01: A Issued Aug. U, 1917. U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE, OFFICE OF THE SECRETARY. CONTRIBUTION FROM THE BUREAU OF ENTOMOLOGY, L. O. HOWARD, CHIEF, IN COLLABORATION WITH THE FEDERAL HORTICULTURAL BOARD, C. L. MARLATT, CHAIRMAN. A MANUAL OF DANGEROUS INSECTS LIKELY TO BE INTRODUCED IN THE UNITED STATES THROUGH IMPORTATIONS. EDITED BY W. DWIGHT PIERCE, Entomologist, Southern Field Crop Insect Investigations. WASHINGTON: GOVERNMENT PRINTING OPFIOE. 19Lf ^.- U. S Dept. of Agriculture, Manual of Dangerous Insects. Frontispiece. Different Stages of the Gipsy Moth (Porthetria dispar). Egg mass on center of twig; female moth ovipositing just lielow: female moth below, at left, enlarged: male moth, somewhat reduced, immediately above- female moth immediately above, somewhat reduced: male moth with wings folded in upper left: male chrysalis at right of this: female chrysalis again at right; larva at center. (Howard and Fiske.) Issued Aug. 15, 1917. U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE, OFFICE OF THE SECRETARY. CONTRIBUTION FROM THE BUREAU OF ENTOMOLOGY, L. O. HOWARD, CHIEF, IN COLLABORATION WITH THE FEDERAL HORTICULTURAL BOARD, C. L. MARLATT, CHAIRMAN. A MANUAL OF DANGEROUS INSECTS LIKELY TO BE INTRODUCED IN THE UNITED STATES THROUGH IMPORTATIONS. EDITED BY W. DWIGHT PIERCE, Entomologist, Southern Field Crop Insect Investigations. WASHINGTON: GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE. 1917 d; of D. OCT 22 1917 A MANUAL OF DANGEROUS INSECTS LIKELY TO BE INTRO- DUCED IN THE UNITED STATES THROUGH IMPORTATIONS. This publication has been prepared in the Bureau of Entomology at the request of and in cooperation with the Federal Horticultural Board to supply such information as is required by its officers and others in the enforcement of quarantines and the safe- guarding of this country against foreign insect pests. It should assist materially in preventing the introduction of additional pests like the gipsy moth, boll weevil, and alfalfa weevil. Only a brief sketch can be given of each of the more important species. The plants making up the commerce in vegetable products are arranged alphabetically by the American common name, with the scientific name following. It is believed that this arrangement is most con- venient for inspectors. A brief sketch of certain important facts concerning each plant is also given. The arrangement under each plant of the insects in two or more categories, A, B, etc., is merely one of convenience. Under A are grouped the better known insects, or those concerning which there is available literature. This category especially contains pests which are easily imported. LTnder B are listed many important pests, possibly sometimes more important than those listed in A and often just as readily introduced. They are merely listed because full descriptive matter was not available and for other similar reasons. In later editions probably many of these pests will merit fuller discussion. It is not to be expected that inspectors will attempt to make final determinations with the aid of this work. In fact, it would be very unwise to do so. The book is merely to indicate to inspectors and entomologists the insects likely to be found associated with impor- tations. The references to foreign literature under the species give the best or most easily available source of additional information. Tables and keys to species could not possibly be included in a work of this kind. It is expected that the inspector, on finding important insects not already familiar to him, will immediately transmit specimens to the Bureau of Entomology at Washington, D. C, for reference to the proper authorities or to other competent specialists in the groups to which the insects belong. 4 A MANUAL OP DANGEROUS INSECTS. This compilation was only possible by the cooperation of all the divisions of the Bureau of Entomology, some of which prepared the matter in the form in which it now appears. The editor therefore wishes to acknowledge the assistance of Messrs. C. L. Marlatt, W. D. Hunter, A. D. Hopkins, the late F. M. Webster, F. H. Chittenden, A. L. Quaintance, W. K. Walton, E, R. Sasscer, Jacob Kotinsky, Dwight Isely, H. L. Sanford, and R. W. Rust for the collection of the notes on the insect enemies of the crops investigated by them, and of Messrs. W. R. Walton, Harry B.- Bradford, and the late J. F. Strauss in the preparation of the illustrations. The lists of insects included in this manual are necessarily incom- plete, and no doubt important species have been omitted. Fre- quently the literature on dangerous species is so meager as to make it impossible to conclude as to the importance of the species. Regarding the nomenclature, it should be remembered that this work is strictly a compilation. Many of the names will undoubtedly be changed as the result of future studies. The ones used, however, are the ones current in European literature. To have attempted to make the nomenclature more exact would have involved practically the revision of many large groups of insects. This would have been entirely impracticable and would have delayed publication of the manual for years. Moreover it would have resulted in a publication which inspectors would have had difficulty in using on account of the fact that the literature accessible to them would have, in many cases, used other names. In order to make future editions of this handbook more useful, the bureau will be greatly obliged for criticism, additions, and recommendations as to treatment. The majority of the insect pests in the United States which now occasion the greatest damage to orchard, field, and garden crops and to stored products and in homes, etc., are of foreign origin, and were introduced with the host plants or accidentally in the course of com- merce. Such introductions of new pests are going on all the time, as illustrated by such recent arrivals as the Argentine ant in New Orleans and the alfalfa leaf weevil in Utah. The list of over 100 introduced insect pests given below illustrates the nature of the most important of these introductions in the past. This handbook contains the names of hundreds of other insects which now occur in different parts of the world and which are liable to be introduced at any time with nursery stock or in merchandise or as accidental guests or stowaways on ships or in baggage. It also includes a considerable number of introduced pests which are not now generally distributed and which therefore should be guarded against both as to further entry and to further distribution witliin the United States. Throughout the work species which have been introduced into the United States are marked with an asterisk (>|c) and the fact of the LIST OF INTRODUCED FOREIGN INSECTS. 5 introduction is mentioned. Many of the most important introduced insects are omitted because they are now so generally distributed that the importation of a few additional individuals will have no effect upon the existing economic conditions. LIST OF IMPORTANT FOREIGN INSECTS WHICH HAVE BEEN INTRODUCED INTO THE UNITED STATES. MITES (ACARINA). Orange rust mite or lemon mite. Eriophyes oleivorus Ashmead. (See Citrus.) Grape blister mite. Eriophyes vitis Landois. (See Grape.) Pear leaf blister mite. Eriophyes pyri Pagenstaecker. (See Pear.) Plum blister mites. Eriophyes phlaocoptcs Nalepa and E. padi Nalepa. (See Plum.) Potato root mite. Rhizoglyphus ( Ctepophagus) echinopvs Fumouzc and Pobin. (See Potato.) THRIPS (THYSANOPTERA). Onion thrips. Thrips tabaci Lind. Pear thrips. Tseniothrips pyri Daniel. Red-banded thrips. Heliothrips rubrocirictus CAard. (See Fruits.) SCALES, BUGS, APHIDS (HEMIPTERA). San Jos^ scale. A spidiotus perniciosus Comstock. Apricot scale. Epidiaspis piricola Del Guercio. (See Apricot.) Greedy scale. Aspidiotus camdlix Signoret (rapax Comstock). (See Asparagus.) Box scales. Aspidiotus ( Chrysomphalus) dictyospermi Morgan, Aspidiotus britannicus Newstead, and Pin- naspis bun Bouchf'. (Sec Box.) Catalpa scale. Diaspis pentagonaTetrgioni. (See Catalpa.) Citrus scales. Aspidiotus orientalis Newstead and Parlatoria zizyphus Lucas. (See Citrus.) Coconut palm scale. Aspidiotus ( Chrysomphalus) persex Comstock. (See Coconut palm.) Fig scales. Conchaspis angrseci Cockerell and Lepidosaphes ficus Signoret. (See Ficus.) Hawthorn scales. Lecanium bituberculatum Targioni. (See Hawthorn.) Mango scales. Coccus mangiftrx Green and Lcucaspis indica Marlatt. (See pi. I, fig. 1.) (See Mango.) Oak scales. Astcrolecanium variolosum Ratzeburg. (See Oak.) Orchid scales. Aspidiotus ( Targionia) biformis Cockerell, ParZa^oria proteus Curtis, and P. pseudaspidiotus Lindinger. (See Orchid.) Pear scale. Aspidiotus (Diaspidiotus) ostrexformis Curtis. (See Pear.) Rose scale. Leucaspis japonica Cockerell. (See Rose.) Sago palm scale. Diaspis zamiae Morgan. (See Sago Palm.) Sugar-cane mealy-bug. Pseudococcus texcnsis Trnsley. (See Sugar cane.) Black scale. Saissetia olex Barnard. Fluted scale. Icerya purchasi Maskell. (See pi. n, flg. 2.) Oystershell scale. Lepidosaphes ulmi hinnxus. Purple scale of the orange. Lepidosaphes beckii Newman. Hop aphis. Phorodon humuli Schrank. Spinach aphis, Myzus persicx Sulzer. Cabbage aphis, Aphis brassicx Linnaeus. Melon aphis. Aphis gossypii Glover. Pea aphis, Macrosiphum pisi Kaltenbach. B?an aphis, Aphis rumicis Liim^us. Wheat plant louse. Aphis avenx Fabricius. Pear-tree psylla. Psylla pyricola Forster. Tarnished plant-bug. Lygus pra.tensis Linnaeus. Cotton stainer. Dysdercus suturellus Herrich-Schaeffer. (See Cotton.) BEETLES (COLEOPTERA). Beet carrion beetle. Blitophaga opaca Linnaeus. (See Beet.) Red-legged ham beetle. Necrobia rufipes De Geer. Leather beetles. Dermestes vulpinus Fabricius and D.frischi Kugelarm. Pear borer. Agrilus sinuatus Olrvier. (See Pear.) Confused flour beetle. Tribolium confusum Duv. Saw-toothed grain beetle. Silvanus surinamensis Linnaeus. Calslle or bolting-cloth beetle, Tenebrioides mauritanicus Linnaeus. 6 A MANUAL OF DANGEROUS INSECTS. Lesser grain-borer, Rhizopertha dominica Fabrieius. Drug-store beetle, Sitodrepa panicea Linnaeus. Cigarette beetle, Lanioderma. serricorne Fabrieius. Rust-red flour beetle, Triholium ferrugineum Fabrieius. Poplar borer. Saperda carcharias Liangdus. (See Poplar.) Willow leaf-beetle. Phyllodecta vitellinae LinnEeus. (See Willow.) Elm leaf-beetle. Oalerucella luteola Miiller. Crucifer leaf-beetles. Phyllotreta vittata Fabrieius and P. armoracix Koch. (See Crueifer.) California grape rootworm. Adoxus obscurus hinnasus. (See Grape.) Beet tortoise beetle. Cassida nebulosa hinnseus. (See Beet.) Asparagus beetle. Crioceris asparagi hinnmus. (See Asparagus.) Asparagus beetle. Crioceris IS-punctata Unmsxis. (See Asparagus.) Bean weevils. Mylabris^ rufimanus Boheinan, M. pisorum Linnaeus, M. lentis Froliehs, Acanthoscelides obtectus Say, Pachymerus chinensis Linnaeus, P. quadrimaculatus Fabrieius. (See Beans.) The poplar and willow curculio. Cryptorhynchus lapathi Linnasus. (See Alder, Birch, Poplar.) Austrian alfalfa leaf weevil. Hypera vieles Fahncias. (See Alfalfa.) The clover leaf weevil. Hypera punctata FahTicius. (See Alfalfa.) The alfalfa weevil. Hypera postica Gyllenhal. (See Alfalfa.) Clover leaf weevils. Hypera meles Fabiicius and Hypera nigrirostris FahTicius. (See Clover.) Broad-nosed grain weevil. Caulophilus latinasus Say. (See Avocado.) Root weevils. Polydrusus sericeus Schaller and P. viridicollis Baudi. (See Beech.) Coffee-bean weevil. Arxcerus fasciculatus De Geer. (See Corn.) Sweet-potato weevil. Cylas formicarius Fabrieius. Clover root weevils. Sitona flavescens Marsh and Sitona hispidula Fabrieius. (See Clover.) Strawberry root weevil. Brachyrhinus ovatus Linnfeus {Otiorhynchus). (See Conifers.) Grain weevils. Calendra granaria himixus and C. oryza hinnieus. (See Com.) Grape root weevil. Brachyrhinus sulcatus Fabrieius. (See Grape.) Fruit-tree hark beetle. Scolytus rugulosus Ratzeburg. MOTHS (LEPIDOPTERA). The gipsy moth. P orthetria dispar 'LinmBus. (See Forests.) The cotton bollworm. Chloridea obsolela Fabrieius. The beet army worm. Laphygma exigua Hiibner ( Caradrina). The apple moth. Argyresthia conjugellaZeller. (See Apple.) Horse-chestnut borer. Zeuzera pyrina Linnfeus. (See Horse-chestnut.) Beech tor tricid. Peroneaferrugana Treitschke. (See Beech, Birch.) Hawaiian beet webworm. Hymeniafascialis Cramer. (See Beet.) Beet worm. Plusia gamma Linnaeus. (See Beet.) Diamond-back moth. Plutella macuUpennis Curtis. (Attacks turnip, cabbage, cauliflower.) Cabbage webworm. Hellula undalis Fabrieius. Celery leaf-tyer. Phlyctsenia ferrugalis Hiibner. European pine-shoot moth. Evetria buoliana Schiffermiller. (See Conifers, C.) Pine bud and gall moths. Evetria turionana Hiibner; E. pinivorana Zeller; E. duplana Hiibner. (See Conifers, C.) Brown-tail moth. Euproctis chrysorrhoea Linnaeus. (See Forests.) Pea moth. Laspeyresia nigricana Stephens. (See Pea.) Sugar-cane borer. Diatrxa saccharalis Fabriuius. (See Sugar cane.) Mediterranean flour moth. Epheatia Tiuehniclla Zeller. Imported cabbage butterfly. Pontia rapx Linnaeus. Angoumois grain moth. Sitotroga cerealclla Olivier. Codling moth. Laspeyresia pomonella Linnaeus. European ijrain moth. Tinea granella Linntx'us. Indian-meal moth, Plodia inter punctella Hiibner. Fig moth, Epheslia cautclla Walker. Cutworros, Pcridroma, Agrotis, Feltia, etc. SAWFLIES (HYMENOPTERA). Coniferous sawfly. Diprion simile B.ari\g. (See Conifers, B.) Currant worm. Pteronidea ribesii Scopoli. Rose sawfly, Cladius pectinicornis Fouc. Larch sawfly, Ncmalus crichsoni Hartis;. ' Rose sawfly Caliroa aethiops Fabrieius. Plum sawfly, Eriocampoides limacina Retzius. Elm sawfly, Fcnusa dohrnii Tischbein. 1 The generic name Mylabris Geoffroy 1762 has precedence over Laria Scopoli and Bruchus Linnaeus as used for the bean weevils and is the name which should be followed in future litesature.— W. D. Pierce. INSECTS SPECIALLY LIABLE TO IMPORTATION. 7 FLIES (DIPTERA). Imported cabbage maggot. Chortophila (Pegomya) brassicse Bouch6. Seed-com maggot. Chortophila (Pegomya) fusciceps Zetterstedt. Grain gall midge. Contarinia tritici Kii'by. (See Grains.) Hessian fly. Phytophaga destructor Say (Mayetiola). (See Grains.) Pear gall midge. Contarinia pyrivora Riley. (See Pear.) Imported onion maggot. Chortophila (Pegomya) cepetorum Medde. Spinach leaf miner. Chortophila (Pegomya) hyoscyami Linnaeus (vidua Lintner). INSECTS SPECIALLY LIABLE TO IMPORTATION AT ANY TIME. There are certain groups of insects which are uniformly injurious and can not therefore be given full justice in a bulletin of this type. These insects should be especially guarded against and excluded on general principles, whether incriminating evidence is found or not. TERMITES (TERMITID^). There have been several cases of introduction of termites ijito the United States, notable among which was the importation of Leucotermes lvx:ifugus Rossi in packing boxes from Germany. The termites are uniformly injurious to wood and plant growth and may be imported in any type of wood, whether in the form of nursery stock, lumber, or manufactiu'ed product. A list of species is to be found in Wyts- man's Genera Insectorum by Desneux (1903). THRIPS (THYSANOPTERA). The tiny fringe-winged thrips are very destructive to many crops, and should always be guarded against. SCALE INSECTS (COCCID^). These tiny insects are inconspicuous and the greatest of care is necessary on the part of inspectors to prevent their introduction. This family may be considered, as a whole, a most undesirable group of insects. Many species have already been in- troduced and become serious pests. Reference to Mrs. Fernald's Catalogue of Coc- cidce as well as Technical Bulletins 12 and 16 of the Bureau of Entomology will give full data as to literature. L. Lindinger, in his "Die Scliildlause (Coccidse)," gives tables to the species of European scale insects attacking each plant. All names of scale insects used in this bulletin have been verified by Mr. E. R. Sasscer. Several genera of scales are illustrated on plates i-v to assist in determination. Some of the species illustrated are not treated in the text, although congeneric species are. WHITE FLIES (ALEYRODID^). The tiny white flies are very apt to slip in past even a zealous inspector. The flattened scalelike larvjse of some species look so much like the plant tissue that they are easily overlooked. The active little white-winged adults fly so quickly that rough handling would tend merely to disperse them and increase the dangers of introduction. Kirkaldy in 1907 issued a world checklist in Bulletin 2, Hawaii Board of Commis- sioners Agriculture and Forestry. (See Technical Bull. 27, of the Bureau of Ento- mology and Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., No. 2156.) RED SPIDERS; MITES (ACARINA). These tiny eight-legged creatures are not insects, but so closely related that they are generally treated as such. The red spiders are exceedingly minute and occur on almost every type of vegetation. As their rate of multiplication is very rapid 8 A MANUAL OF DANGEROUS INSECTS. they have become serious pests to agriculture. There are a number of four-legged blister mites of great importance and yet so small that they can only be seen with a very high power lens. BARKBEETLES (SUPERFAMILY SCOLYTOIDEA: FAMILIES IPID^, SCOLYTOPLATYPODID^, SCOLYTID^, AND PLATYPODID.*). All of the bark beetles, ambrosia battles and other members of this family are more or less injurious to tree growth, forest products, tree seeds, fruits, etc., and species known to be injurious must be carefully guarded against. These beetles are small, cylindrical with elbowed and clubbed antennae. The head is without or with very short beak and the submentum is without a gular peduncle. In Ipidse and Scolytidae (Hopkins's classification) the first joint of the tarsus is shorter than the others combined, while in Platypodidse the first joint is as long or longer than the others. They all bore in the plant tissue to deposit their eggs and their burrows or galleries are characteristic of groups, genera, and species. The food consists of plant tissue except in the ambrosia beetles where it consists of so-called ambrosia fungi. Genera Insectorum has issued a fascicle on Ipidae=Superfamily Scolytoidea of Hopkins,' with catalogue of species of the world. BEAN WEEVILS (MYLABEID^— BRUCHIDiE, LARIID^E). The seed weevils or bruchids breed almost entirely in the seeds of plants, especially of the bean and pea family. They are uniformly injurious and should he excluded. These beetles are usually small and either oval or elongate, with the head carried in a downward position and with the antennae often pectinate or plumose. The elytra do not completely cover the abdomen. A catalogue of the Mylabridae (Bruchidse) has been issued by Junk. CUTWORMS; ARMY WORMS (NOCTUID^). Several species of cutworms and army worms have already become world wide in their distribution through their strong flying ability and by commerce. As the larvse are very generally destructive and not at all exclusive in food habits, they need to be carefully guarded against. Larvse may be transported anywhere on the ships. Cirphis unipunda Haworth, the army worm; Spodoptera mauntia Boisduval, the grass army worm, and Agrotis ypsilon Rottenburg, the greasy cutworm, are practically cos- mopolitan. A discussion of most of the injurious species will be found in Sorauer's Handbuch der Pflanzenkrankheiten, 3d ed., 1913, vol. 3, pp. 348-374. WEEVILS. RHYNCHOPHORA— COLEOPTERA. The experience of the last few years m the quarantine of horticul- tural products has shown that one of the groups most likely to intro- duction is the group of weevils which comprise a large section of the order Coleoptera. Owing to the development of many species of weevils in the roots, stems, and fruit of almost every type of plant known, it is very easy to introduce them in immature stages in such a manner that they may take hold and attack the introduced plant. Owing to the necessity of determining practically all of the weevils introduced by a search through foreign literature a majority of the species so far introduced iTech. Sferies 17, part II, Bureau of Entomology, U. S. Dept. of Agric, 1915. U. S. Dept. of Agriculture, Manual of Dangerous Insects. Plate I. Dangerous Scale Insects. The mango scale {*Leucaspis indici), upper figures. The haekberry scale (*Lecaniodiaspis ceUidis), lower figures. (Original, Sasscer.) U. S. Dept. of Agriculture, Manual of Dangerous Insects. Plate II. Dangerous Scale Insects. Fig 1.— The bamboo scale (Chionaspis graminis). Fig. 2.— The fluted scale (*Icerya purchasi). Fig. 3.— The citrus scale {*Pseudococcus citri). Fig. 4.—* Coccus hesperidum, a scale of citrus, tea, and palms. (Original, Sasscer.) U. S. Dept. of Agriculture, Manual of Dangerous Insects. Plate III. Australian Scale Insects. Fig. 1. — The cordyline scale (Leucaspis cordylinidis). Figs. 2, 3.— A scale (Lepidosaphes pallens), of Xanthorrhoea. Fig. 4. — A scale {Chionaspis nitida) of Daviesia corymbosa. (Original Sasscer.) U. S. Dept. of Agriculture, Manual of Dangerous Insects. Plate IV, Dangerous Scale Insects. Fig. 1.— The Atriplex scale (PuU-inaria maskelli). Fig. 2.— A scale {*Orthezia insignis) of citrus, tea, etc. Fig. 3.— The plum and peach scale {Lecanium prunastri). (Original, Sasscer.) U. S. Dept. of Agriculture, Manual of Dangerous Insects. Plate V. "'"•ic^ sjnig^ .^ifc*.. 'If^ r;j»-. "i^^^x^vJ-J^ ^ *^- > l^*#l^» i^r^^-'-^ 'r-it'Kn^- "^- Dangerous Scale Insects. Fig. 1. — The cosmopolitan tea and olive scale {*FioTinia theae). Fig. 2. — The Mexican agave scale ( Chrysomphalus agavis). Fig. 3. — The date palm scale (Parlatoria blanchardi). (Original, Sasscer.) ACACIA INSECTS. 9 have not been determined or described. For this reason many im portant species are not included in the present edition. The larvae of weevils are white or yellowish with a aark head shield and are usually found in a more or less curved position. Most of them are rather robust and with a very few exceptions have no legs or rudiments thereof. The pupa can always be distinguished by the presence of the beak lying flattened between the legs. The adult weevils are distinguished by the prolongation of the head into a beak. This may be very short and broad or very long and slender. They are furthermore characterized by having the tarsi four-jointed. Inspectors are urged to take every possible precaution against the introduction of any species of weevils and where imma- ture or adult stages are found they should immediately place them in alcohol and send them to Washington for determination. DANGEROUS FOREIGN INSECTS LIKELY TO BE INTRO- DUCED IN THE UNITED STATES THROUGH IMPORTA- TIONS, ARRANGED BY HOST PLANTS. ACACIA; WATTLES. (Acacia spp. Family Leguminosse.) This genus contains several hundred species distributed throughout the world in semitropical and temperate climates. The gum arabic of commerce is derived from Acacia Senegal; a drug of commerce is obtained from the wood of A. catechu; a soap or hair wash from A. concinna; others furnish dyes, fiber, scented wood, or valuable timber. A number of species of this genus or very nearly related to it grow in our Southern States. IMPORTANT ACACIA PESTS. HEMIPTERA. Coccldse. Armored— Aspidiotus (Targionia) acacix Morgan; New South Wales, Tasmania; Acacia pycnantha. Aspidiotus tasmanix Green; Australia. Aspidiotus (Pseudaonidia) guadriareolata Malenotti; Africa; A. asak, Fiorinia acacise Maskell; Australia, New Zealand; A. pycnantha, A. pulchella, A. longifolia. Lepidosaphes acacix Maskell; Australia; A . linifolia. Lepidosaphes spinifera Maskell; Australia; A.pendula. Lepidosaphes somalensi^ JAsdenotti; East Africa; A. asak. Protodiaspis anomala Green; Australia. Pseudotargionia glandulosa'Newstea.A; Egypt; A.arabica. Unarmored — Akermes scrobiculatus Maskell; Australia. Akermes levis Maskell; Australia; A. longifolia. Asterolecanium ventruosum Maskell; Australia. Ceroplastes erithrxus Leonardi; Africa. Ceroplastes mimosx Signoret; Egypt; A. arabica. Cryptes baccatus Maskell; Australia; A . armata, A . calamifolia, A . linearis. A . longifolia. A . melanoxylon Epicoccus acacix Maskell; West Australia; A . pulchella. Kermes acacix Maskell; Australia. Lecaniodiaspis acacix Maskell; West Australia; attacks A. calamifolia, A. cyanophylla, A. micro- botrya, and A . longifolia. Lecaniodiaspis africana Newstead; Egypt; A. arabica. Lecaniodiaspis dilatata Froggatt; Australia; A . discolor. Psevdococcus acacix Maskell; Australia; A. linearis, Albizzia lophania. 10 A MANUAL OF DANGEROUS INSECTS. Coccidse— Continued. Unarmored— Continued. Pseudococcus albizzix MaskoU; Australia, Hawaii; A. dealbata, A. discolor, A. haileyana. Pseudococcus farnesianx Targioni-Tozzetti; Italy; A. farnesiana. This is the huisache of the United States and is here known as Vachellia farnesiana. Pseudococcus swezeyi 'EhrhOTn; Hawaii; A.koa. Pseudococcus nitidus Brain; South Africa; A . caffra. Pseudococcus quaesitus Brain; South Africa; A. caffra, A. robusta, A. horrida. Pseudococcus soUtarius Brain; South Africa. Pseudococcus ftlamentosus Cockerell; Jamaica, Mauritius, Hawaii, Japan; attacks A . arabica in Egypt, Rhizococcus lobatulatus; Australia; A. pendula. Saisscfiu mirifica Maskell; Australia; A. pendula, Sphseroeoccus acacix Maskell; Australia. Tachardia acaciss Maskell; Australia; A . greggii. COLEOPTERA. Buprestidae. Melobasis splendida Donovan; Australia; breeds in dead branches of Acacia longifoUa. ■ Scarabaeidse. Diphucephala aurulenta Kirby; Australia; attacks foliage of black wattle. Heterorhina hookeri White; India; attacks foliage of ^cacin catoftw. ' Melolontha Mppocastani Fabricius and M. melolontha Linnaeus; Europe; larvae attack roots ol seed lings. Polyphylla fullo Linnaeus; Europe; larvae attack roots of seedlings and adults attack foliage. Cerambycidae. Ccelosterna spinator Fabricius; India; bores in shoots of ^ . arabica. Lygesis mendica Pascoe; Australia; bores in twigs of black wattle. Pachydissus sericus Newman; Australia; breeds in trunks and branches of A . longifoUa, A . decurrens. Piesarihrius marginellus Hope; Australia; breeds in wood of A. longifoUa. Sternotomis bohemani Chevrolat; German East Africa. Symphyletes neglectus; Australia; girdles branches of A . longifoUa. Symphyletes nigrovirens; Australia; A.juniperina. Symphyletes vesUgialis; Australia. Uracanthus triangularis Hope; Australia; attacks branches of black wattle. Uracanthus strigosus, U. bivittata and U . simulans; Australia; attack A. longifoUa. Chrysomelidae. Elaphodestigrinv^; Australia; defoliator. Paropsis picea Oliver; Australia; attack foliage of black wattle. Curculionidae (sens. lat.). Chrysolophus spectabilis Fabricius; Australia; black wattle. Leptops tribulus Fabricius; Australia; black wattle. Ehinotia hxmoptera Kirby; Australia; breeds in stems ol Acacia suaveolens. Myllocerus acaciae; India. LEPIDOPTERA. Cossidae. Zeuzera eucalypti Boisduval, a goat moth; Australia; bores in the thicker branches and trunk of living tte^soi Acacia decurrens. Geometridae. Biston suppressarius Gn., a defoliator; India; attac'ks Acacia catechu, and A. modesta, as well as other trees. Euchloris submissaria Walker, Lophodes sinistraria Guer. and Selidosema lyciaria Gn. attacks the foliage of black wattle in Australia. Selidosema excursaria and Thalaina clara Walker attack the foliage of wattles in Australia. Hepialidae. Pileus hyalinatus breeds at the roots of wattles in Australia. Charagia lignivora Lewin; Australia. (See Apple.) Lyman triidae. Teia anartoides Walker, the wattle moth; Australia; skeletonizes foliage. (See Fruit.) Teara contraria Walker; Australia; defoliates. INSECTS OF ACACIA AND ALDER. 11 Xyloryctidae. Cryptophaga rubriginosa; Australia; bores in twigs. Tortricldae. Argyroploce illepida Bxihl.; Australia; India; Ceylon; Africa; attacks seed pods of .4 cada/arnesi'ana. HYMENOPTERA. Formlcldae (sens. lat.). Camponotus Ugniperdn Latreille; an ant; Europe; attacks living wood. LITERATURE. SoEAUER, P. Handbuch der Pflanzenkrankheiten, 3d ed., 1913, vol. 3. Feoggatt. Australian Insects. LiNDiNGER. L. Die Sehildlause (Coccidse). 1912. Fernald, Maria E. Mass. Agr. Exp. Sta. Bull. 88. 1903. ALDER. (Alnus spp. Family Betulacese.) Hardy ornamental trees and shrubs grown in Asia, Europe, North America, and South America. Alnus rubra is the most important timber tree. The genus is not attacked by many very serious pests, but any of the wood borers, especially, might become serious when transported to another country in nursery stock. Several pests have gained admission to the United States in some manner. These are indicated by an asterisk. A. AN ALDER PEST LIKELY TO BE IMPORTED. Coleophora fuscedlnella Zell. (Alder Bud Moth. Elachistidae; Lepidoptera.) Host: Alder. Injury: Attacks buds and foliage. Description and biology: Adult moth with wing expanse 10-13 mm., forewings dark brownish gray, in the male with a little yellowish; hind wings dark gray. Egg over- winters in buds. Larva chocolate brown, head and thoracic shield black; third and fourth pairs of prolegs rudimentary. Feeds in buds and on foliage. Pupates in case. Distribution: Germany. NussLiN, Otto. Leitfaden der Forstinsektenkunde, 2d ed., 1913. p. 433. B. OTHER IMPORTANT ALDER PESTS. ACARINA. Eriophyidae. Eriophyes laevis Nalepa, a blister gall mite; England; on leaves of Alnus glutinosa. ORTHOPTERA. Acridiidae. Podisma alpina Koll., a green grasshopper of the mountain sections of Europe, Amur, and Japan; very destnictive at times. HEMIPTERA. Psyllidae. Psylla alni Linnaeus, a sucking bug; Germany; breeds on the leaves. Coccidse. Phenacoccus aceris Signoret; Europe; attacks Alnus glutinosa, and A. incana. Pulvinaria betulae alni Douglas; England; attacks Alnus glutinosa. Lecahium caprese Linnaeus; England. Lecanium corni Bouch6; Eiu^ope; attacks Alnus incana. Lecanium coryli Linnaeus; Europe; attacks A. glutinosa and A. incana. Ckionaspis salicis Linnaeus; Europe, Egypt; attacks Alnus glutinosa, A. incana, and A. viridis. Hemichionaspis sp.; Japan. Aspidiotis ( Targionia) alni Marchal; France; attacks Alnus glutinosa. 12 A MANUAL OF DANGEROUS INSECTS. COLEOPTERA. Anobiidse. Xestobium rufovillosum De Geer, a brown wood-boring beetle; Europe; injures the wood for technica purposes. Ptilinus pectinicornis Linnaeus, a shining dark-brown wood-boring beetle; Europe; injures the wood for technical purposes. Buprestidae. :^Agrilus viridis Linnaeus, a greenish wood-boring beetle; Europe; bores in the wood of stems and branches. (See Oak.) Lampra rutilans Fabricius (Paecilonota) , a yellowish-red wood-boring beetle with greenish or bluish shimmer; Europe; bores in the bast and sapwood of branches. Scarabaelrtae. Anomala grandis Hope, a large bright-green beetle; India; adult strips leaves, larvfe at roots of A Inus nepalensis. Mclolontha hippocastani Fabricius, a large May beetle; Europe; gnaws roots. Melolontha mclolontha Linnseus, a large May beetle; Europe; gnaws roots. Cerambycidse. Oberea linearis Liimaeus, a long-horned wood-borer; Europe; attacks nursery stock especially. Chrysomelidae. Agelastica alni Linnaeus, a blue leaf beetle; Europe; larvae and adults skeletonize foliage. Haltica quercetorum Foudr., a metallic blue or green leaf beetle; Europe; larvae and adults skeletonize foliage. (See Oak.) Melasoma xnea Linnaeus, a leaf beetle; Europe; larvae and adults skeletonize leaves. Attelabidae. Apodcrus coryli Linnaeus, a long-necked weevil; Europe; adults roll leaves into nests for young. Rhynchitldae. Byctiscus betulx Linnaeus, a metallic blue or green leaf-rolling weevil; Europe. Rhynchites betulx Linnaeus, a brown or black leaf-rolling weevil; Europe. Curcullonidae. ^ Cryptorhynchus lapathi Linnaeus, a weevil; Europe, and introduced into the United States; bores in young shoots, branches, bark, and wood. It attacks also poplars and willows in the Eastern United States and is an important pest. Hylobius abietis Linnaeus, an elongate weevil; Europe; bores in bark of seedlings. Orchestes alni Linnaeus, a jumping weevil; Europe; mines the leaves. Orchcstes testaceus scutellaris Zetterstedt, a jumping weevil; Europe; mines the leaves. Scolytidae. Anisandrus dispar Fabricius, a small wood-boring beetle; Germany; breeds in galleries in wood. Dryoccetes alni Georg, a bark beetle; Germany; breeds in galleries in bark and sapwood. TrypophlcEus alni Lindemann,a bark beetle; Europe; breeds in galleries in bark and sapwood of Alnus incana. Xyloterus domesticus Linnaeus, an ambrosia beetle; Germany; breeds in galleries in wood and sapwood. LEPIDOPTERA. Tortricidse. Peronea ferrugana S. V., a greenish leaf-feeding larva; Europe, North America. Cossldse. Cossus cossus Linnaeus, a goat moth; Europe; bores in the wood. (See Willow.) :^Zeuzera pyrina Linnaeus, a white moth; Europe, Africa, North America; bores in the wood. This is an important pest. (See Horse chestnut.) Sesiidse. Sesia culiciformis Linnaeus, a clear-winged moth; Europe; bores in bark and stumps of branches. Sesia spheciformis Gerning, a clear -winged moth; Europe; bores in wood. Geometridre. Anisopteryx xscularia Schiffermiller, a greenish measuring- worm; Europe: feeds on foliage. Larenfia dilutata Borckh., a measuring-worm; Central Eiu"ope; feeds on foliage. Lymantriidae. Dasychira pudibunda Liimaeus, the red-tail moth. (See Forest defoliators.) i^Porthetria dispar Linnfeus, the gipsy moth. An important pest in New England. (See Forest defoliators.) Notodontidae. Phalcra bucephala Linnaeus, the moon-flecked moth. (See Forest defoliators.) INSECTS OF ALDER AND ALFALFA. 13 HYMENOPTERA. Cimbicidse. Cimbex variabilis Klg., a sawfly; Europe; breeds on the foliage. Trickiosoma lucorum Luin;eus, a sawfly; Europe; breeds on the foliage. Tenthredinldae. Nematus { Crasus) septenlrionalis Linnaeus, a sawfly; Europe; breeds on the foliage. Phyllotoma vagans Fallen, a sawfly; Eurqpe; breeds on foliage. Xiphydrldae. Xiphydrya camclus Linnieus, a wood wasp; Europe; breeds in the wood. LITERATURE. SORAUER, p.: Handbuch, der Pflanzenkrankheiten 3d ed., vol. 3, by Lindau and Reh, 1913. NtJssLiN, Otto.: Leitfaden der Forstinsektenkunde, 2d ed., 1913. Bargagli, p.: Rassegna Biologica Rtncofori Europe!, 1883-1887. LiNDiNGER, L.: Die Schildlause (Coccidfe), 1912. ALFALFA; LUCERNE. {Medicago sativa Linnaeus. Family Leguminosse.) Alfalfa is a staple forage plant in many parts of the world, being grown extensively in Europe, Asia, and South America, as well as in this country. Except in shipments of hay, the only danger of introducing pests is with the seed. Some very important European pests of alfalfa have in some manner already reached this country and are doing serious damage. Most insects attacking clover are potential alfalfa pests and it is therefore advisable to consult the list of clover pests when dealing with alfalfa. A. BETTER KNOWN ALFALFA PESTS LIKELY TO BE IMPORTED. Colaspideiua atrum Olivier. (Black Alfalfa Leaf Beetle. Chrysomelidse; Coleoptera.) Host: Alfalfa. Injury: Verj- serious. Description and biology: A small shining black beetle with brownish tint on sides. Larva about 6 mm. long, blackish. Oviposits on leaves and tender shoots. The larvae feed on the foliage and move from field to field in armies. Pupates in the soil. Distribution: Spain, Southern France. Clario-Soulan, I. v., and Comas, J. N.: Dos plagas que atacan a los Alcoriiocales y Alfalfares. Servicio Agron. Nacional Prov. Barcelona, 1911, pp. 9-11. Hypera murina Fabricius (Phytonomus). (Alfalfa Leaf Weevil. Curculionidae; Coleoptera.) Hosts: Alfalfa {Medicago sativa L. and M. s.falcata L.) Injury: Defoliates, very injurious. Description: Weevil dull brown, oval, about 4 mm., covered with fine gray and brown hairs. Oviposits in stems long rows of eggs. Larvae feed on the foliage. Pupates in silken cocoon on plant. Distribution: Europe. Bargagli, P. Rassegna Biologica Rincofori Europei, 1883-1887, pp. 94, 95. 14 A MANUAL OF DANGEROUS INSECTS. ^ Hypera lueles Fabrieius (Phytonomus). (Austrian Alfalfa Leaf Weevil. Curculionidse; Coleoptera). Fig. l.— Chrotogonus trachypterus. An Indian pest of alfalfa. (Maxwell-Lefroy.) Fig. 2. — Brachytrypes achatinus. An Indian pest of alfalfa. (Maxwell-Lefroy.) Hosts: Alfalfa, Grami- naceae. Injury: Defoliates. Biology: The larvse feed on the foliage and spin silken cocoons. Distribution: Europe, and has been recently collected in the United States. B. OTHER IMPORTANT ALFALFA PESTS. COLLEMBOLA. Sinynthiiridae. Smynthurus sp., a springtail, is very injurious to alfalfa Ln New South Wales, when abundant skeletonizing the fields in moist seasons. (A. Mollneux, Agric. Gaz. N. S. Wales, Nov., 1896, pp. 807-809. ) ORTHOPTERA. Acridiidse. Chrotogonus trachypterus Blan- chard, a destructive grasshop- per of India. (See text fig. 1.) Gryllidae. Brachytrypes achatinus Stoll., a brown cricket of India. (See text fig. 2.) LEPIDOPTERA. Noctuidae. Prodenia litura Fabricius, also known as the Egyptian cotton worm, attacks alfalfa in India. Plima nigrisigna Walker, attacks fruit In India. y^CMoridea obsoleta Hubner, the cotton bollworm; :^AgTOtis ypsilon Rott., the greasy cutworm; and ^Laphygma eiigua Hubner, serious pests already in the United States, attack alfalfa in India. Tortricidae. ToTtrix divulsana Walker, the lucerne moth of New South Wales; spins the heads together and feeds on them. COLEOPTERA. Cocclnellidae. Subcoccinella 24-pu7ictata Linnaeus; Europe; larvse and adults Injure the foliage. Cerambycidae. ^Clyttis floralis Pall.; Russia, imported to United States in roots; root borer. (See text fig. 3.) Curcullonldse. >^: Hypera punctata Fabricius, the clover-leaf weevil of Europe, now common in the United States; also at- tacks alfalfa. ^ Hypera postica Gyllenhal, the alfalfa wecAil of Europe, Introduced Into western United States, and very in- jurious. (See text fig. 4, a-f.) Apion meliloti Kirby, a tiny weevil; Europe; breeds in the pith of the stems Apion tenue Kirby, a tiny weevil; Europe; breeds in stems. Fig. 3.— Clytusfloralis. A Russian al falfa root borer. (Original, Walton.) INSECTS OF ALFALFA AND APPLE. 15 Itonididse. :)fAs'phondylia miki Wachtl; gall midge; Europe, Arizona; forms galls in seed pods. (See text fig. 5.) LITERATURE. Maxwell-Lefkoy, H. Mem. Dept. Agr. India, Entom. ser. vol. 1, No. 2, June, 1907, pp. 113-252. S0R.\UER, P. Handbuch dor Pflanzenkrankhelten, 3d ed. vol. 3, 1913. Bargagli, p. Rassegna Biologiea Kincofori Europe!, 1883-1887. Webster, F. M. U. S. Dept. Agric, Bur. Entomology, Bui. 112, 1912. Webster, F. M. U. S. Dept. Agric., Bur. Entomology, Cire. 147, 1912. DIPTERA. Fig. 4.— Alfalfa weevil ( Hypera postica): a, Adults clustering on sprig of alfalfa; 6, adult weevil; c, eggs; d, larva; e, cocoon; /, pupa, o. Natural size; 6, d, e, f, much enlarged; c, greatly enlarged. (Webster.) APPLE. {Malus malus, etc. Family Rosacese.) Fruit trees of America, Europe, and Asia, much cultivated in this country. A. BETTER KNOWN APPLE INSECTS LIKELY TO BE IMPORTED. Termes australis Hagen. (The Victorian White Ant. Termitidse; Isoptera.) nosts: Apples and other deciduous fruits, orange. Eucalyptus, vines, geraniums, timbers, furniture, books, etc. 16 A MANUAL OF DANGEROUS INSECTS. Injury: Makes galleries in above plants and is also injurious to timbers in houses, furniture, etc. Distribution: Australia. French, C. Handbook of Destruc- tive Insects of Victoria, 1893, pt. 2, pp. 136-144, plate 32. Psylla mali Schmidbc. (The Apple Psylla. Psyllidse; Hemiptera.) Hosts: Apple. Injury: Very injurious in Eng- land. Desmption and biology: Adult 2.5-3 mm. long; color variable from greenish to brownish yellow (some show dark markings, with even red or yellow); wing veins greenish or greenish yellow. Nymphs flat, at first yellow or dirty yellow, with brown markings and red eyes, later becoming green all over; body partly covered with white or pale-blue curly waxen threads, and there is a long thread with a waxy globule. Eggs creamy yellow, but before hatch- FiG. 5.— The alfalfa gall midge (Asphondylia miki): Adult ing are faintly dusty red in color. female, with autenna of male above, at left. Greatly en- ^J^g -winter is passed in the e'^g larged. (Original, Walton.) ^^^^^^ ^^^ ^^^^ ^^.^^ p^^^^^ ^^ the spurs, around leaf scars, in cracks, among fine hairs, on the new wood, and else- where. The nymphs hatch in spring as the buds begin to open and [attack the blossom and leaf buds, often destroying the blossoms and greatly stunting the shoots. (See text fig. 6.) a bed Fig. 6.— Apple psylla {Psylla mali): a, Adult; 6, injured twig; c, nymph; d, eggs on shoot. (TheobalOj Distribution: Europe, Central Russia. Theobald, F. V. Insect Pests of Fruit, 1909, p. 153. U S Dept. of Agncultuce, Manual of Dangerous Insects. Plate VI. The Harlequin Fruit Bug The harlequin fruit Inig (Dindijmus verHicolor): Adults, nymphs, and injury to apple. (French.) U. S. Dept. of Agriculture, Manual of, Dangerous Insects. Plate VII. Apple Moths. Fig. 1.— The apple pith moth (Blastodacna hellerella) and injury to twig and adult. Fig. 2.— The "flgure-of-8 moth" (Diloba caruleocephala.) Dorsal and lateral views of adult, and eggs (Theobald). Fig. 3.— The apple moth {Argyresthia conjugella). Adult, and injury to apple. (Berettning.) U. S. Dept. of Agriculture, Manual of Dangerous Insects. Plate VIII, The Green Hanging Moth of the Apple. The green hanging moth of the apple ( Charagia Ugnivora): Adults, pupa, and larva in twig showing sawdust swelling. (French.) APPLE INSECTS. 17 Dindymus versicolor 11. -S. (Harlequin Fruit Bug. Pyrrhocoridae; Ilemipteri.) Hosts: Apple. Injury: Disfigures apples by puncturing the skin in feeding. Description and biology: Adult about 12 mm. long, orange red, black, and yellow in color. Nymphs of both sexes, when about half grown, are more highly colored than when mature. Eggs are deposited in late summer among rubbish, crevices of old posts, etc., or even in stubble. The newly hatched nymphs on hot days occur in 8,. arms on many kinds of plants, on fences, and among rubbish. (See plate vi.) Distribution: Australia. French, 0. Handbook of Destructive Insects of Victoria, 1891, pt. 1, p. 89. Rhizopertha collaris Erichson. (Apple-tree Borer. Bostrychidse; Coleoptera.) Hosts: Apple. Injury: Regarded as serious pest. Description and biology: Adult length 4 to 6 mm. Adults bore into wood. Larva bores horizontal burrows into wood of trees; remains in tree after it is dead. Eggs are deposited in the holes bored in trees. Distribution: Australia, Tasmania, French, C. Handbook of Destructive Insects of Victoria, 1891, pt. 1, p. 61. Phylloblus inacullcornls Germar. (Green Leaf Weevil. Brachyrhinidse; Coleoptera.) Hosts: Apple, pear, cherry, plum, nuts, oak, hawthorn, sloe, maple. Injury: Injury frequent. Attack young buds and leaves. Description and biology: Adult length 12 mm.; brown; clothed with green or greenish scales; slightly hairy; antennae reddish, with black, clublike apices; legs black and brown. Occurs throughout May and June. Pupates in spring. Larva white, footless, curved, slightly hairy, with bro-^n hairy head. Feeds on roots of various plants. Winters as larva. Eggs deposited in ground. Distribution: Europe. Theobald, F. V. Insect Pests of Fruit, 1909, p. 119. Laptops hopei Sehonherr. (Apple-root Borer. Curculionidse; Coleoptera.) Hosts: Apple, pear, cherry. Injury: Very serious injury. Attacks roots. Description a7id biology: Adult length 25 mm.; Ught grayish brown. Occurs just before buds begin to swell. Disappears in December (Victoria). Pupates in ground. Larva length 25 mm.; whitish; tunnels roots of trees. Eggs deposited on upper sides of leaves, which have their edges glued together, hiding the eggs. Deposited in masses of 40 to 50. (See text fig. 7b.) Distribution: Victoria. French, C. Handbook of Destructive Insects of Victoria, 1891, pt. 1, p. 71. Magdalis barbicornls Latreille. (Apple-stem Piercer. Curculionidae; Coleoptera.) Hosts: Apple, quince, and medlar trees. Injury: To twigs. Description and biology: Adult length 2-2.5 mm.; black; neck-shield without knobs on sides; very thickly punctate, elytra strigose-punctate, the space between punctations ridged. Occurs in June. Pupates in gallery in twig under bark. Larva burrows in twig, by preference in bark, to the sapwood which is only slightly attacked; the bark becomes reddish-brown and sinks away. 55266—17 2 18 A MANUAL OF DANGEROUS INSECTS. Distribution: Europe. Henschel, G. a. O. Die Schadlichen Forst- und Obstbaum-Insekten, 1895, p. 94. a b Fig. 7.— Work of apple weevils: a, Apple buds injured by Anthonomus pomorum ( Henschel) ;^6, appl« root tunneled by Leptops hopei (French). Anthonomus pomorum Linnaeus. (Apple-blossom Weevil. Curculionidae; Coleoptera.) Host: Apple, pear. Injury: Often very destructive to apple. Larva injurious to buds and blossoms; adult feeds on leaves. Description and biology: Adult length 3 to 4 mm.; pitch black or fuscous black, with ashy pubescence; most easily recognized by pale V-shaped mark on elytra. Appear in late spring and live until next spring, when they copulate and oviposit. Hibernate in rubbish. Pupa yellowish brown. Pupates in withered flower bud. Pupation lasts 7 to 10 days. Larva length 4-5 mm.; white, footless, head brown; feeds in flower bud. Larval stage 8 days to 3 weeks. Eggs de- posited in blossom buds. A single female deposits 50 or 60 during a period of 2 weeks. (See text figs. 7a, 8.) Distribution: Em-ope. Theobald, F. V. Insect Pests of Fruit, 1909, p. 104. Fig. 8.— Apple bud weevil {Anthonomus pomorum). (Theobald.) APPLE INSECTS. 19 Cossus tristls Drury. (Apple and Quince Borer. Cossidse; Lepidoptera.) Hosts: Apple, quince, pear. Injury: Bores in sap wood. Description and biology: Adult occurs from September to November (South Africa). Broods may overlap. Pupa may be found in July and September. Larva length 50 mm.; wholly flesh-colored or mottled with red. Young larvae feed first beneath the bark, older larva; burrow in middle wood. Eggs de- posited on bark, singly or in groups; especially in the fork of branches. Distribution: South Africa. LouNSBURY, C. P. Kept. Gov. Entomologist for 1898. '^^^ „' w.v^3^^ii^ Cape of Good Hope, Cape Town. 1899. Blastodacna putripennella Zeller. (Apple Pith Moth. Elachistidae; Lepidoptera.) Host: Apple. Injury: Not seriously destructive. Description and biology: Adult forewing brownish gray with golden and whitish spots and stripes, head gray; eyes white; antennae, gray ringed with white. Occurs in July and August (Germany). Pupates about end of June between dry leaves on dead twigs. Larva yellowish, with broad reddish segmental divisions; head, neck, anal shield, and feet dark brown; prolegs and a side stripe above the feet yellow. Hatches in autumn and feeds on leaves; on approach of winter bores into buds of 1-year- old twigs; in spring bores into pith of twig. EggsdJd placed on leaves. (See text fig. 9.) SoRAUER, P. Handbuch der Pfianzenkrankheiten, 3d ed., 1913, vol. 3, p. 255, figs. 186, 187. ' Blastodacna vinolentella H.-S. (Pith Moth. Elachistidse; Lepidoptera.) Host: Apple. Injury: Considerable injury. Larva burrows into buds, shoots, and spurs. Fig. 9.-Apple pith moth (.Blastodac- Description and biology: Adult wing expanse a little "^ pnripenndla): Adult and in- , ^ _. ,,.,,, jured twig. (Sorauer.) less than 12 mm. Forewmgs may be almost black or may be marked with dark brown and rusty brown; inner margin white to beyond middle, where an irregular faint white oblique bar proceeds to tip of wing; two branches from which intersect black apical portion; hind wings gray and fringed; head black. Occurs in July and August. Pupa ochraceous; head, front of thorax, and tip of body, mahogany red; cylindrical in form; length 6 mm. Larva length 8 mm. Dull reddish brown with deep brown head and first thoracic segment. Larvae hatch in late summer, feed on leaves, bore into bud, pass the winter there, and mature in June. Eggs are unknown. Distribution: England, Europe. Theobald, F. V. Insect Pests of Fruit, 1909, p. 92. 20 A MANUAL OP DANGEROUS INSECTS. Blastodacna hellerella Dup. (Pth Moth. Elachistidae; Lepidoptera.) This moth is similar to B. vinolentella in habits and description, except that head of adult is white. (See plate vii, fig. 1.) Theobald, F. V. Insect Pests of Fruit, 1909, p. 92. Chloroclystls rectangulata Linnaeus. (Green Pug Moth. Geometridae; Lepidoptera.) Host: Apple. Injury: Feeds on blossoms and young leaves. Not serious. Description and biology: Adult wing expanse 18 mm.; forewings deep green with dark brown and gray bands; hind wings with similar greenish tinge. Flies in May, June, and July. Pupa thorax and wing cases yellow; caudal end deep red, tinged with olive. Larva pale yellowish green, with rusty red line down back; division between segments reddish; a line at sides yellowish green. Larvae appear in early spring. Pupate in earthen cocoon on ground. Eggs deposited on trees in early sum- mer, whore they remain over winter. Distribution: Europe, England. Theobald, F. V. Insect Pests of Fruit, 1909, p. 68. Charagia llgnivora Lewin. (Green Hanging Moth of the Apple. Hepialidae; Lepidoptera.) Hosts: Apple, acacia, aster, eucalyptus, etc. Injury: Injuries confined largely to native trees; sometimes destructive to apple. Bores in wood. Description and biology: Adult male forewings pea-green, with silvery white mark- ings; hind winds pale green; female forewings darker green than those of male, with purplish bands; hind wings orange pink. Larva pale pink, yellow or purplish yellow, head dark-brown. A "swelling" sawdust covering covers burrow of larva. Eggs deposited on bark of tree. (See plate viii.) Distribution: Victoria. French, C. Handbook of Destructive Insects of Victoria, 1909, pt. 4, p. 77. ^ Argyresthla conjugella Zeller. (Apple Moth. Hyponomeutidse; Lepidoptera.) Hosts: Apple, cherry, plum, whortleberry, mountain ash, service berry. Injury: Serious to fruit. Description and biology: Moth with front wings violet gray, sprinkled with lighter, with yellowish white stripe on the inner margin, and a whitish spot near apex. Larva with black head, body at first whitish, later fleshy red with many dark brown setiger- ous spots; 7 mm. long. Breeds in fruits. Pupates outside of the fruit in cocoons. (See plate VII, fig. 3.) Distribution: Europe, British Columbia, Japan. SoRAUER, P. Handbuch der Pflanzenkrankheiten, 3d ed., 1913, vol. 3, pp. 269-270, figs. 196-197. Theobald, F. V. Insect Pests of Fruit, 1909, p. 193. Report No. 6, Hokaido Agric. Exp. Sta., Sapporo, Japan, March, 1916. Plates 1, 3. APPLE INSECTS. 21 >(cHypo.ionieuta nialinellus Zellor. H. padelliis I-innsBiis. (Apple and Cherry Ermine Moths. Hyponomeutidse; Lepidoptera.) These two ermine moths, which are destructive fruit-tree pests, have recently been introduced into the United States, the one well treated in Technical Bulletin[24, of the Geneva, N. Y., Agricultural Experiment Station (1012), to which the reader is referred. (See text fig. 10.) Diloba caeruleocephala l.iniiffins. (Flgure-of-8 Moth. Blue-head. Noctuidae; Lepidoptera.) Hosts: Apple, plum, cherry. Injur If. • Seldom serious; defoliation. Descriplion and biology: Adult wing expanse of male less than 25 mm. , female 30 mm. ; forewing grajnsh brown and brown, with a pale spot shaped like a figure 8 on each wing; hind wing grayish brown with darker ray-like lines and a dark wedge-shaped patch at the hinder angle. Occurs in September and October (England). Larva over 25 mm. long; head blue with two small black dots; body color varied, yellowish green or bluish gray, with broken yellow line along- side below spiracles; small black spots on segments. Larvae appear when leaves expand and are ready to spin up in June ; pupate in crev- vices in bark and on limbs of trees. Eggs usually laid singly on shoots and spurs of fruit trees; they are round, flattened below, gray or grayish brown in color. (See plate VII, fig. 2.) Distribution: England, Europe, and Asia Minor. Theobald, F. V. Insect Pests of Fruit, 1909, p. 35. Sesia myopBeformls Bosk. (The Apple Clearwing. Sesiidte; Lepidoptera.) Hosts: Apple, apricot. Injitry: Larv* work under bark. Description and biology: Adult wing expanse 22 to 25 mm. ; head, thorax, and abdomen black; male abdomen has red band above and white beneath; female has only a white edge under- neath, with tail-like fan of black scales; wings transparent with dark scaled areas. Day-flying moths; occur in May, June, and July. (England). Pupa pale brown, protected by silken cases covered with chips. Larva length 15 mm.; dull yellowish white, head reddish brown; second thoracic segment with brown dorsal shield. Eggs laid on tree trunk. (See text fig. 12.) Distribution: Europe. Theobald, F. V. Insect Pests of Fruit, 1909, p. 17. Fig. 10. — Apple ermine moth (Hypnnomcuta malinellus) Eggs, larva, pupa, adult, and nest. (Henschel.) 22 A MANUAL OF DANGEROUS INSECTS. Tortrix ashworthana Newman. (Light Brown Apple Moth. Tortricidfo; Lepidoptera.) Host: Apple. (A. Busck states that this species feeds on Acacia only.) Injury: Very serious; attacks fruit in manner similar to codling moth. Description and biology: Adult female wing expanse, 18 mm.; forewings light brown, slightly barred. Larva light green in color, seldom penetrates apple as far as seeds. Eggs deposited in calyx. Distribution: Australia. French, C. Handbook of Destructive Insects of Victoria, 1891, pt. I, p. 66. IFiG. II. — The apple sawfly (Hoplocampa testudinea). (Theobald.) Adult and injured apples. APPLE INSECTS. 23 Hoplocampa testudlnea Klug. (Apple Sawfly. Tenthredinidse; Hymenoptera.') Host: Apple. Injury: Local. Damages fruit. Description and biology: Adult, female, length 6-8 mm.; reddish yellow, with a black patch on the head, another on thorax and on dorsum of abdomen; head and mesothorax punctured; antennae dusky in middle: male, slightly smaller. First brood occurs about apple-blossom time; second brood occurs in July. Pupate in soil. Larva, length 12 mm., creamy white; grub-like with brown head and a double, black chitinous plate on dorsum of anal segment; eats out cavities in interior of fruit. Many larvae migrate from one apple to another. Larval period in first brood 4 or 5 weeks. Winters as larva in second brood. Eggs are deposited in blossom. This stage varies from 8 to 14 days. (See text fig. 11.) Distribution: Europe. Theobald, F. V. Insect Pests of Fruit, 1909, p. 122. B. IMPORTANT APPLE INSECTS. Coccldae: HEMIPTERA. Armored— Aspidiotus (Diaspidiotus) africanm Marlatt; South Africa. Diaspis pyri Colvde; Spain, Belgium, Denmark, France, Italy, Croatia, Austria, Switzerland, Tyrol. •JfiEpidiaspis piricola Del Guercio, France, Russia, Italy. (See Pear.) ^Leucaspis japonica CockereU; Japan. Parlatoria affinis Newstead; Algeria, Egypt. Parlatoria calianthina Berlese and Leonard!; Italy, Spain, Victoria, and New South Wales. ■^Parlatoria pyri Marlatt; China; scale of female 1-1.25 mm. in length, oval; larval exuvia, purplish green, second exuvium dark olive, almost black. Apparently a dangerous pest. Unarmored— Coccus hoferi King; Switzerland. 5^; Lecanium hituberculatum T a r g i o n i- Tozzetti; England, France, Swe- den, Italy, Germany. Lecanium caprex Linnaeus; Europe, Nova Scotia. Lecanium glandi Kuwana; Japan. ii^ Lecanium persicse Fabricius; Europe, Australia, Canada. Lecanium pyri Schrank; Europe, Prince Edwards Island. Lecanium rugosum Signoret; France, Germany. Lecanium variegatumGoethQ; Europe. Lecanium vini Bouche; Europe. Pseudococcus glaucus Maskell; New Zealand. Fig. 12.— The apple clearwing (Sesia myopxformis). Moth, cocoon, larva, and borings. (Reichelt.) Tlngltidae. Stephanitis pyri Fabricius; Europe. (See'Pear.) COLEOPTERA. Cerambycidse. Cerambyx scopolii Fuessly; Europe; borer. Saperda scalaris Liimaeus; Europe; borer. Liopus nebulosus Linnseus; Europe; borer. Curculionidae. ^fagdalis cerasi Linnaeus and M. pruni Linnaeus; Europe; breed under bark. Anthonomus ineurvus Panzer, A. pedicularius Linnseus, and A. pyri Boheman; bud weevils; Europe. 24 A MANUAL OF DANGEROUS INSECTS. Anthribidse. Doticus pestilans Ollff; Victoria; a pest of dried apples. Scolytidse. Scolytus pruni Ratzeburg; Europe. (See Plum.) Scolytus mali Bechst.; Europe; galleries in bark. LEPIDOPTERA. Pyralidae. Dichocrocis punctJferalis Gnen4e; Queensland. (See Corn.) Lymantrlldae. Teia anartoides Walker; Australia. (See Fruit.) Lasiocampidse. Gastropacha quercifolia Linnaeus; Europe. (See Fruit.) Odonestis australasix Fabricius; Australia; defoliator. Geoiuetridae. Hibernia dcfoliana CXexck; Europe. (See Forests.) Anisopteryz xscularia ^c^d^^TvaxWer; Europe. (See Forests.) Cheimatobia brumata Linnaeus. Elachistidae. Coleophora ariutipenncUa Tluhner; 'Europe. (See Plum.) HYMENOPTERA. Tenthredinidse. Hoplocampa fulvicornis Klug, sawfly; Europe; mines in fruit. DIPTERA. Trypetidae. CeratUis capitata Wiedemann. (See Fruit.) BactToccra tryoni Froggatt; Orient. (See Fruit.) Bactrocera cucurbitx. APRICOT. (Prunus armeniaca, etc.) Fruit trees of the Orient, now widely cultivated. A. AN APBICOT PEST UKELY TO BE IMPORTED. Capua ant^ustiorana Haworth. (Small Apricot and Vine Moth. Tortricidae; Lepidoptera.) Hosts: Apricot, vine, pear and a great variety of other trees. Attacks foliage and fruit clusters. Injury: Does much harm to foliage of wall fruit. Description and Biology: Adult wing expanse 12-18 mm.; female forewing reddish- ochreous, with a reddish brown basal patch forming an oblique streak and a reddish central spot; a costal spot is pale yellow; male wing grayish-ochreous with brown and black markings. Occurs from June until August. Pupation takes place among leaves. Larva length more than 12 mm. ; color yellowish, or grayish green with pale spots from which arise hairs; occurs in greatest numbers in April and May; rolls leaf. Eggs deposited on twigs, hatching in spring. Distribution: Europe, Asia Minor, Africa. Theobald, F. V. Insect Pests of Fruits, 1909, p. 181. B. IMPORTANT APRICOT INSECTS. HEMIPTERA. Coccldae: Armored — Aspidiotus (Diaspidiotus) africanus Marlatt; South Africa. ^Epidiaspis piricola Del Guercio; Germany, Italy, France, established in California. Parlatoria calianthina Berlese and Leonardi; Italy. Unarmored — Lecanium coryli LLrmaeus; Europe. Lecanium kunoensis Kuwana; China. ^Lecanium prunastri Fonscolombe; Europe, Japan. Lecanium vini Bouch^; Europ e. INSECTS OF APRICOT, ARAUCAEIA, AEBORVITiE, ASH. 25 COLEOPTERA. Cerambycldae. Liopus nebulosus Linnseus; Europe; borer. Uracanthus acutus Blackburn; Australia. (See Peach.) Scolytidae. Scolytus amygdali Gu6rin; Europe. (See Almond.) LEPIDOPTERA. Sesiidae. Sesia myopaeformis Bosk.; Europe. (See Apple.) COLEOPTERA. Geometridse. Lophodes sinistraria Gu^rin; Australia; defoliator. DIPTERA. Trypetldae. Ceratitis capitata Wiedemann, attacks Prunus armeniaca. (See Fruit.) Bactrocera tryoni Froggatt; Orient. (See Fruit.) BactTOcera cucurbitx. ARAUCARIA. (Family Coniferse.) Small evergreen plants much used in horticulture. IMPORTANT ABAUCARIA INSECTS. HEMIPTERA. Coccidae: Unarmored — Ctenochiton araucarise Green; Australia. Eriococcus araucarix Maskell; Europe, Canary Islands, Brazil; Araucaria excelsa, A. bidwiliii. Eriococcus angulatus FTOgga,tt\ Australia; Araucaria eicclsa. Pseudococcus aurilanatus Maskell; New Zealand, Australia, Auckland, Natal, Hawaiian Islands; A raucaria excelsa. ARBORVIT^. (Thuya STpTp. Family Juniperaceae.) Ornamental evergreen trees of North America, East and Central Asia. The wood is light and soft, brittle, and rather coarse grained, durable in the soil; much used for construction, cabinet making, and in cooperage. T. occidentalis contains a volatile oil used in medicine. INSECTS INJURIOUS TO ARBORVIT^. HEMIPTERA. Coccidae: Armored — ;||K Caulophilus latinasus Say; Florida, probably imported; bores in seed. DIPTERA. Trypetidae. Ceratitis capitata Wiedemann; attacks Persea persea. (See Fruit.) BAMBOO INSECTS. 31 BAMBOO. {Bamhusa spp.; Dendrocalamus strictus, etc.; Arundinaria spp.; Cephalostachyum pergradle; Melocanna bambusioides; Phyllostachys spp. Family Bambusese.) Treelike grasses much used in cultivation. A. BETTER KNOWN BAMBOO INSECTS LIKELY TO BE IMPORTED. Dlnoderus minutus Fabr. (Smaller Bamboo Shot-hole Borer. Bostrychidse; Coleoptera.) Hosts: Bamboo (Dendrocalamus strictus and Bambusa). Injury: Commonly found attacking bamboos and is also found in cut sugar cane. Description and biology: Beetle brown, shining, 2.5 mm. long, with black head and thorax, the bases of elytra lighter colored, occasionally almost reddish. Larva pale Fig. 18.— Smaller bamboo shot-hole borer (Dinoderus minutus): a, Larva; 6, pupa; c, adults. (Stebbing.) canary yellow, opaque, curved; head small orange brown with black mandi'l three-jointed. Length 3 mm. Bores in the lamboos. (See text figs. 18, 19.) Distribution: India. Stebbing, E. P. Indian Forest Insects, Coleoptera, 1914, pp. 133-143,[pl. 9. Dlnoderus pillfrons Lesue. (Bamboo Shot-hole Borer. Bostrychidae; Coleoptera.) Hosts: Bamboo (Dendrocalamus strictus), various kinds of wood. Injury: Bores in bamboos. 32 A MANUAL OF DANGEROUS INSECTS. Description and biology: Adult reddish brown, 3.3 mm. long, appendages and lateral edges of abdomen lighter colored. Larva yellowish white, mouth parts brownish, mandibles black; length 3.2 mm. Pupa with yellow abdomen, wings white, head and prothorax dirty white. Distribution: India. Stebbing, E. p. Indian Forest Insects, Coleoptera, 1914, pp. 130-133, fig. 89, pi. 131. Eucosoma paragramma Meyrick. (Bamboo Borer. Tortricidae; Lepidoptera.) Host: Bamboo. Biology: Caterpillar bores in the stem of green 1 amboo, pupates in tunnel. Distribution: India. Maxwell-Lefroy, H. Indian Insect Life, 1909, p. 530. Ceratitis striata Froggatt. Vh (Bamboo Fruit Fly. Trypetidse; Diptera.) Host: Bamboo shoots. Injury: Larvse feed in decayed shoots of bamboo. Description: Adult length 5-6 mm., color pale yellow to grayish with upper surface of thorax variegated with black. (See plate xxvi, fig. a.) Distribution: Ceylon. Froggatt, W. W. Dept. Agric, New South Wales, Farmers' Bull. 24, 1909, p. 51. Fig. Vi.—Dinoderus mi- nutus. Injury to bam- boostalks. (Stebbing.) B. IMPORTANT BAMBOO INSECTS. HEMIPTERA. Coccldae: Armored — Aspidiotus (Odonaspis) bambusarum Cockerell; Japan. Aspidiotus (Odonaspis) canaliculata Green; Ceylon. Aspidiotus (Odonaspis) inusitata Green; Japan, Ceylon; Arundinaria, Phyl- lostachys bambusoides. ^.Aspidiotus (Odonaspis) secreta Cockerell; Hawaii, Japan; Bambusa and Arundinaria. Has been taken in quarantine at San Francisco. Aspidiotus (Odonaspis) secreta saccharicaulis Zehntner; Java. Aulacaspis javanensis Newstead; East Java. Chionaspis arundinarise Green; Ceylon; Arundinaria. Chionaspis bambusx Cockerell; Japan. Chionaspis colemani Kuwana; Japan; Phyllostachys bambusoides. Chionaspis elongata Green; Ceylon. Chionaspis graminis Green; Ceylon, Japan. (See PI. II, fig. 1.) Chionaspis hikosani Kuwana; Japan; Phyllostachys bambusoides. Chionaspis simplex Green; Ceylon. Fiorinia bambusx Maskell; Hongkong, China; Bambusa fortunei. Fiorinia diaspiformis Newstead; Java. Fiorinia signata Maskell; Japan; Bambusa tessellata. Fiorinia tenuis Maskell; Japan; Bambusa. Hemichionaspis scrobicularum Green; Ceylon. Lepidosaphes bambusicola Cockerell; Brazil. Leucaspis bambusx Kuwana; Japan; Phyllostachys. ^Leucaspis japonica Cockerell; Japan. Pinnaspis bambusx Cockerell; Jamaica. U. S. Dept. of Agriculture, Manual of Dangerous Insects. Plate IX. The Bamboo Borer. The bamboo horer (^Cyrtotrachelus longipes): Adults, eggs, larva, cocoon, injury.; (Stebbing.) INSECTS OF BAMBOO AND BANANA. 