OFFICIAL PUBLICATION 
 
 OF THE . 
 
 MARYLAND COMMISSIONERS 
 
 PAN-AMERICAN EXPOSITION 
 
 MARYLAND and ITS NATURAL RESOURCES 
 
 PREPARED BY 
 
 THE MARYLAND GEOLOGICAL SURVEY 
 
 WM. BULLOCK CLARK. STATE QEOLOQIST 
 
 BALTIMORE 
 
 leoi 
 
 LIBrtAKY OF CONGRESS, 
 
 HECEIVCO 
 
 JUL26I901 
 
 DIVISION OF D8CUMENTS. 
 
'A 1 TYdin XH K AOmaM A- V^ / . ' I 
 
OFFICIAL PUBLICATION 
 
 . . OF THE 
 
 MARYLAND COMMISSIONERS 
 
 PAN-AMERICAN EXPOSITION 
 
 MARyiiNI) AND ITS NATORAL RESOURCES 
 
 PREPARED BY 
 
 THE MARYLAND GEOLOGICAL SURVEY 
 
 WM. BULLOCK CLARK, State Geologist 
 
 BALTIMORE 
 1901 
 
MARYLAND COMMISSIONERS 
 
 TO THE 
 
 PAN-AMERICAN EXPOSITION, 
 
 BUFFALO, N. Y. 
 
 Edward L. Bartlett, 
 Francis K. Carey, 
 Franklin P. Cator, 
 Reuben Foster, 
 John S. Gibbs, 
 John Gill, 
 Frank N. Hoen, 
 
 Lloyd L. Jackson, 
 Ferdinand C. Latrobe, 
 Robert Ober, 
 Samuel Rosenthal, Jr., 
 Herman Stump, 
 Oswa-ld Tilghman, 
 NoRVAL E. Foard. 
 
 Chairman : 
 Ferdinand C. Latrobe. 
 
 Treasurer : 
 Frank N. Hoen. 
 
 Vice Chairman : 
 Lloyd L. Jackson, 
 
 Secretary : 
 Clarence H. Forrest. 
 
INTRODUCTION. 
 
 The State of Marvhvml possesses more than ordinary interest on account 
 of its situation, ilistrihution of land and water, and surface configuration. 
 It is the most northern of the Soutliern States, and is situated between the 
 parallels 37° 53^ and 39° 44^ north latitude and the meridians 75° 4^ and 79° 
 30^ west longitude, the exact position of the western boun(Uiry being still 
 undetermined. The boundaries of Maryland are based upon both arbitrary 
 locations and geographic features. According to the early grants they were 
 clearly defined, but different interpretations of various restrictions, such as 
 " the land hitherto unsettled," and the situation of local points like " the 
 tii-st fountain of the Potomac," have led to disputes, some of which are still 
 open. The northern, as well as parts of the eastern, southern and western 
 limits, are conventional lines, of which tlie l)est known is tiic " JMason and 
 Dixon Line." 
 
 The northern boundary, known as the Mason and Dixon Line, 
 which became famous later as the boundary between the free 
 and slave-holding States of the North and South, was, according to 
 an agreement made in 1732, to run due west from Cape Henlopen 
 (fifteen miles south of the point now known by that name) to the 
 middle of the peninsula of the Eastern Shore, thence northward 
 tangent to a circle of twelve miles radius— whose center was at New- 
 castle, Delaware — and then due north from the tangent point until it 
 reached a parallel of latitude fifteen miles south of the southernmost 
 part of Philadelphia. From this point the line was to run due west. 
 Surveyors had already determined the position of the "center of the 
 peninsula," the north and south line, and the "tangent point," 
 when Charles Mason and Jeremiah Dixon, noted English astron- 
 omers and mathematicians, arrived in Philadelphia in 1763. From 
 their arrival until December, 1767, Mason and Dixon were busy locat- 
 ing the "southernmost part of Philadelphia" and the northern bound- 
 ary of the State, which they -surveyed and marked as farasDunkard 
 Creek, West Virginia, where they were stopped by the Indians 
 Along the greater portion of this line each mile was marked by a 
 stone monument, which had the letter "P" engraved on the northern 
 side, and the letter "jM" on the southern side, while at each fifth 
 mile was a similar stone, known as the "crown-stone," with the coat 
 of arms of the Penns cut on the northern face and with that of Lord 
 Baltimore on the southern. These stones were brought from England. 
 Some of the original monuments remain in good condition, but many 
 have become dilapidated or been removed. The line is now being 
 relocated by a Commission composed of representatives of the States 
 of Maryland and Pennsylvania and of the United States Government. 
 The southern boundary, long in dispute, was permanently settled in 1877, as far 
 as the Maryland-Virginia portion is concerned, by a board of commissioners appointed 
 by the States of Maryland and Virginia. According to their agreement the boundary 
 line follows the low-water line on the right bank of the Potomac Kiver to Smith's Point 
 at its mouth, thence northeasterly across Chesapeake Bay to the southern end of Smith's 
 Island, and thence to the middle of Tangier Sound. Here the boundary runs south 10"' 
 30' west, until it intersects a straight line connecting Smith's Point and Watkins' Point. 
 From this intersection the line runs to Watkins' Point, and thence eastward through 
 the center of Pocomoke Sound and Pocomoke River until it reaches the westward pro- 
 longation of the old Scarborough and Calvert line surveyed in 1688. which it follows to 
 the Atlantic Ocean. There is still some controversy as to the exact location of some 
 of the boundary marks. The States of Maryland and West \'irginia have not yet 
 determined the western terminus of this line. 
 
 CROWN-STONE. 
 
The western boundary of the State has not been flually settled. According tO' 
 the early grants, this line should run due north from the head of the Potomac River. 
 The North Branch was early regarded as the head of the river, but later surveys show 
 that the South Branch is longer than the North Branch. The "Fairfax Stone" supposed 
 to be placed at the westernmost source of the North Branch has been recently shown 
 not to be at the head of that stream. Its real source is about one mile farther west, 
 and this point has been recently marked by the State of Maryland with a monument 
 known as the "Potomac Stone." The questions at issue are now before the Supreme 
 Court of the United States. 
 
 The extreme width of the State from east to west is 240 miles, and the 
 extreme length from north to south 125 miles, the latter, however, narrow- 
 ing toward the west where it becomes less than three miles at Hancock. 
 Beyond this point it again broadens. The total area within the limits of 
 the State is estimated at 12,210 square miles, of which 9,860 square miles are 
 land. The remaining 2,350 square miles are water, distributed as follows: 
 
 SWALLOW FALLS, YOUGHIOGHENY RIVER. 
 
 Chesapeake Bay, 1,203 ; Chincoteague Bay, 93 ; smaller estuaries and 
 streams, 1,054 square miles. 
 
 The State of Maryland, lying midway between the North and South, and 
 stretching as it does from the Atlantic Ocean to the crest of the AUeghanies, 
 with the great estuary of the Chesapeake Bay and its tributaries extending 
 far into the land in all directions, possesses many advantages over neighbor- 
 ing commonwealths. There is probably no State of equal size in the Union 
 that has such a variety of natural resources in its agricultural and mineral 
 output, and in its sea and bay products of every description, while its central 
 location and numerous natural highways of commerce and trade render this 
 native wealth of the greatest importance to the material prosperity of the 
 people. 
 
TOPOGRAPHIC FEATURES. 
 
 The State of Maryland in its pliysi(i<j,rai)liic features is closely related to 
 the states which lie to the north and south of it. It is part of the eastern 
 border region which stretches from the Atlantic coast-line to the crest of the 
 Allep:hanies, ami from its central situation affords, perhaps, the most 
 •characteristic section of tliis broad belt. The country rises from the sea 
 level at lirst j^radually and then more rapidly until it culminates in the high 
 lands of the western portion of the State. It has been divided into three 
 physiographic areas known respectively as the Coastal Plain, the Piedmont 
 Plateau and the Appalachian Kegion. 
 
 The Coastal Plain is characterized l>y broad, level stretches of slifiht 
 t'levation, deeply indented with tidal estuaries and bays that admit to navi- 
 gation, as at P>altimore and Washington, vessels of the largest tonnage, while 
 i?nialler craft can load at almost everv commercial center in the district. The 
 
 ELK NECK, AT HEAD OF CHESAPEAKE BAY. 
 
 Piedmont Plateau, which borders the Coastal Plain on the west and 
 ■extends thence to the foot of the .\pj)alachian Mountains, is a broken, hilly 
 country of undulating surface, divided by Parr's Kidge into two (juite dis- 
 tinct districts. The Appalachian Region is an ari?a of high lauds, character- 
 ized by parallel, even-topped ranges, the continuity of which is frequently 
 interrupted. Between the ridges are numerous valleys drained by rapidly 
 flowing streams. 
 
 The vaj-iety of surface configuration is so pronounced that every type of 
 land is artbrded from the low-lying plain bordering the tidal estuary to the 
 high mountain slope reaching more than 3,000 feet in altitude. These 
 varied jihysical features have influenced to a large degree the character of 
 the people and their pursuits, which are clearly recognized as one jnisses 
 from the eastern to the western counties of the State. 
 
THE CLIMATE. 
 
 The climate of Maryland is as varied as its surface configuration, and is 
 to a considerable extent dependent upon the latter. These climatic differ- 
 ences are also due to the nearness of large bodies of water, such as the 
 Atlantic Ocean and the Chesapeake Bay. The climate of most of the State 
 has the healthfulness common to the eastern part of the United States, and 
 in character is midway between that of Maine and that of Florida. In the 
 eastern and southern parts of the State the winters are mild and the sum- 
 mers hot, while in the western and more elevated portions the winters are 
 quite cold and the summers delightfully cool. The so-called "climatic 
 changes" depend upon differences in temperature, precipitation, winds, 
 humidity and barometric pressure. 
 
 The average temperature for the year varies materially in the several 
 sections of the State, the temperature of the northern and western divisions, 
 which ranges from an average of 27° in winter to 70° in summer, is several 
 degrees lower than that of the southern and eastern divisions, where the 
 temperature for winter is on the average about 40° and for summer 77°. 
 In general the average temperature of Southern Maryland is 2° higher than 
 that of Baltimore, while the temperature of the country to the north and 
 west of the city decreases as the elevation of the land becomes greater. In 
 the western part of the State the valleys are slightly warmer than the 
 mountains, but are more liable to early frosts. 
 
 The precipitation of moisture in Maryland occurs in the form of rain, 
 snow and hail, usually the first, especially in the southern and eastern parts 
 of the State. There are no distinctly wet and dry seasons, as in tropical 
 countries, but careful observations show that there is more rain in the spring 
 and late summer than in the autumn and winter. There are also special areas 
 where there is considerable rainfall, and others in which the precipitation is 
 slight. The records show that the areas of greatest rainfall are on the east- 
 ern slope of the Catoctin Mountain in the Frederick Valley, and along the 
 shores of the Chesapeake Bay between Cambridge and Annapohs ; while the 
 areas of least precipitation are between Denton and Westminster and in the 
 mountainous counties. The annual precipitation in the State varies, accord- 
 ing to localities, from 25 to 48 inches. 
 
 The winds in Maryland generally blow from the west, but during tlje 
 summer they come more from the south, and in the winter more from the 
 northwest and west, especialh^ in the eastern and central portions of the 
 State. In the mountainous regions of Western Maryland the winds are more 
 commonly from the northwest and west throughout the year. 
 
 THE FLORA AND FAUNA. 
 
 The native plants of Maryland are not unlike those of Virginia and 
 Pennsylvania, and the range within the State is wider than that between 
 adjacent areas in neighboring states. The most prominent trees are oak (12 
 species), hickory (4), pine (4), poplar, maple (3), locust, chestnut, cypress, 
 red cedar, beech and wild cherry. Among the wild fruit trees are the per- 
 simmon, the service berry and Chickasaw plum. The various sorts of grape- 
 vine, the Virginia creeper, greenbrier, and morning glory are common 
 chmbers in the State, while the wild strawberry, blackberry, raspberry, 
 bluebeiTv, huckleberry, dewberry and cranberry, all very abundant, repre- 
 
sent the native small fruits. 
 Besides these larger or 
 fruit-bearing plants there 
 are countless others which 
 carpet the ground in rapid 
 succession from early 
 spring until late autumn. 
 The animal life in 
 Maryland is abundant, but 
 does not show a great 
 variety of the larger forms. 
 Deer, black bears, and wild- 
 oats are sometimes taken in 
 the wilder portions of the 
 State. Usually, however, 
 the mammals are represent- 
 ed only by such animals 
 as the ground-hogs, rabbits, 
 skunks, weasels, minks, ot- 
 ters, opossums ami squirrels. 
 Snakes are abundant, but most 
 of the species are harmless. The 
 copperhead and the rattlesnake 
 are the most common venomous 
 snakes, the former being the more 
 vicious and dangerous. 
 The waters of the Chesapeake Bay abound in shad, herring, menhaden, 
 mackerel, crabs, terrapin and oysters. Among the ducks which frequent 
 Chesapeake Bay are the canvas-backs, red-heads, bald-pates, mallards, 
 black-heads and teal ; while the land birds include the reed-bird, partridge, 
 ruffed grouse (or •' pheasant "), woodcock, snipe, i)lover and Carolina rail. 
 
