r ^0 ~ -f" c^^j^/^ /^^y HISTORY * ft OF LAWRENCE, ORANGE JLl^TX) WASHINGTON COUNTIES INDIANA. From the Earliest Time to the Present; Together with Interesting Biographical Sketches, Keminiscences, Notes, etc. HjXjTJSTI^-A-TSID. WESTON A. GOODSPEED. CHICAGO ; GOODSPEED BROS. & CO., PUBLISHERS. 1884. LEROY C. GOODSPEED. CHARLES L. GOODSPEED. JOHN MORRIS SUCCESSOR TO S^9' "3lfO n PREFACE. OUR history of Lawrence, Orange and Washington Counties, after months of persistent, conscientious labor, is now completed. Every important field of research has been minutely scanned by those engaged in its preparation, and no subject of universal public value has been omitted save where protracted effort failed to secure trustworthy results. The impossibility of ingrafting upon the pages of this volume the vast fund of the county's historic information, and the proper omission of many value- less details, have compelled the publishers to select such matters as are deemed of the greatest importance. Fully aware of our inability to fur- nish a perfect history from meagei- public documents, inaccurate private correspondence, and numberless conflicting traditions, we make no preten- sion of having prepared a work devoid of blemish. Through the courtesy and the generous assistance met with everywhere, we have been enabled to rescue from oblivion the greater portion of important events that have trans- pired in past years. We feel assured that all thoughtful peoj)le in the counties, at present and in future, will recognize and appreciate the impor- tance of the undertaking and the great public benefit that has been accom- plished. It will be observed that a dry statement of fact has been avoided, and that the rich romance of border incident has been woven with statistical details, thvis forming an attractive and graphic narrative, and lending beauty to the mechanical execution of the volume and additional value to it as a work for perusal. We claim superior excellence in our systematic manner of collecting material by workers in specialties; in the division of the sub- ject matter into distinct and appropriate chapters; in the subdivision of the individual chapters into sub-heads, and in the ample and comprehensive index. We also, with pride, call the attention of the public to the superb mechanical execution of the volume. While we acknowledge the existence of unavoidable errors, we have prepared a work fully up to the standard of our promises, and as accurate and comprehensive as could be expected under the circumstances. November, 1884. THE PUBLISHERS. CONTENTS. PART I. HISTORY OF LAWRENCE COUNTY. CHAPTER I. PAGK. Geology 11 Blind Fishes 2.3 Blue Spring Cave 21 Chester Formation, The 13 Connelly Cave 21 Coal-Measures, The 13 Connelly Hill 21 Donnelson Cave 23 Details around Bono 23 Dry Cave 19 Dunihue Cave 16 Details at Springville 17 Economic Considerations 26 Fossils, The 14 Features at Fayetteville 19 Formations Around Mitchell 21 Geological Section, The 12 GrinstaflF Cave 18 Hamer Cave 22 Hematite Deposits, The 25 Kaolin Mines, The 24 Keokuk Bed.s, The 14 Knohstone Shales, The 15 Lime Interests, The 22 Mineral Springs 26 Measurements at Leesville 24 Millstone Grit, The 13 Perpendicular Sections 17 Strata near Huron 20 Surface Features 11 St. Louis Limestone, The 13 St. Louis Chert Beds, The 15 Shiloh Cave 18 Spurgeon Hill Fossils, The 17 Section at Fort Ritner 24 White River Hills, The 20 CHAPTER II. Indians and Mound Builders 27 Aboriginal Names 29 Battle of Tippecanoe, The 27 Cession Treaties, The 27 Capture of Guthrie, The 31 Connelly Mounds, The .32 Contents of the Mounds 32 English Land Companies, The 28 Flinn Tragedy, The 31 Fisherman, The 33 Indian Boundary Lines 28 Indian Tribes 28 Lawrence County Tribes, The 29 Mounds. The 32 Piankeshaws, The 29 Pierre, The Death of. 30 Prehistoric People 31 Palestine Mounds, The 32 Eawlinses, The 30 CHAPTER III. Settlement of the County 34 Anecdotes 48 Avoca 45 Blue-Grass Crop, The First.. 50 PAGE. Bono Township 41 Catalogue of Pioneers 35 Counterfeiters 57 Carding Mills, etc 47 Dixon ville 64 Distilleries 37 Elections. Industries, etc 54 Ferries, The 61 Guthrie-Flinn Settlement, The 35 Grist-Mills, etc .36 Guthrie Township , 62 Hamer's Mill 39 Hunting Exploits 40 Immigration, The Early 34 Industries, etc 43 Indian Creek Township 48 Leesville Settlement, The 34 Land Entries, The Early 41 Manufactures 51 Marion Township 37 Marshall Township 43 Merchants 44 Names of Settlers 38 Other Industries 40 Origin of Name 59 Officers, Mills, etc ,. 59 Perry Township 46 Pleasant Run Township 55 Patents of Land 42 Salt Wells 52 Shawswick Township 58 Second Settlement, The 42 Spice Valley Township 53 Taverns, Stores, etc 52 Township Officers 50 CHAPTER IV. Organization of the County 64 Agricultural Societies, The 88 Act of Creation, The 64 Auditors 87 Asylums, The l^oor 82 Associate Judges 87 Boundary Alterations 65 Bedford Court House, The First 78 Bedford &. Bloomfield Railway 96 County Before its Formation, The 66 County Board, The 67 County Agent, The 74 Court House, The Present 80 County Commissioners, The 85 Clerks 87 County Politics 99 County Bridges 97 County Fiuauces 93 Coroners 88 Fair, The First 90 Finances of the Societies 91 Important Proceedings 69 Incidents of the Re-loeation 73 Items of Interest 74 Jail of 1829, The 79 Jail of 1858, The 79 Justices of the Peace 84 Libraries, The 81 Medical Societies, The 98 Palestine 68 Palestine Court House, The 77 VI CONTENTS. PAGE. Palestine Jail, The 78 Probate Judges 87 Population of theCounty 96 Report of the Locating Commissioners 67 Report of the County Agent 69 Re-location of the County Seat 70 Report of the Re-location 72 Representatives 86 Reorjjanization of the Society, The 90 Recorders 87 Railroad Projects 96 School Funds, Origin of the 83 Senators 86 School Examiners 86 Sherifls 87 Surveyors 88 Treasurers 87 CHAPTER V. Bench and Bar 103 Attorney, The First Resident 108 Attorneys, Professional Character of. 112 Arson, The First Case of 113 Admission of Practitioners 116 Blackwell vs. The Board of Justices 116 Circuit Court, The First 104 Court at Palestine, The First 107 Court Terms, Meaning of. 107 Care of the Records ^ Ill Court Officers 114 Character of Mr. Dunn 118 Courts Under the New Constitution 122 Court House, Dedication of the 124 Common Pleas Court 127 Divorce Cases 124 Eminent Men 117 Judges, The First 103 Judge Johnson 106 Judge Wick 110 Judge Ross 113 Juries; "Unable to Agree" 115 Kress vs. Fellows 120 Lost Records 106 Lash, The Sentence of the 108 Larceny Case, The First 109 Murder, First Indictment for 121 Moody vs. Jones 124 ;Murder of Carney 125 ISIorrow-Christopher Case, The 125 Narrow Gauge Railroad Cases 126 Ottences, Character of 105 Observations 127 Phillis, The Slave 105 Practitioners, The Court 121 Slander Suits 110 State vs. Hitchcock, Murder 123 State vs. Brannan, Murder 123 State vs. Saunders, Murder 123 CHAPTER VI. Towns of the County 128 Additions to Bedford 144 Additions to Mitchell 156 Asheries at Bedford 135 Bedford, Town of. 131 Banking Establishments 141 Bedford School Bonds 1.50 Bryan tsville 169 Bedford Stone Works 155 Bedford During the Thirties 134 Bedford, Early Merchants of 133 Bedford, First Residents of 132 Cotton Factory at Bedford 135 Decay of Palestine 131 Distilleries of Bedford 134 Exchange of Lots 132 Fayetleville 173 Finances of Bedford 146 Fort Ritner 168 Growth of Palestine 129 Heltonville 171 Incorporation of Bedford 144 Incorporation of Mitchell 156 Incorporation of Palestine 130 Lawrenceport 165 Limekilns near Mitchell 159 PAGE. Leesville 172 Lots in Palestine 1.30 Liquor Sales in Bedford 133 Mitchell 155 Merchants of Palestine 129 Manufacturers of Bedford, Early 134 Merchants of the Forties '. 137 Manufacturers of Palestine 130 Merchants of the Fifties 138 Manufactures, The Later 140 Officers of Bedford 147 Press of Bedford, The 153 Press of Mitchell, The 157 Present Business of Bedford 139 Present Business of Mitchell 163 Palestine, Town of. 128 Pork Packing at Bedford 136 Petition vs. the Sale of Liquor 137 Secret Societies of Bedford 142 Secret Societies of Mitchell 159 Sale of Lots in Bedford 132 Selection of Bedford Site 131 Springville 169 Silverville...... 174 Town of Bono 164 Town of Huron 168 Tunnelton 167 Town of (Uithrie 171 Town of Liberty 174 Tanneries at Bedford 135 Villages, Several Small 174 Woolen Factory 135 CHAPTER VIL Military History 175 Barbecues, The Welcoming 178 Buena Vista, Battle of 177 Bounty and Relief 195 Catalogue of Mexican Soldiers 179 Draft of October, 1862, The 189 Drafts of 1864 and 1865, The 193 Eighteenth Regiment, The 183 Fort Sumter, Surrender of 181 Fifteenth Regiment, The 182 Fiftieth Regiment, The 186 Fourth Cavalry, The 187 Last Call, The 192 Lawrence County Legion 192 Militia, The 175 Mexican War, The 176 Miscellaneous Elnlistments 186 Minute Men, The 189 Military Credits, Official 194 Men Furnished, Summary of 194 Other Companies 188 One Hundred Days' Men, The 191 Public Feeling in 1861 181 Personalia 195 Springville Company, The First 185 Sixty-seventh Regiment, Tlie 186 Six Mouths' Men, The 190 Twenty first Regiment, The 183 Twenty-fourth Regiment, The 183 Twenty-seventh Regiment, The 184 Thirteenth Cavalry, The 101 Utah War, The 180 Volunteers, The First 182 Volunteers of 1864 190 CHAPTER VIII. Religious History 200 Bedford Church Buildings 200 Baptist Society, Bedford 205 Bethlehem Presbyterian Church 208 Baptist Church, Mitchell 211 Baptist Society, Leesville 214 Baptist Church, Springville 217 Bono Presbyterian Church 218 Christian Society, Bedford 203 Christian Ministers, Bedford 204 Christian Churches in the County 205 German Methodists, Bedford 206 Gullett's Creek Church 214 Guthrie Creek Baptists 219 Guthrie Township Churches 215 Heltonville Baptists 216 CONTENTS. Vll PAGE. Indian Creek Township Churches 221 Leatherwood Christian Church 209 Methodists at Bedford, The 201 Methodist Church, Mitchell 210 Methodists at Lawrenceport 217 Mt. Olive Christians -19 New Union Christian Church 219 Presbyterians at Bedford 200 Pleasant Grove Baptists 220 Presbyterian Ministers, Bedford 201 Pleasant Run Township Churches 215 Presbyterian Church, Mitchell 211 Pleasant Hill Methodists 222 Quaker Churches, The 217 St. Vincent Catholics, Bedford 207 Salt Creek Baptists 208 Spice Valley Baptists 21- Shiloh Methodist Church 221 Spring Creek Baptists 214 Springville Methodist Church 216 Sugar Creek Church 218 Springville Christians 217 White River Union Church 222 CHAPTER IX.' Educational History 223 Bedford Schools 231 County Seminary, The 231 Enrollment at Bedford 236 Educational Statistics 225 Enumeration at Bedford 237 Education in Flinn Township 226 Graded Schools, Mitchell 228 Geological Cabinet, The 237 High School, Bedford 233 Institutes 237 Langdon.the Monk 223 Marion Township Schools 225 Mitchell Schools, The 227 Mitchell Seminary, The ■• 227 Pioneer Schoolhouse, A 224 School, The First 223 School, The Second 223 School, The Third 224 Shawswick Township Schools 226 Southern Indiana Normal School 229 Select Schools at Bedford 233 Teachers of Indian Creek 224 Teaching in Pleasant Run 226 Trustees of Schools 234 Teachers of Bedford 235 Zoological Cabinet, The 237 PART II. BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES. Bono Township 339 Flinn Township 343 Guthrie Township 347 Indian Creek Township 306 Marshall Township 350 Marion Township 277 Perry Township 315 Pleasant Run Township 324 Shawswick Township 241 Spice Valley Township 331 PART III. HISTORY OF ORANGE COUNTY. CHAPTER I. Geology 355 Alluvium or Lacustral 364 Argillaceous Limestone, The 358 Bituminous Limestones, The, 358 Building Stone, The Best 367 Carboniferous Period 356 Cherts, The St. Louis 357 Chester Group 356 Concretionary Limestone, The 359 PAGE. Clays, The Local 367 Coal of the County 366 Caverns, Siibterranean Streams, Etc 364 Chemical Analysis 366 Firestones, The 356 Fossils, Catalogue of 356 French Lick Springs 365 Grit, The Chester 363 Iron Ores, The 366 Limestones, The St. Louis 357 Local Sections 361 Lime, The Burningof 367 Millstone Grit, The 363 Quaternary Age 356 Rocks of the County 356 St. Louis Group 357 Section at Lost River " Sink " 359 Sandstones, The Chester 362 Stampers Creek Sink 364 Sinks of Lost River 364 Woods, The Native 355 West Baden Springs 365 Whetstones and Grindstones 367 CHAPTER II. Indians and Mound Builders 368 Aboriginal Occupancy 369 Boundary Lines 369 Catholic Missions, The 368 Cession Treaties, The 370 Charles, The Killing of 372 Camping Grounds 372 English Policy, The 368 Indian Tribes, The 369 Indians, Removal of 373 Indian Trails 372 Maxwell's Fort 370 Mound Builders, The 373 Moore's Fort 370 Other Earthworks 375 Piankeshaws, The 369 Paoli Fortification, The 374 Shawnee Village, The 370 Vest, The Killing of 371 Valeene Fortification, The 375 Wilson, The Massacre of 371 CHAPTER III. Settlement OF the County 376 Anecdotes of the Chase 382 Bear Stories 404 Comparison of Past and Present 381 Criminal Occurrences 395 Catalogue of Settlers 406 Distilleries 407 Deer Hunting 396 Early Industrial Enterprises 401 French Lick Township 390 French Settlement, The 390 Greenfield Township 399 Horse-Mills, Etc 403 Industries, Etc 387 Incidents, Etc 406 Jackson Township 397 Land Entries 376 Law-breakers 398 Land Patents 400 Mills, Industries, Etc 380 Mills, Orleans Township 384 Manufactures 397 Milk Sickness 404 Merchants, Mechanics, etc 409 Northwest Township 387 Northeast Township 408 Orleans Township 382 Officers, etc 377 Orangeville Township 386 Pioneers 392 Paoli Township 379 Postotlices, Stores, etc 389 Saline Reserves, The 391 Springs, The Mineral 393 Southeast Township 402 Settler, The First 402 Stampers Creek Township 405 Tanneries, Mills, Etc 409 Vlll CONTENTS. PAGE. Underground Railroad 385 Voters, Paoli Township 378 Voters, Orleans Township 383 Vigilance Committees 404 Whetstones 395 Wild Hogs 386 Wilson, The Bear Hunter ,. 388 CHAPTER IV. Organization of Orange County 410 Appointment of Students 416 Act of Creation 411 Agricultural Societies, The 431 Associate .Tudges 437 Auditors, List of 440 Bonds and Bridges 417 County Before Formation, The 410 County Commissioners. List of 437 County Otlicers, The Fir.st 412 County Board, The 412 Conscientious Citizens 415 Commissioners' Districts 416 Court House, The First 421 Circuit Judges, List of 437 Common PleasJudges 437 Clerks, List of 439 Coroners, List of 439 Exclusion of Negroes 441 Formation of Townships 413 Financial Exhibit 417 First Fair, The 432 Graveled Road, The 424 Highways, The 423 Important Proceedings 415 Jail, The First 422 Justices of the Peace 436 Libraries, The 427 Later Fairs 434 Medical Societies, The 431 Navigable Streams 425 Officers of Townships 414 Public Buildings, The Present 422 Paupers, The 426 Poor-farm, The 426 Population of the County 427 Patrons of Husbandry 430 Prof. Wilbur, Death of. 435 Probate Judges 437 Politics 440 Presidential Elections 442 Railroads 428 Railway Projects 429 Representatives 438 Recorders 439 Seat of Justice, Land 419 School Funds, The 430 Second Fair, The 433 Second Agricultural Society , 484 Senators 438 Surveyors 439 School Officers 440 Sherilis 440 Soldiers' Bounty 417 Tavern Charges 414 Turnpike, The New Albany..., 424 Treasurers 439 CHAPTER V. Bench and Bar 446 Associate Judges, The Earliest 450 Assault, Cases of 453 Attorneys, List of 457 Arson, etc.. Cases of. 460 Additional Attorneys 460 Bunger Homicide, The 448 Bowles-Newby Suit, The 455 Baker, Payne and Throop 462 Bounty Cases, The 471 Bowles Divorce Case, The 467 Circuit Court, The First 446 Character of Cases 448 Counterfeiting 450 Court Officers 454 Character of Judge Floyd 451 Common Pleas Court, The 469 Death of Henry Wires 466 PAGE. First Court at Paoli 448 (iilliland Homicide, The 454 (iraud Jury, The First 446 Hampton-Henley Murder, The 464 Judge Simpson 461 Judges Otto and Hicknell 466 James Tyler, Death of. 471 Lindley-Chess Slander, The 449 Legal Requirements 458 Later Attorneys 465 Lindley-Craveus Case, The 456 Memorial Resolutions 461 ( (ther Supreme Court Cases 458 Practitioners at the Bar 451 Porter-Hoggatt Controversy, The 453 Parish-McCart Murder, The 464 Prayer, The IMorniug 449 Probate Court, The 468 Professional Character of Attorneys 452 Sundry Criminal Cases 457 Sheriff" Outwitted, The 450 Supreme Court Case, The First 454 Seybold Murder, The 470 Slavery in Orange County 463 Thomas Moody, Death of 469 Vail-Holmes Murder, The 447 Watkins-Foster Murder, The 466 Woodwards, The Murder of the 468 CHAPTER VI. Towns of Orange Codnty 472 Acts of Paoli Trustees 483 American Eagle,The 489 Artisans, etc 474 Business Men of the Forties 478 Business Men of the Fifties 478 Business Men of the Sixties 479 Bank of Paoli, The 480 County Agent, The 473 Chambersburg 506 Families, The Earliest Resident 473 French Lick 505 Grain Trade at Paoli 476 Grist-mills, Saw-mills, etc 477 Greenback Advocate, The 491 Growth of Orleans, The 492 Hogs, Packing of at Paoli 477 Incorporation of Paoli, The First 482 Incorporation of Paoli, The Second 482 Incorporation of Orleans 494 Liquor at Paoli 474 Lancaster Station 505 Live Stock Trade at Paoli 476 Merchants at Paoli 474 Manufactures at Paoli 475 Merchants of Orleans 493 Mills of Orleans 493 Millersburg 507 Newspapers at Paoli 488 Newton Stewart 499 New Prospect 506 Orangeville 502 Orleans Agricultural Society 499 Orleans School Bonds 496 Officers of Orleans 495 Orleans, Town of 491 Plat of Orleans, The First 492 Present Business Men, Orlean* 494 Pittsburg 502 Physicians at Orleans 498 Paoli, Town of 472 Postmasters at Paoli 479 Paoli Town Officers 484 Present Business Men, Paoli 491 Railroad at Orleans, The 498 Resources and Liabilities 481 Press of Orleans 497 Republican, The 490 Refunding of the Bonds 4S5 Site of Paoli 472 Saxe Horn Band at Paoli 479 Stockholders ot Paoli Bank 481 School Bonds, etc 483 Streets, The (irading of. 485 Secret Societies of Paoli 486 Secret Societies of Orleans 496 CONTENTS. IX PAGE. Tobacco Factory at Paoli 477 Temperance Question, The 479 True American, The 488 Union and News 490 Union ville 501 Valeene 504 CHAPTER VII. Military History of Orange County 508 Aid Societies 529 Arrest of Dr. Bowles 529 Bounty and Relief 528 Bivins' Company • 520 Company of Capt. Bowles 509 Company, The First 513 Draft of October, X862, The 522 Disloyaltv in 18(i3 522 Drafts of l.SM and 18G.5 526 Extracts from Editorials 511 Forty-ninth Regiment 517 Fifty-third Regiment 518 Fifty-ninth Regiment 519 Home Guards 513 Militia System, The 508 Mexican War, The 509 Mass Meeting, The First 511 Ninety-third Regiment 521 Opposition to the War 529 One Hundred and Thirty-ftrst Regiment 525 Public Feeling in 18(il 510 Payne's Company 520 Roll of Mexican Soldiers 510 Raid ot (ien. Morgan 524 Ritter's Company 517 Reeves' Company 519 Raid of Capt. Hines 523 Recruits of 1862 521 Recruits of 1864 525 Spicely's Company 515 Swift's Company 521 Statistical Tables, Official 526 Sixty-sixth Regiment 520 Summary of Men Furnished 527 Twenty-fourth Regiment 514 Thirty-eighth Regiment 516 Union Mass Meetings 513 Volunteers, The First 512 Volunteers, Fiftieth Regiment 518 Williams' Company 515 War, Commencement of 512 CHAPTER VIII. Religious History op Orange County 530 Ames' Chapel, Methodist 540 Baptist Church, Paoli 533 Baptist Ministers, Paoli 533 Beech Church, Quakers 534 Baptists at Orleans 537 Cane Creek Christian Church 540 Christian Church, Unionville 541 Faucett's Chapel 539 French Lick Methodists 540 Liberty Christian Church 544- Lick Creek Quakers 533 Methodists at Paoli 530 Methodists of Chambersburg 534 Methodist Ministers, Paoli 531 Mt. Pleasant Baptist Church 534 Members at Paoli 532 Ministers at Chambersburg 534 Methodists of Orleans 534 Missionary Baptists, Orleans 537 Newbury Quakers, The 534 Orleans Presbyterian Church 536 Orangeville Mission, The 538 Orleans Christian Church 538 Orangeville Methodists, The 539 Old School Baptists 542 Presbyterians of Paoli 531 Preaching at Orleans, First 535 Presbyterian Ministers, Paoli .532 Providence Baptist Church 541 Pleasant Valley Missionary Baptists 544 Pleasant drove Baptists 544 Rock Spring Baptists, Southeast 541 PAGE. Stampers Creek United Brethren .')43 Sunday-schools at Orleans 536 Scarlet Ridge Methodists 540 Trustees at Orleans, Methodist 536 United Brethren of Chambersburg 535 United Brethren, Unionville 541 United Brethren of Valeene 543 Valeene Methodists 543 Valeene Christian Church 543 Wesley Chapel, Orangeville 539 CHAPTER IX. Educational History 545 Atkinson's School, The 546 Academy, The Orleans 558 County Teachers' Institute 575 Course of Study, (Jommon Schools 574 County Seminary, The 548 Congressional Fund 572 Diplomas Granted 575 French Lick Schools 561 Grading of the Course 565 Greenfield Township Schools 565 Jackson Township Schools 563 Lady Teachers, The First 546 Lectures on Educational Subjects 576 Normal Teachers 553 Northeast Township Schools 553 Orleans Town Schools 556 Orangeville Township Schools 558 Patrons, P.aoli Township 545 Paoli Town Schools 548 Pioneer Schools, Definition of 571 Quackenbush School, The 546 Session of 1884, Institute 577 Schools of Paoli Township 545 Seminary Teachers, The 549 Southern Indiana Normal School 552 Sale of the Seminary 551 Schools of Orleans Township 5.55 Schools of Northwest Township 560 Southeast Township Schools 566 Stampers Creek Teachers 568 Sale of School Land 571 Trustees of Paoli Township 547 Township Institutes 574 Text-books, The Early 573 Taxation for Education 573 Vote on the Common School System 574 PART IV. BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES. French Lick Township 641 Greenfield Township 647 Jackson Township 653 Northwest Township 657 Northeast Township 632 Orangeville Township 652 Orleans Township 604 Paoli Township 579 Southeast Township 617 Stampers Creek Township 662 PART V. HISTORY OF WASHINGTON COUNTY. CHAPTER I. Geology 667 Boundary of the County 667 Blue-grass Land 667 Bottoms and Uplands 667 Cement Rock 671 Clays for Bricks, Tiling, etc 671 Chemical Constituents 673 Caves and Passages 672 Coal Deposits 672 Fossils at Paynter's Hill 670 Formation of Caves 673 TONTENTS. PAGE. Knobstone Group, The 668 " Knobs," The 668 Lime, Burning of. 671 Metals, The Precious 672 Mineral Springs 673 Names of Townships 667 Oolitic Limestone 670 Quarries, The 670 Rocky Outcrops, The 668 Streams of the County 668 Sulphuret of Iron 669 Spurgeon Hill Fossils, The <% 669 Sandstone for Building 670 Rand and Gravel 671 Timber, Saw-mills, etc 674 CHAPTER II. Indians and Mound Builders 675 Block-houses, The 679 Border Scouts, The „ 680 Capture of Jimmy and Johnny 677 Domain of the Miamis 675 Death of Jimmy 678 Death of Zink 680 Family of "Old Ox," The 677 B'orts, etc.. The e. 679 Horse-stealing, etc 677 Indian Inhabitants, The 675 Indian Stories 681 Mounds and Their Contents, The 681 Massacre of the Solidas 678 Militia Companies, The 676 "Permitted" Tribes 675 Pursuit of the Indians 677 Pigeon Roost Massacre, The 679 Return of Johnny, The 678 Rangers of 1812, The 676 Villages of Indians 676 CHAPTER III. Settlement op Washington County 682 Anecdotes, Interesting Early 704 Brown Township 687 Beck's Mills 695 Bear, Adventure with a 695 Business in Franklin Township 701 Catalogue of Old Settlers 683 Callaway and the Bear 684 Country Industries 684 Courting Under Difficulties 689 Cubs, Capture of Six 691 Cloth from Nettles 696 Cave, Adventure in a 696 • Counterfeiters .-. 703 Deer Story, A 691 Distilleries, etc., Gibson 699 Enterprises in Monroe 702 Enochs and the Bear 693 Franklin Township 700 Gibson Township 699 Hammersly and the Bear 688 Howard Township 094 Industries, Jackson Township 691 Industries, Polk Township 697 Jackson Township 690 Jeffer.«on Township 691 Lifting Match, A 693 Manufacturing Undertakings 692 Mother Bear and Cubs, A 701 Monroe Township 701 Mills of Monroe 702 Madison Township 704 McKinney and the Bear? 705 Madison Township Mills, etc 7u5 Posey Township 685 Panther, Fight with a 689 Pierce Township 695 Postotfices, Stores, etc., Polk 698 Pioneer Pursuits 698 Polk Township 697 Present Business Industries 703 (Juiltings and Corn-huskings 687 Railway Disaster, A Dreadful 685 Squatters of 1800, The 682 Saline Reserves 685 ^^^^^^ PAGE. Stores, Postoffice, etc riTT^TmTTrr'. 693 Silk Manufacture 696 Township Industries 686 Vernon Township 698 Violations of Law 700 Washington Township 662 CHAPTER IV. Organization of Washington County 706 Agricultural Societies, The 725 As.sociation of 1881 726 Auditors, List of 723 Associate Judges 724 Act of Creation, The 706 Asylum, The Poor ,. 714 Boundary Alterations 709 Bridge Fund , 718 County Before Creation, The 706 County Board, The First 708 Coroners, List of. 724 County Revenue, etc 711 Clerks, List of 728 County Commissioners 722 County Officers, The First 707 ' Finances of the County 715 Important Acts of the Board 708 Justices of the Peace 719 Laying Out of Salem 707 Later Events of Interest 711 Medical Society, The 724 New Townships 712 Population of the County 713 Plank Road Companies 719 Presidential Elections 728 Present Finances 718 Paupers of the County 713 Probate Judges 724 Politics of the County 727 Reformation of Townships 710 Representatives 720 Railroads, The Building of. 727 Recorders, List of. 723 School Funds, Origin of. 715 Senators, List of.... 721 Sheriffs , 723 Surveyors 724 School Officers 722 Treasurers 723 Townships, The First 708 War, Acts During the 712 CHAPTER V. Bench and Bar 732 Attorneys, The First 733 Buildings, The First 734 Court Officers i 734 Circuit Court, The First 732 Courts Under the Constitution 736 Contempt of Court 738 Character of Crime 746 Catalogue of Attorneys 749 Court Districts... 750 Death of Delos HefFren 753 Death of Varis, Mysterious 751 " Fist and Skull " Age, The 737 Feasances, The 739 Grand Jury, The First 733 Grave Robbing 740 Gollahan Murder, The 755 Housh-Berky Homicide, The 743 Indictments, The First 733 Judges, The First 732 Knowles-Linn Forgery, The 756 Larceny Case, A Notable 735 Lash, Sentence of the 740 Later Members of the Bar 749 Mingo, The Slave 736 Murder, First Indictments for ' '0 Man-stealing Mauslanghter of Johnson, The Practitioners, The Early j Pearson Homicide, The 743 Professional Character of Lawyers 745 Revolutionary Soldiers 741 Rape, First Case of 742 CONTENTS. XI PAGE. Sundry Crimes 754 Two Important Cases 750 Trespass vi el armis 739 Unfortunate Conviction of Brown 748 Wood-Kepley Murder Case, The 746 Wright Brothers, The 739 CHAPTER VI. Towns of Washington County 757 Additions torfalem 759 Buildings, Early Public 764 Banking Enterprises....; 770 Benevolent Societies 774 Cholera, Ravages of the 768 Capture of Salem 772 Campbellsburg 779 Canton 781 Claysville 792 Diplomacy of Mrs. Lindley 758 Fire of 1874, The Big 773 Fire Department, The 773 Fredericksburg 786 "Grocers," The Earlv 763 Gold Excitement, The 771 Grading the Streets, etc 774 Hotel Rates Established 762 Hattery, Tobacco-shops, etc 764 HardinsDurg 785 Harristown 792 Hitchcock 792 Incorporation of Salem 767 Jail, The County 775 Later Business Men ; 771 Livonia 783 Little York 788 Merchants of Salem 760 Manufacturers of Salem 761 Martinsburg 782 Mount Carmel 792 New Albany A Salem Railroad 770 New Philadelphia 790 Newspapers of Salem 776 Progress of Invention 7.57 Prominent Men of Salem 765 Pekin, Village of. 790 Residents of Salem, The First 759 Salem Town Site 758 Salem Library Association 767 School Buildings, The 772 Salem in 1884 775 Salem Prew.The 1 779 Saltilloville 789 South Boston 791 Smedley, Farabee, etc 793 Woolen Mill, The 761 Washington Democrat, The 778 CHAPTER VII. Military History 793 Aid Societies 814 Bounty and Relief. 814 Basket Dinner, A 807 Banta's Company 807 Draft of October, 1862, The 808 Drafts of 1864 and 1865 813 Editorial Extracts 797 Eighteenth Regiment, The 803 Enlistment in 1864, The 812 Fort Sumter, Fall of. 798 First Company, The 800 Fiftieth Regiment, The 805 Joy and Sorrow 815 Militia, The Old State 793 Mexican War, The 794 Muster Roll, The 794 Mass Meetings 801 Morgan's Raid 810 MinuteMen, The 811 Military Arrests 812 Men Furnished, Number of 814 One Hundred and Forty-fourth Regiment.... 813 Other Volunteers 804 Public Sentiment in 1861 - 796 Return of the Mexican Soldiers , 795 Recruiting '. 804 Redfleld's Company 805 PAGE. Recruiting Committees 811 Statistical Tables, Official 813 Second Mexican Company, The 795 Second Companv, The 803 Sixteenth Regiment, The 806 Six Months' Company, The 811 Thirteenth Regiment, The 800 Third Company, The 804 Ultra Political Views 806 War Begun 799 War Meetings 801 CHAPTER VIII. Religious History 816 Blue River Baptist Church 816 Baptists, The Regular 822 Bethlehem Church, The 827 Christian Church, The 817 Catholic Church. The 818 Covenanters, The .". 829 Church Statistics "832 Division of the Quakers 820 Hicksites, The 819 Highland Creek Meeting, The 821 Hebron Church 823 Indian Missions 820 Lick Creek Meeting, The 821 Lost River Church 823 Lutherans, The 830 Ministers and Members 817 Mt. Pleasant Meeting, The 822 Many Church Organizations 824 Methodists, The 830 Presbyterian Church, Tne 825 Quakers, The 819 Salem Presbyterians, The 826 Salem Methodists, The 831 Sluder's Meeting-house 817 United Brethren, The 830 Walnut Ridge Church, The 828 CHAPTER IX. Educational History 833 Age, The Twine Binding 833 Blue River Academy, The 838 Brown Township Schools 843 Correction, Old Method of 834 Catalogue of Teachers 840 Friends' School, The 837 Franklin Township Schools 847 Gibson Township Schools 848 Howard Township Schools 845 Jetferson Township Schools 843 Jackson Township Schools 846 Literary Societies, The 842 Monroe Township Schools....* 842 Madison Township Schools 844 Posey Township Schools 845 Present Private Schools, The 849 Polk To^frnship Schools 847 Pioneer Schoolhouse, A 838 Pierce Township Schools 846 Professional Teachers 837 Salem Grammar School ." 836 Salem Female Collegiate Institute 837 Student's Rebellion, The 841 ' Salem Graded School 839 Teachers, Character of. 835 Vernon Township Schools 844 Washington Township Teachers 834 PART VI. BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES. Brown Township 881 Franklin Township 913 Gibson Township 916 Howard Township 927 Jetferson Township 899 Jackson Township 921 Madison Township 918 Monroe Township 904 Pierce Township 892 Posey Township 885 Polk Township 907 Vernon Township 931 Washington Township , 851 PART I. History of Lawrence County. CHAPTER I.* Geology— The Perpendicular Section— The Coal Measures— Mill- stone Grit— Chester Formation— The St. Louis Limestone— The Keokuk Beds— Characteristic Fossils— The Knobstone Group- Description OF Caves— Numerous Vertical Sections— Curious Formations— The Spice Valley Kaolin Mines— The Hematite Deposits— Mineral Springs— Economic Questions— Other Consid- erations. THE eastern and northeastern portions of Lawrence County are undulating or gently rolling plateaus, drained by deep, narrow valleys; the central region north of White Eiver is hilly, and the western and southwestern is rough and broken. Each of these divisions is cov- ered with a soil almost wholly formed from decomposition of underlying rocks; consequently the soil of the first is tenacious clay and sand; of the second, a calcarious clay; and of the third, principally of siliceous material, with an intermixture from both of the others. In that part of the county underlaid by St. Louis limestone, compi:ising a broad belt about twelve miles wide, passing centrally from northwest to southeast, "sink-holes" are so numerous as to form a striking feature iu the con- figuration of the surface. The principal streams are the East Fork of White Kiver, Indian, Big Salt, Little Salt, Leatherwood, Guthrie, Back, Sugar, Fishing and Beaver Creeks. The county is generally heavily timbered with oak, hickory, befech, maple, chestnut, walnut, elm, etc. The geological formations of the county comprise three divisions of the quaternary age, two of the coal measure group and four of the sub- carboniferous group. The formations dip slightly, with a variable rate, from east northeast to west southwest, and the outcrop from the east to the west boundary of the county represents a vertical measurement of about 700 feet. From east to west the formations, in the order of age, outcrop as follows: Koobstone group, Keokuk group, St. Louis group, subcarboniferous group, carboniferous group, quarternary group. In *Adaptied to this volume from the official report of Assistant State Geologist John Collett, pub- lished in 1874. I 12 HISTORY OF LAWRENCE COUNTY. addition to these there is the recent geology, comprising alluvium found mainly in the valleys; the Loess, an ash-gray siliceous clay, cold and mainly unproductive, found on the highest lands along the west side of the county, principally on the knobs near Huron. No dnft is to be found in the county, save occasional traces brought down by streams which have their origin farther north. The following is the geological section of the county: QUATERNARY SYSTEM. ^^^^ „ ., , , • 4 to 10 1. Soil and clays .^^^ 2. Alluvium, recent :;::40to450 3. Alluvium, ancient ^ ^ on 5 to «v 4. Loess CARBONIFEROUS GROUP. ^^^^ to 20 5. Lower coal measures 6 Conglomerate (millstone grit) • .5^ to i~.u 7. Pyritous shale and shaly sandstone with bands and ^^ nodules of iron ore ^° SUBCARBONXFEROUS GROUP. Chester Beds. • ^^^^ 8 Bituminous and argillaceous limestone, with coal measure and subcarboniferous fossils mingled and alternately predominating 2 to d» 9 Siliceous and bituminous shale •••" ^ 10. Place of a rash coal 04 to 8 inches 11. Thin-bedded sandstone, grindstone and whetstone 20 to DO grits ^ g 12 Coarse, heavy-bedded sandstone u to 13 Blue argillaceous limestone with black flints and lb to 40 chert . . 14. Red and blue clay with plates of chert passing into heavy argillaceous limestone cement 5 to 15. Bituminous slate (coal-bone) to .08 inches St. Louis Beds. ^^^^ 16. Gray argillaceous or bituminous brecciated limestone, ^^ locally cement stone [ " . . , 1- i. . . 4 to 10 17. Vermicular limestone ."*;."": ^n . ^k 18 Blue and gray argillaceous and magnesian limestone 10 to 6o 19 Bands of chert and amorphous geodes in scales and argillaceous limestones which weather to a reddish brown clay (paint), Lit7iostrotion bed and corals.. 5 to 4U 20. Blue quarry limestone, sometimes concretionary, or brealcing with conchoidal fracture J to 49 !• . . . 4 to 13 21. White quarry limestone ^ 22. OoUtic limestone, fossil bed ^ 23. Blue argillaceous limestone ^ ° HISTORY OF LAWRENCE COUNTY. . 13 Keokuk Beds. Feet. 24. Blue and gray shales or limestone, with bands of chert to 10 25. Geodes in blue shaly clay 4 to 6 26. Blue limestone, with Hemipromtes 3 to 6 87. Geode bed with mammoth geodized fossils 3 to 3.6 28. Shaly and pink limestone, full of fossils, shells and crinoid stems 1.6 to 2 KNOBSTONE FORMATION. Feet. Knobstone shales, with thin beds of massive sandstone in its upper division to 250 THE COAL MEASUBES. The coal measures in the western part of the county are represented only by beds of shales and shaly sandstones on the tops of some of the highest hills. The probability of the presence of workable seams of coal is very remote. CONGLOMERATE OR MILLSTONE GRIT. Below the coal measures is found the conglomerate, a massive gray or brown sand rock (No. 6 above). It forms bold hills, and is well devel- oped north and south of Silverville, and thence to the southwestern cor- ner of the county. It appears as pudding stone on Section 8, Township 4 north, Range 2 west. A pyritous shale easily decomposed underlies the conglomerate. THE CHESTER FORMATION. The upper member is a variable limestone, whitish gray to dark brown in color, or perhaps black, in which case it is highly bituminous (No. 8 above). A rash coal is found herein and the following fossils: Archim- edes, Pentremites and Crinoidce; also Lophophyllum, Athyris subtilita and Productus cora. The coal is of no economic value. Lower down (Nos. 11 and 12) are thin bedded sandstones which outcrop in a strip across the county from the northwest corner to the southern boundary. The fossils are Stigmaria, Sigillaria, Lepidodendra, with cones, fruit and leaves; also Diplotegium, Ulodendron cerdaites, Pecopteris, Alethopteris, Neuropteris, Hyemenophyllites, etc. Below this is the blue argillaceous limestone (No. 13), which is often homogeneous and sometimes litho- graphic. Good specimens may be seen on Sections 17 and 21, Township 5 north, Range 2 west, and elsewhere. On Beaver Creek a band of dark hornstone is found herein, of which the Indians made weapons and stone ornaments. Below this the red and blue clay (No. 14) contains Ortho- cerata, Bellerophon, Nautili, Zaphrentis, Syringopora, etc. Next under this is a coal seam of no particular value, which outcrops at Bedford, Avoca, Goose Creek, Homer's Mill and Pace's Hill. ST. LOUIS LIMESTONE. As stated a few pages back this stone occupies a broad belt extending 14 HISTORY OF LAWRENCE COUNTY. north and south across the county. It differs so much in thickness and in its lithological character in different places that it could not be identi- fied were it not for its fossils, particularly LHhostrotion Canadense, or "petrified wasp's nest," and L. proliferum or "petrified corn-cobs," besides Productus cora, Athyris ambigua Zaphrentis spinulosus, Archimedes Wortheni, Pentremites conoideus and many others. The surface over this stone is characterized by numerous basin-like sinkholes, many of which communicate with subterranean caverns; indeed, this stone is often called the "cavernous limestone." The upper divisions and some of the lower strata are argillaceous and under certain conditions possess hydraulic properties. The vermicular limestone (No. 17) is traversed by cylindrical cavities resembling wormholes, hence the name, which are supposed to be the casts of decayed seaweeds. A crystalline mass known as crystal- lites is found, also peculiar systems of crenulated columns resembling the suture joints of the human skull. In No. 19 the cherts are highly fossiliferous with Lithostrotion, Syringopora, Zaphrentis, Productus, Athyris. Sponges, Pentremites, Trilobites, etc. The variety of sponge called locally "marbles" or "petrified plums" cover the surface in places as at Bedford, Mitchell and Section 7, Township 5 north. Range 1 west. This horizon contains many irregularly or partially formed geodes. Numbers 20 and 21 furnish a very superior stone, excellent for chisel dressing, remarkably solid, with good hydraulic properties, and of a dark bluish color. Number 21 contains the famous "Bedford Stone," known so extensively throughout the West by builders. It is composed almost wholly of minute fossils cemented with shell and coal dust. It varies in color from gray to a creamy white, and is so homogeneous that it may be quarried in blocks its entire thickness of twelve feet, and of indefinite but satisfactory side extent. It may be sawed, cut and molded to any shape. Under this is the famous fossil bed containing about seventy species of the following principal genera: Botalia, Phillipsia, Cythere, Chiton, Bellerophon, Pleurotomaria, Murchisonia, Natica, Loxonema, Buliniella, Enomphalus, Rhynchonella, Spirifer, Nuciila, Chonetes, Athy- ris, Waltheimia, Terebratula Retzia, Cono-cardium, Archeocidaris Actinocrinus, Pentremites, Dentalium., Sphenopoterium, Aulopora, Cos- cinium. Archimedes, Fenestella, etc. This bed varying in thickness from a few inches to three or four feet, is made up almost wholly of the shells, etc., of marine animals. All are very small and some are microscopic, yet very perfect and beautiful. Examples may be seen on Section 5. Township 5 north. Range 1 east, and on Spider Creek west of Bedford. Number 23, a compact bluish quarry stone, generally argillaceous, some- times magnesian, contains petroleum sometimes when dark. THE KEOKUK BEDS. Of this group No. 24 is of no economic importance, but contains I HISTORY OF LAWRENCE COUNTY. 15 beautiful CrtJioidce and specimens of Hemipronites, Froductiis, Spirifer, etc. In No. 25, in a mass of slialy clay is a wonderful collection of geodes called "nigger heads." Spherical, rough, unattractive outwardly, they show nature's most beautiful work on the interior. There appear limpid, black or rose-colored crystals of silica, sometimes chalcedony, calc spar and rarely zinc blende, galena and pyrites. Number 27 has all the above varities and many geodized fossils of Spirifer, Bp.llerophon, Zaphrenti, Gonitiates, Crinoid heads and stems, Nautili and Palapchinus, all of giant size. It is inferred that these animal remains caused the cavities, and gave direction to the form of many if not all of the goedes. Good specimens are seen at Ft. Ritner, Leesville, Heltonville, Bartletts- ville and Guthrie. Number 28 consists of shaly and hard pink lime- stones profusely filled with disjointed stems of Crinoidce, and Pentremites, and also Hemipronites, Spirifer, Productiis, Archimedes, Aulopora Cheteles, Zaphrentis, etc. Where the pink color prevails shark's teeth of Helodus, Cladodus, Cochliodus and Beltodus are found. This is a good stone for foundations of hammered masonry. THE KNOBSTONE SHALES. This is the lowest visible formation in the county, and is nearly 500 feet thick and outcrops on the eastern and southeastern portions. It is principally composed of dark aluminous shales, compact and tenacious, easily decomposed, and hence is readily reduced by running water, leav- ing bold " knobs " whence the name is derived. Fossils are rare. The upper member contains local beds of good homogeneous sandstone equiv- alent to the famous " Waverly sandstone" of Ohio. Outcrops are seen at Ft. Ritner, Guthrie and elsewhere on the eastern side of the county. The above so far serves as a general description of the geology of the county, but now follows accounts more in detail. THE ST. LOUIS CHERT BEDS. The chert bed of the St. Louis limestone, which, on disintegration, forms a reddish brown ocher, colored with hydrated oxide of iron, out- crops at all the hilltops around Bedford and mayJae considered the sur- face stone. It is from twelve to forty feet thick, and is composed of beds of gray, green or red shales, enclosing bands of chert and flint from two to twelve inches thick. Upon exposure to the air the clay crumbles away and the chert breaks into small angular fragments. A band of soft white chalky material is frequently found with whorls of Archimedes and other fossils. The following is the section at Campbell's Cave a mile south of Bedford: Feet. Clay and chert 10 Bituminous limestone 2.5 Coal bone (slate) 3 16 HISTORY OF LAWRENCE COUNTY. Dark bilumiuuous limestone, laminated 2 Argillaceous limestone 2 Vermicular limestone 4 Hard gray limestone 4 Argillacious andMagnesian limestone 6 Hard blue limestone 10 White quarry limestone to water 9 Total 49.8 dunihue's cave, limestone beds, fossils, etc. Half a mile west of this cave is Dwnihue's Cave, which has been ex- plored to the depth of about two miles. It contains beautiful chambers with stalactites and stalagmites of great purity and has many interesting formations to attract the naturalist. Where the railroad crosses Leather- wood Creek the lower St. Louis, and upper Keokuk beds are argillaceous. In "pockets" are found Pew/remi^es, Batocrinus, Cyaihocrinus, Phillix)- sia, Productus, Spirifer, Aulopora and Archimedes. North of this on the hillside are angular fragments of limestone re-cemented with tufa. This fracture has probably resulted from exposure to the air and not from earthquakes or similar convulsions. The interstices are tilled with calcareous earth. Fine white limestone (No. 21 above) in enormous blocks is obtained at the Coats and Johnson quarries a mile south of Bedford. Casts of Bellerophon are found. This stone is soft at first, is easily sawed, chiseled and moulded, and is peculiarly suited for door and window caps and sills, columns and highly ornamented capitals and brackets. Weathering hardens it. The section here is as follows: Feet. Hard laminated limestone 4 White quarry limestone 10 Blue quarry limestone 7 The quarry of N. L. Hall was extensively worked in this stone. A powerful engine drove three gangs of saws. The white limestone has all the excellent qualities above described. It has been used in the Bedford court house, the postoffice at Indianapolis, the State University at Bloom- ington, the new Illinois State House, the Louisville Custom House, etc. It is a famous stone. The blue limestone (No. 23 above;, is harder and finer in texture, and is in great demand for coping and posts of iron fences and for monuments. Its cohesion enables it to resist the compression and cross- strain of large structures. A wall of this stone is three times as strong as the same sized one of bricks. When burned it furnishes good lime. Blocks of any size may be obtained. The sec- tion at Hall's quarry is thus: Feet. Soil and clay 4 White limestone (No. 21) 9 Blue limestone (No. 23) 7 1 HISTORY OF LAWRENCE COUNTY. 17 THE ST. LOUIS SECTION AND THE SPUKGEON HILL FOSSILS. * In the valleys of Salt and Leatherwood Creeks near Bedford, the whole depth of the St. Louis limestone outcrops with a perpendicular measurement of about 100 feet. At the bottom of this group appear the geode beds and laminated limestones of the Keokuk group, with a thickness of from twelve to twenty feet. On the northwest quarter of Section 8, Township 5 north, Kange 1 east, is a fine outcrop of the famous fossil bed (No. 22 above). It is sometimes called the "Spurgeon Hill Fossil Bed." It shows Phillipsia, Rotalia, Cythere, Chiton, Platy- criniis, Batocrinus, Actinocrinus, Archeocidaris, Pentremites, Coscinium, Aulopora, Zaphrentis, Archimedes, Sphenopoterium, Conocardium, Spir- ifer, Productus, Nusula, Myalina, Cypricardella,Rhynchonella, Athyris, Retzia, Waltheimia, Euomphalus, Pleuiomaria, Murchisonia, Buleimel- la, Natica, Bellerophon, Platyceras, Terebratula, Dentalium, and others, SECTION OF THE KEOKUK AND KNOBSTONE GROUPS. On Section 4, Township 5 north, Range 1 east, the following section outcrops : Feet. Soil and clay » 25 Geode bed 5 Blue limestone with Hemipronites, etc 4 Geode bed 3.5 Coarse limestone with Urinoidse 1.2 Shaly limestone 2.5 Coarse limestone 1 Knobstone with highly colored shales 60 Total 102.2 At Rollins' Mill the following section of the same groups outcrops: Feet. Chert, fragmentary 20 Limestone, argillaceous and vermicular 15.9 Limestone, argillaceous and pentremital 8 Gray limestone .30 Keokuk limestone with geodes, etc 12 Keokuk reddish limestone with crinoid joints, Productus and Hemipronites : 7 Knobstone shales and siliceous limestone with large Nautili. . .16 Total 108.9 DETAILS AT SPRINGVILLE AND VICINITY. The tops of the hills around Springville are capped with outcrops of the Chester group. A mile east of town the upper number outcrops (No. 8). . In this are Pe^itremites, Zaphrentis, Chonetes, etc. On Section 30, Township 6 north, Range 1 west, outcrops the "coal bone" which has a strong odor of petroleum. The same may be seen at Avoca. On Sec- tion 17, Township 5 north. Range 1 west, the following outcrop of the lower Chester and the upper St. Louis groups may be seen: 18 HISTORY OF LAWRENCE COUNTY. Feet. Red drift with fragments of coal 20 Dark sandstone 3 Shaly sandstone 10 Gray cliert l.o Shaly sandstone 4.5 Darlt limestone, laminated 5 Blue St. Louis limestone 6 Vermicular limestone 10 Coal bone 3 Blue and white argillaceous limestone 15 Yellow magnesian limestone 6 Shaly argillaceous limestone with geodes 8 Blue Pentremital limestone 22 Total 111.3 SHILOH CAVE. On Sections 18 and 19, Township 5 north, Range 1 west, is found this interesting cavern. It extends through the upper members of the St Louis group. The sides show stratified beds of limestone, and along the roof of the large chambers is the St. Louis chert, fragments of which cover the floor. Natural fountains, springs and streams abound. Throughout, the lofty sides are festooned with stalactites, sometimes hanging in graceful folds, or ribbed with giant corrugations. The roofs and overhanging sides bristle with clear quill-like tubes, fragile as glass, each tipped with a drop of water which shines in the torch-light like a jewel. Thus the purity and beauty of ornamention continues for over a mile. There are several side caverns which have not been explored. A very large stalagmite, as large as a man, called the " Image of the Man- itou," was destroyed a number of years ago. Near this cave at Shiloh Mill the section is as follows: Feet. Chert and soil covering 50 Limestone, blue-banded 12 Chalky white clay 4 Siliceous and calcareous shale 3.5 Black bituminous shale (coal bone) 3 St. Louis limestone, shaly 1 Hard blue limestone 3.3 Blue limestone, laminated 2 Soft limestone, brecciated 3.2 Vermicular limestone 4.5 Limestone, massive 28 Covered 20 Oolitic quarry limestone 40 Total 171.8 DRY AND GRINSTAFF CAVES. This cave is partly in or just below the St. Louis cherts on Section 12, Township 5 north, Range 2 west. In the Chester sandstone at the HISTORY OF LAWRENCE COUNTY. 19 top of the hill are fossilized coal plants. The cave vestibule is a room twenty-live feet high, with few stalactites, and here apparently the cave ends. But on part a profusion of stalactites and stalagmites, which form the most beautiful shapes, folds and curtains, a ladder leads to large roomy halls above, whose gray or yellow walls are relieved by stalactites of great purity. With these rooms the cave ends. The atmosphere is very dry, and has high antiseptic properties. On the floor is much clay charged with nitre. On Section 10, Township 5 north, Range 2 west, is GrinstafiTs Cave. It has two stories or floors, the upper dry, the luwer traversed by a small stream. Altogether the passages are about two miles long. In places the usuaj beautiful stalactites are found. THE GEOLOGICAL FEATURES AT FAYETTEVILLE AND VICINITY. In this vicinity the soil is generally of a reddish brown color, and is derived from the St. Louis limestone, and is good for agricultural pur- poses. Sink holes are numerous, and the rocks beneath are tunneled with caverns. Grass thrives on this soil. In the cherty surface rock which occasionally outcrops are Lithostrotion Canadense, L. proUfermn and Syringopora, fine and massive, wit^ shaggy lumps of crystals. These are used in the vicinity to ornament door yards. Also in this vicinity are found single calyces of Lithostrotion or " petrified corn-cob," Zaphrentis Spinulosa, Bryozoans, Productiis cora, Athyris ambigua, Bellerophon levis, Orthoceras, and plates and spines of Archeocidaris Wortheni. The following is the section for about a mile along the'val- ley west of Fayetteville: Feet. Coarse sandstone 30 Bituminous limestone, with fossils 6 Sbaiy coal 5 Fire clay, laminated 2.5 Blue and gray shale, py ritous 25 Covered stratum (Chester sandstone) 40 Blue and gray limestone with large Bellerophon, Othocerata Euomphalus, etc 35 Chert bed with many St. Louis fossils 40 Total 179 The shaly coal here found will burn, but is probably of no economic value. James Tanehill has mined it. A compact siliceous limestone is found on the Johnson farm. It is very homogeneous, is four feet thick, and possesses high lithographic properties. At the Gray Mill on Indian Creek, Section 17, the limestones are rich in characteristic fossils. From the bluffs of Silverville across the valley of Indian Creek sandstone outcrops on Sections 16 and 21. These are in the shape of sharp conical mounds, and are locally called "hay stacks." The following is the formation at Wagners on Section 19, where a thin seam of slaty coal has been opened and worked without valuable returns: 20 HISTORY OF LAWRENCE COUNTY. Feet. Conglomerate sandstone and covered strata 90 Limestone, gray or bituminous 12 Block slate or coal 8 Shale, pyritous 10 Limestone, blue, to creek 8 Total 120.8 The high hills north of White River are generally capped with mem- bers of the Chester formation, and sometimes are 595 feet above the river. On Barton William's farm is a typical bed of pebbly conglom- erate, and a stratum of fibrous spar with a faint blue color, which much resembles sulphate of strontia (Celestine). Examples of the " rock houses " of the conglemerate or millstone grit are seen at Col. Bryant's, Section 19, Township 4 north. Range 2 west, on the south side of the river. Here the Chester beds are silicious shales. The following is the section : Feet. Conglomerate, massive 70 Sandstone, laminated 15 Limestone, bituminous 10 Silicious shale (place of coal) 20 Shale and limestone to water 50 Total 165 GEOLOGICAL FEATURES NEAR HURON. Half a mile west of the village the Chester beds were once extensively worked. It became known abroad as " Huron Stone," and grindstone and carrier-stone grits were prepared and sent to market. The bed is twenty- five feet thick. The bituminous limestone which is found at the surface at Huron is on the top of the bills two or three miles west. This proves the dip of the county strata toward the west — here at the rate of about eighty feet to the mile. On Connelly's Hill, two miles east of town, thin slaty coal outcrops. The following is the section at the steam-mill at Huron ; Feet. Conglomerate sandstone -. 40 Bituminous limestone with Sj)irifer, Producttis &u^ Athyris . . 18 Rash Coal 3 . Thin bedded Chester grit stones 65 Heavy bedded Chester gritstones 6 Blue limestone 16 Red and blue clay 2 Soapstone and pyrites 4 Block slaty coal 7 Soapstone 1.8 Gray limestone with flints 16 * Total 169.8 I HISTORY OF LAWRENCE COUNTY. 21 SECTION AT Connelly's hill. The flint bed in the Hection shown below was worked by the Indians. Here they quarried the material for their arrow and spear points. Fire hearths are seen in the adjoining valley, surrounded with flint chips. Movmds are found on this hill. The following is the formation here (Connelly's Hill) on Section 4, Township 3 north, Range 2 west. Feet. Sandy soil with hematite .^ 10 Conglomerate with fossil stems 45 Bituminous limestone with fossils 14 Rash coal 7 Sandstone, laminated and shaly, with partings of chert 55 Limestone, argillaceous, with chert and sandstone partings. . . 30 Cherty limestone in cave 8 Limestone, argillaceous with black flints 6 Total 168.7 CONNELLY, BLUE SPRING AND OTHER CAVES. This is on Section 4. Over the floor runs a small brook. The cave is about two miles long, with roof usually 'about fifteen feet high, with many chambers adorned with stone curtains, robust stalactites and spherical stalagmites. Nitrous earth spangled with crystals is found in the upper part; and a well -washed bed of pure yellow clay is exposed. Bear wallows are yet visible. Blind animals are frequent, and further on will be found named. Blue Spring Cave near White Kiver and two miles south of Wood's Ferry has been explored three miles. A large stream of water runs out. Within, the water has cut circular basins over 100 measured feet deep. In times of heavy rains a large volume of water is discharged. The source of this water is- in doubt. On Section 25, Town 4, Range 2 west, is a very deep, unexplored cave. The Buzzard Cave, north of the river contains apartments on two floors. Within this are many stalactites of great beauty and size. THE FORMATIONS AROUND MITCHELL. The country around Mitchell was originally a valley of erosion, and afterward the flood plain of White River. The surface rocks are of the upper cherty member of the St. Louis beds. At every wash around town massive specimens of silicitied corals, such as Lithostrotion Canadense, L. proUferum and Syringopora, with quantities of Productus cora, Bel- lerophon levis, Dentalhim primeoiim, Athyris 'amhigua, etc., are found. Sink holes, the characteristic surface feature, are numerous, some form- ing pools of water. In many wells are often found eyeless fishes and crustaceans, doubtless from subterranean caverns with which tlie wells communicate. The soil here is rich in plant food. This broad plain, embracing more than 150 square miles, measures the duration and extent of past erosive forces. The following is taken from Section 26, Town- ship 4, Range 1 west. 22 HISTORY OF LAWRENCE COUNTY. Feet. Slope saud and clay 40 Sandstone ferrui^inous, laminated, with barli and trunks of car- boniferous plants and thin partings of coal 60 Argillaceous limestone with Chester fossils, the upper band lith- ographic 35 Chert beds with siliceous corals t 40 Total 175 On this Section (20), is a coral reef (silicified Syringopora) in a matrix of chert, from which prehistoric races undoubtedly made their red- dish colored stone implements and ornaments. Valuable specimens of this coral have been sent to various geological collections. Much lime has been burned on Section 24 and elsewhere, mainly from the blue ver- micular limestone of the upper St. Louis group. Asa Erwin manufac- tured nearly 20,000 bushels, and D. Kelly, John Tomlinson, and others, have done about as well, their lime being favorably known to the trade. The lime is white and "works hot," and is almost like cement in founda- tions. Owing to the porous nature of this stone, it is found to burn and slake with great facility and certainty.' The waste lime has been used quite extensively for compost, and should be continued thus. The fol- lowing is the section at Erwin's kiln: Feet. Soil and slope, broken chert 3 Slaty coal 3 Limestone, argillaceous 2.5 Limestone, argillaceous and lithographic". 1.2 Limestone, white and gray 3.5 Limestone, vermicular 4.5 Limestone, heavy bedded 6 Limestone, flaggy 8 Total • '. »... 29 There is a cave near by tt) which bears formerly resorted for hiberna- tion; their bones and teeth are found. On Section 18 is a good exposure of the upper St. Louis beds, rich in fossils. The chert beds outcrop on the hill-sides and railroad cuts east of Mitchell. Fossils are abundant. hamer's cave. The entrance to this cave is on the hill-side on the southeast quarter of Section 32, Township 4 north, Range 1 east, about forty-five feet above the valley. The floor is level, six feet wide, and covered with a swift stream of water eight inches deep on an average, though in places twenty feet. Three-quarters of a mile from the entrance is the first fall. The whole stream rushes down an incline only three feet wide with great vio- lence and noise. Above this, and about 300 feet farther on, is the " grand cascade," Beyond this the cave is low, wet and full of running water, which escapes through a crevice in the rock. Eyeless fish, craw- fish, and other crustaceans are found in this cave. The creek has power sufficient HISTORY OF LAWRENCE COUNTY. 23 to turn a large mill. Many beautiful specimens oi stalactites in folds, loops, columns, spikes, curtains and crenulated lace-work are found on the roof and walls of this important cave. nONNELSON's CAVE, BUND FISHES, ETC. This has its entrance on the southwest quarter of Section 33, Town- ship 4 north. Range ] east. A large stream of water is discharged, which was formerly used to drive a combined woolen, grist and saw-mill. The interior shows evidences that powder was made here at a very early date from the nitrous earth of the upper chambers. The cave entrance is wide and lofty, but is soon reduced to a narrow passage covered with a shallow stream of water. Within is a magnificent cascade, the roar of which is heard at the entrance. Near the entrance a dry cave opens to the east, and opposite a lofty corridor opens to the west, and on about 100 feet is a large hall twelve feet high, three hundred feet long and forty feet wide. Thousands of bats gather here and hang to the ceiling and walls, and hibernate. Eyeless fishes, crustaceans and crickets are found. The cave shows evidences of having been occupied by the earlier races. The following is a list of the animals found in the two caves last mentioned above and Connelly's: The blind fish, Amblyopsis speleus; the blind craw-fishes, Cambarus pellucidus, Ccecidotea stygia, Cravgonyx vitreus, Enphilosia Elrodii,Cauloxenus stygeus ; the blind insects, Aw^/io- myia, and Anopthalmus tenuis; and the seeing insects, Platynus margi- natus and Ceuthophilus Sloanii. THE GEOLOGICAL DETAILS EAST OF MITCHELL. Five miles east of Mitchell at the Mill Creek cut on the O. & M. K, is an outcrop showing the junction of the St. Louis and Keokuk groups. The first is rich in characteristic fossils including many Pentremites, and in the last is found a tooth of the shark Cladodus spinosus. A bed of rich brown ocherous clay is found here in unlimited quantity, and in fact ocher is found richly distributed over the entire county. From this point east along the railroad the Keokuk beds constitute the surface rock. This horizon is rapidly elevated going eastward, until at Tunnelton it caps the tops of hills 150 feet above the river. Th^ following is the sec- tion near Tunnelton: Feet. White limestone 3 Blue limestone 6 Argillite with geodes 5 Magnesian limestone with fossils 6 Argillite with geodes 13 Green and blue shales 30 Siliceous shales with bands of Waverly sandstone 30 Knobstone shales with fossils 60 Total 141 24 HISTORY OF LAWRENCE COUNTY. FEATURES AT FORT RITNER, LEESVILLE AND HELTONVILLE. About Ft. Ritner the Keokuk beds outcrop. In the bed of the creek near by are immense numbers of geodes. The knobstone forms the sides of the valley, and contains but few perfect fossils. The sandstone here and at Tunnelton, though not extensive, is of excellent quality, and may be sawed or split. The greatest exposure of the knobstone shales here is 250 feet above the river. AtLeesville the soil is of a rich, reddish brown fading to a "mulatto loam." The surface rock is the Keokuk with outlines of St. Louis lime- stone. The creek valleys are cut into the knobstone shales. At Heltonville in the south part of the village, the knobstone ex- poses a thickness of over ninety feet, but dipping rapidly passes below the water of Leatherwood Creek. Here is seen the unevenness of the knobstone surface, upon which were deposited the more recent lime- stones. Heltonville is famous for its numerous and beautiful geodes, many of which are geodized Crinoidce, Spirifera, Zaphrentis, Lithostro- tion, Goniatites, Bellerophon, etc. The section here is as follows: Feet. Geode bed 4 Crinoidal limestone crowded with joints, plates and crushed heads of Encrinites .■ 8 Knobstone shale and sandstone 50 Green and blue pyritous shale 40 Total 102 ROCKY OUTCROPS AT GUTHRIE. This village is surrounded with high knobstone hills capped with K«okuk limestone. Immense numbers of geodes are found along the creeks and hill-sides. Quarries of Waverly sandstone (upper knobstone) are numerous. This stone looks well, weathers well, cuts well, and con- tains few fossils. The knobstone shales contain much pyrites (sulphuret of iron) which decomposes on exposure The section west of and near Guthrie is as follows: Feet. St. Louis limestone 40 Keokuk limestone 25 Knobstone . . * 50 Total 115 THE SPICE VALLEY KAOLIN MINES. The substance Kaolin is a ^'ariety of clay produceil by the decompo- sition of the mineral feldspar, and when fused with an earthy matter called petunse, which is itself an undecomposed feldspar ground line, makes the most excellent kind of porcelain-ware. The mines in this county are by far the best in the State, and are not surpassed anywhere. They were first opened in December, 1874, by Dr. Joseph Gardner, E. T HISTORY OF LAWRENCE COUNTY. 25 Cox, State Geologist, and Michael Tempest, of the firm of Tempest, Brockmann & Co., potters, of Cincinnati, The substance was first brought to public notice by Dr. Gardner in June, 1874. These men car- ried on the work with increasing extent and profit, manufacturing a fine white earthenware for which there was a strong demand owing to its gen- eral superiority. In 1877 the proprietors, under the name of the Cincin- nati Clay Company, sold out to the Pennsylvania Salt Manufacturing Company of Philadelphia and near Pittsburgh, and this firm are yet operating the mines under the supervision of Dr. Gardner. They annu- ally ship about 2,000 tons of the clay to their factories in P(3nnsylvania, employing an average of about twenty-eight men, and there the clay is manufactured almost wholly into alum of a superior quality. The busi - ness is on the increase, but the factories should be in Lawrence County instead of in Pennsylvania. THE HEMATITE DEPOSITS. Three miles southwest of Fayetteville, in strata of sand deposited on the hill-tops, beds of this rich iron ore are found. Developments of the ore have been made on the Whitaker farm. Section 28, Township 5 north. Range 2 west. At many of the surrounding farms beds are also found. Test shafts to the depth of nine feet at fourteen different places, on Section 28, revealed the ore in each in thickness from two and three- tenths feet to four feet, the average depth being over three feet. In Indian Creek Township, on the lands of Messrs. Connelly, Prosser and Snow, are outcrops of siliceous iron ore in considerable quantity; and on the Marley farm, west of Huron is a large amount of this siliceous ore, in what is called "Iron Mountain." Hematite is also found near Bart- lettsville and in other places in the county. This ore, as will be seen from the comparative table below, is unrivaled. Excluding water, it is freer from deleterious ingredients than ordinary cast iron, and is of great value in the manufacture of Bessemer steel. The Whitaker ore upon analysis gave the following results: Moisture and combined water 13.000 Silicic acid 900 Ferric oxide 84.890 . Alumina Trace Phosphoric acid 145 Carbonate of lime 1.000 Total 99.935 The ferric oxide, 84. 89 per cent, when reduced gave 59. 426 per cent of metallic iron. The following table serves to compare this ore with the standard ores of this country: Percent. Magnetic ore, metallic iron 70.5 to 50.9 Specular ore, metallic iron 45.8 to 51.17 Hydrated ore, metallic iron 35.5 to 49.09 Whitaker' s ore, metallic iron 59.426 26 HISTORY OF LAWRENCE COUNTY. MINERAL SPRINGS. Near Avoca, on the Owens farm, is a mineral spring which possesses valuable medicinal properties. It is strongly impregnated with sulphur, and has valuable laxative, tonic, anti-dyspeptic and febrifugal properties. Among the elements contained are silicic acid, oxide of iron, carbonic acid, sulphuretted hydrogen gas, lime, soda, potash, chlorine, magnesia and sulphuric acid. The water gives every evidence of having these con- stituents in large quantities, and is no doubt as valuable to invalids as that Oi French Lick and other places of great resort. At an early day a salt well was ^unk near this spring to the depth of 160 feet, and a con- siderable quantity of salt was manufactured for home consumption. About a mile west of Bedford, on the Viehl farm, is a spring strongly charged with sulphuretted hydrogen which escapes in bubbles. The water is about as valuable as the Avoca water, and has the same mineral con- stituents in different proportions. It is said to contain much magnesia, and is therefore excellent for dyspepsia. Several salt wells were sunk in the county along Salt Creek in early years; one on the northeast quarter of Section 8, Township 5 north, Range 1 west, to the depth of 150 feet. At ninety feet the workmen disclosed a black, bituminous clay, six feet thick, which they mistook for coal. On Section 17, Township 5 north. Range 2 west, a number of valuable mineral springs burst out in the bed of Indian Creek. Sulphur is the most noticeable constituent, though mag- nesia, soda, potash, chlorine, lime and various mineral acids and gases are present in important combinations and quantities. Other springs of valuable water make their appearance indiflFerent portions of the county. ECONOMIC CONSIDERATIONS, On the east and northeast the soil is a tenacious clay and sand; in the central, north of the river, it is a calcareous clay; and on the west and southwest is principally siliceous with an intermixture from both of the others. A rich, warm marly loam is found throughout the White River Valley. The grains thrive remai'kably well in this valley, and fairly well in the western part of the county, as does timothy, clover and blue-grass. Indian Creek Township is excellent for fruits, owing to its high hills and deep valleys. Ice of considerable thickness forms on the lowlands, while the hill-tops are yet warm. At night, the cold air being heavier descends, while the air heated during the day envelopes the hill- tops and protects the orchards there. Numerous large peach orchards are grown. The above is true of the country north of Mitchell, where tine orchards are to be found. Grapes do well in these localities. The soil in the Leatherwood Valley is excellent for the production of the cereals and the grasses. This is true in the vicinity of Leesville. The knobstone soil is especially well suited to the growth of grasses, and to the production of fruit. Limestone, a compost of great value when pow- dered and spread upon worn-out land, will eventually be used exten- sively and profitably in Lawrence County. HISTORY OF LAWRENCE COUNTY. 27 CHAPTER 11. by selwtn a. bkant. The Aboriginal Inhabitants— Tecumseh and the Prophet— The Cession Treaties— The English Land Companies— The Indians of Lawrence County— Prehistoric Paces— The Mounds and their Contents— The Connelly and Palestine Works— The Fishermen —General Observations. "VT^THEN the dense and primeval forests of Lawrence County were V V first invaded by white men in search of a habitation, there was scarcely an Indian wigwam within its present boundary. Pursuing the destiny of their race they had abandoned the hunting-grounds of their birth and taken up their dwellings in more distant and Western wilds, perhaps in the vain hope that the white man's ambition for new territory had at last attained its highest desire. When the first settlements were made in the county the Indian war under the leadership of the crafty and able warrior Tecumseh Avas drawing to its close. The final battle in that contest was fought at Tippecanoe on November 7, 1811, when Gen. Harrison defeated this renowned Shawnee chieftain and forever crushed the powerful confederacy which he had been mainly instrumental in bringing about. The cause of this war was the Indian opposition to the land grants that had been made to the United States by several tribes. Since the treaty of Greenville, made August 3, 1795, the Indians had remained at peace, but after that time treaties were made with a large part of the Indians for a considerable portion of the land in southern Indiana and in some of the other States in the territory northwest of the Ohio Kiver. It was this to which Tecumseh was opposed. He saw that by disposing of their lands his race would soon be exposed to all the evils that would befall a vast, a homeless and a nomadic people. « THE cession treaties. The treaties conveying the land that now composes Lawrence County to the United States were all made prior to this war with Tecumseh and his followers. There are three treaties ceding this land, the first of which was made at Fort AVayne June 7, 1803. This was called the Vin- cennes tract,* and of land in Lawrence County it embraces all of the tri- angular piece south of a line beginning on the western boundary near the middle of Section 31 in Township 4 north, Range 2 west, and run- ning thence in a direct line to the southeast corner of Section 14, Town- ship 3 north, Range 1 west, where it leaves the county on the southern 28 HISTORY OF LAAVRENCE COUNTY. boundary. It includes about one-third of Spice Valley Township, and a small portion of the southwest corner of Marion. This treaty was signed by chiefs of the Delaware, Shawnee, Pottawattomie, Eel River, Kickapoo, Piankeshaw and Kaskaskia tribes, and conveyed to the United States about 1,600,000 acres, of which about 12,160 are in Lawrence County. The next one was concluded at Grouseland near Vincennes, August 21, 1805, by which certain tribes of the Delawares, Pottawattomies, Miamis, Eel River and Weas conveyed to the United States all their territory south of a line running from a point a short distance north of Orleans in Orange County to the old Greenville boundary line near where it crossed the White Water River in the eastern part of the State. This line crossed Lawrence County in a northeasterly direction from near the middle of Section 17, Township 3 north, Range 1 east, to where the county corners with Jackson and Washington Counties, and making a triangular piece in the southeast corner of the county that contains about 9,920 acres of land. All the balance of Lawrence County was acquired by the United States in what is known as Harrison Purchase, a treaty made at Fort Wayne September 30, 1809. This embraced a large tract of land lying mostly on the east side of the Wabash River and below Raccoon Creek near Montezuma in Parke County, and extending to a point near Seymour in Jackson County, where it intersected the line in the last mentioned treaty. This included about 2,900,000 acres, and was made and ratitied by nearly all the important tribes then in the territory. THE ENGLISH LAND COMPANIES. Some of these deeds are, in the light of our modern improvement, not a little curious. About the middle of the eighteenth century a num- ber of wealthy English, French and American speculators, formed large land and trading companies. They purchased of the Indians some immense tracts of land in the territory of the Northwest. Among these was one to the Wabash Land Company for a strip of land 210 miles wide, extending from Cat Creek, a short distance above Lafayette in Tippeca- noe County, on both sides of the Wabash River to the Ohio River. This *deed conveyed to the purchasers a considerable portion of the best land now in both Indiana and Illinois, and covered an area of nearly 38,000,000 acres. For all of this the consideration was "400 blankets, 22 pieces of stroud, 250 shirts, 12 gross of star gartering, 120 pieces of ribbon, 24 pounds of vermilion, 18 pairs of velvet laced housings, 1 piece of malton, 52 fusils, 35 dozen large buckhorn handle knives, 40 dozen couteau knives, 500 pounds of brass kettles. 10,000 gun flints, 600 pounds of gunpowder, 2,000 pounds of lead, 400 pounds of tobacco, 40 bushels of salt, 3,000 pounds of flour, 3 horses; also the following quantities of silverware, viz.: 11 very large armbands, 40 wristbands, 6 whole moons, 6 half moons, 9 earwheels, 46 large crosses, 29 hairpipes, 60 pairs of ear- HISTORy OF LAWRENCE COUNTY. 29 bobs, 20 dozen small crosses, 20 dozen nose crosses and 110 dozen brooches." This deed was signed at Vincennes on the 18th day of October, 1775, by eleven chiefs of the Piankeshavv Indians. The agents of this company after this made several applications to the Congress of the United States to have their deed ratified, their last effort for which was in 1810, But Congress failed to recognize the validity of their title. A part of Lawrence County was included in the above mentioned deed from the Piankeshaw chieftains. Originally this tribe of Indians owned and occupied nearly the whole of what now constitutes the State of Indiana. The early conquests and aggressions of the whites upon the Eastern side of the continent, compelled many other Indian tribes to seek their hunting-grounds in the Western wilds and to abandon their native forests of the East. These were called " permitted" tribes, for a more complete discussion of which the i*eader is referred to the subject of Indians in Orange County, found elsewhere in this volume. THE INDIANS OF LAWRENCE COUNTY. In the matter of Indian history, Lawrence County is, comparatively, of but little importance. It seems to have been situated somewhat upon the border between several tribal districts, and permanently occupied by none, although visited by them all in nomadic bands, and for purposes of the chase. The Piankeshaws were the first and original occupants, but at a later date some of the permitted tribes, the Delawares, the Shawnees and the Pottawattomies, acquired some title to the land. Of these the Delawares were the strongest and most numerous. There are but few traces of the Indians now visible in the county. When the first settlers came the scanty remnants from an occasional camp could be seen scattered here and there over the county. Some of their favorite camp- ing-grounds were near the present sites of Heltonville and Springville on the lofty bluffs near by, and in easy access to water. On Indian Creek where Dougherty's Mill was located in 1818, were evidences of a deserted Indian camp. There was no large permanent Indian town or village ever located in the county, so far as present information goes to enlighten the individual in search of the records and transactions of this doomed and haughty race. Only in wandering bands, tenting for a time upon some grassy knoll or sheltered cliff, or hastening in wild pursuit of game across the broken landscape, did Lawrence County know the pres- ence of the indolent and daring Red Man. In the Indian tongue Salt Creek was called We-pe-pe-moy, and the East Fork of White River Gun- dah-quah, while White River itself was called Ope-co-meecah. Doubt- less these streams with their unpoetical names, in the years that are long gone into the unrecorded past, have borne the Indian in his light canoe along their slow tides, while his watchful eye scanned the adjoining shores for the unwary deer or other animals of game, that might come 30 HISTORY OF LAWRENCE COUNTY. within reach of his iinerring bow. Perhaps he may have guided his small bark around in aimless pastime, while the neighboring hills resounded with the songs of savage glee. These waters still roll on, but how chansred is the scene! Civilization has hurried the red natives of the forests away, and is slowly but surely consigning their few and scattered survivors to the tomb of oblivion. Even the dense and massive wood that then waved in all its pristine grandeur* along these watery ways, has gone down, and in its stead are seen the vine-covered homes of white men standing in the midst of broad and golden harvests. All this is but the hand of inevitable change. The Indian himself was the successor, most likely an aggressive one, of a less vigorous race, in obedience to Natui-e's law of the " survival of the fittest." THE DEATH OF PIERKE. There were two Indian casualties in this county at a very early day, and numerous acts of horse-stealing and the destruction of cabins and improvements. In 1814 the Rawlinses had their camp destroyed and their horses stolen, while located in a rude shanty in Bono Township, which they were occupying while tending a crop of coi'n. The female members were at Maxwell's Fort, on Lost River, in Orange County, as it was known that the Indians were on the war-path, and every precaution was necessary. The Rawlinses went out one morning to find their horses, but did not succeed— a very unusual state of affairs. They returned to their camp and found unmistakable signs of the presence of Indians there during their absence. They immediately made preparations for their safety, building no fire during the succeeding night, and sleeping outside the camp. The next morning they started for the fort, and soon met an old trapper and squatter, named Pierre, who was told of the presence of Indians in the neighborhood. The old fellow was on his way to examine his traps on Fishing Creek, and refused to leave, and continued on his way, promising to keep his eyes open for " Injin signs." The Rawlinses reached the fort, borrowed horses and rode to Charlestown, and enlisted in Capt. Rigger's Company of mounted rangers, and after an absence of three days ventured back to their camp. The Indians had been there, as everything perishable had been destroyed and everything valuable carried away. Old man Pierre who had been stop- ping at the Rawlins' Camp was missing. Going to the river, the caAoe was missing. Looking up and down the bank, the canoe was finally found in the branches of a fallen tree in the water, and in the bottom was the body of Pierre, shot through the heart, tomahawked and scalped. How he met his death will never be known. He was buried in Section 22, Township 4 north, Range 1 east, Bono Township, where his dust rests to this day. HISTORY OF LAWRENCE COUNTY. 