33 Coccidae— Continued. Unarmored — Aclerda distorta Green: Ceylon. Aclerda japonica Cockevell; England (in greenhouses); Arundinaria japonica. Aclerda tokionis Cockerell: Japan; Bambusa. Antonina socialis Newstead; England (in greenhouses); Arundinaria japonica. :^Antonina crawii Cockerell: Japan; California; New Jersey. ^Aslerolecanium bambusx Boisduval; Guatemala; Florida; Bainbusa viridis, Bambusa viridi-striata. Asterolecanium coronatum Green: Ceylon; Dendrocalamus giganteus. Asterolecanium solenophoroides Green; Ceylon. Asterolecanium exiguum Green; Ceylon, Hawaiian Islands. Asterolecanium flavociliatum Gveen; Ceylon; Arundinaria. Asterolecanium lanceolatum Green; Ceylon; Arundinaria. Asterolecanium miliaris Boisduval; Ceylon, Cuba, Algeria, Maui'itius, Brazil, Jamaica, Trinidad; Bambusa vulgaris, B. distorta, B. oliveriana. Asterolecanium pudibundum Green; Ceylon. Asterolecanium rubrocomatum Green; Ceylon. Asterolecanium tenuissimum Green; Ceylon. Asterolecanium tumidum Green: Ceylon. Asterolecanium udagamx Green; Ceylon. Asterolecanium bambusicola Kuwana; Japan. Asterolecanium hemisphaericum Kuwana; Japan. Asterolecanium masuii Kuwana; Japan. Ceroplastes theobromx Newstead: Cameroon. >(c Chxtococcus bambusss Maskell: Hawaii, Ceylon, India, Mauritius, Brazil; Bambusa tulda. Coccus arundinarix Green: Ceylon; Arundinaria. Eriococcus graminis Maskell: China, Japan. Eriococcus onukii Kuwana; China, Japan; Arundinaria hindsii var. graminx. Pentatomidae. Ocrophara montana, a sucking I)ug; India; feeds in all stages on the seeds of bamboo (Dendrocalamus stricius). COLEOPTERA. Bostrychidae. Bostrychopsis parallela; India; bores in wood of Dendrocalamus strictus. :^Dinoderus brevis Horn, India: United States; very important borers in the stalks of Dendrocalamus strictus. Heterobostrychus unicornis Waterhouse; Sinoxylon anale Lesne; bores in bamboos of Dendrocalamus strictus. Dinoderus distinctus Lesne: India; bores bamboos. (See Mango.) Lyctidse. Lyctus spinifrons Lesne; India; bores in bamboos of Dendrocalamus strictus. (/Ucujidse. Psammcecus trimaculatus Motschulsky; India; bores in wood of Dendrocalamus strictus. Tenebrlonldae. *Tribolium confusum Duval, and T. castaneum Herbst; India; bore In wood of Dendrocalamus strictus, Chrysomelidae. Estigmena chinensis Hope: India: bores in youngstems of Dendrocalamus strictus and Cephalostachyum . pergracile. Cerambycidae. Stromatium barbatum Fabricius; India; horosm Dendrocalamus strictus. Curculionidae. Cyrtotrachelus dux Boheman; India; bores in tops and shoots of Dendrocalamus hamiltoni. Cyrtotrachelus longipes Fabricius; India; bores in Melocanna bambusioides. (See plate ix.) Cossonldae. Conarthrus afflnis WoUaston: India; bores in bamboos of Dendrocalamus strictus. LITERATURE. Stebbing, E. p. a Manual of Forest Zoology for India, 1908. Stebbing, E. p. Indian Forest Insects, 1914. BANANA; PLANTAIN. (Musaspp. (especially pararfmaca). Family Musacese.) Bananas and plantain have become a very important article of commerce, being mainly imported from the West Indies and Central America. Since the plant can 55266—17 3 34 A MANUAL OF DANGEROUS INSECTS. only be propagated from suckers or sprouts there is danger of introducing pests into the country in this manner. The banana is grown very extensively in the Southern States as a hedge plant. The compact nature of the fruit bunches makes it possible for many insects of considerable size to find entrance into the country in the bunches as well as in the fruit itself. A. BETTER KNOWN BANANA PESTS LIKELY TO BE IMPORTED. Cosmopolites sordidus Germar (Sphenophorus.) (Banana Root Borer. Calandridae; Coleoptera.) Hosts: Banana (all varieties), sugar cane. Injury: Serious pest to young banana plants in Fiji. Description and biology: Adult 14 mm. in length, 4 mm. in lireadth, color dark l)rown to black, head with prominent rostrum, antennae elbowed. Pupa soft and white when newly formed. Pupal stage lasts from 6 to 8 days in the bulb. Larva 20 mm. in length, 8 mm. in lireadth, cream colored, footless, and requires about 20 days to reach pupal stage. Eggs presumably deposited singly on base of stem near the crown. The larvse, upon hatching, work their way inward and down toward the Ijulb. Distribution: Fiji, British New Guinea. [In eastern hemisphere South Pacific Ocean to Indian Archipelago.] Jamaica, India, Brazil. Jepson, Fkank p. Dept. Agric. Fiji, Rept. Econ. Entom., Council Paper No. 25, 1911, p. 48, fig. Dacus curvipennis Froggatt. (Banana Fruit Fly. Trypetidae; Diptera.) Ilost: Banana, Injury: Breeds in fruit. Description: Adult about 6 mm. long; head yellow; thorax with elongate bar of silvery white; legs yellow; tarsi and hind femora darker; abdomen elongate with base and two narrow transverse black l^ands below, sheath and ovipositor elongate. (See plate xxviii, figs, b, d.) Distribution: Fiji. Froggatt, W. W. Dept. Agric, New South Wales, Farmers' Bui. 24, 1909, p. 28. B. OTHER IMPORTANT BANANA INSECTS. HEMIPTERA. Aleyrodidae. Aleurodicus cocois Curtis; West Indies, Mexico, Central and South America. (See Cocoanut.) Coccidse. Pseudococcus grassi Leonardi; Italy. COLEOPTERA. Calandridse. Rhabdocnemis obscurus Boisduval. (See Sugar cane.) LEPIDOPTERA. Pyralidae. DichocTocis punctiferalis Gu6n6e; Queensland. (See Com.) Castnildse. Castnia licus Drury; South America. (See Sugar cane.) Tineidse. Ereunetis flavislriata Walsingham; Hawaii. (See Sugar cane.) DIPTERA. Trypetidre. Ceratitis capitata Wiedemann. (See Fruit.) Rioxa musae Froggatt; Australia. (See Fruit.) BcKlTocera tryoni Froggatt; Orient. (See Fruit.) INSECTS OF BARLEY, BAY, AND BEAN. 35 BARLEY. (Hordeum vulgare. Family Graminese.) Barley is a grain with many varieties grown in various parts of the world, especially Europe and Asia. There is danger of importing pests of the grain only, unless the straw should be used for packing. Its pests are discussed under Grains and Grasses. BAY. (Laurus spp. Family Lauracese.) Evergreen plants much cultivated for their shrubbery. INSECTS ATTACKING BAT TREES. HEMIPTERA. Coccidje: Armored — *Aspidiotus britannicus Newstead; Europe. Aspidiotus (Aonidia) lauri Bouche; Germany, Australia, Greece, Italy, Spain, Portugal; Laurus canariensis. Aspidiotus { Chrysomphalus) paulistus Hempel; Brazil. Aspidiotus ( Chrysomphalus) scutiformis Cockerell; Mexico, Central America. Cryptaspidiotus aonidioides Lindinger; Canary Islands; Laurus canariensis. Parlatoria calianthina Berlese & Leonardi; Italy. Unarmored — Coccus acuminatus Signoret: Hawaii, Ceylon, France. Eucalymnatus brunfelsix Hempel; Brazil; Laurus camphora. Icerya montserratensis RUey & Howard; West Indies, Mexico; Laurus camphora. Paralecanium geometricum Green; Ceylon, China; Laurus canariensis. Platinglisia noacki Cockerell; Brazil. Pseudococcus indicus Signoret; France: Laurus indicus. Pseudococcv^ laurinus Boisduval; France; Laurus nobilis. Pulvinaria plana Lindinger; Canary Islands; Laurus canariensis. BEAN. {Phaseolus vulgaris. Family Leguminosse.) This species includes the kidney, common field, garden, snap, and string beans. It is probably of tropical American origin. The beans are an article of commerce and very likely to introduce pests. BROAD BEAN. ( Vicia faba. Family Leguminosse . ) The broad bean is a native of Asia, but is grown extensively in Europe and North America, especially as a food for domestic animals and for human consumption. The beans are an article of commerce and quite likely to introduce pests. LIMA BEAN. {Phaseolus limatus. Family Leguminosee.) The lima or sugar beans are native to South America. They are articles of com- merce and quite likely to introduce pests. A. BETTER KNOWN BEAN INSECTS LIKELY TO BE IMPORTED. Mylabris (Bruchus) spp., etc. (Bean and Pea Weevils. Mylabridae [Bruchidse]. Coleoptera.) Many of the weevils attacking beans are cosmopolitan and have been introduced into the United States. The fact that they breed in perfectly dry stored beans makes their distribution very easy. 36 A MANUAL OF DANGEROUS INSECTS. Species: M. loti Paykull; seed of Lotus and Lathyrus. M. atomarius Linnaeus; very common; Vidaf aba, Lathyrus, Vicia sepum. etc. ^M. rufimanusBoheina,i\; 'Europe, North Africa, Egypt, Persia, SjTia, introduced into California; beans, peas. An important pest. M. affinis Fro- lichs; France, imported into Ireland and East Indies; beans. * M. piso- rum Linnaeus; distributed from Orient until now cosmopolitan; a very serious pest; peas. Vicia, Cytisus laburnum. (See text fig. 20.) M. lentis Frolichs; Europe, Egypt, Syria, lentils. M. pallidi- cornis Boheman; lentils. -^Acan- thoscelides obtectus Say; now cosmo- FiG. 20.— The pea weevil ( Mylabris pisorum): a, Beetle; h, politan ; peas, cowpeas, lentils, larva; c, pupa. Enlarged. (Chittenden.) beans. (See text fig. 21. ) ^Pachy- meruscMnensis Ijinnseua; now almost cosmopolitan; cowpeas, Phaseolus radiatus, Caja- nus indicus, peas, lentils, beans, Dolichos. sorghum. (See text fig. 22.) *P. quadri- viaculatus Fabricius; now almost cosmopolitan; cowpeas, peas, beans. (See text fig. 23.) Desaiption: These weevils are small, somewhat flattened, rounded or oblong, with head concealed beneath. The larvae breed in the seed of beans and peas and pupate there. SoRAUER, P.: Handbuch der Pflanzenkrankheiten, 3d ed., 1913, vol. 3, pp. 535-537. Chittenden, F. H.: U. S. Dept. Agric, Yearbook 1898, pp. 233-260. Spermophagus pectoralis Sharp. (Mexican bean weevil. Mylabrida?; Coleoptera.) Host: Beans. Injury: To dried beans, which it destroys for successive generations like the common bean weevil. Fig. 21.— Bean weevil (Xeaw/7io«ce/i(ie«o6?fo?Ms): a, Adult; 6, larva; c,pupa. (Chittenden.) Description: A small black rounded Ijeetle with white marks on the eh-tra or wing- covers. Distribution: Mexico, Guatemala, Nicaragua, Panama, Brazil, Texas. Chittenden, F. H.: U. S., Dept. Agric, Yearbook 1898, pp. 233-260. BEAN INSECTS. 37 Fig. 22. — Bean weevil {Packymerus cliinensis): a, Adult; 6, egg; c-e, larva and^details. (Chittenden.) Agromyza phaseoli. (Bean Fly. Agromyzidae; Diptera.) Bosts: Lima, Tonga, French, and Madagascar beans. Inj\iry: Larvae bore in stalky. Distrihuiion: Australia. Froggatt, W. W. Agricultural Gazette, N. S. W. Feb., 1911. Jarvis, E. Queensland Agricultural Journal, March, 1913, pp. 192-195, Plates 30, 31. Lycsena bsetlca. (Blue or Haii-streak Butterfly. Ly- caenidee; Lepidoptera.) Hosts: Beans, garden peas, cow- peas, Jack beans, crotalarias, and pigeon peas. Injury: Larvae attack pods, devour- ing growing seeds. Distribution: Hawaii. FuLLAWAY, D. T. Annual Report, Hawaii Agri. Exp. Sta. 1911 (1912), p. 21. Hyalopeplus pellucidus. (Hawaiian leaf-bug. Capsidae; Heteroptera.) Host: Pigeon peas. Injury: By sucking juices from plants. Distribution: Hawaii. FuLLAWAY, D. T. Annual Report, Hawaii Agri. Exp. Sta. 1911 (1912), p. 23. Zizera labradus Godt. (Victoria Bean Butterfly. Lycaenida;; Lepidoptera.) Hosts: Beans, peas. Injury: Feeds in the pods, a serious pest in Victoria. Dcscrij'tion: Butterfly one of the group known as "Blues."|| Larva flattened, green, very hairy. Egg circular, pitted. Distribution: Australia. French, C: Handbook of Destructive Insects of Victoria, pt. 4, 1909, pp. fi2-GG, pi. 49. Maruca testulalls Geyer. (Bean Pod Borer. Pyrali- dte: Lepidoptera.) Hosts: Mung {Phaseohis mungo), moth (Phaseoltis aconitifolius), tur {Cajamis indicus). Fig. 23.- -Bean weevil {Pachymerus quadrimandatus): a, Adult; b, larva; c, pupa. (Chittenden.) Injury: Breeds in the pods of legumes. Description and biology: Adult wing expanse 26-30 mm., fuscous brown, forewing with conspicuous black edged white spot, hind wing white, with a marginal fuscous band. Larva 12 mm. long, green: sometimes with a pink tinge, hairs on small black tubercles. Bores inside of the pods and pupates in its borings. Distribution: Australia and Asia. Maxwell-Lefroy, H. M. Mem. Dept. Agric. India, vol. 1, 1907, p. 216, fig. 66. 38 A MANUAL OF DANGEROUS INSECTS. B. OTHER IMPORTANT BEAX INSECTS. COLEOPTERA. Clirysomelidae. Cerotoma denticornis Olivier, leaf beetle; Porto Rico (see text flg. 24). Curculionidae: Sitona lineata Linnaeus,^ S.flavescens Marsh.; Europe. (See Clover.) Hypera variabilis Herbst; Europe. (See Clover.) DIPTERA. Trypetidae. Dacus cucurbitae Coquillett; India, Ceylon, Hawaii; attacks fruit. (See Cucurbits). Ceratitis capitata "Wiedemann, attacks Phaseolus vulgaris. (See Fruit.) Bactrocera cucurUtx. Sactroccra tryoni. Anthomyiidae. >K Chortophila (Pegomya) fusciceps Zetterstedt. (See Corn.) AgromyzidsB. ^Agromyza fabalis Jack; bean stem maggot, Rhodesia, mines stems of cowpeas, French beans, kidney and haricot beans. LEPIDOPTERA. Hespcridae. ^Eudamus proteus Linnaeus, bean leaf roller; Porto Rico; Southern States. Fig. 2-1.— Bean leaf-beetle (Cerotoma denticornis): Adults, two_varieties. (Chittenden.) BEECH. (Fagus spp. Family Fagacese.) This genus contains tall, hardy, deciduous trees favored for parks. The wood is valuable and the nuts edible. The nuts also >ield an oil used for cooking. Propa- gated from seed. Valuable for nursery stock. A. BEECH PESTS LIKELY TO BE IMPORTED. Laspeyresla grossana Haworth. (Carpocapsa.) (Beech Tortrix. Tortricidse; Lepidoptera.) Hosts: Hazelnut, walnut, oak, beech, chestnut. Injury: Seldom serious. Attacks fruits of its hosts. Description and biology: Adult, forewing bluish ash-gray; translucent spot brownish gold streaked with black, brown at base, bounded by triangular spots. Fliea in June and July (Germany). Pupates in spring in the earth. Larva attacks nuts in late summer, winters in earth. Distribution: Europe. SoRAUER, P. Handbuch der Pflanzenkrankheiten, 3d ed., 1913, vol. 3, p. 276. BEECH INSECTS. 39 B. OTHER IMPORTANT BEECH PESTS. HEMIPTERA. Aphididse. Pterochlorus exsiccator A\t\im. aaoamigratory plant louse; middle Europe; very injurious to the twigs and stems of young trees. ■J^ Phyllaphis fagi Linnaeus, nonmigratory plant louse; Europe; feeds on foliage. Coccidae: Unarmored — Calostomidia assimllis Tii^tsk^W; New Zealand; attacks Fagus menziesii and F.fusca. Codostomidia pilosa Maskell; New Zealand. Cryptococcus fagi Baerensprixag; Europe; Fagus sylvatica. Eriococcus accris Signoret; Europe; Fagus silvatica. Eriococcus fagicorticus Maskeli: New Zealand; Fagus fusca. Eriococcus palUdus 'Haskell; New Zealand; Fagus fusca. Eriococcus raithbyi Maskell; New Zealand; Fagus menziesii. Gossyparia cavellii Maskell; New Zealand; Fagus menziesii. Inglisia fagi Maskell; New Zealand. Phenacoleachia zealandica Maskell; New Zealand. Pulvinaria betulx Linnaeus; Europe; Fagus sylvatica. Rhizococcus iniermedius Maskell: New Zealand; Fagus menziesii. Rhizococcus pulcMlus Ua.ske\l: New Zealand; Fagus fusca, F. menziesii, F. cliff ortioides. Rhizococcus totarx Maskell; New Zealand; Fagus menziesii. Ripersia fagiHaskell; New Zealand; Fagus menziesii. Solenococcus fagi Maskell; New Zealand. COLEOPTERA. Anobiidse. Xestobium plumbeum Illiger; Europe; injures wood for technical purposes. Xestobium rufovillosum De Geer; Europe; injures wood for technical purposes. Ptilinus pectinicornis Linnaeus; Europe; bores in wood. Elateridse. Athous subfuscus Miiller, a snapping beetle; Europe; larvae destroy germinating beech. Lymesylonidae. Hylecoetus dermestoides Linnaeus; Europe; breeds in bark and wood. Scarabseldse. Amphimallon solstitialis Linnaeus; Europe; develops like the June beetle at the roots of trees. Melolontha hippocastani Fabricius, and M. melolontha Linnaeus; Europe; also breed at the roots of seedlings and as adults feed on the foliage. Polyphylla fullo Linnaeus; Europe; breeds at the roots of trees and the adults feed on the foliage. Buprestidae. Agrilus angustulus Illiger, A. biguttatus Fabricius, A.elongatus Herbst, and 5|<^.OTn'dis Linnaeus (see Oak); wood borers; Europe: attack bast and sapwood, especially of young trees. Cerambycldae. Callidium xneum DeGeer; and C. violaceum Linnaeus; long-homed wood borers; Germany; attack wood of felled trees and lumber. Saperda scalaris Linnaeus; Europe; bores in wood. (See Poplar.) Chrysomclidae. Haltica quercetorum Foudr.; a leaf beetle; Germany. (See Oak. ) Brachyrhinidse. Strophosoma capitata De Geer, and S. melanogramma Forster, weevils; Europe; adults feed on the leaves and buds of seedlings. Polydrusus cervinus Linnaeus, P. chrysomela Olivier, P. griseomaculatus Desbrochers, P. lateralis Gyl- lenbal, P. micans Schonherr, P. mollis Stroem, P. picus Fabricius,;^? P. sericeus SchaU., and ^ P. viridicollis Baudi, weevils; Europe; as adults feed on buds and foliage; probably breed at the roots. The two latter species have been introduced into the United States. Phyllobius argentatus Linnaeus, P. urticx Dc Geer and P. viridicollis Fabricius; weevils; Europe; adults injure buds and leaves. Attelabldse. Apoderus coryli Linnaeus, a leaf rolling weevil, Europe; larva breeds in the leaf rolls. Rhynchites alni Miiller and Rhynchites betulae Linnaeus, leaf rolling weevils; Europe; larvae breed in the leaf rolls. , Byctiscus betulx Linnaeus, a leaf rolling weevil; Europe. 40 A MANUAL or DANGEROUS INSECTS. Curculionidse. Orchestes fagi Linnaeus, a small jumping weevil; Europe; mines the leaves. HyloMus abietis Linnaeus, a large weevil; Europe; bores in the bark of seedlings. CossoDidae. Rhyncolus lignyarius Marsh., a small elongate weevU; Europe; bores in the trunks. Rhyncolus truncorum Germar, a small weevil; Europe; bores in timber. Scolytidse, Ipldae. Scolytus intricatus Ratzeburg; Russia, Germany; makes galleries in bast. Anisandrus dispar Fabricius; Germany; makes galleries in wood, causing great damage. Ernoporus fagi Fabricius; Europe; makes galleries in bark of Fagus sylvatica. Taphrorychus bicolor Herbst, and T. villifrons Dufour; Europe; make galleries in bark. Xyleborus dryographus Ratzeburg, and X. monographus Fabricius; Europe; makes galleries in the wood of living trees. Xyloterus domesticus Linnaeus, and X. signatus Fabricius; Europe; makes galleries in sapwood of branches and in the wood of the trees. LEPIDOPTERA. Cossidae. ^Zeuzera pyrina Linnaeus; Europe, Africa, North America; breeds in the wood. (See Horse-chest- nut.) Cossus cossus Linnaeus; the goat moth; Europe; breeds in the wood. (See Willow.) Drepanidae. Drepana cultraria Fabricius; Europe; defoliator. Notodontidae. Phalera bucephala Linnaeus; Europe. (See Forests.) Geometridse. Cheimatobia boreata Hiibner; Germany; feeds on young growth. Hibernia aurantiaria Esp., H. defoliaria Lirmaeus and H. marginaria Borckh.; Europe; feed on foliage. Larentia dilutata Borckh.; Europe; feeds on foliage. Lasiocampidae. Malacosoma neustria Linnaeus; Europe; feeds on buds and leaves (see Forests). Lymantriidee. Dasychira pudibunda Linnaeus, ^^Euproetis ehrysorrhaa Linnaeus, -^LymantTia roonacfto Linnaeus, ■:)f^PoTth€tTia dispar Lumaeus, Porthesia similis Fuessly (see Forests). Xoctuidae. A cronycta acer it hiDJUBUs; Europe; defoliator. Scopelosoma satellitia Linnaeus; Germany; injurious to young growth. Plutellidae. Cerostoma parenthesella liinnaius; Europe; attacks leaves of seedlings. Tortrlcidse. :^c Peronea/frrw^ana Treit-schke; Europe; North America; attacks leaves. Tortrix podana Sc.; Europe; attacks leaves of seedlings. HYMENOPTERA. Cimbicidae. Cimbexfagi Zadd.; sawfly; Europe; feeds on foliage. Xiphydrldae. Xiphydrya camelus Linnaeus; wood wasp; Europe; bores in wood. DIPTERA. Itonididae. Hormomyia annulipes Htg. and H.fagi Htg., gall midges, Europe; from galls on leaves. LITERATURE. SoRAUER, P. Handbuch der Pflanzenkrankheiten, 3d ed., 1913, vol. 3. LmDiNGER, L. Bie Schildlause (Coccidae), 1912. Bargagli, p. Rassegna Biologica Rincofori Europei, 1883-1887. Fernald, Maria E. Catalogue of Coccidae of the World, Mass. Agr. Coll., Bui. 88, 1903. BEET INSECTS. 41 BEET; M ANGEL WURZEL OR MANGOLD; SUGAR BEET; CHARD. {Beta vulgaris Linnaeus. Family Clienopodiacese.) The beet and its varieties are grown from seed. The varieties have been developed either for their roots or their foliage, which are edible. A race of showy foliage beets has been developed which make excellent flower-garden borders. The species occurs in America, Europe, and as far east as Persia, and the Caspian Sea. Insects are most likely to be introduced in shipments of beet roots. A. BETTER KNOWN BEET INSECTS LIKELY TO BE IMPORTED. Atomaria linearis Stephens. (Pigmy Mangold Beetle. Cryptophagidse; Coleoptera.) Hosts: Mangolds, beets, sugar beets. Injury: Very destructive by destroying sprouts at time of germination and later attacking both roots and leaves. Description: Beetle 1-] .5 mm. long, dark brown, with fine pubescence. The life history has not been worked out. Distrihuiion: Europe (England), SoRAUER, P. Handbuch der Pflanzenkrankheiten, 3d ed., 1913, vol. 3, p. 475, fig. 290. Theobald, Fred. V. First Rept. Econ. Zool.. Brit. Mus. Nat. Hist., 1903, pp. 8, 9, figs. Jablonowski, Jozsef. Die Tierischen Feinde der Zuckerriibe (translation by Julius Reitzer), 1909, pp. 136-142, fig. 31. * Cassida nebulosa Linnaeus. (Beet Tortoise Beetle. Cassididse; Coleoptera.) Host: Beets, sugar beet, orache, lambsquarter, Atriplex, etc. Injury: Both larva and adult feed on the foliage. Description: Beetle dorsally flattened in the shape of a tortoise shell, about 6 mm. long, yellowish gray or pale green. Distribution: Europe, Asia (Persia to Siberia), and recorded from California in 1894. SoRAUER, P. Handbuch der Pflanzenkrankheiten, 3d ed., 1913, vol. 3. p. 533. Chittenden, F. H. U. S. Dept. Agr., Div. Entom., 1903, bul. 43, p. 14, fig. 6. Jablonowski, Jozsef. Die Tierschen Feinde der Zuckerriibe translation by Julius Reitzer), 1909, pp. 261-263, fig. 55. Cleonus punctiventris Germar. (Beet Root Weevil. Curculionidft; Coleoptera.) Hosts: Beet, Polygonum, thistle, goosefoot, tobacco, Salsola, Injury: Adults feed on young plants: larvse feed at the roots of beets. Very destructive in east Europe. Desciiption and biology: An elongate subcylindrical weevil with stout beak. The larvse feed at roots as low as 60 cm. below the surface. Pupate in the larval feeding places. Distribution: Europe. Sorauer, p. Handbuch der Pflanzenkrankheiten, 3d od., 1913, vol. 3, p. 546, 547. Gelechia ocellatella Boyd; Gelechia atriplicella F. R.; Gelechia instabilella Douelas. (Lita.) (Beet leaf miners. Gelechiidse; Lepidoptera.) Hosts: Beets, sugar beets, mangolds. Injury: Mine the leaves, and sometimes G. ocellatella bores in the crown and a short distance into the roots. 42 A MANUAL OF DANGEROUS INSECTS. Description and biology: G. ocellatella is a small yellowish, gray moth with dark ribs and an apical spot on the front wings; hind wings as large as front and whitish gray; pupates in leaf rolls, in the roots or outside. Larva 10 to 12 mm. long, pale greenish with a transverse row of reddish spots on each segment and two or three longitudinal rose colored stripes. Feeds on leaves and for a short distance into the roots. " Distribution: Europe. SoRAUEK, P. Handbuch der Pflanzenkrankheiten, 3d ed., 1913, vol 3 p 263 f. 192. . ' ' ' Jablonowski, Jozsef. Die Tierischen Feinde der Zuckerrube (translation by Julius Reitzer), 1909. pp. 136-142. * Hyiuenia fasclalis Cramer. (Hawaiian Beet Webworm, Pyra- lidse; Lepidoptera.) Hosts: Sugar beet, Swiss chard, mangel-wurzel; Amarantus, Euxo- lus, purslane (Portulaca oleracea), cucumber, Chenopodiaceae. Injury: Capable of doing consider- able damage to truck by feeding on foliage. Has been widely distrib- uted. (See text figs. 25, 26.) Distribution: Japan, Hawaii, Trop- ical America, Porto Rico, Europe. South Africa, Australia, Madagascar, Reunion, Mauritius, Florida, Ala- bama, CaUfomia, District of Colum- bia. Marsh, H. O. U. S. Dept. Agr., Bur. Entom., Bui. 109, pt. 1, 1911. pp. 1-15, pi. 1, figs. 1, 2. ^Chortophila (Pegomya) hyoscyaml Panzer. (Phorbia vlcina Lintn.) (Beet fly or spinach leafminer. An- thomyidae; Diptera.) Fig. 25.— Hawaiian beet webworm (Hymenia fascialis): Hosts: Spinach, beets, sugar beeta, o, Egg on leaf; 6, larva, dorsal view; c, larva, head and mangolds, orache, henbane, goose- first thoracic segment; d, abdominal segment, lateral foot view; e, anal segment; /, pupa, lateral view; g, cremas- r„ • . yr- i rp, • ter; A, cocoon. All enlarged. (Marsh.) ^ry wry. mines iea\es. ine mines are blisterlike. Description and biology. Fly thorax lead gray, with five faint dorsal stripes, abdo- naen yellow gray with a faint brownish stripe; entire body with black bristles; head silver white, with reddish shimmer; front and scutellum with orange, silver gray streaks; eyes red; palpi yellow with dark apex; femora yellowish, tibiae brown; length, 6 mm. The species varies in color and has received a number of names. Distribution: Europe. Introduced into the United States and quite injurious to spinach. SoRAUER, p. Handbuch der Pflanzenkrankheiten, 3d ed., 1913, vol. 3, p. 428, 429, fig. 261. Chittenden, F. H. U. S. Dept. Agr. Div. Ent., bul. 43, 1903, pp. 50-52, fig. 50 (P. vicina Lintner). Ormerod, Miss E. Manual Injurious Insects, 1890, pt. 1, pp. 144-147, fig. (P. betae Curt.). Jablonowski, Jozsef. Die Tierischen Feinde der Zuckerrube (translation by Julius Reitzer), 1909, pp. 303-315, figs. 61-63. BEET INSECTS. 43 B. OTHER IMPORTANT BEET INSECTS. ACARINA. Tetranychldae. Tetranychus telarius Linnseus, the red spider; Europe; very injurious to sugar-beet foliage. HEMIPTERA. Aphididae. A-phis rumicis Linnaeus; Europe; sugar-beet foliage. ORTHOPTERA. Grjilotalpidae. ■^Gryllotalpa gryllotalpa Linnaeus (vulgaris Latreille); Europe, introduced into New Jersey; injures roots. Gryllidse. Gryllus mclas Charp.; Europe; seriously injures the roots. COLEOPTERA. SUphidse. ^BlitopUaga opaca Linnaeus; Europe, North America; feeds as larva on foliage of beets, an imusua habit for this family. It is harmless in America at present. Blitophaga undata Miller; Silpha obscura Linnaeus; and Phosphuga atrata Limiaeus; Europe; larvae feed on foliage of beets. Fig. 26.— The Hawaiian beet webworm (Hymenia fascialis): Female moth. Enlarged. (Marsh.) Tenebrionldie. PadinMs/emoraZu Linnaeus, and Gonocephalum (Opatrum) sabulosum Linnaeus; Hungary; larvae in- jurious to roots of sugar beet; adults injure the foliage. Coecinellidae. Subcoccinella 24-punctata Linnaeus; Europe; larvae and adults injure vegetation. Elateridae. Lacon murinus Linnaeus and Corymbites aeneus Linnaeus, wireworms; Europe; attack the roots of seedlings. Athous niger Linnaeus. (See Tobacco.) Agriotes lineatus Linnaeus. (See Tobacco.) Meloidae. Epicauta rufidorsum Goeze, blister beetle; Europe; defoliates and sometimes destroys entire plants. Scarabseidse. Melolontha vulgaris Linnaeus, June beetle, Europe; larvae feed at roots. Rhizotrogus xquinoctialis Herbst; Europe; the larvae feed at the crown and roots killmg many plants. 44 A MANUAL OF DA]SrGEROL"rS INSECTS. Clirysomelidae. Cassida vittata Vill; Europe; larva and adult feed on foliage. Chalcoides chloris Foudr., Chxtocnema tibialis Illiger, Psylliodes attenuata Koch, P. chrysocephala Lin- naeus, PhyllotrUa vittula Redtenbacher, P. nemorum Linnaeus, P. nigripes Fabricius, P. atra Fabri- eius, P. cruciferx Goeze, flea beetles; Europe; injure the foliage. Brachyrhinldae (Otlorhynchldae). Brachyrhinus raiicus Fabricius (Otiorhynchus), B.ligustici Urmadns, B. orbicularis Herbst; Europe; adults injure the foliage and young plants. Psallidium maxillosum Fabricius; Europe; adult injures plants. Curculionidae. Liparus coronatus Goeze; Europe; breeds in the roots. Bothyf oderes punctiventris Germar; and B.farinosus Fahraeus; Europe; adults injure foliage, larvse breed in roots. Cleonus piger Scopoli, C. fasciatm Miiller, C. mendicus Gyllenhal, C. tigrinus Panzer, C. ucrainiensis Gawr., C. pedestris Podg., C. cinereus Schr.; Europe; breed in roots of beets or adults attack seedlings and foliage. Lixus ascanii Linnaeus: Europe: breeds in the stems. Cionus scrophulirix Linuieus; Europe; adults feed on foliage of beets and mangolds. LEPIDOPTERA. Pyralidae. y^Phlyctxnia ferrugalis Hiibner; Europe, Asia, North America (see Cabbage). Xoctuida;. Agrotis segetum Schiffermiller, A. plecta Linnaeus, A. (xclamationis Linnaeus, cutworms; Europe; injure young plants and roots. Mamestra brassicx Linnaeus, M. dissimilis Kn., If. oleracea Liimseus; Europe; feed on foliage. Calocampa exoleta Linnaeus; Europe; attacks beets. if.Plusia gamma Linnaeus; Europe; Asia, North America; in Europe injurious to beets. HYMENOPTERA. Tenthredlnldae. Athalia spinarum Fabricius, a saw fly; Europe; South Africa; attacks foliage of beets (see Turnip). DIPTERA. Tlpulidae. Pachyrhina macuUta Meigen, a crane fly; Europe; larva attacks the roots of beets. Tipula oleracea Linnaeus and Tipula paludosa Meigen; Europe; also occasionally attack beet roots. LITERATURE. Jablonowski, J. Die Tierischen Feinde der Zuckerriibe (translation by J. Reitzer), Budapest, 1909. SoRAUEE, P. Handbueh der Pflanzenkrankheiten, 3d edit., 1913, vol. 3. Bargagli, p. Rassegna Biologica di Rincofori Europei, 1SS3-1887. BERSEEM; EGYPTIAN CLOVER. {Trifolium alexandrinum Linnaeus. Family Leguminosse.) This forage plant has been introduced in a small measure into the United States from Egypt. It has a number of important enemies in Egypt which attackjother crops also grown in this country. (See Clover.) BETEL NUT. {Areca catechu, etc. Family, Palmaceae.) A tropical palm yielding the betel nut of commerce. IMPORTANT ARECA INSECTS. HEMIPTERA. Coccidse; Armored — Aspidiotus ( Chrysomphalus) alienus Newstead; Areca lutcscens. i^Pinriaspis buxi Bouch6; Trinidad, Brazil, New York, DLstrict of Columbia; Areca catechu, A. lutes- cens. Female scale 1 — 1.5 mm. long, narrow, reddish-brown or orange-brown with extremity lighter. Second exuvium comparatively large, occupying a trifle over one-third the puparium, which bears a strong resemblance to that of Lepidosaphes. Sides nearly parallel. Unarmored— Coccus acutissimus Gieen; Ceylon; Areca catechu. (See Mango.) Coccus mmimus Newstead: England; Mexico; Areca catechu. Leucodiaspis cockerelli de Charmoy; Brazil; Areca Ivtescens. BIRCH INSECTS. 45 BIRCH. {Betula spp. Family Betulacese.) Ornamental deciduous trees or shrubs grown chiefly for their bright green handsome foliage. There are many species occurring in North America, Europe, north and central Asia. Propagated from seed and readily transplanted. The bark and wood are of value in the arts and crafts, and some species yield a sap used as a beverage. The bark of B. papyrifera is used in making canoes and for tanning leather. A. BETTER KNOWN BIRCH PESTS LIKELY TO BE IMPORTED. Eriophyes rurtls Can. (Birch Blister Mite. Eriophyidae; Acarina.) Hosts: Betula alba, B. pubescens, B. odorata. Injury: Causes gall-like swellings of the buds. Ulti- mately kills a tree. Description and biology: A foui'-legged blister mite which forms gall-like swellings of the buds. Very easy to Introduce on nursery stock. Distribution: Europe, England (especially severe around London). SoRAUER, P. Handbuch der Pflanzenkrankheiten, 3d edit. vol. 3, 1913, p. 117, 118. fig. 93. Magdalis carbonaria Lianaiiis. (Birch Twig Weevil. Curculionidas; Coleoptera.) Hosts: Corylus avellana L., Pruniis domestica L., Betula alba L., Juglans regia L., Pinus. Injury: Breeds in young twigs. Fig. 27.-Mole cricket, Grytlo- Description and biology: Weevil similar to the com- talpa. (Kurdiiimov.) mon Magdalis species of this country. The eggs are laid in small dead or injured twigs. Larva feeds in medullary canal of twigs. Pupates in tunnel. Adults feed on foliage. Distribution: Europe. Bargagli, p. Rassegna Biologica Rincofori Europei, 1883-1887, p. 194. B. OTHER IMPORTANT BIRCH PESTS. HEMIPTERA. Aphididse. Glyphina betulse Kaltenbach, a plant louse: Germany; attacks leaves and twigs. Coccidae: Armored — Chionaspis salicis Linnaeus; Europe. Unarmored— Lecanium ciliatum Douglas; Europe. Lecanium coryli Linnseus; Europe. Lecanium pulchrum Ma,Tcha\; Europe; Betula verrucosa. Pulvinaria hetulx Liimseus; Europe; Betula alba. ORTHOPTERA. Gryllotalpidae. ^Gryllotalpa gryllotalpa Linnaeus; Europe, New Jersey; injures roots, young shoots, and germinating seed. (See text, fig. 27.) 46 A MANUAL OF DANGEROUS INSECTS. COLEOPTERA. Buprestldae. ^^Agrilus viridis Linnseus; a wood borer; Europe; bores in bast and sapwood of seedlings and young stems and branches of older trees. Lymexjionidae. Hyleccetus dermestoides Linnaeus; a wood borer; Germany, Sweden. Passalidae. Basilianus cantori Perch.; a large black beetle; India; breeds in rotting wood. Scarabseidse. Anomala xnea De Geer, Europe, adults attack foliage. Melolontha Mppocastani Fabricius, and M. melolontha Linnaeus, June beetles; breed at the roots of seedlings, and adults feed on foliage. PolyphyllafuUo Linnaeus; Europe; also attacks roots and foliage in the same manner. Chrysomelidae. Agelastica alni Liimaeus; a leaf beetle; Europe; larvae and adults feed on foliage. Lochmsea caprex Linnaeus; Europe; larvae and adults feed on foliage. Melasoma xnea Linnaeus; Europe; larvae and adults feed on foliage. HalticaquercetoTum'PoudiT.; Europe; defoliates. (See Oak.) Cerambycidae. Rhagium mordax De Geer; Sweden; bores in stems and branches. Attelabidae. Rhynchites betulx Linnaeus, Apoderus coryli Linnasus, and Byctiscus betulse Linnaeus; leaf-rolling weevils; Europe; the larvae breed in the rolls. Brachyrhinldae (Otiorhynchidae). Strophosoma capitata De Geer, and 5. melanogramma Forster; weevils; Europe; adults feed on foliage, and larvae at the roots. Brachyderes incanus Linnaeus, a weevil; Europe; adults feed on foliage. Metallites iris Olivier; Europe; breeds at roots, adults attack buds and leaves. Polydrusus cervinus Linnaeus, P. intermedius Zetter- stedt, P. planifrons Gyllenhal, and P. undatus Fabricius; Europe; feedasadultsonfoliageof£etc Cryptorhynchus lapathi Linnaeus; Europe; breeds in young shoots, branches, bark, and wood. An important pest introduced into the United States. Scolytidae, Ipidae. Scolytus ratzeburgi Jajison,and S .rugulosus Ratzeburg; Europe; make gaUeries in bark. (Seetextfig. 28.) Anisandrus dispar Fahricius; Germany; makes gaUeries in wood. Xyloterus domesticus Liimaeus, and X. signatus Fabricius; Germany; galleries in sapwood. LEPIDOPTERA. Cossidae. Cossus cossus Linnaeus; goat moth; Europe; bores in wood. (See Willow.) ^Zeuzera pyrina Linnaeus; Europe, Africa, North America; bores in wood. (See Horse chestnut.) Geonietridae. Anisopteryx xscularia Schiffermiller; a looper; Europe; feeds on foliage. Cheimatobia boreata Hiibner; Europe; feeds on buds, leaves, and new growth. Hibernia aurantiaria Esp., H. defoliaria Linnaeus, and H. marginaria Borckh.; Germany; feed on buds and leaves. Larentia dilutata Borckh.; Europe; feeds on foliage of Betula odorata. Larentia nebulata Tnhg.; Sweden; feeds on foliage. Lasiocampidae. Eriogaster lanestris Linnaeus; Germany; feeds on foliage. Malacosoma neustria Ijiimgsus; Europe; defoliator. (See Forests.) INSECTS OF BIECH AND BLACKBERRY. 47 Lyman triidae. Dasychira pudibunda Linnaeus, -^Lymantna monacha Linnaeus, 9f.PorthetTia dispar Linnaeus, Porthesia similis Fuessly, forest defoliators; Europe. (See Forests.) Sesiidse. Sesia spheciformis Grng.; Europe; bores in trunk. Sesia scolixformis Borckh.; Sweden; bores in trunk. Tortricidae. >^PeToneafemigana Treitschke; Europe, North America; attacks foliage. Notodontidae. Phalera bucephala Linnaeus; Europe. (See Forests.) HYMENOPTERA. Cimbicidae. Cimbcx variabilis Klg., a saw fly; Europe; feeds on foliage. Trichiosoma lucorum Linnaeus; Europe; defoliates. Tentlirediiiidae. Nematus ( Croesus) septcntrionalis Linnaeus; Europe; defoliates. Priophorus padi Linnaeus; Europe (see Plum). Xipbydridae. Xiphydrya prolongata Linnaeus, wood wasp; Europe; bores in the wood. BIBLIOGRAPHY. SoKAUER, P. Handbuch der Pflanzenkrankheiten, 3rd edit., 1913, vol. 3. NtJssLiN, O. Leitfaden der Forstinsektenkunde, 2nd edit., 1913. Bargagu, p. Rassegna Biologica Rincofori Europei, 1883-1887. TeaqIedh, I. Sveriges Skogsinsekter, 1914. LiNDiNGER, L. Die Schildliiuse (Coecidae), 1912. BLACKBERRY; RASPBERRY; LOGANBERRY. (Rubus spp. Family Rosaceae.) A large genus of skrubs bearing many different kinds of delicious small fruit.-- natives of America, Europe, and Asia. IMPORTANT BLACKBERRY INSECTS. COLEOPTERA. Byturidae. Byturus tovuntosus Fabricius; Europe; larva feeds In fruit of raspberries and blackberries. Brachyrhinidae. Brachyrhinus tenebricosus Herbst; Europe; larvae attack roots, adults attack foliage. Curculionidae. Rhinaria perdix Pascoe; Australia. Hypera variabilis Herbst; Europe; raspberry. (See Clover.) Anthonomus rubi Herbst; Europe; larva at roots, adult attacks foliage. LEPIDOPTERA. Tortricidae. Notocclia roborana Treitschke; Europe. (See Currant.) Sesiidae. ' Bembecia hylseiformis "Lasp.; Europe; bores canes. Lasiocampldae. Macrothylacia rubi Linnaeus; Europe; defoliator. HYMENOPTERA. Tentlircdinidae. Entodecta pumila Klug, a sawfly; Europe; mines in leaves. Cephididae. Janus fumipennis Ever.; Europe; mines in stems. 48 A MANUAL OF DANGEROUS INSECTS. BOX. (Buxus spp. Family Euphorbiaceae.) Evergreen shrubs or small trees commonly used for hedges, occurring natively in Central and Eastern Asia, North Africa, Europe, and Central America, and much used in this country. IMPORTANT INSECT ENEMIES OF BOX, HEMIPTERA. Coccidae: Unarmored— Eriococcus buzi Fonscolombe; Europe. DIPTERA. Itouididse (Cecidoniyildae). ^ Monarthropalpus buxi Laboulbene; Europe, eastern United States; leaf miner. BROOM CORN. (See Sorghum.) BRUSSELS SPROUTS. (See Cabbage.) BUCKTHORN. (Rhamnus spp. Family Rhamnacese.) Ornamental deciduous or evergreen shrubs or trees propagated from seed or cut- tings. The genus occurs chiefly in the northern temperate regions, but some species are found in Brazil and South Africa. The wood of R. frangula is made into charcoal valued for the manufacture of gunpowder. IMPORTANT INSECTS ATTACKING BUCKTHORN. HEMIPTERA. Coccidae. Lecanium ciliatum Douglas; Germany, Tyrol; attacks Rhamnus alaternus, and R. frangula. Chionaspis salicis Uimssns; Austria; attacks R. frangula. A number of scales already in the United States also attack Rhamnus. LEPIDOPTERA. Cossidae. :)i^Zeuzera pyrina Linnaeus; Europe, Africa, N. America, bores in wood. (See Horse-chestnut.) Lymantriidse. Dasychira pudibunda Linnaeus, a defoliator; Europe. (See Forests.) if^Lymantria monacha Linnaeus, the nun moth; Europe: defoliator. (See Forests.) Hyponomeutidse. Hyponomeuta padi Zeller, a web worm; Europe: attacks R. frangula. Hyponomeuta evonymella, a web worm; Europe. LITERATURE. SORAUER, p. Handbuch der Pflanzenkrankheiten, 3d ed., 1913, vol. 3. Hess, R. Der Forstschutz, 1900, vol. 2. LrNDiNGER, L. Die Schildlause (Coccidae), 1912. CABBAGE; KALE; COLLARD; BRUSSELS SPROUTS; CAULIFLOWER; KOHLRABI. (Brassica olenacea Linnaeus, varieties. Family Cruciferae.) The many varieties of this species especially in Europe, have very important pests, which it is not desirable to have imported into this country. Since the flower head is used in some varieties, the foliage in others, and the roots in others, there is danger of importing almost any pest of the species. U. S. Dept. of Agriculture, Manual of Dangerous Insects Plate X. The Red-Banded Thrips. The red-banded thrips (Heliothrips ruhrocinctus): Fig. 1. — Adult. Figs. 2-4. — Nymphal stages (Russell.) CABBAGE INSECTS. 49 A. BETTER KNOWN CABBAGE PESTS LIKELY TO BE IMPORTED. Contarinia torquens Meijere. (Cabbage Midge. Itonididse [Cecidomjidse] ; Diptera.j Hosts: Cabbage. Injury: Attacks young cabbage plants, especially, breeding in the leaf axil and hindering growth. Has several generations. Pupates in soil. Distribution: Europe. SoRAUER, P. Handbuch der Pflanzenkrankheiten, 3d ed., 1913, vol. 3, p. 447. Dasyneura brassicae Winner. (Cabbage Gall Midge. Itonididse [Cecidomj-idse] ; Diptera.) Hosts: Cabbage, rape. Injury: Breeds in fruit. Description and biology: Fly blackish brown, thorax covered with pubescence giving a silvery sheen, abdomen flesh red, with black bands; length 1.2-1.5 mm. long, milk white. Forms a gall in the fruit, feeds on the seed. Distribution: Europe. SoRALTER, p. Handbuch der Pflanzenkrankheiten, 3d ed., 1913, vol. 3, p. 454. Phaonia trimaculata Bouch^. (Cabbage Maggot. Anthomyiidse; Diptera.) Hosts: Cabbage. Injury: Breeds in the roots. Description and biology: Fly light gray, four black interrupted streaks and three brown spots on thorax; eyes hairy; length 8 mm. Maggot 11 mm. long. Distribution: Eiuope. SoRAUER, P, Handbuch der Pflanzenkrankheiten, 3d ed., 1913, vol. 3, p. 432. B. IMPORTANT CABBAGE PESTS. ORTHOPTERA. Gryllotalpidse. ^Scapteriscus didactylus Latreille; Porto Rico, Georgia; quite injurious, cuts below surface of soil. COLEOPTERA. Elateridse. Agriotes lineatus Linnaeus. (See Tobacco.) Chrysomelidae. Psylliodcs chrysocephala Linnaeus and P. napi Fabricius. (See Rape.) Brachyrlilnidae. i^Barynotus squamosus Germar; Europe, Canada; adults strip plants to ground. Curcullonldse. Baris glabra Herbst, B. chlorizans Germar, B. opiparis Duval; Europe; breed in root and stem. Baris carulescens Scopoli; Europe; breeds in stem. Baris lepidii Germar, and B. viridisericea Goeze; Europe; breeds in root and crown. Ceutorhynchus cyanipennis Germar, and C. sulcicollis Faykull; Europe; breeds in crown. Ceutorhynchus quadridens Panzer; Europe; breeds in roots. LEPIDOPTERA. Plerldae. Pieris monuste Linnaeus, Porto Rico, southern United States; cabbage worm. Pyralidae. Evergestis extimalis Sc. (See Rape.) Plutellldae. Plutella jnaculipennis Curtis; cosmopolitan; destructive to leaves. 55266—17 4 50 A MA]SrUAL OF DANGEROUS INSECTS. Fig. 29. — The ca.hhago moth (Mamcstrabrasskx): a, Moth; b,la.i\a; c, pupa. About natural size. (Curtis.) Noctuidse. Mamestra oleracea Linnaeus and M. brassicx Linnseus; Europe; very destructive to cabbage. (See text fig. 29.) DIPTERA. Anthomyiidse. ::^ChoTtophilafuscicepsZetteTstedt. (See Com.) Anthomyia radicumMeigea;Emope. (See Radish.) CACAO; CHOCOLATE. {Theobroma spp. Family Sterculiacese.) Cacao is a very important article of commerce entering the United States. It is not grown in the United States proper, but is to a small extent produced in Porto Rico, Hawaii, and the Philip- pines. A. AN IMPORTANT CACAO PEST LIKELY TO BE IM- PORTED. Zaratba cramerella Sn (Cacao moth. Gelechiidae; Lepidoptera.) Hosts: Cacao, Nephelium lappaceum. Injury: Very destructive to the frmt. Description and biology: Moth small . Larva 10-12 mm . long, whitish, with greenish shimmer. Pupa in oval flattened woolly cocoon on outside of fruit, leaves, and twigs. SoRAUER, P. Handbuch der Pflanzenkrankheiten, 3d ed., 1913, vol. 3, p. 266. B. OTHER IMPORTANT CACAO PESTS. THYSANOPTERA. if-Heliothnps rubrocinctus Giard; West Indies, Ceylon, Uganda, Florida (see pi. X). HEMIPTERA. Coccidae. Philephedra theobromx Green; Trinidad, Theobroma cacao. Miridae. Helopeltis theivora and H. antonii; Ceylon and Java: Sahlbergella singularis; Kamerun. COLEOPTERA. Scarabaeldse. Adoretus umbrosus Fabricius, and var. tenuimaculatus Waterhouse; Hawaii, Japan, Philippine Islands, Java. (See Rose.) Buprestidse. Chrysochroa bicolor Fabricius, and C. fulminans Fabricius; Java; borers. Cerambycidse. Epepeotes luscus Fabricius; Java; caoutchouc, cacao, mango. MonoUammus fistulator Germar; Java, Sumatra, Borneo; coffee, cacao (bores in bark, wood, and fruit). Monohammus ruspator Fabricius; Kamerun; cacao. Tragocephala senatoria Th.; Kamerun; cacao Moecha adusta Har.; West Africa, East Africa; cacao, Kickxia. Praonetha melanura Pascoe; Java; cacao, coffee. Ecthoea quadricornis Olivier; Trinidad; cacao. Steirastoma depressum Linnaeus; West Indies, South America; cacao, silk cotton tree ( Cd6o), okra, etc. Glenea novemguttata Castelnau, Java; cacao Ciirysomelidse. Crepidodera costatipennis Jacoby; Kamerun; defoliator. INSECTS OF CACAO, CANTELOUPE, CAEROT, CASSAVA, CATALPA. 51 LEPIDOPTERA. PyralidaB. Dichocrocis punctiferalis Gu6nee; Orient. (See Corn.) Notodontldae. Stauropus alternus Walker; India, Ceylon, Java; defoliator. Cossidae. Zeuzera coffese Nietner; Asia, Africa. (See Coffee ) DIPTERA. Trypetldae. Ceratitis punctata Wiedemann; Africa; fruit fly. (See Fruit ) Ceratitis anoiise GTa,ha,m; Ainca. (See Fruit.) < LITERATURE. GUPPY, P. L. West Indian Bulletin, 1912, vol. 12, pp. 310-320. Agricultural News, Barbados, 1915, vol. 14, pp. 5S, 59. CANTELOUPE. See Cucurbits. CARROT. (Daacas carota Linnaeus. Family Unibelliferse.) The carrot is grown throughout the world. As it is a root crop there is always danger of introducing root pests. IMPORTANT CARROT INSECTS. COLEOPTERA. Elateridse. Agriotes Uiitatus Linnaeus. (See Tobacco.) Brachyrhlnidse. Cneorhinus plagiatus Schall.; England. Curculionidae. Lipariis coronatus Goeze; Europe; breeds at roots Hypera pastinacx Rossi var. tigrina Boheinan, H. fasciculata Herbst, and H. rogcnhoferi Fairmaire; Europe; breed on the leaves like the clover weevil, Hypera punctata. , LEPIDOPTERA CEcophoridae. Depressaria nervosi Hw.; Europe; very injurious to flower heads. • DIPTERA. Agromyzidse. Phytomyza affinis Fallen. (See Tobacco.) CASSAVA; TAPIOCA; CEARA RUBBER. (Manihot utilissima Pohl., etc. Family EuphorbiaceiS.) Cassava {M. utilissima) is a tropical plant, grown to a limited extent in the southern United States. As it is propagated from cuttings, there is always danger of introduc- ing serious pests when cuttings are imported. A recent shipment of cuttings from Brazil for propagation in this country was badly infested by a stalk-boring weevil Leiomerus granicollis Pierce (see Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., vol. 51, No. 2159, pp. 469-471). Ceara rubber (M. glaziovii) is also an important plant. CATALPA. {Catalpa spp. Family Bignoniacere.) Deciduous ornamental trees of North America, and East Asia; much cultivated in this country. The wood is valued for railway ties and fence posts. 52 A MANUAL OF DANGEROUS INSECTS. IMPORTANT CATALPA INSECTS. HEMIPTERA. Coccidse: Armored — ^Diaspis pentagona Targioni-Tozzetti; Europe, Asia, Australia, Pacific Islands, Africa, South America eastern United States; attacks fruits and many other plants. LITERATURE. LiNDiNGER, L. Die Schildlause (Coccidse), 1912. CAULIFLOWER. (See Cabbage.) CEDAR. ( Cedrus spp . Family Juniperacese . ) Large evergreen trees of North America, North Africa.' Asia ]\linor, and the Hima- layas, highly valued for their durable and fragrant wood. INSECTS INJURIOUS TO CEDAR (CEDRUS). COLEOPTERA. Buprestidse. Sphenoptera aterrima Kerremans; India; bores in bast and sapwood of deodar (^Cedrus deodara). Sphenoptera lafertei Thomson; India; deodar. Tenebrlonidae. Camarimena rugosistriatus Blair; India; deodar Cerambycldae. Teledapus dorcadioides Pascoe; India; bores in trimk of deodar Strongylurus thoracicus Pascoe; Australia; white cedar. Tetropium oreinum Gahan; India; deodar. Trinophylum cribratum Bates; India; deodar. Brachyrhinldae. Brachyiystus suhsignatus Faust; India; defoliates deodar. Cossonidse. Rhyncholus himalayensis Stabbing; India; bores in wood of deodar Scolytidse. Polygraphus major Stabbing; India; boras in deodar. Polygraphus aterrimus Strohmey&c; India; deodar. Cryphalus deodara Stebbing; India; deodar stems. Cryphalus himalayensis Stabbing; India; deodar stems. Ips stcbbingi StTohmeyer; India; deodar stems. Pityogenes coniferse Stebbing; India; deodar. Scolytus major Stebbing, S. minor Stebbing and S. deodara Stebbing: India; deodar. Platypodldae. Crossotarsus coniferse Stabbing; India; deodar. LEPIDOPTERA. Pyralidse. Euzophera cedrella; India; infests cones of deodar. Phycita abietella; India; infests cones of deodar. CELERY. (Apium graveolens. Family Umbelliferse.) A garden vegetable much cultivated for its edible stems. A. A CELERY PEST LIKELY TO BE IMPORTED. Acidia heraclel Linnaeus. (Celery Fly. Trypetida?; Diptera.) Hosts: Celery, parsnip, Heracleum, Angelica, Ligusticum, Arctium, Artemisia, Rumex. Injury: Mines leaves and stems, causing considerable injury. INSECTS OF CELERY, CHERRY, AND CHESTNUT. 53 Description ajid biology: Fly brownish yellow, scutellum dark, hind part of thorax and abdomen shining black; head and antennae reddish yellow; length 5-6.5 mm. Maggot whitish. Pupates either in the leaf or in the soil (winter). Distribution: Europe. SoRAUER, P. Handbuch der Pflanzenkrankheiten, 3d ed., 1913, vol. 3, pp. 420, 421. B. OTHER IMPORTANT CELERY PESTS. LEPIDOPTEKA. Pyralidse. ^Pioneaforficalis LiniiEeus and' ^ P. fcrrugaJis Hiibner; Europe. (See Cabbage.) DIPTERA. Agromyzidse. ^Phyiomyza affinis Fallen. (See Tobacco.) CHERRY. (See Plum.) CHESTNUT. {Castanea spp. Family Oupuliferte.) Deciduous trees and shrubs of America, Europe, Asia, and North Africa, producing edible nuts. The coarse-grained wood is much used for furniture, railway ties, and fence posts, as it is very durable in the soil. A. BETTER KNOWN CHESTNUT INSECTS LIKELY TO BE IMPORTED. Curciilio elephas Gyll. (Balaninus). (Chestnut Wee\dl. Curculionidse; Coleoptera.) Host: Chestnut. Injury: To chestnut fruit. Not easy to introduce. Description and biology. — Adult length 6-7.5 mm. A long egg-shaped beetle, red- dish yellow brown and covered with whitish scales. Pupates in ground. Larva feeds in fruit of chestnut. Eggs placed by female in nut. Distribution: Europe. Henschel, G. a. O. Die Schiidlichen Forst- und Obstbaum-Insekten, 1895, p. 91. Laspeyresla splendana Hiibner. (Carpocapsa.) (Nut Fruit Tortrix. Tortricidse ; Lepidoptera.) Hosts: Chestnut; walnut; acorns. Injury: Attacks the nuts, often quite destructive. Description and biology. — Adult wing expanse 12-18 mm.; forewings whitish gray; basal patch gray, streaks of gray along costa; a large blackish brown area inclosing a silver-edged ocellated patch, in which are three or four black, longitudinal lines. Occurs in June and July. Pupation similar to that of codling moth. Larva, pinkish white; leaves fruit late in fall. Eggs deposited on young fruit, hatching in 10 days. (See text fig. 30.) Distribution: Europe. Theobald, F. V. Insect Pests of Fruit, 1909, p. 309. B. IMPORTANT CHESTNUT INSECTS. HEMIPTERA. Coccidae. Unarmored. Lccanium pulchrum King; Germany, France. COLEOPTERA. Anobiidse. Xcstobium rufovillosum DeGeer; Europe; bores in wood. Bostrycliidae. Bnstrychus capucinus Linnaeus; Europe; bores in lumber and barrel staves. 54 A MANUAL OF DANGEROUS INSECTS. Scarabseidae. Melolontha hippocastani Fabricius and M. melolontha Linnseus; Europe; larvae injure roots of seed- lings. Cerambycldae. Callidium xneum DeGeer; Germany; bores in wood of felled trees and lumber. Chrysomelidse. Pseudocolaspis indica Baly; India; adults destructive to inflorescence of Castanea vesca. Scolytidae, Ipidse. Anisandrus dispar Tabrieius; Germany; galleries in wood. Dryoccetcs villosus Fabricius; Germany; galleries in bark. Scolytus mali Bechst.; Europe; galleries in cambium. LEPIDOPTERA. Tlneidse. Tischeria complanella Iliibner; Europe; leaf miner on Castanea vesca. TortrlcidBe. Tortrix viridana Linnaeus; Europe; feeds on buds and leaves of Castanea vulgaris. Laspeyresia grossana Haworth; Europe. (See Beech. ) Fig. 30. — Nut fruit toitrix (^Laspeyresia splcndana): 1. Position of egg in chestnut stem; 2, larva in nut; 3, eggs; 4, larva; 5, larva in cocoon; 6, pupa in cocoon; 7, pupa; 8, adult. (Costa.) LITERATURE. LiNDiNGER, L. Die Schildlause (Coccidse), 1912. Hess, R. Der Forstschutz, 1898, 1900. SoEAXTER, P. Handbuch der Pflanzenkrankheiten, 3d ed., 1913, vol. 3. CHICORY; SUCCORY. {dchorium intybus Linnseus. Family Compositae.) The greater part of the chicory root used in this country is imported from Europe, although a small quantity is raised in the United States. Importations of roots might very easily introduce pests. CHINABERRY; UMBRELLA TREE. ( 3Ielia azedarach. Family Meliaceae ) The common chinaberry tree of the South originated in India. It has been intro- duced into the Imperial Valley, Cahfornia. INSECTS OF CHIIsrABEREY, CHOCOLATE, CINCHOiS'A, CITRUS. 55 COLEOPTERA. Platystomidae (Anthribidae). ^Arsecerus fasciculatus DeGeer; a cosmopolitan insect, breeds commonly in the berries. This is a pest of many dried vegetable products and is very injurious in the Southern States. CHOCOLATE. (See Cacao.) CINCHONA; QUININE. {Cinchona. Family Rubiacese.) South American trees whose bark yields the quinine of medicine. A. AN IMPORTANT CINCHONA PEST. Boarmia crepuscularia Hiibner. ( Ja van Cinchona Geometrid. Geometridse; Lepidoptera.) Hosts: Cinchona ledgeriana; elm. Injury: Very injurious to cinchona in Java; attacks elm in Russia. Description and biology: The larva attacks not only the foliage, but the bark of twigs and young branches, absolutely defoliating a tree when serious. Distribution: Java, Europe, Asia. SoRAUER, P. Handbuch der Pflanzenkrankheiten, 3d ed., 1913, vol. 3, p. 338. B. OTHER CINCHONA INSECTS. LEPIDOPTERA. Cossidse. Zeuzera coffex Nietner; Orient. (See Coffee.) Psychldse. Clania variegata Snellenhoeven, and C. crameri Westwood; Orient. (See Tea.) Lasiocampidae. Odonestis plagifera Walker; Java; defoliator. Metanastria hyrtaca Cresson; Java, very important defoliator. Lymantriidee. ^ E uproctis flexuosa Snellenhceven; Orient; defoliator. CITEUS; ORANGE; LEMON; KUMQUAT; LIME; TANGERINE; GRAPEFRUIT. {Citrus spp. Family Rutaceae.) Aromatic, glandular shrubs and trees cultivated in semitropical and tropical coun- tries for their delicious fruits. A. CITRUS PESTS LIKELY TO BE IMPORTED. * Eriophyes oleivorus Ashmead. (Orange Rust Mite: Lemon Silver Mite. Eriophyidse; Acarina.) Hosts: Orange, lemon. Injury: Blisters the leaves and fruit. Description and biology: Four-legged blister mite which attacks citrus trees and causes rusts on the fruit. Distribution: North America, South America, Bermudas, Australia. Marlatt, C. L. U. S. Dept. Agr., Yearbook, 1900, pp. 285-289. SoRAUER, P. Handbuch der Pflanzenkrankheiten, 3d ed., 1913, vol. 3, p. 121. ^6 A MANUAL or DANGEEOUS INSECTS. Bemisia giffardi Kotinsky (Aleyrodes). (Giffard White Fly. Family Aleyrodidse; Hemiptera.) Host: Citrus. Injury: Frequently abundant on citrus leaves, exuding honeydew copiously, which forms a medium for the development of sooty fungus. Description and biology: Adult female about 0.69 mm. long. Pupa case greenish with purplish red eyes, about 1.26 mm. long and 0.63 mm. wide. Eggs uniformly dark brown in color, with apparently no pedicel. Distribution: Hawaii. (Supposedly an introduced species.) Kotinsky, J. Bd. Agric. and Forestry, Hawaii, Div. Entom., Bui. 2, 1907, p. 94. QuAiNTANCE AND Baker. Joum. Agric. Research, Vol. VI, p. 459 (1916). Aleurocanthus woglumi Asbby. (Spiny citrus white fly. Family Aleyrodidae; Hemiptera.) Hosts: Orange, Capparis roxburghi, Capparis pedunculosus , Citrus sp., Morus sp., Salacia reticulata, Kurrimia zeylanica, Guaiacum officinale, and Cestrum nocturnum. Injury: Infests the lower surface of the leaves. Description and biology: Immature stages black, spiny. Pupa case about 1.4 by .89 mm., elliptical; dorsum attached; eggs very small yellowish, sometimes reticulated. Distribution: India, Ceylon, Philippine Islands. Jamaica, Bahama and Cuba. Aleurothrisus porteri Quaintance and Baker. (Porter's white fly. Family Aleyrodidse; Hemiptera.) Hosts: Orange, Solanaceous plants, Schinus dependens, Schinus molle, Jaboticaba, Lippia citriodora. and Myrtus. Injury: Infests the lower surface of foliage. Description and biology: Pupa case .88 by .50 mm., elliptical; dorsum somewhat elevated, covered with cottony wax; the abdomen with a distinct keel; margin incised. Adults yellow with dark brown eyes. Length, .88 mm., forewing 1.04 mm. long, without markings, but often uniformly cloiided with dusky. Distribution: Chile and Brazil. Apate monachus Fabricius. (Bostrycliidse; Coleoptera.) Hosts: Orange, plum, almond, coffee, avocado. Injury: Very injurious. Bores in wood. Description and biology: Larva bores in bark and heartwood; sap and twigs in neighborhood of galleries blackened. Distribution: East and West Africa, Antilles, Europe. SoRAUER, P. Handbuch der Pflanzenkrankheiten, 3d ed., 1913, vol. 3, p. 490. Leptostylus praemorsus. (Bark-borer. Cerambycidse; Coleoptera.) Host: Citrus trees. Injury: Attacks the stems near the ground or at the point of pruning, resulting in the ultimate death of the tree. May be introduced in nursery stock. Description and biology: Adult brownish with long slender antennae. Eggs are quite likely laid in dead or dying portions of tree after pruning. Distribution: Lesser Antilles. Ballou, H. a. Insect Pests of the Lesser Antilles, 1912, p. 81. CITRUS INSECTS. 57 Prays citrl Miller. (Philippine Orange Moth. Hyponomeutidae ; Lepidoptera.) Host: Orange, lemon, lime, mandarin, and cabuyao. Injury: Injures the blossoms of orange and lemon. Biology: Eggs deposited in the calices or peduncle of the flower; larvae upon hatch- ing bore through the inclosing parts, often destroying the calyx, pistil, and ovules; pupate within the flower and also in leaves or forks of twigs or branches. C. F. Baker states that in the Philippine Islands "the larva of this moth lives just beneath the rind next to, but not in, the pulp. They produce the gall-like tumors which remain open at the tips. The adult moths are of two sizes." Distribution: Sicily, Italy, Corsica, Ceylon, Australia, Philippines. EssiG, E. O. CaUfornia State Board of Horticulture, Monthly Bui., vol. 2, 1913, No. 11, p. 722. SiLVESTRi, F. Dispense di Entomologia Agraria, 1911, p. 287. QuAYLE, H. J. U. S. Dept. Agric, Bui. 134, 1914, p. 22. Fig. .31. — Lemon butterfly (Papilio demokus). (Maxwell-Lefroy.) Wester, P. J. Dept. Public Instruction, Bur. Agric, Manila, P. I., 1913, Bui. 27, p. 60. Papilio demoleus Linnaeus. (Lemon caterpillar. Papilionidse; Lepidoptera.) Hosts: Orange, lime, lemon, and other citrus trees. Injury: Defoliates citrus trees and is one of the commonest butterflies in India. Biology: Eggs yellow and deposited on topmost shoots of the plant. On hatching the larvfe are brown with wliite markings; when fully grown the color changes to a vivid green with lateral brown markings. Pupate on the plant. Adults large and conspicuous. (See text fig. 31.) Distribution: India and South Africa. Maxwell-Lefroy, H. The Agric. Journ. of India, 1908, vol. 3, p. 239. Maxwell-Lefroy, H. Indian Insect Pests, 1906, p. 174. Nephopteryx sagittiferella Moore. (Perak Pomelo Moth. Phycitidse; Lepidoptera.) Hosts: Pomelo, lime, lemon. Injury: Reported to be very destructive to pomeloes in the residency gardens at Kwala Kangsa. May be introduced in the soil. 58 A MANUAL OF DANGEROUS INSECTS. Biology: Eggs laid singly on underside of fruit; caterpillars, on hatching, penetrate fruit, increasing size and number of galleries as each successive stage is passed; pupate in ground and emerge as adults in about 12 days. Distribution: India, Europe (?). Cotes, E. C. Indian Museum Notes, 1891, vol. 2, No. 1, p. 21. Phyllocnistis citrella Stainton. (Citrus Leafminer. Tineidse; Lepidoptera.) Hosts: Citrus. Injury: Injurious to citrus nursery stock in India, attacking the buds and young foliage. May be introduced in nursery stock in Wardian cases. Description and biology: Adult, head, face, palpi, and legs white, antennae whitish, anterior wings white with two slender gray streaks, posterior wings wMtish with pale gray cilia. Larvae mine the leaves of young nursery stock, the cocoon is usually placed at the edge of the leaf, which is rolled up. Distribution: India, Philippine Islands. WoGLUM. R. S. U. S. Dept. of Agric.., Bur. Entom., Bui. 120, 1913, pp. 27, 28, and 40. Ceratitis catolrei Guerin. (Mauritius Fruit Fly. Trypetidse; Diptera.) Host: Tangerine. Injury: Attacks fruit. Description: Adult female fly 6-7 mm. long; male 5-6 mm. Distribution: Seychelles Islands, Mauritius; Isles of Bourbon. Froggatt, W. W. Proc. Linn. Soc, New South Wales, 1910, vol. 35, pt. 4, p. 864. Dacus sequalls Coquillett. (Large Australian Fruit Fly. Trypetidse; Diptera.) Host: Orange. Injury: Larvae feed on oranges. Description: Adult female length 8-9 mm. (excluding ovipositor). Front margin of wings with broad ferruginous stripe. Antennae long, and body wasp-shaped. Distribution: New South Wales. Froggatt, W. W. Dept. Agric, New South Wales, Farmers' Bui. 24, 1909, p. 26. Dacus ornatlssimus Froggatt. (Mandarin Fruit Fly. Trypetidae; Diptera.) Host: Mandarin. Injury: Breeds in fruit. Description: Adult female 6 mm. in length, general color chestnut brown to ocher- ous, dorsal siuface of thorax black, abdomen ocherous with narrow dark indistinct transverse lines. (See plate xxviii, figs, a, c.) Distribution: New Caledonia. Froggatt, W. W. Dept. Agric, New South Wales, Farmers' Bui. 24, 1909, p. 28. IMPORTANT CITRUS INSECTS. HEMIPTERA. Coccidse: Armored — Aspidiotus {Aonidiella) subrubescens Maskell; New South Wales. Scale of female reddish brown, flat, subcircular, exuvia central forming a slightly elevated boss. Aspidiotus {Chrysomplialus) albopictus Cockerell; Mexico. Scale of female 2-2.25 mm. in diameter, dark brown and often covered with a white secretion, exuvia central and free of secretion. Aspidiotus ( Chrysomphalus) koebelei Townsend and Cockerell; Mexico. Scale of female 1.5-2 mm. in diameter, circular to suboval, light brown to grayish, exuvia to one side. Aspidiotus ( Chrysomphalus) personatus Comstock; Bermuda. (See Olive.) CITRUS i:n'sects. 59 Coccidae— Continued. Armored— Continued. Aspidhtus {Chrysomphalus) scutiformis Cockerell; Central America, Mexico. Scale of female large, flat, occasionally nearly white, exuvia orange colored and not nipplelike. Aspidiotus (Diaspidiotus) orientalis Newstead: Cuba, Poncirus trifoUata ( Citrus). Scale of female 1.6-2 mm. in diameter, subcircular, light yellowish brown, exuvia central. i^^Aspidiotus (Pseudaonidia) articulatus Morgan; Barbados (Windward Islands), British Guiana, Costa Rica, Porto Rico, Panama, Ecuador, Venezuela, Nicaragua, Isle of Pines, Trinidad, Cuba, Sicily, Mexico, St. Vincent, Dominica. (See Coffee.) Aspidiotus (Pseudaonidia) davigcra Cockerell: Hawaii. Scale of female 2.5 mm. in diameter, blackish and usually covered by epidermis of the twigs. Aspidiotus (Pseudaonidia) duplex Cockerell. Scale of female 2.66 mm. in diameter, subcircular, dark blackish brown, exuvia orange colored and to one side. Aspidiotus (Pseudaonidia) fimbriatus Maskell; New South Wales. Scale of female 1.5 mm., flat, thin and circular. Aspidiotus (Pseudaonidia) trilobitiformis Green; East Africa, Japan, Brazil. Scale of female 3-4.5 mm. in diameter, semicircular, reddish brown. (See text fig. 32.) Lcpidosaphes pinnseformis Bouch^; German East Africa, Canary Islands, Sicily. Scale of female 1.75-2 mm. long, yellowish brown to dusky brown, curved or mytiliform. Parlatoria calianthina Berlese and Leonard!: Italy, Sicily. (See Olive.) Farlatoria cinerea Doane and Hadden; Society Islands on orange. Scale of female circular, slightly convex, pale brownish gray. Parlatoria sinensis Maskell; China on orange. Scale of fe- male usually encrusting twigs. :^Parlatoria zizyphus Lucas; Italy, Sicily, Philippines. Often received on imported lemons. Scale of female black. Unarmored — Akermes punctatus Cockerell; Grenada; Citrus viedica acida. Female scale about 3.5 mm. long, hemispheri- cal, pale ochreous. Coccus viridis Green; West Indies, Ceylon, Montserrat. (See Coffee.) Coccus hesperidum Linnaeus; cosmopolitan; citrus, tea, palm. (See pi. n, fig. 4.) Icerya montserratensis Riley and Howard: Ecuador, Montserrat, Porto Rico. Female reddish yeUow, antennse and legs black, waxy secretion white, corrugated long wax tufts protrude from the body. Icerya seychellarum Westwood; Seychelles Islands, Mauritius, Madeira, Japan, Madagascar. Female about 5 mm. in length, egg sac snow white, many long silvery hairs on dorsal aspect. Orthezia prxlonga Douglas; Jamaica, Trinidad, Brazil, British Guiana. Female long, narrow, pitchy black and covered with snow-white waxy laminations. ^Orthezia insignis Douglas; cosmopolitan: citrus, tea, etc. (See pi. iv, fig. 2.) Pseudococcus filamentosus Cockerell: Jamaica, Japan, Mauritius, Hawaii. Female about 3 mm. long, gray, covered with white secretions, antennae 7-jointed. ::^ Pseudococcus citri Risso; citrus, coffee, tobacco, cotton. (See pi. u, fig. 3.) Pulvinaria aurantii Cockerell; Japan. Female usually on underside of leaf, with white ovisac about 5 mm. long, suboval. Fig. 32 -Citrus scale (Aspidiotus [Pseud- aonidia] trilobitiformis). Pulvinaria cellulosa Green; Ceylon. female shrivels after gestation. Takahashia citricola Kuwana; Japan. to T.japonica. Termitidae. Termes australis Hagen; Australia. Female including ovisac 4.5 to 5 mm. in length, ovisac snow white; Female free from the plant and resting upon the ovisac. Similar ISOPTERA. (See Apple.) COLEOPTERA. Scarabseidse. Adoretus umbrosus Fabricius, and var. tenuimaculatus Waterhouse; Hawaii, Philippines, Japan, Java. Bostrychldse. Bostrychopsis jesuita Fabricius; Australia; bores in trees. Cerambycldae. Uracanthus cryptophagm Olivier; Australia; bores in trunis. Acrocinus accentifer Olivier; Brazil; bores in trunks of orange, tangerine, limes, lemons. (Boletim Agricultura, ser. 15, pp. 1066-1072.) Diploschema rotundicolle Serville; Brazil; girdles and bores in twigs (Bol. Agric, ser. 15, pp. 1073-1081). 60 A MANUAL OF DANGEROUS INSECTS. Curculionidae. Orthorrhinus cylindrirostris Fabricius; Australia; bores in wood (French, Handbook Destr. Ins, Vic- toria, pt. 4, p. 82). Cratosomiis rcidi Kirby ; Brazil; bores long tunnels in stems and trunks of orange. (Bol. Agric, ser. 15, pp. 1081-1092.) Diaprepcs abbreviatus Linnaeus; West Indies. (See Sugar cane.) LEPIDOPTERA. Pyralldae. Dichocrocis punctiferalis GufSnee; Queensland. (See Corn.) Papilionidse. Papilio idmus Fabricius; Brazil; feeds on foliage. DIPTERA. Trypetldae. Anastrephafratcrculiis Wiedemann, attacks oranges. (See Fruit.) Anastrepha ludens Loew; Mexico; attacks orange and sweet lime. (See Fruit.) Bactrocera tryoni Froggatt; Orient. (See Fruit.) Ceroiito capitoto Wiedemann, attacks Citrus aurantium, C. grandis{decuTnana), C.japonica, C.limonia and C. nobilis. (See Fruit.) Dacus ferrugineus Fabricius; India, etc. (See Fruit.) Dacus diversus Coquillett; India. (See Fruit.) Dacus passifloTse Froggatt; Fiji; attacks orange, lemon, and lime. (See Fruit.) Fig. 33.