 The smaller song and ornamental birds are very numerous and include 
 many tiirushes, wrens, swallows, sparrows, nighthawks, wild doves, and the 
 " Baltimore oriole." Woodpeckers, owls, hawks, turkey-bu/.zards and crows 
 are also numerous. 
 
 ON WILLS MOUNTAIN. 
 
 HISTORICAL SKETCH. 
 
 Maryland was settled by a party of Englishmen under Leonard Calvert, 
 who left the mother country in the " Ark and Dove '' in 1633, and linally 
 landed near the mouth of the Potomac, on the shores of St. Mary's River, in 
 1634. The proprietor, Cecilius Calvert, second Baron of Baltimore, received 
 the teri-itory from Charles I, under a charter which allowed many liberties, 
 including freedom from taxation by the King. In 1649 the colonists estab- 
 lished these privileges by the "Toleration Act,'" which forbade discrin)ina- 
 tion on account of religious opinions. The Puritans from Virginia sought 
 refuge in Maryland, and in 1652 even captured the State government for a 
 period . 
 
 About this time the Duke of York (afterward .lames II), through ignor- 
 ance of tlie country, granted William Penn some of the land which had 
 alreadv been iriven to Lord Baltimore. This mistake led to a long border 
 
dispute which only ended with the location of the Mason and Dixon Line 
 (1763-1768). In 1694 the capital of the State was moved from St. Mary's 
 City to Annapolis. 
 
 During the Revolutionary War no important military operations took 
 place in Maryland, although the "Maryland Line" fought with valor in 
 many engagements, especially those of Long Island, Camden, Cowpens, 
 Guilford and Eutaw Springs. On December 22, 1783, Washington resigned 
 his commission as commander-in-chief of the army in the Senate chamber at 
 Annapolis, where the Continental Congress was then in session. 
 
 During the War of 1812 several Maryland towns were pillaged by the 
 British, but Baltimore was saved from plunder by the repulse of the enemy 
 at North Point and Fort McHenry. It was during the bombardment of the 
 latter place that Francis Scott Key wrote " The Star-spangled Banner." 
 
 Among the battles of the Civil War three were fought on Maryland soil, 
 South Mountain (September 14, 1862), Sharpsburg, or Antietam, (September 
 16-17, 1862), and Monocacy (1864). There were also small conflicts at many 
 points, especially along the Potomac. 
 
 CALVERT CLIFFS. 
 
 In the history of the State are many incidents which have since become 
 of national or international importance. The first wheat was shipped to 
 Europe from Baltimore in 1771 ; the first regular steam packet that crossed 
 the Atlantic direct from the United States sailed from Baltimore in May, 
 1838 ; while the Morse telegraph line transmitted its first message (" What 
 hath God wrought") from Baltimore to Washington, April 9, 1844. Balti- 
 more w^as the first city in America to have a w^ater company (1792), street 
 gaslights, a railroad (1828), and an electric street railroad (1881). The city 
 contains the first American monument to Columbus, the first State monu- 
 ment to George Washington, the oldest American lodge of the Independent 
 Order of Odd Fellows, and the oldest College of Dental Surgery. 
 
 The earhest settlers in Maryland were Englishmen, whose descendants 
 are now scattered all over the State, and comprise the leading element in 
 the population. Many of the early settlers in the country adjacent to 
 Pennsylvania were of German extraction, and their descendants are to-day 
 numerous and influential. Next in importance are the negroes who com- 
 prise one-fifth of the population, and who are relatively more prominent in 
 
Charles-, Calvert an.l St. Mary's counties, wiiere they cuiupose fully une-half 
 of the population : and least important in the western counties alon^ the 
 Mason and Dixon Line, where there is only one nej^ro on the avera<re to 
 fourteen whites. In Baltimore, Cecil and Harford counties, the negroes 
 comprise one-sixth of the population, while in the counties of the eastern 
 and western shore, not previously enumerated, they form about two-tifths of 
 the entire population. During the last twenty years there has l>een a irreat 
 increase in the Polish, Hungarian and iJohemian inhabitants, who liave 
 settled in the mining districts of Allegany and (iarrett counties and in 
 Baltimore City. 
 
 Maryland has always been a religious center. As early as l(>'J!i services 
 were regularly conducted on Kent Island by an ordained minister of the 
 Church of England. The first Presbyterian Church in America was estab- 
 lished at Snow Hill about 1700, and in 17(H) Robert Straw l)ridgc establisherl 
 the first Methodist congregation in America in Frederick countv. Manv of 
 
 STATE HOUSE, ANNAPOLIS. 
 
 the most prominent of the early settlers were Roman Catholics, and the See 
 of Baltimore has held the first position in America since the decree of 185S. 
 There are 59 denominations or sects represented in Mai-yland, anil 
 although many of them are scattered throughout the State they show local 
 variations in strength, which are closely related to the history, beliefs and 
 nationalities of the early settlers. 
 
 STATE GOVERNMENT. 
 The present government of the State of Maryland is ba.sed on a Consti- 
 tution formulated and ratified in lSt>7. Earlier constitutions were adopted 
 in 177(i, 1851, 1864, and the Constitution of 177H was very much changed 
 in 1837. According to the ))resent Constitution the State is divided into 2::5 
 counties antl Baltimore City, which in turn are sulxlivideil into districts for 
 
school and election purposes. There are no units such as townships, but the 
 local aflairs of the cities, towns and villages are carried on by officers 
 in accordance with charters and special acts. 
 
 Among the State officials under the Constitution of 1867 are the Gov- 
 ernor, elected for four years, and the Secretary of State, who is appointed by 
 the Governor. The Senate and House of Delegates, which together form 
 the General Assembly or Legislature, consist of 26 Senators elected for four 
 years, one from each of the 23 counties and the three districts of Baltimore 
 City, and 91 delegates, elected for two years, apportioned according to the 
 population. Each of the legislative districts of Baltimore is entitled to six 
 delegates, the number allowed the largest county. The Assembly meets 
 every other year, on the first Wednesday in January, and may remain in 
 session 90 days. At the call of the Governor a special session may be held,, 
 which is limited by-law to 30 days. 
 
 The judicial powers of the State are vested in a Court of Appeals (com- 
 posed of eight judges) ; Circuit Courts with eight chief judges (who are the 
 judges of the Court of Appeals), and eighteen associate judges ; and Orphans" 
 Courts with seventy-two judges. The Appeal and Circuit court judges are 
 elected for fifteen years, the judges of the Orphans' Court for four, the regis- 
 trars of wills for six, and the sheriffs for two. The Attorney-General of the 
 State and the State's Attorneys are elected for four years. Justices of the' 
 peace, constables, coroners and notaries, are appointed by the Governor. 
 
 Among the other prominent State officials are the Comptroller, who is 
 the financier for the State, and who is elected by the people for two years ;. 
 and the Treasurer, who is the banker, and who is elected by the General 
 Assembly for a two year term. 
 
 The more important State organizations are the Board of Public Works, 
 Militia, Fishery Force, Land Office, State Agricultural Experiment Station,. 
 Geological and Economic Survey, State Weather Service, State Horticultural 
 Bureau, Bureau of Industrial Statistics, Board of Education, Board of Health, 
 Boards of Medical Examiners, Examiners of Dental Sui'gery, State Lunacy 
 Commission, Live Stock Sanitary Board, and the Fish Commission. 
 
 ^ EDUCATION. 
 
 The e.(|^cational history of the State dates back to 1696, when Governor- 
 Francis Nicholson established the first public school at Annapolis, now St. 
 John's College. The State schools were brought under the general supervision 
 of the State Bo.ird of Education in 1864, and are now supported by State and 
 local taxation. A State Superintendent of Schools was provided for by the 
 General Assembly of 1900. The State schools also include a Normal School 
 for teachers, schools for the deaf and dumb, and for the blind. Baltimore is 
 the educational center of the State. In this city are located the Johns- 
 Hopkins University and Medical School, Maryland Universitj^, Peabody 
 Institute, The Woman's CoUege-of Baltimore, Maryland Institute, St. Mary's 
 Seminary, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Baltimore Medical College,. 
 Maryland College of Pharmacy, Baltimore College of Dental Surgery, and 
 many others. 
 
 Within the limits of the State are also tl.e Maryland Agricultui-al College 
 at College Park, St. John's College at Annapolis, Washington College at 
 Chestertown, Mt. St. Mary's College at Emmitsburg, Western ^Maryland 
 College at Westminster, and many smaller institutions. 
 
 8 
 
THE COUNTIES AND CITIES OF MARYLAND. 
 Maryland is divideil into 23 counties, ol" which (iarrett, Aile.iiany and 
 Washington form the Appahichian Region known as Western Marylaml ; 
 Frederick, Carroll, Baltimore, Harford. Cecil, Howard and Montgomery 
 the Piedmont Plateau, which is also referred to under the name of Nortiiern- 
 Central Maryland ; Anne Arundel, Prince George's, Calvert, Charles ami 
 St. Mary's, commonly called Southern Marjdand, and Kent, (^ueen Anne's, 
 Talbot, Caroline, Dorchester, Wicomico, Somerset and Worcester, known 
 as Eastei'n Maryland, the two latter districts comprising the Coastal Plain. 
 Of these 23 counties there ai'e but seven that do not border on navigable 
 waters. 
 
 MARYLAND 
 
 DENSITY OF POPULATION 
 
 :i^ 
 
 m^. 
 
 \HC4// 
 
 23 "'•.;%'":t 
 
 X ■ ,& — g-^4- - — ^ 
 
 POPULATION OF MARYLAND ACCORDING TO THE 
 UNITED STATES CENSUS. 
 
 Counties. lliOd. isiio. 1880. <, ""^^tes County Town. 
 
 AUejiany 53.(504 41,571 38,012 442 Cuml.erlan.i. 
 
 Anne Arundel 40,018 . 34,094 28,226 425 Annapolis. 
 
 Baltimore 90,7.55 72.909 83.33C 65C Towson. 
 
 Baltimore City 508.957 434,439 382,313 30 
 
 Calvert 10,223 9,860 10,538 222 Prince Fre.lerick. 
 
 Caroline 10,248 13,903 13.766 320 Denton. 
 
 Carroll 33.860 32,376 30.992 437 Westminster. 
 
 Cecil 24,662 25,851 27.10S 360 Elkton. 
 
 Charles 18,316 15,191 18,548 451 La Plata. 
 
 Dorchester 27,962 24,843 23.110 608 Cambridge. 
 
 Frederick 51,920 49.512 50.482 662 Frederick. 
 
 Garrett 17.701 14,213 12,175 660 Oakland. 
 
 Harford 28,209 28,993 28.042 388 Belair. 
 
 Howard 16,715 10,209 16,140 240 Ellicott Citv. 
 
 Kent 18,786 17,471 17.605 281 Chestertown. 
 
 Monteomerv 30,451 27,185 24,759 490 Kockville. 
 
 Prince George's 29,898 26.080 26,451 482 Upper Marlboro. 
 
 Queen Anue's 18.364 18,461 19.2.57 376 Centreville. 
 
 St. Mary's. 18.130 1,5,819 10,934 372 Leonardtown. 
 
 Somer.set 25 92;j 24,155 21,608 302 Princess Anne. 
 
 Talbot 20'.342 19,730 19,005 280 Easton. 
 
 Washington 4.5,133 .39,782 38,561 458 Hafrerstown. 
 
 Wicomico 22.852 19,930 18,016 365 Salisbury. 
 
 Worcester 20.865 19,747 19,539 487 Snow Hill. 
 
 The State 1,190.050 1.042,390 934.943 9,860 .Annapolis. 
 
 The above figures, which are uow being revised, show an increase in the popula- 
 tion of the State since 1890 of 147,660, or 14.1 per cent. The increase from 1880 to 1890 
 was 107,447, or 11.4 per cent. 
 