31 THE FLINN TRAGEDY. In 1810 the Fliuns and Guthries settled near Leesville, and built a fort there for their protection. It stood about half a mite north of the village. In March, 1815, after it was thought the Indian troubles were over, and the usual vigilance had been relaxed, the fort was suddenly attacked by a band of Pottawattomies from the North. The men were engaged in felling a tree near by, and were fired upon ere they were aware of any danger. John Guthrie was shot dangerously in the breast, the ball passing through his body. He ran for the fort, and fell near the door, but was promptly rescued by his wife, who almost in the muzzles of the Indian rifles, ran bravelv out and half carried him within the walls. He afterward recovered and lived to a green old age. Josiah Flinn was attacked by several Indians, and though he fought des- perately, was tomahawked and scalped, but did not die for four days. Jacob Flinn, the other of the three men whom the Indians attacked, was captured and marched to the head waters of the Wabash River to the principal Potawattomie village. He was beaten and half starved, but escaped in a canoe down the river one night, four months after his cap- ture, and after incredible hardships, rowing down the river at night, and sleeping in the day in concealment, and living on frogs, roots, etc., he finally reached Vincennes so weak that he had to be helped out of the boat. He stated that he could have escaped several times earlier, but would not until he could take Guthrie's ax, which had been carried off at the time of the attack. A good ax was then a very rare and valuable piece of property. The above were the only serious encounters with the Indians ever occurring in this county. Flinn recovered. PEEHISTOEIC PEOPLE. Scattered throughout the Mississippi Valley and the heart of the American Continent lie the silent monuments of a long buried and unknown race. Through the long vista of years that have gone over the graves of this ancient and forgotten people there comes no sound to tell us df the times that saw these tombs close darkly around. The mystery that enshrouds this race of Mound Builders has hitherto baffled all science and research. Archaeologists have outrun all clues in their vain efforts to penetrate the secrets that surround these dead inhabitants of the past. Beyond the fact of their existence but little is known. No recorded his- tory, no curious and perplexing hieroglyphics were left by tbem to span the abyss of time. The mounds and earth- works that were constructed by this people are numerous and some of them are of such magnitude that it is concluded " that they lived in towns and were governed by a despotic ruler whose will was law and whose commands i-eceived implicit obedience." For want of a better name that of Mound Builders has been givea to this extinct race, since only by these mounds is it known. 32 HISTORY OF LAWRENCE COUNTY. The date of these mounds is beyond the centuries that have been required for the growth of the forests. "Not entirely voiceless, they tell of a peo- ple who once possessed the valley of the continent. Peaceful and law- abiding, they were skilled in agriculture and the arts of the ' stone age,' and executed works that required the united and persistent efforts of thousands under the direction of a well matured design. In the compara- tive absence of warlike implements, we conclude that this work was a labor of love, and not of fear; that it was inaugurated and directed by a Regal Priesthood to erect votive temples in honor of the sun, a visible creator of comfort, food and life." THE MOUNDS AND THEIR CONTENTS. These mounds are of three kinds: mounds of habitation, sepulchral and temple mounds. The first are supposed to have been made for the purpose of building the tents or dwellings upon. Sepulchral mounds were for the burial of the dead and when explored are usually found to contain human bones and various ornaments and implements of the race. Temple mounds are explained in the name and were the places of religious devotion. Besides these mounds there are many forts, walled enclosures and citadels. THE CONNELLY AND PALESTINE MOUNDS. Concerning the evidences of this prehistoric race in Lawrence County, Mr. John Collett, in the Geological Survey of Indiana, for 1873, says the following: "On the southeastern slope of the hill over Connel- ly's cave, two miles east of Huron, is a group of seven mounds, from two to four feet high, and an obscure winding way may be traced leading from the cave spring to the top of the hill. On the summit fragments of sandstone, reddened by burning, and small shell heaps are seen. The mounds were probably habitations. Fi'om protruding pieces of stone seen on the sides, the internal construction was of that material instead of timber, as was usual in similar structures on the Wabash and Mississippi. A central tumulus having a double circular wall was probably for sepul- chral purposes. A mound similar to the last at the site of the former county seat, Palestine, or ' Old Palestine' as it is called, was explored in 1870, by Messrs. Newland, Dodd and Houston. On the surface of the hill a confused mass of stones, such as a man could conveniently carry, were noticed, indicating a circular wall twenty feet in diameter. It was found to be a vaulted tomb. The first or upper vault contained the bones of many women and children, a layer of flat stones divided this from the second which contains the bones of men; another layer of flags, and at the bottom, six feet below the surface, two skeletons were found with their heads placed to the east and faces to the north. The last were persons of great size, being not less than six and a half feet high. With the skeletons were found a quantity of flints, arrow-points,»etc. ; near HISTORY OF LAWRENCE COUNTY. 33 the head of the largest individual a pair of hammered copper earrings and a globular 'war- whistle. ' The keen noise of the latter may be com- pared to the sound of a policeman's whistle and can be heard nearly a mile. Stone axes and pieces of pottery are found on the surface near this tomb." THE SUCCEEDING FISHERMEN. The immediate successors of the Mound Builders were a race of fish- ermen who lived along the banks of streams and existed almost solely upon the food they obtained from the rivers. Along the Western rivers there are found many large "shell heaps" where it is supposed these people for a time made their permanent homes. Lawrence County has a trace of these riparian inhabitants. In Bono Township, on the farm of William Simpson, a few years ago a mound was opened and several relics of antiquity were found, with a few human bones. All of the high bluff along the fork of White River where this mound is situated is covered with shells of various kinds. Not far from there is what has the appear- ance of having been a sort of breastwork thrown up for defense. This is about half way up the bluff, facing the river on the farm of Silas Wil- cox. Many stone vaults and sepulchers intruded on the sides and tops of mounds have led to the conclusion that this people adopted many of the habits and customs, perhaps even the religion of their predecessors, the Mound Builders. But they too have long since passed away, leaving naught to tell the curious of their life, their times or their ambitions. Later there came a barbarous and wandering race, originating in ancient Scythia, and "bringing with them the cruelties and characteristics of the inhabitants of that country. The tell-tale monuments along their route from Northern Asia to the center of America reveal the origin of the Indians. In their turn as a race they will soon be numbered among the perished. In the struggle for existence with a foeman race they have been vanquished, and one by one they are going down to inglorious and unremembered graves. 34 HISTORY OF LAWRENCE COUNTY. CHAPTER III. BY SELWYN A. BRANT. Settlement of Lawrence County— The Pioneers of Flinn Town- ship—Mills, Distilleries, etc.— Marion Township, Her Hunters, Squatters and Permanent Settlers, Her Industries, etc.— The Occupancy of Bono Township by the Whites; Manufactures, ETC.— The Pioneers of Marshall ; Stores, Oil-mills, etc.— Perry AND Her Development; Cotton Culture, Wool-carding, etc. —Settlers of Indian Creek; Incidents, Factories, etc.— Spice Valley; Early Elections; Anecdotes— Pleasant Eun; Coun- terfeiting; Incidents, etc.— Shawswick; the White Men— Fer- ries, Keminiscences and Notes. . "Life's vain delusions are gone by; Its idle hopes are o'er; Yet age remembers with a sigh The days that are no more." — Southet. THE County of Lawrence was originally a part of Knox and Han-ison Counties, all west of the meridian line being a part of the former, and all east of the line of the latter. In 1814 it became part of Wash- ington County, and in 1816 a part of Orange County. The county was created in 1818, and named in honor of Capt. James Lawrence, of the United States Navy, commander of the frigate Chesapeake, wlio was killed in the battle with the frigate Shannon. EARLY immigration. During the first few years of the present century, while the Indians that then inhabited the territory northwest of the Ohio River continued their hostilities to the whites, but few settlers had the daring and hardi- hood to push as far into the western wilds as the present confines of Lawrence County. Most of the southern portion of Indiana was settled gradually from the Ohio River northward, as that was the great com- mercial thoroughfare between the East and the West. The settlement only advanced when the population became dense enough to repel the invasions of hostile Indians. Until after the year 1811, when Tecumseh and the powerful confederacy of which he was the head, were defeated and overthrown, there were scarcely a dozen white families located in the county. THE LEESVILLE SETTLEMENT. Probably the first permanent settlement made was at the present site of Leesville in Flinn Township, on the extreme eastern border of the HISTORY OF LAWRENCE COUNTY. 35 county. The persons who came to this place were from Lee County, Va. , which they left in the early part of 1809, and passed the following win- ter in Kentucky. In February, 1810, they came to Indiana and built a fort a few hundred yards northeast from where the grist-mill in Leesville now stands. This fort or block-house was for some time the only one in the county, and it was a resort for the earliest settlers in this section as a place of security in times of danger. After the block-house was built, the men returned in June to Kentucky after their families. The names of the men in this first band of pioneers have always been familiar in Lawrence County annals, and many of their descendants yet live in the county and are among its most valuable citizens. These families were the Guthries and the Flinns, for each of which the county now has a township named. They were Daniel Guthrie and his sons, and Jacob Flinn and William Flinn. It is said that Daniel Guthrie was one of the heroes of Gen. Braddock's defeat. These men were accustomed to the hardships of frontier life, and had the bravery to face the unscrupulous and crafty red man as well as the skill to entrap and avoid the prowling beasts of the forests. Since this settlement in 1810, what a vast and a happy change has been wrought in the fair Republic of the West ! That time is yet in the memory of a few gray-haired and aged veterans that are plodding feebly by the last mile-stone of life and recalling in their minds with childlike fondness, the transactions of their early years. Eternity will soon close around them, and then the only knowledge that can be obtained of their times and their deeds will be found upon the page of faithful history. SETTLEMENT OF FLINN TOWNSHIP. On the eastern border of the county and near the middle is situated Flinn Township, named as before stated for the Flinn family, that has always been pi'ominent in this part of the county. The early settlers here were what are known as squatters or persons settling on land with- out any title. Up to the year 1814 all the whites living in the county, with but a single exception, belonged to this class, while in Flinn Town- ship there was not an entry of land made prior to 1817, but beginning with that year and including the year 1820, the following land entries were made in what now composes the political township of thirty sections: R. Hunton, 1820; M. Wooley, 1820; Noah Wright, 1819; Israel Hind,. 1819; Thomas Hodges, 1817; H. Nichols, 1820; John Parr, 1819; James Ellison, 1820; Enoch Parr, 1817; T. Carr, 1820; Arthur Parr, 1819; Martin Flinn, 1820; Patrick Welch, 1817; Noah Wright, 1820; William White, 1820: D. Flinn, 1820; James Taggert, 1820; John Guthrie, 1820; Thomas Flinn, 1820; Benjamin Drake. 1818; William Flinn, 1820; J. Allen, 1820; Hugh Guthrie, 1820; Robert Flinn, 1819; Benjamin New- kirk, 1820. At that time the following persons were also residents in 36 HISTORY OF LAWRENCE COUNTY. and around Leesville: George Stell, John Speer, Ephraim D. Lux, John Treepey, Abraharc Sutherland, David White, Alfred Alexander, Jacob Weaver, Moses Flinu, William Smith, Elijah Cuny, Micajah Poole, Gamaliel Millgar. This township was settled as early as any part of the county, and no doubt many things of interest transpired here in its first settlement that are now beyond reliable information. But few if any of the first settlers are still* living that located in this township. And although there may be an occasional veteran of those early days, a long life of privations and hardships has gone far to render the recollection treacherous. GRIST-MILLS, ETC. • In early mills there is but little to distinguish this community from other early settlements. A " stump" mill, owned by John Speer, at the present site of Leesville, was the first of any kind, and was of course run by horse-power. This was soon superseded by what is now generally known as the Forgey Mill, about one-half mile from Leesville, on Guth- rie Creek. The first mill here was built by William Flinn, probably as early as 1817. It was run by an undershot wheel, and did a considera- ble grinding of wheat and corn for the early settlers for several years, The next owner was his son, Robert Flinn, whose successor was Andrew Forgey. In his hands it remained for many years, from his name it has ever since been called. About the year 1840 it seems to have been oper- ated by horse-power, applied with a tread-wheel. It is but just to say, however, that horses did not always furnish the power, for in primitive days the custom was to break a steer to the tread-wheel, and in this way the most of the power was furnished for grinding. Hiram Guthrie bought the mill next, and repaired it in many ways for better work. Some time in the fifties the Hollands obtained control of it, and under their management steam-power was added, and for several years did an extensive business, having three sets of buhrs, two for wheat and one for corn. John C. Voyles purchased this mill about 1868, and afterward put in a wool carding machine. After the building of the present grist-mill in Leesville, about 1870, this mill began to go down, and at the present time does no business, having been abandoned for several years. At Pin Hook a horse-mill was owned by a man named Phillips, as early as 1830, and possibly prior to that time. It changed hands sev- eral times, until it finally went down about 1845, in the hands of I. Lyt- ton. On Back Creek, about one mile west and a little north of Leesville, a water-mill was built as early as 1830, and was known as the McGlem- ery Mill. It was made of logs, and operated by one undershot wheel. One set of buhrs was sufficient to do the grinding at this mill, and after running for about thirty- five years was finally abandoned by Plummer & Flinn, who were the owners at that time. Edward Montgomery had a HISTORY OF LAAVRENCE COUNTY. ' 37 water-mill on Back Creek further up the stream in 1840, and it was operated by a turbine water-wheel. For many years this mill did a large business, and after changing hands several times finally went down about the year 1872, at which time it was owned by Matteson Broiles. This is said to have been the last water-mill in this part of the county. THE DISTILLERIES. Another important feature of the first settlements in this part of the State was that of the small distilleries. A very large majority of the early settlers were natives of Kentucky and Virginia, and other portions of the South where it was the custom for many of the citizens to keep a " still house." This custom followed to the new country, and there became a prominent factor, but whether for good or bad it is not neces- sary here to discuss. One thing, however, is sure, and that is this: The most important crop, as well as the first, in the newly settled and cleared fields of the West was that of corn. Transportation was slow and bur- densome, and such bulky commodities as corn required extra time and labor in conveying them to markets where they could be exchanged for money or other goods of staple value to the . people of a new settlement By converting corn into the products of the still it was more easily car- ried to the markets, and in addition to that it yielded a good profit over that of corn itself. These two reasons, convenience and profit, were suf- ficient to warrant the keeping of these small and individual distillex'ies. An attempt to catalogue the owners of these miniature manufactories of ardent spirits would be both idle and impossible. A history of the early merchants and the manner of conducting business on the frontiers will be found in the sketch on Leesville, elsewhere in this work. SETTLEMENT OF MARION TOWNSHIP.* The earliest settlers of Marion Township were from the Carolinas and southern Virginia, and their hero-worship centered in the dashing Southern commander in the Revolutionary war, Gen. Francis Marion; in his honor was the township named. The township contains about sixty- six square miles: eight miles wide, and averaging a little more than eight miles in length, from north to south. The boundary north is the east branch of White River, the south boundary is Orange County, on the east Bono Township, and on the west Spice Valley Township. FIRST SETTLERS. In the early autumn of 1815 Lewis Phillips built a cabin at John Tolliver's upper spring, near the meridian line, on the southwest quarter of the northwest quarter of Section 31, Town 4 north. Range 1 east. It was a round pole cabin, such as one man could build, and about all the furnishing the new home had was "a cabin full of children," as the ♦The sketch of this township was furnished by Dr. Mclntire, of Mitchell. 38 HISTORY OF LAWRENCE COXJISTY. next settler expressed it. The last one of the " cabin full," a widow, Mary- Ann White, died near Juliet in 1883, and the "first family" is extinct, not a descendant of Phillips left. In November, 1815, just as the lirst frost was bringing dotvn the leaves and the brown nuts from the forest trees, Samuel G. Hoskins, who had traversed the wilderness from South Carolina, halted his wagon on Rock Lick Creek, on the southeast quar- ter of Section 19, Town 4 north, Range 1 east. ' Here Hoskins erected a cabin and went into winter quarters. Phillips and Hoskins, with their families, were the only settlers in the territoiy of Marion Township in the year 1815. They saw during the winter many friendly Indians pass by, but none were staying in this part of the county. Hoskins became quite a conspicuous citizen of the county, was the first Justice of the Peace of the township, and Captain of the first military company organized on the south side of White River, in the county. He served on the first grand jury in the county, surveyed land and taught school. His son, Joshua Hoskins, is still a resident of the township, the only living representa- tive of the settlers of 1815. The opening of spring, 1816, found many new-comers from North Carolina and South Carolina; among these we hear of George Sheeks, William Erwin, John Finger, Joseph Pless, Elijah Mui'ray, Thomas Rowark, John Sutton, James Boswell and Joseph Boswell. All these men had families except Joseph Boswell, and there are, of their descendants, in this township, at present living: John Sheeks, Jacob Finger, John Murray and Nelson Pless. George Sheeks lived on the farm now owned by his son, the Hon. David L. Sheeks; William Erwin, afterward one of the associate judges of the county, and known as Judge Erwin, settled where the widow Dodd now lives; he taught the first school in the township. John Finger lived on the merid- ian line a mile south of White River, near by the old homestead; his remains lie buried in the Finger burying-ground; Joseph Pless, where his son. Nelson Pless, now lives, near Juliet; Elijah Murray settled near the mouth of Rock Lick Creek, on the Lewis place; Thomas Rowark, and his son-in-law, John Sutton, lived on the Denton Sheeks place. All these were farmers except Thomas Rowark, who was the first blacksmith. The late William Erwin, of this township, was a son of William Erwin, of 1816, and was one of the best read men that has ever resided in the town- ship; a farmer, and used to long days of toil, he took time to read all the English classics of his day, and was well up with our ripest scholars in history and biography. The year 1817 was memorable in the history of the township. Sev- eral families arrived from the South, and erected cabins near tlie springs and along the banks of White River, and in the narrow valleys of Rock Lick and Mill Creek. Robert Hall ventured away fi-om the streams, and built a good log-house on what is now known as the George Field place. His sons, Isom and Robert, still reside in the neighborhood. In this HISTORY OF LAWRENCE COUNTY. 39 year Squire Hoskins built a substantial hewn- log- house on the meridian line, where Thomas Erwin now lives, and his house became the voting precinct, and on the first Monday in August the first election was held, thirteen votes being cast. Of these thirteen voters, ten were Federalists and thi-ee Republicans, afterward, in Jackson's time, Democrats. Those voting the Federal ticket were: Samuel G. Hoskins, William Erwin, Joseph Pless, James Boswell, Joseph Boswell, Elijah Murray, James Mathis, Robert Erwin, Thomas Rowark and Arthur Dycus. The three Republicans were: George Sheeks, John Finger and Joseph Culbertson, who had lately settled where Juliet now ife, and was a cabinet workman. The voting place continued at Hoskins' place on the meridian for several years, until he moved over on the Terre Haute and Louisville road, where John L. Dodson now lives, at which place elections were held till 1842, when the precinct was moved to Redding, thence to Woodville after the- completion of the Louisville, New Albany & Chicago Railway, and in 1856 it was moved to Mitchell. In 1817 a rille company of twenty-five or thirty men was organized. All the men of the township were members, as well as several from Bono. Samuel G. Hoskins was Captain. They were armed with their own rifles, and were uniformed in blue hunting- shirts trimmed in red, and caps with eagle or hawk feathers in them. hamee's mill. Some time previous to 1815 Sam Jackson — not Samuel — had entered the southwest quarter of Section 32. The entry antedates the Law- rence County records. He was a Canadian, and had rendered service to the United States in the war of 1812 against the Indians and the English on the Canadian borders, and was given a land-warrant, with which this land was doubtless taken up. On this tract of land is the famous Hamer's Cave and the beautiful glen in which the old stone mill stands. During the time of Jackson's ownership there was a corn-mill erected near where the mill now stands. It was built of logs, and the water was con- ducted from the cave in troughs hewn from poplar logs. There was no settlement there. William Wright, of Orange County, was the miller. In September, 1816, Jackson sold the land to Thomas Bullett and Cuth- bert Bullett, and in the early spring of 1817 the work of erecting the mill,- now standing, was begun. The stone was quarried, the wall of the first story of the mill was completed, the saw-mill was started, and quite a settlement was established. In 1818 the mill was com- pleted, all the most improved machinery for flour-making known in that day was put in, and Spring Mills became the most noted place in the township. In 1823 the Bulletts sold the property to two Montgomery brothers, who improved the property in various ways, starting a distillery in the log-house which is still standing. This was 40 HISTORY OF LAWRENCE COUNTY. the second distillery in the township, one having been previously started by William Mallet and Dennis Frost, on Rock Lick, below Tomlinson's Lime-kiln. In 1825 the late Hon. Hugh Hamer bought the property of the Montgomerys, paying $7,000 in seven annual payments. Hamer re-established the distillery, which had been discontinued, started a store, collected numerous mechanics and laboring men about him, hauled immense quantities of produce in wagons to Louisville, built flat-boats at the boat-yard on White River, and shipped flour, whisky, pork and other products of the country to New Orleans. In 1826 the first post- office in the township was established — "Mill Springs" — and Hugh Hamer was commissioned Postmaster. After the death of Hugh Hamer, the property descended to his son, Robert B., who sold it to Jonathan Turley, Esq., the present enterprising proprietor. OTHER MILLS, ETC. Isaac Fight built a mill, with overshot wheel, at Shawnee Cave in 1819; it was a primitive kind of establishment, "home-made" stones for grinding corn; this mill fell into possession of the two brothers, Shelton and William Smith, who, about 1831, put up a distillery in connection with the mill. Fulton built a distillery at the head of Fulton's Creek, now the land of John Murray, about 1825, grinding the grain on a tread-mill. James Beasley had a distillery, in after days, at Lindsey's Spring. The number of distilleries early established in the township is evidence that the early settlers brought along with them a cultivated appetite for drink stronger than the sparkling spring water that gushed out from the lime- stone rocks near their dwellings. HUNTING INCIDENTS. The first hunting exploit that we have any account of in the town- ship, occurred in the fall of 1816. This was the killing of the largest panther ever seen by the early settlers, by Thomas Rowark, near his cabin in Rock Lick Creek, near its confluence with White River; it was dis- covered in a tree and shot. All the people in the settlement went to see it, and a monster beast it was, measuring three yards in length.* In 1820 Neddy Edwards, the father of our fellow-citizens, Allen and Henderson Edwards, chased a bear into the deep cave, in what is now Allen C. Burton's orchard, and calling in his neighbors to assist, smoked bruin out and dispatched him. In the same year a company of hunters killed a large bear in a cave on John L. Dodson's farm, just west of the present residence of Solomon Bass. The last bear killed in the township was shot from a tree, by William Edwards, in 1821, about where the resi- dence of his son, John Edwards, now stands. An amusing incident is related by the old settlers of the last wild bear seen in the township. John Sutton was hunting his hogs, in the flat woods north of where Mitchell now stands, about 1825, when he discovered fresh tracks of a 1 HISTORY OF LAAVRENCE COUNTY. / 41 large bear in the snow; he urged forward his horse, following the trail; he had not proceeded far when he came up to the huge beast; it rose on its hind feet, frightening Sutton's horse, which went to the rear with- out taking time to turn around, and Sutton was landed in the snow right under the very paws of bruin ; he was too badly scared to move ; the bear slowly lowered himself to all-fours, smelled of his prostrate enemy and dignifiedly walked off toward the south; when the hog-hunter found him- self alone, he made quick time in an opposite direction, and the bear was not captured. The numerous caverns of the township formed dens for innumerable packs of wolves, and up to 1832 it was almost impossi- ble to raise sheep on account of their nightly incursions. The second generation of inhabitants became adepts in wolf-hunting. Among their leaders were the late Hugh Hamer and Benjamin Turley. A premium was offered by the county for wolf-scalps and the last of them were soon exterminated. Deer and turkeys were considered too small game for our early citizens to make much note of, though they were the principal meat supply. EARLY LAND ENTRIES. Cathbert and Thomas Bullitt, 1820; Tetlow, Hughes and Geiger, 1820; Moses Gray, 1816; R. Hall, 1820; Abraham Hartman, 1818; Sam- uel Jackson, 1816; Ambrose Carlton, 1816; Robert Lewis, 1817 and 1816; Samuel Brown, 1820; John Edwards, 1820; John Maxwell, 1819; Will- iam Terrill, 1816; William Tolliver, 1818; Robert McLean, 1817; Will- iam McLean, 1816; Zachariah Sparling, 1818; John Workman, 1817; William Baldwin, 1817; Theophilus Baldwin, 1819; Jesse Hill, 1817; Martin Hardin, 1817; William Maxwell, 1819; Charles Tolliver, 1817; William Connerly, 1817; William Denny, 1818; Alfred Maden and John Hays, 1818; John Lowrey, 1817; William Blair, 1817; John McLean, 1817; James Fulton, 1816; Lewis Byram, 1817; Henry Speed, 1816; William Trueblood, 1816; Jonathan Lindley, 1816; G. Eli, 1817; Joshua Taylor, 1817; Robert Fields, 1817; William Connelly, 1818; George Hinton, Jr., Arthur Henrie and Benjamin Drake, 1818; Ezekiel Blackwell, 1818; John Finger, 1817; Joseph Culbertson, 1818; William Erwin, 1818; Isom Maden, 1816; William Carmichael, 1818; Joel Con- ley, 1817; ' Josiah Trueblood, 1818; William Connelly, 1817; Aaron Davis, 1819; Lewis Phillips, 1817; Zebedee Wood, 1820; Michael Duni- hue, 1817; David Harris, 1817: John Sutton, 1817; Robert Hollowell, 1816; Robert Fields, 1816; Jacob Files and Jonathan Williams, 1815. SETTLEMENT OF BONO TOWNSHIP. Bono Township is located in the southeastern corner of the county, and is bounded on the north by the East Fork of White River, and on the west by Marion Township. Bono has long contended, with some degree of right, for the honor of having been the scene of the first white 42 HISTORY OF LAWRENCE COUNTY. settlement in the county. It is situated in that part of the county near- est to the older settlements in the southern part of the State, and on the early roads leading to the more important places further north, such as Terre Haute and others. Another feature in favor of this is the fact that it is located on the river, and early emigration usually threaded its way through the new country along the banks of important streams that aflforded a highway for the transportation of produce to the markets of the world. However, in this instance it is generally conceded that Lees- ville was the place of first settlement. LAND ENTRIES. The first entry of land in the county was made in this township by "William Wright, September 22, 1813. The amount of land was 142 acres in the northeast quarter of Section 5, Township 3 north. Range 2 east. This was near the present site of the town of Bono, in the north- east corner of the township. For many years this was a prosperous and growing community.. Besides this entry of William Wright in 1813, all the entries of land in the township up to and including the year 1820, were by the following persons in the years named: Henry Fulton, September, 1817; Cuthbert and Thomas Bullitt, Sep- tember, 1820: J. Hikes, 1820; Eichard C. Anderson, 1820; John Edwards, 1820; Edward Johnson, 1820; Clark, Hoggatt and Kitchell, 1818; Thomas Blank, 1819; Samuel Brown, 1816; John Brown, 1820; John Hammersly, 1818; Thomas Jolly, 1820; David Green, 1818; Con- rad Grass, 1818; Solomon Fitzpatrick, 1819; David Hummell, 1818; Asher Wilson, 1820; Elisha Simpson, 1817; William Hoggatt, 1818. Bono was one of the original five townships in the county, and formerly embraced a considerable portion of what now constitutes both Marion and Guthrie Townships. Its territory was considerably diminished in January, 1826, when Marion Township was created with the same bound- ary as at present. The first elections in the township were held at Bono Town, and were presided over by Elisha Simpson as Inspector. In 1819 David Green was made the Inspector of Elections, but the voting place was not changed. Moses Lee and Thomas Jolly were the first Overseers of the Poor and were elected in 1819, and Robert Henderson was the first Constable. THE SECOND SETTLEMENT IN THE COUNTY. That Bono Township was the scene of the second settlement in the county is beyond dispute. This was made by Roderick Rawlins and his two nephews, James and Joseph Rawlins, in the spring of 1812, on the farm now owned by William Turley in Section 22, and not far from the railroad station called Scottville. These men played a prominent part in the Ranger warfare that was at that time being carried out on the frontier. The last of these, Joseph Rawlins, is now a citizen of Bedford, ■■■'- M A. %... .v»-^»'*.*w».Uji. »l ■■ WaiUfe ^..^Z^^^/^^^^^y^/L ^ U2^^^yU^^'^^ HISTORY OF LAAVRENCE COUNTY. 43 and far advanced in the shades of a life that has been crowded with activity and usefulness. The first settlers here used to do most of their milling at Beck's Mill on Blue Kiver, in Washington County. After Hamer's Mill was built in Marion Township, in 1817, that was the resort of a large part of the county for a few years, whenever any grinding was wanted. Mills soon began to be more numerous, and the task of going to mill was not so great. John Hammersly was a man, in this part of the county, of rather a speculative turn, and he built several mills and then sold them to others. One of his he kept for a while on Sugar Creek about the year 1825. Not long after this he had what was considerable of a novelty in the line of grist-mills. In the river at the site of the town of Bono, Hammersly constructed a dam in the shape of a cone, allowing an opening in the center for the water to go through, and where a large undershot wheel was placed between two flat-boats. The buhrs were on the boats and the grinding was done in mid-stream. This con- tinued for a few years, until an overflow washed it away and it went to pieces near "Old Palestine," where the buhr stones lay in the river for some time and were then taken to a mill on Indian Creek, in that town- ship. MARSHALL TOWNSHIP. Marshall Township is the middle of the three townships that form the northern tier in the county. It is the smallest but one in the county, containing twenty-eight sections in all, and was named for John Marshall, the renowned Chief Justice of the United States. In 'this part of the county there was a number of land entries made as early as 1816, although none before that time, and in proportion to many parts of the county there were many more early purchasers for land here. This is somewhat hard to account for, as most of the township is hilly and broken, afford- ing comparatively poor farming facilities. A portion of it, however, is perhaps equal to any agricultural land in the county. In the southern part are some of the stone quarries for which Lawrence County is so widely known. Large quantities of this stone are shipped to all parts of the country. Land was purchased of the Government as follows up to the year 1820: Jacob Hattaba ugh, 1816; William Curl, 1816; Hamilton Reddick, 1817; John Fairley, 1819; John Goodwin, 1818; Robert Ander- son, 1819; John Hargis, 1816; William Sackey, 1817; Jesse Brown, 1816; James Culley, 1816; Michael Hattabaugh, 1816; Jacob Bruner, 1818; Henry Brown, 1818; John Zumwald, 1818; Henry Leonard, 1818; Patrick Tyler, 1817; Nicholas Bruner, 1816; William" Quillen, 1818; John Dryden, 1817; Joshua Gullett, 1818; John Quillen, 1818; Joseph Gullett, 1816; Adam House, 1816; Thomas Reynolds, 1817; Absalom Sargeant, 1817, EARLY MILLS. The first mill in this township, and one of the earliest in the county, 44 HISTORY OF LAWRENCE COUNTY. was built at Avoca about the year 1819, by a man named Fitzpatrick. In his hands it remained for only a short time, when it passed to Absa- lom Hart, a man of large experience in the milling business, and who had prior to that time owned one on Indian Creek. Hart operated the mill for about fifteen years with good success, and then sold it to the Hamer Brothers. They owned it for something more than a decade, when Levi Mitchell became the owner, but shortly afterward sold it to Dr. Bridwell, and he to George Thornton, of Bedfoi'd. Short & Judah were the next owners, and while in their hands it burnt down, about the year 1863. Soon after this Samuel Short rebuilt the mill, and in 1865 Hayden Bridwell obtained a half interest in it, which he held until 1868, when he became the sole owner, and has been such ever since. Under his management this mill has done a large business, and not long since was repaired and improved. It is operated by a turbine water-wheel, and has three sets of buhrs : one for wheat, one for corn, and one for chop feed. It is now a first-class mill, and is valued at $2,500. The Humpston Mill was probably built as early as 1830. It was on the farm now owned by Ephraim Decker, and was operated by an under- shot wheel and the waters of Salt Creek. There was but one set of buhrs, and both corn and wheat were ground by it, and the bolting was done by hand. This mill passed through several hands, and was finally abandoned some time late in the forties. Near the present site of the village of Guthrie, in the north part of the township, a steam grist and saw-mill was erected in 1870 by Kinser & "Whisman. Ever since that time this mill has done a large business in both of its branches. Machinery for making spokes was added in 1880 at a large cost, and the whole value of the mill is now estimated at about $5,000. Mr. Eli Kinser is the sole owner, and drives a successful and energetic trade. MERCHANTS. The first merchant in what is now Marshall Township was Eliphalet Pearson, the father of Judge E. D. Pearson, of Bedford. He had been the keeper of a ferry on the Ohio River, at Jeffersonville, but traded that for a stock of goods valued then at about $5,000. Immediately after this, in 1826, he moved to what is now generally known as the McCrea farm. Section 5, in the northwestern part of the township. Here he began doing quite an extensive mercantile trade for the times and place. This was on the old stage line ffom Leavenworth, on the Ohio River, fco Indianapolis, and it was one of the important stations on the route. Other places in the county where the stages stopped were, Springville and Bedford, going from the latter place to Orleans and Paoli, in Orange County. Pearson continued in the merchandise trade at that place for about three years. He also had an oil-mill here, and made considerable quantities of linseed oil, as flax was then extensively HISTORY OF LAWRENCE COUNTY, 45 grown in this section. This mill would be something of a novelty in comparison with the giant machinery of the present day for the same purposes. The seed was ground by a large stone that was turned by horse-power, and the oil was pressed out by an old-fashioned beam press. This was the frontier way of making money, and some of the pioneers that yet linger around these early scenes of their life are some- times heard to lament the modern degeneracy into which the people have di'ifted in regard to labor-saving machinery, and the comparative ease of acquiring a creditable han't account. From this place Pearson moved to Springville, in Perry Township, where he continued in the mercantile business uninterruptedly until 1840. About that time he built, and * for the next eight years operated, a wool-carding machine. This was one of the first in this section of the county and did a large business. At that place he began a tan-yard about 1846, and a few years later resumed the merchandise trade, which he followed until his death in January, 1863. AVOCA. In 1853, while Dr. Bridwell was operating the grist-mill at Avoca, he opened a store where Hayden Bridwell now lives, and for a few years he did a flourishing trade in general merchandise, and bought all kinds of country produce in exchange for his wares. He also established a postoffice there about the same time, and acted as the first Postmaster. After a few years, however, this was abandoned, but was revived by O. W. Owens, in 1866, and the office has been held by him ever since. About the year 1879 O. W. Owens began keeping such articles of mer- chandise as are usually kept in a country store, and for one year he car- ried on a brisk trade here. John Heaton succeeded Owens as a merchant at this place for nearly two years, and at the end of that time he moved to Newberry, in Greene County, where he continued a mercantile trade for a short time, then returning to Avoca, still pursuing the same business. While Heaton was at Newberry the business at Avoca was carried on by two brothers named Blackburn. Another store is now (September, 1884,) being prepared for at this place by Hayden Bridwell, who intends keeping a full line of general merchandise for sale here to accommodate the people who live in this part of the county. This, carried on in connection with his grist-mill, will undoubtedly meet with success and yield a proper remuneration for the time and money employed. Avoca is situated on the Bedford & Bloomfield narrow gauge railroad, about six miles northwest from Bed- ford, and in the southwest part of Marshall Township. Near the railroad station is White Sulphur Spring, the waters of which enjoys a considera- ble local reputation as a therapeutic, and several persons resort to it every season to repair the ailing body. If the same amount of advertising could be done for this place that is usually done for other places in 46 HISTORY OF LAWRENCE COUNTY. southern Indiana of no greater merit, it would most surely equal them in both fame and miraculous cures. PERRY TOWNSHIP. The northwest corner township in Lawrence County is Perry, so named for the renowned Commodore of the American Navy who won the famous victory over the British on Lake Erie in the war of 1812, and whose dis- patch concerning that event contributed not a little to his celebrity. This township is exactly composed of the Congressional thirty-six sections in Township 6 north. Range 2 west. At the organization of the county in 1818 all the territory now embraced in Perry Township was included in Indian Creek Township, but it was made into an indepen- dent township May 14, 1822, and included all the land west of Salt Creek and north of the line between Townships 5 and 6 north. Some of the early and most substantial settlements of the county were made in this township, and from the following list of the land entries made prior to 1820 it will be seen that many of the prominent persons in the county located here: Eli Powell, 1817; Alexander Clark, 1817; Jesse Davis, 1816; Warner Davis, 1816; Robert Holaday, 1816; Ralph Lowder, 1819; Benjamin Phipps, 1818; Michael and Mathias Sears, 1817; Will- iam Newcomb, 1817; William Sackley, 1817; W^illiam Kern, 1817; Thomas Hopper, 1817; William Hopper, 1817; Jonathan Osburn, 1816; Azel Bush, 1818; Isaac V. Buakirk, 1818; Joseph Taylor, 1816; Benja- min Dawson, 1818; Archibald Wood, 1816; John Gray, 1817; William Kerr, 1817; William Tincher, 1817; Reuben Davis, 1816; Seymour Cobb, 1816; John Armstrong, 1817; Samuel Steel, 1817; John Duncan, 1817; Coats and Samuel Simon, 1817; John Dishman, 1818; Adam Hostetter. 1817. Other early settlers were: Wesley Short, William Whitted, Aden Gainey, Samuel Owens, Caleb Odell, Nathan Melton, Kenneth Dye, John Jarvis, William McDowell, James McDowell, Thomas Cobb. Dixon Cobb, and a few years later came Noah Bridwell, Elza Woodward, Zedekiah Robinson, Melcart Helmer, Samuel Tincher, Franklin Crooke, M. C. Rafferty, Milton Short,. John and Thomas Hert, Thomas Armstrong, John Hedrick, John Rainbolt, Andrew McDaniel, James Beat}, Booker Wilson, Martin Holmes, James Garton, Eliphalet Pearson, John D. Pedigo, John Vestal and A. H. Gainey. These were nearly all the prominent men in this portion of the county in the pio- neer days. Some of them have always taken an active interest in what- ever concerned the welfare of their community, and their names have become identified with the progress and prosperity of all the public and laudable enterprises in their neighborhood. Foremost of these is the Armstrong family, while the Shorts, the Cobbs, the Gaineys, the McDow- ells and the Owens have taken front rank in the development of the township. I HISTORY OF LAWRENCE COUNTY. 47 EARLY MILLING ENTERPRISES. It is generally conceded that Benjamin Dawson was the first man to embark in a milling enterprise of any kind in the township. This was not a very extensive embarkation, however, as it was only an old-fashioned horse-mill, where each person had to hitch on his own team to do his grinding. To the present generation one of those primitive " corn crackers " would be something of a curiosity. The coarse product of meal which they turned out would be unsavory and unpalatable in the extreme if it were to turn up on the dining table of the present day beside the patent flour of modern manufacture. Dawson began with this mill at an early day, probably in the year 1818, perhaps not for a year or two later than that. He continued to run this for several years, and did quite an extensive business considering the capacity. The mill was probably abandoned about the year 1885, when water-mills in several parts of the township took away the larger part of the custom that had hitherto come to it. Noah Bridwell had a horse-mill run by a tramp- wheel for about ten years up to 1840, and at the same place he had a still-house for some time. Wesley Short also had a small mill on his farm about 1835 and a few years later. At the present time there are but few mills in the township. One of these is the Lowder Mill, owned by H. & J. Lowder. This is on Indian Creek, and is probably the best mill in the township. It was built by Ealph Lowder in an early day. A saw-mill is now run, in con- nection with it. What is now called the Armstrong Mill has been in existence for about fifty years. Distilleries were kept by James Beaty, Noah Bridwell, Aden Gainey, Dr. Rush and a few others. The people then thought as much of making a periodical trip to the still-house as to the grist-mill. How strange it was that, although whisky flowed freely, intemperance did not run riot in the land, and this contrary to the pre- dictions and warnings of the later and self-appointed guardians of the public morals. CARDING MACHINES. Levi Butcher had a carding mill that was run by horse-power, built about 1845, and for the next ten years considerable quantities of wool were carded into rolls here. That was a day when the mothers and the maidens labored in harmonious industry with the fathers and the brothers to establish and maintain a happy home. It was a time when the hum of the spinning-wheel stole fitfully across the open threshold of the cot- tage, singing a glad song of rural joy and prosperity. That time is past, and the spinning-wheel has long lain in the dusty garret, while instead of its drowsy melody there goes out from the scanty parlor the screechy wail of a sixty-dollar organ undergoing the tortures of a "practice" at the hands of the would-be stylish country lass. Eliphalet Pearson built a carding mill at Springville about the year 1840, and after eight years 48 HISTORY OF LAWRENCE COUNTY. of success he was succeeded by Elza Woodward. The next owner was Zachariah Purdy, in whose hands it went down some time early in the fifties. In the early settlement of this part of the county a considerable quantity of cotton was raised, and in 1828 a cotton-gin was kept by Aden Gainoy and Samiiel Owens, but it was only in operation for about seven years. At this cotton-gin Lorenzo Dow preached a sermon, and was greeted by one of the largest audiences that ever assembled in Springville ; and it is said that every person within a radius of seven miles was present, although it would not be surprising to learn that at least one got away, however strong may have been the attractions of the eminent speaker. Just one year later he spoke again in the township. ANECDOTES. Wild game was prevalent in this community while the inhabitants were yet few and scattering, and for the early settlers it was no unusual occurrence to be awakened at midnight by the death-squeal of a young porker in the affectionate embrace of a hungry bear. The rifle and the dogs were at once brought into action for the purpose of making Mr. Bruin's dead carcass compensate in some manner for the loss of the next winter's supply of bacon. Among those who were most expert in the chase was John Gray, who came from Kentucky in the fall of 1815, and built a cabin not far from the present site of Springville. In the fol- lowing spring he went back after his family, which he brought to his forest home in Indiana. He was specially fond of hunting, and through his skill in that sport was enabled to furnish game enough for the sup- port of his family. Both deer and bears were frequent trophies of his and one rather remarkable story is told of his killing four deer with one bullet, having shot it from his gun twice. The first time he killed two of the deer, the bullet lodging in the second deer, where he found it, and was again fortunate enough to have two deer in range for the second shot. At one time he was visited at his hut by a considerable band of Indians that was strolling through the country on their way to join some of their companions further north. As they were then, or pretended to be, strangers to that part of the country, they requested Grav to show them the way to Bigger's trading-house, situated in what is now Monroe County. There was then a " trace" where the Bedford and Bloomington road now is. He started out as their guide, but for some reason they would not follow him, and went off in a different direction. Not know- ing what they meant by such a performance, he was somewhat alarmed and returned to his home. The next day he followed and overtook them, but they were going on their way peacefully, and he returned unobserved by them. SETTLEMENT OF INDIAN CREEK TOWNSHIP. Of the three townships lying on the western border of Lawrence HISTORY OF LAWRENCE COUNTY. 49 County, the middle one is Indian Creek. It is so named for the creek that enters it near the northwest corner, and after Dowing in a sinuous and semicircular direction, leaves the county near the southwest corner of the township. Salt Creek and the East Fork of White River form the eastern and southern boundaries. This was one of the original live town- ships of the county, but then contained much more territory than now. Its present area is about lifty-three square miles, being one of the largest in the county. Some of the land in Indian Creek Township is perhaps superior to any other in the county for agricultural purposes. This land is along White River bottom and Salt and Indian Creeks. The early settlers were well aware of the excellence of bottom-land soil, and in the 'emigration to this county these more fertile and tillable portions were eagerly sought after by those who expected to build a home and fortune in the new land to which thousands were daily crowding. For the tirst few years of settlement this part of the county made, perhaps, more rapid strides in its progress than any other. But the proverb, " the race is not always with the swift nor the battle with the strong," has in this instance been verified, for at the present day there can be found places in the county where the material wealth and prosperity of the agricultural classes exceed that of Indian Creek Township. In these comparisons, however, the township has but little to regret, for it always stands in a favorable light. The public records show that up to 1820 the following persons entered land in this township during the years specified: Henry Speed, 1816; Robert Wood, 1818; Andrew Howard, 1819; Sterling Sims. 1819; William Gartin, 1818; Henry PiersoU, 1818; John Donaldson, 1820; Holland Pitman, 1818; David Ribelin, 1817; Will- iam Dougherty, 1818; James Duncan, 1817; Adam Siler, 1817; John Duncan, 1817; John Towell, 1816; John Cloud, 1817; Simon Ruebottom, 1816; Benjamin Beeson, 1816; Silas Dixon, 1816; Jonathan Lindley, 1816; James Mulloy, 1818; Ephraim Lee, 1816; Isaac Williams, 1816; Joseph Richardson, 1816; John Short, 1819; Seymour Cobb, 1816; John Roberts, 1817; Reuben Short, 1817; Isaac Waggoner, 1818; Jeremiah Boone, 1817; Elijah Boone, 1817; William Cochran, 1818; John Roch- ester, 1817; Wesley Short, 1817; John Crook, 1817; Daniel Todd, 1817; Archibald Wood, 1816; Felter -Hughes, 1816; Abraham Kern, 1817; Robejt Carton and R. Browning, 1817; Albert Howard, 1819; William Dillard, 1817; John and Michael AYaggoner, 1817; Joseph Sergeant, 1817 Henry Waggoner, 1817; Elbert Howard, 1817; Benjamin Chesnut, 1819 James Garton, 1816; Sullivan and Duncan, 1817; John Duncan, 1817 David Sears, 1816; William Woodrun, 1819; Jesse Towell, 1816 Robert Mitchell, 1818; Peyton Wilson, 1816; Martin Ribelin, 1818. Perhaps the most prominent family ia the township has always been the Kern, some of which were among the very first settlers in the west- ern part of the county. Another that deserves special mention is the 50 HISTORY OF LAWRENCE COUNTY. Williams family, for no other has taken more active interest in the devel- opment of the resources of both the county and township. There is in the south part of the township along the river, what is known as the Williams settlement, and it includes some of the finest farms and most enterprising farmers in the county. It is but just to say, however, that this settlement extends along both sides of the river and embraces a por- tion of Spice Valley Township. There was a considerable number of squatters in this section, but after the land sales in 1816, a large number bought and prepared for permanent residence. With but few exceptions, the settlers here were from Kentucky. One of the important men of the county, ever since his location in it in 1819 down to the present time, is Stever Younger, now familiarly known as " Uncle Stever " throughout the entire county. He is a native of Kentucky, where he was born September 8, 1799. At the time of his coming to Indiana, being twenty years of age, he was old enough to know and thoroughly understand all the transactions of his times. His whole life has been one of more than usual activity and importance, and his mind is one of quick perceptive and active reasoning qualities. At the advanced age of eighty- iive years he retains a remarkable and unpar- alleled vigor of intellect, and a recollection that challenges the admira- tion of all who know him. In preparing this history of early settlement in the county his knowledge of the times and occurrences through which he has lived has been frequently drawn upon by the writer, and in every instance with the most satisfactory results. His first settlement in the county was in Indian Creek Township, near the little town of Fayette- ville, on Section 13, Township 5 north, Range 1 west, but he afterward located in Shawswick Township, on Leatherwood Creek, where he has lived the most of his life. There were maay other pioneers in this neigh- borhood that played a prominent part in the early history of the county that have long since passed away, yet many of the acts they did and the institutions they founded live after them, and cast an additional halo around their ever green memory. THE FIRST BLUE -GRASS CROP. The soil of Lawrence County is well adapted to raising blue grass, and, as a consequence, it is also a good county for the production of live stock. Indian Creek Township has the distinction of being the place where this valuable pasture herbage was first grown in the county. The first seed was sown by Abraham Kern and Stever Younger during the winter of 1819-20 on Sections 13 and 24 in Township 5 north, Range 2 west. From this small beginning the acreage of this grass has constantly increased, and it now forms a most important feature in the husbandry of the county. THE FIRST TOWKSHIP OFFICERS. When Indian Creek Township was organized with the county, the HISTORY OF LAWRENCE COUNTY. 51 elections were first held by Joseph Sullivan as Inspector at Stepp's, but a little later they were held at the house of Samuel Owens, now in Perry Township, and not far from the present site of Springville. James Cully was the fii*st Constable, and in 1819 Adam and Patrick Tyler were Overseers of the Township Poor. In 1822, when Perry Township was organized out of the northern portion of Indian Creek, the latter was extended on the south to White River, its present boundary, and soon after this the election place was changed to the house of Frederick Hamer. GEIST-MILLS. Probably the second grist-mill in the couaty that was operated by water-power was situated on Indian Creek, a short distance above the place where Craig's Mill now stands on that stream. This was in opera- tion as early as 1818, and was owned by Robert Dougherty, who in a year or so sold to a man named Bowers. After about two years Bowers trans- ferred it to Henry Purcell, in whose hands it soon afterward went down. It was but a rude afifair, although for a time it did a prosperous business at grinding corn. Mills for grinding wheat were a great novelty in the early settlement of the county, and the first one that was regularly pre- pared for wheat in this part was the mill on Spring Creek in Perry Township, near where Levi Butcher had a mill in later times. That was in the days of "sick" wheat, concerning which Stever Younger is yet vigorous in his recollection. This "sick" wheat was distinguished by a peculiarly small pink spot on the grain near the germ, but it did not destroy the germinating qualities, nor did it produce "sick" wheat when sown. Since hogs would not eat this wheat it may be imagined to have been very unpalatable. About the year 1824 John Craig built a horse mill on the farm now owned by his grandson of the same name. It had one set of buhrs with which both wheat and corn were gi'ound, the former being bolted by hand. For some eight or ten years this mill was resorted to for a large amount of grist-grinding from all parts of the community. After the horse-mill went down Craig put up a new mill with two sets of buhrs. It was operated by water-power and an under- shot wheel. This mill has been in operation ever since, and is now owned by Robert Craig, a son of the founder and builder. Elijah Garton, as early as 1819, had a small "corn-cracker " at what is now Fayetteville. The power for running it was supplied by an inclined wheel and a small but active steer. John Short had another much like this one on the farm now owned by Abner Armstrong, but both of these were of short dura- tion, as the competition was growing too strong for so many to succeed. In 1821 Simon Ruebottom built a mill on White River on the farm where Henry Pitman now lives. It was run by horse-power, and did not last many years. Another small mill, about 1824, operated by a tread- wheel, and one that did considerable business, was owned by Oliver Cox. 52 HISTORY OF LAWRENCE COUNTY. Isaac Rector now owns a good mill at the Cave Spring, one and a half miles east from Fayetteville. It was built about the year 1870, but prior to that time another had been there for years. The power is supplied by water, and it is provided with two sets of buhrs, one for wheat and one for corn, SALT- WELLS, On Indian Creek, near the mouth of Goose Creek, there used to be a considerable quantity of salt made in early times when that article of commerce was scarce and costly on the frontier, and when the currents of trade moved slowly and with much labor, Abraham Reynolds carried on this business for several years and with some profit. Cheap transpor- tation has entirely done away with all such industrial enterprises in this part of the country, especially where salt is found in such sparing quan- tities. In 1824 Joseph Laughlin dug a salt- well 150 feet deep, but did not find salt in sufficient quantities to pay for the trouble and expense of manufacture. This was on the farm at this time owned by Jackson Kern, and the well is yet flowing and furnishes a good supply of water, FIRST TAVEKN AND STOKE. One of the early settlers here was Samuel Simons, at the present site of Fayetteville, where he kept a tavern for the benefit of the frontier pil- grims. The bill of fare here was probably not extended beyond the homely food of the pioneers. It is said that many of his meals during the summer season were mostly composed of sweet milk and roasting ears, for which the price was 25 cents. Two years was the extent of his hotel business, at the end of which time he located on the farm afterward so long occupied by Ezekiel Short, As the van of civilization makes its way through the uncultivated wilds of a new country, the various branches of trade and commerce fol- low in their natural order. But what a contrast the rude log habitations of trade on the frontier present to the gilded offices and palace stores of a long settled and wealthy community! In the former will be found, scattered in promiscuous heaps, the cheap and scanty articles which the frugal habits of early settlers demand. The proprietor himself, perhaps, sits leaning back on a splint-bottomed chair before his door, watching with satisfaction the approach of a single customer, and contemplating with delight the paltry profit on his wares. Not thus the merchant in a populous city. His business moves on with an easy flow, conducted by courteous and ever ready clerks, while he reclines at ease in an uphol- stered cffice, and dictates the course for his subalterns to pursue. OTHER MERCEANTS. Among the first merchants of Lawrence County was John Vestal, who moved to Fayetteville in 1816 or 1817, and there in a log-house began a HISTORY OF LAWRENCE COUNTY. 63 trade in merchandise with a capital of about $800. His stock comprised all articles in usual demand at such stores. He aimed to keep pace with the times, and have everything needed in a new *jountry. Yet Uncle Stever Younger says that it was a long time before they could get a smoothing-iron and a pair of scissoi's, both of which they had forgotten to provide before leaving Kentucky. All the merchandise was brought from Louisville in those days by wagons, and the trips usually took about one week. It was then considered almost a matter of necessity for any- one doing a mercantile trade to have some whisky in stock for the accom- modation of his customers, but John Vestal was frequently short in that line of goods as he did not believe in that way of drawing custom. He was in fact the commercial man of this neighborhood for several years, and always purchased the produce of all kinds. Among his favorite en- terprises was that of buying a beef and game of various kinds, and dis- posing of them by shooting matches. Concerning these Uncle Stever says: "I sold him one and got Bob Garton to shoot for me, and we were to divide the profits. I could not shoot and Garton said he was a good shot. I lost my money and got no beef. But I found out who could shoot, and I furnished the money and went in with the best shot on the same terms that I did with Garton. We won all of a side of sole leather put up in pairs of half-soles to be shot for at 12^ cents per shot. This ended as well as begun my gambling career." Frederick Hammer was a merchant in 1826 and some years before and after that date. His stock was of the usual kind of country merchandise and he did a thriving trade. It was at his house that the elections were for some time held. In the south part of Indian Creek Township on the bank of White Kiver is a postoffice called Williams. It is at the site of what was for- merly called Greenville, and where four brothers named Green formerly had a saw-mill. The first store here was kept by Frank Baker, about the year 1872. Since then L. D. Kern, W. B. Kern and Jacob Baker have been the merchants here, the last being in trade at the present time, and Postmaster Benjamin Carl now has a small huckster shop at the same place. SETTLEMENT OF SPICE VALLEY TOWNSHIP. In the southwest corner of Lawrence County is situated Spice Valley Township. It was one of the original townships at the organization of the county, although then larger than at this time. The present area is nearly the same as Indian Creek Township, being about fifty-two square miles. Beaver Creek flows through the southwestern part, and the Ohio & Mississippi Railroad traverses the township from east to west, somewhat south of the center. On the west and south it is bounded by Martin and Orange Counties respectively, while on the north the East Fork of White River forms nearly the whole boundary, and on the east is Marion Township. 54 HISTORY OF LAWRENCE COUNTY. Some of the land in this township is first-class for farming purposes, but most of it is broken and hilly, and more adapted to grazing than for tillage. Near Bryantsville and along the river are some good and well- improved farjaas that indicate prosperity and enterprise. It was probably on this account that there was not so much land entered in this portion of the county as in some others. As usual the best land — that in the northern part— was the drst to attract those who were coming to the new country for the purpose of permanently locating. Up to the year 1820 there were thirty-four purchases of Government land in this township, while in Indian Creek Township during the same time and on an equal amount of territory there were fifty-eight, thus indicating the relative value of the two townships in land. These entries were as follows: William Maxwell, 1819; Simon Gilbert, 1816; William Lindley, 1816; C. and T. Bullitt, 1816; Ezekiel Blackwell, 1816; Josiah Connelly, 1817; Jonathan Lindley, 1816; Joel Connelly, 1817; Jesse Beazley, 1818; Francis Tincher, 1819; Aquilla Gilbert, 1816; John Sanders, 1820; Nichols Koon, 1818; John Quinn, 1818; William Hoard, 1820; David Bruner, 1818; Henry Speed, 1816; Absalom Field, 1816; Thomas Lindley, 1816; Joseph Hastings, 1816; Abraham Hola- day, 1816; William Cochran, 1818; Thomas Coulter, 1816; Robert Fields, 1817, John Chapman, 1817; John Luttrell, 1818; Gideon Coulter, 1817; Roger McKnight, 1818; Josiah Trueblood, 1816; Henry Cosner, 1817; John Connelly, 1817; Joel Connelly, 1816; Josiah Connelly, 1816; John Swaim, 1818. FIEST ELECTIONS AND OFFICEBS. The first elections in Spice Valley Township were held at the house of Absalom Fields, and he was the Inspector. Fields had located here some years before that time (1818), and while this was yet a part of Orange County. Josiah Connelly, who had come in 1817, was the first man that held a Constable's commission in this township. In 1819 the Overseers of the Poor were Absalom Fields and Joel Connelly, an office long since abolished as it then existed. Soon after this the place of hold- ing elections was changed to the house of Richard Beazley. EARLY MILLING. Hamer's Mill, now in the eastern part of Marion Township, was the most frequent resort of the first settlers in this part of the county for their milling. This was one of the best as well as one of the earliest mills in Lawrence County, and the people of Spice Valley Township were its patrons for many years and until as late as the year 1840, per- haps later. There were some mills in the township before that time, but they were of an inferior kind and of limited capacity. About the first of these was owned by Josiah Trueblood, some time in the early part of the twenties. This was one of the primitive horse-mills, and at that HISTORY OF LAWRENCE COUNTY. 55 time Trueblood lived od the farm now owned by James Marley, not far from where Simon Ruebottom's mill stood on the opposite side of the river. Absalom Fields was the hrst proprietor and builder. In that day most of the milling was done on horseback or with two wheels of a wagon, on account of the sometimes almost impassable condition of the roads. Since that time things are much changed and people ride to mill in their upholstered carriages. A short time after 1830 a horse-mill was in operation at Bryantsville, own,ed by Henry Weathers, but that has, of course, long since disappeared, and in its stead another and more modern mill does the business for the northern part of the township. Perhaps no other part of Lawrence County has been so prolific of distilleries as Spice Valley Township. The numerous flowing springs and the general features of the land, combined with the early education and customs of the first settlers, have been largely conducive to this. One of the most important of these was kept by Joshua Barnes about the year 1850, and for some time both before and after that date. He did a considerable business in fruit distilling, but this basfor many years been done away with. That was on the farm now owned by Jameson Lee. The hardships and fatigue which the pioneers were compelled to undergo in clearing up and settling a new country, are but little appre- ciated in the present day. Then nearly all the lumber for building pur- poses was sawed by whip-saws as they were termed. The process was something like this: A frame-work for the purpose was built, generally on a hill-side, high enough for a man to stand under and work. The logs that were intended to be made into lumber were rolled upon this frame from the hill and the sawing was then carried on by two men, one above and one below the log. A long thin saw was pulled up and down through the log by these men from one end to the other, much after the fashion of the old upright saws of a few years ago. This was hard work in the extreme, and the amount of it required to saw lumber enough for build- ing a house would appall the laboring man of the present day. SETTLEMENT OF PLEASANT EUN TOWNSHIP. The northeast corner township in Lawrence County is Pleasant Eun, and was created at the organization of the county in 1818. At that time the two rows of sections on the eastern end formed a part of Jackson County, but have since been added to this county. The township now embraces a total of sixty sections, being all of Township 6 north, Eange 1 east, and the western half of Township 6 north, Eange 2 east. The surface of the land in Pleasant Eun Township is generally rough and broken, and therefore but poorly adapted to tillage. This portion of the county was the latest settled of any. It is traversed by the following creeks: Back, Leatherwood, Little Salt and Pleasant Eun, for the last of which the township was named, although one of the smallest. Leath- 56 HISTORY OF LAWRENCE COUNTY. erwood Creek has its rise in the southeastern part of this township, and flows across a considerable distance of the southern side. Along its course are some of the finest farms in the township, although its impor- tance as a stream is but little, and as the country is more thickly settled and improved, is constantly decreasing. As before stated the emigration to this portion of the county was slow and tardy in its movements. By the list of land entries in the township, made up to and including the year 1820, this will be fully shown, for in the whole township of sixty sections there were in that time but the following twenty -three entries made: Jesse Gilstrap, 1820; William Clark, 1820; Adam Helton, 1820; William J. Anderson, 1818; Arnold Helton, 1818; E. TerriU, 1820: Heirs of Abraham Martin, 1820; Rene Julin, 1818; R. Brooks, 1820; Samuel Gwathney, 1820; Joseph Dayton, 1816; Joseph Trimble. 1820; E. Parr, 1820; Edmund Garrison, 1820; James Mundell, 1816; John McClellan, 1820; David McKinney, 1816; Edward Moore, 1820; Cuth- bert and Thomas Bullitt, 1820; Vana Wilson, 1817; Jacob Woolery, 1820; Edward Tewell, 1820; John N. Nichols, 1817. This is less than one purchase for every two sections of land, and some of the persons making these were not inhabitants of the township. It must not be supposed, however, that this list includes all the residents up to that time, for it does not. There were then a large number of squatters located here, who made up the larger share of the population. Soon after this time, however, a more permanent and substantial class began to settle here, and not many years elapsed before nearly the whole township was purchased from the Government. EARLY MILLING. The early settlers were at first compelled to do a large part of their milling at Lawrenceport, on the river in the southern portion of the county. There were a few early horse-mills in this section, but the work done by them was of such an inferior kind, the task of going a long distance to mill was preferred to that of the shorter route and the poor grinding. On the farm now owned by Lewis Foster there was a horse- mill kept by Mitchell, which for a few years did considerable of the neighborhood grinding. A water- mill was built on Leatherwood Creek, some time prior to 1830, probably by Adam Helton. This was on the farm now owned by Marcus Reid, but after a few years of spasmodic usefulness it was washed away and was not again fitted for work. There were several others along the various creeks in the township, but on account of the scarcity of water they were only able to grind as a thun- der-storm would sweep across the land, and replenish the supply of water long enough to grind out a few grists, after which they would relapse into idleness until the elements again called them into action. HISTORY OF LAWRENCE COUNTY. 5T Early settlers here were all skilled in the hunter's arts. Starting out on a journey to any part of the adjoining country, the rifle was a con stant companion of the pioneer. Even when plodding to and from his daily labor in the fields he took the precaution to have his gun in handy access, lest some unwary animal of the forest should make its appearance upon the scene and he be unprepared to punish it with death for the intrusion. Wild game furnished much of the daily fare that supplied the table of the first and hardy citizens of these woody wilds. Wild game was a considerable article of produce that would be converted through the channels of trade into articles of necessity for the family's use. Deer "saddles" were staple articles of trade at the country stores, and almost a medium of exchange among the denizens of the forests. They were shipped to the populous cities, where they graced the dining table of the rich, and in this manner brought back returns to the dis- tant inhabitants of the frontier whose skill and labor had combined to rob the forest of its proudest dweller. Along Salt Creek in more early times, distilleries were an institution of common occurrence. One of the principal in the township was kept by William Clark, familiarly called "Billy." This was the frequent resort of the people, with their "little brown jugs," for in those days whisky was considered an article almost as necessary in the household as bread. Another was kept by John Hunter for several years, on the farm now owned by his son John. A tan-yard was kept by Isaac Cruthers for many years, and consider- able business was done in that line. But from tanning skins, which is something of an unpleasant occupation, Isaac went to tanning souls after the Baptist style. Whether his success is equal to that of his former years and business cannot now be stated in the absence of any testimony on that point from the gentleman himself. COUNTERFEITERS. Several years ago a portion of an organized band of counterfeiters was supposed to have their residence, and probably their headquarters for business, in this section of the county. Suspicion pointed to several persons residing in this township as among the ringleaders in this affair, but the actual and positive evidence was wanting. A police organiza- tion of Regulators was made in order to ferret out the criminals, but proved of little avail. At the hands of this organization, however, a man named George Crider was severely punished as being one of the sup- posed leaders in counterfeiting, but this seemed to have no valuable eftect, as he remained in the community long after, and with habits unchanged. A large number of stolen horses were traced from Kentucky and other parts to the hills in and around this part of the world, and all further clue was lost. This, however, has long since passed away, and no part 58 HISTORY OF LAWRENCE COUNTY. of the county is more distinguished for its peaceful and law-abiding cit- izens than is Pleasant Run Township. EARLY OFFICERS. The first elections were held at the house of Joseph Dayton, with Thomas Henton, Inspector. The poor, who, we are assured, will be always with us, were looked after by William Fish and Drury Mobley as Overseers. Beyond this, both early records and recollections fail to tell who were the township officers. SHAWSWICK TOWNSHIP. Perhaps the most important township in Lawrence County is Shaws- wick. Situated in the central part of the county, it is watered on the south by the East Fork of White JRiver, and on the west by the next most important stream in the county, Salt Creek. Flowing entirely across it from northeast to southwest is Leatherwood Creek, along which is the best farming and agricultural land within the bounds of the county. The tract through which this small, yet useful stream courses, is known far and near as the " Leatherwood District," and famed for its abun- dant harvests and prosperous farmers. From the earliest settlement in the county this has been an important and valuable portion. Some of it is hilly and broken, but a large part is more gently rolling and better adap- ted to active cultivation of the soil. Nearly all the land lying to the east of Bedford is in a high state of cultivation, and improvements on farms indicate a prosperity exceeding any other place in the county. Competing strongly with this " Leatherwood District" for the first pi; .ce in advancement and material wealth is the " bottom" land along Wl ite River. Perhaps it even excels in fertility, but later improvements by way of draining have rendered the overflows of the river treacherous and uncertain, and making it more than usually hazardous in raising crops on land subject to be thus flooded. The appreciation of the early settlers for this land in Shawswick Township will be seen by comparing the 'ol- lowing list of land entries with those made in some other portion of the county of about equal area, as, for instance, Pleasant Run Township covering the same period of time: Samuel Mitchell, 1818; James Man- dell, 1816; Jacob Hikes, 1820; Cuthbert and Thomas Bullitt, 1820 Dixon Brown, 1817 and 1820; T. McAfee, 1819; Roger McKnight, 1820 Samuel Lindley, 1816; Jacob Geiger, 1820; Bartholomew Thatcher 1820; Fetler and Hughes, 1820; Michael Johnson, 1819; R. Bowles, 1819 Phillip Starr, 1820; David Johnson, 1817; Thomas Thompson, 1817 John Horton, 1817; J. Thompson, 1820; Pleasant Padgett, 1818; Lewis Woody, 1818; James Blair, 18] 9 and 1818; James Allen, 1820; Jonathan Henderson, 1820; Isaac Jamison, 1820; Samuel Gwathney, 1820; Thomas Maffith, 1820; Melcher Fehgelman, 1817; Ezekiel Black^vell, 1816; James Pace, 1820; Hiram Kilgore, 1816; Charles Kilgore, 1816; Preston HISTORY OF LAWRENCE COUNTY. 