— Tbe clover-root curculio {Sitona hispidula): Adult, larva and pupa. Greatly enlarged (Wildermuth.) CLOVER. (Trifolium spp. Family Leguminosae.) There are many species of clovers used as forage crops in various parts of the world. Although clover is usually only imported as seed, several very serious foliage pests have been introduced from Europe. The lasiocampid moth, Lasiocampa trifolii Ep., of Europe and Asia Minor, is in- jurious to clover. Many weevils of the genus Sitona not mentioned below are in- jurious to clover in Europe. They breed at the roots, but several have been imported into the United States. The weevils of the genus Hypera (Phytonomus) are equally dangerous to clovers. They breed externally on the foliage. Several European species have established strong colonies in this country. The weevils of the genus Apion (e. g. A. apricans Herbst) often breed in the heads of clovers and many of them are very dangerous. (For Agriotes lineatus Linnaeus see Tobacco.) Sitona spp. (Clover root weevils. Curculionidae; Coleoptera.) Species: S. lineata Linnaeus; Europe (England); adults feed on peas, beans, etc., larvae feed at roots of these and clover and lucerne. :^S. flavescens Marsh.; Europe, introduced into America; clover, beans, peas, Galega ojflcinalis. ::^S. hispidula Fabricius; Europe, introduced into America; clover, peas, Galega officinalis. (See text fig. 33.) S. linneellus Gyllen- INSECTS OF CLOVER, COCONUT, COFFEE. 61 hal; Europe; lucerne. S. meliloti Walton; Europe, Melilotus officinalis Derr. S. sulcifrons Thunberg; Europe; clover, Atriplex hastata L. Description: Elongate grayish or brownish weevils with short blunt beak. The larvae breed at the roots of plants and in nodules. Important pests. Bargagli, p. Rassegna Biologica Riucofori Europei, 1883-1887. ^ Miccotrogus picirostrls Fabriclus. (Imported clover weevil. Curculionidse; Coleoptera.) This is a recently imported weevil which attacks clover in New England. (See text fig. 34.) Hypera (Phytonomus) spp. (Clover-leaf weevils. Curculionidse; Coleoptera.) Species: :Jf^H. punctata Fabricius; Europe, introduced into America; clover, and alfalfa. :>lfiH. meles Fabricius; Europe, introduced into America; clover, alfalfa, grasses. s^S". nigri- rostris Fabricius; Europe; in- troduced into United States; clover, alfalfa, Ononis, etc. H. miles Paykull, Europe; clover. H. murina Linnaeus; Europe; alfalfa, clover. H. variabilis Herbst; Europe; clover, beans, cabbage, rasp- berry, potato. H. ononidis Chevrolat; Europe; clover. Ononis viscosa. Injury: These are all serious or potential pests and easily distributed . (See Alfalfa.) Description and biology: The clover-leaf beetle, H. punctata, is very familiar to most entomologists in this country. The other species are of similar form but dif- ferent colors of brown, gray, or green. The larvae feed externally on the leaves and pupate in silken cocoons. Bargagli, P. Rassegna Biologica Rincofori Europei, 1883-1887. COCONUT PALM. (Cocos nucifera. Family Palmacese.) A large palm cultivated for ornament and for its edible fruit. It is grown in Florida and California as an ornamental tree. (See Palms.) COFFEE. {Coffea arabica Linnaeus; Coffea liberica Hiern. Family Rubiaceae.) Coffee is grown in Africa, Asia, Central America, South America, and many of the islands of the Pacific and Atlantic. Although not grown in the United States proper, it is an important product of Porto Rico, Hawaii, and the PliiUppines. The importa- tions of the beans into this country are enormous. Where beans or seedlings are imported into the Territories above mentioned, there is danger of introducing noxious insects. fiG. 34.— Imported clover weevil (Miccotrogus picl Tostris): Adult, enlarged. (Original, Walton.) 62 A MANUAL OF DANGEROUS INSECTS. A. BETTER KNOWN COFFEE INSECTS. Tetranychus bioculatus Wood-Mason. (Coffee Red Spider. Tetranychidae; Acarina.) Host: Coffee, tea, tomato, Firmiana colorata, Anthocephalus cadamba. Injury: Injures plant by sucking juices. May be easily imported on nursery stock and might attack other crops if introduced. Description and biology: A tiny red spider very like the common red spider of this country and likely to be as dangerous. SoRAUER, P. Handbuch der Pflanzenkrankheiten, 3d ed., 1913. vol. 3, p. 97. Cotes, E. C. Indian Museum Notes, 1896, vol. 3, pp. 48-56, 2 figs, Xyleborus coflese Wurth. (Coffee Beetle. Scolytidse; Coleoptera.) Hosts: Coffea arabica, C. robusta, and C. liberica, Erythrina lithosperma, Melia azeda- rach, Cacao, Cinchona ledgeriana. Occasionally feeds on Hevea brasiliensis, although the sticky excretion of the plant catches and holds the beetles, resulting in their death. Injury: Considered injurious to Coffea robusta, and it is recommended that this plant be discontinued in order to drive the insects to bruised or injured Hevea brasiliensis. Description and biology: Adult male beetle 1.1 mm. long and 0.55 mm. broad; adult female 1.6 mm. long and 0.8 mm. broad; color shining brown. Bores in galleries in the wood. Distribution: Dutch East Africa, Java, Tonkin. SoRAUER, p. Handbuch der Pflanzenkrankheiten, 3d ed., 1913, vol. 3, p. 574. Zeuzera coffeae Nietner. (Red Coffee Borer. Cossidse; Lepidoptera.) Hosts: Coffee, tea, cacao, cinchona, Acalypha marginata, Anona muricata, Durantha, Grevillea, Persea gratissima, Photinia, Santalum album, Swietenia mahagoni, cotton. Injury: Bores in the wood or stalks. Description and biology: Moth wing expanse 40-46 mm., head and thorax gray, with black spots; Avings white with blue black spots, abdomen black with white hair. Bores in the wood. Pupates in larval bore near exterior. The pupa emerges partially before escape of moth. Distribution: India, Ceylon, Java, Kamerun (German East Africa). SoRAUER, P. Handbuch der Pflanzenkrankheiten, ed. 3, vol. 3, 1913, p. 321. Maxwell-Lefroy, H. M. Mem. Dept. Agric. India, vol. 1, 1907, p. 156, fig. 41. Leucoptera cofleella Stainton. (Coffee Leaf Miner. Lyonetiidse; Lepidoptera.) Host: Coffee. Injury: Is said to have caused a loss of about 20 per cent of the crop in Brazil, 20 to 30 per cent of the leaves infested in Porto Rico, and a serious enemy in Cuba. Con- sidered the worst of all coffee pests. Likely to be introduced on plants. Description and biology: Adult moth 2.5 mm. long, silver gray color, tipped with black on posterior end. Eggs deposited in small sUts made in the leaves; the larvae hatch within 4 to 6 days, live within the leaf about 3 weeks, and then leave the inte- rior of the leaf through the upper epidermis and form a web, pupating on under sur- face of the leaf. The adult hatches in from 3 to 7 days. Distribution: Porto Rico, Brazil, Cuba. Cook, M. T. Est. Centr. Agron. de Cuba, Bui. 3, 1905. COFFEE INSECTS. 63 B. OTHER IMPORTANT COFFEE INSECTS. HEMIPTERA. Coccidse; Armored — >iiiAspidiotus (Pseudaonidia) articulatus Morgan; Venezuela, Jamaica, British Guiana. Adult female 2-2.25 mm. in diameter, semitransparent, pale brown or yellowish. Lepidosaphes corrugata Green; Java. Adult female, scale 3-4.5 mm. in length, 1 mm. broad, dull black, thick, opaque, with many curved transverse corrugations. Unarmored — Asterolecctnium cjffese Newstead; German East Africa. Liable to be introduced on leaves and twigs. Adult female, test golden yellow, margin fringed with golden yellow glassy filaments; test of old specimen opaque grayish with bottle-green markings. C'erococcus ornatus Green; Ceylon. Liable to be introduced on twigs. Adult female enclosed in test of wax which is purplish brown, on each of the sloping sides are two wax ridges; length 2-2.5 mm. Ceroplastes cer if erus Andetson; German East Africa. On Coffea arabica. (See Citrus.) Ceroplastes vinsonioides Newstead; Uganda. Liable to be introduced on leaves and twigs. Adult fe- male, covered with wax, test dark cinnamon to brownish, young female star shaped. Coccus viridis Green; Brazil, Ceylon, India, Mauritius. Liable to be introduced on cuttings and foliage. Adult female 2.5 to3.25 mm. in length, breadth 1.5 to 2 mm.; pale green withloop of blackish spots on dorsum. Lecanium catidatus Green; Ceylon. Liable to be introduced on cuttings and foUage. Adult female 3-4 mm. in length, 2-3 mm. in breadth; oval, narrowed in front broadly rounded behind, bright, castaneous. Ortheziola fodicns Giard; Guadaloupe. Liable to be introduced on roots. Adult female 2 mm. long, L5 mm. broad, tawny red provided with laminations. Pscudococcus coffex Newstead; Java; Liberian coffee. Adult female covered with densely felted plates cf white secretion. Pseudococcits virgatus Cockerell; Jamaica, Mexico, Hawaii. Liable to be introduced on foliage, branches, or roots. Aduit female 4-5 mm. long, white mealy browm above with caudal filaments about half the length of the body; antennae S-jointed. Pulvinaria camclicola Signoret; Hawaii. Adult female 2-3 mm. in length, ovisac from four to eight times length of insect. Pulvinaria ficus Hempel; Montserrat, Antigua, St. Kitts. Adult female length 5 mm., width 2.25 mm.; ovisac white and fluffy; antennse S-jointed. Pulvinaria mammex Maskell. Adult female before gestation about 8 mm. long. Ovisac large, snow white, forming a mass of loose cotton. Rhizoccus eloli Giard; Guadaloupe. Liable to be introduced on roots. Adult female elongate, anal tubercles prominent; antennas 5-jointed. :H:Saissetia nigra Nietner; Costa Rica, Ceylon, India. Liable to be introduced on cuttings and plants. Adult female length 3-5 mm. , breadth 2-3 mm. ; black, oval, convex with dorsum occasionally form- ing a pronounced hump; a longitudinal carina is often present. THYSANOPTERA. ^Heliothrips rubrocinctus Giard; West Indies, Ceylon, Uganda, Florida; attacks Coffea liberica. (See plate X.) COLEOPTERA. Bostrychidse. A pate monachus Eabricius; Africa, West Indies. (See Citrus.) CerambycidsB. Monohammus flstulator Germar; Java, Sumatra, Borneo; bores in wood. Bixadus sierricola White; Sierra Leone to Kamerun; very serious borer. Coptops fusca Olivier, C. hidcns Fabricius, Barseus sordidus Olivier, Sternotomis imperialis Fabricius, S. regalis Fabricius, Moecha buttneri Kolbe, M. molator Fabricius, and Frea macuUcornis Thomson; West Africa; bore in wood. Anthores asperula White; East and South Africa; a very serious borer. Frea marmorata Gerstaecker; East Africa. Praonetha mclanura Pascoe; Java. Nitocris usambica Kolbe; East Africa; a very injurious borer. Xylotrechus javanicus Lap. et Gory; Java; bores in bark and wood. Xylotrechus quadripes Chevrolat; India, C«ylon, Burma, Siam, Tonkin, Philippines; bores in bark and ■wood. (See text fig. 35.) Brachyrhinidse (Otiorhynchidae). Hypomeces curtus Schonherr; eats the foliage of yoimg plants in Java. Pachnxus litus Germar; breeds at the roots, the larvae gnawing the bark, in Cuba. Pachnxus azurescens GyUenhal; breeds at the roots, the larvae gnawing the bark in Cuba. 64 A MANUAL OF DANGEROUS INSECTS. Bracbyrhinidae (Otlorhynchidae)— Coatinued. Diaprepes abbreviatus Linnaeus; attacks the foliage and possibly the larvae attack the roots in the West Indies. (See Sugar cane.) Cratopus punctum Fabricius; feeds on the foliage in Mauritius and Reunion. Oeonomus quadrinodosus Chevrolat; feeds as larva on the leaves in Venezuela. Rhadimscopus nociturnus Kolbe; feeds on the leaves in German East Africa. Scolytidae. Xyleboms morstatti Hagedorn; German East Africa; bores in Bukoba coffee and Coffea stenophylla. LEPIDOPTERA. Pyralidae. Thliptoceras octoguttata Fid.; German East Africa; attacks beans. Cochlidiidse. Parasa lepida Cr.; Java; serious. Psychldae. Clania crameri Westwood and C. variegata Snellenhoeven; Orient. (See Tea.) Lyman triidae. Dasychira mcndosa Hlibner, D. misana Moore, D. thuaitesi Moore and Orgyia postica Walker; India, Ceylon, Java; defoliators. Notodontidae. Stauropus alternus Walker; India, Ceylon, Java; defoliates. DIPTERA. Trypetidae. Anastrepha fraterculus Wiedemann. (See Fruit.) Ceratitis capitata Wiedemann; attacks Coffea arabica. (See Fruit.) COLLARD. See Cabbage. CONIFERS. (Family Pinacese.) Fig. 35.— Pine bark beetle {Xylotrcchus quad- ripes): Adnlt. (Ma.xwell-Lefroy.) Under this heading are treated the insect pests of Douglas spruce (Pseudotsuga), fir (Abies), hemlock spruce (Tsuga), larch (Larix), pine (Pinus), and spruce (Picea). This grouping is due to the fact that these trees have so many pests in common and also because of a confusion in foreign and home literature of the names pine, spruce, and fir. A. IMPORTANT INSECTS ATTACKING VARIOUS CONIFERS. Diadosus scalaris Laporte et Gory; Diadoxus erythrurus White. (Cypress Borers. Buprestidae; Coleoptera.) Hosts: Murray pine (Pinus frenela), Lambert's cypress (Cupressus lambertiana) . Injury: Very destructive to the wood, boring under the bark and into the wood. Description: D. scalaris is the larger species. Both are greenish in color, with the elytra largely reddish brown except for green basal stripes and yellow discal spots. The median line of the thorax is yellow between two black or brown fasciae. Larvae yellowish white. Distribution: Victoria, Australia. French, C. Handbook of Destructive Insects of Victoria, pt. 5, 1911, pp. 44-50, pis. 106, 107. CONIFER INSECTS. 65 Tetropium castaneum Linnaeus. (Spruce Borer. Cerambycidje; Coleoptera.) Hosts: Larch, spruce, pine, fir. Injury: Bores in the wood. Distribution: Europe, Siberia. NussLiN, Otto. Leitfaden der Forstinsektenkunde, 2d ed., 1913, pp. 136-139, figs. 108, 109 (T./uscus, T. luridus). SoRAUER, P. Handbuch der Pflanzenkrankheiten, 3d ed., 1913, vol. 3, p. 495. Brachyrhinus (Otlorhynchus spp.)- (Coniferous Root Weevils. Brachyrliinidse (Otiorhynchidce); Coleoptera.) Species: B. niger Fabriciuis; Europe; pine, larch, spruce, maple, alder, ash, service berry; breeds at the roots and the adults attack the foliage. B. fuscipes Olivier; Europe; spruce. B. perdix Olivier; Europe; spruce. ':^B. ovatus Linnaeus; Europe, United States; spruce. A very important pest of strawberries, conifers, and green- house plants. B. singularis Linnaeus; Europe; spruce, fir, and many other plants (see Grape). B. sensitivus Scopoli; Europe; spruce, Weymouth pine, Douglas fir. B. irritans Herbst; Europe; pine, beech. B. armadillo Ro-ssi, B. aurifer Boheman, B. egregius Miller, B.fullo Schrank, B. inflatus Gyllenhal, B. jovis Miller, B. lepidop- terus Fabricius, B. kratterii Boheman, B. morio Fabricius, B. multipunctatus Fabri- cius, and B. septentrionis Herbst, are reported on conifers in Europe. Description: Black, oval weevils, with broad blunt beaks. Breed at the roots of plants and are very destructive. SoRAUER, P. Handbuch der Pflanzenkrankheiten, ed. 3, vol. 3, 1913, p. 54. Bargagli, p. Rassegna Biologica Rincofori Europei, 1883-1887. Magdalis spp. (Coniferous Weevils. Curculionidse; Coleoptera.) Species: The weevils of this familiar genus are very destructive to forest trees, breea- ing under the bark but entering the wood. They are very easily distributed in logs. M. violacea Linnaeus; Europe; attacks 3 to 10 year old pines, larch, and fir. M. phlegm- atica Herbst; Europe; spruce and pines. M. duplicata Germar; Europe; spruce, Pinus silvestris. M. memnonia Gyllenhal; Europe; pine. M. nkToni!cus (Myelopliihis) piniperda Linnseus. (The large or Ijlack pine pith borer or "forest gardener." Scolytida?; Coleoptera.) Hosts: Pine. Injury: Tunnels under bark of trunk and branches. Young adults feed on pith of 1 to 2-year old shoots. Attack sickly and quite healthy trees and invariably cause their death from above downward. Attacks thin, smooth bark of trunk and branches and heavy barked portion of lower trunk of li\"ing felled or sickly trees. Description: Beetle elongate. 3.5-4.5 mm. long: proboscis finely and not densely punctate; elytra finely punctate striate, posteriorly with a row of l^rush-ljearing small tubercles. Evidence of iyifestation: Fading and dying top.s; long vertical galleries in bark. Twigs hollow at tip with pitch tubes at jjase. Distribution: Europe. NiJssLiN, 0. Leitfaden der Forstinsektenkunde. 1913, pp. 243-246, figs. 207-210. JuDEicH, J. F., und NiTsciiE, H. Lehr))uch der Mitteleuropaischen Forstinsekten- kunde. pp. 462-472, figs. 145 and 146, 1895. Bupalus piniarius Liniiceus. (Pine Geometrid. Geometridie; Lepidoptera.) Hosts: Pine, spruce, fir. Injury: Feeds on foliage and young shoots. Description and biology: Male moth bright yellow, female bright reddish Ijrown, both marked with dark l^rown. Larva green, with three white dorsal lines and two yellow lateral lines. Distribution: Europe. SoRAUER, P. Handbuch der Pflanzenkrankheiten, 3d ed., 1913, vol. 3, p. 337. NiJssLiN, Otto. L3itfaden der Forstins?ktenkunde 2d ed., 1913, pp. 385-390, figs. 315-317. Dasycliira selenitica Esp. (Larch Tussock ]\Ioth. Lymantriida?; Lepidoptera.) Hosts: Larch, pine, sainfoin, herlis, hardwoods. Injury: Defoliator, especially injurious to young trees. Description an^J biology: Moth brown; male olive lirown; female l^rownish Ijlack, with white crescent and wavy line on wings. Larva Idack, with dark -gray hairs on black CONIFER INSECTS. 67 warts, and the fourth to eighth segments each with a yellowish gray brush of hairs tipped with l>lack; first segment with black hair pencil, eleventh segment with two. Pupates on surface of ground in a cocoon. Distribution: Germany. SoRAUER, P. Handbuch der Pflanzenkrankheiten, 3d ed., 1913, vol. 3, p. 384. NtJssLiN, Otto. Leitfaden der I'orstinsektenkunde, 1913, 2d ed., p. 376. Laspeyresia duplicanu Zetterstedt. (Fir Bark Tortricid. Tortricida'; Lepidoptera.) Hosts: White fir {Abies pectinata). juniper {Ju7iiperus), spruce (Picea exccJsa). Injury: Breeds in the bark and possibly sometimes the twigs. Description and biology: Moth 15-16 mm. in wing expanse; fore wings dark brown, with a white crescentiform spot at middle and finer markings beyond. The larva breeds from fall to spring under bark. Its life history is not definitely worked out. Distribution: Europe (Germany). NtJssLiN, Otto. Leitfaden der Forstinsektenkunde, 2d ed., 1913, pp. 411, 412, fig. 343. SoRAUER, P. Handl)uch der Pflanzenkrankheiten. 3d ed., 1913, vol. 3, p. 281. Hess, Richard. Der Forstschutz, 1898, vol. 1. pp. 485, 486. fig. 173. :>|(Enarinonia plnicolana Zell. (Gray Larch Moth. Tortricidae; Lepidoptera.) Hosts: Larix, Abies, Siberian stone pine {Pinus cembra L.). Injury: Attacks the needles. Description and biologi/: Moth, wing expanse 18-22 mm., forewings shining light gray with brown markings. Larva dark green with darker stripes, head and thoracic shield black. Feeds under webs on the needles. Distribution: Europe, Siberia, North America, but serious only in Europe. SoRAUER, P. Handbuch der Pflanzenkrankheiten, 3d eel., 1913. v. 3, p. 286. NiJssLiN, Otto. Leitfaden der Forstinsektenkunde, 2d ed., 1913, pp. 419-422, figs. 354-355. B. OTHER GENERAL CONIFEROUS PESTS. HEMIPTERA. Aphididse. :ifi Mindarus abictinia Koch, a plant louse; Europe; attacks younj shoots of Abies pcclinita and bark of Picea. Phylloxerldse. Pineus sibiricus Cholodkovsky; a gall louse: Russia; attacks Pinus cembra and Picea in alternatins fenerations. Pineus oricntalis Drej-fus and P. pint Koch; Europe; attack Picea orientalis, P. cicelsa, Pinus mon- tana, P. silcesfris, and P. stnbus, its generatims alternating on pine and fir. Pineus strobi Ha:"ti?, gall louse; Europe; atta^.-ks Pinus strobus. Aphrast2sia pectinatx Cholodkovsky; gall louse; northeast Europe; attacks Abies and Picea. Dreyfusia nuesslini C. B.; gall louse: Europe; attacks Abies nordmmniana and Picea. :kDrcyfusia piccx Ratzeburg; gall louse; Europe; attacks stems of Abies pectinata. Chcrmcs viridis Ratzeburg, a gall louse; Europe; attacks Larix aad Picea. ^tChermes abietis Kaltenbach, a gall louse; I'>iu"ope; attacks Larix, Abies pectinata, Pinus cembra. P. sil- vestris. Cnaphalodcs strobilobius Kaltenbach; gall louse; Europe; attacks Larix and Abies. Cnaphalodes lapponicus Cholodkovsky; Europe; attacks Picea and Larix. COLEOPTERA. Melandryidae. i\iScrropalpus barbatus Schall.; Europe; bores in the bark and wood of Abies pectinata and Picea. Bostrychldse. Apitc molle Linnaeus; Europe; bores in bark-stripped wood of conifers. 68 A MANUAL OF DANGEEOUS INSECTS. Buprestidse. Anthaxia quadripunctata Linnaeus; Germany; bores in stems of young trees and branches of older trees of spruce (,Picea). Elaterldae. Agriotes alcrTimus Linnseus, A. Uncatus Linnfeus, and A. oftscwrMS Linnaeus; Europe; attack the seed- lings and roots of pine, fir, and spruce, while some species attack larch. Dolopius marginatus Lin- ntpus; Euiope: attacks the roots of seedling and yearling fir, pine, and spru':'e. Sdatosomus xneus Lin- nteus; Europe; attacks roots of pine, fir, and spruce. Tenebrionidse. Sctcnis sem iopaca Blair; India; breeds in the trunks of Picea morinda and Pinvs eiceha. Cerambycidae. ■:)fi. Hylotrupcs bijulus Lin- nieus; Europe; bores in the finished lumber, es- pecially building tim- bers and furniture of coniferEe. Monohammus sartor Fab- ric)usand«u7or Linnaeus; Europe; attack bark and wood of fir and spruce. Pogonochxrus fasciculatus De Geer; Eui'ope (Ger- many); bores in the wood of spruce, pine, and fir. Titropium castaneum Lin- naeus; Europe; bores in the wood of larch, spruce, pine, and fir. Brachyrhinidse (Otiorhyn- chidae). J\Ie tallii (s atnmarius Olivier, ^f. laricis Chev- rolat, M. mollis Germar; weevils: Europe; as adults injure the buds of conifers; the larvae breed at the roots of trees. Brachyxystus subsignatus Faust; a weevil; India; adult causes very seiious defoliation of Abies web- biana and Picca morinda. Curculionidse. Hylobius abictis Linnaeus, H. fatuus Rossi, and H. piceus De Geer; Europe; breed in the bark and wood of conifers. These are very important weevils. Pissodes harcynix Herbst, P. notatus Fabricius, P. picex Illiger, P. pint Linnaeus, and P. piniphilus Herbst; weevils; Euiope; breed under bark of pines, spruce, and fir. (See text fig. 3C.) Cossonidae. Rhyncolus ater Linnaeus, R. elongaius, R. porcatus Germar, R. lignyarius Marsh., R. strangulatus Fer- ris, R. truncorum Germar, and R. cylindricus Boheman; Europe; bore in the trimks and rotten wood of pines, spruce, and fir. Rhyncolus himalayensis Stebbing; India; bores in the wood of Pinus cxcelsa and Picea morinda. i'lG. 3(). — Coniierous bark weevil {Pissodes notatus): Adult, larva, pupa, injury. (Henschel.) CONIFER INSECTS. 69 Ipidse. Cryphalus abictis Ratzeburg; Europe; attacks fir (Abies pectinita), spruce (Picea excelsa), and pine. Cryphalus saltuarius Weiss; Europe; attacks young fir, spruce, and pine. Cryphalus bosweUix Stebbing; India; attacks spruce and Pinus longifolia. Cryphalus piccx Ratzeburg; Europe; attacks Abies pectinata and larch. Crypturgus pusillus Gyllenhal; Germany; attacks spruce, fir, pine (Pinus strobus and P. pinaster). and larch. In the Himalayas this species attacks Pinus excelsa and Picea morinda. Dryocoetes autographus Ratzeburg; Germany; attacks spruce, fir, and pine (Pinus strobus). Hylastfs attenuatus Erichson; Germany; attacks pine and spruce. Hylastes decumanus Erichson; Europe; attacks spruce and Pinus cembra. Hylastes himalayensis Stebbing; India; attacks Picea excelsa. Hylurgops palliatus Gyllenhal; Europe; attacks Pinus silvcstris, P. strobus, P. pinea, P. austriaca P. maritima, larch, and spruce. Ips amiiinus EichofI; Euiope; attacks spruce, pine, fir, and larch. Ips cembrx Heer; Europe; attacks larch and Pinus cembra. Ips duplicatus Sahlberg; Finland and Ural; spruce and pine. Ips scidentatus Boemer; Europe; spruce and pine (Pinus atistriaca and P. pinaster). Ips ribbentropi Stebbing; India; Pinus excelsa and Picea morinda. ^Ips typographus Linnaeus; Europe; attacks spruce, larch, Scotch fir (Pinus silvestris). Tomicus (Myelophilus) minor Haitig; Europe; attacks pine and spruce. Fig. 37. — Barkbeetle (Pityogenes chalcographus). (Eckstein.) ■^ Tomicus (Myelophilus) piniperda Linn8eu.=; Europe to Japan; pines, larch, sprucf . Orthotomicus suturalis Gyllenhal; Europe; spruce, fir (Picea excelsa), pine (Pinus austriaca and P. silvestris). Orthotomicus laricis Fabricius; Europe; attacks fir (Abies pectinata), larch, spruce, pine (Pinus sil- vestris). Orthotomicus proximus EichofI: Europe; thin bark of upper stems of pine and spruce. Pityogenes bidentatus Herbst; Europe; larch, spruce, and pine (Pinus austriaca, P. strobus, P. pinaster, P. silvestris). Pityogenes bistridentatus Eichoff; Germany, France; pine, fir. Pityogenes chalcographus Linnaeus; fir (Abies pectinata), spruce (Picea excelsa), pine (Pinus strobus), larch. (See text fig. 37.) Pityogenes coniferx Stebbing; India; blue pine (Pinus excelsa), Chilgoza pine (P. gerardiana), fir (Picea morinda). (Spp plate XI, fig. 3a-c.) Pityogenes pilidens Reitter; Europe and Asia Minor; Pinus austriaca and fir. Pityogenes quadridens Hartig; Europe; Pinus silvestris and Siberian spruce. Pityokteines curvidens Germar; Europe; spruce (Picea excelsa), larch, balsam fir (Abies balsamea), pine (Pinus silvestris). Pityophthorus micrographus Linnaeus; Europe; attacks Abies pectinata, Pseudotsuga mucronata, Picea excelsa, Pinus strobus. Polygraphus major Stebbing; India; Pinus excelsa, Picea morinda Polygraphus pini Stebbing; India; Pinus excelsa, Picea morinda Polygraphus polygraphus Linnaeus; Europe; spruce, fir, pine (Pinus silvestris, P. strobus). 70 A MANUAL OF DANGEROUS INSECTS. Ipidae —Continued. Polygraphus subopacus Thomson; Europe; spruce, pine. Xylechinus pilosus Knoch; Europe; pine, spruce, larch Xyloterus lincatus OMvier; Europe; fir, spruce, pine, larch. LEPIDOPTERA. Lymantriidse. :JfiLymantriamonachaL,inni£us; Europe; defoliator on pine, spruce, larch. (See Forests.) Orgyia antiqua L,inn?eus; Europe; spruce, pine; defoliator. Xoctuidee. Agrotis segetum Schiffermiller; Europe; injures roots of seedlings and nursery stock of spruce, larch, pine. Agrotis vestigialis Rott.; Europe; injures roots of ssedlings and nursery stock of pine and larch. Pyralidae. Euzophera cedrclla and Phycita abictcUa; India; infest cones of blue pine {rinus excelsa), fir (Picea morinda), and silver flr {Abies wcbbiana). Tortrlcldae. Asthenia pygmxana Hiibner; Europe; spruce, fir; attacks needles on young shoots. Tortrii piceana Linnaeus; Europe; attacks foliage of pine and other conifers. Enarmonia pinicolana Zell; Europe; attacks foliage of larch, pine, and spruce. Tortrii vibiirniana Fabricius; Norway; attacks Picea etcehi, Pinwi silvcstris, P. montina, Liriz decidua. HyponomeutJdae. Argyresthia fundella F. R.; Europe; attacks needles of fir, spruce, and pine. HYMENOPTERA. Callinionidse. Megastigmus strohilobius Ratzeburg; a chalcid; Europe; breeds in seed of hemlock and fir (Abies pectinata). Diprionidse. Diprion pini Linnseus; D. rufus Klug, and D. paUidus Klug; Europe; attack bark and needles yfi^Diprion simile: Europe, Connecticut. An important sawfly, recently imported. Megalodontidae. Acantholyda crythrocephala Linnsus; sawfly; Germany; attacks foliage of pine, larch, spruce, flr. Cephaleia hypolrophica Hartig, and C. signata Fabricius: Europe; attack foliage of pine, spruce, fir. liycorsia stellata Chntit.; sawfly; Europe; pine and flr. Siricidie. Sirei juvencus Linnaeus, S. spectrum Linnaeus, and S. gigas Linnaeus; wood wasps; Europe; bore in wood of spruce, flr, pine, and larch. Xeris spectrum Linnaeus; wood wasp; Europe; bores in spruce and fir wood. DIPTERA. Tlpulidae. Pachyrhina crocala Linnaeus; crane fly; Germany; breeds in bark of young .seedling balsam flr (Abies bilsimca) and larch. C. BETTER KNOWN IMPORTANT PESTS OF PINE (PINUS). Eriophyes pinI Nalepa. (Pine Gall Mite. Eriophyidse; Acarina.) Hosts: Pinus silrcsfris, P. montana, P. mughus. Injury: Causes galls in the twigs resulting in deformed growth. Description and biology: A tiny elongate four-legged mite which breeds in the young twigs of pines. Distribution: Europe. SoRAUER, P. Handbuch der Pflauzenkrankheiten, 3d ed., 1913, vol. 3, pp. 116, 117, figs. 90-92. Gelechla dodecella Linnaeus. (Pine Bud Moth. Gelechiidse; Lepidoptera.) Hosts: Pines (Pinus spp.). Injury: Breeds in buds, needles, and young shoots, and is as injurious as Evetria buoliann, the pine-shoot moth. INSECTS OF CONIFERS (pINe). 71 Df-s'ri'i Ijii and biology: Adult moth with wing spread 10-12 mm., forewings dark gray or gray brown, with two obscure light gray transverse fascise, and six pairs of black flecks. Larva reddish brown with black head and thoracic shield. The larva bores in buds, needles, and young shoots. Distribution: Germany. NiJssLiN, Otto. Leitfaden der Forstinsektenkunde. 2d ed., 1913, p. 430, fig. 365. Cnethocampa plnivora Treitschke; Cnethocampa pityocampa Schiflermiller. (Pine Procession Moths. Cnethocampidae; I^epidoptera.) Hosts: Pines. Injury: Defoliate; sometimes serious. Description and biology: Moth of pinivora with forewings yellowish gray, hind wings with a sharply toothed crossline. Moth of pityocampa with forewings whitish gray; liind mngs with a scarcely toothed crossline. Larva oi pinivora greenish gray, with velvety black dorsal stripe and black head, and with reddish yellow warts on the fourth to eleventh segments. Larva of pityocampa similar but slate blue to black. The larvse feed on the foliage and live gregariously, wandering in the daytime in pro- cessions of a single or double row. Pupate in cocoons in the ground. The larvse of pityocampa hibernate in nests in the crowns. Distribution: Europe. SoRAUER, P. Handbuch der Pflanzenkrankheiten, 3d ed., 1913, vol. 3, p. 386. Hess, Richard. Der Forstschutz, 1900, vol. 2, pp. 452-455. NtJssLiN, Otto. Leitfaden der Forstinsektenknnde, 2d ed., 1913. Dendrollmus pini Linnaeus. (Pine Spinner. Lasiocampidse; Lepidoptera.) Hosts: Pine. Injury: Very serious defoliator. Description and biology: Moth variable in color, from brown red to slate gray, uni- colorjus or mottled; middle of forewings with white crescent. Larva 8 cm. long, "vvith steel-blue stripes on meso- and metathorax, general color varying from reddish to slaty gray; pubescence very long and clustered. The larva feeds on the foliage and spins a neat oval silken cocoon. Distribution: Europe. SoRAUER, P. Handbuch der Pflanzenkrankheiten, 3d ed., 1913, vol. 3, p. 376. NtissLiN, Otto. Leitfaden der Forstinsektenkunde, 2d ed., 1913, pp. 331-342, figs. 284, 285. Panolis griseovariegata Goeze. (Pine Noctuid. Noctuidse; Lepidoptera.) Hosts: Pine. Injury: Attacks foliage, buds, and tender shoots. Description and biology: Moth with forewings variegated cinnamon red and yellowish gray with white marks; hind wings brownish black. Larva green, with three broad white dorsal stripes, a yellowish orange lateral stripe, head shining yellowish, 35 mm. long. Eggs greenish, laid in a row on the underside of needles. Distribution: Europe. Sorauer, p. Handbuch der Pflanzenkrankheiten, 3d ed., 1913, vol. 3, p. 357. NiJssLiN, Otto. Leitfaden der Forstinsektenkunde, 2d ed., 1913, pp. a78-380. figs. 308, 309. 72 A MANUAL OF DANGEROUS INSECTS. ^ Evetrla buoliana Sehiffermiller. (European Pine-Shoot Moth. Tortricidse; Lepidoptera.) Hosts: Pinus dlvestris, P. laricio, P. montana, P. strobus, P. resinosa. Injury: Causes deformation of tree. Has been introduced into the United States in nursery shipments. Description and biology: Adult moth 12 mm. long, small, gayly colored; the head and its appendages and thorax light orange yellow, abdomen dark gray; forewingg bright ferruginous orange, suffused with dark red, especially toward the tips, and with several irregular forked anastomizing, silvery crosslines and costal strigulse; hind wings dark blackish brown; legs wliitish, the anterior ones reddish in front. Pupa stout, robust, chestnut brown; abdominal segments with rings of short dark spines. Larva 16 mm. long, brown with black head and thoracic shield; feeds in the young buds and sheets. Egg small, flat, white, laid at base of bud. (See plates XII, XIII.) Distribution: Europe, introduced into United States in 32 nurseries. BuscK, A. U. S. Dept. Agric, BuL 170, Feb.. 1915. -)(■ Evetria spp. (Pine Bud and Gall Moths. Tortricidae; Lepidoptera.) Species: In addition to ¥r E. buoliana Sehiffermiller which is separately treated, the following species injure pines. E. resinella Linnaeus; Europe; makes large galls in twigs of pines. * E. turionana Hiibner; Europe, North America; attacks buds of pines, especially the terminal bud. * E. pinivorana Zeller; Europe, North America; attacks the axillary buds. ^ E. duplana Hiibner, Europe. Japan, North America; attacks young shoots. * E. frustrana Comstock, the Nantucket pine moth, * E. rigidana Fernald, and * E. coinstockiana Fernald are among our most serious pests in this country. Distribution: The distribution cited above shows clearly that these species are readily distributed in nursery stock. SoRAUER, B. Handbuch der Pflanzenkrankheiten, 3d ed.. 1913, vol. 3, pp. 290-292. NussLiN, Otto. Leitfaden der Forstinsektenkunde, 2d ed., 1913, pp. 415-419, figs. 347-351 . Thecodiplosls brachyntera Schwiiger. (Pine Needle Midge. Itonididse [Cecidomyidse]; Diptera.) Hosts: Pinus silvestris, P. laricio, P. Jnontana. Injury: Breeds in the needles, forming a small gall-like swelling. Description and injury: Fly wery small. Larva yellowish. Egg laid between the bases of two needles. Distribution: Europe. SoRAUER, P. Handbuch der Pflanzenkrankheiten, 3d ed., 1913, vol. 3, p. 444. D. OTHER INSECTS ATTACKING PINE (PINUS). HEMIPTERA. Aphididae: Lachnus pini Linnaeus L. tomentosus DeGeer, L. tseniatus Koch, L. nudus DeGeer, and L. agilis Kaltenbach, plant lice; Europe; attack needles, tender growth and twigs. Coccidae: Armored — Aspidiotus (Aonidia) lauri Bouche; Italy; Pinus. Aspidiotus (Aonidia) pinicola Leonardi; Cyprus, Spain; Pinus halepensis, P. silvestris. Chionaspis austriaca Lindinger; Australia; Pinus laricio nigricans. U. S. Dept. of Agriculture, Manual of Dangerous Insects. Plate XI ''^^r Coniferous Bark Beetles. Fig. l.—Pohjqraphus irerwhi: Larva: la, pupa: 16, adult female, dnrsal view (above) and latera view (below): Ic, head cf female: Id. antenna: If, adult male, dorsal view (above) and lateral view (bekw). Fig. 2.~PtiIotoxitiiis zhohi: Ef:g: 2a, adult female, dorsal view (above) and lateral view (belcw); 26, antenna: 2c, le«: 2/, adult male, dorsal view (al)ove) and lateral view (below). Fig. S.—Pityogenes coniferae: Adult female, dorsal view (left) and lateral view (right, above fiiKure); 3a, antenna: .36, leg; 3c, adult male, lateral view (left) and dorsal view (right). (Stebl)ing.) U. S. Dept. of Agriculture, Manual of Dangerous Insects. Plate XII. European Pine Shoot Moth, Evetria buoliana, Moth, Larva. (Busck.) U. S. Dept. of Agriculture, Manual of Dangerous Insects, Plate XIII. Work of Evetria buoliana on Pine Shoots. (Busck.) U. S. Dept. of Agriculture, Manual of Dangerous Insects. Plate XIV. Pine Borers. Fig. 1. — Capnndis indica: Larva; lo, adults. Fig. 2. — Anthaiia osmastoni: Larva; 2a, adults. 16. — Stem of Pinus longifolia showing work of both beetles. (Stebbing.) U. S. Dept. of Agriculture, Manual of Dangerous Insects. Plate XV. The Pine Bark Beetle. The pine bark beetle (Platypus biformis): Males and females and injury to Pinus longifolia. (Stebbing.) INSECTS OF CONIFERS (pINe). 73 Cocridaae— Continued. Armored — Continued. Diaspis vixci Sehrank; Germany, Italy; Pinus fiUfolia, P. silvestris. ^Hf^Lepidosaphes newsteadi Sulc; Europe; Pinus austriaca, P. pumilio, P. silvestris. Leucaspis lawi Colv^e; Europe; Pinus spp. Leucaspis pini Hartig; Europe; Pinus austriaca. Leucaspis pusilla Loew; Europe; Pinus cembra, P. silvestris. Leucaspis signoreti Targioni-Tozzetti; Italy, Corsica, Cyprus; Pinus halepeiusis, P. laricio; P. silvestris. Poliaspis pini Maskell; Japan; Pinus densiflora, P. austriaca, P. thunbergii. Unarmored — Gueriniella serratulx Fabricius; Algeria; southern France; Pinus. Palxococcu^ fuscipennis Burmeister; Germany, France; Pinus silvestris. Pseudococcus pini Kuwana; Japan; Pinus. Puto antennata Signoret; France, Switzerland; Pinus cembra, P. silvestris. Aradidse; Aradus cinnamomeus Panzer; Europe; occurs under bark scales; causes needles to become yellow and remain small. COLEOPTERA. Anoblidse; Ernobius abietinus Gyllenhal; Europe; attacks cones. Ernobius nigrinus Sturm, and E. pini Sturm; Europe; attacks pith, of young shoots. Xestobium plumbeum Illiger; Europe; breeds in the dead wood. Meloidee; Cantharis fiisca Linnaeus; a blister beetle; Europe; attacks shoots. Buprestidae. Agrilus betuleli Ratzeburg; and ifc^ . viridis LiniiEeus; Germany; bore stems of young trees and branches of older trees. Chrysobothris solieri Laporte et Gory; Europe; bores in bast and sapwood of seedlings of P. silvestris and P . pinaster. Capnodis indica Thomson; India; bores in bast and sapwood of Pinus longifolia. (See. pi. XIV, figs. la, 16. Buprestis geometrica Laporte et Gory; India; bores in Pinus longifolia. Anthaiia osmastoni Stebbing; India; bores in the bark and bast of Pinus longifolia. (See pi. XIV, fig. 2.) Phxnops c'janea Fabricius; Europe; bores in bark. Tenebrionidae. Melnnimon tibiale Fabricius, Gonocephalum (Opatrum) sabulosum Linnseus, and Phylan gibbus Fabri- cius attack tender roots, bark, and tops of seedlings and nursery stock. Setenis indosinica Fairmaire; India; bores in wood of Pinus eicelsa. Blaps armata Blair; India; bores in the trunks of Pinus gerardiana. Scarabaeldae. Amphimallon sohuitialis Linnaeus; England; injures the roots of Pinus silvestris. Melolontha hippocastani Fabricius; ^f. melolontha Linnaeus; Europe; injure roots of seedling and needles. Polyphyllafullo Linnaeus; Europe; attacks the roots of seedlings, and the adults feed on the needles. Ceranibycidae. Acanthocinus xdilis Linnajus; Germany; bores in the sapwood of felled or prepared lumber. Monohammus galloprovincialis Olivier; Germany; attacks Pinus silvestris and P. pinaster. ' Nothorhina muricata Dalman, India: bores in trunks of Pinus longifolia. Criocephalus tibetanus (?) Sharp; India: bores in bast and sapwood of Pinus gerardiana. Chrysomelidae. Cryptocephalus pini Linnaeus; Germany; attacks the foliage and bark of young shoots. Luperus pinicola Duftschmidt; Germany; attack the foliage and bark of young shoots. Brentidae. Eubacfrus sp.; India; bores in trunks of Pinus longifolia. Rhinomacerldse. Rhinomacer attelaboides Fabricius; a weevil; Germany; breeds in the catkins. Brachyrhinidae. Polydrusus chxrodrysius Gredler, P. intermedius Zetterstedt, P. undatus Fabricius, P. villosulus Chevrolat; Europe: attack the buds and needles of conifers; the larvae breed at the roots of trees. 74 A MANUAL OF DANGEROUS INSECTS. Curculionidap. Brachonyi pincti Paj^kull; weevil; Europe: mines the needles of Pinus sllvestris. Cryptorhynchus brandisi StebbinK, the chir pine weevil; India; breeds in wood of Pinuslongi folia and P. khasya. (See text fig. 38.) Cryptorhynchus raja Steb- bing; India; breeds in bark and sap wood of Pinus excelsa. Cossonldae. Mesites aquitanus Fair- maire; Europe; bores in pine wood standing in sea water. Ipldae. Carphoborus minimus Fabricius; Germany; makes galleries in branches and tops of Pinusaustriaca,P. mon- tana, and P. silvestris. Cryphalus longifolia Steb- bing; India; Pinuslongi- folia. Cryphalus major Steb- bing ; India ; P inus longi- folia. Cry pturgus cinereus Herbst; Germany. Hylastes angustatus Herbst, //. a^fr, and H. opacus Eriehson, attack taproots. HylasKs longifolia Stel> bing ; India ; P inus longi- folia. Hylurgus li ]n iperda Fabri- cius: Germany; attacks taproots. Ips blandfordi Stebbing; India: Pinusgerardiana. Ipsacuminatus Gyllenhal; Lapland to Sicily; bark and sapwood. Ips longifolia Stebbing; India, Pinus longifolia and P. gerardiana. Ips mannsfeldi Wachtl.; Europe; Pinus austri- aca. Orthotomicus erosus Wol- laston and O. longicolUs Gyllenhal; Europe. Phlfiosinus zhobi Steb- bing; India; Pinusgerar- diana. (See pi. XI, figs. 2a-2d.) Pityogencs tre panatus Nordl.; Europe; Pinus austriaca. Fig. 38.— Pine weevil {Cryplorliynchus brandisi): Injury to Pinus longi- folia. (Stebbing.) Pityogenes lipperti Henschel; Dalmatia; Aleppo pine. Pityophthorus sampsoni Stebbing; India; Pinus excelsa. INSECTS OF CONIFERS (pINe), 75 Ipidae— Continued. Pityophthorus glabratus EichhofI; Europe; Pinus silvestris. Pityophthorus lichtensleini Ratzeburg; Europe; Pinus silvestris, P. strobus, P. pinaster. Polygraphus grandiclava Thomson; Europe; Pinus strobus. Polygraphus trenchi Stebbing; India; Pinus gerardiana. (See text fig. 39, and pi. XI, figs, la-lf.) Polygraphus nigra Stebbing; India; Pinus eicelsa. Polygraphus himalayensis Stebbing; India; Pinus longifolia. Polygraphus longifolia Stebbing; India; Pinus longifolia. Xyleborus eurygraphus Ratzeburg; Europe. Fig. 39. — Pine bark beetle (Polygraphus trenchi): Galleries in Pinus gerardiana. fStebbing.) Piatypodidae. Crossotarsus fairmairei Chapuis; India; bores in wood of Pinus excelsa. Platypus biformis Chapuis; India; infests Pinus longifolia. (See pi. XV.) LEPIDOPTERA. Geometridae. Semiothiia liturala Clm.; Europe; attacks the needles. Laslocampidse. Lasiocampa quercus Linnaeus; Germany; attacks needles. Noctuldae. Agrotis tritici Linnaeus; Europe; injures roots of seedlings. 76 A MANUAL OF DANGEROUS INSECTS. Pyralldae. Dioryctria splendidella H. Sch.; Germany; attacks cones, shoots, and sapwood. Ephes'ia elutella Hiibner; Germany; attacks seeds and cones . Psychldae. Clania crameri Westwood; India; attacks needles of Pinus longifolia. Fig. 10. — Pine web-worm {Cmthocampu pilyocampa'i: Nests. (Barbey.j Hyponoiueutldse. Ocnerostoma piniariella Zell.; Germany; attacks needles. Cnethocampidse. Cnethocampa pinivora Treitschke; Europe; attacks foliage. Cnethocampa pityocampa Schiffermiller; Europe; attacks foliage of Pinus pinea, P. pinaster, P. laricio, P. halepensis. (See text fig. 40.) INSECTS OF CONIFERS (fIr), 77 HYMENOPTERA. Mogalodontidae. Itijcursi-i cimpestris Linii'sus, a sawfly; Europe; attacks needles. (See text fig. 41.) E. BETTER KNOWN IMPORTANT PESTS OF FIR (ABIES). Eucosoma nigricana H. Scb. (Eplblenia). (Fir Bud Worm. Tortricidse; Lepidoptera.) Host: Silver tir {Ahies pectinata D. C.) Injurij: Feeds in the buds. Very likely to be introduced in buds on nursery stock during winter. Description and biologij: Moth wing expanse 11-1,3 mm., forewings dark brown with violet red shimmer and lead gray lines. Larva yellow- ish to reddish brown, with black head and thoracic shield . Feeds in the buds , hibernating as a larva. In the spring it goes from bud to bud, often tmder a silken web. Pupates in the ground. Distribution: Europe (Germany). NtJssLiN, Otto. Leitfaden der Forstinsektenkunde, 2d ed., pp. 408-409, fig. 340. SoRAUER, P. Handbuch der Pflanzenkrankheiten 3d ed., 1913, vol. 3, p. 285. Enarmonla niflmltrana H.- Schf. (Steganoptycha). (Redheaded Fir Worm. Tortricidse; Lepidoptera.) Hosts: Silver fir (Abies pectinata D. C). Injury: Feeds on the needles and young shoots. Description and biology: Moth, wing expanse 12-16 mm., head and thorax rust yellow, forewings yellowish gray with many lead-col- ored lines. Larva dirty yellow green, with rust-red head. (See text fig. 42.) Distribution: Europe. Hess, Richard. Der Forstschutz, 1898, vol. 1, p. 490, 491. NtJssLiN, Otto. Leitfaden der Forstinsektenkunde, 2d ed., 1913, p. 408, Fig. 41. — Pine sawfly {Itycorsia cam pcstris): Injury. (Barbey.) figs. 338, 78 A MANUAL OF DANGEROUS IlSrSECTS. Plemellella abietina Seitner. (Spruce Seed Midge. Itonididae [Cecidomyiidse]; Diptera.) Host: Fir {Abies). Injury: Breeds in the seed, which become shrunken and worthies?. Desaiption: Larvae red. Distribution: Europe. SoRAUER, p. Handbuch der Pflanzenkrankheiten, 3d ed., 1913, vol. 3, p. 444. Fig. ■12. — Red-headed flrworm ( Enarmonia ruflmltrana): Injury. (liarbej'.) F, OTHER INSECTS ATTACKING FIR (ABIES). HEMIPTERA. .4phidld8e. Lachnus grossus Kaltenbach and L. picfa? Walker, plant lice; Europe (Germany); live on the bark. Lachnus pkhtse Mordwilko; Europe; lives on the under side of the needles. Prociphilus bumelise Schrank, a root louse; Europe; attacks roots of Abies pectinata, A. balsamea, and A. fraseri. (See Ash.) INSECTS OF CONIFERS (fIB^ SPRUCe). 79 Coccidae: Armored — Le pidoijphcs abictis Sigw^rei: Europe; Abies. Poliaspis pini Ma^ke.W; Japan; Abies ftrma. Unarmored — Lecaninm scriceiim Lindiiiger; Bavaria: Abies pectinata. COLEOPTERA. Anoblidae. Dri/ophilus pusillus Gyllenhal; Europe; attacks buds. Ernobius abietis Fabrieius, E. angusticoUis Ratzeburg, and E. longicornis Sturm; Europe; attacks the cones. Lymexylonidae. Hylecatusdermestoides Linnxus; Germany; bores in white fir wood. Elateridae. Athous liirt'is Herbst; Europe; attacks seedlings of fir. Cerambycidae. MolorchiLs minor Linna?us; .Germany; attacks the sapwood of felled trees and lumber. Tetropiumfiiscum Fabrieius; Germany; bores in trunks of old and dead trees. Ipiiae. Cryphalus strohmeyeri Stebbing; India; Abies ivebbiana. Pitt/okteines spinidens Reitter, and P. vorontzowi Jacobson; Europe. Xyloterus inter medius Sampson; India; Abies webbiana. Scolytoplatypodldae. S:oIytoplatyp'.ishimalayensis Stebbing; India; Abies tccbbiana. LEPIDOPTERA. Tortricidffi. Tortrix murinana Hiibner; Europe; attacks needles and young shoots oi Abies peetinata. Laspeyresia protimana H. Sch.; Europe; mines the needles. Laspeyresia coiiferana Ratzeburg; Germany; bores in the bark of Abies pectinata. Olethreutes hercyniani Treits.-'hke; Europe; attacks needles of /16/f« pf«rnof; Araecerus fasciculatus De Geer. (Coffee-bean Weevil. Family Anthribidse; Coleoptera.) Hosts: This weevil is polyphagous, feeding in dry food products and drugs, china- berries (Melia azedarach), dead cotton bolls, cornstalks, etc. Injury: Very injurious to food products and also to live corn. CORN INSECTS. 85 Description: A mottled grayish weevil with short, blunt snout. Larva hairy. Distribution: Cosmopolitan. Tucker, E. S. U. S. Dept. Agr., Bur. Entomology, Bui. 64, pt. 7, 1909, pp. 60-64, pi. 3, fig. 18. Chittenden, F. H. U. S. Dept. Agr., Bur. Entomology, Bui. 8, n. s., 1897. Dichocrocls punctileralis Guenee. (Pyralidse; Lepidoptera.) Hosts: Maize, peach, pawpaw, apple, orange, loquat, guava, cassia, custard apple, granadilla, banana, millet, Canavalia indica, senna bean, Dahlia, castor bean, cacao, sunflower. Injury: Although primarily a maize pest, it is becoming quite a serious enemy of fruit trees in Cleveland District, Queensland. Breeds in pods of castor bean and cacao, and heads of sunflower in India. Description and biology: Adult measures about 24 mm. in wing expanse; color pale orange yellow, marked with numerous black dots on wings and body. Egg presum- ably deposited on leaf stalk near or at point of junction with main stem or young fruit; larva on hatching penetrates into the hollow stalk or fruit, and after feeding for a time bores into the crown, in which it remains until ready to pupate. On leaving the crown of the fruit it crawls to some convenient crevice and constructs a loose silken web under which it transforms to a reddish brown pupa. Distribution: Australia, Japan, China, India, Burma, Ceylon. Jarvis, E. Queensland Agricultural Journal, 1913, p. 33, July. Maxwell-Lefroy, H. Mem. Dept. Agric. India, vol. I, 1907, p. 211. Siphonella puniilionis Bjerk. (Corn Fly. Oscinidae; Diptera.) Host: Corn. Injury: Mines stem and young ears. Description and hiolo'jy: Fly yellow, thorax with three broad black stripes, abdomen with brown median line and four broad brown cross bands; beak very long and thin; appendages yellow; length 3-4 mm. Larva 6-7 mm. long, shining yellowish white. Distribution: Europe. Sorauer, p. Handbuch der Pflanzenkrankheiten, 3d ed., 1913, vol. 3, p. 411. b. important corn pests. hemiptera. Cereopidse. Tomaspis varia Fabrici«3. T. postica Walker, T. lepidior Font.; South America. (See Sugar cane.) coleoptera. Elateridse. Agriotfs lintatus Linnaeus. (See Tobacco.) Chrysomelldae. Diabrotica graminea Ballou; Porto Rico; adults very injurious to flowers. Brachyrhinidae. Diaprepes abbreviatus Linnaeus; West Indies. (See Sugarcane.) LEPIDOPTERA. Noctuidae. Sesamia crctica hed.; Europe, Asia Minor, Egypt, Sudan; bores in ears. (See Sugar cans.) Calamistisfusca Hampson; South Africa; a serious pest. Cirph is Icucosticha Kumpson; East Africa; cobworm. Pyralldae. Pyrausta nubilalis KubneT: Europe; bores in stalks. (See Grains.) Chilo simplex Butler; India, Formosa. (See Sugar cane.) Chilo auricilia Dudgeon; India. (See Rice.) Hepialldse. Hepialus humuli Linaieus; KuToj^e. (See Hops.) 86 A MANUAL OF DANGEROUS INSECTS. COTTON. (Gossypium spp. Malvace?-.) Many species of fiber yielding cotton are cultivated in various parts of the world, and the fiber is a very important article of world commerce. The great impetus given to seed selection in recent years has also caused considerable commerce in the various varieties of seed for planting. Practically the only serious possibility of importing cotton insects is connected with the seed and with lint when not thoroughly cleaned of seed. There is also some danger of injurious insects finding refuge behind the bagging of the bales. Owing to these dangers the Federal Horticultural Board has forbidden the impoilation of cotton seed except through the Department of Agricul- ture, and has placed restrictions on the importation of foreign baled cotton. The cotton plant is one of the most severely attacked cultivated plants, having a very long list of injurious insects. Although the majority of these insects are not liable to introduction, there is always a possibility that they may find entrance into the country in the folds of the bagging of bales or on some food plant. A. BETTER KNOWN COTTON INSECTS LIKELY TO BE IMPORTED. Eriophyes gossypii Banks. (Cotton Blister Mite. Eriophyidse; Acarina., Host: Cotton. Injury: Injures the foliage, causing death to plants when very numerous. May be distributed on lint or seed. Description and biology: A tiny four-legged mite which forms blisters on the leaves of cotton when very young, developing therein. This is a very serious pest. Distribution: West Indies. Smith, Longfield. Rept. Agric. Exp. Sta. St. Croix for 1912-13, Copenhagen, 1914, pp. 56-58. Dysdercus spp. (Cotton stainers. Pyrrhocoridse ; Hemiptera.) Important species: This genus contains the following species, which are very injuri- ous to cotton 1 ecause of their ha its of sucking the juices and staining the fi' er: D. andrese Linnaeus, West Indies. D. annuligcr Uhler, West Indies. D. cardinalis Gerstacker, of East Africa. D. cingulatus Fabricius, India, Ceylon, Burma, Malay Peninsula, Australia, and Egypt (see text, fig. 46). D. dclauneyi Lethierry, Egypt, India, and the West Indies. D.fasciatus Signoret, Africa. D.fernaldi Ballou, West Indies. D. howardi Ballou, West Indies. D. insularis, Fiji. D. nigrofasciatus Stal, West Africa. D. pacijicus, Fiji. D. ruficollis Linnaeus, Brazil, Peru, and Mexico. D. sanguinarius, Cuba. D. sidx Montrousier, New South Wales. D. superstitiosus Fabricius, Africa. :^D. suturellus H. S., North America, West Indies. Hosts: Cotton, okra, eggplant, and various other plants. Injury: Serious. Description and biology: Adult active sucking 1 ugs, usually reddish or yellowish in color. The developmental stages are gradual, each nymphal molt showing a little more of the wings. The eggs are small, oval, yellowish, laid in clusters on the ground. The insect in all stages lives by sucking the juices of the cotton plant, especially the bolls. Fig. 46.— Cotton stainer (Dys- dercus cingulatus): Adult. ( Maxwell-Lefroy . ) COTTON INSECTS. 87 Ballou, H. a. Cotton Stainers, West India BuL, 1906, vol. 7, No. 1, pp. 64-85. Basu, S. K., and Hutt, H. L. Dysdercus cingulatus Fabr.: Crop Pest Handbook for Behar and Orissa, 1913, Dept. Agr. Behar and Orissa, Calcutta, Leaflet 45, pi. 32. Apion xanthostylum Wagner. (East African Cotton Weevil. Apionidte; Coleoptera.) Host: Cotton. Injury: Bores in the stem and 1 oils. Description and biology: A very small '< lack weevil. The larva is yellowish white, 2 mm. long, curved and legless. It ' ores in the stem and roots as well as in the 'oils of cotton and is a very serious pest. Distribution: G e r m a n East Africa. Zacher, Friedrich. Arl eit. Kaiserlich. Biol. Anst. f. Land- und Forstwirtschaft, band 9, heft 1, 1913, pp. 157-163, figs. 21-27. Apion armipes Wagner. This species is similar to the a' ove mentioned and attacks cot- ton in a similar manner in Nyas- saland. (Zacher., 1. c, p. 156, fig. 21.) Anthonomus vestitus Boheman. (Peruvian Cotton-Square Weevil. Curculionidse; Coleoptera.) Host: Cotton. Injury: Very injurious pest to squares in Peru. Description and biology: Adult weevil resem' les the Mexican cotton boll weevil (.4. grandis): length 2.5-4 mm.; o long-ovate, convex, blackish piceous, rather closely clothed with elongate whitish scales, with indistinct oblique lighter band on each elytron, the two forming a basal triangle. Pupa white, formed in fallen squares. Larva white, curved, legless; feeds in the interior of cotton squares which fall to the ground soon after the larva commences to feed. Egg oval, white, laid in square (see text fig. 47). Distribution: Peru. TOWNSEND, C. H. T. Pierce, W. Dwight. Pierce, W. Dwight. Fig. 47.- Peruvian cotton square weevil, Anthonomus vestitus, male. (Pierce.) Journ. Econ. Ent. 1911, vol. 4, No. 2, pp. 241-248. Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. 1912, vol. 42, No. 1889, pp. 155-156. U. S. Dept. Agric, 1915, Report 102, p. 12, pi. 2, fig. 3. Earias insulana Boisduval. (Egyptian Cotton Bollworm. Cymbidse; Lepidoptera. ) Host: Cotton. Injury: Very injurious; the larvae feed in the bolls and squares. Adults have been captured in quarantine in a few bolls of cotton from the island of Cyprus shipped for propagati ni and botanical purposes. A MANUAL OF DANGEROUS INSECTS. Description and biology: Adult moth green, front wings with two indistinct lines, hind wings whitish. Larva 1 rownish to greenish with yellow flecks 15 mm. lono- (see plate xvi, figs, a, b, c, e, g, h). Distribution: India, Siam, Burma, Australia, Africa, Cyprus. Zacher, Friedrich. Arbeit. Kaiserlich. Biolog. Anst. f. Land- u. Forstwirtschaft band 9, heft 1, 1913. pp. 175-179, figs. 35-39. Pectiiiophora gossypieila Saunders (Gelechia). (The Pink BoUworm. Gelechiidae; Lepidoptera. ) Host: Cotton. Injury: Breeds in the bolls, especially in the seed. Liable to be imported in cotton seed. Live specimens have been taken in quarantine in the United States. Some of these were in stray seeds in baled cotton. Description and biology: Moth — small, gray colored, less than half an inch long, with long brown fringes on the wings. Pupa brown, less than half an inch in length. Larva white when very young, but becoming pink; feeds in green or ripe bolls, first attacking the leaves or outside of bolls ; later it bores inside of the boll, feeding on the seed. The lar- val period is sometimes very greatly retarded. Eggs de- posited singly on leaves, stalks, and bolls hatch in a few days. (See text fig. 48.) Has become established in Fig. 48. — Cotton pink bollworm (Pectinopliora gossypieila): a, Adult; 6, c, larvae; d, pupa; e, cocoon. (Maxwell-Lefroy.) Distribution: India, Africa, Hawaii, New Caledonia, the Laguna District, State of Coahuila, Mexico. Maxwell-Lefroy, H. F. Indian Insect Pests, pp. 93-9(). Maxwell-Lefroy. H. F. The Insect Pests of Cotton in India, Agricultural Journal of India, vol. 1, pp. 49-62. Basu, S. K., and Dutt, H. L. Crop Pest Handbook for Behar and Orissa, 1913, Dept. Agr. Behar and Orissa, Calcutta, Leaflet 44, pi. 31. Pyroderces simplex Walsingham. (The Little Bollworm. Gelechiidae; Lepidoptera.) Host: Cotton. Injury: Breeds in the bolls, especially in the seed. Description andMology: Adult moth, light brown, with black and white markings, length 6 mm. Larva pink, 8 mm. long. Pupa light brown, 5 mm. long. The species greatly resembles Pectinophora gossypieila but is smaller and differently marked. It breeds in the same manner. Distribution: 'East Africa. MoRSTATT, H. Der Pflanzer, Jahrg. 10, heiheft 1, 1914, pp. 29-31. U. S. Dept. of Agricu'ture. Manual of Dangerous Insects. Plate XVI. Cotton Bollworms. Cotton bollworms: Earias insulana. Figs, a, h. Larva: &, injured cotton boll; c, injured twig; e. g, adult moths. Earias chromitiria Fig. /, Adult. Earias hbia Stoll. Fig. d. Adult. (Maxwell- Lefroy.) U. S. Dept. of Agriculture, Manual of Dangerous Insects. Plate XVII. The Cotton Spittle-Tube Insect. The cotton spittle-tube insect ( Machserora planitias) : Fig. a. — Eggs on cotton stem; b, egg imbedded in tissue of jstem; c, egg; d, nymph, 19 days old; e, calcareous case of nymph, 20 days old;/, case with molted skin attached; 9, male; ft, female; i, side view of adult. (Maxwell-Lefroy.) U. S. Dept. of Agriculture, Manual of Dangerous Insects. Plate XVIII. The Cotton Stem-Borer. The cotton stem-borer (Sphenoptera gossypii): a, Larva in stalk; 6, larva; c, pupa in stalk; d, pupa; e, adult; /, adult on plant; g, parasite. (Maxwell-Lefroy.) U. S. Dept. of Agriculture, Manual of Dangerous Insects. Plate XIX. Cotton Weevils. Fig. 1. — Cottonseed weevU {Arsecerus sp.): Adult, pupse, larva. Fig.s. 2, 3.— Cotton-stem weevil (.Phylaitis sp.): Adults, pupse, larva. (Maxwell-Lefroy,) Fig. 4.— Peruvian cotton-stem vsreevil {Gasterocercodcs gossypii), adult. (Pierce.) COTTON INSECTS. 89 Contarinia gossypii Fell (Cotton Flower Bud Maggot. Itoiut:-u.\. Coccldae: Armored — Chionaspis salicis Liniiipus; Kiiropo; Corntts r^nngiiinca. L^narmored— Lecanium coryli Liiiiuvus; F.uropo: Cornns Kanffuinca, C. sericea. DURRA. See Sorghum. EGGPLANT. (Solarium melongena. Family Solanacea\) A tropical vegetable now extensively cultivated in this country for its fruit. A, EGGPLANT INSECT LIKELY TO BE IMPORTED. Leuclnodes orbonalls Gu^n^e. (Eggplant Fruit Borer. Pyralida^; Lepidopt(»ra.) Host: Eggplant. Injury: Bores in the fruit. Description and biology: Adult wing expanse 24 mm., white, forewing with fulvous, black and ferruginous markings; hind wing white, with black lines and si)eck8. Larva about 15 mm. long, flesh color, with brown head aneautiful featherlike antennpe. Pupa yellowish white. Larva dull, yellowish white, unusually tapering at apex. The adults frequent the flowers of the Leptosperrmim bushes. Distribution: Australia. French, C. Handbook of De-itructive Insects of Victoria, pt. 5, 1911, pp. 96*98, pi. 107. 55266—17 7 98 A MANUAL OF DANGEROUS INSECTS. Tryphocharia mastersl Pascoe. (Masters' Gum Borer. Cerambycidae. Coleoptera.') Hosts: Eucalyptus ami/gdaUna, E. globulun. Injury: Bores in the wood, the larvse taking several years for development. Di^scriftion: Adult over an inch long, with long antenme, brown, with ])road yellow elytral band; thorax laterally dentate. Pupa elongate white. Larva cylindrical yellowish, with small head and broader prothorax, chitinous. Dutribution: Australia. French, C. Handbook "bf Destructive Insect^ of Victoria, pt. 4, 1909, pp. 98-101, pi. 76. Blmla femoralis Saunders. (Apple-gum Borer. Cerambycidae ; Coleoptera.) Host: Eucalyptus stuartiana. Injury: Bores in the trunk, causing much damage. A severe scar appears on the surface of the bark where the burrow commences. Description: The sexes are different in appearance, the male having antennse much larger than the body; the female antennse considerably shorter than the body. Elytra with yellow band at base, remainder of elytra brown. Head, thorax and tip of ab- domen yellow in female; head and center of prothorax brown in male. Larva of female much broader, less attenuate, and with larger prothorax than in adult female. Distribution: Australia. Fkench, C. Handbook of Destructive Insects of Victoria, pt. 4, 1909, pp. 110-113, pi. 78. Strongylorhlnus ochraceus Schaum. (Red Gum-tree Weevil. CurcuUonidse ; Coleoptera.) Host: Eucalyptus melliodora. Injury: Larvae bore in twigs causing gall-like deformation. Very injurious. Desaiption: A reddish-brown weevil about 12 mm. long with short, stout beak. Larva curved, legless, white, makes a cone shaped burrow in the wood. Distribution: Australia. French, C. Handbook of Injurious Insects of Victoria, pt. 4, 1909, pp. 128-130. pi. 82. B. OTHER IMPORTANT EUCALYPTUS INSECTS. HEMIPTERA. Coccidae: Armored — Aspidiotus (Aonidiella) ininiatx Green; Australia; Eucalyptus miniata. Aspidiotus alatus Froggatt; Australia; Eucalyptus rostrata. Aspidiotus confusus Froggatt; Australia. Aspidiotus tasmanix Green; Australia. Chionaspis frenchi Green: Australia. Lecaiiiodiaspis conver.us Froggatt; Australia. Lecaniodiaspis frenchi Froggatt; Australia. Lecaniodiaspis newmanni Froggatt; Australia. Unarmored— Apiomorpha attenuata Froggatt; Australia. Apinmorpha baaerleni Froggatt; Australia. Apiomorpha czlycina Tepper; South Australia; Eucalyptus dumosa, E. oleosa. Apiomorpha conica Fro?gatt; Australia; Eucalyptus viminalis, E. uncinata. Apiomorpha duplex Schrader; Australia. Apiomorpha ellipsoidalis Tepper; Australia. Apiomorpha floral is Froggatt; Australia. Apiomorpha heimsii Fuller; Australia. Apiomorpha karschi Riibsaamen; Australia. Apiomorpha maliformis Fuller; Australia; Eucalyptus patens. Apiomorpha minor Froggatt; New South AVales; Eucalyptus hxmastoma. INSECTS OF EUCALYPTUS. 99 Coccidae— Continued. Unarmored — Continued. ApiomoTpha munita Schrader; Australia; Eucalyptus rohusla, E. niderophloia. A piomorpha ovicola Sohrader; Australia; Eucalyptus hiemastoma, E. gracilis, E.leucoxylon, E.rostrata. Apinmorpha ovicoloides Tepper; Australia; Eucalyptus incrassata. Apiomorpha pedimculata Fuller; Australia. Apiomorpha pharetrata Schrader; New South Wales; Eucalyptus sieberiana, E. corymbosa, E. capitellata. Apiomorpha pileata Schrader; New South Wales. Apiomorpha pomiformis Froggatt; -Vustralia; Eucalyptus rostrata. Apiomorpha, rugosa Froggatt; Australia. Apiomorpha sessilis Froggatt; Australia. Apiomorpha sloanei Froggatt; Australia. Apiomorpha strombylosa Tepper; Australia; Eucalyptus incrassata. Apiomorpha thorntoni Froggatt; Australia. Apiomorpha umbellata Froggatt; Australia. Apiomorpha urnalis Tepper; New South Wales; Eucalyptus uncinata, E. gracilis, E. melliodora, E. poly- anthemos. Apiomorpha variabilis Froggatt; Australia; Eucalyptus piperita. Ascelis attenuata Froggatt; Australia; Eucalyptus piperita. Ascelis echiniformis Fuller; West Australia; Eucalyptus tessellaris. Ascelis prxmollis Schrader; Australia; Eucalyptus corymbosa. Ascelis schraderi Froggatt; Australia; Eucalyptus corymbosa. Ceronema caudata Froggatt; Australia; Eucalyptus robusta. Ctenochiton eucalypti Maskell; Australia; Eucalyptus siderophloia. Eriococcus confusus Maskell; Australia; Eucalyptus viminalis. Eriococcus coriaceus Maskell; Australia. .Eriococcus eucalypti Maskell; Australia, Tasmania; Eucalyptus diversicolor. Eriococcus simplex Maskell; Australia. Eriococcus crofti Froggatt; Australia; Eucalyptus piperita. Eriococcus gregarius Froggatt; Australia, New Zealand. Eriococcus irregularis Froggatt; Australia: Eucalyptus piperita. Eriococcus serratilobis Green; Australia; Eucalyptus gracilis. Eriococcus picta Froggatt; Australia. Eriococcus tesselatus Froggatt; Australia. Eriococcus spinigcr Maskell; Australia. Eriococcus tepperi Maskell; Australia, Tasmania; Eucalyptus globulus. Opisthoscelis conica Fuller; Australia. Opisthoscelis fibularis Froggatt; Australia. Opisthoscelis globosa Riibsaamen; New South Wales: Eucalyptus capitellata. Opisthoscelis maculata Froggatt; New South Wales; Eucalyptus gracilis, E. leucoxylon. Opisthoscelis mammularis Froggatt; Australia. Opisthoscelis maskelli Froggatt; Australia. Opisthoscelis nigra Froggatt; Australia. Opisthoscelis pisiformis Froggatt; New South Wales, Australia; Eucalyptus melliodora, E. robusta, E. resinifera, E. piperita. Opisthoscelis serrata Froggatt; Australia. Opisthoscelis spinosa Froggatt; Australia; Eucalyptus siderophloia. Opisthoscelis subrotunda Schrader; Australia; Eucalyptus capitellata. Opisthoscelis verrucula Froggatt; Australia. Pseudococcus lobulatus Maskell; Australia; Eucalyptus globulus. ISOPTERA. Termitidae. Termcs australis Hagen; Australia. (See Apple.) LEPIDOPTERA. ArctUda:. Nola metallopa and Spilosoma fuscinula: Australia: attacks the foliage. Termissa nivosa; Australia; larvfe found under the bark in August. Bombycidae. Ocinara lewinii Lewin; Australia; attacks foliage. Geometridse. Crypsiphona occuUaria and Oastrophora henricaria: Australia; defoliate. Mnesampela privata Gn.; Australia; defoliator. 100 A MANUAL OF DANGEROUS INSECTS. Lasiocampldae. Odonestis australasix Fabricius; Australia; defoliator. Lymantrlldae. Teara contraria Walker; and Trichetra marginalU, Australia; defoliators Heplolldse. Charagia lignivora Lewin; Australia. (See Apple.) DIPTERA. Itonldldse (Cecldomyltdae). Diplosis exicalypti Skuse, D. paralis Skuse, and Lasioptera miseella Skuse; Australia; breed in twins. LITERATURE. SoBAUER, P. Handbuch der Pflanzenkrankheiten, 3d ed., 1913, vol. 3. Feoggatt, W. W. Australian Insects. EUGENIA spp. (Family Myrtacese.) Fruit-bearing trees of South America, etc., cultivated in the Southern States and California. DIPTERA. Trypetldae. Anastrepha fraterculus Wiedemann. (See Fruit.) Ceratitis capitata Wiedemann, attacks Eugenia braziliensis, E. jamboa, E. malaccensis , E. uniflora. (See Fruit.) Dacus ferrugineus Fabricius; India, etc., attacks fruit of Eugenia malaccensis. (See Fruit.) FIG; ASSAM RUBBER; BANYAN. {Ficus spp. Family Urticaceae.) This is a very large genus of valuable plants, including the fig {Fkus carica), the India or Assam rubber plant {F. elastica), and the banyan {F. benghalensis). Many varieties of the fig are prized for their fruit. The India rubber of commerce is derived from F. elastica. Other varieties are popular in conservatories. A. BETTEE KNOWN FIG INSECTS LIKELY TO BE IMPORTED. Sinoxylon sudanicum Lesne. (Fig stem-boring beetle. Bostrychidae; Coleoptera.) Host: Fig. Injury: Bores in the twigs of young trees. Description and biology: Adult beetle, brown with basal half of elytra tinged with yellow, about one-quarter inch long. The apex of the elytra is concave bitubercu- late. The adult bores in twigs near the buds and girdles the twig under the bark, laying its eggs in the outer portion which soon falls to the ground. The species is especially dangerous to nursery stock juat planted, as it does not usually attack strong healthy trees. Distribution: Sudan. King, Harold H. Fourth report. Wellcome Tropical Research Lab. Khartoum, vol. B, Gen'l Science, p. 140, pi. 9, fig. 1. Colobogaster quadridentata Tabricius. (Family Buprestidse; Coleoptera.) Host: Cultivated fig (Ficus carica). Injury: Injury occasioned by galleries made by larvse in trunk and twigs. Liable to be introduced in cuttings or plants. FIG INSECTS. 