 9 
 
BALTIMORE HARBOR. 
 
 URBAN POPULATION OF MARYLAND. 
 
 Population of Ninety-eight Incorporated Cities, Towns and Villages of Maryland 
 according to the United States Census. 
 
 1890 
 
 448 
 
 7,604 
 
 434,439 
 
 1,416 
 974 
 275 
 .503 
 295 
 766 
 
 273 
 
 4,192 
 485 
 
 1,309 
 228 
 
 1,155 
 
 2,632 
 596 
 
 Towns, etc. 1900. 
 
 Aberdeen..- 800 
 
 Annapolis 8,402 
 
 Baltimore 508,957 
 
 Barnesville 125 
 
 Belair 961 
 
 Berlin 1,256 
 
 Blshopville 243 
 
 Bladensburg 463 
 
 Bloomington 395 
 
 Boonsboro 700 
 
 Bowie .. . 443 
 
 Bridgetown 50 
 
 Brookeville 158 
 
 Brunswick 2,471 
 
 Burkittsville 2->Q 
 
 Cambridge! 5,747 
 
 Cecilton 447 
 
 Centreville 1,2.31 
 
 Charlestown 344 
 
 Chesapeake 1,172 
 
 Chestertown 3,008 
 
 Church Hill 368 
 
 Clear Spring 474 
 
 Crisfield 3,165 
 
 Crumpton 207 
 
 Cumberland 17,128 
 
 Damascus 148 
 
 Darlington 360 
 
 Deer Park 293 
 
 Delmar 659 
 
 Denton 900 
 
 East New Market 1,267 
 
 Easton 3,074 
 
 Elkton 2,542 
 
 Ellicott City 1,331 
 
 Emmitsburg 849 
 
 Pederalsburg 539 
 
 Frederick 9,296 
 
 Frostburg 5,274 
 
 Punkstown .559 
 
 Gaitliersburg 547 
 
 Garrett Park 175 
 
 Girdletree 336 
 
 Grantsville 175 
 
 Greensboro 641 902 
 
 Hagerstown... 13,591 10,118 
 
 Hampstead 480 531 
 
 Hancock 824 815 
 
 Havre de Grace 3,423 3,244 
 
 1.565 
 317 
 
 13,729 
 
 339 
 
 179 
 
 641 
 
 2','939 
 2,318 
 1,488 
 844 
 .543 
 8,193 
 3.804 
 
 Towns, etc. 
 
 Ilillsboro 
 
 Hurlock 
 
 Hyattstown 
 
 HyattsviUe 
 
 Keedysville 
 
 Kensington 
 
 Laurel 
 
 Laytonsville 
 
 Leonardtown 
 
 Loch Lynn Heights.... 
 
 Lonaooning 
 
 Manchester 
 
 Middletown 
 
 Millington 
 
 Mountain Lake Park. 
 
 Mount Airy 
 
 New Windsor 
 
 Northeast 
 
 Oakland 
 
 Ocean City 
 
 Oxford 
 
 Perryville 
 
 Piscataway 
 
 Pocomoke 
 
 Poolesville 
 
 Port Deposit 
 
 Preston 
 
 Princess Anne 
 
 Queenstown 
 
 Ridgely 
 
 Rising Sun 
 
 Rockville 
 
 St. Michael's 
 
 Salisbury 
 
 Sharpsburg 
 
 Sharptown 
 
 Smithburg 
 
 Snow Hill 
 
 Sudlersville 
 
 Takoma 
 
 Taiieytown 
 
 Thurmont 
 
 Trappe 
 
 ITuion Bridere 
 
 Upper Marlboro 
 
 Walkersville 
 
 Western port 
 
 Westminster 
 
 Williamsport 
 
 1900. 
 
 196 
 
 280 
 
 81 
 
 1,222 
 426 
 477 
 
 2,079 
 148 
 454 
 215 
 
 3,181 
 609 
 665 
 406 
 360 
 333 
 430 
 969 
 
 1,170 
 365 
 
 1,243 
 
 770 
 
 95 
 
 2,124 
 236 
 
 1..575 
 192 
 854 
 374 
 713 
 383 
 
 1,110 
 
 1,043 
 
 4 277 
 
 l',030 
 529 
 462 
 
 1,596 
 321 
 756 
 665 
 868 
 379 
 fi63 
 449 
 359 
 
 1,998 
 
 3,199 
 
 1,473 
 
 1890. 
 174 
 
 1,.509 
 430 
 
 1,984 
 "521 
 
 273 
 
 667 
 
 485 
 
 414 
 
 1,249 
 
 1,046 
 
 85 
 
 1,135 
 
 344 
 
 1,866 
 
 1,908 
 
 365 
 
 "sis 
 
 384 
 
 1,568 
 
 1,339 
 
 2,905 
 
 1,163 
 
 437 
 
 487 
 
 1,483 
 
 125 
 
 164 
 
 566 
 
 251 
 
 743 
 
 439 
 
 255 
 
 1.526 
 
 3,903 
 
 1.377 
 
 10 
 
The State uf Maryland has only three eities of more than 10,000 inhabi- 
 tants, Baltimore being the only great city witli a population of ;")08,yo7. 
 There are only 14 cities and towns which exceed 2500 in population, which 
 shows that the occupation of tiie people of the counties is chiefly confined to 
 agriculture, although the fishing and oyster industries of the Chesapeake 
 Bay Region and the mining and quarrying operations of the western and 
 central counties likewise support a large scattered population. 
 
 Tiiose towns and cities with a population of more than 2500 are : 
 
 Baltimore, witli a population of 508, it5", is the most important city of the State. 
 It is situated at the head of navigation, on the Patapsco River, about 13 miles from the 
 Chesapeake Bay, and 170 miles from the Atlantic Ocean at Cape Henry. Baltimore 
 offers many advantages as a commercial center in its natural location, in its peculiar 
 economic conditions, and in the liberal policy of its municipal administration. Its 
 geographic situation is most advantageous for land and water transportation, direct 
 lines of communication by rail connecting it with the great agricultural and mining 
 regions of the south and west, while numerous lines of steamboats have developed a 
 most important coastwise and foreign trade. 
 
 MT. VERNON PLACE. BALTIMORE. 
 
 Baltimore, named after the then proprietor of Maryland, Lord Baltimore, was laid 
 out in 1730 on a tract of 60 acres, which cost only $600. Its rapid growth in population 
 and commercial importance has been due to the many favorable conditions before 
 cited. The principal industries are ready-made clothing, oyster canning and fruit 
 packing, shirts and overalls, fertilizers, straw goods, cotton duck, iron and copper, 
 tobacco, drugs and medicines, clay products, ship-building, marble and stone work, 
 lumber and furniture making. 
 
 Baltimore is renowned for its beautiful parks, places and public buildings, and on 
 account of the many monuments in its squares has been termed "The Monumental City." 
 Druid Hill Park and Mount Vernon Place are famed for their beauty. Washington 
 Monument, erected in the center of the latter, was the first of the public monuments 
 to be erected to the Father of his Country. Baltimore is also the seat of the famous 
 Johns Hopkins University and many other smaller educational institutions. 
 
 Cumberland, named after old Fort Cumberland of colonial days, is the second 
 city in importance, with a population of 17,128. It is situated in Allegany county, on 
 the upper waters of the Potomac River and on the direct line of communication with 
 the west. The situation of this city is exceptionally favorable for manufacturing pur- 
 
 11 
 
poses on account of its location in the midst of rich resources in steam coals and lumber. 
 In the immediate neighborhood are materials suitable for the manufacture of glass, 
 hydraulic cement and high grade building and fire briclts. 
 
 Hagerstown, named for Jonathan Hager, its founder, is the third city in size, with 
 a population of 13,591. It is located in the center of the fertile Cumberland Valley and 
 is one of the most enterprising towns of the State. It is the distributing point for a rich 
 farming counti'y and is also a prominent industrial center. The most noted of its 
 manufactures are bicycles, silli, knit goods, shirts, brick, furniture and carriage stock. 
 Several railroads center at Hagerstown so that excellent transportation facilities are 
 provided. 
 
 Frederick, named for the last proprietor, Frederick, Sixth Lord Baltimore, is the 
 fourth city in size, with a population 9,396. It is like Hagerstown, the center of an 
 important agricultural region and likewise contains numerous industries. It is an 
 attractive city with many quaint architectural features that delight the stranger. 
 
 Frederick is reached by both the Pennsylvania and Baltimore & Ohio railroads. 
 
 Annapolis, the capitol of the State, is the fifth city in size, with a population of 
 8,402. It is the oldest city in the State and was settled in 1649 under the name of Provi- 
 dence, afterward changed to Anne Arundeltown. In 1708 it received its name of 
 Annapolis under a charter granted by the English queen. It is the seat of the U. S. 
 Naval Academy, established in 1845, and of St. John's College, which was chartered in 
 
 JOHNS HOPKINS HOSPITAL, BALTIMORE. 
 
 1784. The State House is one of the most interesting buildings of the colonial period. 
 Many private houses of the same period are still standing, and are among the most 
 beautiful structures of their kind in existence. The chief industry is oyster packing, 
 the annual shipment aggregating upwards of 250,000 gallons. The city is provided with 
 both rail and steamboat communication. 
 
 Cambridge, the sixth city in the State, with a population of 5,747, is the largest 
 town on the Eastern Shore. It is in the midst of a fertile farming country and is an 
 important shipping point for vegetables and fruits. It has a fine harbor and its shipping 
 facilities, both by land and water, are excellent. The chief industries are oyster pack- 
 ing and canning. 
 
 Frostburg, the seventh city of the State, with a population of 5,274, is situated in 
 western Allegany county at an elevation of 2000 feet above tide. It is in the center 
 of the coal-mining district of the George's Creek Valley and its interests largely center 
 in that industry. 
 
 Salisbury, the eighth city in population, with 4,277 inhabitants, is one of the most 
 progressive towns of the Eastern Shore. It is an important business center and contains 
 a variety of industries, the most important business interests centering in the lumber 
 industry. It has both rail and water communication. 
 
 12 
 
Havre de Grace, at the mouth of the .Susqueliaiuiii, is au important town of 3,423 
 inhabitants. Its name is said to be due to a remark of (ieneral Lafayette, wlien on a 
 visit to the region, that the location resembled that of the famous French port. Havre 
 de Grace is situated on the line both of the Baltimore & Ohio and Pennsylvania rail- 
 road systems and offers many advantasres to manufacturini; enterprises. It already 
 has a number of industrial establishments. Its fishing interests are very important. 
 
 Westminster, with a population of 3,109, is the center of an important agricultural 
 region. It is situated on high land near the headwaters of tlie Patapsco River, in a 
 country of more than usual beauty. It contains the Western Maryland College. 
 
 Crisfield is situated on the lower Eastern Shore, and has a population of 3,10.">. 
 Crisfield has had a very rapid growth on aci-ount of its important oyster, crab and fisli 
 interests. These products are shipped from Crisfield in large quantities. It is provided 
 with both railway and steamboat communication. 
 
 Easton has a population of 3,074. It has a number of industrial establisliments, 
 including flour mills, fertilizer works, carriage factories, etc. Easton is one of the most 
 important towns of the Eastern Sliore, and when the State was partially divided in its 
 political functions was regarded as the capitol of the Eastern Shore. It is also tlie 
 residence of the bishop of the Protestant Episcopal Diocese of Easton. 
 
 Chestertown is one of the oldest towns of the Eastern Shore, its settlement dating 
 from 1706. It has a population of 3.008. Among its important manufacturing interests 
 
 CUMBERLAND AND THE NARROWS. 
 
 are a large straw-board mill, a carriage factory and a canning factory. It is provided 
 with both rail and water communication. Washington College is situated within 
 its limits. 
 
 Elkton, with a population of 2,542, is one of the most important towns of tlie 
 northern Eastern Shore. It is situated on the Pennsylvania Railroad about half way 
 between Baltimore and Philadelphia. It derives a large trade from the fertile agricul- 
 tural region that surrounds it. It has a variety of manufacturing industries. 
 
 There are many other flourishing towns of less population in the State, some of 
 which are rapidly developing, and are destined in the course of a few years to become 
 important commercial centers. Their names and population may be found in the 
 table on page 10. 
 
 NATURAL RESOURCES. 
 
 The leading natural resources of Maryland may be grouped under three 
 heads, first the mineral resources, including tlie coal, Imilding-stone, clay, 
 etc. ; second, the agricultural soils, embracing the many types of soil 
 adapted to a great variety of crops ; and tliird, the water products, taken 
 
 13 
 
from the sea, bays and rivers of the State, and affording a basis for the 
 fishing and oyster industries. To these should also be added the forestry 
 and water-power resources, which, although important, are less fully devel- 
 oped at the present time. 
 