59 Beck, 1816; "William Bristoe, 1816; AndrewOwen, 1818; James Denson 1819; James Biggins, 1818; Mark Tiilly, 1818; Thomas Hill, 1820 William Denson, 1818; Stephen Shipman, 1818; Absalom Hart, 1818 Jacob Clark, 1820; Abraham Mitchell, 1818; Bobert Whitley, 1817; Vin- son Williams, 1817; Beuben and Simpson Kilgore, 1816; John Spears 1818; Peter Galbert, 1817; Martin Bibelin, 1817; Joseph James, 1819 David Wilson, 1818; Timothy Ward, 1818; William Dougherty, 1817 John Hawkins, 1817; Arta Garrison, 1818; Thomas McMannus, 1817 Marguis Knight, 1816; Boss and McDonald, 1817; Joseph Glover, 1816 James Gregory, 1816, John Hays, 1816; James Maxwell, 1817; William Thornton, 1816; Samuel Dougherty, 1817; Ebenezer McDonald, 1818 Bobert Dougherty, 1817; Alexander Butler, 1817; William Foot, 1816 John Gardner, 1816; Fetler and Hughes, 1818; George Silver, 1817 Peter Harmonson, 1818; James Erwin, 1818; Thomas Elrod, 1817 Boger McKnight, 1817; Jacob Castleman, 1817; John Williams, 1816 Henry McGree, 1818; James Owens, 1819; Thomas Allen, 1817; William risk, 1816. ORGANIZATION AND NAMING. Shawswick was one of the original five townships that were created at the organization of the county in 1818. It is said that its peculiar name had its origin in the following manner: There had been an early judge in this portion of the State named Wick, who had in this county . many admirers, and who insisted that the township should be named in his honor, Wick. One of the County Commissioners at that time was named Beazeley, who had a comrade by the name of Shaw killed in the battle of Tippecanoe, and he with some others advocated the name of Shaw for the township. As a compromise between the two parties a combination of the two names was made, and the township was named Shawswick. SOME or THE riEST OFFICERS. The first elections were probably held at Palestine until that town was abandoned some seven or eight years later. Pleasant Parks was appointed Inspector of the first election, but in the following year Will- iam Kelsey was chosen to fill that position. Joshua Taylor and James Mundle were in the same year chosen as Guardians of the Poor for the township. It was then thought necessary in order to maintain the majesty of the law in the township to have for that purpose three Con- stables to execute its mandates. The first of these were Nathaniel Vaughn, William Dale and John Sutton, who doubtless when abroad in the township and armed with the proper instruments of their office spread terror and alarm to all evil-doers. EARLY SAW AND GRIST-MILLS. The various streams and water-courses in Shawswick Township gave 4 60 HISTORY OF LAWRENCE COUNTY. rise to numerous small and early water-mills, some for sawing lumber and some for grinding wheat and corn. Among the first of these was one built and operated some time early in the twenties by Alexander Butler and Robert Dougherty. This was a saw-mill, and was situated about one mile and a half southeast from Bedford on Leatherwood Creek. This was run by what was known as a flutter- wheel, which was smaller and faster than an ordinary undershot wheel, although not sa powerful. This mill was kept up for some three or four years, in the meantime doing considerable business with the old-fashioned sash saw which it had. Edward Humpston, a man who in early times in Law- rence County figured largely in milling enterprises, and whose name is elsewhere found connected with the ownership of various mills in the county, built another saw-mill on Leatherwood Creek about one-half mile above that of Butler & Dougherty. Humpston seemed to delight in building and getting these primitive mills in working order and then selling them. After a short time he sold this one to Richard Evans, who kept it up for about seven years, when it finally went down. About one mile above this Humpston built a grist-mill in 1826 which lasted for several years. This was operated by a breast water-wheel, and for a time ran to the full extent of its capacity. This, however, was not great, as it had but one run of stones, with which both wheat and corn were ground, the bolting being done by hand. Farther up this creek, and near the present site of Erie, a grist and saw-mill was built about the year 1832, by Wesley and Michael Johnson. For several years this was one of the principal mills in this part of the county, and did quite an extensive business. It has been gone entirely for a long time. Besides these there were many others along the small creeks in this township that were built, and after a brief and inglorious career went down, some by a "wash-out'' to a watery grave, and others were permitted to go into natural decay by lack of patronage. One other of importance remains to be mentioned, and that is the Rawlins Mill. It is on Salt Creek, north- west from Bedford, and was built by Joseph Rawlins, now of Bedford, in 1885 or 1836. Perhaps no other mill in Lawrence County has done so large and extensive a business as this. At the time of its building Mr. Rawlins put in three runs of buhrs, and from the beginning it took rank as one of the best in the county. Large quantities of flour were made here and shipped to difierent parts of the country. By railroad it was sent to Detroit and other cities in the North, while by flat-boats it was sent to New Orleans and different ports along the river route between here and there. The mill continued in the hands of Mr. Rawlins until a few years ago, when he transferred it to two of his sons. Since that time it has been owned by different persons. The present owners are Daggy & Gainey, who are doing a good business with it. HISTORY OF LAWRENCE COUNTY. 61 THE FERBIES. An important feature in the early settlements of Lawrence County remains yet to be mentioned under the head of ferries. These were ren- dered necessary for crossing White River and Salt Creek in the inter course of one part of the county with another, and some of these ferries became. the center of travel and commerce in that part of the land in which they were located. In the history of the county they played considerable importance, and some of the principal of them will be brief- ly mentioned. Beginning on White River at the eastern boundary of the county, and descending with the current of the stream, the first one was kept by Sinclair Cox near where the village of Fort Ritner now stands. After a few years this ferry passed into the hands of a man named Dixon, and was for a long time known as Dixon's Ferry. This was on Section 22, Township 4 north. Range 2 west. Just when Dixon became the owner cannot be ascertained, nor is it important. Cox, how- ever, was the owner in 1829, and for some time subsequent to that date. The next one was at the site of Bono and was in its time one of the most important, rendered so by the part played in early mercantile afifairs by the town of Bono. This ferry was kept for many years by a man named Loudon, and for his name it has always been called. Beck's Ferry was near the present site of Tunnelton, where there was a considerable travel passing from one side of the river to the other. At the mouth of Fish- ing Creek, where Lawrenceport is situated, was one of the frequent cross- ing-places on the river, and of course a ferry was established there. From this place a State road passed southward to Leavenworth and was known as the "Tater" road. This I'oad was afterward extended north until it intersected another State road leading from Bloomington by way of Leesville to Salem, at the place Svhere it crossed Little Salt Creek. Two miles below Lawrenceport was the ferry of William Fisher, main- tained by him for many years and ever since known by his name. A ferry had been kept here before his time by some of the Johnsons, who were among the earliest settlers in this part of the county. Mr. Fisher and his wife are now living in Bedford, enjoying the close of their lives, which have been extended far beyond the allotted time of man. Where Palestine was formerly located Ezekiel Blackwell owned the ferry for many years, and even after that place was abandoned as the capital of the county. As late as 1827 he was there with his ferry, and probably for some time later than that. One of the early ferries in the county was kept by Levi A. Nugent on Section 3, Township 4 north. Range 1 west. He located there as early as 1821, and perhaps prior to that time. Still farther down the stream at the mouth of Leatherwood Creek a ferry was kept by Di'ury Davis in 1826, and for some time both before and after that. This was not far from where the present iron bridge crosses the river on the road leading from Bedford to MitchelL 62 HISTORY OF LAWRENCE COUNTY. About one-half mile below the mouth of Salt Creek a ferry was estab- lished by Robert Woods about 1823 or 1824. This was too near the Fields Ferry, which was a short distance below, to be licensed. Woods however built his boat and began ferrying, and allowed people to pay or not as they would choose. The strife between Fields and W^oods became very bitter, and one night Woods' boat was burned. He at once built another and continued his business of ferrying. For the burning of the boat two men were sent to the State Prison, named Lackey and Taylor. For a time the opposition between these two ferries was so strong that it extended to the people of the suiTounding country. The quaiTel was finally ended in 1826 by the Fields Ferry being vacated by the County Board, thus leaving the Woods faction in the ascendency. The Fields Ferry was located about one mile below this, and had been established for some time. Continuing on down the river the following ferries were found in this order ere the western limit of the county was reached: Taylor's, Dawson's and Green's, the last of which was at the site of Williamsport, and was of a more recent date. On Salt Creek a ferry was kept by a man named Lee on the land now owned by Levi Bailey. A road that was considerably traveled passed over this, leading from Black- well's Ferry at Palestine to Old Point Commerce at the mouth of Eel River on the West Fork of White River. Further down that creek a ferry was kept where Rawlins Mill now stands, by different persons, prom- inent among whom was William Kelsey. The bridge that was built here in 1836 dispensed with any use for the ferry. A State road from New Albany to Terre Haute crossed Lawrence County by way of Hamer's Mill, Palestine or Blackwell's Ferry, Bedford, Rawlins Mill and Spring- ville. Dougherty's Ferry was west of Bedford on Salt Creek, where the bridge now is on the road to Fayetteville. In the early settlement of the county there was an Indian trace across the western part leading to a Government supply-store, kept by a man named Bigger, in what is now Monroe County. This was called Bigger' s Trace and passed near Davis Lick Creek in the northern part, then south about one mile east of Fay- etteville, and crossed the river where Taylor's Ferry was afterward located. SETTLEMENT OF GUTHRIE TOWNSHIP. The last township that was formed in Lawrence County was named for one of the oldest and most prominent families in the county from the very first settlement to the present time. This is Guthrie, and was organized some time early in the sixties. The East Fork of White River from where it enters the county to the north of Guthrie's Creek, forms its southern boundary. On the north Shawswick and Flinn Townships bound it, and Jackson County on the east. It is traversed its entire length in a zigzag course by Guthrie's Creek, into which Back Creek empties from the north. At the organization of the county nearly all of HISTORY OF LAWRENCE COUNTY. 63 the present township of Guthrie was included in Shawswick, but at the time of its creation some of the land was taken from the three townships of Shawswick, Flinn and Bono. Some parts of Guthrie Township were among the earliest settled localities in the county, although the record of land entries made up to and including the year 1820 shows but a small number. Some of the land in this township is very good, but it is generally rough and broken. Land entries to the above date were as follows: Israel Hind, 1819; Ambrose Carlton, 1817; Edward Johnston, 1820; William Barnhill, 1819; John Kerns, 1820; Robert MiUsap, 1820; Solomon Bowers, 1817; Conrad Hoopingarnei", 1818; Daniel Guthrie, 1816; Thomas Butler, 1820; J. Edwards, 1820; Preston Beck, 1820; Elisha Simpson, 1820; George W. JVIullis, 1817; Cuthbert and Thomas Bullitt, 1820. Some of the other and principal early settlers were : AVilliara Shadrach and Thomas Dixon, John Allen, William Holland, Sr., Robert Millsap and his sons James and William, Abner Walters, William and Samuel Foster, Isaac and Benjamin Newkirk, John Dowland and Jacob Mullis. James Connelly is said to have been the first actual and permanent settler in Guthrie Township, but if so he was one of the squatters, of which there were many in that time. He had come from North Carolina and settled at first in Orange County, Ind., but after a short stay in that county he settled in this township on the river. This was in 1815. When he came he brought his family along and built a double log-cabin. The following year Ambrose Carlton came with a large family, among which were his two sons, Thomas and Robert, who both became prominent men in their communities. In 1816 Pleasant and Ambrose Parks came from North Carolina and settled first in Bono Township, but after a short time moved to Guthrie Township. Edward Johnston came in the year 1816 and raised a crop that year, and in the fall retui'ned to his native State for his family, which he brought with him in the following year. James Connelly as early as 1817 or 1818 built a small horse-mill with which he used to do some grinding for whoever would apply, but this did not last long. James Heron had a mill on Guthrie's Creek some time in the twenties. It was run by water-power and lasted about ten years. One of the best mills that was built in early times was by Robert and Thomas Carlton. This was on the same stream about three miles from its mouth. It was a good flouring-mill for its day, having been built about 1826 or 1827, and continued in operation until 1810, when it was burnt down. The Carltous soon after rebuilt it and ran it for six or seven yeai'S. After them it changed hands many times, but of late years has been allowed to go into disuse. A saw-mill was run in con- nection with this mill most of the time. Besides these there have been several other mills of minor importance. Here, as elsewhere in the county, distilleries were of prime necessity and a num])er of them were 64 HISTORY OF LAWRENCE COUNTY. kept. Large quantities of pork were shipped from this part of the country in flat-boats to New Orleans and other places along the rivers between here and there. Much of this pork was obtained by killing the wild mast-fattened hogs that were everywhere so abundant along the rivers. That was ranked among the sports then, for the hog when wild and untamed is decidedly a gamy animal, and is one of the few brutes that will band together for mutual protection when attacked by a foe. DIXONVILLE. In the northeast corner of this township a town was platted and laid out by William and Thomas Dixon, April 8, 1853. It was called Dixon- ville, and comprises twenty- four lots. Washington Street ran north and south, while Jackson and Lawrence Streets ran east and west. This was in the center of Section 10, in Township 4 north, Range 2 east. For some time prior to this time there had been a mercantile trade done here by Thomas Dixon. It is probable that he began about 1831 or 1832, and continued for some ten years. After him Elder T. N. Robertson did a trade for three or four years. 1 CHAPTER IV. BT WESTON A. GOODSPEED. Organization of the County— The Act of Creation— First Offi- cers—Report OF the Locating Coinimissioners— Notes Before THE Creation— The County Board— Their Important Acts to the Present — Boundary Alterations — Ee-location of the County Seat— Statistics— The County Agency— Court Houses AND Jails — Libraries— The Paupers— The Asylum— Origin of the School Funds — County Officers — County Agricultural Societies— The Finances— Population — Eailway Enterprises— Bridges— Medical Societies— Local Politics— Statistics. THAT portion of the present Lawrence County west of the meridian line was part of Knox County until the creation of Orange, Decem- ber 26, 1815, when it became part and parcel of the latter, and so remained until the creation of Lawrence County. That portion of the present county of Lawrence east of the meridian line was part of Clark County until the creation of Washington, January 17, 1814, and was then part of Washington until the creation of Orange as above, and was then part of Orange until Lawrence was created by the follow- ing enactment: An Act for the Formation of a New County out of the County of Orange : Be it enacted by the Oeneral Assembly of the State of Indiana, That from and after the third Monday of March next, all that part of the county of Orange con- HISTORY OF LAWRENCE COUNTY. 65 tained in the following bounds shall form and constitute a separate county, viz.: Beginning at the range line dividing Ranges 2 and 3 west, at the center of Township 5 north, and running thence east to the line dividing the counties of Washington, Orange and Jackson; thence north with said line to the line dividing Townships 6 and 7 north; thence west with said line dividing Ranges 2 and 3 west; thence south with said range line to the place of beginning. Section 2. The said new county shall be known and designated by the name and style of the county of Lawrence, and shall enjoy all the rights, privileges and jurisdic- tions which to separate counties do or may properly belong or appertain: Provided, that all suits, pleas, plaints, actions and proceedings in law or equity which may have been commenced or instituted before the third Monday of March next, and shall be pending in the county of Orange shall be prosecuted and determined in the same manner as if this act had not passed; Provided also, that all taxes which may be due on the said third Monday of March next, shall be collected and paid in the same manner and by the same officers as if the said new county of Lawrence had not been formed. Sec. 3. Abraham Huff, of Jackson County, Abraham Bosley, of Orange County, Joel Holbert, of Daviess County, William Hobbs, of Washington County, and George Boone, of Harrison County, are hereby appointed Commissioners agree- able to the act entitled "An act for the fixing the seat of justice in all new coun- ties hereafter to be laid ofE." The Commissioners above named shall convene at the house of James Gregory in said county of Lawrence on the third Monday of March next, and shall immediately proceed to discharge the duties assigned them by law. It is hereby made the duty of the Sheriff of Orange County to notify the said Com- missioners either in person or by written notification of their appointment on or before the first day of March next, and the said Sheriff of Orange County shall receive from the said county of Lawrence so much as the County Commissioners shall deem just and reasonable, who are hereby authorized to allow the same out of any moneys in the county treasury, in the same manner other claims are paid. Sec. 4. The Circuit and other courts of the county of Lawrence shall be holden at the house of James Gregory, in the said county, until suitable accommo- dations can be had at the seat of justice, and so soon as the courts of said county are satisfied that suitable accommodations can be had at the county seat, they shall adjourn their courts thereto, after which time all the courts of the county shall be holden at the county seat of Lawrence County established, as directed by this act. Sec. 5. The agent who shall be appointed to superintend the sale of lots at the county seat of the county of Lawrence shall reserve ten per cent out of the proceeds thereof, and pay the same over to such person or persons as may be appointed by law to receive the same for the use of a library for said county, which he shall pay over at such time or times as may be directed by law. This act shall take effect and be in force from and after the third Monday of March next. Approved January 7, 1818. From this enactment it will be seen that originally Lawrence County did not comprise two tiers of sections north and south along the eastern side which now fall within her borders. These two tiers included the towns of Leesville and Fort Ritner, both of which were in existence in 1822, at which date, through the influence, mainly, of these towns, by means of petitions, the following enactment of the Legislature was secured : Be it enacted by the General Assembly of the State of Indiana, That from and after the 1st day of January next, all that part of the county of Jackson included within the following boundaries, to wit: Beginning at the northwest corner of Sec- 6Q HISTORY OF LAAVRENCE COUNTY. tion 16, Township 5 north, Range 2 east, thence east two miles to the northeast cor- ner of Section 15, thence south to the Driftwood Fork, of White River, thence down said river to the line which at present divides the counties of Jackson and Law- rence (thence to the place of beginning) be and the same is hereby attached to the county of Lawrence, and shall after the date above mentioned be deemed and taken to all intents and purposes to form and constitute a part of the said county of Law- rence: Provided, however, that all suits, pleas, plaints and pi'oceedings which shall have been commenced and. pending within the said county of Jackson previous to the said 1st day of January next, shall be prosecuted to final effect in the same man- ner as if this act had not been passed: Pronided, moreover, that the State and county taxes which may be due on the said 1st day of January next, shall be col- lected and paid in the same manner and by the same officers as if this act had not been passed. This act to be in force from and after the 1st day of January, 1823. Approved December 31, 1822. THE COUNTY BEFORE ITS CREATION. Prior to the organization of Lawrence County in 1818, and while the territory was yet attached to Orange, all of the present county north of the river, except the two tiers of sections on the east and a small tract on the southeast, was organized as Leatherwood Township, and that por- tion of the present county south of the river was part of the northern tier of townships in Orange, except the old township of Bono, which had been created by the Commissioners of Orange County, in January, 1817, with the following limits: Beginning on White River at the northwest corner of Washington County, thence south to the Cincinnati road, thence west to Fishing Creek, thence north to White River, thence north with the section line which crosses at the mouth of said creek three miles, thence east to Jackson County, thence south to the beginning. Leather- wood Township had been created early in 1816. The following is the result of the August election, 1816, in Leatherwood Township: For Governor — Posey 12, Jennings 4; Lieutenant-Governor — Vawter 12, Harri- son 4; for Congress — Hendricks 16, Thom 0, Sullivan 0; Senator — Rawlins 16, De Pauw 0. Clark 0; for Representative — Jonathan Lindley 13, Pinnick 0, Lewis 0; Sheriff — Roberts 7, Lindley 6; Coroner — Crawford 13, Clendenin 0. The above is a true statement of the election in Leatherwood Township, certified by me. August 8, 1816. James Gregory, Judge. One year later than this the following voters polled their votes in Leatherwood Township, at the house of James Stotts: William Bene- field, David Cummings, John Bailey, Samuel Irwin, James Dale, James Johnson, John Hunter, Joel Vandeveer. Reuben Kilgore, Jeremiah Raukins, James Mendell, Robert Hunter, Robert Brooks, Isaac Stotts, Richard Hiers, Martin Beaver, Hiram Kilgore, Wilson Moore, Thomas Moore, Matthew Dale, Willis Keithley, Arta Garrison, Charles Kilgore, James Laughlin, James Gregory, Joseph Andrew, William Dale, Samuel Will- iams, John Dean, James Stotts, John Dale, Squire Dale, Edward Moore, Thomas Henton, John Cook, Charles Boiling, William Julian, Robert Mitchell, Nathan Laughlin, Moses Lee, Robert C. Stotts, Joseph Keith- HISTORY OF LAWRENCE COUNTY. 67 ley, William Kinnick, George Julian, Thomas Irons, William Irons, William Offield, Phillip Starr, Samuel Mitchell, Samuel Dale and John Allen; total, 51. Robert C. Stotts, Inspector; Thomas Henton and Moses Lee, Judges; James Gregory and Robert Mitchell, Clerks. THE COUNTY COMMISSIONERS. On the 11th of March, 1818, Ambrose Carlton, Thomas Beagley and James Stotts, County Commissioners, met at the house of James Gregory for the transaction of business. The election of Circuit Clerk was con- tested by John Lowrey, and a new election was ordered held after exami- nation of the case and deliberation. James Stotts, Jr., was appointed County Lister; John Anderson, County Treasurer, and Robert M. Carl- ton, County Agent. On the third day the county was divided into town- ships; Shawswick — Beginning at the mouth of Salt Creek; thence up to the line dividing townships 5 and 6; thence east to the county line; thence south to Guthrie Creek; thence down the same to where Sections 11, 12, 13 and 14 unite; thence west with the line dividing Sections 11 and 14 one mile; thence south with the line dividing Sections 14 and 15 to the county line; thence west to the southwest corner of Section 17, Township 3 north. Range 1 west; thence north to White River; thence up to the beginning. Spice Valley included all of the present Spice Valley Township, together with all of Indian Creek Township south of the line dividing Sections 19 and 30, Township 5 north. Range 2 west. Indian Creek Township comprised all of Lawrence County west of Salt Creek and north of the line dividing Sections 19 and 30, Township 5 North, Range 2 west. Bono Township comprised all of the county south- east of Shawswick Township. Pleasant Run Township comprised all of the county east of Indian Creek Township, and north of Shawswick . Pleasant Parks was appointed Inspector of Elections in Shawswick, and elections were ordered held at the cabin of Thompson, on the north bank of White River, near Palestine. Elections in Spice Valley were ordered held at Absalom Field's, with himself as Inspector; in Indian Creek, at the house of Mr. Stipps, with Joseph Sullivan, Inspector; in Bono at Bono Village, with Elisha Simpson, Inspector; in Pleasant Run, at the house of Joseph Dayton, with Thomas Henton, Inspector. Two Justices of the Peace were ordered elected in each township, April 25, 1818. The report of the Commissioners appointed by the L^^gislature to fix the county seat was received, adopted and spread upon the records. It was as follows: To the Board of Commissioners inandforthe Count;/ of Lawrence, State of Indiana: We, the Commissioners appointed by an act bearing date January 7, 1818, to fix the seat of justice in the county of Lawrence have in conformity to our appoint- ments met at the house of James Gregory, and in pursuance of the duty assigned us by law after being sworn proceeded to discbarge the duty enjoined upon us by law, and therefore take the liberty of reporting accordingly that we have selected 68 HISTORY OF LAWRENCE COUNTY. and fixed upon 200 acres of land on the north side of "White River and on both sides of the second principal meridian line, which said land is given as a donation to the county aforesaid by Benjamin and Ezekiel Blackvsrell, Henry Speed and Henry H. Massie. Said land is bounded as follows: Beginning on the river below the meridian line 64 poles; thence north 69 degrees west 30 poles to a gray ash; thence north 14 degrees west 82-poles; thence north 54 degrees west 80 poles; thence north 36 degrees east 176 poles; thence south 54 degrees east 167 poles to the river; thence with the meanders of the same to the beginning — containing 200 acres. Having taken the necessary bond for the title your Commissioners find nothing further to do in the discharge of the duty assigned them by law, and beg leave to report. Given under our hands and seals this 31st day of March, 1818. Further- more, we the Commissioners as aforesaid have thought proper to make a reserve of one lot for Benjamin Blackwell provided the said Blackwell will for the same [pay] such price as lots lying in the same situation and in value sell for at the sale of lots in said town. Abraham Huff, Abraham Bosley, Joel Holbert, William Hobbs, . George Boon, Locating Commissioners. We, the Commissioners as above do state that we spent each the number of days affixed to our names: Abraham Huff, 8 days, $24; Abraham Bosley, 8 days, $24; Joel Holbert, 8 days, $24; William Hobbs, 8 days, $24; George Boon, 11 days, $33. THE FIRST COUNTY SEAT. Upon the recommendation of the Locating Commissioners, at the suggestion of Benjamin Blackwell, the county seat was named Palestine. Certificates for the above amounts were ordered given to the Locating Commissioners, to be paid out of the first moneys arising from the sale of lots in the county seat. The County Agent, Robert M. Carlton, early in May, under the direction of the County Board, laid out 276 lots in Palestine which were ordered advertised for sale May 25, 1818, in the Louisville Correspondent, the Indiana Gazette, the Western Sun, the Salem Tocsin and the Madison paper. Steps were immediately taken to build a court house and a jail. Numerous petitions began to be received for the opening of county roads and viewers were appointed. The following county tax was levied: On each 100 acres of first-class land, 37 J cents; on each 100 acres of second-class land, 33 cents; on each 100 acres of third-class land, 22 cents; Blackwell & Co.'s ferry license, $20; Towel & Dixon's ferry license, $20; Milroy & Callans, ferry license, $6; horses, 37| cents each. In August meetings of the Board were held at Palestine. John Lowrey was paid $36.87| for books for the county offices. A seal was adopted, being a scrawl with the words, "Commissioner's Seal." Numerous roads were projected and Superintendents appointed. John Brown, John Milroy and John Lowrey assisted in the survey of Palestine. The following ferry rates were estab- lished: Wagon and four horses, 75 cents, and on each extra horse, 64 cents; HISTORY OF LAWRENCE COUNTY. 69 a two- wheeled, one-horse vehicle, 12| cents, and with lead horse, 6^ cents more; each person over twelve years, 6^ cents; under twelve, 2 cents; sheep, each, 1^ cents; hogs, 1 cent each. Tavern rates, each meal, 25 cents; bed, 12| cents; horse, over night, 50 cents; single feed, 12^ cents. The second sale of lots in Palestine was advertised for November. Rob- ert Mitchell who listed the county in 1818 instead of James Stotts, Jr., was paid $30. The Sheriff, under whose supervision the elections of February and of April, 1818, were held, was paid $22. OTHER ITEMS OF IMPORTANCE. Early in 1819 the Board adopted a seal designed with a harp, a plow and three sheaves of wheat, and a pair of scales, and a weather cock on top. Andrew Evans, the contractor ^to clear the public square, was paid $38. At this time, and before, courts were held in the building of James Benetield. The tax for 1819 was, 37^, 33^ and 25 cents on each 100 acres of first, second and third class land; Blackwell's ferry, $18: Beck's, $8; Milroy & Callans, $5; Towel & Dickson's, $16; Field's, $8; horses 25 cents. Robert Mitchell was paid $32 for listing the county in 1819. During 1819, work on the permanent court house was rapidly pushed. In November, 1819, Robert M. Carlton, County Agent, reported as follows: Total receipts for town lots, $6,579.38; paid to County Treasurer, $5,303.56; paid to County Library, $657.93; balance on hand, $618.09, For some reason the agent failed to make a satisfactory settle- ment to the Board, wherefore he was removed, and William Templeton appointed his successor; but Carlton refused to settle with him, or turn over the funds to him, and Winthrop Foote, attorney, was hired to com- mence suit on his bond. At last Carlton made such a satisfactory report, that he was continued as County Agent; indeed he held that responsible position more than thirty consecutive years, with high credit to himself. John Brown was census taker of the county in 1820. Isaac Farris furn- ished a house in which to hold court in March, 1820. The following bill was allowed the County Agent: Laying out 276 lots in Palestine 1132.00 Selling 249 lots, giving bond, etc., 13-50 Drawing 432 notes @ 6i cents 27.00 Superintending erection of temporary court house 7.00 Taking bonds, advertising court bouse, etc 10.00 Taking bonds, advertising jail, etc., 6.00 Letting the clearing of the public square 4.00 Letting the building of the stray pen 2.00 Total $201.50 By the 3d of February, 1821, the total sales of town lots amounted to $17,580 cash; $8,639.01; notes $5,551.12; due bills $2,927.40. Early this year Allen Brock was appointed County Inspector of flour, beef and pork. Much of the money received for town lots was in the shape of bills of all the banks of the Southwest, the value of which was variable 70 HISTORY OF LAWRENCE COUNTY. and at all times exceedingly doubtful, In 1821 the county bad on hand several hundred dollars of very doubtful bills, which were sold to the highest bidder at auction. The Eighteenth Regiment of State Mili- tia had been organized some time before this in Lawrence County. In 1821 the following men were released from the performance of military duty, owing to conscientious scruples, upon the payment, each of $4: Joseph Harton, William Trueblood, John Cloud, John Caveness, David Oakes, William Kerras, Percival Tyler, Philip Tyler, David Sears, James Malloy, George Rubottom, William Rubottom, William Dicks, Silas Dixon, James Dixon, Thomas Clark, Reuben Davis, Jesse Davis, Warner Davis and Alexander Clark. Joseph Anderson was paid a balance of $13, for work on the public square. In June, 1821, $49 in counterfeit bills, taken by mistake were ordered burned by the Board; also, $126.50 in doubtful bills were sold at auction for $29.98. In this connection the following entry was made on the records: " Ordered that William Kelsey [Treas- urer] be paid out of the treasury, out of the moneys arising from the sale of town lots in Palestine, the sum of $3 for liquor furnished by him and for his attendance at the sale of uncurrent money belonging to the county." The County Agent was ordered to receive nothing but specie for debts due the county, but this order was soon rescinded. Robert Mit- chell was County Lister for the years 1818, 1819, 1820 and 1821, and Joseph Rawlins for 1822, and John Brown for 1823. John Brown was appointed to procure a set of standard weights and measures for the county. A big case in the Circuit Court at this time, was the State vs. James Chess, for counterfeiting gold coin. In May, 1822, Perry Town- ship was created, and Indian Creek Township was extended south to the river. In August, 1822, Samuel Dale was appointed agent to have a well dug on the public square in Palestine. He hired Winston Crouse. John Brown was paid $2 for making a map of Lawrence County. In May, Flinn Township was created with the present boundary, except that it extended south to Fort Ritner. That portion of the county south of Fort Ritner, in the bend of the river, was attached to Bono Township. In 1823, all inn -keepers were required to confine themselves to the following charges: meals 25 cents; lodging 6^ cents; one-half pint French brandy, 25 cents; one-half pint rum 18| cents; one-half-pint wine, 25 cents; one-half pint apple or peach brandy I2f cents; one-half pint whisky, 6^ cents; home feed, over night, 25 cents; single feed, per horse, 12^ cents. THE RE-LOCATION OF THE COUNTY SEAT. For some reason, though the land was high, Palestine had been a very sickly place. Many deaths of malarial or malignant fevers had occurred until the feeling became general that the location of the town had something to do with the disorders. This led to the first demand HISTORY OF LAWRENCE COUNTY. 71 for a re- location of the county seat. Taking advantage of this, a few men who desired a change whereby iheir interests would be benefitted gave wide circulation to the prevailing opinion, and finally culminated the question by securing the passage of the following law: Be it enacted by the General Assembly of the State of Indiana, That Amassa Joselyn, of Owen County, John Ketchum, of Monroe County, Jonathan Lyon, of "Washington County, Ezekiel S. Riley, of Orange County, and William Marshall, of Jackson County, be and they are hereby appointed Commissioners to relocate the seat of justice of the county of Lawrence. The Commissioners aforesaid, or a majority of them, shall meet at Palestine, in said county, on the second Monday in March next, and after being duly sworn shall proceed to the discharge of their duties, and shall procure by donation or by purchase a quantity of land suflBcieut to lay out a town of an equal number of lots with the town of Palestine on an eligible and healthy situation. They shall receive the same pay and be governed in all respects by the provisions of an act entitled " An Act to establish seats of justice in new counties," approved January 14, 1821. Section 2. When the Commissioners aforesaid shall have re-located said county seat it shall be the duty of the agent of said county -to lay off the said town on a plan as nearly similar as may be with the town of Palestine and with a corre- sponding number of lots, and any and every person who shall or may have purchased and paid for any lot or lots, in whole or in part, on completing the pay- ment for the same in the town of Palestine shall have the privilege of exchanging the same for other lot or lots correspondingly situated in the new town that may be laid off by the said Commissioners, by filing and acknowledging before the Recorder of said county an application for such exchange, and the same shall be entered on record by the said Recorder at the expense of the county, which shall pay to the Recorder therefor 50 cents, and the same shall have the effect of an absolute release of all the right, title and interest of such applicant in and to such lot or lots; and it shall be the duty of the agent on being presented with the Recorder's certificate of such relinquishment and application to give to the applicant a good and sufficient warranty deed of the lot or lots in the new town which shall be in a corresponding number with the lot or lots relinquished in Palestine; Provided, that the applications for such exchanges shall be made within twelve months after the re-location of the said county seat. Sec. 3. The Commissioners aforesaid shall also value the donation which was given to the said county of Lawrence for the countj' seat at Palestine, not taking into consideration any improvements made thereon, and the value thereof shall be refunded to the persons who donated the same, or their legal representations out of the moneys arising from the sale of such town lots or other public property as may belong to said county. Sec. 4. The Sheriff of the county of Lawrence shall notify the Commissioners aforesaid of their appointment by this act, and the time and place of meeting; for which he shall receive such compensation as by the Board of Justices of said county shall be deemed just and reasonable to be paid out of the county treasury of said county. Sec. 5. Any person owning any lot or lots in the town of Palestine on which any buildings are erected, and who shall feel himself aggrieved by the re-location of said county seat, may at any time within twelve months after the passage of this act make application to the Board of Justices of said county to have the said lot and buildings valued; and it shall be the duty of the Board of Justices there- upon to appoint one Commissioner, the applicant another, and the two Commis sioners a third, neither of whom shall be residents in said county, of any kin to the applicant or the owners of any real estate therein, who shall meet at Palestine on 72 HISTORY OF LAWRENCE COUNTY. some day, to be agreed on by themselves, within thirty days after their appoint- ment, of which timely notice shall be given by the applicant, and after taking an oath faithfully and impartially to discharge their duty, shall view and value the lot or lots and buildings so improved in Palestine and the lot or lots correspondingly situated in the new town; and they shall certify the difference in the value thereof to the Clerk of said county, to be by him laid before the Board of Justices, and if the difference should be in favor of the lot in Palestine to be allowed and paid, as required in the third section of this act. The said Commissioners appointed under this section shall be allowed the sum of one dollar per day each for their services, to be paid by the county: Provided, however, that the applicant for such valuation shall first file in the Recorder's ofiice of said county an application and relinquish- ment of the same nature, and to leave the same effect as is provided for in the sec- ond section of this act. Sec. 6. The agent of said county shall reserve ten per cent out of the proceeds of the sale of such lots as may be sold for the use of said county in the said re-locat- ed county seat for the use of a county library, which shall be paid over in the same manner as is now provided for by law. Sec. 7. The Board of Jusf;ices for the said county of Lawrence shall, as soon as practicable, commence the erection of the necessary public buildings at said new county seat, and the Circuit and other courts of said county shall be holden at Pales- tine until the said buildings shall be ready for their reception. This act to take effect and be in force from and after its publication in the Indiana Journal. Approved February 9, 1825. REPORT OF THE LOCATING COMMISSIONERS. One month later the Commissioners appointed by this act to re-locate the county seat, having met at Palestine, made their selection and secured the donation of land by certificate, made the following report to the County Board, which was accepted: To the Board of JusUces of the County of Lawrence, State of Indiana: The subscribers, being the Commissioners appointed by an act of the General Assembly of said State entitled "An Act appointing Commissioners tore-locate the seat of justice of Lawrence County," approved February 9, 1835, make the follow- ing report, to wit: That we all met at Palestine of said county of Lawrence, on the second Monday of March, instant and were duly sworn as the law provides for the faithful discharge of our duties, and immediately proceeded to the discharge of the same, and have continued therein from day to day imtil the present time, and have obtained by donation the following described tract or parcel of land for the permanent seat of justice of said county, to-wit: Beginning on the dividing line of Sections 23 and 24 in Township 5 north. Range 1 west, 100 poles south of the corner of Sections 23, 24, 13 and 14; thence west 160 poles to a stake; thence north 200 poles; thence east 160 poles to a stake on the line dividing Sections 13 and 14; thence south 200 poles to the beginning, containing 200 acres of land, for which said tract we have taken a bond for the conveyance to the Board of Justices of said county as the law provides within twelve months from the date hereof in the penal sum of $20,000, conditioned also that the donors shall within six months from the re-location or survey of said town plat, dig and stone on the pub- lic square of said town a well of living and durable water, and within the same time erect and finish in a suitable manner a temparary court house of hewn logs to be at least of equal dimensions with the old temporary court house in Palestine, which bond is executed by Samuel F. Irwin, Joseph Glover, John Owens, Reuben Kilgore, Moses Woodruff and Isaac Stewart as principals, and Moses Fell, Joseph Rawlins, Robert M. Cailton, Marquis D. Knight, John D. Laughlia and John Lowrey as HISTORY OF LAWRENCE COUNTY. 73 sureties, and which we now give to the board as a part of our report. We have •heref ore agreed on the tract of land before mentioned, and selected the same for the permanent seat of justice of said county. We have also valued the donation which was given to the said county of Lawrence for the county seat at Palestine, agree- able to the provisions of the act first aforementioned, and have appraised the value thereof at the sum of $3 per acre. In witness whereof we have hereunto set our hands this 9th day of March, A. D. 1825. Jonathan Lyon, Amassa Joselyn, John Ketchum, William Marshal, E. S. Riley. INCIDENTS OF THE RE-LOCATION. Immediate arrangements were made to erect the necessary building at the new county seat, and to dispose of the property at Palestine, such as could not be removed. The name Bedford was selected for the new seat of justice. The public square was ordered sold to the lowest bidder to be cleared. At this time county business was transacted by the Board of Justices. A committee of these Justices was appointed to assist the County Agent to lay out the county seat, March 30, 1825. Roads were projected in all directions from the county seat like the spokes from the hub of a wheel. The County Clerk was directed to remove his oflSce to Bedford at the earliest moment after the completion of the temporary court house. Committees were selected to value the corresponding lots in Palestine and Bedford in accordance with the legislative enactment. The county buildings at Palestine were ordered leased to merchants or others. Numerous claims were tiled against the county — differences between the valuation of corresponding lots. The men (Benjamin Black- well, Ezekiel Blackwell, Henry Speed and Henry H. Massie) who had donated the 200 acres at Palestine to the county were to be paid accord- ing to the above enactment $3 per acre for their land. Every lot owner in Palestine could transfer his claim to the corresponding lot in Bedford by complying with the law. Many did not do this through neglect, or through the fact of their non-residence, and their ignorance of the neces- sary requirements. Much trouble was caused by this neglect, and sundry lawsuits arose over the settlement of the complications. The fol- lowing act was tinally passed by the Legislature to furnish relief: An act supplemented to an act entitled "an Act appointing Commissioners to relocate the Seat of Justice of Lawrence County " approved February 9, 1825. Be it enacted by the General Assembly of the State of Indiana, That John Raw- ley and all such other persons, their heirs and legal representatives and lawful attorneys, as may have been, on the 9th day of February, 1825, owners of any lot or lots in the town of Palestine in Lawrence County, for which the purchase money has been paid to the agent of said county, and who may have neglected to apply for the benefit of the act to which this act is a supplement, shall and may within eighteen months from the 1st day of February, 1829, apply for an exchange of lot or lots so by him or them owned in said town of Palestine, for the corresponding lot or lots in the town of Bedford, according to the provisions of said act. And if such corresponding 74 HISTORY OF LAWRENCE COUNTY. lot or lots shall have been sold, such owner or owners shall be entitled to receive from Ihe county treasujy of said county by order drawn by the Board of Justices of said county, the price such corresponding lot or lots sold for. Approved December 26, 1828. ACTS OF THE COUNTY AGENT. The following report was spread upon the records: The subscribers, being a committee of the Board of Justices of the county of Lawrence, appointed to settle with the agent of said county, have attended to that duty, and now make the following report, to wit: That the agent be charged with the following amount, being the amount of the sales of lots in Palestine, as appears by the sale billsof said town $17,826 00 Also to interest received on money collected 172 56i Total 17,998 56i They find also that the agent is entitled to the following credits, to wit: On orders heretofore filed in the Clerk's oflice, and now examined by us $12,726 00 New orders now exhibited, and now filed in the clerks office 1,009 53 Amount of notes now exhibited, and in the hands of the agent, after deducting the credits thereon 2,553 82 Amount of sales of the following lots on which no pay- ments have been made, and which have forfeited to the county, to-wit: lots No. 95, 96, 268, 274, 275. 239,240, 227, 196, 183, 184, 148, 144, and fractional lots Nos. 32, 25 and 3, the amount of the sales of said lots being 435 00 Receipts exhibited by the agent for notes in officers' hands for collection after deducting therefrom the amount indorsed thereon as paid over by said officers. . . 978 48i Total 17,702 83i Leaving a balance due from the agent of 295 73 To offset against the above, it appears by an order on the books of the Board of Commissioners of said county, that the agent is entitled to a compensation of 3 per cent on all moneys received by him, for his services; which amount received as appears by the foregoing, is. . 13,908 09 and the per centage thereon is 417 24 Leaving a balance due to the agent of 121 51 All of which is submitted. Samuel G. Hoskins, Louis Roberts , RoLLiN C. Dewey, Dated March 24, 1825. Committee. ADDITIONAL ITEMS OF INTEREST. Richard Evans hauled the county records from Palestine to Bedford. In September, 1825, the public well was reported finished at Bedford in accordance with the above enactment and was received by the County Board. Abraham Music was paid $29. 50 for work done in clearing the public square at Bedford, Several slight changes were made in the boundaries of HISTORY OF LAWRENCE COUNTY. 75 some of the townships at this time. Marion Township was created Jan- uary 3, 1826, with its present limits, eight miles east and west, and from Orange County to the river, north and south. John Owen assisted to clear the public square. In May, 1826, all the townships were laid off into road districts for the first time. Tax was levied upon brass clocks, gold watches, silver or pinch-back watches, etc. John Brown was Connly Lister in 1825 and 1826. Samuel S. Francis was paid $55 for a pump for the town well. In 1827 it was found necessary to bring suit on the bonds of the donors of land to the county at Bedford, to enforce the signing of the deeds of conveyance. Town orders were ordered received in payment for town lots. At this time the Clerk's office was in a building furnished by Winthrop Foote. Considerable money began to be paid out for wolf scalps. In 1830 the County agent was authorized to dispose of the county property at Palestine, including the land, on credit if no better terms could be obtained. Moses Fell was School Commissioner at this date and had been for many years. In September, 1831, the Legislature re-established three County Commissioners in place of the Board of Jus- tices. William Kelsey was appointed agent of the three per cent fund. John Brown made another map of the county, which showed all the water- courses, section lines, etc. In November, 1834, the postoffice, which for some time had been kept in the County Clerk's office, was ordered removed. In January, 1830, George G. Dunn, who liad been appointed by the Board to settle with R. M. Carlton, County Agent, reported that the total debits of the agent were $20,168. 09f, and the total credits $20,018,374, leaving a balance due the county in the hands of the agent of $149.72^. The proceeds from the sale of lots in Bedford were of course not near so large as from the sales in Palestine, owing to the fact of the transfer of ownership of lots from Palestine to Bedford. The first sale in Bedford took place June 12, 1826, the proceeds being $1,849.25, of which $201.01 were in notes, a portion of which was not realized. In 1840 the following rates for liquor license were established: Bedford, $40; Leesville, $40; Bono, $30; Lawrenceport, $30; Fayette- ville, $30; SpringvilJe, $30; Paris, $25; Port William, $25; Pinhook, $25; Helton's store (Pleasant Run Township), $25, and each of all other places in the county $25. In this year Moses Fell, School Commissioner, died, and was succeeded by Michael A. Malott. A fence was built around the court house by Robert M. Alexander and William Stone, at a cost of $140. Richard Butler was paid $100 for laying a stone pavement around the court house. The presence of the Branch of the State Bank at Bedford made the town quite a financial center, and several brokers established offices, their licenses being fixed by the County Board at $100 per annum. George G. Dunn was agent of the surplus revenue, which in 1840 amounted to $10,202.91. In 1844 Henry T. Templeton was selected as 76 HISTORY OF LAWRENCE COUNTY. student to enter the State University free of tuition to represent the county. Ambrose C. Parks was also sent as a student. In 1845 G. G. Dunn was given the south jury roora in the court house for an office. The Masonic lodge was privileged to occupy the room one night in each week In 1846 the pressure for appointment to the State University became so great that the following selections were made: W. M. Davis, 1849-53; F. M. Dixon, 1850-54; J. B. Armstrong, 1851-55; Newton Dixon, 1852-56; Levi Hanson, 1853-57; Wiley Dixon, 1854-58; W. G. Hastings, 1855-59; W. A. Burton, 1856-60; James Reed, 1857-61; John Q. A. Blackwell to Wabash College, 1852-56. County offices were built in 1848 by B. F. Huston. All shows and dances for exhibition were excluded from the court house. In about 1849 John Reed suc- ceeded M. A. Malott, as School Commissioner. In 1851, the Sons of Temperance, the Masons and all other secret societies were ordered excluded from the court house. A lot in Bedford owned by the county library was ordered sold. In 1852 J. W. Thomp- son, County Treasurer, became ex-officio School Commissioner. In 1853 G. A Thornton, County Clerk, was paid $17 for registering seventeen negroes and mulattos; he also bought for the county a new set of weights and measures. June 4, 1855, the township of Marshall was created, its limits being all and no more of Congressional Township 6 north. Range 1 west, all southeast of Salt Creek, was afterward (1856) attached to Shaws- wick. Elections were ordered held at the town of JMarshall. In 1855 the Congressional school fund amounted to $14,701.61, and the common school fund to $16,238.12. A new jail was built in 1859 by John X. Miller. As early as August, 1861, the County Board' began to furnish means from' the county treasury for the relief of soldiers' families; but this act soon met with considerable hostility, and the question of appro- priating county funds for that purpose was submitted to the qualified voters of the county at the October election, 1861, and was carried by a large majority. Under the call of December, 1864; for volunteers, the county quota was 149 men. To raise this number a bounty of $100 was offered by the board for each volunteer, and bonds to the amount of $14,- 900 were ordered sold. Large amounts of funds were distributed for the relief of soldiers' families. In March, 1866, a petition signed by 180 residents of the territory concerned .was presented to the Board asking for the formation of a new township out of the townships of Shawswick, Bono and Flinn, and asking that the same might be called Morton Town- ship, After diie deliberation the township was created, but was named Guthrie, after the prominent family there of that name. It was bounded almost exactly as at present, and in June of the same year was made exactly as at present. In 1868 the Board paid $150 for a county map for each of the four leading county offices. In the summer of 1869 it was decided to commence preparations for the erection of a large court house. HISTORY OF LAWRENCE COUNTY. 77 COURT HOUSES AND JAILS. At the first meeting of the County Board, in March, 1818, a temporary court house was ordered built of logs, on some suitable lot in Palestine prepared for that purpose, the structure to be 20x24 feet, of logs " that will face one foot front," and to be two stories high "built in a good workmanlike manner," with a substantial cabin roof, and the contract to erect this building was ordered sold to the lowest bidder April 11, 1818. Samuel Dale took the contract, but at what price cannot be stated, though at about 1500. The house was completed late in the fall after several stoppages from unknown causes. This building was used about two years, or until the first real court house was completed. THE PALESTINE COUET HOUSE. In November, 1818, steps were taken to build a large court house. John McLane was appointed to superintend the erection of the building, which was to be octagonal, with stone foundation and brick walls and with forty-five windows of twelve lights each, and to be two-storied and tAventy- three feet to the square. In December this order was rescinded. In January, 1819, the sale of the building of the court house was ordered advertised in the Salem Tocsin and the Indiana Gazette at Corydon, the plan of the building to be drawn by Robert M. Carlton and John Lowrey. In general the building was to be two stories high, of brick, the bight of the first story sixteen feet, and the second fourteen, the foundation to be of stone 45x45 feet, the walls of brick, two feet thick, three doors, thirty- six windows, four chimneys, six fire hearths, each window to have twenty- four lights of 10x12 inches each, the judges' bench to be fifteen feet long and five feet wide, the building to be surmounted with a cupola bearino- an iron rod and two brass balls with a brass eagle between the latter three feet from tip to tip, ' ' the body to be hollow and the eagle to be curiously and artistically wrought," the building to have four rooms above and to have a steel lightning rod and a bell weighing 300 pounds and to be ready for occupancy within two years. The contractor was to receive $1, 500 in advance, $2,000 when the roof was on, and the balance when the structure was completed. James Gregory and John Anderson took the contract, and were allowed the privilege of making brick and dressing stone on the public square. Work was immediately begun, changes being made from time to time in the building as above described. The contractors received their advance payment of $1,500 in February, 1819. Sixteen windows were omitted from the original plan. The sec- ond installment was paid the contractors December 17, 1819, showing that the roof was on the court house. After this work on the house lan- guished. The contractors for some reason failed to go on with the build- ing and in July, 1821, the Board appointed a committee of three brick- layers and three masons, William Rodman, Peter Nagle, Lemuel Ford, 78 HISTORY OF LAWRENCE COUNTY. James S. Means, John E. Clark and Jabez Anderson, to examine the building and estimate the value of the work already done. They reported it worth $3,670.70. Samuel D. Bishop was then appointed special agent to finish the house. He did so during the fall of 1821 at a cost of $1,791.37. This made the building cost about $5,291.37, exclusive of the finishing and foundation, which increased the cost to about $5,500. Winthrop Foote plastered the house, and in August, 1822, it was ready for occupancy. The old court house — the temporary building — was ordered leased, which was done to Kelsey & Mitchell, merchants, but a little later to Isaac Stewart, merchant, for $50 per year. It was weather-boarded and painted with Spanish brown. Later, the price was reduced to $33 per annum. THE JAIL AT PALESTINE. In May, 1818, the construction of a combined jail and jailor's resi- dence was sold at auction to Thomas Beagley. The building was to be 15x17 feet 9 inches, two stories high, to be of heavy logs one foot square, eight feet between floors in each story, to be lined with heavy planks spiked on perpendicularly. In February, 1819, Thomas Beazley was paid $1,000 on his contract, and in August $500 more; but after this further work on the building was dropped. In 1820, upon petition of twelve citizens suit was brought upon the contractor's bond which, after search, could not be found, and proceedings were therefore suspended. In July, 1821, the same committee appointed to value the court house also valued the "gaol and gaoler's house," making a reduction of $237.- 03| on the contract price, which was $2,000. The contractor had previ- ously been paid $1,500, and he was now paid a balance of $262,964- The building was immediately finished and occupied. riKST COURT HOUSES AT BEDFORD. Early in 1825 a temporary court house of logs, 22x26 feet, two stories high, and in all other essential respects similar to the temporary court house in Palestine was built at Bedford, the cost being about $500. This house was used for many purposes for several years. School was taught therein, and religious gatherings occupied it. In 1827 it was weather- boarded by Samuel D. Bishop for $34.66. No thought was entertained for a new house until 1831, when in March the Board called for propos- als to construct a court house similar to the one ia Salem. Robert M. Mitchell went to Salem in May, and procured complete plans of the structure there. The old buildings at Palestine were ordered sold, the proceeds to be used in the construction of the new house. John Lowrey took the contract at $5,000, to be paid in installments of $1,000 in ad- vance; $1,333. 33| in May, 1832; $1,333.33| in January, 1833, and the remainder upon completion of the building, which time was set for May, HISTORY OF LAWRENCE COUNTY. 79 1834, Lowrey's bond bears date May 3, 1831, with Winthrop Foote, ' William Kelsey and Moses Fell as sureties. The contract was in all re- spects complied with by the contractor, and the building was accepted in May, 1834. Baker & Phelps, who did extra woi-k on the house, were paid extra. THE JAIL OF 1828-29, AND OTHER ITEMS. In May, 1828, proposals were called for to build a jail in Bedford, and in July the contract was awarded to Samuel D. Bishop for $660. The house was of logs, and was paid for in installments of $200, and completed late in 1829. The Building Committee were Roilin C. Dewey, Francis Williams and Robert Mitchell. This building was used many years. The old court house lot in Bedford was sold in 1833. In the spring of 1848 B. F. Huston took the contract to build on the square a small sti^ucture for county officers. On the 7th of March his first install- ment of $300 was paid. The house was completed the same year at a cost of about $1,000. The following memorial was presented to the County Board, January 9, 1839: To the Honorable, the Board of Commissioners of Lawrence County: We, the undersigned citizens of the town of Bedford and county of Lawrence, respectfully represent to your honorable body that that portion of the public square immediately contiguous to the court house is in such a condition that the quantity of dirt washed away at every rain is materially injuring the court house. In behalf, therefore, of the citizens of Bedford, and to protect the court house, we hereby petition your honorable body to appoint a suitable Commissioner with authority to fence in and grade such portion of it immediately around the court house (not less than one hundred feet) as you may think necessary, and we, the said citizens of Bedford, will grade and finish the remainder of said square. Janu- ary 8, 1839. M. A. Malott, Matthew Borland, Henry Hendricks, N. D. Glazebrook, R. Mitchell, James W. Freeman, Thomas Owens, F. W. Dickson, Mortimer Bostick, Jean Hall, H. Edwards, Isaac Rector, Michael W. Houston, Alpheus Phelps, John Brown, William M. Hunter, S. F. Irwin, L. Q. Hoggatt, E. C. Moberly, William M. Mason, Daniel Dunihue, John B. Buskirk, Marquis D. Knight, Zeno Worth, William McLane, Turner Sullivan, R. W. Thompson, John Vestal, James T. Smith, Joseph Rawlins, R. M. Carlton, Isaac Fish, Isaac Denson, S. Rankin, George G. Dunn, John Edwards, Jr., Andrew Owens, D. R. Dunihue, H. J. Acoam, Lewis Younger. William H. Pro, Richard Evans, This proposition was accepted by the Board, and the work was car- ried into effect. THE JAIL BUILDING OF 1858. In December, 1857, the work of building a new combined jail and jailor's residence was begun. Specifications were prepared calling for a brick jailor's residence aad a stone jail to be built together, and proposals were called for. During the winter the contract was awarded to John X. Miller at $9,900, and early in the spring work was begun. It was found necessary to issue county bonds to carry on the work, which was done to 80 HISTORY OF LAWRENCE COUNTY. the amount of $4,300. The year 1858 saw the building go up, but it was not fully completed until September, 1859, at which time it was for- mally accepted by the Board, and the remainder of the contract price paid. This building is yet in use, is substantial, with strong rooms for prisoners and a comfortable home for the jailor or sheriff, and bids fair to last many years. THE PRESENT COURT HOUSE. In the summer of 1869, bids were called for from contractors for the erection of a new court house. Plans were prepared and in July the work was let to William and George Muir for $12,700. It was advertised that the old court house could be used in the construction of the new. The contract with the Muirs was not consummated, and July 16, 1869, Napo- leon B. Wilson's bid to erect the building for $16,900 was accepted, but he soon withdrew his offer. August 11, 1869, Thomas N. Stevens and Thomas A. Whitted proposed to erect the building according to the plan, for $18,300, and gave bond for the faithful discharge of the contract. A strong effort was made at this time and later to have the new building erected elsewhere than on the public square, for the reason that the loca- tion at the latter place, being contiguous to the depot, was too noisy and dustv, and that the buildings then standing were valuable, but would not be so if torn down. This was opposed by others, but the County Board bought Lot 27 of W. C. Winstandley for $700 and Lot 28 of Clarissa Acoam for $1,000, intending to erect the building thereon, and made preparations to carry that intention into effect. The matter ran on until April, 1870, when the Board were petitioned to erect the house on the public square, and a donation of about $1,500 was offered as an induce- ment to change the location. This offer was at last accepted, and arrangements were made to erect the building where it now stands, and an entirely new plan was prepared and contracts entered into with Thomas N. Stevens for $75,000 including the two lots 27 and 28, which had been bought by the Board and which were now turned over to Stevens at their purchase price, $1,700. Prior to this Hall & Harrison had erected the foundation of the present court house for nearly $8,000. In September, 1870, court house bonds to the amount of $10,000 bearing 10 per cent interest were issued and sold at par. June 5, 1871, court house bonds to the amoiint of $50,000 in denominations of $1,000 each, bearing 10 per cent interest, $12,000 due in two years, $12,000 in three years, $13,000 in four years, and $13,000 in five years, were issued and sold at par, $48,000 to Joseph Rawlins and $2,000 to E. D. Pearson. With the money thus promptly realized, the work was rapidly pushed and was completed in 1872. The old court house was sold June, 1871, to Davis Harrison for $1,100. If the author mistakes not. the money donated by the citizens as an inducement to have the building erected on the square, was refunded to the donors. September 3, 1872, $7,000 bonds were HISTORY OF LAWRENCE COUNTY. 81 sold to get means to grade the square; they were payable nine months after date. The court house is a line two-story structure, with court room above and county offices below, with a roomy basement containing the water-closets, which are thoroughly washed by water from the roof and drained by an ample sewer. It was built of the famous St. Louis gray limestone or ' ' Bedford stone, " cost, including everything, about $100,000, and is a credit to the county. THE COUNTY, TOWNSHIP AND m'CLURE LIBRARIES. The law creating the county provided for the appropriation for a county library of 10 per cent of the proceeds of the sale of town lots. As the proceeds were considerable, the library was early placed on a firm footing, and has endured until the present. Its usefulness during this long period cannot be told in language. Every old resident of the coun- ty has read over those antiquated books until their contents are part and parcel of himself, and are difiused through society with his intelligence. The information they contain has left its permanent impression on the manners and comprehension of the county. The first books were pur- chased in 1819, and were kept in the court house by John Lowrey, Coun- ty Clerk, and consisted of about 100 volumes of the standard books of that day, such as Josephus' "Works, Curran's Speeches, Pope's Essay on Man, Simpson's Plea, Cowper's Poems, Shakespeare's Poems, Life of Washington, Life of Fi'anklin, American Constitutions, Dialogue of Devils, Clark's Travels, Encyclopedias, Rollin's Ancient History, Wes- ley's Philosophy, Paradise Lost, Polite Learning, etc., etc. Late in 1819 the library fund amounted, with what had already been spent, to $530.35, and by February, 1821, to $749.13. Tbe greater portion of this was put out at interest. In 1821 a neat book-case was made and placed in the northeast room of the court house at Palestine, and in this the books were kept. Nearly all the prominent early residents of Palestine and Bedford were at times members of the Library Trustees. In 1840 there were about 500 volumes of books, and this figure has been about the height of the collection. In 1824 the fund was $895, and its probable extent was about $1,200. Not more than half of this amount, if that much, was spent, the remainder being loaned out at interest. At one time the library owned a lot in town, which was finally sold. The permanent fund now amounts to about $2,000, and the books are kept in the Recorder's office. In 1856 the State furnished the county with eight township libraries, which were distributed in proportion to population. Each library comprised about 300 volumes of general matter. Some of these are yet in good shape^ though the most are scattered and useless. Late in the fifties the McClure Libraries were received — two or three in the county, and laboring men's institutes were formed for their manage- ment, but after about six years the design of the benevolent testator was 82 HISTORY OF LAWRENCE COUNTY . carelessly thwarted by the distribution of the books to the members, oi possibly by their actual sale at public auction. THE COUNTY PAUPERS. The first order that appears upon the records as having been paid by the county for the relief of the poor was in the summer of 1819, and was for $30, to James H. Johnson, of Bono Township, who furnished the relief. The pauper was Matthew Rose, who continued upon the county for several years. In November $29 more was paid to Johnson for keep - ing. Dr. Winthrop Foote was paid $5 for medical attendance upon this poor person. Later Allen Brock was paid for keeping Rose. Dr. Ezra Child was also paid for attending Rose. In 1820 Robert Dougherty was paid $41. 11 for care of one Ritter, a pauper. Foote was paid $10 for medical attendance on this pauper. Other reports began to be received. Each township had Overseers of the Poor, who hunted out poor persons, farmed them out to the lowest responsible bidders, received and audited the expense accounts of the keepers, and sent the bills to the County Board for final arbitrament and settlement. In 1820 there was spent for paupers $73. 20, and in 1822 $103. In 1825 the amount was $1 22.65 ; in 1827, was $130; in 1830, was $157.80; in 1833, was $187.29, and in 1835 was $467.45. By this time the poor were quite a burden. Dr. John C. Gavins was county physician about this time. THE FIRST POOR ASYLUM. In June, 1842, William Newland was appointed agent to select and purchase a site for a poor asylum, in amount not to exceed 160 acres nor be less than 80 acres, and to be within eight miles of Bedford. By November he had accordingly bought a farm of 160 acres, of Green- bury Owens, for $800. Upon this farm was an ordinary dwelling of that period, which was immediately fitted up with new floor, etc., for the reception of paupers, with Mr. Owens as Superintendent. The Superin- tendent was to have charge of the farm, and was to care for all paupers, and be furnished all necessary supplies by the county. Winthi"op Foote was employed as County Doctor at $1 per visit, medicine extra. In March, 1843, there were seven inmates. Owens tiled his bills which were paid by the Board, the bill in March, 1843, being $97.35 for the quarter for pork, lard, corn, cofi'ee, sugar, dressed deerskins, etc. In March, one cold night, an inmate named James Bird, a worn-out old man, who was about half demented, ran away from the asylum, and when found the next day was dead, frozen to death. The Superintendent in 1843 sowed thirteen acres of oats, and planted fifteen acres of corn. In the spring of 1844 there were four inmates, and in 1845 only one. In 1845-46 James W. Freeman, Greenbury Owen and John Colwell were Poor Superintend- ents jointly. They gave a hired man charge of the farm. The poor of 1840 cost about $320, and of 1844-45 only $322. 50. M. A. Malott was HISTORY OF LAWRENCE COUNTY. 83 one of the Superintendents in 1846. New and detailed arrangements for the management of the paupers were adopted about this time. The poor expense of 1845—46 was only $165.92, a great falling off. Free- man, Malott and Owen were yet Superintendents. An orchard of apple, peach and cherry trees was planted on the poor farm in 1847. There were six inmates in 1846, and seven in 1847. The expense of 1846-47 was $835.47. J. T. Woodward was Poor Doctor in 1847. The poor of 1848 — six in number in the asylum — cost $469.21. One man, Jonathan Loveall, became Superintendent in 1849, for three years. A new roof was put on the old building in 1849. The poor expense of 1849-50 was $648.93. A new frame building was erected on the farm in 1851, by Levi Overman, for $790, and was moved into in November of that year. A visiting committee at this time had general charge of the asylum and farm. Eli Wilson leased the poor farm in 1853 for three years. He was paid $60 each year for each permanent pauper, and given the free rent of the farm. Wilson had enemies who endeavored to oust him from his position, but failed. The question was settled in the Circuit Court. He resigned and was succeeded by M. W. Medearis, Dr. D. J. Hostetter being the physician. The expenses of 1855-56 were $1,619. 