat . . . pepererat: pluperfect as being completed 
 before the events described in § YIII. 
 
 VIII. 1. 8. Neque: be careful in rendering this word. "And 
 yet he could not." 
 
 9. Aegos flumen : usually called Aegos potami, two Greek 
 words meaning " Goat River." 
 
 13. duceret: "prolong." 
 
 ipsis: i.e. Lacedaemoniis. Cf. the use in Miltiades, § III, 5, 
 1. 20. 
 
 14. Atheniensibus : dative, not ablative absolute. 
 
 2. 15. erat: also depends upon quod. 
 
 1(3. praesente vulgo : "in the presence of all the soldiers." 
 
 17. vellent : what would the direct form be ? 
 
 19. eo . . . quod: ("for this reason — that"), a frequent 
 correlation. 
 
 4. 25. Alcibiade recepto : translate as though " si Alcibiades 
 receptus esset." 
 
 2G. nuUius moment! : genitive of quality. AYhat other case 
 might have been used ? 
 27. evenisset: direct, evenerit. 
 
102 CORNELII NEPOTIS 
 
 Page38. — 2. f uturum reum : "would be held responsible." 
 
 5. 5. immodestia : see note on Lysander, § I, 2, 1. 6. 
 
 6. 8. "For when Lysander"; not, " For Lysander, when he." 
 
 9. praedatum: the supine, used after a verb of motion, to 
 express purpose. 
 
 10. tempus rei gerendae : " opportunity for action." 
 
 11. delevit : " put an end to." 
 
 Page 39. — IX. 3. 4. humanitate: not "humanity." The 
 word denotes the quality of a homo, in the highest sense, and 
 may here be rendered " charm of manner." 
 
 6. castrum : distinguish from the plural. 
 
 4. 8. victas servire : a favourite use of the perfect passive 
 participle. Translate as though " vinci et servire." 
 
 5. 12. consecturum : cf. note on Praefatio, 1, 1. 1 ; fore. 
 
 13. conveniundi: see note on § V, 1, 1. 15. 
 
 habuisset: as far as form goes, this may represent either an 
 original pluperfect subjunctive or a future-perfect indicative. 
 How can we determine which it is ? 
 
 14. Cyrum : the younger brother of King Artaxerxes, and the 
 hero of Xenophon's Anabasis. 
 
 ei: i.e. regi. 
 
 15. aperuisset: cf. note on habuisset, above. 
 
 16. initurum: " would come into." 
 
 X. 1. 17. moliretur: A. 227; B. 260; G.277, 1; H.468. Gen- 
 erally speaking, the idea of continucmce belongs to this tense, 
 both in indicative and subjunctive. 
 
 19. tyranni : the government of Athens was now in the hands 
 of thirty men, known as the Thirty Tyrants. 
 
 certos = fideles : certos is properly a participle of cerno, 
 which means " to sift, select," etc. 
 
 23. suas res gestas : " his work." 
 
 persequeretur : direct, ilium {i.e. Alcibiadem) persequere. 
 
 2. 24. accuratius sibi agendum: "he must enter on more 
 definite negotiations." 
 26. quae . . . convenissent : " the agreements made." 
 
NOTES 103 
 
 Page 40. — 3. 1. Non tulit : '' would not put up with." 
 
 3. ad . . . interficiendum = qui (or ut) interficerent. 
 
 4. 9. conficerent: 5c. Imnc as object. 
 
 5. 11. etsi: looks forward to subalare telum eripuit. 
 
 14. voluerat: not "wished," but "been willing." 
 
 15. iubet: A. 331, a; B. 295, a; G. 423, note 6 (c/. 546); 
 H. p. 310, footnote 1 ; c/. 536, II, note. 
 
 in praesentia : " at hand." 
 
 6. 20. contectum: 5c. eum. 
 
 21. mortuum: translate so as to bring out the contrast with 
 vivum. 
 
 Page 41. — XI. 1. 1. inf amatum : "(though) defamed." 
 
 3. aliquanto : ablative of degree of difference. 
 
 4. qui quidem : " in fact, these." 
 
 5. nescio quo : see note on Miltiades, § VII, 3, 1. 11. 
 
 2. 7. amplius: " in addition." 
 
 cum: "as." Notice that splendore is used as appropriate 
 for one born splendidissima civitate. 
 
 3. 10. expulsus: translate as though expulsus esset et. 
 studiis . . . inservisse: "devoted himself to their pursuits." 
 11. labor e: refers to athletic contests. Probably a transla- 
 tion of the Greek dycbv. 
 
 4. 14. quorum moribus : translate the ablative by " accord- 
 ing to." 
 
 15. patientia: "endurance." 
 
 6. 25. reliquos : what noun is to be supplied ? See title, 
 page 1. 
 
 VI. EPAMINONDAS 
 
 Page 42. — I. The language of this paragraph should be com- 
 pared with that of the Praefatio. 
 
 1. 2. scribimus: " (begin to) write." The inceptive present. 
 
 praecipienda : sc. esse. 
 
 4. ipsis : " in their own eyes." 
 
104 COBNELII NEPOTIS 
 
 2. 6. nostris moribus: of. Praefatio, 4, 1. 7. 
 
 abesse a persona: ** do not agree with the character." 
 7. quae omnia: " and yet all these." 
 
 3. 9. exprimere imaginem: the expression literally means 
 to press out or mould a likeness, as in clay. " Portray his char- 
 acter," would be nearer the English idiom. 
 
 11. pertineat: subjunctive of characteristic. 
 eam declarandam : " making it distinct." 
 
 4. 13. quibus . . . quibus : notice the difference between the 
 ablatives of means and agency. 
 
 15. si qua alia : " whatever else." 
 memoria: c/. note on Praefatio, 1, 1. 2. 
 
 Page 43. — II. 1. 1. patre : ablative of source. 
 
 honesto: ablative of quality. See note on Praefatio, 3, 1. 1. 
 
 2. iam a: *' even from the time of." 
 
 3. The full expression wonld be sic autem (est) eruditus ut 
 nemo Thebanus magis (eruditus est) . 
 
 5. non minore : "(a man) of no less." 
 
 2. 10. adulescens : ''(even when) a stripling." 
 
 12. neque a se dimisit : " and he did not give him up." 
 
 3. 15. ad consuetiidinem : what other construction might 
 have been used here ? 
 
 4. 20. athletarum: i.e. professional athletes, particularly 
 prize-fighters, who were in as much disrepute in ancient Greece 
 as they are in our own day. 
 
 5. 22. ad . . . contendere: ''with the object of being able 
 to grapple and fight while standing." 
 
 III. 1. 2G. accesserant : translate by a passive, "were 
 added." 
 
 modestus: literally, "preserving the mean " ; hence, "not 
 given to excess." 
 
 27. temporibus: "opportunities." 
 
 Page 44. — 1. belli: A. 218; B. 204; G. 274 ; H. 399. 
 
 manii: ablative of specification. 
 
 animo : A. 251 ; B. 224 : G. 400 ; H. 419, II. 
 
NOTES 105 
 
 2. 2. Idem = erat quoque. 
 
 5. commissa : things given in charge : hence, '' secrets.'' 
 
 6. studiosus audiendi : " an attentive listener." 
 
 7. disci: impersonal; " that one learned." 
 
 3. 9. disputaretur : " a discussion was going on." 
 
 4. 13. caruit : ' ' did without." A. 243 ; B. 214 ; G. 405 ; H. 414, L 
 Observe the balance of words : 
 
 se ... tuendo 
 aliis . . . sublevandis 
 14. fide : '' their confidence in him." 
 
 5. 17. Virgo . . . posset: see note on Aristides, § III, 3, 1. 12. 
 
 19. pro facultatibus : '* in proportion to his means." 
 
 6. 23. ipsi: " with their own hands." 
 
 Page 45.— IV. 1. 3. corrumpendum : A. 294, d; B. 337,7, 
 b), 2; G. 430; H. 544, 2, note 2. Cf. tuenda, Miltiades, § III, 2. 
 
 2. 9. Nihil: adverbial. 
 
 pecunia: A. 243, e; B. 218, 2; G. 406; H. 414, IV. 
 
 12. orbis terrarum : the regular expression for the geographi- 
 cal world. Mundus means either the universe, or (in poetry) 
 the world of mankind. Terra alone may mean the earth astro- 
 nomically considered . 
 
 3. 14. Tu: bring out the emphasis — " As for you." 
 incognitum: ''without knowing me." Cf. cognitum, Mil- 
 tiades, I, 1, G. 
 
 tui: A. 234, d ; B. 204, 3; G. 359, remark 1 ; H. 391, 2, 4. Cf. 
 the vulgar expression, *' the likes of." 
 
 4. 19. Hunc Diomedon : it is very common to have subject 
 and object thus stand together in strong contrast. 
 
 20. attulerat : what would the subjunctive have implied here ? 
 Istud: " what you ask." To what person does this pronoun 
 
 regularly refer? 
 
 21. tibi: cf. note on Alcibiades, § VII, 3, 1. 17. 
 
 22. id . . . pervenisse: translate as though id ereptum 
 esse et, etc. The former is, of course, the more idiomatic 
 Latin. 
 
106 CORNELII NEPOTIS 
 
 23. delatum . . . noluissem: "did not like to take when it 
 was offered." Explain the subjunctive. 
 
 5. 26. satis habuit : " feel that this was enough." 
 
 Page 46.-2. supra: Nepos wrote a life of Chabrias, not 
 here included. 
 
 6. 3. Abstinentiae : do not translate ''abstinence," but see 
 what word best describes the act just mentioned. Cf. the same 
 use in Aristides, III, 2, 1. 9. 
 
 plurima proferre : " cite more instances." 
 4. modus . . . est: like our expression, " one must draw the 
 line somewhere." 
 
 7. res: what kind of "things" would biographers describe, 
 and hence what is the proper word by which to translate res? 
 
 versuum : versus means a line of prose as well as of poetry. 
 
 V. 1. 10. brevitate respondendi : "repartee." 
 
 2. 12. obtrectatorem: "(as) arival." C/". Aristides, § 1, 1,1. 3. 
 13. indidem Thebis: "from the same place, (namely) from 
 
 Thebes." While strictly speaking a noun, as such, could 
 scarcely stand in apposition with an adverb, yet since both of 
 these words by their form denote separation, the sense of the 
 expression is quite clear. 
 
 3. 16. in . . . florere :" was distinguishing himself as a war- 
 rior." 
 
 Page 47.-4. 1. ea: A. 249; B. 218, 1; G. 407; H. 421, I. 
 
 6. 6. Quod: "in that." 
 
 10. Lacedaemoniis fugatis: do not render, "the Lacedaemo- 
 nians having been put to flight." 
 
 ego . . . liberavi: at the battle of Leuctra, B.C. 371, with 
 which.the ten years' supremacy of Thebes begins. 
 
 VI. 1. 16. multa: cognate accusative; "cast many taunts 
 at." 
 
 3. 24. perorasset : what is the force of the per? 
 
 26. scelere admisso: a striking idiom. The Latin regards 
 a crime as something which the criminal lets in, as it were ; the 
 prominent idea being the wrong done to his own moral nature. 
 
NOTES 107 
 
 Page 48.-4. 2. legati: in apposition with eius. 
 Leuctricam : an adjective thus used in place of a genitive is 
 extremely common. 
 3. frequentissimo : not ''frequent." 
 
 VII. 1. 13. belli: A. 218; B. 204; G. 274; H. 399, 
 
 res . . . deducta: " matters were brought to such a pass." 
 
 14. omnes : do we more often say " all," or " everybody " ? 
 
 15. clausi . . . obsidebantur : " w;ere shut in and," etc. 
 17. numero: "rank." 
 
 Page 49.-3. 1. saepius : " a number of times." 
 Maxime . . . illustre: " an especially brilliant example." 
 
 5. in . . . venissent: " fell into disgrace." 
 
 6. iis : c/. note on tibi, § IV, 4, 1. 21. 
 
 7. locum : c/. note on Alcibiades, § VII, 3, 1. 18. 
 
 5. 13. retinuisset and foret are subjunctives implying that 
 the language of the law has been quoted. (" Informal Indirect 
 Discourse.") 
 15. latam : sc. esse. Legem ferre, " to propose a law." 
 17. mensibus : ablative of degree of difference. Literally, 
 " longer by four months " (" four months longer ") . 
 
 VIII. 1. 19. reditum: the force of the impersonal is "after 
 their arrival home." Its use gives variety. 
 
 20. hoc: notice, again, how regularly this pronoun refers to 
 the principal person, thing, or thought of the preceding clause. 
 
 21. se: refers to whom ? 
 
 22. factum : sc. esse. It agrees with the clause, ut oboedi- 
 rent. 
 
 23. illis . . . liberatis : translate like a cum-clause. 
 
 24. quid diceret : " any plea to make." The direct form 
 would be non habet quid dicat. 
 
 2. 25. venit, nihil : the conjunction is omitted for vividness' 
 sake. This is called asyndeton. 
 
 26. crimini: dative of end or purpose; "in their indict- 
 ment." 
 
 Page 50. — 1. quominus: A. 331, e, 2; B. 295, 3; G. 549,- 
 H. 492, II, also p. 151, footnote 8. 
 
108 CORNELII NEPOTIS 
 
 5. se imperatorem : notice this idiom, as it is a common one. 
 
 aspicere : spec-compounds regularly have an active mean- 
 ing, "look"; while video, ''see," does not imply voluntary 
 action. 
 
 6. proelio ; the battle of Leuctra, already mentioned. 
 
 4. 9. perduxit: c/. § VII, 1, 1. 14, deducta. Notice the dif- 
 ference in the meaning of the compounded prepositions. 
 
 5. 11. Messene: Messenia had been for three hundred years 
 subject to Sparta. Epaminondas restored its freedom, and built 
 for its people a new city, Messene, whose citadel was the ancient 
 stronghold Ithome. 
 
 14. ferre suffragium: ''pass judgment" (literally, "cast a 
 vote "). 
 iudicio capitis : " trial for his life." 
 
 IX. 1. 16. extremo tempore: "at last," i.e. at the end of 
 his career. 
 
 18. cognitus : translate as though et cum cognitus est. 
 
 19. sitam : sc. esse, 
 universi : " to a man." 
 
 20. unum : sc. eum. 
 
 21. fortissime . . c pugnantem: notice the emphatic position 
 of the adverb ; " (though) fighting,'^ etc. 
 
 Page 51. — 2. 3. repugnantes = hostes. 
 
 4o 10. exanimatus est: "breathed his last." (Aiiima = 
 breath, soul, life.) 
 
 X. 1. 11. duxit: 5c. in matrimonium. 
 in quo : "in regard to this matter." 
 
 13. male consulere : " did not have proper regard for." 
 eo: agrees with and is explained by the clause, quod . . . 
 relinqueret. 
 
 16. sis: subjunctive of characteristic. 
 
 2. 18. sit: A. 332; B. 295; G. 553, 4; H. 502, 1. 
 
 3. 19. Quo tempore : " at the time when." 
 
 exules: Thebes fell into the hands of Sparta through the 
 treachery of some of her own citizens. Many of the opposite 
 
NOTES 109* 
 
 party went into exile ; but later, under the lead of Pelopidas, 
 they returned, took possession of the city by a stratagem, 
 drove out the Spartan garrison, and slew many of the Theban 
 traitors. 
 
 duce Pelopida : ablative absolute. 
 
 2(). Cadmeam : the citadel of Thebes, so called after its myth- 
 ical Phoenician founder, Cadmus. 
 
 pugnari coeptum est: "the fighting began to be." Do 
 not translate impersonals as such, unless the English idiom 
 is also impersonal, as in the expression, ''it is raining," and 
 the like. 
 
 Page 52. — 4. 1. Notice the use of the future perfect in this 
 and the following line. Latin is fond of this tense, when it 
 lends greater exactness to the statement. 
 
 2. ibit infitias : the real grammatical construction of this 
 phrase is not settled. It means " will deny." 
 
 7. pluris: "of more account." A. 252, a; B. 203, 3; G. 365; 
 H. iOi (c/. 405). 
 
 VII. HANNIBAL 
 
 1. 1. 9. ut . . . superarit: substantive clause of result, sub- 
 ject of est. Populum . . . superavisse would have been more 
 usual. 
 
 infitiandum : c/. Epaminondas, X, 4, 1. 2. 
 
 11. tanto . . . quanto: "by as much . . . as." Literally? 
 
 ceteros : distinguish carefully — 
 
 alius, " an other,'' " other " ; 
 alter, " other of two," " second " ; 
 ceterus, " the rest of " {i.e. " all other ") ; 
 reliquus, " the rest of," " the remainder." 
 
 2. 14. eo: 2.e. populo Komano. Notice that populus, mean- 
 ing "a nation," is singular. The Romans did not call them- 
 selves natio, that term being more nearly equivalent to " race " 
 or " tribe." 
 
 15. Quod: "so that." Literally, "in respect to which." 
 Notice the balancing of words and clauses in this and the 
 preceding section. 
 
110 CORNELII NEPOTIS 
 
 Page 53. — 3. 1. paternum: translate like a possessive geni- 
 tive. 
 
 3. qui quidem : ''since, in fact " (destiterit being subjunctive 
 of characteristic). 
 
 4. opum : A. 223, and note ; B. 212, and a ; G. 383, and note 1 ; 
 H. 410, V, 1, and 414, I. 
 
 II. 1. 6. ut omittam: "with the exception of." Cf, the 
 phrase, " ut ita dicam," "so to speak." 
 Philippum : the fifth Macedonian king of that name, 
 absens : " without meeting him in person." 
 
 8. Antiochus : king of Syria, which was one of the pieces 
 into which Alexander's empire fell after his death. 
 
 9. rubromari: the Persian Gulf. 
 
 2. 12. consiliis: distinguish from conciliis. 
 
 13. regi: dative of reference ; " make Hannibal an object of 
 suspicion to the king." 
 
 14. atque : A. 247, d ; B. 341, 1, c) ; G. 643, and note 3 ; H. 551, 
 I, 2, note. 
 
 alia . . . sentiret: "held different views." 
 
 16. ab . . . segregari: "left out of secrets of state." 
 
 17. tempore dato : " when opportunity offered." 
 
 3. 19. puerulome: ablative absolute. 
 
 20. annos : A. 247, c ; B. 217, 3 ; G. 296, b, 4 ; H. 417, 1, note 2. 
 
 21. lovi : lupiter was not a Carthaginian god ; but Xepos writes 
 so as to give his Roman readers an idea of this deity's importance. 
 The Carthaginians worshipped Baal. 
 
 4. 23. vellemne: A. 210, a; B. 163, 2, c; G. 454; H. 351, 1 
 and 2. 
 
 25. dubitaret: "hesitate." The use of the infinitive after 
 dubito in this sense is regular. Cf. note on Praefatio, 1, 1, 
 fore. 
 
 Page 54. — 5. 5. quin: A. 332, g, remark; B. 298; G. 555, 
 and 2; H. 501, II, 2. 
 
 6. 6. quid amice CO git abis : "have any friendly intentions." 
 8. me . . . principem posueris : " give me a jirominent 
 part." 
 
JSrOTES 111 
 
 III. 1. 12. imperatore suffecto : i.e. he was transferred from 
 the command of the cavalry to that of the whole army. 
 
 14. detulit: c/. delatum, Epaminondas, IV, 4, 1. 23, and 
 notice the difference in meaning. 
 
 15. comprobatum : "ratified." 
 
 2. 17. Saguntum: a town in Spain which was allied (foede- 
 ratum) with Rome. 
 
 Page 55.-3. 1. Ex his : A. 216, c ; B. 201, a ; G. 372, remark 
 2 ; H. 397, 3, note 3. 
 
 10. conantes : sc. eos. Translate as if qui conabantur. 
 
 11. muniit: originally meant "fortify." With the idea of 
 " making safe," used of road-making, especially of roads 
 newly opened or made passable. 
 
 ea: sc. via, though the word is practically an adverb. So of 
 qua and Hac below. 
 
 IV. 1. 17. Tertio: sc. tempore. 
 
 19. manum conseruit: an expression used of joining battle, 
 probably taken from some such exercise as our " tug-of-war." 
 
 20. petens : " on his way towards." 
 
 3. 26. circumventum occidit : what is the usual way of turn- 
 ing such constructions ? 
 
 Page 56. — 4. 1. ei: dative of reference. 
 
 3. proelio : the battle of Cannae. See Chronological Table. 
 
 V. 1. 8. urbi: A. 234, a and e; B. 192, 1, and a; G. 359, and 
 note 1 ; H. 391, I, and II, 2. 
 
 2. 11. clausus: translate by a concessive clause. 
 
 13. dedit verba : an idiom which, passing through the mean- 
 ings of "give mere words," "cheat by one's words," came to 
 be used as a general expression for deception. 
 
 14. obducta nocte : " under cover of darkness." 
 
 15. eiusque generis : c/. Miltiades, § I, 2, 1. 7. 
 
 16. Quo . . . obiecto : "by the unexpected appearance of this 
 sight." 
 
 3. 21. ac : c/. note on atque, § II, 2, 1. 14. 
 dolo productum : " enticed out." 
 
112 CORNELII NEPOTIS 
 
 23. absens : i.e. Hannibal was not commanding in person. 
 4. 27. possit: subjunctive of purpose. 
 
 Page 57. — VI. 1. 4. defensum = ut defender et. 
 
 2. 8. exhaustis f acultatibus : render by a causal clause. 
 9. quo = ut eo : " that the more " (with the comparative) . 
 
 3. 12. diebus: ablative of degree of difference. 
 
 13. incredibile dictu refers to biduo . . . pervenit, not 
 to pulsus. 
 
 Page58. — VII. 1. 5. praefuit: " took command of ." 
 
 2. 10. corona: c/. Alcibiades, § VI, 3, 1. 16 (coronis). 
 
 11. eorum, refers to the hostages which the Romans gave at 
 the conclusion of the peace. 
 
 3. 14. acceptum: adjective. 
 
 4. 21. rex : used loosely. The chief magistrates of Carthage 
 were called suffetes, '^ judges." 
 
 5. 27. ex: as in Miltiades, § II, 4, 1. 2. 
 superesset : " be a surplus." 
 
 Page 59. — 6. 4. senatus : i.e. an audience with the senate. 
 daretur: A. 327; B. 291, a; G. 577; H. 520, II. 
 
 7. 7. possent : representing the thought of the Carthaginians, 
 **si poterint." 
 
 VIII. 1. 12. Cyrenaeorum : Cyrene was a Greek colony in 
 Africa, and a commercial rival of Carthage. 
 
 14. posset: c/. possent, above. 
 
 Antiochi spe fiduciaque : *' through the hope and confidence 
 which they felt in Antiochus." What kind of genitive is Antiochi? 
 2. 18. desperatis rebus : ^' despairing of success." 
 
 Page 60. — 3. 4. eius : refers to Hannibal. The remark about 
 Mago is parenthetical. Still, this seems to be rather careless 
 writing. 
 
 5. Thermopylis: locative. Of course this has nothing to do 
 with the great battle of Thermopylae, which was fought nearly 
 three hundred years before. 
 
JSfOTES 113 
 
 6. Quern : the Latin fondness for the relative is explained by 
 their dislike to short, disjointed sentences. The relative, from 
 its requiring an antecedent, locks two sentences much more 
 firmly together than a mere demonstrative. 
 
 multa . . . conari: ''make many foolish attempts.'* 
 
 4. 12. remgessit: "had charge." 
 
 IX. 1. 14. sui . . . potestatem: " given them an opportunity 
 of taking him." 
 
 2. 16. vir: '* (being) the shrewdest of all men." 
 
 3. 21. summas: "on top." 
 
 Page 61. — X. 1. 3. Poenus . . . Cretensibus : both were 
 noted for their cunning. 
 
 2. 8. domesticis . . . robustum: "w^eaker in his resources 
 at home than he ought to be." 
 
 3. 14. quern, etc.: "(for) he thought that if he (once) got 
 him out of the way." 
 
 4. 17. Superabatur : " he was the weaker." 
 
 19. colligi : what is the more usual construction ? 
 
 Page 62. — 5. 3. Eumenis regis: when a proper noun and a 
 common noun are in apposition, the proper noun generally 
 stands first. What is the most frequent English usage ? 
 
 4. tantum: adverb, modifying defendere. 
 
 6. 8. fore: the subject is quern . . . interfecissent. 
 iis . . . praemio: the " double dative." 
 
 XI. 1. 10. utrisque: in the plural, this word means "both 
 parties." But in § IV, 2, 1. 19, utrosque is used of two indi- 
 viduals, though perhaps intended to suggest the armies in- 
 volved. 
 
 16. quin: cf. note on § II, 5, 1. 5. 
 
 3. 19. soluta: "when he had opened." The word contains 
 the idea of breaking a seal. 
 
 20. pertinerent : translate the relative so as to bring out the 
 force of this subjunctive of characteristic. 
 
 I 
 
114 CORNELII NEPOTIS 
 
 22. dubitavit : with the infinitive, this verb regularly means 
 ** hesitate." AVhat is the construction when it means " doubt " ? 
 What, then, is the irregularity in fore, Praefatio, 1, 1. 1? 
 
 4. 24. iiniversi adoriuntur : '' concentrate their attack." 
 
 26. consequor, in its original significance, is very like our 
 expression '* catch up with." 
 
 27. collocata : avoid rendering this word '' collect." 
 
 Page 63.-5. 1. Reliquae: c/. note on § I, 1, 1. 11. 
 cum : c/. note on Miltiades, § I, 1, 1. 1. 
 
 2. acrins : what is the force of the comparative? What 
 would acerrime mean ? 
 
 3. Quae iacta : " when these were thrown, they," etc. 
 
 6. 7. re: as usual, determine the meaning of this word from 
 the context. '' Source of alarm," will do. 
 
 potissimum vitarent : " try hardest to avoid." 
 
 8. se rettulerunt : frequently used in military language for 
 retreat to some place of safety. 
 
 7. 11. alias: adverb. 
 
 pari prudentia pepulit : notice the alliteration. 
 
 XII. 1. 13. geruntur: A. 276, e; B. 293; G. 229, remark; 
 H. 467, 4. 
 16. ex iis : c/. note on § III, 3, 1. 1. 
 
 2. 19. sine: "free from." 
 
 Page 64. — 1. suum: i.e. Romanorum. 
 
 3. 3. illud recusavit ne . . . postularent: " this he did ob- 
 ject to, their asking." Of course the ne introduces a negative 
 purpose clause, but the English idiom is different. 
 
 4. ipsi . . . comprehenderent : direct, '' vos, si potestis, 
 comprehendite." 
 
 9. scilicet: ''of course." 
 
 usu: c/. note on Alcibiades, § IV, 5, 1. 21. 
 
 4. 11. puer : Greek and English likewise use *' boy " to desig- 
 nate a slave. Compare the French " gar^on." 
 
 13. Qui: when the relative is rendered by a demonstrative, it 
 is often best to prefix " but," *' for," etc. 
 
NOTES 115 
 
 5. 19. alieno arbitrio: "at another's will." Ablative of 
 manner. 
 
 20. pristinarum virtutum : " brave deeds of former years." 
 
 21. consuerat : as iu the case of cognosco, the perfect system 
 of this verb has a present significance. 
 
 XIII. 1. 23. laboribus: A. 249; B. 218, 1; G. 407; H. 421. I. 
 
 24. Quibus consulibus: "in whose consulship." Ablative 
 absolute. Of. note on Alcibiades, § VIII, 2, 1. 5, se imperatorem. 
 
 25. The first were consuls in B.C. 183, the second in 182, the 
 third in 180. Hannibal was born B.C. 246, so septuagesimo gives 
 his age in round numbers only. 
 
 Page 65.-2. 2. tantus: "(though) so great." 
 
 3. nonnihil tribuit: "made no small contribution." A 
 
 common mode of emphasizing a statement is by denying its 
 
 opposite ("Litotes"). 
 5. in eis ad : " among them those (written) to." 
 
 3. 7. duo: 5c. fuerunt. 
 
 11. doctore: "(as) a teacher." 
 
 4. 12. huius libri : the second book was the history of Roman 
 commanders, which has been lost. See the General Introduc- 
 tion. 
 
EXERCISES FOR TRANSLATION 
 INTO LATIN 
 
EXERCISES FOR TRANSLATION 
 INTO LATIN 
 
 To THE Student. — Do not attempt these exercises until 
 you have mastered the portion of text on which each is based. 
 If you find difficulty in rendering a phrase, do not go to an 
 English-Latin dictionary, but look again for the thought in 
 the Latin text. The whole secret of translation is to find the 
 idioms in one language which correspond to those in another. 
 That is to say, we do not always try to represent each indi- 
 vidual w^ord of the Latin by an English word, but to learn 
 what is the meaning of each phrase or group of words, and to 
 express the same idea in the best English at our command. 
 
 EXEKCISE I 
 
 PEAEFATIO 
 
 Note. — Words in brackets are not to be translated. In 
 the exercises on the Miltiades and subsequent Lives, the Roman 
 numerals refer to the paragraphs of the text on which the 
 exercise is based. 
 