101 Description and biology: Adult beetle 25-30 mm. long, 11-12 mm. broad; blue black, with small points of metallic green. Practically entire Life spent in plant. Distribution: Brazil . BoNDAR, Gregorio: Os insectos damninhos no Agricultura, 1913, p. 4. Batocera bolsduvall Hope. (Fig-tree borer. Family Cerambycidae; Coleoptera.) Hosts: Ficus macrophylla, F. australis. Injury: Borea in stems and branches of damaged and freshly fallen trees. Adult: A beautiful grayish-green beetle, about 2 inches long, with a row of white marks on the elytra; very strong, heavy antennae; prothorax laterally armed with very strong spine on each side. Pupa light brown. Larva about 3 inches long, very robust, head black. Distribution: Queensland. French, C. Handbook of Destructive Insects of Victoria, 1911, pt. 5, pp. 134-137, pi. 126. Taenlotes scalarls Fabricius. (Family Cerambycidae; Coleoptera.) Host: Cultivated fig {Ficus carica). Injury: Injury due to galleries made by larvae. Description and biology: Adult beetle 15-30 mm. in length; general color obscure, nearly black, with spots and streaks of yellow; triangular spot between the eyes, and behind the eyes is situated a half-moon-like spot. Practically entire life is spent in the plant. Distribution: Brazil. BoNDAK, Gregorio: Os insectos damninhos no Agricultura, 1913, p. 9, figure. Hellipus bonelli Bobeman. (Brazil Fig Borer. Curculionidae; Coleoptera.) Host: Cultivated fig {Ficus carica). Injury: Larvae make galleries in trunks and branches of fig. Liable to be intro- duced on plants or cuttings. Description and biology: Adult weevil 12 mm. long, with characteristic designs on thorax and elytra, color light coffee brown, with symmetrical yellow spots. Larvae and pupae white. Practically the whole life cycle is spent in the tree. Distribution: Brazil. BoNDAR, Gregorio. Os insectos damninhos no Agricultura, 1913, p. 11. Figures injury, larvae, pupa, and adult. Hyleslnus porcatus Cbapuis. (The Fig-Branch Borer. Scolytidae; Coleoptera.) Host: Fig. Injury: Occasioned by tunneling of insect. Liable to be imported in cuttings or plants. Description and biology: Adult beetle short, thickset, rounded, general color black, varying to reddish brown in immature specimens; head and thorax slightly rugose and lightly covered with fine hairs. Breeds in galleries in twigs, entering just above a bud. (See plate xx.) Distribution: New South Wales. Froggatt, W. W. Agric. Gaz. New South Wales, 1899, vol. 10, pt. 4, p. 268. 102 A MANUAL OF DANGEROUS INSECTS. B. OTHER IMPORTANT FICCS INSECTS. HEMIPTERA. Coccidse: Armored — Aspidiotus (Aonidia) plamhonioides Green; Ceylon (Botanic Gardens). ^i/^Aspidiotus (Aonidiella) cocotiphagus Marlatt; Cuba. Aspidiotus (Aonidiella) subcuticularis Green; Australia; Ficus orbicularis. Aspidiotus (Chrysomphalus) personatus Comstock; West Indies; Mexico; British Guiana; England (in greenliouses). Aspidiotus (Diaspidiotus) afrjcanus Marlatt; South Africa. Aspidiotus {Morganella) maskelli Cockerell; Bermuda. ■i^Aspidiotus (Pseudaonidia) articulatus Morgan; Jamaica. Aspidiotus (Pseudaonidia) clavigera Cockerell; Honolulu. Aspidiotus (Pseudaonidia) silvatica Liudinger; German East Africa ,Kamerun; Ficus indica. Aspidiotus (Pseudaonidia) trilobiti/ormis Green; East India, Ceylon, Mauritius, Japan, Brazil; Ficus scandens (see text fig. 32.) Aspidiotus (Pseudaonidia) obsita Cockerell and Robinson; Philippines; Ficus caudatifolia. Schizaspis lobata Cockerell and Robinson; Ficus nota. CMonaspis manni Green; India. >|< Conchaspis angrseci Cockerell; established in Florida, and has doubtless been imported from Mexico and Jamaica on numerous occasions. Scale of female approximately circular, conical, apex bluntly pointed, radiating from apex are six to eight strong ridges or carinas. Diaspis bromelise (Kern); Mexico. Hennichionas pis fici Green; Bengal; Ficus glomerata, F. carica. Hewichionaspis minima Green; India. Lepidosaphes ficifoliiHeTlese; Algeria, Italy; Ficus carica. Lepidosaphes meiicana Cockerell; Mexico. Lepidosaphes minima Newstead; Algeria; Ficus carica. Unarmored — Anomalococcus cremastogastri Green; Oeylon; Ficus religiosa. Asterolecanium pustulans Cockerell; Jamaica, Porto Rico, Antigua, Brazil, British Guiana, Grenada, Montserrat; fig. CeroplaMes ceriferus Anderson; Ceylon; Ficus walkeriana. Ceroplastes ficus Newstead; German East Africa; test of adult female hemispherical, thin, semitrans parent shaded with gray and brown. Ceroplastes gowdeyi Newstead; Uganda Protectorate. Ceroplastes myricx Linnaeus; Greece; fig. Ceroplastes quadrilineatus Newstead; British East Africa; test of adult provided with a pair of large divergent pyriform bodies, four white lines across dorsum. Ceroplastes rubens Maskell; Australia, Hawaii, Japan; Ficus macrophylla. Ceroplastes rusci Linnaeus; Eirrope, British Guiana, Algeria, Australia, Japan; adult female covered with wax in the form of plates; attacks Ficus elastica and F. carica. Ceroplastes toivnsendi percrassus Cockerell; Mexico; adult female covered with wax of a faint yel- lowish tint without division into plates. Ceroputo yuccx Coquillett; Mexico. Drosicha maskelli Cockerell; Japan, China, Java. Eriococcus crispus Fonscolombe; France. Eriococcus lagerstroemix Kuwana; Japan. Icerya xgyptiaca Douglas; Egypt; adult female forms a white waxy secretion; along the margin of the body are fragile white processes. Icerya palmeri Riley & Howard; Guatemala. Icerya maxima Newstead; Africa. Icerya seychellarum Westwood; Natal, Africa. (See Citrus.) Lecaniodiaspis africana Newstead; Egypt. Lichtensia lutea Cockerell; Mexico; fig. MbnopMebus stebbingi octocaudata Green; India; Ficus carica, F. benghalensis, F. infectoria, F. religiosa, F. glomerata; adult male provided with four fleshy tassels on each side of the abdomen. Neolecanium plebeium Cockerell; Mexico. Paralecanium expansum Green; India, Australia; Ficus retusa. Pseudococcus ficus Signoret; France, Calabria. Pseudococcus setosus Hempel; Brazil. Pseudococcus virgatus Cockerell; Africa. Pw?t'i7iaria^cws Hempel; Brazil. Pulvinaria jacksoni Newstead; W. Africa. Pulvinaria mammese Maskell; Natal; fig. ^^f-Saissetia nigra Nietner; Hawaii, Ceylon, West Indies, India; Ficus glomerata. INSECTS OF FIG, FIE, FLAX. 103 Coccldae— Continued. Unarmored — Continued. Tachardia ftci Green; India; Ficus religma. TacMrdia lacca Kerr; British Guiana, India, Ceylon; Ficus dastka, F. carica, F. glomerata, F. indica, F. infectoria, F. laccifera, F. nervosa, F. obtusifolia, F. reUgiosa. F. rumphii, F. tjakela, F. comosa, F. cordifolia, F. cunia, F. palmata. VinsoniastdUfera Walker; British Guiana; Ficus altissima. (See Coffee.) Pentatomidae. Peltophora pcdicillata Kirby; Australia. (See Plum.) COLEOPTERA. Buprestldae. Lampra assamensis Stebbing; India; on Ficus elastica. Chrysomelidae. Crioccris imprcssa Fabricius; India; feeds on foliage of Ficus elastica. Podontia U-punctata Linnseus; India; a defoliating leaf beetle on Ficus elastica. Cerambycldae. Xoanodera rcgularis Gahan; India; bores between the bast and sapwood of Ficus elastica. Xylotrcchus gahani Stebbing; India; bores in the branches of Ficus elastica. Batoccra rubra Linnaeus; India; bores in the trunk of fig trees {Ficus carica), causing much injury. (See pi. XXI.) Batocera albofasciata DeGeer; India, Java, Kamerun; an important borer in Ficus elastica. Batocera frenchi; Australia; bores in native fig trees. Olenecamptus bilobus Fabricius; India; bores in Ficus rumphii, F. glomerata, and F. roxburghii. Phryneta spinator Fabricius; East Africa; bores in Ficus elastica. Pliryneta conradti Kolbe, East Africa; bores in Ficus elastica. Pdrognatha gigas Fabricius var. spinosa; West and East Africa; attacks Ficus spp. Roscnbergia megacephala; Australia; bores in fig trees. Curciilionidse. Curculio amcenus Fabricius (Balaninus); Australia; breeds in the fruit of Ficus rubiginosa.' Alcide^ scenicus Faust; India; in Ficus elastica. Scolytidae. Diamerus fici Blandford; India; attacks nursery stock of Ficus elastica. Hypoborus ficus 'Ericiison; Europe; galleries in bark of figs. DIPTERA. Trypetidae. Ceratitis capitata Wiedemann; attacks fruit of Ficus carica. (See Fruit.) LEPIDOPTERA. Bombycidae. Gunda sikkima; India; attacks foliage of Ficus elastica. Ocinara dilectula Walker and 0. signifera Walker; Java; attack foliage of Ficus bergmanniana and F. elastica. LITERATURE. Stebbing, E. P. Indian Forest Insects. Coleoptera, 1914. Stebbing, E. P. A Manual of Forest Zoology for India, 1908. SoRAUER, P. Handbueh der Pflauzenkrankheiten, 3d ed., 1913, vol. 3. FIR. (Picea spp., Abies s-pp. Family Pinacese.) Tall, pyramidal, evergreen trees growing in the northern and mountainous regions of the northern hemisphere. The wood is soft and perishable, but valuable products, such as balsam, are obtained from the exudations. For convenience the insect pests are arranged under Conifers. FLAX. (lAnum usitatissimum. Family Linacese.) A plant of Europe and America cultivated for its oil-bearing seed and fibrous stem. 104 A MANUAL OF DANGEROUS INSECTS. Phalonia epilinana Zell. (Conchylis.) (Flax Capsule Worm. Family Tortricidse; Lepidoptera.) Hosts: Flax (Xjinum), Solidago, etc. Injury: Eats out the greea capsules of flax. Description and biology: Moth with forewings clay yellow with darker band and margin. Larva whitish yellow, sparsely pubescent, head and thoracic shield black- ish; 6.5 mm. long. Pupates in the larval Isurrow. Distribution: South Russia. SoRAUER, P. Handbuch der Pflanzenkrankheite:i, 3d ed., 1913, vol. 3, p. 292. FORESTS. BETTER KNOWN GENERAL DEFOLIATORS. Under this heading are grouped a number of important insects known as forest defoliators. Several of these have been imported into the United States. Fig. 54.— Cockchafer ( Melolontha vulgaris); Adult, pupa, larva and its attack on root crop. (Lorenz.) Melolontha vulgaris Linn. (Cockchafer. Family Scarabgeidse; Coleoptera.) Hosts: Adults feed on leaves of various trees; gruVjs on roots. Injury: Often serious. Description and biology: Adult, length often 25 mm.: head and thorax black; elytra brown, each with four raised, longitudinal lines; hairy; sides of body with alternate black and white patches; occurs in May and June. Pupa pale brown. This stage is passed deep in ground. Larva, length 37 mm., white, fleshy; caudal end swollen; head and legs brown. Tliis stage lasts three years. Eggs, large, shape of hemp seed, creamy white (see text fig. 54). Distribution: Europe. Theobald, F. V. Insect Pests of Fruit, 1909, p. 43'l. U. S. Dept. of Agriculture, Manual of Dangerous Insects. Plate XX. A Fig Borer. Fig-borer {Hylesinus porcatus): Adult and injury. (Frcggatt.) U. S. Dept. of Agriculture, Manual of Dangerous Insects. Plate XXI. A Fig Borer. Fig-borer (^Bntocera rubra): Adults and larvae. (Stebbing.) FOREST DEFOLIATORS. 105 Anisopteryx sescularla Schiffermiller. (March Moth. Geometridse; Lepidoptera.) Hosts: Whitethorn, blackthorn, apple, plum, pear, oak, linden, elm, maple, walnut' and chestnut. Injury: Occasionally serious pest. Defoliation. Description and biology: Adult male, wing expanse 30-37 mm.: forewings grayish brown, with dark and pale transverse lines, small brown spot near upper border of each wing: hind wings pale gray, dark line more or less continued from outer line on each forewing: female, wingless, grayish to grayisli brow;i, with fan-like tail of hairs. Appears from February to April (Eng- land). Pwpa/es in ground. Larra, length 25 mm . ; bright green , or green tinged with yellow: on back, a narrow dark-green line edged with creamy white or gray; on each side three pale lines: head uniformly green ; matures b}'^ end of Ju" e. Etjgs de- '^osited in a partial band of 50 to 200 around twig; covered with hairs; hatch in April. (See text fig. 55.) Distribution: Europe. Theobald, F. V. Insect Pests of Fruit, 1909, p. Gl. Cheiinatobia bruinata Linnaeus. (Winter Moth. Geometridse; Lepi- doptera. ) Hosts: L>uit aid forest trees (except conifers) and shrubs. Injury: One of the most harmful and widespread of fruit-tree pests. Defolia- tion. Also attacks fruit and flowers. Description and biology: Adult male, wing expa ise 30 mm.; forewings grayish brown to bro^n, marked with darker tran.sverse wavy lines; lu:id wings of paler uniform color; female practically wingless, havi'ig very short, useless, vestigial wings, gray to grayish Ijrown in color. Moths appear from October to middle of Fig. 55. — The March nxoih. {Anisopteryt acscularia): f , Adult male; b, eggs on twig; c, d, famal? moths. (Theobald.) Fig. .56. — The winter moth (Cheimatobia brumata): Adult, larva, pupa, egg. (Lor^nz.) January (England). Larva, length 30 mm.; pale, yellowish or dark green, with pale lines along the sides of body; in June drops to ground to form pupal cell. Eggs deposited on twigs, small branches, etc.; slightly elongate and truncated at ends; at first yellowish green, later brick red. (See text fig. 56.) Distribution: Europe, Greenland. Theobald, F. V. Insects Pests of Fruit, 1909, p. 50. 106 A MANUAL OF DANGEROUS INSECTS. Hibernia defoliaria Clerck. (Mottled Umber Moth. Geometridse; Lepidoptera.) Hosts: Apple and other fruits; forest trees. Injury: Great damage done occasionally by defoliation; sometimes attacks fruit Description nnd biology: Adult male, wing expanse 44 mm.; forewings normally pale dull yellowish, mottled with yellowish brown and dusted with brown; hind wings more uniform yellowish gray, with minute darker specks and a dark spot on each (color variable; many melanistic formsj ; female, wingless, plump, of various shades of yellowish gray and speckled with dark brown or ' black. Appears from October to February (England). Pupates in soil. ia?-i!a length 37 mm.; chest- nut brown above; sides pale creamy yellow to bright yellow; venter pale yellow; spiracles pale with dark rims. Eggs de- posited on buds and twigs, in dark crevices and on pruned surfaces, hatching in April. (See text fig. 57.) Distrihution: Europe. Theobald, F. V. I^^sect Pests of p. 58. Fruit, 1909, Fig. 57. — Mottled umber moth (Hibernaria defoliaria): Adult, larva, egg masses. (Sorauer.) Malacosoiua neustrla Linnaeus. (Lackey Moth. Lasiocampidse; Lepidoptera.) Hosts: Fruit trees, oak, elm, hawthorn, rose, poplar, hornl^eam. Injury: Strips trees of foliage. Description and biology: Adult male, wing expanse 25 mm. , female 30-35 mm. Front wings reddish brown , ochreous or brick red with two trans- verse lines, pale or dusky; hind wings paler than front wings. Moth flies in July and August. (England.) Cocoon pale white or yellow, loose, of silk mixed with hairs. Pupa dark brown, stage lasting 2 or 3 weeks. Larva about 37 mm. long, bluish-gray in color with a pure white dorsal stripe; three orange red stripes along each side and between the two lowest of these a broad blue stripe with little black specks on it. These lines are separated by black, and black spotted with blue; a narrow dark line is on each side of the dorsal white stripe and two black spots on head and on first thoracic segment. The whole larva bears rusty hairs. Larvae feed under tents in early stages; later they retire to tents only at nights and diu-ing dull weather. Eggs are deposited in rings containing from 40 to 200 each, around twigs, and hatch about end of April. (See text fig. 58.) Fig. 58.— Lackey moth {Malacocoma neustria): Adults, larva, eggs. (Lorenz.) U. S Dept. of Agriculture, Manual of Dangerous Insects. Plate XXII Different Stages of the Brown-Tail Moth (Euproctis chrysorrhoea). Winter nest at upper left: male and female adults, lower right; cocoon in leaves, upper right; male and female chrysalides above, male at left; full grown larva in center, somewhat reduced: young larvae at its left; egg mass removed from leaf, showingsingle e^'gs at lower left; female ovipositing on leaf; egg mass also on same leaf. (Howard and Fiske.) FOREST DEFOLIATORS. 107 Distribution: Europe, except polar region; present also in western Asia, Siberia, China, and Japan. Theobald, F. V. Insect Pests of Fruit, 1909, p. 30. MoNTiLLOT, L. Les Insectes Nuisibles, 1891, p. 22. NiJssLiN, Otto. Leitfaden der Forstinsektenkunde, 2d ed., 1913, p. 342. SoRAUER, P. Handbuch der Pflanzenkrankheiten, 3d ed., 1913, vol. 3, p. 378. Dasychlra pudibunda Linnseus. (Redtail Moth. Lymantriidte ; Lepidoptera.) Hosts: Beech, hornbeam, oak, alder, buckthorn, hawthorn, blackthorn, hazel, rose, birch, elm, linden, maple. Injury: General defoliator. Description and biology: Moth wing expanse 38-60 mm.; female larger than male; forewings whitish -gray, with two dark cross lines and dark flecked fringe; hind wings dirty gray with washed-out bar; body reddish white or grayish in front, whiter behind. Larva 40-45 mm. long, greenish yellow with black cross bars; yellow brushes on fourth to seventh segments: eleventh segment with a red hair pencil. Larvte feed on foliage June to October. Pupate on ground or in brush. Pupa brownish black, abdomen reddish brown, clothed with yellow hairs, in silken cocoon. Hibernates as pupa. Eggs in clusters of 50 or more on twigs. Distribution: Europe, China, Japan. SoRAUER, P. Handbuch der Pflanzenkrankheiten, 3d ed., 1913, vol. 3, p. 384. Hess, Richard. Der Forstschutz, vol. 2, 1900, p.' 91-97, fig. 57. GuENAUX, G. Entomologie et Parasitologie Agricoles, 1904, p. 392. Henschel, G. a. O. Die schiidlichen Forst- und Obstbaum-Insekten, 1895, p. 329. ^ Euproctls chrysorrhoea Linnaeus. (Brown-tail Moth. Lyman triidee; Lepidoptera.) Hosts: Beech, elm, hornbeam, maple, oak, poplar, blackthorn, hawthorn, rose, willow. Injury: General defoliator; very serious. Description and injury: Moth, white, posterior part of body reddish brown; wing ex- panse 30-35 mm. Larvse 30-38 mm. long, brownish gray, with light brown hairs. The larvse feed on foliage under heavy white webs. (See plate xxii.) Distribution: Palaearctic regions (Europe, Asia). Has been introduced into the northeastern United States. Annual Reports State Forester or Massachusetts. >|c Porthetria dispar Linnaeus (Lymantria). (Gipsy Moth. Lyman triidse; Lepidoptera.) Hosts: Beech, elm, hornbeam, linden, maple, oak, poplar, willow, alder, birch. Injury: General defoliator. Easily transported in egg stage on bark of nursery stock. A very serious pest. Description and biology: Male, moth 35-50 mm.; forewings gray brown with dark brown, strongly notched transverse stripes and dark flecks on fringe; hind wings brown, with dark border and light fringe. Female, moth 37-62 mm., wings white with dark fringe spots; the dark transverse stripes in outer part of forewings often disappearing. Larva with large head; brown, hairy; three fine yellow longitudinal lines; the first five segments with two blue warts each and on the remaining segments two red warts each; length 7 cm. (See Frontispiece.) Distribution: Europe, Asia, New England States. SoRAUER, P. Handbuch der Pflanzenkrankheiten, 3d ed., 1913, vol. 3, pp. 380-382. FoRBusH, E. H., and Fernald, C. H. The Gypsy Moth, Mass., St. Bd. Agric, 1896, 495 pp. 108 A MANUAL OF DANGEROUS INSECTS. :fc Lymantria monacha Linnaeus. (Nun Moth. Lymantriidse; Lepidoptera.) Hosts: Beech, birch, elm, poplar, oak, maple, linden, hazel, willow, pine, spruce, miountain ash, buckthorn, bunch cherry, spindle tree, hornbeam, larch, white spruce. Injury: Attacks the foliage of many trees and is sometimes very serious. As the eggs are said to be laid under the bark, it is very likely to be shipped in nursery stock. Description and biology: Moth, with forewings white, with strong notched black lines; hind wings grayish white; fringe flecked with black; abdomen reddish with black bands. Larvse brown with six blue and red warts on dorsum; on second seg- ment a black, blue, and white spot; three last segments flecked with black; 4-5 cm. long. The species is quite variable in color. The larva is polyphagous, attacking foliage; the larvse are gregarious and feed within a web. Distribution: Europe. Specimens were collected at Brooklyn, N. Y., in 1902. SoRAUER, P. Handbuch der Pflanzenkrankheiten, 3d ed., 1913, vol. 3, pp. 379-380. NusSLiN, Otto. Leitfaden der Forstinsektenkunde, 2d ed., 1913, pp. 346-368, figs. 291-298. Porthesia simllls Fuessly. (The Swan Moth. Lyman triidse; Lepidoptera.) Hosts: Beech, birch, elm, hornbeam, linden, mountain ash, maple, oak, willow, rose. Injury: General defoliator. Liable to importation in the larval stage on the bark of nursery stock. Description and biology: Moth, white with a few black spots on inner margin of fore- wing; abdomen clad with golden yellow hairs. Larva black, clothed with grayish- black hairs. The larvse feed singly on foliage and hibernate singly under bark, etc. The eggs are laid in a mass on undersides of leaves and covered with yellow hairs from the moth. Pupation occurs in a thin white silken cocoon. Hess, Richard. Der Forstschutz, vol. 2, 1900, pp. 102, 103. SoRAUER, P. Handbuch der Pflanzenkrankheiten, 3d ed., 1913, vol. 3, p. 382. Phalera bucephala Linnaeus. (Buff Tip Moth; Moon Spot Moth. Notodontidse; Lepidoptera.) Hosts: Deciduous fruits; cobs, filberts, nuts, birch, beech, elm, rose, poplar, willow, linden, oak, alder. Injury: Defoliates plants when abundant. Description a7id biology: Adult, wing expanse 62-70 mm.; forewings ash gray with a transverse streak of reddish brown near base and another of dark brown near apex of wing, marked at tip with a large pale buff or ochraceous lunular spot. Larva about 50 mm. long when grown; the ground color dark yellow, with a broad dark stripe down the back; along each side are three black lines interrupted with yellow or orange rings. Eggs very convex, fiat beneath, pearly white, with a basal green band and dark spot on apex. The insect spends the winter as a pupa in the soil, moths appearing in spring, ovipositing on undersurface of twigs or on foliage. Distribution: Europe, except Polar region, Siberia, etc. Theobald, F. V. Insect Pests of Fruit, 1909, p. 292. SoRAUER, P. Handbuch der Pflanzenkrankheiten, 3d ed., 1913, vol. 3, p. 387, fig. 245. NiJasMN, Otto. Leitfaden der Forstinsektenkunde, 1913, 2d ed., 1913, pp. 323, 324, fig. 276. FRUITS. BETTER KNOWN GENERAL FRUIT-TREE INSECTS. Under this heading are grouped a number of very important insects which attack many different kinds of fruits, especially the fruit flies. FRUIT INSECTS. 109 Aleurodlcus cocois Curtis. (Coconut White Fly. Aleyrodidae; Hemiptera.) Host: Coconut, banana, guava, "jicaco," Coccoloba uvifera. Injury: Serious pest in many parts of tropical America. Description and biology: Adult varying in size and wing markings, wings marked with two dusky patches; pupal case varies in size and is surrounded by a double row of bristlelike hairs usually 13 to a side, also has one pair of long caudal hairs. Egg about 0.29 mm. long and 0.11 mm. wide, with pedicel arising from side. Distribution: Barbados, Trinidad, Venezuela, Brazil, Mexico, Isthmian Canal Zone, Yucatan. Ballou, H. a. Insect Pests of the Lesser Antilles, 1912, p. 105. Nyslus vlnltor Bergroth. (The Rutherglen Bug. Lygseidae; Hemiptera.) Hosts: Grapes, cherries, plums, peach, grasses, etc. Injury: Stated to be one of the most destructive plant bugs in Australia. Description and biology: Adult 4-5 mm. long; dull brown to gray in color, with silvery -gray wings; antennae barely two-thirds length of body and covered with hairs. Breeds in grass lands and swarms over field crops and fruit trees in countless millio a;. Distribution: Australia. (See plate xxiii.) French, C. Handbook of Destructive Insects of Victoria, 1S91, pt. 1, p. 105. Froggatt, W. W. Australian Insects, 1907, p. 334. >f; Hellothrlps rubroclnctus Giard. (The Red-Banded Thrips. Thysanoptera.) Hosts: Avocado {Persea gratissima) , mango (Mangifera indica), cashew, guava (Psidium guajava), cacao (Theobroma cacao), Liberian coffee {Coffea liberica), wild guava (Anacardium occidentale), roses, Mexican almond or umbrella tree (Terminalia catappa), kola (Sterculia acuminata). Injury: Larvae and adults feed on both surfaces of foliage. May be introduced on living plants. Description and biology: Egg stage varies from 6 to 17 days, larval stage from 6 to 20 days. AdultienxaAe about 1.11 mm. long and quite stout, color dark brown or black. A red band is evident in the first and second larval stages, pupa and prepupa. (See pi. X.) Distribution: Guadeloupe. French West Indies; Grenada, St. Vincent. St. Lucia, British West Indies; Trinidad, Tobago, Virgin Islands, Mauritius, Ceylon, Uganda. In addition to the above it is reported from Florida and was doubtless introduced. Russell, H. M. U. S. Dept. Agr., Bur. Entom. Bull. 99, pt. 2, 1912. Phyllopertha horticola Linnaeus. (Scarabaeidae; Coleoptera.) Hosts: Fruit irees and herbaceous plants. Injury: Destroys foliage and roots. Description and biology: Adult length 8-11 mm.; body depressed, hairy; head and pro thorax shining green; elytra golden brown or chestnut; ventral parts black. Ap- pears in May and June (Italy). Feeds on leaves. The larva is a root feeder. Sil- vestri states that the adults and larvse of this insect feed on leaves and roots of fniit trees and herbaceous pjants. Distribution: Europe. SiLVESTRi, F. Dispense di Entomologie Agraria, 1911, ]). 311. 110 A MANUAL OF DANGEROUS INSECTS. Capnodis tenebrionis Linnaeus. (Buprestidse; Goleoptera.) Hosts: Various fruit trees. Injury: To leaves and roots. Description and biology : Adult length 15-22 mm.; color opaque black, with pro- thorax sparsely dusted with cinereous; feeds on leaves. Larva elongate, whitish, covered with a fine pubesence; feeds in roots and trunk beneath cortex. Eggs de- posited during August and September on crown of trees. (See text fig. 59.) Distribution: Southern Europe. SiLVESTRi, F. Dispense di Entomologie Agraria, 1911. p. 335. Phylloblus oblongus Linnaeus. (Oblong Leaf Weevil. Brachyrhinidse; Goleoptera.) Hosts: Fruit trees, bushes. Injury: Frequent. Adults attack young buds and leaves. Larvae feed on roots of various plants. Description and biology: Adult length 4-5 mm.; black; elytra covered with brown scales with reddish tinge or pale gray, bor- ders dark; head, thorax, and elytra covered with gray pubescence; legs brown or yel- lowish. Occurs throughout May and June. Pupates in spring in earth. Larva a white footless grub, slightly hairy; head brown. Winters as larva. Eggs are depos- ited in ground. Distribution: Europe. Theobald, F. V. Insect Pests of Fruits, 1909, p. 119. Biston hirtarius Clerck. (Cherry Spinner. Geometridae; Lepidoptera.) Hosts: Stone fruits, orchard trees. Injury: Defoliation. Description and biology: Adult in both sexes winged; whitish, dusted with black- ish gray and obliquely marked with blackish brown. Occurs in March and April (Germany). Pupates in the earth. Larva, length 35 mm.; ash gray or brown in color, with longitudinal dark lines; prothorax, tubercles and two spots on each seg- ment yellow; occurs from May until September. (See text fig. 60.) Distribution: Germany, northern Eui'ope. SoRAUER, P. Handbuch der Pflanzenkrankheiten, 3d ed., 1913, vol. 3, p. 339. Biston pomonarius Hiibner. (Geometrida?; Lepidoptera.) Hosts: Fruit trees and oaks. Injury: Defoliation. Description and biology: Adult, male wings grayish white, on border blackish, dusted with gold, with dark oblique lines; female, with wing stumps black, sprinkled with Fig. 59.— Fruit tree borer ( Capnodis tenebrionis): Adult, larva. (Silvestri.) FRUIT INSECTS. Ill red and with gray and white hahs. Occurs in April and May (Germany). Pupates in the earth. Larva, length 40 mm.; gray, with golden, longitudinal lines; occurs May to July. Distribution: Northern Europe. SoRAUER, P. Handbuch der Pflanzenkrankheiten, 3d ed., 1913, vol. 3, p. 339. Hibernia ruplcapraria Hiibner. (Early Moth. Geometridse; Lepidoptera.) Hosts: Plum, thorns, fruit trees. Injury: "No record of serious damage." (Theobald.) Description and biology: Adult male wing expanse 30 mm.; forewings gray brown, with broad dark area across middle, edges dark and notched; hind wings whitish gray, with a dark central spot aboA-e middle and crossed by an indistinct gray streak; female, almost wingless, stumps of wings grayish; occurs in January and February jTiG. 60. — Cherry spinner (Bistort hirtariiis): a, Adult; female; b, adult male; c, larva; d, pupa. (Sorauer.) (England). Larva bluish green with pale green back, front of each segment darkened, and a white line on each side; pupates in soil. Distribution; England, Europe (except Russia), Asia Minor. Theobald,, F. V. Insect Pests of Fruits, 1909, p. 362. Gastropacha querclfolia Linnseus. ' (Lappet Moth. Lasiocampidae; Lepidoptera.) Hosts: Apple, plum, pear, hawthorn, blackthorn, willow, sallow. Injury: Can not be looked upon as a pest. Sometimes strips branches and shoots. Description and biology: Adult male wing expanse 56 mm.; female, 80 mm.; color rich brown, with dark irregular, transverse, scalloped lines on both pairs of Avings, edges of wings scalloped. Moths appear in June and July (England). Pupa large brown motile; cocoon spun among twigs of trees, crevices, in bark and rubbish on ground; oval, pointed at one end and mouse-colored. Larva 100 mm. long; gray and gray brown, with faint V-shaped dark marks dorsally; two deep blue or purple 1 ands 112 A MANUAL OF DANGEROUS INSECTS. across first thoracic segment; above legs on each side is a row ages with long gray hairs like "lappets"; body finely hairy, and hibernate, extended on twigs. Dislributioa: Europe. Theobald. F. V. Insect Pests of Fruits. 1909, p. 19. Odonestis pruni Linnaeus. (Lasiocampidae; Lepidoptera.) Hosts: Various fruit tr?es. Injury: Defoliation. Description and bijlogi/: A iult length of wing 20-30 mm.; dusted with red. with sharp points and a nctched margin; of fleshy pad-like append- Larvae appear in autumn forewing orange, strongly a single white s])ot in the middle; front diagonal lines arched, hind di- agonal line straight, l)ody and hindwing brick red. Occurs June and July (Ger- many); pupates in May (Germany) in grayish -white cocoon. Larva length 65-70 mm.; blue gray, with golden longitudinal lines, and dull golden- gray spots; head brownish gray ; hatches in August; overwinters and feeds in spring until May (Germany). Eggs de- FiG. 61.— The Amar caterpillar ( Virachola insocrates): Adult and larva. (Ma.xwell-Lefroy.) posited singly. Distribution: Europe. Henschel, G. a. O. Die Schadlichen Forst und Obstbaum-Insekten, 1895. p. 315. Virachola insocrates Fabritius. (The Amar Caterpillar. Lycsenidte; Lepidoptera.) Hosts: Pomegranate, guava, loquat, and wild fruit. Injury: Larvae occasion considerable injury by feeding in the fruit. Biology: Eggs deposited singly on flowers; caterpillar on hatching bores into the fruit, feeding on the hard seed; pupates over the base of fruit. (See text fig. 61.) Distribution: India. Maxwell-Leproy, H. Indian Insect Pests, 1906, p. 179. Orgyia gonostigma Fabricius. l^Brush Spinner; Corner spot. Lymantriidte; Lepidoptera. ) Hosts: Orchard and other trees. Injury: Defoliation. Description and biology: Adult male, forewing 13-15 mm.; olive brown with white spots, on the front and inner margins toward the base long orange wavy lines, basal portion, and a spot on the oblique vein, purple brown, fringe between veins black spotted; hind wing brownish black. First generation June and July, second, Septem- ber (Germany). Pupates between lea-'es and in ere- ices. Larvn of male, 52 mm. U. S. Dept. of Agriculture, Manual of Dangerous Insects. Plate XXIII. A Cherry Pest. The Rutherglen bug {Nyshis vinitor): Adults and injuries to cherries. (French.) U. S. Dept. of Agriculture, Manual of Dangerous Insects. Plate XXIV. The Painted Apple Moth. The painted apple moth {Tela anartoides): Adults, larvae, pupse, eggs. (French.) U. S. Dept. of Agriculture, Manual of Dangerous Insects. Plate XXV. The Queensland Fruit Fly. The Queensland fiiiit fly (Bactrocera tryoni): Adults, larva, puparium. (Froggatt.) U. S. Dept. of Agriculture, Manual of Dangerous Insects Plate XXVI. CZ Wings of Fruit Flies. Fig. a.—Ceratitis striata. Fig. b.—Ceratitis capitata. Fig. c.—Ceratitis rubivora. (Froggatt.) FRUIT INSECTS, 113 long, of female 30 mm.; black striped with reddish gold; four pair of dorsal brushes, golden brown; pencils black, adorned with long variable hairs; warts white covered with golden hair; head grayish black with red collar; spring and summer broods. Eggs deposited in mass near pupal exuvium; overwinter. Distribution: Europe. Henschel, G. a. O. Die Schiidlichen P'orst und Obstbaum-Insekten, 1895, p. 326. Tela anartoides Walker. (Painted Apple Moth. Lymantriidse; Lepidoptera.) Hosts: Fruits, particularly apple, cherry, rose, acacia. Almost omnivorous. Injury: One of most injurious caterpillars of New South Wales. Eats upper surface of leaves. "Strips trees." (French.) Description and biology: Adult female, short, rounded, wingless; male, wing expanse 25 mm. ; fore wings dark brown marbled with slender lines and black spots; hind wings yellow surrounded with black outer margin; antennae featherlike. Two broods. Pupa in loose brown silken cocoon of flimsy character. Winters as pupa. Larva, 44 mm. long, brown, hairy, with tufts of hairs standing out at front and sides of head and stiff brushes of gray hairs along center of back. Egg, dull white, hemispherical. Females average 700 eggs, deposited in the cocoon. (See plate xxiv.) Distribution: New South Wales, Victoria. French, C. Handbook of Destructive Insects of Victoria, 1900, pt. 3, p. 94. Olethreutes cynobatella Linnaeus. (Gray Fruit Tree Bud Moth. Tortricidse; Lepidoptera.) Host: Various fruit trees. Injury: Attacks leaf and blossom buds. Description and biology: Adult, fore wing 7.5-10.5 mm. ; from the middle of the front margin to the inner angle dark bluish-gray mixed with brown; behind the middle, two variable, distinct dark spots on an entirely white background; the large apical third white, clouded with gray. On wing, June until August (Germany). Pupates in grass or in crumpled leaves, drawn together, during May and June. Larva, brownish green; bores in the opening leaf and flower buds, the points of which it spins together; occurs in spring from time of swelling of buds until May (Germany). Eggs are depos- ited singly on buds; overwinter. Distribution: Germany, Europe. Henschel, G. A. O. Die Schadlichen Forst und Obstbaum-Insekten, 1895, p. 417. Anastrepha f raterculus Wiedemann (acidusa Walker). (Fruit Fly. Trypetidse; Diptera.) Hosts: GuaA'a, {Psidium guajava), coffee berries, pear, peach, mango, orange, Eugenia spp., Phylocalyx, Japanese plum, Japanese persimmon. Para plum (Spondias spp.?), Annona humboldtiana, jobo amarillo, jobo de la India. Injury: A very destructiA'e species and likely to be introduced. Description and biology: Adult fly, about 12 mm. in length (the female exclusive of the ovipositor), with a wing expanse slightly over 25 mm. Color of body rust-yellow or brownish yellow, with three sulphur-yellow longitudinal stripes on the thorax in well preserved mature specimens. Wings clear tinted in part with a characteristic pattern of yellow brown, the brown predominating on the basal half and extending obliquely forward, being continued along the anterior margin in a broad streak to the extreme tip of the wing; a clear sinuate basal zone involves the second basal cell, the base of the discal and part of the first basal cell, and is followed by a detached spot 55266—17 8 114 A MANUAL OF DANGEEOUS INSECTS. at the costa just beyond the tip of the first vein; on the discal half of the wing there is a brown band in the shape of an inverted V, resting on the posterior margin and extending through the first and second posterior cells; this V-shaped mark may be independent, or its apex may be joined to the other brown zone. There is considerable variation in the wing pattern, both as to intensity of coloring and detail of the pattern. Immature specimens have the brown wing pattern much weaker; newly emerged ones show hardly a trace of it. Female ovipositor stout, shorter than abdomen, tapered :'egularly toward tip and covered with coarse black hairs; in mature specimens it is eubcylindrical, but in specimens not fully hardened it is flattened. Distribution: Mexico, Central and South America, West Indies. Von Ihering, H. Revista Agric. (Sao Paulo), 1901, vol. 6, No. 70, p. 180. Howard, L. O. U. S. Dept. Agric, Yearbook 1897, p. 546. Hooker, C. W. Ann. Rept. Porto Rico Agric. Exp. Sta., 1912, p. 36. Anastrepha ludens Loew. (Mexican Fruit Fly. Trypetidse; Diptera.) Host: Orange, sweet lime, mango, Sideroxylon (Achras) sapota, peach, guava, plum. Injury: Considered a serious pest in Mexico. Quarantine issued January 15, 1913. Description and biology: Adult female, length 9 mm.; of dull ochreous yellow color; wings hyaline, mottled and striped with brownish yellow bands; anal segment of abdomen longer than remainder of abdominal segments combined. Eggs deposited under skin of ripening fruit, larvee on hatching out tunnel into the fruit; pupate in soil. Average life cycle about 3 months, making about four generations a year in Mexico. Distribution: Mexico. Froggatt, W. W. Department of Agric, New South Wales, Farmers' Bull. 24, 1909, p. 53. Anastrepha peruviana Townsend. Peruvian Fruit Fly. Trypetidae; Diptera.) Hosts: Peach, guava, cherimoya, many other deciduous and citrous fruits. Injury: Very serious in Peru. Description: Female fly, to tip of ovipositor, 7-8 mm. long; male 6.5-7 mm. long; wing expanse 6-6.5 mm. Color of head, pleurae, anterior half of venter, and legs watery lemon yellow; antennae and proboscis buff yellow; tibiae and tarsi slightly dusky.- mesopleural and sternopleural plates largely rufous-yellow tinged; eyes bright green to lilac purple; other parts obscure tawny or yellow. Distribution: Peru. Townsend, C. H. T. Journ. Econ. Entom.. 1913, vol. 6, No. 4, p. 345. Bactrocera tryoni Froggat. (Queensland Fruit Fly. Trypetidse; Diptera.) Host: Banana, mango, peach, apricot, nectarine, orange, apple, quince, black apple {Sideroxylon [Achras] australe), cheesewood (Acronychia Ixvis), white ash {Schizomeria ovata), cucumbers, loquats. Description and biology: Adult female, 6 mm. long with wing expanse 10-12 mm., wings transparent, abdomen constricted at the base and broadly rounded at the tip, thorax with a broad creamy often pale dorsal band running down the scutellum with short, well-defined narrow pale yellow stripe on each side. (See plate xxv.) Distribution: India, Ceylon, Java, Amboina, Australia (Queensland, New South Wales). Froggatt, W. W. Dept. Agric, New South Wales, Miscl. Pub. No. 303, 1899, p. 2, figures. Froggatt, W. W. Dept. of Agric. New South Wales, Farmers' Bui. 24, 1909, p. 11. FEUIT FLIES. 115 Ceratltis anonse Graham. (Annona Fruit Fly. Trypetidse; Diptera.) nosts: Sour sop {Annona muricata), guava {Psidium cattleianum) , and cacao pods. Injury: Attacks fruit. Description: Adult female, head alutaceous, wings with black spots at the base, abdomen nut brown in color on dorsum, antennae almost twice as long as wide; length of body 6 mm. Distribution: West Africa (Nigeria, Kongo, Ashanti, Armani, German East Africa). SiLVESTRi, F. Boll. Lab. Zool. R. Sc. Agric, Portici, 1913, vol. 8, p. 61. SiLVESTRi, F. Bd. Agric. and Forestry, Terr. Hawaii, Div. Ent., Bui. 3, 1914, p. 66. Ceratitis capltata Wiedemann. (The Mediterranean Fruit Fly. Trypetidse; Diptera.) Hosts: Aberia caffra (kei apple), Sideroxylon sapota (sapodilla), Annona muricata (sour sop), Atropa belladonna, Averrhoa carambola, Calophyllum inophyllum (round kamani). Capsicum sp., Carica papaya, C. quernfolia, Carissa arduina (Natal plum), Cestrum sp. (Chinese inkberry), Chrysobalanus ellipticus, C. icaco (cocoa plum), ChrysopJiyllum cainito (star apple). Citrus aurantium (orange and varieties), C. grandis (grapefruit), C. japonica (kumquat and Chinese orange), C. limonia (lemon), C. nobilis (mandarin orange), Coffea arabica (coffee), Diospyros kaki (Japanese per- simmon), Eriobotrya japonica (loquat), Eugenia braziliensis (Brazil cherry), Eugenia jambos (rose apple), E. malaccensia (mountain or Malay apple), E. unijiora (Cayenne or Surinam cherry), Fiais carica (fig), Herpephyllum. caffrum (Kaffir plum), Lycopersi- cum esculentum (tomato), Mammea americana (mammee apple), Mangifera indica (mango), Mimusops elengi (elehgi tree), Murraya exotica (mock orange), Musa s-p-p. (banana), Noronhia emarginata (Chinese plum), Opuntia tuna (prickly pear), . vulgaris (Barbary fig), Passifiora quadrangularis (granadilla), Persea gratissima (avocado), Pha- seolus vulgaris (string beans), Prunus armeniaca (apricot), P. cerasus (sour cherry), Amygdaluspersicaipeach), Psidium caWZeiamim (strawberry guava) P. guajava (guava), Pyrus communis (pear), Cydonia oblonga (quince), Mespilus germanica (medlar) Malus malus (apple), Solanum capsicastrum (Jerusalem cherry), Terminalia catappa (winged kamani), T. chebula, Thevetia neriifolia, Vitis vinifera (grapes). Injury: Very injurious wherever it becomes established. Description and biology: Egg deposited inside of fruit by female, and requires from 2 to 3 days to hatch; the larva upon hatching feeds on the pulp or inside of the fruit until full grown, requiring from 9 to 12 days, whereupon it leaves the fruit and enters the ground to pupate, which stage ranges from 12 to 20 days. The period required for the various stages is influenced by the season, as indicated by Silvestri, requiring from 21 to 23 days to complete the life cycle in August and from 32 to 35 in October. At Honolulu adults have been kept alive for 10 months and certain individuals have required 90 days for development. (See pi. xxvi, fig. b.) Distribution: Southern Europe (southern Italy, Sicily, Malta, France, Spain), Azores, Cape Verde Islands, Madeira, Africa (northern Uganda, Delagoa, Transvaal, Cape Colony, Kongo, Nigeria, Dahomey), Brazil, Argentina, Bermuda, Australia, (West Australia, New South Wales, northern Victoria, and Queensland), northern New Zealand, Hawaiian Islands, Jamaica, Cape of Good Hope. QuAiNTANCE, A. L. U. S. Dept. Agr., Bur. Entom. Circ. 160, 1912. Silvestri, F. Bd. Agric. and Forestry, Terr. Hawaii, Div. Entom. Bull. 3. 116 A MANUAL OF DANGEROUS INSECTS. Ceratltis nlgerrlma Bezzi. (Nigeria Fruit Fly. Trypetidse; Diptera.) Hosts: Coffee berries, fruit of wild plant (?), Eugenia uniflora. Injury: Breeds in fruit. Description: Adult female with black polished body, head umber, wings colored with brown, tibiae and tarsi dirty yellowish white, ovipositor slightly reciu'ved. Distribution: Southern Nigeria, Kamerun. SiLVESTRi, F. Bd. Agric. and Forestry, Terr. Hawaii, Div. Entom., Bui. 3, 1914, p. 72. Ceratitis giffardi Bezzi. (Giffard Fruit Fly. Trypetidse; Diptera.) Hosts: Chrysobalanus ellipticus, Sarcocephalu^ esculentu^. Injury: Larvae feed in fruit of Sarcocephalus and less so in Chrysobalanus. Description and biology: Adult female, body ochraceous, thorax marked with black, wings with black lines and markings at base, bearing also yellowish and brown bands. Transformation to the pupa takes place in the soil, requiring from 10 to 12 days before emerging as adult. Distribution: Senegal, Dahomey, southern Nigeria. Bezzi, M. Boll. Lab. Zool. R. Sc. Agr., Portici, vol. 7, 1912, p. 2, fig. 1. SiLVESTRi, F. Bd. Agric. and Forestry, Terr. Hawaii, Div. Entom., Bui. 3, 1914, p. 61. Ceratltis punctata Wiedemann. (The Cacao Fruit Fly. Trypetidse; Diptera.) Hosts: Cacao-p>ods, mango, guava, pasbion fruit. Injury: Breeds in fruit. Biology: Eggs deposited under peel of ripening pods. Pupates in soil. Life cycle requires from 77 to 92 days for completion. Distribution: Ashanti, West Africa and Uganda, East Africa. Froggatt, W. W. Proc. Linn. Soc. New South Wales. 1910, vol. 35, pt. 4, p. 863. Ceratltis rublvora Coquillett. (Natal Fruit Fly, Trypetidse; Diptera.) Host: Various cultivated and wild fruits. Injury: Considered one of the most important pests in Natal, infesting both native and cultivated fruits. Description: Adult female 4-5 mm. long, head yellowish, thorax yellowish brown, abdomen yellowish, ovipositor flattened. Biology similar to that of C. capitata. (See plate XXVI, fig. c.) Distribution: Natal, Cape Town, South Africa. Froggatt, W. W. Dept. Agric. New South Wales, Farmers' Bui. 24, 1909, p. 48. Ceratltis sUvestrll Bezzi. (Fruit Fly. Trypetidse; Diptera.) Hosts: Chrysobalanus, Butyrospermum parkii. Injury: Breeds in fruit. Description and biology: Adult, body clay or leather color, face and occiput whitened, thorax Avith a few black markings. Biology similar to C. capitata. Distribution: Senegal, French Sudan. Bezzi, M. Boll. Lab, Zool. R. Sc. Agr., Portici, vol. 7, 1912. SiLVESTRi, F. Bd. Agric. and Forestry, Terr. Hawaii, Div. Entom, Bui. 3, p. 63. FBUIT FLIES. 117 Dacus dlversus Coquillett. (Three -striped Fruit Fly. Trypetidas; Diptera.) Host: Mango, orange, guava, peach. Injury: Breeds in fruit. Description: Adult, 4-5 mm. long; center of thorax marked with a pale yellow line, with darker regular coloration of the abdomen. Distribution: Ceylon, India. Froggatt, W. W. Dept. Agric, New South Wales, Farmers' Bui. 24, 1909, p. 16. Dacus ferrugineus Fabricius. (Mango Fruit Fly. Trypetidae; Diptera.) Host: Fruit of mango {Mangifera indica), cucurbitaceoua fruits?, ak (Calotrojyia sp.), citrus fruit, Eugenia malaccensia ("cabuyao"). Injury: Injurious to over-ripe fruit and conamonest species in India and Ceylon. Dtscription and biology: Adult, medium size, measiu-ing about 5 mm.; color rusty red, with dorsal surface of thorax varying from black to a rusty red; sometimes the abdomen is marked with almost black bands. Larvae when in fruit small, yellowish, with pointed head and triincate abdomen; pupate in the soil and emerge as adults in about nine days. Distribution: India, Java, Ceylon, Amboina, Philippine Islands. Cotes, E. C. Indian Museum Notes, 1896, p. 17. Maxwell-Leproy, H. Mem. Dept. Agric. India, Entom. Ser., vol. 1, 1907, p. 227. Maxwell-Lefroy, H. Indian Insect Pests, 1906, p. 170. Froggatt, W. W. Dept. Agric, New South "Wales, Farmers' Bui. 24, 1909, p. 13. Dacus f renchll Froggatt. (Fruit Fly. Trypetidae; Diptera.) Host: Fruit of Artocarpus intcgrijolia. Injury: Bred from oranges entering Victoria from New Caledonia. Description: Adult, female about 10 mm. long, with long, rounded body: large hya- line wings with broad costal stripe of light reddish brown; head with large black spot on each side of face and below the base of the antennae; thorax dull yellowish brown; legs yellow, with tarsi darkest. Distribution: New Caledonia, Java. Froggatt, W. W. Dept. Agric. New South Wales, Farmers' Bull. 24, 1909, p. 27. Froggatt, W. W. Proc. Linn. Soc. New South Wales, 1910, vol. 35, pt. 4 p. 866. Dacus passlflorae Froggatt. (The Fiji Fly. Trypetidae; Diptera.) Host: Granadilla, mango, shaddock; the orange, lemon, and lime are slightly infested . Injury: One of the most abundant fruit flies in Fiji. Distribution: Fiji. Froggatt, W. W. Proc. Linn. Soc. New South Wales, 1910, vol. 35, pt. 4, p. 870. Dacus perslcae Rig. (Peach Fruit Fly. Trypetidae; Diptera.) Hosts: Mango and peach. /n_7«?-2/; Larvae in jxire ripe fruit. Description and biology: Adult, red brown with black and yellow markings on the body. Eggs usually deposited in wound on skin of fruit; egg stage about 2 or 3 daya; 118 A MANUAL OF DANGEROUS INSECTS. larval stage 10 to 15 days inside fruit, after which it leaves the fruit and enters the ground to pupate; pupal stage about a week. Distribution: Bhagalpur and Lower Bengal, India. Basu and Dutt. Crop Pest Handbook for Behar and Orissa, including also Western Bengal, 1913, p. 74. Dacus psidil Froggatt. (South Sea Guava Fruit Fly. Trypetidse; Diptera.) Host: Guava, granadilla. Injury: Larvae feed in fruits. Description: Adult female, 6 mm. long, wing expanse 10 mm.; head light brown with rich metallic pm-ple eyes, antennae brownish black, with last joint black; thorax black; abdomen black, elongate, and narrow at base. (See plate xxvii, figs, la, 2a, 3a, 4a.) Distribution: Fiji, New Caledonia. Froggatt, W. W. Dept. Agric, New South Wales, Misc. Pub. 303, 1899. Froggatt, W. W. Dept. Agric, New South Wales, Farmers' Bui. 24, 1909, p. 19. Dacus (Tephrltes) xanthodes Broun. (Broun's Fruit Fly. Trypetidse; Diptera.) Host: Pineapple, granadilla, guava, mammee apple, shaddock. Injury: Breeds in fruits. Description: Adidt female, 9 mm. long, wing expanse 15 mm., general color pale ochreous yellow; thorax with faint yellow dorsal stripe, and pale yellowish white stripe margining each side and marking the sides of the scutellum; abdomen elongate and truncate at apex. Distribution: Fiji. (Bred in New Zealand from fruit imported from Fiji.) Froggatt, W. W. Dept. Agric, New South Wales, Farmers' Bui. 24, 1909, p. 25. Bloxa musse Froggatt. (The Island Fruit Fly. Trypetidse; Diptera.) Host: Banana, Sideroxylon (Achras) australe (black apple). Injury: Larvae feed in bruised or blemished fruit. Description: Adult female, 6 mm. long, wing expanse 12 mm., head small, ochreous, antennge yellow with long bristle at apex of second joint, thorax brownish yellow, abdomen small, light brown at base, black on apical half, and covered with coarse hairs. (See plate xxviii, figs. 1, 2.) Distribution: New Hebrides, Queensland, New South Wales. Froggatt, W. W. Dept. Agric, New South Wales, Misc. Pub. 303, 1899. Froggatt, W. W. Dept. Agric, New South Wales, Farmers' Bui. 24, 1909, p. 54. GOOSEBEERY; CUERANT. (Ribes spp. Family Saxifragaceae.) Shrubs bearing small edible fruits; native to Europe, Asia, North America, and South America. A. BETTER KNOWN GOOSEBERRY AND CURRANT INSECTS LIKELY TO BE IMPORTED. Erloptayes rlbis Nalepa. (Currant Gall Mite. Eriophyidae; Acarina.) Host: Infests especially the black currant (Ribes nigrum), but also R. rubrum, and R. alpinum. Certain varieties of black currant are preferred, as Baldwin, Black Naples, Black Dutch, and Lee's Prolific. GOOSEBERRY AND CURRANT INSECTS. 119 Injury: Seriously injurious; can be introduced in nursery stock. Description and biology: Microscopic. Adult about 230 microns long by 40 microns wide. Male smaller; color whitish or pale green, semitransparent and shiny. Sub- cylindrical in shape; 60-70 transverse rings furnished with regular series of short pro- jections, best seen on sides. Infests the buds which may contain thousands of mites, causing them to swell, producing so-called "big buds." Such buds, if they open, usually fail to produce fruit of value. (See text fig. 62.) Distribution: Middle Europe; England. Theobald, F. V. Insect Pests of Fruit, 1909, p. 230. SoRAUER, P. Handbuch der Pflanzenkrankheiten, 3d. ed., 1913, vol. 3, pp. 121-123, figs. 96, 97. Bryobia rlbis Thomas. (Red Gooseberry Mite. Tetranychidae ; Acarina.) Hosts: Gooseberries and currants. Injury: Very serious injury caused by sucking the juices of the plant, introduce on nursery stock. \'ery easy to Fig. 62. — Currant gall mite (Eriophyes ribis): Mite and galls. (Sorauer.) Description and biology: This is one of the minute red spiders, having eight legs, which breed on the foliage of plants, causing a rusty appearance. The eggs are spherical and microscopic in size. Distribution: Germany, England. Sorauer, P. Handbuch der Pflanzenkrankheiten, 3d ed., 1913, vol. 3, pp. 89-9J, figs. 67, 68. Abraxas grossularlata Linnscus. (Magpie or Currant Moth. Geometridse; Lepidoptera.) Host: Currant, gooseberry, and fruit trees. Injury: Defoliation; seldom seriously injurious. Description and biology: .4c?ui^ wing e.xpanse 37 mm. (variable); color creamy white, spotted with black, with orange yellow between black spots at base of forewings; hind wings like front, but with no yellow; thorax and abdomen yellow and black. On wing in July and August (England). Pupa black, with three golden yellow rings to the body. Cocoon delicate, attached to leaf o!f twig. Larva length 37 mm.; 120 A MANUAL OF DANGEROUS INSECTS. color creamy wkite, spotted, and marked with black and orange yellow at sides. Appear in fall; winter as very small larvae, ready to pupate in June. Eggs, cream- colored, laid singly or in groups; hatch in from 6 to 15 days. (See text fig. 63.) Distribution: England, Europe, Siberia, China. Theobald, F. V. Insect Pests of Fruit, 1909, p. 206. Ttaamnonoma wauaria Linnsus. (Currant Webworm. Geometridse; Lepidoptera.) Hosts: Ribes spp. Injury: Attacks leaves, buds, flowers, and often fruit. Description and biology: Adult, wing expanse 25 mm.; front wing pure gray with brown and black crosslines: hind wing ashen gray dusted with black. Occurs June and July. Pupates in or on ground. Larva, length 25 mm.; blue green with darker, ^TV Fig. 63. — Currant moth {Abraxas grossulariata): Adult, larva, pupa. (Entom. Parasit. Agric. 1904.) white bordered median line, and a yellow side stripe; on each segment a black tubercle bearing bristles. Shortly before pupation mostly violet or reddish brown. Distribution: Northern Eiu"ope. SoRAUER, P. Handbuch der Pflanzenkrankheiten, 3d ed., 1913, vol. 3, p. 336. >)t Zophodia convolutella Hiibner. ( Pyralidse ; Lepidoptera . ) Hosts: Gooseberry and currant. Injury: To fruit and leaves. Description and biology: Adult, wing expanse 30 mm.; forewing brownish gray mth whitish and dark brown lines; occurs diuring end of April and beginning of May. (Germany.) Pupa overwinters in shallow earth. Larva, length 10 mm.; color grass green; head and thoracic shield black; occurs from May until July; draws berries and adjoining leaves together by a web; feeds on fruit. Egg deposited singly on twigs (see text fig. 64). Distribution: ' Europe. SoRAUER, P. Handbuch der Pfianzenkrankheiten, 3d., 1913, vol. 3, p. 336. U. S. Dept. of Agriculture, Manual of Dangerous Insects. Plate XXVIl. U. S. Dept. of Agriculture, Manual of Dangerous Insects. Plate XXVIII. Fruit Flies. Figs, a, c— The Mandarin fruit fly {Dacus ornatissimus) and wing. Figs. 6, d.—The banana fruit fly (Dacus curvipennis) and wing. (Froggatt.) U. S. Dept. of Agriculture, Manual of Dangerous Insects. Plate XXIX. Injurious Grain Insects. Figs, a, 6. — Haplothrips aculeata; c, Limothrips denlicornis; d, Haplothrips tritici; e, q, Oria musculosa; f,}i, Trachea basUineari, n, Hylemyia coarctata;k, Jsosojna noxiale:l, m, Trachelus tabidus. (Kurdjumov.) GOOSEBERRY AND CURRANT INSECTS. 121 Incurvaria capltella Clerck. (Currant Shoot Borer. Tineidse; Lepidoptera.) Hosts: Currants; especially red currants. Injury: Seldom serious; tunnels the shoots. Description and biology: Adult, wing expanse ^ inch. Forewings dark brown with piu-plish iridescence; near base a transverse yellow band and two yellow spots near tip; head deep yellow. Occurs from mid May into June. Pupa, brown, in loose cocoons in tunneled shoots. Larva, dull greenish, with red patch on ninth segment; head and first thoracic segment black. Hatch in summer, feed on seeds in fruit, then spin hibernaculum on bark; attack buds and shoots in spring causing the tips to wilt; mature in April and May. Eggs are colorless, lemon-shaped, 0.67 mm. long. Distribution: Europe. Theobald, F. V. Insect Pests of Fruit, 1909, p. 213. Notocelia roborana Treitschke. (Currant Fruit Moth. Tortricidae; Lepidoptera.) Host: Currant, rose, Rubus sp., whitethorn, oak. Injury: Hollows out ripening currants. Description and biology: Adult, forewing white, mixed with dull gray before the border; rusty red at point; base gray brown; speculum dotted black; palpi reddish brown. On wing June and July (Germany). Pupatesin currant leaves and the stage lasts 3 weeks. Larva, length 17 mm.: plump, brown, head yellowish brown, neck and anal sMeld black: on each segment a brown wart, each with a light Fig. 64. — Goosebtrry moth (Zophodia convolutella): Adult larva, injury. bristle; webs up leaves and fruit; occurs in early spring. Distrib ution: Europe . SoRAUER, p. Handbuch der Pflanzenkrankheiten, 3d ed., 1913, vol. 3, p. 286. Theobald, F. V. Insect Pests of Fruit, 1909, p. 212. CoLLiGNE, W. A Manual of Injm-ious Fruit Insects, 1912, p. 163. B. OTHER IMPORTANT CURRANT AND GOOSEBERRY INSECTS. h?:miptera. Coccidse: Armored — Chionaspis salicis Linnaeus; Europe: Ribes sanguineum. :^Epidiaspis piricola Del Guercio; Italy, France, Portugal, Germany, England. Fiorinia grossularix Maskell; New Zealand. Unarmored — Lecanium coryli Linnaeus; Great Britain. Lecanium rchi King; Europe. Lecanium rubi Schrank: Europe. Phenacoccus socius Newstead; British Isles. Pseudococcus arec« Maskell; New Zealand. 122 A MANUAL OF DANGEROUS INSECTS. GRAINS AND GRASSES. (Family Graminefe.) Under this heading are treated the insects attacking the grains and grasses, except corn, sorghum, and sugar cane, which are treated separately. This section relates especially to barley (Hordeum vulgar e Linnaeus), millet (Panicum spp.), oats (Avena sativa Linnaeus), rye (Secale cereale Linnaeus), timothy {Phlewn pratense Linnaeus), and wheat, emmer, and spelt (Triticum sativum Lam.). Descriptions of these various crops are given in their proper alphabetic order. A. BETTER KNOWN GRAIN INSECTS LIKELY TO BE IMPORTED. Lema cyanella Linnseus; Lenaa melanopus Linnaeus. (Grain Leaf Beetles. Chrysomelidae ; Coleoptera.) Hosts: Grasses, grains, especially oats. Injury: Feed on the leaves, stem and seed. Causes millions of dollars damage in some years. Biology: Eggs shining yellow laid in rows of 10-20 near the mid vein, and 40-50 on a leaf. The larvae feed on the leaves. L. cyanella pupates in a cocoon on the plant; L. melanopus pupates in the ground. The adults also feed on the foliage. Distribution: Europe, Southwest Asia. Serious only in South Europe. SoRAUER, P. Handbuch der Pflanzenkrankheiten, 3d ed., 1913, vol. 3, p. 509. ^Pharaxonotha klrschl Reitt. (Mexican Grain Beetle. Cryptophagidae; Coleoptera.) Hosts: Corn, yams. Injury: Larvae and beetles destructive to stored corn and other products. Description: Small, shining, deep brown beetles, about three-sixteenth inch long. Larva elongate gray, each segment darker at middle with darker spaces each side bearing rather well-developed tubercles. ^ Distribution: Brazil, Guatemala, Mexico, Texas, and South Carolina. Chittenden, F. H. U. S. Dept. Agr., Bur. Entom., Bui. 96, pp. 8-13, fig. 1, 1911. >>:Lophocateres (Ostoma) pusillus Klug. (Siamese Grain Beetle. Trogositidae ; Coleoptera.) Hosts: Com, rice, seeds of eggplant and gourd, rye, flour. Injury: Larvae and beetles destructive to stored corn and other seeds. Description: Flat, brown, with thorax prolonged into acute angles at sides, anten- nae clubbed at ends, minute. Larva white with blackish head and last segment elongate. Distribution: Liberia, Siam, Ceylon, Java, India, Cochin China, Peru, Guatemala, France, South Carolina, Texas. Chittenden, F. H. U. S. Dept. Agr., Bur. Entom., Bui. 96, pp. 14-18, fig. 2. 1911. *Lathetlcus oryzae Waterh. (Long-Headed Flour Beetle. Tenebrionidae; Coleoptera.) Hosts: Wheat, corn, barley, rice. Injury: Larva and beetle injure stored grain and flour. Description: Pale yellow, somewhat flattened beetle; the slenderest of the flour beetles, measuring one-eighth inch. Distribution: India, Arabia, Persia, Norway, England, Russia, Texas. Chittenden, F. H. U. S. Dept. Agr., Bur. Entom., Bui. 96, pp. 25-28, fig. 5. 1911. GEAIN INSECTS. 123 Nonagrla unlf onnls Dudgeon. (WTieat Stem Borer. Noctuidae; Lepidoptera.) Hosts: Rice, wheat, sugar cane, millet. Injury: Larva bores in stems and pupates in its borings. Description and biology: Larva flesh colored with black head. Bores in grass stems. Distribution: India, Ceylon, Burma, Celebes. Maxwell-Lefroy, H. F. Mem. Dept. Agric. India, Ent. Ser., vol. 1, pt. 2, p. 17G. Pyrausta nubllalis Hiibner. (Millet Stalk Worm. Pyralidse; Lepidoptera.) Hosts: Millet, corn, hops, hemp, Panicum sanguinale, Artemisia vulgaris, Conyza squarrosa, and Arundo. Injury: Bores in the stems. Description and biology: Moth, wing expanse 28-30 mm., yellow ochre in color with rust colored marks on forewings. Larva dirty gray brown with dark dorsal line, and two black spots on each segment, underside whitish, head dark brown, thoracic shield yellowish, 30 mm. long. Bores in the stems and sometimes attacks the ears of corn. In grasses the larva overwinters in the roots. Distribution: Europe (Hungary). SoRAUER, P. Handbuch der Pflanzenkrankheiten, 3d ed., 1913, vol. 3, p. 304, 305, fig. 206. Ochsenheimerla taurella Sctaifiermiller. (Rye Stem Borer. Tineidae; Lepidoptera.) Hosts: Rye, grasses. Injury: Quite injurious to winter rye. Description and biology: Moth, 7 mm. long, with 13 mm. wing expanse, forewings yellowish brown with darker bands, hindwings white in basal part and brown be- yond. Pupates in the stalk. Larva when young greenish or yellow, later yellow with dark head; bores in stems. Eggs laid singly. Distribution: Europe. SoRAUER, P. Handbuch der Pflanzenkrankheiten, 3d ed., 1913, vol. 3, p. 242, fig. 175. 5tc Tinea granella Linnaeus. (The Wheat Moth. Tineidse; Lepidoptera.) Hosts: "WTieat, barley. Injury: Very serious injury to the seed heads. Description and biology: Adult, a tiny moth colored a rich brownish yellow with the hindwings larger than the front and greenish yellow. Pupa a small brown chrysalid. Larva not over one-half inch long, yellowish; bores in the seed head, eating all but the husks. Distribution: Victoria, Australia, Europe, North America. French, C. Handbook of the Destructive Insects of Victoria, pt. 3, pp. 128-132, pi. 55. Clinodlplosis mosellana GShin; Clinodiplosis equestrls Wagner; >f; Contarinla tritici Kirby. (Grain Gall Midges. Itonididae [Cecidomyiidae]; Diptera.) Species: CI. mosellana; France; wheat, rye. CI. equestris; Europe; wheat. :^C. tritici: Europe, introduced into United States; wheat, rye, barley. Injury: Very serious injury to grain, especially in United States. 124 A MANUAL OF DANGEROUS INSECTS. Description: Fly of equestris red, of the other two orange yellow. Maggot of eques- tris blood red, of the other two orange or yellow. Breed in the sterna and cause gall formation. SoRAUER, P. Handbuch der Pflanzenkrankheiten, 3d ed., 1913, vol. 3, pp. 442, 447, 448. Lasloptera cerealls Lindeman. (Rye Midge. Itonididse [Cecidomyiidae]; Diptera.) Hosts: Rye, Triticum repens, Calamagrostis lanceolata. Injury: Attacks the stems. Description and biology: Fly black, abdomen white banded; 3 mm. long. Larva brick red, 5mm. long. Distribution: Russia. SORA.UER, P. Handbuch der Pflanzenkrankheiten, 3d ed., 1913, vol. 3, p. 457. Mayetlola avenae Marcbal. (Oata Gall Midge. Itonididae [Cecidomyiidse]; Diptera.) Host: Oats. Injury: Forms galls in the stems. Description and biology: Fly black, marked with red, with a band of silver-gray hairs on each side; length 3.2 mm. Has two generations. Distribution: France. SoRAUER, P. Handbuch der Pflanzenkrankheiten, 3d ed., 1913, vol. 3, p. 449, fig. 272. ^Pbytophaga (Mayetlola) destructor Say. (Hessian Fly. Itonididae [Cecidomyiidse]; Diptera.) The well-known Hessian fly is a conspicuous example among our imported pests. It is now distributed over Asia, Europe, and North America. Porricondyla cerealls Sauter. (Grain Maggot. Itonididae [Cecidomyiidse]; Diptera.) Hosts: Barley, oats, rye, spelt. Injury: Occasionally injurious. Breeds behind the leaf sheath. Description and biology: Fly, antennse 13-jointed, thorax black, abdomen red, length 2.2 mm. Maggot, 3 mm. long, chrome red. Distribution: Germany. SoRAUER, P. Handbuch der Pflanzenkrankheiten, 3d ed., 1913, vol. 3, p. 441 , Hylemyia coarctata Fallen. (Wheat Biilb Fly. Anthomyidse; Diptera.) Hosts: Rye, wheat, barley. Injury: Feeds in the stems; very destructive. Description and biology: Fly yello'n'ish gray, strongly bristled; thorax without stripes; abdomen with dark median stripe; antennae black ; length 7 mm. Maggot yellowish, 6 mm. long. (See plate xxix figs, i, n.) Distribution: Middle and north Europe. One specimen is recorded from Colorado. SoRAUER, P. Handbuch der Pflanzenkrankheiten, 3d ed., 1913, vol. 3, pp. 431, 432, fig. 263. GEAIN INSECTS. 