93. Joseph Stillson was also county physician. Each permanent pauper cost $80 per year. Daniel Baker was Superintendent in 1857-58. Ben Newland doctored the paupers. John Henderson was Superintendent in 1859-60. There were twelve inmates in 1860. The rules for the keeping of the paupers and for the management of the farm adopted in 1855 continued to be the guidance until within the last ten or fifteen years. The poor of 1859-60 cost $2,132.60; of 1862-63 cost $1,941.85. W. C. Mitchell was Superintendent from 1861 to 1870. He was paid $75 for each pau- per, and was to pay $75 for rent. This price was changed from time to time, being in 1867 the rent of the farm free and $140 for each pauper. The expenses of 1864-65 were $4,412.90; of 1867-68 were $5,004.79. William Day became Superintendent in 1870, and was to receive $2.15 per week for each pauper, and to pay $275 for the use of the farm. There were eighteen permanent paupers in March, 1873. Early in the seventies Archibald Anderson contracted to erect a two-storied frame poor-house for $1,700. This house was built and is yet in use. Early in the eighties John Scaggan served as Poor Superintendent. There are at present about thirty inmates. The number admitted during the aver- age year lately is about fifty. William Day is the present Superintendent. ORIGIN OF THE COMMON SCHOOL FUND. Surplus revenue $10,202 91 Saline fund 560 44 Bank tax fund 756 26 From sale of county seminary 1,066 30 Sinking fund of 1872-73 5,558 64 Fines, forfeitures, etc., to June, 1884 10,833 28 Total f 28,977 83 84 HISTORY OF LAWRENCE COUNTY. ORIGIN OF THE CONGRESSIONAL FUND. Section 16, Township 3 north, Range 1 east | 317 55 Section 16, Township 3 north. Range 2 east 327 89 Section 16, Township 4 north, Range 1 east 880 65 Section 16, Township 4 north. Range 2 east 615 53 Section 16, Township 5 north. Range 1 east 2,381 20 Section 16, Township 5 north, Range 2 east 737 00 Section 16, Township 6 north. Range 1 east 1,240 00 Section 16, Township 6 north, Range 2 east 580 01 Section 16, Township 3 north. Range 1 west 828 90 Section 16, Township 3 north. Range 2 west 1,503 00 Section 16, Township 4 north. Range 1 west 1,016 66 Section 16, Township 4 north. Range 2 west 1,048 60 Section 16, Township 5 north. Range 1 west. 1,255 60 Section 16, Township 5 north, Range 2 west 810 00 Section 16, Township 6 north, Range 1 west 557 50 Section 16, Township 6 north. Range 2 west 1,227 00 115,327 09 JUSTICES OF THE PEACE. Samuel G. Hoskins, Isaac Anderson, Edward Moore, Daniel Pyle, James Fidler, Daniel Green, Joel Conley, Absalom Fields, Samuel Owens, William Tweaky, William Kelsey, 1818; John Short, William Elrod, William Dale, 1819; Robert McCann, Christian Zabrisky, 1820; Rollin C. Dewey, 1821 ; John Vestal, Robert Gartain, Adam House, Basil Gaither, Simon Gilbert, 1822; Isaac Fish, Daniel Pyle, James Taggart, John Williams, William Flinn, Lewis Roberts, Robert Ander- son, 1823; John Donaldson, Reuben Rainey, John Hammersly, Robert Millsap, William Blair, 1824; William Dale, 1825; Jonathan Todd, JosiahBeasley, 1826; R. C. Dewey, Jacob Roberts, Oily Crooke, John J. Barnett, Robert Anderson, 1827; Francis Williams, Joel Conley, Sanders McHoward, John R. Crooke, Robert Flinn, Daniel Pyle, Mark Trueblood, S. G. Hoskins, 1828; James Batman, Drury Davis, 1829; Stephanus Hoggatt, Thomas Jolly, William Patersou, Matthias Lemon, 1830; Alfred Athon, Alfred Alexander, John Humston, Robert Porter, Samuel D. Bishop, 1831; S. G. Hoskins, Granville Crump, Noah Boone, Oily Crooke, William Blair, Thomas W. Stephens, Jacob Roberts, 1832; Alexander H. Dunihue, P. G. Panghl, George Carr, James Henderson, J. R. Crooke, Mark Trueblood, Joseph Henderson, Robert Flinn, 1833; Lyman Gould, John Chestnut, 1834; William Fish, Dean Barns, Mat- thew Borland, Felix G. Rawlins, Daniel Dunihue, John Rains, 1835; James Wilder, David R. Lilly, Alexander H. Gainey, J. J. Barnett, James W. Freeman, 1836; James Davis, R. M. Alexander, Samuel Pot- ter, Granville Crump, Reuben Simpson, 1837; William Blair, Johnson Fitzpatrick, James Ellison, William Shields, James Henderson, Russell Mitchell, John Winfrey, 1838; Alexander Sutherland, Robert Flinn, Oily Crooke, L. Q. Hoggatt, Elias P. Kennedy, Mortimer Bostick, James Batman, James Erwin, 1839; Eli Burton, Alonzo S. Wilcox, Dean HISTORY OF LAWRENCE COUNTY. 85 Barnes, Matthew Borland, Zachariah Whitted, John Rains, 1840; Will- iam Rains, A. H. Burton, "William Templeton, 1841; John R. Nugent, Henry Withers, 1842; Robert Ellison, John Rains, James Henderson, Henry Davis, Jesse Keitley, 1843; John D. Thomasson, Oily Crooke, William H. Anderson, 1844; Russell Mitchell, James Batman, Arthur Hastings, Lewis J. Baker, Dean Barnes, William Root, Matthew Borland, Robert Holaday, James Hughes, 1845. COUNTY COMMISSIONERS. Ambrose Carlton, Thomas Beazley and James Stotts, March, 1818; James Fulton, 1819, vice Carlton; Richard Williams, 1819, vice Fulton; Jacob Wagoner, 1820, vice ytotts; James S. Mitchell, 1820, vice Wag- oner; Benjamin Blackwell, 1821, vice Beazley; Winthrop Foote, 1821, vice Blackwell; William MoLain, 1821, vice Williams; Moses Lee, 1822, vice McLain; John R. Crooke, 1823, vice Mitchell; John D. Laughlin, 1823, vice Foote; John Brown, 1824, vice Crooke; Winthrop Foote, 1824, vice Laughlin. In September, 1824, the Justices of the Peace took the place of the County Commissioners in the transaction of county business, but were replaced by the following Commissioners in Septem- ber, 1831: Samuel F. Irwin, Absalom Fields, John Newland, 1831; Hugh Hamer, 1833, vice Fields; Joseph Rawlins, 1834, vice Irwin; Vin- son Williams, 1835, vice Rawlins; Thomas Lemon and William Fish, 1836, vice Williams and Newland; William Johnson, 1838, vice Lemon; Felix G. Rawlins, 1839, vice Hamer; Vinson R. Williams, 1840, vice Fish; Thomas Dixon, 1841, vice Johnson; Ephraim Brock, 1842, vice Rawlins; Vinson Williams, 1843; Thomas Dixon, 1844; Ephraim Brock, 1845; Vinson Williams, 1846; Thomas Dixon, 1847; David S. Lewis, 1848, vice Brock; Abraham Kern, 1849, vice Williams; Thomas Dixon, 1850; John Rains, 1851, vice Lewis; David Mclntire, 1852, vice Kern; Thomas Dixon, 1853; Uriah Dilley, 1854, vice Mclntire; John Rains, 1854; Lewis J. Baker, 1855, vice Rains; Thomas Dixon, 1856; David Mclntire, 1857, vice Dilley; James W. Prow, 1858, vice Mclntire, resigned; John Rains, 1858, vice Baker; Robert R. Stewart, 1858, vice Prow; Henry C. Huston, 1859; J. W. Prow, 1860, vice Stewart; Am- brose Kern, 1861, vice Rains; W. A. Holland, 1861, vice Huston; Allen C. Burton, 1862, vice Huston; William H. Anderson, 1864, vice Kern; H. M. Guthrie, 1865, vice Holland; Allen C. Burton, 1865; Alfred Guthrie, 1866, vice H. M. Guthrie; Oliver P. Anderson, 1867, vice W. H. Anderson; Thomas J. Reed, 1868, vice Guthrie; Allen C. Burton, 1868; David L. Sheeks, 1870; Ari Armstrong, 1870; William A. Hol- land, 1871; Wesley Edwards, 1872, vice Sheeks; Ari Armstrong, 1873; William Hunter, 1874, vice Holland; Wesley Edwards, 1875; Alexander C. Glover, 1876, vice Armstrong; Cranston T. Dodd, 1877; David L. Sheeks, 1878, vice Edwards; A. C. Glover 1879; William Stickles, 1880, 86 HISTORY OF LAWRENCE COUNTY. vice Dodd; Tilghman H. Williams, 1881, vice Slieeks; A. C. Glover, 1882; William Stickles, 1883. REPRESENTATIVES. Samuel Chambers (of Orange County), 1818; Joseph Glover, 1822; Vinson Williams, 1823; William Erwin. 1824; Lewis Roberts, 1826; Vinson Williams, 1828; Pleasant Parks, 1829; Hugh L. Livingston and William B. Slaughter, 1832; John Brown and Absalom Fields, 1833; Pleasant Parks and Richard W. Thompson, 1834; R. W. Thompson and Noah Boone, 1835; Vinson Williams and Noah Boone, 1836; V. Williams and Melchert Helmer, 1837; M. Helmer and George W. Carr, 1838; Hugh Hamer and Robert M. Carlton, 1839; H. Hamer and G. W. Carr, 1840; Ralph G. Norvell and John J. Barnett, 1841; same 1842; R. G. Norvell and William Burton, 1843; W. Burton and Lucian Q. Hoggatt, 1844; G. W. Carr and John Edwards, 1845; same 1846; Samuel W. Short, 1847; G. W. Carr, 1848 (Speaker of the House); G. W. Carr, 1849; George Isom, 1850; Melchert Helmer, 1851; David S. Lewis, 1852; * * D. S. Lewis, 1854; * * Robert Boyd, 1856; Nathaniel Williams, 1861; Robert Boyd, 1864; Moses F. Dunn, 1866; William H. Edwards, 1872; A. J. Williams, 1874; Alfred Guth- rie, 1876; Mr. Dalton, 1878; Joseph Gardner, 1880; James McClelland, 1882. SENATORS. John DePauw, 1818; (see Orange County History), James Gregory, 1821; Samuel Chambers, 1822; John Milroy, 1826; John G. Clendenin, 1829; Samuel Chambers, 1832; Richard W. Thompson, 1836; Gustavus Clark, 1838; George W. Carr, 1841; Hugh Hamer, 1844; M. A. Malott, 1847; George G. Dunn, 1850; * * A. J. Hostetler, 1855; Thomas R. Cobb (Lawrence and Martin Counties), 1858; Aaron Houghton (Martin and Lawrence Counties), 1867; James Hughes (Lawrence and Monroe Counties), 1869; George W. Friedley (Lawrence and Monroe Counties), 1872; W. B. F. Treat (Lawrence and Monroe Counties), 1877; William Taylor (Lawrence, Martin and Dubois Counties), 1881; James H. Willard (Lawrence, Martin and Dubois Counties), 1883. SCHOOL EXAMINERS. Wiley Dixon, Newton F. Malott and James T. Shields, 1858; Newton F. Malott, Eli Baldwin and Wiley Dixon, 1859; A. C. Voris, John L. Stewart and Dodridge Short, 1860; W. N. Bullett, A. C. Voris and Dodridge Short, 1861; George Sheeks, June, 1861, under the new law for three years alone. A. D. Lemon, September, 1861, vice Sheeks gone to the war; J. M. Stalker, 1866; William M. May, 1867; James B. Crowe, 1868; William B. Chrisler, 1872; James P. Funk, 1873; first Superintendent, William B. Chrisler, 1874; E. B. Thornton, 1879; W. B. Chrisler, 1881; W. D. Ellison, 1883. HISTORY OF LAWRENCE COUNTY. 87 PBOBATE JUDGES. Benjamin Blackwell, 1824; William Erwin, 1829; Rollin C. Dewey, 1832; Ashier Wilcox, 1833; William Duncan, 1836; Isaac N. Senter, 1844; William Newland, 1846. ABSOOIATE JUDGES. John Milroy and William Erwin, 1818; William Fields, 1820; vice Milroy; Joseph Athon, 1831; Pleasant Padget, 1831: Elzy Woodward, 1835; JohnWhitted, 1838; Joseph Hosteller, 1841; Alexander Butler, 1845; John Whitted, 1849; Zachariah Whitted, 1851. TREASURERS. John Anderson, March, 1818; Samuel W. Biggs, 1819; William Kelsey, 1819; Rollin C. Dewey, 1822; Ezekiel Blackwell, 1823; Rollen C. Dewey, 1824; John Brown, 1828; R. C. Dewey, 1829; Francis F Williams, 1831; Edward C. Moberly, 1832; William Templeton, 1834 A. H. Dunihue, 1835; Joseph Rawlins, 1836; Winthrop Foote, 1839 John W. Thompson, 1841; Henry Davis, 1853; George Sheeks, 1856 Dean Barnes, 1858; Thomas H. Malott, 1862; Hugh Erwin, 1864; John B. Glover, 1868; Robert Kelly, 1872; E. C. Newland, 1874; F. A. Sears, 1877; J. D. Moore, 1880; Robert Kelly, 1882. RECORDERS. Robert C. Stotts, March 2, 1818; John Lowrey, 1819; John Brown, 1829; John Vestal, 1831; John Lowrey, 1845; Andrew Gelwick, 1852; Charles G. Berry, 1860; W. A. Mathes, 1864; John F. Richards, 1868; William Erwin, Jr., 1875. CLERKS. John Lowrey, May 5, 1818; John Brown, 1829; Robert Mitchell, 1832; Gustavus Clark, 1845; George A. Thornton, 1852; David Harrison, 1860; John Riley, 1864; John M. Stalker, 1872; Robert H. Carlton, 1880. AUDITORS. Before 1841, the clerk was ex-officio Auditor. John Peters, 1841; James A. Pender, 1855; John M. Harson, 1859, Andrew Gelwick, 1863, Charles T. Woolfolk, 1867; J. E. Dean, 1874; Isaac H. Crim, 1878. SHERIFFS. Joseph Glover, January 13, 1818; Moses Fell, 1882; Joseph Glover, 1826; Robert Mitchell, 1828; Joseph Glover, 1831; Isaac Fish, 1835; Lucian Q. Hoggatt, 1841; Felix L. Raymond, 1843; Andrew Gelwick, 1847; Jesse K , 1851; William W. Cook, 1852; Thomas S. Enochs, 1852; Dixon Cobb, 1855; E. S. Thompson, 1856; J. R. Glover, 1858; Joseph Tincher, 1862; William Daggy, 1864; V. V. Williams, 1868; Isaac Newkirk, 1872; M. A. Burton, 1876; F. T. Dunihue, 1878; J. M. McDowell. 1882. 88 HISTORY OF LAWRENCE COUNTY. C0E0KER8. Thomas Henton, August, 1818; Peter Harmason, 1819; Joseph Raw- lins, 1820; Samuel F. Irwin, 1824; T. H. Briggs, 1826; Elbert Jeter, 1828; Rufisel] Mitchell, 1832; E. P. Kennedy, 1833; Lewis Younger, 1837; E. P. Kennedy, 1841; James W. Freeman, 1845; Henry Ander- son, 1847; L. W. Thompson, 1850; Henry C. Hardy, 1852; Christian Seibert, 1854; Henry Anderson, 1856; William A. Cook, 1857; J. P. Potter, 1860; H. C. Hardy, 1861; John Reath, 1863; A. G. Young, 1864; Charles Cramer, 1865; W. C. Carson, 1867; Lewis Younger, 1870; Joseph Stinehazen, 1872; Ezekiel Stout, 1874; Joseph Stinehazen, 1876; Alfred C. Harrison, 1877; Alfred Hamm, 1878. SURVEYOKS. Robert Mitchell, May, 1818; William Duncan, 1828; Boliver Dun- can, 1852; Lycurgus Duncan, 1858; Dodridge Short, 1870; John B. Malott, 1872. COUNTY AGRICULTURAL SOCIETIES. At a preliminary meeting held at Bedford July 4, 1851, a committee was appointed, of which William Duncan was Chairman, to prepare a constitution and by-laws of a proposed agricultural society. On the 9th of August, 1851, a large meeting was held at the court house in Bedford, to effect a permanent organization and adopt the constitution^prepared by the committee. John McCrea was made Chairman and Leonard Green Secretary. The constitution and by-laws, after discussion and amend- ment, were adopted. The following men then enrolled their names as members of the organization: John McCrea, William Duncan, Jesse Johnson, G. M. Brown, Ralston Ferguson, H. C. Houston, Ambrose Kern, Robert Boyd, Pleasant Parks, Samuel F. Irwin, Edward McCrea, John Whitted, Daniel Johnson, Leonard Green, Boliver Duncan, Lewis Rout, Charles Miller, Austin Hubbard, J. W. Newland, David Ikerd, John Glover, William Fisher, Caswell Donica, William Malott, Enoch Faubion, John Borland, Jesse A. Mitchell, Isaac Denson, George G. Dunn, G. H. Monson, Ezra Kern, David Long, J. R. Nugent, George A. Thornton. The following permanent officers were elected: John Mc- Crea, President; John Borland, Vice-President; G. A. Thornton, Secre- tary; Samuel F. Irwin, Treasurer; Ralston Ferguson, Caswell Donica, J. R. Nugent, Lewis Rout, Charles Miller, Robert Boyd, William Dun- can and Austin Hubbard, Directors. No fair was held in 1851. Full arrangements were made for the fair of 1852. During the early part of the year F. R. Nugent, J. M. Bishop, Ben Newland, James T. Parks, W. M. Tannehill, T. L. Carlton, Winthrop Foote, Edmund Reed, William Smith, Isaac Johnson, Lewis Carlton, S. W. Short, D. R. Laforce and Howard Ferguson became members of the society. It was determined that the fair should be mainly a stock show, to be held at Bedford, south- HISTORY OF LAWRENCE COUNTY. 89 west of town, on the land of Jesse A. Mitchell, on the 9th of November. The following awarding committees were appointed: On cattle — Stever Younger, William Duncan and John Borland; on sheep — William Dun- can, R. Ferguson and William Stipp; on horses — John Ragsdale, Henry- Brown and G. G. Dunn; on jacks — Frank Houston, W. M. Tannehill and William Ragsdale; on mules — W. M. Tannehill, John Campbell and Franklin Houston; on hogs — John Whitted, William Henderson and Joseph Rawlins; on poultry — Jesse Johnson, Enoch Faubion and James Beaty. Thompson H. Biggs was appointed to prepare and read an essay on fruits, and R. R. Bryant one on fowls; on corn — Jesse Johnson, Elisha Boyd and James Woods; on manufactured articles — G. M. Brown, B. Duncan and William Root. The officers of 1852 were: Pleasant Parks, Presi- dent; John Whitted, Vice-President; Isaac Rector, Treasurer; R. R. Bryant, Secretary. The fair was held with quite a respectable attend- ance. Premiums on cattle were awarded G. M. Brown, Lewis Rout, Isaac Rector, Jesse Johnson, William Stipp and G. B. Owens; on sheep to Enoch Faubion and Jesse Johnson; on horses to Fred Stipp, William Fisher, John Rogers, William Duncan, G. M. Brown, Ben Newland and David Ikerd; on jacks to William Duncan and Daniel and Peter Myers; on poultry to R. R. Bryant; on manufactured articles, to Enoch Faubion, best plow; on agricultural products to Enoch Faubion, best white corn; Lewis Carlton, best yellow corn; John B. Buskirk, best beet, 8f pounds; Enoch Faubion, best wheat; H. B. Richardson, best pumpkin; Enoch Faubion, best sweet potatoes; Joseph Caldwell, best turnips. Judge Duncan read an essay on the management of stock, and R. R. Bryant on fowls. No fair, except a public sale of stock, was held in 1853. This was quite interesting, however, and many leading farmers and stockraisers of the county were present. In 1854, strong efforts were made to merge the society into the joint fair of Orange and Washington Counties, but without success. At none of the fairs thus far was there a gate fee. The membership dues in 1851 were $18; in 1852, were $14.75, and in 1853, were $13 In the spring of 1854, arrangements werermade to purchase a fair ground by means of stock subscriptions. Grounds had been leased, only, heretofore. The plan was dropped until April, 1856, when W. Duncan, Hiram Louder, Denton Sheeks, Howard Ferguson, Jesse H. Bailey, Ezra Kern, Uriah Dilly, William Embree and Meek Beck were appointed to purchase a ground after getting subscriptions sufficient to pay for the same. In June, the committee reported the pur- chase of a tract just west of, and adjoining, town, 30x40 rods, or nearly eight acres, of Jesse A. Mitchell. For some reason no fair was held here and the grounds were sold in 1857, and a tract northwest of town consisting of ten acres was purchased of William Fisher for $1,000. At this time (July, 1857), the society owed Mr. Mitchell $540, and had paid &0 HISTORY OF LAWRENCE COUNTY. Mr. Fisher all except $250 of the 81,000, and had made complete arrange- ments for building, fencing, etc. The original subscription of stock for the piurchase of a fair gi'ound was S50 each by the following men: David Sears, Noah Kern, Louis Rout, Samuel A. Eariden, Jesse H. Baily, Caswell Donica, Frederic R. Nugent. Daniel Pafford, John C. Gavins, John Reed, Henry Culbertson, Anderson Fish, Bolivar Duncan, Dixon Cobb, Israel Judah, William Duncan, Jesse Johnson, M. A. Malott, George A. Thornton, John Baker. George G. Dunn. Noah Boone, John Boyd, Logan Fish, William Sherrill, Greenberry Owens, Jesse Steven- son, Samuel Scoggan, George Whitted, John Y. Dunlavy, Isaiah Lamb, Alexander Cox, Jack Williams, Bartemus Williams, Denton Sheeks, Ezra Kern, Isaac Denson, Levi Houston, Jesse A. Mitchell, William Fisher, William Ragsdale, John Ragsdale, Alexander H. Dunihue, Humphrey Anderson, James Wilkerson, John R. Nugent. The total amount of this subscription was 82,300, a portion of which was never collected. THE FIRST AGRICULTURAL FAIR. The first fair of the Lawrence County Agricultural Society was held in the autumn of 1857, and was successful. The total receipts from all sources were 82,369. 15, which amount was mostly from the stock sub- scriptions. The valueof the real estate and improvements was 82,090.83, showing, if the land cost 81,000, that the improvements put thereon had been 81,090.88. The liabilities of the society were 81,941.75. The grounds, ten acres, were surrounded with a tight board fence, seven and a half feet high, had 150 stalls for stock, had a track for trotting and had an amphitheater capable of accommodating 2,000 persons, besides several smaller buildings for floral and agricultural displays. The second fair was held in 1858, and was also highly successful. The total receipts were 81,200. The premiums cost 8470. There were 520 entries and 170 premiums awarded. The President in 1857, was Robert Boyd; in 1858, Isaac Denson. At this time the grounds and improvements were covered by a mortgage. While this society existed the total number of persons belonging was 228. The debt of the society was so great that all attempts to hold a fair in 1859 was abandoned. The same of 1860, but in November of that year a joint stock company was formed to pay the bank debt and the debt due the estate of George G. Dunn. A new constitution was adopted at this time and other arrangements made to place the society on a firm basis, biit the war coming on the project was temporarily dropped. THE RE -ORGANIZATION OF THE SOCIETY. October 8, 1869, a meeting was held to re-organize the society, Henry Davis being called to the chair, and Isaac Rector made Secretary. A Committee was appointed to prepai'e a constitution, etc., to be reported the following night, and another Committee was appointed to solicit cyyf^^-^^^^^^^^^ * HISTORY OF LAWRENCE COUNTY. 91 additional members or stockholders. At the next meeting the constitu- tion was adopted, and the following permanent officers elected: Jesse A. Mitchell, President; Henry Davis,. Vice-President; C. T. Woolfolk, Sec- retary; W. C. Winstandley, Treasurer; William Daggy, Superintendent; James Eagsdale, W. A. Holland, Dodi-idge Short, Daniel Boone. Wesley Rout, F. R. Nugent, J. A. Smith, Wilson Anderson, Alfred Guthrie, William Duncan, William Ragsdale, Robert Kelly, Henry Culbertson, William Daggy and S. W. Short, Directors. Several other meetings were held, one on the 30th of October, when a Committee was appointed to select a fair ground, and shares of stock were fixed at $25 each. July 14, 1870, the society after receiving the report of the special Committee ordered bought of Thomas A. Whitted the following tract of land : The south part of the west half of the east half of the southwest quarter of Section 11, Township 5 north. Range 1 west, in all 13.75 acres; also 24 acres of the same tract of Stever Younger. These grounds were ordered improved. A fair seems to have been held in 1869, the gross receipts being $1,304. It was the first under the present organization, which makes the coming one of 1884 the sixteenth. The fair of 1870 was of four days' duration, the gross receipts being $1,189.50, all of which was awarded in premiums as follows: horses, $774; mules, $25; cattle, $141; hogs, $46; sheep, $31; poultry, $3; farming implements, $74; domestic manufactures, $19; equestrianism, $16.50; mechanical department, $20; other, $40. The Treasurer reported that $2,377.75 had been spent on the grounds, and that the expenses of conducting the fair were $278.70. In August, 1871, two acres of adjoining timber land were purchased of Mrs. George A. Thornton for $200. Extensive arrangements were made for the fair of 1871. This fair awarded $1,128 in premiums on 470 entries, and in special premiums raised the awards to $1,443.90. The total entries in the live stock department in 1869 were 99; in 1870 were 206, and in 1871 were 245. The Treasurer's report was as follows: Receipts of fan- 1871 $1,626 50 Stock receipts 2,659 85 Total $4,386 35 Premium expenses, etc $1,443 90 Improvement of grounds, etc 2,870 95 Total $4,314 85 Debtor balance $ 28 50 In October, 1872, the Treasurer made the following report: RECEIPTS. EXPENDITURES. From stockholders $2,888 00 Land of Younger $ 175 00 Show license 609 60 Land of Whitted 825 00 Lumber 13 50 Land of Thornton 150 00 Fair of 1871 (net) 180 55 Improvements, etc 2,539 77 Total $3,691 65 Total $3,689 77 6 92 HISTORY OF LAWRENCE COUNTY. At this time there were 120 stockhcjlders, and the debt of the society- was about $313. The total receipts of the fair of 1872 were $1,479.65, and total expenses $1,462.65; total entries, 557; total premiums award- ed, $1,186. The total receipts of 1873 were $1,763.35, and expenses $1,698.90; entries, 545; premiums awarded, $1,539. In 1874 the re- ceipts were $847.53, expenses $767.68; total entries, 461; premiums awarded, $586 50. The receipts of 1875 were $321.65; expenses, $285.75. In 1877 the entries were 246, and awards $1,014.50; receipts, $1,120.61; expenses, $1,031.33. In 1878 the receipts were $1,596.45, and expenses $1,427.80. In 1880 the receipts were $1,056.45; expenses, $1,033.15. Other and later statistics cannot be given. The following is an imper- fect list of the stockholders: S. W. Short, Robert Kelly, C. F. Wool- folk, Hostetler & Co., Cosner & Glover, T. H. Malott, Lycurgus Dalton, W. A. Ragsdale, A. A, Malott, E. E. Johnson, R. H. Carlton, J. P. Francis, Fred Stipp, M. N. Messick, A. H. Dunihue, James Meglemeric, Jesse A. Mitchell, William Daggy, Wilson &. Vor is, W. C. Winstandley, Palmer & Thornton, W. W. Malott, G. H. Ragsdale, Jefferson Ragsdale, Parks & Lane, J. W. Palmer, J. H. Bailey, Gordon Bailey, Aylett Hous- ton, Wesley Rout, W. H. Bryant, Thomas Stipp, Daniel Boone, C. C. Williams, A. J. Williams, Abner Armstrong, A. G. Gainey, J. H. Rags- dale, H. H. Batman, R. L. Rout, D. R. Bowden, W. A. Holland, Ander- son Fish, Hugh Erwin, Stephen Fountain, John Younger. Michael Stipp, Alfred Guthrie, E. N. Ikerd, Alfred Grayson, Homer Rawlins, Henry Culbertson, Samuel Bristow, Charles Kramer, J. D. Knight, J. D. Thom- asson, John Owens, M. A. Malott, Alexander Bivens, Lycurgus Duncan, William Duncan, G. W. Glover, Logan Fish, Wesley Armstrong, James Watson, William Day, G. G. Dunn, J. L. Campbell, Samuel Bennett, P. W. Younger, R. H. Ellison, E. C. Newland, John Holland, Peter Myers, Moses F. Dunn, James Stipp, H. M. Batman, Mrs. G. A. Thorn- ton, John Bass, E. E. Embree, G. T. Starr, J. W. Newland, Ziba Hop- kins, Daggy, Hodge & Co., John Riley, G. W. Friedley, J. P. Parks, D. Harrison, B. W. Lee, Felix Armstrong, W. W. McFadden, H. C. Dun- can, Samuel Judah, T. N. Stevens, D. F. Tilford, Jesse Mann, W. McKnight, J. McKnight, Alexander Starr, M. D. Lyon, V. V. Williams, Eb. Jeter, Noyes E. Strout, N. L. Hall, Bolivar Duncan, William Ed- wards, G. P. Lee, W. C. Mitchell, William Smith, Robert Mitchell, Dan- iel Myers, W^illiam Tannehill, John Short and Alfred Short. THE COUNTY FINANCES. Statements of the early finances of the county cannot be given, as no record was kept. The following are the receipts and expenditures from January 7, 1833, to November 4, 1833: HISTORY OF LAWRENCE COUNTY. 93 RECEIPTS. Store licenses County revenue. Extra revenue. . . Road tax .$ 209 37 , 2,836 88 40 00 59 00 EXPENSES. Elections $ 12 75 Wolf scalps 3 00 Improper assessments. 6 65 Poor 187 29 Improperly collected. . 26 33 Attorneys 40 00 County Board 48 00 Bailiffs, etc 41 50 Court house, third pay- ment 1,333 33 Jailor's fees 2 31 Assessors 50 00 Fuel, etc 19 50 Road viewers 3 00 Contested election 14 94 Road Supervisors 102 25 Associate Judges 36 00 Grand jurors 67 50 Petit jurors 88 50 Delinquencies 246 95 Treasurer's fees 79 00 Collector's fees 161 46 Orders redeemed 450 73 Cash on hand 124 27 Total $3,145 25 Total |3,145 25 From November 3, 1834, to November 3, 1835, the store license was $357.72; county revenue, $1,470.53; total receipts, $2,207.76; county orders paid were $1,886.05; county offices cost $310.50; total expenses, $1,936.11; leaving on hand, $271.65. From this date nothing can be given until the fiscal year 1844-45 as follows: Receipts from merchants', grocers' and other licenses, $388.53; tlelinquent tax receipts, $693.16; county revenue, $3, 778.65 ; total receipts, $4, 956. 90. Roads cost $137. 38 ; bridges, $811; county offices, $369.81; total expense, $3,541.46, leaving on hand, $1,415.44. For the year 1845-46 there was on band at the be- ginning $1,415.44; received for merchants' license, $166.47; grocers' license, $35.46; county revenue, $2,442.06; delinquent revenues, $514.44; total receipts, $4,617.72. The coui'ts cost $114; the poor, $165.92; county officers, $406.17; total expense, $2,807.65; leaving on hand, $1,810.07. In 1846-47 the receipts for merchants' license were $185.75; grocers' license, $47.32; county revenue, $2,646.89; total receipts, $4,787.33. The poor cost $335.47; county officers, $464.79; total expense, $2,487.98; leaving on hand, $2,299.35. In 1849-50 there was on hand $1,352.61; merchants' and grocers' license, $294.15; ferry license, $20; county rev- enue, $2,251.54. The total expenses were $2,730.19, and balance on hand, $1,188.11 less $92.75 in old orders redeemed. In 1852-53 there was on hand $809.31; received from licenses, $311.55; county revenue, $3,333.05; total receipts, $4,548.16; poor cost, $796.65; county officers, 94 HISTORY OF LAWRENCE COUNTY. $800.05; total expense, $3,687.79; old orders redeemed, $55.81; leaving on hand $804.56. In 1855-56 there was od hand $1,669.65; county rev- enue, including delinquency, $7,263.52; the poor cost $1,619.93; county officers, $842,43; total expenses. $5,170.40; total receipts, $9,281.68; leaving on hand, $4,111.28. In 1857-58 there was on hand $4,154.25; county revenue receipts were $8,353.52; total receipts, $12,873.75; coun- ty officers cost $1,782.59; poor, $1,940.26; courts, $1,975.27; total ex- pense, $9,318.60, leaving on hand, $3,555.15. The cash on hand in 1859-60 was $4,836.65; county revenue received, $4,923.28; receipts from county bonds sold, $2,763; total expenses, $13,203.56. The courts cost $1,574.63; county officers, $2,848.08; total expense, $12,400.55; leaving on hand $803.01. In 1862-63 there was on hand $6,679.13; county revenue, $8,086.56; total receipts, $14,795.69; courts cost, $1,109.36; county officers, $1,840.12; total expense, $7,821.69; leaving on hand $6,872. In 1864- 65 there was on hand $6,831.43; county revenue, $11,370.91; from the sale of county bonds, $16,245.13; total receipts, $34,930.34; the courts cost $1,325.77; county officers, $3,320.76; soldiers' families, $1,260.92; paid on county bounty bonds, $13,500; total expense, $29,263.19, leaving on hand $5,667. 15. In 1867-68 there was on hand $8,998.91 ; county revenue, $11,122.53; bond tax receipts, $10,646.55; new bonds sold, $12,000: total receipts, $42,943.69; bridges cost, $5,250.86; courts, $2,306.21; bonds redeemed, $11,800; county officers cost, $5,315.46; total expense, $36,988.79, leaving on hand $5,954.90. In 1869-70 there was on hand $4,098.66; county revenue, $39,554.06; total receipts, $44,270.61; the courts cost, $3,965.92; public buildings cost, $4,522.10; county officers, $4,078.29; agricultural society, $360; total expense, $26,987.57, leaving on hand $17,283.04. In 1871-72 the receipts from the sale of the old court house were $552.50; county bonds sold, $50,000; county officers cost, $7,444.03; public buildings cost, $60,456; public square cost, $2,707.61, there was left on hand $11,932.82. The next year $20,443. 71 was spent on public buildings, and $2,453.76 on the public square. In 1872-73 there was on hand $11,932.82; receipts from bonds sold, $7,000; county revenue, $42,630.76; total receipts, $63,305.88; county officei's cost, $6,427.71; the courts, $2,002.69; county bonds redeemed, $7,000; interest paid on county bonds, $5,375; total expense, $36,141.14; leaving on hand, $27,164.74. In 1875-76 there was on hand $22,140.67; county revenue, $40,357.63; bonds paid, $17,000; interest on bonds, $3,513.86; the courts cost, $4,448.20; county officers cost, $6,211.34; balance on hand, $15,766.71. In 1877-78 the receipts fi*om the sale of bridge bonds were $19,800; county revenue was $49,601.43; bridges cost, $23,402.07; county officers, $3,983.40; balance on hand, $1,454.78. In 1879-80 the county revenue was $29,250.92, there being on hand at the beginning of the year $6,212.88, the total receipts being $59,549.84. HISTORY OF LAWRENCE COUNTY. 95 Bridges, including $5,000 worth of bonds, cost $7,094:. 13; county officers cost, $3,453.85; poor, $7,281.51; total expense, $52,930.08; balance on hand, $6,619.76. In 1882-83 there was on hand $9,584.50; county rev- enue was $25,156; borrowed from Jesse Johnson, $2,000; total receipts, $37,287.62; county officers cost, $4,268,85; poor, $7,437.15; bonds redeemed, $4,000; total expenses, $33,353.01. The following is the full report of the county for 1883-84: • RECEIPTS. Balance in treasury June 1, 1883 $ 3,934 61 Bridge bonds sold 63,000 00 Bridge orders sold 4,000 00 Costs from Monroe County 534 00 Costs in road cases 30 85 Interest rebated on bonds sold ' 13 50 From Ferguson and Benzel 3 00 From land redemption 344 91 Costs from Orange County 454 35 Common scliool fund interest 413 04 Congressional school fund interest 501 87 SpecialJudges 350 00 * Costs from Greene County 193 80 Jury fees received 9 00 Damages and costs received 13 30 Erroneous tax receipts 55 36 County revenue 34,305 73 Bridge revenue 6,144 14 Total $103,078 36 EXPENDITURES. Poor $ 6.300 33 Circuit Court 5,366 51 Assessing property 1,438 00 Tax refunded 55 36 Bridges 55,668 01 Specific 1,485 66 County offices 5,157 33 Jail ■ 353 30 Public buildings 159 30 Fox scalps 36 50 Special Judges 350 00 Board of Equalization 10 00 Benevolent institutions 338 30 Redemption of land 333 18 Printing 338 10 Costs and damages * 4 70 Stationery 1,675 96 Insanity 1,340 33 Attorney's fees 338 50 County Superintendent 1,054 95 Roads 143 50 Interest on county orders 319 74 Fines 433 91 96 HISTORY OF LAWRENCE COUNTY. Inquest 37 10 Insurance 60 00 County Institute 50 00 Mileage of Justices 7 85 State and county revenue 154 93 Negotiation of bridge bonds 370 00 Total $82,950 05 Bonded indebtedness $63,000 00 County orders outstanding 6,248 00 Total county debt $68,248 00 Isaac H. Crim, Auditor. POPULATION OF LAWRENCE COUNTY. In 1820 4,116 In 1830 9,234 . In 1840 11,782 In 1850 12,097 In 1860 13,692 In 1870 14,628 In 1880 .18,543 In 1884 (estimated) 20,000 RAILROAD PROJECTS. The lirst railroad built across the county was the New Albany & Salem Railway in 1851-53. So far as known no funds of the county were appropriated to assist this project. The citizens, however, individually contributed largely to the success of the enterprise. In every instance, so far as known, the right-of-way was given. Aside from this, the citi- zens in subscribed stock and labor, contributed over $100,000, and gave their hearty support to the speedy completion of the road. The next project was the Ohio & Mississsippi Railway across the southern portion of the county, in 1855-57. No funds of the county were appropriated for this enterprise, but, as in the other case, the citizens gave in subscribed stock, labor and the right-of-way, a consideration worth more than $100,000. In 1870 Marion Township voted 264 for and 169 against a tax of two per cent to assist the Rockport & Northern Central Railroad. The tax was levied, but not collected, the road having been abandoned. In 1872 the question again came up, the township voting 359 for and 239 against a two per cent tax. The tax was levied. It was at this time that an effort was made to create a new township out of the northern half of Marion, to be called White River, but without success. As the road was not built the collection of tax was abandoned. Other questions of this nature have come before the county, two being the question of aiding the Indianapolis & Evansville Mineral Railroad, and the Bedford, Browns- town & Madison Railroad. THE BEDFORD k BLOOMFIELD RAILWAY. The Bedford & Bloomfield Railway (narrow gauge) was built under HISTORY OF LAWRENCE COUNTY. 97 the name the Bedford, Springville, Owensburg & BloomSeld Railway. The capital was fixed at $1,000,000, divided into 20,000 shares of $50 each, and the route covered a distance of thirty-six miles. Clark, Biiel, , Donahey & Co. organized in November, 1874, contracted to build and equip the road and secure the bonds for the individual stock sub- scriptions, the right of way and the township tax of two per cent. The first Directors were Jesse A. Mitchell, T. H. Malott, Nathan Hall, John D. Thomasson, S. A. Rariden, James W. Palmer, Davis Harrison, Felix Armstrong, "Wesley Short, J. N. Conley, W. H. Irwin, Alexander Hat- field and Seymour Cobb. The question of furnishing a two per cent tax in Shawswick Township, when voted upon in February, 1875, resulted 402 in favor and 160 against the tax. Perry voted 92 for and 55 against a two per cent tax. Indian Creek voted 157 for and 75 against. The tax in Shawswick amounted to $42,000; in Perry, to $10,900; in Indian Creek, $13,000. In June, 1875, one per cent of this tax was ordered levied. In 1875 Conley, Mason & Co., residents of Greene County, bought the railroad in its then unfinished condition, but soon afterward went into bankruptcy, and the Indianapolis Rolling Mill Company, as assignees, took the road in July, 1876, and completed it by October of that year, but did not get complete ownership until December, 1882. This company, in turn, February, 1883, sold all the stock, bonds, fran- chises, and equipments of the road to the Bedford & Bloomfield Railway Co. a local organization, which yet owns the property. The first officers of the road were: W. O. Rockwood, President; W. C. Winstandly, Vice President and Treasurer; C. B. Parkman, Secretary; E. Hul- bert, Superintendent. In February, 1884, the company bought the short line from Bloomfield to Switz City. The road cost the present company a consideration of about $400,000. The principal stockholders at pres- ent are: John Thomas, President; W. C. Winstandley, Vice-President and Treasurer; J. W. Kennedy, General Superintendent; Aquilla James, W. W. Manson, Frank Landers, W. P. Malott, A. C. Voris and others. COUNTY BRIDGES. As early as 1819 a bridge 280 feet long and 16 feet wide was built over Guthrie Creek on the Palestine & Bono Road, by Samuel and Thomas A. Dale, at a cost of over $2,000. The next bridge of note was one over Salt Creek, which cost $1,258.15, built in 1832-33. Various other bridges in the county prior to 1870 cost a total of over $25,000. Since then the following costly bridges have been erected: On Salt Creek, 1870 $ 2,400 On White River at Davis' Ferry 27,000 On White River at Tunuelton 27,000 On White River at Dawson's Ferry 25,000 On White River at Williams' Ferry 19,000 98 HISTORY OF LAWRENCE COUNTY. THE MITCHELL DISTRICT MEDICAL SOCIETY. In Februaiy, 1874, the Mitchell District Medical Society was orcran- ized at Mitchell, and comprised the following counties: Lawrence, Orangfi, Washington, Martin, Monroe, Owen, Brown, Jackson, Jennings and Greene. The first officers were S. A. JRariden, President; E. D. Laughlin, Vice-President; G. W. Barton, Secretary; M. D. Grim, Treasurer; Joseph Gardner, Corresponding Secretary. In organizing a district society, it was thought that by getting together the leading physicians over a large tract of country, the causes which usually prove the death of country societies within a few years could be avoided. Among the members of the profession present at the organization were the following: Ben Newland, Hiram Malott, B. J. Hon, A. W. Gray, H. C. Dixon, Royce Davis, J. W. Pearson, A. W. Barr, A. L. Berry, W. F. Homer, F. Lee, Q. S. Hancock, W. H. Smith, John Burton, L. A. Grim, E. S. Mclntire, J. C. Pearson, J. L. W. Yost, J. B. Lar- kin, W. A. Burton. Gradually the bounds of the district were enlarged until now several States are included. Semi-annual meetings are iield alternately at Mitchel and Seymour. The charter members (so to speak), of this society, were Ben Newland. E. S. Mclntire, G. W. Burton, J. B. Larkin, H. L. Kimberlin and S. A. Rariden. The society is now very strong, with 175 members from over a large section of country. From this society, as a branch, sprang the Ti-i-State Medical Society of Indiana, Illinois and Kentucky, the limits of which have been enlarged and changed, the organization being now known as the Mississippi Val- ley Medical Society, comprising twenty-two States. The present officers of the Mitchell District Society are J. S. Arwine of Columbus, Indiana, President; J. B. Shipman of Seymour, Secretary and Treasurer. Much of the time of the society is spent in the discussion of scientific subjects. This is the most important organization of the kind in this portion of the country, but was at first very weak, and largely the laughing stock of the local profession. THE COUNTY MEDICAL SOCIETY. The first organization of this kind in the county was in 1853. A malpractice suit brought together many physicians, who thereupon held a meeting, effected a partial organization, and adopted a code of ethics and a fee bill. This organization was short-lived, though many interesting meetings were held. In 1864, a meeting was held at Bedford to revive the society; the physicians present being: John C. Cavins, W. H. Smith, Ben Newland, S. A. Rariden, J. W. Newland, Joseph Stillson, W. Burton, J. B. Larkin, Isaac Denson, John A. Blackwell, G. W. Burton, W. B. Woodward, F. W. Beard, John Burton, James Dodd, P. G. Pugh, A. W. Bare, T. P. Conley, H. C. Malott, H. L. Kimberlin, J. T. Biggs, J. J. Durand, Hiram Malott, John Gunn and perhaps others. The organ- ization seems to have been postponed to 1866, at which time it was HISTORY OF LAWRENCE COUNTY. 99 effected, and was then conducted for several years with much profit to the members. It has continued until the present. .In about 1875, it became a branch of the State Medical Society, and is thus at present. The officers of 1883, were E. D. Laughlin, President; E. S. Mclntire, Vice-President; G. W. Burton, Secretary; C. E. Rariden, Assistant Secretary; S. A. Rariden, Treasurer; W. H. Smith, A. L. Berry and Hamilton Stillson, Censors. This very short and imperfect sketch can- not be improved, owing to the loss of the records. COUNTY POLITICS. So far as can be learned the county during its early history was Demo- cratic with a majority varying all the way from very small to several hundred. The election returns were not preserved and definite statements cannot be given. The vote given below during the fifties, exhibits the average Democratic majority. In some cases if the man was unusually prominent and popular, he went in though a Whig. This was often the case as will be seen elsewhere in this chapter. The free soil movement in the forties had but little following in the county. From 1858 to 1860 this county gradually became Republican and has thus remained to the present. The Greenback or Inde'pendent party has had respectable sup- port. The following exhibit illustrates the political situation since 1852 : November, 1852. DEMOCRAT. WHIG. TOWSHIPS. Pierce and Scott aad King. Graham. Shawswick 317 244 Bono 64 84 Marion 109 248 Spice Valley 32 136 Indian Creek 112 100 Perry 130 159 Pleasant Run 161 41 Flinn 188 42 Total 1113 1054 November, 1856. DEMOCRAT. REPUBLICAN. AMERICAN. TOWNSHIPS. Buchanan and Fremont and Fillmore and Breckinridge. Dayton. Donelson. Shawswick 268 196 92 PleasantRun 158 24 16 Marshall 91 40 9 Perry 57 110 33 Indian Creek 78 45 63 Spice Valley 28 14 125 Marion 148 17 219 Bono 87 30 67 Flinn 211 4 37 Total 1126 480 660 100 HISTORY OF LAWRENCE COUNTY. For Governor, O. P. Morton (Republican) received 1,061 votes and A. P. Willard (Demoorat) 1,079. J. W. Dawson (Republican) received 1,041 for Secretary of State, and Daniel McClure (Democrat) 1,080. In 1858 McClure (Democrat) received 1,065 for Secretaiy of State and Peelle (Republican) 1,057. In 1860 H. S. Lane (Republican) received 1,272 for Governor and Thomas A. Hendricks (Democrat) 1,143. For Secretary of State W. H. Schlater (Democrat) received 1,107, and W. A. Peelle (Republican) 1 , 233. At this time the Republicans had a decided majority. November, 1860. REPUBLICAN. DBMOCBAT. TOWNSHIPS. Lincoln Douglas and Hamlin, and Johnson. Shawswick 317 130 Bono 80 87 , Marion 217 167 Spice Valley 132 91 Indian Creek 96 66 Perry 141 41 Marshall 79 ' 18 Pleasant Run 55 96 Flinn .• 41 101 Total 1158 787 SOUTHERN DEMOCRAT. UNION. Breckinridge and Lane. Bell and Everett 216 61 4 5 37 79 8 41 50 5 23 — 28 12 31 1 128 4 525 208 November, 1864. REPUBLICAN. DEMOCRAT. TOWNSHIPS. Lincoln McClellan and Johnson, and Pendleton. Shawswick.. 378 308 Bono 87 67 Marion 298 132 Spice Valley 180 59 Marshall 63 62 IndianCreek 130 71 Perry 129 49 Pleasant Run 100 124 Flinn 58 215 Total 1423 1087 In 1862 the vote for Secretary of State was: W. A. Peelle (Repub- lican) 1,154; J. S. Athon (Democrat) 1,208. In 1864 the vote for Gov- ernor was: 0. P. Morton (Republican) 1,462; J. E. McDonald (Demo- crat) 1,183; for Secretary of State: Trussler (Republican) 1,441; Athon (Democrat) 1,199. In 1866, for Secretary of State: Trussler (Repub- lican) received 1,811, Manson (Democrat) 1,427. HISTORY OF LAWRENCE COUNTY. 101 November, 1868. DEMOCRAT. REPUBLICAN TOWNSHIPS. Grant' Seymour and Colfax. and Blair. Shawswick 386 306 Marion 386 205 Bono 124 77 Spice Valley 255 129 Guthrie 85 158 Flinn 51 145 Pleasant Run 134 174 Marshall 81 87 Perry 140 51 Indian Creek 139 136 Total 1781 1468 November, 1872. REPUBLICAN. LIBERAL REPUBLICAN. TOWNSHIPS. Grant Greeley and Wilson. and Brown. Shawswick 395 321 Marion 410 249 Indian Creek 160 105 Perry 136 58 Pleasant Run 119 170 Flinn 46 146 Guthrie 88 178 Bono 128 78 Spice Valley 275 100 Marshall 76 98 Totals 1833 1503 In 1868, for Governor, Conrad Baker (Republican) received 1,752; T. A. Hendricks (Democrat) 1,529; for Secretary of State: M. F. A. Hoffman (Republican) 1,756; R. C. Kise (Democrat) 1,523. In 1870, for Secretary of State: Hofifman (Republican) received 1,693; Norman Eddy (Democrat) 1,489. In 1872, for Governor: Hendricks (Democrat) received 1,680; T. M. Brown (Republican) 1,889: for Secretary of State: O. M. Eddy (Democrat) 1,661; W. W. Curry (Republican) 1,899. In 1874 for Secretary of State, Curry (Republican) 1,742; J. E. Nefif (Democrat) 1,617. In 1876, for Governor, Benjamin Harris (Republican) received 1,934; J. D. Williams (Democrat) 1,674; for Secretary of State: B. L. Robertson (Republican) 1,913; J. P. Gray (Democrat) 1,655. 102 HISTORY OF LAWRENCE COUNTY. November, 1876. REPUBLICAN. DEMOCRAT. INDEPENDENT. TOWNSHIPS. Hayes and Tilden and Cooper and Wheeler. Hendricks. Cary. Shawswick 424 334 16 Marion 458 267 7 bpice Valley 285 182 — Bono 142 87 2 Marshall 58 106 23 Perry 119 53 11 Guthrie 92 179 — IndianCreek 189 136 10 Flinn 61 150 6 Pleasant Run 113 175 15 Total 1941 1669 90 In 1878 for Secretary of State, I. S. Moore (Repablican) received 1,816; John G. Shanklin (Democrat) 1,735; Henry James (Independent) 207. In 1880 for Governor, A. G. Porter (Republican) received 2,094; Franklin Landers (Democrat) 1,682; Richard Gregg (Independent) 175. In 1882 for Secretary of State, E. R. Hawn (Republican) received 2,064; W. R. Myers (Democrat) 1,531; H. Z. Leonard, (Independent) 122. November, 1880. REPUBLICAN. DEMOCRAT. INDEPENDENT. Garfield Hancock Weaver TOWNSHIPS. and and and Arthur. English. Chambers. Shawswick 526 364 33 Marion 459 259 22 Spice Valley 267 154 2 Bono 120 96 10 Marshall 65 119 16 Perry 128 63 3 Guthrie 121 158 2 IndianCreek 198 149 14 Flinn 50 146 8 Pleasant Run 123 193 36 Total 2057 1701 146 HISTORY OF LAWRENCE COUNTY. 103 CHAPTER Y. BY COL. A. C. VORIS. History of the Bench and Bar— First Session of the Court— Offi- CERS AND Attorneys — Early Suits — Phillis the Slave — Pales- tine — Sentence of the Lash — The first EesidentJAttorney-Other Practitioners— Larceny and Slander Suits— The Circuit Judges — The Records— Sundry Items of Interest— Character of How- ard, Thompson and Dunn— The Kress-Fellows Case— The New Constitution — The Hitchcock Murder Case— The Homicide of Peters— The Saunders Murder Case— The New Court house— The Morrow Murder Case— The Homicide of Carney— The Narrow Gauge Railroad Suits— General Observations. THE first entry in the records of the Lawrence Circuit Court is as follows: Be it remembered that, at the Circuit Court in and for the 1st Circuit, begun and held at the house of Jas. Gregory, in the County of Lawrence, and State of Indiana, on the 4th day of June, 1818. Present: Hon. Thos. H. Blake, President. John Milroy, ) Associates .> Wm. Erwin, \ associates. ^ The house of James Gregory was situated on Leatherwood, three miles East of where Bedford now is, and on the David Ikerd farm, now belonging to Capt. Isaac Newkirk. The old house has disappeared, Jas. Gregory was one of the real pioneers of Indiana. He came from North Carolina to Indiana in 1813, and settled in Washington County. He was a " Ranger " in the war in 1814, and a mess-mate of Joseph Rawlins, still living. In 1818, he removed to Lawrence County, and settled on the farm mentioned. In 1820, he represented this and other counties in the Legislature. In 1822, he removed to Shelby County, and we soon find him representing that county in the Legislature, at Corydon. De- termined to keep in the advance of civilization, we again find him in 1831,'removing to Warren County, He went, in May of 1842, to Yuca- tan, on a trading expedition, and there died of yellow fever. He was an estimable man, and the father of Hon, R, C. Gregory, since one of the Judges Supreme Court of the State of Indiana, the first circuit judges. Judge Blake's name appears as "for the plaintiff" in the first case reported in the Supreme Court, and we find him a candidate for the United States Senate in 1839, and beaten by Albert S. White. Associate Justice John Milroy afterward removed to the northern part of the State, and was the father of Gen. Milroy, whose military history is familiar. William Erwin was the father of the late William Erwin of this county, 104 HISTORY OF LAWRENCE COUNTY. and grandfather of the present Recorder of the county. He was a man of fine abilities, and of an integrity which he has transmitted to the present generation. Their commissions were signed by Jonathan Jen- nings, as Governor, and R. A. New, as Secretary of State. Blake was sworn in by Davis Floyd, of the Second Circuit, and " Made oath on the Holy Evangelists of Almighty God," Each was sworn to support the Constitution of the United States, and of the State of Indiana, and to discharge his respective duties as Judge ; and took the further (iron clad) oath prescribed by an " Act more effectually to prevent duelling." John Lowrey filed his bond as Clerk, with Ezekiel Blackwell, Samuel G. Hoskins and Joel Vandeveer as securities. At this tex'm John F, Ross, of Charlestown, and afterward Judge of the Circuit, was admitted to the bar as an attorney and counsellor at law, and appointed prosecu- tor during the pleasure of the court. The first Grand Jury sworn and charged was constituted as follows : Jeremiah Rankin, Foreman ; James Fulkerson, John Horton, William Leaky, Samuel G. Hoskins, Reuben Kilgore, Isaac Anderson, Robert Brooks, James Muudle, Thomas Henton, David Cummings, William Tulley, Daniel Piles, Isaac Mitchell, Dixon Brown, Joel Vandeveer, John Ikerd and Beverly Gregory — with Malchiah Cummons as Bailiff. The record fails to give the name of the Sheriff, but it was probably Joseph Glover, whom we fiud serving as Sheriff for many years. The old tiles of the court, which would con- tain the name of the Sheriff, are all lost or destroyed, and many matters of interest to the curious thus left in obscurity. THE FIRST TERM OF COURT. At this term (the first) Ebenezer McDonald, George R. C. Sullivan and John Law were admitted to the bar. Eli Powell, was indicted for an assault and battery on Thomas House, and by way of making all things even, Thomas House was indicted for a like indignity on the person of Eli Powell. Joseph Thompson was indicted for assaulting Richard Evans, and Richard Evans was indicted for repaying Thompson in kind. William F. Thompson was indicted for sending a "challenge." Whether the hostile meeting ever took place, and the wounded honor of the par- ties healed there is now no means of knowing. Who this Thompson " with a p " was, and what was the occasion of his desire to resort to the code of honor is likewise obscured in the mazy past. At the March term of the next year the indictment was " 7iol. prossed " for the reason that "he was not an inhabitant of the State, and the statute under which he was indicted had been repealed." It is interesting to note the character of the offences against the peace and dignity of the State at that early day. At the September term, 1818, the court was the same as before, and Jeremiah Rowland, William Hoggett, Isaac Naylor and Henry Stephen were admitted to the bar. It should be borne in mind that the circuit at HISTORY OF LAWRENCE COUNTY. 105 that time consisted of several counties, and that most of the attorneys ac- companied the Judge in his circuit, Lawrence County had no resident attorney. Rowland came in the train (not railroad) from Salem, and Naylor from Charlestown. Both continued their practice here until the home attorneys took it up. The cases of the State against Thompson and Evans indicted at the last term for an assault upon each other came up, and each was fined $1 upon a plea of guilty. The case of Thomas House, charged with an assault and battery on the person of Eli Powell, came up, and in answer to the ominous question, " Are you guilty or not guilty?" he answered "Guilty, your honor," whereupon his honor assessed a tine of $10 "for the use of the seminaries of learning of Law- rence County." Did any body ever see one of the " seminaries of learn- ing" in Lawrence County at that day? The case of Eli Powell, charged with having assaulted the culprit in the last case came up, whereupon he •entered a plea of " not guilty," and " put himself upon the country," and the Prosecuting Attorney "did the like." The Court said "Let a jury come," and the jury came as follows: Robert Mitchell, John Leaky, Joseph Rawlins, James Cully, Albert Howard, William Elrod, George McNight, John Gardner, William Dougherty, Robert Hunter, Joseph Sullivan and James Garten, " good and lawful men," who, after due con- sideration, found him "not guilty," and he was permitted to "go without day." PHILLIS, THE SLAVE. The court proceeded with the call of the docket and the next, and first civil case ever tried in the county, was called: Susannah Witcher vs. Phillis (a woman of color) — Recognizance. On the issue made Susannah "put herself upon the country," and Phillis — Phillis had no country to " put herself upon," and so the court put her upon Susannah's country, and the jury came, the same as in the case just tried. The evidence being heard, of course Phillis nor any of her color could testify against Susannah, because she was white — and the jury having duly deliberated, they returned into court with the following verdict: "We the jury find Phillis to be the property of Susannah Witcher." This is the brief history of " Phillis." The record shows that "John Brown" entered himself as security for her further appearance in court. The writer does not know who this John Brown was, but while this was going on there was, beyond the wide wilderness to the East, a boy by the name of "John Brown," who probably never heard of Phillis, and not far to the South another by the name of Abe Lincoln, of whom Phillis probably never heard, who were being raised up for the very purpose of making it possible for Phillis and all of her "color" to put themselves upon their country. Probably Joseph Rawlins is the only one of those whose names have been so far mentioned who is yet alive, and he has no recollection of " Phillis," or her case. 106 HISTORY OF LAWRENCE COUNTY. The first civil judgment taken was by James Kitcbell against John Brown for $73, and was stayed by Patrick Callan. At this term there were twelve indictments returned — eleven of them for assault and bat- tery, four of these were against John Anderson, one each on the bodies of John Laughlin, James Cusick, Francis Williams and Robert Erwin. There was a plea of guilty in each case, and a fine of 50 cents in three cases and $15 in the other. John Anderson was the "buMy" of that day, and got in his work pretty well ia one of these cases, and hence the excessive fine of $15. JUDGE JOHNSON. At the March term, 1819, Gen. \V. Johnson j)resented his commission from the Governor, as Judge of the First Circuit, and took his seat as President Judge. Because of his military title or name, or because of relationship to Col. Richard M. Johnson, the slayer of Tecumseh, his oath of ofldce contained these words: "Also that I have neither directly or indirectly given, accepted or knowingly carried a challenge to any per- son or persons, to tight a single combat, or othei'wise, with any deadly weapon, either in or out of this State, since the 29th day of June, 1816; and that I will not directly give, accept or knowingly carry a challenge to any person or persons, to tight in single combat or otherwise, with any deadly weapon either in or out of this State, during my continuance in office. * * " This oath of office was administered by a Justice of the Peace in Knox County. At this term Robert Holly, Jr., and "NVinthrop Foote were admitted to practice. Perhaps no man in Lawrence County was better known in the county than Dr. Foote. He was born and brought up in Connecti- cut, and had superior advantages of an early education, and which he had diligently improved. He was a man of eccentric manners, of ex- tended information, of pungent wit, and of tine conversational powers ; and though admitted to the bar, he continued for some time in the prac- tice of the law, his chosen profession, and that in which he excelled, was that of medicine, and he belongs rather to another chapter. LOST RECORDS. The following order is of record: "Ordered that Joseph Benefield be allowed $2 for the use of a house, for a court house at this term." The grand jurors were allowed $1.50 each for the term. For the benent of courts and counsel who so often have trouble over lost papers, it may not be amiss to copy a rule of court adopted at this term. " The Clerk of this court shall not suffer the papers in any case to be taken from his office at any time, nor daring the term from the coui't house but by one of the Judges." During a long practice nothing has more perplexed the writer than the facility with which important papers could be lost just when they wore needed. It was often very annoying, but seldom occasioned HISTORY OF LAWRENCE COUNTY. 107 serious results, as they invariably as mysteriously turned up after court adjourned. In a case requiring publication, it was ordered to be made in the Tocsin published in Salem. THE FIRST COURT IN PALESTINE, lu June, 1819, the first term of the court was held at Palestine, " at the court house. " This court house was built of brick, and was in a town of 500 or 600 people, and yet few people in the county know where its site was. Like the ancient city of Troy it can only be found by excavation. It was beantifuUy located on the banks of White River, on the plateau now owned by Thomas Dodd, Esq. It continued to be the seat of justice of the county until 1825, when the inhabitants, finding it impossible to live there on account of fever and ague removed it bodily to where the town of Bedford now stands. At this June Term, Jonathan Doty, Esq., produced his commission as Presiding Judge of the Circuit. Daniel Shell and James R. Higgins were admitted to practice. The first divorce granted in the county, was entered at this term, where- by the " bonds of matrimony existing between Benjamin Dawson and Nancy Dawson, were forevei' disolved." It would surprise any one to know how many had since been granted. For the edification of attorneys bringing suits on "iron clad" notes, it may interesting to know that at this term judgment was rendered in favor of John Duganfor $1,308, the judgment of the court closing with the ominous words, " and the defend- ant in mercy, etc." The following receipt is on the margin: "Received my fee in full $5, of the son of the plaintiff, for obtaining this judg- ment, July 10, 1837, W. Foote." As every judgment for money then closed with the formal words, "and the defendant in mercy, etc." it has occasioned some inquiry as to what it meant. One attorney has sug- gested that it was commending him to the mercy of theSheriif, to whom an execution would issue, and that acting upon the suggestion, Sherifi^s became more and more lenient, until finally it has become almost impos- sible, especially when they are candidates for re-election, to get them to execute the process at all. Another says that, like the solemn appeal at the close of the death-sentence, it is a last appeal for mercy to the insatiable attorney for the plaintiff, who will probably show him no quarter. In truth it is a now obsolete phrase which meant that the defendant was " amerced" or punished for his delay of justice. At the October term, 1819, the first entry is "John Martin, one of the traverse jurors was called and appeared in coui-t, and refused to swear, as required by the court, for which offense the court ordered that he make his fine to the State in the sum of |1." Martin paid his fine and kept his conscience. In illustration of the old practice, in a case where a non- suit was ordered, "John Gardner, one of the jurors was withdrawn, and the rest of the jury was discharged from rendering their 108 HISTORY OF LAWRENCE COUNTY. verdict." Thus the plaintiff reserved the right to bring his suit again, John Ross resigned his office as Prosecutor and Winthrop Foote was appointed in his room. » THE SENTENCE OF THE LASH. At the March term, 1820, John R. Porter was admitted to the bar. He died at Corydon a year ago. At this term came on for trial the indict- ment for larceny. The case was "The State of Indiana vs. John Work- man," and is not without interest. The defendant for plea said he was not guilty, and put himself upon the country, and the jury came as fol- lows: David Green, John Short, David Love, James Fulkei'son, John Grey, Robert Hunter, Joseph Rawlins, Samuel Simons, George Sheeks, William Elrod, John Bates and Samuel McBride. The evidence being heard and duly considered the jury returned into court with the follow- ing verdict: " We of the jury find the defendant guilty, and assess his tine at $1, and that he receive five stripes. " Motion was made in arrest of judgment, and overruled, notwithstanding the fact that one of the reasons assigned was that one member of the grand jury finding the bill was on the traverse jury. Probably the learned attorney should have asked a new trial. The record proceeds to say that the defendant was three times solemnly called and came not, but wholly made default. The only living member of the jury when interviewed about this verdict said: "I don't remember it, but it was right." It was only sixty-four years ago. Suit was brought at this term by the Commissioners of the County vs. Robert M. Carlton, Alexander Walker, Reuben Kilgore, George Sheeks, Pleasant Parks, Edward Johnson and Joshua Taylor, and the damages laid at $25,000. It never came to trial, and probably was on some bond and amounted to little. At the June term, 1820, Charles Dewey, Esq., and Hugh S. Ross were admitted to practice. Mr. Dewey lived first at Paoli and then at Charlestown, but continued to practice at this bar, and at a later date was associated with Col. R. W. Thompson. He was a lawyer of rare ability, and in 1836 was made one of the Supreme Judges of the State, which position he long filled with great ability. At this term there were twenty-one indictments returned by the grand jury: fifteen for assault and battery, four for affray, one for passing counterfeit money, and one for "marking a hog with intent to steal." The more refined mode of settling difficulties with pistols and knives had not yet come into vogue, and hence we see that though the population was sparse, and the grand jury met four times a year, there were nineteen cases for settling difficul- ties by the more cowardly method of attacking an enemy openly and even-handed. Commend us rather to that kind of manhood. DEWEY, THE FIE8T RESIDENT ATTORNEY. At the October term, 1820, James Bramin and Rollin C. Dewey were HISTORY OF LAWRENCE COUNTY. 109 admitted to practice. Mr. Dewey was the drst resident attorney of the county. He was a Massachusetts man, an accomplished scholar, and well read in the law, yet at the bar he was in many respects, a signal failure. In his efforts to addi'ess the court or jury his ideas were rambling and confused. To use the elegant language of Judge Carlton, at a much later day, when he was characterizing the effort of an opponent, he was in the habit of "slashing round" without making any point clear. After repeated efforts to obtain a practice and standing at the bar he was elected a Justice of the Peace, a position for which he was highly qualified, and in which he was successful and popular. He was an adept in drafting ^egal instruments of all kinds, an elegant scribe, and had he lived at a later day or in an older community would have been a successful office lawyer. He died of cholera in 1832. At this term a jury assessed a fine of 37 J cents on John Bailey for assaulting Winthrop Foote, the Pros- ecuting Attorney; and the State having again complained of "John Anderson," heretofore mentioned, for assaulting a neighbor, they fixed his fine at "$6,401." Evidently the scales of justice tipped the beam at the tenth of a cent in the delicate fingers of the gentlemen of this jury. Probably the wisdom of a modern court would set aside the ver- dict on the suspicion that they had made an aggregate of their several judgments au J divided by twelve. At this term it was also '* Ordered that W. Foote, Prosecuting Attorney, be allowed the sum of $75 for service during the year." On the margin is found in Dr. Foote's hand- writing the characteristic endorsement " Rejected." William Fields pre- sented his commission as Associate Judge for the term of seven years, and being qualified took his seat. The case of Robert M. Carlton, agent of the county, vs. Joseph Glover, Sheriff, came on for trial, and it was " considered by the court, that the defendant go hence without day." This is the first time that the name of the Sheriff appears, but it is probable that Glover was Sheriff from the beginning [See chapter on organization of the county. — Ed. J "Ordered by the court that the 'Prison Bounds,' for the county of Lawrence be as follows: Beginning southwest, in the town of Palestine, at Lot No. 259; thence east with Bluff Street to the east corner of Lot No. 107; thence north with Meeting Street to the north corner of Lot No. 93; thence west to the west corner of Lot No. 272; thence south to the beginning." As the town of Bedford is laid off with lots corresponding to those in Palestine, the curious can trace these lines in Bedford, aad find that the debtor had more room in which to wait for some relief to "turn up" than " Micawber" did. FIRST IMPORTANT LARCENY CASE. At the November term of this year, Craven P. Hester was admitted to practice. He resided at Bloomington and was well known not only to 110 HISTORY OF LAWRENCE COUNTY. the bar, but to the people of the State. The first trial on charge of lar- ceny, came up at this term, " The State vs. Young." The jury found as follows: "We, the jury, lind the defendant guilty as charged in the first count of the indictment, and that the property mentioned in the said county has not been restored to the said Joseph Trimble, and do more- over find and award that the said defendant pay to the said Trimble the sum of $20, and do also assess the fine of said defendant at 1 cent, and further find and award that the defendant be confined in the State prison at Je£fersonville, at hard labor for the term of five months." The judg- ment on this verdict was arrested. It may be of interest to attorneys to note that until long after this time a motion to quash an indictment was not made. Its sufficiency was never tested until after the accused had taken his chances with a jury, then, should the verdict be against him, he went to the court with the indictment on motion in arrest. JUDGE WILLIAM W. WICK. At the March term, 1822, the Hon. William W. Wick, of another circuit was present and presided. He resigned his judgeship at the end of three years, because, as he said, " it was starving him out." He was " a fellow of infinite jest," and better fitted for a politician, which he afterward became, than the bench. At the June term Judge Wick was again present, and Addison Smith, John Kingsbury and Thomas M. Allien were admitted to practice,'and the " court certifying that Henry A. Coward and James Whitcomb, applicants for admission to the bar, are persons of good moral character," they were also admitted. Gov. Whitcomb was then a young man, and had just settled at Bloom - ington. He continued to practice, as occasion called for it, at this bar until 1836. Perhaps no man in Indiana became better or more favorably known than he. He was for some time Commissioner of the General Land Office ; twice Governor of the State, and died while a member of the United States Senate. He was a good scholar, an able lawyer, and though a strong partizan, a statesman whose life was beyond reproach. At this term the first "change of venue" was granted. In the case of Ezekiel Blackwell and Henry Lee vs. James Chess, the case was sent on change of venue to Bartholomew County. SLANDER SUITS IN GENERAL. At the September term, 1822, the Hon. Ben Blackwell produced his commission as Associate Judge for the term of seven years, took the oath to support the Constitution? fight no duel, and discharge the duties of his office to the best of his ability. At this term came to trial the first slan- der suit in the county. James L. Mitchell vs. Thomas McMannis. (The only one of the jurors now living is Stever Younger.) The jury returned a verdict for plaintiff of $35, and the wound was healed. It may not be true that this was the first slander suit, as under the old practice the cause HISTORY OF LAWRENCE COUNTY. Ill might be entitled as "Trespass on the case," and as the papers cannot be found, many such cases may have been for slanderous words spoken. It is noteworthy, however, that for many years after this many of the cases were of this character. Litigation is like many other things, and each class of cases must have its rage. At one term not long after this, there were eleven slander cases on the docket, and the old citizens have not forgotten the case of "Glover against Foote," which was so long on the docket and so bitterly contested. The venue was changed to Monroe County, where the plaintifif had judgment, from which an appeal was taken to the Supreme Court and there reversed. Other cases grew out of it, and not only the parties but their friends became involved in it. The lawyers were, perhaps, the only parties benefitted by it, and perhaps they were not even paid for their pains. Attorneys may do well to heed the advice of Judge Parsons, late of Harvard University, when lecturing on this subject: "Young gentlemen, you will find that cases of this kind will be the first you will have to undertake. Older lawyers will shun them and they will be brought to you. Be very careful before you un- dertake such cases, to see that you have a case, and that it does not only exist in the vindictive imagination of your client." Of late years such cases rarely appear on the docket, CAKE OF THE COURT RECORDS. At the March term, 1823, there were present Judge Wick and his asso- ciates, Field and Blackwell. The Presiding Judge directed a certificate to be spread of record, showing the condition of the Clerk's office for the preceding year: "That the duties aforesaid have, during the time afore- said, been discharged in a manner indicative of industry, faithfulness and competency. Some improvement in neetness and mechanical execu- tion and in technicality and conciseness of style might be made, and are earnestly recommended." It is noticeable that in the entry of this order there is one interlineation of several words, and several erasures by draw- ing the pen through the words to be erased. It may be as well to observe in this connection that in the main, the records of Lawrence County have been remarkably well kept. The nest Clerk, Robert Mitchell, kept the record very neatly, and was complimented by the Judge for the manner in which his duties were performed. His deputy, Samuel Mitchell, still living in retirement in Bedford, wrote the finest hand on the docket up to that time. Mr. Clark kept the records in good shape, and his deputy, Greorge A. Thornton, Esq., both while deputy and afterward as Clerk, made a model Clerk, writing an unusually even hand, and being himself a lawyer, his entries and forms were concise in style and technically cor- rect. He perhaps did more to give form and tone to the records of the county than any other man in it. His deputy, Charles T. Woolfolk, fol- lowed his stvle and made a most excellent Clerk, as have all his succes- 112 HISTORY OF LAWRENCE COUNTY. sors. No defalcations have ever taken place in the office, and the interests of litigants and the public have been carefully guarded, It would be passing by an efficient officer not to say that the present deputy, Joseph Giles, Esq., who has tilled that place for ten years past, has made a most laithfial and agreeable servant of the public. His record is neatly and artistically kept, and his genial urbanity is proverbial. It is a pleasure thus to be able to commend the officers of the court, and this is the testi- mony of one of long practice in this and other counties. PROFESSIONAL CHARACTER OF ATTORNEYS. At the June term, 1883, Edgar C. Wilson, Henry P. Thornton, Thomas H. Blake (formerly Judge of the Circuit), and James Whitcomb> were admitted. Whitcomb's admission seems to have been a repetition, his former admission having probably been forgotten. Thornton was an attorney of the old school, having been born in North Carolina, educated in Kentucky, and trained in all the courts of southern Indiana. In Ken- tucky he met the ablest men of the day at the bar, and was the friend and ardent admirer of Henry Clay. In southern Indiana he met and measured lances with such men as Amos Lane, James Marshall, Carpen- ter, Stevens, Howk, Harbin H. Moore and many others. He afterward removed to Bedford, Lawrence County, where he resided for many years. He was not a great lawyer — lacking in legal acumen, and in the power to convince and control the court or jury. His generous disposition, and especially in his later years, led him to yield too much to his opponent, and the wily adversary could, and usually did, take every advantage of this disposition. But he was an industrious, hard-working and pains- taking lawyer, and to the last term through which he lived he might be seen making his way to the court house, tall, commanding, and straight as an arrow with his carefully endorsed papers in his arm. Maj. Thorn- ton was well and favorably known throughout his circuit, and was an exemplification of the old adage, that " lawyers live a good while, work hard and die poor." In a divorce case — John Connelly vs. Susannah Connelly, it was " ordered that publication be made in the Indiana Farmer published at Salem." It was further "Ordered that RoUin C. Dewey be appointed Prosecuting Attorney, for and during the pleasure of the court, in the room of Winthrop Foote, resigned. There being no "Narrow Gauge" railroads to occupy the time of the courts with costly litigation, attention was turned to the public high- ways of the county, and we find three indictments returned against Super- visors of Highways, one each against Elijah Curry, Hiram Donica and Bartholomew Thatcher. Each gave bail for his appearance at the next term of the court. In the interest of economy, not to say of the peace of the neighborhood, these cases were af terwai'd all nol. prossed. At this term the first alien declared his intention to become a citizen, and the HISTORY OF LAWRENCE COUNTY. 113 first was naturalized. Samuel Wilson, after being sworn, said that, as he believed, he was born " in the parish of Doneghmore, in the county of Donegal, in the kingdom of Ireland. * * That he set out for the United States of America, from the port of Londonderry on the 20th day of April, 1819, * * and arrived in New York on the 1st day of July, 1819. * * That he was six feet two or three inches high, of fair com- plexion, fair hair and blue eyes. * *" He further declared his inten- tion to become a citizen of the United States. Samuel Lockhart came into court, and having heretofore declared his intention so to do, was solemnly naturalized, and renounced his allegiance to the United King- dom of Great Britain and Ireland, and more especially to George IV. JUDGE JOHN F. ROSS. At the April term, 1824, the Hon. John F. Ross filed his commission as Judge of the Second Circuit and took his seat. His commission was signed by Gov. William Hendricks. John H. Sampson was admitted to the bar. John A. Smith made an application to be declared entitled to the benefit of the laws of the United States, in aid of Revolutionary soldiers. He says he served in the First Regiment of Artillery, com- manded by Col. Marshall, in the Virginia line, etc. He says he is aged sixty-six years, that his wife is aged twenty- six years; that he has foui" children, too yoiing to be of service to him; that he is constantly afflicted with rheumatism and is poor, etc. A list or schedule of his little prop- erty is given, to the correctness of which the court certifies, and he probably became a pensioner of the Government. A number of like applications were made about this time. THE FIRST CASE OF ARSON. * The first trial on a charge of "arson " occurred at this term. The State vs. James Taylor, Pleasant Taylor and William Leaky. James Taylor and Leaky were acquitted, but Pleasant was less fortunate and got one year in the State's prison. A new trial was, however, afterward granted, because the "jury dispersed and mingled with the people after retiring to consult, etc." Instead of being locked up in a jury room, they were probably sent, in care of a bailiff, to a neighboring shade tree, as was often done. The following is also of record: "On motion of Jere Rowland, Esq., it is ordered that it be certified that Daniel Rog- ers, who is an applicant for license to practice law, is a gentleman of honesty, probity and good demeanor. " Ebenezer Post makes application to be declared entitled to the benefits of the act, in aid of soldiers of the Revolution. Says he has " one cow, one yearling, a bed and household furniture not exceeding $10 in value, and a contract for the value 6f three barrels of whisky due him in Kentucky, which it is doubtful if he ever gets, that he has eight children scattered abroad in the world," etc. 114 HISTORY OF LAWRENCE COUNTY. "Wearing out a case" was not unknown, even at that early day. Rollin C. Dewey was appointed Master in Chancery. OTHER COURT OFFICERS. At the April term, 1823, tha Hoas. William CDanelly and Joha D. Laughlin, presented their commissions and were qaalilied as Associate Justices. John Lowrey presented his commission as Clerk of the Cir- cuit Court, for the term of seven years, he having already served as such for seven years. He gave bond in the sum of 12,001) with Winthx'op Foote, Moses Fell and Joseph Rawlins as securities. Reuben W. Nel- son, William W. Wick (late Judge) and Hagh L. Livingston, were admitted to practice. Mr. Liviugston and Rollin C. Dewey were the only resident attorneys of Lawrence County, for several years. Livings- ton was a native of South Carolina, born in the city of Charleston. He claimed to be a member of the distinguished New York family of that name. He was highly educated, eccentric in character, high toned and courteous in his manners, and possessed of great fertility of imagination. Though well versed in the law, he devoted more time to social enjoy- ment, and the "flashes of merriment that were wont to set the table in a roar" than to Chitty or Blackstone, or to the ac3umulation of stocks, bonds or mortgages. He afterward removed to Bloomfield and continued to practice there and at Sullivan for many years. At the August term, 1825, John Kingsbury was appointed to prosecute the pleas of the State. In a number of cases tried on charge of assault and battery, the jury assessed the fine at 25 cents. Robert ]\Iitchell, John Payne and Beverly Gregory filed their bond as Trustees for the Seminary of Learniug in Township No. 5. In a case requiring publi- cation it was directed to be published in the Indiana Intelligencer and Farmer^s Friend, published at Charlestown, Ind. On the 6th day of February, 1826, the first term of the Circuit Court" (special) was held at Bedford. As heretofore stated the town of Pales- tine had been removed to Bedford. Each owner of a lot or lots in that town taking a like lot or lots in Bedford — the plat being identical. The first court was held in a twostory log-house on the east side of the pub- lic square, on the ground now occupied by Dr. Gardner's stone front building. The front of the house was covered with undressed weather- boarding, and destitute of paint. Elsewhere "thechinkin' and the daubin' " served to close the open cracks between the logs. The Clerks and Record - er's offices were in the upper story. An old citizen says that in pleas- ant weather the juries made their verdicts sitting on logs in the rear of the building. The times were not so much "otit of joint" then as now, or there would have been some fearful ' ' log-rolling " with some of the jur- ies. At the August term, 1826, Harbin H. Moore and Milton Stapp were admitted to the bar. Gen. Stapp, although a practicing attorney, did not HISTORY OF LAWRENCE COUNTY. 