 Many things T\iiicli do not conform to our own 
 customs are nevertheless (tamen) right. Xot the 
 same things are good and bad in the sight of alL 
 A Eoman thought it in bad taste for a man to 
 
 119 
 
120 COBNELII NEPOTIS 
 
 dance or play the flute. A' Greek was ashamed 
 to take his wife out to a dinner. But among us 
 these things are not accounted wrong. We do 
 not think that it was unworthy the character of 
 a distinguished man to be proclaimed victor at 
 Olympia, but we judge all men according to the 
 standards of their own nations. 
 
 Exercise II 
 
 MILTIADES 
 
 I. It happens that Miltiades wishes to be sent 
 with the colonists to Chersonesus. The Athenians 
 send messengers to enquire whom they had best 
 employ as leader, since a war must be waged 
 with the Thracians. They are directed by Pythia 
 to take Miltiades as their general. ^^If you do 
 this/' she says (inquit), ^^your undertaking will be 
 prosperous." 
 
 The Lemnians will volinitarily come under the 
 power of the Athenians when Miltiades can sail 
 from Athens to Lemnos with the north wind. 
 
 II. In the whole region of which he had taken 
 possession there were settled those who had come 
 with him from Athens, among whom he was [a 
 man] of royal rank. He had obtained absolute 
 power by the consent of all. When he had settled 
 
EXERCISES 121 
 
 ChersonesnSj lie asked that Lemnos should be 
 handed over to him according to agreement. When 
 this had been done, and the rest of the islands had 
 been brought back under the power of the Athe- 
 nians, he returned to Chersonesus. 
 
 III. While I am absent, I shall leave as guards 
 of the bridge the rulers whom I have brought with 
 me from Ionia and Aeolis. If I give to each of 
 these one city to have in charge, no hope will be 
 left- them in case of my death, because they will be 
 punished by their own subjects. Therefore their 
 power rests on my safety. 
 
 lY. Darius is urged by his friends to prepare 
 a fleet. With an army of 210,000 men (miles) he 
 approaches Marathon, after the citizens of Eretria 
 have been removed and sent into Asia (abl. absol). 
 As quickly as possible the Athenians send a mes- 
 senger to Sparta. If they take the field themselves 
 at the very first opportunity, and do not despair of 
 the bravery of the citizens, the enemy will be more 
 cautious and the citizens will take fresh courage. 
 
 V. A thousand soldiers were sent by the Pla- 
 taeans as aid to the Athenians. Since all [of] 
 these were on fire with eagerness to fight, their 
 influence was more powerful than [that] of Mil- 
 tiades' colleagues. When they joined battle they 
 
122 COBNELII NEPOTIS 
 
 were not liemmed in by the hosts of the enemy, 
 whose cavalry was hindered by the trees, but they 
 put the Persians to rout. 
 
 VI. We can easily understand that the cheap 
 honour which was awarded Miltiades, by whom the 
 whole of Greece had been liberated, w"as yet (tamen) 
 a more glorious one than that of Demetrius Phale- 
 reus. For his Qmius enim) reward was granted by 
 a nation corrupted by the bounty of the govern- 
 ment, but honours such as [those] of Miltiades were 
 uncommon, not lavishly bestowed and for that very 
 reason worthless. 
 
 VII. Ships are given by the Athenians to Mil- 
 tiades, that he may bring the islands back to their 
 allegiance. He is on the point of getting posses- 
 sion of Paros when, by some chance, he sees the 
 glare from a burning forest on the mainland. He 
 concludes that it is a signal from the king, and 
 returns to Athens. His fellow-citizens accuse him 
 of treason, and he is fined fifty talents (abl.). This 
 he cannot pay, and dies in the common gaol. 
 
 VIII. The Athenians were afraid of Miltiades, 
 who had had experience in tyranny in the Cherso- 
 nesus. He was a man of w^onderful geniality and 
 of great influence. Nevertheless, [it was] because 
 (quod) he had been called a tyrant, although there 
 
EXERCISES 123 
 
 were other reasons, [that] the charge concerning 
 Paros was brought against him. The people had 
 regard to his character and punished him through 
 fear of his desire for power. 
 
 Exercise III 
 
 THEMISTOCLES 
 
 I. We consider none greater than Themistocles, 
 and but few his equals. By the utmost industry he 
 became illustrious. His father did not look with 
 favour upon him, because he lived too fast a life, 
 and accordingly (itaque) he disinherited him. By 
 this misfortune he was not crushed, but lifted. 
 
 II. The state was rendered fiercer when the 
 people appointed Themistocles general. The Athe- 
 nians were persuaded by him to wage war with 
 (cum) the Corcyraeans. When these had been 
 crushed, then the pirates (use both noun and 
 adjective) were pursued, and the sea rendered 
 safe. The Athenians became skilled in war, and 
 a source-of-safety to the whole of Greece. It was 
 said that when Xerxes invaded Greece, he aimed 
 especially at the Athenians, on account of the 
 battle of Marathon. They were persuaded to 
 defend themselves by [their] wooden Avails. 
 
124 CORNELII NEPOTIS 
 
 III. They are sending picked [men] who are to 
 hold Thermopylae^ and the fleet will meet the 
 king's naval forces at Artemisium. They will 
 make for a narrow strait, so that the ships of the 
 barbarians may not surround them. If they go 
 away from here, they will station the fleet near 
 Salamis in order to please Themistocles. 
 
 IV. If we go off to [our] homes, we can defend 
 ourselves by [our] walls. But since (cum autem) 
 all of us together are a match for the barbarians, 
 let us remain. A faithful slave of Themistocles 
 will be sent to the king, to tell him that he can 
 quickly crush us all. He will suspect no deceit, 
 and will be vanquished by this stratagem. 
 
 V. If the king had not failed in his undertaking, 
 he would not have returned to Asia. He supposed 
 that a plan was on foot to destroy the bridge which 
 had been made over the Hellespont. And so he 
 did not crush the enemy with what-was-left of his 
 forces, but submitted to Greece. 
 
 VI. Let us establish Piraeus [as] a harbour, and 
 restore the walls of Athens. The Lacedaemonians 
 say that no city outside of Peloponnesus ought to 
 be surrounded with fortifications. For they wish 
 the Athenians to be weaker than themselves. If 
 
EXEBCISES 125 
 
 their ambassadors forbid us to build walls, The- 
 mistocles will undertake an embassy at his own 
 personal risk, that our city may be fortified. 
 
 VII. The Lacedaemonians complain that The- 
 mistocles is dragging out the time as long as pos- 
 sible, and that the work is none the less going on. 
 The chief authority is in the hands of the ephors. 
 These send as ambassadors to Athens men who 
 have held the highest offices. The Athenians have 
 fenced in their gods with walls, the more easily to 
 defend them from an enemy. This thc}^ have done 
 in accordance with international law. 
 
 YIII. His fellow-citizens banished him by ostra- 
 cism. When he was living at Argos, he was accused 
 by the Lacedaemonians, because, [as they said,] he 
 had made an alliance with the Persian king for the 
 conquest of Greece. Both Athenians and Lacedae- 
 monians demanded his extradition, but he embarked 
 on a ship and sailed to Ephesus. 
 
 IX. If Thucydides is to be believed {gerundive), 
 when Themistocles had come to Artaxerxes, he asked 
 that he might have his friendship. He said that he 
 had taken refuge with him because he was hunted 
 out of Greece. After a year's time had passed, the 
 king permitted Alcibiades to come to him. 
 
126 CORNELII NEPOTIS 
 
 X. Because the king admired Alcibiades' high 
 spirit, he wanted him to be on his side. When 
 he had become versed in the Persian language, he 
 made the king many acceptable (say ^^many and 
 acceptable'') promises. It is said that he took 
 poison intentionally, because he could not subdue 
 Greece by war, and that he was buried first (p?7- 
 mum) at Magnesia, then (deinde) in Attica. 
 
 Exercise IV 
 
 ARISTIDES 
 
 I. When Aristides and Themistocles were engaged 
 in rivalry with each other, the former (ille) was sen- 
 tenced to ten years' exile. Since the mob could not 
 be checked, he went away. A certain man was 
 not pleased because he was called The Just. It is 
 said that the eloquence of Themistocles proved to be 
 of more avail than the integrity of Aristides. 
 
 II. After the barbarians had been routed at Pla- 
 taea,- Aristides brought it about (effecit) that the 
 Athenians should be leaders on the sea. On account 
 of Pausanias' arrogance and Aristides' acts of fair- 
 ness, many states of Greece joined the Athenian 
 alliance. If Aristides had not been released from 
 his punishment, this could not have happened. 
 
EXERCISES 127 
 
 III. If 460 talents are gathered yearly into "Delos^ 
 the common treasury, the enemy will be more easily 
 driven off. Aristides will settle how much each 
 state is to give. After a man of such integrity 
 has died, his daughters are supported at the public 
 expense, if he dies in reduced circumstances. 
 
 Exercise V 
 
 LYSAXDER 
 
 I. Lysander's renown was due to good luck ; for 
 if the Athenians had been obedient to the command 
 of their generals, they would not have been sub- 
 dued by him. When he had cast out those who 
 favoured the Athenian side, he gave the supreme 
 command to ten men in each individual state. This 
 was done after the Athenians had surrendered them- 
 selves to him. All [of] these assured him by a 
 pledge that they would be his creatures. 
 
 II. He saw that Thasos was especially faithful 
 to Athens. If he had not desired to corrupt this 
 state, he would not have returned from Asia. He 
 concealed his purpose in this matter, just as if he 
 were not looking out for his own interests. 
 
 III. The decarchy which he has established has 
 been broken up. The Lacedaemonians say that he 
 
128 COBNELII NEPOTIS 
 
 will try to bribe the oracle of Delphi, and that if 
 he cannot [do] this, he will make an attempt on 
 [that] of Dodona. If he should try to corrupt the 
 Africans, he would be greatly deceived by the priests 
 of Jupiter. He does not doubt that he will be chosen 
 leader. Of this {say "of which thing'') a speech 
 which we have found in his house serves as evidence. 
 
 IV. It has been reported to Lysander's fellow- 
 citizens that he has done many cruel deeds in this 
 war. Pharnabazus, whose influence in this mat- 
 ter is great, has promised to bear testimony to the 
 scrupulousness with which he has treated the allies. 
 When Lysander himself reads the book which he 
 has given the ephors to examine, he will wish 
 that he had not asked the satrap to write to the 
 government concerning him. 
 
 Exercise VI 
 
 ALCIBIADES 
 
 I. and II. All are agreed that in Alcibiades nature 
 tried [to see] what she could accomplish. If he had 
 not stood in the first rank of orators, and skilfully 
 availed himself of his opportunities, we should not 
 have said that he was so clever. But since the per- 
 suasiveness of his speech was so great that none 
 
EXERCISES 129 
 
 could resist liim, every one wondered that lie was 
 found to be so dissolute and self-indulgent. 
 
 III. The Athenians are said to have declared 
 war on the Syracusans by his advice. They sup- 
 posed that it was he who threw down the statues- 
 of-Hermes, because he had celebrated the mysteries 
 at his own house. Many were filled with terror 
 lest this should belong to a conspiracy. From this 
 it happened that their fear was greater than their 
 hope. If Alcibiades could be of great service to 
 Athens, he could also work the state great harm. 
 And so it seemed that he was about to destroy the 
 people's liberty. 
 
 lY. This is the indictment under which {ahl.) 
 he is accused. He asks his enemies not to wait 
 for the time when he has gone away. They, how- 
 ever, realize that this must be done. When he has 
 been declared guilty, he will sail from Thurii to 
 Elis, to avoid the impending storm. If he hears 
 that his property has been confiscated, and that 
 he has been cursed by the priests, he will wage 
 war against his own [countr^^men]. Through his 
 advice the Lacedaemonians will gain the upper 
 hand in the war. 
 
 V. Alcibiades cannot be kept ignorant that the 
 Spartans hold aloof from him through their fear 
 
130 COBNELII NEPOTIS 
 
 of his patriotism. Therefore, since he is a man of 
 extraordinary shrewdness, he will take care not to be 
 killed. It is said that he has become the fast friend 
 of Tissaphernes. When he is taken back by the 
 army of the Athenians, he will be restored [to his 
 rights] by a decree of the people. He has decided 
 to seek an opportunity of recovering the cities of 
 Ionia, that he may return to Athens after having 
 ; accomplished great deeds. 
 
 VI. Alcibiades is persuading the people that their 
 good fortune comes through his efforts. It will seem 
 to them that they have lost the army in Sicily through 
 their own fault. When they have given back his 
 ^property and removed the curse, they will not re- 
 member that they adjudged him guilty of sacrilege. 
 I am not so hard-hearted that I would neither weep 
 over his misfortunes nor go down to the Piraeus to 
 see him disembark. 
 
 VII. Alcibiades' office was taken away from 
 him, that his happiness might not be too long- 
 lived. While absent he heard that they had put 
 another in his place, since they had come to the 
 conclusion that he had been bribed by the king. 
 Every one said that he was acting with evil intent 
 w^hen he did not capture Cyme ; for there was 
 nothing which he was unable to do. From this 
 
EXERCISES 131 
 
 it came about that lie went to Tkrace, and grew 
 rich on the plunder of the barbarians. 
 
 VIII. Alcibiades said that if Philocles should 
 station his fleet near Aegospotami^ Lysander would 
 not let slip such an opportunity of destroying the 
 army. Although the Athenians had no money, they 
 had their arms and ships ; but since Lysander had 
 both money and men (milites), he wished to exhaust 
 the Athenians by dragging out the war as long as 
 possible. Philocles was unwilling to ask for peace, 
 because he felt that if he should do so, he would be 
 of no account among the Athenians. If any piece 
 of good fortune befell, he wished to have a share 
 in it. 
 
 IX. It is said that after Alcibiades went into 
 hiding in Thrace, all his thoughts were turned to 
 the liberation of his country. He did not doubt 
 that he should be able so to captivate the Persian 
 king by his winning manners that he would help 
 him to make war on the Spartans. When he had 
 an opportunity of meeting the king, he revealed to 
 him what his brother Cyrus was doing. And so he 
 came into great favour, because he had served the 
 king. 
 
 X. The tyrants ask the satrap to deliver up Alci- 
 biades. Pharnabazus is informed by them that if 
 
132 CORNELII NEPOTIS 
 
 he does not kill him, the king's power will be dam- 
 aged. Those who are sent to put him out of the 
 way secretly rob him of his sword. As he passes 
 through the fla.mes he is slain by weapons thrown 
 from a distance. 
 
 Alcibiades had been labouring that Lysander's 
 work at Athens might not be permanent, but he 
 was killed by Susamithres and Bagaeus, barbarians, 
 who did not dare attack him with the sword. 
 
 XI. This man, [though] slandered by many, was 
 spoken of with the highest praise by the historian 
 Thucydides. He (qui quidem) writes that after 
 Alcibiades [had been] expelled from Athens [and] 
 had come to Thebes, no one was his match in 
 strength of body. In patience and endurance, 
 moreover (autem), he surpassed the Lacedaemo- 
 nians, who devote themselves more to frugality 
 than to magnificence. Among the Persians he was 
 accounted first in those things which they espe- 
 cially admire; for they are both high livers and 
 energetic hunters. 
 
 Exercise VII 
 
 EPAMINONDAS 
 
 I. Do not think that everything which seems 
 frivolous in your eyes is regarded in like manner 
 
EXEBCISE8 133 
 
 by the rest [of the world]. You know that Epami- 
 nondas did not consider dancing (infin.) beneath 
 his dignity, nor music [a thing] to be reckoned 
 among offences. Therefore, in portraying his like- 
 ness, you ought to omit nothing which makes it 
 vivid. What was his family ? Who were his 
 teachers ? In what branches was he educated ? 
 These are the things which you must tell. 
 
 II. If Epaminondas devotes himself to philos- 
 ophy, he will surpass all his fellow-pupils. In 
 wrestling it is said that he gives more attention to 
 nimbleness than to excess of strength, because he 
 thinks that the latter belongs especially (mdxime) 
 to the training of boxers. Dionysius is teaching 
 him to sing to the accompaniment of stringed 
 instruments, so that no Theban will be better edu- 
 cated than he. Since all these things are highly 
 honourable in Greece, we must not despise them. 
 
 III. When we hear that Epaminondas was skilled 
 in warfare, a good listener, conscientiously keeping 
 secrets, and wisely improving his opportunities, we 
 think that we have learned many of his good 
 [qualities] of soul. If he had not renounced the 
 help of his friends in caring for himself, he would 
 not have been able to use their confidence for 
 helping others. One might have supposed that 
 
134 CORNELII NEPOTIS 
 
 he possessed all things in common with them when 
 he was directing how much each one should give. 
 
 IV. It is said that Diomedon tried to bribe him, 
 and offered him an immense weight of gold in order 
 to mould him to his purpose. But Epaminondas said 
 that he was ready to do whatever (ea quae) was for the 
 advantage of the Thebans without money, and that 
 he would not accept the gold for the whole world. 
 
 If we were not including in this one volume the 
 lives of many men, we should be able to give fur- 
 ther instances of his integrity. 
 
 V. It seemed to the Thebans that Epaminondas 
 was most happy in repartee. When a certain elo- 
 quent rival urged the Thebans to choose peace 
 rather than war, Epaminondas said that he was 
 misleading his fellow-citizens, and that peace was 
 the child of war : therefore, if the Thebans wished 
 to enjoy the former (z7/e), they ought to practise 
 themselves in the latter (hlc). To those who 
 thought that he was aiming at Agamemnon's mili- 
 tary fame, he said that Agamemnon had taken a 
 single city, but he (se autem) had liberated Greece. 
 
 VI. The Athenian ambassador has asserted that if 
 you notice what kind of men each-of-the-two states 
 produces, from these you will be able to pass judg- 
 
EXERCISES 135 
 
 ment on the rest. I am surprised at his folly, because 
 (express by subjunctive) he has himself failed to notice 
 that the Athenians welcomed those who were ban- 
 ished from their own country. I am able so to ex- 
 pose the tyranny of these Athenians that you will 
 neither seek their friendship nor join their alliance. 
 
 YII. Epaminondas thought it a shame not to 
 endure the insults of his fellow-citizens. When, 
 owing to an inexperienced leader's blundering, the 
 army was surrounded by the enemy in a narrow 
 pass, and there began to be a demand for Epami- 
 nondas' careful management to deliver the army 
 from its state of siege, although (cum) he was there 
 only (tantum) in the capacity of a common soldier, 
 he led the army home in safety. 
 
 Once {quondam) he persuaded his colleagues not 
 to obey a certain law which had been proposed with 
 the object of preserving the commonwealth, because 
 he saw that if they did this, it would be diverted to 
 the ruin of the state. 
 
 VIII. When they are arraigned on this charge, 
 he allows his colleagues to lay all the blame on him. 
 No one supposes that Epaminondas can free himself 
 from danger. But he dares not only {non moclo) to 
 deny none of his opponents' charges, but even (sed 
 etiam) to speak so that everybody begins to laugh. 
 
136 COPiNELII NEPOTIS 
 
 He says that he is going to be condemned to death 
 because he has conquered the Spartans and set the 
 whole of Greece at liberty. Even if (etiamsi) the 
 judges are unwilling that he should go away, they 
 do not dare to cast their vote against him. 
 
 IX. If Epaminondas had not attacked the enemy 
 at Mantinea too boldly, he would not have received 
 a mortal wound. But when the Spartans recognized 
 him, they made a united attack on him. After 
 Epaminondas heard that the Spartans were con- 
 quered, he said that he had lived long enough. 
 Then he pulled out the iron, that he might die. 
 
 X. Pelopidas found fault with him because he 
 had never married. But Epaminondas said that his 
 stock could not die out, because the battle of Leuctra 
 was his child. 
 
 No one will deny that Epaminondas was unwilling 
 to imbrue his hands in the blood of his own [people]. 
 But he was willing to fight with the Lacedaemonians, 
 and to stand in the first rank at the Cadmea. If he 
 had not been at the head of the state, Thebes would 
 have always been subject to a foreign power. 
 
 If anyone should deny that Epaminondas was 
 really (vere) greater than the state, do you not 
 think that such a man could be justly (merito) 
 blamed ? 
 
EXERCISES 137 
 
 Exercise VIII 
 ha:n^nibal 
 
 I. No one doubted that Hannibal surpassed all 
 other generals. He was as much in advance of the 
 Eoman people in shrewdness as he was in valour. 
 It seems that he was weakened by the envy of his 
 fellow-citizens. He is said to have guarded like a 
 legacy the hatred towards the Eoman people which 
 his father left him. 
 
 II. He tried to make Philip an enemy to the 
 Eomans. Antiochus was fired by him with a de- 
 sire to carry his arms into Italy. When Hannibal 
 saw that the Eoman ambassadors had made him an 
 object of suspicion to the king, he asked whether 
 he might go to Antiochus and assure him of his 
 faithfulness. He said that his father had made 
 him swear to be an eternal enemy to the Eomans, 
 and that the king ought to have no doubt but that 
 he would keep his oath. 
 
 III. After Hamilcar's death, Hasdrubal took his 
 place as general. When he, too, had died, and the 
 chief command was offered Hannibal by the army^ 
 the question (res) was referred to Carthage. This 
 being approved, he led one of the armies which he 
 had mustered into Italy. It is said that on this 
 
138 CORNELII JSTEPOTIS 
 
 journey he conquered all with whom he came into 
 conflict. In order that he might bring his forces 
 into Italy by way of the Alps, he said that the 
 country must be opened and the roads made 
 passable. 
 
 IV. When he had joined battle with Scipio and 
 Tiberius Longus, and had defeated them, he set out 
 for Etruria. Being troubled with a serious affec- 
 tion of the eyes, he was carried on a litter. Never- 
 theless (tamen) Gains Centenius, who w^as holding 
 the pass, was surrounded and slain by his army. 
 
 V. No one resisted Hannibal when he lingered 
 among the mountains. He would have returned to 
 Capua, had not the Roman dictator put himself in 
 his way. Although (etsi) Fabius was a clever com- 
 mander, he was so alarmed by Hannibal that he did 
 not set foot outside of his own fortifications. When 
 I have said that no one withstood him in Italy, you 
 know how great Hannibal was. 
 
 VI. Though his means were exhausted, and he 
 wished a temporary peace to be concluded, he 
 intended-to-fight {first peripJirastic) later at a 
 greater advantage. Since terms were not agreed 
 upon, a battle had to be fought (impersonal) then 
 (eo tempore). When he had come to Hadrumetum 
 after being defeated, and the Numidians plotted 
 
EXERCISES 139 
 
 against him, tliey themselves were destroyed by the 
 one against whom they had laid their plot. 
 
 YII. Hannibal did not thank the Carthaginians 
 because the war was brought to an end, but re- 
 quested that he might none the less be in command 
 of the army. The answer was made him that if he 
 would return home he should be made one of the 
 two kings who are appointed yearly at Carthage. 
 Then, when through his careful management there 
 was money to pay the Komans, and even a surplus 
 to be put in the treasury, he thought that the Roman 
 consuls who had come to Carthage were going to 
 demand his extradition, and fled into Syria. His 
 property was confiscated by the Carthaginians, and 
 he himself declared an exile. 
 
 YIII. If he can, Hannibal will persuade Antio- 
 chus to advance into Italy with his armies. But 
 when the Carthaginians learn that he has made 
 this attempt {say '' attempted this ^'), they will 
 inflict the same penalty on Mago as on Hannibal. 
 
 Many have left it recorded that Antiochus did 
 not follow Hannibars advice in carrying on the 
 war, although he (is) did nol forsake him in any 
 of his attempts. 
 
 IX. Hannibal feared that the Cretans would make- 
 away with his money, of which he had brought a 
 
140 COBNELII NEPOTIS 
 
 large sum (say '' which great he had brought ") 
 with him. His plan was to fill (subj. of result) 
 jars with lead, the top of which he covered with 
 gold and silver. When he had made up his mind 
 where he would go, he took with him the bronze 
 statues which he had filled with his money, while 
 the jars of lead were guarded in the temple by the 
 Gortynii, ignorant where {quo loco) the money was. 
 
 X. The Carthaginian was anxious to put the king 
 of Pergamum out of the way, for he thought that he 
 was friendly to the Eomans. When they fought, 
 he was going to use a stratagem. He would com- 
 mand {periphrastic) the sailors to collect very many 
 poisonous serpents. On the day on which the battle 
 was to be fought, all would be directed to unite 
 their attack on the king's ship. He said that this 
 must be taken, and the king slain. 
 
 XI. Before the fleets were brought into action, 
 Hannibal harangued the soldiers. When the mes- 
 senger who was sent to seek the king had returned, 
 both sides commenced battle. The serpents were 
 thrown into the ships so as to alarm the men of 
 Pergamum. If these had not retreated to their 
 naval camp, they would not have found safety. 
 
 XII. While Prusia's ambassadors were dining at 
 E/Ome, one of them told the consul where Hannibal 
 
EXEBCISES 141 
 
 was. The senators^ to whom the matter was re- 
 ported, thought they must capture Hannibal, because 
 he was their bitterest enemy. Prusia objected to 
 acting contrary to the law of hospitality, but said 
 that if they found him they would be able to take 
 him. But when Hannibal saw that his castle was 
 beset on all sides, he ended his life by taking poison. 
 
 XIII. If Hannibal had not been a brave man, 
 would he have passed through such great strug- 
 gles? His exploits in war are recounted by Sosilus, 
 whom Hannibal had employed as his teacher of 
 Greek literature. 
 
 Let us compare the deeds of both Eoman and 
 Greek generals, that we may judge which of them 
 are the braver. 
 
WORD-GROUPS 
 
WORD-GROUPS 
 
 Note. — The following list has been designedly left incom- 
 plete. Word-groups, according to the editor's view, should be 
 primarily a mnemonic help. Etymology as such ought in the 
 beginning to be a side-issue only, the pupil's first efforts being 
 concentrated on the acquisition of a good stock of useful Latin 
 words rather than on the study of their comparative anatomy. 
 Accordingly, the very small groups have nearly all been omitted, 
 as well as those in which the root-meaning does not i^lainly help 
 the memory. For instance, the development of equus^ eques, 
 and eqidtatus from a root meaning "swift" is a curious and not 
 uninteresting fact ; but one would scarcely care to assert that 
 in practice the pupil would very willingly tread the mental path 
 from " swift " to "horse," " horseman," and " cavalry " merely 
 that he might follow the track of the language in its search after 
 appropriate names for those three objects. When, however, 
 the root does really and easily suggest the word, it becomes a 
 most useful means of binding scattered facts, and well adapted 
 to the purpose of elementary language-study. 
 
 \/AC, SHARP 
 
 acer, sharp. 
 
 acriter, sharply, eagerly. 
 acerbitas, hay^shyiess. 
 acies, edge, line of battle. 
 acumen, keenness. 
 oculus, eye. 
 
 \/AG, DRIVE 
 
 ago, to drive. 
 
 cogo (co + ago) , to drive to- 
 gether, force. 
 
 cogito (co + agito), to consider , 
 meditate upon (that is, to turn 
 over in the mind) . 
 
 145 
 
146 
 
 CORNELII NEPOTIS 
 
 cogitatio, thought, meditation. 
 exagito, to drive out. 
 excogito, to think out. 
 exiguus, iveighed, scanttj, 
 igitur, consequently. 
 redigo, to bring hack. 
 subigo, to bring under. 
 trausigo, to bring through, com- 
 plete. 
 
 v/AL, ALI, OTHER, STRANGE 
 
 alius, another, 
 
 alieuus, another^s, foreign, 
 
 strange. 
 alieno, to estrange. 
 aliter, otherwise. 
 alter, the other (of two). 
 aliquis, so7ne {other). 
 aliquaiido, at some time. 
 aliquantum, to some extent. 
 aliquot, some. 
 
 n/AM, love 
 
 SimicvLS, friejidly , friend. 
 amicitia, friendship. 
 amor, love. 
 
 iiiimicus, not friendly , enemy. 
 iiiimicitia, enmity, 
 
 n/AP, op, lay hold of for 
 
 WORK, help 
 
 aptus,./?^ 
 
 adipiscor, to attain to. 
 copia, abundance. 
 (ops) opes, resources, wealth, 
 power. 
 
 inopia, want, pHvation. 
 opera, labour. 
 opus, work. 
 
 ofticium {for opificium), ser- 
 vice. 
 
 y/AR, FIT, JOIN 
 
 arma, arms, implements. 
 armo, equip {icith arms). 
 armatus, equipped, armed, 
 ars, practical skill. 
 
 v/ARC, SHUT IN, KEEP OFF 
 
 arx (= arcs}, citadel. 
 
 exerceo (ex + arceo, restrain), 
 
 to drive {out), practise, train. 
 exercitus, army, disciplined 
 
 force. 
 exercitatio, training, exercise. 
 exeroitatus, trained. 
 
 n/CAD, fall 
 
 cado, to fall. 
 
 casus, lohat befalls, accident, 
 
 occasio, opportunity. 
 
 accido, to befall. 
 
 concido, to fall utterly, die. 
 
 recido, to fall back. 
 
 cedo, to fall back, yield, give 
 
 way. 
 accido. to go to, be added. 
 antecedo, to excel, surpass. 
 concedo, to go away, icith- 
 
 draw. 
 decedo, to go from, die. 
 discedo, to go apart. 
 recede, to draw back, recede. 
 