 MINERAL RESOURCES. 
 
 The mineral resources of Maryland are of much value and have yielded 
 a great variety of products, some of which afford the basis for important 
 commercial enterprises. The old crystalline rocks, confined for the most 
 part to the Piedmont region between the Monocacy and the Chesapeake, 
 have afl'orded the most varied mineral products. Here occur the most 
 important building-stones ; the slates of Delta and Ijamsville ; the granite 
 of Port Deposit, Woodstock, Ellicott City and Guilford ; the gneiss of 
 Baltimore ; the marble of Cockeysville and Texas ; the crystalline limestone 
 of Westminster ; the sandstone of Deer Creek ; and the serpentine of Broad 
 Creek and Bare Hills. In these oldest rocks occur also the ores of gold, cop- 
 per, chrome, lead and zinc. Iron ore is also found here while all the flint, 
 feldspar, kaolin and mica in the State must be sought for in these rocks. 
 
 TRANSPORTATION BY RAIL. 
 
 These older rocks also appear in the Blue Ridge district where they form 
 the Middletown Valley and have yielded traces of copper, antimony and iron. 
 
 The rocks of later age, forming what geologists call the Paleozoic system, 
 make up the western section of the State. They furnish much sandstone and 
 limestone suitable for building purposes, the latter also being burned exten- 
 sively for agricultural purposes. There are also important deposits of cement 
 rock that have afforded the basis for an extensive industry. At the top of 
 this Paleozoic system of rock formations are situated the coal beds of the 
 famous Cumberland-George's Creek coal basin, including the wonderful Big 
 Vein that is universally thought to furnish the highest quality of steam and 
 smithing coal. These same rocks also contain important deposits of fire-clay 
 and iron ore, the former affording the basis for a very important fire brick 
 industry. 
 
 The ])ost-Paleozoic formations of the State, although not as rich in min- 
 eral products, are not devoid of deposits of economic value. The interesting 
 variegated , limestone breccia, known as Potomac marble, and the brown 
 sandstone of Frederick and Montgomery counties belong to the oldest of 
 
 14 
 
these post-Paleozoic strata. The series of still unconsolidated he<ls, rejiie- 
 sentin^ much of the remainder of i)ost-Pale»)zoic time and comprising' all nf 
 Eastern and Southern Maryland, and known as the CJoastal Plain, furnishes 
 the chief supply of brick, potter's and tile clay ; of sand, marl, and diatoma- 
 ceous earth (silica); and much of the iron ore. The clay industry, particularly, 
 is one of the must important in the State. 
 
 These various economic products will be V)rietly considered in the 
 following- pa^es. 
 
 Coals. The coal deposits of Maryland arc conlined to western Allegany 
 and Garrett counties and are a part of the great Appalachian coal Held which 
 extends from Pennsylvania southward into West Virginia. The Maryland 
 coal ts mainly semi-bituminous or steam coal, and in the (ieorge's C'reek basin, 
 near Cumberland, contains the famous " Big Vein" or Fourteen-foot vein, 
 that for steam-producing and smithing purposes has no superior and few 
 equals in any portion of the world. Below the " Big Vein" are a number of 
 
 TRANSPORTING COAL ON C. & O. CANAL. 
 
 smaller workable seams that contain coal of tine quality, which is already 
 securing an extensive market. The Maryland coal was discovered early in 
 the century and has been continuously worked since 1836, when the first 
 company was organized. The aggregate output of Maryland steam and 
 smithing coal at the present day amounts to several million tons annually. 
 
 The Maryland Big Yein coal occurs in the upper coal measures, while 
 the most important of the small veins are in the lower coal measures. The 
 latter have received less consideration in the past on account of the reputa- 
 tion of the Big Vein, but are destined to play a very important part in future 
 coal development in Western Maryland. 
 
 The Maryland coal is high in fixed carbon, and, especially in the case of 
 the Big Vein, low in sulphur and ash, thus possessing in highest measure 
 those qualities which give to coal its steam-producing power. 
 
 15 
 
Clays. The clays of Maryland are widely extended, occurring in a great 
 number of the geological formations?. They are most extensively developed 
 through a belt running from northeast to southwest along the western margin 
 of the Coastal Plain, and including both the Baltimore and Washington 
 regions. Other important clays are found in the central and western sections 
 of the State, and even the southern and eastern counties are not without this 
 material in large quantities. The Maryland clays are suitable for all grades 
 of building- brick, tile, terra cotta, fire-brick and some grades of pottery. 
 Brick-making began in Maryland in colonial days and has since been one of 
 the most important industries in the Slate — the great brick works of 
 Baltimore being among the largest of their kind. The manufacture of tire- 
 brick has been one of the most characteristic industries of Maryland for 50 
 years, and the brick made from the Carboniferous clays of Allegany and 
 Garrett counties are regarded as the best in the country. 
 
 Porcelain Materials. The State of Maryland is well provided with 
 porcelain materials, including flint, feldspar and kaolin. The flint is widely 
 distributed throughout the eastern portion of the Piedmont Plateau, and is 
 especially abundant in Cecil, Harford, Baltimore, Carroll and Montgomery 
 counties. It occurs as vein fillings in the form of pure granulated or vitreous 
 quartz. In Harford county, where the veins are most abundant, the quartz 
 has been quarried in large amounts. It is crushed, and then shipped in 
 sacks to the potters. 
 
 Kaolin is produced mainly in Cecil county, which is part of the most 
 important kaolin region in the United States, other deposits being found in 
 the adjoining portions of Delawai'e and Pennsylvania. The kaolin has been 
 worked extensively at several points, notably at North East, Cecil county, 
 where large shipments of this material have been annually made. Consider- 
 able flint is extracted in the washing of the kaolin. 
 
 Sands. Sand deposits of economic value have been exploited both in 
 the western and southern sections of the State, and the sandy sediment from 
 the bed of the Potomac River and from other streams has also been dredged 
 in large amounts. The Paleozoic formations of Western Marjdand contain at 
 two horizons important glass-sand deposits, that have been mined extensively 
 in nearby regions. The most extensively developed sand deposits in the 
 State, however, are found in Anne Arundel county, where large excavations 
 have been made in the Cretaceous deposits near the head of the Severn River, 
 and a good grade of glass-sand obtained. The location of these sand deposits 
 at tide renders it possible to ship the materials cheaply by water, and it is 
 probable that they will be much more fully utilized in the future than they 
 have been in the past. 
 
 Molding-sand, suitable for brass castings, is found in the vicinity of 
 Catonsville, Baltimore county, and this deposit is worked to some extent at 
 the present time. A sand is secured from the south shore of the Patapsco 
 Hiver below Baltimore for pig-iron casting. 
 
 Many sands are used for building purposes, the Cretaceous sands of 
 Anne Arundel and Baltimore counties finding large employment in this way. 
 Some of the residual santls of the Piedmont Plateau region are similarly used, 
 especially that derived from the quartz-schist. 
 
 Marls. . The Tertiary formations of Eastern and Southern Maryland 
 contain important marl deposits that have never been develo]>ed except 
 
 16 
 
For local uses. Their a<iiicultural ini]iortance iiay not l)»>eii generally recog- 
 nized, althougii they have been worked to some extent sincr the early 
 <lecades of the rentnry. The older Tertiary marls are ghuiconitic, and are not 
 unlike tlie famous greensand marls of New .Fersey. whicii iiave beeu so largely 
 and successfully employed there as a natural fertilizer. Greensan<l marl 
 contains a small percentage of phosphoric acid, some potash and a greater 
 or less amount of carbonate of lime. ■ When spread upon the surface of the 
 land the effect is slow, hut is often more lasting than the commercial 
 fertilizers. The younger Tertiary maris are mainly shell deposits, and are 
 commonly known under the name of shell-marls. They fretjuently contain 
 a large percentage of lime, and thus alford a valuable aildition to certain soils 
 Diatomaceous Earth. Diatoniaceous earth, known to the trade as 
 .«ilica or tripoli, has been protluced in larger quantities in Maryland than 
 anywhere else in the United States. It is confine* 1 to the middle Tertiary 
 and con,sists of deposits of almost pure silica ?>() to 40 feet in thickness. 
 
 CARBONATE IRON ORE DEPOSITS. 
 
 It is chiefly found in C^alvert and Charles counties, where it has been more 
 or less extensively worked at the mouth of Lyon's Creek on the I'atuxent, 
 and at Pope's Creek on the Potomac River. This remarkable deposit is 
 composed of the microscopic shells of diatoms, and has found various uses 
 in the trail es. 
 
 Iron Ores. The iron industry in Maryland was developed early in 
 colonial days, and continued until a recent period to be one of the most 
 important factors in the prosperity ot the State. Numerous references to 
 the iron ores and their manufacture into iron occur in the records of colonial 
 times. The Principio Company, one of the largest of early commercial 
 enterprises, controlled many furnaces and forges in Maryland and in Virginia, 
 and both during the Revolutionary War and the War of 1S12 furnished guns 
 and projectiles to the army. These furnaces, as well as those in the western 
 
 IT 
 
counties of the State, have long since been abandoned, with the exception 
 of the Catoctin furnace in Frederick county, which has been from time to 
 time in recent yenrs in active operation. The only ores now being pro- 
 duced in Maryland to any extent are the carbonate ores derived from the 
 clays along the western margin of the Coastal Plain, chiefiy in Anne Arundel 
 and Prince George's counties. The great bulk of these ores is to-day smelted 
 in the Muirkirk furnace in Prince George's county. It is interesting to note 
 that this carbonate ore was probably the tirst iron ore worked in Maryland, 
 and is, even to-day, highly prized for its tensile strength. 
 
 Mineral Paints. Mineral paint has been produced at several points in 
 Maryland. Large quantities were obtained in former years from the brown 
 iron ore deposits of Frederick county. (Jchre mines have also been operated 
 in Carroll and Howard counties. The dejtosits of chief importance at the 
 
 GRANITE QUARRY. 
 
 present time, however, are found associated Avith the clays in Anne Arundel 
 and Prince George's counties. In the latter locality the material is a fine 
 and highh' ferruginous clay that can be easily worked, and large quantities 
 have been annually mined. It occurs in many grades and colors. 
 
 Building and Decorative Stones. The building and decorative stones 
 of Maryland are widely distributed throughout the western and central por- 
 tions of the State, and consist of many different varieties ^\"hich, from their 
 diversity in color, hardness and structural peculiarities, ai'e well adapted for 
 nearly ail architectural and decorative purposes. Among the most import- 
 ant may be mentioned the granite, gneiss, marble, limestone, slate, sand- 
 stone and serpentine. Among the localities in Maryland where granite has 
 
 IS 
 
been most extensively worked are Port Deposit, in Cecil county ; Woodstock, 
 in Baltimore county; and Ellicott City and Ciuilford, in Howard county. 
 Other areas in Cecil, Howard and Montgomery counties contain some good 
 .stone, but it is quarried only for local use. At tiie localities first mentioned 
 the granite is extensively quarried at the jjresent time, and has alibrded 
 material for tiie construction of some of the most important buildings in the 
 country, including the Capitol and Congressional Library in Washington, 
 Fortress Monroe, Forts Carroll and McHenry, the U. S. Naval Academy, 
 and other public and private buildings, as well as bridges in Baltimore, 
 Washington and Philadelphia. The excellent quality of the stone renders it 
 available in many cases as a decorative stone, and monumental work has 
 already been undertaken. 
 
 The more solid varieties of the gneiss oct-urring in and near the city of 
 Baltimore are extensively quarrieil for use as foundation stone. This rock 
 is of a gray color, and occurs in parallel layers of light and dark stone, which 
 
 MARBLE QUARRY. 
 
 at times are mure or less sharply contrasted. Buildings constructed of gneiss, 
 of which there are many in Baltimore, present an agreeable effect. Among 
 tlie more important structures may be mentioned The Woman's College of 
 Baltimore. 
 