115 devote himself at all exclusively to the practice. His home was in Mad - ison, and many of the improvements of that old city, as well as the old system of internal improvements in Indiana owe their existence largely to him. Every attorney of Indiana and indeed every one who has been at all about the courts, is familiar with the character of Harbin Moore. He lived at the old State capitol, Corydon, and his wit, humor and inim- itable jokes have been repeated throughout the State. Our "Bill of Rights" declares that justice shall be administered freely and without purchase. Many a poor fellow has thought that jus- tice was pretty " costly " before he got it, and some have thought it pretty costly after they got it. At this time, however, it was next thing to " free " as far as the judges were concerned, for we find the following entry: "Ordered that John D. Laughlin and William Connelly, Asso- ciate Justices, be allowed and paid out of the county treasury, the sum of $24 each for their services for the year last past. " At the April term, 1867, N. G. Howard, Henry Haady, Isaac Howk, Willi'^m K. Howard and Albert S. White were admitted. Mr. Howk was a very able attorney of Charleston, and the father of Judge Howk , now of the Supreme Court of the State. Mr. White was a scholarly man from New York, and attained a greater eminence in politics than in the law. At this time he lived in Paoli, but afterward removed to Lafayette. He served his district in Congress, the State in the United States Senate, and was afterward again in Congress. He was a successful railroad man, and in 1864 was appointed Judge of the United States District Court, but soon afterward died. ' ' UNABLE TO AGREE. " In a case between Robert Dougherty and James Glover, appealed from a Justice Court, we find the jury discharged because they were unable to agree. This is the first case of the kind in the county, and there was probably very little at stake between the pai'ties. Juries have largely adopted this practice, and it is now a very common thing for them to ask to be discharged for this reason. Very often some " twelfth man' ' on the jury finds, to his infinite disgust, that there are eleven very stubborn men on the jury. Uncharitable lawyers are wont to attribute this to the cor- ruption of " the twelfth man " It would be a pleasant privilege to record the opinion that this is never the case. And it is noticeable that this opinion is not usually entertained by these men when the "twelfth man " is with them. Are we not rather to suppose that the secret of d is- agreeing juries lies in the fact that they pay less attention to the instruc- tions of the court than formerly? Aud is not this due to the fact that the Constitution of 1852 rnade it necessary for the court, in a criminal case, to tell the jury, after having fully instructed them as to the law, "but you are the exclusive judges of the law," thus telling them that 116 HISTORY OF LAWRENCE COUNTY. they may entirely ignore his instructions as to the law after he has care- fully given them. It is very natural that juries should carry this privi- lege into civil cases. It is rare that a judge will rebuke a failure to regard an instruction of the court, as Judge Bicknell once did in this court. He learned that one juror had "hung" a jury that he had dis- charged from the trial of the case, and having learned his name, he directed the Sheriff to strike his name from the panel and fill his place from the bystanders. At the August term, 1827, John Farnham was admitted. Edward Evans asked to be declared entitled to the provisions of the pension act. He says he had neglected to sooner apply, because " through ignorance he did not know how to make his application." Evidently the country was not then flooded with the circulars of fraudulent pension agents as now. Patrick McManus makes a like application, and says he has only "one small chestnut mare, one large Bible, one watch and no money." It was ordered that the Sheriff be authorized to furnish a suflScient guard to safely keep Jameson Hamilton, who had been convicted of an assault and battery, with intent to kill one George Miller, and who had appealed to the Supreme Court from a five years' sentence to the State's prison. It was further ordered that Wier Glover, H. Blevins, William Porter, James W. Freeman, Henry Hendricks and Jonathan McConnell be paid $1.12 each for guarding Hamilton. In April, 1828, James Collins was acmitted to practice. Joseph Glover, Sheriff, files an exhibit of amount of fines received by him for the use of the seminaries of learning in Law- rence County, amounting to $17.01. It is to be feared that then, as now, too little attention was paid to the collection of these fines. An inspec- tion of the records will show that the fines assessed in this court, in later years against one man, who afterward died by violence, in the city of Louisville, amounted away up in the hundreds of dollars, and that in each case the order of the court was that he stand committed until such fines be paid or replevied. Such an inspection will probably further show that not one cent was ever realized to the State therefrom. Indeed he was wont to say that he was willing to pay fees, but no fines. BLACKWELL VS. THE BOARD OP JUSTICES. At the August term was spread of record the opinion of the Supieme Court in the case of Ezekiel Blackwell vs. the Board of Justices, of Law- rence County. It was a noted case and of importance because others depended on its decision. Blackwell refused to take corresponding lots in Bedford for his lots in Palestine, and sued the county for the value of his lots in that town before the removal of the county seat. The Supreme Court reversed the judgment of the court below, and the case went to Washington County on change of venue, and was probably com- promised. HISTORY OF LAWRENCE COUNTY. 117 Enos Fletcher was admitted to practice at the April term, 1829. At the August term one case was for " altering hog mark, " and the jury (three of whom, Stever Yoanger, Horatio Jeter and Elbert Jeter, still live) after investigation returned into court with their verdict of guilty, and assessed the punishment of the offender at confinement at hard labor for one year. Pork was cheap, but the ear mark of a hog, properly recorded, was sacred. For some reason this judgment was arrested, and a venire cle novo was ordered; he was acquitted. At this term John Lowrey, the Clerk, resigned, and John Brown was appointed Clerk pro tern., and gave bond with Moses Fell, William MoClane and James Den- son, sureties. At the next term Brown was commissioned Clerk for seven years, and gave bond in the sum of $2,500. The Clerk now gives bond in $12,000. The " Prison Bounds " for the county wore again fixed and consisted of the north part of the town of Bedford. The name of William B. Slaughter here appears for the first time. He was born in Virginia, and now became a resident of Bedford and began the practice of law. His ofilce was in a little frame shanty on the corner where H. B. Richardson's store now stands. He was a valuable young man, a tine writer and qf tine address. As a lawyer he was im- practical and visionary, and not calculated to meet the matter-of-fact men with whom he came in contact. He represented the county in the Legislature, and was soon after appointed Register of the Land OfiBces in Michigan, and was a few years ago among his old friends in Bedford. He was interested in peat mines in the latter State, and though he had not yet realized " there were millions in it." ADMISSION OF EMINENT MEN. At the March term, 1831, Tilghman A. Howard was admitted. He had just settled at Bloomington and was a partner of James Whitcomb. After representing his district in Congress, coming very near being both Governor and United States Senator, he was appointed Charge D'affairs to the Republic of Texas in 1844, where he soon died. He was a " Chris- tian statesman" and a man among men. At the March term, 1832, Joseph Athon and Pleasant Pagett took their seats as Associate Justices, and Robert Mitchell presents his commission as Clerk for seven years. At the September term, 1833, on motion of Charles Dewey, it was " ordered by the Court that Richard W. Thompson be admitted to prac- tice as an attorney, ex. gratia, during the present term of the court." Col. Thompson, the "silver-tongued orator of the Wabash," is still per- mitted ex gratia dei, to practice and speaks for himself. He was at this time associated with Judge Dewey, and made rapid advance in his pro- fession. Afterward he and Mr. Dunn became partners and by their industry and ability, soon had the practice of the county, and were look- 118 HISTORY OF LAWRENCE COUNTY. ing elsewhere. Col. Thompson soon afterward removed to Terre Haute, where he still lives. He is too well known for further notice here. An orator unsurpassed, a statesman of the purest type and a gentleman of the "old school" he holds a warm place in the hearts of his countrymen. At the September term, 1S34, John H. Thompson presided, by com- mand of tlie Governor, pro tem, until the next Legislature, vice Ross, deceased. Phrelan G. Paugh and Qliver H. Allen were admitted to practice. In June, 1835, John H. Allen presents a commission as Pres- ident Judge for three years, to fill the unexpired term of Judge Ross. At the September term 1835, Elsy Woodward took his seat as Associate Judge in place of Joseph Athon, resigned. HON. GEORGE G. DDNN. George G. Dunn was admitted to the bar in September, 1835. Mr. Dunn became a partner of R. W. Thompson, and they at once took a high rank at the bar. Such was their success that most of the attorneys of the circuit previously attending this court ceased to come, except when following up some case of importance here by change of venue. Mr. Dunn deserves more than a passing notice. It is not claiming too much to say that though he did not pass the meridian of public life he was among the very first lawyers and statesmen that the State has produced. Born in Kentucky in 1812, he came to Indiana while yet a boy. His education would now be regarded as limited, having only gone as far as the junior class in the State University. His means were limited, and the facilities for obtaining a finished education, as that implies today, were even more limited. There were no extensive libraries with alcoves filled with well-selected law books this side the Alleghany Mountains, and a journey beyond them at that day was equal to a trip arouud the world to-day. Like almost every other young man of that period he was a stranger to the advantages of foreign travel, and he came not in contact with foreign men and foreign customs, but he had a strong arm and a brave heart, and he set out to meet and conquer the difficulties of life with the courage of a hero. He very soon made himself felt at the bar of Lawrence County, where he began and continued his practice. Coming in contact with such men as Thompson, Hughes, Howard and Marshall he proved himself the peer of the best of them. As an advocate he had no superior in the State, perhaps few in the country. He may have lacked the pleasing eloquence of the silver-toned Thompson, now of the Wabash; he may have lacked the " breadth of comprehension" of his intimate friend Marshall, but he surpassed them all in moving the hearts of those to whom he made his passionate appeals. He was a better judge of human nature than any with whom he had to contend, and no man knew better how to reach and control that human nature than he. The writer only knew him personally in the last years of his life, but a HISTORY OF LAWRENCE COUNTY. 119 • study of his character has satisfied him that the secret of his success lay not so much in his intellectual powers or in his logical or legal acumen, or even in his breadth of knowledge of the law as in his will power, and in the depth of his convictions. He was not a genius, flashing up here and there, to the surprise of himself and everybody else, and then as sur- prisiugly disappointiug himself and his friends at other points. His client's cause became bis own, and by as much more intensely his own as be was capable of deeper feeling than his client. Having undertaken a case, no matter of how small importance, he could only endure success, and never contemplated defeat. He carried conviction to the jury, not so much by the cold logic of facts as by inspiring them with his own per- sonality, and convincing them even against their will. If his opponent had intrenched himself in the minds of the jury he had no need of the usu al methods of a seige, he carried the citadel by storm, and made himself master of the situation. His wit was of the pungent kind which pierces to the quick, and not of the sparkling order that pleases and tickles the fancy, while it leaves no impression on its object. He was a perfect master of ridicule, and in invective was not surpassed in the courts of Indiana, while his sarcasm was withering as that of a Randolph. In politics Mr. Dunn was a Whig, and twice he was elected to Congress in districts where the Democratic party was largely in the ascendency. And yet while his order of talents would rank him with statesmen it is doubt- ful if he could ever have ranked as a successful politician. He lacked not in ambition, for that was a strong past of his nature. He lacked not in ability to fasten himself in the hearts of his constituency, for he was their idol. But the successful politician must affiliate with other poli- ticians, and as the term begins to imply, he must let policy carefully direct his actions in his intercourse with them. The leadei's of parties must pull together, and each must yield where he cannot conquer. It was not in Mr. Dunn's nature to yield his convictions to those of another. He probably spoke the truth when he said to a friend, while sitting beside the remains of his lamented friend Marshall, " Thei'e lies what is left of the only man that ever caused me to change my mind when I had once made it up. " He was of Scottish origin, and had inherited many of the traits of their character, not the least of which was that of inde- pendent thought and action. Just at the noon -tide of life his health gave way, probably from over- work in his last canvass for Congi'ess. He succeeded at too great a cost to his health, and never fully recovered. He died in the religious faith of his fathers, at his family residence, near Bedford, and among those who loved him, in September, 1857. OTHER TERMS OF COURT. At th e March term, 1837, Joseph Marshall, of Madison, one of Indi- ana's greatest men was admitted to practice. At the September term, 120 HISTORY OF LAWRENCE COUNTY. T>. F. Crooke was appointed Surveyor of the county for three years. At the March term, 1838, T. J. Throop was admitted to practice. A com- missioner's deed was reported, occupying three pages of the record — now more than three of them can be recorded on one page. Lawlessness seems to be like playing marbles, base ball, etc., and each kind has its rage. At this term there were fifteen indictments for gaming. First it was assault and battery, then gaming, and finally, violations of the liquor law. Certain localities, too, seem to have been infected with the rage. At one term the grand jury struck the quiet and hitherto orderly town of Springville like a cyclone, and nearly all the indictments for the term were from that village. At this September term, 1838, our now distin- guished citizen, R. W. Thompson, late Secretary of the Navy, stood charged with having turned a broadside on Craven P. Hester, for which, on plea of guilty, he paid $2 for the use of the seminaries of learning. At the May term, 1839, Hon. David McDonald, presided, and at his side was John Whitted, Associate. Randall Crawford, John S. Watts, Paris C. Dunning, John Baker and William T. Otto were admitted to practice. Each of these attained distinction, and Otto and Baker ai'e still livinor. The grand jury having I'eturned sixty-nine indictments for gaming, say they have no further business, and are discharged. They had shelled the woods pretty generally, and reached all parts of the county. DANIEL KRESS VS. FELLOWS AND FELLOWS. At this term came on for trial the suit of Daniel Kress vs. Fellows and Fellows. The plaintiff appeared by Marshall, Thompson, Kingsbury and Otto, and the defendant by Payne, Crawford and Dunn. A stronger array of counsel has not met at the Lawrence County bar. The suit came here by change of venue, and involved a large amount. It grew out of the loss of three flat-boat loads of pork, lost ' -'«* >i'^. m wT ^' ^, <2d4^^^U HISTORY OF LAWRENCE COUNTY. 187 Mitchell and Jacob Smith, Second Lieutenants. Company H was also from this county, and was mustered in August 19, its oflficers during the war being: David Kelly, Captain; Allen C. Burton, Benjamin N.Hosfcetler and John T. Stewart, First Lieutenants; Wiley G. Burton and Benjamin Hostetler, Second Lieutenants, FIELD SERVICES OF THE SIXTY- SEVENTH. The Sixty-seventh Regiment was mustered in at Madison under Frank Emerson, Colonel, and moved to Louisville, thence to Munfordville, and there engaged the advance of Bragg's army September 14, where it was surrendered to the enemy after losing forty-three men killed and wounded. After parole it remained at home until December, was then exchanged and refitted and moved to Memphis. January 11, 1863, it assaulted Arkansas Post, suffering a severe loss. It moved to Young's Point, and later moved on the Yicksburg campaign. It fought at Port Gibson, Champion Hills, Black River Bridge, and at the investment and capture of Vicksburg. It then moved against Jackson, thence was moved to New Orleans, and later in Louisiana fought at Grand Coteau, where 200 of its men were captured. January, 1864, it went t Credits by S 'O voluntary a . a a o . o 1-5 p w to enlistments. *^ a Jt Townships. S , £ a 2 -Ob r 3 ® > o 3 rs-< a 3 o 3 O o 3 <0 a S 'i o a o 03 O a 2 DO l^ c a o H s_/ H t» Shawswick 480 69 28 79 176 165 18 183 183 7 Flinn 225 34 14 37 85 46 18 23 87 37 50 2 Pleasant Run.. . 150 25 10 25 60 53 8 61 61 1 Perry 152 20 8 19 47 41 56 14 14 55 55 8 Indian Creek. . . 150 25 10 25 60 70 13 57 10 Spice Valley 169 28 11 28 67 58 13 . . . . 71 . . . . 71 4 Marion 345 59 24 57 140 119 24 24 11 10 140 3^^ 102 Bono 140 20 8 23 51 25 54 34 20 3 Marshall 63 19 7 17 43 22 46 28 150 18 3 il874 299 120 310 729 i 586 101 80 767 617 38 Under the last call of the war, December 19, 1864, the following table of credits was prepared by authority on the 14th of April, 1865. at which time all attempts to raise men in the State were abandoned : a °rs 13 a g^ a "52 ?§ S C3 ^ "3 fc. a. 0-3 s ■O is-S Townships. a a o a « 3.^:' C3 3 ♦? V 2 9. tal of qi deficien 3 u o 2 .5- -3 tal credi raentsa u a Hi a '3 ta 99 ■ 3 a. CO 367 130 111 103 30 31 9 4 ^ 0) Iz; ^ g:S a O Q 3 CO Shawswick 80 31 9 4 59 19 7 7 1 60 19 7 7 60 19 7 7 "is 8 30 Flinn Pleasant Run Perry '3 Indian Creek 112 105 9 3 9 3 14 11 14 11 14 11 5 Spice Valley • 8 Marion 161 46 56 27 16 18 27 16 18 20 3 8 "i" 20 4 8 20 4 8 7 12 10. Bono Marshall Total 1191 147 147 1 148 2 150 150 43 , 46 SUMMARY OF MEN FURNISHED. From the above particulars the total credits of the county during the war in estimated figures may be given: By September 19, 1862, the county had furnished 1,500 volunteers, each man being counted as often as he HISTORY OF LAWRENCE COUNTY. 195 enlisted. It furnished 100 men for the six months' call of 1863, and 149 for the October call of 1863. In 1864 it was credited with 707 men by enlistment, " veteranization " and draft. Under the last call of the war — December 19, 1864 — it was credited with 150 men, and April 14, 1865, had a surplus of 3 men. The sum of 1,500, 100, 149, 767, 150 and 3, gives a grand total of 2,669 men. In some cases men enlisted as high as three different times, and in the above estimate have been couated that often. The men who left the county to enlist were proba- bly balanced by those who entered to enlist. It has been estimated that 1,500 different mfen left the county for the Federal army. This is a proud exhibit. BOUNTY AND RELIEF. The following tabular statement from the Adjutant-General's Reports shows the amount of bounty and relief furnished by the county during the war: Bounty. Relief. Lawrence County $61,700 $3,815 Flinn fownship 4,600 500 Pleasant Run Township 1,000 300 Perry Township 1,650 500 Indian Creek Township 8,400 1,500 Spice Valley Township 1,426 650 Marion Township 5,000 1,000 Bono Township 3,200 1,000 Shawswick Township 3,125 4,000 Marshall Township 2,600 300 Total $92,701 $13,565 A military history of the county cannot properly be written in accordance with the scope of this work without a tile of newspapers pub- lished in the county during the years of the war. Such file could not be found in Lawrence County, and the historian was forced to give the best possible account from the Adjutant-General's Reports and other sources. All the valuable fund of local matter — public meetings, resolu- tions adopted, speeches delivered, action taken, disloyalty displayed, deserters arrested, mass and war meetings, celebrations, soldiers' and ladies' aid societies, supplies furnished, local bounty and relief, jubilee over the surrender of rebel commands, resolutions and eulogies of sorrow over the death of Lincoln, and a thousand little personal notes and observations of the greatest value — all is lost without a file of newspapers. A complete file was kept in the court house, but was doubtless deliber- ately stolen by some vandal who may have had an unsavory political career to conceal. This is the apology of the historian for the incom- pleteness of this chapter. PERSONALIA.* It is matter of regret that officers and enlisted men alike cannot be *The8e personal sketches were furnished by Col. Voris. 196 HISTORY OF LAWRENCE COUNTY. noticed here. Many a heroic act, and many a deed that would thrill the reader, was performed by men who carried no commission, but who carried a brave heart beneath the army blue, and who handled the mus- ket and not the sword. The first man to organize a company for the late service was Capt. Samuel W. Short. He failed to get his company into one of the first regi- ments organized, but went with them into the Eighteenth, and with that regiment through the Missouri campaign, and served with distinction, and a Major's command at the battle of Pea Ridge. In September, 1862, he was compelled to resign on account of ill health. He returned to civil life, and to the practice of the law, and now resides on his farm near Vincennes, Ind. Jeremiah E. Dean, who had served with credit in the Mexican war, became First Lieutenant and then Captain in the Fifteenth Indiana Vol- unteers, and served until the expiration of his term of three years. He was afterward in business in Lawrence County, was Auditor of the county for a term of four years, and now, disabled by the wounds and hardships of the service, enjoying the Government's bounty, he resides quietly in Bedford. Capt. Columbus ]\Ioore, of Mitchell, first entered the service in the Sixteenth (organized for one year), and upon its reorganization for three years became Captain of Company D. He was a gallant ofiicer, and was Officer of the Day at Vicksburg on the night of the 3d day of July, 1863, and on the memorable morning of the 4th of July conducted Maj. • Gen. Bo wen and Col. Montgomery, Chief of Staff to Gen. Pemberton, blindfold through our lines to the headquarters of Gen. Burbridge, to await an audience with Gen. Grant. The result of that audience flashed across the wires that spanned the continerit, to meet the glad gi-eeting from the victorious field of Gettysburg. Doil R. Bowden enlisted in the Eighteenth Regiment as a private; was made First Lieutenant in September, 1862. In March, 1863, he was promoted to Captain. In January, 1863, he was elected Major, but was not mustered. He was severely wounded at Cedar Creek, Va., in October, 1864. He returned to his regiment for service in December, 1864, and took immediate command of his regiment, and continued in command until the 27th day of July, 1865, when he was commissioned Colonel, which command he held until mustered out of service at Indian- apolis. He has since been in business at Bedford. Napoleon H. Daniels also enlisted in Company B, Eighteenth Indiana Volunteers. He was Private Secretary to Maj. -Gen. Pope, until Septem- ber, 1862, when he was promoted to Second Lieutenant, and in March, 1863, to First Lieutenant. He served as Adjutant-General or Aid-de- Camp to Gen. Pope most of the time until January, 1864, when he was made Captain, and afterward Major. He was mustered out with his HISTORY OF LAWRENCE COUNTY. 197 regiment, and entered the Eighteenth United States Regulars as a Lieu- tenant. He was killed and scalped on the 22d day of July, 1866, near Fort Kearney, by the Indians, on his way across the plains to join his command. He was among the bravest of the brave. Gen. James W. McMillan was made Colonel of the Twenty-first Indi- ana, on the organization of that regiment, and continued in command until promoted to Brigadier^ General in November, 1862. He served as such with distinction to the close of the war. He was seriously wounded by guerrillas near Baton Rouge, La. He now resides in Washington city, and occupies an important place in the Pension Department. Robert C. McAfee enlisted in this regiment and became First Lieu- tenant. In July, 1868, he was compelled to resign by reason of disease, from which he soon afterward died, and was buried at Bedford. George J. Brown was a member of the same regiment. He was made Second and afterward First Lieutenant, and in August, 1864, became Captain of Company F, which position he held until the regiment was mustered out. Capt. Samuel Nickless enlisted in the Fourteenth Regiment, and was promoted to the Captaincy. This, the old regiment of Gen. Nathan Kim- ball, served with the Army of the Potomac, and was there regarded as among the best in that army, and Capt. Nickless was with them wherever danger led. Hugh Erwin served as Captain of the Twenty-fourth Regiment until compelled by sickness to resign, in December, 1863. He was afterward Treasurer of Lawrence County and, for years past, has been engaged in business in Kansas. Francis A. Sears, who had, up to that time, served as Captain and Major, became Lieutenant-Colonel of the Twenty-fourth Regiment upon its reorganization in March, 1864, and was mustered out with the regi- ment in 1865. He now resides in Kansas. David Kelly, who had also been a Captain in the Sixty- seventh, became Major of the Twenty-fourth upon its reorganization, and remained with it to the end. He has since been in business in Mitchell. Capt. George W. Friedley was commissioned Captain in the Sixty- seventh in March, 1863, and served with marked distinction with the same rank in the Twenty -fourth after its reorganization. A notice of him is given elsewhere in this work. Capt. Meredith W. Leach, of the Twenty-seventh Regiment, had been in the service in the war with Mexico. He went with his command to Baltimore and in the winter of 1861-62 he died of disease, near Freder- ick City, Md. His remains were brought to Bedford, where they were laid away with the honors of a soldier. The tears shed over his grave were among the first of the many that watered the earth during that ter- rible struggle for the suppression of the rebellion. 198 HISTORY OF LAWRENCE COUNTY. Theodore E. Bushier was Captain of Company D in the Twenty- seventh, but was discharged in May, 1862, and afterward served for a time as Lieutenant-(Jolonel of the Sixty-seventh. • Thomas J. Box was made Captain of Company D upon the resigna- tion of Bushier, and served as such durinii: the terrible battles of the Army of the Potomac, and from that time until his term of service expired. He was severely wounded at Gettysburg, and bears other honorable scars. He has since been engaged in farming in Lawrence County. Joseph Balsley was a Lieutenant in Company D of the Twenty - seventh Regiment; on November 1, 1863, was promoted to be Captain of Company H, and served with credit until the regiment was mustered out in November, 1864. He is in business at Seymour, Ind. Alexander H. Gainey, of Springville, was made Captain of a company in the Forty-third Regiment, in August, 1861, but was compelled by ill health soon after to resign his commission. Capt. Isaac Carothers commanded a company (C) in the Fiftieth Reg- iment. He was a brave and efficient officer, and is now engaged in farm- ing in Martin County. A. H. Miller was Captain of Company I, in the Fiftieth Regiment. He now resides in California. David T. Mitchell was a Lieutenant in the Sixty-seventh Regiment, and on the organization of the One Hundred and Fortieth Regiment became itsLieut-Colonel, and served with the same until it was mustered out after the close of the war. He is now Postmaster at Kokomo, Col. Capt. (jr. W. Rahm served as such in the Sixty-seventh Regiment with great credit. He died, at home, of small-pox, during the war. Henry Davis, elsewhere mentioned for honorable service in Mexico, was made Lieut. -Colonel of the Eighty- second on its organization. He served with distinction until compelled by ill health to resign, in Octo- ber, 1863. He is now Postmaster in Bedford, and enjoys the esteem of his comrades, due to a distinguished soldier. Samuel J. Bartlett was Captain of Company K in thfe Ninety-third, largely composed of men from this county. He resigned in August, 1868, and resided for a time at Barlettsville. He is now in business in south eastern Kansas. AVilliam J. Cook was Captain of Company I of the One Hundred and Twentieth Regiment, but after a service of six months was com- pelled to resign on account of disability. William Day, who had served in the Mexican war, was a Lieutenant in Capt. Cook's Company, one of five brothers in the service. Charles Pendergrast was Major and Robert R. Stewart Captain of Company A. in the One Hundred and Fortieth Regiment, and served until mustered out with their regiment. On the organization of the One Hundred and Forty-fifth Regiment in HISTORY OF LAWRENCE COUNTY. 199 Febriiary, 1865, Vinson V. Williams, who had served in other regiments during the war, and who had been severely •wounded at Fort Gibson, Miss., was made Major. He was afterward promoted to Lieut- Colonel, and served as such until the regiment was mustered out. He has since been Sheriff of the county for two terms and was for ten years Deputy United States Marshal, and is now in the stone business. M. A. Gel wick was Captain of Company B, and Archibald Ander- son of Company C, in this regiment. M. A. Gelwick is now Special Examiner in the Pension Department, and resides in Greencastle. Capt. Anderson was in business in Lawrence County until about the fall of 1880, when he died in Bedford. The Fourth Indiana Cavalry was organized in August, 1862, with a company from this county. Jesse Keithly was made Captain, and served as such until his death at Madisonville, Ky., March 4, 1863. Isaac New- kirk, who had up to that time served as First Lieutenant, then became Captain, and served as such until the regiment was mustered out, by rea- son of the expiration of the term. Few regiments saw more hardships and exposure than the Fourth Indiana Cavalry. Capt. Newkirk has since been Sheriff of the county for two terms, and is now a successful farmer in Bedford. There are many others who deserve to be mentioned in this history. Dr. Ben Newland went out as Surgeon of the Twenty-second (commanded by Jeff C. Davis), and distinguished himself in his departmental service. He was Chief Surgeon of Division at the time of the battle of Pea Ridge. Drs. Hiram Malott, James Gardner and George W. Burton each served as Surgeons in the field, and have, as well as Dr. Newland, been an orna- ment to their profession at home. Henry C. Huston was Quartermaster of the Fiftieth Regiment, and has since deceased. Lieut. Jacob W. Martin, of the Twenty-first, was on staff duty during much of his time of service. The regiment was the Twenty-first, and styled First Heavy Artillery. James G. Northcraft, of the same regiment, was noted as an efiScient officer of artillery. He was afterward engaged in successful business at Abilene, Kan., and died a year ago. A. C. Voris was early in the war commissioned by the President as Captain and Commissary Sergeant. He was twice brevetted for meritor- ious conduct, and was with the Army of the Potomac in the field and at the surrender of Lee. A. F. Berry, Lieutenant in the Fifteenth, deserved and would have received promotion, but was assigned to the Signal Service, where he did valuable service. He is now a physician of the county. 200 HISTORY OF LAWRENCE COUNTY. CHAPTER VIII. BY HAMILTON STILLSON, A. M., M. D. RELiGiors History of Lawrencp: County from the Earliest Time to THE Present, with an Account of the Origin of the Various Organizations, a List of Members and Ministers, a Description OF Eevivals and Church Customs, a Statement of the Erection AND Dedication of Buildings, a List of Officers, and a Brief Out- line OF Sunday-School Work. BEDFORD PEESBYTEEIAN CHURCH. THE history of the Bedford Presbyterian Church begins with the his- tory of Palestine. In 1819 Isaac Reed, a missionary from the Eastern States, entered Indiana to establish Presbyterian Churches. He was a very peculiar man, a "natural Yankee; " traveled in a Dearborn wagon and encountered many haps and mishaps, the story of which he preserved in a book. Entering Palestine, he preached in the temporary court house and organized a small church, the Elders of which were Samuel Hender- son and Philip Ikerd; The first members of this church were S. Hen- derson and family, P. Ikerd and family, William Crawford and family and "William Barnhill. To this congregation he preached occasionally till Palestine was moved to Bedford, in 1825. Occasionally, also, AV. W. Martin, father of C. B. H. Martin, D.D.,. acted as pastor. Likewise, Kemley, who lived at Livonia, preached at various points through this part of the State, as at Palestine, Bono, Livonia, etc. But when Palestine was found to be the land of unpromise and was moved to Bedford, the ark of the church seems to have been left behind, for not until 1831 was church worship observed in Bedford. But on May 7 of that year Isaac Reed called the members of the church together. William Crawford, Samuel Henderson and Philip Ikerd were the first Elders, and the follow- ing appear as the names of the first members of the Bedford Presby- terian Church: Lawrence Ikerd, Christiana Ikerd, Philip and Susana Ikerd, Jonathan Henderson, Jane Henderson, Samuel and Rhoda Hen- derson, William and Jane Crawford, Sarah McClelland, Sally Ikerd, James and Sarah Wilson, Robert and Margaret Robinson, Alexander and Rebecca McKinney, and Henry Lowrey. These are all dead now. The majority of them at that time lived east of Bedford. CHURCH buildings. Meetings were first held at the court house and at the houses of the various members at and near Bedford. Before any Presbyterian HISTORY OF LAWRENCE COUNTY. 201 Chiu'ch building was erected, Mr. Kittredge held service8 regularly once a month at the residence of William Crawford, east of town. About 1840 a peculiarly shaped brick house was erected where the present church stands. It was built by Jonathan Jones. In 1868 the present neat little brick church was erected in its stead. It was built by Thomas Stephens at a cost of $7,000; is finished and furnished in good taste with modern conveniences. It is located on the southeast corner of Lincoln and Sycamore Streets. In 1848 the church divided into Old School and New School factions. The Old School being in the minority, withdrew, leaving the New School in possession of the church building. For their accommodation the Old School in 1850 built a large brick house where the Methodist Church now stands, on the southwest corner of Church and Locust Streets. It was arranged for church and school purposes; was two-story, the upper being a large room reached by a double flight of stairs on the east end, outside. The lower story had two or three recitation rooms. When the Old School and New School factions united in 1859, the first building was the one occupied by the church thus formed. The Old School building, however, became the property of the Independent Church, but in 1866 it was purchased by the Methodists and by them remodeled into their present church building. MINISTERS. The ministers have been as follows: After its organization in 1831 by Isaac Reed, the first regular minister was Solomon Kittredge, who remained such with a short intermission until November, 1847. JohnM. Bishop succeeded him and continued to act as pastor till 1859. About 1848 the church was divided into Old School and New School ; but these factions were united in 1859, forming what they termed the Independent Presbyterian Church. Of the Old School the fii-st minister was R. M. Roberts, having eighteen members. He was followed by John G. Will- iamson, Grarey and Sickles. The ministers of the Independent Church have been Edward Barr, C. B. H. Martin, F. M. Symmes, J. B. Crowe, Robert Shaw, Preston McKinney and W. J. Frazer, the last of whom is now in charge. The present Elders are: Col A. C. Voris, L. H. Dale, William Fisher, D. W. Parker and Thomas V. Thornton; the Deacons: S. D. Luckett and Hamilton Stillson. The church is in a prosperous condition, with a membership of about eighty-five; connected with the church is a Sunday- school having an attendance of eighty scholars, ten teachers and two offi- cers. " It is under the superintendence of Samuel D. Luckett. BEDFORD METHODIST EPISCOPAL CHURCH. In 1826 a little band of about forty Methodists was organized into a regular church called the Methodist Episcopal Church of Bedford. Among the first members appear the familiar and respected names of George McNight and wife, Mrs. Joseph Rawlins, Mrs. Joseph Glover, 202 HISTORY OF LAWRENCE COUNTY. Ellen Peters, Mrs. Campbell and daughters, Alex Butler and wife, Robert Dougherty, wife, son and daughter, Mrs. Jane Fisher, Mrs. David John- son, Mrs. Jesse Johnson, Mrs. Michael Johnson, Mrs. William Stipp, John Head, wife and two daughters, John Brown, wife and three daugh- ters, James Denson and wife, John Newland and wife, William Temple- ton and wife, Holland Pitman and wife, John Simms, wife and son, John Edmondson, wife and daughter. This church in its infancy had the good fortune to be born well. The first minister was Edmond Ray, a man remarkable for his earnest, plain, straightforward love of truth. Other early ministers of this section were Aaron and Enoch Woods, Mr. Tolbert and Bishop R. R. Roberts. The last, who is now so well remem- bered throughout the State, was a resident of Lawrence County in Bono Township, and by his eloquence and zeal soon became one of the fore- most Methodist preachers in the West. He was Bishop of the Methodist Church of the United States. The first Presiding Elder was John Arm- strong, and the following were the first officers of the church: Marquis D. Knight, Lazarus Barkley, David Johnson, William Stipp, William Johnson, Jesse Johnson, John Whitted and Michael Fai'mer. They are all dead now but Jesse Johnson. He is one of Shawswicks Township's most extensive and substantial farmers. David Johnson was a brother of Jesse, and during his life sought ways to make himself useful to the church and neighborhood. The church grew, and a decade of prosperity found it in need of a commodious church building. Accordingly, in September, 1835, land was purchased of John J. Barnett, on which a large brick building was erected. It is now occupied by the Catholic denomination, and occupies the northwest corner of High and Culbertson Streets. The Trustees of the church at the time of its building were: M. D. Knight, Alex Butler and John Edmondson. The old brick with its church-going bell served the people some thirty-five years. The bell was on the old church and was the first bell in Bedford. At this time or about the year .1870, the congregation purchased the church owned by the Old School Presbyte- rians. They have renovated the building and now have a very pleasant house of worship. Stephen Bowers was the Pastor in 1866-68; J. E. Brant, 1868-70; G. W. Bower, 1870-71; O. H. Smith, 1871-73; John Boucher, 1873-75; J. W. Asbury, 1875-76; John Walls, 1876-77; T. D. Welker, 1878-79; W. W. Webb, 1879-80; J. V. R. Miller, 1881-82; M. S. Heavenridge, 1882-84; and William Telfer is the present incum- bent, having been appointed Pastor in August, 1884. Present member- ship is 125, with 16 probationers. Value of present church and parson- age, aboiit $8,000. The church is free from debt. Present officers appointed August, 1884: Pastor, William Telfer; Local Preacher, S. A. Rariden; Trustees of church and parsonage, M. N. Messick, President; H. H. Walls, Secretary; W. P. Hodge, L. E. Daggy, and George B. Fer- HISTORY OF LAWRENCE COUNTY. 203 gusoD. The Sunday-school is in good working condition, under the superintendency of George B. Ferguson. Its membership is 150, with twelve teachers. THE BEDFORD CHRISTIAN CHURCH. The true history of the Christian Church of Bedford reaches back over a period of about fifty years, though her authentic or written his- tory extends back onlv to 1846. In 1835 Elder J. M. Mathes was induced to leave an appointment to preach in the court house. This appointment was filled, and he afterward visited the town quite frequently, and gained some adherents. During the succeeding eleven years quite a number of members of this body of people moved into the town, and these, with the increase from those outside, gave quite an increase to that faith. In May, 1846, all things having been prepared, Elders O'Kane and Jameson were invited to visit them for the purpose of effecting an organization. For the first few years after the organization they met in the schoolhouse and Baptist Church, but later in the Presbyterian Church, and then in their present house. The foundation of the building was laid in 1854. The superstructure was reared the following year, and the basement, though unfinished, was occupied the fall of 1855. Elder J. Mathes has been connected with this church more or less intimately from its incipiency. Aside from him the first preacher employed was Elder M. J. Edmondson, and the succeeding year, 1851, Aaron Hubbard was selected to fill his place. The familiar names of Joseph Rawlins, Michael Malott, William McLane, Alex Dunihue, Samuel Irwin, Elisha Boyd, John Thompson, David Boland, Dr. Foote and George Thornton, are mentioQed as the first contributors to the building fund. The rest of the means necessary was mainly procured from the Christian brotherhood of the county through the personal efforts of Stever Younger and Elder J. M. Mathes. The charter members were thirty-three in number, comprised of the following persons: A. G. Young, Henrietta Young, A. Gelwick, Sarah Gelwick, David D. Campbell, Mary Campbell, Mary F. Reed, Mary A. Roach, J. T. Sullivan, Ann Sullivan, Thomas Lockhart, Nancy L. Lockhart, Solo- mon N. Hostetler, Catharine Hostetler, Maria L. Hostetler, Joseph Hos- tetler, Elizabeth Hostetler, David G. Gray, Thomas M. Boyd, Polly A. Boyd, Hiram Malott, Eunice Malott, Jesse Adamson, Evaline Adamson, Elisha Boyd, Phoebe Boyd, Tina Culbertson, William E. Boyd, John Williams, Elizabeth Williams, Isaac Williams, Rebecca Williams, Cor- nelia P. Williams. The congregation was officered as follows: Elder, Joseph Hostetler; Deacons, Isaac Williams, A. G. Young, Elisha Boyd, A. Gelwick; Clerk, A. Gelwick. On the 19th of January, 1851, Milton McKee was elected as an Elder of the congregation. On the 8th of Octo- ber, 1852, Henry Davis was chosen as Elder to act with the then present Board. In 1853, Henry Davis, Stever Younger and Elisha Boyd were 13 204 HISTORY OF LAWRENCE COUNTY. elected Trustees. In July, 1853, the membership was fifty- one, an, increase of only eighteen for five years. In August, 1856, the members were seventy-eis, an increase of twenty- five in three years. On the 19th of April, 1858, William Duncan, Levi Houston and J. W. Newland were elected Trustees. The number of members August 19, 1858, was 112. In January 20, 1859, D. G. Gray was chosen Deacon. April, 1859, Elder J. M. Mathes was employed to preach monthly. In June of 1860, Elder Mathes commenced the first very successful meeting held under the auspices of this congregation, during which there wei'e 76 additions, 48 of whom came by confession and baptism. As would be expected, the church was very much encouraged by this result. In September of the same year, J. W, Newland and Samuel W. Short were ordained Eldera and D. G. Gray and D. F. Tilford Deacons. In August, 1862, the mem- bership was 217, 66 having been received during the year. In July, 1864, the membership was 252. Received by baptism during two years, 30. At this time the church was officered as follows: Elders, J. M. Mathes, Stever Younger, S. W. Short, Henry Davis, J. W. Newland. In July, 1865, the membership was 269; additions for year, 15; Sunday- school scholars, 100; teachers, 12. Following is a list of the men employed as Pastors from the date of organization to present time, Sep- tember 1, 1884: J. M. Mathes, about eleven years; T. P. Connelly; I. N. Porch, one year; J. C. Winter, one year; J. Z. Taylor, three years; W. H. Tiller, four years; James A. Beattie, four years; C. P. Hendershot elected September 20, 1882, and is the present incumbent. Church officers in 1870: Elders— J. M. Mathes, Stever Younger, J. W. Newland, A. J. Hostetler, D. G. Gray; Deacons, D. F. Tilford, Jacob Walheiser, W. C. Winstandley, G. W. Adams, I. N. Hostetler, T. H. Malott; Trus- tees — J. M. Daggy, J. .W. Palmer, W. C. Winstandley, William Rags- dale, T. H. Malott. R. A. Beattie was elected in July, 1881. The following is a list of protracted meetings : Time of Number of Name of Evangelist. Meeting. Additions. .1. M. Mathes June, 1860 76 Mr. Miller May, 1866 22 J. Z. Tavlor Sept., 1867 29 B. F. Franklin Marcli,1868 19 J.Z.Taylor Jan., 1869 27 W. B. F. Treat Jan., 1870 23 A. Proctor Jan., 1871 22 J. L. Parsons, W. H. Tiller Feb. , 1874 43 J. L. Parsons March,1877 . 23 J. C. Tully Nov., 1877 11 A. I. Hobbs Oct., 1878 14 J. Z. Taylor April, 1880 43 J. A. Beattie March,1881 9 W.J.Howe March,1882 78 W.J.Howe June, 1882 9 C. P. Hendershot Jan., 1883 63 T. J. Clark and C. P. Hendershot May, 1884 25 HISTORY OF LAWRENCE COUNTY. 205 The official Board of the congregation for 1884 is as follows: Elders — J. M. Mathes, elected April, 1859; Isaac Kern, September, 1882; E. J. .Robinson, October, 1882. Deacons — D. F. Tilford, elected Sep- tember, 1859; G. W. Adams, W. C. Winstandly, J. ^^ W. Mitchell, October, 1882; W. P. Malott, October, 1882; J. V. Mathes, May, 1883; J. H. Cox, May, 1883. Trustees — W. C. Winstandley, elected Septem- ber, 1882; W. P. Malott, September, 1882; D. F. Tilford, September, 1882; J. W. Mitchell, September, 1882; G. W. Allen, September, 1882. Clerk — D. W. McDaniel, elected May, 1883. The present membership is 400. In Lawrence County there are some twenty or more congregations of the Christian Church, but statistics from only a portion could be gath- ered : Number of Value of Name of Congregation. Members. Property. Bartlettsville 125 $ 600 Bedford 400 7,500 Bryantsville 53 800 Christian Union 60 2,000 Indian Creek Bridge 32 400 Leatherwood 300 250 Leesville '. 13 800 Mount Pleasant 60 600 Port William 67 1,200 Popcorn 25 800 Springville . . : 100 2.000 BEDFORD BAPTIST CHURCH. In 1840 Thomas Robertson held a revival in the court house, lasting two weeks. He then continued it in the Presbyterian Church building for some time with considerable success, the result being that in June of the following year a regular church organization was effected. Ministers from the Guthrie, Bethel, Bathahara and Salt Creek Churches were pres- ent, and after a sermon by T. N. Robertson, a council composed of T. N. Robertson, Moderator, and P. Parks, Clerk, was organized The fol- lowing persons presented letters for constitution: Abraham, Anna, Will- iam, Rachel and Martha Mitchell, Mary Borland, Nancy Wilder, Levina Carlton, Abisrail Scoeforans, Samuel and Lucinda Hanna, Lucretia Hampton, Anna Gyger, Ann Owens, Sarah Gabbart, Ruth Perry, Sarah Perry, Tabitha Gyger, Jane Dougherty, Jane Heacock, Ephraim Trabue, Elizabeth Trabue, Edna Robertson and Emily Heacock. The member- ship quickly grew. Within a short time the church enrollment showed fifty members. Among those joining were the Gelwicks, Gabbarts, Jeters, Phipps, Mrs. Foote, Mrs. Borland, Mrs. Carlton and others. Many of these names still appear as members, to which may be added a-s present families represented, the Harrisons, Gainej's, Elliotts, Stalkers, Parks ' and others. Meetinors were held first in the court house, then in the 206 HISTORY OF LAWRENCE COUNTY. Presbyterian Church, then at the residences of various members, as at John Gyger's, Alexander Beasley's and others, when, in May, 1843, the propriety of building a meeting-house was first agitated. A plat of ground was purchased from Mr. Phelps at a cost of $300. This plat inclosed two lots, and on one of these the church was built. On the other lot stood a log residence, which, for a time, was used as a parsonage; but to relieve the church of debt this lot and parsonage were sold to R. M. Parks for $300. The church building erected is the present brick. It is large and commodious. The brick work was furnished by McDaniel, and the wood-work by Thomas Whicted, having a total cost of $1,500. The 'following have been the ministers connected with the church: T. N. Robertson, who was called at the first regular meeting. He con- tinued as Pastor for the first seven years, and after an absence of seven- teen years returned in 1865 and served a short time. Then R. M. Parks, J. D. Crabbs, William McCoy, M. D. Gage, J. B. Porter, William McNutt, L. W. Bicknell and John M. Stalker, who is the present sup- ply. The first Deacons were Joseph Whitted and Robert Mitchell, chosen on the fourth Saturday of March, 1842. The Clerks have been as fol- lows: In January, 1842, Robert Mitchell was elected Clerk, and held this place until January, 1846; since that time Mr. Alexander Beasley served two years. In 1848 Mr. Davis Harrison was elected, and has served most of the time since, with the exception of two short terms of H. J. Reed and J. P. Parks. Soon after its organization the Baptist was the most prosperous church in Bedford. In 1850, ten years after its organization, the church enrollment was 110. Its present member- ship is about forty. Connected with the church is a small Sunday- school. THE BEDFORD GERMAN METHODIST CHURCH. The first German church in Bedford was a Presbyterian organiza- tion, whose building stood where Thomas Whitted's mill now stands. The house was a frame story and a half, purchased of Peter Francis, and afterward sold to Thomas Whitted. Their first and only pastor was Rev. Koph from Brownstown, who in 1864 organized a church with the following members: William Roach and wife, Jacob Deihl and wife, Peter Deihl and wife, Mrs. Jacob Walheiser and John Pegan. Koph was not acceptable to the members, and when in 1866 Friedrick Ruff, a Methodist minister from New Albany, preached in Bedford, he won most of the members to his faith. Occasional services were held by the Methodist Germans, but in 1871 Philip Duher preached for them regularly, meeting at the houses of John Haase, John Benzel and M. Splitgaher. The following were the charter members: John Haase and wife, John Bensel and wife, M. Ben- sel and wife, William Bensel and wife, William Steinhagen, William Krenke and wife, M. Splitgaher and wife, and Ferd Bensel and wife. For a year they were without a church building. In 1872, however. HISTORY OF LAWRENCE COUNTY. 207 they purchased a small frame schoolhouse on Eastern Avenue, between Mitchell and Culbertson Streets, which they furnished for church pur- poses. Their preachei's havqbeen as follows: Philip Duher, Llech, Lep- pert. Huber Kunschek, Schruf and Arlinger, the present incumbent. Their Trustees have been as follows: John Haase, William Krenke, Louis Gerber, Charles Haase, John Bensel, William Bensel, August Schultz and Ferd Bensel. Their present membership numbers fifty- three, with a vigorous Sunday-school of sixty. ST. VINCEKT CATHOLIC CHURCH, BEDFORD. The following facts were furnished by Daniel Driscoll: There were Catholics in Lawrence County as early as 1835, but not till about 1850 was mass said. During the biiilding of White River Railroad bridge, about 1850, Patrick Mui-phy, a priest of St. Mary's, Martin County, said mass at the residence of John Johnson, Sr. In June, 1851, he held mass also in the old court house in Bedford, which town he visited occa- sionally till 1859. During that year Louis Neyron made a few visits, and from 1860 to 1864 Joseph O. Reiley, of Greencastle, was the pastor in charge. The congregation then numbered twenty-five families, among whom were the Johnsons, Fillions, Francises, Gaussins, O'Briens, and nearly all the others who now belong. Mass during this time was said either in private houses or in the hall over the store of J. Peter Francis, the clothier, who was one of its most active members. Many masses were said at the home of George Heitger, Sr. With the arrival of Philip Doyle, the next visiting pastor, came the idea of building a church. In 1864 a lot was secured near the corner of High and Culbertson Streets, just in the rear of the present building, which was then a Methodist Church. The building progressed until the corner-stone was laid. In 1866 material was on the ground to proceed with the construction. Just at this time the Methodists were anxious to build, and an exchansfe was made, in which the Methodists received the material of the unfinished church and 1500 for their own building. They then built on the corner of Church and Maple Streets. This exchange was made during the attendance of Charles Mongin, of Crawfordsville, who remained until 1867. The Rev. Julius Clement, of Greencastle, now made one visit. From the time (1868) that Henry Kessing became resident pastor at Blocmington, Bedford was regularly attended by him until July, 1877. Leopold M. Burkhardt came from July, 1877, until March, 1879. In March, 1879, John B. Unverzagt took charge, and visited St. Vincent Church until 1883, during which time many improvements were made on the church and a $1,100 parsonage purchased. In 1879 Francis Silas Chatard, D. D., visited Bedford ami administered confirmation. John B. Unverzagt was succeeded by T. H. Logan, who has the church in a veiy flourishing state. A majority of the present families consti- 208 HISTORY OF LAWRENCE COUNTY. tuted the early congregatiou, consisting of the families of George Heit- ger, Sr., J. Peter Francis, John Johnson, Sr., John Fillion, Felix Gaus- sin, Patrick Sherlock, William Rynu, Martin O'Brien, James McMahon, John McMahon, Patrick Moran, Peter Richard, Jeremiah Driscoll, David Torpy, Michael O'Connell, Dennis O'Connell, Joseph Eime, Maui'ice Leehey, Dennis Breen, Daniel Sullivan, Joseph Barbara, and Messrs. Costillo, Dusard, Bissot and Bnscheree. The present Trustees are: George Heitger, Jr., James Leighton, Michael Hacket, George Gretzer and Otto Grafif. BETHLEHEM PRESBYTERIAN CHURCH. As a branch of the Bedford Presbyterian Church grew Bethlehem, Among the members appear the names of the Crawfords, Hendersons, Johnsons, Fishers and others, many of the best and most influential members of the church. Before any Presbyterian meeting-house was built in Bedford, Mr. Kittredge preached regularly at the residence of William Crawford, so that the members of the Bedford Church who lived in the Crawford settlement withdrew and formed Bethlehem. This was about 1840. The first members were William Crawford and wife, Cranson Swan and wife, Mrs. James Sparks, Samuel Henderson and wife, George Dodd and wife, David Johnson and wife and William Fisher and wife. The first Ruling Elders were D. R. LaForce, C. T. Swan, Samuel Henderson and George Dodd. In 1843 William Crawford donated ground for church and graveyard. The house is a frame build- ing, still standing, now used as a dwelling, and is owned by John C. Crawford, son of William. It ceased to be used for a church twentv or thirty years ago. The first preachers who used it were Sol. Kittredge, W. W. Martin, father of C. B. H. Martin, D. D., Samuel Hart, John Dale, occasionally, John W. Williamson and Robert Roberts. Some of the members who joined the church under these were Crawfords, Swans, Ellisons, Angeline M. Hards, Elizabeth M. Johnson, J. N. Dale, the Martins and others. For fifteen or twenty years this church flourished and did well. SALT CREEK BAPTIST CHURCH. Salt Creek was one of the first Baptist Churches in Lawrence County. It was the third one embraced in White River Association, at its form- ation, "on the third Saturday in October, in the year of our Lord, 1821." It is a strong church. In 1821 it had forty three members, one less than the membership of the largest church entering into the formation of White River Association. It was constituted in 1819, having among its first Messengers Abraham Mitchell, James Mundell, Richard Williams, Jesse Rector, AVilliam Cook, Thomas Mundell, Beverly Gregory, Samuel Mundell, James Pace, Levi Mitchell, Elbert Jeter, Gideon Potter, I. Mitchell, L. Mitchell, G. Foster, I. Pace, J. Williams and others. The building expected for a meeting-house stood near the road, on the Old HISTORY OF LAWRENCE COUNTY. 209 Maj. Williams' farm; was (;f logs and was torn down about ten years ago. T wo Associations were held here; one in 1823 and the other in 1880. To the first Abraham Mitchell, Jesse Rector and William Cook were the Messengers; Ambrose Carlton was chosen Moderator and Samuel Owen, Clerk. At it Ambrose Carlton delivered a very characteristic Circular Letter, on the subject of General Communion. He also delivered the sermon, taking II Timothy, ii, 15 for his text. The other Association iield at Salt Creek was on the second Saturday in Aiagust, 1830, at which Tarlton Bell delivered the introductory sermon. The Messengers were: Levi Mitchell, Abraham Mitchell and Beverly Gregory. The Mod- erator chosen was Thomas Oliphant and Clerk, Benjamin Parks. G. Dot- son, J. Jones and James McCoy preached Sunday morning and afternoon, and Royce McCoy concluded the evening service. This Association meeting was important, since at the request of Bloomington Church the Association resolved to reject the doctrines of Alexander Campbell, believing them to be contrary to the doctrines of God our Savior. It was also important, since, though Bkomington Church requested the Association to reject the doctrine of Missions, the Association resolved not to do so. It would therefore appear that the Association was at first missionary in spirit, though in 1834, while in convention at Clear Creek, the Association used the following language: "We as an Advisory Council, disapprove of the Baptist Board of Foreign and Domestic Missions, and all societies of the present day called benevolent institutions, but believe in that charity which the Gospel recommends to the followers of Christ." As we will see, this caused a division in the church at Salt Creek, from which followed its dissohition. Salt Creek was the field of two sectional Associations, one in 1835, for the first section of the Association. The following preachers attended it: B. Hicks, J. B. Burch and T. Oliphant. The other sectional meeting was held in 1840, at which were found: T. N. Robinson, J. B, Burch, T. Oliphant, J. B. Vanraeter and R. Mitchell. A difficulty occurred in the church in 1835, the precise nature of which is not stated in the minutes, but the minority was decided to be in the wrong, which decision they did not accept. From this division came the downfall of the church in 1842. LEATHERWOOD CHRISTIAN CHURCH. The first church of the Christian (or Campbellite) denomination organized in Lawrence County was in October, 1830, at the house of Robert Woody, near where the present Leatherwood Church stands, five miles east of Bedford. The first members were: William Newland, Susan C. Newland, Robert Woody, Norman Woody, Peter Smith and wife Margaret, Martin Smith, Benjamin Hensley and Katy Peed. At their first meeting, Ste- ver Younger and William Newland were set apart as Elders. Mai'tin Smith was chosen Evangelist, and Peter Smith and Robert Woody were elected 210 HISTORY OF LAWRENCE COUxNTY. Deacons. At that meeting also Stevei' Younger deeded the church one acre of ground where the present church stands, and the congregation built on it at once a log church, in size 25x30 feet, furnished wiih the • slab furniture of the day. This building was succeeded, in 1840, by a brick church, 40x60 feet, erected at a probable cost of |2,500. Plans are now in process for the erection of a still larger and costlier building in its stead, more modern in its appearance and appurtenances. Their first Preachers were: William Newland, Stever Younger and Joseph Hostetler. Soon after came John and Jacob Wright and James M. Mathes, Elder Trimble, and others. Their last Preachers have been: J. W. Stanley and J. W. Newland, the last of whom is the present incuoi- bent. In 1850 the membership reached nearly 400, due very largely to the revivals held by John O. Kane and P. H. Jameson, of Indianapolis. The membership had somewhat decreased of late, till a year ago nearly one hundred accessions were made from the Bedford Church. Their present membership is about 300 — second in size in the county — as will be seen in the statistical table. MITCHELL METHODIST CHURCH. The following complete sketch was published in the Mitchell Commer- cial, August 13, 1874: In a grove near where the present church stands the first quarterly meeting was held in the fall of 1856. A class of thir- teen had been formed, but not till October did it becootie a permanent preaching place. Rev. F. Walker was the regular appointee from Annual Conference of 1858. At the close of his first year he reports a member- ship of twenty-eight, and a Sabbath-school with thirty scholars and three officers and teachers. During the secojid year of Bro. Walker's pas- torate a frame building was erected and dedicated, and the society reported out of debt. In September, 1860, Rev. J. M. O'Fling came as preacher, he to be followed, in September, 1861. by Rev. A. J. Clark; and he in September, 1862, by Rev. J. N. Julian. In September, 1863, Rev. W. M. Zairing was pastor, followed in October, 1865, by Rev. J. Wharton; and he by Rev. I. N. Thompson, in September, 1866, when Mitchell became a station. Membership at the close of 1867 was 135. In 1868 Rev. W. P. Armstrong began his pastorate, which lasted two years; then Rev. W. E. Harves for one year, followed by Rev. J. Poncher. who closed his pastorate in October, 1873. Rev. T. N. Friedley then became Pastor. The membership is strong, nearly 200, with about forty pro- bationers. Average attendance of ninety-seven scholars, with eighteen officers and teachers. In 1874 the present house of worship was erected at a cost of $8,000, lot and all. Of this sum Bro. Jacob Finger con- tributed about $2,000. The building is a large, commodious brick edi- fice, built by Jones Toliver and Bixler. HISTORY OF LAWRENCE COUNTY. 211 MITCHELL BAPTIST CHURCH. The following sketch of the Mitchell Baptist Church was furnished by Dr. Isom Burton: January 30, 1864, the following-named persons met in the Pres- byterian Church in Mitchell to organize a Baptist Church: John Edwards, Lucy Edwards, A. C. Burton, Sarah A. Burton, Rachel Pless, Mary Z. (Pless) Wood, Thomas Giles, Adaline Giles, Maggie (Giles) Mead, Matilda Dodson, Mary (Giles) Edmonson, Kate (Owens) Bm-ton, Mary (Mantonya) Burns, Ann M. Giles, Sarah Blackwell, Simp- son Bui'ton, Carrie Burton, Hugh McNabb and Sarah McNabb. William Baker was made Chairman, and Simpson Burton, Clerk. Articles of faith and church covenant were adopted. At a subsequent meeting Rev. Wright Sanders was called as Pastor, and John Edwards and Thomas Giles, Simpson Burton and John Edwards, Trustees. The Pastors of the church have been : Wright Sanders, January, 1864, to July, 1868 ; Albert Ogle, September, 1868, to November, 1871; A. J. Esse. January, 1872, to December, 1875; Noah Harper, May,. 1876, to April, 1879; W. L. Greene, May, 1879, to December, 1880; G. C. Shirt, January, 1882, to January, 1883; B. J. Davis, November, 1883, and is now Pastor. The Treasurers have been: Simpson Burton, William A. Burton and C. L. Bar- ton; the Clerks, John Edwards, J. K. Howard, C. L. Barton and Isom Bur- ton. The last named of each oflfice is in office at present. The present Trustees are: David Kelly, J. H. Brown and Isom Burton. (For history of the building see Mitchell Seminary.) The church has grown steadily in influence, and numbers at present 248. With the exception of a few months this church has maintained weekly preaching the entire twenty years of its history, and has had some very noted religious awakenings; in a meeting of six weeks the beginning of the present year sixty-nine were added to the church. At present the church is sustaining three weekly prayer meetings, three missionary circles, and a mission Sabbath- school near town. Its main Sabbath -school was organized a few years ago, and its members have ranged from 50 to 300. The enrollment at present is about 290. The present Superintendent is G. W. Burton. The salaries of the pastors have ranged from $600 to 11,000. MITCHELL PRESBYTERIAN CHURCH. The first part of the following sketch was compiled by Thomas A. Steele : The history of the Mitchell Presbyterian Church begins with the organization of the Presbyterian Church at Woodville, two miles north of Mitche^, on the 24th of January, 1855, by John A. Tiffany and John M. Bishop. For the organization J. H. Crawford and wife presented 'letters, also John L. Dodson ar^d wife, George W. Dodson, Elmira Braxtan, Agnes Cook and Mary J. Pless. Cath- arine Bass was the lirst to be received by examination and baptism. 212 HISTORY OF LAWRENCE COUNTY. The services were first held in the schoolhouse at Woodville from 1855 to 1860. To centralize the worship, in 1860 a small frame church was built in Mitchell, in which services were held for ten years. In 1870 it was moved to another part of town, and the present large brick church erected on its site. Silas Moore and wife, Mary E. Moore, were mainly instrumental in its erection. In contains two stories, the upper being an unfinished and unused chapel. The lower story has three rooms and a vestibule, and is used for the various church and Sunday-school purposes. The steeple of the church was added in 1875, in which a towc clock was placed. The first religious services were held in the "basement" of the church October 8, 1871, conducted by the Pastor, T. A. Steele. The church ofiicers were: Elders, Silas Moore (who died in 1875), J. Dodson, J. H. Crawford, J. D. McCoy and Oily Owen, who moved to Greencastle in 1873; Deacons, John Manington, William Tanksley, Dr. -James Mc- Pheeters and J. Y. Bates; Trustees, Silas Moore, G. W. Dodson, J. Y. Bates, M. N. Moore; Treasurer, M. N. Moore. The present Elders are "William Tanksley and Jacob Bates; the present Deacons, Edward P. Eversole and Milton N. Moore. The church has had few pastors on account of the long term of F. A. Steele. The first Minister was John A. Tiffany from 1855 to 1858, when John M. Bishop preached occasion- ally till the fall of 1863. In the spring of 1864 T. A. Steele gave the church his whole time, first as supply and afterward as regular Pastor, and for fifteen years served the congregation nobly and well. After an interim of two months G. W. Telle was called, and served till 1883, and was followed by S. I. McKee, who from failing health resigned in June, 1884, since which time the church has been without a pastor. Present membership is 105. Connected with the church is a vigorous Sunday- school under the leadership of Dr. James McPheeters. SPICE VALLEY BAPTIST CHURCH. The Spice Valley Church was constituted June 1, 1822, by Elders Abram Mitchell and William Noblitt. Abram Mitchell was chosen first Pastor in 1823, William Noblitt, first Clerk, and Elijah Conley, first Deacon. They met for worship in William Maxwell's mill-shed in the summer, and at dwelling houses in winter for about seven years. Dur- ing the ministry of Mr. Mitchell the first log church was built. The second Pastoi', Elder Thomas Vancouver, was elected in December, 1832, and served the church eight years. The third Pastor was Elder Joseph Odell. He was called to preach for this church the fourth Sabbath in June, 1840, and served the church as Pastor uninterruptedly for twelve years and one month. Odell was a warm-hearted minister, a fine orator, a good exhorter and a highly esteemed Pastor. He was a great revivalist. During his ministry with the church the great revival of 1842 occurred, in which seventy-five persons were baptized into the church. The fourth HISTORY OF LAWRENCE COUNTY. 213 Pastor was Elder H. Burton, who served the church from March, 1852, to June, 1853. Of this pastorate but little is said in the record. He labored for the^ church as Pastor four different tiroes — the first as above; the second, from January, 1859, to May, 1860; the third time, from June, 1869, to February, 1871;. the fourth time, from April, 1872, to June, 1873. Uncle Hardy, as he was familiarly called, was well known and highly esteemed. The fifth Pastor, Elder Jacob D. Crabbs, was called June, 1853, and continued till June, 1856. During his last year's labor with the church the "big meeting of 1856" occurred. It lasted with little abatement for months. A joint call was made to Elders Crabb and Parks, each one preaching at alternate meetings. The sixth Pastor was Elder Moses C. Edwards. He was an Eastern man of culture, and a splendid minister; was called in November, 1857, and con- tinued one year as Pastor. The seventh Pastor was Elder W. Baker, who was called in May, 1860 (" Uncle Hardy ". having served the church one year on his second term.) Elder Baker labored for the church to March, 1866. The eighth Pastor was Elder E. M. Parks, called in March, 1866. The ninth Pastor, Elder I. Corothers, was called in March, 1871, and labored only one year, then Elder V. T. Baker received a cull, and after five months Elder "William Baker finished out his time. The church, after endeavoring to obtain Eldei's R. M. Parks and Uncle Nate Williams from October, 1874, to April, 1875, tried the supply plan with Elder A. J, Essex for six months. The tenth Pastor was Elder Thomas J. Swan. He was elected and commenced his work in October, 1876, and ended in November, 1877. The twelfth was Elder Wright Sanders. He was called January, 1878; recalled in January, 1879; labored two years. The thirteenth Pastor, Elder R. M. Parks, was called in February, 1880, and finished his year in May, 1881. The fourteenth Pastor, the present incumbent, is Elder W. L. Greene. The Clerks of the church have been as follows: William Noblitt, William Conley, Simon Gilbert, for about seven years, from 1822 to 1829, Joel Conley, Samuel Weaver, John Weaver, George Isom, Clerk for thirty years; Henry Miller, the eighth Clerk, is the present incumbent. The Deacons have been: Elijah Conley, Ezer Cleveland, A. T. Conley, William Edwards, Hardin Burton, John Tyre, A. C. Burton, Marvin Cleveland, S. M. Isom, D. B. Edwards and W. R. Williams. Other ministers of the church: Gentry Hodges, Elbert Jeter, William Dodson, Charles Pennington, John Blackwell, Jesse Goss, William Duncan, Arthur Pickthall, William Baker, David Elkin — who preached the funeral sermon of the mother of A. Lincoln — Louis Blackwell, James Gurges, Simpson Burton. The first meeting-house was built of round logs hewed down, and a stick- and- dirt chimney at one end. It was very low; built in 1827 or 1828. A stove was put in it in 1831 or 1832. This house was burned 214 HISTORY OF LAWRENCE COUNTY. down in about 1835, while Philip Ballard was teaching school in it. The second house, the present oae, is a brick, erected in 1837, is 40x30 and 12 feet high. Number baptized 437 Received by letter 127 Received by relation 50 Total 604 Dismissed by letter 364 Excluded 158 Total 522 Present membership 82 Meetings are held in the following schoolhouses: Gruthrie, Dickard, Judah and Avoca. The meetings are conducted irregularly by the vari- ous denominations, principally the Baptists. Both the Hardshell and Missionary branches of the Baptist Church hold services at Avoca, the for- mer church being called Spring Creek, the latter being called Gullett's Creek Church. SPRING GREEK BAPTIST CHURCH is one of the oldest churches in the county, beginning its career at Springville on the Little Spring Creek. In 1850, however, a division occurred in the church at Springville and a part of the membership, claiming to be the original church, moved their membership to Avoca, where the Spring Creek Church wa's continued. Among the early mem- bers were James Pierce and family, Stephen Tillas, William Ray and family, Mose Hodge and others. The present membership includes the families of Pereman Pierce, David Cobb and family, Mrs. Mose Hodge and several others. Their first preacher at Springville was Thomas Oliphant; at Avoca, Joseph Hanna. Their present preacher is Henry Oliphant. Their meeting-house at Springville was a frame building; when they came to Avoca they built a log church, which stood near where the present one stands. In 1878 they built their present little frame church house. THE gullett's CREEK CHURCH is of rather recent origin, and belongs to the Bedford Association. It has no church building, but has preaching in the schoolhouse, and often in the neighboring groves. Their Pastor is W. H. Lemons, their Clerk being C. B. Mason. It is quite a strong church for the place, having seventy members. LEESVILLE BAPTIST CHURCH. In 1887, so the story goes, a neighborhood meeting-house was built about three miles southeast of Leesville and called Brown's Meeting- house. It was four logs high —that is to say, so large were the logs that when they were hewn four of them made the wall sufficiently high. The remains of these logs may still be seen, for when the house was torn HISTORY OF LAWRENCE COUNTY. 215 down in 1857, the logs were taken to Leesville and used for " side walks." About the only regular preacher this church had for fifteen years was T. N. Kobertson. The early members were: Allen Brown, M. Sparks, R. Newkirk, W. Hudson, Samuel Foster, Thomas Dixon, Thomas Stephen and James Newkirk and Ben Newkirk, the last of whom is living still. In 1857 the membership was moved to Leesville, where a neat little frame church was erected, since which time the following ministers have preached in it at various times: Boston, Stalker, Foster, Barr and others. No regular services are held at it just at present. A good membership exists, however, represented by B. Newkirk, I. Woolery, who is Clerk, Mat Henderson, Thomas Plummer, Mose Holland and wife, "William and Mart Dixon, Mrs. Rot Thompson and sister, Polly Brown, the oldest and best of them all, and others. GUTHRIE TOWNSHIP CHURGHES. Guthrie Township has the honor of entertaining the first preacher of Lawrence County. Unfortunately, however, it was not formed as a township at that time. But rumor has it that early in 1816 Armenius Milljgan, a Methodist preacher, located near where Tunnelton afterward was built, and that he held meetings at his house and the homes of his neighbors. These were probably the first church services held in the county. Among those who worshiped with him were the Chitties, Bakers, Becks, Guthries, F linns, Conleys, Brittons and Barnhills. It was on the 24th of December that Ambrose Carlton landed on Guthrie's Creek from North Carolina. But he had a merry Christmas with his neighbors next day, and talked religion from the start. His little log house used to stand on the hill by Carlton's graveyard, and here he con- stituted a Baptist Church in the first year of his sojourn. The first few who worshiped with him were Mrs. Stephen Smith, Ambrose Parks and wife, Elizabeth Newkirk and Mother Sheeks. Soon, however, he built the large brick residence known as the Carlton Home. In that house is one very large room with an unusually high ceiling, and the young people now-a-day who see it say, " What a glorious place to dance," little thinking that the large room was constructed by Mr. Carlton for a chapel room. In that room Mr. Carlton used to preach regularly once a month. PLEASANT RUN CHURCHES. L Gilgal (Baptist) Church is the oldest in Pleasant Run. It is another one begun in Ihe teens, probably in 1819. John Evans and John Hanna were probably the founders. The Heltons, Nathan Fox, William Brown- ing, James Winfrey, the Hendersons and Hawkinses were united in the formation of a church that has been called since Hardshell. It is well named, for it has always been a solid, substantial church. The first house built by this organization was a peculiar log church. It was a large room wirti a very high ceiling, and around the room about ten feet from 216 HISTORY OF LAWRENCE COUNTY. the floor, on the east, south and west sides, extended a gallery wide enough for two rows of puncheon seats, on which the boys and girls were expected to seat themselves as quietly as their exalted position would indicate. Below on puncheon seats sat the old folks all day long, many with pipe in mouth and many wrapped in peaceful slambers known only to a conscience well composed. Behind a pulpit on the north side of the room stood their preacher, or preachers, rather; for they always had a good supply, and as soon as one's powers failed, another was ready to take his place. And thus from morn till night they worshiped. They increased their numbers soon and included Todds, Osbornes, Duulavies, Fidlers, Wooleries and others, and include in their present membership the Eastmans and Martins; so that eight or ten years ago a new house was needed and the old was torn down, and near its site the present large frame building was erected by the Hendersons. In this building services are held regularly once a month, and near it once every few years the Association meets too. Gilgal is one of the churches in which no split has happened. HELTONVILLE BAPTIST CHURCH. There is a Missionary Baptist Church at Heltonville, however. In the fifties, Joseph Trainor, architect, built for them a little frame church, and in it the Trainors, Carsons, Hawkinses, Rosses and others met. Their first preacher was Milton Parks, followed soon by Isaac Caruthers, Nathaniel Williams and J. M. Stalker. But for some time no regular services liave been held there. SPRINGVILLE METHODIST CHURCH. Standing near the present graveyard on the hill used to be a little log schoolhouse, called the Athens schoolhouse. At that house Josiah Athons, grandfather of Joseph Hendricks, gathered a little company early in the twenties. The members of that company were: Elzy "Wood- ward and wife, Mr. and Mrs. Hubbard, Mrs. Mary Helmer, Lucinda Helmer, Kin. Dye and wife, William McDonald and wife, Uncle Dean Barnes and wife, and Father Talley. Their first preacher was John May, who was followed by John Johnson, John Talbert and others. In 1838, they built a new church house through the enterprise of the minister, James Williams, and his estimable wife. The building stood in town, where the present church stands, and was a neat, substantial brick, placed on ground donated by Mr. Athons, But in 1868 it was totally destroyed by fire, and for several years the congregation met in the Baptist Church. But in 1874, through the influence of two ministers, by name of Houch and Cooper, the present neat little brick church was erected in its stead. The church is in a good condition, having a membership of seventy and embracing some of the best famlies in the place, among whom may be mentioned the Gaineys, Richards, Whitteds, Beards, Mrs. Broadus, Mrs. Pearson and others. HISTORY OF LAWRENCE COUNTY. 