WOBD-GBOUPS 
 
 147 
 
 >/CAL, CLA, CALL 
 
 concilium, meeting. 
 
 concilio, to call together, pro- 
 cure, [union. 
 
 reconcilio, to call hack into 
 
 classis, that which is called, 
 f.eet, army. 
 
 classiarins, belonging to a fleet. 
 
 clarus, renoioned, clear. 
 
 declaio, to make clear. 
 
 \/CAP, TAKE, HOLD 
 
 capio, to take. 
 
 capesso, to lay hold of. 
 
 accipio, to receive. 
 
 captivus, taken prisoner. 
 
 caput, head. 
 
 anceps (ambi -|- cap), tioo head- 
 ed, double. 
 
 decipio, entrap, deceive. 
 
 incipio, to take in hand, begin. 
 
 occupo, to take into possession. 
 
 praecipio, to take beforehand, 
 admonish. 
 
 praecipuus, especial. 
 
 princeps, taken first, leader. 
 
 priucipatus, first place. 
 
 recipio, to take back. 
 
 suscipio, to undertake. 
 
 y/CEL, CER, strike, drive 
 
 celer, swift. 
 
 curro, to run. 
 
 cursor, runner. 
 
 con curro, to run together. 
 
 concursus, 7mnmng together. 
 
 occurro, to run to meet. 
 excursio, raid. 
 
 gladius ( = cladius, " striker''), 
 sioord. 
 
 procul, at long range, at a dis- 
 tance. 
 
 n/CER, CRE, part 
 
 cerno, to distinguish. 
 certus, determined. 
 certamen, contest. 
 crimen, judgment, charge. 
 decerno, to determine, decide by 
 
 fighting. 
 discrimen, distinction. 
 
 n/COL, till 
 
 colo, to till, cherish. 
 colonus, tiller, colonist. 
 cultus, cultivation, care, ivay 
 
 of life, refinement. 
 incola, inhabitant. 
 iiicolo, to inhabit. 
 
 V^CRE, MAKE 
 
 creo, to create, elect. 
 pi'ocreo, to bring forth. 
 caerimonia, sacred rite {'^inag- 
 
 7iifying" of the gods). 
 creber, growing, frequent. 
 cresco, to increase. 
 corpus, body. 
 
 n/DA, (1) GIVE, (2) putI 
 
 do, to give. 
 
 abdo, to put away. 
 
 1 It has seemed best to include in the same group words formed from 
 (1) >/DA, GIVE, and (2) /DA, DHA, put. 
 
148 
 
 CORN EL II NEPOTIS 
 
 addo, to give or put to, add. 
 
 circumdo, to put ai^ound. 
 
 credo, to put belief in. 
 
 commendati5 (cod -f manus + 
 do), giving in hand, recom- 
 mendation. 
 
 dedo, to give up, surrender. 
 
 deditio, surrender. 
 
 doimm, gift. 
 
 doiio, to present. 
 
 iiicredibilis, incredible. 
 
 prodo, to give forth, reveal, 
 betray. 
 
 proditio, betrayal. [der. 
 
 reddo, to give or put back, ren- 
 
 sacerdos, sacrifice-giver, priest. 
 
 trado, to hand over. 
 
 V/(DAC), Die, SHEW, POINT 
 
 dico, to say. 
 dictito, to assert. 
 dictator, dictator. 
 dictum, IV 07x1. 
 maledicens, evil speaking. 
 disco (= dicsco), to learn. 
 disciplina, instruction. 
 coiidiscipulus, fellow-pupil. 
 condicio, agreement. 
 doceo, to shew, teach. 
 doctrina, teaching, culture. 
 Indicium, proof, sign, evidence. 
 iudico, to declare against. 
 praedlco, to foi^etell. 
 praedico, to assert. 
 
 >/DIV, DI, DIAV, SHINE 
 
 divinus, divine. 
 deus, god. 
 
 dives, rich. 
 
 divitiae, riches. 
 
 dies, day. 
 
 biduum, space of two days. 
 
 meridies, midday. 
 
 hodie, to-day. 
 
 diu, long, cdl day. 
 
 Diana (^ Divana) Diana (the 
 moon-goddess) . 
 
 luppiter (=^Diau + pater " sky- 
 father "), Jupiter. 
 
 n/DVA, DVI, apart, two 
 
 duo, two. 
 
 dubius, doubtful. 
 
 dubium, doubt. 
 
 dubito, to be of two minds, 
 
 yjaver, doubt, hesitate. 
 duplex, two-fold. 
 bis (=dvi-ies), tivice. 
 "bini, two by tivo. 
 helium (= duellum), war (as a 
 
 contest in which two parties 
 
 are engaged), 
 hello, to ivage war. 
 bellicosus, warlike. 
 
 \/DVC, LEAD 
 
 duco, to lead. 
 dux, leader. 
 deduco, to lead down. 
 educo, to lead out. 
 educo, to train, educate. 
 induce), to lead in. 
 obduco, to draiv before. 
 produco, to lead forth. 
 reduco, to lead back. 
 
WORD-GROUPS 
 
 149 
 
 subduco, to withdraw^ take 
 
 from under. 
 traduco, to lead across. 
 
 \/EM, TAKE 
 
 sumo (=sub-f emo), to take up, 
 take. 
 
 sumptus, expense. 
 
 consumo, to use up. 
 
 exemplum, specimen, copy. 
 
 praemium (= prae-emium), re- 
 ward. 
 
 promptus (= proemptus), at 
 hand, ready. 
 
 n/ES, be, live 
 
 sum (= esum), to he. 
 absum, to he away. 
 absens, ahsento 
 adsum, to he jjresent. 
 desum, to fail, he ivanting. 
 obsam, to he in the ivay, harm. 
 possum (=potis sum), to he able. 
 praesum, to he over. 
 praesens, present. 
 praesentia, presence. [ent. 
 
 impraesentiarum, for the pres- 
 prosum, to he on the side of, help. 
 subsum, to he under, he. 
 supersum, to he over, survive, 
 he in excess. 
 
 y/FA, SHINE, SHEW 
 
 affabilis, that may he spoken 
 
 to, affahle. 
 fama, report. 
 fauum, place designated for a 
 
 templCf temple. 
 
 infamis, of bad report. 
 
 iDfamia, evil report. 
 
 iDfamo, to defame. 
 
 infitias, denial. 
 
 infitior, to deny. 
 
 nefas, something contrary to 
 
 divine law, sin. 
 praefatio, foreword, preface. 
 profiteor, to acknowledge. 
 
 \/FAC, MAKE, DO 
 
 facio, to make. 
 
 aedificium, building. 
 
 aedifico, to make a building^ 
 
 build. 
 afficio, to do to, affect. 
 couficio, to do up, finish. 
 difficilis, difficult. 
 efficio, to ivork out, bring about. 
 facilis, easy. 
 
 factio, taking sides, conspiracy. 
 facultas, power. 
 fio, to be made, become. 
 iiiterficio, to put out of the way, 
 
 kill. 
 infectus, undone. 
 patefacio, to lay open. 
 praeficio, to put in command. 
 praefectus, commander. 
 proficiscor, to put forth, set out. 
 siguifico, to point out, signify, 
 
 make signs. 
 
 V^FER, BEAR 
 
 fero, to bear, bring, tell- 
 affero, to hear to. 
 aufero, to bear aicay. 
 antefero, to bear before, prefer. 
 
150 
 
 CORN EL II NEPOTIS 
 
 confero, to bring together, 
 
 defero, to carry aioay. 
 
 effero, to bring out. 
 
 forte, by chance. 
 
 fortuito, by chance. 
 
 fortuna, fortune. 
 
 iiifero, to binng upon. 
 
 offero, to bring in the ivay of, 
 offer. 
 
 perfero, to bear through, en- 
 dure 
 
 praefero, to bear befoi^e, prefer. 
 
 refero, to bear back, report^ re- 
 late. 
 
 n/FID, bind, trust 
 
 fido, to trust. 
 fides, faith, pledge, 
 ^delis, faithful. 
 fiducia, confidence. 
 confido, to trust in. 
 foedus, compact, treaty. 
 foederatus, allied. 
 
 \/GEN, GN, GNA, beget 
 
 gens, race, clan. 
 gener, son-in-law, 
 genus, birth, kind, stock. 
 generosus, well-born, noble. 
 ingenium {that lohich is born in 
 
 one), character, genius, 7iatu- 
 
 ral disposition. 
 nascor (= gnascor), to be born. 
 natio (= gnatio), tribe, race, 
 natu (= gnatu), by birth. 
 natura (= gnatura), nature. 
 privlgnus (privus + GEN, born 
 
 of different blood), step-son. 
 progenies, offspring. 
 
 ' v/GNA, GNO, KNOW 
 
 [As in the preceding group, g be- 
 fore n sometimes disappears.] 
 
 cognosce, to learn, find out. 
 cognomen, surname. 
 ignoro, to be ignorant of. 
 ignosco, to take no account of, 
 
 pardon. 
 incognitus, unknown, stranger, 
 nobilis, well-known, famous, 
 
 renowned. 
 nomen, that by which one is 
 
 known, name. 
 nominatim, by name, 
 nomino, to name. 
 
 v/GRAD, WALK 
 
 gradus, step. 
 
 aggredior, to vjalk towards, at- 
 tack. 
 
 coiigredior, to come together 
 with, meet, 
 
 egredior, to go forth. 
 
 progredior, to advance. 
 
 \/HAB, HAVE 
 
 habeo, to have, hold. 
 
 adhibeo, to hold towards, use. 
 
 debeo (=dehibeo), to have 
 away, owe, ought. 
 
 debilito (= dehibilito), to ren- 
 der incapable, weaken. 
 
 habito, to have one's abode, in- 
 habit. 
 
 praebeo (= praehibeo), to hold 
 forth, furnish. 
 
 prohibeo, to prevent, hold back. 
 
WOBD-GROUPS 
 
 151 
 
 v'l, GO 
 
 eo, to go. 
 
 adeo, to go to. 
 
 aditus, access. 
 
 circumeo, to siu^ound, 
 
 exeo, to go out. 
 
 exitus, departure, exit. 
 
 iiieo, to go into. 
 
 introeo, to enter, [ish. 
 
 intereo, to go among , he lost, per- 
 
 initium, beginning. 
 
 iter, going, journey, road. 
 
 obeo, to go to meet. 
 
 pereo, to go through, pei^ish. 
 
 prodeo, to go forivard. 
 
 praetor (= prae + itor), leader. 
 
 redeo, to return. 
 
 reditus, return. 
 
 subeo, to ujidergo. 
 
 transeo, to go across. 
 
 VIA, lAC, GO, SEND 
 
 iacio, to throw. 
 abicio, to throic aside. 
 conicio, to throw together. 
 deicio, to throw down. 
 disicio, to scatter. 
 eicio, to cast out. 
 iauua, door {place of going). 
 inicio, to cast into. 
 obicio, to throiv before. 
 triiicio, to throw across. 
 
 V^IV, lYG, BIND, YOKE 
 
 ius. law, right. 
 
 iuro. to bind oneself, swear. 
 
 coniuratio, conspiracy. 
 
 iustus, just. 
 
 iustitiix, justice. 
 
 iniuste, unjustly. 
 
 iniuria, icrong, injury. 
 
 iusiurandum {right to be sworn 
 to), oath. 
 
 index {VIY -\-VDlG), judge. 
 
 iudico (= ius dico), to judge, 
 
 iudicium, judgment. 
 
 adiUDgo, to join to, add. 
 
 cuiictus (= coDiuiictus), all {to- 
 gether). 
 
 seiungo, to separate. 
 
 iuxta, near by. 
 
 \/LEG, GATHER 
 
 lego, to gather, read. 
 
 collega, associate, colleague. 
 
 deligo, to choose from. 
 
 delectus, chosen one. 
 
 dlligo, to pick out, love. 
 
 dilectus, levy. 
 
 diligens, attentive, industi^ious, 
 
 diligenter, carefully. 
 
 diligentia, care, diligence. 
 
 iiitellego (= inter-lego, ''to read 
 between the lines''), to per- 
 ceive, understand. 
 
 lector, reader. 
 
 ueglego, to neglect. 
 
 neglegenter, carelessly, heed- 
 lessly. 
 
 sacrilegium, robbing of a tem- 
 ple, sacrilege. 
 
 \/LIB, LVB, DESIRE 
 
 libenter {according to desire) ^ 
 
 ivillingly. 
 liber, /?'ee. 
 liberalis, like a free man, genera 
 
 ous, gentlemanly. 
 
152 
 
 CORNELII NEPOTIS 
 
 liberalitas, nobility of charac- 
 ter, generosity . 
 
 libero, to set free. 
 
 libidinosus, doing what one 
 desires, seyisual. 
 
 libertas, liberty. 
 
 y/LIC, LIQV, LET, LEAVE 
 
 licet, it is permitted. 
 
 licentia, license. 
 
 delictum, delinquency^ fault, 
 
 transg?^ession. 
 poUiceor (= pro + liceor, bid), 
 
 to hold forth, promise. 
 relinquo, to leave behind. 
 reliquus, rem,aining, rest. 
 reliquiae, remnant, remainder. 
 
 v/MAG, MAC, BIG 
 
 magnus, great. 
 
 magis, more. 
 
 m agister, ^magistrate, 
 
 magistratus, magistracy, 
 
 magiiitudo, greatness. 
 
 maior, greater. 
 
 malo (== magis volo), to prefer. 
 
 maximus, greatest. 
 
 molior (from moles, mass), to 
 labour at, strive to accom- 
 plish. 
 
 \/MAN, INIEN, MIND, STAY 
 
 maneo, to remain. 
 mens, mind. 
 
 mentio, reminding, mention. 
 mentior {to tell ivhat exists only 
 in the mind), lie. 
 
 commimscoY , to devise, imagine. 
 reminiscor, to call to mind, rec- 
 ollect. 
 moneo, to ivarn, advise. 
 monumentum, memorial. 
 
 \/MIT, SEND, LET GO 
 
 mitto, to send. 
 amitto, to send aiuay, lose. 
 admitto, to let in, commit. 
 committo, to send together, 
 
 join. 
 commissum, something handed 
 
 over, a secret. 
 dimitto, to send away. 
 emitto, to send forth. 
 immitto, to send against. 
 omitto, to pass over, omit. 
 praetermitto, to let j^ciss. 
 remitto, to send back, release, 
 
 relax. 
 
 V^MOD, MEASURE 
 
 modus, limit. 
 
 commode {loith due measure), 
 
 conveniently , skilfully. 
 immoderatus, excessive. 
 immodestia, lack of restraint. 
 modestus, preserving the mean, 
 
 modest. 
 modestia, modesty, modeimtion. 
 
 ^/MY, MOV, MOVE 
 
 moveo, to move. 
 commoveo, to thoroughly dis- 
 turb. 
 commiitritio, change. 
 
WOBD-OSOUPS 
 
 153 
 
 momentum (=movimentum), 
 weight, importance, move- 
 ment. 
 permoveo, to move deeply, 
 removeo, to move away. 
 
 \/MV, SHUT, FASTEN 
 
 munio, to fortify. 
 
 moenia (sing, moene, rare), 
 
 walls. 
 murus, loall. 
 munus, service, gift. 
 munitio, fortification. 
 munitus, fortified. 
 communio, to fortify on all sides. 
 communis, uriited, common. 
 
 1 v^NA, NAV, NV, WET, swim 
 
 navis, ship. 
 navalis, naval. 
 
 naufragiiim, shipwreck, de- 
 struction. 
 nauta (= navita), sailor. 
 nauticus, naval. 
 
 2 n/NA, no 
 
 ne, that not, least. 
 
 -ne, interrogative particle. 
 
 nee or neque, and not, nor, 
 
 neither. 
 nefas, contrary to divine law, 
 
 sin. 
 nemo (= ne + homo), no one. 
 nea or neve, and not, nor, 
 
 neither. 
 nihil, 710 thing. 
 nihilum, nothing. 
 
 nimis, too. 
 nimius, too much, 
 nisi, if not, unless, except. 
 non, not. 
 nuUus, no one. 
 nonnullus, some. 
 numqnam, never. 
 nusquam, nowhere, 
 
 \/NEC, NOC, KILL, HURT 
 
 noceo, to harm, injure. 
 innocens, harmless. 
 innoxius, innocent. 
 nox, night. 
 noctu, by night. 
 nocturnus, nocturnal. 
 pernicies, 7min. 
 
 s/OR, OL, GROW, RISE. 
 
 adulescens (one growing up to 
 
 manhood), youth. 
 adulescentia, youth. 
 adulescentulus, a vei^y young 
 
 man. 
 orior, to rise. 
 adorior, to attach. 
 coorior, to break forth, 
 ordior, to begin. 
 exordior, to begin. 
 
 \/0S, MOUTH, FACE 
 
 OS, mouth, speech. 
 coram, in the presence of. 
 oraculum, oracle {sp^icch of a 
 
 god) . 
 oratio, speech, oration. 
 peroro, to finish a speech. 
 
154 
 
 COBNELII NEPOTIS 
 
 V^PA, FEED 
 
 paiiis, bread. 
 pater, father. 
 paternus, of a father. 
 patrius, ancestral, whence, 
 patria {sc. terra), fatherland. 
 Peuates, household gods. 
 peues, loith, in the poioer of. 
 penetro (penus + \/TER, bore), 
 to enter. 
 
 [Note. — The last three words are 
 connected with jjenus, store of food. 
 " Perhaps through the intermedi- 
 ate idea of storing food within, the 
 root " pen " acquired the meaning 
 " within.'''' — Halsey, Etymology 
 of Latin and Greek, p. 113.] 
 
 \/PAV, LITTLE 
 
 parvus (=pauros), small. 
 parVLilus, very small. 
 pauci, few. 
 paulo, by a little. 
 pauper, poor. 
 paupertas, poverty. 
 
 VPED, TREAD 
 
 pedes, foot-soldier. 
 pedester, going afoot. 
 expedio, to disentangle^ extri- 
 cate. 
 impedio, to hinder. 
 
 n/PAL, pel, PVL, drive, 
 
 SCATTER 
 
 pello, to drive. 
 
 appello, -ere, to drive toivards. , ^>,w.^.., ..j .^. wv,. .^. 
 
 appello, -are {to drive toivards \ posteaquam, after. 
 
 oneself by speaking), to ad- 
 dress, call. 
 
 compello, -are (to drive together 
 by speaking), to address^ 
 accuse. 
 
 depello, to drive away from. 
 
 expello, to drive out, banish. 
 
 impello, to urge forward, in- 
 fluence. 
 
 n/PLE, PLO, PLV, fill 
 
 amplus (= ambl-plus, full on 
 both sides), abundant, full. 
 
 compleo, to Jill up. 
 
 complures, several, very many. 
 
 locupleto, to enrich. 
 
 oppleo, to fill completely. 
 
 plerique, very many. 
 
 plurimi, very many, most. 
 
 plus, more. 
 
 populus, people. 
 
 publico, to appropriate to public 
 \ise, confiscate. 
 
 publicus, of the state. 
 
 n/PLEC, PARC, WEAVE, FOLD 
 
 complector, to embi^ace. 
 decern plex, tenfold. 
 duplex, two-fold, double. 
 explico, to iDifold, explain. 
 supplex {bf'nt tinder, i.e. kneel- 
 ing), suppliant. 
 triplex, three-fold, triple. 
 
 \/POS, BEHIND 
 
 post, after. 
 postea, afterwards. 
 
W0BB-GR0UP8 
 
 155 
 
 posterus, folloioing. 
 postquam, after. 
 postremo, finally. 
 postridie, next day, 
 
 \/POT, MASTER 
 
 possum (=potis sum) to he able. 
 poteus, poioeiful. 
 potentia, poiver. 
 impotens, enfeebled. 
 potestas, power, opportunity. 
 potior, to get possession of. 
 potius, rather. 
 potissimum, chiefly. 
 
 >/PRO, PRI, PRAE, BEFORE 
 
 praeter, before, beyond, besides. 
 
 praeterea, besides. 
 
 praetor (= prae-itor), leader. 
 
 'grlmws, first. 
 
 primo, at first. 
 
 prius, before. 
 
 princeps (= primi-ceps), chief. 
 
 principatus, chief place. 
 
 pristinus, originaL 
 
 pro, before. 
 
 procul, at a distance. 
 
 prope, near. 
 
 propius, nearer. 
 
 propinquus, near, kindred. 
 
 proprius, one's own. 
 
 propter, near, on account of. 
 
 protinus, right onward. 
 
 proximus, next. 
 
 y/PVG, STRIKE, THRUST, PRICK 
 
 pugna, battle. 
 puguo, to fight. 
 
 depiigno, to fight out. 
 expugno, to take by storm. 
 impugno, to attack, assail. 
 oppugDo, to fight against, be- 
 siege. 
 oppugnator, besieger. 
 propugnaculum, bulwark. 
 repugno, to fight against. 
 
 \/REG, RIG, STRETCH, GUIDE 
 
 dirigo, to direct, 
 
 erigo, to raise up. 
 
 regio, db^ection, region. 
 
 regius, royal, kingly. 
 
 regno, to imle. 
 
 regnum, kingdom, dominion. 
 
 rex, king. 
 
 \/SAC, SAG, FASTEN 
 
 sacer {laid up before a god), 
 
 holy, saci'ed. 
 sacerdos, priest. 
 sacellum, chapel. 
 sacrarium, shrine. 
 sacrilegium, sacrilege. 
 sacrifico, to offer sacrifice. 
 resacro, to remove a curse from, 
 
 ^SCID, CID, CAED, cut, 
 
 CLEAVE, SEPARATE 
 
 scio, to know (distinguish). 
 coDScius, privy to, knoiving 
 
 ivith. 
 msciens, ignorant. 
 mscitia, ignorance. 
 nescio, not to know. 
 caedes, destruction, slaughter. 
 
156 
 
 COBNELII NEPOTIS 
 
 descisco, to separate from y with- 
 draw from. 
 
 incido, to cut into. 
 
 rescisco, to ascertain, 
 
 rescindo, to cut to pieces^ break 
 down. 
 
 scitum, decree. 
 
 v/SEC, FOLLOW 
 
 seqiior, tofoUoiv. 
 
 coiisequor, to follow up. 
 
 consector, to pursue, chase. 
 
 persequor, to follow persist- 
 ently. 
 
 secundus, following, second, 
 favourable. 
 
 Betius (=sectius), less, follow- 
 ing. 
 
 socius, comrade, ally, com- 
 panion. 
 
 societas, alliance, association, 
 share. 
 
 n/SED, SID, SIT 
 
 msidiae, ambuscade, deceit. 
 obses, hostage. 
 obsideo, to beset, besiege. 
 obsidio, siege. 
 possido, to occupy. 
 praesidium, defence, gai^rison. 
 sabsidium, reserve, support, 
 aid. 
 
 y/SER, SVAR, STRING, BIND 
 
 coiisero, to join. 
 disertus (= dis-sertus), elo- 
 quent. 
 
 intersero, to place between, 
 
 allege. 
 praesertim, especially. 
 sermo, connected discourse. 
 servus, bondman, slave. 
 servulus, young slave. 
 servio, to serve. 
 inservio, to be devoted to. 
 servitus, slavery. 
 
 n/SPEC, see, spy 
 
 aspicio, to look at. 
 coiispicio, to regard attentively. 
 exspecto, to aivait. 
 exspectatio, eagerness. 
 respicio, to regard, look back. 
 specto, to look at. 
 speculator, scout. 
 
 y/STA, STAND 
 
 sto, to stand. 
 
 antistes, overseer, priest. 
 
 constituo, to establish. 
 
 consto, to be agreed. 
 
 desisto, to cease. 
 
 destituo to abandon. 
 
 exsisto, to stand forth, exist. 
 
 insto, to be at hand. 
 
 mstituo, to establish. 
 
 institutum, custom. 
 
 obsto, to stand in the loay, 
 
 resist. 
 obsisto, to resist. 
 praesto, to be preeminent. 
 praestaus, excellent. 
 resisto, to oppose, resist. 
 restituo, to make stand again, 
 
 restore. 
 
WORI>-GROUPS 
 
 167 
 
 statim (as one stands) , straight- 
 
 10 ay. 
 statua, statue, 
 statuo, to set up, determine. 
 substituo, to 2)ut in the place of. 
 superstes, surviving. 
 
 \/TEN, STRETCH 
 
 abstinentia {holding from) , self - 
 resti^alnt, integrity. 
 
 attends, to direct toioards. 
 
 contendo, to strive towards, 
 hasten. 
 
 contentio, struggle. 
 
 contentus, satisfied. 
 
 continens, self-co7itrolled, con- 
 tinuous. 
 
 obtineo, to hold in possession. 
 
 ostendo (=obs-tendo) , to spread 
 out before, shew. 
 
 pertineo, to relate to, aim at. 
 
 protinus, straight on. 
 
 retineo, to hold back, keepc 
 
 sustineo, to icithstand. 
 
 tento, to try, test. 
 
 tendo, to stretch, direct. 
 
 teneo, to hold. 
 
 tenuis, drawn out, thin, trivial. 
 
 n/TRAG, drag, move 
 
 traho, to drag, draiv. 
 
 coiitraho, to get together, col- 
 lect. 
 
 extraho, to draw out. 
 
 retraho, to draiv back, rescue. 
 
 tractus, drawing, direction. 
 
 obtrectatio, ivorking against, 
 disparagement, rivalry. 
 
 obtrectator, rival. 
 obtrecto, to work against, envi- 
 ously detract, rival. 
 
 \/VAG, VEH, MOVE, CARRY 
 
 veho, to bear, carry. 
 
 invehor, to bear against, attack ^ 
 
 inveigh against. 
 obviam, in the vjciy of. 
 perveho, to carry through. 
 vectigal, tax, revenue. 
 velum, sail {carrier). 
 via, loay, road. 
 
 ^BA, YA, YEN, go. 
 
 venio, to come. 
 
 advenio, to endive. 
 
 adventus, arrival. 
 
 advento, to appi^oach. 
 
 arbitror, to judge. 
 
 arbitriura, judgment. 
 
 contio (=conventio), assembly.. 
 
 coiiventus, meeting. 
 
 in venio, to come upon, find, 
 
 pervenio, to arrive at. 
 
 n/YERT, turn 
 
 verto, to turn. 
 
 averto, to turn from. 
 
 adverto, to turn towards. 
 
 adversarius, opponent. 
 
 ad vers us, ) . , 
 
 adversum,j«^«^^^^^- 
 
 adversum, misfortune. 
 
 an i mad verto, to turn the^ 
 
 mind to, notice. 
 converto, to turn {completely). 
 
158 
 
 CORNELII NEPOTIS 
 
 diversus, different. 
 exadversum, over against. 
 reverter, to turn back. 
 rursus (= revorsus), again. 
 universas, all together, 
 versus, turning, verse, line. 
 versor, to turn constantly, 
 move, have experience in. 
 
 V'VID, SEE 
 
 ' video, to see. 
 
 invidia, jealousy, looking 
 askance. 
 
 prudens (= providens), having 
 foresight. 
 
 prudentia (=providentia),/ore- 
 sight, shreiodness. 
 
 imprudens, unforeseeing , negli- 
 gent. 
 
 imprudentia, want of foresight. 
 visus, sight. 
 
 v/VOC, VAG, CALL 
 
 voco, to call. 
 
 advoco, to call to. 
 
 con voco, to call together. 
 
 revoco, to recall. 
 
 vocito, to call {habitually), 
 
 n/VOL, ayill, wish 
 
 volo, to wish. 
 benevolentia, good will. 
 voluntas, will. 
 
 malo (= magis volo), to prefer. 
 nolo (= non volo), to he unwill- 
 ing. 
 -ve, or. 
 
VOCABULARY 
 
VOCABULARY 
 
 a, ab, prep. w. abl., /rom, hy. 
 abdo, -dere, -didi, -ditum, 3, to 
 
 remove, conceal. 
 abicio, -ere, -ieci, -iectum, 3, to 
 
 thi^ow away, put aside. 
 abripio, -ere, -ripui, -reptum, 
 
 3, to carry off. 
 
 acceptus, -a, -um, adj., (part, of 
 2iQCV^io) , acceptable , pleasing . 
 
 accido, -ere, -cidi, 3, to happen. 
 
 accipio, -ere, -cepi, -ceptum, 3, 
 to receive, take, accept. 
 
 accurate, adv., carefully ^ ex- 
 actly. 
 
 accusator,-oris, -m.ypjvseciitor, 
 accuser. 
 
 abrogo, -are, -avi, -atum, 1, to accuse, -are, -avi, -atum, 1, to 
 
 take aivay. I accuse, charge, prosecute, 
 
 absens, -entis, adj., (part, of ! arraign. 
 
 absum), being away, absent, acer, -cris, -ere, adj., sharp, 
 absolve, -ere, -solvi, -solutum, \ shrewd, eager. 
 
 3, to set free from, release, , acerbitas, -atis, f., harshness y 
 
 bitterness. 
 acies, -ei, f., edge, line of bat- 
 tle, battle. 
 
 acquit. 
 abstinentia, -ae, f., integrity, 
 
 honesty. 
 absum, -esse, afm, irr., to be \ acquiesce, -ere, -evi, -etum, 3, 
 
 away from, be absent, be dis- \ to come to rest, die. 
 
 tant, be inconsistent ivith. \ acumen, -inis, n., keenness, 
 ac, see atque. I brightness, acuteness. 
 