125 HydrelUa griseola Fallen. (Grain Leaf Miner. Ephydridse; Diptera.) Hosts: Barley, oats, grasses. Injury: Mines the leaves. Description and biology: Adult fly metallic brown, thickly dusted with gray; under- sides and palpi yellow; antennae black, face and beak brown; 2.75 mm. long. Larva 2 mm. long. Distribution: Europe. SoRAUER, P. Handbuch der Pflanzenkrankheiten, 3d ed., 1913, vol. 3, pp. 408, 409, fig. 254. Camarota flavltarsis Meigen. (Grain Fly. Oecinidse; Diptera.) Hosts: Wheat, grasses. Injury: Bores in stems. Description and biology: Fly, blue black, undersides white, length 2.5 mm. Larva and pupa with two large stigmal hooks at apex. Distribution: France. SoRAUER, P. Handbuch der Pflanzenkrankheiten,- 3d ed., 1913, vol. 3, pp. 412, 413. Chlorops tseniopus Meigen. (Straw Fly. Oscinidae; Diptera.) Hosts: Wheat, rye, barley, grasses. Injury: Bores in the stems of grains. Description and biology: Fly, yellow, with three black lines on thorax, four black cross bands on abdomen and black antennae; length, 3^ mm. Maggot, yellowish white, 5-7 mm. long. Winters in stem near roots. Distribution: Eiu-ope. SoRAUER, p. Handbuch der Pflanzenkrankheiten, 3d ed., 1913, vol. 3, pp. 412, 413, :4^0scinis frit Linnaeus (Oscinis pusUIa Meigen). (Frit Flies. Oscinidse; Diptera.) Hosts: Oats, barley, wheat, rye. Injury: Mines the stems of grains. Serious pests. Description and Biology: Adult fly, shining black, metallic. Larva, white, legless. Mines the stems and roots. Distribution: Europe, America. SoRAUER, P. Handbuch der Pflanzenkrankheiten, 3d ed., 1913, vol. 3, p. 410, 411. B. OTHEB IMPORTANT GRAIN INSECTS. HEMIPTERA. Lygseidae. Nysius vinitor Bergroth; Australia. (See Fruit.) Jassidae. Jassus sexnotatus Fallen of Germany is a very injurious insect to wheat, barley, oats, and grasses. The eggs might be imported with straw during the winter. This is a bright^yellow leaf hopper with black markings, measuring about 3.75 mm. in length. THYSANOPTERA. Haplothrips tritici Kurdjumov, the Europe grain thrips; Europe; often winters in wheat stubbles. (See pi. XXIX, fig. d.) Haplothrips aculeata Fabricius (see pi. XXIX, figs, a, 6) and Limothrips denticornis Haliday; Europe; attack grain. (See pi. XXIX, fig. c.) 126 A MANUAL OF DANGEROUS INSECTS. COLEOPTERA. Carabidse. Zabrus gibbus Fabricius of Europe attacks wheat, oats, rye, and barley, in both its adult and larval stages. It is a shining black beetle with piceous antennae and legs, measuring 15 mm. in length and mm. in breadth. The adults hide during the day and feed at night on the grain. They might easily be imported. Elaterldse. Agriotes lineatus Ltnnseus. (See Tobacco.) Cerambycidse. Calamobius margineUus Fabricius; Europe; bores in stems of wheat. Chrysomelidae. Phyllotreta vittula Redtenbacher. (See Rape.) Brachyrhinldae. Diaprepes abbreviatus Linnaeus; West Indies. (See Sugar cane.) LEPIDOPTERA. Noctuldse. Oria muaculosa Iliibner; Russia; very destructive, winters in egg stage in stubble, (See pi. XXIX, figs, e, g.) Hadena secalis Bjerk; Europe; bores in stalks. Trachea basilinea W. V.; Europe; injures wheat, rye, and other grains. (See pi. XXIX, figs./, h.) Pyralidae. Chilo simplex Butler; India, Formosa; attacks millet. (See Sugar Cane.) DichocTocis piinctiferalis Gu^nee; Queensland; attacks millet. (See Corn.) Phycitidse. Anerastia botella Zuk.; Europe; injurious to rye, wheat, and other cereals PIPTERA. Oscinldae. Chlorops lineata Fabricius; a tiny reddish frit fly of Europe which breeds in stems of wheat. Opomysa florum Fabricius, a small fly of Europe which breeds during the winter in the lower parts of the stems of wheat. It is 4. .5 mm. long, pale yellow or reddish yellow in color. Itonididae (Cecldomyldae). Clinodi ptosis mosellana Gehin; Europe; breeds in stems of wheat and rye. ITYMENOPTERA. Cephididse. ^ Cephus pygmaeus Linnaeus of Europe bores in the stems of wheat, rye, timothy, and other cereals and grasses hibernating as a larva in the lower part of the stem or root. It could easily be imported in straw. The larva is legless. The adult is a black wasplikc insect with yellow markings, measuring 7 mm. in length. Trachelus tabidus Linnaeus; Europe; bores in stems. (See pi. XXIX, figs. I, m.) Cbalcididae. Isosomi noiialc Portschinski is a very injurious chalcid pest of grairi in Russia. The larvae pass the winter in the stems. (See pi. XXIX, fig. fc.) GBANADILLA. {Passifiora quadrangularis. Passifloracefe.) A tropical American vine valuable as a climber and also for its fruit. DIPTERA. Trypetldse. Dacus passiflorse Froggatt; Fiji. (See Fruit.) Bacus psidii Froggatt; Fiji. (See Fruit.) Dacus lanthodes Broun; Fiji. (See Fruit.) Ceratitis capitata Wiedemann. (See Fruit.) Ceratitis punctata Wiedemann; Africa. (See Fruit.) LEPIDOPTERA. Pyralldse. Dichocrocis punctiferalis Guenee; Queensland. (See Com.) GRAPE INSECTS. 127 GRAPE. ( Vitis spp. Family Vitacese.) Fruit-bearing \-ines valued both for the fruit itself and for the wines derived there- from. A. BETTER KNOWN GRAPE INSECTS LIKELY TO BE IMPORTED. >tc Eriophyes vltls Landois. (Grape Blister Mite. Eriophyldae; Acarina.) Hosts: Vitis vinifera, V. vesuviana, V. carinthiaca, V. arizonica, V. sestivalis. Injury: Causes much damage to the vine. Description and biology: Four-legged blister mite which attacks the leaves, buds, flowers, and berries of the grape. Distribution: Europe, Armenia, North America. SoRAUER, P. Handbuch der Pflanzenkrankheiten, 3d ed., 1913, vol. 3, pp. 119, 120, figs. 94, 95. Anomala vltls Fabricius. (Grape Anomala. Scarabseidse; Coleoptera.) Host: Grape. Injury: May be serious. Description and biology: Adult, length 12-17 mm.; green, violet or azure; body oval; head, prothorax, and scutellum punctate; elytra convex with distinct longitudinal striae. Occurs in June and July; crepuscular; feeds on foliage of the vine. Pupates in soil in May; stage requires about a month. Larva feeds on roots of grass and the vine. Feeds about a year and a half. Egg oblong, hatches in about 15 to 20 days. Distribution: Middle and eastern Europe. SiLVESTRi, F. Dispense di Entomologia Agraria, 1911, p. 310. Sinoxylon perforans Schrk.; Slnoxylon sexdentatum Olivier. (Grape-vine Flat-headed Borers. Bostrychidse; Coleoptera.) Species: S. perforans; Tirol, Italy, grape; Europe, oak, elm, horse chestnut. 5. sexdentatum: Spain, grape; South France, Quercus sessilijlora. Injury: Bore in the stems, branches, and trunk; sometimes causing very serious injury. SoRAUER, P. Handbuch der Pflanzenkrankheiten, 3d ed., 1913, vol. 8, p. 489. Vesperus spp. (Grape Borers. Cerambycidse; Coleoptera.) Species: V. xatarti Dufour; France; grape. V. luridus Kossi; Italy; grape. V. strepens Fabricius; France; grape, rose, forest trees. V. mauretanicus Dry; Algeria, Spain; grape, olive. Injury: Bore in stems. SoRAUER, P. Handbuch der Pflanzenkrankheiten, 3d ed., 1913, vol. 3, p. 498. ^ Bromlus obscurus Linnaeus. (Grape Root Worm. Chrysomelidse; Coleoptera.) Hosts: Grape, Epilobium, etc. Injury: Sometimes serious. Attacks both the roots and the growing parts of the vine. Description and biology: The species has two varieties, obscurus, which is black, and vitis Fabricius, which is brown. The eggs are laid in crevices beneath the inner 128 A MANUAL OF DANGEROUS INSECTS. layers of bark on old wood, and also on leaves, in clusters of 4 to 30. Eggs yellowish white, elongate cylindrical. Larva white, with yellowish-brown head, short legs. Pupa white, formed in earthen cell. The larva feeds on the roots several feet under ground, doing much damage. The adults feed on the foliage and fruit. Distribution: Europe, Asia, North Africa, and introduced into California. SoRAUER, P. Handbuch der Pflanzenkrankheiten, 3d ed., 1913, vol. 3, pp. 512, 513. QuAYLE, H. J. California Agr. Exp., Sta. Bui. 195, 25 pp., 18 figs. Haltica ampelophaga Leesb. (Vine Flea-beetle. Chrysomelidse; Coleoptera.) Hosts: Grape, willow. Injury: Serious. Defoliation. Description and biology: Adult, length 4 mm.; brilliant green, sometimes deep blue- green. Two generations, first appears in April (France), feeds on leaves. Pass winter as adults at bases of vines, in bark, etc. Pupate in soil. Larva, length 6 mm., black; Fig. 65. — Vine flea-beetle (Haltica ampelophaga): Adult, larva, and injury, (v. Rendu.) feeds on leaves, flowers, and shoots. Larval period of first generation about a month. Eggs clear yellow, oblong; placed on under surface of leaves in clusters of about 30. (See text fig. 65.) Distribution: France, Italy, Spain, Algiers. MoNTiLLOT, L. Les Insectes Nuisibles, 1891, p. 116. GuENAUX, G. Entomologie et Parasitologie Agricoles, 1904, p. 340. SoRAUER, p. Handbuch der Pflanzenkrankheiten, 3d ed., 1913, vol. 3, pp. 523, 524. Scelodnota strigicoUis Motschulsky. (Chrysomelidse; Coleoptera.) Host: Grape. Injury: Serious pest. Description and biology: Probably similar to grape rootworm. Distribution: India. Maxwell-Lefroy, H. F. Indian Insect Life, 1909, p. 359. Brachyrbinus (Otiorhynchus) spp. (Grape Root Weevils. Brachyrhinidse (Otiorhynchidae); Coleoptera.) The weevils of this genus breed at the roots of plants and are very destructive as adults, often defoliating vineyards. GRAPE INSECTS. 129 Species: B. raucus Fabricius; Germany, France; adults attack foliage of apple, pear cherry, grape. B. singularis Linnteus; Europe (England); adults attack grape, grafted fruit trees, oak, rose, hops, Rhododendron, pines, gherkins, spruce, and straw- berries. B. turca Boheman; Russia; breeds at the roots of grape. >|^Lecanium persicse Fabricius; Australia, France, Italy, Caucasus, California. Lecanium vini Bouche; France. Neolecanium silveirai Hempel; on roots; Brazil. J^Palseococcus tosx Riley & Howard; Jamaica. Pseudococcus filamentosus Cockerell; Japan, Hawaii. Pseudococcus subterrancus Hempel; on roots; Argentina. Pseudococcus vitis Niedielski; North -Aifrica, France, Europe, Palestine. Pulvinaria vinifera King. RJiizcecus falcifer Kiinckel; France, Algeria. Solenococcus muratx Kuwana; Japan. Lygeeidse. Nysius vinitOT 'BergTol\\; Australia. (See Fruit.) Fig. 66.— Grape worm (Clysia ambiyueila): Adult, pupae, larvae, egg, and injiu-ed grapes. (Silvestri, Sorauer.) INSECTS OF GRAPE AND GUAVA. 131 COLEOPTERA. Buprestidae. i' Agrilus viridis Ijmntfus; Europe. (See Oak.) Scarabaeidae. Adoretus umbrosus Fahric'ms; Pacific Islands. (See Rose.) Cerambycidae. Cerambyi miles Bon.; Austria; Ijores stems of Vitis vinifcra. Het c rachthes xneolus 'Bxt':'.s; Mexico; bores stems of Vitis vinifcra. Curculionidae. OrthorThinuskluggi&chm.\\eTr; Victoria; bores in canes. LEPIDOPTERA. Tortricidse. Capua angusliorana Hawortli; Europe, Asia, Africa. (See Apricot.) Zygaenidae. Ina ampelophaga Boyle; Europe, Caucasus, Pales- tine; attacks buds and leaves. DIPTERA. Trypetidae. Ceratitis capilata Wiedemami, attacks Vitis vinifcra. (See Fruit.) Itonididae. Contarinia viticola Riibsaamen; Europe; breeds in buds and flowers. GUAVA. ( Psidium guajava, etc. Family Myrtaceae.) Evergreen trees and shrubs of tropical and subtropical America, yielding delicious fruits. Several species are grown in Florida and California. IMPORTANT GUAVA INSECTS. HEMIPTERA. Coccldae. Armored — ::lf:Aspidiotus (Pseudaonidia) articulatus Green; Ja- maica. Aspidiotus(Pseudaonidia)t.rilobitiformis Green; Cey- lon. (See citrous.) >^ Parlatoria ziziphus Lucas; Philippine Islands. Otiionaspis (Phenacaspis) megaloba Green; Ceylon. Unarmored — Cardiococcus umbonatus Cockerell; Mexico. Ceroplastes campinensis Hempel; Brazil. Ceroplasfes grandis Hempel; Brazil. Ceroplastcs psidii Chavannes; Brazil, Europe. Ceroplastes singularis T>ie\vsteeid; British East Africa, Uganda. Ceroplastes vinsonii Signoret; Mauritius. Coccus acuminatus Signoret; Hawaii, Ceylon. Coccus viridis Green; Uganda, India, Mauritius, Ceylon, Brazil. Eriococcus coriaccus Maskell; Victoria, New South Wales, Queensland. Icerya montscrratensis Riley & Howard; New South Wales; Psidium pomifcrum. Icerya seycMlarum Westwood; Mauritius. Inglisia conchiform is 'Ne-wstea.d; Uganda. Pseudococcus grandis Hempel; Brazil. Pseudococcus virgatus Cockerell; China, Japan, Jamaica. Pseudokermes nitens Hempel; Brazil. Pulvinaria cupanix Cockerell; Jamaica. Pulvinaria ficus Hempel; Brazil, Barbados, Montserrat, Antigua, St. Kitts. Saissetia discoides Hempel; Brazil. Sai'i^ctia psidii Green; Ceylon. Fig. 67.— Grape pyralid {Polychrosis botrana): Adult, larvae, pupa, egg, and injured grape. (Silvestri.) 132 A MANUAL OF DANGEROUS INSECTS, Aleyrodidse. Aleurodicus cocois Curtis; West Indies, Mexico, Central and South America, attacks Psidium giiajara. (See Coconut.) THYSANOPTERA. ^Heliothrips rubrocinctus Giard; West Indies, Ceylon, Uganda, Florida, attacks Psidium guajaia. (See Fruits.) COLEOPTERA. Brachyrhinidse. Diaprepes abbrcviatus Liimasus; West Indies. (See Sugar cane.) LEPIDOPTERA. Lycaenidae. Virachola insocrates Fabricius; India; bores in fruit. (See Fruit.) Pyralidae. Dichocrocis punctiferaUs Guenee: Queensland. (See Corn.) Lasiocampidae. Suana concolor Walker; .lava. DIPTERA. Trypetidse. Anastrepha fraterculus Wiedemann, attacks Psidium guajava. (See Fruit.) Anastrepha serpentina Wiedemann, fruit fly; Lesser Antilles; attacks Psidium guajaia. Anastrepha ludens Loew; Mexico. (See Fruit.) Ceratitis capitata Wiedemann; attacks Psidium catlkianum and P. guajaia. (See Fruit.) Ceratitis punctata Wiedemann; Africa. (See Fruit.) Ceratitis anonae Graham; Africa. (See Fruit.) Dacus psidiiFroggatt; Fiji. (See Fruit.) Dacus xanthodes Broun: Fiji. (See Fruit.) Dacus dJDfrsMS Coquillett; India. (See Fruit.) HAWTHORN; MEDLAR. (Mespilus spY>- [Crataegus]. Family Rosacese.) Small fruit-beaiing trees and shrubs of the northern hemisphere, grown mainly as ornamental shrubbery. IMPORTANT HAWTHORN INSECTS. ACARINA. Eriophyidae. Eriophye.i goniothorai Nalepa, blister mite; England; attacks leaves of Mespilus oiyacantha. HEMIPTERA. Coccidae: Armored — Aspidiotus {Diaspidiotus) pyri Lichtenstein; Europe; Mespilus heteroplrjUa, '. oiyacantha. Diaspis lephii Signoret; Europe; Mespilus monogyna. Unarmored — Ceroplastcs rusci Linnseus; Europe. ^ Lecanium bituberculatum Targioni-Tozzetti; Europe; Oregon; Mespilus monogyna, M. oiyacantha. Lecanium coryli Linnaeus; Europe; Mespilus coccinea, M. germanica, M. monogyna, M. oiyacantha, M. pyracantha. Pulvinariabetulac; Europe: Mespilus germanica, M. monogyna, M. oxyacantha. COLEOPTERA. Curculionidae. Magdalis cerasi Linnaeus and M. pruni Linngeus; Europe; breed under bark. Magdalis barbicornis Latreille; Europe. (See Apple.) LEPIDOPTERA. Geometrldae. Hibernia aurantiari'i Esp., H. drfoliarii Linngeus and H. marginari'i Borckh; Germany; defalialors. Lymantriidae. Dasychira pudibunda LimiiEus and 5k Euproctis chry.wrrhaa Linnseus; Europe; defoliators. (See Foresi defoliators.) Lasiocampidae. Gastropjcha quercifnlia ljmnx:ns\ Europe. (See Fruit.) Hyponomeutidae. Argyrcsfhia niHdclla Fabricius; England. (See Plum ) INSECTS OF HAWTHORN AND HAZEL. 133 DIPTERA. Trypetldae. Ccratitis capilata Wiedemann. (See Fruit.) HYMENOPTERA. Tenthredin idse. Macrophya pwnctum-album Liiuifpus; Russia; sawfly. Priophorus padi Liiinspus; Europe (See Plum.) LITERATURE. SORAuEK. P. Handbuch der Pflanzenkrankheiten, 3d ed., 191.3, vol. 3. LiNDiNGER, L. Die Schildliiuse (Coccidre), 1912 HAZEL; FILBERT; COBNUT. {CoryJus spp. Family Corylacete.) Valuable nut-bearing shmibs or rarely trees of America, Europe, and Asia, some- times used for shrubbery. A. HAZEL INSECTS LIKELY TO BE IMPORTED. Eriophyes avellanae Nalepa; Eriopliyes verniiforniis Nalepa. (Hazelnut Blister Mites. Family Eriophyidie; Acarina.) Hosts: Corylus avellana, C. tubulosa. Injury: Cause galls on buds. Serious in England. Description and biology: Four-legged blister mites which form galls in the spring and summer buds. Very easy to introduce on nursery stock. Distribution: England, Europe. SoRAUER, P. Handbuch der Pflanzenkrankheiten, 1913, 3d ed., vol. 3, p. 118, fig. 93. Oberea linearis Linnaeus. (Cerambycidse; Coleoptera.) Hosts: Hazelnut, walnut. Description and biology: Adult, beetle occurs from May on. A generation in two years. The larva eats pith and wood and pupates in earth. Eggs are placed singly under young bark. After oviposition the female rings the twig. Distribution: Europe. SoRAUER, P. Handbuch der Pflanzenkrankheiten, 1913, 3d ed., vol. 3, p. 507. Curculio nuciini Linnaeus (Balaninus). (Nut Wee\'il. Curculionid;e; Coleoptera.) Hosts: Hazelnut, filbert, cob, oak. Injury: Causes nuts to fall prematurely. Description and biology: Adult, length 8 mm.; color tawny brown to chocolate brown, densely clothed with golden-brown pubescence; has unusually long snout; occurs in June and July (England). Flies in bright weather. Pupa creamy white, pupates in soil. Larva length rather more than 8 mm.; creamy white; passes winter in cell in ground. Eggs are deposited singly, deep in nut. Incubation requires 8 or 10 days. (See text fig. 68.) Distribution: Europe. Theobald, F. V. Insect Pests of Fruit, 1909, p. 299. 134 A MANUAL OF DANGEROUS INSECTS. Laspeyrcsia amplana Hiibner (Carpocapsa.) (Nut Tortrix. Tortricidse; Lepidoptera.) Hosts: Hazelnut, walnut. Injury: To fruit. Description and biology: Fore wing cinnamon colored, mth large light spots on both sides darkened by brown spots on the inner margin. Flies in July (Germany) . Larva, dirty white; head and back darker; bores into the nuts; overwinters in soil, pupating in spring. Eggs deposited on unripe nuts. Distribution: Europe. SoRAUER, p. Handbuch der Pflanzenkrankheiten, .3d ed., 1913, vol. 3, p. 276. Henschel. G. a. O. Die Schitdlichen Forst- und Obstbaum-Insekten, 1895, p. 432. B. IMPORTANT HAZEL IN- SECTS. HEMIPTERA. Coccldae. Unarmored- Lecaniu Europe; colurna. Lecanium Eiirope; Phenaco Europe; Pulvina Europe; m coryli Linnpeus; Corylus avellana, C. pulchrum Marchal; Corylus avellana. ecus aceris Signoret; Corylus avellana. via betulx Linnseus; Corylus avellana. Fig. 68. — The nut weevil ( Curculio nucum): Adult puncturing nut. (Guenaux.) COLEOPTERA. Buprestidse. Agrilus angustulus Illiger; A. subauratus Gebler; Europe; bore in bast and sap wood, especially of saplings. Elateridse. Athous subfuscus MtiUer, wire- worm; Europe; injures nuts and seedlings. Cerambycidse. Oherea linearis Linnseus; Europe; bores in pith of nursery stock. Cbrysomelidse. Haltica quercetorumFoudr.; Europe; leaf beetle. (See Oak.) Curculionidae. Magdalis carbonaria Linnaeus; Eiu'ope; bores in trunks. (See Birch.) LEPIDOPTERA. Geoinetridse. Anisopteryx sescularia SciiiSeTmiller; Europe; feeds on foliage. Lyniantrlidae. Dasychira pudibunda Linnaeus, and ^ij/mawfrm monac?ia Linnaeus; Europe; defoliators. (See Forest defoliators.) Notodontidse. Phalera buccphala Linnseus; Europe. (See Forests.) Tortricldae. Laspeyrtsia groftsana Haworth (Carpocapsa); Europe. (See Beech.) Hyponomeutldae. Argyresthia cphippdla Fahricms; Europe. (See Plum.) HYMENOPTERA. Tenthredlnidse. MonoctcnusjuniperilAunsen^; Europe; sawfly feeds on foliage. INSECTS OF HAZEL, HEMLOCK, HEMP, HOPS. 135 LITERATURE. SoEAUER, P. Handbuch der Pflanzenkrankheiten, 3d ed., 1913, vol. 3. NOssLiN, Otto. Leitfaden der Forstinsektenkunde, 2d ed., 1913. Hess, R. Der Forstschutz, 1900, vol. 2. LiNDiNGER, L. Die Schildliiuse (Coccida?), 1912. HEMLOCK SPRUCE. (Tsuga spp. Family Pinaceae.) Ornamental evergreen trees, very useful for parking, native of North America, East Asia, and the Himalayas. For convenience the insect pests are arranged under Conifers. HEMP. (Cannabis sativa Linnaeus. Family Urticacese.) A native of Asia cultivated for the fiber obtained from its stems. Also used as an ornamental plant. IMPORTANT HEMP INSECTS. COLEOPTERA. Chrysomelldae. Psylliodes attenuata Koch; Europe. (See Hops.) LEPIDOPTERA. Pyralidae. Pyrausta nuhilalis Hiibner; Europe. (See Grain.) HOPS. (Ilumulus lupulus Linnaeus. Family Urticacese.) Vines cultivated in Europe and America for the hops, which are used in the brew ing of beer. A. BETTER KNOWN HOPS INSECTS LIKELY TO BE IMPORTED. Psylliodes attenuata Koch. (European Hop Flea-Beetle. Family Chrysomelidae; Coleoptera.) Hosts: Hops, hemp, stinging nettle. Injury: Feeds on foliage. The larva is supposed to breed in the cones of the hops. Distribution: Europe (Russia, England). SoRAUER, P. Handbuch der Pflanzenkrankheiten, 3d ed., 1913, vol. 3, p. 522. Hepialus humuU Linnaeus. (Hop Root Borer. Hepialidse; Lepidoptera.) Hosts: Hops, potato, rape, corn, sorrel, dandelion. Injury: Bores in the roots. Description and biology: Moth, wing expanse 43-68 mm.; male above silvery wrhite, beneath brownish gray, female clay yellow, with pale brick-red marks on forewings. Larva yellowish, spotted with black, with dark head; thoracic shield and spots on second and third segments yellowish brown; 50-55 mm. The larva breeds in the roots. Distribution: Europe. SoRAUER, P. Handbuch der Pflanzenkrankheiten, 3d ed., 1913, vol. 3, p. 320. Cecidomyla humuli Theobald. (Hop Midge. Itonididse [Cecidomyidse]; Diptera.) Host: Hops. Injury: Attack the catkins. 136 A MANUAL OF DANGEEOUS INSECTS. Description and biology: Fly very 8mall; larvaj white. Distribution: England . SoRAUER, p. Handbuch der Pflanzenkrankheiten, 3d ed., 1913, vol. 3, p. 443. Agromyza frontalis Meigen. (Hop Leaf Miner. Agromyzidse; Diptera.) Host: Hops. Injury: Mines the leaves. Fig. 69.— Needle-nose hop-bug ( Calocoris fulvomaculatus): a, Adult; 6, early stage of nymph; c, 4th inst ar nymph; d, .5th instar nymph. (Theobald.) Description and biology: Pupates in the soil. Distribution: Europe. SoRAUER, p. Handbuch der Pflanzenkrankheiten, 3d ed., 1913, vol. 3, p. 406. B. OTHER IMPORTANT HOPS INSECTS. HEMIPTERA. Miridac (Capsidae). Qiocor s fulvomaculatus: Needle-nosed hop bug; Europe; sucks juices. (See text, fig. 69.) INSECTS OF HOPS, HORNBEAM, HORSE-CHESTNUT. 137 COLEOPTERA. Chrysonielidse. Phyllotreta wmorum LinniEUs; Europe. (See Crucifers.) Elateridae. Agriotes Uneatus Linnfpus. (See Tobacco.) LEPIDOPTERA. Pyralidae. Pyrausta nubilaUs Hiibner; Europe; bores in stems. (See Grain.) Noctuidse. Hypena rostralis Lianieus; Europe; feeds on foliage. LITERATURE. Theobald, F. V. Text Book of Agric. Zoology, pp. 260-202, figs. 150, 159. 1913. Remisch,' Fr. VON. Zeitschr. f. Wiss. Insekten biol., band. 13, heft 9, pp. 331-333; heft 10, pp. 363-368. 1908. HORNBEAM. {Carpinus betulus L., etc. Family Betulacete.) Hard-wooded trees much used in tool making. Occur in Europe, Asia, and America. _ IMPORTANT HORNBEAM INSECTS. HEMIPTERA. Coccidae: Unarmored— Puldnaria bctulx Linnieus; Lccanium coryli Linnaeus, and Lecanium pulchrum Marehal; Europe. COLEOPTERA. Anobiidse. Xestobium rufovillosum DeGeer; Europe; bores in the wood. Ptilinus pectinicornis Linnaeus; Europe; bores in the wood. Elateridae. Athous subfuscus Miiller; wireworm; Europe; injures fruit and seedlings. Scarabaeidae. Amphimallon solslitialis Linnaeus; Europe; the larvae injure the roots of small plants while the adults injure the shoots. Melolontha hippocastani Fabricius, and ^f. melolontha Linnaeus; Europe; larvae injure roots of seed- lings. Scolytidae. Anisandrus dispar Fabricius; Europe; galleries wood. Scolytus carpini Ratzeburg; Germany; galleries in bark, bast, and sapwood. Xyloterus domesticus Linnaeus; Germany; galleries in bark and sapwood. LEPIDOPTERA. Geometridae. Hibernia defoliaria Linnaeus and H. marginaria Borckh.; Europe; defoliators. Lymantriidae. Dasychlra pudibunda Liimaeus; :Ji^ Euproctis chrysorrhoca Linnaeus, ^ Lymantria monacha Linnaeus, :^Porthetria dispar Linnaeus, Porthesiasimilis Fuessly; Europe; defoliators. (See Forest defoliators.) LITERATURE. LiNDiNGER, L. Die Schildlause (Coccidae). 1912. Hess, R. Der Forstschutz, 1900, vol. 2. NCssLiN, O. Leitfaden der Forstiosektenkunde, 2d ed. 1913. HORSE-CHESTNUT; BUCKEYE. {Aesculus spp. Family Sapindacese.) Ornamental trees and shrubs, desirable for shade trees, occurring in North America, Asia, Europe. 138 A MANUAL OF DANGEROUS INSECTS. A. HORSE-CHESTNUT INSECT LIKELY TO BE IMPORTED. ^ Zeuzera pyrina Linnseus. (Horse-chestnut Borer. Cossidse; Lepidoptera.) Hosts: Elm, alder, ash, beech, birch, horse-chestnut, linden, maple, oak, willow, poplar, buckthorn, spindle tree, mountain ash. Injury: Bores in bark and wood of trees. Description and biology: Moth white, with steel-blue round spots; wing expanse 50-70 mm. Larva yellowish, more flesh-colored when younger, with shining black, warts; head, thoracic shields and legs black. The larva bores in the wood and pupates in a cell of frass near the outside. Distribution: Europe, North Africa, and introduced into North America. SoRAUER, P. Handbuch der Pflanzenkrankheiten, 1913, 3d ed., vol. 3, p. 321. Hess, Richard. Der P'orstschutz, 1900, vol. 2, pp. 84, 85. NxJssLiN, Otto. Leitfaden der Forstinsektenkunde, 2d ed., 1913, pp. 321, 322, figs. 273-275. B. IMPORTANT HORSE-CHESTNUT INSECTS. HEMIPTERA. Coccldse. Unarmored— Lecanium coryli Linnaeus; Europe; Aesculus hippocastanum, A. pavia. COLEOPTERA. Anobiidse. Xestobium ru/ovillosum De Geer; Europe; bores in dead wood of standing and living trees. Bostrychldae. Sinoiylon perforans SciiT.; Europe; bores in branches. Scarabseldae. Melolontha hi ppocastaniFahncms and M. wf ?o?on<7ia Linnaeus; Europe; larvae injure roots of seedlings. Ceranibycldae. Phymatodes lividus Rossi; Germany; bores in wood of felled trees and lumber. Ipidae. Anisandrus dispar Fabrieius; Germany; galleries in wood. LEPIDOPTERA. Geometrldae. Anisopteryi sescularia SchiffermUler; Europe; feeds on foliage. LITERATURE. NOssLiN, Otto. Leitfaden der Forstinsektenkunde, 2d ed., 1913. SoRAUER, P. Handbuch der Pflanzenkrankheiten, 3d ed., 1913, vol. 3. HORSE-RADISH. (Radicula arinoracia. Family Cruciferse.) An herb cultivated for its roots. IMPORTANT HORSE-RADISH INSECTS. COLEOPTERA. Chrysomelidae. Phyllotrcta nigripes Fabrieius, and P. armoracix Koch; Europe, North America. (See Crucifers.) Phyllotreta atra Fabrieius; Europe; flea beetle. LEPIDOPTERA. Pyralidae. Pionea forficalis Ijinngdus; Europe. (See Cabbage.) INSECTS OF lEIS, JICACO, AND JUNIPER 139 IRIS. {Iris spp. Family Iridacese.) Flowering herbs, propagated from roots. IRIS INSECTS. DIPTERA. Syrphidae. >|< Eumcrus strigitus Fallen, Europe, New York; attacks tubers. (See Onion.) JICACO; COCOA PLUM. (Chrysobalanus icaco. Family Rosacese.) A tropical plant introduced into Florida. JICACO INSECTS. HEMIPTERA. Aleyrodidse. Aleurodicus cocois Curtis; West Indies, Mexico, Central and South America. (See Coconut.) DIPTERA. Trypetidae. Ceratitis giffardi Bezzi; Africa; attacks fruit of Chrysobalanus ellipticus. (See Fruit.) CcratUis silvestrii Bezzi; Africa. (See Fruit.) JUNIPER; RED CEDAR. (Juniperus spp. Family Juniperaceae.) Ornamental evergreen trees or shrubs distributed throughout the extratropical regions of the northern hemisphere. The wood is used in finishing interiors of houses, for posts, and the manufacture of small articles, especially pencils. The fruit of /. drupacea is edible. Aromatic oils used in medicine are obtained from the fruit and branches of some species. Erlophyes quadrisetus F. Thorns. (Juniper blister mite. Eriophyidse; Acarina.) Host: Juniperus communis. Injury: Causes deformations. Description and biology: A four-legged blister mite which forms gall-like swellings of the fruit and needle. Very easy to introduce on nursery stock. Distribution: Europe. INSECTS INJURIOUS TO JUNIPER. HEMIPTERA. Coccldae. Armored— Aspidiotus madtrcnsis Lindinger; Madeira; Juniperus cedrus. ^ Chionaspis striata Newstead; South Europe; Juniperus drupacea, J. fatidissima, J. macrocarpa, J. oxycedrus, J. phanicea. Cryptaspidiotus mediterraneus Lindinger; Algeria, Greece; Juniperus macrocarpa, J. phcenicea. Diaspis atlantica Lindinger; Canary Islands; Juniperus phcenicea. Diaspis visci Schrank; Europe; Juniperus canadensis, J. cedrus, J. chinensis, J. communis, J. drupacea, J. excelsa, J. macrocarpa, J. oxycedrus, J. phcenicea, J. recurva, J. sabina, J. sphxrica, J. torulosa, J. virginiana. Lepidosaphes juniperi Lmdinger; Anatolia; Juniperus excelsa. Unarmored — Pseudococcus vovse Nassonow; Russia; Austria; Juniperus communis. 140 A MANUAL OF DANGEEOUS INSECTS. COLEOPTERA. Ipidae. Phlxoslnus tlnjx Perris; Europe; Junipems commiinis. LEPIDOPTERA. Tortricidse. Laspeyrcsia ditpUcana Zetterstedt; Europe. (See Coniters.) BIBLIOGRAPHY. LiNDiNGER, L. OieSchildlause(CoccidiB). 1912. EiCHHOFF, W. Europ. Borkenkii.fer. 1881. KAFIR CORN. See Sorghum. KALE. See Cabbage. KEI APPLE. (Aberia caffra.) A tree of Cape of Good Hope, introduced into California and Florida and quite hardy in southern California. A spring plant grown for hedges. The fruit is used as pickles or conserves. A KEI APPLE INSECT. DIPTERA. Trypetldae. Ccratitis capitata Wiedemann. (See Fruit.) KOHL-RABI. See Cabbage. KOLA; COLA. (Sterculia acuminata. Family Sterculiacefe.) Tropical African trees cultivated for the nuts. A. KOLA INSECTS. THYSANOPTERA. >|< Heliothrips riihTocinclus Giard; West Indies, Ceylon, Uganda, Florida. (See Fruits.) HEMIPTERA. Coccidae. Lecanium catori Green; Algeria; on pods. LARCH. (Larix spp. Family Pinaceae.) Valuable ornamental and forest trees grown in the colder regions of Europe, Asia, and North America. L. decidua (europsea), the European larch, yields turpentine and the bark contains tannin, used for tanning leather. For convenience the insect pests are arranged under Conifers. LETTUCE. (Lactuca spY> . Family Compositse.) A well-known genus of herbs grown for their edible foliage. IMPORTANT LETTUCE INSECTS. COLEOPTERA. Elaterid£B. Agriotes Uneatus Linnaeus. (See Tobacco.) INSECTS OF LETTUCE AND LINDEN. 141 LEPIDOPTERA. Pyralldse. >fi Pionea fcrrugalis Hiibner; Europe, Asia, North America. (See Cabbage.) Noctuidae. ^famcs(Ta brasskx Linnreus; Europe; feeds on leaves. LINDEN; BASSWOOD; LIME. ( Tilia spp. Family TiliaceiB.) Trees distributed generally throughout the northern temperate zone. The wood of several species is easily cut into veneers and is hence in much demand for light boxes for packing fruits, etc. They are valuable honey trees. A. LINDEX INSECTS LIKELY TO BE IMPORTED. Eriophyes tiliarius Connold; Eriophyes tiliae Nalepa. (Linden Gall Mites. Eriophyidse; Acarina.) Host: Tilia europaea. Injury: The first-mentioned mite forms galls on the flower bracts, and the second on the leaves, but neither is of vital importance. Distribution: England. , GiLLANDERS, A. T. Forest Entomology, 1908, pp. 27, 28, 30, 31, fig. 26. B. IMPORTANT LINDEN INSECTS. HEMIPTERA. Coceidse. Armored — Chionaspis salicis Linnseus; Europe. Unarmored— Lecanium coryli Linnaeus; Europe. X'^/Z'JcoccMS ^/i/cr Loew; Europe; Tilia cordata, T. grandifloiu. Pyrrhocoridae. Pyrrhocoris aptcrus Linnteus; Germany; in all stages sucks the juices from the leaves, fruit, and stems. COLEOPTERA. Buprestldse. Agrilus viridis Linnaeus; Europe; bores in stems and branches. (See Oak). Lampra rutilans Fabricius, and L. undatus Fabrieius; Europe; bore in bark and wood. Scarabseidae. MclolonthahippocastaniFahricmsand M. mclolontha hinngsus; P'urope; larvae injure roots of seedlings Ipidae. Ernoporus caucanicus Lind.; bark beetle; Em'ope. Ernoporus tilix Panzer; bark beetle; Europe; Tilia parvifolia. Xyloterus domcsticus Linnaeus, and X. signatus Fabricius; ambrosia beetles. LEPIDOPTERA. Co5sidaB. Cossus cossus Linnseus, goat moth; Europe; bores in wood. (See Willow.) >if:Zeuzerj pyrina Linnseus; Europe; bores in wood. (See Horse-chestnut.) Noctuldae. Xylina soda Rott.; Europe. (See Plum.) Cieometridae. Hibcrnia aurantiaria Esp., H. defoUaria Linnaeus, and H. marginaria Borckh.; Europe; defoliators. Lasiocainpidse. Eriogasicr lancstris Linnieus; Germany; defoliator. Lymantriidse. Dasychira piidibunda Linnseus, ^Lymantria monacha Linnaeus, -Jf^PoTthelria dispar Linnaeus, and Porthesia similis Fuessly; Europe; defoliators. (See Forest defoliators.) 142 A MANUAL OF DANGEROUS INSECTS. LITERATURE. NOssLiN, Otto. Leitfaden der Forstinsektenkunde, 2d ed., 1913. Hess, R. Der Forst.schutz, 1898, 1900. LiNDiNGER, L. Die Schildlause (Coccidse), 1912. LOQUAT. {Enobotrya japonica. Family Rosacese.) A fruit tree native of China and Japan, much planted in the Gulf States. The fruit occasionally reaches the northern markets. IMPORTANT LOQUAT INSECTS. HEMIPTERA. Coccidae. Unarmored — Ceroplastes vinsonii Signoret; Mauritius; Reunion Island. LEPIDOPTERA. Lycaenidae. Vimchola imocratcs Fabricius; India; bores in fruit. (See Fruit.) Pyralidae. Dichocrocis puncti/eralis Guenee; Queensland. (See Com.) DIPTERA. Trypetidse. Ccratilis cipitata Wiedemann, fruit fly. (See Fruit.) Bactroccra tryoni Froggatt; Orient. (See Fruit.) MAHOGANY. (Sivietenia mahogoni. Family Meliacese.) A tropical tree of great importance in the furniture trade, offered by nurserymen of Florida and California. IMPORTANT MAHOGANY INSECTS. LEPIDOPTERA. Cossidse. Zcuzera coffeas Nietner; Orient. (See Coffee.) Pyralidee. Hypsipyla robusta Moore; India; twig borer. MAIZE. See Corn. MAMMEE APPLE. (Mammea americana. Family Guttiferae.) Tropical fruit tree now cultivated in Florida and California. MAMMEE APPLE INSECTS. DIPTERA. Trypetidae. Ceratitis capitata Wiedemann. (See Fruit.) Bacus xanthodes Bioun; Fiji. (See Fruit.) MANGEL. See Beet. MANGO. {Mangifera indica. Family Anacardiaceae.) A much-cultivated fruit tree originating in the Orient and now extensively culti- vated in the West Indies and also in Florida and California. MANGO INSECTS. 143 A. BETTER KNOWN MANGO INSECTS LIKELY TO BE IMPORTED. Psylla cistellata Buckton. (The Mango Shoot Psylla. Psyllidse; Hemiptera.) Host: Mango ( Mangifera indica) . Injury: Injures terminal shoots by producing imbricated pseudo-cones of a bright green or yellow color in which the larval and pupal stages are passed. Description: Adult head small, eyes globose and prominent; abdomen deeply corrugated and ringed; general color of body shining pitchy black. Distribution: India. Buckton, G. B. Indian Museum Notes, 1896, vol. 3, No. 2, p. 91. Dlnoderus distinctiis Lesne. (Bostrychidne ; Coleoptera. ) Hosts: Mango, bamboo. Injury: Infests branches. Description: Adult brown, with red- dish tinge at base of elytra. Marginal teeth of pro thorax very small, the two middle ones longest. Length 3.5 mm. (See text fig. 70.) Distribution: India. Maxwell-Lefroy, H. Indian Insect Life, 1909, p. 316. Stebbing, E. p. Indian Forest Insects, 1914, pp. 129, 130. Fig. 70. — Mango and Vjamboo borer (Dinodcrus dis- tinctus): Adults. (Maxwell-Lefroy.) Plocaederus ruflcornis Newman. (The Mango Bark Borer. Cerambycidee; Coleoptera.) Host: Mango. Injury: Considered one of the most formidable pests of the Philippine Islands. Description and biology: Adult beetle 23 to 45 mm. in length with antennae longer than body; body dull blackish in color, antennae reddish brown, thorax with sharp spine on each side, legs of same rufous color as antennae. Eggs deposited singly on the bark or in crevices of wounds near lower part of the trunk. Larvx on hatching bore into the inner part of bark, where the entire grub stage is passed; pupate in a cavity made of grass. (See plate xxx.) Distribution: Philippine Islands. Jones, C. R. The Philippine Agric. Review, 1913, vol. 6, No. 3, pp. 118-124, pis. 24. Sternochctus gravis Fabricius. (Cryptorhynchus). (Northern Mango Weevil. Curculionidae; Coleoptera.) Host: Mango. Injury: This is the common mango weevil of Northern India, and is liable to be introduced in seed. 144 A MANUAL OF DANGEROUS INSECTS. Description and biology: Adult weevil rusty brown to blackish brown, mottled with grayish patches; length 9 mm. Beak long. The entire development takes place in the fruit, the larvae first feeding iii the pulp, then entering the seed. (See text fig. 71.) Distribution: India (Bengal, Assam. United Provinces). Stebbing, E. p. Indian Forest Insects, Cole- optera. p. 436, fig. 289. Sternoehetus manglferae Fabricius. (Cryptorhynchus.) (Mango Weevil. (\irculionidi¥; Coleoptera.) Host: Mango. Injury: Serious enemy of mango, especially in Hawaii, where it is reported to have infested from 60 to 90 per cent of the crop. Liable to be introduced in seed. Descri'ption and biology: Adult weevil, varies from 6 to 8 mm. in length; when nearly de- veloped whitish pink in color, later changing to a dark brown with yellow markings; beak short, thick, and when at rest turned back beneath the thorax in a groove terminating between the first pair of legs. The egg is deposited in the fleshy part of the fruit, and on hatching the larva enters the seed, where it undergoes its entire development, vacating as an adult. Fig. 71. — Northern mango weevil (Sterno chetus gravis): Adult. (Maxwell-Lefroy.) Fig. 72. — The mango weevil (Sternochttus mangiferx): a, Adult weevil, from above; 6, same, from below. Much enlarged. (Marlatt.) Distribution: Inhabits all mango regions bordering Indian Ocean, East Indies including Philippines, Madagascar, Hawaii, Labuan, Straits Settlements, and South Africa. (Text figs. 72, 73.) Van Dine, D. L. Agr. Exper. Sta. Hawaii, Press Bui. 17, 1906. Marlatt, C. L. U. S. Dept. Agr., Bur. Entom., Girc. 141, 1911. U. S. Dept. of Agriculture, Manual_of Dangerous Insects. PlateSXXX. A Destructive Mango Insect. bark borer {Plocxderus ruftcornis). a, b. Larvae; c .cocoon; d, pupa; e, male; , female. (Jones.) MANGO INSECTS. 145 Dacus rarotongae Froggatt. (Raratonga Fruit Fly. Trypetidse; Diptera.) Host: Mango. Injury: Larvae feed in fruit. Description: Adult female length 9 mm., thorax shining black; wings hyaline; abdomen diamond shaped; anal segment and ovipositor yellow. Distribution: Raratonga, Cook Islands. Froggatt, W. W. Proc. Linn. Soc. New South Wales, 1910, vol. 35, pt. 4, p. 872. Dacus tongensls Froggatt. (Tonga Fruit Fly. Trypetidae; Diptera.) Host: Mango. Injury: Bred from mangos imported into New Zealand. Description: Adult female length 9 mm.; head dull yellow; thorax black, no yellow m ^V^ ^ , Fig. 73. — The mango weevil (Sic Aspidiotus (Pseudaonidia) articulatus Morgan; British West Indies. (See Coffee.) Aspidiotus [Pseudaonidia) clavigera Cockerell; Hawaii. (See Citrus.) Aspidiotus (Pseudaonidia) trilobitiformis Green; German East Africa, Java. (See Citrus.) (See text fig. 32.) Aspidiotus (Pseudischnaspis) longissima Cockerell; Mexico; scale of female 2.5 mm. long by 0.66 mm. broad, black marked with brown, ventral scale thin, white, exuvia to one side. Aulacaspis cinnamomi Newstead; Java, Ceylon; scale of adult female 1.25 mm. long, 1.75 mm. broad circular, flat, thin, opaque, white. Chionaspis vitis Green; India; scale of adult female 2.5 mm. long, 2.5 mm. wide, white, thin, transparent . H< Leucaspis indica Marlatt; has been imported from India and is now established in certain sections of Florida. Scale of female white, elongate narrow, convex, flattened at tip; adult inclosed within swollen stronglj' chitinized second stages. (See plate I, fig. 1.) >1: Parlatoria pseudaspidiotus Newstead; has been found on mangos imported from India, also reported from Singapore. Scale of female 1.5 mm. long, 1.25 mm. broad, dark brown, usually with slight apical extension. Chionaspis (Phenacaspis) dilatata Green; Ceylon; scale of female 2 mm. in length, 1.5 mm. in breadth, snow white, opaque, with irregular raised lines on dorsal surface. Chionapsis eugenix Maskell; Orient; scale of female 2.5 mm. long, white, elongate pyriform and flat. Chionaspis (Phenacaspis) natoZew^w Cockerell; Natal; scaleof female pyriform, about 3 mm. long, white with exuvise pale orange brown, scale of male feebly tricarrnate. Unarmored — Ceroplastes rubens Maskell; Australia, Hawaii, Japan. (See Avocado.) Ceroplastes vinsonii Signoret; Mauritius; female covered with wax and resembles C. rusci. Coccus acuminatus Signoret; Hawaii, Ceylon; adult female 3-3.25 mm. in length, flat pale green, acumi- nate at cephalic extremity and broadly rounded posteriorly. Coccus acutissimus Green; Ceylon; adult female 5-6 mm. long, 1-1.5 mm. broad, long and narrow; acutely pointed at each end; color varying from creamy white to deep chocolate brown in older specimens. >(c Coccus mangifirx Green; West Indies, Ceylon; adult female3-4mm. in length, 2.5-3.5 mm. in breadth deltoid, pale yellowish green. Has been introduced into Florida and gives promise of being a serious pest. OeococcuS radicum Green; Ceylon, Hawaii; liable to be introduced on roots. Adult female inclosed in a brittle white sac, broadly fusiform, narrow at both extremities; antennae 6-jointed. Icerya minor Green; Bengal; adult female 4-6 mm. in length, yellow, with 22 or 23 waxy patches around body and a dorsal patch of about 16. Icerya seychellarum WesUvood; Seychelles. (See Citrus.) Phenacoccus iceryoides Green; India, Philippines ; adult female usually to be found at anterior extremity of a globose ovisac, margin with conspicuous fringe of white waxy tissues. Phenacoccus mangiferx Green; Ceylon, India; female pale yellow, dorsal area covered with white mealy powder, with stout white processes on margin. Pulvinaria ficus Hempel; Brazil. Pulvinaria mammese, Maskell; Hawaii; adult female reddish brown covered with thin grayish meal, ovisac large, snow white, forming a mass of loose cotton. Saissetia psidii Green; Ceylon; adult female bright red to deep brown, length 2.5-3.75 mm. Saissetia punctilifera Green; Ceylon; adult female 3-3.75 mm. long, 2-2.5 mm. broad, irregularly oval, narrowed in front, varying from reddish green to reddish oohreous. Vinsoniasteiliferay\^QStv!oo6.; Ceylon. (See Coffee.) THYSANOPTERA. ^Heliothrips rubrocinctus Giard; West Indies, Ceylon, Uganda, Florida. (See Fruit.) COLEOPTERA. Cerambycidse. Epepeotes luscus Fabricius; Java; bark borer. Batocera titana Thomson; India; bores in sapwood. (See text fig. 74.) Brachyrlilnidse. Diaprepes abbrcviaius Linnaeus; West Indies. (See Sugar cane.) Curcullonidse. Cytorhynchus frigidus Fabricius; India; breeds in fruit. LEPIDOPTERA. Notodontidae. Stauropus alternus Walker; India, Ceylon, Java; defoliator. INSECTS OF MANGO AND MAPLE. 147 DIPTERA Trypetidae. Anastrt pJia fraterculiis Wiedemann. (See Fruit.) Dacus passiflorx FroggaW, Fiji. (See Fruit.) Dacus persicss Rig; India. (See Fruit.) Dacus ferrugineus Fabricius; India. (See Fruit.) (See fig. 75.) Dacus diversus Coquillett; India. (See Fruit.) Bactrocera tryoni Froggatt; Orient. (See Fruit.) Bactrocera zonatus Saunders: fruit fly; Solomon Islands, Ceylon, India. Ceratitiscapitata Wiedemann. (See Fruit.) Ceratitis punctata Wiedemann; Africa. (See Fruit.) LITERATURE. Froggatt, W. W. Proc. Linn. Soc. New- South Wales, 1910, vol. 35, pt. 4, pp. 808-870. SoRAUER, P. Handbuch der Pflanzenkrank- heiten, 3d ed., 1913, vol. 3. MAPLE. (Acer spp. Family Aceraceie.) A large genus of trees and slu'ubs occurring in Europe, Asia, and Amer- ica, much prized for cultivation as shade trees and valuable for lum- ber. IMPORTANT MAPLE INSECTS. ACARINA. Eriophyidse. Eriophyes macrochelus Nalepa; blLster mite; England; attacks leaves of Acer campestre. HEMIPTERA. Coccidae. Armored — Chionaspis salicis Linnaeus; Europe; Acer campestre and A. pscudoplatanvs. Unarmored — Eriococcus aceris Signoret; Europe; Acer campestre, A. pscudoplatanus. Lecanium aceris Curtis; Europe. Lecanium coryli Linnaeus; Europe; Acer campestre, A. negundo, A. platanoidcs, A. pscudoplatanus. P alxococcus fuscipennis Burmeister; Europe. Fig. 74.— Mango borer (Ba/o«ra iitona): Male. (Stebbing.) ~ Fig. 75. — Mango fruit fly {Dacus ferrugineus): a, Injured mango; ft, adult, and c, larva. (Maxwell-Lefroy.) 148 A MANUAL OF DANGEROUS INSECTS. COLEOPTERA. Anobiidse. Xestobium rufovillosum DeGeer; Europe; bores in trunks. Ptilinus pectinicornis Linnaeus; Europe; bores in trunks. Lymexylonldae. Hyleccetus dermesioidcs Linnaeus; Germany; bores in wood. Buprestidse. * Agrilus viridis Linnaeus; Europe; bores in stems and branches. {See Oak.) Scarabseidse. Melolovtha hippocastani Fabricius and M. melolontha Linnaeus; Europe; injure roots of seedlings. Cerambycidae. Rhopalopus insubricus Germar; Europe; bores in bark and wood. Scolytidae, Ipidae. Scolytus aceris Knotek; Bosnia; galleries in bark and sapwood. Anisandrus dispar Fabricius; Germany; ambrosia beetle in wood. Xyloterus domestkus Linnaeus and X. signatus Fabricius; ambrosia beetle Germany. LEPIDOPTERA. Cossldse. Cossus cossus Linnaeus; Europe; bores in wood. (See Willow.) ■^ Zeuzcra pyrina Linnaeus; Europe: bores in wood. (See Horse-chestnut.) Geometridae. Cheimatobia brumata Linnaeus; Europe; defoliator. Lymantriidse. Dasychira pudibunda Linnaeus, * Euproctis chrysorrhoea Linnaeus, ^ Lymantria mondcha Linnaeus, -X- Porthetria dispar Linnaeus, and Porthesia similis Fuessly; Europe; defoliators. (.Sec Forest defoliators.) Neptlculidae. Nepiicula sericopcza Zeller; Germany; attacks leaves and seed. LITERATURE. SoRAUER, P. Handbuch der Pflanzenkraukheiten, 3d ed., 1913, vol. 3. NOssLiN, O. Leitfaden der Forstinsektenkunde, 2d ed., 1913. Hess, R. Der Forstschutz, 1898, 1900. LiNDiNGER, L. Die Schildliiuse (Coccidae), 1912. MELON. (See Cucurbits.) MESQUITE; ALGABOBA. (Prosopis spp. Family Leguminosae.) Tender trees and shrubs growing in arid regions. Several species are native in the Southwestern United States. The pods are eaten by cattle. IMPORTANT MESQUITE INSECTS. HEMIPTERA. Coreidse. Ceratopachys variabilis Dall., a sucking bug; India; sucks juices of jhand {Prosopis spicigera). COLEOPTERA. Bostrychidse. Sinoxylon crassum Lesne and S. anale Lesne; India; bores in Prosopis spicigera. LITERATURE. Stebbing, E. p. a Manual of Forest Zoology for India, 1908. Stebbing, E. p. Indian Forest Insects, Coleoptera, 1914. INSECTS OF MILLET, MOUNTAIN ASH, AND MOUNTAIN EBONY. 149 MILLET. (Panicum miliaceum Linn»iis. Family Gramiiiete.) These are numerous varieties and species of millets grown throughout the world. This species is cultivated extensively in China, Japan, and Russia. The main danger of importing pests in shipments of seed. Its pests are discussed under Grains and Grasses. MOUNTAIN ASH; ROWAN TREE. (Sorbus spp.) Ornamental deciduous trees of the Northern Hemisphere, with small red berries. The berries of some species are edible, and the wood is used for tool handles and similar small articles. IMPORTANT MOUNTAIN-ASH INSECTS. COLEOPTERA. Scarabseidae. Milolontha hippocastani Fabricius and J\f. melolontha Linn;pus; Europe; larvse injure roots of seedlings. Curculionidae. Magdalis barbicornis Latreille; Europe; breeds under bark. Scolytidse, Ipidae. Scolytus mali Bechst. and S. rugulosus Ratzeburg Europe; bark beetles. XyloUrus domesticus Linnseus; Germany; Ambrosia beetle. LEPIDOPTERA. Cossidse. * Zeuzcra pyrina Linnseus; Europe; bores in wool. (Ses Horsa-rtestnut.) Geonietridse. Hibcrnia defoUaria Lhinseus; Europe; defoliator. Lymantriidae. ^ Lymantria monacha Linnseus, ^Orgyia anfiqua Linnpus, and Porthcsia similis Fuessly; Europe defoliators. (See Forest defoliators.) Hyponomeutldse. >l< Argyresthia conjugdla Zeller; Europe, Japan, British Columbia; bores in fruit. (See Apple.) IIYMENOPTERA. Tenthredlnidae. N( matus scptentrionalis Ltnnseus; Europe; sawfly. Priophorus padi Linnaeus; Europe. (See Plum.) Collinionidae. Mcgastigmus brcvicaudus Ratzeburg, a chalcid; Europe; breeds in seed. LITERATURE. SORAUER, P. Handbuch der Pfl&nzenkrankheiten, 3d ed., 1913, vol. 3. MOUNTAIN EBONY. {Bauhinia racemosa, etc. Family Leguminosse.) Very showy plants of the Tropics. Many species are imported into Florida and California. IMPORTANT BAUHINIA INSECTS. COLEOPTERA. Mylabridae (Bruchidse). Caryoborus gonagra Fabricius; India; Breeds in the pods of Bauhinia racemosa. LITERATURE. Stebbing, E. P Indian Forest Insects, Coleoptera, 1914. 150 A MANUAL OF DANGEEOUS INSECTS. MULBERRY. (Morus spp. Family Moraceae.) Trees of the temperate regions of the Old and New World. Some species produce delicious fruit, while others are cultivated for hedges or as food for silk worms. IMPORTANT MULBERRY INSECTS. HEMIPTERA. Coccidae: Unarmored— Ceroplastes rusci Liimseus; Italy. Gueriniella serratulx Fabricius; Italy. COLEOPTERA. Cerambycldae. Apriona germari Hope and A . cinerea Chevrolat; India; bore in stems of Morus indica. LEPIDOPTERA. Geometrldse. Hemirhopala atrilineata Butler; Japan; defoliator. Zamacra alhofanclaria Leech; Japan; defoliator. LITERATURE. SoRAUER, P. Handbuch der Pflanzenkrankheiten, 3d ed., 1913, vol. 3. Stebbing, E. p. Indian Forest Insects, Coleoptera, 1914, MUSKMELON. (See Cucurbits.) NARCISSUS; DAFFODIL. {Narcissus spp. Family Amaryllidacese.) Flowering plants propagated from the bulbs. NARCISSUS INSECTS. Merodon clavipes Fabricius; ^ Merodon equestris Fabricius. (Narcissus Flies. Syrphidse; Diptera.) Hosts: Narcissus, daffodil. Injury: Breeds in the bulbs. Description and biology: M. clavipes black, clothed with white, yellow, red, or black hairs. >j< M. equestris black or dark metallic green, similarly clad; 13 mm. long. Mag- got grayish yellow, 12 mm. long. Distribution: Europe. Have been introduced into Canada, California and New Zealand. SoRAUER, P. Handbuch der Pflanzenkrankheiten, 3d ed., 1913, vol. 3, p. 435. OAK. (Quercus spp. Family Cupulif erse . ) Valuable timber trees of the northern hemisphere. The bark of certain species yields cork, while of other species it is valuable for medicinal or tanning purposes. A. BETTER KNOWN OAK INSECTS LIKELY TO BE IMPORTED. H^Aspidiotus ( Targionia) biformis Cockerell; Trinidad, Venezuela, Grenada, Central America, Jamaica, Antigua, Colombia. iif^Aspidiotus ( Targionia) biformis var. cattleyse Cockerell; Jamaica. Diaspis cattlcyx Coc\:eTei\: Mexico, England. Fiorinia stricta Maskell; New Zealand. Furcaspis occanica Lindinger; Venezuela. Lepidosaphes cocculi Green; Philippine Islands. Lepidosaphes pallida Green; Java. Parlatoria mytilaspiformis Green; Hawaii. :^Parlatoria proteus Curtis; India, Brazil, Japan, Philippine Islands, Burma, United States. Hi^ Parlatoria pseudaspidiotus Lindinger; India, Philippine Islands, Singapore. Has been introduced into the United States on mangos. Pinnaspis longula Leonard!; Straits Settlements. Unarmored — Asterolccanium aureum Boisduval; Ceylon, West Indies. Asterolecanium cpidendri Bouche; Central America, South Anlerica, Samoa. Coccus acuminatus Signoret; Hawaii. Coccus minimus Newstead; Straits Settlements. Pseudococcus glaucus Maskell; New Zealand. ■^Pulvinaria floccifera Westwood; Venezuela, British Isles, Massachusetts, Indiana, California. INSECTS OF ORCHIDS AND PALMS. 159 LEPIDOPTERA. Castnildae. Castnia liens Drury; South America. (See Sugar cane.) COLEOPTERA. Curculionidse. H< Cholus forbesi Pascoe, and H< Cholus cattlei/se Champion have been introduced on orchids. PALMS. The palms yield some very important articles of commerce, such as coconuts and dates, and are also considered very valuable as orna- mental plants. For convenience the pests of the coconut palm (Cocos nucifera), the date palm {Phanix dactylifera), the royal palm (Oreodoxa regia), the sago palm (Cycas revoluta), and the toddy palm {Phoenix sylvestris) are treated under this heading. A. BETTER KNOWN PAL3I INSECTS LIKELY TO BE IMPORTED. Aleurodicus destructor Mackie. (Coconut White Fly. Ale^Todidse; Hemiptera.) Host: Coconut palms. Injury: Has the appearance of being a serious coconut enemy. Biology: Eggs are laid on undersurface of the leaflets, where the young larvae locate. Life history much the same as Dialeurodes citri R. and H. (See Citrus.) (See text fig. 77.) Distribution: Philippines. Mackie, D. B.: Philippine Agricultural Review, vol. 5, No. 3, 1912. Levuana iridescens Bethune-Baker. (The Coconut Leaf Moth. Zygsenidee; Lepidoptera.) Hosts: Coconut palm and royal palm {Oreodoxa regia) . Injury: Larvae injurious to foliage, giving the trees a sickly api^earance. Description and biology: Adult female, head and thorax steel-blue; abdomen and legs ocherous, primary veins deep unicolorous steel-blue, secondaries iridescent steel- blue; wing expanse about 16 mm. Eggs deposited on under surface of leaflets, usually near the base. Upon hatching, which requires about 4 or 5 days, the larvae begin feeding around the egg shell , gradually proceeding in a longitudinal line up the leaf, nibbling on the epidermal cells on the under surface of the leaflet; are full grown in 3 or 4 weeks, when they return to the base of the leaves and construct a white cocoon within which to pupate; the adults appear in about 7 days. Distribution: Fiji. Jepson, Feank p. Dept. Agric. Fiji, Council Paper No. 25, 1911. p. 35. Fig. 77.— Coconut white fly (Aleurodicus destructor): Adult white fly, enlarged, at bottom. (Mackie.) 160 A MANUAL OF DANGEROUS INSECTS. Oryctes rhinoceros Linnaeus. (Rhinoceros Beetle. Scarabseidse; Coleoptera.) Hosts: Palm, aloes, sugar cane (occasionally). Injury: Destructive to coconut palm in Malacca, Singapore, and Madras. May be introduced in plants. Description and biology: Adult beetle large thickset, about 5 cm. long; and 25 mm. broad ; color dark brown to black. The adults feed upon the soft tissues and unopened leaves of palms. Larvae are found in decomposed vegetable matter and soil rich in humus about plant roots. Pupa is inclosed in hard case. The eggs are white but become dull with age; measure 3.5 mm. by 2 mm.; oval. Distribution: Ceylon, India, Siam, Annam, Pahang, Sumatra, Java, Celebes. Ceram, Amboina, Philippine Islands, Formosa, Korea, China, Straits Settlements, Tahiti, Madras, Malabar. Maxwell-Lefroy, H. Indian Insect Pests, 1906, p. 207. Maxwell-Leproy, H. Indian Insect Life, 1909, p. 255. Ghosh, C. C. Memoirs Dept. Agric. India, Entom. Ser., 1911, vol. 2, No. 10, p. 193. . Promecotheca cumingil Baly. (The Coconut Leaf Miner Beetle. Hispidse; Coleoptera.) Host: Coconut {Cocos nucifera). Injury: Mines the leaves in larval stage; adults also feed on leaves. May be intro- duced in leaves of nursery stock. Description and biology: Adult beetle 7.5-10 mm. long and 1.6-2 mm. wide, general color, brown ocher; head small, elytral striae finely punctate. Eggs deposited singly on underside of leaflets in a small hole made by the adult; entire larval and pupal periods spent in the leaf between the lower and upper epidermis. More injury is occasioned by the larva than by the adult. Tissues which have been attacked soon become l)rowu and die. Egg stage about 32 days, and pupal stage about 7.5 days. Distribution: Philippine Islands. Jones, Chas. R. The Philippine Agric. Review, 1913, vol. 6, No. 5, p. 228. Promecotheca reichei. (Coconut Leaf Miner. Hispidse; Coleoptera.) Host: Coconut palm. Injury: Damage occasioned by the pest is usually local, but affected trees appear brown and unhealthy when viewed from a distance. Description and biology: Adult beetle length 8 mm., breadth 2 mm.; general color golden; head quadrangular in shape and provided with powerful mandibles; thorax golden, basal third of elytra golden and remainder metallic blue. Eggs are deposited singly on under surface of leaflets; larvee on hatching make their way into the leaf and tunnel between the upper and lower surfaces, feeding on the fleshy cells; pupate usually at extreme end of tunnel passage; pupal stage lasts from 18 to 20 days. Distribution: Fiji. Jepson, Frank B. Dept. Agric. Fiji, Council Paper No. 25, 1911, p. 39. Brontispa froggatti Sharp. (The Leaf Hispa. Hispidse; Coleoptera.) Host: Coconut palm. Injury: Very injurious to young coconut groves in Solomon Islands. Liable to be imported on growing plants. U. S. Dept. of Agriculture, Manual of Dangerous Insects. Plate XXXI. A Palm Weevil. The palm weevil (,Rliynchophorus palmarum): 1 a-d, Adult; 2 a-e, larva; 3 a, 6, pupa; 4, cocoon (Blandford.) U. S. Dept. of Agriculture, Manual of Dangerous Insects. Plate XXXII. The Palm Scale. *The palm scale (Phoenicococcus marlatti). (Original, PALM INSECTS. 161 Description and biology: Adult beetle about 12 mm. long from tip of antennae to tip of abdomen, shining black, head small, antennae 11-jointed, thorax almost square, slightly hollowed on sides. Eggs deposited in the folds of the opening fronds. Larvae feed on surface of leaf and the adult also injures the foliage. Distribution: New Britain and Solomon Islands. Froggatt, W. W. Dept. Agric. New South Wales, Science Bui. 2, 1912, p. 24. Bhynchopliorus ferruglneus Fabricius (slgnaticollis Chevrolat). (Red Palm Weevil. Calendridse; Coleoptera.) Hosts: Coconut palm {Cocas nucifera), toddy palm {Phoenix sylvestris), and date palm {Phoenix dactylifera) . Injury: Destructive to palms in India, Straits Settlements, and Ceylon. Liable to be introduced in plants. Description and biology: Adult weevil, brown with conspicuous curved beak; about 37 mm. long. E'grg's laid singly in tissues of palm tree. Lnrv »: oi\ hatching timnel in the soft tissues, gradually working into the stem; pu- pate in a cocoon of twisted fibers within the plant. (See text fig. 78.) Distribution: India, Cey- lon, Straits Settlements, Andaman Islands, Persian Gulf, Philippine Islands. Maxwell-Lefroy, H. In- dian Insect Pests, 1906, p. 208. Stebbixg, E. p. Indian Forest Pests, Coleoptera, 1914, pp. 444, 445; figs. 292, 293. Froggatt, W. W. Dept. Agric, New South Wales, Science Bui., 2, p. 19, August, 1912. Banks, Charles S. The Principal Insects Attack- ing the Coconut Palm, 1906, Pts. I and II, p. 154. Ghosh, C. C. Mem. Dept. Agric. India, Entom. Ser., 1911, vol. 2, No. 10, p. 205. Fig. 78. Red palm weevil {Rhynchophorus /(rrugiiuus): Adults, cocoon. (Maxwell-Lefroy.) Rhynchophorus palmarum Linnjeus. (The Palm Weevil. Calendridse; Coleoptera.) Hosts: Palm and sugar cane. Injury: Reported to be very serious in British Honduras. Description and biology: A very large reddish weevil. Eggs are deposited in tissues of food plant: larva spends entire existence as a borer, and when full grown pupates in a rough cocoon constructed of fibers without leaving the plant. (See plate xxxi.) Distribution: British Honduras, Trinidad, Lesser Antilles, Brazil, Cayenne, Suri- nam, and possibly generally distributed over tropical coast of South America and Central America. 55266—17^—11 162 A MANUAL OF DANGEROUS INSECTS. Chittenden, F. H., U. S. Dept. Agr., Bur. Entom., Bui. 38, 1902, pp. 23-25. Urich, F. W. Bull. Dept. Agric. Trinidad and Tobago, 1912, vol. 11, p. 70. Ballou, H. a. Insect Pests of the Lesser Antilles, 1912, p. 107. Blandford, Walter F. H. Kew Bulletin, February-March, 1893, pp. 27-60. B. OTHER IMPORTANT PALM INSECTS. HEMIPTERA. Coccidae. Armored — Aspidiotus pangoensis D. & F.; Samoa; coconut husks. Aspidiotus (Pseudaonidia) articulatus Morgan; Brazil, West Africa, Venezuela, Mexico; coconut. (See Coffee.) Aspidiotus (Pseudaonidia) trilobitiformis Green; West Africa, German East Africa, Japan, Venezuela, Brazil; coconut, sago palm. (See text fig. 32.) Aspidiotus (Pseudischnaspis) linearis Hempel; Brazil. Aspidiotus (Hemibcrlesia) palmx Morgan and Cockerell; East and West Africa, West Indies, Azores, Brazil: coconut. Aspidiotus (Hemibcrlesia) simillimus CockereW; Australia. :if Aspidiotus ( Chrysomphalus) persex Comstock; Florida, Mexico, Brazil; coconut. (See Avocado.) Aspidiotus {Chrysomphalus) personatus Comstock; British Guiana, Porto Rico, Mexico; coconut. (See Olive.) Aspidiotus ( Chrysomphalus) propsimus Banks; Philippines. Aspidiotus (Chrysomphalus) scuti/ormis Cockerell; Central America. Aspidiotus (Chrysomphalus) ansei Green; Seychelles; Cocos micifera. Aspidiotus fissidens var. pluridcntatus Lindinger; German East Africa. Aspidiotus (Diaspidiotus) oricntalis Newstead; German East Africa. Aspidiotus spinosus Comstock; Italy, German East Africa, Brazil. Aspidiotus varians Lindinger; German East Africa, Madagascar. Chionaspis inday Banks; Philippines. Chionaspis subsfriata Newstead; Uganda, British East Africa. Chionaspis samoana D. & F.; Samoa. Cryptaspidus nucum Lindinger; Madagascar. :^Diaspis zamix Morgan; Germany, Colorado, Wisconsin (in greenhouses), Italy. Furcaspis oceanica Lindinger; Caroline Islands. Lepidosaphes mcgregori Banks; Philippines. Lepidosaphes unicolor Banks; Philippines. Lepidosaphes duponti Green; Seychelles; Cocos nucifera. Leucodiaspis cockerelli de Charmoy; German East Africa, Brazil, Venezuela. Parlatoria blanchardii Targioni-Tozzetti; Australia, Algeria, Sahara, Egypt, Arabia; date palm. (See pi. 5, fig. 3.) Parlatoria grceni Banks; Philippines. :^ Parlatoria proteus Curtis; Brazil, Jamaica, Australia. Parlatoria mytilaspiformis Green. Chionaspis (Phenacaspis) cockerelli Cooley; China; sago palm. Chionaspis (Phenacaspis) dilatata Green; India. (See Mango.) Pinnaspis buxi Bouche; British Guiana, Trinidad, West Indies, Togoland, German East .\frica coconut. (See Betel nut.) ■^Poliaspis cycadis Comstock. Unarmored— Asterolecanium ceriferum Green; Ceylon- Asterolecanium lineare Lindinger; Brazil. Asterolecanium palmx Cockerell. Asterolecanium urichi Cockerell. Asterolecanium hilli Green; Australia; Livistona humulis. Ceroplastes actiniformis Green: Ceylon. Ceroplastes myricx Limiaeus; South Africa, India, Europe (m greenhouses). Ceroplastes rubcns Maskell: Australia, Hawaii, Japan. Coccus hesperidum Linnaeus: cosmopolitan; tea, citrus, pahns (see pi. II, fig. 4). Coccus acutissimios Green; Ceylon: coconut, sago. Dactylopius coccus Costa; Canary Islands. Halimococcus lampas Cockerell. Icerya montserratensis RUey and Howard; West Indies, Grenada, Mexico. (See Citrus.) Icerya seychellarum Westwood. (See Citrus.) Lecanium pseudexpansum Green; Australia; Pandanus odoratissimus. Paralecanium cocophylUe Banks; Philippines. :^Phcenicococcus marlatti Cockeieli; Algeria, Egypt, Sahara; date palm. (See pi. XXXII.) INSECTS OP PALM, PANAMA RUBBER, PAPAYA. 163 C occidse— Continued. Unarmored— Continued. Pseudococcus cocotis Maskell; Guam. Pseudococcus dubia Newstead; Barbados, Grenada. Pseudococcus pandani Cockerell; Fiji; coconut. Pseudococcus virgatus Cockerell; Jamaica, Mexico; coconut. Rhkcecus falcifer Kiinckel; Algeria, Sicily. Rhizacus (?) terrestris Newstead; London (greenhouse). Ripersia palmarum Ehrhorn; Hawaii; Cocos nucifera, Areca lutescens. COLEOPTERA. Calendridse. Rhabdocnemis obscurus Boisduval; Hawaii, etc. (See Sugar Cane.) LEPIDOPTERA. Pyralldae. ^Ephestia cautella Walker; Egypt; breeds in half ripe dates. (Gough, L. H.: The Agric. Journ. Egypt, vol. 3, 1914, pp. 104-105.) Lycsenidse. Virachola livia Klug; Egypt; breeds in dates (Gough, 1. c, p. 105). Tlneldse. Ere iinetis flavistriata \Va\shigha.m; Hawaii. (See Sugar Cane. ) Zygaenidse. Levuana iridescens Bethune-Baker; Fiji. (See Royal palm.) PANAMA RUBBER. (Castilloa elastica. Family Moraceae.) African, Mexican, and Central American trees yielding rubber. A PANAMA-RUBBER INSECT LIKELY TO BE IMPORTED. Inesida leprosa Fabricius. (Castilloa Borer. Cerambycidae; Coleoptera.) Host: Panama rubber ( Castilloa elastica) . Injury: Very serious borer. In West Africa it has almost ruined Castilloa culture. Description and biology: Beetle brown, venter and greater part of elytra covered with yellowish brown scales; a black triangle on lateral margin of each elytron beyond middle; humeri of elytra strong and coarsely punctured; length 25-35 mm. Larva 5 cm. long, with large clypeus. Eggs laid at base of trunk. Pupates in larval tunnel. Distribution: West and East Africa. SoRAUER, p. Handbuch der Pflanzenkrankheiten, 3d ed., 1913, vol. 3, pp. 502, 503. PAPAYA. (Carica papaya. Family Passifloraceae.) A tropical fruit-bearing tree grown in Florida. IMPORTANT PAPAYA INSECTS. TIEMIPTERA. Coccidee. Aspidiotus destructor Signorct; Amani, Africa. Pseudoparlatoria ostrinta Cockerell; Cuba. COLEOPTERA. Calendridse. Rhabdocnemis obscurus Boisduval. (See Sugar cane.) DIPTERA. Trypetidae. Ceratitis capitata Wiedemann; attacks Carica papaya and C. quercifolia. (See Fruit.) % Toxotrypana curvicauda Gerstaecker; papaya fruit fly; West Indies, Florida (F. Knab and W. W. Yothers, Journ. Agr. Res., vol. 2, pp. -147-453, 2 plates. 164 A MANUAL OF DANGEROUS INSECTS. PAKA PLUM. {Spondias spp. Family Anacardiacese.) AN IMPORTANT PARA-PLUM INSECT. DIPTERA. Trypetldae. Anasfrepha fratercultiK Wiedemann. (See Fruit.) PARA RUBBER. (Hevea brasiliensis Muell. Family Euphorbiacese.) This tree produces the Para rubber of commerce, or caoutchouc. It grows in Brazil and Guiana, and attempts have been made to grow it in Florida. IMPORTANT PARA-RUBBER INSECT. ISOPTERA. Termltidse. Coptotermes gcstroi Wasmann, white ant; India; destroys the roots. PARSLEY. {Carum petroselinum. Family Umbelliferee.) An herb cultivated for its foliage, much used as a garnish. AN IMPORTANT PARSLEY INSECT. LEPIPOPTERA. Pyralidae. >|< Pionmferrugalix IFiibner; Europe, Asia, North America. (See Cabbage.) PARSNIP. {Pastinaca sativa Linnaeus. Family Umbelliferae.) The parsnip is grown in Europe and America, and, being a root crop, is liable at any time to introduce root pests. IMPORTANT PARSNIP INSECTS. ACARINA. Tyroglyphidae. ■^Rhizoglyphus ( Coepophagus) crhinnpns F. and R. (See Potato.) I.EPIDOPTERA. Gelechiidae. Dcpressaria nervosa IIw. and D. depresseUn Tlubner; Europe; attack buds and flower heads. PIPTERA. Agromyzidae. Plu/tirrnjra affinis Fallen. (See Tobacco.) Trypetldae. Acidia hcmcUi I.inniseus: Europe. (See Celery.) PEA. (Pisum sativum. Family Leguminosse.) The various varieties of peas are grown extensively in Europe and America. Some of the pests of the peas, such as the weevils, have been very widely distributed by commerce. (See Bean.) PEA INSECTS. 