217 BAPTIST CHURCH, SPEINGVILLE. No regular services are held in the Baptist Church at Springville, but it has an interesting history. It was constituted in 1825, principally- through the agency of Samuel Owens, who at that time owned much of the land on which Springville was afterward built. He was one of the first preachers, and among the first members were C. Brad well, Adam Gainey, Alexander Herrin, Martin Owens and John McDowell, and the church was called Spring Creek Baptist Church. In 1845, Thomas Rob- inson and Joseph Addle, preachers at Indian Creek Church, withdrew, and came to Springville to preach. From 130 members, however, it grew less and less, until two years ago the last regular preacher, D. Manley, (•ould not be retained. QUAKER CHURCHES. So far as it can be learned but two churches of the Friends were estab- lished in Lawrence County. One was near the present William Pitman farm in Indian Creek Township. It was very early — probably as early as 1819. Priscilla Hunt was the Quakeress preacher, and the Eubottom and Dixon families constituted most of the membership. They met twice a week, as Quakers always do, for five or six years, when their meetings were discontinued. The other Quaker Church was in Perry Township, on the road leading from the Dunn's to the Wood Ferry. Some of their members were the Lowders, Davises, Joneses and Lowes. William Hobbs was their preacher, assisted by Priscilla Hunt. But about 1850 their meetings also were discontinued. SPRINGVILLE CHRISTIAN CHURCH. About 1830, Wesley Short introduced the • doctrines of Alexander Campbell, and so much was he honored for it, that in 1848, when Alex- ander Campbell first visited Lawrence County, he went to Springville, especially to visit Mr. Short. Moses Trimbull, Dr. Benedict, Elijah Goodwin and J. M. Mathes, were other of their early preachers. Among the early members may be mentioned Owen Short, Dodridge Short, Wes- ley Short, Milton Short, Mr. Laferty, Franklin Crook, the Gaineys and others. Most of these families form the present membership. It is a thriving church, under the efficient leadership of Quincy Short, grand- son of its founder. LAWRENCEPORT METHODIST CHURCH. The members of the little colony which Mr. Lawrence brought from Maryland to settle the region of Lawrenceport were nearly all Method- ists. Among these were Alonzo Taylor, Shuart Moore, Joseph Moore, Dr. Samuel K. Knight, Charles and John Reed. Many of these returned to Maryland or went elsewhere, but not before they had founded a church. Almost the first building erected was a school and church house. This was 1837. To them and to this little house Bishop Robert Roberts came. 218 HISTORY OF LAWRENCE COUNTY. Some of the ministers who followed him and who tried to till his place were Bartlett, Kemper, Dale, Tolbert, Cross, Ryan, Walker and others ; the more recent preachers being Ketchum, Heavenridge, Barr, and Hutch- inson, the present pastor. As for building, the church has none but their schoolhouse. They rent the old Presbyterian Church, however, and at present hold services regularly. Their present Stewards are James An- drews and William Jolly, and among their more recent members may be mentioned Mrs. Leathermore, Thomas Jolly and family, William Jolly and family, Nelson Chitty and family, John Reed and family, and James Andrews and family. Their present membership numbers about sixty. BONO PRESBYTERIAN CHURCH. This was organized in 1819 by Isaac Reed, the traveling preacher, assisted by James H. Johnston. Their first Elders were David and William Green, Robert Kelso, Jonathan Huston and John Milroy, and among the charter members were Mary, Jennie and Polly Greene, Robert Kelso and family, and Mrs. Dr. James Montgomery. For a number of years J. H, Johnston and Moody Chase supplied the congregation as preachers, though W. W. Martin, Remley, Kittredge and others, preached for them occasionally. In 1845 the church was moved and re- organized at Lawrenceport, the Elders being Robert Holaday, Jonathan Huston and William Throckmorton, their preacher being Alex McFerson. Then in 1846 came James Brownlee. The pastorate died out in 1861, but the ministers from 1846 to 1851 were John Averly and John M. Bishop. Meetings were first held at the residence of Allen Brock, then at the res- idence of Mr. Huston, near Bono. When the schoolhouse was built at Bono in 1823, it was usgd for church purposes. Early in the thirties the church was built in Bono near the farm of David Green. In this they met till 1845, when, moving their membership to Lawrenceport, they met first in the schoolhouse, arranged for a church and a school. In 1850 the Lawrenceport Presbyterian Church was built. Here two meetings of Presbyteries were held — one in 1850, the other in 1852, from the efiects of which about fifty accessions were made. But time tells. This little company is scattered; but a few now remain; the church building is rented by the Methodists, who hold occasional meetings there. SUGAR CREEK CHURCH. About 1820 a little log church stood near the Tolbert Graveyard. It was called Sugar Creek Church, and its first preacher was Thomas Robert- son. It did not gain much impetus, however, and about 1840 ministers of all denominations were sent to hold meetings there, sometimes together and sometimes separately, since which time it has grown customary once a year to hold a basket meeting at Tolbert's Graveyard, at which all denominations are expected to participate. These meetings have grown interesting and profitable. HISTORY OF LAWRENCE COUNTY. 219 GUTHRIE CREEK BAPTIST CHURCH. Formerly Leesville was in Jackson County, and so in the early min- utes of White River Association we find Guthrie Creek Church described as in Jackson County. It is located about three miles northeast of Lees- ville, near the residence of Stephen Fountain. It was established in 1820 by John Kindred, John Woodmanson, Joseph Hanna and Walter Owens. Among its other early preachers were John Evans, Ambrose Carlton, J. Cole, E. Allen and others, and its early members were A. Zalmon, B. Owens, A. Dodds, F. Fountain and S. E'ountain. It has never been a very vigorous church, though a very worthy one. Its pres- ent membership is composed principally of the Fountain and Owens families. NEW UNION CHRISTIAN CHURCH. New Union may be said to be the result of a new division in Shiloh. In a protracted meeting conducted by the Campbellites or Christians, in 1867, the minister, J. M. Mathes, was reminded by the church Trustees that the terms under which the building was used prohibited sectarian sermons. Understanding this to be a gentle hint, the Campbellites with- drew to the Pace schoolhouse, situated but a mile or so to the east, where the protracted meeting was continued. Many Methodists united with the church and in a short time it was found that a meeting-house was needed. Accordingly, sufficient ground for a church and graveyard was donated by William Tannehill and the present large church was erected. It is a white frame building, in size about 35x45 feet, cost about $1,500, and stands three miles west from Bedford. The church and graveyard began together. The charter members of this organiza- tion were : George S. W. Pace and wife, Alfred Pace, W^illiam Kern, William Tannehill, Mrs. Thomas Cole and daughter Fannie, Sanders Evans and wife, William Boyd and wife, Mrs. Alexander Kern, Abra- ham Reynolds and family. The Deacon from the beginning is George S. W. Pace, and the Elders are William Boyd, Samuel Nicholas and "W^illiam Kern. Their first preacher was J. M. Mathes, who still occa- sionally holds services there. Among the various ministers who have been co nnected with the congregation as stated or regular supply may be mentioned James Blankenship, Milton McKee, Milton Short, Quincy Short, J. W. Newland, I. S. Stanley, A. M. Barton and others. The present pastor is John Williams. Connected with the church is a strong Sunday-school, under the direction of T. B. Cole. MOUNT OLIVE CHRISTIAN CHURCH. Mount Olive is an olive "branch" of old Port Williams Meeting House, and is located a mile and a half west of Williams Postoffice. The land on which the church stands was donated by Bart Williams, who assisted materially in the erection of the house as well. The build- 220 HISTORY OF LAWRENCE COUNTY. ing itself is a neat frame, in size about 35x45 feet, and was built at a cost of $1,500. Finished in 1860, it was dedicated by J. M. Mathes. Among the charter members were Garrett Williams and wife, Richard Williams and wife, Canaan Williams and wife, Obed Lamb and wife, Tilghman Williams, William Henshaw and wife, A. D. Henshaw and wife, Capt. A. D. Hastings and Bart Williams and wife. The principal min- isters who have been connected with the church are J. M. Mathes, Milton McKee, William Brothers, Asbury Gardner, Martin Crim and B. F. Treat. B. F. Treat, who comes regularly once a month from his home in Bloomington, Monroe County, has been the regular supply for the last four years. The church is in a good healthy condition with a mem- bership of perhaps 200. Connected with the church is a Sunday-school under the direction of Elders Obed Lamb and Capt. A. D. Hastings. It is also well attended. PLEASANT GROVE BAPTIST CHURCH. In the latter part of the sixties Michael Waggoner donated land upon which a little frame meeting-house was built. It was too small to accom- modate their members from the start. However, into it J. Gregory, who was their early preacher, gathered his flock. Composing the first con- gregations were Mrs. Michael W^agoner, Samuel Gardner and wife, J. G. Hall and wife, Francis Hall and wife, Rufus Mitchell and wife. Aunt Nancy Baker, Joyce Smith, Mrs. Sarah Miller, Mrs. Rainey, Allen Brock, Mrs. Sally Cox, Frank Luttrell, John White and wife, Harvey White and wife. Granny White, Aunt Tilda Wagoner, Rush Wagoner. Corne- lius Smith and wife, John Booth and family. All with perhaps the exception of John White and wife and one or two others, are still living, members of Pleasant Grove. Soon after the establishment of the chui'ch, William Baker became the regular preacher. The church quickly grew under his care, so that about 1874 the church building was enlarged. At some of the revivals as many as seventy-five additions have been made to the church. Among the names of some of the more recent additions may be mentioned J. E. Kern and wife, Dr. Hornecker and wife, Joe Craig, the family of John Baker, John Wagoner and wife, James Vorhees and wife, and many others. Allen Brock was also received into this church. The present Clerk is John Booth. In connection with the church is a veiy active Sunday-school, under the leadership of Joe Craig. Fifty or sixty members are regularly enrolled. Once a year, for the last few years, the Sunday-schools of Pleasant Grove (Baptist,) Mount Olive (Christian,) Pleasant Hill (Methodist, ) and White's School- house, in Martin County, have joined to hold a union Sunday-school convention. The last of these conventions was held in the pleasant grove of Michael Wagoner's "yard," last year, and in attendance were eleven ministers, among whom may be mentioned Baker, Parks, Forbes, Treat, Heavenridge, Wagoner, Fulk and others. HISTORY OF LAWRENCE COUNTY. 221 SHILOH METHODIST EPISCOPAL CHURCH. Shiloh was the tii'st Methodist Church built in Indian Creek Town- ship, and that denomination held services before the first Shiloh church building wais erected. Several families by the name of Garten had immi- grated from Kentucky, all of whom were Methodists. Richard Browning was a Methodist "circuit rider" in Kentucky, and became local preacher for Shiloh. In 1821 a little lo": church was erected on Mr. Pitman's place and called Shiloh. It stood near the site of the present meeting- house, three miles east of Fayetteville. Composing that first congregation were: Elijah Garten and wife, James Garten and wife, William Garten, Robert Garten and wife, Richard Browning and wife, Albert Howard and wife, Sandras Howard, and perhaps a few others. Their first preacher was Richard Browning, a man of scholarly habits and Christian love; eight years he served them, and was then drowned. Among the various persons who have preached at Shiloh since may be mentioned John Armstrong, Edmond Ray, Aaron Woods, Enoch Woods, Brooks, Heavenridge, Milligan and even Bishop Roberts. About 1840 the present large frame church building was erected on the same site. It is very commodious and convenient, but is seldom used, for the congregation is scattered. No regular services are now held by them, though the build- ing is used sometimes as the meeting place for the Baptists and Pres- byterians. INDIAN CREEK CHRISTIAN CHURCH. The first church organized in Indian Creek Township was Baptist. In the year 1818 a little company assembled at the house of Wesley Short, and there an organization was effected. Jonathan Jones had come from Livonia to assist in the undertaking. To Wesley Short and Jonathan Jones is due the honor of founding the first church in Indian Creek Township. The first members were Wesley Short and wife. John Short and wife, Reuben Short and wife, Samuel Owens and wife, Henry Wagoner and wife, Jacob Wagoner and wife, Mrs. Boone (mother of Col. Noah Boone), and one or two others. In 1821 a church house was built. It was a small affair built of poles, and had open windows. There was a large double chimney in the center with a generous double fire-place, one fire-place fronting each end of the room. And since so much wood was consumed at a meeting it was no uncommon thing to see a good brother coming to meeting with his Bible under one arm and his ax under the other. This building stood near the residence of the late N. B. Mayfield, and continued to be their appointed place of worship till 1827. During this time the membership had increased to 127 under the earnest teaching of Wesley Short. In 1827 fourteen of the Old School, Regular Calvinistic, Ironside, Hardshell Baptists, as they were variously called, withdrew and formed a church below Silverville. The remaining formed the present Indian Creek Christian Church. The principal f am - 222 HISTORY OF LAWRENCE COUNTY. ilies entering into its formation were the Shorts, the Mayfields and the Arrustrongs. A new meeting-house was erected in 1827, located on Indian Creek a quarter of a mile below the present church building. It was built of logs, and continued to be their place of worship for lifteen or twenty years, during which time Wesley Short, Washington Short, Morris Trimble and others became their preachers. On May 25, 1846, John Short and wife deeded sufficient land near the Indian Creek Bridge to John Armstrong, Abraham Wagoner and William Fields, Trustees of the church at that time, upon which the present large frame church was erected. In size it is 35x45 feet, and was biiilt at a cost of $1,500. Quincy Short is the present preacher. Under his direction the church is active and prosperous, having fifty or more earnest members. A Sun- day-school is conducted in connection with the church during the winter season, being well attended and vigorous. WHITE RIVER UNION, OR OLD UNION CHURCH. The second church established in Indian Creek Township was White River Union, or Old Union, as it is now called. It is situated one mile south of the town of Fayetteville. The leader of the little community was Abraham Kern, a man earnest in his convictions, original in his ideas and aggressive in the promulgation of truth. To the tirst settlers of this region he was truly an "Abraham of old," teaching them what he considered to be God's will, and showing them in his pure, earnest life that he, like Abraham of old, had "walked with God." Assembling his hearei's at his own house or the house of William Kern or David Sears, he taught them the Dunkard faith. In September, 1821, they organized a regular Dunkard Church. The charter members were: Abraham Kern and wife, William Kern and wife, David Sears and wife, David Ribelin, Jane Anderson and Daniel Oaks. For two or three years they held their meetings, usually at the house of William Kern, but often in "God's first temple," the native groves. In about 1823 a little log church 25x35 feet was erected by the members, and stood near the site of the present church building and was used as a meeting-house for twenty years. In about 1843, the present church building was erected. It is of brick, large, commodious, well lighted and ventilated, and was built at a cost of about $2,500. The preachers who have been connected with the church at various times are: Abraham Kern, Joseph Hostetler, John Ribble, O. Kane, Lovell Jamison, Morris R. Trimble, Peter Hon, J. M. Mathes and others. The first three named were associated together in the establishment of the church. To the revivals held by Joseph Hostetler and John Ribble is due much of the early increase in member- ship. PLEASANT HILL METHODIST CHURCH. About the year 1847 the Craigs, Hacklers and others determined to HISTORY OF LAWRENCE COUNTY. 223 have a Methodist meetinghouse in their neighborhood and built their house without further ado. It was a very large log house situated a short distance southeast of the present residence of Daniel Hackler, and had open windows. The principal persons assisting in its erection were Wal. Craiff, Julius Chestnut, Jacob Hackler, and Peter Baker. No reg- ular church organization was formed at first, but it was taken by consent to be Methodist. Their first preacher was James McCann, who was after- ward assisted by Leads, Forbes and Daily, and around them they gathered as their first congregation John Crai'g, wife and family, Julius Chestnut and wife, Samuel Taylor, Howard Chestnut and others. In this house they met for ten years, and then in the Craig schoolhouse. It was burned, but rebuilt in 1865. But being too small for the congregation, the present Pleasant Hill meeting-house was erected near it in 1867. It was built by George Richards, on land donated by Wal. Craig, and cost about 12,000, being in size about 35x50 feet. The building was dedi- cated to the service of the Lord by Bishop Simpson, the preacher in charge being Gideon Heavenridge. The following persons have acted as Trustees : George Richards, Wal. Craig, Robert Craig, J. Mosier and John Sentney. The present Preacher is Rev. Mr. Hawk, and the present congregation is composed principally of the Craigs, Hacklers, Skeenes and Bakers. The church enrollment numbers about thirty. CHAPTER IX. Educational History— First School in the County— Langdon the Monk— Teachers in Indian Creek— Schools in Marion— Education- al Statistics— Teachers in Other Townships -The Mitchell Sem- inary—The Graded Schools— The Southern Indiana Normal School— The Lawrence County Seminary— The Bedford High School— Private Educational Enterprises— Teachers' Institutes. LAWRENCE COUNTY has kept constant and ready step in the march of education. Apace with her earliest settlements came the schools, and at the scene of the white man's first location in the county, in 1814, the first school was established. This waS at Leesville, and for two or three years was probably the only school in the county, and was taught by an Irish monk named Langdon and who was, like most of his class, well educated. He continued here until 1817. At that time the second school in the county was established and he became its teacher. This was on the farm of James Conley, in what is now Guthrie Town- ship, and the house was located about 300 yards west of the lit- tle tunnel and not far from the present site of Lawrenceport. The length of the first term was three months. The building was a little round log house, constructed for this purpose by Mr. Conley, whose children— Charles, Joshua, Hugh, Joseph, Nancy, Peggy and 224 HISTORY OF LAWRENCE COUNTY. Diana — made the larofest number of scholars. After this first term of three months the monk went down the river to the Johnston family, where he found a field of labor in which he contjinued for two years. The Johnston children were: James, Christopher, Isaiah, David, Jonathan and Elizabeth, and while with them the monk spent the long win- ter evenings instructing in the various common branches of that day. Probably the third school in the county was taught at the site of Lawrenceport in 1818, by Thomas Fulton. The first term was one of three months. This schoolhouse was standing near the mouth of Fishing Creek, and among his scholars were James and Elizabeth Chess, and a Miss McManis. In 1820 a school was taught near where Guthrie Creek bridge now is on the George Foster farm. An old cot- lon-gin house answered the purpose of a school building. The name of the teacher in this fourth school of the county is not preserved, either in records or the recollection. About this time other schools began in , various parts of the county, but nearly all of them were taught in the little round log cabins of that primitive day. Settlers were becoming numer- ous, and an increase in schools was an imperative necessity. SCHOOLS OF INDIAN CREEK TOWNSHIP. In the western part of the county where the population was rapidly in- creasing, schools began early to spring up. Indian Creek Township had sev- eral early schools, the first of which was a few hundred yards south of the present site of Fayetteville. This was a small round log-house with a clapboard roof, a '"cat and clay" chimney, a "puncheon" floor and greased paper windows. The furniture corresponded in all respects with the building and the times, the benches being made by splitting a sap- pling in two and putting in sticks for legs. The writing desk was made by hewing out a slab and putting it on some pegs in the wall along the window side of the building, where the best light was aftbrded. Such in brief is a description of frontier school houses of more than half a century ago. The first teacher in this school was a man named Ditto, who taught but one term. The name of the second teacher was Kirkpatrick, who also taught bat one school. The scholars that went were the children of William and Abraham Kern, David Sears, Elijah, Robert and William Garton. and perhaps a few others. None but these two sessions of school were ever held in this house, and in its stead another was built in 1822, on the land of Peter Smith, now owned by Noah Kern. This was in nearly every particular like the other one just described, and the first teacher was John R. Crooke. Milton Short,Frank- lin Crooke and Alexander Kern were also teachers in this community, and in about the order named. This schoolhouse was destroyed in a whirlwind a year or so after being built, and a child of Abraham Martin was killed by the falling of a beech tree. The house was at once repaired and school continued to be kept there for some time after. HISTORY OF LAWRENCE COUNTY. 225 SCHOOLS OF MARION TOWNSHIP. The schools in Mai'iou Township early took prominent rank in the county, and in the south part on the farm now owned by Wiley G. Bur- ton, the first hewed log schoolhouse was built, in 1824, that Lawrence County had. John McLean was probably the first teacher here, and the tuition was largely paid in provisions, with an occasional dollar to glad- den the pedagogic heart. The successor of McLean was Samuel Dalton, a one-legged man, and the next was a man named Evans, who lost his position on account of his habit of napping during the regulation hours for school. A teacher named Bethay folh^wed Evans, and in both habits and disposition seems to have been radically different, as it is said that he cleared ten acres of land outside of school hours during: the time he presided over the schools. Daniel Watkins, an educated Welshman, came next and was the last and best teacher that taught in this house. He remained for more than six years with the best of success. If the schoolhouses and their furniture differed from those of to-day, the methods of instruction and the manner of conducting the schools were not less so. Loud or open schools were in vogue at that time and con- tinued to be so for several years after. It is not an unusual occurrence in the present day to hear the gray-haired settler lamenting the degen- eracy of modern schools from those halcyon days when all the pupils read and studied aloud. To trace the origin of each school in the county would be an impossibility, and even were it possible the result would scarcely justify the extraordinary effort which such a task woulid enjoin. The total population in 1883 between the ages of six and twenty-one years was 6,658. Of these there were, of white, 3,399 males and 3,125 females; of colored, 56 males and 78 females. For 1884 the school enumeration of the county is as follows: • Enumeration. School Houses. Teachers Employed. "a CO < 1 3 3 1 8 7 9 2 9 4 4 6 12 CO Townships. s 3 "a > Flinn 290 1 619 307 1 601 722 665 264 627 437 362 755 956 6 12 5 14 13 12 7 15 7 7 1 2 $2,800 5,000 5,000 4,900 6,500 6,000 5,000 8,500 3,725 3,100 12,000 25,000 3 9 4 6 7 3 4 6 3 4 1 1 11.58 1.81 2.07 1.77 2.02 1.75 1.71 1.75 2.00 1.78 3.18 5.55 $1.50 1 60 Pleasant Run Perry 1.50 Indian Creek 1.66 Spice Valley 1.75 Marion 1.70 Bono '. . 1.73 Shawswick 1.75 Marshall 1.90 Guthrie 1.53 Mitchell 1.89 Bedford 2.06 Totals, 1 6,604 101 $87,525 51 68 226 HISTORY OF LAWRENCE COUNTY. EDUCATION IN FLINN TOWNSHIP. . The schools of Flinn Township are perhaps in a more flourishing condition than any other in the county, and during the last year had seven months of school — a longer term than any other tc>wnship in the county. The schoolhouses, however, are not in so good a condition, most of them being old. One, the Jackson schoolhouse, is nearly new. and all are well furnished with patent seats and other modern supplies for schools. There was formerly a good school at the town of Leesville, and was organized about the vear 1858, called the Leesville High School. This was owned and established by a joint stock company organized for that purpose. The building is a two-story brick, with two study rooms and one recitation room, and was built at a probable cost of $5,000. It is yet owned by the company, but since 1883 there has been no school maintained in it. The first teacher was a man named Maxwell, and the second was W. L. Boston. Others have been Rev. J. M. Stalker, L. W. Johnson, Mr. Hobbs, R. W. May, Albert May, W. T. Branaman and D. H. Ellison, the present County Superintendent. TEACHING IN PLEASANT RUN. Next after Flinn, in length of school terms, is Pleasant Run Township. About one-third of the schoolhouses are nearly new, and the balance are in fair condition and all are well supplied with the necessary school furniture. This township has the only log house now used for school purposes in the county. One of the best schoolhouses in the county is at Springville, in Perry Township. It is a good two-story frame build- ing, and covered with a slate roof. Two teachers are employed in this school — Mr. E. S. Southerland as Principal, and Miss Clara Yandell as the primary teacher — and a first-class school is kept. There are two other good schoolhouses in the township, and the balance are not above the average. In Indian Creek Township the condition of schoolhouses is, as a whole, the poorest in the county. They are not generally well supplied. Those of Spice Valley are some better, there being a few houses nearly new. The one at Huron is a good- sized frame, and cost about $1,000. There are two teachers at that place, and the rooms seated with patent seats. Some of the best schoolhouses in the county are in Marion Township, and were built by Benton Jones, as Township Trustee. They are all well supplied with apparatus, but the school terms are the shortest in the county. The best school in Bono Township is usually kept at Lawrenceport, although other good ones are in the township and they are in a first-rate condition. SCHOOLS IN SHAWSWICK. In Shawswick Township the schools are more numerous than in any other part of Lawrence County, and in some parts there are too many. HISTORY OF LAWRENCE COUNTY. 227 They exhaust the resources of the township without obtaining the full benefit that uiisrht be secured in a les3 number but better and longer terms. The oaly brick schoolhouse in the county outside of Bedford and Mitchell is in this township, and they are all well fitted with patent seats and supplied with good apparatus and other necessaries in the modern schools. No township in the county is provided with better school - houses than Marshall, and none are better furnished. The one at Guth- rie was built in 1881, at a cost of $1,500. It is a good frame with two rooms, and is generally attended by about fifty pupils. Levi Smallwood has taught all the public schools that have been kept in this house. Within the last three years three other new houses have been built in this township. One of the very best township schools in the county is at Tuanelton, in Guthrie Township. At the head of this school is Mr. B. F. Maxwell, and Miss Anna Beherrall is teacher in the primary department, SCHOOLS OF MITCHELL. The town of Mitchell is of but comparatively recent date, and the history of its schools is more easily obtained than in some other portions of the county. In the year 1855 the whole township of Marion had but , 833 children of school age, which then ranged from five to twenty-one years. Now, in 1884, the whole township of Marion, including Mitchell, has a total school population of 1,420, and this with a year less latitude in age — being now from six to twenty-one years. This gives an increase in twenty nine years of 587 school children. This is very nearly the same time in which the town has been developing. In 1856 a small brick schoolhouse was built in the eastern part of Mitchell, and the first term was taught here in the winter of 1856-57 by E. M. Baldwin, who remained several winters, the summer schools being taught by others. All the schools taught in this building ware supported by subscription, and the house was built entirely in the same way. The school of 1859-60, which had use of public money, supplanted this, and the building is now used by the colored folks as a church. THE MITCHELL SEMINAKY. This institution has the following history as given by Isom Burton: The winter of 1859-60 Simpson Burton (who had just graduated from Franklin College), opened a high school in a dwelling house on corner of Main and Fifth Streets (now occupied by Mrs. Bartlett). The fol- lowing spring he, with others, began raising a stock company to erect the building now known as the Baptist Church. The first meeting was held •at Freedom, Church, near town September 4, 1860, with the following persons present: Robert Todd, George Miller, John Toliver, Timothy Murray, Joseph Miller, R. M. Parks and the following Burtons: Allen C, John W., William A., Caswell R., Zachariah, Simpson, William J.. 228 HISTORY OF LAWRENCE COUNTY. Wiley G., Eli, John H. , Alexander and Hardin. R. M. Parks was made Chairman and Simpson Burton, Clerk. The object was stated to be the organization of an educational society, to build a building to be known as Mitchell Seminary. A constitution was read and adopted that provided that any person paying $25 into the treasury should be a member; its officers to be President, Vice-President, Treasurer and Secretary and twelve Trustees, two-thirds of the Trustees to be Baotist. The first officers elected were: A. C. Burton, President; Simpson Burton, Clerk; Simpson Burton, Oily Owens, A. L. Munson, Hugh Hamer, R. M. Parks, Alex Burton, Isaac Corother, William J. Burton, C. D. Giles, B. B. Walker, Silas Moore and Hugh F. Burton, Trustees. The last Trustees elected were: David Kelly, Eli Burton, C. L. Burton, J. W. Burton, John Edwards, Alex Burton, A. C. Burton, G. W. Miller, Edwin Wood, Lewis Murray and Isom Burton. The constitution of the society provided that the lower story of the building should be used for educational purposes and the Trustees to grant the upper story to the Missionry Baptists for religious worship. The building is of brick, of modern style, and cost about 16,000. School opened in the fall of 1860, with Simpson Burton as Principal, assisted by Carrie Graus and May Mantorga; afterward J. K. Howard was added to the faculty, and for a number of years the school flourished under the direction of Burton and Howard. No school in this part of the State did better and more permanent work than this one to be of so short duration. The Rebellion, together with the public free school system, caused the institution to weaken, and in 1868 Burton and Howard gave up the school. The following winter Prof. C. L. Donalson and wife conducted the school, but soon gave it up for reason before named. There went from the school to the war the following: Simpson Poke, Anselm Wood, Aaron Pless, John W. Burton, Riley D. Burton, Wesley Edwards, Will- iam H. Edwards, Isom Burton. The school sent to the leading profes- sions: Law — Heffron, Seldon Fish, J. W. Burton, W. H. Edwards, Zack E. Burton, J. R. Burton, William S. Burton, Joe O. Burton, Louis Mun- son; ministry — J. R. Edwards, Isaac Wood, John Howard, Charlie Wood; physicians — Ed Millis, Ai'thur McDonnell, Isom Barton. THE MITCHELL GRADED SCHOOL. This was established in 1869, and gives Mitchell the honor of being one of the first towns in Southern Indiana to adopt the graded school system. The first high school building was constructed at a cost of nearly $3,000. It was a good two-story frame, and served its purpose- until the present commodious and well arranged building was erected in 1879. This is of brick, and was contracted for at the price of $8,000, but before its completion cost $2,000 in addition to that amount. No i HISTORY OF LAWRENCE COUNTY. 229 graded school in this part of the State has been moi'e of a success than this, and in the Annual Prospectus for 1882 the following statement is made: "Forty-live teachers have gone out from the Mitchell graded school, six physicians, six attorneys and two ministers." THE SOUTHERN INDIANA NORMAL COLLEGE. This popular institution of higher education was founded April 6, 1880, and incorpoi'ated as a college June 7, 1880. Many prominent men of Southern Indiana were interested in establishing a school at which teachers could be trained for the public schools, and at which young men and women could receive a thorough and practical education in less time and with less expense than requii-ed by the regular colleges of the State. By the energy and interest manifested by the citizens, Mitchell was chosen as the seat of the new institution. Among the prime-movers of the enterprise may be mentioned Prof. J. N. Selby, Prof. W. F. Harper, Dr. H. L. Kimberlin, M. N. Moore, Dr. J. L. W. Yost, J. Y. Bates, John Dodson, Alfred Guthrie, Dr. G. W. Burton, Anselm Wood, M. A. Burton, Isom Burton, Dr. W. A. Burton, Allen C. Burton, E. P. Ever- sole, James D. Moore, M. Z. Moore, Dr. E. S. Mclntire, with the hearty co-operation of all the citizens of Mitchell and vicinity. A Board of Reference was formed, including many prominent educators of the State, with leading men of other States, which with few changes I'emains as first established. . This organization includes such men as the following: Prof. J. M. Bloss, Muncie, Ind. : Hon. M. G. Urner, Frederick, Md. ; W. B. Wilson, Esq., Flora, 111.; Judge E. D. Pearson, Bedford, Ind. ; Prof. W. A. Bell, Indianapolis, Ind.; Rev. R. M. Parks, Bedford, Ind.; Hon. Thomas Clarke, Shoals, Ind. ; Dr. Richard Owen, Now Harmony, Ind. ; Prof. W. B. Chrisler, Bedford, Ind. To these and many others recently have been added the names of Hon. B. C Hobbs, Bloomingdale, Ind., and Hon. J. W. Holcombe, State Superintendent. About the beginning of the year 1880 active steps were taken in secur- ing a faculty and advertising the opening. Prof. W. F. Harper was elected President, and Prof. J. N. Selby, Business Manager; Prof. W. E. Lugenbeel, teacher of mathematics; Prof. H. T. Pickel, teacher of Latin and common branches; MiaslMamieC. Murphy, teacher of German, and Mrs. Polk, teacher of instriimental and vocal music. From the first movement in the matter success rewarded the managers. Upon the morn- ing of April 6, orders were given that all the bells in the town be rung for half an hour to usher in the new order of things. The stores were closed, and the business men with their families repaired to the Baptist • Church to witness the organization. The spacious audience-room was tilled to overflowing, and the enthusiasm was intense. Bright hopes of success were entertained by the men and women who had given liberally of money and time to the new work. This sympathy in the objects of the 230 HISTORY OF LAWRENCE COUNTY. school drew the people closely to the students, and this kindly spirit has manifested itself daring all the career of the college. It is a general remark that in no other college town can be found «uch friendly relations between the students and the citizens. It was this spirit as much as the earnest labors of ihe teachers that brought such signal success the year ' following the auspicious opening recorded. The attendance included students from Indiana, Illinois and Kentucky. In July of this first year a teachers' class of six. members was graduated. The number of dift'er - ent students in attendance reached about 150. In September following, the year began with regular classes, scientific, teachers' and business classes. This was a prosperous year, and at its close the Trustees turned the entire management over to the President, Prof. W. F. Harper, wh o assumed complete control. By this change the Trustees retained only advisory powers, placing the active management in the hands of the Pres- ident, as well as the financial obligations. This plan has been contin- ued to the present. Owing to the vast amount of work devolving upon the Principal of such an institution, Prof. Harper found his health failing and in the spring of 1882 he resigned. The Trustees immediately elected Prof. W. E. Lugenbeel to succeed him. All recognized this as a most fitting tribute to one who had been with the institution from its founding, and who had given his best energies for its success. His administrative abil- ity had long been recognized, and the change was made without a jar. Under his careful and untiring management, the institution has sent its graduates into every department of society, and to all portions of the United States. His policy has been to build surely and firmly; to accom- plish only thorough work. The character of the school is thus impressed upon its graduates, and they may be recognized by their earnestness and qualifications. This policy has made the school known in every State of the Union, and it now draws students from the East, South, West and North. The success of the work under President Lugenbeel's administration has been uniform, except a terrible calamity in the spring of 1883. Im- mediately preceding the opening of the spring term, a man came to the town from Vincennes. He was soon reported to be a small-pox patient. As many persons had ignorantly been exposed to the contagion, the ex- citement became intense. Exaggerated reports were immediately circu- lated in all the surrounding towns. Many of the students in attendance departed, and those who had made arrangements to enter for the spring and summer were frightened away. Instead of 300 in the various de- partments, the enrollment barely reached fifty the spring term and only about one hundred during the summer session. The Principal lost per- haps $3,000. Notwithstanding this heavy loss, he continued all depart- ments and began advertisinof asrain as from the beginning. From this calamity the institution has risen stronger than before, and now has an HISTORY OF LAWRENCE COUNTY. 231 enrollment which will reach 500 this year (1884). The popularity of its methods is so great that a branch institution was established at Milan, Tenn., September 1, 1884, which opened with 250 students the first day. The entire faculty of this Southern school were chosen from the graduates of the Southern Indiana Normal College. The Alumni (1884) number 125. Such in brief is the history of this institution which gives Mitchell almost a national reputation, and which has revolutionized the methods of teaching in the common schools of Southern Indiana. It is a school of which Lawrence County is pro^^d. The teachers who have been connected with the various departments are: W. F. Harper, Pres- ident 1880-1882; W. E. Lugenbeel, President 1882; J. N. Selby, 1880-80; H. T. Pickel, 1880-81; Miss Mamie Murphy, 1880-81; Miss Emma McAvoy, 1880-81 ; Miss Edith L Jackman. 1881; A. W. Dudley, 1881-82; C. C. Harper, 1882-82; J. Fraise Eichard, 1882-82; Hamilton Stillson, 1882; J. W. Stotts, 1882; E. E. Urner, 1883-84; MissAnnaR. Turner, 1883-84; C. S. Lugenbeel, 1883. The teachers of the branch school at Milan, Tenn., 1884, are: \V. E. Lugenbeel, President; E. E, Urner, Principal; Miss Bertha F. Wolfe, Miss Anna R. Turner, K. E. Harn, D. E. Keen. SCHOOLS OF BEDFOBD. The first school was taught in Bedford by Capt. Hill during the win- ter of 1826-27. This was in the court house and was attended by thirty-six scholars. That was in the days of select schools that were maintained by private subscriptions. The tuition in this school was $2 per quarter for each pupil and instructions were given in grammar, alge- bra, rhetoric, higher arithmetic and the lower bi'anches. Thus began the e ducation of the youth at the capital of Lawrence, and in much the same manner it continued for the next four or five years. In January, 1831, the State Legislature passed an act providing for the establishment of a seminary. THE LAWRENCE COUNTY SEMINARY. The building that was first erected for this institution is yet standing in Bedford and occupied as a dwelling. At the date of building it was considered as one of more than ordinary importance, as it was a good and substantial brick. For a while, during the infancy of this school, it was well patronized and the youth from the entire county were in attendance. It is probable that the first teacher employed was a man named Lynn, although he did not remain a great while. For the two years of 1832 and 1833 this school was presided over by a man who has since occupied a prominent place in this State. This was Hon. Richard W. Thompson. His successor, Hon. George G. Dunn, was a man of no less ability and fame. After two years of success as a teacher he was followed by Joseph Stillson, who has long been one of Bedford's physicians. His terra as instructor also lasted two years, and closed in the early part of 1838. 232 HISTORY OF LAWRENCE COUNTY. This school was managed by a Board of Trustees appointed by the Cir- cuit Court who were to hold their office for a period of three years. In March, 1838, Gustavus Clark, Matthew Borland, Isaac Denson, Daniel K. Dunihue and George G. Dunn were appointed as such Board for the next three years, and in a report to the County Commissioners in the fol- lowing January they say : " Upon examination they found the Seminary building considerably out of repair and in a condition subjecting it to rapid decay, destitute of a teacher, under the control and surpervision of the Trustees, the institution in debt and without a very exalted reputa- tion as a high school. The Board caused the necessary repairs to be made to the building without delay, and have it now in good order for the comfort and accommodation of two teachers and at least 100 pupils. All debts, except some trifling amounts, against, the institution, have been paid off, and there is yet remaining in the treasuiy the sum of S93.594, which, together with such sums as may be constantly coming in from fines assessed before the justices of the peace and in the Circuit Court of said county, will be amply sufficient to keep up repairs, make all neces- sary improvements, and in a short time, we trust, to pui'chase a suitable library for said institution. A female school by Miss Lovey Kittredge has been taught in one room of the building under the inspection of the Board, and by the reports of the Examining Committees of the schools, it appears that the conditions of that department of the school are highly creditable to Miss Kittredge and beneficial to those under her care. The best of order is observed in her school, although large ; entire harmony and good feeling exists in her school between the pupils themselves and between them and the teacher, and the scholars are making rapid improvement in all the useful branches of female education. The other room is occupied by Mr. Minard Sturgis, a young gentleman of superior acquirements, amiable disposition, gentle manners, industrious habits and strict morality. These qualities render him a valuable acquisition to the Seminary, as he proposes taking it permanently under his charge. The present condition of his department is prosperous and interesting, in eveiy respect, we believe, meeting the entire approbation of the public. The following are the rates of tuition and contingent expenses estab- lished by the present Board, to-wit : Reading, writing and arithmetic, $8 per quarter; English grammar, book-keeping, geography, composition and declamation, S3. 50 per quarter; the classics and other higher branches, S6 per quarter, to which is added upon each pupil the sum of 25 cents per quarter as a contingent h\nd, out of which are defrayed all expenses necessary to the comfort and convenience of the pupils and teachers as connected with the seminary. The Board thought it necessary to fix the rates thus high in order to secure competent persons as teachers and guard the institution from degenerating into a mere town school, benefiting only a few individuals, instead of being, as it was HISTORY OF LAWRENCE COUNTY. " 233 intended, the resort of all who desire to procure the advantages of a lib- eral education." This i-eport was signed by D. R. Dunihue and George G. Dunn as committee, and gives a good idea of the condition of the school at that time. In Maj^, 1841, another Board was appointed and of this Gustavus Clark was President, John Vestal Treasurer, and Michael A. Malott Secretary. In September, 1842, a report was made by the Secretary, and from that it is learned that a Mr. John Dale had for some time before then been in charge of the school as teacher, and part of the time employing an assistant. The institution lingered along under various instructors until the Legislature, in 1852, provided for the sale of County Seminaries and applying the proceeds to the common school fund. This one was sold at public sale to R. M, Parks, who had formerly been one of its teachers, for $1,050, and thus died the Lawrence County Seminary. THE SELECT SCHOOLS. When the Lawrence County Seminary was gone the demands of the community for a good school were imperative and necessitous. In the fall of 1854, Rev. J. M. Stalker opened an academy in the base- ment of the Presbyterian Church, which he continued for about two years, and in 1856 Prof. Conley began the Lawrence High School. In this J. M. Stalker, William May, William B. Chrisler, Prof. Crutsinger, Bruce Carr and others taught in different years until 1868 or 1869, when this school was merged into the Bedford Male and Female College. This institution was incorporated, and the following persons were the incorporators: Stever Younger, J. M. Mathes, Joseph Stillson, A. J. Hotetler, David G. Gray, John M. Daggy, George W. Adams, J. N. Hos- tetler and William B. Chrisler. It was said in the articles of incorpora- tion that the purposes of this association were to "establish and perpet- uate in the town of Bedford, Lawrence Co., Ind., an institution of learn- ing of the highest grade, for the education of males and females; to pro- mote the arts and sciences and inculcate the evidences and morality of the Sacred Scriptures.'' This school was held in the basement of the Christian Church, and its existence continued until the year 1880, when it finally became defunct. In the latter part of the sixties the present system of graded schools began to be agitated and Bedford was among the early towns in the State to adopt it. Prof. Frank P. Smith, Superintendent of the present graded school, furnished the following account of the origin: THE BEDFORD HIGH SCHOOL. In 1869 an attempt was made to establish a graded school for the benefit of the civil township in which the town is located, and the enter- prise had proceeded so far as that the foundation was laid for such a 234 HISTORY OF LAWRENCE COUNTY. building, on the present site, by the then Township Trustee H. B. Rich- ardson. The movement caused great dissatisfaction between the residents of the town and those of the township outside of the town. This resulted in the incorporation of the town and its severance from the civil township in school matters. In the division of school funds, the building already begun became the property of the town, and was completed in 1871. The plans were prepared by J. A. Vrydagh of Terre Haute, Ind. It was a six-room building, very much similar in appearance to the present one, with capacity to seat 300 pupils. J. W. Mannington was the contractor for building, excepting the inside work, which was done by S. M. Edmondson. The house was furnished by George H. Grant & Co., Richmond, Ind. It was heated by Boynton's hot-air furnaces. The cost was $27,000. School opened in it September, 1871. November 24, 1871, it was destroyed by tire. Cause unknown. There was no insur- ance. At a meeting of the citizens on the day of the burning the Trustees were ordered to build a more commodious house. Plans were immediately prepared by T. N. Stevens, architect, Bedford, Ind. ; and before the arches of the old building had grown cold they were being removed to make room for the new one. While the new building was being prepared rooms were rented in various parts of town and school continued. The present building was completed in 1873. It contains nine rooms, and has two spacious halls twenty feet wide, running through the building. The stairs are broad and easy of ascent. It will accommodate 500 pupils. It is a brick building two stories high, has slate roof, and is heated by four hot-air furnaces. Total cost, $27,000. The history of the school has been that of continued success, and although in its earlier days it had to undergo many hardships and labor under many disadvantages, yet it has advanced so rapidly in efficiency and educational standing that it now ranks among the best schools of the State. In 1872 a separate school was opened for the colored children, and kept open the same length of time as the other schools. A special teacher in the German language has been employed by the School Board. SCHOOL TRUSTEES. G. W. Friedley, appointed April 5, 1871, resigned January 3, 1872; T. N. Stevens, appointed April 5, 1871, expired April 9, 1872; W. C. Winstandley, appointed April 5, 1871, expired April 9, 1872; H. B. Richardson, appointed January 10, 1871, expired April 9, 1872; Francis Wilson, appointed April 9, 1872, expired April 1, 187 J; Davis Harrison, appointed April 9, 1872, expired April 1, 1873; W. C. Winstandley, re- appointed April 9, 1872, expired Api'il 1, 1873; D. Harrison, re-appointed April 1, 1873, expired April 1, 1874; W. C. W^instandley, re-appointed April 1, 1873, expired April 1, 1875; D. W. Parker, appointed April 1, 1873, expired April 1, 1876; D. Harrison, re-appointed April 7, 1874, expired April 1, 1877. :5':-^ -*■■ "5%*' »««Si*)»lt« * !«"?»!!- HISTORY OF LAWRENCE COUNTY. 235 The law concerning School TrustecB was amended in 1875, and under the new law D. W. Parker was appointed June 8, 1875, expired June 8, 1876; Davis Harrison, appointed June S, 1875, expired June 8, 1877; "W. C. Winstandley, appointed June 8, 1875, expired June 8, 1878. LIST OF TEACHERS. In 1871-72 were J. H. Madden, Superintendent and Principal High School; Miss OUieKeeler, First Grade; Miss Sue Borland, Second Grade; Miss Sallie Culbertson, Third Grade; Mrs. J. H. Madden, Fourth Grade; Miss Emma Clifton, Fifth Grade; Eugene Balden, German department; Mrs. Ada Hodge, Colored School. In 1872-73 were J. H. Madden, Superintendent and Principal Hiah School; Mrs. J. H. Madden, Assistant; Miss Ollie Keeler, First Gi'ade; Miss H. Simpson, Second Grade; Miss Sallie Culbertson, Third Grade; Miss Belle Conner, Fourth Grade; Miss Sue Borland, Fifth Grade; Miss Reba Evans, Sixth Grade; Theodore A. Hinz, German department; Miss Alice Eldridge, Colored School. In 1873-74, J. H. Madden, Superintendent and Principal High School; Mrs. J. H. Madden, Assistant; Miss F. C. Simpson, First Grade; Misslsis Duncan, Second Grade; Miss Sallie Culbertson, Third Grade; Miss Belle Conner, Foiu'th Grade, Miss Sue Borland, Fifth. Grade; Miss Reba Evans, Sixth Grade: Theodore A. Hinz, German department; Miss Alice Eldridge, Colored School. In 1874-75, J. H. Madden, Superintendent and Principal High School; Mrs. J. H. Madden, Assistant; Ed B. Thornton, First Grade; Miss Isis Duncan, Second Grade; Miss Sallie Culbertson, Third Grade; Miss Belle Conner, Foui'th Grade: Miss Fannie Overman, Fifth Grade; Miss Reba Evans, Sixth Grade; Miss Sue Borland, German department; Miss Alice Eldridge, Colored School. 1875-76, J. H. Madden, Superintendent and Principal High School; Mrs. J. H. Madden, Assistant; Miss Ada Rout, First Grade; Miss Isis Duncan, Second Grade; Miss Sallie Culbertson, Third Grade; Miss Belle Conner, Fourth Grade; Miss Fannie Overman, Fifth Grade; Miss Reba Evans, Sixth Grade; Miss Sue Borland, German; Miss Alice Eld- ridge, Colored. In 1880-81, D. D. Blakeman, Superintendent; Julia R. Hughes, High School; Maggie J. McCollough, First Grade; Daniel Driscoll, Sec- ond Grade; Sallie F. Owens, Second Grade B and Third Grade A; Addie Riley, Third Grade B and Fourth Grade A; Lenora Aley, Fourth B and Fifth Grade A; Adah E. Hodge, Fifth Grade B and Sixth Grade A; Mary Benton, primary classes B and C; Fannie Tilfoi'd. Colored School. In 1881-82, Julia R. Hughes, High School; Maggie J. McCollough, Preparatory and First Grade A ; Daniel Driscoll, First Grade B and Sec- 15 236 HISTORY OF LAWRENCE COUNTY. ond Grade A; Sallie F. Owens, Second Grade B and Third Grade A; Addie Riley, Third Grade B and Fourth Grade A; Nora Aley, Fourth Grade B and Fifth Grade A; Adah E. Hodge, Fifth Grade B and Sixth Grade A; Mary Benton, B and C primary; Lilly Chrisler, Colored School; D. D. Blakeman, Superintendent. In 1882-83, D. D. Blakeman, Superintendent; Julia R. Hughes, High School ; Maggie J. McCollough, Prepartory and Class, A First Grade ; Car- rie A. Short, Class B, First Grade aod Class A Second Grade; J. M. Caress, Second Grade, A and B; Addie Riley, Third Grade, A and B; Nora Aley, Fourth Grade, AandB; Aei-ieWest, Fifth Grade, A. and B; Adah Hodge, Sixth Grade, A and B; Mary F. Glover, Employed, October 16,1882, Sev- enth Grade, A and B; Lizzie Mohler, Eighth Grade, Primary; Lillie Elliott, Colored School. D. D. Blakeman resigned October 1882. Julia R. Hughes was promoted to the superintendency and Lizzie G. Hughes took charge of the High School. In 1883-84, Frank P. Smith, Superintendent; Lizzie G. Hughes, High School; Maggie J. McCollough, Preparatory and Eighth Grade, Class A; Carrie Short, Eighth Grade, B and 7, A; Eva J. Connelly, Seventh Grade, B and 6, A; Addie Riley, Sixth Grade, B and 5, A; Nora Aley, Fifth Grade B and 4, A; Aerie West, Fourth Grade, B and 3, A; Adah E. Hodge, I'hird Grade, B and 2, A; Mary F. Glover, Second Grade B and 1 A; Lizzie Mohler, Primary; Dora Reath, German Department; Edith Elliott, Colored School. January 1884, the Board ordered the Superintend- ant to regrade the schools. This he did, making an eleven vears' course; eight ill the grades and three in the High School. The changes were made February 1, 1884. In 1884-85, F. P. Smith, Superintendent; Lizzie G. Hughes, High School; Addie Riley, Eighth Grade; Eva J. Connelly, Seventh Grade; Leona Rime, Sixth Grade; Mellie Woolfolk, Fifth Grade; Nora Aley, Fourth Grade; Aerie West, Third ^Grade; Cornelia J. Ikerd, Second Grade; Fannie Harrison, Primary; Mary F. Glover, Primary; Dora Reath, German department; Garrison McFall, Colored School. * ENROLLMENT. School year 1870-71, 352 admitted; average attendance, 241; 1871-72, 451 admitted; average attendance, 331; 1872-73, 423 admitted; average attendance, 333; 1873-74, 471 admitted; average attendance, 365; 1874- 75, 485 admitted; average attendance, 410; 1875-76, 491 admitted; aver- age attendance, 428; 1876-77, 483 admitted; average attendance, 410; 1877 -78, 483 admitted, average attendance, 396; 1878-79, 543 admitted; aver- age attendance, 418; 1879-80, 534 admitted; average attendance, 424; 1880-81, 586 admitted; average attendance, 399 ; 1881-82,610 admitted; ~ average attendance, 443; 1882-83, 627 admitted; average attendance, 436; 1883-84, 649 admitted; average attendance, 466. HISTORY OF LAWRENCE COUNTY. 237 ENUMERATION. 1870, males, 276, females, 266, total, 542; 1871, males, 297, females, 317, total, 614; 1872, males, 311, females, 334, total, 645; 1873, males, 332, females, 339, total, 671; 1874, males, 349, females, 334, total, 683; 1875, males, 337, females, 345, total, 682; 1876, males, , females, ^ total, , 1877, males, 339, females, 354, total, 693; 1878, males, 396, females, 397, total, 793; 1879, males, 347, females, 358, total, 705; 1880, males, 371, females. 389, total, 760; 1881, males, 435, females, 396, total, 831; 1882, males, 454, females, 445, total, 899; 1883, males, 463, females, 452, total, 915; 1884, males, 494, females, 462, total, 956. THE GEOLOGICAL CABINET. This has been collected chiefly under the management of the present Superintendent, F. P. Smith. It was began in the fall of 1883. There are about 400 specimens in it. The greater part of it is native fossils. The locality is subcarboniferous. From this age we have bellerophon, goniatite, pentremite and a good collection of crinoids. The class in geology collected these and brought them to the recitation; here they were named, classified and labeled. Besides these, there is shown a good line of rocks, comprising granites, syenites, gaeissoids, quartz and limestone. According to composition, these are arranged under these heads: Silicates, carbonates and argillates ; or according to origin, they are arranged thus: Igneiis, aqaeous, metamorphic. There is also dis- played quite a line of minerals. The present class will enlarge this col- lection by donations from geologizing excursi(ins and private enterprise. This study is taught by geologic ages. We try to put the specimens in the hands of the pupils. They learn the ages by daily coming in con- tact with their characteristic fossils. ZO-OLOGICAL CABINET. This enterprise is chiefly due to Mrs. Julia (Hughes) Gilbert. She began it in 1881. The best way to get a knowledge of animal life is to study the animal — not the book — hence, she put her pupils at work. The result is that the pupils get a better knowledge of this branch of science, and they have also left work that interests and instructs others, behind them. The collection comprises birds, reptiles and fishes. These have all been collected by the students. The dressing and mounting have been done chiefly by Eb. Stalker, assisted by Lou Erwin, Fletcher Gard- ner, Will Glover and Alfred Parker. The collection is chiefly of natives. The specimens are in a handsome case and are made an ornament for the hall. teachers' INSTITUTES. The first Teachers' Institute of Lawrence County convened at Bed- ford, August 28, 1865, with an enrolled membership of forty-one. The 238 HISTORY OF LAWRENCE COUNTV. first officers of the associatioD were: J. M. Stalker, Superintendent; Miss Mary A. Lemon, Secretary, and Miss Alice Eldridge, Regulator. The instructors at this session were: J. S. Graham, I. N. Porch, W. L. Bos- ton, D. E. Hunter, J. M. Stalker, Mary Evans, Mary Stillson and Dr. Calvin Cutter, of Warren, Mass. The latter delivered some highly interesting and instructive lectures on the subject of "Physiology." Evening lectures were delivered by D. E. Hunter on "Troubles and Pleasures of Teachers," Miss L. E. Short, an eloquent address on "Edu- cation," and M. F. Dunn, a learned and polished talk on " Fine Arts.'' The session continued for a period of five days, and great interest was manifested by all of its members, each performing any duty assigned in a creditable manner. The institute has continued to hold its sessions each year, and they have steadily grown in popularity and efficiency, the membership increasing with each annual meeting. The Legislature pro- vided that $50 annually should be paid out of the county treasury to sup- port the institute, which has greatly assisted in keeping it alive. At the last meeting there were enrolled 161 members, continuing in session five days,« with an average daily attendance of 140, which bespeaks great praise for the large number of the teachers of the county who desire to meet and discuss the methods which will best further the objects of their profession. At this meeting, which was opened July 30, 1883, instruc- tions were given in the common branches and the theory and art of teach- ing. Three public evening lectures were delivered by Prof. Eli T. Brown. Under the present efficient management of County Superintendent Elli- son, institutes have been organized in each township, wi-th a view of making them important auxiliaries to the county organization. In each township there is an institute held every month, and in these some one of the teachers is chosen as a sort of Principal or Superintendent. In April, 1869, a meeting of the teachers and friends of education was held at Orleans to organize a Teachers' Convention of the counties of Lawrence, Orange and Washington, on which occasion many were present, and much interest was manifested. Among the distinguished teachers present were: Profs. James May, J. M. Bloss. Donaldson, Wil- son, Pinkham, Misses Annie and Mollie Stillson and Messrs. N. Tower, J. N. Burton, H. W. May, James L. Noblitt and others, all of whom had secured local prominence in connection with the advancement of educa- tional interests. Prof. Donaldson was Chairman, and C. W. Jacobs Secretary of the meeting. About the only object accomplished at this time was the permanent organization of the convention and the adoption of the outline of future labor. A premium was oflfei-ed for the best map of North America, and the meeting adjourned to meet at Bedford in July. The session of three days was held in the Town Hall, ^ with J. G. May Chairman, and C. W. Jacobs Secretary, and was very interesting throughout. The question, " Should Corporal Punishment be Abolished HISTORY OF LAWRENCE COUNTY. 239 in Schools?" was discussed at length and decided in the affirmative. Prof, J. M. Bloss delivered a lecture on the "Physical Geography of South America." An essay, "Onward and Upward," was read by Miss Mary Stiilson; J. M. Stalker lectured on "Physiology," and Prof. Bloss on "Map Drawing." The discussion of the question : " Are Physicians a Curse to Humanity?" elicited jnuch amusement, aud the question was decided in the negative. C. W. Ja,cobs lectured on " English Gram- mar,'' Prof. Barry on "History," J^ G. May on "Punctuality,'' and W. P. Pinkham on "School Government." The question, " What should be the Teacher's Course in Regard to the Reading of Fiction?'! was dis- cussed, and decided that such reading should not be allowed in the school room. Miss Emma Groves read an essay on "The Duty of Teachers," and C. W. Jacobs lectured on "The Relation of Teachers and Parents to the Common School." Premiums on map drawing were awarded Misses Mary Trueblood and Anna Lindley, of WasTiington County; J. H. Buchanan, of Orange County, and J. W. May, of Lawrence County. The convention adjourned to meet at Salem in 1870. The session held at Salem was of large attendance. The same rou- tine of exercises was followed, together with experimental recitations on all the leading common .branches and the introduction of vocal and instrumental music. The life of the convention was promising, but for some reason, mainly the establishment and success of teachers' institutes, no other sessions were held. PART II. BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES. SHAWSWICK TOWNSHIP. JOHN W. ACOAM, Bedford, was born where he now lives May 15, 1841, one of three sons of the six children born to Henry J. and Catha- rine (Wilder) Acoam, who were among the early settlers in Lawrence County, the father being a harness-maker; he died February 1, 1849. Subject in 1856 began to learn the harness trade, and has followed that occupation ever since. August 11, 1862, he enlisted in Company G, Fourth Indiana Cavalry, and was taken prisoner in 1863 at Huntsville, Ala., remaining such till 1865, being confined successively at Libby, Pemberton, Danville and Andersonville Prisons. After his return Mr. Acoam was Collector of Delinquent Taxes. In 1866 he began the saddle and harness business, and has a good trade, making a specialty of the cel- ebrated spring saddle. May 1, 1866, he married Miss Clara J. Malott, and one child has been born to them — Harry M., born July 10, 1876. Mr. and Mrs. Acoam are members of the Christian Church at Bedford, and he is an I. O. O. F., both Subordinate and Camp, having held all the important offices of the order. He is a Republican and a G. A. R. Mr. Otho Malott, the father of Mrs. Acoam, came to Indiana about 1821. He moved to Kansas in 1878, and died there in 1882. CHARLES G. BACK was born in Colchester, Vt., November 8, 1826, the sixth of nine children of Jasper and Sarah (Harrington) Back. He passed his youth with his parents, and at the age of fifteen learned the tailors' trade, having previously worked at the printers' trade. He began business at the tailors' trade, and dealt in clothing. In 1846 he moved to Indiana, stopping a short time at Bloomington, and then removed to Bedford, where he engaged in the grocery trade, but soon retired, owing to failing health. In 1867 he moved upon the farm where he yet lives. November 24, 1851, he married Clarissa Rout. Mr. Back has been suc- cessful in life, and at present owns a farm of 140 acres, all quite well improved and stocked. He is a member of the Masonic fraternity, and in politics is liberal as regards, party. He is an enterprising citizen and a good ntrighbor. JESSE H. BAILEY is the eldest of five children born to Levi and Catharine (Holman) Bailey, his birth occurring March 22, 1829. His father was an Indianian and his mother a Kentuckian, who was brought to this county about the year 1810. Jesse remained on his father's farm until his majority, receiving limited education. July 17, 1849, he mar- ried Virginia J. Long, to which union eight children were born, six 242 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES. now living: Arthur H. . who married Nannie Henderson; B. W., whose wife was Charlotte Mayfield; Achsa C. , who married Reuben Hudson; A. C, Nannie I. and Donna V. Mr. Bailey has been a successful farmer, as he now owns 590 acres mostly well improved and stocked. He and wife are members of the Mt. Pleasant Christian Church, and he is a member of the G. A. R. at Bedford. August 6, 1862, he enlisted in Company G, Fourth Indiana Cavalry, and was discharged December 23, 1864, for wounds received in a charge on a rebel wagon train. He participated in the battles of Chattanooga and Resaca. Politically he is a Democrat. He is one of the solid men of the county. HIRAM M. BATMAN was born in Bono Township, this county, December 6, 1833, the fifth of six children of James and Maria (Malott) Batman, the parents being natives of Jefferson County, Ky., who came to Bono Township in 1816. The mother died in 1837, and Hiram M. remained with his father until the death of the latter April 28, 1847, when he went and lived with M. B. Lemon for three years. He then lived with Bolivar Duncan until he was twenty-two years old. In youth he passed the time at hard work, and obtained only the rudiments of an education. November 8, 1855, he married Catharine McKnight, and eight children were the issue: James C, William W. (who married Ellen Baugh), Eliza A., Ulysses, Rebecca I., Albert, Mary M. and Pearl. When young, our subject learned the tanners' trade, and later the wagon-makers' trade, but for many years has followed farming. He owns 285 acres of tine land. He is a member of the Christian Church, and in politics is a Republican. He is one of the substantial farmers of the county, and is a self-made man. ALEXANDER H. BIVINS was born in Shawswick Township, March 21, 1842, being the youngest of eight children of Richard and Elizabeth (Bivins) Bivins. The father was a native of Maryland, born January 7, 1799, and was married in Kentucky, March 21, 1826, and the next year he moved to Lawrence County. His wife died May 4, 1880. Alexander H. had little advantage of securing an education. At the age of about twenty-three years he was united in marriage with Melinda Bailey, (December 8, 1864). Four of their five children are now living — Clarence M., Charles W., Eddie N., andErtaM. — their ages being, respect ively, eighteen, sixteen, twelve and five years. Mr. Bivins now owns a farm of 118 acres, all good land. In 1864 he enlisted in Company E, One Hundred and Thirty-sixth Regiment, and served one hundred days, receiv- ing his discharge in September, 1864. Mr. and Mrs. Bivins are members of the Christian Church. He is a good Democrat, a Mason, and an enter- prising citizen. His good wife has largely contributed to his success in life. Their son Clarence has been attending school at Danville, Ind. AMBROSE CARLTON was a native of Virginia, born in 1764, and about the year 1788 married Mary Montgomery, of his native State. Their family consisted of five children, and in 1816 they settled in Law- rence County, Ind., where they lived the balance of their lives. Mr. Carlton was one of the pioneer preachers of Indiana in the Baptist faith. His death occurred in 1832. Robert M. Carlton, one of their sons, was born in Berks County, N. C, in the year 1794, and was with his father's family when they came to Indiana in 1816. He married Levina Barlow, of Kentuck5% about 1821, and together they reared a family of six chil- dren, these five now living: William, Ambrose, Maria L. (Huston), James and Robert H. Robert M. Carlton was one of the principal men of the SHAWSWICK TOAVNSHIP. 243 county, and at different times carried on farming, grist and saw-rnilling, wool-carding and merchandising on the river to New Orleans. In politics he was a Jeffersonian Democrat, and held several important positions in the county, among them being that of Representative in the State Legisla- ture during the term 1837. His youngest son is Robert H. Carlton, born November 27, 1834, and has been engaged in the drug trade at Bedford ever since 1855. He received a high school education, and is considered one of the best mathematicians in the county, having followed civil engi- neering on the Louisville, New Albany & Chicago Railroad for some time. His marriage to Miss Sally L. Denson, of Bedford, was June 19, 1877. He is Master Mason, and has held nearly all the offices in Bed- ford Lodge No. 14. Politically he is a Democrat, and as such was Treas- urer of Bedford two years and in 1880 was elected County Clerk, being the only Democrat in the county elected that year. JOHN W. COSNER one of the principal merchants of Bedford, was born in Spice Valley Township, this county, December 16, 1836. He is a son of William and Mary (White) Cosner, who removed from North Cai'olina to Lawrence County, Ind. , at an early day and participated in many of the pioneer scenes of that time. When about eight years old John AV. began living with the family of John D. Thomasson, making their home his till twenty-four years old. In 1853, he began clerking in the general store of Mr. Thomasson, continuing until 1861, when he became one of the three partners composing the firm of Thomasson & Co. Cosner & Glover succeeded the latter firm, and in January, 1878, Mr. Cosner began in business aloue. In Januai'y, 1881, A. N. Butler became a part- ner, and the firm of J. W. Cosner & Co. continued in business two years, when Mr. Butler was compelled to retire by reason of ill health. Since then Mr. Cosner, with his son William H. , under the firm name of J. W. Cjsner & Son, have continued an andiminished trade. September 29 1861, he was married to Sarah E. Jeter, and the names of their children, are: Hattie, William H. , Josephine, Laurenie, Oliver, Ralph, Frank and Rollan. All are living but the last named. Mr. Cosner is one of the self-made men of Bedford, is a Republican in politics and a member of the Subordinate Lodge of Odd Fellows. ISAAC H. CRIM was born in Martin County, Ind., January 1, 1812, one of four children born to John and Sarah (Burns) Crim, who were natives of Kentucky, and settled in Indiana about the year 1835; he dying in Johnson County, in July, 1844, where they had lately moved. Mrs. Crim then moved to Illinois with her children, and there our sub- ject, Isaac H. was mostly reared, being engaged when a yonng man in farming. In the fall of 1860 he came to Indiana on a visit, where he remained until the following spring, when he enlisted April 23, 1861, in Company C. Fourteenth Regiment Indiana Volunteer Infantry, serving till January 15, 1863, when be was honorably discharged on account of a wound received at Antietam. He was engaged in the following battles: Rich Mountain, Green River, Cheat Mountain, Winchester, Antietam and other minor battles. On his return he was made Postmaster at Shoals. He also was railroad agent at various points, and telegraph operator for the Ohio & Mississippi Railroad. He was married to Mary E. Newkirk, October 25, 1866, and to this union, two children have been born: Carrie, August 15, 1867, and Lulu, December 2, 1868. The family are all members of the Methodist Episcopal Church, and Mr. Crim is an A. F. & A. M. — Blue Lodge, Chapter and Commandery — and a 244 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES. member of the I. O. O. F. He is a Republican, his party electing him Auditor in 1878, and re-electing him in 1882 by a majority of 1,700 votes, the largest ever received by any one in the county. He is the Chairman of the Republican Central Com>nittee of the county. WILLIAM DAGGY, a native of Augusta County, Va., was born December 2, 1820, and is a son of Jacob and Ellen ^^Lockridge) Daggy, who emigrated to Indiana, and settled in Henry County in 1832. He received what education he has in the country schools of his native State, was raised on a farm, and when twelve years old came with his parents to the Hoosier State. In 1844 he came to Bedford, and began working for Hon. George G. Dunn, and in May, 1847, was united in marriage with Miss Rebecca Mitchell, by whom he is the father of six children, the following named living: Mary E. (Ogg), John N., Thomas O., M. J. (Ragsdale) and Martha A. For a time after his marriage Mr. Daggy farmed, then traded in stock until the close of the war. He was elected Sheriff of Lawrence County in 1864, re-elected in 1866, serving in all four years, and after this was engaged in the stock business in the South. At present he is engaged in milling two miles north of Bedford. He is one of the well-to-do and public-spirited men of Lawrence County. JOHN M. DAGGY, son of Jacob and Ellen (Lockridge) Daggy, and brother of William Daggy, whose biography precedes this, was born in Augusta County, Ya., June 22, 1823. His schooling was limited to the backwoods log-schoolhouses of his day, and until nineteen years old followed farming. He then began learning the blacksmith's trade at Nashville, Ind., and with but two years' exception has ever since fol- lowed his trade. In 1846 he located at Columbus, remaining there four years, then moved to Fayetteville, in Lawrence County. In March, 1858, he settled in Bedford, and has been working at his trade with John Owen, John K. Hummer, Mr. Owen and A. C. Glover as partners. In 1856 he became a member of the firm of Daggy, Hodge & Walheiser, one of the principal business firms of Bedford, and has ever since been senior partner. June 15, 1851, his marriage with Isabel J. Mitchell, daughter of Thomas Mitchell, one of the pioneers of Lawrence County, was solemnized, and to them have been born five children, only the fol- lowing two yet living: Frank E. and Addie L. (Lary). Both parents belong to the Christian organization at Leatherwood Church. Mr. Daggy is an ardent member of the Masonic fraternity, in which he has attained the Knight Templar degree. He has been W. M. for about twenty years, since residing in Bedford, and for the past ten years High Priest of Hacker Chapter. He is now holding one of the principal offices in the Bedford Council. COL. HENRY DAVIS, a veteran of the war with Mexico and of the Rebellion, was born in Franklin County, N. C, October 9, 1812, and is one of five children of Wiley O. and Susan (Kitchen) Davis. When yet a small lad he moved with his parents to Haywood County, Tenn., and when about fifteen years old began a three- years' apprenticeship at the saddler's trade, which has been his occupation until within the past few years. To his marriage with Elizabeth T. Davis, which occurred December 22, 1833, these children have been born: Frances, Sai-ah J., Melissa, Albert H., Gustavus C. and three deceased. In 1838 he removed to Leesville. Lawrence Co., Ind., where he resided a num- ber of years. June 20, 1846, he was enrolled in Company F, Second Regiment Indiana Infantry, of the Mexican war, and of this he was SHAWSVVICK TOWNSHIP. 