 Acarnanus, -a, -um, adj., o/ i ad, prep. w. ace, io, towards, 
 
 Acaimania, a division of! at, near, for, according to, 
 
 Greece ; Acarnaiiian. addo, -ere, addidi, additum, 3, 
 
 accede, -ere, -cessi, -cessum, 3, I to add. 
 
 to go to, approach, agree to, \ adduce, -ere, -duxi, -ductum, 3, 
 
 be added. \ to bring to, persuade. 
 
 M 161 
 
162 
 
 COBNELII NEPOTIS 
 
 adeo, -ire, -ii or-ivi, -itum, irr., 
 to go to, approach. 
 
 adeo, adv., so, to such a de- 
 gree. 
 
 adhibeo, -ere, -ui, -itum, 2, to 
 summon, invite, vse, keep. 
 
 adhiic, adv., hitherto, up to this 
 time. 
 
 Adimantus, -i, m., Adimantus, 
 an AtheDian general. 
 
 adipiscor, -i, adeptus sum, 3, 
 dep., to acquire, obtain, win, 
 get. 
 
 aditus, -lis, m., approach, ac- 
 cess. 
 
 adiungo, -ere, -iiinxi, -iunctum, 
 3, to join to, unite, add. 
 
 adiuvo, -are, -iuvi, -iutum, irr., 
 to help, aid. 
 
 Admetus, -i, m., Admetus, king 
 of the Molossians in Epirus. 
 
 administro, -are, -avi, -atum, 1, 
 to conduct, manage. 
 
 admiror, -ari, -atus sum, 1, dep., 
 to wonder, ivonder at, be sur- 
 prised, admire. 
 
 admitto, -ere, -misi, -missum, 
 3, to admit, receive, commit. 
 
 adorior, -oriri, -ortus sum, 4, 
 dep., to approach, attack, 
 make an attempt on. 
 
 adulescens, -entis, m. and f., a 
 youth, young man. 
 
 adulescentia, -ae, f., youth. 
 
 adulescentulus, -i (dim. of adu- 
 lescens), m., a very young 
 man . 
 
 advento, -are, 1, to approach. 
 
 adventus, -us, m., ai^ivah, 
 approach. 
 
 adversarius, -a, -um, adj., op- 
 posing, hostile ; adversarius, 
 -1, m., as subst., opponent^ 
 enemy. 
 
 ad versus, -a, -um, adj., un- 
 fa voura ble, u nfoi^tun a te. 
 
 adversus (adversum), adv., 
 oppjosite; prep. w. ace., 
 against, in opposition to. 
 
 adverto, -ere, -verti, -versum, 
 3, to turn to. Animum 
 advertere (like animadver- 
 tere), to notice, perceive, see, 
 observe. 
 
 advoco, -are, -avi, -atum, 1, 
 to summon. 
 
 aedes, -is, f., in sing., room, 
 temple ; pi., house. 
 
 aedificium. -i, n., building, 
 house. 
 
 aedifico, -are, -avi, -atum, 1, to 
 build, construct. 
 
 aeger, -gra, -grum, adj., sick, ill. 
 
 Aegos flumen, -inis, n. (At- 
 yos TTorafJLo'i), Aegospotami 
 ( = " Goat River"), a town 
 and stream in the Thracian 
 Chersonesus. 
 
 Aemilius, -i, m., Aemilius, the 
 name of a Roman gens, to 
 which L. Aemilius Paulus 
 belonged. 
 
 aemulor, -ari, -atus sum, 1, 
 dep., to rival, seek to imitate, 
 enmlate. 
 
 aeneiis, -a, -um, adj., of bronze, 
 bronze, brazen. 
 
 Aeolia, -ae, f ., and Aeolis, -idis, 
 f., Aeolia, Aeolis, a coast- 
 district of Asia Minor. 
 
 
rOCABULAEY 
 
 163 
 
 aequalis, -e, adj., of the same 
 age, contemporary, 
 
 aequipero, -are, -avi, -atum, 1, 
 to equal, rival. 
 
 aequitas, -atis, f., fairness, 
 justice, equity. 
 
 aequus, -a, -um, adj., equal, 
 fair, favourable, right, just. 
 
 aerarium, -i, n., treasury. 
 
 aestimo, -are, -avi, -atum, 1, 
 to estimate^ value, rate, as- 
 sess. 
 
 aetas, -atis, f ., age, time of life, 
 
 _period, time. 
 
 Afer, Afra, Afrum, adj., Afri- 
 can. 
 
 affabilis, -e, adj., gracious, 
 affable, 
 
 affero, -ferre, attuli, allatum, 
 irr., to bring to, announce. 
 
 afficio, -ere, -feci, -fectum, 
 3, to affect. 
 
 affirmo, -are, -avi, -atum, 1, to 
 
 _ declare, assert, affirm. 
 
 Africa, -ae, f., Afinca. 
 
 Agamemnon, -onis, Agamem- 
 non, a leader of the Greeks 
 in the Trojan War. 
 
 ager, -gri, m.., field, land, terri- 
 tory, country. 
 
 aggredior, -i, -gressus sum, 3, 
 dep., to approach, attack. 
 
 ago, -ere, egi, actum, to lead, 
 drive, conduct, carry on, 
 treat ivith, do. Gratias 
 agere, to give thanks. 
 
 aid, verb defect., to say, tell, 
 assert. 
 
 Alcibiades, -is, m. Alcibiades, 
 an Athenian. 
 
 Alcmaeon,-onis, m..,Alcmaeon, 
 a Greek who murdered his 
 mother for having induced his 
 father to join the expedition of 
 the Seven against Thebes, in 
 which campaign he was killed. 
 
 alias, adv., at other times. 
 
 alieno, -are, -avi, -atum, 1, to 
 estrange. 
 
 alienus, -a, -um, adj., of or be- 
 longing to another, foreign^ 
 unfavourable. 
 
 alio, adv., to another place, in 
 a differeyit direction. 
 
 aliquando, adv., at some time. 
 
 aliquanto, adv., by a little 
 somewhat. 
 
 aliquantum, adv., /or a little^ 
 to some extent. 
 
 aliquis, aliqua, aliquid, indef. 
 pron., some one, any one, 
 something . 
 
 aliquot, adj. indecl., several, 
 some. 
 
 aliter, adv., otherwise. 
 
 alius, -a, -ud, adj., other, 
 another, different. Alius . . . 
 alius, one . . . another. Alii 
 . . . alii, some . . . others. 
 
 alo, -ere, -ui, altum or alitum, 
 3, to feed, support, main- 
 tain. 
 
 Alpes, -ium, f. plur., the Alps. 
 
 Alpici, -orum, m. plur., dwellers 
 in the Alps. 
 
 alter, -era, -erum, adj., other 
 {of two) , second. Alter . . . 
 alter, one . . . another ; the 
 first . . . the second. 
 
 altitude, -inis, f., height. 
 
164 
 
 COBNELII NEPOTIS 
 
 altus, -a, -um, adj., high, deep. 
 
 amicitia, -ae, t., friendship, al- 
 liance. 
 
 amicus, -a, -um, 2id]., friendly. 
 As substantive, amicus, -i, 
 m., friend. 
 
 amitto, -ere, -misi, -missum, 3, 
 to lose. 
 
 amphora, -ae, f., ivine-jar, am- 
 phora. 
 
 amplius, adv. comp., more. 
 
 amplus, -a, -um, adj., large, 
 splendid, magnificent, full. 
 
 an, conj., or, whether. 
 
 anceps, -cipitis, adj., double, 
 on both sides. 
 
 ancora, -ae, f ., anchor. 
 
 Andocides, -is and -i, Ando- 
 cides, an Athenian orator. 
 
 angustiae, -arum, f. plur., 
 strait, narr 010 passage, defile, 
 pass. 
 
 angustus, -a, -um, adj., nar- 
 row. 
 
 anima, -ae, f., life, breath. 
 
 animadverto, -ere, -verti, -ver- 
 sum, 3, to turn the mind to, 
 notice, observe, perceive, see, 
 realize. 
 
 animus, -i, m., soul, mind, 
 courage, spirit. 
 
 annalis, -is, m., chronicles, an- 
 nals. 
 
 annus, -i, m., a year. 
 
 annuus, -a, -um, adj., of a 
 year, yearly, a yearns. 
 
 ante, adv., before; prep. w. 
 ace, before. 
 
 antea, adv., before, formerly, 
 previously. 
 
 antecedo, -ere, -cessT, -cessum, 
 3, to go before, be preferred, 
 surpass. 
 
 antefero, -ferre, -tuli, -latum, 
 irr., to bear before, prefer. 
 
 antepono, -ere, -posui, -posi- 
 tum, 3, to place before, pre- 
 fer. 
 
 antesto, -stare, -steti, 1, to 
 stand befoi^e, surpass, be su- 
 perior to, excel. 
 
 Antiochus, -i, m., Antiochus, a 
 king of Syria. 
 
 antiquitas, -atis, f., age, anti- 
 quity. 
 
 antistes, -itis, m., priest. 
 
 aperio, -ire, -ui, apertum, 4, to 
 open, disclose, shoio, reveal. 
 
 apertus (part, of aperio), -a, 
 -um, adj., open, clear. 
 
 Apollo, -inis, m., Apollo, son 
 of Zeus and Latona, and twin 
 brother of Artemis (Diana), 
 god of prophecy, healing, and 
 music. 
 
 appareo, -ere, -ui, 2, to appear, 
 be evident, come to light. 
 
 apparo, -are, -avi, -atum, 1, to 
 get ready, prepare. 
 
 appello, -are, -avi, -atum, 1, to 
 call. 
 
 appello, -ere, -puli, -pulsum, 3, 
 to drive to, bring to land. 
 
 Appenninus, -i, the Apen- 
 nines, a range of mountains 
 in Italy. 
 
 applico, -are, -avi, -atum, 1, to 
 attach. 
 
 apporto, -are, -avi, -atum, 1, 
 to bring to, bring. 
 
VOCABULABY 
 
 165 
 
 aptus, -a, -um, 2id]., fit, ready, 
 capable. 
 
 apud, prep. w. ace, loith, 
 among, near, at. 
 
 Apulia, -ae, f., Apulia, a dis- 
 trict of Italy. 
 
 aquilo, -oiiis, m., the north 
 loind, 
 
 ara, -ae, f., altar. 
 
 arbitrium, -i, n., judgment, 
 decision, will. 
 
 arbitror, -ari, -at us sum, 1, 
 dep., to think, suppose. 
 
 arbor, -oris, f., tree. 
 
 Arcadia, -ae, f., Arcadia, a 
 district of southern Greece. 
 
 Areas, -adis, adj., of Arcadia, 
 Arcadian. 
 
 argentum, -i, n., silver, money. 
 
 Argivus, -a, -um, adj., of Ar- 
 gos, Argive. 
 
 Argos, nom. and ace. neuter, 
 also Argi, -orum, m. plur., A?^- 
 gos, a city of southern Greece. 
 
 arguo, -ere, -ui, -utum, 3, to de- 
 clare, prove. 
 
 Aristides, -is, Aristides, an 
 Athenian. 
 
 arma, -orum, n. plur., arms, 
 loeapons. 
 
 armo, -are, -avi, -atum, 1, to 
 furnish ivith arms, arm. 
 
 arripio, -ere, -ripui, -reptum, 3, 
 to catch up, seize. 
 
 ars, -rtis, f., pursuit, occupa- 
 tion, art. 
 
 Artaphernes, -is, m., Artapher- 
 nes, a Persian commander. 
 
 Artaxerxes, -is, m., Arta- 
 xerxes, king of Persia. 
 
 Artemisium, -i, n., Artemis- 
 ium, a promontory at the 
 northern end of the island 
 of Euhoea. 
 
 arx, arcis, f., citadel, strong- 
 hold. 
 
 ascendo, -ere, -di, -scensum, 3, 
 to mount, embark on. 
 
 Asia, -ae, f., Asia. 
 
 aspergo, -ere, -spersi, -spersum, 
 3, to sprinkle, stain, defile. 
 
 aspicio, -ere, -spexi, -spectum, 
 3, to look at. 
 
 astu, n., indecl., a city. 
 
 at, conj., but, yet. 
 
 Athenae, -arum, f. plur., 
 Athens, the chief city of 
 Attica. 
 
 Atheniensis,-e, adj., ^^/lenian. 
 
 athleta, -ae, m., a boxer, wres- 
 tler, pugilist. 
 
 atque (also ac, always atque 
 before a vowel), conj., and, 
 and also, as, than. 
 
 attendo, -ere, -di, -tum, 3, to 
 stretch toward, direct. 
 
 Attica, -ae, f., Attica, a divi- 
 sion of central Greece. 
 
 Atticus, -i, m., T. Pompdnius 
 Atticus, a friend of Cicero 
 and Xepos. 
 
 auctor, -oris, m., an authority. 
 
 auctoritas, -atis, f., influence. 
 
 audax, -acis, adj., bold, rash. 
 
 audeo, -ere, ausus sum, 2, semi- 
 dep., to dare, vent^ire. 
 
 audio, -ire, -ii or -ivi, -itum, 4, 
 to hear , listen , obey {\fYt'h.di2it.), 
 
 aufero,-ferre, ahstuli, ablatum, 
 irr., to take away, remove. 
 
166 
 
 CORNELII NEPOTIS 
 
 aureus, -a, -um, adj., golden. 
 auris, -is, f., ear. 
 aurum, -i, n., gold, money, 
 aut, conj., or. Aut . . . aut, 
 
 either . . . or. 
 
 autem, conj., postpositive, but, 
 moreover, noio, however. 
 
 auxilium, -i, n., help, aid, as- 
 sistance. 
 
 avaritia, -ae, f., greed, cove- 
 tousness, avarice. 
 
 avarus, -a, -um, adj., greedy, 
 covetous, avaricious, grasp- 
 ing (adv. avare) . 
 
 averto, -ere, -verti, -versum, 3, 
 to turn away from, cause to 
 icithdraw. 
 
 avoco, -are, -avi, -atum, 1, to 
 call away from, dissuade. 
 
 B 
 
 Baebius, -i, m., Baebius, the 
 name of a Roman gens. 
 
 Bagaeus, -i, m., Bagaeus, one 
 of the murderers of Alcibia- 
 des. 
 
 barbarus, -a, -um, adj., for- 
 eign, barbarian. 
 
 bellicosus, -a, -um, adj., loar- 
 like. 
 
 bello, -are, -avi, -atum, 1, to 
 carry on war. 
 
 bellum, -1, n., xoar. 
 
 bene, adv., (corap. melius, 
 superl. optime), ivell. 
 
 benevolentia, -ae, f ., good-will, 
 friendliness. 
 
 biduum, -i, n., a period of two 
 days. 
 
 Bithynia, -ae, f., Bithynia, a 
 division of Asia Minor. 
 
 Bithynius, -a, -um, adj., of 
 Bithynia, Bithynian. 
 
 blandus, -a, -um, adj., flatter- 
 ing, of smooth tongue. 
 
 Boeotus, -a, -um, adj., of Boeo- 
 tia, Boeotian. 
 
 bonitas, -atis, f., goodness, up- 
 rightness, integrity. 
 
 bonus, -a, -um, adj., good. As 
 subst., bonum, -i, n., good 
 thing; n. plur., bona,-orum, 
 goods, possessions, property. 
 
 brevis, -e, adj., short. 
 
 brevitas, -atis, f., shortness, 
 brevity, conciseness. 
 
 Byzantium, -i, n., Byzantium, 
 the ancient name of Constan- 
 tinople. 
 
 C, the abbreviation for Gains. 
 
 Cadmea, -ae, f., the Cadniea, 
 the citadel of Thebes, named 
 after its mythical founder, 
 Cadmus the Phoenician. 
 
 cado, -ere, cecidi, casum, 3, to 
 fall, be slain, befall, happen. 
 
 caduceus, -i, a herakVs staff, 
 cad ace us. 
 
 caedes, -is, f., slaughter, mas- 
 sao^e. 
 
 caerimonia, -ae, f., religious 
 observance, reverence, 
 
 callidus, -a, -um, adj., clever ^ 
 shreiud, prudent, skilful. 
 
 Galliphron, -onis, m., Calli^ 
 phron, a Greek dancing mas- 
 ter. 
 
VOCABULARY 
 
 167 
 
 Callistratus, -i, m., CalUstra- 
 tus, an Athenian. 
 
 campus. -1, m., plain, open. 
 
 Cannensis, -e, adj., of Cannae. 
 
 canto, -are, -avi, -atum, 1, to 
 sinr/, play, 
 
 capesso, -ere, -ivi, -iturum, 3, 
 to take hold of, undertake, 
 engage in, 
 
 capio, -ere, cepi, captum, 3, 
 to take, capture, captivate, 
 move, influence. 
 
 captivus, -i, m., prisoner, cap- 
 five. 
 
 Capua, -ae, f., Capua, a city of 
 Italy. 
 
 caput, capitis, n., head, life, 
 capital charge. 
 
 Car, -is, m., a Carian, inhabi- 
 tant of Carta, 
 
 car 80, -ere, -ui, -iturum, 2, to 
 lack, he ivithout, do without, 
 leant. 
 
 caritas, -atis, f., affection. 
 
 car us, -a, -um, adj., dear, 
 valued, esteemed, beloved. 
 
 casa, -ae, f., hut. 
 
 castellum, -i, n., stronghold, 
 fortress. 
 
 castrum, -i, n., fortified toion; 
 in plur., castra, -orum, camp. 
 
 casus, -us, m., chance, acci- 
 dent, calamity, fall, death. 
 
 causa, -ae, f., excuse, reason, 
 sake, cause, case; in abl., 
 causa, on account of, he- 
 cause of. 
 
 caveo, -ere, cavi, cautum, 2, to 
 he on one^s guard, beware, 
 take pi^ecautions. 
 
 celebritas, -atis, f., concourse, 
 society. 
 
 celer, -eris, -ere, adj., quick, 
 swift, speedy. 
 
 celo, -are, -avi, -atum, 1, to 
 hide, keep secret, conceal. 
 
 cena, -ae, f., dinner, meal, 
 banquet. 
 
 ceno, -are, -avi, -atum, to dine, 
 take a meal. 
 
 Centenius, -i, m.. Gains Cen- 
 tenius, a Roman general. 
 
 centum, adj. iudecl., a hundred, 
 
 cerno, -ere, crevi, certum, 3, 
 to perceive, see, discern. 
 
 certamen, -inis, n., contest, 
 struggle. 
 
 certus, -a, -um, adj. (part, of 
 cerno), chosen, trusty, cer- 
 tain, sure. Certiorem facere, 
 to inform. 
 
 ceterus, -a, -um, adj., the other, 
 the rest. 
 
 Cethegus, Publius Cornelius 
 Cethegus, a Roman consul. 
 
 Chabrias, -ae, m., Chabrias, 
 an Athenian general. 
 
 Chersonesus, -i, f,, the Cher- 
 sonese, a peninsula of Thrace. 
 
 chorda, -ae, f., string (of a 
 musical instrument) . 
 
 Cimon, -onis, Cimon, the name 
 of both the father and the 
 son of Miltiades II. 
 
 circa, adv., around, about; 
 prep. w. ace, around, sur- 
 rounding. 
 
 circiter, adv., about. 
 
 circulus, -i, m., circle, com- 
 20 any. 
 
168 
 
 CORNELII NEPOTIS 
 
 circumdo, -dare, -dedi, -datum, 
 1, to surround, enclose. 
 
 circumeo, -ire, -ii or -ivi, -itum, 
 4, to surround, go or pass 
 around. 
 
 circumvenio, -Ire, -veni, -ven- 
 tum, 4, to surround, entrap. 
 
 citharizo, -are, 1, to play on 
 the cithara, an instrument 
 developed from the lyre. 
 
 cito, -are, -avi, -atum, 1, to pro- 
 claim. 
 
 civilis, -e, adj., of citizens, 
 civil. 
 
 civis, -is, m. and f., citizen. 
 
 civitas, -atis, f., state, city. 
 
 clam, adv., secretly. 
 
 clandestinus, -a, -um, adj., 
 S3cret. 
 
 clarus, -a, -um, did]., famous. 
 
 classiarii, -orum, m. plur., 
 naval forces, marines. 
 
 classis, -is, t., fleet, navy. 
 
 Clastidium, -i, n., Clastidium, 
 a town in Cisalpine Gaul. 
 
 Claudius, -i, m., the name of a 
 Roman gens. 
 
 claudo, -ere, -si, -sum, 3, to 
 shut close, surround, cut off, 
 enclose. 
 
 Clemens, -ntis, adj., kind, gen- 
 tle, merciful. 
 
 dementia, -ae, f., kindness, 
 mercy, mildness. 
 
 Cleon, -onis, Cleon, a rhetori- 
 cian . 
 
 Clinias, -ae, m., Clinias, father 
 of Alcibiades. 
 
 Cn., the abbreviation for 
 Gnaeus. 
 
 coarguo, -ere, -ui, 3, to bring 
 to light, prove, expose. 
 
 coepio, -ere, coepi, coeptum, 3 
 (perfect used with present 
 significance, other forms 
 rare), to begin. 
 
 cogitatio, -onis, f., thought, 
 meditation. 
 
 cognatio, -onis, f ., relationship. 
 
 cognomen, -inis, n., surname. 
 
 cognosco, -ere, cognovi, cogni- 
 tum, 3, to acquire knowledge 
 of, ascei'tain, become ac- 
 quainted with, learn, per- 
 ceive, examine, understand; 
 in perfect, to knoxc. 
 
 cogo, -ere, coegi, coactum, 3, 
 to gather, compel. 
 
 cohortatio, -onis, f., speech, 
 harangue. 
 
 collabefio, -fieri, -f actus sum, 
 3, dep., to be ruined, be over- 
 throivn. 
 
 collega, -ae, m., associate, col- 
 league. 
 
 colligo, -ere, -legi, -lectuin, 3, 
 to collect. 
 
 colloco, -are, -avi, -atum, 1, to 
 dispose, settle, station, give in 
 marriage. 
 
 colloquium, -I, n., a conference. 
 
 coUoquor, -i, -locutus sum, 3, 
 dep., to speak icith. 
 
 colo, -ere, -ui, -cultum, 3, to 
 till, cherish, venerate. 
 
 colonus, -1, m., husbandman, 
 colonist. 
 
 commemoro, -are, -avi, -atum, 
 to call to mindf tellt relate, 
 mention. 
 
VOCABULARY 
 
 169 
 
 commendatio, -onis, f., recom- 
 mendation, excellence^ per- 
 suasiveness. 
 
 eommitto, -ere, -misi, -missum, 
 
 3, to do, commit, he guilty of , 
 engage in, entrust. 
 
 commode, adv., ic ell, skilfully, 
 
 conveniently. 
 communio, -ire, -ii or -ivi, 
 
 -itum, 4, to fortify . 
 communis, -e, adj., common, 
 
 united, of all. 
 communitas, -atis, f ., courtesy, 
 
 condescension, a f ability. 
 commutatio, -ouis, f., change. 
 comparo, -are, -avi, -atum, 1, 
 
 to make 7'eady, prepare, pre- 
 pare for, compare. 
 compello, -are, -avi, -atum, 1, 
 
 to summon, arraign, accuse. 
 comperio, -Ire, -peri, -pertum, 
 
 4, to find out, learn. 
 complector, -i, -plexus sum, 3, 
 
 dep., to embrace, grapple. 
 
 compleo, -ere, -evi, -etum, 2, 
 to fill up, make up, complete. 
 
 complures, -a or -ia, gen. -ium, 
 adj., severed, a number. 
 
 compono, -ere, -posui, -positum, 
 3, to place together, settle, 
 conclude. 
 
 comprehends, -ere, -di, -hen- 
 sum, 3, seize, arrest. 
 
 comprobo, -are, -avi, -atum, 1, 
 to approve, ratify. 
 
 concedo, -ere, -cessi, -cessum, 
 3, to go away, yield, per- 
 mit. 
 
 concido, -ere, -cidi, 3, to fall, be 
 slain. 
 
 concido, -ere, -cidi, -cisum, 3, 
 to cut down, kill. 
 
 concilio, -are, -avi, -atum, 1, to 
 make friendly, loin over, 
 bring about. 
 
 concilium, -i, n., meetiiig, 
 council. 
 
 concinnus, -a, -um, adj., neat, 
 elegant. 
 
 concito, -are, -avi, -atum, 1, to 
 rouse, excite. 
 
 concliido, -ere, -clusi, -sum, 3, 
 to include. 
 
 concupisco, -ere, -cupivi, -itum, 
 3, to long for, covet, strive 
 after. 
 
 concurro, -ere, -curri, -cursum, 
 3, to rush together, converge. 
 
 concursus, -iis, m., a running 
 together, assault, attack. 
 
 concutio, -ere, -cussi, -cussum, 
 3, to break in pieces, shat- 
 ter. 
 
 condicio, -onis, f., agreement, 
 terms. 
 
 condico, -ere, -dixi, -dictum, 3, 
 to agree, engage, promise. 
 
 condiscipulus, -i, m., fellow- 
 pupil. 
 
 confers, -ferre, -tuli, collatum, 
 irr., to bring together, collect, 
 convey, present, apply, com- 
 pare. 
 
 confestim, adv., immediately . 
 
 conficio, -ere, -feci, -fectum, 3, 
 to accomplish, compose, end, 
 desti^oy. 
 
 confido, -ere, -fisus sum, 3, 
 semi-dep., to trust, he confi- 
 dent. 
 
170 
 
 CORNELII NEPOTIS 
 
 confirmo, -are, -avi, -atuni, 1, to 
 strengthen, establish, give as- 
 surance. 
 
 confiteor, -eri, -fessus sum, 2, 
 dep., to acknoivledge, confess, 
 plead guilt]/ to. 
 
 confligo, -ere, -flixi, -flictum, 3, 
 to strike together, fight, join 
 battle. 
 
 confluo, -ere, -fluxi, 3, to 
 pour together, flock together, 
 croiod. 
 
 confugio, -ere, -fugi, 3, to flee, 
 take refuge. 
 
 congero, -ere, -gessi, -gestum, 
 3, to bring together. 
 
 congredior, -i, -gressus sum, 3, 
 dep., meet with, contend, join 
 battle. 
 
 congruo, -ere, -grui, 3, to agree, 
 harmonize. 
 
 conicio, -ere, -ieci, -tectum, 3, 
 to thi'ow, cast, hurl, conjec- 
 ture. 
 
 coniungo, -ere, -iunxi, -iunc- 
 tum, 3, to join. 
 
 coniuratio, -onis, f., conspir- 
 acij. 
 
 Conor, -ari, -atus sum, 1, dep., 
 to try, attempt, endeavour. 
 
 conscius, -a, -um, adj., know- 
 ing in common, privy, wit- 
 nessing, accessary. 
 
 conscribo, -ere, -scrips!, -scrip- 
 tum, 3, to write, compose, en- 
 rol, elect. Patres conscript!, 
 a title of the Roman sena- 
 tors. 
 
 consector, -ari, -atus sum, 1, 
 dep., to pursue, attack. 
 
 consensio, -onis, f., plot, agree- 
 ment. 
 
 consentio, -ire, -sens!, -sensus, 
 4, to think alike, agree. 
 
 consequor, -i, -secutus sum, 3, 
 dep., to folloiv, arrive, strive 
 for, come up to, obtain, get, 
 catch. 
 
 consero, -ere, -serui, -sertum, 
 3, to join. Manum conse- 
 rere, to fight hand to hand, 
 join battle. 
 
 conservo, -are, -avi, -atum, 1, 
 to preserve, save, deliver, 
 cherish. 
 
 considero, -are, -avi, -atum, 1, 
 to contemplate, reflect, con- 
 sider. 
 
 consilium, -i, n., advice, coun- 
 sel, plan, purpose, intention, 
 consultation , understanding, 
 judgment, prudence. 
 
 conspicio, -ere, -spexi, -spec- 
 tum, 3, to look at, descry, 
 catch sight of. 
 
 constans, -ntis, adj. (part, of 
 consto), firm, faithful, con- 
 stant. 
 
 constituo, -ere, -stitui, -stitu- 
 tum, 3, to found, settle, draw 
 up, establish, arrange, decide, 
 determine. 
 
 consto, -stare, -stiti, -staturum, 
 1, to consist, be established. 
 
 consuesco, -ere, -suevi, -sue- 
 tum, 3, to be in the habit of, 
 be accustomed to. 
 
 consuetiido, -inis, f., habit, 
 custojn, character, manner of 
 life. 
 