 The marble of Maryland is mainly conlined to tiie eastern division of the 
 Piedmont Plateau. The white varieties occur for the most part in Baltimore 
 <'Ounty, and the highly variegated marbles in Carroll and Freiierick counties. 
 The white marbles of Baltimore county are found in a series of narrow belts 
 a few miles to the north of Baltimore City. The most important of the areas 
 is that which extends northward from Lake Roland to Cockeysville, and 
 whii-h is traversed by the Northern Central Railway. The marble has been 
 exten.sively quarried both at Cockeysville and Texas, the well-known Beaver 
 Dam Marble Quarries of the former locality having been in successful oper- 
 ation for more than 75 years. The rock is a fine saccharoidal dolomite of 
 
 19 
 
great compactness and durability. Monoliths of large size can be obtained 
 at the quarries. Many important structures in Baltimore, Washington and 
 Philadelphia have been made of this marble. Stone for the construction of 
 the Washington Monument in Baltimore was taken from this locality as 
 early as 1814. 
 
 The fine-gi'ained, compact and variegated marbles, or crystalline lime- 
 stones, of the western portion of the Piedmont Plateau in Carroll and Fred- 
 erick counties compare favorably in their quality, texture and beautiful 
 veining with the well-known marbles from Vermont and Tennessee, and are 
 deserving of much more attention than thej^ have heretofore received. In 
 the Wakefield Valley, west of Westminster, a beautifully mottled red and 
 white marble occurs; others of black and white, gray and white, and blue 
 and white veining occur near New Windsor and Union Bridge, and still 
 others of a variegated yellow, with lighter veinings, have been derived from 
 
 SLATE QUARRY 
 
 the same area. This marble, on account of the limited extent of the deposits, 
 has not been regarded as of much economic importance, but the stone, when 
 secured, is well adapted for purposes of interior decoration. 
 
 Another stone which may be classed with the decorative marbles is the 
 Triassic conglomerate, or breccia, of southern Frederick county. It is 
 known as "Potomac Marble," or "Calico Rock," and has received note- 
 worthy application as a decorative stone in the old Hall of Representatives 
 at Washington, where it forms a series of beautiful columns. It occurs, well 
 exposed, at Washington Junction, Frederick county, and extends north- 
 ward along the base of the Catoctin Mountain. The limestone fragments of 
 which the rock is composed are imbedded in a red ferruginous cement, and 
 the stone, when polished, presents a very beautiful appearance. 
 
 20 
 
The blue limestones of tlie Appalachisui ilistrict hiive been use<i to 
 some extent for building purposes, more especially in Hajrei-stown, where 
 several structui'es have been made of this material. The blue limestone 
 changes its color rapidly on weathering, and with a rather pleasing effect. 
 A very compact, even-grained and pure cream white stone occurs at one or 
 two points in the Hagerstown Valley, but has not been exploited to any 
 great extent as yet. The limestones are extensively used for foundation and 
 other purposes. 
 
 The slate of northern Harford county is a part of the Peach Bottom 
 Slate Belt that extends northward into Pennsylvania and southwestward 
 into Baltimore and Carroll counties. The best slate in this belt is found not 
 far from the Pennsylvania line in Harford county, the shipments, however, 
 being largely made from Delta, Pa., and on this account the slate is often 
 credited to Pennsylvania. The Peach Bottom slate has always enjoyed a 
 very high reputation, and is second to none in its dur:ible qualities. Tt has 
 been worked since Revolutionar}- times. 
 
 The sandstones of different color which have been found at many local- 
 ities in Central and Western Marjdand are, many of them, well suited to fur- 
 nish valuable building stones; but only one or two localities have been com- 
 mercially developed to any extent, although the stone is used locally at 
 many points. The red sandstone of Triassic age in Frederick and Mont- 
 gomery counties has long possessed much reputation in the building-stone 
 trade. The most extensive quarries aie situated on the P(jtomac River, 
 near the mouth of Seneca Creek. The Seneca sandstone has been quarried 
 in a more or less systematic way sintre 1774, and has always been highly 
 regarded for its strength and durability and its <leep red color. It has been 
 used in the construction of many important buildings, including the 
 Smithsonian Institution in Washington. The white Cambrian sandstone of 
 theCatoctin and Blue Ridge mountains has been extensively utilized locally, 
 and at times has found somewhat wider employment, especially by the 
 railroad companies. In Allegany and Garrett counties the Silurian, Devonian 
 and Carboniferous sandstones have been quarried at several points, partic- 
 ularly in the vicinity of Cumberland, where two of these sandstojie beds 
 iiave furnished materials for steps, curbs and architectural trinnnings. 
 
 One of the most interesting and beautiful decorative stones in Mary- 
 land is the serpentine, which has been worked more or less extensively in 
 Harfor<l, Baltimore and Cecil counties. The rock is very hard, and jiossesses 
 a rich emerald green color, clouded with darker streaks of included magnetite. 
 Maryland serpentine has been used for interior ilecoration in several large 
 buildings in New York, Philadelphia, Baltimore and Washington, and has 
 great possibilities as a decorative stone. 
 
 A number of the other Maryland stones have been used for building and 
 decorative purposes. Among these may be mentioned the black gabbro, 
 locahy known as "Niggerhead Rock," which occurs widely throughout the 
 eastern portion of the Piedmont Plateau. It is very hard and tough, and 
 cannot be economically quarried and dressed, and on that account has not 
 found very wide use. The various other stones employed for building pur- 
 poses can be regarded to have little more than local value. 
 
 Lime and Cement Products. The hmestone and marble deposits of 
 Maryland have been extensively bin-ned for building and agricultural uses. 
 
 L'l 
 
This industry is 
 not as important 
 as it was at an 
 earlier period ; 
 but there are 
 still many kilns 
 used for supply- 
 ing lime for local 
 purposes scatter- 
 ed throughout the 
 <listrict in which the 
 calcareous rocks ap- 
 pear. 
 
 The limestone and marble 
 are also used as a flux for blast 
 furnaces, the main supply being derived ^ Maryland highway. 
 
 from the coarse-grained marble of Texas, 
 Baltimore county, and the limestone of Cavetown, Washington county. 
 
 Hydraulic cement has been extensively manufactured from the magne- 
 sian limestone of western Washington and Allegany counties, especially at 
 Hancock and Cumberland (and more recently at Pinto) where extensive 
 plants have long been in operation. The products of these industries have 
 a high reputation, and have been extensively employed both within and 
 without the State. 
 
 Gold Deposits. The crystalline rocks of the Piedmont Plateau have 
 been found to carry gold in Maryland, Virginia, North Carolina and Georgia. 
 The gold occurs in quartz veins, which occupy the old lines of fracture in 
 the rocks. Gold was first discovered in Maryland in 1849, in Montgomery 
 county. The first mine was opened in 1867, and some wonderfully rich 
 specimens have been obtained, although the gold is so unevenly distributed 
 that it has never been worked with profit. Gold has been reported from 
 other portions of the State, but these so-called finds are, when thoroughly 
 sifted, found to be either entirely without foundation or the amount of gold 
 so slight as to have no commercial value. The Montgomery county mines 
 in 1890 produced between $15,000 and |20,000 worth of gold ; but within 
 the last few years the mines have been practically abandoned. A few hun- 
 dred dollars worth of gold only is annually obtained. 
 
 Road riaterials. Maryland is well provided with road-building mate- 
 rials of good qualit}'. The trap rocks, which have shown themselves as the 
 result of careful tests to be best adapted for this purpose, occur weU scat- 
 tered throughout the seven central counties of the State, and advantageously 
 located for land and water transportation. The western counties, although 
 without the trap rocks, are all provided with limestone, as well as silicious 
 deposits of value. Most of the counties of Southern Maryland, and the 
 northern counties of the Eastern Shore, have iron-bearing gravels that can 
 be employed with advantage for road-building purposes. The central and 
 southern Eastern Shore counties have, in the absence of proper rock, a large 
 supply of oyster shells, so that no section of the State is without road-build- 
 ing material of some kind. 
 
nineral Waters. The mineral waters of Maryland have attracteil con- 
 siderable attention, and several kinds are Iteing plai-ed on the market at the 
 present time with greater or less success. A few are represented as having 
 medicinal properties, but the majority are sold [nincipally as table waters, 
 mostly in the city of Baltimore. Nearly all of the well-known waters come 
 from the crystalline rocks of the Piedmont Plateau, a few only being reported 
 trom the Appalachian region and tiie Coastal Plain. Sunnner resorts have 
 sprung up, as in the case of Chattolanee and iUieiia \'ista, aliout the more 
 important of these springs. 
 
 nisceilaneous Deposits. There are several other mineral substances 
 in Maryland, which are either not being worked at all or only to a very lim- 
 ited extent at the present time, that have had a very interesting history. 
 Among them may be mentioned copper, chrome and soapstone. 
 
 Copper was worked in Maryland at a very early period in colonial 
 times, and until the discovery of the great copper fields of the Lake Superior 
 region, was an important mineral product of the State. The abandoned 
 mines in Baltimore, Carroll and Frederick counties to-day indicate the 
 importance of the industry at this earlier period. 
 
 Chrome Ore was discovered in 1827 in the serpentine of the Bare Hills, 
 in Baltimore county, and subsecjuently other deposits were found in Har- 
 ford and Cecil counties. For many years Maryland supplied most of the 
 chrome ore of the world, but the discovery in 1848 of the great deposits of 
 chromite in Asia Minor caused the practical abandonment of the chrome 
 mines of Maryland, although Baltimore is still one of the most important 
 centers for the manufacture of chromium salts. 
 
 Soapstone has been worked to some extent in Carroll, Harford and Mont- 
 gomery counties, the most important occurrence being in Carroll county, 
 where there is a small production of this material at the present time. 
 
 Among other mineral substances known to occur in Maryland, although 
 not commercially |)rotitable at the present time, may be mentioned lead, 
 :iinc, manganese, antimony, molybdenum, graphite, mica and asbestos. 
 
 The following table contains the values of the average output of Mary- 
 land mineral productions during recent years : 
 
 Coal $3,750,000 
 
 Brick and Tile 1,100,000 
 
 Pottery 500,000 
 
 Kaolin 10,000 
 
 Flint 27,.WI) 
 
 Sands .50,000 
 
 Marls 5,000 
 
 Silica, or Tripoli 5,000 
 
 Iron ore i carbonate) 20,000 
 
 Mineral paints 80.000 
 
 Building Stone- 
 Granite and Gneiss $500,000 
 
 Limestone 80,000 
 
 Slate 100,000 
 
 Marble and Serpentine 80,000 
 
 Sandstone 30,000 
 
 Gabbro 5,000 
 
 Miscellaneous 5.000 
 
 Cement— 800,000 
 
 Rock cement $180,000 
 
 Portland cement 'iO.OOO 
 
 200,000 
 
 Lime (.agricultural and building) 730,0lX) 
 
 Gold 500 
 
 Road materials 100,000 
 
 Mineral waters 35,ii00 
 
 Total $7,403,000 
 
AGRICULTURAL SOILS.* 
 
 Maryland, with its great variety of soil and climatic conditions, otters 
 exceptional advantages to the agriculturalist. Within the borders of the 
 State are lands admirably adapted to general farming, while the tine market 
 and transportation facilities offer every inducement to those who wish to 
 enter the field of specialized farming. Generally it is customary, in speak- 
 ing of the different portions of the State, to refer to the Eastern Shore,. 
 Southern Maryland, Northern-Central Maryland and Western Maryland. 
 Each of these sub-divisions is a distinct agricultural region and possesses 
 certain peculiarities of soils, surface features and climatic conditions, as well 
 as different market and ti'ansportation facilities. 
 
 The Eastern Shore includes the counties that lie on the eastern side of 
 the Chesapeake Bay. The extremes of climate are tempered by proximity 
 to the ocean and bay, and the lands have proved their special adaptability 
 to early fruits and vegetables, in addition to the staple crops of wheat, corn, 
 oats and hay. 
 
 TRUCK FARMING IN SOUTHERN MARYLAND. 
 
 In the northern part of the Eastern Shore are fine wheat and corn lands, 
 the wheat lands being rich loams which overlie clay loam subsoils. They are 
 easy to cultivate, and can be made exceedingly productive. Soils of this 
 character occupy large tracts of level upland in southern Cecil, Kent, Queen 
 Anne's and Talbot counties. These soils are of a rather yellowish red color, 
 but there are other wheat lands with soils of a different character. In the 
 lower counties, especially in portions of Dorchester, Caroline, Wicomico and 
 W^orcester, are large areas of stiff white clay soils that produce wheat, corn, 
 oats and hay, or any crop adapted to a stiff clayey soil. Frequently these 
 clays need underdrainage to make them produce well, as the subsoil is close 
 and retentive. 
 
 *This chapter is based on the results of the soil sui-vey, now being carried on by 
 Maryland Geological Survey in cooperation with the Bureau of Soils of the U. S. Depart- 
 ment of Agriculture, and has been largely prepared by Mr. C. W. Dorsey of the latter 
 organization. 
 