245 chosen Captain. He served with Gen. Taylor through the battle of Buena Viata, and was honorably discharged June 21, 1847. In 1849 hfi moved to Bedford, from where he enlisted in September, 1862, in the Eighty -second Indiana Volunteer Infantry, of which he was commis- sioned Lieutenant-Colonel. At the battle of Chickamauga he not only lost a son but was severely hurt by a Minie ball, which struck his sabre squarely and with tremendous force. Besides the above battle, he served through Perrysville, Hoover's Gap and Stone Kiver. Owing to his injury he resigned, and was discharged in October, 1863. Col. Davis is a Sir Knight in Masonry, a Camp Degree Odd Fellow, a stanch Republican, and for four years, beginning in about 1850, served as County Treasurer. In 1877 he was commissioned Postmaster at Bedford, and is yet serving as such. August 26, 1858, his wife died, and December 9 of the same year, Christina (Culbertson) Kern became his wife. This lady died April 4, 1872. Col. Davis is a member of the G. A. R. and the Christian Church. WILLIAM DAY was born in North Carolina, October 12, 1826, and was the fourth child ol eleven born to Archibald and Ruthie (Woody) Day, both natives of North Carolina, who came to Shawswick Township in 1827. Our subject spent his early years on his father's farm at hard labor, and continued thus until the age of twenty -three years, receiving poor educational advantages, but making the most of what he could get. September 19, 1850, he married Elizabeth Woody, who has borne him eleven children, eight of whom are now living: Robert W., who married Isis Duncan; Jesse M., who married Mary I. Malott (deceased); Ruth E., who married John F. Wright; Lewis F., Kitty C, William W., Elizabeth E. and Nannie B. Mr. Day has followed farming through life, and now owns 208 acres of fine land. In March, 1848, he enlisted for thi'ee months in the war with Mexico, and was honorably discharged at the expiration of his term of enlistment. In December, 1863, he enlisted in Company I, One Hundred and Twentieth Indiana Regiment, and served with distinction until he was mustered out in January, 1866, as Lieutenant. He was at Kenesaw Mountain, Resaca, Decatur, Ga., Atlanta, Franklin, Nashville, Kingston, N. C, and other battles of less note. He is a Republican and is active in politics, having been candi- date for Sheriff. He has served often as County Poor Superintendent, and has been prominently connected with the Agricultural Society. He belongs to three secret societies: Mason, Odd Fellow and G. A. R. ; and he and wife are members of the Christian Church. CAPT. JEREMIAH E. DEAN, a veteran of the Mexican and late Civil wars was born in Clark County, Ky., October 25, 1821 and is one of five children born to James and Mary (Campbell) Dean. When a small lad he went to Marion County, Ind. , making that his home until about four- teen years old, when he moved to Orange County to live with an uncle. Until attaining his majority he worked on a farm, then worked two years in a grist-mill at Lawrenceport, after which he moved to Bedford. May 7, 1847, he enlisted in Company I, Sixteenth Regiment of United States Infantry, served in the Mexican war until he was honorably dis- charged at Newport, Ky., July 28, 1848. May 24, 1849, Mary A. Owens became his wife, shortly after which he moved to Springville. where for over twenty years he was engaged in blacksmithing. June 7, 1861, he enlisted in Company F, Fifteenth Indiana Volunteers, and on the organi- zation of the company was elected First Lieutenant, a position he held 246 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES. until after the battle of Stone River, when he was advanced to the Cap- taincy of his company. Besides various skirmishes in which he was encraged he was an active participant in the battles of Shiloh, Stone River, Chickamauga and Mission Ridge. Mr. Dean is a member of the Blue Lodge in Masonry, is a Republican in politics, and in 1875 was elected Auditor of Lawrence County, serving as such four years. He is at pres- ent engaged in the hardware trade. Both Mr. and Mrs. Dean are mem- bers of the Methodist Episcopal Chni'ch, and the following named of their ten children are yet living: Samuel M., Sarah C, D. J., Amanda L. , Harriet C. and Jeremiah H. DR. ISAA(j DENSON, a pioneer physician of this county, was born Augusts, 1804 in Somerset County, Md. , and is one of four children born to James and Mary (Collins) Denson, who moved to Hamilton County, Ohio in 1808, and and from there ten years later to Lawrence County, Ind. Dr. Isaac Denson was educated in the country schools of his day and the State University of Indiana. Owino- to the cholera of 1833, which broke up the latter school, he was prevented from grad- uating. He read medicine with Dr. Winthrop Foote, at Bedford, and in the winter of 1835 attended lectures at Jefferson Medical Colleo-e. Phil- adelphia, then began practicing his profession at Bedford with his pre- ceptor. Once since then Dr. Denson has had a partner in Dr. S. A. Rariden, but for years he was alone in the practice of medicine. Since 1876 he has been living a quiet and retired life. March 24, 1840, his marriage with Sarah J. Rawlins was solemnized, and their eleven chil dren are: Daniel (deceased), Mary, Susan, Sarah, Josephine (deceased), Harriet, Elizabeth, Gustavus (deceased), James, Amy and Joseph. The mother is a member of longstanding in the Methodist Episcopal Church. Dr. Denson was a Whig in politics until 1856, since when he has acted in unison with the Republicans. As a physician he was eminently suc- cessful, as his many patients yet living testify. In later years he has turned his attention to agricultural pursuits, and in this as in other mat- ters he has made a success. JAMES H. DONICA, a native of Shawswick Township, born October 22. 1834, is the fourth of seven children of Caswell and Henrietta (Thatcher) Donica, the father a native of Greene County, Tenn., born December 25, 1803. The parents of Caswell came fi'om Kentucky to Indiana in 1818. The marriage of the latter to Miss Thatcher occurred November 6, 1827, and soon afterwai'd he located on a farm to do for himself, living many years, becoming well respected and securing a tine farm of about 570 acres. His death occurred August 4, 1883. He was a stanch Democrat. His widow yet survives, at the age of about seventy- eight years. She was a native of Bourbon County, Ky. , born January 22, 1807. At the age of twenty-three years, with a limited schooling, James H. began for himself. October 7, 1858, he married Nancy Hunter, who bore him one child: William L. His wife died August 18, 1865, and September 21, ISd, he married Naomi Trogdon, who has presented him with three children: James F.-, Henrietta A. and Lawrence C. His occupation has been farming and stock raising His farm of 470 acres, well stocked, shows his success. He is a Republican; belongs to the Christian Church, and his wife to the Methodist Church. The family are among the best citizens. HON. GEORGE G. DUNN, deceased, was a native of Kentucky, born in December, 1812, and when yet a boy settled in Monroe County, SHAWS\\ICK TOWNSHIP. 247 Intl., where he received the greater part of his schooling. "While a member of the junior class in the State University, he quit college and for a time was engaged in school teaching in Switzerland County, but in 1838 located in Bedford, where he identified himself as an instructor in the public schools, occupying his spare hours in reading law. He was admitted to the Lawrence County Bar and soon afterward became associ- ated with Col. R. W, Thompson, ex-Seci-etary of the Navy, in the practice of his profession. While serving as Prosecuting Attorney of his circuit he became widely known, and being an ardent Whig in politics, became the nominee of his party for Congress. Although in a dis- trict strongly Democratic, he was elected after a heated contest by twenty- two votes, and served with marked ability. Succeeding this he was elected to the Indiana State Senate, but in 1852 resigned his seat to look after a large law practice which he could no longer neglect. In 1854 he became an Independent candidate for Congressional honors, and after one of the most spirited campaigns in which Mr. Dunn was ever engaged he was elected with a majority of 1,660 votes. The exposui'e and hard work of this campaign were, no doubt, the ultimate cause of his death. He lived to serve in the session to which he had been elected, and died in September, 1857, regretted by many warm friends. Without flattery to the memory of Mr. Dunn, it can be honestly said that he was possessed of legal and legislative attainments unsurpassed by any man of his day in Southern Indiana. He was an eloquent and effective speaker and a man of undoubted integrity and great personal courage. ALEXANDER H. DUNIHUE, one of Bedford's oldest merchants and most respected citizens, was born at Marietta, Ohio, April 26, 1807, and is the oldest and only survivor of a family of eight children born to Dan- iel and Abigail (Pool) Dunihue. and is a grandson of Daniel O'Donoghue who was a native of Northern Ireland, where he was identified with the Protestant religion. The latter emigrated to the United States at an early day and here the family name became changed to Dunihue. The father of Alexander H. removed from Marietta, Ohio, to near Columbus, in 1814, and from there three years later to what is now Carroll County, Ky. The fall of 1818, they settled at Paoli, Ind., but seven months afterward moved to Livonia, in Washington County, where, after a residence of four years, they removed to Mooresville. In 1833 the family settled in Bed- ford, where Mr. Dunihue died in 1850, preceded by his wife in 1846. Alexander H. Dunihue received the greater part of his education in a high school at Livonia, taught by Rev. W. W. Martin, a distinguished Presbyterian minister. While at Greenville, Maj. Isaac Stewart induced him to begin clerking in his store at 25 cents per day, and voluntarily increased it to dl^ cents, then 50 cents and in 1826 sent him to take charge of a branch store at Bedford at $87. 50 and board and clothing per year. The second year he received with his board and clothes $150, and the third year $250, which at that time was enormous wages. During the third year the store was sold, after which he was employed by Daughton & Co., of New Albany to dispose of a $7,000 stock of goods at the mouth of Salt Creek, in Lawrence County. In 1830, he began clerking in the store of Col. William McLane, at Bedford, with whom he remained four years at $250 per annum; then accepted a position in the office of Register of Lands at Indianapolis, at much higher wages. In July, 1834, Mr. Dunihue returned to Bedford and was accepted as a partner by Col. McLane, and in 1836, Ann McLane, his partner's daughter, became 248 BIOGRArHICAL SKETCHES. bis wife. Since 1834 — fifty years — Mr. Dunihue has been constantly and actively engaged in business in Bedford for himself, and at present is connected with one of the town's best biisiness hou&es, known as Dunihue & Sons. During this long and eventful career he has made considerable money and lost considerable, but out of the t/e6ris he has saved sufficient to keep himself and wife the remainder of their days in peace and plenty. Mrs. Dunihue was born at Orleans, Ind., in 1816, and for fortj^-eight years has been a member of the Presbyterian Church. During his life, Mr. Dunihue has made fourteen different trips to New Orleans, ten times on Hat-boats. In politics he is a Republican, formerly a Whig, and there is no man more intimately connected with the history of Bedford than is Alexander H. Dunihiie. JOHN Y. DUNLAVY is a native of Montgomery County, Ky., born July 15, 1804, the second of ten children of Daniel and Martha (Yocum) Dunlavy; the father a native of Pennsylvania and the mother of Ken- tucky. John Y. passed his youth at hard work on his father's farm, securing little education, and at the age of twenty-two years went to Henry County, Ind., and a little later to Wayne County, but soon there- after came to Lawrence County. January 8, 1829, be married Nancy Woolery, and to this miion twelve children have been born, six now liv- ing: Emily, wife of David S. Johnson; Kebecca, who married Robert Foster, deceased; Norval, who married Evaline Fish; Joseph L., who married Flora R. Griffith; Oeorge C, unmarried, and Margaret A., wife of W. Reynolds. Mr. Dunlavy was formerly a carpenter and wheel- wright, but his leading occupation has been farming. He owns eighty acres of good land, and is an influential Democrat, and has been for sixty vears. He has been Justice of the Peace and is well respected. LYCURGUS DUNCAN, born in this township, August 8, 1835, the fourth child of eight of William and Mary H. (Malott) Duncan, remained with his parents on the farm, receiving an average education, until he was eighteen years old, when for two years he attended the State Univer- sity at Bloomington, being forced then to leave owing to failing health and being forced to remain idle for about one year. He then taught school and afterward entered a hardware store at Bedford, which estab- lishment was the first in the place. Eighteen months later he moved to the farm upon which he now lives. He has by good management and industry secured 400 acres of good land. June 30, 1858, he married Sallie A. Bryant, who bore him eight children, six of whom are now liv- ing: Mary P., Morton, Sarah E. , William, Carrie T., and Nannie, all at home with their parents. March 18, 1879, Mrs. Duncan died, and March 8, 1883, he married Amanda E. Driscoll, who has borne him one child, Kate. Mr. Duncan has served as County Surveyor for fourteen years. He is a Republican, a Mason, and himself and wife are members of the Christian Church. His parents were natives of Jeflferson County, Ky. They reached Lawrence County, December 25, 1825. The family is one of the best in the county. WILLIAM EDWARDS was born in Ashe County, N. C, June 16, 1811, the ninth of twelve children born to Starling and Salin (Cobb) Edwards. Our subject came to this State in 1827, and has been a resi- dent of this county ever since. In consequence of his father's death his educational facilities were limited, and he was cast out upon the world to carve his own fortune, and well he has done it. July 18, 1833, he was married to Elizabeth Fish, and to this union twelve children have been SHAWSWICK TOWNSHIP. 249 born, six of whom are now living: Serelda, who was united in marriage to Thomas KiJgore; Sallie, wife of B. F. Kilgore; John, who married Retta Williams; Lucien, whose wife was Martha Long; a sou, who married Delilah Cariss; Virginia F. , who married George Kinniek. Farming has always been his occupation, and he now owns 208 acres of land. Mr. and Mrs. Edwards are members of tbe Christian Church, and he is a Democrat, having in by-gone years taken quite an interest in political matters. He is well respected. AUGUSTIN ELLIS, jeweler, was born August 30, 1836, in Hendricks County, Ind., and is one of six children born to William and Sarah (Blackwell) Ellis, who were among the earliest settlers in Indiana from the South. Mr. Ellis received such school privileges as were to be had at that early day in Indiana, and was left when young by the death of his parents tocai-e for himself. In youth he learned the carriage-makers' trade, which he followed about four years in Canton, and Morgan County, Ind. He was engaged in business in Salem, Washington County, at the time of the famous Morgan raid in .that locality, and was by Gen. Morgan taken prisoner, but soon after released. Mr. Ellis w^as married April 18, 1860, to Drusilla Green, and to their union six children were born, four of whom are now living: Samuel, Oliver, Magnolia and Augusta. June 12, 1874, he located in Bedford in the jewelry business, where he owns the store room where he is doing a prospei'ous business, and has a stock of goods valued at ^6,000. Mrs. Ellis died April 6. 1876, and July 17, 1879, Mr. Ellis was married to .Ellen LeForce. and by her is the father of one child, named Frank. Mr. Ellis is a member of the Methodist and his wife of the Presbyterian Church. He is a Democrat in politics, although he takes little interest in public affairs. V^'ILLIAM EBWIN, deceased, was a native of Randolph County, N. C, from whence he emigrated with his family to Indiana Territory in 1808, locating in Clark County. In 1815 he removed to Lawrence County, where he became widely known, serving for a time as County Judgje. Previous to this he served as one of the Territorial Magistrates under Gov. Harrison. The eldest of his children and his name sake was the father of William Erwin, the present County Recorder. By Bishop Roberts, William the second was married to Elizabeth Dodd, a native of Kentucky, in March, 1835, and to them twelve children were born, Mr. Erwin was a farmer throughout life, a member of long stand- ing in the Methodist Church, and a man of undoubted honor and integ- rity. Early in life he espoused the Whig faith in politics, but in 1856 was one of seventeen in Marion Township who renounced their old party for Republicanism and cast their ballots for John C. Fremont for President. During the Rebellion he took advanced grounds for the pres- ervation of the Union. His death, which occurred November 19, 1881, was universally regretted. His oldest son, Hugh Erwin, was elected to the Indiana Legislature in 1860, at that time being the youngest member, but in 1861 resigned, and enlisted in the Twenty-fourth Indiana Volunteer Infantry, and was elected Captain of Company A. Ho participated in the battles of Shiloh, Port Gibson, Champion Hills and Vicksburg, but by reason of failing health was compelled to resign his commission. He was twice elected Treasurer of Lawrence County, and was afterward appointed Government Ganger by President Grant. He is now a resi- dent of Cherokee County, Kan. William Erwin, the third of that name here mentioned, and Hugh's brother, was born April 1 1, 1843, and with 250 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES. his brother was raised on a farm. July 9, 1861, he enlisted in the same company and regiment as his brother, served through the Missouri cam- paign and waa honorably discharged June 11, 1862. For a time succeed- ing this he attended Asbury University at Greencastle, and in May, 1864, graduated from Bryant & Stratton's Business College at Indiana- . poll 8. In this same month he became a member of Company E, One Hundred and Thirty- sixth Indiana Volunteer Infantry, serving until the* expiration of his term of enlistment. After this he served as Deputy Treasurer and Auditor two years, and in 1875 was appointed County Recorder to fill the unexpired term of John F. Richards. In 1876 he was elected to this office and re-elected in 1880 with an increased major- ity. Mr. Erwin is a stanch Republican, a Free Mason and a member of the G. A. R. May 15, 1878, Miss Flora A. Irwin became his wife, and Mary, born October 11, 1879, is their only child. His mother, now in her sixty-eighth year, and one sister, now live on the old homestead in Marion Township; two sisters in Eureka, 111. His brother, Thomas Erwin, resides in Marion Township on his farm; one sister in Anchor- age, Ky., one in North Vernon and one near Springville, Ind. JAMES D. FARMER, born in Shawswick Township, July 21, 1821, is the eldest of three children of Michael and Jane (Stevenson) Farmer, both natives of Grayson County, Va., who settled in Lawrence County in 1821. The father came to the wilderness with little property, but at the time of his death was worth about $10,000. He and wife were esteemed citizens. At the age of nineteen, with a limited education, our subject began clerking in the dry goods store of Samuel Irwin, Bedford, remain- ing seven years, then accepting a position as clerk in the State Bank at Bedford, continuing until the charter expired in 1854. October 18, ] 849, he married Emeline R. Rawlins, who bore him seven children, of whom the following six are living: Lucy J. (wife of A. B. Tressler), Frank, Charley D., E. W., Edward E. and Adda, the latter two being twins. Since leaving Bedford Mr. Farmer has been a farmer, and now owns over 500 acres of land, mostly well improved. He is a prominent Republican, and an earnest exponent of all movements to improve soci- ety. He and wife are members of the Methodist Episcopal Church. ANDERSON FISH was born in Lincoln County, N. C, January 17, 1815, and is the seventh of eleven children of William and Sarah (Kale) Fish, natives of North Carolina, who came to Orange County, Ind., in 1816, but in the spring of 1817 located where our subject now resides. The parents became honored citizens of the county. The father (William) was born in 1781 and died in 1855, full of years, revered by all. Our subject, at the age of twenty-two, with meager education, secured at the old subscription schools, married Melinda Long, May 25, 1837, and this lady has borne him twelve children, of whom ten are liv- ing: John W., who married Eliza J. Bridgewater; Minerva, who married Charles Mason; Frances, wife of James Owen; Adolphus, who married Lydia Bridwell; Levi L., who married Lydia Ragsdale: Oscar H., who married Jane Anderson; Kate, wife of Lycurgus Ferguson; Felix, who married Mary Pace; Virgil E., who married Carrie Stipp, and Lloyd E., unmarried. September 26, 1882, Mrs. Fish died, and October 30, 1883, Mr. Fish married Nancy Nugent. He owns a fine farm of 550 acres, is a leading Democrat, and himself and wife are members of the Christian Church. SHAWSWICK TOWNSHIP. 251 WINTHROP A. FOOTE is a native of the town and county where he now lives and has always resided, his birth occurring December 15, 1832, one of five children' born to Dr. Winthrop and Cynthia C. (Barlow) Foote. Dr. Winthrop Foote was born November 30, 1787, early in life graduating in both law and medicine, as well as the classics and sciences. He left Connecticut to seek his fortune in the West, and in 181(5 located at old Palestine, in Lawrence County, Ind. Ten years later, on the removal of the county seat, he came to Bedford, where for a time he engaged in legal pursuits, and was elected State's Attorney. Preferring the practice of medicine to that of law, he resumed the practice of the former and made his home at Bedford until his death, August 2, 1856. Dr. Foote was a man far superior to his early associates in point of edu- cation and intellect. He acquired a large amount of property by indus- try, and May 22, 1823, was married. He at one time predicted that stone fi'om what is known as the " Blue Hole " would be shipped to New York. This prediction, when there was no railroad or prospect of one in this part of the country, was remarkable. He lies buried by the side of his brother in a solid stone vault near Bedford. W. A. Foote, subject of this sketch, received a liberal education at Newton, Conn., and also took a commercial course at Cincinnati. He then clerked in Bedford five or six years; then embarked in business for himself with D. W. Parker, bis present partner, and their partnership has continued about twenty-two years. September 16, 1858, Juliet Curtis, of Newtown, Conn., became his wife, and both he and wife belong to the Presbyte- rian Church. Although no children have been born to them, they have reared two, adopting one. Until the firing of Fort Sumter Mr. Foote was a Democrat; since then he has been a Republican. COL. GEORGE W. FRIED LY, one of the members of the Lawrence County Bar, was born in Harrison County, Ind., June 1, 1840, one of four children born to John M. and Sophia Friedly, who were both of Pennsylvania Dutch descent, settling in Harrison County in 1816, but afterward removing to Bartholomew County for the purpose of edu- cating their children; and it was there that our subject received his edu- cation— in the Hartsville University. He was reared on a farm, and while yet a boy began reading law. In July, 1862, he enlisted in Com- pany I, Sixty-seventh Regiment Indiana Volunteer Infantry, and served in the late war till its close, when lie was honorably discharged August 8, 1865. He was elected First Lieutenant of his company, and afterward pro- moted to Captain, with which rank he was discharged. After the war he located in Bedford, and began the practice of law. He was married to Edith Kelley January 16, 1867, and to tbeir union have been born four children: Clara, Olive, Georgie and Emma. Mrs. Friedly is a member of the Methodist Episcopal Church, and he is an A. F. & A. M. — Blue Lodge, Chapter, Commandery and Council — and a G. A. R. Col. Friedly has a fine practice, and is attorney for the L. , N. A. & C. R. R. He is a Republican, that party having elected him to the Lower House of the Legislature, and afterward to the Senate. In 1872, at a special session, he was elected President of the Senate to fill the unexpired term of Lieut. Gov. Cumback. He has served as Chairman of the Republican State Central Committee; was a delegate to the Chicago Convention, and was tendered the position of Register of the Land Office at Helena, Mont., but declined. 252 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES. LEVI. FKY, bora in Shawswick Township, March 3, 1825, is the fifth of ele\en children of Henry and Sarah (Ikerd) Fry. The pai'ents married in North Carolina, and in 1816 came to Clark County, Ind., but five years later removed to Shawswick Township, both being natives of North Carolina. The father was born April 10, 1794, and died August 8, 1861; the mother was born July 9, 1796, and died May 22, 1879; both were sober, industrious and honored citizens. Levi received a meager education at the primitive schools, and at the age of twenty- tkree years married (November 9, 1848) Elizabeth Ikerd, who presented him with the following children: Mary A., who married John L. Long; George A., who married Louisa Dolt; John F. , who married Catharine Williams, and Willis L. , who married Clara Likens. December 18, 1862, Mrs. Fry died, and April 24, 1864, he married Mary Smith, who has borne him eight children, as follows: Virginia E., who married William Sable; Henry, Lawrence, Jesse, Catharine, Lydia J., Nancy A. and Ivy. Mr. Fry is a farmer, but works at carpenter and joiner work. He owns 297 acres of land. He is a Democrat and a Baptist, his wife being a Methodist. DR. JOSEPH GARDNER, one of the three children of George and Alice (Randall) Gardner, was born September 15, 1833, in Clark County, Ind. George Gardner was a native Rhode Islander, but early in 1812 was residing in Canada. Instead of swearing allegiance to the King, he joined a band of Canada Rangers and served his native country faithfully until the close of the war. He was once captured, and being a supposed spy was tried and sentenced to death by a drum -head court- martial, and narrowly escaped having the sentence carried into execution. After the war he went to Cincinnati, Ohio, and was thei-e married, sub- sequently moving to Indiana, where both he and wife died. Dr. Joseph Gardner was left an orphan when fourteen years old. He served an apprenticeship at the painter's trade, but in 1856 began the study of med- icine, graduating in 1861 from the Medical Department of the University of Louisville. After serving in the United States Marine Hospital as House Surgeon he was, in the spring of 1862, appointed a surgeon in the military hospitals, but while doing his duty at the battle of Atlanta, he received a severe wound from a Minie ball. By special request from the Provost Marshal -General of Kentucky, he was detailed to assist in the examination of drafted men and recruits, and on the resignation of Prof. T. S. Bell, Surgeon of the Board of Enrollment for the Fifth District, he was appointed in his stead and as such served until June 15, 1865. In 1866 Dr. Gardner came to Bedford, and until within the past five years practiced his profession. He is a Sir Knight in Masonry, a mem- ber of the I. O. O, F. and G. A. R. fraternities, belongs to the American Association for the Advancement of Science, the American Society of Microscopists, and is also a member of the Tri-State, the State and the County Medical Societies. As a Republican in politics, he was elected Representative to the Indiana House of Representatives in 1880, serving in the special and regular sessions of that term. In 1852 Miss Amelia Bennett became his wife, who died in 1867, leaving four daughters — Alice, Mary, Sarah and Susan, In 1868 he was married to Miss Eliza- beth Malott, his present wife, and by her is the father of two sons, named Fletcher and Thomas, JAMES GARRISON, manufacturer and repairer of boots and shoes, is a native Hoosier, born in the county in which he yet resides, September SHAWSWICK TOWNSHIP. 253 1, 1849. He is one of three sons born to Henry and Pernetta (White) Garrison, who were of German descent and among the jiioneers of this locality. James was reared to manhood on a farm, in youth receiving a good common school education, and when twenty years old beofan the shoemaker's trade, at which he worked without interruption until June, 1873, when he embarked in business for himself. He is now preparino- to add to his large custom trade a carefully selected line of ready-made goods, which with his knowledge of what goods should be, will undoubt- edly be the best line of boots and shoes in Bedford. Mr. Garrison is a Eepublican politically, and is one of the steady and reliable men of the place. He married Miss Mary U. Bernhardt, March 2, 1871, and Mabel. Frederick I. and William A. are the names of their children, who vyere born June 10, 1874 ; October 18, 1876 ; and October 27, 1880. respect- ively. The parents are members of the Methodist Episcopal Church. CONSTANT GAUSSIN, a native of France, was born October 1, 1854, and when three years old came with his parents, Felix and Mary E. Gaussin, to the United States, landing at New Orleans, from whence they came directly to Bedford. Constant received liberal schooling advantages in youth, and at the age of seventeen began the shoemaker's trade, at which he continued three years. In partnership with John L. Baker, in 1875 he embarked in the retail liquor business, continuing until 1878, when he began in the business alone and has ever since con- tinued it. Asa business man Mr. Gaussin has been very successful, and through his own exertions he has become possessed of one of the finest residences in Bedford, besides the block and lot where his store is located. In politics he is a Democrat. October 11, 1875, Miss Ella Vaughan became his wife, and Nellie and Clarence C. are the names of their two children. JOHN GLOVER is a native of this county and was born November 7, 1815. He is the second of twelve children of Joseph and Mary (McManus) Glover, the father a native of Grayson County, Va., and the mother of Barren County, Ky. The father came to Orange County in 1811, where he was married June 17, 1813, but a year later moved to Lawrence County. He was thus one of the very first settlers in Orange County. John lived with his parents until their respective deaths, the father dying July 21, 1844, and the mother about ten years before. John secured a fair education for business, and has made the old bomestead his home. October 15, 1852, he married Olive Shaw, a native of New York, and to them eight children were born, of whom five are now living: Joseph, Mary, Emma, Morton and John. Mr. Glover owns 160 acres of choice land, and is comfortably situated and prosperous. Mr. and Mrs. Glover are members of the Methodist Church. Mr. Glover is an Odd Fellow and a Republican, and is one of the county's best representative men. He has been township) Assessor four terms. His father was an early Sheriff of the territorial county and was a prominent man. In the family are many traditions of the times when Indians and wild animals roamed the forests of Lawrence County. ALEXANDER C. GLOVER was born in Shawswick Township, Jan- uary 13, 1820, third of ten children born to Ware and Hetta (Redus) Glover, natives respectively of Kentucky and Virginia, he coming to this State in the fall of 1810, and she in 1813. Alexander received a limited education in the common schools, his father havintr died when he was only thirteen years of age, and remained at home with his mother till he 254 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES. was twenty-six years of age, taking charge during that time of the farm and his younger brothers and sister. October 21, 1845, he married Ann Eliza Carter, who died about one year after marriage. April 13, 1848, he married Rachael E. Glenn, and to this union have been born ten chil- dren, yfour of whom are living ; Samuel W., who married Sophia Steinha gen ; James W., whose wife was Eliza Owen ; Alpheus and Mary. Sub- ject formerly followed blacksmi thing but his occupation now is farming, owning: 160 acres of land. Mr. and Mrs. Glover are members of the Presbyterian Church, and he is a Mason and a Republican. He is now serving as County Commissioner and has been the choice of his party for that office three times. GEORGE W. GLOVER was born in Shawswick Township, February 28, 1829, the fifth of nine children of Joseph and Mary (McManus) Glover, natives of Virginia and Kentucky; and came to Indiana at an early day. At the age of sixteen years, our subject, after having passed his youth on his father's farm, obtaining limited schooling, began to do for himself. He married Ann C. Brown, October 21, 1852, and to this union the fol- lowing family have been born: Charlotte, who married Aylett Whitted; George, who married Nettie Ferguson; John, whose wife was Belle Jack- son; Robert, unmarried; Emmett, whose wife was Sarah Palmer; Will- iam and Mary, the last two being single and at home with their parents. Mr. Glover has followed the occupation of farming, and now owns eighty acres of well improved land. He is a Republican and a member of the Masonic Lodge at Heltonville. He is an enterprising man and a good citizen and neighbor. DAVID G. GRAY, a native of Monroe County, Ind"., and a son of William and Mary Gray, who were among the first pioneers of that local- ity, was born March 31, 1826, and is one in a family of ten children. His education was limited to the primitive schools of his day, and until seventeen years old he worked on a farm. At that age he began working at the tanner's trade, and for thirty-eight years made that his vocation, most of , the time at Bedford, and for twenty-five years as a partner of D. R. LaForce. Since the death of Mr. LaForce in 1873, Mr. Gray has been retired from active pursuits, and resides with his wife at their pleasant and comfortable home near the Bedford High School building. He owns valuable town property, is a Republican in politics, a member of the Masonic order, and is well known and universally respected. On the 2d of February, 1854, his marriage with Elizabeth Long was solem- nized, and both he and wife belong to the Leatherwood Christian Church. GEORGE W. GYGER was born in Lawrence County, December 25, 1825, the fifth of thirteen children born to George and Tabitha (Hender- son) Gyger, the father a native of Pennsylvania, and the mother of Ten- nessee, both coming to Indiana at a very early day. The father died when George was quite young, and the boy lived with his mother receiv- ing a limited education. May 3, 1854, he married Matilda F. Kennedy who bore him four children : Susan B., Robert D., Charles E. and James H. Charles E. is telegraph operator at Bedford; the other children are at home. Mr. Gyger owns 140 acres of land, his occupation being farming. In I^ebruary, 1862, he enlisted as a private in Company B, Fifty-third Indiana Regiment, and served honorably and well until August 10, 1865, and was then mustered out. He participated in several of the most fiercely contested battles of the great war — was at Pittsburg Landing, siege of Vicksbm'g, Kenesaw Mountain, Atlanta, capture of SHAWSWICK TOWNSHIP. ' 255 Savannah, Columbia and Raleigh, and in all the movements on the famous march to the sea. He is justly proud of his military record. He is a Baptist, a Republican, a Mason and an excellent citizen and neighbor. CHARLES E. HA.LL is the son of Nathan L. and Sarah (Carter) Hall, and is one of eleven children born to these parents, of whom the following ten are now living: Josephine, Cliarle3 (our subject), Liz- zie, Isis, Jessie. Ella, Nathan, Josephus, Grertrude and Lewis. The father was a native of Xenia, Ohio, boi-n iu 18'^ L bat died in 1882, after a lino-erincr illness. He came to Bedford in 1859 and assisted on the stone- work of the old jail. A little later he opened one of the hrst stone quarries in the county, and was largely the instrument to bring to public notice and favor the valuable local stone deposits. He was a stone-cutter, and eminently a self-made man. By industry he succeeded in accumulating a competency. He was a man of unusual activity in the pursuit of business, which fact contributed to his sickness and death. His industrious habits descended to his children, all of whom are exemp- lary membei's of society and respected citizens. HAASE & OWEN, who creditably represent the merchant tailoring interests of Bedford, is composed of John M. Haase, a native of Pro- vince Posen. Germany, and Frank Owen, a native of Lawrence County. Mr. Haase was born January 14, 1842, was educated in hi.s native county where he also learned the tailor's trade, working at that nine years, and in the fall of 1871 he emigrated to the United States, which has since been his home. On his arrival he immediately came to Bedford, where he was first employed by Palmer & Messick, remaining with that firm and its successors eight years, then becoming a member of the firm of Palmer, Dunihue & Haase. Mr. Haase is married, his nuptials with Christine Benzel being celebrated in Germany, on the 28th of November, 1865. Frank Owen is a son of John C. and Elizabeth (Dye) Owen, who were among Lawrence County's first settlers. His education was obtained at the Bedford schools and the Northern Indiana Normal School, and for three years he was employed as clerk in the dry goods house of Dunihue. & Son. In February, 1884, the firm of Haase & Owen was formed, and by honorable conduct and diligence they have secured a comfortable trade in their gents' furnishing department, as well as a liberal patronage for their tailoring department both at home and abroad. HECTGER BROTHELiS, one of the leading business firms of Bed- ford, is composed of George C and Joseph A., sons of George and Catharine (Fritch) Heitger, who emigrated from Prussia to America at an early day and resided at various times in Buffalo, Louisville, New Albany, aud lastly settling at Bedford in 1856. George Heitger, Sr. , has passed the greater part of his life engaged in shoemaking, and of the nine children born to him and wife, hve are yet living. George C. Heitger was born June 18, 1849, and after attending the common schools in youth, learned the tinner's trade at Mitchell, worked at his trade about one and one-half years as journeyman, and then settled in business for himself at Tunnelton. April 27, 1871, Martha Wiegman became his wife, and four children, named Anna, Katie, George H. and Louis C. have been born to them. Joseph A. Heitger obtained the better part of his education in the High School at Bedford, and in 1871 began learning the tinner's trade with his brother. On the l8th of May, 1881, his union with Mary C. Traud was solemuized and Joseph D. is their only 256 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES. child. The aummer of 1872, Heitger Brothers purchased L. B Jack- ^ son's store at Mitchell, and for two years conducted a creditable business at that point. The fall of 1881 they erected their present brick build- ing in Bedford, subsequently moving to this place and engaging in business. They carry about $2,000 worth of stoves, tinware, house furn- ishing goods, pumps, etc., and are doing a healthy business which is steadily on the increase. Besides valuable property in Bedford, the firm owns property in Mitchell, and both members belong to St. Vincent de Paul Catholic Church at Bedford. AVILLIAM P. HODGE, of Daggy, Hodge & Walheiser, was born in England, December 25, 183G, one of six children born to William and Elizabeth (Peters) Hodge. He received his schooling in his native coun- try, and when twelve years old emigrated with his parents to the United States. When aboiit iifteen years old he began the carriage and wagon trade at Cleveland, where he worked three years as an apprentice. For two and a half years after this he worked at his trade in, Sheboygan, Wis., then came to Indiana, and in the fall of 1856 located in Lawrence County. In about 1857 he started a wagon shop at Heltonville, which he continued about two years, then began in business at Bedford. This has ever since been his home, and, with but a short time while merchan- dising, has been working at his trade. The spring of 1866 the firm of Daggy, Hodge & Walheiser was formed, and to-day do an extensive busi- ness in the manufacture of wagons, carriages, etc.; deal in agricultural implements and operate the leading livery of the place. Mr. Hodge is a member of the Chapter and Council in Masonry; is a Republican, and he and wife belong to the Methodist Episcopal Church. December 28, 1858, Mr. Hodge and Miss Mary M. Malott were united in marriage, and they adopted for their child. Fanny Elder, now Mrs. H. H. Walls. HON. A. J. HOSTETLER, owner and editor of the Bedford Banner, was born in Washington County, Ind. , November 22, 1818, and is a son of Jonathan and Sarah (Ribble) Hostetler, with whom he removed to this county when an infant. His father was a Kentuckian by birth, but in 1816 became a resident of Indiana and followed farming until hie death in 1828, preceded by the death of Mrs. Hostetler live years. Being cast upon his own resources when yet a small lad, our subject was reared by relatives until seventeen year's old, when he went to Decatur, 111., and learned blacksmithing. In 1837 he returned to Lawrence County, which has ever since been his home, with the exception of one year, while a resident of Orange County. He was engaged in black- smithing until 1854, and for the succeeding ten years farmed. In 1865 he engaged in merchandising in Bedford, at which he has largely been engaged until within the last few years. As a Democrat in politics Mr. Hostetler has been a faithful worker for his party, and from 1854 to 1858 served in the upper house of the State Legislature of Indiana, declining a re-election. In 1878 he was elected to represent the old Eighth District in the Forty-sixth Congress, and in 1880 was the dele- gate of his party to the National Democratic Convention at Cincinnati from the Second District. In September, 1883, he began the editorship of the Banner, which has thrived under his management. In February, 1842, Miss Margaret Newland became his wife, and Jonathan N. , John F. (deceased), Sarah A. and Kate, are the names of their children. Mr. Hostetler is a member of the Masonic fraternity, and he and wife belong to the Christian Church. SHAWSWICK TOWNSHIP. 257 JESSE A. IKERD is a native of Lincoln County, N. C, born April 15, 1816, the ninth of ten children of John and Margaret (Smith) Ikerd, both natives of North Carolina, who came to Indiana about 1818. Jesse A. remained on his father's farm during youth, but at the age of eighteen years, with nothing but his hands and his energy, began doing for him- self, without education, save the rudiments. In March, 1836, he married Eliza Smith, who has borne him nine children, of whom the following seven are now living: John, who man-ied Susan Rout; Peter, who manned Mary Rout; Joseph, who married Mary J. Beavers; Margaret, who mar- ried Harvey Swan; William H., who married Mary Stipp; Polly A., who became the wife of James Tague, and James M. April 28, 1881, Mrs. Ikerd died, and October 1, 1883, he married Elizabeth Smith. Mr. Ikerd is an industrious, thoughtful and prosperous farmer, owning a line farm of 400 acres. He is a Republican, and he and wife are members of the Christian Church. His parents were true pioneers in Indiana, and passed through all the hardships incident thereto. ABEL L. IKERD, a native of Lincoln County, N. C, born Septem- ber 14, 1817, is the fourth of nine children of Philip and Susanna (Lutz) Ikerd, the parents natives of North Carolina, who came to Indi- ana in 1821. Abel L. received a meager education at the pioneer log- schoolhouses, atd remained with his parents on their farm until near the age of twenty-six years. He married Elizabeth A. Litten, April 13, 1843, but July 12 of the same year this lady died, and January 14, 1845, Mr. Ikerd married Ann B. Campbell, and to this union seven children were born, the following live now living: Susan C, the wife of Will- iam Lovell; John W., who married Em Listen; Samuel B., Philip H. and Abel C. February 17, 1866, Mrs. [kerd died, since which sad event Mr. Ikerd has remained single. He is a prosperous farmer with eighty- four acres of good land; he is a Democrat, a member of the Methodist Church and an influential citizen. PETER IKERD, a native of Shawswick Township, born December 18, 1835, the second of nine children of Jesse and Eliza A. (Smith) Ikerd, passed his youth on his father's farm. His schooling was very limited, though by improving his time he mastered the rudiments. November 15, 1855. at the early age of twenty years, he married Mary E. Root, and to this union six children were born, four of whom are now living: Jesse A., who married Cansada Spears; Florence I., who married James L. Starr; Sadie J. and Julius O. Mr. Ikerd has secured a competency by hard work, good management and good habits. His occupation has been the foundational one of farming, and he now has 212 acres, a large, fine farm. He and wife are members of the Christian Church. He is a Republican and takes an appreciative interest in politics and in all mat- ters that tend to better the community in which he lives. JOHN JOHNSON, Jr., editor and proprietor of the Bedford Star, is a native of Bux'lington, Vi., born September 18, 1850. When but six months old his parents John and Catharine (Murphy) Johnson, moved to Lawrence County, Ind., where John Jr. was raised, educated, and which has ever since been his home. When eighteen years old he began learn- ing the printer's trade in the office of the Bedford News, and after serv- ing an apprenticeship he undertook the mechanical work of the Bedford Banner, then owned by James Carlton, which he continued about one year. In February, 1875, he published the first number of the Bedford Star, then a four-column folio, but in October, 1877, enlarged it to a five- 258 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES. column periodical, and in November, 1879, again enlarged it, this time to its present size, a six-column folio. From the beginning, Mr. Johnson has made his paper a success, and it not only enjoys a large circulation but an extensive advertising patronage as well. The office is well equipped with a quantity of the best kind of type, and its presses con- sist of a Washington hand and a Gordon jobber. Mr. Johnson has made the paper what it now is, and has ever conducted it in the best interests of the Democratic party. ROBERT KELLY was born in Chester County, Penn., July 8, 1816, one of eight children born to William and Rachael (Thompson) Kelly. Our subject was raised on a farm, and in 1838 went to New Orleans, but shortly afterwai'd came to Bedford, Lawrence County, and settled, where he followed carpentering for some time. May 26, 1845, he married Emily J. McLane, and to their union five children have been born: Edith, May F., Clarissa H., Josephine (Houston) and William Mc- L. Mrs. Kelly died March 15. 1878. In 1845 Mr. Kelly began doing a general merchandise business, under the firm name of Dunihue & Kel- ly, at which time all goods had to be brought from Louisville by wagon. They did a large trade by flat-boats to points on the Mississippi; until 1865, when Mr. Kelly sold his interest, since which time he has been engaged extensively in farming, having at the present time over 500 acres. He is an A. F. & A. M. and a Republican, that party having elected him Treasurer of the county in 1872, and again in 1882. JEPHTHA D. KNIGHT, the fourth of six children of Marcus and Susan (Anderson) Knight, was born May 4, 1817, and received but little education from the old subscription schools. His youth was passed with- out noted event, and he continued to live with his parents until their respective deaths. January 18, 1853, he married Sarah Peniston, who bore him two children, only one being now living — Eliza, wife of Frank Hitchcock. March 4, 1881, Mrs. Knight died, and January 16. 1883, Mr. Knight married Juliet Faris. He has followed the occupation of farming and stock-raising with success, and now owns 245 acres, all being well stocked. He affiliates with the National party, and is one of the county's most substantial citizens. His father was a native of Ken- tucky, and his mother of Virginia, and they came to Lawrence County at the very early date of 1815. Here they became prominent and well- respected, and passed away lamented by all who knew them. BAZEL W. LEE is a native of Orange County, Ind., his birth occur- ring July 8, 1826, the third of eight children born to Spencer and Eliza- beth (Tegarden) Lee, the parents being natives of Kentucky, who came to this State about 1815. Bazel was educated to a limited extent at the old subscription schools, and passed his youth and early manhood at hard work on his father's farm. June 7, 1849, he married Nancy Hostetler, who has borne him eight children, four of whum are now livina:: Law- rence G., who married Ellen Stipp; Francis M. ; A. J. and Claud. Jan- uary 8, 1880, Mrs. Lee died, and November 2, 1881, Mr. Lee married Ellen (Mills) McElyea. Mr. Lee is an industrious farmer, and owns 340 acres of good land. He and wife are exemplary members of the Chris- tian Church. He is a Mason, and a supporter of the principles of the National party. He deals in tine stock, and owns a fine horse of the Morgan blood. GILEAD P. LEE, a native Hoosier, was born in Orange County, December 18, 1828, one of a family of eight children born to Spencer SHAWSWICK TOWNSHIP. 259 and Elizabeth (Tegarden) Lee, who settled in Orange County from the South at an early day. Being among the Srst families to settle in that locality, Gilead P. only seciured such education as the old backwoods cabin schoolhouses aflForded, Farming has been his principal occupation through life, and with the exception of one year while a resident of Moultrie County, 111., he has always resided in Indiana. He became a resident of Lawrence County in November, 1865, and of Bedford in 1870, the tirst four years after moving to town being engaged in the agricul- tural implement business. He owns 200 acres of valuable land in Illinois, 80 acres in Lawrence County and valjiable town property in Bedford. His marriage with Eliza J. Finley was solemnized September 16, 1851, and to their union seven children have been born, these three named being the only survivors: Sarah M. (Mrs. Fish), Merrill S. and Carrie B. (Mrs. Giles). Both parents are members of the Christian Church. Mr. Lee belongs to the Subordinate Lodge of Odd Fellows, was first a Democrat in politics, but in 1861 became a Republican and in 1874 changed to the National party, with which he yet affiliates. DAVID LONG is the fourth of twelve children of John and Eliza- beth (Martin) Long, and was born in Woodford County, Ky., October 26, 1823. His father was born near Richmond, Va., November 6, 1796, and his mother in Woodford County, Ky. They were married in 1818, and came to this county in 1829. David remained at home until twenty- five years of age, receiving in youth limited schooling. February 22, 1848, he was united in marriage with Sarah Fish. Eight children have blessed this union, five of whom are now living: Charlotte, Aretas W., Eli A. , Jesse R. and C. Edith Mr. Long' is a farmer and owns ninety- one acres of excellent land in the famous Leatherwood District. He is a Republican, and he and wife are members of the Christian Church. His son Jesse R. is teacher of penmanship and phonography and type- writing at the Central Indiana Normal School. Eli A. is practicing short-hand at Memphis, Tenn., and Aretas W. is mining in Mexico. Grandfather William Long was a German, who first settled in Pennsyl- vania, thence moved to Virginia, thence to Kentucky, where his mar- riage occurred. DR. HIRAM MALOTT was born in Lawrence County, Ind. , Decem- ber 2, 1823; one of ten children born to Otho and Margaret (Beaty) Malott, who settled in Lawrence County in 1821, coming from Kentucky, where they lived till about three years before his death, which occurred in Kansas, where they had moved. Dr. Malott was reared to farming, and also taught school. In the fall of 1855 he. began a course of medi- cine in the Eclectic Medical College at Cincinnati, afterward practicing at Heltonville, Ind. In 1861 he enlisted in Company G, Fiftieth Reg- iment Indiana Volunteer Infantry, and was elected First Lieutenant, but resigned in 1863 and i-eturned to Heltonville, where he remained till 1873, at that time moving to Bedford where he remained only one year, when he located at Sullivan till 1883, at that time coming back to his native county and entering the drug trade, the firm being the suc- cessors of one of the oldest firms in Bedford. May 16, 1844, he married Miss Eunice Peed, and three children have been born to them, only one living— William H. Mrs. Malott died in 1869 and in July, 1870, he married Mrs. Mary ^ Riley) Morrow. Self and wife are members of the Christian Church, and he is an A. F. & A. M., both Blue Lodge and Royal Arch; is also a member of the G. A. R. and a Republican. 260 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES. WILLIA.M P. MALOTT is a native of the town and county where he now lives and was born February 16, 1840. His father, Michael A. Malott, was one of the earliest settlex's and business men of Bedford. In early years William P. attended the public schools of Bedford, and when sixteen years old became a clerk in his father's store, where he remained until the breaking out of the RebellioD. July 21, 1861, he enlisted his services in his country's cause and was made leader of the Twenty-first Regiment band, serving as such until he was honorably discharged Sep- tember 11, 1863, near New Orleans. He participated in the Butler campaign around the coast of New Orleans and also in the capture of that city and Baton Rouge. After his return home he again engaged in merchandising, and for some time was in partnership with a brother. In October, 1874, he took charge of «the woolen mills at Bedfoi'd and operated them eight years, then, having become a stockholder in the Bedford Bank, he was elected Cashier in the winter of 1882, and has since served in that capacity. In politics Mr. Malott is a stanch Democi-at. He is the Quartei-master of the G. A. R. Post at Bedford, and a Camp Degree Odd Fellow. June 20, 1865, he was united in wedlock with Miss Florence O., daughter of Jesse A. Mitchell, of Bed- ford, and these three named of their six childi'en are now living: Frank E. , Charles M. and Attie L. Both parents together with the two oldest of their children are members of the Christian Church. WILLIAM H. MARTIN, a son of Col. Roger Martin, appropriate mention of whom is made elsewhere herein, was born May 7, 1848. Until fifteen years of age he resided at Salem, Ind., and for the succeed- ing two years was employed as a clerk at New Albany. He then began the reading of law and did not relinquish his studies while acting as shop book-keeper in the Pennsylvania Central Railroad office at Pitts- burgh. Early in 1868 he came to Bedford and for a time studied in the office of Wilson & Voris, but in October, 1869, he moved to Paoli, and opening an office began the practice of his profession. He remained at Paoli until 1881, since when he has resided in Bedford, where he has acquired a lucrative practice. Mr. Martin is a Republican, a member of the I. O. O. F. and Masonic fraternities and was married on his twenty- sixth birthday to Miss Mattie F. Dougherty, of Liberty, Mo., by whom he is the father of one living child — Roger. JAMES M. McDowell, a native of Lawrence County, Ind., of which he is now Sheriff, was born July 31, 1843, one of nine children born to John and Ann (Owens) McDowell, who moved from North Caro- lina to Indiana when it was yet a Territory. James M. received a com- mon school education in youth and was raised a farmer, which occupation he has principally followed since. March 1, 1874, he was married to Miss Ellen Armstrong and to their union four children have been born, three of whom are living — Edith J., Gail H. and Lena M. Mr. and Mrs. McDowell are members of the Christian Church at the Popcorn Society near Springville, and Mr. McDowell is a member of the Knights of Pythias, having a demit card from that order. He is a Republican in politics and as a candidate of his party has been elected Justice of the Peace in Perry Township, and in 1882 Sheriff of his county where he is now serving. In 1880 he was the census enumerator of Perry Township. Mr. McDowell has recently purchased a hardware store and hotel at Owensburg, where he expects to move early in 1885 and devote his entire time and attention to looking after his interests in that place. SHAWSWICK TOWNSHIP. 261 CHARLES McFADDEN, when six years old, lost his father by death and his mother when he was seventeen. The parents were Andrew and Maro-aret McFadden, the mother coming to Indiana about 1838. Charles was born iu South Carolina September 21, 1834, and remained with his mother until her death, receiving little education. August 7, 1862, he married Sarah, daughter of Richard and Elizabeth Bivins, who has borne him four children: Mary, Kate, Lizzie and Grace. Mr. McFadden has been successful in his occupation of farming and owns a farm of 170 acres. In politics he is a Democrat. Richard Bivins, father of Mrs. McFadden, was born January 7, 1799, in Frederick County, Md. He was taken to Kentucky at the age of three years, and remained there until twenty-eight, when he came to Lawrence County. The McFaddens are well known and respected. SAMUEL Mcknight was born in Lawrence County, April 25, 1824, being the second of eight children born to Christopher and Rebecca (Von- trece) McKnight. The father was a North Cai'olinian, andcame to Indi- ana on the day of the battle of Tippecanoe, settling first on Lost River, Orange County, but going to Lawrence about the year 1814. The mother was a native of Shelby County, Ky. Samuel remained on his father's farm, securing in youth rnerely the rudiments of an education. October 26, 1846, he married Samantha P. Ikerd, and they are parents of the following children: Robert E., who married Ellen Kinnick; Theophilus F., whose wife was America Jones; Eliza J., who married Thomas Rags- dale: Mary E., who is the wife of P. H. Ikerd; James D., who married Nancy A. Younger, deceased; Rebecca A., unmarried; Harriet K., who is the wife of John Alexander; Samantha E., who married William Lanier; William E., Massie E., Susan E. and Sarah I., the last four un- married. Mr. McKnight comes of an old and prominent family. He is a successful farmer, owning 280 acres of land. He deals to some extent in line stock. He is a Democrat and his wife is a member of the Meth- odist Church. WILLIAM Mcknight, born in Shawswick Township, December 6, 1842, the youngest of nine children of Christopher and Rebecca fVon- trece) McKnight, lost his father when quite young and passed his youth with his mother. His father was a native of North Carolina and his mother of Kentucky, both families being early settlers in Indiana. His mother died October 20, 1876. Educational advantages to him wei-e almost wholly lacking. November 8, 1876, he married Anna Smith, who bore him six children, five of whom are living: Ella, Alice, Clara, Lottie and Bessie. Their little boy Hugh, died March 19, 1883, a sad loss. Mr. McKnight has been and is a successful farmer, and owns 327 acres of good land. In 1861 he enlisted in Company B. Eighteenth Regiment, and served for about two years, being discharged April 18, 1863, by reason of a severe wound received at Pea Ridge. Mr. McKnight is a member of the Masonic fraternity, and a member of the G. A. R. He is a member of the Democratic party, and is a good citizen. DAVID W. Mcknight was bom in Shawswick Township, February 26, 1834, being the eighth of twelve children born to George and Polly A. (McGee) McKnight, he being a native of North Carolina, born in 1796, coming with his parents to this State about 1815. In 1820 he married Miss McGee, and settled down to farming, and afterward owned 350 acres of land; he died September 10, 1868; his wife was a native of Virginia, and died April 30, 1873. Subject received an ordinary educa- 262 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES. tion, and February 26. i860, married Sallie A. Johnson, and six children have been born to them, five of whom are living: Inez, Elmer G., Louisa E., Sarah M. and Jesse J. Mr McKnight's occupation has always been farming and stock-raising, making a specialty of Berkshire hogs, Durham or short-horn cattle, and mammoth jacks. Mr. M'K. and family are members of the Methodist Episcopal Church, and he is a Mason and a Republican; is also Superintendent of Sabbath-school. He owns 422 acres of good land. His daughter, Inez, has been teaching school for the past three years. MICHAEL N. MESSIOK, one of the oldest business men of Bed- ford, was born March 6, 1830, in Orleans, Orange Co., Ind., one of six children born to Michael N. and Laurinda (Kamsey) Messick, who were among the earliest settlers of Orange County, Ind., from Kentucky. M. N. Messick, Jr., came to Bedford in 1838 with his mother, who whs a widow with six children. He received a common school education in the schools of that early day, and at the age of twelve years began to learn the printer's trade in the office of the Bedford Sun, which he followed for three years, and at the end of this time began work on the Louisville Democrat. From there he went to Paoli, Orange County, where he learned the cabinet trade, and remained three years; then located at Point Commerce in Greene County, where he did a general furniture trade for eighteen months, and then returned to Papli. May 18, 1852, he was married to Sarah J. Johnson, and by her is the father of hve children, only two now living: Elizabeth C. and Carrie V. (Webb). In 1852 Mr. Messick began working at his trade in Bedford; then clerked for a time, and in December, 1856, in partnership with William Duncan and Dr. J. W. Newland, embarked in the hardware trade. From 1856 to December, 1873, he was actively engaged in this business in Bedford with different partners, but since that time he has been alone, and is now the leading merchant of hardware in the place. He is one of the self- made men of the place, beginning life poor, and by diligence and indus- try acquiring a comfortable income. April 24, 1867, his wife died, and for a second wife he married Mrs. Sarah J. (Davis) Simpson on the 2d of June, 1868. To this union have been born four children, named: Sally, Laurinda, Mary and Michael H. Mr. Messick was President of the first Board of Trustees of Bedford; is a Republican, a member of the F. & A. M., and he and wife belong to the Methodist Episcopal Church. ELIJAH H. MILLER, born July 11, 1838, is the eldest of two chil- dren of John W. and Susan J. (Utterback) Miller, both natives of Ken- tucky, the father coming to Indiana about the year 1835. When Elijah was eighteen years old his father died, and being the only male child he took charge of the old farm and of his mother. The latter died in June, 1882. Elijah received a limited schooling in youth, and on the 1st of March, 1866, was united in marriage with Eliza Scott, who has presented him with the following family: Effie M. , Emma C, John B., Elgin J. and Robert H, all of whom are at home yet with their parents. Mr. Miller has followed farming during life, and now has a good farm of 150 acres, all quite well improved. He has dealt and is at present dealing in live stock. Mr. and Mrs. Miller and their two daughters are members of the Christian Church, and all are exemplary members of society. Mr. Miller aliiliates with the Republican pai'ty. SHAWSWICK TOWNSHIP. 263 JESSE A. MITCHELL. Among the prominent men and pioneers of Lawrence County was Robert and Martha (Suter) Mitchell, parents of the subject of this sketch, wlio settled here in 1819. Mr. Mitchell was an active citizen of the county, served as County Sheriff and Clerk, was a Colonel of State militia, and during the Mexican war was Assistant Adjutant-General. He died of camp fever at Matamoras and was there buried. Jesse A. Mitchell was born September 11, 1822, in Lawrence County, and was here raised and educated. He early began clerking in his father's store, but in 1840 began in business for himself at Spring- ville, subsequently continuing' at Heltonville. In 1842 he returned to Bedford, which has ever since been his home. For the past forty years he has been engaged in a variety of pursuits, and beyond a doubt has been one of the most active business men in Lawrence County during that time. Merchandising, pork-packing, stock-dealing, speculating and dealing in real estate has absorbed the greater part of his time, and at present he owns and controls over 3,000 acres of land in Lawrence and Pike Counties, besides valuable town property. Mr. Mitchell began in life poor, and deserves much credit for the signal success his energies have met with, and his boast is that he has never been sued on his own account. April 28, 1842, Miss Clarrissa Houston, a native of Bourbon County, Kentucky, became his wife, and to them have been born eight children, six only being yet alive, whose names are Alice M., Florence O., Robert, Jesse H., Martha and William A. Both parents belong to the Christian Church. Mr. Mitchell has been a life-long Democrat, and in the Masonic fraternity has advanced to the Chapter. E. R. MURPHY is a native of New Albany, Ind, where he was born April 29, 1888. He is one of five children, and a son of Richard G. and Elizabeth Murphy, who were natives respectively of Harper's Ferry, Va., and Newark, N. J., and who settled in Indiana in 1835. E. R. Murphy was educated in the public schools of his native city, and December 2, 1861, enlisted in the Seventh Independent Battery of Indiana Light Artillery. He was an active participant in the battles of Perryville, Stone River, Lookout Mountain, Chickamauga, Resaca, Kenesaw Mountain, Jonesborough and a large number of lesser engage- ments, and was honorably discharged December 2, 1864. In 1868 Mr. Murphy came to Bedford, and having learned the business before the war, engaged in the stone-cutter's trade in partnership with W. H. Lane, which continued for two years when Mr. Murphy assumed the entire business alone. In 1879 he admitted Thomas H. Malott as a partner, and this continued until May, 1883, since then he has been associated with Arthur Fuilen. This firm is reliably established and their annual sales reach $3,000. April 29, 1873, witnessed the marriage of Mary E. Butler to E. R. Murphy, and their union has been productive in the birth of two children, named Edith M. and Frank B. The parents belong to the Methodist Episcopal Church. Mr. Murphy is one of the finest work- men on stone in the State, and makes a specialty in cleaving and drawing. In politics he is a Republican, and is a member of the Subordinate Lodge of Odd Fellows. BENJAMIN NEWLAND, M. D., was born in Jackson County, Ind., July 19, 1821, the third of nine children born to Wm. and Susan C. (Harold) Newland, early settlers of Indiana. Tutil he was twenty years of age Dr. Newland followed farming, although he taught school some. At the age of twenty-one years he entered the office of Dr. Elijah New- 264 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES. land at Salem, with whom he studied two years, and then took a course at the University at Louisville, Ky., graduating from that institution in 1847. In October, 1846, he married Miss Louisa A. Curry, and to their union four children have been born: Helen, Mary, Laura and Kate. The doctor is an A. F. & A. M. , Blue Lodge, Chapter and Commandery, being the present W. M. of Bedford Lodge. In politics he is a Democrat, that party electing him to the State Senate in 1852, which position he tilled with ci'edit to himself and constituency. During the late war he was Surgeon of the Twenty-First Regiment Indiana Volunteer Infantry, remaining in the service eighteen months. There is no physician in the southern part of the State more eminent in his profession than Dr. Ne*w- land. He is prominently connected with all the local medical societies, and has a state reputation in extreme cases of disease. His convictions ai'e deeply I'ooted, and his positions strongly taken. His portrait appears elsewhex'e. JOHN W. NEWLAND, M. D., was born in Lawrence County. Ind., July 26, 1827, one of eleven children born to John and Agnes (Alien) Newland, who came to Indiana in 1819 from Berks County, N. C, he being a native of Virginia. After their location in this county they lived here till their deaths, his occurring August 14, 1838; and hers October 16, 1867. They were members of the Methodist Episcopal Church. Dr. Newland was raised on a farm, and at the age of nineteen began the study of medicine with Dr. Ben Newland, and afterward taking the course at Louisville Medical College, from which institution he graduated in March, 1850, immediately beginning the practice of his profession at Leesville, coming to Bedford in 1854. October 1, 1848, he married Sarah E. Duncan. The Doctor and wife are both members of the Christian Church, and he is a Republican, though never taking an active interest in politics. He was a member of the Board of Trustees of Bedford for eight years. H. S. OSBORNE, publisher of the Bedford Magnet, was born in Toronto, Canada, November 8, 1849, the youngest of four children, one yet living, born to John and Lydia (Jones) Osborne, both of whom died in Canada when H. S. was yet a mere lad. Until sixteen years old he resided with his paternal grandfather, the two succeeding years being passed at Trinity College in Toronto. On the death of his grandmother he inherited property in his native city which he exchanged for property on the Humber River, the product of which was largely used' as rubble stone for macadamizing. Owing to inexperience and mismanagement he soon lost his quarries. In 1873 he located in Cincinnati, Ohio, where for a time he was connected with a dramatic company, and as such trav- eled extensively over the Southern and Middle States. The fall of 1876 he located at Bedford, Ind., where for a number of months he was employed as a typo on the Bedford Banner. For about one year, begin- ning in 1877, he published the Owensburg Gazette, then purchasing the material he removed the office to Bedford, and in company with C. L. Yockey published the Banner for two months. Early in the fall of 1878 he began issuing the Daily Magnet, then a four-column folio, which shortly thereafter was merged into tri -weekly, then a semi-weekly, and finally to a five-column folio weekly. The weekly Magnet has ever since continued, but with prosperity it has changed from its first weekly appearance respectively to a six-column, then a seven-column, and lastly to its present size, a five-column quarto. Mr. Osborne first began in the SHAWSWICK TOWNSHIP, 265 printing business a poor man. but by diligence and economy be has cleared his paper of all encumbrances, and now issues one of the newsiest papers of Lawrence County. In politics he has faithfully advocated the principles of the Republican party, and as a journalist is esteemed by all his cotemporaries. To his marriage with Miss Annie S. McCormick, which was solemnized in 1877, two children were born, named Edith B. and Roy H. Mr. Osborne is now engaged in the publication of the Law- rence Mail, into which the Magnet was merged. K. D. OWEN, a native of the county in which he yet resides, and son of John C. and Elizabeth (Dye) Owen, was born September 29, 1839. John C. Owen was one of the pioneer blacksmiths of Lawrence County, and plied that vocation many years. He died in May, 1875, but his widow yet survives him. Of their children these are still alive: K. D., Mary (Williams), John W., Almira, George K., Eliza (Glover) and Frank. The eldest of these, K. D., has always made his home in his native county, and is one of Bedford's leading merchants. After receiving a fair education in youth he began the blacksmith's trade, following that five years in Bedford, and one year at Springville, but later he began clerking in a dry goods store at Bedford. About one year later he embarked in business with an uncle at Mitchell, which was discontinued about a year later, Mr. Owen returning to Bedford and clerking until the fall of 1860. In September of that year Anna A. Burton became his wife, and Wallace I., Carrie and Charles A. are the names of their chil- dren. Until 1870 Mr. Owen was engaged in -farming and working at the blacksmith trade; then re-commenced clerking, but in August, 1872, in company with V. V. Williams and John W. Owen embarked in the grocery and provision trade in Bedford. One year later Col. Williams retired from the firm, since when Iv. D. Owen & Co. have continued the trade, and from a small beginning have increased in prosperity until they now own their brick store building and about $4,000 worth of gro- ceries, provisions, wooden, willow, glass and queensware. In 1872 they began the delivery system, which compelled their competitors to adopt the same plan. JAMES W. PALMER, who was born March 18, 1826, in Fauquier County, Va., is one of thirteen children born to Joseph and Elizabeth (Fuller) Palmer, who came to Lawrence County, Ind., at a very early day and entered Government land within six miles of Bedford, where they died at the advanced age of eighty-two and ninty-four years respectively. Joseph Palmer was one of the leading early settlers of the county, and during his life never sat on a jury or was sworn as a witness, a fact almost incredible. James W. Palmer received such schoolingr as was to be had at that early day in Lawrence County, and in early life followed farming, but in 1852 opened a general merchandising store in Bedford, which he continued until 1861, when he began dealing in clothing, at which he is still engaged. The winter of 1847, his marriage with Laura Newland was solemnized,. and to their union two children were born, named Robert N. and Phetna. Mrs. Palmer's death occurring in March, 1852, Mr. Palmer was married July 31, 1856, to Miss Jane Johnson by whom he is the father of five children: Isaiah, James, Mary, Golda and Edward. Mr. Palmer was a Whig in early life but in 1856 allied him- self with the Republican party and during the war took strong grounds against slavery. Mrs. Palmer is a member of the Christian Church at Bedford. 266 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES. EEV. EGBERT M. PARKS was born in Bono Township, this county, December 16, 1815, one of seven children born to Pleasant and Esther (Carlton) Parks, who emigrated from Burke County, N. C, to Lawrence County, Ind., in 1815, and made it their home the remainder of their days. Pleasant Parks was elected from this county to the Indiana House of Representatives two terms, and in early days was a Colonel of State militia. He and wife were charter members of the Baptist Church of this county. Robert M. Parks was educated in the country schools of the county and Lawrence County Seminary. At twenty-one years of age he began teaching school, which he continued for twenty years, and in March, 1837, united with the Baptist Church foiu- miles east of Bedford. Since that time until the present the greater part of his life has been passed in preaching and teaching, largely in his native couoty. March 1, 1842, his marriage with Miss Jane T. Short was solemnized, and this lady has indeed been his helpmate, taking an active interest with her husband in all matters pertaining to religion or education. For nearly twenty years Mr. Parks served as Clerk of the Bedford Association of Baptists, at the same time acting as Moderator. He undoubtedly has married more couples and attended more funerals than any man now in the county. In politics he is a Democrat but was opposed to slavery and is an active worker in the temperance cause. For a time he was Post- master under President Pierce's administration, and by an upright life has gained many warm friends and few enemies. Mrs. Parks has been a church member fifty-two years, joining when only twelve years old. LUCIEN E. PAYNE, Trustee of Shawswick Township, was born in Lawrence County, Ind., June 25, 1846, one of fourteen children of George and Sarah (Woody) Payne, who emigrated West in 1822 and set- tled in this county. George Payne, besides being a pioneer of this locality, was a man widely known for his many virtues. He was a farmer and stone-mason and by a life of hard labor acquired a competence. Until the breaking out of the war he was a Democrat, but after that was a Republican. He was an influential member of Roberts Chapel, situ- ated six miles east of Bedford, as was also his wife, and their respective deaths occurred June 25, 1866, and May 17, 1850. Lucien E. Payne received his education in the common schools of his native county and has passed the greater part of his life upon a farm. Januai'y 17, 1865, he enlisted in Company B, One Hundred and Forty- fifth Indiana Vol- unteer Infantry, but the war soon afterward closing he did not get to see any active service. August 2, 1866, he was married to Sarah J. Younger, who has borne him four children, named Emma F., Charlie A., Nellie M., and Willie E., deceased. Both parents are members of the Christian Church. Mr. Payne belongs to the G. A. R., the L O. O. F. and the Blue Lodge in Masonry. He is an active Repu.blican in politics and in the spring of 1884 was elected to his present position. JUDGE E. D. PEARSON, a pioneer of the Lawrence County bar, was born at Springville, December 18, 1829, the eldest of eleven children boi'n to Eliphalet and Amelia (Lemon) Pearson His father was a native of Waltham, Mass., and in 1818 settled at Jeffersonville, Ind., where he kept a ferry until 1826, when he was married. After their removal to Lawrence County, they i-esided at Springville until 1863, when Mr. Pear- son died. His widow moved to Bloomington after his death, remaining there until 1882, when she came to Bedford, where she is yet living. E. D. Pearson attended the common schools in early years and in 1847 SHAWSWICK TOWNSHIP. 