VOCABULART 
 
 171 
 
 consul, -ulis, m., consul. 
 
 consularis, -e, adj., of consular 
 rank, ex-consul. 
 
 consulo, -ere, -lui, -Itum, 3, to 
 consult, take counsel, look 
 out, ask advice, enquire. 
 
 consultum, -i, u., decree, reso- 
 lution. 
 
 consumo, -ere, -sumpsi, -sump- 
 tum, 3, to use up, spend. 
 
 contego, -ere, -texi, -tectum, 3, 
 to cover. 
 
 contemno, -ere, -tempsi, -temp- 
 tum, 3, to despise, disdain. 
 
 contendo, -ere, -di, -ntum, 3, 
 to strive, contend, assert, 
 maintain. 
 
 contentio, -onis, f., strife, con- 
 tention, discussion. 
 
 contentus, -a, -um, adj. (part, 
 of contineo), satisfied. 
 
 continens, -utis, adj. (part, of 
 contineo), moderate, self-re- 
 strained; as subst., f., main- 
 land. 
 
 contineo, -ere, -tinui, -tentum, 
 
 2, to hold, bind. 
 
 contio, -onis (= conventio), f., 
 assembly. 
 
 contra, adv., on the contrary ; 
 prep. w. ace., against, con- 
 trary to, opposite. 
 
 contraho, -ere, -traxi, -tractum, 
 
 3, to collect, assemble. 
 contrarius, -a, -uni, adj., oppo- 
 site, contrary/. 
 
 contumelia, -ae, f., reproach, 
 
 insult. 
 convenio, -ire, -veni, -ventum, 
 
 4, to come together, meet, cen- 
 
 tre upon, agree ivith, conform 
 
 to, be agreed upon, be settled. 
 conventus, -us, m., meeting, 
 
 congress. 
 convert©, -ere,-verti, -yersum, 
 
 3, to change, turn towards. 
 convivium, -i, n., banquet, 
 
 eyitertainment. 
 convoco, -are, -avi, -atum, 1, 
 
 to call together. 
 coorior, -iri, -ortus sum, 3, 
 
 dep., to arise. 
 copia, -ae, f., abundance, 
 
 plenty. lu plural, forces, 
 
 troops, supplies, provisions. 
 coram, adv., in the presence, 
 
 openly ; prep. w. abl., in the 
 
 presence of, before. 
 Corcyra, -ae, f., Corey ra, an 
 
 island, now Corfu, on the 
 
 northwest coast of Greece. 
 Corcyraeus, -a, -um, adj., of 
 
 Corcyra, Corcyraean. 
 Cornelius, -a, the name of a 
 
 famous Roman gens. 
 cornu, -us, n., horn, wing of an 
 
 army. 
 corona, -ae, f., wreath, chaplet, 
 
 crown. 
 corpus, -oris, n., body. 
 corrumpo, -ere, -rupi, -ruptum, 
 
 3, to ruin, corrupt, bribe. 
 creber, -bris, -bre, adj., fre- 
 quent, many. 
 credo, -ere, -didi, -ditum, 3, to 
 
 believe, entrust. 
 cremo, -are, -avi, -atum, 1, to 
 
 burn. 
 creo, -are, -avi, -atum, 1, to 
 
 appoint, elect, create. 
 
172 
 
 COBNELII NEPOTIS 
 
 cresco, -ere, crevi, cretum, 3, 
 
 to increase, prosper. 
 Creta, -ae, f., Crete, an island 
 
 to the south of Greece. 
 Cretensis, -e, adj., of Crete, 
 
 Cretan. 
 crimen, -inis, n., charge, accu- 
 sation. 
 Critias, -ae, m., Critias, one of 
 
 the Tliirty Tyrants at Athens . 
 crudelis, -e, adj., cruel. 
 crudelitas, -atis, f ., cruelty. 
 cruento, -are, -avi, -atum, 1, to 
 
 stain with blood, dejile. 
 culpa, -ae, f., fault, blame, 
 
 icrong doing. 
 cultus, -us, m., training, dis- 
 cipline. 
 cum, (1) prep. w. abl., loith, 
 
 together with; (2) conj., 
 
 ivhen, while, whenever, since, 
 
 although. Cum . . . tum, 
 
 both . . . and, not only . . . 
 
 but also. 
 cunctus, -a, -um, adj., all in a 
 
 body, all together, the whole, 
 
 all, entire. 
 cupiditas, -atis, f., desire, 
 
 eagerness, anxiety, covetous- 
 
 7iess. 
 cupidus, -a, -urn, adj., eager, 
 
 greedy, covetous. 
 cupio, -ire, -ivi, -itum, 4, to 
 
 long, desire, be eager, be 
 
 anxious, covet. 
 cur, adv., ivhy, on account of 
 
 which. 
 curro, -ere, cucurri, cursum, 3, 
 
 to run. 
 cursor, -oris, m., a runner. 
 
 cursus, -us, course, way, voy- 
 age, journey . 
 
 custodio, -Ire, -ivi, -itum, 4, to 
 guard, ivatch. 
 
 custos, -odis, m., a guardian, 
 jyrotector. 
 
 Cyclades, -um, f. pi., the Cy chi- 
 des, a group of islands east 
 of Greece in the Aegaean Sea. 
 
 Cyme, -es, f.. Cyme, a town in 
 Aeolis, Asia Minor. 
 
 Cyrenaeus, -a, -um, adj., of 
 Cyrene, Cyrenaean. 
 
 Cyrus, -i, m., Cyrus, brother of 
 Artaxerxes, king of Persia. 
 
 Cyzicenus, -a, -um, adj., of 
 Cyzicus. 
 
 damno, -are, -avi, -atum, 1, to 
 
 condemn, judge guilty. 
 Damon, -ouis, m., Damon, a 
 
 musician. 
 Darius, -i, m., Darius, king of 
 
 Persia. 
 Datis, -is, Datis, a Persian 
 
 admiral. 
 de, prep. w. abl., from, doicn 
 
 from, concerning, about, of. 
 debeo, -ere, -ui, -itum, 3, to 
 
 owe, ought. 
 debilito, -are, -avi, -atum, 1, 
 
 to weaken. 
 decedo, -ere, -cessi, -cessum, 3, 
 
 to go away, pass away, die. 
 Decelea, -ae, f., Decelea, a 
 
 town in Attica. 
 decem, adj. iudecl., ten. 
 decemplex, -plicis, adj., ten 
 fold, ten times. 
 
VOCABULARY 
 
 173 
 
 decemvir alls, -e, adj., of or 
 belonging to the decarchies. 
 
 decerno, -ere, -crevi, -cretum, 
 3, to determine, decide, de- 
 cree, vote, fight, contend. 
 
 decipio, -ere, -cepi, -ceptum, 3, 
 to deceive. 
 
 declare, -are, -avi, -atum, to 
 make clear, sheic. 
 
 decorus, -a, -um, adj., proper^ 
 seemly, in good taste. 
 
 deditio, -onis, f., surrender. 
 
 ded5, -ere, dedidi, deditiim, 3, 
 to give up, surrender, devote, 
 give. 
 
 deduce, -ere, -duxi, -ductum, 
 3, to lead away, lead down, 
 lead off, lead forthy convey, 
 bring, take. 
 
 defatigo, -are, -avi, -atum, 1, 
 to v:eary, bore. 
 
 defends, -ere, defend!, defeu- 
 sum. 3, to defend, protect. 
 
 defensio, -ouis, f., defence. 
 
 defero, -ferre, -tuli, -latum, irr., 
 to calory aicay, report, offer. 
 
 deicio, -ere, -ieei, -iectum, 3, to 
 throic down, overthrow. 
 
 deinde, adv., then, next, there- 
 after. 
 
 deleo, -ere. -evi, -etum, 2, to 
 destroy . 
 
 delibero, -are, -avi, -atum, to 
 consider, consult an oracle. 
 
 delictum, i, n., fault, offence. 
 
 deligo, -ere, -legi, -Iectum, 3, 
 to choose, pick, select, ap- 
 point. 
 
 Delphi, -orum, m. pi., Delphi, a 
 town in Pliocis, in which was 
 
 situated the most famous 
 oracle of Apollo. 
 
 Delphicus, -a, -um, adj., of 
 Delphi, Delphian, Delphic. 
 
 Delos, -i, f., Delos, an island sa- 
 cred to Apollo and Artemis, 
 in the midst of the Cyclades 
 in the Aegaean Sea. 
 
 Demetrius, -i, m., Demetrius 
 of Phalerurn, an orator, 
 statesman, and philosopher 
 of Athens, who lived in the 
 third century B.C. 
 
 demigratio, -onis, f., emigra- 
 tion. 
 
 demigro, -are, -avi, -atum, 1, 
 to emigrate. 
 
 depello, -ere, -puli, -pulsum, 3, 
 to drive from, dislodge. 
 
 depingo, -ere, -pinxi, -pictum, 
 3, to paint, depict. 
 
 depono, -ere, -posui, -positum, 
 3, to lay down, give up, 
 deposit. 
 
 deporto, -are, -avi, -atum, 1, to 
 carry away, remove. 
 
 depugno, -are, -avT, -atum, 1, 
 to fight out, fight to the end. 
 
 descends, -ere, -scendi, -scen- 
 sum, 3, to descend, come 
 down. 
 
 descisco. -ere, -ivi, -itum, 3, to 
 icithdraic,go over, be unfaith- 
 ful. 
 
 desero, -ere, -ui, -sertum, 3, to 
 abandon, desert, leave in the 
 lurch . 
 
 desidero, -are, -avi, -atum, 1, 
 to icish for, feel the want of, 
 demand. 
 
174 
 
 COBNELII NEPOTIS 
 
 desiaio, -ere^ -sii, -situm, 3, to 
 
 leave off, desist. 
 disisto, -ere, -stiti, 3, to leave 
 
 off, cease. 
 dsspero, -are, -avi, -atum, 1, to 
 
 lose hope, despair. 
 destituo, -ere, -stitui, -stitu- 
 
 tum, 3, to leave in the lurch, 
 
 disappoint. 
 desum, -esse, -fui, irr,, to fail, 
 
 he lacking. 
 deterreo, -ere, -ui, -territum, 2, 
 
 to frighten from, deter. 
 datrimentum, -i, n., harm, 
 
 injury. 
 deus, -i, m., a god. 
 devincio, -ire, -vinxi, -vinctum, 
 
 ^,tohind , lay under obligation. 
 devinco, -ere, -vici, -vie turn, 3, 
 
 to conquer utterly, subdue, 
 
 prove stronger. 
 devotio, -ouis, f., curse. 
 devoveo, -ere, -vovi, -votum, 2, 
 
 to curse. 
 dexter, -tra, -trum, adj., right. 
 
 Dextra (sc. manus), f., 7^ight 
 
 hand. 
 Diana, -ae, f., Diana, the god- 
 dess of the moon, identified 
 
 with the Greeli Artemis. 
 dico, -ere, dixi, dictum, 3, to 
 
 say, tell, speak, call; (with 
 
 causam) to plead. 
 dictator, -oris, m., dictator. 
 dictito, -are, -avi, -atum, 1, to 
 
 maintain, assert. 
 dictum, -i, u., word, promise, 
 
 command. 
 dies,-ei,m. (sometimes in sing. 
 
 f.), day. 
 
 difficilis, -e, adj., hard, diffi- 
 cult. 
 
 dlgnitas, -atis, f., dignity, 
 rank, splendour. 
 
 dignus, -a, -um, adj., vjorthy, 
 deserving. 
 
 dilectus, -us, m., draft, con- 
 scription, enlist7nent, enrol- 
 ment. 
 
 diligens, -ntis, adj., careful, 
 diligent, industrious. 
 
 diligentia, -ae, f., care, dili- 
 gence, IV at chf Illness. 
 
 dfligo, -ere, -lexi, -lectum, 3, 
 to love, be fond of. 
 
 dimico, -are, -avi, -atum, 1, to 
 fight, contend. 
 
 dimitto, -ere, -misi, -missum, 
 3, to let go, send away, give 
 up. 
 
 Diomedon, -dontis, m., Dio- 
 medon, an inhabitant of 
 Cyzicus. 
 
 Dionysius, -i, m., Dionysius, a 
 music-teacher. 
 
 dirigo, -ere, -rexi, -rectum, 3, 
 to aim, steer. 
 
 discedo, -ere, -cessi, -cessum, 
 3, to part, go aivay. 
 
 disciplina, -ae, f., training, 
 education, subject of instruc- 
 tion. 
 
 disco, -ere, didicT, 3, to learn. 
 
 disertus, -a, -um, adj., elo- 
 quent. 
 
 disicio, -ere, -ieci, -iectum, 3, 
 to scatter, disperse, defeat, 
 destroy. 
 
 dispalatus, -a, -um, adj., strag- 
 gling, scattered. 
 
VOCABULARY 
 
 175 
 
 dispergo, -ere, -spersi, -sper- 
 
 sum, 3, to scatter, disperse. 
 displiceo, -ere, -ui, -itum, 2, 
 
 to displease, be distasteful. 
 dispute, -are, -avi, -atum, 1, 
 
 to discuss, argue. 
 dissideo, -ere, -sedi, 2, to differ, 
 
 be at variance. 
 dissimilitudo, -inis, f., unlike- 
 
 nvss, inconsistency. 
 dissolutus, -a, -um, adj. (part 
 
 of dissolve), lax, dissolute, 
 
 abandoned. 
 dissolve, -ere, -i, -solutum, 3, 
 
 to take apart, destroy. 
 distringo, -ere, -nxi, -ctus, 3, 
 
 to distract, harass. 
 diu, adv., comp. diutius, long, 
 
 for a long time. 
 diutinus, -a, -um, long, ivith- 
 
 out interruption. 
 diuturnus, -a, -um., adj., long, 
 
 lasting. 
 diversus, -a, -um, adj. (part, of 
 
 diverto). contrary, inconsis- 
 tent. 
 dives, -itis. adj. (comp. ditior, 
 
 supl. ditissimus), rich. 
 divinus, -a, -um, adj., sacred, 
 
 hobf. 
 divitiae. -arum, f . plur., riches, 
 
 wealth. 
 do, dare, dedi, datum, 1, to 
 
 give, grant, devote. 
 doceo, -ere, -ui, doctum, 2, to 
 
 teach, shew, tell. 
 doctor, -oris, m., teacher. 
 doctrina. -ae, f., teaching. 
 Dodonaeus, -a, -um, adj., of 
 
 Dodona, Dodonaean. 
 
 dolor, -oris, m., pain, vexation, 
 chagrin. 
 
 dolus, -i, m., deceit, treachery, 
 guile, craft, stratagem. 
 
 domesticus, -a, -um, adj.,p?'i- 
 vate, of one's own country, 
 domestic. 
 
 domicilium, -I, n., abode, dwell- 
 ing, residence. 
 
 dominatio, -onis, f., rule, sov- 
 ereignty, ijower. 
 
 dominus, -i, m., master, cap- 
 tain. 
 
 domus, -us, f., hous'', home, 
 household. Loc. domi, at 
 home ; ace. domum, home- 
 wards, home ; abl. domo, 
 from home. 
 
 dono, -are, -avi, -atum, 1, to 
 present, bestow. 
 
 donum, -i, n., gift, present. 
 
 dos, -Otis, f., marriage portion, 
 dowry. 
 
 dubito, -are, -avi, -atum, 1, to 
 doubt, hesitate. 
 
 dubium, -i, n., doubt. 
 
 ducenti, -ae, -a, adj., two hun- 
 dred. 
 
 diico, -ere, diixi, ductum, 3, to 
 lead, prolong, take, bring,, 
 hold, influence, consider; 
 in matrimonium ducere, to 
 marry. 
 
 dum, conj., while, until, as 
 long as. 
 
 duo, -ae, -o, adj., tivo. 
 
 duplex, -plicis, adj., double. 
 
 diiritia, -ae, f., hardiness, en- 
 durance. 
 
 1 du-, duels, m., leader, gsr.eral. 
 
176 
 
 COBNELII NEPOTIS 
 
 £ 
 
 e, ex, prep. w. abl., out of, 
 
 from, according to. 
 ea, adv., by that loay, there. 
 edo, -ere, -didi, -ditum, 3, to 
 
 bring forth, cause. 
 educo, -are, -avi, -atum, 1, to 
 
 educate, train, bring up. 
 educo, -ere, -duxi, -ductum, 3, 
 
 to lead out, withdraw. 
 effero, -ferre, extuli, elatum, 
 
 irr,, to lift up, exalt, puff up, 
 
 elate, take aivay. 
 efficio, -ere, -feci, -fectum, 3, 
 
 to bring about, bring tojjass, 
 
 effect, produce, accomplish, 
 
 do. 
 effugio, -ere, -fugi, 3, to es- 
 cape. 
 effusus, -a, -um, adj., lavish, 
 
 abundant. 
 egredior, -gredi, -gressus sum, 
 
 3, dep., to come out, diswi- 
 
 bark, depart. 
 eicio, -ere, -ieci, -iectum, 3, to 
 
 cast out, exile. 
 elephantus, -i, m., elephant. 
 Elis, -idis, f., Elis, a district 
 
 and city of southern Greece. 
 eloquentia, -ae, f., eloquence. 
 eluceo, -ere, -liixi, 2, to shine 
 
 out, be manifest. 
 emendo, -are, -avi, -atum, 1, 
 
 to atone for, compensate for. 
 eminiscor, -i, -mentus sum, 3, 
 
 dep., to devise, contrive. 
 eminus, adv.,/ro/?i a distance, 
 
 at long range (opposed to a 
 
 hand-to-hand fight) . 
 
 emitto, -ere, -misT, -missum, 3, 
 
 to give up, las'". 
 enim, conj. postpositive, /or. 
 enumero, -are, -avi, -atum, 1, 
 
 to recount, tell of. 
 eo, ire,_ii or ivi, itum, irr., to 
 
 go. Infitias ire, to d-my. 
 eo. adv., to that place, thither. 
 eodem, adv., to the same place. 
 Epaminondas, -ae, m., Epami- 
 
 nondas, a famous Theban 
 
 patriot and general. 
 ephebus, -i, m., a youth (a 
 
 Greek from 16 to 20). 
 Ephesus, -1, f., Ephesus, a city 
 
 of Asia Minor. 
 ephorus, -i, m., an ephor, a 
 
 Spartan magistrate. 
 epistula, -ae, f., letter. 
 eques, -itis, m., horseman ; in 
 
 plur., cavalry. 
 equitatus, -us, m., cavalnj. 
 Eretria, -ae, f., Ereti^ia, a city 
 
 of Euboea. 
 erga, prep. w. ace, toioards. 
 ergo, adv., therefore, then, ac- 
 cordingly. 
 erigo, -ere, -rexi, -rectum, 3, 
 
 to raise up, ai^ouse. 
 eripio, -ere, -ripui, -reptum, 3, 
 
 to take by foi'ce, seize. 
 erudio, -ire, -ivi, -itum, 4, to 
 
 educate, instruct, teach. 
 escendo, -ere, -scendi, -scen- 
 
 sum, 3, to embark. 
 et, conj., and. Et . . . et, both 
 
 . . . a)id. 
 etiam, adv., ere??, aJ.'^o. Etiam- 
 
 tum, evoi then. Etiamnum, 
 
 even now. 
 
VOCABULARY 
 
 177 
 
 etsi, conj., although, albeit. 
 
 Euboea, -ae, f., Euhoea, an 
 island on the west coast of 
 Greece. 
 
 Eumenes, -is, m., Eumenes, 
 king of Pergamum. 
 
 Eumolpidae, -arum, m. pL, 
 the Eumolpidae, priests of 
 Demeter descended from Eu- 
 molpus. 
 
 Europa, -ae, f., Europe. 
 
 Eurybiades, -is, m., Extry- 
 biades, a Spartan admiral. 
 
 evenio, -ire, -veni, -ventum, 4, 
 to happen, come about. 
 
 evito, -are, -avi, -atum, 1, to 
 avoid. 
 
 ex, see e. 
 
 exacuo, -ere, -ui, -acutum, 3, to 
 make keen, incite, influence. 
 
 exadversum, adv., and prep, 
 w. ace, over against, oppo- 
 site. 
 
 exagito, -are, -avi, -atum, 1, to 
 drive out, hunt out. 
 
 exanimo, -are, -avi, -atum, 1, 
 to deprive of life, 
 
 excedo, -ere, -cessi, -cessum, 3, 
 to ivithdraw. 
 
 excellens, -entis, adj. (part, of 
 excello), distinguished, emi- 
 nent, excellent. 
 
 excello, -ere, -celsum, 3, to sur- 
 pass, be eminent. 
 
 excito, -are, -avi, -atum, 1, to 
 arouse. 
 
 excludo, -ere, -si, -sum, to shut 
 out. 
 
 excogito, -are, -avi, -atum, 1, 
 to think out, devise» 
 
 N 
 
 excursio, -onis, f., 7'aid. 
 
 exemplum, -I, instance, exam- 
 ple, copy. 
 
 exeo, -ire, -ii or -ivi, -itum, irr., 
 to go out, leave. 
 
 exerceo, -ere, -ui, -itum, 2, to 
 practise, exercise, train. 
 
 exercitatus, -a, -um, adj., 
 skilled, practised. 
 
 exercitus, -iis, m., army. 
 
 exhaurio, -ire, -liausi, -haus- 
 tum, 4, to exhaust, use up. 
 
 exheredo, -are, -avi, -atum, 1, 
 to disbihe?nt. 
 
 exiguus, -a, -um, adj., scant, 
 small. 
 
 exilium, -i, n., exile, banish- 
 ment. 
 
 existimo, -are, -avi, -atum, 1, 
 to think, deem, hold, con- 
 sider. 
 
 exitus, -us, m., exit. 
 
 exordior, -iri, -orsus sum, 4, 
 dep., to begin. 
 
 expedio, -ire, -ivi, -itum, 4, to 
 liberate, be advantageous. 
 
 expello, -ere, -puli, -pulsum, 3, 
 to drive out, banish. 
 
 experior, -iri, expertus sum, 4, 
 dep., to try, pjrove. 
 
 expers, -rtis, adj., ignorant of. 
 
 explico, -are, -avi, -atum, 1, to 
 unfold, disentangle, proceed 
 ivith, explain. 
 
 expono, -ere, -posui, -positum, 
 3, to set forth, describe, land, 
 set on shore. 
 
 exposco, -ere, -poposci, 3, to de- 
 mand, require the surrender 
 of> 
 
178 
 
 COBNELII NEPOTIS 
 
 expnmo, -ere, -pressi, -pres- 
 sum, 3, to represent, portray. 
 
 expugno, -are, -avi, -atum, 1, 
 to take by storm, sack, cap- 
 ture. 
 
 exsisto, -ere, -stiti, 3, to be, 
 e.r.ist. 
 
 exspectatio, -onis, f., eager- 
 ness, anxiety. 
 
 exspecto, -are, -avi, -atum, 1, 
 to wait for. 
 
 exstinguo, -ere, -nxi, -nctum, 
 3, to extinguish, blot out, 
 destroy, kill. 
 
 exstruo, -ere, -struxi, -struc- 
 tum. 3, to build up. 
 
 extimesco, -ere, -timui, 3, to 
 fear greatly, dread. 
 
 extra, adv., and prep. w. ace, 
 outside of. 
 
 extraho, -ere, -traxi, -tractum, 
 3, to draw out. 
 
 extremus, -a, -um, adj., last, 
 farthest. 
 
 exul, -lis, m., an exile. 
 
 Fabius, -a, the name of a 
 Roman gens. 
 
 facilis, -e, adj., easy. 
 
 facio, -ere, feci, factum, 3, to 
 make, do, bring about; pas- 
 sive, fio, fieri, factus sum, to 
 be done, be made, happen, 
 come to pass, become. 
 
 factiosus, -a, -um, adj., sedi- 
 tious, eager for power. 
 
 factum,-!, n. (part, of facio), 
 deed, act. 
 
 facultas, -atis, f., power, 
 means, property, resources. 
 
 Falernus, -a, -um, adj., Fal- 
 ernian, of Falernus, a part 
 of Campania. 
 
 fallo, -ere, fefelli, falsum, 3, to 
 deceive, mislead. 
 
 falsus, -a, -um, adj., false, 
 lying. 
 
 fama, -ae, f , repoH,fanie, repu- 
 tation. 
 
 familia, -ae (with pater and 
 mater the genitive familias 
 is usual), f., family, hov.^e- 
 hold. 
 
 familiaris, -e, adj., private, 
 domestic. Res familiaris, 
 est ace, property. Famili- 
 aris, as subst., friend. 
 
 familiaritas, -atis, f., friend- 
 ship, intimacy. 
 
 fanum, -i, n., temple. 
 
 fautor, -oris, m., favourer. 
 
 felicitas, -atis, f., goodfortune, 
 good luck. 
 
 fere, adv., almost, nearly, for 
 the most part, about. 
 
 fero, ferre, tuli, latum, irr., to 
 bear, carry, tell, impel, pro- 
 pose. 
 
 ferox, -ocis, adj., bold, fierce. 
 
 ferrum, -i, n., iron, sword. 
 
 ferus, -a, -um, adj., savage, 
 hard-hearted. 
 
 festinatio, -onis. f., haste. 
 
 fictilis, -e, adj., earthen. 
 
 fidelis, -e, adj., trustworthy, 
 faithful. 
 
 fides, -ei, f., faith, pledge, con- 
 Jidence, protection. 
 
VOCABULARY 
 
 179 
 
 fido, -ere, fisus sum, 3, semi- 
 dep., to trust, rely upon. 
 
 fiducia, -ae, f., confidence. 
 
 filia, -ae, f., daughter. 
 
 filius, -1, m., son. 
 
 fingo, -ere, finxi, fictum, 3, to 
 form, fashion, devise, invent. 
 
 finis, -is, m., end, limit; in 
 plural, country, territory. 
 
 fio, fieri, factus sum, used as 
 the passive of facio, q.v. 
 
 firmitas, -atis, vigour. 
 
 flagro, -are, -avi, -atum, 1, to 
 hum, he on fire, he stirred. 
 
 Flamininus, T. Quintus, a 
 Roman consul. 
 
 flamma, -ae, f., fiame, hlaze, 
 glare. 
 
 fleo, -ere, -evi, -etum, 2, to 
 weep, shed tears. 
 
 floreo, -ere, -ui, 2, to he emi- 
 nent, flourish. 
 
 flumen, -inis, n., river. 
 
 foederatus, -a, -um, adj., al- 
 lied. 
 
 foedus, -eris, n., treaty. 
 
 forensis, -e, 2id]., of the forum, 
 forensic. 
 
 formosus, -a, -um, adj., heauti- 
 ful, handsome. 
 
 fors, -tis, f., chance ; abl. forte, 
 hy chance, often best ren- 
 dered by the use of happen. 
 
 fortitiido, -inis, f., force, reso- 
 lution, courage. 
 
 fortuito, adv., hy chance. 
 
 fortuna, -ae, f., foi^tune, 
 chance, luck. 
 
 forum, -i, n., market place, 
 public square. 
 
 frango, -ere, fregi, fractum, 3, 
 to break, crush, dishearten, 
 overcome. 
 
 f rater, -tris, m., brother. 
 
 Fregellae, -arum, f. plur.,i^re- 
 gellae, a town of the Volscii 
 in Latium. 
 
 frequens, -entis, adj., c?^oicded, 
 numerous, 
 
 fretus, -a, -um, adj., relying. 
 
 fruor. -1, fructus sum, 3, dep., 
 to enjoy, have the use of. 
 
 frustra, adv., in vain, unsuc- 
 cessfully. 
 
 frustror, -ari, -atus sum, 1, dep., 
 to frustrate, bring to naught. 
 
 fuga, -ae, t., flight. 
 
 fugo, -are, -avi, -atum, 1, to put 
 to flight, rout, defeat. 
 
 fund amentum, -i, n., founda- 
 tion. 
 
 fundo, -ere, fudi, fusum, 3, to 
 scatter, defeat. 
 
 funestus, -a, -um, adj., calami- 
 tous. 
 
 fungor, -1, functus sum, 3, 
 dep., to peiform, have ex- 
 perience in. 
 
 L. Furius, a Roman consul in 
 B.C. 196. 
 
 futurus, -a, -um, adj. (part, of 
 ^Mm), future, coming. 
 
 G 
 
 Gallia, -ae, f., Gaul. 
 
 gens, gentis, f., race, tribe, na- 
 tion. 
 
 genus, -eris, n., race, family, 
 sort, kind. 
 
180 
 
 CORNELII NEPOTIS 
 
 gero, -ere, gessi, gestum, 3, to 
 hear, carry on, icage, do. 
 Res gestae, deeds, exploits. 
 
 gladius, -i, m., sword. 
 
 gloria, -ae, f.,fame, gloi^y, re- 
 nown. 
 
 gloriosus, -a, -urn, adj., glori- 
 ous, honourable. 
 
 Gortynius, -a, -um, adj., Gor- 
 tynian, of Gortyna, a city in 
 Crete. 
 
 gradus, -us, m., step. 
 
 Graecia, -ae, f., Greece. 
 
 Graecus, -a, -um, adj., Greeh. 
 
 Grains, -a, -um, adj., Greek. 
 
 grandis, -e, adj., large. 
 
 gratia, -ae, f., thanks, reward, 
 favour ; lu abl. slug., gratia, 
 for the sake of ; in abl. plur., 
 gratiis,/or nothing (literally, 
 for the thanks) . 
 
 gratus, -a, -um, adj., welcome, 
 pleasing. 
 
 gravis, -e, adj., heavy, severe, 
 influential. 
 
 Grynium, -i, n., Grynium, a 
 town of Phrygia. 
 
 gynaeconitis, -idis, f., the 
 gynaeconltis, or women's 
 apartments in a Greek house. 
 
 habeo, -ere, -ui, -itum, 2, to 
 have, hold, keep, regard, con- 
 sider. 
 
 habits, -are, -avi, -atum, 1, to 
 dwll, line, inhabit. 
 