 24 
 
Tliere are also lar-je area^- of rich sandy loams that arc suitetl to growiiiLr 
 vegetables ami all kinds of small fruits, and coiisefinently in many sections 
 the canning industry has been enormously develojied. The excellent trans- 
 portation facilities allow i)erishable fruit to be shipped to all of the lart,'er 
 northern cities where it tinds a reatly sale. In some sections farming in recent 
 years has undergone a complete revolution, the old staple crops have been 
 given up and the more lucrative truck and fruit crops introduced. The 
 peach crop from the I'lastern Shore is very large in good seasons. This 
 industry is rai)idly spreading into the lower counties. Pears have recently 
 proved a great sucicess in Kent county. 
 
 In connection with the soils of the Kastern Shore some mention must l»e 
 made of the large areas of tidal marsh lands. Thousands of aci-es of fertile 
 land could be reclaimed at comparatively little expense, but as yet little or 
 no attempt has been made in this direction. Lands that have been reclaimed 
 are exceedingly fertile and will produce for an almost indefinite perio<i. 
 
 UNCLEARED MOUNTAIN PEACH LANDS. 
 
 Southern Maryland. Soutliern Maryland includes the lower counties 
 of the State that lie on the western side of the Chesapeake Bay. The land 
 in general is higher and more broken than on the Eastern Shore. 
 
 The soils of Southern Maryland range in texture from gravelly loams to 
 light clays. Generally speaking, they consist of loams and sands which are 
 admirably adapted to gi'owing all kinds of fruit and vegetables. The wheat 
 lands are the heaviest types of soil found in Southern Maryland. They occur 
 on the rolling uplands to a considerable extent, and as wide terraces along 
 the Potomac and Patuxent rivers. These soils are heavy loams and clay 
 loams, generally of a yellowish color. Some of these soils are still in excel- 
 lent condition in spite of having been cultivated for ui)wards of 200 years. 
 On the uplands tobacco is grown as well as wheat. Wiieat is grown on nearly 
 
 2."> 
 
all classes of soil in this portion of the State, but with very poor results on 
 the lighter sandy loams. Lighter loams are found iu some portions of the 
 uplands and are better adapted to raising tobacco. The yield is less per 
 acre but the quality is good. Maryland tobacco is exported chiefly to 
 Holland, France and Germany. It is a light, mild smoking-tobacco, and 
 formerly brought a much better price than at present. Competition with 
 new tobacco-producing states and changing market demands have lowered 
 the price and have correspondingly decreased the profits. The tobacco 
 lands have been allowed to run down, and those farmers who have turned 
 their attention to other crops are gratified with the results obtained. The 
 sandy loams cover large areas of Southern Maryland. Thei'e are loose sandy 
 «oils which are too light in texture for producing wheat or grass, but since 
 the extensive truck industry has been developed the lands that are near 
 markets have greatly advanced in value. The sandy river necks soutli of 
 Baltimore are famous truck-growing areas and produce enormous quantities 
 of melons, pears, beans, strawberries and small fruits. Shipments are made 
 principally bj' boat when the distance is too far for hauling by wagon. 
 There is also a very large peach industry in this section of the State. 
 
 While certain portions ot Southern Maryland have made great advance- 
 ment along the lines of successful agriculture, there are still large areas of 
 productive soil that are lying idle or growing up in pine forests. Lack of 
 transportation facilities has had much to do with bringing about these con- 
 ditions in certain sections, and the sparsely settled condition of some of the 
 counties has also prevented the development which the fertile nature of the 
 soils would seem to warrant. By introducing crops adapted to the character 
 of the soil, and with adequate transportation facilities this region should he 
 made even more productive than it was formerly. 
 
 Northern=Central Maryland. The agricultural soils of this section of 
 Maryland are mainly residual, that is, they are the pi'oducts of the slow 
 decomposition of the underlying rocks. They are with few exceptions strong 
 and fertile. They can be made very productive and are generally in a high 
 state of cultivation. The soils may be discussed under the following classes : 
 The limestone-valley lands, the red lands, the gray lands, the phyllite soils 
 and the barren lands of the serpentine areas. 
 
 The limestone-valley lands are perhaps the strongest soils found in the 
 region. They are identical in many respects with the soils of the Hagers- 
 town valley. These soils are heavy red and yellow loams and clays. The 
 largest valleys of these rich soils are found in Frederick, Baltimore, Carroll 
 and Howard counties. These soils by careful cultivation annualh^ yield fine 
 crops of grass, wheat, corn and other cereals. Many of these valleys have 
 long been noted for their prosperous, well-managed farms. On account of 
 their heavy clayey nature they are famous grass lands and large numbers of 
 cattle are fattened iu these valleys. The proximity to Baltimore and the 
 excellent transportation facilities have also greatly stimulated the dairy 
 interests. 
 
 The red lands may be divided into two sub-classes. First may l)e 
 described the red lands of Carroll and Frederick counties which consist of 
 I'ed loams and clay loams. These soils occupy areas near the fertile Monocacy 
 limestone-valley, and the differences between the soils of the two regions 
 can be easily compared. In goovl seasons the red lands are almost as pro- 
 
 2t) 
 
ductive as tlie fertile limestone soils, but (hiring years when the eonditionp 
 for growth are unfavorable the yields are not so high as from the heavy 
 clayey soils of the limestone valleys. However, the red lands rank as good, 
 strong soils, and geiierally produce excellent crops of grass, wheat and corn, 
 oats and potatoes, the principal crops grown in this section of the State. 
 
 The second class of red land soils occupies areas in Cecil, Harford and 
 Baltimore counties. The soils are heavy red loams, grading into stiff clay 
 loams of a reddish or yellowish color. These are likewise strong clay soils, 
 naturally jtroductive and capalile of standing consi<lerable hard usage. They 
 produce good yields of the staple croi)s such as wheat, grass and corn. In 
 addition they protluce large yields of tomatoes and corn for canning pur- 
 poses. The canning of corn, tomatoes and other vegetal)les has been e.xten- 
 sively carrie<l on in Harford and Cecil counties for many years, and is one 
 of the leading industries of these counties. The dairy interests are con- 
 siderable on these strong soils, which produce excellent crops of hay and 
 afford fine pasturage. 
 
 MOUNTAIN PEACH ORCHARD. 
 
 The gray lands and the corn and wheat lands, derived from deposits of 
 phyllite, are so nearly alike in many respects that they may be discussed 
 together. These soils occupy large areas in Frederick, Carroll, Montgomery, 
 Howard, Baltimore, Harford and Cecil counties. The surfiice of the country 
 away from the larger streams is gently rolling but becomes hilly and broken 
 along the principal streams. The surface drainage is good in the entire 
 region. The soils are grayish yellow loams which grade into yellowish clay 
 loams. These are naturally productive, but on account of their rather light 
 texture they must be farmed carefully or they become exhausted. They are 
 excellent corn and wheat soils and are classed as good general farming lands. 
 In Cecil and Harford counties they produce fine crops of late tomatoes for 
 canning purposes. In .Montgomery county they were formerly used to a 
 considerable extent for growing tobacco. They are good grazing lands and 
 near Washington and Baltimore the dairy Imsiness is extensively carried on. 
 In the neighborhood of these cities, market gardening is also an important 
 
industry. The lighter loams, especially, yield tiue crops of all kinds of 
 vegetables, and the nearness to market allows the farmer to haul his produce 
 directly to the consumer. Transportation facilities are also good. 
 
 Western Maryland. Western Maryland is divided into three well- 
 marked districts from an agricultural point of view. 
 
 The eastern district includes the broad Hagerstown Valley and the 
 Middletown and other smaller valleys, together with the mountain slopes 
 adjoining. The Hagerstqwn Valley has a width of about 20 miles and con- 
 tains a large number of excellent farms. The soils are red or yellow clay 
 loams or clays derived from the weathering of the thick beds of limestone 
 that occur thei'e. These soils, by careful cultivation, produce large crops of 
 wheat, corn and grass. Thirty-five bushels of wheat per acre is not an 
 uncommon yield, and from 50 to 100 bushels of corn can be raised. The 
 railroad facilities are good in the valley, and Hagerstown, a prosperous manu- 
 facturing cit}', is situated in the center of the region. In addition to the 
 large production of wheat and corn many cattle are annually fattened. 
 
 POTOMAC VALLEY 
 
 FARM LANDS. 
 
 Along the eastern margin of this valley is the center of the famous 
 mountain peach industry. So excellent are the shipping facilities that 
 peaches picked in the late afternoon are on sale in the New York markets 
 the next morning. 
 
 The smaller valleys, of which the Middletown Valley is the most impor- 
 tant, contain good soils, mostly heavy loams and clays well adapted to 
 raising corn, wheat and grass, which are the principal crops grown. 
 
 The central district is rough and mountainous, and the greater portion 
 is thickly wooded and not well adapted to farming purposes. The soils of 
 the mountain ridges are thin and stony and difficult to cultivate. There are, 
 however, some valleys in this region that possess limestone soils that are 
 
 28 
 
fertile and can he made (juite productive. Tlie largest of these valleys lies 
 12 miles east of Cumberland and the strong clay soils produce good crops of 
 wheat and timothy hay. Other valleys of tiiis region po.ssess shale soils 
 which can he made productive, and there are also large areas of hill pasture 
 land which contain shale soils. Along the Potomac liiver and some of 
 the larger creeks, especially near Cumberland, there are large tracts of allu- 
 vial bottom-lands which annually make g(Jod yields of the staple crops. 
 Fruit growing has lately been introduced in the liilly region east of Cumber- 
 land, and tliere are already many large and profitable peach orchards. 
 Oats, buckwheat, wheat, rye and potatoes are the nciin crops grown in this 
 part of the State. 
 
 The western district comprises the Allegany Plateau. The soils may be 
 classed as the red sandstone and shale soils, the yeiluw sandstone soils, the 
 rough stony soils of the mountain ridges and the "glades"' or mountain 
 >wamp lands. 
 
 The red sandstone soils occupy large areas in the central i)ortion of 
 Garrett county, and the yield of crops produced on these soils comi)ares 
 favorably with the best class of soils found in the entire State. The soil is a 
 heavy red loam that grades into red clay loams. These soils occupy rolling 
 valley lands and produce good crops of wheat, corn, oats and buckwheat. 
 The Cove country, as it is called in northwest Garrett county, has long been 
 noted as a tine farming section, and there are still large areas of these line 
 soils which can be made fully as productive and prosperous as the section 
 just mentioned. 
 
 The yellow sandstone soils comprise the greater portion of Garrett- 
 county and the George's Creek Valley in Allegany county, and may be 
 classed as heavy sandy loams. They produce good yields of buckwheat, 
 wheat, oats, hay and corn. In the native forest the sugar-maple abounds, 
 and a large income is derived from the sale of maple sugar each spring. 
 These lands are also good pasture lands in addition to being well adapteil to 
 apple orchards. 
 
 The stony mountain soils include the shallow soils found along the crests 
 and sides of the principal mountain ridges of this region. The soils are thin 
 and stony, ditticult to till and not adapted to general farming purposes. 
 They are not extensively cleared, and are covered in many places with 
 valuable tracts of merchantable timber, especially cliestnut. 
 
 The " glades " are large swampy tracts of land which occur principally 
 in the central portion of the county. Formerly the glades were famous 
 cattle pastures during the dry seasons, but now large tracts of glade lands 
 have been thoroughly drained and the soils, rich in decayed organic matter, 
 produce good crops of oats, timothy, and even corn and wheat. 
 
 In conclusion it may be stated that Maryland has a great variety of 
 soils which are adapteil to almost any crops that will grow in this section of 
 the United States. The greater portion of the arable land of the State is 
 under cultivation and farmed at a fair profit, but there are extensive areas, 
 especially in Western and Southern Maryland, wliere there is room for great 
 agricultural development. 
 
 The following table shows the annual crop production of Maryland at 
 the present time. The figures have been furnished in part by the U. S. 
 Department of Agriculture from statistics secured in 1899, and in part by the 
 
 29 
 
Maryland Agricultural College from data obtained in the progress of their 
 investigations in the State : 
 
 ^ , Yield 
 
 Acreage. Production. Value. per Acre 
 
 Acres. Bushels. Dollars. Bushels. 
 