165 A. BETTER KNOWN PEA INSECTS LIKELY TO BE IMPORTED. * Etiella zlnckenella Treitschke. (Pea Pod Borer. Pyralidse; Lepidoptera.) Hosts: Peas, bean, Sann hemp (Crotalaria) . Injury: Breeds in the pods. Description and biology: Adult, moth mth wing expanse 18-30 mm., pale rufous; forewing.s gray brown, with white marginal fascia and a transverse rufous bar, hind- wing with brown suffusions and lines. Pupa in spindleform cocoon. Larva l)ores in the pods of legumes. DistribuXion: Europe, Africa, Asia, West Indies, California, Colorado, Texas, Florida, Oklahoma, nearly cosmopolitan. Maxwell-Lefroy, H. M. Mem. Dept. Agric. India, vol. 1, 1907, p. 204. Chittenden, F. H. U. S. Dept. Agr. Bur. Entom., bul. 82, pp. 25-28, 1909. Laspeyrcsla (Grapholitha) spp. (Pea Moths. Tortricidse; Lepidoptera.) Species: L. c?orsa?ia Fabricius; Europe; peas, beans, Orobus tuberosus , and Trifolium pratense. L. nebritana Treitschke; Sudan; lentils, field peas, wild legumes. >]|c Macrosiphum pisi Kaltenbach. COLEOPTERA. Elateridse. Agriotcs lineatus Linnfeus. (See Tobacco.) Mylabrldae (Bruchidse). jf: Mylabrls rufimanus Boheman, California, >t; M. pisorum Linnaeus, M. lentis Frolichs, M. pallidicornis Boheman, -^Acanthoscelides obtectus Say, ■Jf^Pachymerus chinensis Linnaeus, >|< P. quadrimaculatus Fabrieius; attack seed. (See Beans.) Curculionidae. Sitona lineata Linnteus, ^S. flavescens Marsh, and :Ji^S. hispidula Fabrieius; Europe. (See Clover.) LEPIDOPTERA. Lycaenidae. Zizera labradus Godt.; Australia; attacks pods. (See Beans.) DIPTERA. Agromyzidae. Phytomyza affinis Fallen. (See Tobacco.) 166 A MANUAL OF DANGEKOUS INSECTS. PEACH; ALMOND. (Amygdalus spp. Family Rosaceae.) Delicious fruit-bearing trees of temperate and warm climates. The almond pit is much sold as a nut. A. BETTER KNOWN PEACH INSECTS LIKELY TO BE IMPORTED. Uracanthus acutus Blackburn. (Oerambycidae; Coleoptera.) Hosts: Peach, apricot, plum. Description and biology: Adult, length about 14 mm. ; color obscure ferruginous; covered with short pubesence. Distribution: Australia. Blackburn, T. Proc. Linn. See. New South Wales, ser. 2, 1889, vol. 4, p. 451. Conogethes punctUeralis Gu^rin. (Northern Peach Moth. Pyralidse; Lepidoptera.) Host: Peach. Injury: Infests the fruit. Description: Adult, wing expanse 21-25 mm., bright yellow, thickly mottled with black spots. Pupa dark reddish brown. Pupates on side of peach stone. Larva, length 20 mm., cylindrical, with a few erect hairs; color dirty white, almost liidden by pinkish markings. Attacks ripening fruit, eating and webbing surface. Eggs deposited on half -grown peaches. Distribution: Australia. Froggatt, W. W. Australian Insects, 1907, p. 273. Tryon, Henry. Ann. Kept. Dept. Agri. for years 1889-90, p. 75. Brisbane, Queens- land, 1890. B. OTHER IMPORTANT PEACH INSECTS. HEMIPTERA. Coccidse. Armored — Aspidiotus (Pseudaonidia) clavigera Cockerell; Hawaii. :^Aspidiotus {Diaspidiotus) ostrexformis Curtis; British Isles. Diaspis leperii Signoret; Europe. Diaspis squamosus Newstead and Theobald; Egypt. >(c Epidiaspis piricola Del Guercio; Europe. Parlatoria affinis Newstead; Algeria. Parlatoria calianthina Berlese and Leonardi; Algeria, Italy. ■^Pseudoparlatoria parlatorioides (Gomstock); Brazil, Mexico. Unarmored— Lecanium kunoensis Kuwana; China. ^ Lecanium persicse (Fabricius); Europe. Lecanium rujosum Signoret; France, Germany. Lecanium vini Bouche; Europe. Lygeeidse. Nysius vinitoT Bergroth; Australia. (See Fruit.) COLEOPTERA. Elateridse. Agriotes Uneatus Luingeus. (See Tobacco.) Bostrychidae. A pate monachus Fabricius; Africa, West Indies, attacks almond. (See Citrus.) Chrysomelidae. Auiacophora olivierei Gu6rin, leaf beetle; Australia. (See Cuciu-bits.) INSECTS OF PEACH AND PEAE. 167 -trachyrhinidse. Brachyrhinus ligustici LinnfEus; Europe. (See Grape.) Brachyrhinus corruptor Host; Italy; attacks almond. (See Grape.) Scolytidae. Scolytus amygdali Gu^rin; Mediterranean region; bark beetle in almond and apricot trees, very in- jurious. LEPIDOPTERA. Xyloryctldae. Cryptophaga unipunctata Donovan; Australia. (See Plum, Cherry.) Pyralldae. DichocTOcis punctiferalis Gu6n6e; Queensland. (See Com.) DIPTERA. Trypetldae. Ceratitis capitata Wiedemann, attacks peach and almond. (See Fruit.) Anastrepha ludens Loew; Mexico. (See Fruit.) Dacus diversus Coquillett; India. (See Fruit.) Dacus persicse Rig.; India. (See Fruit.) Bactrocera tryoni Froggatt; Orient. (See Fruit.) PEAK. {Pyrus communis, etc. Family Rosaceae.) Fruit trees native of south-central Europe and Asia and much cultivated in this country for their delicious fruits. A. BETTER KNOWN PEAR INSECTS LIKELY TO BE IMPORTED. Psylla pyrisuga Forster. (The Large Pear Psylla. Psyllidse; Hemiptera.) Host: Pear. Injury: Quite injurious in middle Europe and Japan. Description and biology: Adult marked with black and red, wings yellow. Female about 3.5 mm. and male 2.5 mm. in length. Winters in adult condition under bark scales of the trees. Eggs are laid singly or in small groups in hairs of leaf and flower stems or on leaves. Nymph is dark yellow in color, with waxy secretion. The foUage is distorted and leaves rolled up; also the young branches are killed and young fruit destroyed . Distribution: Europe, Japan. Henchel, G. a. O. Did Schadlichen Forst- und Obstbaimi-Insekten, 1895, p. 490. SoRAUER, P. Handbuch der Pflanzenkrankheiten, 3d ed., 1913, vol. 3, p. 647. Stephanltis pyrl Fabricius. (The Pear Tingis. Tingitidse; Hemiptera.) Hosts: Pear, apple. Injury : Serious pest to pear and apple in Europe. Description and biology: Adult, about 3 mm. long; body flat and covered with rela- tively large wings of a beautiful lace network; lobes of same pattern extend from each side of prothorax; general color brownish, with dark bands across wings. Nymph oval in outline, pale greenish in color and abdominal segments each with a spine on each side; two transverse dusky bands on bodies of older individuals. Eggs ovate, oblong, greenish white in color, 0.6 mm. long. Adults winter around base of host plants, reproducing in spring on under surface of leaves, where all stages may 168 A MANUAL OF DANGEROUS INSECTS. be found at same time during summer. Badly infested leaves become yellow, then brown, and die. (See text fig. 79.) Distribution: Europe. Costa, Achille. Insetti nocivi all' Agricoltura, 1879, p. 166. SiLVESTRi, F. Dispense di Entomologie Agraria, 1911, p. 82. Nephopteryx rubrizonella Ragonot. (Pear Fruit Borer. Pyralidse; Lepidoptera.) Host: Pear. Injury: Destroys yearly 30 to 40 per cent of fruit. Description and biology: Adult, wing expanse 25 mm. Forewing grayish brown to grayish black, crossed by two equidistant irregularly pinnated grayish-bordered black lines; outer margin and basal half much deeper in color; hindwing dark gray; thorax colored like forewing, abdomen paler. Two brooded; first occurs in July, second in September and October. Fupa, deep reddish brown. Pupates in core of Fig. 79.— Tliepeartingis(Sf(-p7(oni«i«pj/n): a, Injured leaf; 6,d,nymphal stages; f, much enlarged hair; /, adult. (Costa.) fruit. Larva, length 20 mm.; spindle-shaped, color pinkish brown; attacks core of fruit. Stage lasts three weeks or more. Eggs, deposited on lower surface of twigs, about 20 in a mass, covered by a white silk web. Distribution: Japan. Matsumura, M. U. S. Dept. Agric, Div. Ent., Bui. 10, 1898, p. 38. Dasyneura pyrl Bouch^. (Pear Leaf-Curling Midge. Itonididse [Cecidomyiida)] ; Diptera.) Host: Pear. Injury: Rolls edges of leaves. Description and biology: Adult, length 2 mm. Brown, with limpid wings and tawny palpi. Occurs in spring. Pupates in the soil. Whitish maggots. Distribution: Europe. Theobald, F. V. Insect Pests of Fruit, 1909, p. 350. PEAR INSECTS. 169 Janus compressus Fabricius. (The Bud-stinger. Tenthredinidse; Hymenoptera.) Host: Pear. Injury: Hollows out medullary caual in twigs. Description and biology: Adult male, length 7 mm.; color black, with a transverse yellow band on thorax; abdomen entirely yellow; female 8 mm.; blackish, with three yellow spots on thorax and circle of red on abdomen. Occurs in May. One genera- tion. Pupates in spring in gallery in shoot. Larva, length 6 mm.; white; makes gallery in twig. Winters in this stage in lower part of gallery. Eggs placed in buds. Distribu tion : Eiu'ope . Genaux, G. Entomologie et Parasitologie Agricoles, 1904, p. 304. MuTiLLOT, L. Les Insectes Nuisibles, 1891, p. 189. Pamphilius flavlventris Retz. (Social Pear Sawfiy. Tenthi-edinidse; Hymenoptera.) Hosts: Pear, plum, cherry, white thorn, and other rosaceous plants. Injury: Considerable damage. Strips foliage from trees. Description and biology: Adult, female, black; antennte and legs yellowish; abdo- men tawny at apex, with yellow triangular mark on sides of segments; ventrally bands of yellow; male, abdomen reddish yellow from second segment to apex; lower part of head yellow; wing expanse 8-12 mm. Pupates in cocoon in soil. Larva, length 25 mm.; orange yellow; head black; two black spots on second segment; has no prolegs: spins tent over leaves on which it feeds; winters in cocoon; may suspend development and remain in soil over a second winter. Eggs are deposited on under surface of leaves in groups of 30 to 60. Incubation requires 6 or 7 days. Distribution: Europe. Theobald, F. V. Insect Pests of Fruit, 1909, p. 338. IMPORTANT PEAR INSECTS. HEMIPTERA. Coccidse. Armored — Aspidiotus (Diaspidiotus) africanus Marlatt; Africa. >^Aspidiotus (Aonidia) lauri Bouche; Germany. ■:^ Aspidiotus (Diaspidiotus) ostreasfor mis Cnitis; Europe, Canada. Aspidiotus pectinatus Lindinger; South Africa. Aspidiotus (Diaspidiotus) pyri Lichtenstein; France, Switzerland. i^Diaspis pentagona Targioni-Tozzetti; South Africa, Australia, Italy. Diaspis pyri Colv^e; Spain, Germany. Diaspis santali Maskell; New Zealand. Diaspis squamosus Newstead and Theobald; Great Britain. >^Epidiaspis piricola Del Guercio; Germany, Italy, France, Russia. Parlatoria calianthina Berlese and Leonardi; Spain, Victoria, New South Wales. Parlatoria pyri Marlatt; China. Unarmored — Ceroplastes rubens Maskell; Australia, Hawaii, Japan. :^Lecanium bituberculatum Targioni-Tozzetti; England, France, Sweden, Italy, Germany. Lecanium caprcx Linnseus; Europe, Nova Scotia. Lecanium coryli Linnaeus; Europe, Algeria. Lecanium glandi Kuwana; Japan. Lecanium kunoensis Kuwana; China. Lecanium rugosum Signoret; France, Germany. Lecanium tilix Linnseus; Europe. Lecanium vini Boueh6; Europe. COLEOPTERA. Buprestidse. ■:i(^AgTilus sinuatus Olivier; Europe; Introduced into United States; borer. CerambycIdaB. Cerambyx scopolii Fuessly; Europe; borer. Liopus nebulosus Linnaeus; Elurope; borer. 170 A MANUAL OF DANGEROUS INSECTS. Curculionidae. Magdalis cerasi Linnaeus; Europe; bores in branches. Anthonomus pomorum Linnaeus; Europe; bud weevil. (See Apple.) Anthonomus pedicularius Linnaeus, A. pyri Boheman, and A. spinotus Redtenbacher; Europe; bud weevils. Leptops kopei Schonberr; Victoria. (See Apple.) ScolytidsB. Scolylus pruni Ratzeburg; Europe. (See Plum.) Taphrorychus bicolor Herbst; Europe; galleries in trees. LEPIDOPTERA. Laslocampidse . Gastropacha quercifolia Linnaeus. (See Fruit.) Geometridse. Anisopteryz xscularia Schlflermiller. (See Forests.) Cossldae. Cossus tristis Dru.; Africa. (See Apple.) Tortricldse. Capua angustiorana Haworth; Europe, Asia, Africa. (See Apricot.) HYMENOPTERA. Tenthredlnldse. Priophorus padi Linnaeus; Europe. (See Plum.) DIPTERA. Trypetldae. Anastrepha fraterculus Wiedemann. (See Fruit.) Ceratitis capitata Wiedemann. (See Fruit.) Itonldldae. ^ Coniarinia pyrivora Riley; Europe, North America; gall midge. PERSIMMON. (Diospyros spp. Family Ebenacese.) Fruit trees of the tropics, of which several species are cultivated in this country. IMPORTANT PERSIMMON INSECTS. HEMIPTERA. Coccidse. Armored — Aspidiotiis {Aonidia) ebeni Leonard!; Ceylon. Unarmored — Ceroplastes rubens Maskell; Japan; Diospyros kaki. Coccus bicruciatus Green; Ceylon; Diospyros cbenum. Phenacoccus pergandei Cockerell; Japan; Diospyros kaki. DIPTERA. Trypetldae. Anastrepha fraterculus Wiedemann, attacks Diospyros kaki, the Japanese persimmon. (See Fruit.) Ceratitis capitata Wiedemann, attacks Diospyros kaki. (See Fruit.) LEPIDOPTERA. Cosmoptorygidse. Kakivoria flavofasciata Nagano: Japan; injures fruit. PINE. (Pinus spp . Family Pinaceae . ) Evergreen resiniferous trees distributed throughout the northern hemisphere; in .the tropical and subtropical regions they are confined to the mountains. They are very valuable timber trees and many of them yield tiu-pentine, tar, pitch from the trunk, and medicinal oils from the leaves and young shoots. Edible seeds are pro- duced by some. For convenience the insect pests are arranged under Conifers. INSECTS OP PINEAPPLE^ PISTACHIO, AND PLANE TEEE. 171 PINEAPPLE. (Ananas sativus. Family Bromeliacese.) A plant indigenous to America but now cultivated in Hawaii and other parts of the world. IMPORTANT PINEAPPLE INSECTS. HEMIPTERA. Coccidse. Armored — Aspidiotus{ Targionia)bromclix 'Leonardi; England, Seychelles. Unarmored — Pseudococcus ananassx Knwana; Japan. Pseudococcus brevipes Cockerell; Jamaica, Antigua, Dominica. Pseudococcus bromeliie Bonche; Hawaii. LEPIDOPTERA. Tineidae. Ereunetis flavistriata Walsingham; Hawaii. (See Sugar cane.) DIPTERA. Trypetidae. Ceratitis capitata Wiedemann. (See Fruit.) Dacus xanthodes Broun. (See Fruit.) COLEOPTERA. Calandridae. Metamasim ritchiei Marshall; Jamaica. (Bull. Ent. Res., vol. 7, p. 197.) PISTACHIO. {Pistacia vera, etc. Family Anacardiaceae.) A nut-bearing tree of Asia and Europe, cultivated in California. IMPORTANT PISTACHIO INSECTS. HEMIPTERA. Coccid%. Armored— Diaspis geiinadiiljeovmrdv, Greece, Italy. Leucaspis pistacix Lindinger; Cyprus; Pistacia lentiscus. Unarmored — Ceroplastes rusci Linnfeus; Pistacia lentiscus, P. terebinthus. PLANE TREE; BUTTONWOOD; SYCAMORE. (Platanus spp. Family Platanacese.) Ornamental deciduous trees of America, Europe, and Asia, valued for their dense Rll3,0 P IMPORTANT SYCAMORE INSECTS. COLEOPTERA. Anoblidse. Xestobium rufoviUosum DeGeer; England; bores in wood of old-standing trees. Scarabseidse. Melolontha hippocastani Fabricius and M, melolontha Linnaeus, Europe; larvfe injure roots of seedlings. Cerambycidse. .Eolesthes sarta Solsky; India; bores in trunfcs of Platanus orientalis. fpldae. Anisandrus dispar YahTicius; Germany; ambrosia beetle. LITERATURE. LiNDiNOEE, L. Die Schildlauso (Coccidan), 1912. NDssLix, O. Leitfaden der Forstiasektenkimde, 2d ed., 1913. Hess, R. Der Forstschutz, 1900, vol. 2. Stebbing, E. p.' Indian Forest Insects, Coleoptera, 1914. 172 A MANUAL OF DANGEEOUS INSECTS, PLANTAIN. (See Banana.) PLUM; CHERRY; PRUNE. (Prunus spp. Family Rosaceae.) Deciduous trees of the northern hemisphere, with showy flowers and delicious fruits, of which many horticultural varieties are cultivated in this country. A. BETTER KNOWN PLUM INSECTS LIKELY TO BE IMPORTED. * Eriophyes spp. (Plum Blister Mites. Eriopliyidse; Acarina.) Species: :^E. phloeocoptes Nalepa; Europe, North America; Prunus domestica, P. insititia, P. spinosa. E. similis Nalepa; Europe; Prunus armeniaca, P. chamaecerasus, P. domestica, P. insititia, P. spinosa. :^E. padi Nalepa; Europe, North America; Prunus padas. P. domestica, P. spinosa. Injury: Form different kinds of blister galls on plum trees and are quite injurious. These fom--legged blister mites are so small that they are easily transported on nursery stock, hence the wide distribution. SoRAUER, P. Handbuch der Pflanzenkrankheiten, 3d ed., 1913, vol. 3, pp. 125-127. Psylla pruni Scopoli. (The Plum Psylla. Psyllidse; Hemiptera.) Hosts: Plum, Prunus spinosa; P. insititia. Injury: Not at present an important pest. Description and biology: Adult, thorax marked with red and brown; abdomen with broad brown bands on sides and back; wings dark brown. Development and gen- erations similar to P. pyrisuga. (See Pear.) Distribution: Europe, Siberia. Henchel, G. a. 0. Die Schadlichen Forst- und Obstbaum-Insekten, 1895, p. 490. Peltophora pedicillata Kirby. (The Cherry Bug. Pentatomidse; Hemiptera.) Hosts: Cherry; strong-scented flowering shrubs; wild fig. Injury: Probably not at present important. Description and biology: Adult, about 12 mm. long; bright metallic green in color with black spots on dorsum. The greater part of ventral surface, edges of thorax, and two blotches at base of scutellum bright coral red. Distribution: Australia (New South Wales to North Queensland). Froggatt, W. W. Australian Insects, 1907, p. 327. Diphucephala colaspidoides Gyllenhal. (The Cherry Green Beetle. Scarabaeidse; Coleoptera.) Hosts: Cherry and other fruit trees; shrubs. Injury: Very serious at times. Defoliation by adults. Description and biology: Adult, length 8 mm.; metallic green; smooth; elytra deeply marked with punctured striae. Damage done in this stage. Larva feeds on roots of various plants. Not of economic importance. (See plate xxxiii.) Distribution: Southern Australia. French, C. Handbook of Destructive Insects of Victoria, 1893, pt. 2, p. 27. INSECTS OF PLUM AND CHERRY. 173 Rhynchltes coeruleus De Geer. (Twig Cutter. Rhynchitidse ; Coleoptera.) Host: Apple. Injury: Cuts off apple shoots. Only nursery stock and bush trees attacked. Description and biologij: Adult, length 3-4 mm.; deep blue, shiny, clothed with long, upright fuscous pubescence; antennae, legs, and rostrum black; elytra, with deep punctured strise. Appear in spring and feed on leaves. Pupate in soil. Larvx white, feed about a month, then enter soil. Eggs placed singly in soft shoots 2 to 4 inches from tips. Shoots cut off below place of oviposition. (See text fig. 80.) Distribution: Europe. Theobald, F. V. Insect Pests of Fruit, 1909, p. 117. Rhynchltes cupreus Liunseus. (Plum Borer. Rhynchitidse; Coleoptera.) Hosts: Plum, prune, cherry. Injury: Attacks young fruit. Description and biology: Adult, length 3^ mm., color bronze-copper. Occurs in autumn, hibernates in this stage and reappears in early spring. Pupates in ground. Larva develops in fruit, causing it to fall. Eggs are placed singly in young fruit at base of peduncle. (See text fig. 81.) Distribution: Europe. Henschel, G. a. O. Die Schadlichen Forst- und Obstbaum-Insekten, 1895, p. 81. Brachyrhlnus laevigatus Fabricius (Otlorhynchus). (Brachyrhinidae; Coleoptera.) Host: Plum. Injury: To buds and young twigs. Description and biology: Adult, length 6-6.5 mm.; black, shining, without hairs; neck-shield rather flat, disk punctured; wing covers finely furrowed. Distribution: Middle Europe. Henschel, G. A. 0. Die Schadlichen Forst- und Obstbaum-Insekten, 1895, p. 109. Magdalis armigera Geoflroy. (Plum Stem Piercer. CurcuUonidae ; Coleoptera.) Host: Plum. Injury: To twigs and foliage. Description aiid biology: Adult, length 3.5— i. 5 mm.; color, dull black; neck shield with thorn-like projections near fore margin, 4-cornered, hardly as wide as long, finely punctate; elytra strigose punctate, space between punctations flat; beak shorter than neck shield. Adult attacks leaves. Larva develops in twig. Pupates in burrow. Distribution: Europe. Henschel, G. A. O. Die Schadlichen Forst- und Obstbaum-Insekten, 1895, p. 94. Fig. 80.— Plum twig-cutter (Rhynchites ( Adult and injury. (Theobald.) 174 A MANUAL OF DANGEROUS INSECTS. Curcullo cerasorum Herbst (Balaninus). (Cherry Weevil. Curculionidae; Coleoptera.) Host: Cherry. Injury: To fruit. Description and biology: Adult, length 3-3.5 mm.; color clear brownish red; eyes black; prothorax and ventral surface covered with golden hairlike scales. Larva eats out cherry pit. Pupation takes place in pit. Distribution: Germany. Henschel, G. a. O. Die Schadlichen Forst- und Obstbaum-Insekten, 1895, p. 91. Anthonomus rectirostris Linnaeus. (Curculionidte; Coleoptera.) Hosts: Cherry and other fruits. Injury: Attacks the fruit. Fig. 8L — Flnm horer (Rhynchites ciipreus): Adult and injury. (Henschel.) Description and biology: Larva feeds on seeds, preventing fruit from ripening. Eggs are deposited in young fruit. Distribution: Europe. SoRAUER, P. Handbuch der Pflanzenkrankheiten, 3d. ed., 1913, vol. 3, p. 556. Scolytus assimills Boheman. (Scolytidee; Coleoptera.) Host: Plum. Injury: Attacks bark and sapwood. Very destructive. Description: Habits similar to S. rugulosus. Distribution: Argentina. SoRAUER, P. Handbuch der Pflanzenkrankheiten, 3d ed., 1913, vol. 3, p. 572. Scolytus pruni Ratzeburg. (Scolytidse; Coleoptera.) Hosts: Plum, pear, apple. Injury: Destroys many trees, makes galleries under bark. INSECTS OF PLUM AND CHEERY. 175 Description and biology: Adult, length 4 mm.; head and thorax black, elytra chest- nut. Appears in June (France). Pwpafes in spring, iarmi galleries perpendicular to maternal gallery. Eggs deposited in gallery under bark of weakened trees. Distribution: Europe. MoNTiLLOT, L. Les Insectes Nuisibles, 1891, p. 168. GuENAUX, G. Entomologie et Parasitologie Agricoles, 1904, p. 340. Coleophora anatipennella Hiibner. (Cherry Tree Case-Bearer. Elachistidse; Lepidoptera.) Hosts: Cherry, apple, sloe. Injury: Serious attacks at intervals of a few years; feeds on buds and early foliage. Description and biology: Adult, wing expanse 12 mm.; forewinge creamy white with scattered fuscous scales noticeable toward tips, fringe white ; hind wings dusky, with long gray fringes. Occurs July to August. Pupa pale brown in color; pupation takes place in its case; period 3 or 4 weeks. Larva, length 12 mm.; reddish brown to orange with dark-brown shiny head. Larval case pis- tol-shaped, dark brown to black, with white border around mouth. Larvae may be found Eggs are deposited on under side of leaf. Fig. 82. -Cherry fruit moth (Argyrcsthia nitidella): Adult moth. (Theobald.) from August through the winter until June, hatching in 2 or 3 weeks. Distribution: Europe. Theobald, F. V. Insect Pests of Fruit, 1909, p. 195. Argyresthia ephippella Fabricius. (Hyponomeutidae; Lepidoptera.) Hosts: Cherry, plum, hazel. Injury: Not seriously destructive. Description and biology: Adult, wing expanse 12 mm.; forewings ocherous brown, inner margin white, interrupted beyond middle by dark-brown spot, which can be traced across the wings as an oblique fascia terminating in the costa. Larva feeds on shoots, leaf, and blossom buds. Distribution: Europe. Theobald, F. V. Insect Pests of Fruit, 1909, p. 193. Argyresthia nitidella Fabricius. (Cherry Fruit Moth. Hyfionomeutidae ; Lepidoptera.) Hosts: Cherry, hawthorn. Injury: Seldom serious. Attack fruit just after it has set. Description and biology: Adult, wing expanse 11 mm.; forewings light brown, with white or cream colored inner margins; in middle there is a fascia of deeper brown color which terminates in tip of wings. Occurs in May ( Stainton ) . Cocoon dense and white ; pupal period about 15 days. Larva light green; head, first thoracic segment and legs brown. Eggs placed on shoots near flower bud. Overwinters in egg stage. (See text fig. 82.) Distribution: England. Theobald, F. V. Insect Pests of Fruit, 1909, p. 192. 176 A MANUAL OF DANGEEOUS INSECTS. Xylina omithopus Rott. (Gray Plum Owlet Moth. Noctuidae; Lepidoptera.) Host: Plum. Injury: Defoliation. Description and biology: Adult, forewing 15-17 mm. long; grayish white mixed with weak brownish. Occurs August and September (Germany). Pupates in July in earth. Larva 33 mm. long; blue-green in color, marked with white spots; three white dorsal lines; head whitish green. Overwinters as egg. Distribution: Europe. Henschel, G. a. 0. Die Schadlichen Forst- und Obstbaum-Insekten, 1895, p. 361. Xylina socla Rott. (Brown Plum Owlet Moth. Noctuidae; Lepidoptera.) Hosts: Plum, elm, linden. Injury: Defoliation. Description and biology: Adult, forewing 17-20 mm. long; brown with a mixture of gray or rose color. Occiu-s August and September (Germany). Pupates in earth. Larva length 33 mm.; color apple-green; marked with white spots and a broad white dorsal stripe ; head shining gi'een. Overwinters as egg. Distribution: Europe. Henschel, G. A. O. Die Schadlichen Forst- und Obstbaum-Insekten, 1895, p. 361. Laspeyresla funebrana Treitschke. (Red Plum Maggot. Tortricidse; Lepidoptera.) Host: Plum. Injury: Attacks fruit; damage not easy to detect. " (.'aterpillar plentiful in plum pies." (Stainton.) Description and biology: Adult, wing expanse about 12 mm.; forewings purplish gray, clouded with smoky gray; at anal angle is an indistinct, ocellated patch, edged with pale gray and inclosing four black dots. Pupates in wliitish cocoon under rough bark or debris in spring. Pupa amber color. Larva, length 15 mm. , chestnut red in color, with sides yellowish or entirely deep red. Eggs, placed at base of fruit stalk, hatching in 10 days. (See text fig. 83.) Europe, Asia Minor. Fig. 83. — Red plum maggot (Las- peyresia funebrana): Moth and larva in fruit. (Henschel.) Distribution: Theobald, F. V. Insect Pests of Fruit, 1909, p. 363. Laspeyresla woeberiana Schiflermiller. (Bark Tortrix. Tortricidse; Lepidoptera.) Host: Prunus sp. and other fruits. Injury: Injiu^y to bark. Description and biology: Adult, wing expanse 16 mm., forewing dark brown, with rusty- yellow and lead-gray oblique lines; five white notches on fore margin, and a twisted lead line from the notches to the eye spot; speculum on a rusty-yellow ground, marked with black. Two broods, first May and June; second August and September (Germany). Pupa chestnut brown, pupates in larval gallery. Larva length 9 mm.; dirty green, red-headed, sjiarsely hairy. Feeds in galleries in bark; betrayed by masses of frass hanging out of air holes. Eggs placed in creAices in bark. Distribution: Europe. SoRAUER, P. Handbuch der Pfianzenkrankheiten, 3d ed., 1913, vol. 3, p. 283. U. S. Dept, of Agriculture, Manual of Dangerous Insects. Plate XXXIII. A Destructive Cherry Insect. The cherry green beetle {Diphiicfphala colaspidoides): Adult, larva and injury (French.) U. S. Dept. of Agriculture, Manual of Dangerous Insects. Plate XXXIV. The Cherry Borer. The cherry borer ( Cryptophaga unipuncta): Moth, larva, pupa, and injury. (French. U. S. Dept. of Agriculture, Manual of Dangerous Insects. Plate XXXV. /'■'•.. , "^ 3 4 ^ I Cfl '^ *I -^ .|| A Poplar Borer. Poplar borer {Molesthes sarta): Fig. 1.— Eggs. Fig. 2.— Empty egg. Figs. 3, 4, 5.— Larval stages. Figs. 6, 7.— Pupa. Fig. 8.— Male. Fig. 9.— Females. (Stebbing.) U. S. Dept. of AgricjltL.re, Manual of Dangerous Insects. Plate XXXVI, ?^ k> 2 Potato Weevil. Rhigopsidius tucumanus Heller. (Pierce.) INSECTS OF PLUM AND CHERRY, 177 Cryptophaga unipunctata Donovan. (The Cherry Borer. Xyloryctidge; Lepidoptera.) Hosts: Cherry, peach, honeysuckle. Injury: Very serious. Makes shallow tunnels in branches of trees. Description and biology: Adult, wing expanse 37 mm.; a white satiny moth; front of head, antennae, and a dot on forewings, black. Larva, length, 50 mm.; pinkish white, hairy; covers entrance to burrow with silken web in which collects the sawdust- like excrement. (See plate xxxiv.) Distribution: Australia. French, C. Handbook of Destructive Insects of Victoria, 1891, pt. 1, p. 113. Froggatt, W. W. Australian Insects, 1907, p. 277. Olethreutes pruniana Hiibner. (Plum Bud-moth. Tortricidae; Lepidoptera.) Host: Prunus sp. Injury: To buds and shoots. Description and biology: Adult, forewing 7-8 mm.; from middle of fore margin to inner angle, bluish black, mixed with brownish black; border third golden white clouded with brownish gray; apical point deep black; palpi grayish black; occurs June and July (Germany). Pupates in grass, or between leaves sewed together, during latter part of May. Larva, length 20 mm.; gi-eenish yellow, head white, divided thoracic shield and anal lobes shining black; feeds in shoots and developing leaves drawn together; occurs in spring until middle of May. Eggs placed singly on buds. Overwdnters in egg stage. Distribution: Europe. Henschel, G. a. 0. Die Schiidlichen Forst- und Obstbaum-Insekten, 1895, p. 418. MoNTiLLOT, L. Les Insectes Nuisibles, 1891, p. 176. Hoplocampa f ulvicornis Panzer. (Plum Fruit Sawfly. Tenthredinida> : Hymenoptera. ) Host: Plum. Injury: Frequently causes considerable damage. Attacks fruit and eats out interior. Causes fruit to fall. Description and biology: Adult, wing expanse less than 8 mm.; color black, with yellow, yellowish-red or reddish-brown legs. Pupates in soil in brownish cocoon. Larva, length 12 mm.; creamy-white, sometimes slightly pinkish; head brov\n; caudal end somewhat attenuated and slightly curved. Eggs minute, greenish white and transparent; placed in unopened blossom: hatch in a few days. (See text, fig. 84.) Distribution: Fngland, EiU'ope. Theobald, F. V. Insect Pests of Fruit, 1909, p. 376. Prophorus padi Linnseus. ( Plum Leaf Sawfly. Tenthredinidse; Hymenoptera.) Hosts: Plum, pear, hawthorn, bramble, mountain ash, birch. Injiiry: Important. Defoliation. Description and biology: Adult, female, color mainly black; thorax shiny, covered with grayish brown and two dull white spots; abdomen with scattered, pale, very fine hairs; legs white, except middle of femora, apex of tibia and posterior tarsus, 55266—17 12 ViS A MANUAL OF DANGEROUS INSECTS. w hich are black. Two broods, frequently three. First brood occurs in May, second bout middle of June. (England.) Active during warmest part of day. Pupa ale gray. Pupates in ground; period 9 to 12 days. Larva, green or grayish green, with almost wlaite sides; head usually pale dull orange brown. Larval stage of first brood lasts 3 weeks; second brood overwinters in soil. Eggs are placed on under urface of leaves. Incubation requires 8 days. (See text fig. 85.) Distribution: England, Europe. 7i ici^ii. ] . \. Irsfd Tff1f d Iivif. ^fff. p. 372. Fig. 84.— The plum fruit sawfly (HoplocampafuMcornis): Adult, larva, and injury. (Ent.TidsV.) B. OTHER IMPORTANT PLUM AND CHERRY INSECTS. HEMIPTERA. Coccidse. Armored — Aspidiotus {Diaspidiotus) pitavinus Berlese; Italy; Prunus cerasus. ^Diaspis psntagoni, Targioni-Tozzetti; Italy, Japan, Cape Colony; Prunus cerasus, P. pseudoccrasus, P. armeniaca, P. laurocerasus. Unarmored— Kuwania parva Maskell; Japan; Prunus cerasus. Lecanium cerasi Ga&fhs; Germany, England; Prunus cerasus. Lecanium cerasorum Coikex^W: Japan; Prunus cerasus. Lecaniumc^ryVi Linai3as; Ejrops; Prunus cerasus, P. armeniaca,, P. avium, P.domestica,P.insititiat P. laurocerasus, P. padus, P. spinosa. INSECTS OF PLUM AND CHEREY. 179 Coccidae— Continued. Unarmored— Continued. Lccanium rugosum Sie.noret; France, Germany; Prunus cerasus. Lecanium prunastri Fonscolombe; plum, peach (see pi. iv, fig. 3). Pii'vimria hetulx Llnnieas; Denmark, England, Switzerland; Prunus cerasus, P. armcniaai, domestica. Lygaeldae. iV/s;Ms innltor Barirotli; Australia; plum and cUerry. (See Fruit.) COLEOPTERA. Bostrychldae. Ap^tc m-ymchus Fabri?ius; Africa, West Indies. (See Citrus.) Buprestidae. C I pnoiis tenebrionis hinnmis; Europe; botes in Prunus spinosa. Ceranibycldae. Sapcrda scalaris Linnajus; Europe; borer in cherry trees. Liopus nebulosus L i n n a? u s ; Europe; borer in cherry trees. UracanthusacutusBlackhurn; Europe. (See Peach.) Curcullonldae. Leptopshopci Schonherr; Vic- toria. (See Apple.) Magdalis carbonaria Linnseus; Europe; plum. (See Birch.) Magdalis cerasi Linna;us, and M. pruni Linnaeus; Europe; bore under bark of cherry and plum. Curculio herbsti Gemminger (Balaninus); Europe; breeds in fruit of cherry and plum. Curculio rubidus Gyllenhal (Balaninus); Europe; breeds in fruit of plum. Anthonomus druparum Lin- naeus; Europe; breeds in buds of plum and cherry. Scolytidae. Scolytus mali Bechst; Europe; bores in trunk and branches of plum. LEPIDOPTERA. Noctuidse. Diloba cxruleocephala Lin- naeus; Europe; plum, cherry. (See Apple.) Xyloryctidae. Cryptophaga uni punctata Donovan; Australia; bores in cherry trees. Tortricidae. Laspeyresia prunivorana Ragonot; Europe; breeds in fruit. Olethreutes variegana Hiibner, Europe; feeds on buds and shoots. Geometridae. Hibernia rupicapraria Hiibner; Europe. (See Fruit.) Anisopteryz xscularia SchiSermillev; Europe. (See Forests.) Bislonhirtarius CI.; Europe; defoliator. CXeimiloYn boreata Hiibner, and C. brumata Linnaeus; Europe; defoliators La^iocampidse. Gastropacha quercifolia I-lnneeus; Europe. (See Fruit.) Lymantrlidae. Teia anartoides Walker; Australia; cherry. (See Fruit.) Fig. 85. -Plum leaf sawfly (Priophorus padi); Adult and injured leaf. (Theobald.) 180 A MANUAL OF DANGEROUS INSECTS. Hypononieutidae. ^ Hyponomeuta malinellus Zeller and ^H. padellus Linnseus; Europe; introduced in United States; cherry. (See Apple.) ^Argyresthia conjugella Zeller; Europe, British Columbia, Japan; attacks fruit of cherry and plum. (See Apple.) HYMENOPTERA. Tenthredinidae. Pamphilius flaviventris Retz.: Europe. (See Pear.) Hoplocampa rutilicornis Panzer, sawfly; mines in fruit; Europe. DIPTERA. Trypetldae. Ceratitis capitata Wiedemann, attacks fruit of Prunus cerasus. (See Fruit.) Anastrepha fraterculus Wiedemann, attacks Japanese plum. (See Fruit.) Anastrephaludens hoew.; Mexico. (See Fruit.) POMEGRANATE. (Punica granatum. Family Lythraceae.) A fruit-bearing tree of Asia, extensively cultivated throughout the world. Propa- gated by cuttings and seed. IMPORTANT POMEGRANATE INSECTS. LEPIDOPTERA. Lycaenidae. Virachola insocrates Fahricius; India; bores in fruit. (See Fruit.) Virachola livia Klug, the pomegranate butterfly; Egypt; larvse attacks fruit (Gough, L. H.: The Agric. Journ. Egypt, vol. 3, 1914, p. 105, pi. 8, figs. 5-7.) Pyralldae. Cryptoblabes gnidiella Miller; Egypt; breeds in fruit (Gough, 1. c, p. 104). POPLAR; ASPEN; COTTONWOOD. (Popuhis spp. Family Salicacea?.) Soft-wooded trees of the Northern Hemisphere, often used in landscape gardening. A. BETTER KNOWN POPLAR INSECTS LIKELY TO BE IMPORTED. Saperda spp. (Poplar Borers. Cerambycidse; Coleoptera.) Species: S. carcharias Linnaeus, poplar borer; Europe; poplar, willow, aspen. S. populnea Linnseus, aspen borer; Europe, Siberia, United States Pacific coast; aspen, poplar, willow. S. scalaris Linnseus; Europe; aspen, walnut, cherry, apple, beech. Injury: The first two are very injurious species. Biology: The egg is laid in the bark and the larva first bores in the bark but later goes into the wood. It pupates in the larval tunnel. SoRAUER, P. Handbuch der Pflanzenkrankheiten, 3d ed., 1913, vol. 3, pp. 505, 506. Trochllium spp. (Hornet Moths. Sesiidse; Lepidoptera.) Species: T. apiforynis Clerck; Europe; -po-plar (Populus nigra, P. canadensis); aspen (Populus tremula L.); ash. T. amnatixforme; India; Populus euphratica. Injury: Bore in wood. Description and biology: Moths clear winged, wasplike in appearance. Larva bores in wood. Pupates in cell of frass near exterior. SoRAUER, P. Handbuch der Pflanzenkrankheiten, 3d ed., 1913, vol. 3, p. 327. NiissLiN, Otto. Leitfaden der Forstinsectenkunde, 2d ed., 1913, pp. 317, 318, fig. 269, a. Stebbing, E. p. Manual Forest Zoology India, 1908, pp. 124, 125, fig. 255. POPLAR INSECTS. 181 B. OTHER IMPORTANT POPLAR INSECTS. HEMIPTERA. Apliididse. Pemphigus bursarius Linnaeus; Europe; foliage. Pemphigus immunis and P. napceus; India; attacks the twigs of Populus euphrafica and P. tremula. Pemphigus filaginis Fonsc. (marsupialis Koch); Europe; forms pocket-shaped galls on the midrib of leaves of poplar. Pemphigus vesicalis Koch: Europe; foliage of Populus alba. Asiphum tremulx De Geer; Europe; attacks young shoots, leaves and petioles of aspen (Populus tremula). Coccidae. Armored — Chionaspis salicis Linnaeus; Europe; Populus balsamifera, P. monilifera, P. nigra, P. tremula. Crypthemichionaspis africana Newstead; Egypt. Unarmored — Ceroplastes rusci Linnaeus; Italy. Pulvinaria bctulx Linnaeus; Europe; Populus alba, P. nigra, P. tremula. Lecanium coryli Linnaeus; Europe; Populus alba, P. tremula, P. virginiana. Lecanium ciliatum Douglas; Europe; Populus alba, P. tremula. COLEOPTERA. Anobiidse. Ptilinus fuscus Geoffroy; Europe; bores in dead wood of standing living trees. Buprestidae. ^■Agrilus viridis Linnasus (see Oak) and A. sexguttatus Brahm.; Europe, bore in bark and branches of poplars and aspens. Capnodis miliaris Klug; India; bores in Populus euphratica. Pceciionota variolosa Paykull; Europe; bores in bark of poplar and aspen. Melanophila picta Pallas; South Europe, Algeria; bores in wood of young poplars. Scarabseidse. Amphimallon solstitialis Linnaeus; Europe; larvae attack roots of small plants. Melolontha hippocastani Fabricius and M. melolontha Linnaus; Europe; larvse attaek roots of seedlings. Ceranibycidae. .Eolesthis sarta Solsky; India; bores in Populus alba and P. euphratica. (See pi. XXXV.) Lamia teiior Linnaeus; Europe; bores in bark and larger cuttings of poplar and aspen. Saperda carcharias Linnffius,S.scaZorJ« Linnaeus and >^ S. populnca, Linnaeus; Europe; bore in branches and trunk. The latter occurs on our Pacific Coast. (See text fig. 86.) Xylotrcchus rusticus Linnseus; Russia; bores in bark and sapwood. Purpuriisccnus wachanrui I^evrat; Baluchistan; bores in Populus ciliata. Chrysoinelldae. :^ Phyllodecta vitellinx Lumaeus; Europe, America; leaf beetle. (See Willow.) Crcpidodera aurata Marsham; Europe; leaf beetle on Populus laurifolia and P. alba. (See Willow.) Curculionidae. Orchestes salicis Linneeus; Europe; mines the leaves. Orchestes populi Fabricius; Europe; mines the leaves ot Populus nigra and P. dilatata. >(c Cryptorhynchus lapathi Linnaeus; Europe, Eastern United States; breeds in the stems and twigs. Ipidse. Xyleborus cry'ptophagus Ratzeburg; Germany ; ambrosia beetle of poplar and aspen. LEPIDOPTERA. Cossidse. Cossus cossus Linnaeus, goat moth; Europe; bores in wood. (See Willow.) yffiZeuzera pyrina Linnaeus; Europe; bores in wood. (See Horse-chestnut.) Geometridae. Hibernia aurantiaria Esp., H. defoliaria Linnaeus and H. marginaria Borckh.; Europe; defoliators. Lasiocampida;. Eriogaster lanestris Linnaeus, and Malacosoma neustria Linnaeus; Europe; defoliators. Lyman triidse. ■Jf^ Euproctis chrysorrhoea Linnxus, ^Lymantria monachahhmieus. UpPorthetria disparl^hmisus, Porthesia similis Fuessly, Stilpnotia salicis Linnaeus; Europe; defoliators. (See Forest defoliators.) Sesiidae. Sciopteron iabaniformis Rott.; Europe; bores in base of trunk. 182 A MANUAL OF DANGEROUS INSECTS. HYMENOPTERA. Cimbicidse. Cimber variabilis Klug, sawflj ; Europe; attacks leaves, and adults girdle twigs. Pseudoclavellaria amerinx Linnaeus, a sawfly; Europe; attacks foliage. Ten thredinidse. Nematus (Crcesus) septentrionalis Linneeus and TricMocampus viminalis Fallen; Europe; sawflies. Fig. 86.— Poplar borer {Sapcrda popvlnca): Branch of aspen with galls containing larva, pupa, and adult. (3arbey.) DIPTERA. Itonididae (Cecidomyildae). Rhabdophaga saliciperda Dufour; Europe; attacks Popitlus alba. (See Willow.) INSECTS OP POl'LAE AND POTATO. 183 LITERATURE. SoRAUEE, P. Handbuch der Pflanzenkranklieiteii, 3d ed., 1913, vol. 3. NOssLiN, O. Leitfaden der Forstinsektenkunde, 2d ed., 1913. Hess, R. Der Forstschutz, 1898, 1900. Stebbing, E. p. Indian Forest Insects. Coleoptera, 1914. Bargagli, p. Rassegna Biologica Rincofori Europe!, 1883-188". LiNDiNGER, L. Die Schildliiuse (Coccidse), 1912. POTATO. {Solarium tuberosum Linnseus. Family Solanacese.) Although we grow many potatoes in the United States there has been a very large importation trade with other countries. Owing to the danger of introducing certain diseases especially, the Federal Horticultural Board has placed restrictions on the im- portation of potatoes. There are a number of important insect pests which need to be guarded against almost as closely as the diseases. A. BETTER KNOWN POTATO INSECTS LIKELY TO BE IMPORTED. H< Rhizoglyphus (Coepophagus) eclilnopus F. and R. (Potato Root Mite. Tyroglyphidae; Acarina.) Hosts: Potato, parsnip, tulips, lilies, orchids, and many weeds. Injury: Very destructive to roots and tubers. Description and biology: A very tiny mite which breeds in roots and is quite destruc- tive. It may readily be transported with root crops. Distribution: France, Italy, Portugal, Palestine, Chile, Australia, California. SoRAUER, P. Handbuch der Pflanzenkrankheiten, 3d ed., 1913, vol. 3, pp. 109-111, figs. 82-86. Epilachna spp. (Potato Ladybird Beetles. CoccinelUdae; Coleoptera.) Species: E. 28-maculata Motschulsky; China; potatoes, Solanum spp. E. 28- punctata Fabricius; Asia, Malaysia, Australia; Solanacese, Cucurbitacese. E. dode- castigma Mulsant; Asia, Malaysia. Australia; Solanacese Cucurbitacete. E. territa Mulsant; Java; Spanish peppers, Solanacese. E. pusillanina Mulsant; Java, Sola- nacese. E. phyto Mulsant; Java; Solanacese. E. guttato-pustulata Fabricius; Aus- tralia; potato. Injury: Attack foliage in larval and adult stage. SoRAUER, P. Handbuch dt-r Pflanzenkrankheiten, 2d ed., 1913, vol. 3, p. 477. Rhigopsidius tucumanus Heller. (Argentine Potato Weevil; Psaliduridse [Byrsopidse] ; Coleoptera.) Host: Potato. Injury: Bores in potato, making it unfit for use. Has been received alive in the United States in South American'potatoes. Description and biology: Adult weevil, light brown or grayish, with roughened elytra and short broad beak which rests in a deep groove in front of the anterior legs. Length 9 mm. Pupa white with rudiments of all appendages folded on the underside. Found in the potato. Larva white legless with chitinized brownish yellow head. Bores in the tubers. (See plate xxxvi.) Distribution: Argentina, Peru, Bolivia, Chile. Pierce, W. Dwight. Journ. Agr. Research, vol. 1, No. 4, pp. 350, 351, pis. 39-40. 184 A MANUAL OF DANGEROUS INSECTS. Premnotrypes solani Pierce. (Peruvian Potato Weevil. Brachyrhinidae [Otiorhynchidae] ; Coleoptera.) Host: Potato. Injury: Bores in the tubers. Has been received alive in the United States in potatoes from Peru. Description and biology: Adult wee^dl bronzy bro'wrn somewhat tuberculate -with the thorax narrower than the elytra ; beak moderately long. Length 7 mm. Pwpa white with rudiments of all appendages folded on the underside. Found in the potato. Larva white, legless, with chitinized brownish yellow head. Bores in the tubers. (See plate xxxvii, figs. 1, 2.) Distribution: Peru. Pierce, W. Dwight. Journ. Agr. Research, vol. 1, No. 4, pp. 346, 349, text figs. 1, 2; pi. 41, figs. 1, 2. Trypopremnon latithorax Pierce. (Peruvian Potato Weevil. Brachyrhinidae [Otiorhynchidae] ; Coleoptera.) Host: Potato. Injury: Bores in the tubers. Has been received alive in the United States in potatoes from Peru. Description and biology: Adult weevil brown, tuberculate, with a very broad pro- thorax, scrobes abruptly terminated behind, mandibles with a tooth beneath. Length 6 mm. Pupa white with rudiments of all appendages folded on the underside. Found in the potato. Larva white, legless, with chitinized brownish yellow head. Bores in the tubers. (See plate xxxvii, fig. 3.) Distribution: Peru. Pierce, W. Dwight. Journ. Agr. Research, vol. 1, No. 4, pp. 349-350, text fig. 3; pi. 4T, fig. 3. Hypera (Phytonomus) spp. (Potato Leaf Weevils. Curculionidee; Coleoptera.) Species: H. variabilis Herbst; breeds on the leaves of potato, clover, etc., and attacks bean, cabbage, service berries, Plantago lanceolata, Atriplex patula. H. crinita Boheman; Algeria and Tunis; breeds on potato. Injury: These are potentially important pests. Judging from the ease with which the clover pests of this genus have been imported it is important to guard against these weevils. Description and biology: Similar in form to the well-known clover-leaf weevil, Hypera punctata. The larvae feed externally on the leaves and pupate in silken cocoons. B. OTHER IMPORTANT POTATO INSECTS. HEMIPTERA. Miridae (Capsidae). Pkytocoris pabulinus 'Linnxus; Europe; sucks juices of steins. Jassidse. Eupteryx solani Curtis; Europe; injures leaf. COLEOPTERA. Bathyscia wollastoni J anson, the pigmy potato beetle; Europe, often a serious pest. Elateridse. Agriotes lineatus Linnaeus. (See Tobacco.) Lacon murinus Linnaeus; fiiuope; wireworm. Meloidse. ZonahrisfloTaUs Pallas, Z. H-punctata Pallas, Epicauta rufidorsum Goeze and E. sibirka Pallas, blister beetles; Europe; very destructive. INSECTS OF POTATO AND PEICKLY PEAE. 185 Curculionidse. Hypera variabilis Herbst; Europe. (See Clover.) Besiantha nociva Lea; Australia; larvse and adults destroy young plants. (See Tomato.) LEPIDOPTERA. Eucheliajacobeas, the cinnabar moth; Europe, injuriousi Sphlngidse. Acherontia atropos'Lianseus; death's head moth; Europe; larvse feed on potato. (See texi figs. 87, 88.) Heplalidse. Hepialus lupulinus Linnaeus; Europe; breeds at roots. Hepialus humuli Linnfeus; Europe. (See Hops.) , Fig. 87. — Death's-head hawk-moth ( A cherontia atropos): Adult somewhat reduced. (Kirliy.) Noctuidse. :^Hydr(rcia micacea Esp.; the rosy rustic; Europe, Canada; potato-stalk borer. Gortyna ochracea Hiibner; Europe; stalk borer. Gortyna flavago 'Newraan; Europe; stalk borer. Persectania evengi, Australia; climbing cutworm. Agrotis spina, Bugong moth; Australia; cutworm. Euxoa radians, Australia; cutworm. Euplexis nigerrima, Australia; cutworm. Pyralldae. Lineodes ochracea. Pachyzancla phxopteralis, Bermuda. DIPTERA. Sapromyzldae. Lonchxa splendida Loew, New Zealand, Australia, Oceanica. (See Tomato.) PRICKLY PEAR; TUNA; BARBARY FIG. (Opuntia STpp. Family Cactacese.) The common broad-leafed cacti or prickly pears often yields edible fruit. 186 A MANUAL OF DANGEROUS INSECTS. IMPORTANT PBICKLT-PEAB IXSECT. DIPTERA. Trypetidse. Ceratitis capitata Wiedemann; attacks Opuntia tuna, and 0. vulgaris. (See Fruit.) PURSLANE. (Portulaca oleracea. Family Portulacacese.) LEPIDjOPTERA. Low, fleshy, perennial or annual herbs mostly American. The purslane is culti- vated for its edible foliage. Other species are cultivated for their flowers. IMPORTANT PURSLANE INSECT. LEPIDOPTERA. Pyralldae. :+; Hellula undalis Fabricius; Europe, Australia, parts of United States. (See Cabbage.) .-^ Fig. S8.— Death's-head hawk-moth (ylf/if ro»^//a a/ropo«): Larva. (Kirby.) QUINCE. (Cydonia oblonga, etc. Family Rosaceae.) Ornamental shrubs and trees from Asia now widely cultivated. C. oblonga, the quince, yields a fruit used in preserves. C. japonica is much prized as an ornamental shrub . IMPORTANT QUINCE INSECTS. HEMIPTERA. Coccidae. Lecanium rugosum Signoret; Europe. ^Lecaniumpersicx¥&\>v\cms; Europe, Australia, California. Lecanium coryli Linnaeus; Europe. Anpidiotus (Diaspidiotus) africanus Marlatt; South Africa. INSECTS OF QUINCE, RADISH, AND RAPE. 187 COLEOPTERA. Curcullonldse. Magdalis barbicomis Latreille; Europe. (See Apple.) AfagdalispTuniUnnseus; Europe; bores under bark. LEPIDOPTERA. Cossldae. Cosstis tristis Dru.; Africa. (See Apple,) DIPTERA. Trypetldae. Ceratitis capitata Wiedemann. (See Fruit.) Bactrocera tryoni Froggatt; Orient. (See Fruit.) RADISH. {Raphanus spp. Family Cruciforse.) Cultivated root crops native of Europe and Asia. Grown from seed. (See Cru- cifers.) A. A RADISH INSECT LIKELY TO BE IMPORTED. ^ Anthomyia radicum Mei!;en. (Radish FI5'. Anthomyidte; Diptera.) Hosts: Raphanus s]:)j) . (including radish), Brassica spp. (cabbage, etc.). Injury: Breeds in the roots. Description and biology: Male fly blackish, female ash gray; scutellum blackish with three black streaks; abdomen light gray, with black medium streak; undersides and face wliite in male, front triangle and all appendages black; wings clear; length 4.5-5.5 mm. Maggot whitish, 6 mm. long. Pupates in soil. Distribution: Europe, and has been introduced into North America. SoRAUER, P. Handbuch dc-r Pflanzenkrankheiten, 3d ed., 1913, vol. 3, p. 425. B. OTHER IMPORTANT RADISH INSECTS. COLEOPTERA. Curculionidae. Ceutorhynchus assimilis Fayknll; Europe; breeds in seed pod. Ceutorhynchus raphini Fabricius; Europe; breeds in stem. Ceutorhynchus robertii Gyllenhal; Europe; breeds in crown gall on Raphanus raphanistrum. LEPIDOPTERA. Pyralidse. Evergestis eitimalis Sc. (See Rape.) RAPE. (Brassica napus Linnseus. Family Cruciferse.) An important forage and cover crop; also valuable for the oil compressed from the seed. A. BETTER KNOWN RAPE INSECTS LIKELY TO BE IMPORTED. Phyllotreta vlttula Redtenbacher. (Rape and Grain Beetle. Chrysomelidse; Coleoptera.) Hosts and injury: Mines leaves of Setaria; adults feed on beets and rape (Hungary); larva in base of stems of barley, rye, and wheat, causing much damage (Scandinavia; Russia) . Description: Beetle striped with yellow. SoRAUER, P. Handbuch der Pflanzenkrankheiten, 3d ed., 1913, vol. 3, p. 525. 188 A MANUAL OF DANGEROUS INSECTS, Psylliodes chrysocephala Linnaeus; PsylUodes napi Fabricius. (Rape Flea Beetles. Chrysomelidae; Coleoptera.) Hosts: Crucifers, rape, cabbage, etc. Injury: Adults feed on foliage, flowers, and fruit. Biology: Eggs are laid in the leaf axils. Larvm bore into stem and roots. Breed continuously through season. Distribution: Europe. SoRAUER, p. Handbuch der Pflanzenkrankheiten, 3d ed., 1913, vol. 3, p. 523. (f Evergestis extLmalis Sc. (Rape Seed Worm. Pyralidse; Lepidoptera.) Hosts: Rape, radish, cabbage. Injury: Feeds on the seed, spinning a web among the fruiting heads. Description and biology: Moth, wing expanse 26 mm., . forewings light yellow ochraceous, with two rusty-brown transverse lines, violet-gray fringe. Larva yellowish green, with lateral gray stripe and four dorsal rows of dark-brown spots; head and thoracic shield black; 18 mm. SoRAUER, P. Handbuch der Pflanzenkrankheiten, 3d ed., 1913, vol. 3, p. 308. B. OTHER IMPORTANT RAPE INSECTS. COLEOPTERA. ,.« Nitidulidae. 'Ss Meligethes xneva Fabricius: Europe: larvae feed on young sHbots. Curculionidae. Ceutorhynchus asuimilis Paykull: Europe: breeds in fruit. ■^ Ceutorhynchus quadridtns Panzer: Europe: Long Island, N. Y. breeds in roots. Ceutorhynchus sulcicolUs: Europe; forms galls on roots. (See text fig. 89.) LEPIDOPTERA. Hepialidse. Hepialus humvli Linnaeus; Europe. (See Hops.) DIPTERA. Fig. 89.— Galls of Ceutorhynchus Itonldidae. sulci colUs on rape. (Ritzema Dasyneura brasncx Winner; Europe; attacks fruit. (See Bos.) Cabbage.) See Blackberry. RASPBERRY. RATTAN. (Cakmtts spp. Family Palmaceae.) Palms of tropical Asia, some of wliich are used to furnish rattan canes. They make excellent conservatory plants. IMPORTANT RATTAN INSECTS. COLEOPTERA. Lyctidae. Lyctus brunneus Stephens; Europe, Australia; bores in furniture and sapwood on unseasoned timber LITERATURE. Froggatt, W. W. Australian Insects, 1907. INSECTS OF RHUBARB AND RICE. 189 RHUBARB. {Rheum rhaponticum, etc. Family Polygonaceae.) Robust perennial herbs originating in Asia and Russia. The rhubarb plant has been developed into several garden varieties. Propagated by root division or from seed. IMPORTANT RHUBARB INSECTS, COLEOPTERA. Chrysomelldse. Chsetocnema concinna Marsh; flea-beetle; Europe. Phyllotreta nemorum Linnaeus; Europe. (See Crucifers.) Curcxillonldse. Hypera rumicis Linnseus; Europe; breeds on leaves. RICE. (Oryza sativa Linnseus. Graminese.) Rice is still an important product for importation in spite of the steadily increasing production in oiu" own country. The principal sources of importation are Japan, China, India, Mexico, and Honduras. The danger of importing rice insects is two- fold, through the grain itself, husked or unhusked, and its original containers, and through rice stalks used in packing fragile articles of commerce. The similarity of rice and grain insects lends importance to any rice pest introduced into the United States. A, RICE INSECTS LIKELY TO BE IMPORTED. Scboenobius bipunctUer Walker. (Rice Stem Borer. Lepidoptera.) Host: Rice. Injury: Bores in stalks, causing infertility. Description and biology: Adult moth, straw-yellow color, the forewings having one black dot on each. Body about one-half inch in length, wing expanse about 1 i^ich. Pupa in silken case in straw. Larva bores in the stalk and remains in the stubble from November to June. Eggs laid in clusters on the leaves, covered with hairs; hatch in a week. Distribution: India. S. K. Basu and H. L. Dutt. Crop Pest Handbook for Behar and Orissa, 1913. Dept. Agr. Behar and Orissa, Calcutta, leaflet 6, pi. 6. Chilo auricilia Dudgeon. (Rice Stem Borer. Pyralidse; Lepidoptera.) Host: Rice, sorghum, corn, sugar cane, Pennisetum. Injury: Bores in stems of grasses. Description and biology: Adult moth with metallic spots on fore wings. Larva wliitish with black head, thoracic shield and setigerous spots, and with purplish brown stripes. Distribution: India. Maxwell-Leproy, H. F. Mem. Dept. Agric. India. Ent. Ser., vol. 1, pt. 2. p. 197. SoRAUER, P. Handbuch der Pflanzenkrankheiten, 1913, 3d ed., vol. 3, p. 316. B. OTHER IMPORTANT RICE INSECTS. The rice plant has many pests which attack the leaves, stalks, and roots, but which are not very likely to be imported. It is, however, of importance to briefly mention these in view of unforeseen possibilities of importation. 190 A MANUAL OF DANGEROUS INSECTS. ORTHOPTERA. Acridiidse and Lociistldae. Hkroglyphus banian Fabricius; India. (See PI. XXXVIII.) Xiphidium varipenne; Hawaii. Oxya velox Fabricius; Hawaii, Formosa. Oxya intricata St&l, and RaciUa okinairemis Matsumura; Formosa and Orient. Gryllotalpidse. Gryllotalpa africana Beauvais; Hawaii, Africa, Formosa, Asia, .Aus- tralia, New Zealand. HEMIPTERA. Jassidae, Cereopidse and Fulgoridse. Deltocephalus dorsalis Motschulsky; Formosa. Tettigoniella. spectra Distant; India. (See text fig. 90.) Zygina subrufa Motschulskj' and Ptyelus costalis Walker; Formosa. Dktyophora sinica Walker, Diostrombus politus Uliler, Nisia atrovenosa Lethierry, Delphax furcifera Horvath, Zygina maculifrons Mot- schulsky, Cicadula fasciifrons St41, C. O-notata Fallen, Nephotettix apicalis Motschulsky, and Tctigonia viridis Linnaeus; Formosa and Orient. Capsidse. Fig. 90.— Rice leafhopper Lygus oryzx Matsumiu-a; Formosa, Orient. {Tettigoniella spectra): Coreidfe. Adult. (Maxwell-Le- Leptocorisa varicornis Fabricius; Japan, China, India, Philippines, fi"o>-) Ceylon. (See text fig. 91.) Pentatomidae. Aenaria leuHsi; Sa.-pan. Plantia affinis Dallas; New South Wales. COLEOPTERA. Cucujidse. Lsemotmctus rhizophagoides\Xa\keT; Ceylon, Germany; injures dry rice and grain. Fig. 91. — Rice bug (Leptocorisa varicortus): Adult. (Maxwell-Lefroy.) Scarabaeidae. A nomala vitis Fabricius; India; root borer, Phyllognathus dionysius Fabricius; India; root destroyer. Chrysonielidae. Hispa xnescens Baly; Assam, Burma, Bengal, Malabar. Hispa callicantha: Japan. Fig. 92.— Rice leaf-beetle) Hispa aenes- cens): Adult. (Maxwell-Lefroy.) (See PI. XXXIX.) (See text f:g. 92.) INSECTS OF RICE AND ROSE. 191 Chrysomelidse — C ont inued. Chxtocnema basalis Baly; India; flea-beetle. (See text fig. 93.) Lema flavipes SulTrian; Japan. Curculionidae. Echinocncmis squameus Billberg; Formosa; root weevil. Hypomeces unicolor Fabricius; Java. LEPIDOPTERA. Pyralldae. Chilo simplex Butler; India, Formosa. (See Sugar cane.) Nymphula depunctalis Guenee; rice case bearer; India, Burma, Ceylon, Java, Australia; feeds on leaves. (See pi. XL.) Nymphula fluctuosalis Zeller; India. Melissoblaptes gu laris Zeller; Japanese grain moth; Japan, England; larvse injure stored Noctuidse. Prodenia litura Fabricius; India, Egypt; the cotton worm. Spodoptera mauritia Boisduval; Africa, Asia, Australia; army worm. Nonagria inferens Walker; Formosa, Orient. Hesperldse. Parnara mathias Fabricius; In- dia; the rice skipper. (See pi. XLI.) Gallerlldse. Paralipsa modesta Butler; Japan, Hawaii; larvjTinjurestored rice. Fig. 93. — Rice flea-beetle ( Chaetjcncma bisaHs): a, Adult, h, head, enlarged; c, hind leg, enlarged. (Maxwell-Lefroy.) ROSE. {Rosa spp. Family Rosacese.) Ornamental deciduous shrubs bearing beautiful flowers, much imported in nursery stock. A. AN IMPORTANT ROSE INSECT LIKELY TO BE IMPORTED. Adoretus umbrosus Fabricius and its var. tenuimaculatus Waterhouse. (The Japanese Rose Beetle. Scarabseidse; Coleoptera.) Hosts: Rose trees, citrus, grape, cotton, sugarcane. Injury: Injurious to citrus, rose, grape, etc., in Hawaii, Rose trees in Fiji, and sugar cane in Java, devouring the foliage. The larvse feed at the roots. May be introduced in the soil. Biology: The adult is nocturnal in habit, hiding beneath the soil in the day and emerging in swarms at night. Larval stage, 17 days, pupal stage about 10 days, and egg stags from 6 to 8 days. Distribution: Hawaii, Fiji, Japan, Java. FuLLOWAY, D. T. Hawaii Agr. Exp. Sta. Bull. 18, p. 11. B. OTHER IMPORTANT ROSE INSECTS. HEMIPTERA. Coccidse. Unarmored — Lecanium pulchrum Marchal; Germany, Rosa arvensis. Lecanium perornatum Cockerell and Parr.; Austria; Posa canina. 192 A MANUAL OF DANGEROUS INSECTS. Coccidje— Continued. Unarmored— Continued. Jcerya montserratensis Riley and Howard; Trinidad, Jamaica, Panama, Colombia, Nicaragua, Porto Rico. Icerya seychellarum Westwood; China, Mauritius, Natal, England. Lecaniodiaspis sardoa Targioni; Algeria. Shizcecus fulcifer Kiinckel; Algeria, Sicily. Armored — ■^Leucas'pis japoniea Cockerell; Rosa Isvigata. Has been introduced and is established in the United States. Aspidiotus (Pseudaonidia) articulatus Morgan; Peru. Aspidiotus (Chrysomphalus) dictyospermi pinnulifera Maskell; Sicily, Italy, etc. Parlatoria ealianthina Berlese and Leonardi; Italy. Parlatoria proteus virescens Maskell; China, Japan, Formosa. Aspidiotus (Pseudischnaspis) howreyi Cockerell; St. Thomas. Aspidiotus tayahanus Cockerell; Philippine Islands. THYSANOPTERA. ^Heliothrips rubrocinctus Giard; West Indies, Ceylon, Uganda, Florida. (See Fruit.) COLEOPTERA. Buprestidse. .4(7rj/«s tjjridis Linnseus; Eiu-ope; breeds in stalks. (See Oak.) Clirysonielidse. . " Haltica quercetoTum Foudr.; Europe; attacks tea rose. (See Oak.) Cerambycidse. Vesperus strepens FsxhTitiins; France. (See Grape.) Brachyrhinidse. Diaprepes ahhreviatus Linnaeus; West Indies. (See Sugar cane.) LEPIDOPTERA. Geometridse. A nisopteryx xscularia Schiflermiller; Europe; feeds on foliage. Hibernia defoliaria Linnaeus; Europe; defoliator. Boarmia gemmaria BTahm.: Europe. (See Grape.) Lasiocanipidse. Malocosoma ncusiria Linnaeus; Europe; defoliator. Lymantriidse. Dasychira pudibunda Linnaeus and Euproctis chrysorrhaa Linnaeus; Europe; defoliators. (See Forest defoliators.) Notodontidse. Phalera bucepJiala Liimaeus; Europe. (See Forest.) Tortrlcidse. Notocelia roborana Treitschke; Europe. (See Gooseberry.) Pyralidae. :JfcPionea ferrugalis Hiibner; Europe, Asia, North America. (See Cabbage.) HYMENOPTERA. Cephididse. Janus luteipes Lep., sawfly, boring in stems; Europe. Argldse. Arge rosx Linn., sawfly feeds on foliage; Europe. LITERATURE. SoRAUER, P. Handbuch der Pflanzenkrankheiten, 3d ed., 1913, vol. 3. ROYAL PALM. (Oreodoxa regia. Family Palmacese.) An American palm of magnificent growth. (See Palms.) RUBBER. See Balota guttapercha; Fig(jF'imsspp.); Ceara rubber; Panama rubber; Para rub- ber; Silk rubber; West African rubber. U. S. Dept. of Agriculture, Manual of Dangerous Insects. Plate XXXVII. o o U. S. Dept. of Agriculture, Manual of Dangerous Insects. Plate XXXVIII. A Destructive Rice Grasshopper. The rice grasshopper {Hieroglyphus banian): a, Eggs; 6-g, immature stages; h, adults; j, female laying eggs. (Maxwell-Lefroy.) U. S Dept. of Agriculture, Manual of Dangeious Insects. Plate XXXIX. The Rice Root Grub. Rice root grub (P/i(/Ho<77iflMMS dionysius): o, Eggs; 6, c, c', larvae; d, d', d" , pupae; «,«', adults. (Max- well-Lefroy.) U. S. Dept. of Agriculture, Manual of Dangerous Insects. Plate XL The Rice Case-Bearer. The rice case-bearer {Nymphula depunctalis): a, Larva; 6. pupa; c, pupa in cocoon; d, adult; e, e' larvse feeding, in cases; /,/', cocoon stems; g, g', larval cases. ( Maxwell- i^eiroy.) U. S.'Dept. of Agriculture, Manual of DangerousHnsects. Plate XLI. The Rice Skipper. The rice skipper {Parnara mathias): a, Eggs; 6, larva webbing leaf; c, full grown larva; c', pupa; d, d', d", adults; e, e', puparia of Tachinid flies; /, Ichneumonid parasite; g, g", aachmid parasite. (Maxwell-Lefroy.) INSECTS OF RUTABAGA, RYE, SAGO PALM, SAL. 193 EUTABAGA. See Turnip, RYE. {Secale cereale Linnaeus. Family Gramineae.) This species as well as its near relatives is cultivated in Europe and Asia. For full treatment of its insect pests, see Grains and grasses. SAGO PALM. (Cycasrevoluta. Family Cy cad acese.) A palm-like plant of the Orient, much used in this country at funerals. (See Palms.) SAL. (Shorea spp. Family Dipterocarpacese.) Valuable timber trees of India. IMPORTANT SAL INSECTS. COLEOPTERA. Scarabseldse. Scrica assamensis Brenske; India; adults defoliate and larvae attack the roots of Shorea robusta. Lepidiota bimaculata Saunders; India; adults feed on foliage oi Shorea robusta. Phyllophaga problematica Brenske (Lachnosterna), and P. dypeaUs Brenske; India; adults defoliate and larvse attack the roots of Shorea robusta. Hetcroplia varians Olivier; India; breeds at roots of Shorea robusta. Cucujidae. Lxviophlaus testaceus Fabricius; India; breeds under the bark of felled trees of Shorea robusta. Bostrychidae. Schistoceros anobioides Waterhouse; India; bores in trees of Shorea robusta. Heterobostrychus pileatus Lesne, and H. xqualis Waterhouse; India; bore in timber of Shorea robusta. Sinoxylon crassum Lesne; India; a serious borer in the wood Shorea robusta. Sinoiylon anale Lesne; India; bores in Shorea robusta. Buprestldse. Acmxodera stictipennis Laporte et Gory; India; bores in Shorea robusta. Chysobothris sexnotata Gory; India; bores in the bark, bast, and sapwood of branches of Shorea robusta. Psiloptera viridans Kerremans; India; bores in Shorea robusta. Elateridse. Ataus sculptus Westwood; India; bores in logs of Shorea robusta. Tenebrlonldae. Sctenis Ixvis Fairmaire, and S. semivalga Blair; India; bore in Shorea robusta. Cerambycidae. Acanthophorus serraticornis Olivier; India; tunnels bast and sapwood of Shorea robusta. Ccelosterna scabrata Fabricius; India; bores in sapwood of Shorea robusta. Phicxderus obesus Gahan; India; bores in Shorea robusta. .^olesthes holosericea Fabricius; India; bores in Shorea robusta. Biahges pauper Pascoe; India; bores in bast and sapwood felled and sickly trees of Shorea robusta. Hypoeschrus indicus Gahan; India; bores in sapwood of Shorea robusta. Hoploceratnbyx spinicornis Newman; India; bores in wood of sickly or felled trees of Shorea robusta. Xyloirechus smei Lap. et Gory; India; bores in Shorea robusta. Cossonidse. Coruirthrus jansoni Wollaston; India; bores in timber of Shorea robusta. Himatium asperum Marshall; India; bores in Shorea robusta. Ipidae. Sphxrotrypes assamensis Stebbing, S. globulus Blandford, S. siwalikensis Stebbing, Coccotrypes integer Eichhoff, and Dryoccetes minor Stebbing; India; make galleries in wood and bark of Shorea robusta. Xyleborus fallax Eichhofl, A', perforans Wollaston, X. bengalensis Stebbing, X. major Stebbing, X. schlichii Stebbing; India; bore in Shorea robusta. Xyleborus andrciresi Blandford; India; bores in Shorea talura. 55266—17 13 194 A MANUAL OF DANGEROUS INSECTS. Platypodldse. Crossotarsus saundersi Chapuis; India; bores in Sfiorea robusta. Platypus curtus Chapuis; India; bores in Shorea robusta. Platypus talurx Stebbing; India; bores in Shorea talura. Diapusfurtivus Sampson, D. quinquespinatus Chapuis, and D. mirus Sampson; India; bores in shorea robusta. LEPIDOPTERA. Geometrldae. Boarmia selanaria; India; feeds on young growth, leaves, and flowers. Lasiocampidse. Suuna concolor; India; defoliator. Trabala vishnu; India; defoliator. Basychira horsfcldi; India; defoliator. Leucoma diaphana: India; defoliator. • Lymantriidse. Lymantria grandis, L. lipcha, and L. brittata; India; defoUators. LITERATURE. Stebbing, E. P. Indian Forest Insects, Coleoptera, 1914. Stebbing, E. P. A Manual of Forest Zoology for India, 1908. SAPODILLA. (Sideroxylon [Achras] sapota. Family Sapotaceae.) A fruit-bearing tree of the West Indies, central America, and northern South America, cultivated in southern Florida. IMPORTANT SAPODILLA INSECTS. DIPTERA. Trypetldse. Ceratitis capitata Wiedemann. (See Fruit.) Anastrepha ludens Loew; Me.xico. (See Fruit.) SILK COTTON. (Bombnx malabaricum . Family Malvaceae.) Tropical trees. The bark of some species produces commercial fiber. IMPORTANT SILK COTTON INSECTS HEMIPTERA. Coccirtae. Aspidoproctus giganteus Newstead; Africa; Ceiba bombaxi. COLEOPTERA. Bostrychidae. Heterobostrichus sequalis Waterhouse; India; bores in the wood. LEPIDOPTERA. Lymantriidse. Basychira horsfcldi; India; defoliator. Noctuidae. Mudaria cornifrons; India; breeds in the pods. LITERATURE. STEBBING, E. P. Indian Forest Insects, Coleoptera, 1914. STEBBING, E. P. Manual of Forest Zoology for India, 1908. SILKY OAK. (GreviUea robusta. Family Proteaceae.) A valuable lawn tree with fine fern-leaved foliage, indigenous to .'Vustralia. but now cultivated in Florida and California. INSECTS OF SILKY OAK, SILK RUBBER, SISSU, SORGHUM. 195 IMPORTANT SILKY OAK INSECTS. iSlsiotes notabllls Fascoe. (Silky Oak Weevil Borer. Curculionidse ; Coleoptera.) Hosts: Silky oak (Grevillea rohusta), and kauri (Agathis australis). Injury: Bores in wood and is easily transported in logs. Description: A beautiful grayish weevil about 0.75 inch long, with brown and pinkish markings, humeri'and apical declivities of elytra acute angulate or toothed, thorax and elytra tuberculate. Distribution: Queensland, Victoria. French, C. Handbook of the Destructive Insects of Victoria, pt. 5, pp. 106-108, pi. 119. Xenocnema spinipes (Wallach) australiae Lea. (Spined Log Beetle. Cossonidse, Coleoptera.) Hosts: Grevillea rohusta and Agathis australis (Dammara). Injury: Riddles the wood of logs. Description: A small brownish black elongate beetle. Found in large numbers under the bark and when the bark is removed they bore rapidly into the wood. Distribution: Queensland, introduced into Victoria. French, C. Handbook of the Destructive Insects of Victoria, 1911, pt. 5, pp. 126- 128, pi. 124. SILK RUBBER; IRE. (Funtumia elastica [Kickxia]. Family Apocynaceae.) IMPORTANT SILK RUBBER INSECTS. (Silk Rubber Longicorns. Cerambycidae; Lamiinae; Coleoptera.) Species: Acridocephala bistriata Chevro\a,t; East and West Africa ; Funtumia elastica. Moecha adusta Har.; West and East Africa; cacao, Funtumia. Phryneta hecphora Thorns.; Kamerun, East Africa; Funtumia elastica. Phryneta coeca Chevrolat; Kame» run; Funtumia elastica. Injury: Bore in the wood. SoRAUER, P. Handbuch der Pflanzenkrankheiten, 3d ed., 1913, vol. 3, pp. 501, 502. SISSU. {Dalbergia sissoo. Family Leguminosse.) A tree of India, furnishing a very desirable timber. It is cultivated in California. IMPORTANT SISSU INSECT. LEPIDOPTERA. Noctuldae. Plecoptera reflexa Guenee; India; defoliator. SORGHUM; KAFIR; DURRA; BROOM CORN. {Holcus sorghum Linnaeus. Family Gramineae.) Owing to the large number of useful varieties of this species throughout the world there is more or less commerce in the seed for propagation purposes at least. The dangers of importing injurious insects would consist mainly in the shipments of seed, although it is conceivable that boring insects might be introduced in brooms. 