 Hadriimetum, -I, n., Hadru- 
 inetuni, a city of Africa. 
 
 Haliartus, -i, f., Haliartus, a 
 city of Boeotia in Greece. 
 
 Halicarnasius, -a, -um, adj., 
 of Haiicarnassus, a city of 
 Caria in Asia Minor. 
 
 Hamilcar, -aris, m ,, Hamilcar, 
 the father of Haunibal. 
 
 Hammon, -onis, m., Hammon, 
 a name applied to the African 
 Jupiter. 
 
 Hannibal, -alis, m., Hannibal, 
 a great Carthaginian general. 
 
 Hasdrubal, -alis, m., Hasdru- 
 bal, the name of both a 
 brother and a brother-in-law 
 Hannibal. 
 
 hastile, -is, n., a spear-shaft. 
 
 hand, adv., not, not at all, by 
 no means. 
 
 Hellespontus, -i, m., the Helles- 
 pont, now the Dardanelles. 
 
 hemerodromus, -i, m., a 
 courier. Plur. hemerodroinoe 
 (Greek, Tj/uepodpojuoi). 
 
 Hercules, -is, Hercules, son of 
 Jupiter and Alcmena: the 
 god of physical force. 
 
 hereditas,-ai:is, f., inheritance. 
 
 Hermes, -ae, m., a statue of 
 Hermes, beiug a square pillar 
 surmounted by the bust of 
 the god. 
 
 Hestiaeus, -i, m., Histiaeus, 
 tj^rant of Miletus. 
 
 hie, haec, hoc, pron., this, the 
 latter, he, she, it, the follow- 
 ing. 
 
 hie, adv., /ie?'e. 
 
 hilaritas, -atis, f., mirth, 
 amusement. 
 
VOCABULARY 
 
 181 
 
 hinc, adv., hence, from this 
 place. 
 
 Hipponicus, -T, m., Hlpponicus, 
 father-iii-law of Alcibiades. 
 
 Hispania, -ae, f., Spain. 
 
 Hister, -tri, m., the Hister, a 
 name of the lower part of the 
 Danube. 
 
 historia, -ae, f., history. 
 
 historicus, -i, m., historian. 
 
 hodie, adv., to-day. 
 
 homo, -minis, m. and f., man, 
 mankind. 
 
 honestas, -fitis, f., honour, re- 
 spectability. 
 
 honestus, -i, honourable, re- 
 spectable. 
 
 honor, -oris, m., honour, office. 
 
 hortor, -ari, -atus sum, 1, dep., 
 to encourage, exhort. 
 
 hospes, -itis, m., guest, friend. 
 
 hospitium, -i, n., tie of hos- 
 pitality , friendship. 
 
 hostia, -ae, f., victim. 
 
 hostis, -is, m. f., an enemy 
 (public). 
 
 hue, adv., hither, to this place. 
 
 humanitas, -atis, f . , good-breed- 
 ing, refinement, gentleness. 
 
 humilis, -e, adj., low, vulgar. 
 
 iacio, -ere, ieci, lactam, 3, to 
 
 throw, hurl. 
 iam, adv., now, already. 
 ianua, -ae, f., door. 
 ibi, adv., there. 
 ibidem, adv., in the same 
 
 place. 
 
 idem, eadem, idem, pron., the 
 
 same ; often to be rendered 
 
 also. 
 ideo, adv., for that reason, on 
 
 that account. 
 idoneus, -a, -um, adj., suitable, 
 
 fit, proper. 
 igitur, adv., therefore, then, 
 
 accordingly . 
 ignis, -is, m..,fire. 
 ignoro, -are, -avi, -atnm, 1, not 
 
 to k/ioio, to be ignorant. 
 ignosco, -ere, ignovi, ignotum, 
 
 3, to forgive. 
 ignotus, -a, -um, adj. (part, of 
 
 ignosco), unknown. 
 illacrimo, -are, -avi, -atum, 1, 
 
 to iveep over. 
 ille, ilia, illud, pron. dem., that, 
 
 he, she, it, the former. 
 illiido, -ere, -lusi, -lusum, 3, 
 
 to make sport of, baffle. 
 illiistris, -e, adj., brilliant, 
 
 famous. 
 illustro, -are, -avi, -atum, 1, 
 
 to make famous. 
 imago, -inis, f., likeness, por- 
 trait, representation. 
 imitor, -ari, -atus sum, 1, dep., 
 
 to imitate, copy. 
 immoderatus, -a, -um, adj., 
 
 unbounded. 
 immodestia, -ae, f., lack of re- 
 straint, poor discipline. 
 immolo, -are, -avi, -atum, 1, to 
 
 sacrifice, offer. 
 immortalis, -e, adj., undying, 
 
 everlasting. 
 impedio, -ire, -ivi, -itum, 4, to 
 
 hinder, hamper. 
 
182 
 
 CORNELII NEPOTIS 
 
 impello, -ere, -puli, -pulsum, 3, 
 to move, influence^ incite. 
 
 imperator, -oris, m., com- 
 mander, commander - in - 
 chief, general, leader. 
 
 imperitus, -a, -um, adj., un- 
 skilled. 
 
 imperium, -i, n., command, 
 authority, poiver. 
 
 impero, -are, -avi, -atum, 1, 
 to command. 
 
 impetus, -us, m., onset, attack. 
 
 impraesentiarum, Sidy.,forthe 
 present. 
 
 imprudens, -entis, adj., unf ore- 
 seeing, unwitting, impru- 
 dent. 
 
 imprudentia, -ae, f., icant of 
 foresight, negligence. 
 
 impugno, -are, -avi, -atum, 1, 
 to fight against. 
 
 in, prep., (1) w. abl., in, upon, 
 at; (2) w. ace. into, to. 
 
 inanis, -e, empty. 
 
 incendium, -i, n., burning. 
 
 incendo, -ere, -cendi, -censum, 
 3, to hum, set on fire, make 
 angry, madden. 
 
 inceptum, -i, n. (part, of in- 
 cipio), undertaking. 
 
 incido, -ere, -cidi, -cisum, 3, to 
 cut, engrave. 
 
 incipio, -ere, -cepi, -ceptum, 3, 
 to take in hand, begin. 
 
 incognitus, -a, -um, not under- 
 stood, not known. 
 
 incola, -ae, m. and f., inhabi- 
 ta)it. 
 
 incolo, -ere, -ui, -cultum, 3, to 
 inhabit. 
 
 incolumis, -e, adj., unharmed. 
 
 incredibilis, -e, adj., incredible, 
 beyond belief. 
 
 inde, adv., thence, from that 
 place, thereupon, then. 
 
 indicium, -i, n., sign, evidence. 
 
 indico, -ere, -dixi, -dictum, 3, 
 to declare. 
 
 indidem, adv., from the same 
 place. Indidem Thebis, like- 
 wise from Thebes. 
 
 indigeo, -ere, -ui, 2, to be in 
 need of. 
 
 induce, -ducere, -duxi, -duc- 
 tum, 3, to lead Into, entrap. 
 
 indulged, -ere, -dulsi, -dultum, 
 2, to yield, indulge, give 
 i^ein. 
 
 industria, -ae, f., diligence, as- 
 siduity. 
 
 ineo, -ire, -ivi or -ii, -itum, irr., 
 to enter, begin, undertake, 
 come into. 
 
 infamia, -ae, disgrace, ill re- 
 pute. 
 
 infamis, -e, adj., disreputable. 
 
 infamo, -are, -avi, -atum, 1, to 
 dishonour, defame. 
 
 infectus, -a, -um, adj., undone. 
 
 infero, -ferre, -tuli, illatum, irr., 
 to carry in, make against, 
 icage, bring upon. 
 
 infirmus, -a, -um, adj., weak. 
 
 infitias, ace. plur. fern., only 
 in the phrase infitias ire, to 
 deny. 
 
 infitior, -ari, -atus sum, 1, dep., 
 to deny. 
 
 ingenium, -i, n., 7iature, natu- 
 ral capacity, talents, genius. 
 
VOCABULABY 
 
 183 
 
 ingratiis, adv., against one's 
 iviU, under comjjulsion. 
 
 inicio, -ere, ieci, -iectum, 3, to 
 throic into, inspire. 
 
 inimicus, -i, m., enemij, foe 
 (personal, while hostis meant 
 a public enemy). 
 
 initium, -i, n., beginning. 
 
 iniuria, -ae, f., insult, outrage, 
 lorong. 
 
 iniuste, adv., unfairly, un- 
 just bj. 
 
 innocens, -ntis, adj., guiltless. 
 
 innocentia, -ae, f., blameless- 
 ness, integritij. 
 
 inopia, -ae, f., ivant,fa7nine. 
 
 inquam, verb defect., to say 
 (after one or more words of 
 a quotation. Does not intro- 
 duce indirect discourse) . 
 
 insciens, -ntis, adj., 7iot know- 
 ing, ignorant. 
 
 inscitia, -ae, f., ignorance, in- 
 experience. 
 
 inscribe, -ere, -scripsi, -scrip- 
 tum, 3, to lorite upon, in- 
 scribe. 
 
 inservio, -ire, -itum, 4, to de- 
 vote oneself. 
 
 insidiae, -arum, f. plur., snare, 
 crafty device, plot, ambus- 
 cade. 
 
 insidior, -ari, -atus sum, 1, 
 dep., to plot against, strive 
 to entrap. 
 
 instituo, -ere, -stitui, -stitiitum, 
 3, to decide, determine, begin. 
 
 institiitum, -I (part, of insti- 
 tuo), n., practice, custom, 
 usage, institution. 
 
 insto, -stare, -stiti, -staturum, 
 
 1, to be at hand, impend, 
 
 p7'ess upon, attach. 
 instruo, -ere, -struxi, -striic- 
 
 tum, 3, to draw up, form. 
 insula, -ae, f., island. 
 intellego, -ere, -lexi, -Iectum, 
 
 to understand, perceive. 
 intemperans, -ntis, ivithout 
 
 self-control. 
 intemperantia, -ae, f., ivant of 
 
 moderation, ari^ogance. 
 inter, prep. w. ace, between, 
 
 among. 
 interea, adv., 'tneanwhile, in 
 
 the meantime. 
 intereo, -ire, -ii, -itum, irr., to 
 
 perish, die, be lost. 
 interficio, -ere, -feci, -fectum, 
 
 3, to kill, slay, miuxler. 
 interim, adv., in the meantime, 
 
 meanwhile. 
 interimo, -ere, -emi, -emptum, 
 
 3, to slay, kill. 
 interior, -oris, adj., inner, in- 
 
 terior, secret. 
 interitus. -us, m., destruction, 
 
 ruin, death. 
 intersero, -ere, -ui, -sertum, 3, 
 
 to allege. 
 intersum, -esse, -fui, irr., to be 
 
 present at, take part in. 
 intimus, -a, -um, adj., close, 
 
 intimate. 
 introeo, -ire, -ii or -ivi, irr., to 
 
 enter. 
 intueor, -eri, -tuitus sum, 2, 
 
 dep., to regard, observe. 
 inutilis, -e, adj., of no use, dis- 
 advantageous. 
 
184 
 
 CORNELII NEPOTIS 
 
 invado, -ere, -vasi, -vasum, 3, 
 
 to ente7\ invade. 
 inveho, -vehere, -vexi, -vectum, 
 
 3, (in passive) to make an 
 
 attack. 
 invenio, -ire, -veni, -ventum, 4, 
 
 to find. 
 invictus, -a, -um, adj., uncon- 
 
 quered. 
 invidia, -ae, f., envy , jealousy , 
 
 ill-ioiU, disfavour. 
 inviolatus, -a, -um, adj., un- 
 harmed. 
 iocus, -1, m., jest, joke. 
 lones, -um, m. plur., lonians. 
 Ionia, -ae, f., Ionia, a coast 
 
 district of Asia Minor. 
 ipse, -a, -um, pron. dem., self, 
 
 himself, herself, itself, often 
 
 to be rendered by very, own, 
 
 just, precisely, etc. 
 ira, -ae, f., anger, rage, wrath. 
 irascor, -i, iratus sum, 3, dep., 
 
 to he angry. 
 irrideo, -ere, -risi, -risum, 2, to 
 
 laugh at, mock. 
 is, ea, id, pron. dem., he, she, 
 
 it, this, that, the. 
 iste, ista, istud, pron. dem., that 
 
 of yours, that near you, that. 
 ita, adv., in this manner, so. 
 Italia, -ae, f., Italy. 
 itaque, conj., and so, therefore. 
 item, adv., likeioise, also. 
 iter, itineris, n., journey, 
 
 march, road. 
 iterum, adv., a second time, 
 
 again. 
 iubeo, iubere, iussi, iussum, 2, 
 
 to order, hid, tell, command. 
 
 index, -icis, va., judge. 
 
 indicium, -i, n., trial, judg- 
 ment, sentence. 
 
 iudico, -are, -avi, -atum, 1, to 
 judge, sentence, suppose, 
 think. 
 
 luppiter, lovis, m., Jupiter, son 
 of Saturn, andkingofthegods. 
 
 iuro, -are, -avi, -atum, 1, to 
 sivear. 
 
 ius, iuris, n., law, right. 
 
 iusiurandum, iurisiurandi, n., 
 oath. 
 
 iustitia, -ae, f., justice, up- 
 rightness, fairness, equity. 
 
 iustus, -a, -um, s,d].,just. 
 
 iuvencus, -i, m., a young bul- 
 lock. 
 
 iuxta, prep. w. ace, iiear, near 
 by. 
 
 K 
 
 Karthaginiensis, -e, adj., Car- 
 thaginian, of Carthage. 
 
 Karthago, -inis, f., Carthage, 
 a city of northern Africa. 
 
 L., the abbreviation for Lucius. 
 
 labor, -oris, m., labour, toil. 
 
 laboriosus,-a,-um,adj., indus- 
 trious. 
 
 Lacedaemon, -onis, f., Lace- 
 dae))wn, JSpa7'ta. 
 
 Lacedaemonius, -a, -um, adj., 
 of Lacedaemon or Sparta : 
 Lacedaemo7iian, Spartayi. 
 
 Laco, Laconis, m., a Laconian, 
 Sjmrtan, Lacedaemonian. 
 
VOCABULARY 
 
 185 
 
 lacrimo, -are, -avi, -atum, 1, to 
 
 shed teai's, weep. 
 laetitia, -ae, t.,joy, pleasure. 
 Lamachus, -i, m., Lamachus, 
 
 an Athenian general. 
 Lampsacus, -i, m., Lampsacus, 
 
 a town in Asia Minor. 
 lapideus, -a, -um, adj., stone, 
 
 of stone. 
 largitio, -onis, f., dole, largess, 
 
 gift_. 
 laudo, -are, -avi, atum, 1, to 
 
 praise, commend. 
 laureus, -a, -um, adj., laurel, 
 
 of laurel. 
 laus. laudis, f., praise, com- 
 mendation. 
 lectica. -ae, f., a litter. 
 lector, -oris, m., reader. 
 legatio. -onis, f., embassy. 
 legatus, -1, m., an ambassador. 
 legitimus, -a, -um, adj., legal, 
 
 .laiv/ul. 
 lego, -ere, legi, lectum, 3, to 
 
 read. 
 Lemnius. -a, -um, adj., of Lem- 
 
 nos, Lemnian. 
 Lemnos, -i, f., Lemnos, an 
 
 island in the Aegaean Sea. 
 Leonidas, -ae, m., Leonldas, a 
 
 Spartan king. 
 Lesbos, -i, f., Lesbos, an island 
 
 in the Aegaean Sea. 
 Leuctra, -orum, n. -pi., LeuctJ^a, 
 
 a Boeotian town. 
 Leuctricus, -a, -um, adj., of 
 
 Leuctra. 
 levis, -e, adj., light, trivial, 
 
 frivolous. 
 lex, legis, f., law. 
 
 libenter, adv., willingly, 
 
 gladly. 
 liber, -era, -erum, adj.,/ree; 
 
 as subst., liberi, -orum, m. 
 
 plur., children (properly of 
 
 free parents). 
 liber, -bri, m., book. 
 liberalis, -e, liberal, gentle- 
 manly, generous. 
 liberi, -orum, m. plur., see 
 
 liber, 
 libero, -are, -avi, -atum, 1, to 
 
 set free, liberate. 
 libertas, -atis, f., freedom, 
 
 liberty. 
 libidinosus, -a, -um, adj., 
 
 sensual. 
 licentia, -ae, f., liberty, license, 
 
 lawlessness. 
 licet, -ere, -nit or licitum est, 2, 
 
 impers., it is permitted, one 
 
 may. 
 ligneus, -a, -um, adj., wooden. 
 lignum, -i, n., ivood. 
 Ligus, -uris, m., a Ligiirian, 
 
 inhabitant of Liguria in Italy, 
 lingua, -ae, f ., tongue, language. 
 lis, litis, f., lawsuit, damages. 
 littera, -ae, a letter of the alpha- 
 bet ; in plur., literature. 
 litus, -oris, n., shore, beach. 
 locupleto, -are, -avi, -atum, 1, 
 
 to enrich. 
 locus, -i, m. (nom. plur. loca or 
 
 loci) , place, position, spot. 
 longinquus, -a, -um, adj., loiig. 
 longus, -a, -um, adj., long. 
 Ti. (Sempronius) Longus, Ti- 
 
 berius Sempronius Longus, 
 
 a Roman consul. 
 
186 
 
 COBNELII NEPOTIS 
 
 loquor, -1, locutus sum, 3, dep., 
 to speak, talk. 
 
 Lucanus, -a, -um, adj., Luca- 
 nian, of Lucania, in Italy. 
 
 luctor, ari, -atus sum, 1, dep., 
 to wrestle. 
 
 lucus, 1, m., a grove. 
 
 luxuriosus, -a, -um, adj., volup- 
 tuous, luxurious. 
 
 Lycus, -i, m., Lycus, an Athe- 
 nian. 
 
 Lysander, -dri, m., Lysander, 
 a Spartan general. 
 
 Lysimachus, -i, m., Lysima- 
 chus, the father of Aristides. 
 
 Lysis, -is, m., Lysis, a philoso- 
 pher. 
 
 M 
 
 M., the abbreviation for Marcus. 
 
 magis, adv. comp. (superl. 
 maxime), more. 
 
 magister, -trl, m., master, cap- 
 tain. 
 
 mag^stratus, -us, m., a 7nagis- 
 trate, magistracy, govern- 
 ment. 
 
 Magnesia, -ae, f., Magnesia, a 
 city of Asia Minor. 
 
 magnitudo, -inis, f., greatness. 
 
 magnopere, adv., greatly. 
 
 magnus, -a, -um, adj. (comp. 
 niaior, -us, sup. maximus, 
 -a, -um), large, great; as 
 subst., maiores, ancestoi^s. 
 
 Mago, -onis, m., Mago, brother 
 of Hannibal. 
 
 maledicus, -a, -um (sup. male- 
 dicentissimus), abusive, slan- 
 derous. 
 
 malitiose, adv., vnth evil in- 
 tent. 
 
 malo, malle, malui, irr., to 
 prefer. 
 
 malus, -a, -um, adj., had^ 
 wicked, evil. 
 
 maneo, -ere, mansi, mansum, 
 2, to stay, remain, last. 
 
 Cn. Manlius Vulso, Gnaeus 
 Manlius Vulso, a Roman 
 consul. 
 
 Mantinea, -ae, f., Mantinea, a 
 city of Arcadia, in Greece. 
 
 manus, -us, f., hand, band of 
 men. Manum conserere, to 
 j)i7i bittle. 
 
 Marathon, -onis, f., Marathon, 
 a town and plain northeast 
 of Athens, by the sea. 
 
 Marathonius, -a, -um, adj., of 
 Marathon. 
 
 M. Claudius Marcellus, (1) a 
 Roman general ; (2) a Roman 
 consul. 
 
 Mardonius, -i, m., Mardonius, 
 a Persian general. 
 
 mare, -is, n., the sea. 
 
 maritimus, -a, -um, adj., of the 
 sea. 
 
 mater, -tris, f., mother. 
 
 matricida, -ae, m. f., a matri- 
 cide, mother-murderer. 
 
 matrimonium, -i, n., marriage. 
 
 Q. Fabius Maximus, Quint us 
 Fab ins Maxi))ius, a Roman 
 general. 
 
 memor, -oris, adj., mindful. 
 
 memoria, -ae, f., memory ^ ac- 
 count. 
 
 mens, mentis, f., miiid. 
 
VOCABULARY 
 
 187 
 
 mensis, -is, f ., month. 
 
 mentio, -ouis, f., mention. 
 
 mentior, mentiri, mentitus 
 sum, 4, dep., to He. 
 
 Mercurius, -i, m., Mercury, son 
 of Jupiter and Maia, herald 
 of the gods and god of streets 
 and traffic. 
 
 meritum, -i, m.,5eri7ce, desert, 
 merit. 
 
 metallum, -i, n., a mine. 
 
 metuo, -ere, -ui, 3, to fear. 
 
 Micythus, -i, m., Micythus, a 
 Tliebau youth. 
 
 miles, -itis, m., soldier. 
 
 Milesius, -a, -um, adj., Mile- 
 sian, of Miletus, a city in 
 Asia Minor. 
 
 militaris, -e, adj., of icar, mili- 
 tary. 
 
 Miltiades, -is, m., Miltiades (see 
 introductory note to Life I.). 
 
 minor, minus, gen. minoris 
 (comp. of parvus), less. 
 
 M. Minucius Kufus, m., Mar- 
 cus Minucius Bufus, Fabius' 
 Master of the Horse. 
 
 Q. Minucius, Quintv.s Minu- 
 cius, a Roman consul. 
 
 minuo, -ere, minui, minutum, 
 3. t) lessen, diminish. 
 
 mirabilis, -e, adj., iconderful, 
 extra ordinal^. 
 
 miror, -ari, -atus sum, 1, dep., 
 to iconder, be surprised. 
 
 mirus, -a, -um, adj., ivonder- 
 ful, remarkable. 
 
 misericordia, -ae, f ., pity. 
 
 mitto, -ere, misi, missum, 3, 
 to send. 
 
 modestia, -ae, f., modesty, un- 
 assuming conduct. 
 
 modestus, -a, -um, adj., modest. 
 
 modo, adv., only. 
 
 modus, -i, m., a limit. 
 
 moenia, -ium, n. plur., walls, 
 fortifications. 
 
 molior, -iri, -itus sum, 4, dep., 
 to labour at, strive to accom- 
 plish. 
 
 Molossus, -a, -um, adj., Molos- 
 sian, of a people inhabiting 
 Epirus. 
 
 momentum, -I, n., weight, in- 
 fiuence. 
 
 moneo, -ere, -ui, -itum, 2, to 
 
 advise, ream, admonish. 
 ' mons, montis, m., mountain. 
 : monumentum, -i, n., memorial. 
 [ morbus, -i, m., sickness, dis- 
 ' ease. 
 
 ' morior, -i, mortuus sum, irr. 
 dep., to die. 
 
 moror, -ari, -atus sum, 1, dep., 
 to delay. 
 
 mors, mortis, f., death. 
 
 mortifer, -era, -erum, adj., 
 fatal, mortal. 
 
 mos, moris, m., manner, cus- 
 tom, character (in plural). 
 
 moveo, -ere, movi, motum, 2, 
 to move, influence. 
 
 muliebris, -e, adj., woman's. 
 
 mulier. -eris, f., looman. 
 
 multitudo. -inis, f ., croiod, 7nob, 
 multitude. 
 
 multo, -are, -avi, -atum, 1, to 
 fine, sentence. 
 
 multus, -a, -um (comp. plus, 
 sup. plurimus) , much, many. 
 
188 
 
 CORNELII NEPOTIS 
 
 multum, adv., much, often. 
 munio, -ire, -ivi or -ii, -itum, 
 
 4, to surround with a wall, 
 
 fortify, defend. 
 munitio, -oiiis, t., fortification. 
 munitus, -a, -um, adj. (part of 
 
 munio) , fortified. 
 munus, -eris, n., gift, service. 
 murus, -i, m., loall. 
 musica, -ae, f. (also musice, 
 
 -es ) , music (including poetry). 
 mutatio, -onis, f., change. 
 muto, -are, -avi, -atum, 1, to 
 
 change. 
 mysteria, -orum, n. plur., mys- 
 teries. 
 Myus, -untis, f., My us, a city 
 
 in Asia Minor. 
 
 N 
 
 nam, conj., for. 
 
 nanciscor, -i, nactus sum, 3, 
 
 dep., to find, obtain, get. 
 nascor, -i, natus sum, 3, dep., 
 
 to be born. 
 natio, -onis, f., tribe, race. 
 natura, -ae, f., natitre. 
 natus, -lis, m., birth, age. 
 naufragium, -i, m., shipw7^eck 
 
 (used also in the sense of 
 
 ruin). 
 nauta, -ae, m., sailor, 
 nauticus, -a, -um, adj., naval, 
 
 of sailors. 
 navalis, -e, adj., naval ^ of 
 
 ships. 
 navis, -is, f., vessel, ship. 
 Naxos, -i, f., Naxos, an island 
 
 in the Aegaean Sea. 
 
 ne, conj., in order that not, 
 that not, lest; adv., ne . . . 
 quidem, not even. 
 
 -ne, enclitic particle used in ask- 
 ing questions. It is attached 
 to the most emphatic word. 
 In direct questions it is an 
 adverh, and plays the part of 
 the English " ? ". In indirect 
 questions it is a conjunction, 
 to be translated lohether. 
 
 nee or neque (before a conso- 
 nant, either ; before a vowel, 
 always neque), and not, nor. 
 Neque . . . neque, neither 
 . . . nor. 
 
 necessario, adv., necessarily, 
 inevitably. 
 
 necesse est, it is necessary, 
 must be. 
 
 necessitas, -atis, f., necessity. 
 
 nefas, n. indecl., sin, crime. 
 
 neglegenter, adv., carelessly. 
 
 neglego, -ere, -lexi, -lectum, to 
 disregard, neglect. 
 
 nego, -are, -avi, -atum, 1, to say 
 not, deny, refuse. It is regu- 
 larly used instead of expres- 
 sions like non dico. 
 
 negotium, -i, n., business, 
 trouble, pai)is. 
 
 nemo, nemiuis, m. f., no one, 
 nobody. 
 
 Neocles, -is and -i, Neocles, 
 father of Themistocles. 
 
 Neontichos, n., Neontichos, a 
 fortress belonging to Alci- 
 biades. 
 
 Nepos, -Otis, Cornelius Nepos. 
 
 neque, see nee. 
 
VOCABULARY 
 
 189 
 
 nescio, -ire, -ii or -Tyi, -itum, 4, 
 not to know. 
 
 neve or neu, conj., and not, 
 and lest. 
 
 Nicias, -ae, m., Nicias^ an 
 Athenian general. 
 
 nihil, n. indecl., nothing; as 
 adv., in no respect. 
 
 nihilum, -i, n., nothing. 
 
 nimis, adv., too. 
 
 nimius, -a, -urn, adj., too much, 
 too great. 
 
 nisi, conj., unless, if not, except. 
 
 nobilis, -e, adj., famous, ivell- 
 known, noble. 
 
 noceo, -ere, -ui, -iturum, 2, to 
 harm, injure. 
 
 noctu, adv., by night. 
 
 nocturnus, -a, -um, adj., of the 
 night. 
 
 nolo, nolle, noliii, irr., to be un- 
 vnlling. 
 
 nomen, -inis, n., nayne, reputa- 
 tion. 
 
 nominatim, adv., by name, 
 definitely. 
 
 nomino, -are, -avi, -atum, 1, 
 to call, name. 
 
 non, adv., not. 
 
 nondum, adv., 7iot yet. 
 
 nonnullus, -a, -um, adj., some. 
 
 novitas, -atis, f., strangeness. 
 
 novus, -a, -um, adj., new, 
 sti^ange. 
 
 nox, noctis, f., night. 
 
 nubilis, -e, adj., mannageable. 
 
 niillus, -a, -um, adj., no, none. 
 
 num, (1) adv. interr., in direct 
 questions shows that a nega- 
 tive answer is expected, as 
 
 in English *'He didn't do it, 
 did he?" (2) conj., in indirect 
 questions, ivhether. 
 
 numero, -are, -avi, -atum, 1, to 
 count out. 
 
 numerus, -i, m., number, posi- 
 tion, rank. 
 
 Numida, -ae, m., a Numidian, 
 inhabitant of Numidia, in 
 northern Africa. 
 
 numquam, adv., never. 
 
 nunc, adv., novj. 
 
 nuntio, -are, -avi, -atum, 1, to 
 announce, report, britig _ tid- 
 ings. 
 
 nuntius, -i, m., messenger, 
 neivs, message. 
 
 nusquam, adv., nov:here. 
 
 nutus, -us, m., nod, beck, vnll. 
 
 ob, prep. w. ace, in the icay 
 
 of, on account of , for. 
 obduco, -ere, -duxi, -ductum, 
 
 3, to draw over, cover. 
 obeo, -ire, -ii or-ivi, -itum, irr., 
 
 to meet, go in the v:ay of. 
 obicio, -ere, -ieci, -iectum, 3, to 
 
 throiv in the way, oppose, 
 
 taunt. 
 obitus, -us, m., death. 
 oboedio, -ire, -ivi, -itum, 4, to 
 
 obey. 
 obses. -idis, m. and f., hostage. 
 obsideo, -ere, -sedi, -sessum, 2, 
 
 to besiege, beset, occupy. 
 obsidio, -onis, f., siege. 
 ! obsisto, -ere, -stiti, -stitum, to 
 I withstand, oppose, resist. 
 