 Corn 580,076 18,563,432 $6,682,476 32.0 
 
 Wheat 759,643 10,710,966 7,283,457 14 1 
 
 Oats 72,852 1,675,596 502,679 230 
 
 Rye 25,234 3.53,276 201,367 14'o 
 
 Buckwheat 7,510 97,630 54,673 130 
 
 Potatoes 22,193 1,420,352 724,380 64'o 
 
 Hay 282,992 319,781 tons. 3,885,339 i;i3tons 
 
 Tobacco 35,000 21,000,000 lbs. 1,470,000 600 lbs. 
 
 The total amount realized on the above crops amounts to 120,804,371. 
 It is to be regretted that figures are not at hand for the fruit and truck crops. 
 The amount of these would swell the total value of farm products to nearly 
 $30,000,000, i? not more. 
 
 1^^SBWi*S, 
 
 TONGING FOR OYSTERS. 
 
 THE WATER PRODUCTS. 
 
 The Chesapeake Bay and its tributaries, occupying less than one-quarter 
 of the entire area of Maryland, supply to the people each year products 
 valued at more than 110,000,000. Throughout the country this magnificent 
 body of water is renowned for its oysters, crabs, terrapin and shad, yet few 
 even among the inhabitants along its shores realize the great wealth con- 
 tained in its waters. 
 
 The Oyster Industry. The brackish and salt waters of Chesapeake 
 Bay have long been known as the favorite home of this highly appreciated 
 food product, and from them young oysters have been transplanted to 
 replenish the exhausted natural beds of New Jersey, New York, Connecticut 
 and Ehode Island. 
 
 30 
 
At the present time the "natural bedp" occupy large areas on either side 
 of the main channel of the Bay and about the mouths of the numerous rivers. 
 A single bed, along the shore of Anne Arundel county, is estimated to cover 
 nearly 30 >iquare miles. Besides this great bed there are at least half a dozen 
 more beds, each half its size ; while many others cover areas varying from 
 L'OO to 10 or 12 acres. The total area occupied by these natural iteds has 
 l)een estimated to be about 193 square miles. If, however, the advantages 
 afforded by the Bay were utilized by a proper system of oyster-cultivation, 
 there is scarcely a foot of the bottom of the 2,000 square miles covered by 
 its shallow waters where oysters could not be reared. .\nd it may be safely 
 asserteil that the annual product might reach the colossal amount of 
 400,000,000 bushels a j'ear. 
 
 The output of to-day, though insigiiiticant when compared with what it 
 might be, reaches the really immense proportions of 5,000,000 bushels a year 
 witli a value of S3,o00,000. The oysters obtained, besides supplying the local 
 <lemands, support the important packing and canning trade of Baltimore, 
 C/ristield, St. Michaels, Oxford, Cambridge and Annapolis, whose ])roducts 
 reach almost every inland town in the country. 
 
 Baltimore is the greatest oyster market in the world, a Meet of nearly 
 5,000 boats being engager! in the business. During the season, which 
 extends from September 15 to April 25, 50,000 men are employed on these 
 Ixiats and at the wharves, while many more find work with the shippers. 
 
 The Shad Industry. The Fish Conmiission empty into the Chesapeake 
 Bay and its tributaries each year from H5. 000,000 to 75,000,000 young Hsb to 
 supiiort the shad lisheries of the State, which depend upon the return of the 
 adult siiad in the spring of the year. It is estimated that 2,250,000 or more 
 shad are secured from Maryland waters each year. About 750,000 of these 
 are obtained from the Potomac, 330,000 from the Pocomoke and Tangier 
 Sound tributaries, 50,000 from the Patuxent, 350,000 from the Choptank and 
 its tributaries, 50,000 from the Chester, while (350,000 are taken on the shores 
 of the Chesapeake and its smaller tributaries, leaving 70,000 or more to be 
 secured from the Susquehanna. 
 
 The principal shad region of the Bay shore lies north of Swan Point, 
 between it and the lower stretches of the Susquehanna. This area yields fully a 
 quarter of the entire season's catch. The principal landing points for the 
 Bay shore fisheries are Havre de Grace, North East, Charleatown, Betterton 
 an<l Rock Hall. The Choptank, as above indicated, furnishes about one- 
 sixth of the entire catch, while the other rivers, with the exception of the 
 Potomac, are of less importance. The latter stream yields a catch equalling 
 or surpassing that of the head of the Bay. 
 
 The season begins about the firet of April, and e.xtends to the last of 
 May or the first of June. The largest catches are usually in April. 
 
 The figures for the Potomac are somewhat difficult to determine, since by 
 the compact of 1785 the fishery rights in the river exist in common between 
 the citizens of Virginia and Marylaml, who land their catch in their respec- 
 tive States. In 1S96 fully two-thirds of the Potomac catch was landed on the 
 Virginia shore. The total annual catch within the State is estimated to have 
 a value of about §200,000. 
 
 The Menhaden Industry. This fish is by far the most abundant fish 
 along the .\tlantic Coast of the United States, and in many ways one of the 
 
 31 
 
most important, but since it is not usually regarded as edible it is little known 
 outside of the fishery and fertilizing industries. The menhaden is a small 
 fish seldom weighing a pound and closely related to the herring and the 
 shad. It usually makes its appearance in Chesapeake Bay early in the spring 
 and rapidly becomes more and more abundant, crowding into the sounds and 
 inlets until the water is fairly alive with them. They remain as long as the 
 weather is warm, but as the winter approaches they pass out into the ocean, 
 so that few are found in the Chesapeake Bay after November. 
 
 They are of great commercial importance from the fact that a valuable 
 oil can be extracted from their bodies by pressure, while the solid residue is 
 an important constituent of manufactured fertilizers. In a single j^ear the 
 catch in Chesfipeake Bay has been as high as 92,000,000 pounds, which has 
 yielded 214,000 gallons of oil worth |85,000 ; 10,500 tons of guano worth 
 $210,000 ; 212,000 tons of compost, worth $19,000, or an annual product 
 worth more than 1300,000. 
 
 Small catches of the menhaden are made at various points along the 
 
 EASTERN SHORE INLET 
 
 shores of the Chesapeake Bay, especially in the southern part, but the main 
 industry is at present limited to the Potomac River, which yields more of these 
 small fish than any other river along the eastern Atlantic Coast. 
 
 Miscellaneous Fish. The U. S. Fish Commission and other Bureaus 
 have endeavored to gather accurate statistics regarding the catch of various 
 edible fish obtained within the Chesapeake Bay, but have been unable as yet 
 to gather wholly satisfactory information regarding the following species, 
 the amounts and values of which as given below being based upon careful 
 estimates made after consultation with leading wholesale dealers in Baltimore, 
 where fully nine-tenths of the total product of the fisheries is handled. It 
 is impossible to give accurate estimates, but the following are believed to 
 represent fairly the average annual yield. 
 
 The most highly prized edible fish is the Bay or Spanish Mackerel 
 which has its chief feeding ground in the Chesapeake Bay, where more than 
 
 32 
 
80 per cent, of the^eatch of the Atlantic Coast is made. It is estimate<l that 
 fully 1,200,000 i)oun(ls, valued at $120,000, were cajitured during theseas»on, 
 May to September, 1900. 
 
 The estimated annual catch from the Ctiesaj)eake Bay of Bay Trout is 
 11,100,000 pounds valued at S4r)0,0()0 ; of Blue Fish is ■1,-10(),000 [.ounds val- 
 ued at $200,000; of White Perch 14,000.000 pounds valued at S4-10,0l)0; of 
 fresh Herring 100,000,000 pounds valued at s;i, 000,000; of Rock 14,1)00,000 
 pounds valued at $1,400,000; of mixed lish, including Flounders, Pike, 
 Pickerel, etc., 10,000,000 pounds valued at §500,000. 
 
 The Crab Industry. During the season, from April to October, the 
 shallower waters of the shores and estuaries of the Chesa|)eake Bay, as well 
 as the waters on the ocean side, contain an indescribable number of crabs. 
 This abundance causes a lieree competition for food so that tiie crabs are 
 always hungry and ready to seize any sort of animal liait. 
 
 The nutnl)er of hard=shell crabs captured in a day is astonishina:, a single 
 tishermau sometimes catching 2000 between sunrise and ten in the morning. 
 It is not possible to gain more than an approximate estimate of the catdi of 
 hard-shell crabs each year, but it is safe to assume, however, that at least 
 750,000 Imshels are obtained. 
 
 At the principal crab-canning centers of Oxford, Caml)ridge and Cristield, 
 about 350,000 bushels of the catch are picked and canned, yielding over 
 200,000 gallons of crab meat annually. The ci-abs, during the few hours when 
 their shells are soft, take no food and hide themselves in the sand or gra.ss, 
 so that soft=shell crabs are much less abundant and liring a liigher price 
 than the hard-shell. Moreover, when the crab is soft it is very delicate and 
 easily killed, and is thus transported alive with difficulty. The irregularities 
 in the daily catch which might arise under these adverse circumstances are 
 avoided by the use of "shedding pens" which hold the "shedders" until they 
 are .soft. An experienced lisherman can tell at a glance the yellowish female 
 and browner males that are about to shed their shells. The price of crabs 
 grows ra])idly from ten cents a dozen when they are put in the pens to thirty, 
 forty or lifty cents when they are put on the market as soft-shell crabs. 
 
 The estimated catch each year is 700,000 dozen, valued at from §300,000 
 to $350,000. 
 
 Terrapin. The oyster and the crab suggest the terrapin as a third char- 
 acteristic product of the shores of the Chesapeake. This expensive little 
 tortoise ranges from New England to Texas, but is most abundant in tlie 
 marshy lands from the Chesapeake southward. The terrapin is most easily 
 caught in the summer when the demand is slight, so the catch is "farmed" 
 in pens and fed with crabs and fish until the winter, when as a delicacy the 
 terrapin brings from $2.50 to $75.00 per dozen. The value of the annual out- 
 put for the State is estimated at $50,000. 
 
 Clams. During the season from May until September, estuaries 
 and bays of Somei-set county allbrd clams in such abundance that the 
 output from Tangier and Pocomoke Sounds exceeils 5,000,000, valued at 
 $15,000. 
 
 No account is given in the preceding pages of the water pro<lucts of the 
 ocean front along the shore of Worcester county, altiiough the output of 
 03'sters anil lish from this part of the State reaches considerable proportions. 
 It was found impossible to secure any satisfactory information. 
 
 33 
 
The subjoined table presents in condensed iorm what is regarded as a 
 fair estimate of tlie annual catch, and its value for each of the species 
 mentioned. 
 
 Oysters 5,000,000 bush. $3,500,000 
 
 Shad 2,250,000 fish 200,000 
 
 Menhaden 93,000,000 lbs. 300,000 
 
 Mackerel 1,200,000 •• 120,001) 
 
 Bay Trout 11,100,000 " 450,000 
 
 Blue Fish 4,400,000 " 200,000 
 
 White Perch 14,000,000 " 1,120,000 
 
 Yellow Perch 11,000,000 '• 440,000 
 
 Fresh Herring 100,000,000 " 1,000,000 
 
 Rock Fish 14,000,000 " 1,400.000 
 
 Mixed Pish, (Founders, Pike, Pickerel, etc.) 10,000,000 " .500,000 
 
 Hard-Shell Crabs 750,000 bush, 340,000 
 
 Soft-Shell Crabs 700,000 doz. 325,000 
 
 Terrapin .'iO,ooo 
 
 Clams _ 5,000,000 15,000 
 
 Total $10,020,000 
 
 THE EXHIBIT IN 
 GEOLOGY AND MINERAL RESOURCES, 
 
 The geological and mineral exhibit is representative of the geology and 
 mineral resources of the State, and is largely from the museum of the Mary- 
 land Geological Survey. To this exhibit have been added specimens from 
 the collections of other State organizations and institutions of learning, and 
 many characteristic products have been supplied by prominent operators 
 and other individuals. 
 
 The collection in systematic geology shows the great variety of geological 
 formations represented in Maryland, and has been mainly brought together 
 by the Maryland Geological Survey, during its investigations in the fleld. 
 Some important and unique specimens have also been loaned for the present 
 purpose from the collections of the Johns Hopkins University and The 
 Woman's College of Baltimore, as well as by private individuals. 
 
 The collection of building and decorative stones gives a good idea of the 
 great variety of these materials in Maryland, and has, to a considerable 
 extent, been prepared by the leading operators in this line, although most 
 of the more distinctly decorative stones are from the museum of the Johns 
 Hopkins University. 
 
 The highway exhibit represents the latest phases of work conducted by 
 the Highway Division of the Maryland Geological Survey. Views of appa- 
 ratus, results of tests and materials are shown. 
 