196 A MANUAL OF DANGEROUS INSECTS. IMPORTANT SORGHUM INSECTS. LEPIDOPTERA. Pyralidse. Chilo simplex Butler; India, Formosa. (See Sugar cane.) Chilo auricilia Dudgeon; India. (See Rice.) Noctuidae. Sesamia cretica Led.; Sudan; attacks durra. (See Sugar cane.) SOY BEAN. {Glycine hispida Maxim. Family Leguminosse.) The soy bean was introduced into tliis country from the Orient. Care should be taken to see that seed pests are not introduced. AN IMPORTANT SOY-BEAN PEST. Laspeyresia glycinivorella Matsumura (GraphoUtha). (Soy Bean Moth. Tortricidse; Lepidoptera.) Host: Soy bean. Injury: Breeds in the pods'; very injurious. Description and biology: Similar to that of L. nebritana on peas. Distribution: Japan. SoRAUER, P. Handbuch der Pflanzenkrankheiten, 3d ed., 1913, vol. 3, p. 284. SPINACH. (Spinada oleracea. Family Chenopodiacese.) An annual herb originating in Asia, now much cultivated for its edible foUage. AN IMPORTANT SPINACH INSECT. DIPTERA. Anthomyidse. >|< Chortophila (Pegomya) hyoscyami Panzer (spinach leafminer). (See Beets.) SPRUCE. {Abies spp., Picea epp. Family Pinacese.) Ornamental evergreen trees of the cold and temperate zones of the northern hemi- sphere, highly valued for shade, parking, wind breaks, and hedges, and valuable for timber. For convenience the insect pests are arranged under Conifers. STRAWBERRY. {Fragaria spp. Family Rosacese.) Low vines bearing delicious fruit, cultivated in Europe, and America especially. IMPORTANT STRAWBERRY INSECTS. HEMIPTERA. Aphididse. MacTosiphum fragarix Koch; Europe; sucks juices. Macrosiphum fragariellum Theobald; Europe. Macrosiphum rogersii Theobald; England. Pentatomidae. Dlndymibs versicolor; Australia; injixrious. COLEOPTERA. Carabidse. Harpalus ruflcornis Fabrieius; Europe; attacks fruit. Pterostichus vulgaris Linn'cEUs; Europe; a wingless beetle, attacks fruit and also feeds on angleworms. INSECTS OF STRAWBERRY, SUGAR BEET, SUGAR CANE. 197 Chrysomelidae. Galerucella tenella Linnseus; leaf beetle; Europe; sometimes causes serious damage, larvae and adults feed on leaves. Brachyrhlnidse. Brachyrhinus tenebricosus Herbst; Europe; larva feeds at roots, adults destroy buds and leaves. Several species of this genus have been introduced into the United States. Brachyrhinus picipes Fabricius; pitchy-legged weevil: Europe; injures strawberry, raspberry, pea, turnip, kale, ferns, potted plants. Curculionidse. Anthonomus rubi Herbst; Europe; larva attacks roots and ruimers, and adults destroy blossoms, buds and leaves. Rhinaria perdix Pascoe; Australia. LEPIDOPTERA. Psychldae. Psyche viciella Schiflermiller; Europe. LITERATURE. Ormerod, E. a. Injvu-ious Insects during 1897, pp. 111-112, 1898. Ormerod, E. A. 16th Kept., Injurious Insects, pp. 124-126. Curtis, John. Farm Insects, p. 383. SUGAR BEET. (See Beet.) SUGAR CANE. {Saccharum offidnarum Linnaeus. Family Graminese.) Sugar cane is an important product of the Southern States, Hawaii, Porto Rico, and the Philippines. It is grown in many parts of the world. Owing, however, to the great danger of transporting insect enemies in the seed cane, its importation into the United States, except through the Department of Agriculture, has been forbidden. There is still a great possibility of the spread of its enemies from outside into the islands. Some very important cane insects also attack corn. The sugar cane is host to a multitude of insects which feed on its foliage, suck its juices, or bore in its stems or roots. Many of these insects are not very likely to be imported, but in view of such a possibility are briefly mentioned. A. SUGAR-CANE INSECTS MKELT TO BE IMPORTED. Tetranychus exsiccator Zehntner. (Sugar-Cane Red Spider. Tetrauycliidse ; Acarina.) Host: Sugar cane. Injury: Sucks juices from the plant. Description and biology: A tiny red mite similar in structure and habits to our common red spider, Tetranychus bimaculatus. Distribution: Java. Van Deventer, W. Handboek voor de Suikerriet-cultuur, Java, 1906, vol. 2, pp. 282-287, pi. 39. Tomaspis varia Fabricius; Tomaspis postica Walker; Tomaspis lepidior Font. (Siigar-Cane Frog Hoppers. Cercopidse; Hemiptera.) Hosts: Sugar cane, corn, grasses. Injury: Tomaspis varia is a serious pest in Trinidad; damage called "blight" con- sists of withering of leaves and stunting of stem. Description and biology: Adult Tomaspis varia, leafhopper 6-9 mm. long, with broad front wings; head and prothorax greenish, front wings brown with two yellow bands; undersides dark with sutures pinkish. The adults are not active in the day- time. They fly or hop when disturbed. Nymphal stages whitish with pink tinge; 198 A MANUAL OF DANGEROUS INSECTS. completely covered by spittle within which they suck on the juices of the plant. Eggs elongate, oval, laid separatelyin incisions in dead or withering cane leaves. The other two species are similar to T. varia. (See plate xlii.) Distribution: T. varia, Trinidad; T. postica, Mexico; T. lepidior, Panama. Urich, F. W. Board of Agriculture, Trinidad and Tobago. Cir. 9, 1913, 45 pp., 9 pis., 7 text figs. Perkinsiella saccliaricida Kirkaldy. (Sugar-Cane Leafhopper. Fulgoridae; Hemiptera.) Host: Sugar cane. Injury: Very serious drain on the vitality of the plant due to sucking of the juices. Liable to transportation on seed cane. Description and biology: A small yellowish leaf hopper differing in the various stages mainly in the development of the wing pads. Eggs laid in slits in the epidermis of the leaves and stalks of cane. The insect in all stages sucks the juices of the plant. (See plate XLIII.) Distribution: Hawaii, Australia. A r- c, w .T 1- n X-. /o. large number of this species were cap- FiG. 94.— West Indian Cane Fly (SienocrawMs soc- . . . . , . ^ charivora): Adult. (Baiiou.) ^^^^^'^ 1^ quarantine in shipments re- ceived at Washington from Hawaii. Van Dine, D. L. Hawaii Agric. Exp. Sta., Bui. 5, 1904, 29 pp., 8 figs. Stenocranus saccharivora Westwood. (West Indian Cane Fly. Fulgoridae; Hemiptera.) Host: Sugar cane. Injury: Very serious drain on vitality of plant due to sucking juices. Liable to transportation on seed cane. Description and biology: A little yellow leafhopper differing but little in the various stages. It is not often a serious pest but at times does much damage. (See text fig. 94.) Distribution: West Indies. Bassieres, Eugene. La Sucrerie Indigene et Coloniale, Paris, 1912, vol. 79, pp. 27-32. Entochira lateralis Boheman. (Holanlara picescens Fairmaire). (The Bibitkever. Tenebrionidse; Coleoptera.) Hosts: Sugar cane, tobacco. Injury: Bores in the stalks, causing much damage. It can easily be transported in seed cane. Description and biology: Adult beetle about 6 mm. long, black, with a brown metallic luster on the elytra. Pupa white, oval, acute at apex with many spiny tubercles on sides of abdomen. Larva an elongate brown wireworm with pointed apex, 10-11 mm. long. Bores in the stalks of cane near the nodes, and also bores in tobacco stems. Eggs less than 1 mm. long, oval, almost spherical. Distribution: Java. Van Deventer, W. Handboek voor de Suikerriet-cultuur, Java, 1906, vol. 2, pp. 53-58, pi. 7. Sorauer, p. Handbuch der Pflanzenkrankheiten, 3d ed., 1913, vol. 3, p. 494. SUGAR-CANE INSECTS. 199 Apogonia destructor Ritsema Bos. (Javan Sugar-Cane Grub Beetle. Scarabaeidte ; Coleoptera.) Hosts: Sugar cane, grasses, and various plants. Injury: Destructive in Java. Attacks the roots. Description and biology: Adult about 0.5 inch long, greenish black, of the general form of a June beetle. Pupa white, broad in front, tapering behind, with all appen- dages beneath. Larva white, usually in a curved position, with large yellow head and long legs. Lives at roots of plants, causing much damage. Distribution: Java. Van Deventer, W. Handbook voor de Suikerriet-cultuur Java, 1906, vol. 2, pp. 282-287, plate 4. Apogonia ritsenise Sharp. (Javan Sugar-Cane Grub Beetle. Scarabaeidae ; Coleoptera.) Hosts: Sugar cane, and other plants. Injury: Destructive to the roots. Description and biology: Adult reddish brown to blue-black. Somewhat smaller than A. destructor. Length 5-7 mm. Immature stages also similar. The larvae are very destructive to the roots. Distribution: Java. Van Deventer, W. Handboek voor de Suikerriet-cultuur, Java, 1906, pp. 32, 33, pi. 5. ' Phytalus smlthl Arrow. (The Brown Hard-Back Beetle. Scarabaeidae ; Coleoptera.) Hosts: Sugar cane. Injury: Larva trims the small roots and is liable to transportation in the soil around cane plants. Description and biology: Adult beetle tawny red of the shape and appearance of a June beetle, 14-18 mm. long. Pupation occurs in a cell in the ground. Larva a white grub, usually curved, with large brownish head, and long legs; bores in the sugar-cane stumps. Eggs laid in the soil. Distribution: Mauritius, Barbados. Trinidad. Has been distributed in cane ship- ments. Arrow, G. J. Annals and Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 8, vol. 9, 1912, pp. 455-459. Aphanlstichus consanguineus Ritsema Bos. (The Flat-Headed Leaf-Miner Beetle. Buprestidae; Coleoptera.) Host: Sugar cane. Injury: Mines the leaves. Description and biology: Adult beetle, 3.5 mm. long, black, head and prothorax with a bronzy tint. Pupa 3-5 mm. long, orange color, elongate elliptical, with all appendages beneath. Larva when full grown about 6 mm. long, orange colored, elongate, flattened, with sides crenulate. Eggs laid singly in the leaf. Distribution: Java. Van Deventer, W. Handboek voor de Suikerriet-cultuur, Java, 1906, vol. 2, pp. 46-53, pi. 6. Hispa wakkeri Zehntner. (Sugar-Cane Hispid Miner. Chrysomelidae; Coleoptera.) Hosts: Sugar cane. • Injury: Mines the leaves of sugar cane. Description and biplogy: Adult beetle 5-6 mm. long, black, bristling with strong spines. Pupa cylindrical, yellow or red brown in color, 6-7 mm. long, formed in 200 A MAN"UAL OF DANGEROUS INSECTS. the leaf mine. Larva yellowish white, flattened, legless, with small brown head, brown prothoracic shields, and two apical teeth. Mines the leaves. Distribution: Java. Van Deventer, W. Handboek voor de Suikerriet-cultuur, Java, 1906, pp. 66-70, pi. 9. Diaprepes abbreviatus Linnaeus (spenglerl Linnaeus). (West Indian Sugar-Oane Root Borer. Brachyrhinidae [Otiorhyuchidse] ; Coleoptera.) Hosts: Sugar cane, orange, guava, avocado, mango, rose, Indian corn, Guinea corn, sweet potatoes, Bahama grass {Gynodon dactijlon), limes, and other plants. Injurij: The larva does serious injury to the roots and the adult to the foliage. Liable to transmission in seed-cane shipment. Description and biology: Adult 8-18 mm. in length; variable in color from white to green and ochraceous, with from four to many denuded elytral striae beak thick, tricarinate, antennae elbowed. Pupa 19 mm. long, soft and white with a long thick beak. Larva long, white, curved, footless. Eggs ob- long, oval, smooth, white, laid in clusters on leaves and glued between two leaf surfaces. The larvae feed at the root system and tunnel the stalk of the plants above named. Distribution: Porto Rico to Barbados. (See plate XLviii.) Pierce, W. D. On Some West Indian Sugar- Oane Root-Boring Weevils. Journ. Agr. Re- search, U. S. Dept. Agr., vol. 4, pp. 255-263, 1915 (Plates XXXV to XXXVIII). Metamasius hemipterus Linnaeus. (West Indian Sugar-Cane Borer. Calandridse; Coleoptera.) Host: Sugar cane. Injury: Serious pest to the stalks of cane. Liable to importation in seed cane. Description and biology: Adult weevil about half an inch long, brown with dark markings on the thorax and elytra. The head is pro- longed into a long beak. Pupa white with ap- pendages folded beneath. It is formed inside a cocoon of fiber. Larva pale yellow, with brownish head, legless, wrinkled in appear- ance with the hind part of the body swollen; bores downward in the cane stalk. Eggs laid singly beneath the rind of the stalk or in the leaf sheaths. Distribution: West Indies, Trinidad. Van Dine. D. L. Porto Rico Sugar Growers' Association, 1911, Year Book. pp. 55-56. Metamasius sericeus Olivier. (Sugar-Cane Borer. Calandridse; Coleoptera.) Host: Sugar cane. Injury: Serious pest to cane stalks. Liable to importation in seed cane. Description and biology: Very similar in general appearance and habits to Metamasius hemipterus Linnaeus. (See text fig. 95.) Distribution: West Indies. Fig. 95.— Sugar-cane borer ( Metamasius sericeus) : a, Adult; b, larva; c, injury. (Ballou.) U.^S. Dept. of Agriculture, Manual of Dangerous Insects. ■Plate XLII. The Sugar-Cane Froghopper. The sugar-cane froghopper Tomaspis varia): Eggs, and egg punctures. (Urich.) U. S. Dept. of Agriculture, Manual of Dangerois Insects. Plate XLIII. The Sugar-Cane Leafhopper (Perkinsiella saccharicida). (Kirkaldy.) U. S. Dept. of AKriculture, Manual of Dangerous Insects. Plate XLIV. ■^> V' '-^ \v -i^ / Cane Borers. Cane borers. Figs, a, 9, m, s.— CWo simplex: Eggs, auriflua: Egg, larva, pupa, adults. Fig. g.—Si Nonagria uniformis: Larva, pupa, adults. , Figs^. Figs, e, k.— A nerast U. S. Dept. of Agriculture, Manual of Dangerous Insects. Plate XLV. The Sugar-Cane Leaf-Roller. The sugar-cane leaf-roller (Omiodes accepta): I'IG. 1.— Adult. FiGS. 2, 3, 4, 5.— Larva. Figs. 6, 7.- Pupa. Figs. S, 9.— Eggs. Figs. 10, 11.— Injury. (Swezey.) SUGAR-CANE INSECTS. 201 Rhabdocnemls obscurus Boisduval. (Hawaiian Sugar-Cane Borer. Calandridse; Coleoptera.) Host^: Banana, sugar cane, coconut, sago palm, royal palm, wine palm (Caryota ureris), papaya (Carica papaya). Injury: Very injurious to the stalk. Liable to importation in seed cane. Description and biology: J.dult weevil reddish brown with darker brown markings, Fig. 96.— The Hawaiian sugar-cane borer {Rhabdocnemis obscurus [SplienoplioTus]): 1, Eggs, natural size. 2, Eggs in situ, much enlarged: o, Section of egg passage with egg, c; b, egg placed unusually near the rind, d. S, Larvae, just hatched and older, natural size. 4, Full-grown larva, natural size. 5, Larva, side view, enlarged: a, Spiracles; 6, cervical shield. 6, Larva, front view, enlarged. 7, Pupa, enlarged : a, Rostrum or beak; b, antenna; c, elytron or wing cover; d, folded wing. 8, Pupal case or cocoon, enlarged. 9, Adult, enlarged. (Terry.) long beak, elbowed antennae, over 0.5 inch long. Pupa white, in cocoon of fiber. Larva white, curved, legless. Bores in the stalks and roots. (See text fig. 96.) Distribution: Hawaii, Jamaica, Barbados, St. Kitts, Antigua, St. Lucia, British Guiana, Fiji, New Guinea, New Ireland, Tahiti, Queensland, Malay Archipelago. Van Dine, D. L. U. S. Dept. Agr., Bui. 93, 1911, pp. 35-40. Figs. 4, 5. 202 A MANUAL OF DANGEROUS INSECTS. Xyleborus perforans WoUaston. (Sugar-Cane Ambrosia Beetle. Scolytidse; Coleoptera.) Hosts: Sugar cane, a polyphagous insect breeding in many kinds of wood. Injury: Is very injurious to sugar cane in Java. As it bores in the stalks it can easily be transported in shipments of seed cane. Description and biology: Adult weevils about 2 mm. long, cylindrical, without snouit, the head completely concealed from above. Pupa white, about 2 mm. long with head and all appendages on the underside. Larva cylindrical, white, legless, with chiti- nizedhead. Bores in the pith of the stalk. £'g'g's elliptical. About 70 to 100 eggs are laid by the parent, each at the end of a separate chamber. Distribution: Java, cosmopolitan in the tropics and sub tropics. Van Deventer, W. Handboek, voor de Suikerriet-cultuur, Java, 1906, vol. 2, pp . 60-66, pi. 8. SoRAUER, P. Handbuch der Pflanzenkrankheiten, 3d ed.. 1913, vol. 3, pp. 573-574. Fig. 97. — Cane-sueker moth (ra«/r?;a //cMSj. (Ballou.) Castnia Ileus Drury. (Cane-Sucker Moth: Giant Sugar Cane Borer. Castniidse; Lepidoptera.) Hosts: Sugar cane, banana, coconut, orchids, and Bromeliacese. Injury: Very serious borer in cane stalks. When cane is to be imported from sec- tions where this species occurs great care should be used to eliminate trash. Only the tops should be shipped, and these should be carefully examined for eggs or larvae at the base of the leaves. Description and biology: Moth measuring over 3 inches in wing expanse, brown with a white band crossing each wing and a few yellow spots beyond. Pupa reddish brown, over an inch in length. Larva whitish, about 2 inches long, with reddish brown head. Bores in the stalks of its food plants. Eggs laid singly, pinkish, elongate, pointed at each end, ribbed, in cross section formed like a five-pointed star. Over 50 eggs are laid by each moth. (See text fig. 97.) Distribution: British Guiana, Dutch Guiana, Trinidad, and other parts of northern South America. Urich, F. W. The Cane Sucker. 2 pp., with colored plate. Marlatt, C.L. Bureau of Entomology, U. S. Dept. Agr., Bui. 54, 1905, pp. 71-75, pi. 4. SUGAR-CANE INSECTS. 203 Sesamia cietica Led. (Durra Stem Borer. Noctuidse; Lepidoptera.) Host: Sugar cane, corn, durra. Injury: Very serious pest in Khartoum. Is liable to importation in seed cane. Description and biology: Adult, a stout bodied, creamy colored moth, with wing expanse of about 30 mm.; hind wings silvery white; forewings creamy with faint brownish markings. Pupa 15-18 mm. long, chestnut colored. Larva 25-30 mm. long, varying from pinkish or yellowish to dead white; head brown, spiracles black. Egg white, 6 mm. in diameter. WTiile this pest is more important as an enemy of durra and maize in Khartoum it is more likely to transportation in sugar cane. Distribution: Khartoum, Sudan. King, H. H. Third Report Wellcome Research Laboratory Kliartoum, 1904, pp 222-224; pi. 27, figs. 1, 3, 6, in color. Dlatrsea spp. (Sugar-Cane Borer Moths. Pyralidse; Lepidoptera.) Species: ^Diatrsea saccharalis Fabricius; Mexico, West Indies, United States. D. striatalis Sn.; West Indies, Java. D. canella Hampson; Trinidad, Grenada, Guiana. D. lineolata Walker; Trinidad, West Indies, Central America, South America. Hosts: Sugar cane and grasses. Injury: Very serious injury by boring in the stalk. Easy to transport in seed-cane shipments. Description and biology: Gray moths with whitish-spotted larvte. Pupate in the stalks in the larval tunnels. Eggs are laid in clusters. Diatrsea saccharalis has been fully treated in American literature. The others behave in a similar manner. Barber, T. C. U. S. Dept. Agr.. Bur. Ent., 1911, Circ. 139. Stubbs, W. C, and Morgan, H. A. Louisiana Exp. Sta., ser. 2, 1902, Bull. 70. Van Deventer, W. Handboek voor de Suikerrietcultuur, Java, 1906, pp. 131-139, pi. 20. Cbllo simplex Butler. (Sugar-Cane Moth Borer of India. Pyralidse; Lepidoptera.) Hosts: Sugar cane, corn, sorghum, rice, millet. Injury: Very serious pest, boring in the stalks. It is liable to importation in seed cane. Description and biology: Moth yellowish gray, the male a little smaller and darker. Pupation occurs in the larval tunnel. Larva about an inch long, with a dirty white body and black head, a dark patch behind head and two dark longitudinal lines on body. The small hairs of the body are set on black dots. The larva burrows in the stalks of cane, corn, sorghum, rice, and millet. Eggs laid in rows, side by side on the leaves. (See plate xliv, figs, a, g, m, s.) Distribution: India, Formosa. Maxwell-Lefroy, H. F. Moth Borer in Sugar Cane. Agr. Journ. India, vol. 1, pp.. 97-115. Basu, S. K., and Dutt, H. L. Crop Pest Handbook for Beharand Orissa. Calcutta Leaflet 56, pi. 38. Omlodes accepta Butler. (Hawaiian Sugar-Cane Leafroller. Pyralidse; Lepidoptera.) Hosts: Sugar cane, grasses, sedges. Injury: Feeds on the leaves, which it rolls for its protection. The damage is some- times serious. Is liable to importation in seed cane. 204 A MANUAL OF DANGEROUS INSECTS. Description and biology: Adult, brownish with white-lined veins and margins of segments; wings with two darker bands; antennae long. Wing expanse 20-30 mm. Pupa 12-14 mm. long, light brown. Larva 27 mm. long, green with a few scattered hairs; head pale yellowish. The larva feeds on the leaf, folding it into a tube to protect itself while feeding, changing to a new leaf when it has eaten all it can. When disturbed it drops to the ground. Eggs laid in small clusters arranged in rows on the surface of leaves. (See plate xlv.) Distribution: Hawaii, Peru. SwEZEY, Otto H. Hawaiian Sugar Planters' Assn., Bull. 5, pp. 6-10, pi. 1. Poiyocha saccharella Dudgeon. (Cane Root Borer. Pyralidse; Lepidoptera.) Hosts: Sugar cane. Injury: Causes stunted growth and shriveling of plants by boring in stalks and roots. Description and biology: Moth small, brown, with hind wings white. Pupates in stalk. Larva about 0.75 inch in length, of white color; bores in stalk and root; hiber- nates in root; before pupating it eats an opening in the stem and covers it with silk. (See plate xliv, figs. d. j, p.) Distribution: India. Basu, S. K., and Dutt, H. L. Crop Pest Handbook for Beharand Orissa, Calcutta, Leaflet 58, pi. 38. Ereunetis flavlstriata Walsingham. (Sugar-Cane Bud Moth. Tineidae; Lepidoptera.) Hosts: Sugar cane, palms, banana, pineapple, Pandanus. Injury: While this species mainly lives in the dead tissues of the above food plants, it breeds in cane stalks among the dry leaves, but often eats out the eyes or buds, thus destroying the propagating value of the cane. It may easily be transported in seed cane. Description and biology: A small moth, measuring 14 mm. in wing expanse, head and thorax yellowish white, forewlngs yellowish white, with indistinct yellow streaks, hind wings shining pale golden yellow, becoming white at apex. Pupa 5 to 6 mm. long, pale yellowish brown. Larva 12 to 15 mm. long, wliitish, head reddish brown, hairs on darker tubercles. The larva usually feeds in the dried leaf sheaths, but sometimes attacks the rind, giving entrance to fungi, and does the greatest damage by eating out the eyes. Distribution: Hawaii. SwEZEY, Otto H. Hawaiian Sugar Planters' Association, bul. 6, pp. 9-12, pi. 2, figs. 1-6. Laspeyresia schistaceana Sn. (Grapholltha). (Gray Borer of the Sugar Cane. Tortricidse; Lepidoptera.) Hosts: Sugar cane. Injury: Very important in Java. Is liable to importation in seed cane. Description and biology: Moth about 12 mm. long, grayish brown. Pupa reddish brown, 8-13 mm. long. Larva yellowish, with head and collar on prothorax as well as two apical segments chitinized reddish brown. Hairs sparse on brownish spots. The larva bores in stalks of the cane. Eggs oval; about 120 to 170 are laid in a row under the leaf or behind the sheath of the cane. Distribution: Java. Van Deventer, W. Handbook voor de Suikerriet-cultuur, Java, 1906, vol. 2, pp. 142-159, pi. 21, text figs. 46-49. SoRAUER, P. Handbuch der Fflanzenkrankheiten, 3d ed., 1913, vol. 3, p. 284. SUGAR-CANE INSECTS, 205 B. OTHER IMPORTANT SUGAR-CANE INSECTS. ORTHOPTERA. Acridlidse and Locustldse. Oxya intric3.ta Stal of Formosa and Japan; 0. velox Fabriciiis of China, Japan, India, and Islands o the Pacific Ocean; O. annulicornis Matsumura of Formosa; attack foliage. Epacromia tamulus Fabrlcius and Trilophidia annulata Thunberg; Java; attack foliage. Racilia. okinawensis Matsumiira of Formosa. Gelastorhinus esox Burr of Japan and Formosa. Acridium succinctum Linnaeus and A. flavicorne Fabricius of Japan, China, India, Formosa, and the Malay Archipelago; A. roseum De Geer, A. zehntneri Krauss, A. lutcicorne Serville, and A. asrugi- nosum Linnaeus of Java. Pachytylus migrator ioides Reicharting, an especially serious pest in Formosa, Asia, Africa, and Aus- tralia; CEdaleus infernalis Saussure of Japan, China, Formosa, India, and Malaysia; O. nigrofas- ciatus Latreille of Asia, Europe, and Africa. Fig. 98. — Cane grasshopper (Atractomorpha crenulata). (Ma.xwell-Lefroy.) Atractomorpha crenulata, Fabricius (See text, fig. 98) and A. psittacina De Haan of Java; A. bedeli Bolivar of Japan, China, and Formosa. Elimxa chloris De Haan, Mecopoda elongata Linnseus: Java. Tryxalis nasuta Linnaeus of Formosa, Asia, Africa, and Europe; Phlseoba infumata Brtin, of Formosa > China, and Malaysia; Stenobothurus formosanus Matsumiu^a of Formosa; Trilophidia. annulata Thun. berg and Epacromia tamulus Fabricius of Asia and the islands of the Pacific; Paratettix gracilis Shiraki, P. singularis Shiraki, Hedotettii arcuatus Shiraki, and Tettix formosanus Shiraki of Formosa. Gryllidae, Gryllotalpidse. Liogryllus bimaculatus De Geer, L. formosanus Matsumura, Gryllus mitratus Burmeister, Tridactylus flavomaculatus Matsumura, Oryllotalpa africana Pallas; (Ecanthus indicus Saussure, Anaxiphus pallidulus Matsumura, and Trigonidium haani Saussure; Oriental Regions. 206 A MANUAL OF DANGEROUS INSECTS. HEMIPTERA, Cocctdae. Armored — Aspidiotus (Odonaspsis) secreta saccharicaulis Zehntner; Java. Aspidiotus ( Targionia.) glomerata Green; India. Aspidiotus ( Targionia) sacchari Cockerell; West Indies, Java, British Guiana. Chionaspis depressi Zehntner; Java, India. Chionuspis madiunensis Zehntner; Java. Chionaspis saccharifolH Zehntner; Java. Chionaspis tegalensis Zehntner; Java, Mauritius. Unarmored — Aclerda japonica Newstead; India. Asterolecanium bamhusx Boisduval; Madeira. IceTy2 seychellarum Westwood; Seychelles, Madeira, Formosa. Lecanium guerinii Signoret; Mauritius. Lecanium krugcri Zehntner; Java. Margarodes formicarum Guild; Barbados. Pseudococcus boninsis Kuwana; Japan. ■>if^Psevbdococcus bromelix Bouche; Hawaii. Pseudococcus calceolarix Maskell; Hawaii, St. Croix, Porto Rico, Barbados. (See pi. XLVI.) Pseudococcus sacchari Cockerell; Costa Rica, Hawaii, Porto Rico, Barbados, Cuba. Pseudococcus saccharifolH Green; Hawaii. >^ Pseudococcus tezensis Tinsley; Texas, Mauritius. Pulvinaria iceryi Gu6rin; Mauritius, Formosa. Ripersia sacchari Guenee; India. Fifr. 99.— Cane leaf hopper {PyriUa aberrans). Ja'isoidea, Fulgoroidea. O'ctyophora sinica Walker, Anagnia splendens GeTuiar, Ricania tseniata St&l., Diastrombus politus. Uliler, Phenice moesta Westwood, Nicertoides saccharioora Matsumura, Nisia atrovenosa Lethierry, Olijrus oryzse Matsumiu^a, Delphacodes vastatrix Breddin, which is very injurious in Java; Kirbya pagana Melichar, Tropidocephala brunncipennis Signoret, T. saccharivorella Matsumura, T. formosana Matsumura, Stenocranus sacchari Matsumura, Delphai propinqua Fieber, D. furcifcra Horvath, D. qraminicola Matsumura, D. fumosa Matsumura, Zygina circumscripta Matsumura, Z. maculifrons Motsehulsky, Z. subrufa Melichar, Gnathodus viridis Matsumura, G. pallidulus Matsumura, Cicadula fasciifrons, C. ft-notata Fallen, Nirvana pallida Melichar, JV. suturalis Melichar, DcUocephalus dorsalis Motsehulsky, Nephotettii apicMs Motsehulsky, Eucanthus semiglauca Lethierry, Tetigonia viridis Linnaeus, T. albida Walker, T. ferruginea Fabricius, Strongylocephalus agrcstis Fallen, and Ptyelus costalis Walker; Formosa and oriental regions; Pyrilla aberrans Distant, India. (See text, fig. 99.) Phenice maculosaW estvfooi, Dicranotropis vastatrii Breddin, and Eumetopina hrugeri Breddin; Java. The leafhoppers of the genus Perkin,uella seem to be partial to sugar cane, sometimes attacking grasses. Aside from P. saccharicida Kirkaldy, treated above, the following speeies are recorded by Muir: P. vitiensis Kirkaldy, Fiji; P. graminicola Kirkaldy, Hawaii; P. sinensis Kirkaldy, Borneo; P. pallidula Muir, Borneo; P. rattlci Muir, British New Guinea; P. bicoloris Muir, British New Guinea; P. variegala Muir, British New Guinea; P. papuensis Muir, British New Guinea; P. vasta- trix Breddin, Java, Borneo, British New Guinea; P. laldkensis, Muir, British New Guinea; P. amboinensis Muir, Amboina. Owing to the habit of laying eggs in the cane stalks any of these species can be transported in cane shipments. SUGAR-CANE INSECTS. 207 Clcadidse. Mogannia hebcs Walker; Java. Aleyrodidse. Neomaskellia bergii Signoret; Formosa, oriental regions. Aleurolobus longicornis Zehntner, and Alcyrodes lactea Zehntner; Java. Aphldldse. Oregma lanigera Zehntner; Formosa; very injurious. Geoica lucifuga Zehntner; Formosa. Mlrldae (Capsidse). Lygus oryzx Matsumura and L. sacchari Matsumura; Formosa. Periscopus mundulus Breddin; Java. Tingitldse. Serenthia Jprmosana Matsumura; Formosa. Leptodictya tabida H. Schaefler; Mexico. Lygseldae. Cymnus tabaci Matsumura; Formosa. Colabathristes saccharicida Karsch; Java. Coreldae. Cletus trigonus Thunberg, C. bipunctatus H. S., Riptortus fuscus Fabricius, and Leptocorisa varicornis Fabricius; Formosa. Pentatomidse. Scofinophora tarsalis Voll., Mcnida histrio Fabricius, Nezara viridula Linnseus, and Coptosoma cribraria Fabricius; Formosa. THYSANOPTERA. Heliothrips striatoptera Kobus, Physopus seznotatus Zehntner, Oxythrips binervis Kobus, Parthenothrips (?) kobusi Van Deventer, Stenothrips (?) zehntneri Van Deventer, Thrips sacchari Kriiger, T. scrrata Kobus, T. minuta Van Deventer, and Phlceothrips lucasscni Kriiger; Java. Phlceothrips paUidicornis Matsumura; Formosa. COLEOPTERA. Bostrychldae. Dinoderus minutus Fabricius; India. (See Bamboo.) Scarabseidse. Oryctes rhinocerus Linnaeus (see Palms), Xylotrupes dichotomus Linnaeus, and Ligyrus rugiceps Le Conte; the destructive scarabaeids, whose larvae feed at the cane roots; oriental regions. Xylotrupes gideon Linnaeus, Anomala xnea Perty, Adoretus umbrosus Fabricius (see Rose), and Holo- trichia hucophthalma Wiedemann; the very destructive scarabaeids, whose larvae feed at the roots of cane; Java; oriental regions. Holotrichia vidua; attacks cane in the Philippines. Tenebrionldae. Gonocephaluvi (Opatrum) acutangulum Fairmaire, which bores in sugar cane and tobacco stalks. Elaterldse. Agriotcs formosanus, A. taicJiucnsis, A. sacchari, ^olus vittatus, Cardiophorus devastans, C. formosamis, Ludius suiuralis, and Lacan shirakii, all described by Matsumura; Formosa and oriental regions. Chrysomelidae. Monolepta nigrobilineata Motsehulsky; Colaspidea mctaUica Rossi, a very injurious species; Nodostoma lateralis Matsumura and Hispa ca'licantha Baly; Formosa and oriental regions. Brachyrhlnidae. Echinocnemus squamcus Billberg, Myllocerus brunncus Matsumura, M.guUulus Matsumura, Episovivs albinus Matsumura, Cneorhinus albiguttatus Matsumura, Phytoscaphus formosanus Matsumura, Tanymecus rusiicus Fabricius (a very injurious species); Formosa. Hypomeces unicolor Fabricius, which breeds at the roots of young cane and also attacks rice; Java. Curculionldae. Liius vetula Fabricius; Formosa. Baris saccharivora Matsumura; Formosa. Calandridae. Rhynchophorus palmarum. Linnaeus; Trinidad. (See Coconut palm.) Cosmopolites sordidus Germar; Pacific Islands. (See Banana.) 208 A MANUAL OF DANGEROUS INSECTS. LEPIDOPTERA. Rliopalocera. Cyllo Ida Liimgeus, Discophora celinde StoU, PampMla dara Kollar, Hesperia philino Moschler, H. conjuncia H. S.; Java. Parnara mathias Fabricius and Telicota augias Linnseus; Mycalesis mineus Linnaeus and Melanitis leda Linnteus; Formosa and oriental regions. Sphlngidse. Leucophlebia lineata Westwood; Formosa, Java. Notodontidse. Aniicyra combusta Moore (Phalera); Java. Cnethocampidse. Drcata pelola Moore; Java. Arctildae. Phissama interrupta Linnaeus; Java. Lymantriidse. Psalis seniris Hiibner, Euproctis minor Snellenhoeven, Lselia subrufa Snellenhoeven, Procodeca adara Moore, and Aroa socrus Hiibner; Java. Laelia costalis Matsumura; Formosa. Euproctis flavata Cramer; oriental regions. Noctuidse. Sesamia nonagrioides hel., Spodoptera pecten Gutoee, Agrotis interjedionis Guenee, Remigia frugalis Fabricius (see text flg. 100); Java. Nonagria cxitiosa Oliff is destructive to cane in New South Wales. Nonagria inferens Walker, which is very injurious to cane in Formosa; Cirphis unipuncta Haworth, a cosmopolitan pest; and L. loreyi Dup; Formosa. Nonagria unifonnis; India. (See pi. XLIV, figs, c, f, i, 0.) Pyralldse. Botys coelesalis Walker, Cnaphalocrocis bifurcalis Snellenhoeven, Scirpophaga intacta Snellenhoe- ven, and Chactosticha nana Zehntner; Java. CMlo infuscatella Snellenhoeven, Scirpophaga auri- flua Zeller, a serious borer (see pi. XLIV, figs, b, h, 1, n, r), and Diatrxa striatalis Snellenhoeven; Formosa and oriental regions. Anerasiia abluteUa Zeller; India; borer. (See pi. XLIV, figs. e,k.) Chilo auricilia Dudgeon; India. (See Rice.) Scirpophaga chrysorrhcea Zeller and S. monostigma Fig. lOO.-Cane moth (Remigia frugalis) (Max- teller (see pi. XLIV, flg. g): India; very inju- well-Lefroy). rious borers. Elacbistidae. Cosmoptcryi pallifascicUa Snellenhoeven; Java. A utosticha pclodes Meyrick breeds in dead cane leaves and other plants in Hawaii. Tortriddse. Eucosoma schistacea Snellenhoeven; causes much injury by boring in the stems; Formosa. Phycltidae. Cryptoblabes aliena Swezey attacks green cane leaves, corn, and sorghum, as well as other plants. Tineidae. Ercunctis pilosata Swezey and E. muiridla Swezey of British New Guinea attack the cane exactly as E. flavistriata; Opogonia aurisquamosa Butler of Hawaii, Marquesas, and Society Islands; 0. apicalis Swezey of Hawaii; O. dimidiatella Zeller of Java; O. saccharella Swezey, and O.fumiceps Felder of British New Guinea attack the wet dead leaves and lower buds of cane. LITERATURE. Matsumura, S. Die Schadlichen und Niitzlichen Insekten vom Zuckerrohr Formosas, The Keiseisha, Tokyo, 1910. Also in Zeit, f. wiss. Ins. biol., band. 6, pp. 101-104; 136-139. Van Deventer, W. Handboek voor de Suikerriet-cultuur, Java, vol. 2, 1906. MuiR, F. Hawaiian Sugar Planters' Assn., Entom. bul. 9, 1910, 11 pp., 5 figs. Heidemann, O. Journ. Econ. Entom. 1913, vol. 6, pp. 249-251, flg. 1. Sorauer, p. Handbuch der Pflanzenkrankheiten, 3d ed., 1913, vol. 3. Swezey, E. P. Hawaiian Sugar Planters' Assn. Bul. 0, 1909. U. S. Dept. cf Agriculture, Manual of Dangerous Insects. Plate XLVI. The Sugar-Cane Mealy-Bug. The sugar-cane mea\y-hug*(Pseudococcm calceolariae): Fig. 1.— Adult mealy-bugs clustered about base of j'oiuig cane. Fig. 2.— Adult females, enlarged. Fig. 3.— Single adult with mealylike covering. F'G. 4. — Cocoons. (Van Dine.) U. S. Dept. of Agriculture, Manual of Dangerous Insects. Plate XLVII. The Tobacco Stem-Borer. [ The tobacco stem-borer Gnorimoschema heliopa): Figs, o, 6. — Eggs. Figs, c, «.— Injury. Fig. d.- i. Pupa. Fig./. — Larva. Figs. 9, ft. — Adults. (Maxwell-Lefroy.) SWEET-POTATO INSECTS. 209 SWEET POTATO. {Ipomo:a batatas Poir. Family Convolvulacese.) The sweet potato is now grown in many parts of the world, and, while not often shipped into the United States because of our own bountiful crops, there is always likelihood of danger in shipment of tubers for propagation purposes. The only enemies of the \dne which are dangerous are those which attack the tubers. A. BETTER KNOWN SWEET-POTATO INSECTS LIKELY TO BE IMPORTED. Cylas brunneus Fabricius. (Liberian Sweet-Potato Borer. Ciu"culionoidea: Coleoptera.) Host: Sweet potato. Injury: Attacks tubers in a manner similar to C . formicarius . Liable to introduction in the tiibers. Description: A wingless elongate weevil with body constricted in front of elytra; unicolorous, brown, bronzy or black, of the same form as C.forrnicarius. Distribution: Liberia. >|< Cylas formicarius Fabricius. (Sweet-Potato Weevil. Curculionoidea: Coleoptera.) Host: Sweet potato. Injury: Very serious pest of sweet-potato tubers. Description and biology: Adult an elongate weevil, with steel-blue elytra, reddish prothorax and legs and darker head; about 0.33 inch in length. Pupa white, elongate with all appendages folded underneath. Larva a white footless grub with dark-brown head; bores in the tubers of the sweet potatoes and pupates in its burrows. It attacks the tubers both in the field and in storage. Distribution: Nearly cosmopolitan; Florida to Texas, but not present in all sweet- potato sections of the United States. , Basu, S. K., and Dutt, H. L. Crop Pest Handbook for Eehar and Orissa, 1913, Calcutta, Leaflet 71, pi. 47. Euscepes batatse Waterhouse. (Cryptorhynchus.) (West Indian Sweet-Potato Weevil. Curculionidse ; Coleoptera.) Host: Sweet potato. Injury: Bores in the tuber. Very easily distributed. Tliis weevil is caught in quarantine in almost every shipment of sweet potatoes from Hawaii to California but has not yet become established. Description and biology: Weevil elUptical, brown, covered with flat scales and bristling with stiff erect scales; beak short, concealed on breast when at rest. Pupa white, oval with two apical spines. Larva curved, white, legless with chitinous head. Distribution: West Indies (Barbados, Antigua), Hawaii. FuLLAWAY, D. T. Hawaii Agr. Exp. Sta., 1911, Bui. 22, pp. 27-29, fig. 9. Whitney, L. A. Monthly Bulletin California St. Comm. Horticultiu-e, 1915, vol. 4, pp. 162-164, figs. 24-28. Omphisa anastomosalls Giienee. (Sweet- Potato Stem Borer. Pyralidse; Lepidoptera.) Host: Sweet potato, other garden crops. Injury: Bores in the stem and sometimes into the tuber, in which case it can easily be disseminated. 55266—17 14 I 210 A MANUAL OF DANGEROUS INSECTS. Description and biology: Moth wliite, with the body suffused with ocherous and rufous, leaving some pale spots on the dorsum; forewings with rufous suffusion on basal area extending below median nervure to middle of wing, hyaline patches at middle and end of cell, rufous edged ocherous spot between them, and another beyond cell, curved postmedial rufous line with irregularly dentate line beyond it inclosing series of hyaline patches; hind wings with base rufous, two irregularly waved rufous post-medial lines; expanse 32-36 mm. Larva 30 mm. long, pale yellowish wliite, with conspicuous brown tubercles. Eggs elliptical, flat or moderately rounded, laid on leaves. Distribution: China, India, Ceylon, Java. Introduced into Hawaii about 1900 and has become quite a pest. FuLLAWAY, D. T. Hawaii Agr. Exp. Sta., 1911, Bui. 22, pp. 16-19, fig. 6. B. IMPORTANT SWEET-POTATO INSECTS. HEMIPTERA. Jassidse and Fulgoridse. Nesosydne ipomaicola and Alofia ipoinax; Hawaii. COLEOPTERA. Conctiyloctenia punctata Fabricius; Africa; sometimes serious. Scarabaeidae. Adoretus umbrosvs tenuimaculatus Waterhouse; Hawaii, Japan. ChrysomelidaB. Aspidomorpha militaris Fabricius; India, Java; leaf beetle. LEPIDOPTERA. Noctuidae. Agrotis crinigera, A. dislocata, A. saiicia Hiibner, Spodontera mauritia HoisdMvaX, Laphygma eiigun, Hiibner, L. reclusa and Plusia chalcitcs Esp.; Hawaii; cutworms. Sphingidse. i/frsffoni/'o/i'M// Linnaeus; Hawaii, United States. Tlneldae. ■^Bedellia minor Busrk; Hawaii, Florida; leaf miner. Bedellia somnuJentella Zeller; Cosmopolitan. BedelUa orctiildla Walsingham, Hawaii; an important leaf miner. Pyralidse. Phlyctxnia despecta Butler; Hawaii; leaf roller. Tortricldae. Amorbia einigrateUa Busck; South America, Hawaii; leaf roller. TAMARACK. See Conifers. TAMARIND. ( Tarnariyidus indicus L. Family Leguminosse.) An ornamental shade tree grown everywhere in the Tropics. It is grown in southern Florida and California and is used in conservatories in more northern countries. The pods contain a pleasant pulp used in the Tropics as a basis for a cooling drink. This pulp is also used in medicine. The wood is valuable for furniture. IMPORTANT TAMARIND INSECTS. COLEOPTERA. Mylabridae. Caryoborus gonagra Fabricius; India, breeds in seed. Calendrldae. Calendra linearis Herbst; Brazil, West Indies. :^ Calendra rugicoUis Casey, Key West, Fla.; breeds in seed in pod. Tenebrionldae. i^Palembus ocularis Casey; Key West, Fla. Stebbing, E. P. Indian Forest Insects. Coleoptera, 1914. INSECTS OF TAMARISK AND TEA. 211 TAMARISK. {Tavwrix spp. Family Tamariscaceae.) Ornamental trees or shrubs occurring from Mediterranean regions to East Indies and Japan. Tamarix gallica is planted in many places on our Gulf coast. Several species have medicinal properties and yield dyestuffs. The punctures of Coccus manniparus cause Tamarix manni/era to produce '"manna. " IMPORTANT TAMARISK INSECTS. COLEOPTERA. CurcuUonldae. Coniatus Ixtus Miller, and C. suavis Gyllenhal, Europe; breed on the leaves. Nanophyes tamaricis Gyllenhal; Europe; breeds in the ovaries of Tamarix gallica. Bargagli, p. Rassegna Biologica Rincofori Europei, 1883-87. TEA. (Thea sinensis. Family Ternstroemiacese.) The tea plant is a flowering shrub much valued for its leaves, which yield the uni- versally used beverage. It occurs in China and India and is also propagated in this country. Other species of the genus are much prized as flowering shrubs. A. BETTER KNOWN TEA INSECTS LIKELY TO BE IMPORTED. Xyleborus fornicatus Eichhoff. (Shot-hole borer of tea. Ipidse; Coleoptera.) Host: Tea, coffee, cacao. Injury: Tunnels in pith of young twigs and in wood of old trunks. Very injurious. Description and biolof/y. — Beetle oblong, shining, fuscous, 1^ mm. long; larva devel- ops into beetles in fallen twigs. Distribution: Ceylon, Java, India. SoRAUER, P. Handbuch der Fflanzenkrankheiten, 3d ed., 1913, vol. 3, p. 575. Biston suppressarlus Gn. (Indian Tea Geometrid. Geometridse; Lepidoptera.) Hosts: Tea, Dodonea viscosa, Carissa diffusa, Bauhinia variegata, Acacia catechu, Acacia modesta, Rothra tinctoria, Cassia auriculata, Albizzia. Injury: Serious as defoliator of tea and forest trees. Description and biology: Moth, gray with black markings. Larva green. Has three broods a year. Distribution: India. Stebbing, E. p. Manual Forest Zoology, India, 1908, p. 133, fig. 267. Psyche spp., etc. (Tea Bagworms. Psychidse; Lepidoptera.) Species: Psyche albipes Moore; Ceylon; tea. Psyche assamica Watt; India; tea. Acanthopsyche reidi Watt; India; tea. Acanthopsyche snelleni Heyl; India; tea. Amatissa consorta Templeton; India, Ceylon; tea. Clania variegata SnelL; India, Ceylon, Java; tea, cinchona, coffee. Clania crameri Westwood; India; tea, cinchona, coffee, Pinus longifolia. Clania holmesi Wall; India; tea. Injury: Feed on foliage, twigs, and bark. Biology: The larvae feed in bags made from scraps of bark, etc. Watt and Mann. Pests and Blights of the Tea Plant, Calcutta, 2d ed., 1903, pp. 188-200, figs. 13-15, portions of pis. 7, 8. SoRAUER, p. Handbuch der Pflanzenkrankheiten, 3d ed., 1913, vol. 3, pp. 328, 329. 212 A MANUAL OF DANGEEOUS INSECTS. B. OTHER IMPORTANT TEA INSECTS. ACARINA, Tetranychidse. Tetranychus bioculatus Wood-Mason. (See Coffee.) HEMIPTERA. Coccldae. :)f:Fiorinia these Green; cosmopolitan; tea, olive, etc. (See pi. V, fig. 1.) ■JfOrtliezia imignis Douglas; cosmopolitan; tea, citrus (See pi. IV, fig. 2.) >tc Coccus hesperidum Linneeus; cosmopolitan; tea, citrus, palms. (See pi. II, fig. 2.) Pulvinaria these Froggat; Australia; Thea viridis. Coccus viridis Green; Ceylon, Hawaii. LEPIDOPTERA. Cossidfe. Zeuzcra coffeas Nietner; borer. (See Coffee.) Cochlidiidae. Belippe albiguttata Linnaeus, serious injur5' in Java. Zygjenidae. Hetcrusia cingala Moore; serious in Ceylon, India. Geometridae. Ophthalmodes cretacea Butler; Japan. Lymantriidae. Euproctis divisa Walker and E. latifascia Walker; Orient. Dasychira mcndosa Hiibner, D. misana Moore, D. thwaitcsi Moore; India, Ceylon, Java. Orgyia postica Walker; Java, Ceylon. Andraca bipunctata Walker; India. Notodontidae. Stauropus alternus Walker; India, Ceylon, Java. TEAK. (Tectona grandis. Family Verbenacese.) A valuable timber tree of the Orient. IMPORTANT TEAK INSECTS. COLEOPTERA. Cucujidae. Silvanus advena Walth.; India; breeds in leaves, forming galls, causing leaves to drop. Malacodermidae. Platcros dispallens Walker; India; oviposits in clusters on twigs; defoliates trees. Buprestidae. Psiloptera fastuosa Fabricius; India; bores in wood. Elateridse. Adelocera modesta Boisduval; India; bores in bast and sapwood. ChrysomelidjB. Aspidomorpha sanctsecrucis Fabricius; India; a tortoise-shell beetle; defoliates. Cerambycidae. Stromatium barbatum Fabricius; India; bores in wood of saplings. Stromatium longicorne Newman; India; a very serious borer. Gelonxtha hirta Fairmaire and Xylotrechus smei Lap. et Gory; India; bore in bast and sapwood. Brachyrhinidse. " Astycus lateralis Fabricius; India. Myllocerus viridanus Fabricius; India; a serious defoliator. Myllo- cerus carinirostris Marshall and M. discolor variegatus Boheman; India. Cyrtepistomus pannosus Marshall; India; a defoliator as an adult. LEPIDOPTERA. Cosside. Cossus cadamhe: India; bores in wood of lopped trees. Duomitut ceramicus; India; bores in wood and is very destructive. Stebbing, E. p. Indian Forest Insects, Coleoptera, 1914. Stebbing, E. p. a Manual of Forest Zoologj' for India. 1908. INSECTS OF TIMBER^ TIMOTHY, AND TOBACCO. 213 TIMBER. >t= Nacerdes melanura Linnaeus. (Timber Beetle. (Edemeridae; Coleoptera.) Host: Bores in wharf timber, creosoted and untreated piling, paving blocks, and pine flooring. Injury: Reported as doing considerable damage at Auckland, New Zealand. Description: Beetle 12 mm. long, elongate, subdepressed, brownish yellow or red- dish, with yellowish pubescence; dilated sides of thorax, femora, tibiae,' and tips of elytra blue or blackish. Pupa 16 mm. long, creamy colored, with two median and two lateral protuberances on apical segment. Larva 24 mm. long, cylindrical, tapering toward apex; creamy colored, front of head light brown; mandibles black; legs short; third and fourth abdominal segments swollen beneath and with two protuberances each; ninth abdomi- nal segment some- what bent, with transverse fissure at apex. Distribution: Eu- rope, introduced into New Zealand, Eastern United States. Brown, T. Tenth Rept. New Zea- land Dept. Agric, 1902, pp. 460-463, figs. 1-7. TIMOTHY. (Phleum pratense Linnaeus. Family Graminese.) Fig. 101. — Tobacco white fly {Aleyrodes tabaci): 1, pupa case, dorsal View; 2, pupa case, ventral view; 2a, larval leg; 3, more mature pupa case, dorsal view; 4, adult male; 4a, male antenna and eye; 46, tip of tarsus; 4c, tip of male abdomen. (Targioni-Tozzetti.) extensively cultivated in America for hay. found under Grains and Grasses. This grass is a na- tive of Europe now A discussion of its insect pests will be TOBACCO. {Nicotiana tabacum Linnaeus. Family Solanacete.) Tobacco is grown in many parts of the world and is a very important article of commerce in various forms. Commercial importations generally consist of manufac- tured products, loose leaf, stem, and seed. The greatest dangers lie in the manu- factured products and loose-leaf tobacco. There are at present no quarantine re- strictions on tobacco. The tobacco plant has many very important enemies in for- eign countries, which are not extremely likely to enter the country in connection with tobacco shipments, but which should be guarded against. Many of these important insects are listed to assist in the work of identification. A. BETTER KNOWN TOBACCO INSECTS LIKELY TO BE IMPORTED. Aleyrodes spp. (Tobacco White Flies. Aleyrodidse; H^miptera.) Species: A. to6aa Gennadios; Greece; tobacco. (See text fig. 101.) >|< Trialeurodes vaporariorum Westwood, cosmopolitan; many hosts. 214 A MANUAL OF DANGEROUS INSECTS. Injury: Suck juices from foliage; injure value of tobacco leaf. ^ Description: Adults tiny white flies. KiRKALDY, G. W. Hawaii Bd. Comm. Agr. and Forestry, Bull. 2. Targioni-Tozzetti, Ad. Animali ed Insetti del Tabacco, 1891, pp. 246-249, fig. 86. Catorama tabaci Gu^rin-Meneville. (Tobacco Beetles. Anobiidae; Coleoptera.) Hosts: Stored products. Injury: Attacks dried tobacco. Description and biology: Adult beetle ovate-discoidal, convex, brown, covered with whitish pubescence, about 5 mm. long. Larva similar to that of Lasioderma. Distribution: Europe. Targioni-Tozzetti, Ad. Animali ed Insetti del Tabacco, 1891, pp. 92, 93. Agrlotes Uneatus Linnaeus. (Tobacco Wireworm. Elateridse; Coleoptera.) Hosts: Tobacco, grain, potatoes, beets, peas, clover, cabbage, hops, corn, carrots, lettuce, peach, etc. Injury: Larvae tunnel the roots and sometimes stems. Desa-iption and biology: Adult a snapping beetle 7-8 mm. long, brown with griseous pubescence; second and fourth elytral intervals blackish; antennae, anterior margin, and posterior angles of pro thorax reddish brown. Larvae elongate, chitinous wire- worms; feed in the roots and stems of plants and cause much damage. Distribution: Europe, Asia, Africa. Targioni-Tozzetti, Ad. Animali ed Insetti del Tabacco, 1891, p. 81, figs. 30, 31. SoRAUER, P. Handbuch der Pflanzenkrankheiten, 3d ed., 1913, vol. 3, p. 482, fig. 295c. Agrlotes pilosus Lacordaire. (Tobacco Wireworm. Elateridae; Coleoptera.) Host: Tobacco. Injury: Larvae tunnel the plants. Description and biology: Adult a snapping beetle, black, 12-14 mm. long. Larva 25 mm. long, chitinous, wireworm, feeds in the roots and stems. Distribution: Bessarabia, Portugal. Lindeman, K. von. Die Schadlichsten Insekten des Tabak in Bessarabia, 1888, Moscou. Targioni-Tozzetti, Ad. Animali ed Insetti del Tabacco, 1891, p. 82. Atbous niger Linnaeus. (Tobacco Wireworm. Elateridae; Coleoptera.) Hosts: Tobacco, beets. Injury: Larvae tunnel the plants. Description and biology: Adult, snapping beetle, shining black with cinereous pubescence; length 11-12 mm. Larva 18-20 mm. long; a wireworm which feeds in the roots of tobacco and other plants. Distribution: Europe. Lindeman, K. von. Die Schadlichsten Insekten des Tabak in Bessarabia, 1888, Moscou. Targioni-Tozzetti, Ad. Animali ed Insetti del Tabacco, p. 79. TOBACCO INSECTS. 215 Gnorimoschema heliopa Low. (Tobacco Stem Borer. Gelechiidae; Lepidoptera.) Host: Tobacco. Injury: Very injurious as a stem borer. Stems having swellings should be destroyed . Description and biology: Adult moth small and brown with narrow fringed wings. Pupa stage is spent in stem. Larva, caterpillar bores into the leaf stem and bores downward in the stalk, causing a swelling to appear in two cr three weeks. In cold weather this stage lasts 6 to 10 weeks. Eggs deposited singly upon leaves, stems, and stalks, usually upon the lower side of leaves or stems. In cold weather this stage lasts 2 or 3 weeks. Warm weather reduces the development from about a third to a half. (See plate xlvii.) Distribution: Australia, Ceylon, India. Maxwell-Leproy, H. F. Indian Insect Pests, 1906, Calcutta. Basu, S. K., and Dutt, H. L. Crop Pest Handbook for Behar and Orissa, 1913. Dept. Agr. Behar and Orissa, Calcutta. Leaflet 53, PI. 36. jjcPhytomyza afflnis Fallen (nigrlcornis Maequart). (Marguerite fly. Agromyzidpe; Diptera.) Hosts: Tobacco, Cineraria, Cosmos, Helianthus, Geranium, Dahlia, Chrysanthemum, marigold, nasturtium, lettuce, celery, carrot, parsnip, pea, cape weed, dandelion, etc. Injury: Mines the leaves, destrojdng their value for high-grade products. Might be distributed in celery or tobacco. Description and biology: Adult fly very tiny. Pupa is formed in leaf mine Larva tunnels the leaf. Egg laid on under surface. Distribution: Tasmania, New Zealand, Australia, Europe, United States. Lea, a. M. Insect and Fungous Pests of the Orchard and Farm, Hobart, Tasmania, pp. 81-84. B. OTHER IMPORTANT TOBACCO INSECTS. ORTHOPTERA. Gryllidae and Locustidse. Acridium migratorium Fieber, and Anisolabris maritima Fieber; Europe. Atractomorpha crenulata Fskhncins; India,. Brachytrypes achatinus Stoll; Asia. Caloptenus italicus Burmeister; Mediterranean Regions. Chrotogonus trachypfcrus Blanchard; India. Locusta viridissima Fabricius: Europe, Asia, Africa. Pachytus sulcicollis; Transvaal. Gryllotalpidae. GryUotalpa gryllotalpa h. (vulgaris Latreille); Europe. Gryllotilpa africana Pal. B.; widely distributed. Schizndactylus monstrosus Drury; Asia. HEMIPTERA. Miridse (Capsldse). OaUobdliciis crassicornis Distant; India. Lygaeidse. Cymnus tabaci Matsumura: Formosa. Nysius minor Distant; India. Pentatoniidae. Nczara viridula LinuFUs; Transvaal. COLEOPTERA. Scarabseidse. Adoretus umbrosus Fabrioius; Hawaii; feeds on leaves. Melolontha vulgaris Fabricius of Europe; ^f. rufipes Herbst of Europe, Asia, Africa; M. tenebrosus Kiesenwetter, if. niger Fabricius; and M. castanipfes Paykull; breed at roots of tobacco. 216 A MANUAL OF DANGEROUS INSECTS. Scarabseidse — Continued. Cctonia luguhris Voet; Europe; breeds in tender bark above the ground, causing reddening of plant. (See text fig. 102.) Pentodon punctatus Kirby; Europe; Africa; larva destructive to roots. Oxythyrcafunesta Poda; Italy; damages leaves. Tenebrlonldse. Blaps mibcronita Latreille; Italy. Entochira lateralis Boheman; Java. (See Sugarcane.) Gonocephalurn intermedium Fischer; Bessarabia; causes stunted growth by boring. Gonocephalum acutangulum Fairmaire; Java; ^ j^ bores in stalks: O. (Opatrum) pusillum Fab- ricius; Europe; borer. Pedinusfemoralis Mulsant; Bessarabia. Curculionldae. Clconus punctiventris Germar; Europe. (See Beet.) LEPIDOPTERA. Noctuidae. A grotis trux Hiibner of Europe, A . segetum Schif- fermiller (see te.xtfig.l03)of 'Euio'pe, A msacta lactinea Cr. of Asia (see text fig. 104), A . moorei of Asia, A . lineola Fabrieius of India and Cey- lon; cutworms. Laphygma reclusa; Orient. Chloridea peltigera SchifTermiller, and C. assulta Guenee; India. Euxoa spinifera Hiibner; Europe, Asia, Africa. Mamestra brassicx Linnaeus and M. albicolor (Tar- Fig. 102. — Tobacco beetle ( Cetonia luguhris) gioni-Tozzetti.) Hiibner; Italy. Micromima Olivia; Cuba, leaf roller on tomato, tobacco, and eggplant. Plusia gamma Linnaeus; Europe, and P. argentifera; Tasmania. Prodenialitura Fabrieius; Asia, Africa, Australia. (See text fig. 105.) Spodoptcra mauritia Boislnvsil, and TriphxnapronubaUnmeus; very widely distributed. (See text fig. 106.) Gelechiidse. :Jii Phthorimxa operculclla Zeller. (See Potato.) Fig. 103. — Tobacco cutworm (Agrotis segetum): Adult. (Targioni-Tozzetti.) LITERATURE. Targioni-Tozetti, Ad. Animali ed Insetti del Tabacco en Erba e del Tabacco Secco, 1891. Firenze- Roma. Maxwell-Lefroy, H. F. Indian Insect Pests. 1906. Calcutta. LiNDEMAN, K. VON. Die Schadlichsten Insekten des Tabak in Bessarabia. 1888. Moscow. Maxwell-Lefroy, H. F. Indian Museum Notes, Vol. 3. Various AtrTHORsin Memoires Dept. Agr. India, Entomological Series. Howard, C. W., in Transvaal Agricultural Journal during 1907 and 1908. FuLLAWAY, D. T. Hawaii Agr. Expt. Sta., 1914, Bui. 34. JONES, C. R. Philippine Agr. Rev., 1913, v. 6, no. 9. INSECTS OF TODDY PALM AND TOMATO. 217 TODDY PALM. {Phoenix sylvestris. Family Palmacese.) A palm much cultivated in India for its sap, which yields sugar and "toddy." (See Palms.) TOMATO. (Lycopersicum esculentum. Family Solanacese.) The much-prized garden fruit grown very extensively in this country. A.. BETTER KNOWN TOMATO INSECTS LIKELY TO BE IMPORTED. Desiantha noclva Lea. (Tomato Weevil. Curculionidse; Coleoptera.) Host: Tomato, potato, and other vegetable plants. Injury: Lari'te and adults feed on and destroy the plants. They are nocturnal feeders, hiding in the soil by day. Description: Weevil elongate, about 12 mm. long, brown with black dots. Larva pea green in color. Pupates in cell in soil. Distribution: Australia. French, C. Handbook Destructive Insects Victoria, pt. 5, 1911, pp. 40-43, pi. 105. French, C. Joiu-n. Dep. Agr. Vic- Yig. i04 toria, pp. 12, 13, Dec, 1913. -Tobacco cutworm {Amsacta lactinea): Adult. (Maxwell-Lefroy . ) Lonchsea splendida. (Metallic Tomato Fly. Trypetidse; Diptera.) Hosts: Tomato, potato, eggplant, other Solanaceae. Injury: Breeds in fruit, attacking perfectly healthy tomatoes. Description: Fly, metallic blu ish green or dark bronze green, wings smoky pink, head and legs black, body tapering, eyes large and prominent. Distribution: New Zealand, Australia, Pacific Islands. B. OTHER IMPORTANT TOMATO INSECTS. LEPIDOPTERA. Fig. 105. — Tobacco cutworm (Prodenia litura): Larva, pupa, Gelecliuaae. adult. (Maxwell-Lefroy.) ^Phthorimxa operculella Zeller. (See Potato.) Noctuldae. Micromima olivia; Cuba; leaf roller on tomato, tobacco, and eggplant. DIPTERA. Trypetidae. D acus cucurbitx CoqiiiUeXt; India, Ceylon, Hawaii; attacks fruit. (See Cucurl)its.) Ccratitis capitata Wiedemann; attacks fruit. (See Fruit.) 218 A MANUAL OF DANGEROUS INSECTS. TOON. (Cedrela toona, etc. Family Meliacese.) Tall ornamental trees of the Tropics; some species cultivated in California and the Gulf States. AN INSECT INJURIOUS TO TOON. LEPIDOPTERA. Pyralidse. Hypsipyla robiista Moore; India; bores in flowers, buds, fruit, and twigs of toon (Cedrela toona). Stebbing, E. p. a Manual of Forest Zoology for India, 190S. TROPICAL ALMOND. ( Terminalia SY)-p. Family Combretacese.) . Tropical plants, chiefly of the Old World, some of them with edible seed. T. catappa is cultivated in Florida and Porto Rico. IMPORTANT TERMINALIA INSECTS. THYSANOPTERA. ^Heliothrips rubrocinctus Giard; West Indies, Ceylon, Uganda, Florida. (See Avocado.) COLEOPTERA. Bostrychidae. Sinixylon cra^iitm Lesne; India; bores in wood of Terminali i lomentosa, T. chcbula. Sinorijlon analc Lesne; India; bcres; in wood of Tcrminalia bcUerica. Lyctus .tpinifrons Lesne; India; bores in posts of Terminalia tomentosa. Buprestidae. PsUopt' ra viridans Kerremans; India; bores in wood of Terminalia to- mentosa. Chrysobothris indica Cast, et Gory; India; boresin wood of Terminalia tomentosa. Cerambycidse. ^Eolesthe.i holosericea Fabricius; India; bores in wood of Terminalia to mentosa. Fig. 106. — Tobacco cutworm ( Triphaena pronuba): Adult. ( Targioni-Tozzetti . ) Brentidae. Cc'ocephalus carus Walker; India; bores in wood of Terminalia tomentosa. Flatypodidse. Platypus cupulatus Chapuis; India; bores in wood. DIPTERA. Trypetidae. Ccratitis capitata Wiedemann; attacks Terminalia catappa. (See Fruit.) Stebbing, E. P. Indian Forest Insects, Coleoptera, 1914. TUBNIP; RUTABAGA. {Brassica rapa, Brassica campestris. Family Cruciferse.) These root crops will bear watching for root pests. IMPORTANT TURNIP INSECTS. Meligethes aeneus Fabricius. (Turnip Flower Beetle. Nitidulidae; Coleoptera.) Hosts: Turnip, rape, cabbage, and other crucifers. Injury: Does coiisiderable damage to the buds and flowers, causing stunted and shriveled appearance. INSECTS OF TURNIP, VIBURNUM, AND WALNUT. 219 Description and biology: AduH metallic green, sometimes with a bluish shimmer; sides parallel, head and apex rounded, legs dark brown; fore tibise lighter, small externally saw-toothed; body 2-2.5 mm. long, 1.5-2 mm. broad. Larva yellowish white, head dark; mandibles with darker apex and a double row of short teeth; length 4.5 mm. Diuing the first week in June the beetles may be found in numbers in blossoms, apparently feeding on the pollen. The eggs are deposited within the unopened buds. The larvse feed in the buds and flowers and cause stunting and shriveling. Pupation takes place in earthen cells. Distribution: Europe. SoRAUER, P. Handbuch der Pflanzenkrankheiten, 3d ed., 1913, vol. 3, p. 474, figs. 288-289. Ormerod, E. a. Fifteenth Report Injurious Insects, London 1892, p. 96, fig. (adult). Trichocera hiemalis. (Winter Turnip Gnat. Mycetophilidse ; Diptera.) Hosts: Turnip, cabbage. Injury: Is found in connection with injury to roots of these crops, especially where a fungus disease known as "club," "anbury," etc., is present. There is a possibility that the gnat might be concerned in the spread of the fungus. Distribution: England. Ormerod, E. A. Sixteenth Rept. Injurious Insects, 1892, pp. 147, 148. Athalia spinarum Fabricius. (Turnip Sawfly. Tenthredinidse; Hymenoptera.) Hosts Crucifers, turnips, beets, etc. Injury: Defoliates. Biology: Eggs laid in the leaves. Larv^ feed on the leaves. Pupates in earthen cocoon. Jablonowski. Tier. Feinde d. Zuckerriibe, pp. 298-303, fig. 60. VIBURNUM. ( Viburnum spp. Family Caprifoliacese.) Ornamental shrubs, including the black haw, the snowball, laurustiniis, and many other desirable garden plants. They occiu- in America, Europe, Africa, Asia, and Java. IMPORTANT VIBURNUM INSECTS. HEMIPTERA. Coccidse: Armored — ^Aspidiotus (Chrysoviphalus) persese Comstock; Mexico, England (Kew Gardens), Florida. Aspidiotus spinosus Covaslodk; Italy; Viburnum tinus. Chionaspis salicis Linnaeus; Europe. Parlatoria myrtus Maskell; South Australia. Chionapsis (Phenacaspis) eugcnix Maskell: Australia, China, Japan, Ceylon, Hawaii. Unarmored — ^Lichtensia viburni Signoret; France, England, Wales, Massachusetts. Pseudococcus viburni Signoret; France, Maritime Alps. Solenococcus muratsp Kuwana; Japan. WALNUT AND BUTTERNUT. ( Juglans spp. Family Juglandaceae. ) Hardy nut-bearing trees of Europe, Asia, and America. The nuts are all edible. The trees are valuable for shade and the wood is very valuable for furniture. The husks of the nuts are sometimes used for medicinal purposes or for tanning. 220 A MANUAL OF DANGEROUS INSECTS. IMPORTANT WALNUT INSECTS. HEMIPTERA. Coccidae. Armored — Aspidiotus (Diaspidiotus) juglandis Colv(%; Spain; Juglans regia. Diaspis leperii Signoret; Europe; Juglans cinerea, J. regia. Unarmored — Lecanium coryli Linaseus; Juglans nigra, J. regia. COLEOPTERA. Cerambycidae. Cerambyx cerdo Linnfeus; Europe; bores in wood. (See Oak.) Oberea linearis Linnaeus; Europe; bores in pith of nursery stock. (See Hazel.) Saperda scalaris Linnaeus; Europe; bores in wood and bark. Curculionidse. Magdalis carbonaria Linnaeus; Europe; bores in trunks. (See Birch.) Alcides porrectirostris Marshall; India; breeds in nuts of Juglans regia. LEPIDOPTERA. Cossldae. Cossus cossus Linnwus; goat moth; Europe; bores in wood. (See Willow.) Tortrlcldae. Lispeyresia splendana Hiibner; Europe. (See Chestnut.) Laspeyresia grossana Haworth; Europe. (See Beech.) Lispeyresia amplana Hiibner; Europe. (See Hazel.) SoRAtJER, P. Handbuch der Pflanzenkrankheiten, 3d ed., 1913, vol. 3. NOssLiN, O. Leitfaden der Forstinsektenkunde, 2d ed., 1913. Stebbing, E. p. Indian Forest Insects, Coleoptera, 1914. WATERCRESS. ( Roripa nasturtium . ) A hardy market crop grown in moist soil, ditches, and water courses. AN IMPORTANT WATERCRESS INSECT. Limnophilus flavicornis Fabricius. (Watercress Caddis Worm. Limnophilidse ; Trichoptera). Hosts: Water cress, Lemna. Iijury: The larvae feed on the leaves. Biology: The larvae are concealed in cases and live under water. The eggs are laid in gelatinous masses and are sometimes retained for a while at the extremity of the female's body, but are finally attached to some aquatic plant. Distribution: England. SoRAUER, P. Handbuch der Pflanzenkrankheiten, 3d ed., 1913, vol. 3, p. 236. WATERMELON. See Cucm-bits. WHEAT; EMMER; SPELT. {Triticum sativum Lam. and Triticum spp. Family Graminese.) Wheat is grown in many parts of the world and is a standard article of commerce. The principal manner in which its insect enemies may be transported is in shipments of the grain, although the occasional use of straw in packing would be liable to intro- duce stem-infesting insects. The greater part of the world's wheat crop is grown in Europe. P^or full treatment of its insect pests see Grains and grasses. WILLOW INSECTS. 