190 
 
 CORNELII NEPOTIS 
 
 obsoletus, -a, -um, adj., value- 
 les."^, common. 
 
 obsonium, -i, n., that which is 
 eaten ivith bread, i^elish. 
 
 obsum, -esse, -fui, irr., to in- 
 jure. 
 
 obtineo, -ere, -tinui, -tentum, 
 
 2, to hold, occupy, obtain. 
 obtrectatio, -onis, f., detrac- 
 tion, disparagement. 
 
 obtrectator, -oris, m., detrac- 
 tor, disparager. 
 obtrecto, -are, -avi, -atum, 1, 
 
 to ivoj'k against, disparage, 
 
 be a rival. 
 obviam, adv., in the ivay of. 
 
 Obviam ire, to go to meet. 
 occasio, -oiiis, f., opportunity, 
 
 chance, occasion. 
 occido, -ere, -cidi, -cisum, 3, to 
 
 kill 
 occulo, -ere, -cului, -cultum, 3, 
 
 to conceal. 
 occupo, -are, -avi, -atum, 1, to 
 
 seize, occupy. 
 occurro, -ere, -curri, -cursum, 
 
 3, to run to meet. 
 oculus, -i, m., eye. 
 odium, -i, n., hatred. 
 Oedipus, -odis and -i, m., Oedi- 
 
 pus, a mythical king of 
 
 Thehes. 
 offensio, -onis, f., displeasure, 
 
 one /ice. 
 offero, -ferre, obtuli, oblatum, 
 
 irr., to present, offer. 
 officium, -i, n., duty, service. 
 olim, <\dv., formerly, once. 
 Olympia, -ae, f., Olympia, in 
 
 Elis in Southern Greece, 
 
 where games in honour of 
 Zeus were celebrated. 
 
 omitto, -ere, -misi, -missum, 3, 
 to pass over, omit, let pass. 
 
 omnis, -e, adj., all, every, the 
 whole. 
 
 onerarius, -a, -um, adj., of 
 burden, for transport. 
 
 onustus, -a, -um, adj., laden. 
 
 opera, -ae, f., work, care, ser- 
 vice, agency. 
 
 operio, -ire, -ui, -ertus, 4, to 
 cover over. 
 
 opinio, -onis, f., belief, opinion, 
 expectation. 
 
 oportet, -ere, -uit, 2, impers., 
 it behooves, it is necessary. 
 
 oppidanus, -i, m., a toicnsman. 
 
 oppidum, -i, n., town. 
 
 oppleo, -ere, -plevi, -pletum, 2, 
 to fill up. 
 
 oppono, -ere, -posui, -positum, 
 3, to put in the icay of, 
 oppose. 
 
 opportunus, -a, -um, adj., 
 favourable, advantageous. 
 
 opprimo, -ere, -press! , -pres- 
 sum, 3, to overwhelm, over- 
 thj^ow, subdue, destroy. 
 
 opprobrium, -i, n., taunt, re- 
 })roach. 
 
 oppugnator, -oris, m., be- 
 sieger. 
 
 oppugno, -are, -avi, -atum, 1, 
 to attack, besiege. 
 
 (ops) opis, f., help, aid. In 
 plur., poiver, riches, re- 
 sources. 
 
 optimates, -ium, m. plur., the 
 nobility, aristocracy. 
 
VOCABULARY 
 
 191 
 
 opulentus, -a, -um, adj., rich, 
 
 v:eaWiy. 
 opus, -eris, n., loork, military 
 
 icork; need, necessity. 
 ora, -ae, f., coast. 
 oraculum, -i, n., oracle. 
 oratio, -onis, t., speech, manner 
 
 of speaking, oration. 
 orator, -oris, in., an orator. 
 orbis, -is, m., circle. Orbis ter- 
 
 rarum, the ivorld. 
 ordior, -irl, orsus sum, 4, dep., 
 
 to begin, describe. 
 ordo, -iDis, f., line, order. 
 Orestes, -is and -ae, m.. 
 
 Or est -"s, son of Agamemnon. 
 orior, -iri, ortus sum, 4, dep., 
 
 to spring from, arise. 
 ornatus, -a, -um, adj. (part, of 
 
 orno), equipped. 
 Orni, -orura, m. plur., Orni, a 
 
 fortress belonging to Alcibi- 
 
 ades. 
 orno, -are, -avi, -atum, to pro- 
 vide, adorn, equip, embel- 
 lish. 
 OS, oris, n., m,outh, voice. 
 OS, ossis, n., bone. 
 ostendo, -ere, -tendi, -tentum, 
 
 3, to shew, exhibit, tell. 
 otium, -i, n., leisure, idleness. 
 
 P., the abbreviation for Pub- 
 
 lius. 
 Pactye, -es, f., Pactye, a town 
 
 in Thrace. 
 Padus, -1, the Po, a river of 
 
 Italy. 
 
 paene, adv., almost, nearly. 
 palaestra, -ae, f., wrestling- 
 school, ivrestling. 
 palam, adj., openly, publicly, 
 
 clear. 
 panis, -is, m., bread. 
 par, paris, adj., equal, like, 
 
 undecided, a match for. 
 parco, -ere, peperci or parsi, 
 
 parsum, 3, to spare. 
 parens, -ntis, m. i., parent. 
 pareo, -ere, -ui, 2, to obey. 
 pario, -ere, peperi, partum, to 
 
 bring forth, pi-ocure, ivin. 
 Parius, -a, -um, adj., of Puros, 
 
 Parian. 
 paro, -are, -avi, -atum, 1, to 
 
 p rep a re , p rep a re fo r . 
 Paros, -i, f., Paros, an island 
 
 in the Aegaean Sea. 
 pars, partis, f., part. 
 parsimonia, -ae, i., frugality . 
 partim, adv., partly; often 
 
 used as equivalent to pars, 
 parum, adv., too little. 
 parvulus, -a, -um, adj. (dim. 
 
 of parvus), little, very little. 
 parvus, -a, -um, adj., little^ 
 
 small. 
 passus, -us, m..,pace. 
 patefacio, -ere, -feci, -factum, 
 
 3, to lay open, reveal. 
 pateo, -ere, -ui, 2, to lie open. 
 pater, -tris, m.., father. 
 paternus, -a, -um, adj., 
 
 father's, of a father. 
 patiens, -entis, adj. (part, of 
 
 patior), enduring, patient, 
 
 lo7ig-suffering . 
 patientia, -ae, f., endurance. 
 
192 
 
 CORNELII NEPOTIS 
 
 patior, -1, passus sum, 3, dep., 
 to endure, suffer, allow. 
 
 patria, -ae, f., country, native 
 land, father-land. 
 
 patrius, -a, -um, ancestral. 
 
 paucitas, -atis, i., fewness. 
 
 paucus, -a, -um, adj., few, hut 
 few. 
 
 paulo, adv., a little, hy a little, 
 somewhat. 
 
 paulum, adv., a little, a little 
 icay. 
 
 pauper, -eris, adj., poor. 
 
 paupertas, -atis, f., poverty, 
 moderate circumstances. 
 
 Pausanias, -ae, m., Pausanias, 
 a Spartan admiral. 
 
 pax, pads, f., peace, treaty of 
 peace. 
 
 pecunia, -ae, f ., mojiey, ivealth. 
 
 pedes, -itis, m., a foot soldier ; 
 in plur., infantry. 
 
 pedester, -tris, -tre, adj., on 
 foot, on land, land. 
 
 pello, -ere, pepuli, pulsum, 3, 
 to drive out, banish, expel. 
 
 Pelopidas, -ae, m., Pelopidas, 
 a Tlieban patriot and general. 
 
 Peloponnesius, -a, -um, adj., 
 Peloponnesian, of Pelopon- 
 nesus. 
 
 Peloponnesus, -i, f., Pelopon- 
 nesus, the southern part of 
 the peninsula of Greece. 
 
 penates, -ium, m. plur., house- 
 hold (jods, Penates. 
 
 pendo, -ere, pependl, pensum, 
 3, to weigh, pay. 
 
 penes, prep. w. ace, in the pos- 
 session of. 
 
 penitus, 3idv.,farivithin. 
 per, prep. w. ace, through, on 
 
 account of, hy means of. 
 perago, -ere, -egi, -actum, 3, to 
 
 carry through, finish. 
 percutio, -ere, -cussi, -cussum, 
 
 3, to strike through. 
 perduco, -ere, -duxi, -ductum, 
 
 3, to hring, win over, carry. 
 pereo, -ire, -ii, -iturum, irr., to 
 
 di'^, perish. 
 perfero, -ferre, -tuli, -latum, 
 
 irr., to carry tlirough, en- 
 dure, hring. 
 perficio, -ere, -feci, -fectum, 3, 
 
 to accomplish, hring ahout. 
 perfidia, -ae, f., had faith, un- 
 
 trustioorthiness. 
 perfungor, -i, -functus sum, 3, 
 
 dep., to perform, discharge, 
 
 fulfil. 
 Pergamenus, -a, -um, of Per- 
 
 ganiiim. 
 Pericles, -is, and -i, Pericles, 
 
 an Athenian statesman and 
 
 orator. 
 periculum, -i, n., danger, 
 
 trial. 
 peritus, -a, -um, adj., skilled, 
 
 e.i'pprlenced. 
 permoveo, -ere, -movi, -motum, 
 
 2, to move deeply, agitate, 
 
 excite. 
 pernicies, -ei, f., disaster, de- 
 struction. 
 peroro, -are, -avi, -atum, 1. 
 
 to speak to the end, con- 
 
 clud'\ 
 perpetior, -i, -pessus sum, 3 
 
 dep., to endure. 
 
rOCABULARr 
 
 193 
 
 perpetuus, -a, -um, adj., per- 
 manent, continuous, entire, 
 absolute. 
 
 Persa, -ae, m., a Persian. 
 
 persequor, -i, -secutus sum, 3, 
 dep., to pui^sue, take ven- 
 geance on. 
 
 persevere, -are, -avi, -atum, 1, 
 to persist, persevere. 
 
 Persicus, -a, -um, adj., Per- 
 sian. 
 
 Persis, -idis, f., Pey^sia (prop- 
 erly only a district of Persia, 
 but often used loosely of the 
 whole). 
 
 persona, -ae, f., mask, charac- 
 ter. 
 
 persuadeo, -ere, -suasi, -sua- 
 sum, 2, to persuade, urge, 
 convince. 
 
 perterreo, -ere, -ui, -itum, 2, 
 to thoroughly frighten. 
 
 pertimesco, -ere, -timui, 3, to 
 he very much afraid of. 
 
 pertineo, -ere, -ui, 2, to have 
 reference to, relate to. 
 
 perveho, -ere, -vexi, -vectum, 3, 
 to carry through, convey. 
 
 pervenio, -ire, -veni, -ventum, 
 4, to reach, arrive at. 
 
 pervulgatus, -a, -um, adv., 
 commonly knoivn, spread 
 abroad. 
 
 Phalereus, -i, m., the Phale- 
 rian, applied to a certain 
 Demetrius, q.v. 
 
 Phalericus, -a, -um, adj., of 
 Phalerum, Phaleric. 
 
 Pharnabazus, -i, m., Pharna- 
 bazus, a Persian satrap. 
 o 
 
 Phidippus, -i, m., Phidippus, 
 
 an Athenian courier. 
 PMlippus, -1, m., Philip, the 
 
 name of several Macedonian 
 
 kings. 
 Philocles, -is or -i, Philocles, 
 
 an Athenian general. 
 pMlosophia, -ae, t., philosophy. 
 Phrygia, -ae, f., Phrygia, a 
 
 district of Asia Minor. 
 pila, ae, f., a pillar. 
 Piraeus, -i, m., the Piraeus, the 
 
 principal harbour of Athens. 
 Pisander, -drl, m., Pisander, 
 
 an Athenian general. 
 Pisistratus,-!, m., Pisistratus, 
 
 tyrant of Athens in 560 B.C. 
 placeo, -ere, -ul, -itum, 2, to 
 
 please. 
 Plataeae, -arum, f. plur., Pla- 
 
 taea, a little town of Boeotia 
 
 near the Attic border. 
 Plataeensis, -e, adj., of Pla- 
 
 taea, Plataean. 
 plecto, -ere, 3, to heat, punish. 
 plenus, -a, -um, ^&].,full. 
 plerique, -aeque, -aque, adj., 
 
 very many, the majority. 
 plerumque, adv., /or the most 
 
 part. 
 plumbum, -i, n., lead. 
 Poecile, -es, f., the Painted 
 
 (Portico), at Athens. 
 poena, -ae, f., penalty, punish- 
 ment. 
 Poenicus, -a, -um, of Carthage, 
 
 Carthaginian. 
 Poenus, -i, m., a Carthaginian. 
 polliceor, -eri, pollicitus sum, 
 
 2, dep., to promise. 
 
194 
 
 COENELII NEPOTIS 
 
 Polybius, -1, m., Pohjhius, a 
 Greek historian. 
 
 Polymnius, -I, m., PolymniuSy 
 father of Epaniinondas. 
 
 T. Pomponius Atticus, see 
 Atticus. 
 
 pondus, -eris, n., iveight, quan- 
 tity. 
 
 pono, -ere, posui, positum, 3, 
 to place, put, consider^ re- 
 gard. 
 
 Pontus, -1, 111., Pontus, a coun- 
 try of Asia Minor bordering 
 on the Euxine Sea. 
 
 populus, -T, m., people, nation. 
 
 porticus, -us, f ., porchy portico, 
 colonnade. 
 
 porto, -are, -avi, -atum, 1, to 
 carry, bring, hear. 
 
 portus, -us, m., harbour. 
 
 posco, -ere, poposci, to demand, 
 ask. 
 
 possido, -ere, -sedi, -sessum, 3, 
 to take possession of, seize, 
 occupy. 
 
 possum, posse, potui, irr., to 
 be able, can. 
 
 post, (1) prep. w. ace, after; 
 (2) adv., afterioards. 
 
 postea, adv., after this, after- 
 ioards. 
 
 posterus, -a, -um, adj., folloio- 
 ing, next. 
 
 postquam, conj., after, lohen. 
 
 postremo, mlv., finally, at last. 
 
 postridie, adv., iiext day. 
 
 postulatum, -i, n., request, 
 demand. 
 
 potens, -entis, adj., poiverful. 
 
 potentia, -ae, f ., power. 
 
 potestas, -atis, f.,poiver, oppor- 
 tunity. 
 
 potior, -iri, -itus sum, 4, dep., 
 to get possession of. 
 
 potius, adv., rather, more. 
 
 prae, prep. w. abl., before, in 
 fro ) it of. 
 
 praebeo, -ere, -ui, -itum, 2, to 
 show, furnish. 
 
 praeceptor, -oris, m., instruc- 
 tor. 
 
 praeceptum, -i, n., instruction^ 
 command. 
 
 praecipio, -ere, -cepT, -ceptum, 
 3, to instruct, advise, direct, 
 icarn. 
 
 praecipuus, -a, -um, adj., espe- 
 cial. 
 
 praeda, -ae, f., booty, spoils. 
 
 praedico, -are, -avi, -atum, 1, 
 to assert, declare. 
 
 praedico, -ere, -dixi, -dictum, 
 3, to tell beforehand. 
 
 praedo, -ouis, m., i^obber. Prae- 
 do maritimus, pirate. 
 
 praedor, -ari, -atus sum, 1, 
 dep., to plunder. 
 
 praefatio, -onis, f., preface, 
 foreword. 
 
 praefectus, -i, m., overseer, 
 governor, deputy, prefect. 
 
 praefero, -ferre, -tull, -latum, 
 irr., to prefer, place first. 
 
 praeficio, -ere, -feci, -fectum, 
 
 3, to place in command. 
 praefinio, -ire, -ii or -ivi, -itum, 
 
 4, to determine beforehand. 
 
 praemium, -i, n., rewaixl. 
 
 praepono, -ere, -posui, -posi- 
 tum, 3, to place before, prefer. 
 
VOCABULARY 
 
 195 
 
 praesens, -entis, adj. (part, of 
 •prsiesum.) , present. 
 
 praesentia, -ae, f., loresence^ 
 the present. 
 
 praesertim, adv., especially. 
 
 praesidium, -i, defense, garri- 
 son, guard, fortification. 
 
 praestans, -ntis, adj. (part, of 
 praesto), excellent, remark- 
 able. 
 
 praesto, -are, -stiti, to surpass, 
 fulfil, furnish. 
 
 praesum, -esse, -fui, irr., to he 
 in charge of, command. 
 
 praeter, prep. w. ace, beyond, 
 except. 
 
 praeterea, adv., besides, more- 
 over. 
 
 praetermitto, -ere,-misi, -mis- 
 sum, 3, to let slip, lose. 
 
 praetor, -oris, m., leader, gen- 
 eral, praetor. 
 
 premo, -ere, pressi, pressum, 3, 
 to press, press hard, pursue, 
 afflict. 
 
 primus, -a, -um, adj., first; 
 primo, adv., «2^ first; pri- 
 mum, 2i6.Y.y first (in order). 
 
 princeps, -cipis, m., leader, 
 ruler, prominent man. 
 
 principatus,-us, m., leadership. 
 
 prior, -oris, former. Prius, 
 adv., before, sooner; fre- 
 quently joined with or fol- 
 lowed by quam, that. 
 
 pristinus, -a, -um, adj., for- 
 mer, old-time. 
 
 privatus, -a, -um, adj., private. 
 Privatus, -i, subst., a private 
 citizen. 
 
 privignus, -i, m., step-son. 
 privo, -are, -a^a, -atum, 1, to 
 
 deprive of, separate from. 
 pro, prep. w. abl., before, in 
 
 front of, according to. 
 probo, -are, -avi, -atum, 1, to 
 
 cqoprove. 
 procreo, -are, -avi, -atum, 1, to 
 
 beget. 
 procul adv., far away, at a 
 
 distance. 
 prociiro, -are, -avi, -atum, 1, to 
 
 care for, have charge of. 
 prodeo, -ire, -ii or -ivi, -itum, 
 
 irr., to appear, coyne forward, 
 proditio, -onis, f., treason. 
 prodo, -ere, -didi, -ditum, 3, to 
 
 betray, hand doion. 
 prodiico, -ere, -duxi, -ductum, 
 
 3, to lead out, entice out. 
 proelium, -i, n., battle. 
 profero, -ferri, -tuli, -latum, 
 
 irr., to bring forward, cite, 
 
 mention. 
 proficiscor, -i, -fectus sum, 3, 
 
 dep., to set out. 
 profiteor, -eri, -fessus sum, 2, 
 
 dep., to declare, state, assert. 
 profligo, -are, -avi, -atum, 1, to 
 
 rout, defeat. 
 profugio, -ere, -fiigi, 3, to flee, 
 
 escape. 
 progredior, -i, -gressus sum, 3, 
 
 dep., to advance. 
 prohibeo, -ere, -ui, -itum, 2, to 
 
 prevent. 
 proinde, adv., accordingly. 
 
 Proinde ac si, just as if. 
 promitto, -ere, -misi, -missum, 
 
 3, to promise. 
 
196 
 
 COBNELII NEPOTIS 
 
 promptus, -a, -um, adj., readj/, 
 at hand. 
 
 propatulum, -i, n., open court. 
 
 prope, prep. w. ace, 7iear. 
 
 propere, adv., quickly. 
 
 propinquitas, -atis, f., near- 
 ness, relationship. 
 
 propinquus, -a, -um, adj., yiear, 
 close. 
 
 propono, -ere, -posui, -positum, 
 3, to propose, place before. 
 
 Propontis, -idos or -idis, f., 
 the Propontis, now called the 
 Sea of Marmora. 
 
 propositum, -i, n. (part, of 
 propono) , design, plan. 
 
 propter, prep. w. ace, 07i ac- 
 count of. 
 
 propugnaculum, -i, n., a bul- 
 wark. 
 
 prosequor, -i, -secutus sum, 3, 
 dep., to accompany, escort. 
 
 prospere, 2idy.,fo7^tunately. 
 
 prosperus, -a, -um, adj., suc- 
 cessful. 
 
 prospicio, -ere, -spexi, -spec- 
 tum, 3, to look out. 
 
 prosterno, -ere, -stravi, -stra- 
 tum, 3, to overthrow, conquer. 
 
 prosum, -esse, -ful, irr., to be 
 for, benefit. 
 
 protinus, adv., straight on. 
 
 provideo, -ere, -vidi, -visum, 2, 
 to foresee, take precautio)is. 
 
 provincia, -ae, f., o^ce, charge, 
 province. 
 
 proximus, -a, -um, adj., neai^- 
 est. 
 
 prudens, -ntis (for providens) , 
 foreseeing ^ shrewd, wise. 
 
 prudentia, -ae, f., foresight ^ 
 prudence, sagacity. 
 
 Prusia, -ae, m., Prusia, a king 
 of Bithyuia in Asia Minor. 
 
 publico, -are, -avi, -atum, 1, to 
 confiscate. 
 
 publicus, -a, -um, of the state. 
 Publice, adv., in the name of 
 the state. 
 
 pudet, -ere, -uit, 2, impers., it 
 humiliates, makes ashamed. 
 
 puer, -i, m., boy, slave. 
 
 puerulus, -i (dim. of puer), a 
 little boy. 
 
 pugna, -ae, f., battle. 
 
 pugno, -are, -avI, atum, 1, to 
 fight. 
 
 puppis, -is, f., stern. 
 
 puto, -are, -avi, -atum, 1, to 
 think, suppose, hold, deem, 
 consider. 
 
 Pydna, -ae, f., Pydna, a coast- 
 town of Macedonia. 
 
 Pyrenaeus, -a, -um, adj., of the 
 Pyrenees. 
 
 Pythagoreus, -a, -um, adj., 
 Pythagorean, of a disciple of 
 Pythagoras, a Greek philoso- 
 pher. 
 
 Pythia, -ae, Pythia, the priest- 
 ess of Apollo at Delphi. 
 
 Q 
 
 Q., the abbreviation for Quin- 
 
 tus. 
 qua, adv., where. 
 quacumque, adv., wherever. 
 quadraginta, adj. num. indecl., 
 
 forty. 
 
VOCABULABT 
 
 197 
 
 quadringenti, -ae, -a, adj. 
 
 niim . , four hundred. 
 quaero, -ere, quaesivi, quaesi- 
 
 tum, 3, to seek, look for, en- 
 quire. 
 quaestio, -ouis, f., investiga- 
 tion, trial. 
 qualis, -e, pron.Jnterr., of what 
 
 kind? rel., of such kind, as. 
 quam, adv., hoio, thaUy rather 
 
 than, as . . . as. 
 quamdiu, adv., as long as. 
 quamquam, adv., although, 
 
 and yet, however. 
 quam vis, conj., however ynuch, 
 
 although. 
 quantus, pron. interr., how 
 
 much? rel., as much as, as 
 
 great as, as. 
 quare, adv., rel. and interr., 
 
 loherefore, by ichat means, 
 
 how. 
 -que, conj. end., and. 
 queror, -i, quest us sum, 3, dep., 
 
 to complain. 
 qui, quae, quod, pron. VQ\..,who, 
 
 ichich, ichat, that ; adj. in- 
 terr., lohof ichich f lohat? 
 
 ichat kind of? pron. indef., 
 
 any. 
 quia, conj., because. 
 quicumque, quaecumque, quod- 
 
 cumque, pron. indef. rel., 
 
 whoever, whatever. 
 quidem, adv., indeed, of course, 
 
 however, in fact. 
 quiesco, -ere, quievi, quietum, 
 
 3, to keep quiet, sleep. 
 quin, conj., but that, but, nay, 
 
 so that 7iot, without. 
 
 quingenti, -ae, -a, adj. num., 
 
 five hundred. 
 quinquageni, -ae, -a, adj. num. 
 
 distrib., fifty each. 
 quinquaginta,adj.num.indecl., 
 
 Jifty- 
 
 quinque, adj. num. indecl., 
 five. 
 
 quinquies, adv., five times. 
 
 T. Quintius Flamininus, Titus 
 Quintius Flamininus, a Ro- 
 man consul. 
 
 Quintus, -i, m., Quintus, a 
 Roman praenomen. 
 
 quippe, adv., of course, natur- 
 ally, as you see. 
 
 quis. quae, quid, pron. interr., 
 whof which f what? 
 
 quisnam, quaenam, quidnam 
 (quodnam), pron. interr., 
 who in the world f who pray ? 
 what pray ? 
 
 quisquam, quaequam, quic- 
 quam, pron. indef., anyone, 
 anybody, anything, someone, 
 something . 
 
 quisque, quaeque, quidque 
 (quodque), pron. indef., each, 
 each one, everyone, every- 
 thing. 
 
 quisquis, quidquid (quod- 
 quod), pron. indef., ichoever, 
 whatever. 
 
 quivis, quaevis, quid vis (quod- 
 vis), pron. indef., any, who- 
 ever you will. 
 
 quo, adv., whither. 
 
 quoad, adv., until, as long as. 
 
 quod, conj., in that, seeing 
 that, because, since. 
 
198 
 
 CORNELII NEPOTIS 
 
 quominus, conj., that not, but 
 
 that. 
 quondam, ?idv., formerly. 
 quoniam, conj., since. 
 quoque, conj., also, too. 
 quotannis, adv., yearly. 
 quotienscumque, adv., as often 
 
 radix, -icis, f., root, foot. 
 rarus, -a, -um, adj., scattered, 
 
 here and there. 
 ratio, -onis, f., plan. 
 ratus, -a, -um, adj. (part, of 
 
 reor), fixed, sure, perma- 
 nent. 
 recedo, -ere, -cessi, -cessum, 3, 
 
 to retire, draiv back. 
 recido, -ere, -cidi, -casurum, 3, 
 
 tofcdl back. 
 recipio, -ere, -cepi, -ceptum, 3, 
 
 to take back, recover, receive. 
 
 Se recipere, to retreat. 
 reconcilio, -are, -avi, -atura, 1, 
 
 to ivin back. 
 recuso, -are, -avi, -atum, 1, to 
 
 object, refuse. 
 reddo, -ere, -didi, -ditum, 3, 
 
 to give back, render. 
 redeo, -ire, -ivi or -ii, -itum, 
 
 irr., to return, go back. 
 redigo, -ere, -egi, -actum, 3, to 
 
 bring back, reduce. 
 reditus, -us, m., return. 
 reduce, -ere, -duxi, -ductum, 3, 
 
 to lead back. 
 refero, -ferre, rettuli, relatum, 
 
 irr., to bring back, return. 
 
 Se referre, to retreat. Gra- 
 
 tias referre, to thank, re- 
 ward. 
 
 refringo, -ere, -fregi, -fractum, 
 3, to shatter, destroy. 
 
 regio, -onis, f., region, land. 
 
 regius, -a, -um, adj., royal, 
 king's. 
 
 regno, -are, -avi, -atum, 1, to 
 reign, be king. 
 
 regnum, -i, n., kingdom,, do- 
 minion, sovereignty. 
 
 rego, -ere, rexi, rectum, 3, to 
 rule, direct, govern. 
 
