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GROVIll! ('l,i:Vi:i.AM). 
 
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 v.. Lli'l'lN CO TT COM T A N V. 
 1889. 
 
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 Copyright, 1889, by J. B. Lippincott Company. 
 
G ROY \i R C L E V E L A N D. 
 
 Cleveland, Guover, the twcnty-sccoiul president of 
 the United States, was born at Caldwell, New Jersey, 
 March i8, 1837, the son of a Presbyterian minister. 
 In early life he removed to the state of New York. 
 In 1859 he was admitted to the bar, and began the 
 practice of law at Buffalo. From 1863 to 1866 he was 
 assistant district attorney for Erie county, and in 1870 
 was chosen sheriff. After fillin<j the office of mayor 
 of Buffalo, he was, in 18S2, elected governor of New 
 York by an unexampled majority of more than I90,0CX) 
 votes. His course as governor was approved by the 
 best people of all parties. In 1884 he was nominated 
 by the Democrats for the chief magistracy of the 
 United States. The canvass which followed was one 
 of extreme earnestness and excitement. Cleveland 
 received 219 electoral votes (Blaine, the Republican 
 candidate, securing 182); and the returns of the popu- 
 lar vote also gave him a plurality. He took his seat 
 as president in 1885. In a unique and forcible mes- 
 sage to congress in December 1887 regarding the 
 reduction of the great surplus in the national treasury, 
 he strongly advised a careful readjustment of the tariff 
 charges on certain manufactured articles of import, 
 and the admission duty-free of some of the raw 
 
4 G ROVER CLEVELAND. 
 
 materials of manufacture — a position which led to a 
 well-defined issue between the two political parties. 
 Protectionists classed the president's message as a 
 free-trade document, but this was denied by the Dem- 
 ocrats, and its doctrines were adopted as the basis of 
 the Democratic platform at the convention of that 
 party in 1 888, when Mr. Cleveland was unanimously 
 nominated for re-election to the presidency. In the 
 following August, on the rejection of the proposed 
 Fisheries Treaty with Canada by the Republican 
 majority in the senate, the president sent a message to 
 congress, declaring a policy of 'retaliation' against 
 Canada now necessary, and asking for powers to put 
 an end to the privilege, formerly enjoyed by the 
 Canadians, of transporting goods in bond across the 
 territory of the United States. In October, in conse- 
 quence of Lord Sackville, the British minister at 
 Washington, responding to an application from a nat- 
 uralised American citizen of English birth, who had 
 asked for advice on the pending election, the president 
 demanded the ambassador's recall. At the election 
 in November Cleveland was defeated by the Republi- 
 can candidate, General Harrison, who received 233 
 electoral votes, as against 168 cast for Cleveland. 
 
i 
 
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