 The collections of soils gives a very comprehensive view of the many 
 types of soils found in Maryland suitable for every variety of crops. This 
 exhibit is based on the soil survey now being carried on by the Maryland 
 Geological Survey in cooperation with the Bureau of Soils of the U. S. Depart- 
 ment of Agriculture, and has been further added to from the collections of 
 the Maryland Agricultural College. 
 
 The clay exhibit shows the chief varieties of claj's found in Maryland. 
 They were collected by the Maryland Geological Survey as the basis for a 
 systematic report on Maryland clays. 
 
 34 
 
The collection of clay products has been furnished by the leadintr opera- 
 tors in this branch of industry, and is representative of what Maryland 
 produces in this line. 
 
 The collection of Maryland coal is especially noteworthy. The ^reat 
 colunni of l)ig vein coal is from the mines of the Consolidation Coal Com|)any, 
 and the smaller specimens from the mines of otlier operat(jrH in the same 
 region. 
 
 The pul)lications of the Maryland Geological Survey and the Maryland 
 Weather Service form an imposing exhibit of official volumes and folio.s that 
 are distriliuted at frequent intervals to the public 
 
 The walls are hung with maps showing the distribution of the geolog- 
 ical formations, the relative elevations, the drainage liasins and the pliysio- 
 graphic provinces of Maryland, also with numerous framed illustrations from 
 the publications of the Survey ; with views of mines ami quarries, and with 
 many illustrations of Maryland scenery. 
 
 The windows are hung with transparencies showing characteristic .Mary- 
 land views and photomicrographs of Maryland rocks. The former is the 
 work of J. K. Hillers, of Washington, whose transparencies of the Yosemite 
 and the Yellowstone are widely known. 
 
 A large mural painting represents the Cenius of Geology drawing away 
 the veil from the mineral wealth of the State. The mines and quarries are 
 seen on either hand, and in the distance Baltimore City across the I'atapsco. 
 
 35 
 
LIST OF LEADING OPERATORS. 
 
 COAL. 
 
 CONSOLIDATION COAL COMPANY, 44 South Street, Baltimore. 
 
 BLACK, SHERIDAN, WILSON COMPANY, 1 and 3 Chamber of Commerce, Baltimore. 
 
 GEORGE'S CREEK COAL & IRON COMPANY, 422 Equitable Building, Baltimore. 
 
 PIEDMONT MINING COMPANY, 313 E. German Street, Baltimore. 
 
 AMERICAN COAL COMPANY, 1 Broadway, New York. 
 
 MARYLAND COAL COMPANY, 1 Broadway New York. 
 
 NEW CENTRAL COAL COMPANY, 1 Broadway, New York. 
 
 BIG VEIN COAL COMPANY, 21 S. Gay Street, Baltimore. 
 
 LONACONING COAL COMPANY, 413 Water Street, Baltimore. 
 
 WATSON-LOY COAL COMPANY, Barnum, W. Va. 
 
 BLAINE COAL, COMPANY, Blaine, W. Va. 
 
 G. C. PATTISON, Bloomington, W. Va. 
 
 SINCLAIR MINING COMPANY, Cumberland. 
 
 BORDEN MINING COMPANY, Frostburg. 
 
 PIEDMONT AND GEORGE'S CREEK COAL COMPANY, Frostburg. 
 
 DAVIS COAL & COKE COMPANY, Piedmont, W. Va. 
 
 PIEDMONT & CUMBERLAND COAL COMPANY, Piedmont, W. Ya. 
 
 A. J. MERRILL COAL COMPANY, Westernport. 
 
 CLAY— Brick ond Tile. 
 
 BALTIMORE BRICK COMPANY, 1001 Atlantic Trust Building, Baltimore. 
 
 BURNS & RUSSELL COMPANY, 10 South Street, Baltimore. 
 
 BALTIMORE RETORT AND FIRE BRICK COMPANY, Hull and Nicholson St"?., Balto. 
 
 EDWARD BENNETT ROOFING TILE WORKS, Eden and Aliceanna Sts., Balto. 
 
 MICHAEL ADAMS, Jr., irth Street, Canton, Baltimore. 
 
 ARTHUR B. NITSCH BRICK COMPANY, 301 Ramsay Street, Baltimore. 
 
 N. M. RITTENHOUSE, Jackson and Clements Streets, Baltimore. 
 
 CYRUS DAVIS, Berlin. 
 
 POTEE BROS., Brooklyn. 
 
 JAMES C. LEONARD, Cambridge. 
 
 C. T. NEEPIER, Catonsville. 
 
 H. S. BARNETT, Chestertown. 
 
 GEORGE M. COLLINS, Crisfield. 
 
 QUEEN CITY BRICK & TILE COMPANY, Cumberland. 
 
 M. H. GERMAN, Delmar, Delaware. 
 
 JOS. H. WHITE, Easton. 
 
 JOHN GILPIN, Elkton. 
 
 JOHN M. STOUTER, Emmittsburg. 
 
 PETER BROOKY, Frederick. 
 
 FREDERICK BRICK WORKS, Frederick. 
 
 JAS. E. S. PRYOR, Hagerstown. 
 
 HUGH McMICHAEL, Pocomoke City. 
 
 DAVID S. STRAYOR, Ridgely. 
 
 HUGH J. PHILLIPS, Salisbury. 
 
 P. C. TODD & CO., Salisbury. 
 
 W. S. LEWIS, Snow Hill. 
 
 ELIAS W. OURSLER, Westminster. 
 
 CONOCOCHEAGUE BRICK & EARTHENWARE COMPANY, Williamsport. 
 
 CLAY— Fire Brick. 
 
 UNION MINING COMPANY, Mt. Savage. 
 JAS. E. WRIGHT. 1345 Columbia Avenue, Baltimore. 
 SAVAGE MOUNTAIN FIRE BRICK WORKS, Frostburg. 
 CECIL FIRE BRICK COMPANY, North East. 
 GREEN HILL FIRE BRICK COMPANY, North East. 
 WAKEFIELD FIRE BRICK COMPANY, North East. 
 
 36 
 
CLAY— Enameled Brick. 
 
 MT. SAVAGE ENAMELED BRICK WORKS, Mt. Savage. 
 
 CLAY— Kaolin. 
 MARYLAND CLAY COMI'ANY, North East. 
 
 CLAY— Pottery. 
 
 EDWIN BENNKTT RdOFING TILE COMPANY, Eden and Aliceanna Streets, Baltimore. 
 MARYLAND I'OTTERY COMPANY, President and Fawn Streets, Baltimore. 
 EDWIN BENNETT POTTERY COMPANY, 700 S. Eden Street, Baltimore. 
 I). F. IIAYNES & SON, Nicholson and Decatur Streets, Baltimore. 
 M. PERINE & SONS, 1009 W. Baltimore Street, Baltimore. 
 GEORGE S. KALB & SON, Catonsville. 
 
 FLINT. 
 
 B. G. & J. C. SMITH, Conowingo. 
 
 GLEN MORRIS FLINT MILL COMPANY, Glen Morris. 
 
 MARYLAND CLAY COMPANY, North East. 
 
 S. J. & H. C. WHITEFORD, Slate Hill, Pa. 
 
 E. E. BURNS, Whitehall. 
 
 GLASS SAND. 
 
 S. p. SPEARS, Earleigh HeiRhts. 
 R. BALDWIN & CO., Waterbury. 
 
 BUILDING SAND. 
 
 FILBERT PAVING & CONSTRUCTION COMPANY, 1210 Block Street, Baltimore. 
 SHREVE & CO., O'Donnell's Wharf and Wood Street. Baltimore. 
 
 SILICA OR TRIPOLI. 
 
 NEW YORK SILICITE COMPANY, 40 Broadway, New York City. 
 
 IRON ORE (CARBONATE). 
 
 CHARLES E. COFFIN, Muirkirk. 
 
 IRON ORE (HEMATITE). 
 
 BLUE MOUNTAIN IRON & STEEL COMPANY, Catoctin. 
 
 MINERAL PAINTS. 
 
 J. T. WHITEHURST, Columbia Avenue, Baltimore. 
 
 W. T. DUNKEL & CO.. Peach Alley, near Stockholm Street, Baltimore. 
 
 JAMES B. McNEAL & CO., 34 S. Calvert Street. Baltimore. 
 
 BUILDING-STONE— Granite. 
 
 J. 11. ATKINSON. Vi North Street, Baltimore. 
 
 GUILFORD & WALTERSVILLE GRANITE CO., b2 Central Bank Bldg., Baltimore. 
 
 DANIEL LEONARD, Builders' Exchange, Baltimore. 
 
 J. H. PEDDICORD & Sf)N, 12 North St., Baltimore. 
 
 SCHWIND QUARRY COMPANY, 302 Fidelity Buildinc, Baltimore. 
 
 HENRY P. RIECiER & CO., .m5 N. Paca Street, Baltimore. 
 
 ALBERT WEBER, 4.5 Builders' Exchange, Baltimore. 
 
 WERNER BROS., EUicott City. 
 
 WM. F. WELLER, Granite. 
 
 FRANK PEACH & CO., Granite. 
 
 PERRY VILLE GRANITE COMPANY, Perryville. 
 
 McCLENAHAN GRANITE COMPANY, Port Deposit. 
 
 37 
 
BUILDING-STONE— Slate. 
 
 EXCELSIOR SLATE COMPANY, Delta. Pa. 
 PEACH BOTTOM SLATE COMPANY, Delta, Pa. 
 PEERLESS SLATE COMPANY, Delta, Pa. 
 PROCTOR BROS., Delta, Pa. 
 
 BUILDING-STONE-Marble. 
 
 BEAA^'ER D.^M MARBLE COMPANY, 704 Constitution Street, Baltimore. 
 WASHINGTON .JUNCTION STONE COMPANY, Point of Rocks. 
 WHITEPORD GREEN MARBLE COMPANY, Whiteford. 
 
 BUILDING-STONE— Sondstone. 
 
 SENEC^A STONE COMPANY, .52 Central Bank Building, Baltimore. 
 R. A. BEALL, 14 S. Liberty Street, Cumberland. 
 WASHINGTON JUNCTION STONE COMPANY, Point of Rocks. 
 B. II. RANDOLPH, Prostburg. 
 
 CEMENT. 
 
 ROUND TOP HYDR.JkULlC CEMENT COMPANY, Hancock. 
 CUMBERL.\ND HYDRAULIC CEMENT COMPANY, Cumberland. 
 
 LIMESTONE. 
 
 p. G. ZOUCK & CO., Cavetuwn. 
 
 GEO. M. ISANAGLE, Catoctin. 
 
 ZEPH.ANIAII POTEET, Cookeysyille. 
 
 JOHN L. MILLER, Cumberland. 
 
 FREDERICK CITY LIME COMPANY, Li.mitkd, Frederick. 
 
 CLARKSON BROS., Hagerstown. 
 
 DANIEL SUNDAY, Harmony Grove. 
 
 THE M. J. GROVE LIME CIOMPANY, Lime Kiln. 
 
 0. E. POOLE. Linganore. 
 
 WM. DAVIS. :\rarriott.svil]e. 
 
 VERNON W. DORSEY, Marriottsville. 
 
 A. J. WALTERS, Motters. 
 
 WM. C. DIT.MAN, Texas. 
 
 THOS. N. LEE, Texa.s. 
 
 JOHN I. YELLOTT & CO., Texas. 
 
 WM. P. LINDSAY, Texas. 
 
 TEXAS LIME COMPANY, Texas. 
 
 DANIEL RODDY, Thurmont. 
 
 G. S. HAINES, Union Bridge. 
 
 GEO. R. STAUB, Wakefield. 
 
 J. W. STIMMEL, Walkersville. 
 
 WM. A. ROOP, Westminster. 
 
 S. W. BARRICK & SONS, Woodsboro. 
 
 SOAPSTONE. 
 
 MARYLAND SOAPSTONE COMPANY, Tamaqua, Pa. 
 
 MINERAL WATER. 
 
 BUENA VISTA SPRING WATER COMI'ANY. Baltimore. 
 CH.'^TTOLANEE SPRINGS HOTEL AND WATER COMPANY, Baltimore. 
 
 38 
 
UTH. BY A HOEM &C0. BAITO. 
 
NOTE.— The leading resources of each county are printed in red, no attempt being made 
 to show the distribution of eachproduct within the confines of the county. The lists of agri- 
 cult ural products are prepared by the U. S Department of Agricultv're, Bureau of Soils, and 
 by the Maryland Agrictdturul College. 
 
LIBRARY OF CONGRESS 
 
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