221 WILLOW. ((SaZix spp. Family Salicacese.) Important trees along waterways in Europe and America. The wood is used in the manufacture of gunpowder and for many other purposes. Certain species are cultivated for materials with which to manufacture baskets. A. BETTER KNOWN WILLOW INSECTS LIKELY TO BE IMPORTED. Crepidodera aurata Marsh. (Willow Leaf Beetle. Chrysomelidae ; Coleoptera.) Hosts: Willow, Populus laurifolia, P. alba. Injury: Feeds on foliage. Distribution: Throughout Europe. Phyllodecta spp. (Willow Leaf Beetles. Chrysomelidae; Coleoptera.) Species: P. vitellinae Linnseus; Europe, Connecticut (introduced); willows (Salix purpurea, etc.), poplar. P. vulgatissima Linnaeus; Europe; willows (Salix vimi- nalis, etc.). P. tibialis Suffrian.; Europe; willow. Injury: Feed on foliage in adult and larval stages. SoRAUER, P. Handbuch der Pflan- zenkrankheiten, 3d ed., 1913, vol. 3, p. 518. Cossus cossus LinnsBus. (Goat Moth. Cossidse; Lepidoptera.) Hosts: Willow, poplar, alder, elm, oak, birch, linden, walnut, scotch pine, ash, beech, maple. Injury: Bores in trees to the heart- wood. Very serious, kills many trees. Description and biology. — Adult, male wing expanse 68-75 mm., fe- male 75-90 mm.; stout and clumsy, clothed with dense gray hairs, fore- wings dark gray and brown, with dusky transverse streaks; hind wings ashy gray to grayish brown with some indistinct brown marks; antennae fringed with gray. Occurs '^' June and July and flies at dusk. Pupa, rich brown in color, with three rings of spines around abdomen. Pupation occurs in larval galleries; requires about a month. Larva, length 75-100 mm., dirty ocher-yellow, with broad, median dorsal, mahogany-red stripe; head blackish brown two deep-brown spots on first thoracic segment. Larval period about 3 years; tunnel in wood, occasionally leave trees. Eggs, brown, round, convex above, flattened below, ribbed; deposited in groups of 15 to 50 in crevices of bark; each female deposits 200 to 300 eggs, which hatch in about 10 days. (See text fig. 107.) Distribution: Europe, Syria, Korea, North Africa. Theobald, F. V. Insect Pests of Fruit, 1909, p. 42. SoRAUER, P. Handbuch der Pflanzenkrankheiten, 3d ed., 1913, vol. 3, p. 322. NussLiN, Otto. Leitfaden der Forstinsektenkunde, 2d ed., 1913, p. 321, fig. 272. -The goat moth ( Cossus cossus): Larva, pupa and adult . ( Henschel . ) 222 A MANUAL OF DANGEROUS INSECTS. Rhabdophaga spp. (Willow Gall Midge. Itonididse [Cecidomyiidae]; Diptera.) Species: R. nielsonii Kieffer; Denmark; willow. R. saliciperda Dufour; Europe; willow, Populus alba. R. salicis Schrk.; Europe; Salix purpurea. Injury: Bore in wood and form gall-like formations. Description and biology: R. nielsonii with head and thorax beneath yellowish red, thorax dark brown above; abdomen red; length 3 mm. SoRAUER, P. Handbuch der Pfianzenkrankheiten, 3d ed., 1913, vol. 3, pp. 456, 457, fig. 277. B. OTHER IMPORTANT WILLOW INSECTS. ACARINA. Eriophyidse. Eriophyes tetanothrii Nalepa, blister mite; England: attacks leaves of Salii caprea. HEMIPTERA. Aphldidae. Lachnus viminalis Fonsc, plant louse: Germany: attacks shoots oi Salix viminalis. Coccidse. Armored— Aspidiotus ( Tarqionia) distincta Leonard!; Europe. Chionaspis salicis LinniiZeu:era pyrina Linnsus; Europe; bores in wood of basket willow. (See Horse-chestnut.) Cymbldae. Earias chlorana Hiibner; Europe; attacks foliage, buds, and shoots of long-leaf willows. Geoinetridae. Anisopteryx xsculnria SchilTermiller; Europe; feeds on foliage. Larcnlia dilutata Borckh.; Europe; defoliator. Lasiocampidse. Eriogaster lanestris Linnfeus and Malacosoma neustria Linnaeus; Europe; defoliators. GastTopacha quercifolia Linnteus; Europe. (See Fruit.) Lymantriidae. ^^c Euproctis chrysorrhceal,inn?ons, i'f:Lymantria monachahinneeus, :^Porthetria dispar Linnjcus, ^Orgyia antiqua Linnaeus, Forthesia similis Fuessly, and Stilpnotia salicis Linnaeus; Europe; defoliators. (See Forest defoliators.) Sesiidse. SesiitnrmicaeformisEsp.; Europe; bores in stems and shoots. HYMENOPTERA. Clmbicidae. Cimbex variabilis Klug; Europe; sawfly, attacks leaves. Pseudoclavellaria amerinse lArmmens; a sawfly; Europe; defoliator. Trichiosoma lucorum Linna-us: Europe; defoliator. Tenthredinidse. Euuraater Jurine. Pontjniisilicis Christ, a,nd Pteronidea salicis Linnaeus; Europe; sawflies. DIPTERA. Itonididse (Cecidomyidaei. Cecidomyia siliciperda Dufour; Europe; breeds in branches of Salix triandra, S. alba, S. fragilis, S. caprea, and S. purpurea. Cecidomyia salicis Sehrank; Europe; breeds in shoots. LITERATURE. SORAUEB, P. Handbuch der Pflanzenkrankheiten, 3d ed., 1913, vol. 3. < NlissLiN, O. Leitfaden der Forstinsektenkunde, 2d ed., 1913. Hess, R. Der Forstschutz, 1900, vol. 2. Stebbing, E. p. Indian Forest Insects, Coleoptera, 1914. Bargagli, p. Rassegna Biologica Rincofori Europei, 1883-87. LiNDiNGER, B. Die Schildlause (Ooccidae), 1912. YEW. ( Taxus spp. Family Taxaceae.) Ornamental evergreen trees or shrubs distributed throughout the northern hemi- sphere. The wood is valued for cabinetmaking. In studying the pests of this genus reference should also be made to Conifers. Eriophyes psllaspis Nalepa. (Yew Gall Mite. Eriophyidae. Acarina.) Host: Yew. Injury: Forms gall-like swellings of the buds. Serious injury to hedges. Description and biology: Four-legged blister mite, which causes galls by its feeding. Especially liable to introduction on nursery stock. Distribution: England. GiLLANDKRS, A. T. Forcst Entomology, Edinburgh and London, 1908, p. 26, fig. 25. U. S. Dept. of Agriculture, Manual of Dangerous Insects. Plate XLVII O a d H 2 U. S. Dept. of Agriculture, Manual o) Dangerous Insects. Plate XLIX. The Avocado Weevil (Heilipus lauri). (Barber, Proc. Ent. Soc. Washington.) INSECT INDEX. Page. Abraxas grossulariata 119 Acanthocinus xdilis 73 A cantholyda erythrocephala 70 Acanthophorus serraticOTnis 193 Acanthopsyche reidi 211 snelleni 211 Acanthoscelides obtectus 6, 36, 165 Acarina 7 Acherontia atropos 185 Acheta bimaculata 89 Acidia heraclei 52, 164 Aderda distorta 33 japonica 33, 206 toMonis 33 Acmseodera stictipennis 193 Acridium xruginosum 205 flavicorne 205 MeToglyphicum 89 luleicorne 205 migratorium 215 peregrinum 89 Toseum 205 succinctum 205 zehntneri 205 Acridocephala bistriata 195 Acrocinus accentifer 59 Acronycta aceris 40 Adelocera modesta 212 Adoretus umbrosus 50, 59, 90, 131, 191, 207, 215 tenuimaculatus 50, 59, 90, 191 , 210 Adoxus obscurus 6 ^naria lewisi 190 JEolesthes holosericea 193,218 sarta 96, 171, 181, 222 Molus vittatus 207 JEsiotes notabilis 195 Agelastica alni 12, 46 Agrilus angvstulus 39, 134, 153 betuleti 73 biguttatus 39, 153 elongatus 39, 153 sexguttatus 181,222 sinuatus 5, 169 subauratus 134, 153 viridis . 12, 39, 46, 73, 131, 141, 148, 150, 181 , 192 Agriotes aterrimus 68, 153 formosanus 207 lineatus 43,49, 51, 68, 85, 126, 137, 140, 153, 165, 166, 184 , 214 obscurus 68, 153 pilosus 214 sacchari 207 taichuensis 207 Agromyza fabalis 38 frontalis 136 55266—17 15 Page. Agromyza maura 28,29 phaseoli 37 simplex 28, 29 Agrotis sp 6 crinigera 210 dislocata 210 exclamationis 44 interjectionis 208 plecta 44 saucia 210 segetum 44, 70, 216 spina 185 tritici 75 trux 216 vestigialis 70 ypsilon 8, 14 Akermeslevis 9 punctatus 59 scrobiculatus 9 Alaus sculptus 193 Alcides porrectirostris 220 scenicus 103 Alder bud moth (see Coleophorafuscedinella). Aleurocanthus voglumi 56 Aleurodicus cocois 34, 109, 132, 139 destructor 159 Aleurolobus longicornis 207 olivinus 155 Aleurothrixus porteri 56 A leyrodes spp 213 lactea 207 tabaci 213 Aleyrodidse 7 Alfalfa gall midge (see Asphondylia miki). leaf weevil (see Hypera murina). weevil of Europe (see Hypera postica). A loha ipomaex 210 Amar caterpillar (see Virachola insocrates). Amatissa consorta 21 1 Ambrosia beetles (see Anisandrus spp.; Xyl- oterusspp.). Amorbia emigratella 210 A mphimallon solstitialis 39, 73, 137, 181, 222 Amsacta lactinea 216, 217 lineola 216 moorei 216 Anagnia splendens 206 Anastrcpha acidusa (see Anastrepha fratcrcu- lus). fraterculus 60 , 64, 94, 100, 113, 132, 147, 164, 170, 180 ludens 60, 114, 132, 167, 180, 194 peruviana 114 serpentina 132 A naxiphus pallidulus 205 225 226 INSECT INDEX. Page. Andraca bipunctata 212 Anerastia ablutclla 208 botella 126 Angoumois grain moth (see SUotroga cereal- ella). Anisandrus dispar. 12,40,46,54,137,138,148,154,171 Anisolabris maritima 215 Anisopteryx xscularia 12, 24, 46, 105, 134, 138, 154, 170, 179, 192, 223 Annona friiit fly (see Ccratitis anonx). Anomala xnea 46,207 grandis 12 vitis 127, 190 Anomalococcus crcmastogastri 102 Anonxpestis bengalella 93 Anoplus plantaris 46 Anthaxia osmastoni 73 quadripunctata 68 Anthomi/ia radicum 50, 187 Anthonomus druparum 179 grandis 87 incurvus 23 pedicularius 23, 170 pomorum IS, 170 pyri 23, 170 rectirostris 174 rubi 47, 197 spinotus 170 vesti/us 87 Anthores asperula 63 Anticyra combusta 208 Antonina crawii 33 socialis 33 Aonidia (see Aspidiotun [Aonidia]). Aonidiella (see Aspidiotus [Aonidiella]). Apate molle 67 monachus 30, 56, 63, 166. 179 Aphanist.ichus consanguineus 199 Aphrastasia pectinatx 67 Aphis avcnx 5 brassicx 5 gossypii 5 rumicis 5, 43 Apiomorpha attenuata 98 bduerieni 98 calycina 98 conica 98 duplex 98 ellipsoidalis 98 floralis 98 helmsii 98 karschi 98 maliformis 98 minor 98 munita 99 ovicola 99 ovicoloides 99 pedunculata 99 pharetrata 99 pileata 99 pomi/ormis 99 Tugosa 99 sessilis 99 sloanei 99 strombylosa 99 thorntoni 99 umbcUata 99 Page. Apiomor-pha urnalis 99 variabilis 99 Apion armipes 87 meliloti 14 tenue 14 xanthostylum 87 Apoderus coryli 12, 39,46 Apogonia destructor 199 ritsemx 199 Apple blossom weevil {see Anthonomus pomo- rum). borer (see Cossus tristis). clearwing (see Sesia myopx/ormis). ermine moth (see Hyponomeuta ma- linellus). gum borer (see Bimia femoralis). moth (see Argyresthia conjugella). pith moth (see Blastodacna putripcn- nella). psylla (see Psylla mall). root borer (see Leptops hopei). sawfly (see Hoplocampa testudinca). stem piercer (see Magdalis barbicornis). tree borer (see RMzopcrlha collaris). Apricot scale (see Epidiaspis pyricola). Apriona cinerca 150 germari 150 A radus cinnamomeus 73 A rxcerus fasciculatus 6, 55, S4, 91 A rgc rosx 192 Argentine potato weevil (see Rhigopsidius tucumanus). A rgyresthia conjugella 6, 20. 149, 180 ephippella 134, 175 fundella 70 ilium inatella 82 Ixvigatclla 83,84 nilidella 132, 175 A rgyroploce illcpida 11 Army worm (see Cirphis unipuncta). Army worms 8 A Toa socrus 208 Aromia moschata 222 Ascelis attenuata 99 echiniformis 99 prxmollis 99 schraderi 99 Ash gall mite (see Eriophyes fraxini). A siphum trcmulx 181 Asparagus fly (see Platyparxa peeciloptera). leaf beetles (see Crioceris spp.). miners (see Agromyza spp.). Asphondylia miki 15, 16 A spidiotus alatus 98 britannicus 5, 35 camcllix 6 confusus - 98 destructor 163 fissidens pluridentatus 162 madcrensis 139 minimus 152 pangoensis 162 pcctinatus 169 perniciosus 5 persearum 30 rapax (see A. camelUx). spinosus 162, 219 INSECT INDEX. 227 Pa-e. Aspidiotus tasmanix 9,9S tat/abanus 192 varians 162 A spidiotui' {A onidia) ebcni 170 Uuri 35,72,169 olc^r 1,",6 planclionioides 102 pinicola 72 Aspidiotus (Annijirlla) cocotlphayus 102 miniatx 98 subcuticularis 102 subrubescens 58 Aspidiotus ( Chrysomphalus ) albopictus 58 alienus 44, 158 ansei 162 dictyospermi 5 pin- nuli- fera. 58 kabelei 58 nigropunctatus . 26, 156 paulistus 35 pedroniformis . 130 perseie5, 30, 158, 162, 219 personatus 30, 58,93,102,145,156,162 portoricensis 158 propsimus 162 scutiformis 30,35, 59, 162 Aspidiotus (Diaspidiotus) africanus 23,24, 102, 169, 186 coloratus 158 juglandis 220 orientalis 5, 59, 162 ostrexformis 5,166,169 patavinus 178 pyri 132,169 zonatus 152 Aspidiotus ( Evaspidiotus) labiitarum 130 Aspidiotus (Hemiberlesia) palnix 162 similUmus 162 Aspidiotus ( Morganella) longispina 145 maskelli 102,146 Aspidiotus {Odonaspis) batnbusarum 32 canaliculata 32 inusitata 32 secreta 32 saccharicTulis. 32, 206 Aspidiotus {Pseudaonidia) articulatus 30, 59, 63, 102, 130,131, 146,156,158,162,192 clavigera.. 59,102,146,166 duplex 59,156 fimbriatus 59 fossor 130 obsita 102 quadriareolata 9 silvatica 102 tesserata 130 trilobitiformis 59, 102, 131, 146, 162 Aspidiotus {Pseudischnaspis) bowreyi 192 linearis 162 longissima 146 Aspidiotus ( Targionia) acacix 9 aim 11,152 biformis 5, 158 cattleyx 158 Page. Aspidiotus ( Targionia) bromelix 171 distincla 152, 222 glomerata 206 sacchari 206 vitis 130,152 Aspidomnrpha mililaris 210 sanctxcrucis 212 Aspidoproctus giganteus 194 Asterolecaniura aurcum 158 bambusx 33, 206 bambusicola 33 ceriferum 162 coffex 63 coronatum 33 epidendri 158 eiiguuin 33 flavociliatum 33 hemisphxricum 33 hilli 162 lanceolatum 33 lineare 162 masuii 33 miliar is , 33 palmx 162 pudibundum 33 pustulans 102 rubrocomatum : 33 solenophoroides 33 tenuissimum 33 tumidum 33 udagamx 33 urichi 162 variolosum _ . 5, 153 ventruosum 9 Asthenia pygmxana 70 Astycus lateralis 212 Athalia spinarum 44, 219 Atlious hirtus 79 niger 43, 214 subfuscus 39, 134, 137, 153 Atomaria linearis 41 Atractomorpha bedeli 205 crenulata 205, 215 psiltacina 205 Aulacaspis cinnamoml 146 javanensis 32 miranda 93 Aulacophora olivierei 92, 166 Austrian alfalfa leaf weeTil (see Hypera melcs). Autosticha pelodes. 2O8 Avocado wee il (see Heilipus lauri). Bactrocera eucurbitx 24, 25, 38 tryoni 24, 25, 34, 38, 60, 93, 114, 112, 147, 167, 187 zonatus 147 Balaninus (See Curculio). Bamboo borer (see Dinodervs distinclus; Euco- soma puragramma.) fruit fly (see Ceratitis striata). shot-hole borer (see Dinoderus pili- frons). Baxianainiit fly (see Dacuscvrvipennis). root barer (see Cosmopolites sordidvs). Banded pumpkin beetle (see Aulacophora olivierei). . Barxus sordidus 63 Baris chlorizans 49 228 INSECT INDEX. Page. Baris carulescens 49 glabra 49 lepidii 49 opiparis 49 saccharivora 207 trxgardhi 92 viridisericea 49 Bark beetles 8 borer (see Leptostylus prsemorsus). Tortrix (see Laspeyresia wceberiana). Barynotus squamosum '. 49 Basilianus cantori 46 Batocera albofasciata 103 boisduvali 101 frenchi 103 rubra 103 titana 146, 147 Bathyscia wollastoni 184 Bean aphis (see Aphis ruviicis). fly (see Agromyza phaseoli). leaf beetle (see Cerotoma dentkornis) . roller (see Eudamus proteus). pod borer (see Maruca testulalis). stem maggot (see Agromyza fabalis). weevils 8 weevil (see A canthoscelides spp.; Mylab- ris spp.; Pachymerus spp.) Bedellia minor 210 orchilella 210 somnulentella 210 Beech tortricid (see Peronea ferrugana) . tortrix (see Laspeyresia grossana). Beet army worm (see Laphygma eiigua). carrion beetle (see Blitophaga opaca). fly or Spinach leaf miner (see Pegomya hyoscyami). root wee\il (see Cleonus punctiventris). tortoise beetle (see Cassida nebulosa). worm (see Plusia gamma). Belippe albiguttata 212 Bemisia giffardi 56 Bembecia hylxiformis 47 Bibitkever (see Entochira lateralis). Bimia femoralis 98 Birch blister mite (see Eriophyes rudis). twig wee\il (see MagdaUs carbonaria). Biston hirtarius 110, 111, 179 pomonarius 110, 154 suppressarius 10, 211 Bixadus sierricola 63 Black alfalfa leaf beetle (see Colaspidema atrum). scale (see Saissetia oleae). Blaps armata 73 mucronata 216 Blastodacna hellerella 20 putripenella 19 vinolentella 19 Blister beetle (see Epicauta rufidorsum). Blitophaga opaca 5, 43 undata 43 Blue or hairstreak butterfly (see Lycsena bsRtica). Boarmia crepuscularia 55, 96 gcmmaria 129, 192 selanaria 194 Boll worms (see Diparopsis Castanea; Earias spp.; Sacadodes pyralis) . Bostrychopsis jesuita 59 parallela 33 Bostrychus capucinus 53, 153 Bothynoderes farinosus 44 punctiventris 44 Botys Cfjelesalis 208 Brachonyx pineti 74 Brachycerus albidentatus 158 corrosus 158 pradieri 158 undatus 158 Brachyderes incanus 46 lusitanicus 154 Brachyrhinus (Otiorhynchus spp.) 65, 128 armadillo 65 armatus 129 asphaltinus 129 aurifer 65 corruptor 129, 167 egregius 65 fullo 65 fuseipes 65 129 65 irritans 65 jovis 65 kratterii 65 Ixvigatus 173 lepidopterus. '. 65 ligustici 44. 129, 167 morio 65 multipunetatus 65 niger 65 orbicularis 44 ovatus 6, 65 perdix 65 picipes 197 populeti 129 raucus 44, 129 sensitivus 65 septentrionis 65 singularis 65, 129 sulcatus 6, 129 tenebricosus 47, 197 teretirostris 129 tristis 129 turca 129 Brachytrypes achatinus 14, 215 Brachyxystus subsignatus ". 52, 68 Brazil flg borer (see Heilipus bonelli). Broad-nosed grain weevil (see Caulophilus latinasus). Bromius obscurus 127 vitis 127 Brontispa froggatti 160 Broun's fruit fly (see Dacus [ Tephrites] lan^ thodes). Brownhaji-bac'kheetle (see Phytalus smithi). plum owlet moth (see Xylina socia). Brown-tail moth (see Euproctischrysorrhaa). Bruchus (see Mylabris spp.). Brush spinner (see Orgyia gonostigma). Bryobia ribis 1 19 Bud stinger (see Janus compressus). INSECT INDEX. 229 Page. Buff tip moth (see Phalera bucephala). Bupalus piniarius 66 Buprestis geometrica 73 Byctiscus betulx 12, 39, 46 Byturus tomentosus 47 Cabbage aphis (see Aphis brassicse). gall midge (see Dasyneura brassicx). maggot (see Phaoniatrimaculata). midge (see Contarinia torquens). webworm (see Hellula undalis). worm (see Pieris monuste). Cacao fruit fly (see Ceratitis punctata). moth (see Zaratha cramerella). Cadelle (see Tenebrioides mauritanicus) . Calamistisfusca 85 Calamobius marginellus. 126 Calathusfuscipes 81 Calendra granaria 6 linearis 210 oryza 6 rugicollis 210 sculpturata 154 California grape rootworm (see Adoxus ob- scurus). Caliroa xthiops 6 CalUdium xneum 39, 54, 153 violaceum 39 Calocampa etoleta 44 Calocoris fulvomaculatus 136 Caloptenus italicus 215 Camarimena rugosistriatus 52 Camarota flavitarsis 125 Camponotus ligniperda 11 Cane grasshopper (see Atractomorpha crenu- lata). leafhopper (see Pyrilla aberrans). root borer (see Polyocha saccharella). sucker moth (see Castnia licus). Cantharis fusca 73 Capnodis indica 73 mitiaris 181 tenebrionis 110, 179 Capua angustiorana 24, 131,170 Caradrina exigua (see Laphygma). Cardiococcus umbonatus 131 Cardiophorus devastans 207 formosanus 207 Carphoborus minimus 74 Carpocapsa (see Laspeyresia). Carpomyia pardalina 93 Caryoborus gonagra 149, 210 Cassida nebulosa 6, 41, 158 vittata 44 Castilloa borer (see Inesida leprosa). Castnia licus 34, 159, 202 Catalpa scale (see Diaspis pentagona). Catorama tabaci 214 Caulophilus latinasus 6, 30 Cccidomyia humuli 135 saliciperda 223 salicis 223 Celery fly (see Acidia heraclei). leaf tyer (see Phlyctasnia ferrugalis). Ceocephalus carus 218 Cephaleia hypotrophica 70 signata 70 Cephus pygmxus 126 Cerambyi cerdo 26, 151, 153, 220 Page. Cerambyi m iles 131 scopolii 23, 169 Ceratitis anonx 51, 94, 115, 132 capitata ... 24, 25, 30, 34, 38, 60, 64, 93, 94, 100, 103, 115, 116, 126, 131, 132, 133, 140, 142, 147, 163, 167, 170, 171, 180, 186, 187, 194, 217, 218 catoirei 58 giffardi 116, 139 nigerrima 116 punctata 51, 116, 126, 132, 147 rubivora 116 silvestrii 116, 139 striata 32 Ceratopachys variabilis 148 Cerococcus ornatus 63 Ceronema caudata 99 Ceroplastes actiniformis 162 campinensis 131 ceriferus 63, 102 cistudiformis 30 denudatus 94 erithrxus 9 ficus 102 gowdeyi 102 grandis 131 mimosx 9 myricx 102, 162 psidii 131 quadrilineatus 94, 102 Tubens 30, 102, 146, 162, 169, 170 rusci 102, 132, 150, 156, 171, 181 singularis 131 theobromx 33 townsendi percrassus 102 vinsonii. .: 131, 142, 146 vinsonioides 63 Ceroputo yaccx 94, 102 Cerostoma parenthesella 40 Cerotom,a denticornis 38 Cetonia lugubris 216 Ceutorhynchus assimilis 187, 188 contractus 92 cyanipennis 49 quadridens „ 49, 188 raphani 187 robertii 187 sulcicollis 49, 188 Chxtocnema basalts 191 concinna 189 tibialis 44 Chxtococcus bambusx 33 Chxtosticha nana 208 Chalcoides chloris 44 Charagia lignivora 10, 20, 100 Charlock weevil (see Ceutorhynchus con- tractus). Cheimatobia boreata 40, 46, 179 brumata 24, 105, 148, 1.54, 179 Chermes abietis 67 viridis 67 Cherry borer (see Cryptophaga unipunctata). bug (see Peltophora pedicillata). ermine moth (see Hyponomeuta padel- lus). fruit moth (see Argyresthia nitidella). green beetle (see Diphucephala col- as pidoides). spinner (see Biston hirtarius). 230 INSECT INDEX. Page. Cherry tree case-bearer (see Colcophora ana- tipennella). weevil (see Curculio cerasorum). Chestnut weevil (see Curculio elephas) . Chilo auricilia 85, 189, 196, 208 infuscatella 208 simplex 85, 126, 191, 196, 203 Chionaspis arundinarix 32 austriaca 72 bambusx 32 berlesei 29 colemani 32 depressa 206 elongata 32 frenchi 98 graminis 32 hikosani 32 inday 162 madiunensis 206 manni 102 nerii 156 saccharifolii 206 salicis 1 1, 26, 45, 48, 95, 121, 141,147,152,181,219,222 samoana 162 simplex 32 striata 25, 94, 139 substriata 162 tegalensis 206 vitis 130, 146 Chionaspis (Phenacaspis) bupleuri 156 cockerelli 162 dilatata 146,162 eugenise 146, 219 megaloba 131 nafalensis 146 Chloridea assuUa 216 obsoleta 0, 14 peltigera 216 Chloroclystis rectangulata 20 Chlorops lineata 126 txniopus 125 Cholus cattleyx 159 forbesi 159 Chortophila cilicrura * 29, 157 Chortophila (Pegomya) brassicae 7 cepetorum 7 fusciceps 7, 38, 50 hyoscyami 7,42,158,196 Chramesus globulus 154 Chrotogonus trachyptcrus 14,89,215 Chrysobothris affinis 153 indica 218 sexnotata 193 solieri 73 Chrysochroa bicolor 50 fulminans 50 Chrysolophus spectabilis 10 Chrysomphalus [see Aspidiolus ( Chrysompha- lus)]. Cicadula fasciifrons 190, 206 6-notata 190, 206 Cigarette beetle (see Lasioderma serricorne). Cimbex fagi 40 variabilis 13, 47, 182, 223 Cinnabar moth (see Eucluiia jacobece). Clonus fraiini 27, 157 scrophularix 44 Cirphis leucosticha 85 unipuncta (Heliophila, Leucania) 8,208 Citrus leaf miner (see Phyllocnistis citrclla). Cladius pectinicornis 6 Clania crameri 55, 64, 76, 211 holmcsi 211 variegata 55,64,211 Cleonus cincrcus 44 fasciatus 44 mendicus 44 pedestris 44 piger 44 punctiventris 41 , 216 tigrinus 44 ucrainiensis 44 Cletus bipunctatus 207 trigonus 207 Clinodi ptosis equestris 123, 124 mosellana 123, 126 Clover leaf weevils (see Hypera spp.)- root weevils (see Sitona spp.). Clysia ambiguclla 129, 130 Clytus floralis 14 tropicus 153 Cnaphalocrocis bifurcalis 208 Cnaphalodes Inpponicus 67 strobilobius 67 Cneorhinus albiguttatus 207 plagiatus 29, 51 Cnethocampa pinivora 71 , 76 pityocampa 71, 76 proccssiona 152 Coccidae 7 Coccotrypes integer 193 Coccus acuminatus 35, 131 , 146, 158 acutissimus 44,146, 162 arundinarix 33 bicruciatus 170 hesperidum .59, 162, 212 hoferi 23 mangiferse 5, 146 manniparus 211 marsupialis 94 minimus 44 , 158 viridis 59, 63, 131, 212 Coshylis (see Clysia ambiguella). Cockchafer (see Mclolontha melolontha) . Co?onut leaf-miner beetles (see Promecotheca spp.). leaf moth (see Levuana iridescens). palm scale [see Aspidiotus ( Chrysom- phalus) persex], white fly (see Aleurodicus spp.). Codling moth (see Laspeyresia pomonella). Ccclosterna scabrata 193 spinator 10 Calostomidia assimilis 39 • pilosa 39 Coepophagus [see Rhizoglyphus (Coepopha- gus)l Coffee beetle (see Xyleborus coif ex). bean weevil (see Arxccrus/asciculatus). leaf miner (see Leucoptera coffeella). red spider (see Tetranychus bioculatus). INSECT INDEX, 231 Colabathristes saccharicida 207 Colaspidea metallica 207 Colaspidema atrum 13 Coleophora anatipennella 24, 175 fuscedinella 11 laricella 82 lutipennclla 152 Colobogaster quadridentata 100 Colopha compressa 95 Conarthrus afflnis , 33 jansoni 193 Conchaspis angrseci 5, 102 Conchylis epilinana (see Phalonia). ConckyhctpTiia punctata 210 Confused flour beetle (see Tribolium con- fusum). Coniatus Ixtus 211 suavis 211 Coniferous root weevils (see Brachyrhinus). sawfly (see Diprion simile). weevils (see Magdalis spp.). Conogetkes puncti/eralis 166 Contarinia gossypii 89 pisi 165 pyrivora 7, 170 torguens 49 tritici 7, 123 viticola 131 Coptops bidens 63 fusca 63 Coptosoma cribraria 207 Coptotermes gestroi 164 Corxbus elatus 153 fasciatus 153 nndafus 153 Com Ry (see Siphonella pumilionis). Corner spot (see Orgyia gonostigma) . Corymbites seneus 43 Cosmophila sabuUfera 155 Cosmopolites sordidus 34, 207 Cosmopteryi paUifasciella 208 Cossus cadambe 212 cossus 12, 27, 40, 46, 96, 141, 148, 154, 181, 220, 221 tristis 19, 170, 187 Cotton blister mite (see Eriophycs gossypii). boll worm (see Chloridea obsoleta). flower bud maggot (see Contarinia gos- sypii). stainers (see Dysdercus spp.)- stem borer (see Sphenoptera neglccia). worm {Prodenialitura). Cratopus punctum 64 Cratosomus rcidi 60 Crepidodera costatipennis 50 aurata 181, 221 Criocephalus tibetanus (?) 73 Crioceris spp 27 asparagi 6, 27 duodecimpunctaia 6, 27, 28 impressa 103 merdigcra 28 Crcesus septentrionalis (see Nematus). Crossotarsus coniferse 52, 81 fairmairei 75, 154 saundersi 194 Page. Crueifer leaf beetles (see Phyllotreta spp.). Cryphalus abietis 69 boswellix 69 deodara 52 him.alayensis 52 intermedius 84 longi/olia 74 major 74 morinda 81 picese 69 saltuarius 69 strohmeyeri 79 Crypsiphona occultaria 99 Cryptaspidiotus aonidioides 35 mediterraneus 139 Cryptaspidus nucum 162 Cryptes baccatus 9 Crypthemichionaspis africana 181 Cryptinglisia lounsburyi 130 Cryptoblabes aliena 208 gnidiella 91,129,180 Cryptoccphalus pint 73 Cryptococcus fagi 39 Cryptophaga rubriginosa 11 unipunctata 167, 177, 179 Cryptorhynchus batatse (see Euscepes). brandisi 74 gravis (see Stcrnochetus). lapathi 6, 12, 46, 181, 222 mangiferx (see Sternocheius). raja 74 Crypturgus cinercus. 74 pusillus 69 Ctenochiton araucarix 25 eucalypti 99 Curculio spp 154 amoenus 103 cerasorum 174 elephas 53 herbsti 179 7iucum 133, 134, 154 rubidus 179 Cucurbit fly (see Dacus cucurbitx). ladybird beetles (see Epilachna spp.). CuiTant fi'uit moth (see NotoccUa roborana). gall mite (see Eriophyes ribis). moth (see Abraxas grossulariata). shoot borer (see Incurvaria capitella). web worm (see Thamnonoma wau- aria). worm (see Pteronidea ribesii). Custard-apple caterpillar (see Anonxpestis bengaleUa). Cutworms 8 Cutworms (see Agrotis spp.; Euioa spp.; Feltia s,^\> .: Peridroma spp.) . Cylas brunneus 209 formicarius 6, 209 Cyllo leda 208 Cymnus tabaci 207, 215 Cypress borers (see Diadoxus spp.). Cyrtepistomus pannosus 212 Cyrtotrachelus dux 33 longipes 33 Cytorhynchus frigidus 146 Daclylopius coccus 162 232 INSECT INDEX. Page. Dacus xqualis 58 cmurbitx 38, 93, 217 curvipennis 34 diversus 60, 117, 132, 147, 167 ferrugineus 60, 93, 100, 117, 147 frenchii 117 olex 156 ornatissimus 58 passiflorss 60, 117, 126, 147 persicx 117, 147, 167 psidii 118, 126, 132 rarotongx 145 tongensis 145 ( Tephrites) xanthodes. . . . 118, 126, 132, 142, 171 Dasychira horsfeldi 194 mendosa 64, 212 misana 64, 212 pudibunda 12, 40, 47, 48, 107, 132, 134, 137, 141, 148, 154, 192 selenitica 66 thwaitesi 64, 212 Dasyneura abietiperda 81 brassicx 49, 188 laricis 84 picex 81 pyri 168 Death's-head moth (,see Acherontia atropos). Delphdcodes vastatrix 206 Delphax fumosa 206 furcifera 190, 206 graminicola 206 propinqua 206 Deltocephalus dorsalis 190, 206 Dendroctonus micans 65 Dendrolimus pini 71 sibiricus 83 Depressaria depressella 164 nervosa 51, 164 Dermestes frischi 5 vulpinus 5 Desiantha nociva 185, 217 Diabrotica graminea 85, 155 Diacrisia obliqua 91 Biadoxus erytiirurus 64, 94 scalaris 64, 94 Dialeges pauper 193 Diamerus fici 103 Diamond-back moth (see Plutella maculipen- nis). Diaprepes abbreviatus 30, 60, 64, 85, 126, 132, 146, 192, 200 spengleri (see Diaprepes abbrevia- tus). Diapus capillatus 154 furtivus 194 impressus 154 mirus 194 quinquespirvatus 194 Diaspidiotus (see Aspidiotus [Diaspidiotus]). Diaspis atlantica 139 bromelix 102 cattleyx 158 gennadii 171 leperii 132, 166, 220 olex 156 5, 52, 169, 178 Page. Diaspis pyri 23, 169 santali 169 squamosus 166, 169 visci 25, 73, 94, 139 zamix 5, 162 Diastrombus politus 206 Diatrxa spp ., 203 canella 203 lineolata ^jvi> 203 saccharalis «o 6, 203 striatalis 203, 208 Dichocrocis punctiferalis 24, 34, 51, 60,85,94,126,132,142,167 Dicranotropis vastatrix 206 Dictyophora sinica 190, 206 Diloba cxruleocephala 21, 179 Dindymus versicolor 17, 196 Dinoderus brevis 33 distinctus 33, 143 minutus 31, 207 pilifrons 31 Dioryctria splendidella 76 Diastrombus politus 190 Diparopsis castanea 91 Diphucephala aurulenta 10 colaspidoides 172 Diploschema rotundicolle 59 Diplosis eucalypti 100 paralis 100 Diprion pallidus 70 pini 70 rufus 70 simile 6, 70 DiscopUora celinde 208 Distichocera macleayi 97 Dolopius marginatus 68, 153 Dorytomus affinis 222 agnathus 222 dorsalis 222 maculatus 222 majalis 222 Doticus pestilans 24 Dreata petola 208 Dreparw cultraria 40 Dreyfusia nuesslini 67 picex 67 Drosicha maskelli ^ 102 Drugstore beetle (see Sitodrepa panicea). Dryocoetes alni 12 autocraphus 69 hewetti 154 indicus 81 minor 193 villosv^ 54, 154 Dryophilus pusillus 79, 84 Duomitus ceramicus 212 Durra stem borer (see Sesamia cretica). Dysdercus spp 86 andrex 86 annuliger 86 cardinalis 86 cingulatus 86, 87 delauneyi 86 fasciatus 86 fernaldi 86 howardi 86 INSECT INDEX. 233 Page. Dysdercus insularis 86 nigrofasciatus 86 pacificus 86 TuficolUs 86 superstitiosus 86 smturellus 5, 86 Eariaschlc la 91,223 cftr. lataria 91 fabia :. 91 gossypii 91 insulana 87 plaga 91 Early moth (see Hibernia rupicapraria). East African cotton weevil (see Apion xan- thostylum). Echinocnemis squameus 191, 207 Ecthoea quadricornis 50 Eggplant fruit borer (see Leucinodes orbo- nalis). Egyptian cotton boll worm (see Earias insu- lana). cotton worm (see Prodenia Utura). Eight-toothed large spruce bark beetle (see Ips typographus). Elaphodes tigrinus 10 Elimxa chloris 205 Elm bark beetle (see Scolylus multistriatus). leaf beetle (see Galerucella luteola). sawfly (see Fenusa dohrnii). Enarmonia pinicolana 67, 70 rufimitrana 77,78 Entochira lateralis 198, 216 Entodecta pumila 47 Epacromia tamulus 205 Epepeotcs lusctis 50, 146 Ephestia cautella ; . 6, 163 elutella 76 kuetinieUa 6 Epiblema nigricana (see Eucosoma). tedella (see Laspeyresia). Epicauta rufidorsum 43, 184 sibirica 184 Epicoccus acacix 9 Epidiaspis piricola 5, 23, 24, 121, 166, 169 Epilachna spp 92, 183 argus 92 chrysomelina 92 dodecastigma 92, 183 guttato-pustulata 183 S8-maculata 183 38-punctata 92, 183 phyto 183 pusillanina 183 territa 183 Episomus albinus 207 Ereunetis flavistriata 34, 163, 171, 204, 208 muiriella 208 pilosata 208 Eriocampoides limacina 6 Eriococcus aceris 39, 147, 153 angulatus 25 araucarix 25 buxi 48 confusus 99 Page. Eriococcus coriaceus 99, 131 crispus 102 cro/ti 99 eucalypti 99 fagicorticus 39 graminis 33 grcgarius 99 irregularis 99 lagerstrcemix 102 onukii 33 pallidus 39 picta 99 raithbyi 39 serratilobis 99 simplex 99 spiniger 99 teppcri 99 tcssclatus 99 Eriogaster lanestris 46, 141, 154, 181, 223 Eriophyes spp 172 avellanx 133 fraxini 26 goniothorax 132 gossypii 86 Ixvis 11 laricis 82 macrochclus 147 oleivorus 5, 55 padi 5, 172 phlceocoptes 5, 172 pini 70 psilaspis 223 pyn 5 quadrisetus 139 ribis 118, 119 rudis 45 similis 172 tetanothrix 222 mix 141 tiliarius 141 vermiformis 133 vitis 5,127 Eriosoma lanuginosa 95 ulmi 95 Ernobius abietinus 73 abietis 79 angusticollis 79 longicorais 79 nigrinus 73 pini 73 Ernoporus caucasicus '. 141 fagi 40 tilix 141 Estigmena chinensis 33 Etiella zinckenella 165 Eubactrus sp 73 Eucalymnatus brunfelsix 35 Eucanthus semiglauca 206 Euchelia jacobex 185 Euchirus madeayi 153 Euchloris submissaria 10 Eucosoma nigricana 77 paragramma 32 schi stacea 208 Eudamus proteus 38 Eumerus strigatus 139, 157 234 INSECT INDEX. Eumetopina krugeri 206 JSuphilippia olivina 156 Euplexis nigerrima 185 ■'Euproctis chrysorrhcea 6, 40, 107, 132, 137, 148, 154, 181, 192, 223 divisa 212 flavata 20S flexuosa 55 latifascia 212 minor 208 Eupteryx solani 184 European grain moth (see Tinea granella). thrips (see Haplothrips tri- tici). hop flea-beetle (see Psylliodes at- tenuata). pine-shoot moth (see Eietria buo- liana). Euscepes batatx 209 Euura ater 223 Euxoa radians 185 segetis 91 spinifera 216 Euzophera cedrella 52, 70 Evaspidiotus [see Aspidiotus ( Evaspidiotus)]. Evergestis extimalis ■i9, 87, 188 Evetria spp 72 buoliana 6, 70, 72 comstookiana 72 duplana 6, 72 frustrana 72 pinivorana 6, 72 resinella 72 rigidana 72 furionana 6, 72 Feathery-horned yellow-box borer (see Dis- tichocera macleayi). Feltia sp 6 Fenusa dohrnii 6 Fig branch borer (see Hylesinus porcalus). moth (see Ephestia cautella). stem-bormg beetle (see Sinoxylon suda- nicum). tree borer (see Batocera boisduvali). Figure-of-8-moth (see Diloba cseruleocephala). Fiji fly (see Dascus passiflorse). Filippia olese 156 Fiorinia acacias 9 bambusx 32 diaspiformis 32 grossularix 121 signata 32 stricta ; . 158 tenuis 32 these 156, 212 Fir bark tortricid (see Laspeyresia duplicana). bud worm (see Eucosoma nigrican-a). Flatheaded leaf-miner beetle (see^ Aphanis- tichus consanguineus). wood borer (see Agrilus viridis). Flax capsule worm (see Phalonia epilinana). Flea beetle (see Phyllotreta atra). Flour beetles 122 Fluted scale (see Icerya purchasi). Fonscolombia fraxini 26 Forest defoliators (see Melolontha melolontha). Frea maculicomis 63 marmorata 63 Frit fly (see Chlorops lineata; Oscinis frit). Fruit tree bark beetle (see Scolytus rugulnsus). borer (see Capnodis ten^ebrionis) . Furcaspis oceanica 158, 162 Galerucella luteola 6 tenella 197 Gallobellicus crassicornis 215 Gasteroc'ercodes gossypii 91 GastTopacha quercifolia 24, 111, 132, 170, 179, 223 Gastrophora henricaria 99 Gazalina apsara 154 Gelastorhinus esoi 205 Gelechia atriplicella 41 dddecella 70 gossypiella (see Pectinophora). instabilella 41 ocellatella 41, 42 Gelonxtha hirta 212 Geococcus radicum 146 Geoica lucifuga 207 Geonomus qvMdrinodosus 64 Giant sugar cane borer (see Castnia liens). Giflfard fruit fly (see Ceratitis giffardi). white fly (see Bemisia giffardi). Gipsy moth (see Porthetria dispar). Glenea novemguttata 50 Glyphina betulit 45 Gnathodus pallidulus 206 viridis 206 Gnorimoschema heliopa 215 Goat moth (see Cossus consvs). Gonocephalum intermedium 216 Gonocephalum {Opatrum) acutnngulum 207, 216 pusillum 216 sabulosum 43, 73 Gooseberry moth (see Zophodia convoluiella). Gortyna flavago 185 ochracea 185 Goasyparia cavellii 39 spuria 96 Gratillaria syringeUa 27 Grain fly (see Cnmarota flavitarsis). Grape anomala (see Anomala litis). blister mite (see Eriophyes vitis). borers (see Vesperus spp.). gun worm (see Sciopteron regale). pyralid (see Polychrosis botrana). root weevils (see Brachyrhinus spp.). worm (.see Bromius spp.). vine flatheaded borer (see Sinoxylon spp.). worm (see Clysia ambiguella). Grapholitha (see Laspeyresia spp.). Grass army worm (see Spodoptera mauritia). Gray borer of the sugar cane (see Laspeyresia schist aceana). fruit tree bud moth (see Olethreutes cynobatella). larch moth (see Enarmonia pinicolana). plum owlet moth (see Xylina orni- thopus). Greasy cutworm (see Agrofis ypsilon). Gre It oak borer (see Cerambyx cerdo). INSECT INDEX, 235 Page. Greedy scale (see Aspidiotus camellise). Green hanging moth of the apple (see Charagia lignivora). leaf weevil (see Phyllobittfi ma:uli- cornis). pug moth (see Cft/oroc?j/*7/« reclangu- lata). oak tortrix (see Tortrii viridana). Oryllotalpa af Tirana 89, 190, 205, 215 gryllotalpa 43, 45, 215 vulgaris (see Gryllotalpa gryllo- talpa). Gryllus melas 43 mitratus 205 Gueriniella serratuls 73, 94, 9ri, 130, 150 Gum tree bug (see Mictis profana). Gunda sikkima 103 Gypsy moth (see Porthetria dispar). Hadena secalis 126 Halimococcus lampas 162 Haltica ampelophaga 128, 222 guercetorum 12, .39, 46, 134, 151, 192, 222 Haplothrips aculeata 125 tritici 125 Harlequin fruit bug (see Dindymus versicolor). Harpalus xneus 81 ruficornis 196 Hawaii m beet web worm (see Hym-nia fas- cialis). leaf bug (see Hyalopcplus pelluci- dus). sugar-cane borer (see Rhabdocnemis obscurus). su?ar-eane lexfroller (see Oniiodes accept a). Hawt'iorne scale (see Lecanium bitubcrcula- tum). Hazelnut blister mites (see Eri^iphyes avella- nx: liriophyes vcrmiformis). Hedotettii arcuatus 205 Heilipus bonelli 101 lauri 30 Heliothrips rubrocinctus 5, 50, 63, 109, 132, 140, 146, 192, 218 striatoptera 207 Hetlula undalis 6, 186 Helopeltis antonii 50 theivora 50 Hemiberlesia (see Aspidiotus [Heniiberlesia]). Hemichionaspis sp 11 ftci 102 minima 102 scrobicularu m 32 Hemirhopala atrilineala 150 Hepialus humuli 85, 135, 185, 188 lupulinus 185 Herse convolvuli 210 Hesperia conjuncta 208 philino 208 Hessian fly (see Phytophaga deslriictor). Heterachthes xneolus 131 Heterobostrichus xqualis 193, 194 pileatus 193 unicornis 33 Heteroplia varians 193 Heterorhina hookeri 10 Heterusia cingala 212 Hibernia aurantiaria 40, 46, 132, 141, 154, 181 defoliaria 24, 40 , 46, 96, 106, 132, 137, 141, 149, 154, 181, 19 2 marginaria 40, 46, 132, 137, 141, 154, 181 rupicapraria Ill, 179 Hieroglyphus banian '' 190 Himatiu m asperum 193 Hispa xnescens 190 callicaniha 190, 207 wakkeri 199 Holaniara picescens (see Entochira lateralis). Holotrichia leucophthalma 207 vidua 207 Holzneria poschingeri (see Prociphilus bu- melix). Hop aphis (see Phorodon humuli). leaf miner (see Agromyza frontalis). midge (see Cecidomyia humuli). root borer (see Hepialus humuli). Hiplocam pa falvicornis 24, 177, 178 rutilicornis 180 testudinea 22, 23 Hoplocerambyx spinicornis , 193 Hormomyia annulipes 40 fagi 40 Hornet moths (see Trochilium spp.). Horse-chestnut borer (see Zeuzera pyrina). Hyalopeplus pellucidus 37 Hydrellia griseola 125 Hydracia micacea 185 Hylastes angustatus 74 ater 74 attenuatus 69 cunicularius 81 decumanus 69 himalayensis •. 69 longifolia 74 opicus 74 Hylecatus dcrmestoides 39, 46, 79, 148, 153 Hylemyia antiqua 157 coarctita 124 Hylesinus crenitus 27, 154 frazini 27, 157 olese 157 oUipcrda 27 porcitus 101 vcstitus 157 Hylobius abictis 12, 40, 46, 68 fatuus 68 piceus 68 Hylofrupcs bajulus 68 Hylu rgops glabratus 81 palliatus 69 Hylurgus lignipcrda 74 Hymenia fascialis 6, 42, 43 Hypena ro.%lralis 137 Hypcra spp 61, 184 crinita 184 fasciculata 51 meles 6,14,61 miles 61 murine 13, 61 nigrirostris 6, 61, 158 ononidis 61, 158 pistinacx tigrina 51 236 INSECT INDEX. Hypera postica 6, 14, 15 punctata 6, 14, 51, 61 rogenhoferi 51 rumicis 189 variabilis 38, 47, 61, 184, 185 Hypoborus fiais 103 Hypceschrus indicus 193 Hypomeccs curtus 63 unicolor 191, 207 Hyponomeuta evonymeila 48 malinellus 21, 180 padellus 21, 180 padi 48 Hysipyla robusta 142, 218 Icerya xgyptiaca 102 albolutea 94 maxima 102 minor 145 mont^erratensis 30, 35, 59, 131, 162, 192 palmeri 102, 130 purchasi 5 seychellarum 59, 102, 131, 146, 162, 192, 206 Imported cabbage butterfly (see Pontia rapx) maggot [see ChortopMla (Pegomya) brassicx]. clover weevil (see Miccotrogus pici- rostris). onion maggot (see Pegomya cepe- torum). Ina ampelophaga 131 Incurvaria capitella 121 Indian meal moth (see Plodia interpwnctella). tea geometrid (see Biston suppres- sarius). Inesida Icprosa 163 Injlisia conchiformis 131 fagi • 39 Ips acuminatus 74 amitinus 69 blandfordi 74 cembrx 69 duplicafus 69 longifolia 74 mannsfeldi 74 ribbentropi 69 sexdentatus 69 stebbingi i 52 typographus 66, 69 Island fruit fly (see Rioxa musx). Isosoma noiiale 126 Itycorsia campestris 77 stellata 70 Janus compressus 169 cynosbati 154 fumipennis 47 luteipes 192 Japanese grain motii (see Melissoblaptes gularis). rose beetle (see Adoretus umbrosus). Jassus scinotatus 125 Java cinchona geometrid (see Boarmia crcpuscularia). sugarcane grub beetle (see Apogonia spp.). June beetle (see Melolontha spp.)- Jimiper blister mite (see Eriophycs quadri- setus). Kakivoria flavofasciata 170 Kermes acacix 9 bacciformis 153 ballotx 153 cordiformis 153 gibbosus 153 ilicis 153 pallidus 153 roboris 153 vermilio 153 Kirbya pagana 206 Kuwania parva 178 Lachnosterna (see Phyllophaga). Lachnus agilis 72 fasciatus 81 grossus 78, 81 laricis 84 nudus 72 picex 78, 81 pichtx 78 pini 72 pinicola 81 txniatus 72 tomentosus 72 viminalis 222 Lackey moth (see Malacosoma neusiria). Lacon sp. near davidi 81 murinus 43, 153, 184 shirakii 207 Lxlia costalis 208 subrufa 208 LxmopMceus testaceus 193 Lxmotmetus rhizophagoides 190 Lagosinia strachani 94 Lamia textor 181, 222 Lampra assamensis 103 decipiens 96 rutilans 12, 96, 141 undatus 141 Laphygma exigua ( Caradrina) 6, 14, 210 reclusa 210, 216 Lappet moth (see Gastropacha quercifolia). Larch blister mite (see Eriophyes laricis). bud-gall midge (see Basyneura laricis). gall moth (see Laspeyresia zebeana). needle miner (see Cohophora laricella). sawfly (see Nematus erichsoni). shoot moth (see Argyresthia Ixviga- tella). spinner (see Dendrolimus sibiricus). tussock moth (see Dasychira selenitica). Lareniia dilutata 12, 40, 46, 96, 154, 223 nebulata 46 Large Australian fruit fly (see Docks xqualis). bast beetle (see Dendroctonus micans). pith borer [see Tomicus (Myelophilus) piniperda]. pear psylla (see Psylla pyrisuga). Lasiocampa quercus 75, 154 trifolii 60 Lasioderma serricorne 6 Lasioptera cerealis 124 miscella 100 INSECT INDEX. 237 Page. Laspeyresia spp 165 am plana 134, 220 coniferana 79 doTsana 165 duplicana 67,140 funebrana 176 glycinivorella 196 grossana 38, 54, 134, 154, 196, 220 nebritana 165, 196 nigricana 6, 165 pactolana 79, 80 pomonella 1 proximana 79 prunivorana 179 schistaceana 204 splendana 53, 54, 154, 220 strobilella 80 tedella 80,81 tvceberiana 176 zebeana 83 Lafheticus oryzx / 122 Leaf hispa (see Brontispa froggatti). Leather beetle (see Dermcstes spp). Lecaniodiaspis acacix 9 africana 9, 102 convexus 98 dilatata 9 frenchi 98 newmanni 98 sardoa 192 Lecanium aceris 147 arion 25 bituberculatum 5,23, 132, 169 caprex 11, 23, 169 catori 140 caudatus 63 cerasi 178 cerasorum 178 ciliatum 45, 48, 153, 181, 222 corni 11 coryli. ... 11, 24, 45, 95, 96, 121, 132, 134, 137, 138, 141 , 147, 153, 169, 178, 181, 186, 220, 222 glandi 23, 169 guerinii 206 krugeri 206 kunoensis 24, 166, 169 perornatum 191 persicx 23, 130, 166, 186 prunastri 24, 179 pseudexpansum 162 pulchrum 45, 53, 134, 137, 153, 191 pyri 23 rehi 1 21 rubi 121 rugosum 23, 166, 169, 179, 186 sericeum 79 tiUx 169 variegatu m 23 vini 23, 24, 130, 166, 169 Leiomerus granicoUis 51 Lema cyanella 122 flavipes 191 melanopus 122 Lemon caterpillar (see Papilio demoleus). silver mite (see Eriophyes oleivorus). Lepidiota bimaculata 193 Lepidosaphes abietis 79 acacix 9 bambusicola 32 beckii 5 cocculi 158 corrugata... 63 duponti 162 ficifoiii 1(J2 ficus 5 juniperi 139 longula 30 mcgregori 162 mexicana 102 minima 102 newsteadi 73 olivina 156 pallida 158 pinnxformis 59 somalensis 9 spinifera 9 ulmi 5 unicolor 162 Leptocorisa varicomis 190, 207 Leptodicfya tabida 207 Leptoglossus spp 97 Leptops hopei 17, 18, 170, 179 tribulus 10 Leptostylus prxmorsiis 56 Leptura rubriola 81 Lesser grain borer (see RMzopertha dominica). Leucania loreyi 208 unipuncta (see Cirphis). Leucaspis bambusx 32 indica 5, 146 japonica 5, 23, 32, 192 Icewi 73 pini 73 pistacix 171 pusilla 73 riccx 156 signoreti 73 Leucinodes orbonalis 95 Leucodiaspis cockerclli 44, 162 Leucoma diaphana 194 Leucophlebia lineata 208 Leucoptera coffeella 62 Lcucotermes lucifugus 7 Levuana iridescens 159, 163 Liberian sweet-potato borer (see Cylas brun- neus). Lichtcnsia eatoni 156 lutea 102 viburni 219 Light-brown apple moth (see Tortrix ash- worthana). Ligyrus rugiceps 207 Limnophilus ftavicornis 220 Limothrips dcnticornis 125 Limonius xruginosus 153 Lincodcs ochracea 185 Liogryllus bimaculatus 205 formosanus 205 Liopus nebulosus 23, 25, 16S, 179 Liparus coronatus 44, 51 238 INSECT INDEX. Page. Lit! (see Odcdda). Little boUworm (see Pyroderces simplex). Lixus ascanii 44 vetula 207 Lochmxa caprex 46 Locusta viridissimi , 215 Lonchxa. splcndidi 95, 185, 217 Longheaded flour beetle (see Latheticus ory- ' zx). Lophocatcrcs {Ostoma) pusillus 122 Lophodcs sinistraria 10, 25 Lophosternus hugeli 153 Lucern moth of New South Wales (see Tortrix divulsana). Ludius sutUTul's 207 Luperus pinicola 73 Lycxna bxtici 37 Lyctus brunncus 188 lineiris 153 spinifrons 33, 218 Lygxoncmatus ambiguus 82 pint 82 siieseni 82 Lygesis mendica 10 Lygus oryzx 190, 207 pratensis 5 sacchari 207 Lymantria brittata 194 grandis 194 lipcha 194 monacha 40, 47, 48, 70, 108, 134, 137, 141, 148, 149, 154, 181, 223 Lymexylon navalc 153 Lytti vesicatorii 26 Machxrota planitix 90 Macrophya punctum-album 27, 133, 154 Macrosiphum fragirix 196 fragariellum 196 pisi 5, 165 rogersii 196 Macrothylacia rubi 47 Magdalis spp 65 armigera 173 aterrima 96 barbicornis 17, 132, 149, 187 carbonaria 45, 134, 179, 220 cerasi 23, 132, 170, 179 dupUcata 65 memnonia 65 phlegniatica 65 pruni 23 , 132, 179, 187 rufa 65 violacei 65 Magpie moth (see Abraxas grossulariata). Malacosoma neustria 40, 46, 106, 154, 181, 192, 223 Mamcstra atbicolor 216 brassicx 44, 50, 141, 216 dissimilis 44 oleracea 29, 44, 50 Mandarin fruit fly (see Dacus ornatissimus). Mango bark borer (see Plocxdcrus ruficornis). borer (see Batoccra titana; Dinodcrus distinctus). fruit fly (see Dacus ferrugineus). scale (see Cocciis mangi/erae; Leucaspis indica). Page. Mango shoot psylla (see Psylla cistellata). weevil (see Sternochetus mangiferx). March moth (see Anisopteryx xscularia). Margarodcs formicirum 206 Marguerite fly (see Phytomyzi affinis). ■ Maruca testulalis 37 Massicus unicolor 153 Masters' gum barer (see Trypocharia mas- ter si). Mauritius fruit fly (see Ceratitis catoirei). MayetioloL avenae 124 destructor (see Phytophaga). Mecopoda elongata 205 Mediterranean flour moth (see Ephestia kueh- niclla). fruit fly (see Ceratitis capitata). Megastigmus brevicaudus 149 borriesi 79 strobilobius 70 Meges marmoratus 153 Melanimon tibialc ». 73 Melanitis Icda 208 Melanophil i picta 181 Mclasoma xnci 12, 46 populi 222 Meligethes xneus 188,218 Melissoblaptes gularis 191 Melobasis splendida 10 Melolontha castanipes 215 hippocastani 10, 12, 26, 39, 46, 54, 73, 96, 137, 138, 141, 14S, 149, 153, 171, 181, 222 melolontha 10, 12, 26, 39, 46, 54, 73, 96, 104, 137, 138, 141, 148, 149, 153, 171, 181, 222 niger 215 Tufipes 215 tenebrosus 215 vulgaris 43, 104, 215 Melon aphis (see Aphis gossypii). fruit fly (see Carpomyia pardalina). weevil (see Baris trxgardhi). Menida histrio 207 Merodon clavipes 150 equestris 150 Mesites aquitanus 74 Metallic tomato fly (see Lonchxa splendida). Metallites atomarius 68 iris 46, 154 laricis 68 mollis 68 Metamasius hemipterus 'i 200 ritchiei 171 sericeus 200 Metanastria hyrtaca 55 Mexican bean weevil (see Spermophagus pec- toralis). fruit fly (see Anastrepha ludens). grain beetle (see Pharaiontha Mr- schi). Miccotrogus picirostris 61 Micromima olivia 95, 216, 217 Mictis profana 97 Millet stalk worm (see Pyrausta nubilalis). Mindarus abietinus 67 Mites (see Acarina). Mnesampela privata 99 Moecha adusta 50, 195 INSECT INDEX. 239 Page. Moecha bilttneri j 63 molator 63 Mogannia hebes 207 Mole crickets (see Gryllotalpa spp.; Schizodac- tylus spp.). Molorchus minor 79 Monarthropalpus buxi 48 Monoctenus juniperi 134 Monohammus fistulator ; 50, 63 galloprovincialis 73 ruspator 50 sartor 68 Monolepta nigrobilineata 207 Monophlebus stebbingi octocaudata 102 Moon-flecked moth (see Phalera bucephala). spjt m3th (see Phalera bucephala). Morganella [see Aspidiotus ( Morganclla)]. Mottled umber mjth (see Hibernia defoliaria). Mudaria cornifrons 194 Mycalesis mineus 208 Myelophilus [see Tomicus ( Myelophilus)]. Myllocerus acacix 10 brunneus 207 cariniro.^tTis 212 discolor variegatus 212 guttulus 207 viridanus 212 Mylabris sp 6, 35 afflnis 36 atomarius 36 lentis 6,36, 165 loti 36 pallidicornis 36, 165 pisorum 6,36, 165 rufimanus 6,36, 165 Myzus persicx 5 Nacerdes melanura 213 Nanophyes tamaricis 211 Narcissus fly (see Merodon spp.). Natal fruit fly (see Ceratitis rubivora). Necrobia rufipes 5 Needle-nose hopbug (see Calocoris fulvomacu- latus). Nematus erichsoni 6 ( Croesus) septentrionalis 13, 47, 149, 182 Neolecanium plebeium 102 silveirai 130 Neomaskellia bergii 207 Nephopteryx rubrizonella 168 sagittiferella 57 Nephotettix apicalis 190, 206 Nepticula sericopeza 148 Nesosydne ipommcola 210 Nezara viridula 207, 215 Nicertoides saccharivora 206 Nidularia pulvinata 153 Nigeria fruit flj' (see Ceratitis nigerrima). Nirvana pallida 206 suturalis 206 Nisia atrovenosa 190, 206 Nitocris usambica 63 Nodosloma lateralis 207 Nola metallopa 99 Nonagria exitiosa 208 inferens 191, 208 uniformis 123, 208 Page. Northern mango weevil (see Sternochetus gra- vis). peach moth (see Conogethes puncti- fcralis). Nothorhina muricata 73 Notocelia roborana 47, 121, 154, 192 Nim moth (see Lymantria monacha). Nut fruit tortrix (see Laspeyrcsia splendana). tortrix (see Laspeyresia amplana). weevil (see CurcuUo nucum). Nymphula depunctalis 191 fluctuosatis 191 Nysius minor 215 vinitor 109, 125, 130, 166, 179 Oak bud moth (see Colcophora luiipennella). flea beetle (see Haltica quercctorum). procession moth (see Cnethocampa pro- C(ssio7ia). scales (see AstcroUcanium variolosum). Oat gall midge (see Mayetiola avenx). Oberea linearis 12, 96, 133, 134, 220 oculata 222 Oblong leaf weevil (see Phyllobius oblongus). Ochsenhcimeria taurella 123 Ocinara dilectula 103 lewinii 99 signifera 103 Ocneria dctrita 154 Ocnerostoma piniariclla 76 Ocrophara montana 33 Odonaspis [see Aspidiotus (Odonaspis)~\. Odonestis australasix 24, 100 plagifera 55 pruni 112 CEcanthus indicus 205 CEcophora oliviella 157 (Edaleus infernalis 205 nigrofasciatus 205 Olenecamptus bilobus 103 Olethreutes cynobatella 113 hercyniana 79 pruniana 177 variegana 179 Oliarus oryzx 206 Olive fly (see Dacus olex). moth (see Prays oleellus). white fly (see Aleurolobus olivinus). Omiodes accepta 203 Omphisa anastomosalis 209 Oncopeltus quadriguttatus 90 Onion fly (see Eumerus strigatus). maggot (see Hylemyia antiqua). thrips (see Thrips tabaci). Opatrum. [see Gonocephalum (Opatrum)]. Ophonus pubescens 81 Ophthalmodes cretacea 212 Opisthoscelis conica 99 fibularis 99 globosa 99 maculaia 99 mammularis 99 maskeUi 99 nigra 99 pisiformis 99 serrata 99 spinosa 99 240 INSECT INDEX. Pasie. Opisthoscelis subrotunda 99 verrucula 99 Opogonia apicalis 208 aurisqtmmosa 208 dimidiatella 208 fumiceps 208 saccharella 208 Opomysa florum 126 Orange rust mite (see Eriophyes oleivorus). Orchestes alni 12, 96 decoratus 222 fagi 40 ferrugineus 96 populi 181,222 rufus 96 salicis 181 testaceus scutellaris 12 Oregma lanigera 207 Orgyia antiqua 70, 149, 223 gonostigma 112 postica 64, 212 Oria musculosa 126 Orthezia insignis 59, 212 prxlonga 59 Ortheziola fodiens 63 Orthorrhinus cylindrirostris 60 kluggi 131 Orthotomicus erosus 74 laricis 69 longicollis 74 proximus 69 suturalis 69 Oryctes rhinoceros 160, 207 Oscinisfrit 125 pusilla (see Oscinisfrit). Ostoma [see Lophocateres (Ostoma)]. Otiorhynchus (see Brachyrhinus). Oxya annulicornis 205 intricata 190, 205 velox 190, 205 Oxycarenus dudgeoni 90 gossipinus 90 hyalinipennis 90 Iktus 90 Oxythrips binervis 207 Oxythyrea funesta 216 Oyster-shell scale (see Lepidosaphes ulmi). Pachnxus azurescens 63 litus 63 Pachydissus sericus 10 Pachymerus chinensis 6, 36, 37, 165 quadrimaculatus 6,36,37,165 PacJiyrhina crocata 70 maculata 44 Pachytus sulcicollis 215 Pachtylus migratoriodes 205 migratorius 26 Pachyzancla phxopteralis 185 Painted apple moth (see Teia anartoides). Palxococcus fuscipennis 73, 147, 153 TOSX 130 Palembus ocularis 210 Palm weevil (see Rhynchophorus palmarum) . Pamphila dara 208 PampMUus flaviventris 169, 180 Panolis griseovariegata 71 Papaya fruit fly (see Toxotrypana curvicauda). Papilio demoleus 57 idxus 60 Paralecanium cocophyllx 162 expansum 102 geometricum 35 Paralipsa modesta 191 Paraphrus granulosus 153 Parasa lepida 64 Paratettix gracilis 205 singularis 205 Parlatoria affinis 23, 26, 156, 166 blanchardii 162 calianthina . . 23 , 24, 35, 59, 156, 166, 169, 192 cinerea 59 greeni 162 myrtus 219 mytilaspiformis 158, 162 proteus 5, 158, 162 virescens 192 pseudaspidiotus 5, 146, 158 pyri 23, 169 sinensis 59 ziziphus 5, 59, 131 Parnara mathias 191, 208 Paropsis picea 10 Parthenothrips (?) kobusi 207 Pea aphis (see Macrosiphum pisi.). midge (see Contarinia pisi). moths (see Laspeyresia spp.). pod borer (see Etiella zinckenella). weevils [see Mylabris (Bruchus) spp.]- Peach fruit fly (see Dacus persicx). Pear borer (see Agrilus sinuatus). fruit borer (see Nephopteryx rubrizonella) . gall midge (see Contarinia pyrivora). leaf blister mite (see Eriophyes pyri). curling midge (see Dasyneura pyri). scale (see Aspidiotus ostrexformis). thrips (see Txniothrips pyri). tingis (see Stephanitis pyri). tree psylla (see Psylla pyricola). Pectinophora gossypiella 88 Pedinus femoralis 43, 216 Pegomya [see Chortophila (Pegomya) spp.]. Peltophora pedicillata 103, 172 Pemphigus bursarius 181 filaginis 181 immunis 181 marsupialis (see P. filaginis). napceus ; . . . 181 vesicalis 181 Pentodon punctatus 216 Perak pomelo moth (see Nephopteryx sagitti- ferella). Peridroma sp 6 Periscopus mundulus 207 Perkinsiella spp 206 amboinensis 206 bicoloris 206 graminicola 206 lalokensis 206 palUdula 206 papuensis 206 INSECT INDEX. 241 Page. Perkinsiella rattlei 206 saccharicida 198, 206 sinensis 206 variegata 206 vastatrix 206 vitiensis 206 Peronea ferrugana 12,40,47 Persectania evengi 18o Peru\-ian cotton-square weevil (see Antho- nomus vestitus). fruit fly (see Aiuistrepha peruviana). potato weevil (see Trypopremnon laiithorax; Premnotrypes solani). Petrognatha gigas spinosa 103 Phxnops cyanea 73 Pha hra bucephala 12, 40, 47, 96, 108, 134, 192 combusta (see Anticyra). Phalonia epilinana 104 Phaonia trimaculata 49 Pharaxonotha kirschi 122 Phenacaspis |see Chinaspis {PheTiacaspis)]. Phenacoccus aceris 11, 134, 222 iceryoides 146 mangiferx 146 pergandei 170 picese 81 socius 121 Phcnacoleachia zealandica 39 Phenice maculosa 206 moesta 206 Philephedra theobromse 50 Philippine orange moth (see Prays citri). Phissama interrupta 208 Phlseoba infumata 205 Phlaophthorus spinulosus 81 rhododactylus 81 Phlaosinns fhujx 25, 140 zhobi 74 Phlaothrips lucasseni 207 olex 156 pallidicornis 207 PMaotribus caucasicus 27 olex 157 PMyctxnia despecta 210 ferrugalis 6, 44 Phtenicococcus marlatti ^62 Phoracantha recurva 97 tricaspis 97 Phorbia dcina [see ChortophiJa (Pegomya) hyoscyami]. Phorodon humuU 5 Phosphtiga atrata 43 Phryneta caca 195 conradfi 103 hecphora 195 spinntor 103 Phthorimxa operculella 216, 217 Phyclta abietella 52, 70 infusella 91 Phylaitis sp 91 Phylan gibbus 73, 153 Phylla phis fagi 39 Phyllobius argentatus 39, 46 betulx 46 maculicornis 17, 46 55266—17—16 Page. Phyllobius oblongus 110 pyri 46 sinuatus 46 urticx 39 viridicoUis 39 Phyllocnistis citrella 58 Phyllodecta spp 221 tibialis 221 vitellinx 6, 181, 221 lulgatissima 221 Phyllognathus dionysius 190 Phyllopertha horticola 109 Phyllophaga clypealis 193 problematica 193 Phyllotoma vagans 13 Phyllotreta spp 91 armoracix 6, 91, 138 atra 44, 91, 138 cruciferx 44,91 nemorum 44, 91, 137, 189 nigripes 44,91, 138 undulata 91 vittata 6 vittula 44, 126, 187 Phymatodes lividus 138, 153, 222 testaceus 153 Physokermes picex\. 81 Physopus seinotatus 207 Phytalus smithi 199 Phytocoris pabulinus 184 Phytomyza affinis 51, 53, 164, 165, 215 nigricornis (see P. affinis). Phytonomus (see Hypera). Phytophaga destructor 7, 124 Phytoscaphus formosanus 207 Piesarthrius marginellus 10 Pieris monuste 49 Pigmy mangold beetle (see Atomaria linearis). Pileus hyalinatus 10 Pine bark beetle (see Xylotrechus quadripes). bud and gall moths (see Evetria spp.). moth (see Gelechia dodecella). gall mite (see Eriophyes pini). geometrid (see Bupnlus piniarivs). needle midge (see Thecodiplosis brachyn- tera). noctuid (see Panolis griseovariegata). procession moths (see Cnethocampa spp.). shoot moth (see Evetria buoliana). spinner (see Dendroiinus pini). Pineus orientalis 67 pini 67 sibiricus 67 stTobi 67 Pink bollworm (see Pectinophora gossypiella). Pinnaspis bambusx 32 bmi 5, 44, 162 longula 158 rhombica 30 Pionea ferrugalis 53,93, 141, 164, 192 forficalis 53, 138 Plssodes harcynix 68 notatus 68 picex 68 242 INSECT INDEX. Pissodes pini 68 piniphilus 68 Pitchy-legged weevil (see Brachyrhinus pkipes). Pith moths (see Blastodacna spp.). Pityogenes bidentatus 69 bistridentatus 69 chalcographus 69 coniferss 52, 69 Upperti 74 pil'.dens 69 quadridens 69 trepanatus 74 PUyokteines curvidens 09 spinidens 79 vorontzowi 79 Pityophthorus exculptus 81 glabralus 75 lichtensteini 75 micrographus 69 sampsoni 74 Plantia affinis 190 Plateros dispallens 212 Platinglisia noacki 35 Platyparxa pwciloptera 29 Platypus biformis 75 cupulatus 218 curtus 194 cyliTidrus 154 talurse 194 Plecoptera refleia 195 Plemeliella abietina 78 Plocxderus obesiis 193 ruficornis 143 Plodia inter punclella 6 Plum blister mites (see Eriophyes spp.)- borer (see (Rhynchites cupreus). bud moth (see Olethreutes pruniarm). fruit sawfly (see Hoplocampa fulvi- cornis). leaf sawfly (see Priophorus padi). stem piercer (see Magdalis armigera). psylla (see Psylla pruni). sawfly (see Eriocampoides Umacina). Plusia argentifera 216 chalcites 210 gamma 6, 44, 216 nigrisigna 14 Plutella maculipennis 6, 49 Podisma alpina 11 Podontia H-punctata 103 Pcecilonota rutilans (see Lampra). variolosa 181, 222 Pogonochserus fasciculatus 68 Poliaspis cycadis 162 pini 73, 79 Pollinia pollini 156 Polychrosis botrana 130, 131 Polydrusus cervinus 39, 46 chserodrysius 73 chrysomela 39 griseomaculatus 39 intermedins 46, 73 lateralis 39 micans 39 mollis 39 Page. Polydrusus picus 39 planifrons 46 sericeus 6, 39 undatus 46, 73 villosulus 73 viridicollis 6, 39 Polygraphus aterrimus 52 grandidava. 75 himalayensis 75 longifolia 75 major 52, 69 nigra 75 pini 69 polygraphus 69 subopacus 70 trenchi 75 Polyocha sacchardla 204 Polyphylla fullo 10, 39, 46, 73 Pontania salicis 223 Pontia rapx 6 Poplar borers (see Sapcrda spp.)- cureulio(see Cryptorhynchus lapathi). Porricondyla cercalis 124 gossypii 89 Porter's white fly (see Aleurothrixus portcri). Porthesia similis 40, 47, 108, 137, 141, 148, 149, 154, 181. 223 virguncula 91 Porthctria dispar 6, 12, 40, 47, 107, 137, 141, 148, 154, 181, 223 Potato lady-bird beetle (see Epilachna spp.). root mite (see Rhizoglyphus echinopus). Praonetha melanura 50, 63 Prays citri 57 curtisellus 27 oleelht,s 155 Premnotrypes solani 184 Prionus corpulcntus 153 Priophorus padi 47, 133, 149, 170, 177, 179 Prociphilus bumelix 26, 78 Procodeca adara 208 Prodenia litura 14, 91, 191, 216, 217 Promecotheca cumingii 160 reichei 160 Prosternon holosericeus 153 Protodiaspis anomila 9 Psalis securis 208 Psallidium maiillosum 44 Psammcecus trimaculatus 33 Pseudaonidia [see Aspidiotus (Pscudaonidia)]. PseudischnaspislseeAspidiotus (Pseudischnas- pis)]. Pseudoclavellaria amerinx 182, 223 Pseudococcus acacix 9 albizzix 10 ananassx 1"1 arecx 121 aurilanatus 25 boninsus 206 brevipes 171 bromelix 94, 171, 206 calceolarix 206 citri.. 59 cocotis 163 coffex 63 dubia 163 INSECT INDEX. 243 Page. Psevtdococcus farnesianx 10 ficus 102 filamcntosus 10, 59, 130 glaucus 23,158 grandis 131 grassi . 34 glaucus 158 indicus 35 laurinus 35 lobulatus 99 nitidus 10 pandani 163 pint "3 qusesitus 10 sacchari 206 saccharifolii 206 • setosus 102 solitarius 10 subterraneus 130 sicezeyi 10 texensis 5, 206 viburni 219 virgatus 30, 63, 102, 131, 163 viiis 130 vovx 139 Psetidocolaspis indica 54 Pscudokcrmcs nitcns 131 Pscudoparlatoria ostriata 163 parlatorioides 30, 166 Pseudotargionia glandulosa 9 Psiloptera fastuosa 212 viridans 193, 218 Psyche spp 211 albjpes 211 assamica 211 viciella 197 Psylla alni 11 cistellata 143 mail 16 pruni 1"2 pyricola 5 pyrisuga 167 Psylliodes attenuata 44, 135 chrysocephala 44, 49, 188 napi 49, 188 Pteleobius kraatzi 96 vittatus 96 Pterochlorus exsiccator 39, 152 PtcTonidea salicis 223 ribesii 6 Pterostkhus lepidus 81 vulgaris 196 Ptilinusfuscus 181, 222 pectinicornis 12, 39, 137, 148, 153, 222 Ptyelus costalis 190, 206 Pulvinaria aurantii 59 betulx .... 39, 45, 132, 134, 137, 179, 181, 222 alni 11 camelicola 63 cellulosa 59 cupanix 131 ficus 63, 102, 131, 146 floccifera 158 iceryi 206 jacksoni 102 mammex 30, 63, 102, 146 Page. Pulvinaria plana 35 sericea 153 simulans 30 thex 212 vinifera 130 Purple scale of the orange (see Lepidosaphes beckii). Purpuriscenus wachanrui 181 Puto antcnnata 73 Pyralid of the vine (see Polychrosis botrana). Pyrausta nubilalis 85, 123, 135, 137 Pyrilla abcrrans 206 Pyrodcrcts simplex 88 Pyrrhidium sanguincum 153 Pyrrlwcoris apterus 141 Queensland fruit fly (see Batroccra tryoni). Quince borer (see Cossus trisiis). Racilia okinaivcnsis 190. 205 Radish fly (see Anthomyia radicum). Rape flea-beetle (see Psylliodes spp). seed worm (see Evergcstis extimalis). Rarotonga fruit fly (see Dacus rarotongx). Red-banded thrips (see Heliothrips rubro- cinctus). coflee borer (see Zcuzcra coffex). gooseberry mite (see Bryobia ribis). gum-tree weevil (see Strongylorhinus och- raceus). -headed fir worm (see Enarmonia rufimi- trana). -legged ham beetle (see Nccrobia rufipes). maggot of cotton (see Porricondyla gos- sypii). palm weevil (see Phynchophorus ferru- gineus). plum maggot (see Laspeyresia fune- brana). spider (see Tctranychus spp.). tail moth (see Dasychira pudibunda). Rem igia frugalis 208 Rescliclla picex 81 Rhabdocnemis obscurus 34, 163, 201 Rhabdophaga spp 222 nielsonii 222 salicipcrda 182, 222 sal ids 222 Rhadinoscopus nociturnus 64 Rhagium mordax 46 Rhagoletis pardalina 93 Rhigopsidius tucumanus 183 Rhirmria perdix 47, 197 Rhinoceros beetle (see Oryctes rhinoceros). Rhinomacer attelaboides 73 Rhinotia hxmoptera 10 Rhizococcus intermedius 39 lobatulatus 10 pulchellus 39 totarx 39 Rhizcecus eloti 63 falcifer 130, 163, 192 (?) terrestris 163 Rhizoglyphus ( Coepophagus) echinopus 5, 158, 164, 183 Rhizopertha collaris 17 dominica 6 Rhizotrogus xquinoctialis 43 244 INSECT INDEX. Page. Rhopalopus insubricus 148 Ehynchites alni 39 betulx 12, 39, 46 cceruleus 173 cupreus 173, 174 Rhyncolus ater 68 Rhyncolus cylindricus 68 elongatus 68 himalayensis 52, 68 lignyarius 40, 68 porcatus 68 strangulatus 68 trunconim 40, 68 Rhynchopfiorus ferrugincus 161 palmarum 161, 207 signatkollis (see Rhyncho- phorus fcrrugineus). Ricania txniata 206 Rice bug (see Lepocorisa varicornis). flea-beetle (see Chxtocnema basalis). leaf-beetle (see Hispa senescens). hopper (see Tcttigoniella spectra). skipper (see Parnara mathias). stem borer (see Chilo auricilia; Schoeno- bius bipunctiftr). Rioxa musx 34, 118 Ripersiafagi 39 pal marum 163 sacchari 206 Riptortus fuscus 207 Rose sawfly (seeCaliroaacthiops; Cladiuspecti- nicornis). scale (see Leucaspis japonica). Rosenbergia mcgacephala 103 Rosy rustic (see Hydrcecia micsea). Ru5t-red flour beetle (see Tribolium fcrrugi- neum). Rutherglen Img (see Nysius vinitor). Rye midge (see Lasioptera cerealis). stem l)orer (see Ochsenheimcria launUa). Sacadodcs pyralis 91 Sago palm scale (see Diaspis zamix). SahlbcrgeUa singularis 50 Saissctia discnides 131 mirifica 10 nigra 63, 94, 102 olcie 5 psidii 131, 14C> punctilifera 146 San Jose scale (see Aspidiolcs pcrniciosus). Saperda spp 180 carcMrias 6, 180, ISl, 222 popiilnea ISO, 181, 182, 222 scxlaris 23,39, 179, ISO, 181. 220 Sawfly (see Macrophya punctum-album). Saw-toothe;l grain beetle (see Silvanus surinn- mcnsis). Scale insects (see Coccidfe) 7 Scapteriscus didactylus 49 Scclodnota strigicoUis 128 Schistoccros anobioidcs 193 Schizaspis lobata 102 Schizodactylus monstrosus 89, 90. 215 Schcenobius bipunctifcr 189 Sciopteron regale 129 tabaniformis 181 Scirpophaga auriifua 208 chysorrhoea 208 t'age. Scirpophaga intacta 208 monostigma 208 Scolytochelus ensifer 96 ScolytocUelus Urschi 96 multistriatus 27 Scolytoplatypus darjeelingi 1,54 himalayensis 79 Scolytus aceris 148 amygdali 25, 167 assimilis 174 carpini 137 deodara 52 intricatus 40, 154 Ixvis 96 major 52 mali 24. 54, 96, 149, 179 minor 5i m.uUistriatus S6 pruni 24, 170, 174 pygmxus 96 ratzeburgi 46 rugulosus 6, 46, 149 scnlytus 27,96 Scopelosoma satclliiia 40 Scotinophora tarsalis 207 Seed-corn maggot [see Chortopfiila [Pegomya) fusciceps]. Sclatnsomus xneus 68, 153 Sclidosema cxcursaria 10 lyciaria 10 Semiothisa liturata 75 Sercnthia formosana 207 Serica assamensis 193 Serropalpus barbatus 67 Sesamia cretica 85, 196, 203 nonagrioidcs 208 Sfsia conopiformis l.')4| culiciformis 12 formicxformis 223 myopseformis 21. 25 scolixformis 47 sphcciformis 12, 27, 47 vespiformis 154 Sctenis indosinica 73 Ixvis 193 scmiopaca 68 semivalga 193 Shallot fly (see Chortophila cilicrura). She-oak root-borer (see Stigmodcra lieros). Shot-hole borer of tea (see Xyleborus fornica- tus). Siamese grain beetle [see Lophocateres (Osto- ma) pusillus]. vSilky oak weevil borer (see ^Estates notabilis). Silpfia obscura 43 Silvanus advcna 212 surinamensis 5 Sinoxylon anale 33, 148, 193,218 crassum 148, 193, 218 perforans 96, 127, 138, 153 sexdentatum 127 sudanicum 100 Siphonella pumilionis 85 Sircx gigas 70 impcrialis 82 juvcncus 70 spectrum 70, 82 Sitodrepa panicea 6 INSECT INDEX. 245 Page. Sitona spp 60 flavfsccns 61 3S, 60, 165 hispidula 6, 60, 165 lincata 38, 60, 165 linnecUus 60 meliloii 61 sukifrnns , - - • 61 Sitolroga cercaMla 6 Smaller bamboo shot-hole borer (see Binn- dcrus minutus). Smijnthurus sp 1-t Social pear sawfly (see Pamphilius flaviven- trix). SoUnococcus fagi 39 muratx 130 , 219 South Sea guava fruit fly (see Daais psidii). Soy bean moth (see Laspeyresia glycmivorella). Spcrmophagus pcctoralis 36 Sphxrococcus! acacise 1" Sphxrotryp(S assamensis 193 globulus 193 shcalikensis 193 Sphcnophnrus sordidus (see Cosmopolites). Sphcnoptcra atcrrima 52 gossypii 90 lafertei 52 ncglccta 90 Spilosoma fuscinula 99 Spinach aphis ( .Vyzus pcrsicx). leaf miner (see Pegomya hyoscyami). Spined log beetle (see Xenocnema spinipcs australiv). Spiny citrus white fly (see Aleurocanfhus woglumi). Spodoptera mauritia 8, 191 , 210, 216 pccicn 208 Spruce bark tortricil (see Laspcyresia pac- folana). borer (see Tdropinuvi castaneum). cone moth (see Laspeyrcsia strobilclla). gall mitige (see Dasyncnra piccx). nest worm (see Laspeyresia tedella). wood wasp (see Sirex spectrum). Stauropus altcrnus 51,64, 146, 212 Steganoptycha (see Enarmonia rufimitrana) . Stdra.itoma dcpressum 50 Stcnohofhurus formosanus 205 Stcnocraniis saccharivora 198 sacchari 206 Stcnothrips (?) zehntneri 207 Stephnnitis pyri 167, 168 Sternochctus gravis 143, 144 mangiferse 144, 145 Stcrnotomis bohemani 10 imperiaUs 63 regalis 63 Stigmodera hcros 97 StiJpnotia salicis 181, 223 Stomaphis longirostris 152 qucrcus 152 Straw fly (see Chloropstscniopus). Strawberry root wee\-il (see Brachyrhinus ovatus). SIromatiu m barbatu m 33, 212 longicornc 212 Page. Strongyloccphalus agrcstis 206 Strongylorhinus ochraccus 98 Strongylurus thoracicus 52 Strophosoma capitatn 39, 46 mclanogramma 39,46 Suana concolor 30,132,194 Subcoccinella 24-punctata 14, 43 Sucking bug (see Ceratopachys variabilis). Sugar-cane ambrosia beetle (Xyleborus pcr- forans). borer (see Metamasius scriccus) . moths (see Diatrxa spp.). bud moth (see Ereunefis flavistriata). frog hopper (see Tomaspis spp.). hispid miner (see Hispid walckeri) . leafhopper (see PcrkinsieUa sac- charicida). mealy bug (see Pseudococcus tcxcnsis). moth borer of India (see Chile simplex). red spider (see Tctranychus exsic- cator). Swete-potato stem borer (see Omphisa anas- tomosalis). weevil (see Cylas formicarius) . Swan moth (see Porthcsia similis) . Sylepta dcrogata 91, 155 Symphylctcs neglcctus 10 nigrovirens 10 vestigialis 10 Syngcnaspis parlatorex 81 Tachardia acacix 10 na 103 lacca 103 Txniotcs scalaris 101 Txniothrips pyri 5 Takahashia citricola 59 japonica 59 Tanymecus rusticus 207 Taphrorychus bicolor 40, 170 lillijrons 40 Tapinostola musculosa (see Oria). Tarachc catena 91 Targionia [see Aspidiotus {Targionia)]. Tarnished plant bug (see Lygus pratensis). Tea bag worms (see Psyche spp.). Teara contraria 10, ICO Tcia anartoides 10, 24, 113, \ Teledapus dorcadioidcs 52, ti..