 TQ\igio, -onis, i., reverence, fear 
 of the gods, ivorship. 
 
 relinquo, -ere, -liqui, -lictum, 
 3, to leave, abandon. 
 
 reliquus, -a,-um, adj., remain- 
 ing, the rest of, the other. 
 
 remaned, -ere, -mansi, to re- 
 in ain. 
 
 remigro, -are, -avi, -atum, 1, 
 to return to. 
 
 reminiscor, -i, 3, dep., to recol- 
 lect, remember . 
 
 remitto, -ere, -misi, -missum, 
 3, to let go, release. 
 
 remove©, -ere, -movi, -motum, 
 2, to put out of the ivay, re- 
 move. 
 
 renuntio, -are, -avi, -atum, 1, to 
 report, bring back news. 
 
 reor, reri, ratus sum, 2, dep., 
 to think, conclude. 
 
 repello,-ere, reppuli,repulsura, 
 3, to drive back, repel, defeat. 
 
 repente, adv., suddenly, unex- 
 pectedly. 
 
 repentinus, -a, -um, adj., ufi- 
 expected. 
 
rOCABULABT 
 
 199 
 
 reperio, -ere, repperi, reper- 
 tum, 3, to find ^ discover. 
 
 repo, -ere, repsi, reptum, 3, to 
 creep. 
 
 repono, -ere, -posui, -positum, 
 3, to put hack, lay up, de- 
 posit. 
 
 reprehendo, -ere, -prehensi, 
 -prehensum, 3, to check, 
 blame, find fault ivith. 
 
 reprimo, -ere, -pressi, -pres- 
 snm, to check, restrain. 
 
 repugno, -are, -avi, -atum, 1, 
 to fir.jht against, resist. 
 
 reputo, -are, -avi, -atum, 1, to 
 meditate on. 
 
 res, rei, f., thing, affair, act, 
 matter, event. Kes publica, 
 state, public business. Res 
 militaris, the art of war. 
 Res familiaris, property, 
 estate. See note on Miltiades, 
 § 11, 2. 
 
 resacro, -are, -avi, -atum, to 
 free from a curse. 
 
 rescindo, -ere, -soldi, -scissum, 
 3, to break down. 
 
 rescisco, -ere, -scivi or -scii, 
 -scitura, 3, to learn. 
 
 resisto, -ere, -stiti, to resist, 
 opposp, withstand. 
 
 respicio, -ere, -spexi, -spectum, 
 3, to regard, look at, look 
 back upo)i, have in mind. 
 
 respondeo, -ere, -spondi, -spon- 
 sum, 2, to reply, respond, an- 
 swer. 
 
 responsum, -i, u. (part, of re- 
 spondeo), answer, oracle, re- 
 sponse. 
 
 restituo, -ere, -stitui, -stitu- 
 tum, 3, to restore, rebuild. 
 
 retardo, -are, -avi, -atum, 1, to 
 retard, keep back. 
 
 retineo, -ere, -tinui, -tentum, 
 
 2, to hold back, keep. 
 retraho, -ere, -traxi, -tractum, 
 
 3, to draw back, rescue. 
 reus, -i, m., defendant, respon- 
 sible (as adj.)- 
 
 revertor, -i, -versus sum, 3, to 
 
 return. 
 revoco, -are, -avi, -atum, 1, to 
 
 recall. 
 rex. regis, m., king. 
 rhetor, -oris, m., rhetorician, 
 
 speechirier. 
 Rhodanus, -i, m., the Rhone. 
 Rhodius, -a, -urn, adj., of 
 
 Rhodes, Rhodian. 
 risus, -lis, m., laughter. 
 robustus, -a, -um, adj., strong. 
 rogatu, abl. m. (no other 
 
 case found), at the request 
 
 of. 
 rogo. -are, -avi, -atum, 1, to 
 
 ask, request. 
 Roma, -ae, f., Rome. 
 Romanus, -a, -um, adj., of 
 
 Rome, Roman. 
 ruber, -bra, -brum, adj., red. 
 rursus, adv., again, back. 
 
 S 
 
 sacellum, -i, n., a small sanc- 
 tuary, chapel. 
 
 sacer, -era, -crum, adj., conse- 
 crated, sacred. 
 
 sacerdos, -otis, m. f., priest. 
 
200 
 
 COBNELII NEPOTIS 
 
 sacrarium, -I, n., shrine, sanct- ' 
 
 uary, chapel, oratory. I 
 
 sacrilico, -are, -avi, -atum, 1, i 
 
 to sacrifice. 
 sacrilegium, -i, n., sacrilege, 
 
 iDipieiy, profanation. 
 saepe, adv. (comp. saepius, 
 
 sup. saepissime) , often, fre- 
 quently . 
 saepio, -ire, saepsi, saeptum, 
 
 4, to surround, fence in. 
 sagacitas, -atis, f., shreiodness. 
 Saguntum, -i, n., Saguntum, a 
 
 town of Spain. 
 Salaminius, -a, -um, adj., of 
 
 Salainis. 
 Salamis, -mis, Salaniis, an 
 
 island in the Saronic Gulf, 
 
 near Athens. 
 saito, -are, -avi, -atum, 1, to 
 
 dance. 
 saltus, -us, m., pass, ravine, 
 
 gorge. 
 salum, -1, n., the sea, deep 
 
 ivater. 
 salus, -utis, f ., loelfare, safety. 
 salvus, -a, -um, adj., safe, un- 
 injured. 
 Samos, -1, f., Samos, an island 
 
 in the Aegaean Sea. 
 sanctitas, -atis, f., reverence, 
 
 scrupulous regai^l. 
 sanguis, -inis, m., blood, race. 
 sapiens, -entis, adj., ivise, se)i- 
 
 sihle, shrewd, prudent. 
 sapientia, -ae, f., toisdom, 
 
 prudence. 
 Sardes (-Is), -ium., f. plur., ^'/?'- 
 
 dis, the capital of Lydia in 
 
 Asia Minor. 
 
 sarmentum, -i, n., twig, brush 
 luo'jd. 
 
 satis, adv., enough, sufficiently. 
 
 satrapes, -ae, m., satrap, gov- 
 ernor. 
 
 saucius, -a, -um, adj., loounded. 
 
 scaena, -ae, f., stage. 
 
 scapha, -ae, f., skif, boat. 
 
 scelus, -eris, n., crime. 
 
 scilicet, evidently, that is to 
 say, at least. 
 
 scio, scire, scivi or scii, scitum, 
 4, to know, know how, un- 
 derstand. 
 
 Scipio, -onis, (1) Publius Corne- 
 lius Scipio, a Roman consul. 
 (2) Publius Cornelius Scipio 
 Afj'icanus, son of the above, 
 and conqueror of Hannibal. 
 
 scitum, -1, n., decree, vote. 
 
 scribo, -ere, scrips!, scriptum, 
 3, to IV rite. 
 
 scriptor, -oris, m., icriter, 
 autJior. 
 
 scriptura, -ae, f., icrlting, 
 ivork. 
 
 Scytha, -ae, m., a Scythian. 
 
 secundus, -a, -\\m.iii\i.. fur our- 
 able. Kes secundae, pros- 
 perity. 
 
 secus, adv. (comp. setius), 
 otherwise. Nihilo setius, 
 no)ie the less. 
 
 sed, conj., but, yet, however. 
 
 seditio, -onis, f., dissension, 
 Diut/ny, revolt. 
 
 segrego, -are, -avi, -atum, 1, to 
 sei>u;-atp, keep out. 
 
 seiungo, -ere, -ifinxi, -iunctum, 
 3, to separate. 
 
VOCABULARY 
 
 201 
 
 semel, adv., ^once, only once. 
 
 semper, adv., ahcays, ever. 
 
 Ti. Sempronius Gracchus, Ti- 
 berius Sempronius Gracchus, 
 a Roman consul. 
 
 senatus, -us, m., senate. 
 
 senesco, -ere, senui, 3, to groio 
 old, become enfeebled, loane. 
 
 senex. -is, m., old man. 
 
 sensus, -us, m., sense, feeling, 
 sentiment. 
 
 sententia, -ae, f., opinion, 
 judgment, thought, liking. 
 
 sentio, -ire, -ii, or -ivi, -itum, 4, 
 to perceive, feel, be aware of. 
 
 separatim, adv., separately. 
 
 sepelio, -ire, -ivi, or -ii, sepul- 
 tum, 4, to bury. 
 
 septuagesimus, -a, -um, adj. 
 num., seventieth. 
 
 sepulcrum, -i, n., tojnb, sepul- 
 chre. 
 
 sequor, -i, seciitus sum, 3, dep., 
 to follow, seek after. 
 
 sermo, -onis, f., speech, dis- 
 course. 
 
 serpens, -ntis, m. f., serpent, 
 snake. 
 
 Cn. Servilius Geminus, m., 
 Gnaeus So^vilius Geminus, a 
 Roman consul. 
 
 servio, -ire, -ii, or -ivi, -itum, 
 4, to serve, court, devote one- 
 self to, give attention to. 
 
 servitus, -utis, f., slavery. 
 
 servo, -are, -avi, -atum, 1, to 
 save, preserve, keep. 
 
 servulus, -i, m. (dim. of ser- 
 vus), young slave, boy. 
 
 servus, -i, m., slave. 
 
 setius, adv. comp., see secus. 
 
 Seuthes, -is, m., Seuthes, a 
 king ruling in Thrace. 
 
 severus, -a, -um, adj., sober, 
 stern, serious. 
 
 si, conj., if, whether. 
 
 sic, adv., so, thus, in this way. 
 
 Sicilia, -ae, f., Sicily. 
 
 Siculus, -a, -um, adj., of Sicily ^ 
 Sicilian. 
 
 sicut. 2idY.,just as, as. 
 
 significo, -are, -avi, -atum, 1, 
 to mean, signify. 
 
 signo, -are, -avi, -atum/ 1, to 
 s-al. 
 
 signum, -i, n., signal. 
 
 Silenus, -i, m., Silenus, a 
 Greek historian. 
 
 silva, -ae, f., wood, forest, 
 grove. 
 
 similis, -e, adj., like, resem- 
 bling, similar. 
 
 simul, adv., at the same time, 
 in conjunction ivith. Simul 
 ac (atque), as soon as. 
 
 simulo, -are, -avi, -atum, 1, to 
 pretend, feign. 
 
 sin, conj., but if, if on the con- 
 trary. 
 
 sine, prep. w. abl., vjithout. 
 
 singuli, -ae, -a, adj., 07ie at a 
 time, separate, individual. 
 
 situs, -a, -um, adj. (part, of 
 sino), situated, resting, de- 
 pending. 
 
 sive or seu, conj., or if ; sive 
 . . . sive, whether . . . or. 
 
 socer, -eri, va., father-in-law. 
 
 societas, -atis, f., share, asso^ 
 ciation, alliance. 
 
202 
 
 COBNELII NEPOTIS 
 
 socius, -1, m., comrade, com- 
 panion, ally. 
 
 Socrates, -is, m., Socrates, a 
 Greek philosopher. 
 
 soleo, -ere, solitus sum, 2, 
 semi-dep., to he accustomed. 
 
 solus, -a, -um, adj., alone. 
 Solum, adv., only. Non 
 solum . . , sed etiam, not 
 only . . . hut also. 
 
 solvo, -ere, solvi, solutum, 3, 
 to loosen, open, pay, let go. 
 
 sonitus, us, m., sound, noise. 
 
 sonus, -1, m., sound, melody. 
 
 soror, -oris, f., sister. 
 
 Sosilus. -1, m., Sosilus, a Greek 
 historian. 
 
 Sparta, -ae, f., Sparta, Lace- 
 daemon, a city in the Pelo- 
 ponnese. 
 
 Spartanus, -a, -um, adj., of 
 Sparta, Spartan. 
 
 sparus, -i, m., a small, barhed 
 spear, hunting-spear. 
 
 spatium, -i, n., space, room, 
 time. 
 
 spectaculum, -i, n., a sight, 
 spectacle. 
 
 specto, -are, avi, -atum, 1, to 
 look, aim. 
 
 speculator, -oris, m., scout. 
 
 spero, -are, -avi, -atum, 1, to 
 hope, expect. 
 
 spes, -ei, f., hope. 
 
 splendidus, -a, -um, adj., mag- 
 nificent, grand, splendid. 
 
 splendor, -oris, m., grandeur, 
 magnificence. 
 
 spolio, -are, -avi, -atum, 1, to 
 rob, plunder. 
 
 sponte (abl. of Spons, nom., 
 
 not found), of one's own ac- 
 cord, voluntarily . 
 statim, adv., immediately, 
 
 straightway , at once. 
 statua, -ae, f., a statue. 
 statuo, -ere, -ui, -utum, 3, to 
 
 place, erect. 
 Stesagoras, -ae, m., Stesagoras, 
 
 brother of Miltiades II. 
 stirps, -pis, f., offspring, stock. 
 sto, stare, steti, statum, 1, to 
 
 stand. 
 strenuus, -a, -um, adj., vig- 
 orous. 
 struo, -ere, struxi, structum, 3, 
 
 to build, put together. 
 studeo, -ere, -ui, 3, to ivish, 
 
 favour. 
 studiosus, -a, -um, adj., eager, 
 
 zealous, assiduous, fond of. 
 studium, -1, n., pursuit, study. 
 s tult e , adv., /o o lish ly . 
 stultitia, -ae, i., foolishness. 
 sub, prep. w. abl. and ace, 
 
 under, at the foot of, near. 
 subalaris, -e, adj., carried 
 
 iDider the arm; with telum, 
 
 dagger. 
 subduco, -ere, -diixi, -ductum, 
 
 3, to remove, remove secretly, 
 
 take away. 
 subeo, -ire, -ivi or -ii, -itum, irr., 
 
 to go under, endure, undergo. 
 subicio, -ere, -ieci, -iectum, 3, 
 
 to throw under. 
 subigo, -ere, -egi, -actum, to 
 
 subdue. 
 sublevo, -are, -avi, -atum, 1, 
 
 to aid, assist, relieve. 
 
rOCABULABY 
 
 203 
 
 subsidium, -i, n., reserves, 
 help, assistance. 
 
 substituo, -ere, -ui, -utum, 3, 
 to put in place of, substi- 
 tute. 
 
 subsum, -esse, irr., to underlie, 
 be at hand, be hidden. 
 
 succedo, -ere, -cessi, -cessum, 
 3, tofolloiv, succeed. 
 
 succendo, -ere, -cendi, -cen- 
 sum, 3, to set on fire, kindle 
 underneath. 
 
 succumbo, -ere, -cubui, 3, to 
 fall under, yield. 
 
 sufficio, -ere, -feci, -fectum, 3, 
 to put in place of. 
 
 suffragium, -i, n., ballot, vote. 
 
 suffragor, -ari, -atus sum, 1, 
 dep., to vote for. 
 
 P. Sulpicius Biitbo, Publius 
 Sulpicius Blitho, a Roman 
 historian. 
 
 P. Sulpicius Galba, a Roman 
 consul. 
 
 sum, esse, fui, irr., to be, 
 exist. 
 
 summa, -ae, f., the top, sum, 
 leadership, chief part. 
 
 summoveo, -ere, -movi, -mo- 
 tum, 2, to remove, send out. 
 
 summus, -a, -um, adj. (sup. of 
 superus), uppermost, high- 
 est, top of, supreme, chief, ut- 
 most, greatest. 
 
 sumo, -ere, sumpsi, sumptum, 
 3, to take, select, obtain. 
 
 sumptus, -us, m., expendiiwe. 
 
 super, prep. w. abl. and adv., 
 on, upon, besides, in addi- 
 tion. 
 
 superbe, adv., insolently, 
 
 proudly, haughtily, arro- 
 gantly. 
 superbia, -ae, f., arrogance. 
 super o, -are, -avi, -atum, 1, to 
 
 overcome, surpass, pass over 
 
 or beyond. 
 superstes, -itis, adj., surviving, 
 super sum, -esse, -fui, irr., to 
 
 remain, survive, be left. 
 suppedito, -are, -avi, -atum, 1, 
 
 to supply. 
 supplex, -icis, adj., suppliant, 
 
 kneeling. 
 supra, adv. and prep. w. ace, 
 
 above, beyond. 
 supremus, -a, -um, (sup. of su- 
 perus), highest, utmost, last. 
 Susamitbres, -ae, m., Susa- 
 
 mithres, one of the assassins 
 
 of Alcibiades. 
 suscipio, -ere, -cepi, -ceptum, 
 
 3, to undertake. 
 suspicio, -onis, f., suspicion. 
 suspicio, -ere, -spexi, -spectum, 
 
 3, to suspect, distrust. 
 sustineo, -ere, -tinui, -tentum, 
 
 2, to sustain, xcithstand. 
 Syracusae, -arum, f. plur., 
 
 Syracuse, a city of Sicily. 
 Syracusanus, -a, -um, adj., 
 
 Syracusan, of Syracuse. 
 Syria, -ae, f., Syria. 
 
 T., the abbreviation for Titus, 
 tabellarius, -i, m., a messen- 
 ger, letter carrier. 
 taenia, -ae, i., fillet. 
 
204 
 
 COBNELII NEPOTIS 
 
 talentum, -i, talent, a weight 
 
 and a sum of money, about 
 
 $1200. 
 talis, -e, dem. adj., such, of 
 
 such kind. 
 tarn, adv., so, so much, as 
 
 7nuch. 
 tamen, adv., yet, nevertheless. 
 tamquam, adv., just as if, as if. 
 tantum, adv. (ace. of tantus), 
 
 only, so much, so far. 
 tantus, -a, -um, adj. dem., so 
 
 great, so large. 
 tardus, -a, -um, adj., slow. 
 Tarentinus, -a, -um, adj., of 
 
 Tarentum. 
 tego, -ere, texi, tectum, 3, to 
 
 cover, protect. 
 telum, -i, n., weapon. 
 tempestas, -atis, f., storm, 
 
 tempest. 
 templum, -i, n., sacred en- 
 closure, temple. 
 tempus, -oris, n., time^ oppor- 
 tunity. 
 tendo, -ere, tetendi, tentum or 
 
 tensum, 3, to stretch, he houiid 
 
 (for). 
 teneo, -ere, -ui, tentum, 2, to 
 
 hold, possess, keep. 
 tento, -are, -avi, -atum, 1, to 
 
 test, prove. 
 tenuis, -e, adj., thin, trifling, 
 
 mean. 
 C. Terentius, -i, m., Gaius 
 
 Terentius, a Roman consul. 
 terra, -ae, f., earth, land. 
 terrestris, -e, adj., land, of the 
 
 land. 
 terror, -oris, m., alarm, terror. 
 
 tertio, ad v., /or the third time.. 
 testatus, -a, -um, adj. (part. 
 
 of tester), pw6/ic. 
 testimonium, -i, n., evidence, 
 
 proof. 
 testis, -is, m. f., a witness. 
 tester, -ari, -atus sum, 1, dep., 
 
 to hear witness, assei^t. 
 testudo, -inis, f., a tortoise, 
 
 military shed, used to pro- 
 tect men working close to a 
 
 besieged city. 
 testula, -ae, f., tile, tablet. 
 Thasius, -a, -um, adj., of 
 
 Thasos, Thasian. 
 Thasos, -i, f ., Thasos, an island 
 
 in the Aegaean Sea. 
 Thebae, -arum, f. plur., Thehes, 
 
 the chief city of Boeotia, in 
 
 Greece. 
 Thebanus, -a, -um, adj., The- 
 
 han, of Thehes. 
 Themistocles, -is, or -i, Themis- 
 
 tocles, an Athenian general. 
 Theopompus, -i, m., Theopom- 
 
 pus, a Greek historian. 
 Theramenes, -is, m., Thera- 
 
 menes, an Athenian general, 
 
 colleague of Alcibiades. 
 Thermopylae, -arum, f. plur., 
 
 Thermopylae, i.e. *'Hot 
 
 Gates," a pass in central 
 
 Greece, named from its hot 
 
 springs. 
 Thraecia, -ae, f., Thrace. 
 Thraex, -aecis, m., a Thracian. 
 Thrasybulus, -I, m., Thrasyhu- 
 
 his, an Athenian general. 
 Thucydides, -is, m., Thucydi- 
 
 des, a Greek historian. 
 
VOCABULARY 
 
 206 
 
 Thurii, -orum, m. plur., Thurii, 
 a citj of LucaDia in Italy. 
 
 Ti., the abbreviation for Ti- 
 berius. 
 
 Tiberis, -is, m., the Tiber, the 
 river on which Rome lies. 
 
 tibia, -ae, f. (usually in plur.), 
 ^ilute, pipe. 
 
 Timaeus, -i, m., Tiynaeus, a 
 Greek historian. 
 
 timeo, -ere, -ui, -itum, 2, to 
 fear. 
 
 timor. -oris, m., fear. 
 
 Tissaphernes, -is, m., Tlssa- 
 phernes, a Persian satrap. 
 
 tollo, -ere, sustuli, sublatum, 
 to lift vp, carry away, re- 
 move, put out of the way. 
 
 tot, adv., so many, 
 
 totidem, 2idY.,just as many. 
 
 totus, -a, -um, adj., the lohole 
 of, all. 
 
 tractus, -us, draioing, course. 
 
 trado, -ere, -didi, -ditum, 3, to 
 give over, hand over, give 
 in charge, surrender, hand 
 doiv n . 
 
 tr3,duco, -ere, -duxi, -ductum, 
 o, to lead over. 
 
 traho, -ere, traxi, tractuni, 3, 
 to draiv, drag. 
 
 traicio, -ere, -ieci, -iectum, 3, to 
 lead across, throw across. 
 
 transeo, -ere, -ii or -ivi, -itum, 
 irr., to go aci^oss, ctoss. 
 
 transfers, -ferre, -tuli, -latum, 
 irr., to transfer, shift. 
 
 transigo, -ere, -egi, -actum, 3, 
 to complete. 
 
 transitus, -us, m., crossing. 
 
 transporto, -are, -avi, -atum, 
 
 1, to carry across, transport. 
 
 Trasumenus, -i, m., Trasume- 
 7UIS, a lake of Etruria. 
 
 Trebia, -ae, f., the Trebia, a 
 river of Italy. 
 
 trienniiim, -i, n., a space of 
 thrc years. 
 
 triplex, -icis, adj., triple. 
 
 triremis, -is, f., trireme, a war- 
 vessel, armed with a ram and 
 propelled by three banks of 
 oars. 
 
 tristis, -e, adj., sad, stern, 
 gloomy. 
 
 Troezen, -enis, f., Troezen, a 
 city of Argolis in Greece. 
 
 tropaeum, -i, n., trophy, vic- 
 tory. 
 
 tueor, -eri, tiitus or tuitus, 2, 
 dep., to look at, watch, pilo- 
 ted, care for. 
 
 turn, adv., then, at that time. 
 
 tumultus, -us, m., rising, na- 
 tional peril. 
 
 turpis, -e, adj., base, disgrace- 
 fid. _ 
 
 turpitude, -inis, f., a disgrace. 
 
 tutus, -a, -um, adj. (part, of 
 tueor), safe. 
 
 tyrannis, -idis, f., tyranny. 
 
 tyrannus, -i, m., tyrant, abso- 
 lute monarch. 
 
 ubi, adv., where, lohen. 
 ullus, -a, -um, adj., any. 
 umquam, adv., ever, at any 
 time, at all. 
 
206 
 
 CORNELII NEPOTIS 
 
 unde, 2idY.,ivhence, from which 
 place. 
 
 undique, adv., from all direc- 
 tions. 
 
 universus, -a, -um, all together, 
 concertedly , the whole of, 
 'universal. 
 
 unus, -a, -um, adj. num., one, 
 alone, only. 
 
 urbs, -is, f., city. 
 
 usquam, adv., anywhere. 
 
 usque, adv., all the ivay,up to, 
 as far as, 
 
 usus, -us, m., use, need. 
 
 ut or uti, conj., as, when, that, 
 in order that, so that. 
 
 uterque, -traque, -trumque, 
 pron., each (of two), in plur., 
 both, both parties. 
 
 uti, see ut. 
 
 utilis, -e, adj., useful, advan- 
 tageous. 
 
 utilitas, -atis, f., use, advan- 
 tage. 
 
 utique, adv., at least. 
 
 utor, -i, usus sum, 3, dep., to 
 use, employ, enjoy. 
 
 utpote, adv., as being. 
 
 utrobique, adv., in both places. 
 
 utrum, adv. interr., whether. 
 
 uxor, -oris, f., icife. 
 
 valens (part, of valeo), -entis, 
 
 adj., strong. 
 valeo, -ere, valui, -iturum, 1, 
 
 to be strong, prevail, have 
 
 force. 
 valetudo, -inis, f., sickness. 
 
 vallum,-!, n., loall, rampart. 
 varius, -a, -um, diferent. 
 vas, vasis; plur., vasa, -orum, 
 
 n., vessel, vase, jar. 
 vectigal, -alis, n., ta.x, revenue. 
 veho, -ere, vexi, vectum, 3, to 
 
 bear, carry. In passive, 
 
 often, sail. 
 vel, conj., or. Vel . . . vel, 
 
 either . . . or. 
 velocitas, -atis, f., quickness, 
 
 nimbleness. 
 velum, -T, n., sail. 
 velut or velutl, adv., just as 
 
 if , just as. 
 venenatus, -a, -um, adj., veno- 
 mous, poisonous. 
 venenum, -i, n., poison. 
 venerius, -a, -um, adj., of 
 
 l0V3. 
 
 venia, -ae, f., favour, permis- 
 sion. 
 
 venio, -ire, veni, ventum, 4, to 
 come. 
 
 venor, -ari, -atus sum, 1, dep., 
 to hunt. 
 
 ventus, -1, m., ivind. 
 
 verbum, -i, n., ivord. Verba 
 dare, to deceive. 
 
 vereor, -eri, veritus sum, 2, 
 dep., to fear, reverence. 
 
 Veritas, -atis, f., truth. 
 
 versor, -ari, -atus sum, 1, dep., 
 to be engaged in, move in, 
 have experience in, be, live. 
 
 versus, -us, m., verse, line. 
 
 verto, -ere, verti, versum, 3, to 
 turn. 
 
 verus, -a. -um, adj., true. 
 
 vestimentum, -i, u., garment. 
 
VOCABULABY 
 
 207 
 
 vestitus, -us, m., clothes. 
 
 veto, -are,-avi, -atum, 1, to for- 
 bid. 
 
 vetus, -eris, adj., old. 
 
 via, -ae, f., way, road. 
 
 vicinitas, -atis, f., neighhonr- 
 hood. 
 
 victor, -oris, m., victor, con- 
 queror. 
 
 victoria, -ae, f., victory. 
 
 victus, -us, m., life, manner of 
 life, fare. 
 
 video, -ere, vidi, visum, 2, to 
 see; in passive, seem, ap- 
 pear, 
 
 vidua, -ae, f., unmarried 
 woman. 
 
 vigeo, -ere, -ui, 2, to grow 
 strong, flourish. 
 
 viginti, adj. num. indecl., 
 twenty. 
 
 vinclum, -i, n., fetter, chain. 
 In plur.,pr?son. 
 
 vinco, -ere, vici, victum, 3, to 
 conquer. 
 
 vindico, -are, -avi, -atum, 1, to 
 claim. Vindicare in liber- 
 tatem, to claim for freedom, 
 set free. 
 
 vinea, -ae, f., shed^ penthouse. 
 
 vinolentus, -a, -um, adj., reek- 
 ing with ioine,fond of wine. 
 
 vinum, -i, n., wine. 
 
 violo, -are, -avi, -atum, 1, to 
 do violence to, profane, vio- 
 late. 
 
 vir, viri, m., man, hero. 
 
 Virgo, -inis, f., maiden, girl. 
 
 viriiis, -e, adj., of a man, 
 manly. 
 
 virtus, -utis, f., valour, bra- 
 very, good quality. 
 
 vis (vis), i., force, violence: in 
 plur., strength, powers. 
 
 visus, -us, m., sight. 
 
 vita, -ae, f., life. 
 
 vitium, -I, n., fault. 
 
 vito, -are, -avi, -atum, 1, to 
 avoid, shun, escape. 
 
 vivo, -ere, vixi, victum, 3, to 
 live. 
 
 vivus, -a, -um, living. 
 
 vix, adv., scarcely, with diffi- 
 culty. 
 
 voco, -are, -avi, -atum, 1, to 
 call, name. 
 
 volo, velle, volui, irr., to wish, 
 be ivilling. 
 
 voliimen, -inis, n., roll, scroll, 
 volume, book. 
 
 voluntas, -atis, f., will, consent, 
 good ivill, feeling. 
 
 vulgo, adv., genei^ally, com- 
 monly, everywhere. 
 
 vulnero, -are, -avi, -atum, 1, to 
 tvound. 
 
 vulnus, -eris, n., wound. 
 
 Xerxes, -is, m., Xerxes, king of 
 Persia. 
 
 Zama, -ae, f., Zama, a town in 
 Africa. 
 
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 66 FIFTH AVENUE, NEW YORK. 
 
CAESAR.— The Helvetian War. 
 
 BY 
 
 W. WELCH, M.A., and C. G. DUFFIELD, M.A. 
 
 REVISED FOR AMERICAN SCHOOLS BY 
 
 Prof. S. G. ASHMORE, L.H.D., 
 
 Selections from Book I. of *' The Gallic TVar,*' arranged 
 
 for the Use of Beginners. With Notes, 
 
 Vocabulary, and Exercises. 
 
 IStno. 40 cents. 
 
 Educational yews: "By far the most remarkable novelty in this 
 book is the manner in which the text is arranged in the first twenty-nine 
 chapters. Teachers, as a rule, find a difliculty in initiating pupils into 
 the reading of Caesar, which is, in almost all cases, the first Latin author 
 read after the accidence has been mastered. This difiiculty has, we 
 Venture to say, been obviated in this book by each sentence having a 
 separate line." 
 
 CAESAR.— The Invasion of Britain. 
 
 Selections from Books IV. and V. of ** The Gallic W^ar." 
 
 Adapted for the Use of Beginners. With Notes. 
 
 Vocabulary, and Exercises. 
 
 ISmo. 40 cents, 
 
 BY 
 
 TVELCH, M.A., and C. G. DUFFIELD, M.A. 
 
 REVISED, WITH REFERENCES TO AMERICAN 
 GRAMMARS, BY 
 
 Prof. S. G. ASHMOKE, T..H.D. 
 
 The School Board Chronicle says : '* Caesar's Invasion is a v^ry 
 useful combination of a reading book and an exercise book for beginners. 
 It is furnished with an excellent map of Britain as known to the Romans, 
 and with two vocabularies, — English and Latin, and Latin and English. 
 At the beginning of each chapter is wisely given a summary of the sense; 
 this will be found a great help to beginners. The notes are admirable, — 
 short, to the point, and very practical." 
 
 The Saturday Review says: "The notes, which deal chiefly with 
 simple points of syntax, are short and generally sufficient." 
 
 THE MACMILLAN COMPANY, 
 
 66 FIFTH AVENUE, NEW YORK. 
 
LIBRARY 
 
 ^ess 
 
 003 092 438 1