267 entered the State University, where he remained two years. He received a diploma from the Law Department of the State University in 1850, after which he immediately engaged in legal pursuits at Bedford. The fall of 1852 he purchased the White River Standard, a paper published at Bedford, which he edited until 1855, when he sold out and turned his attention to the exclusive pi-actice of his profession. In 1852 he was elected State's Attorney for Lawrence and Jackson Counties, and October 11, 1853, mai-ried Caroline, daughter of Woodbridge and Harriet (Thornton) Parker. In his profession Mr. Pearson has made a success, both in legal and pecuniary sense. In early life he was a Whig, but since 1856 has been an outspoken Republican. As the nominee of his party he was elected Judge of the Tenth Judicial Circuit in 1873, serving until 1879. He and wife have had born to them eleven children, only Mabel, Caroline, Martha, Henry, Rena and Charles E. yet living. Mrs. Pearson and three daughters belong to the Presbyterian Church. Judge Pearson is a Camp Degree Odd Fellow. The death of Mrs. Pearson occurred March, 1883. JESSE T. PHIPPS was born in Shawswick Township May 1, 1823, the fourth of nine children of Lewis and Margaret (Rector) Phipps, the father a native of North Carolina born July 19, 1783, the mother a native of Grayson County, Va., born February 17, 1793. In the winter of 1822 the parents located near Bedford where the father became prominent and well known, and owned at his death November 22, 1858, a farm of 146 acres. The father was a consistent member of the Baptist Church. Our subject's youth was passed without event, and at the age of twenty-six he married (March 29, 1849,) Nancy M. Dothitt, who bore him six chil- dren, of whom four are living: Henry C, Sarah M., Oliver M., Par- thena A. Henry is in Kansas; the others are with their parents. Mr. Phipps has followed farming principally through life, though for four years he was a merchant in Daviess County. He owns 156 acres of land, is a Republican, takes an earnest interest in all public enterprises, and is universally respected. JEFFERSON RAGSDALE was born in Lawrence County, August 15, 1847, being the third of nine children of Gabriel H. and Elizabeth (Cain) Ragsdale. His father, a native of Kentucky, came to this county about 1823. His mother was a native of this county. Our subject remained with his pareDts on their farm until the age of twenty-four years, and November ], 1871, was united in marriage with Minerva E. Alexander, the issue of which union was one child — Alden C, born August 23, 1875. On the 18th of July, 1876, their little boy died, a loss that will be ever mourned by the parents. Mr. Ragsdale is a successful farmer, now own- ing seventy-one acres of good land. He and wife are members of the Christian Church. He is a member of the Masonic fraternity, and is a Democrat of the practical school. JOSEPH RAWLINS, the oldest settler now living in Lawrence County, is a native of the town of Danville, Boyle County, Ky., born April 21, 1796, one of live children born to Charles and Aristicia (Gre- gory) Rawlins, early settlers of Kentucky. In the fall of 1812 he set- tled in what is now Lawrence County, lud., and has made that his home ever since. His father dying when he was four years old, he was left to the care of an uncle, with whom he came to Indiana. He served as a •Ranger in 1814, from which service he saved money enough to buy eighty acres of land. In December, 1817, he married Miss Sallie Mc- 17 268 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES. Manis, and began farming, taking his produce to New Orleans by flat- boat. In 1826 Mr. Rawlins began doing a general mercantile business at Bedford, which had only then been naade the county seat, and which was named at the request of Mr. Eawlins, from Bedford County, Tenn., from whence his uncle had brought him. He built a flouring mill, also. Mr. and Mrs. Rawlins raised a family of teo children: James, Sarah J. (Denson), Miranda, Benjamin F., Mary (Hickman), Homer, Joseph, Susan (Mitchell), Emeline (Farmer), and Nettie (Voris). Augusts, 1855, Mrs. Rawlins died, and about the same time he abandoned the mercan- tile trade entirely. He was the first Assessor of the county. He was elected County Commissioner, but resigned that office. He has generally been a Republican, although not strictly so, as he has always voted for men and principles, not party. THOMAS T. RAY is the eldest child of seven of Squire and Sallie A. (Woolery) Ray, and was born ]\iay 16, 1843. The father, Squire, while yet a boy, came to Indiana from Kentucky in company with Jacob Woolery at an early day, and his parents came later and lived to the age of eighty years. When our subject was in his tenth year his parents died, and he went to live with his uncle, Thomas Stafford; but four years later made his home at his grandfather Woolery' s, where he remained two years, and then enlisted in Company G, Fourth Indiana Cavalry, and served with distinction for one year, and was then discharged for disability. November 24, 1863, he married Susan E. Kern, who has presented him with eleven children as follows: Elmer C, Viola E., Wallace E., Ethel R., Harry R., Jesse G., Charlie N., Dailey C, Thomas E., Freddie M. and Sallie. Our subject has been a successful farmer, now owning 375 acres of well-improved land. He and wife are members of the Christian Church. He is a Mason, an Odd Fellow, a Granger, and affiliates with the National party. HORATIO B. RICHARDSON was born at Waltham, Mass., Febru- ary 10, 1813, and was one of ten children born to Ruel and Orra (Bird) Richardson. He was educated in the common schools of his native State and Connecticut, and when a young man learned the machinist's trade of his father. When only about dfteen years old he was made second overseer in a cotton spinning mill at Glastonbury, and besides having worked at this business in Glastonbury he was also at Lowell and other places. In 1833 be came to Bedford to start the woolen mills, then in course of erection, and remained one year, then went to Louis- ville, Ky., and from there a year later to Missouri. Two years later he returned to Bedford, which has ever since been his home. In 1847 he embarked in merchandising which for thirty-seven years he has con- tinued without interruption, and to-day represents one of the oldest and most reliable business houses of Bedford. He owns, besides his grocery and provision store and building, nine dwellings and other business property in Bedford and Springville, and eighty acres of farming land. He has served in local positions of trust in the county, is a Republican and has always been identified with the best interests of his county and particularly in the erection of the High School building in Bedford. On the 19th of May 1842, Nancy A. Webb became his wife, and to their union eleven children have been born, only the following being yet alive: Henry, Horace, Allen, Orra, Mary, Ellen and Louise. JOHN RILEY, attorney at law, was born in Harrison County, Ohio, September 19, 1824, and is one of ten children born to William and SHAWSVVICK TOWNSHIP. 269 Nancy (Ewing) Riley. He was reared in his native State, educated in the common schools and began when a young man to teach school at the same time studying both law and medicine. In October, 1845, he mar- ried Rebecca Agnew, who died during the summer of 1848, leaving one son — Clinton C. — to survive her. The fall of 1849, Mr. Riley removed to Lawrence County, Ind., locating near the present town of Mitchell, where he continued to reside until 1864, when he was elected County Clerk. He moved to Bedford, served one term of four years, was re-elected to a second term and served in all eight years, after which he resumed the practice of law, associating himself in partnership with George O. Iseminger at Bedford. This partnership has since continu.ed, and is recognized as one of the leading legal firms of Bedford. August 14, 1851, Mr. Riley was united in marriage with Nancy J., daughter of John R. Nugent, and the following named of their nine children are yet living: John R., Euphemia (Mrs. Dunn), Mary (Mrs. Erwin), Sarah A., Nancy J. and Louise. As a member of the Masonic brotherhood, Mr. Riley has several times served as Worshipful Master. In early years he was a Whig in politics, but on the death of that party, joined the Amer- ican party, and in 1860 was an Elector for the Bell and Everett ticket. When the war broke out he unhesitatingly united with the Republicans, and has since been an active worker in that party. JOHN SCOGGAN was born in this township December 10, 1831, the fourth of ten children of Samuel and Lucy (Martin) Scoggan, natives of Kentucky. Each of the parents was the eldest of his or her father's family, and is the only one now living. They came to this State at the early date of 1828, when the country was yet a wilderness. John had no such school advantages as exist at present, but managed to secure the rudiments. His youth was passed without event on his father's farm at hard work. January 11, 1855, he married Elizabeth (Austin) Nolan, and nine children are the issue, seven now living: Thomas W., who married Mary I. Smith; Margaret M., who married Jesse Mitchell, Jr.; Katharine B., who became the wife of Hugh Gray; Sarah A., who mar- ried Samuel E. Mitchell; Susan E., Clara M. and Albert W. Mr. Scog- gan is a successful farmer and owns 195 acres of good land. He is a Republican in politics, and one of the county's best and most influential farmers. REUBEN B. SCOTT was born in Rush County, Ind., May 30, 1839, the third of five children born to Joshua and Nancy (McCoy) Scott, both of whom died when our subject was quite young. At the age of eight years, he came with his grandparents to Lawrence County, and here in youth by diligence secured a fair education, teaching afterward about five years. October 4, 1865, his marriage with Mary E. Miller was cele- brated. July 15, 1861, he enlisted in Company B, Twelfth Illinois Regi- ment, and served three months, and was then discharged for disability. He came home and taught a term of school, and at its termination re-en- listed in Company A, Sixty-seventh Indiana Regiment, and served three years, participating in the very large number of seventeen engagements, among which were the siege of Vicksburg, capture of Forts Morgan, Gaines, Blakely and the city of Mobile, and Fort Hindman in Arkansas. He was twice taken prisoner and paroled, and was confined fifty -two days in the rebel prison at Alexandria, La. Since his return from the army he has been an invalid. He is now United States Pension Claim Agent. He owns 167 acres of land, is a member of the G. A. R., is a Republican, and he and wife are members of the Christian Church. 270 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES. JOSEPH H. SHERRILL was born in Shawswick Township, Feb- ruary 24, 1845, being the fifth child of six born to John and Thursa (Woody) Sherrill, The father was born in North Carolina in 1800, knd came to Indiana at an early day. Joseph H. remained with his parents in charge of the old place until their deaths. His youth was passed as that of all other boys of pioneers — without advantages of schooling or society, and at hard work in the woods. He chose the occupation of farming, which he has followed to the present. He now has a tine farm of 253 acres of well-improved land. He is a Democrat politically and a member of Bedford Lodge, A. F. & A. M., No. 14. October 21, 1870, he married Emily Payne, and to this union two children have been born, as follows: Minnie M. and Henry W. Mr. Sherrill is prosperous in his occupation, and is an enterprising citizen. ELIAS SITLER is a native of Columbia County, Penn., born May 8, 1825, the seventh of twelve children, of Samuel and Christina (Fry) Sitler, both natives of Germany. In 1833 Elias Sitler, in company with his brother-in-law, came to Indiana, locating at Indianapolis, where he remained until he was eighteen years old, learning in the meantime the carpenter and joiner ti'ade. He then went to Illinois for three years, then to Vicksburg, Miss., and soon afterward to this county. His edu- cation is limited through no fault of his own. In August, 1852, he mar- ried Emily Brown, and to this union five childi'en have been born : Alice, who married Daniel Cupps, William, Ann, Ada and Mary. The last four are at home with their parents. Mr. Sitler' s occupation has been his. trade, together with farming on his place of over 100 acres. Mr. and Mrs. Sitler are members of the Methodist Church. He is a Republican and Mason, and one uf the substantial citizens of the county. JOHN V. SMITH, a native of the township in which he now resides and the owner and editor of the Bedford Journal , was born November 6, 1831, the next youngest in a family of three sons and six daughters, born to Peter and Margaret (Ford) Smith. The parents were natives of Jientucky and Tennessee respectively; were married in the former State, and when Indiana was yet in its infancy immigrated to Lawrence County, first settling in Indian Ci*eek Township, subsequently removing to Shawswick Township where the father died in 1849, followed by his widow in 1867, at the home of our subject, who then lived in Daviess County. John V. Smith was raised a farmer, receiving such educational advantages in youth as were common at that early day. After the death of his father he began doing for himself, and in July, 1851, was united in marriage with Miss Susan A. Collins, of Monroe County. Until during the war he followed farming, but in January, 1864, became a private in Company I, One hundred and Twentieth Indiana Volunteer Infantry, served through the Atlanta campaign, but after the reduction of Atlanta was detached from Sherman's army and sent in pursuit of Hood. After the war Mr. Smith was retained in the service for provost duty in the South until January, 1866, when he received his discharge. He engaged in merchandising at Clarksburg, Ind. , continuing about ten years, the last five years of his stay being also editor and proprietor of the Clarks- burg Spy. In 1877 he returned to Lawrence County, and in June of that year established the Bedford Journal, which he has since edited with ability and managed with financial success. Mr. Smith is a Repub- lican and a member of the Masonic and G. A. R. fraternities. Both he SHAWSWICK TOWNSHIP. 271 and wife belong to the Christian (Church and are parents of eight chil- dren, all of whom are now dead. Mr. Smith has lately bought the Mitchell Commercial. FRANKLIN P. SMITH, Superintendent of the Bedford Public Schools, is a native of Washington County, Ind., born July 9, 1854, the oldest of four children born to Lewis N. and Nancy J. (Worrall) Smith, who were also natives of that county. Until his eighteenth year he worked on his father's farm and attended the district schools of his neighborhood. At that age he began attending the Salem Public Schools, which he pursued for two years and teaching vacations. At twenty years of age he commenced a course in the State University of Bloomington, where he graduated in June, 1878, having taken the Ancient Classic Course. In August, 1878, he went to Fisherville, Ky. , and took charge of the public schools at that place for six months. On Octo- ber 23 of the same year he was united in matrimony with Miss Amanda E. Brewer, of Salem, Ind., and to their union two children, named Daisy B. and Anna M. were born March 21, 1880, and March 1, 1881, only the former now living. In February, 1879, he returned to Salem and worked on a farm until the following September. At that time he took charge of the Salem High Schools, which position he held for three years. After that he taught in the public schools at Orleans, Ind., as Superintendent for one year. At the end of that time he came to Bedford, where he has ever since held the place he now occupies with good success and satisfaction. Professor Smith is a member of the Methodist Church and his wife of the Christian Church at Salem. In politics he is a stanch Democrat of the old Jacksouian type, and always takes a lively interest in the public affairs of the day. HAMILTON STILLSON, A. M., M. D., was born in Bedford, Ind., February 14, 1857, and is one of four children now living born to Dr. Joseph and Eliza (Reddick) Stillson, who were among the early settlers of the county. Hamilton Stillson, after attending the common schools of Bedford until fourteen years of age, went to the May Academy at Salem, Ind., for two years, after which for one year he was a teacher in the common schools of Lawrence County. At the age of eighteen he commenced a course of study in Hanover College, from which he gradu- ated in 1879, receiving the degree of A. B., and three years later the degree of A. M. from the same institution. Immediately after his graduation he began teaching in the Southern Indiana Normal College at Mitchell, delivering a course of lectures on the Nervous System. The winter of 1881-82 he entered the medical department of the University of Louisville, which graduated him with the degree of Doctor of Medi- cine in March of the latter year. He is now occupying the chair of German and Natural Science in the Normal School at Mitchell, and is one of its ablest instructors. Dr. Stillson took a special course on the diseases of the eye and ear, the winter of 1882-83 at the New York Eye and Ear Institute, after which he returned to Bedford making a specialty of those diseases in connection with nose and throat troubles. He is the author of "Normal Outline of the Essential Elements of Human Physiology," which is used as text-book in the Normal at Mitchell. He is also now engaged on a work on " School Room Diseases of the Eye, Ear, Nose and Throat," and is the present Secretary of the Southern Indiana Microscopical Society. 272 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES. ELI STULTS was born in Stokes County, N. C, January 27, 1827, being the eldest of four children born to William and Anna (Holder) Stults, who emigrated to this county about the year 1831. They were natives of North Carolina. Subject remained at home until he attained his majority, and on December 21, 1854, married Sarah A. Shields, and to this union seven children have been born: David R., who married Ruthey Allen; William D., John C. , whose wife was Dora Mitchell; Henry C. , Mary E. , Nathaniel V. and Sallie. He has followed farming all his life, and now owns 200 acres of well- improved land. He also owns and operates a corn-mill and tile machine. Mr. and Mrs. Shults are members of the Christian Church, and he always contributes to the support of all laudable undertakings. He is a member of the Masonic fraternity, and his political views are Democratic. He is one of the county's best citizens. JOHN D. THOMASSON, one of Bedford's oldest business men, was born in Henry County, Va., December 17, 1812, and is one of seven children of Fleming and Margaret (Davis) Thomasson. Eleven months and eleven days is the sum total of his schooling, confined to thf primi- tive log-cabin schools of his day, and until 1838 he followed farming. In that year he embarked in the grocery and provision trade in Coffee- ville, Miss., continuing until March, 1841, when he came to Lawrence County, Ind. , where he has almost constantly been engaged in merchan- dising since, residing at Bedford since 1853. Here he has been identi- fied with many of the business industries of the town, and has always taken an active part in laudable enterprises. April 20, 1834. he married Miss Jane Robertson, by whom he was the father of one daughter — Mary M., born September 5, 1840, died February 28, 1864. He is a member of the Blue Lodge in Masonry, and is the present Secretary of Lodge No. 14, and from 1879 to 1883, was Trustee of the Bedford schools. Mr. Thomasson was a Whig in politics, afterward a State Central Com- mitteeman on the Bell-Everett ticket. On the breaking: out of theRebell- ion he became a Republican, and from 1863 until the abolishment of the office was Provost Marshal of Lawrence County. In 1872 he united with the Liberal Republicans, and was a delegate to the Cincinnati Con- vention that nominated Horace Greeley. Since then he has been a Dem- ocrat. Mr. Thomasson has served years as a Justice of the Peace in Lawrence County, and in that capacity rendered general satisfaction. GEORGE A. THORNTON, deceased, was born at Lexington, Ind., October 16, 1821, a son of Henry P. and Martha (Ward) Thornton and a gi'andson of Thomas Thornton, the latter a native of County Donegal, Ireland, coming to this country when eighteen years old in 1776, and serving the Colonies in their struggle for independence. He was wounded at Eutaw Springs, and after the war, marrying Elizabeth Robinson, he removed to Bourbon County, Ky., in 1778, where both died. Henry P., Benjamin and Margaret were their children. The former was born in North Carolina in March, 1784, was educated in Kentucky, and was a member of the Constitutional Convention and Legislature of the latter State, and during the war of 1812 rose to rank of Captain in the com- pany of the regiment commanded by Col. Thompson, the same that is credited with the killing of Tecumseh. He removed to Indiana Terri- toiy at an early day, serving in the Constitutional Convention and Legis- lature of this State; practiced Jaw at Salem and New Albany for years, and June 6, 1865, died at Bedford. George A. Thornton read law with SHAWSWICK TOWNSHIP. 273 his brother, Volney, at Paoli, and in 1846 began practicing in Bedford. Shortly thereafter he was appointed County Clerk, and in 1852 and 1856 was elected to that position in Lawrence County. In 1857 he resigned to become Cashier of the Bedford Bank, serving in the latter office until his death, September 14, 1864. He was a man of strict integrity and irreproachable character. To his union with Mary A. Braxtan, which occurred at Paoli, July 13, 1847, five sons and three daughters were born, six children and the mother yet living. Thomas V. Thornton, the eldest son of George A. and Mary A. Thornton, is the present nominee of his party for Clerk of Lawrence County. He was born at Paoli, May 21, 1848, was educated in the public schools of Bedford, and in June, 1869, graduated from the classical course of Hanover College- He read law with Judge Pearson, took the junior course of lectures at the Law Depart- ment of the State University, and in 1871 was admitted to the Lawrence County Bar. With the exception of eighteen months, while dealing in real estate in Kansas, and three years while book-keeper in the National Bank at Evansville, Ind., he has always resided in Bedford, where he has been engaged in merchandising and saw-milling. In 1881 he became interested in the Hoosier Stone Company, since when he has been its Secretary. March 21, 1872, Miss Annie N. Martin became his wife, aud Claude M., George D., Charlotte and Marie are their children. Mr, Thornton is a Eepublican, a member of the F. & A. M., and he and wife belong to the Presbyterian Church. COL. ARCHIBALD C. VORIS, of Bedford, was born in Switzerland County, Ind., June 16, 1829, one of the eleven children of Cornelius R, and Mary (Van Nuys) Voris. The parents were natives of Kentucky and settled in Indiana in 1824. Col. Voris received a common school educa- tion in the country schools of his native county, where he was raised upon the farm. In 1851 he began a course in Hanover College which he com- pleted in 1855, receiving the degree of A. B. and afterward that of A. M. Immediately after graduation he located in Bedford and taught school one year. In 1856 he was admitted to practice law at the Bar of Lawrence County, and in the following year he went to Harvard Univer- sity and attended the Dane Law School at that institution, in which he took a full course. He then returned to Bedford and formed a partner- ship with Judge Pearson in the practice of his profession. This con- tinued until July, 1862, when he was commissioned a Captain by the President, and was assigned for duty on the staff of Gen. W. S. Han- cock, where he served until the close of the war. At the date of his dis- charge in May, 1865, he held the commission of Brevet Lieutenant- Colonel, awarded "for gallant and faithful service on the field." On November 16, 1858, his marriage with Antoinette Rawlins was solemn- ized, and to their union two children have been born, only one, Joseph R., now living. Upon his return from the army Col. Voris again engaged in the practice of law and at the same time studying languages, being able to read with fluency the Greek, Latin, Hebrew, French and Ger- man. For five years beginning in 1867, he was associated with Judge Francis Wilson in his profession. In religion both he and his wife are influential members of the Presbyterian Church at Bedford. In politics, Co). Voris has always been an ardent Republican, and was at one time candidate for Circuit Judge against Bicknell, but was defeated on account of the district being largely Democratic. In 1876 he was the candidate of his party for Judge of the Supreme Court, but with the State ticket 274 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES, that year was defeated. As a delegate to the National Convention at Chi- cago in 1860 he was one of the active men in securing the nomination of Abraham Lincoln. In 1882 he abandoned the practice of law on account of increasing business as a member of the Dark Hollow Stone Company. JOHN C. VOSS, jeweler, is a native of Pei-ry Township, Lawrence County, Ind., born June 3, 1849, one of two liviog children in a family of six born to William and Elizabeth (Cook) Voss who were among the early settlers in Lawrence County from Tennessee. Jonn C. Voss received a good common school education in the schools of his native county, and in the fall of 1865 moved to Bloomington, where one year later he began a course in the State University at that place. The spring of 1868 he began working at his trade, that of carpentering, which he had learaed in early life with his father, and after this was engaged in clerk- ing in a drug store for some time. He then began for himself in the jewelry business inPaoli, Orange Co., Ind., where he continued for about six months and then returned to Bloomington. In September, 1881, he bought out George N. Rouse, and located in Bedford with a stock of jewelry valued at $2,000 which he has increased to the value of about $4,000. He is now known as one of the progressive and best business men of Bedford. October 5, 1882, he was married to Mary M. Hughes, and to their union one child — Maxwell H. — was born April 1,1884. Mr. and Mrs. Voss are members of the Presbyterian Church and Mr. Voss is a member of the Blue Lodge in Masonry and a Republican in politics. HON. NATHANIEL WILLIAMS, a native of Ashe County, N. C, was born January 12, 1817, and when only nine months old came with his parents to Lawrence County, Ind., then an unbroken forest. His school- ing was limited to the primitive log cabin conducted on the subscription plan of that period, and when seventeen years old he began learning the blacksmith trade, following that vocation forty-five years. December 27, 1834, he married Rosanna Owens, who died November 25, 1839, leaving three children: Belinda, Exony and John. August 27, 1840, Susannah Owens became his wife, and in 1852 they moved to Morgan County, but four years later returned to Lawrence County, which has since been Mr. AVilliaais' home. Since 1856 he has passed the greater part of his life in merchandising, farming and working at his trade, the former being his present occupation. October 10, 1879, his second wife died after bearing him eight children, only three — William J., Martha F. and M. E. — yet living. Miss Ella Shaw became his present and third wife Octo- ber 28, 1880. "Uncle Nat," as he is familiarly called, is one of the well-known and esteemed men of the county as well as one of its first pio- neers. He is a Democrat in politics, has been twice elected Justice of the Peace, and in 1862 was elected Representative. For fifteen yeai's he belonged to the Christian Church, but for the past fifteen years has affil- iated with the Missionary Baptists, serving as local preacher in each denomination. JOHN WILLIAMS is a native of Shawswick Township, and was born November 27, 1842, the third of three children born to Nathaniel and Rosanna (Owens) Williams, the father a native of North Carolina, and the mother of Kentucky, who came to this county in 1817. Passing youth without noteworthy event and with meager education, John at the age of nineteen years began life's battle for himself. August 17, 1865, he married Sarah J. Fish. Three of their five children are now living : SHAWSWICK TOWNSHIP. 275 Emma C, Sudie M. and Minerva C, all at home. July 8, 1874, Mrs. Williams died, and July 15, 3875, he married Mary A. Fish. The issue is three children — Lutie M., Ella J. and Anna M. Mr. Williams through- out life has followed fai*ming. He now owns 120 acres of good land. He is a Republican, and he and family are members of the Christian Chm'ch. August 6. 1862, he enlisted in Company G, Fourth Cavalry, and served for three years, and was mustered out as Corporal July 6, 1865. He was at the battle of Chickamauga, and participated at Resaca and Atlanta, and in McCook's raid and in minor actions. His military record is a good one. COL. VINSON V. WILLIAMS, a native of Lawrence County, and ex-Sherifif, is one of four children born to David and Ann (McClelland) Williams, his birth occui-ring March 28, 1841. David Williams was a native of North Cai'olina, and came to Lawrence County, Ind. , with his father, Maj. Vinson Williams, in 1818. His wife's parents were natives of Ireland, fi'om whence they came to this country in 1792, locating in Pennsylvania, where Mrs. Williams was born. In 1819 they settled at Old Palestine, in Lawrence County, Ind. Here Col. Williams' parents were married April 21, 1836, and their respective deaths occurred in this county January 9, 1857, and October 19, 1877. V. V. Williams received only the advantages of the common schools in youth. April 19, 1861, he enlisted in Company B, Eighteenth Regiment Indiana Volunteer In- fantry — the tirst company raised in Lawrence County for the late war — and served through the battles of Pea Ridge, Cotton Plant, Port Gibson, siege of Vicksburg, Fort Esperanza and other important engagements. At Port Gibson he was three times wounded, and of the thirty-four men then comprising the company twenty-two were wounded or killed. He was discharged May 1, 1863, and on his return home recruited what became Company B, Forty-fifth Regiment, of which he was elected Cap- tain on organization. At the organization of the regiment he was com- missioned Major by Gov. Morton and in June, 1865, was promoted Lieu- tenant-Colonel. In this capacity he served until January, 1866, when he was honorably discharged. Since the war he has been engaged in various pursuits, principally farming. May 16, 1867, Miss Mary Owen, became his wife, and Walter C, Minnie N., Nora A. and John D. are their children. Col. Williams is a Sir Knight in Masonry and a life-long Republican. In 1868 was elected County Sheriff, serving four yeai's, and for eight years was Deputy United States Marshal under Messrs. Spooner and Dudley. JUDGE FRANCIS WILSON, of the Tenth Judicial Circuit of Indi- ana, was born in Scott County, Ind. , February 19, 1837, second of seven children born to Thomas B. and Ann (Lowry) Wilson, early settlers of Indiana, the former being a tanner, at which trade Fi*ancis was brought up. After the age of fifteen years our subject taught school for about five years; during a portion of the time, however, he attended Hanover College. In 1857 he went to Illinois, where for two years he taught school and surveyed; also began the study of law there, borrowing books from Judge Breese. He then taught and studied for a couple of years at Paoli, Orange County, and in 1862 was admitted to practice at the bar of that county, afterward forming a connection with Col. A. M. Black, now of Terre Haute, until 1867, when he located in Bedford, forming a partnership with Col. A. C. Voris, and afterward with Hon. Moses F. Dunn, which lasted until he was elected Judge in 1879. The 276 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES. Judge in early life was a Republican, but has been a Democrat since 1872. As an evidence of the estimation in which Judge Wilson is held, it is only necessary to state that the judicial district over which he has been called to preside is not only a large one, but is Republican. Octo- ber 24, 1861, he married Miss Mary White, daughter of Dr. Cornelius White, of Paoli, and one child has been born to him — Laura, born in July, 1862. WILLIAM C. WINSTANDLEY is one of four children of John B. and Penina (Stewart) Winstandley, and was born January 28, 1841, at New Albany, Ind. , where his father and grandparents settled in 1818. In boyhood he attended the public schools of his native town, and when sixteen years old came to Bedford and was employed in the old State Bank at a salary of $100 per year and board. In 1860 he was elected Cashier of the Bank of Salem at Salem, Ind., serving as such three years, and the succeeding year was an assistant in the office of the Provost Marshal at New Albany. In September, 1864, he returned to Bedford and was made Cashier of the " Bank of the State," and from that time until the present has been connected with all subsequent banks at Bed- ford as an ofl&cial. Mr. Winstandley, as a citizen of Bedford, has been identified in the growth and prosperity of the town, and was a member of the first Board of School Trustees, a position he held eleven succes- sive years, during which time two large school buildings were erected. In politics he is a Democrat, and he and wife belong to the Christian Church. Besides occupying his present position in the Bedford Bank, he is President of the Hoosier Stone Company, Vice-President and Treas- urer of the Bedford & Bloomtield Railroad Company and a Director in the Southwestern Overland Telephone and Telegraph Company, the Ken- tucky & Indiana Bridge Company, the New Albany Steam Forge Works, the New Albany Water- works and the New Albany Banking Company. In March, 1864, Mr. Winstandley and Miss Alice M., daughter of Jesse A. Mitchell, were united in marriage, and to them two children have been born, named Jesse M. and John B. WILLIAM P. YOUNGER, a native of Nicholas County, Ky., was born March 23, 1828, being the eldest of twelve children of Lewis and Nancy (Crose) Younger, both natives of Kentucky, who came to this county in 1832, settling where our subject now resides. William P. remained on his father's farm until the age of eighteen years, obtaining limited schooling, but at that age began for himself. November 11, 1848, he married Delilah Rogers, who has borne him three children, two of whom are now living: Lucretia J., the wife of Caleb Cupps, and Alice, who became the wife of Jasper Kern. February 14, 1857, Mrs. Younger died, and November 22, 1857, he was united in marriage with Elvira Reed, and to this union the following issue has been born: Addison, Kitty, Minnie, Charlie, Lillie and May. May 22, 1871, his second wife died, and August 16, 1873, he married Phelissa A. (Fisher) Woody, who has borne him three children, two living: Aylett R. and J. N. Mr. Younger is successful in farming, owning 200 acres of land. They are members of the Christian Chin-ch. He is a Republican. His grand- father was a soldier in the Revolution. JOHN YOUNGER was born in Nicholas County, Ky., July 18, 1830, being the second of twelve children of Lewis and Nancy (Crose) Younger (see i>iography of W. P. Younger). He remained at home With his par- ents on their farm during youth, securing a fair education, and at the MARION TOWNSHIP. 277 age of eighteen years began doing for himself. October 2, 1851, he was united in marriage with Mary A. Ragsdale, and to this union the follow- ing four children were born: David A., Cora, who became the wife of Dewitt C, Leatherman, since deceased; William O., who married Celes- tia J. Ramsey, and Benjamin. On the 25th of November, 1860, Mrs. Younger died, and November 19, 1863, Mr. Younger married Kittie E. Ramsey, who has borne him two children: Robert L. and Mary H. He owns a' good farm of 160 acres, mostly well improved and stocked. He owns fine horses and jacks. He and family are members of the Christian Church, and he is a Republican and a member of the Odd Fellow fraternity. He has been Justice of the Peace for two terras, and is a prominent farmer and citizen. MICHAEL YOUNGER is a native of Nicholas County, Ky., and was born July 3, 1832. He is the third child of twelve born to Lewis and Nancy (Crose) Younger (see biography of W. P. Younger). Michael passed his youth at hard work on his father's farm. He did not have the advantages of the present of getting an education, and was forced to take what he could get by a limited attendance at the old subscription schools. At the age of eighteen he began work for himself. April 23, 1855, he married Mary Thorn, who bore him nine children, seven being now living: Isis, who married Levi Keithley; Andrew J., who married Clara Elston; Nannie, who became the wife of Joel Hobbs; Elizabeth, Carrie, Coi'nelia and Thomas. Mr. Younger is a prosperous farmer with 160 acres of well stocked and improved land. He and family are mem- bers of the Christian Church. He is an iniiaential Republican and a leading citizen. MARION TOWNSHIP. BURTON FAMILY. The Burton family in the United States, num- bering at the present time over 80,000, are of English and Welsh origin. The first authentic account we have of the family in this country is the settlement of four brothers — John, Richard, Thomas and Allen^ — near the present site of Richmond, Va., in the year 1655. All purchased large tracts of land in what is now Henrico County, except Thomas, and all married and reared large families, many of whom became dis- tinguished in military and civil life, among whom might be mentioned Cols. Robert and Hutchins Burton, who served on Gen. Washington's stafif in the war of the Revolution, and the latter as Governor of South Carolina after that war. William Burton, brother of Gideon Burton, a wholesale boot and shoe dealer of Cincinnati, was Governor of Rhode Island, and the Jate Allen A., of Illinois, and John W., of Tennessee, were jurists of recognized ability, the former being the only man in his county in Kentucky who voted for Abraham Lincoln in 1860. "Old Abe" afterward made him Minister to Chili. John Burton, of Virginia, was a noted Baptist divine. The family is represented in all the trades, professions and different departments of business, the largest number, however, being engaged in agricultural pursuits. In the late war they furnished their proportion of the army, rank and file, from Major-General to private. Some of the family fought for the '• lost 278 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES. cause," but whsther willingly cr not the writer of this was unable to learn. Those residing in North Carolina, Kentucky and Tennessee, however, were largely represented in the Union Army. The Burtons residing in this poi'tion of Indiana are descendants of Richard Burton, a native of the Old Dominion, who soon after the war of the Revolution removed with his family to Ashe County, N. C. His son, John P., was born in Virginia, July 8, 1758, and was married in Ashe County, to Miss Susannah Stamper, who was born August 22, 1767. To them were born the following children: Richard, Patsey, Allen, John, Mary, David, Will- iam, Hutchins, Hardin, Zachariah, Ann, and Eli and Isom, twins. Of this large family only the three youngest sons are now living. John P. Bur- ton came with his family to this county in 1826, locating on the farm now owned by Ransom Burton. Mr. Burton died July 4, 1836, and Mrs. Burton Aug vist 10, 1845. They were people of the highest respectability, and had the love and respect of all who knew them. Mr. Burton was a member of the Masonic Order, and a great admirer of that ancient insti- tution. Besides rearing thirteen children of their own, John P. and wife reared six orphan children, doing and caring for them as though they were their own. All their children married and reared large famil- ies. William, one of the sons, was married, in Ashe County, N. C. , to Miss Obedience Reeves, and in 1826 came to this county, locating on the farm now owned by their son, John W., which they soon afterward made their home, and where nine of their family of fifteen children were born. William was one of the best-known and most prominent of John P. Bur- ton's sons. He was an unswerving Democrat, and represented Lawrence County in the State Legislature. He assisted, in many of the early land surveys, and was a useful and progressive citizen. He died September 20, 1846, and his wife July 28, 1853. Several of their children now reside in the county, among whom are Alfred. Allen C, Eli and John W. Alfred was born in Ashe County, N. C, September 22, 1816, and came with his parents to this county in 1826, and in 1842 was married to Miss Hannah E., daughter of the late Hugh Hamer. To them were born eleven children: Hugh H., Mary E., Caroline O., William, Felix G., Catharine, Alice A., George C, Theodosia, Josephine and Oscar J, Alfred Burton has always followed farming, and is one of the county's most worthy citizens. Eli, brother of Alfred, was born in Ashe County, N. C, October 2, 1822; was united in marriage with Miss Sarah Koons, August 15, 1850. She died J une 27, 1877. The following children were born to them: Henry A. and Nancy J., living; Franklin P., Delana, Florence, Eli G., Laura E., and two infants deceased. In 1879 Mr. Burton married Mrs. Elizabeth (Brown) Taylor. Mr. Burton owns a good farm and is a practical and successful farmer and stock-raiser. Allen C. was born in the township in which he now resides, January 12, 3827, and received the benefits of a common school education. Septem- ber 10, 1840, he was united in marriage with Miss Elizabeth Holmes, a native of Lawrence County, and to them were born four sons: William S., Joseph R., Zachariah T. and Charles W. Mrs. Burton died Febru- ary 3, 1854. Mr. Burton was united in marriage with Miss Sarah A. Richards, November 16, 1854. She was born in Jackson County, Ind. , in 1830, Six children were the fruits of this union: James B., Alonzo, Sallie O., Indiana, Lydia and Delia. Allen C. voted with the Demo- cratic party until the breaking out of the late war, since which he has voted with and zealously labored for the success of the Republican party. MARION TOWNSHIP. 279 He has twice appraised the real estate of Lawrence County, haw been one of its Commissioners, and has held other positions of honor and trust. He has given his children liberal educations, and has taken an active and leading part in the advancement of all enterprises that go to build up the country or benefit his fellow-man. He served as Second Lieutenant in Company H, Sixty-seventh Indiana Volunteer Infantry, in the late war, but after one year of active service was discharged on account of physical disability. He has always been engaged in agricult- ural piirsuits, and is one of the county's most progressive and useful cit- izens. John W. Burton was born upon the old homestead in Marion Township, October 12, 1828, which has always been his home. He received a common school education, and December 14, 1854, was united in marriage with Miss Nancy J. Baker, a native of Orange County, Ind. , her birth occurring April 27, 1830. Eight children have been born to them: Volney T. , Obedience, Douglass, Clara E., Mary L., Edgar, Jesse L. and Virgil. Mr. Burton owns a well-improved farm of 350 acres. In politics he is a stanch Kepublican, and during the war did much to encourage the boys in the field and keep up a strong loyal sentiment at home. He liberally contributes to all laudable public enterprises and is one of the leading farmers and public- spirited citizens of the county. Rich- ard Burton, eldest child of John P. and Susannah (Stamper) Burton, was a native of Ashe County, N. C, and there was married to Miss Nancy Edwards, and to them were born these children: John, Jane, Young, Kob- ert, Noah, David E., James, Celia, Hiram, Susan, Mary, Cynthia and Timanza. Richard Burton and wife were well and favorably known to the early settlers, and were people of the highest worth. David E., fifth son born to these parents, is a native of Ashe County, N. C. ; his birth occurring August 26, 1815. His educational advantages were very limited, and from early childhood he was accustomed to hard work. He was married July 29, 1844, to Miss Catharine, daughter of Joseph and Margaret (McBride) Conley, both natives of the old North State, as was their daughter, whose birth occurred January 2, 1828. Twelve children have been born to David E. Burton and wife: Timanza, Joseph, Margaret, Nancy A., Phoebe, Richard, Susan, Rebecca, Jincie, Naomi, Frances and Henry. David E. has been a life-long Democrat. He is a self-made man, and one of the wealthiest farmers in Lawrence County, owning at the present time nearly 2,000 acres of land. He is a member of the Methodist Episcopal Church, and an upright and useful man. Other members of Richard Burton's family reside in the county, and are among its most worthy and honored citizens. Rev. Hardin Burton, ninth of John P. Burton's children, was born in North Carolina, in 1798. He came to Indiana in 1827, and settled near Bloomfield, Greene Co. He was thrice married, his first wife being Miss Jennie Reeves, who bore him the following children: Jackson, John, Singleton, Chaney, Ann and Jane. His second wife was Miss Lucy Maxwell, to whom he was married in 1835. The following children were born to this union: George W., Nancy, James, Eli, Isom, Hardin and William J. In 1852 he married Miss Kisiah McBride, who still survives him. In 1834 he came to Lawrence County, and engaged in farming and siock-growing. In 1843 he was licensed to preach and two years later was ordained a minister of the Baptist Church, and from this date on gave much of his time to his professional duties, and did much to build up the churches 280 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES. of Lawrence and adjoinincj counties. He was industrious, honest, phil- anthropic, an upright Christian, true to all of life's obligations. He died October 6, 1875. Several of his children are residents of Lawrence County, among whom are: Dr. John Burton, of Georgia, Ind. , and Dr. George W., of Mitchell. The former was born in Ashe County. N. C, March 16, 1821, and is the second child by his first marriage. He was brought up on a farm, receiving a common school education. He was united in marriage with Miss Linna Riggs, October 26, 1839. She is the daughter of Moses and JNIahala (Laswell) Kiggs. To this union have been born the following children: Mahala J., Jackson, Levisa A., Nancy S., Hardin R., Mary E. and Moses. Dr. Burton followed farming until 1845, when he took up the study of medicine, which he pursued until 1851, when he began practice, which he has since continued with unusual and uniform success, and at present has a large and steadily increasing practice. He owns 300 acres of good land. In politics he is a Democrat. He is a member of the Masonic Order and the Baptist Church and one of the county's leading and useful men. George W. Burton, M. D., was born in the county in which he resides July 22, 1836, and is the eldest child boi'n to the union of Rev. Hardin Burton with Miss Liicy Maxwell. His youth and early manhood were spent upon the farm. He graduated from the high school in 1852, and in 1853 took a commercial course. On finishing his education he was employed on the staff of civil engineers in the construction of the Ohio & Mississippi Railway. He then taught school and studied medicine until 1857, when he took a course of lectures at the Iowa State Univers- ity, and after practicing a short time took a partial course of lectures at the McDowell Medical College of St. Louis. On the bi-eaking out of the war he entered the Fifth Missouri Regiment, where he served until ill health compelled him to resign, when he came to Huron, Ind., where he followed his profession until August of 1862, when he again entered the service, this time as a member of the Seventeenth Indiana Volunteer Infantry, serving in the line and on the medical staff alternately until the spring of 1863, when he was again compelled to resign on account of ill health. He immediately returned to his home and practice. On the last call for volunteers in the fall of 1864 he raised Company D, One Hundred and Forty-fifth Indiana Volunteer Infantry, of which he was appointed Captain, and also acted as Assistant Surgeon, and after- ward as Acting Surgeon of the regiment until the close of the war. In 1873 he came to Mitchell, where he has since remained. He has been prominent in all the medical organizations of the State. He joined the Lawrence County Medical Society on its organization in 1862, and was one of the originators of the Mitchell District Medical Society, which was organized in 1874, the first society of this kind in southern Indiana, and was its first delegate to the American Medical Society held at Detroit in 1874. In 1875 he took the degree of Doctor of Medicine at the Col- lege of Physicians and Surgeons at Indianapolis, Ind. In 1875 he with others organized the Tri-State Medical Society of Indiana, Illinois and Kentucky, and was made its Secretary, and has continued as such ever since. In 1875 he was made a member of the Indiana State Health Com- mission, and in 1877 took a degree at the Hospital Medical College of Louisville. He is an honorary member of the Southwestern Kentucky Medical Association, and also of those of Jackson and Orange Counties. He was also one of the originators of the South Central and Normal MARION TOWNSHIP. 281 School of Mitchell. In 1866 he became a Mason; in 1869 he became a member of the Grand Lodge; in 1872, of the Royal Arch, and in 1877 of the Council. He has been a member of the Town Council, and belongs to the Baptist Church. Although of a Democratic family, he is a stanch Republican. May 1, 1857, he was united in marriage with Miss Hattie C. Campbell, a most estimable lady, daughter of Dougal Campbell, of Illi- nois, a descendant of the old Dougal Campbell family of Scotland. They have had five children: Ava, Lizzie and Ella living; Grace and George W. deceased. Zachariah Burton, son of John P. and Susannah (Stamper) Burton, was born in Ashe County, N. C, September 12, 1801, and was reared upon a farm, receiving but a limited education. His first business vent- ure was as a huckster. He would buy a team and wagon on time, then load with brandy, apple butter, tallow, etc., and take them to points in Georgia, where he would dispose of all, when he would return to his home on foot, a distance of several hundred miles, when as soon as pos- sible the trip would be repeated. In this way he got his start in life, and by being honest, trustworthy, and never abusing his credit he built up for himself an enviable reputation, and accumulated considerable property. During his long and eventful lifetime he has ever sustained the reputation he established at the beginning of life. He was united in marriage with Mrs. Ruth (Core) Holmes, a native of Louisville, Ky., and to this union were born the following children: Ransom, Caswell R., Mary S. , Hugh F. , John C, Virginia C, Zachariah, Margaret R. and Juliet. Mrs. Burton had two children by a former marriage: William and Elizabeth Holmes. Mrs. Burton departed this life August 8, 1844. May 27, 1845, Mr. Burton married Mrs. Matilda Wright, who was born near Shelbyville, Ky., in 1817, and whose maiden name was Tegarden. By this union there were seven children: Ann, Sarah J., William H., George VV. , Shubel, Caroline and one that died in infancy. ' ' Uncle Zach, " as he is commonly called, is one of the oldest and best known of the early settlers of Marion Township. He has been a resident of the township since 1826, and has the respect and confidence of all who know him. He is a member of the Baptist Church, and has been a life-long Demo- crat. The county would be much better off had it more such men as Uncle Zach Burton. Ransom Burton, eldest child of Zachariah Burton by his first wife, was born in Marion Township, this county, April 13, 1829, and was reared upon his father's farm. October 9, 1851, he married Miss Elizabeth Murray, who was born in this county, January 18, 1834, and died July 9, 1853. There was one child by this marriage : Timothy. Mr. Burton's second wife was Miss Mary Finger, to whom he was married September 29, 1853. She was born in this county July 29, 1826, and died in 1863. There were seven children by this union : Francis, Julia A., Fannie, and four that died in infancy. February 4, 1864, Mr. Burton married Mrs. Fannie (Bryant) Overman, a native of this county, her birth occurring July 31, 3834. By this marriage there are three children: Caswell R., Grace T. and Ransom E. Mr. Burton owns 182 acres of land, which are well improved. He has the largest apple orchard in the county, and for several years has paid considerable attention to fruit culture. .He is a member of the Baptist Church, and liberal in his political views. He is a prominent and influential citizen. Caswell R., second son of Zachariah Burton, was one of the most promi- 282 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES. nent and promising young men in Southern Indiana. On tjie breaking out, of the war he became Lieutenant of Company G, Fiftieth Indiana Volunteer Infantry, and bravely went to the front to preserve his country's honor. September 16, 1862, at Munfordville, while gal- lantly fighting, he received a severe gun-shot wound, from the effects of which he died fourteen days later. He was a graduate of the State University at Bloomington, and of the Medical Department of the State University of Michigan, and his untimely death was deeply regretted by all. The Grand Army Post of Mitchell was named in his honor. Hugh F., son of Zachariah Burton, was born in Marion Township, this county, July 20, 1834. After attending the district schools of the neighborhood he attended the State University at Bloomington, some three years. In 1862 he enlisted in Company K, Seventeenth Indiana Volunteer Infantry, and served until the close of the war, participating in many engagements. Since then he has been engaged in farming and school teaching. He has taught many terms of school and is a successful and popular educator. His wife was Miss Mahala A. Hall, who was born in Marion Township, April 25, 1848. Their marriage occurred August 4, 1870. Five children have been born to them: Kosa M., Kuth, and three that died in infancy. Mr. Burton owns 216 acres of land, and is one of the most practical and successful farmers in Marion Township. He is a Democrat of the conservative kind, voting for men and measures and not for party. He is one of the county's well informed and useful citizens. Of the numerous members of the Burton family in Lawrence County, perhaps there is not one who is better known or more universally respected by friends and relatives than Eli Burton, Esq., of Spice Valley Township. He is twin brother of Isom Burton, and they the youngest of the family of thirteen children born to John P. and Susannah (Stamper) Burton. Eli Burton's birth occurred in Ashe County, N. C. , October 15, 1807. He came with his parents to this county in 1826, which he has since made his home, farming and stock-raising having been his occupa- tion. From early boyhood he was accustomed to hard work, and although being one of the smallest members of this numerous family, he was not lacking in native pluck and energy. He began life as a poor boy, and by hard work, economy and good management has obtained a goodly share of this world's goods, owning at the present time about 1, 700 acres of good land. In his early life his educational advantages were very limited, but in after years he acquired by study and observation a good knowledge of some of the lower branches, and is to-day one of the most practical and well posted men in the county. He has appraised the real estate of the county three times, administered on many estates, held the office of Justice of the Peace some sixteen years, and Notary Public about the same. His entire public career has been noted for its efficiency, dispatch and honesty, reflecting much credit on him, and resulting in lasting benefits to those for whom he labored. He has been twice married. His first wife was Miss Mahala, daughter of John and Catharine (Miller) Conley, the marriage occurring February 19, 1832. To this union were born the following children: Simpson, Wiley G., Catharine, Rebecca A., Isom, John W., William H, George T. and Milton P. Mrs. Burton was a lady of great social and moral worth, devoting her entire life to her family and to the development of the social and moral condition of the neighborhood. This most estimable lady died July 5, 1853. She was born neai' Bryantsville, this county, March 17, 1812, and was one of the MARION TOWNSHIP. 283 first white children born in the county. On February 26, 1857, Mr. Burton was united in marriage with Miss Phcebe Conley, daughter of Joseph and Margaret (McBride) Conley, and to this union have been born three children : Douglas, Joseph W. and Laura E. Mrs. Burton was born October 18, 1835. Mr. Burton has done much surveying in the county. He has for years voted in opposition to the National Demo- cratic party. He is well known and has the respect of all. Simpson Burton, son of Eli, was born September 22, 1833, and was brought up on the farm. He attended and taught school until 1853, when he entered Franklin College, from which institution he graduated in 1859. It was largely through his efforts that the Mitchell Seminary was established and became a popular and worthy educational institu- tion. In 1863 he married Miss Carrie Graves, a teacher in the school and a most estimable lady. Mr. Burton died at Bloomington, Ind., December 6, 1872, while engaged in ministerial labors. His wife sur- vives him and resides with her three children. Earnest, Ella and Grace, at Boise City, Idaho. Wiley G., second son of Eli Burton, was reared upon the farm, and after spending one year at Hartsville College entered Franklin College, gi-aduating in 1862. Soon after this he entered his country's service and was instrumental in raising Company H, Sixty-seventh Indiana Volunteer Infantry, of which he was elected Second Lieutenant. He died May 16, 1863, of disease contracted while in the service, his death greatly regretted by his comrades and friends. Isom, third son and fifth child of Eli Burton, was born February 26, 1841, and passed his youth and early manhood upon the farm. He attended the common schools, Franklin College and the Mitchell Semi- nary, graduating from the last named institution. In 1862 he entered his country's service, becoming a member of Company H, Sixty-seventh Indiana Volunteer Infantry, and participated in the following engage- ments: Munfordville, Ky., where he was captured but soon after paroled; Port Gibson, Champion Hills, Black River, siege of Vicksburg, Grand Coteau, Mansfield, Fort Gaines, Fort Morgan and a number of lesser engagements. He saw much active service and is highly spoken of by his comrades-in-arms. He received his discharge July 19, 1865. Soon after his return home he took up the study of medicine and after some time entered the Medical Department of the State University of Ann Arbor, Mich., graduating in 1868. He began practice at EUetts- ville, but after a short time came to Mitchell and embarked in the drug trade, in which he has since continued. He possesses business and social qualities of a high order and has built up a large and steadily increas- ing business. He was united in marriage with Miss Kate Owen, Novem- ber 17, 1868, and to this union have been born three children: May, Lizzie M. , and Pearl. Mr. Burton has been Trustee of the Mitchell schools seven years and Clerk and Trustee of the Baptist Church about fourteen yeai's. He is a member of the I. O. O. F. , a Repviblican and supports all enterprises that go to build up the country or benefit his fellow-man. William H., son of Eli Burton, was born in Spice Valley Township, and reared to manhood upon his father's farm. Besides the education he received in the common schools he attended the Agricultural College of Michigan one year and the State University at Bloomington two years. He has since then been engaged in farming and school teach- ing. He married Miss Lillie J. Spencer, April 12, 1883. They have one child, Bertha O. Mrs. Burton was born in Spice Valley Township, 18 284 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES. March 29, 1866. Mr. Burton owns 380 acres of land and is one of the practical and successful farmers and stock-growers of Marion Township. Politically he is a stanch Republican. John W., another son of Eli Burton, resides in Gallatin, Mo., where he is practicing dental nurgery. Other members of the family reside at home or near the old homestead and are good citizens and useful members of society. Isom Burton, .son of John P. and twin brother of Eli, of Spice Valley Township, is a native of Ashe County, N. C, his birth occurring October 15, 1807. He came with his pai'euts to this dounty in 1826, and has ev&r since been a resident of the county and is well and favorably known to its people. Soon after coming to the county he and his brother Eli made several trips to New Orleans on flat-boats laden with produce, grain, lime and other articles. They usually started from the " Old Nugent Place," on Whit* River, the trip occupying several weeks and being attended with dangers, exposure and much hard work. The two brothers also farmed in partner- ship several years and were quite successful. The subject of this sketch owns 450 acres of well improved land in the northern part of Marion Township, where he has resided about half a century. He was united in marriage in September of 1833 with Miss Mary J. Alexander. She was born in Wilkes County, N. C, May 27, 1814, and to their union were born eleven children: Frances M., Nancy C, Amanda L., Clarissa M., America A., Martin A., Rachel E., Marshal T., Mary R., Sarah J. and Charles A. Mrs. Burton died August 6, 1866. Mr. Burton has devoted his entire life to farming and stock-raising, except about six years which he spent in Bedford engaged in mercantile pursuits and in giving his family superior educational advantages. He is liberal and conservative in his political views and has voted with and against the Democratic party. He and family take many of the best papers and periodicals and are among the most intelligent and progressive people in the county. Martin A., son of Isom Burton, Sr., was born in Lawrence County, Ind., May 7, 1844. He was reared upon the farm, and in addition to attending the common schools and the graded schools of Bedford, attend- ed the State University at Bloomington two years, and the Bryant & Stratton Commercial College of Cincinnati, graduating from the last- named institution He then clerked and farmed for some time. In 1870 he came to Mitchell, and after clerking some time, he embarked in mercantile pursuits for himself. He was elected Sheriff of Lawrence County and made a popular and efficient officer. He has also held other positions of honor and trust, and is a useful, public-spirited and worthy citizen. He was married December 28, 1868, to Miss Laura H. Brown- field, who was born in Kentucky, April 8, 1848. Five children have been born to them: Jesse B., Fleta Q. and Clyde, living; Stella and Mabel, deceased. Mr, Burton is a Democrat, is a member of the I. O. O. F. and of the Methodist Episcopal Church. William A. Burton, of Mitchell, was born in Lawrence County, Ind., November 18, 1832, and reared to manhood upon the farm. He is the eldest of five children born to William J. and Eliza J. (Core) Burton. The father was a son of David, and he the sixth child of John P. and Susannah (Stamper) Burton. In 1853 William A. entered the State University, and remained there some two years. He then taught school at St. Charles, Mo., some time. In 1858 he took up the study of medi- cine. He attended lectures in Cincinnati and graduated at Ann Arbor^ MARION TOWNSHIP. 285 Mich., in 1861. He served as a private ten months in Company H, Six- ty-seventh Indiana Volunteer Infantry, when he was appointed Assistant Surgeon of his regiment, and served in this capacity until the close of the war. He followed his profession at Mitchell until 1869, since which he has been engrasred in the drug trade. He married Miss Ann R. Rari- dea January 30, 1862, and to them have been born five children: Frank J., Ida Y., Jesse M., Edgar C. and Walter W. Mr. Burton is a Demo- crat, a member of the I. O. O. F. , G. A. R., and the Baptist Church. Joseph A. Burton, son of William J. and Eliza J. (Core) Burton, was born in Marion Township, this county, March 6, 1841. Besides attend- ing the common schools of the neighborhood, he attended the State Uni- versity at Bloomington and Franklin College some time. In 1862 he enlisted in Company H, Sixty-seventh Indiana Volunteer Infantry, and was color-bearer up to the capture of Vicksburg. He was at Munford- ville, Chickasaw Bayou, Arkansas Post, Port Gibson, Champion Hills, Mansfield, Fort Blakely, and many other engagements. He was a brave and true soldier and saw much active service. After his return home he attended school some time, since which he has been engaged in farming and stock-raising. He owns 260 acres of land, which are well improved, and upon which is a fine "sugar bush" of over 300' trees, and by the use of a new and improved method has built up quite a reputation as a syrup and sugar manufacturer. His marriage with Miss Laura M. Tur- ley occurred January 13, 1870. She was born in Orange County, Ind., May 27, 1844, and is the daughter of Benjamin and Parmelia (Wright) Turley. They have three children: Turley J., Inez and an infant. Mr. Burton has taught several terms of school, and takes an interest in all moral and educational enterprises. He is a member of the Baptist Church. He is liberal in his political views, voting for the man and not for party. He is one of the best representatives of the younger Bur- tons and is one of the county's best citizens. Richard Burton, a farmer of Orleans Township, Orange County, was born in Lawrence County, Ind., August 17, 1844, and is the sou of James and Frances E. (Hughes) Burton. He was brought up on the farm, receiving a common school education. In 1862 he enlisted in Company K, Fifty-third Indiana Volunteer Infantry. He was in the battles of Corinth, siege of Vicksburg, and Atlanta. Here he was cap- tured, and for two months was a prisoner at Andersunville. He was with Sherman on his march to the sea, and participated in other engage- ments and saw much active service. He has since followed farming and stock-raising. He has been married twice. His first wife, to whom he was married in 1868. was Miss Amanda Webb, who was born in Orangfe County, Ind., in 1837. By this marriage there were two sons, George I. and Newton A. Mr. Burton's second wife was Florence M., daughter of Samuel and Annie (Wyman) Mathers. Mr. Burton is a Republican, and a member of the United Brethren Church. He owns a good farm, and is one of the intelligent and progressive men of Orange County. There are other members of this large and most remarkable family, of whom space forbids more than mention. The family is represented in all thQ professions from the pulpit to the school room; in civil offices from Road Supervisor to Governor; in the military from private to Major-General. In religion they are principally Baptists, and are hon- orably represented in all the benevolent institutions. A majority of them are members of the Masonic Order. The most of the voters are 286 BIOORAPHIOAL SKETCHES. Democrats. They are remarkable, as a sociable, peaceable and respect- able family, and the ladies are especially noted for their beauty and social and moral attainments. Its members hasten to marry and bring up large families, and all seem to do well. We find no less than eight een different towns bearing the name, scattered in twelve different States. They have a regularly organized society, known as the ' ' Burton Family Reunion Association," of which Dr. G. W. Burton was the projector. As a people they are of marked characteristics, noted for their outspoken honesty, morality, frugality and generous hospitality, and no more hon- orable name is known throughout the State or Nation. AMOS P. ADAMS, furniture dealer, was born in Waynesville, Ohio, August 19, 1833, where he was reared and educated, and at the age of seventeen began the trade of cabinet maker, aud after remaining three years removed to Richmond, Ind. , where he followed millwrighting for awhile, and then returned to Ohio, and from there to Illinois, but in March, 1858, settled in Mitchell and worked at the carpenters' trade. In 1863 he engaged in undertaking. In 1866 he added to his business house furnishing goods, and in 1879 began the manufacture of furniture, having at present a salesroom of 125x132 feet, and doing a fine business. During the late war he was a member of the Home Guards at Mitchell. Mr. Adams has been married twice; first, in Ohio, to Eliza Hael, Octo- ber 28, 1855, who died July 3, 1863, leaving one child — Lydia. He mar- ried his present wife in Columbus, Ind., she being Miss Hannah Wright, September 13, 1866, and by this union two children have been born: Lula and Jesse Lee. He is a Republican, having cast his first vote for John C. Fremont. The parents of Mr. Adams were Ezra and Sarah (Fitzgerald) Adams, both natives of Pennsylvania, who emigrated to Ohio in 1817; he was a wheelwi'ight by trade. SOLOMON BASS, a native of Ashe County, N. C, born September 29, 1823, is the son of John and Sarah (Fender) Bass, both natives of the "Old North State." Originally the Basses came from England. The father was a farmer and a blacksmith, and came in 1823 to this county, but after a year returned to Carolina, and then in 1826 came out to stay. He was a Whig and Republican, and an industrious, respected man. He and wife were parents of five sons and five daughters, all of whom lived to maturity. Solomon was reared a farmer, with fair educa- tional advantages. In youth he learned the blacksmiths' trade. March 12, 1846, he married Catharine Sheeks, who was born in this county April 27, 1825, and died October 9, 1865. She bore her husband thirteen children: Franklin, Diadema, Daniel, David, Sarah; Willis V., Ruth, Nancy J., Hugh, Mary F., John T., Curtis and Clinton. Novem- ber 7, 1872, Mr. Bass married Mrs. Mary J. (Hall) Lewis, who was born in this township September 29, 1829. He now owns a farm of 450 acres, gained by a life of industry and honesty. He is a Republican, and an exemplary man. JACOB Y. BATES, retired, was born in Washington County, Ind., December 9, 1820, son of Joseph and Catharine (Fringer) Bates, both natives of Baltimore, Md., the former a farmer, born June 9, 1782, and dying October 27, 1846; the latter born September 1, 1785, and dying August 31, 1846. They were married about 1804, and settled in Indiana in 1820. Subject was reared and educated in his native county, and at the age of eighteen left the farm and located in Claysville, taking half interest in a tannery, which continued eight years. In 1850 he pur- MARION TOWNSHIP. 287 chased a stock of general merchandise, and opened at New Frankfort, Scott County, remaining there six years; then moved to Austin, and remained ten years, and in 1866 located at Mitchell. He purchased an interest in the Mitchell Mills, which he operated about ten years, since which time he has retired from active business. He owns 920 acres of land, and nine houses and lots in Mitchell. He was married May 27, 1851, to Miss Emily Kelley, born in Washington County, Ind., March 17, 1827, daughter of John and Minerva (Jenks) Kelley, respectively of Kentucky and New York, atid by this union two children have been born: Rosaltha, born in 1854, now Mrs. Glover, and Luella F., dead. He is a Presby- terian. 'an A. F. & A. M., and a Republican. AVILLIAM Q. BOHANON is the son of James and Eliza (Todd Bohanon, and was born in this township, January 28, 1841. The father was a native of North Carolina and the mother of Kentucky. The grand- parents moved first to East Tennessee and then in about 1835 to this township. They had five children — James being one. The latter was married in this county and had three children : George W., Caroline and William G. James was a farmer, a Whig, a Baptist, and a man of much influence and worth. He died in 1857, but his wife yet lives. Her par- ents were David and Mary (Martin) Todd, who settled in Orange County in 1825. William G. early made farming his occupation. He was indus- trious and judicious and soon began to accumulate. He now owns 550 acres and has a comfortable home. He raises stock of high grades. August 13, 1862, he married Ellen J., daughter of Harrison Field, who was born in February, 1843, and died January 24, 1873. June 27, 1880, he married Harriet J. Burton, who was born October 11, 1860. They have two children: Liza and Ida. He is a leading Republican, His brother, George W., served three years in the Union Army in the Twenty- fourth Regiment. MARVIN CLEVELAND was born in Shelby County, Ky., May 21, 1810, son of Ezer and Martha (Wadkins) Cleveland, the father a native of New York and the mother of Tennessee. The parents came to Clark County, Ind., in 1814, and to Orange County in 1816. He died at Bry- antsville, October 20, 1853, and his wife died November 26, 1862. They were parents of thii'teen children and consistent members of the Baptist Church. Marvin was reared at hard work on his father's farm and "grad- uated" at a log schoolhouse with dirt floor and greased paper windows. To his marriage with Martha Noblitt. November 5, 1828, six children were born : Lavina, Mary A.,Celia, Sarah J., Sylvia and Eli. Mrs. Cleve- land was born in Grayson County, Va., February 1, 1809. In 1831, Mr. Cleveland moved upon his present farm, where, by industry, frugality and integrity, he has made a comfortable home. He and wife are consistent Baptists, Mr. Cleveland being a pioneer Superintendent of Sabbath-schools and a Deacon. They reared a bound boy to manhood (P. N. White), who fell in the late war. Eli Cleveland was born where he now resides, December 26, 1845, and received in youth a good common school educa- tion. March 15, 1868, he married Julia A. Kearby, born in this county, October 24, 1842. They have one child -Marvin A. The county has no better citizens than the Cleveland families. Later, on the 26th of July, 1884, Marvin Cleveland died at the age of seventy-four and some months The community lost a good neighbor and the county one of its best citi- zens. 288 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES. JAMES H. CRAWFORD was born in Oranore County, N. C, Novem- ber 16, 1822, the first of eight children born to Samuel and Elizabeth (Pickard) Crawford, both natives of North Carolina, he born April 12, 1792, and died February U, 1876; she born 1797 and died in 1860. They came to Indiana in 1833, settling upon a farm in Lawrence County. Subject was reared to farming and received an ordinary education. He first rented a farm and afterward bought a tract of land, which he sold, and then farmed in various localities, buying and selling different farms. In 1874 he formed a copartnership with James H. Brpwn, in Mitchell, which he disposed of after two years, but subsequently bought an interest for his son Henry H. August 16, 1863, he enlisted in Company H, One Hundred and Seventeenth Regiment Indiana Volunteer Infantry, and was promoted to Second Lieutenant. He was mustered out February 24. 1864. In 1868 he was elected Justice of the Peace, and has served four terms. He was married September 25, 1845, to Margaret H. Dodd, daughter of George and Elizabeth (Barnhill) Dodd, and born Feb- ruary 10, 1828. To this union have been born eight children, seven of whom are living: Elizabeth, Alice, Jane, Henry H, Carrie, Albert B. and Lyman B. The deceased was Annie, who died in 1866. The family are all Presbyterians, Mr. Crawford being an Elder in the church for thirty years. He is a Republican. ISOM DAVIS was born in Marion Township, this county, September 26, 1839, son of Andrew and Nancy (Tyrie) Davis, natives of the "Old North State," and both early settlers of this county. Isom was the only child born to these parents, and when one year of age is father died. The mother married William Terrell, and now lives in Jasper County, 111. , and has a large family. Isom lived with his step- father on the farm, securing a limited education in youth. At the age of nineteen he began for himself as a farmer, which occupation he has since followed. He has worked some for the railroads, runs a saw-mill, owns 220 acres of good land, is a Republican and a useful and substantial citizen. March 10, 1859, he married Parmelia, daughter of Daniel L. and Susan (Melvin) Smith, the father from Virginia and the mother from North Carolina. Mr. Davis and wife have these children : Henry M., Phoebe E., M. M. (dead), George M., Rebecca A. and Nancy S. Mr. Davis takes a meritori- ous interest in all worthy efforts to improve society. JACOB M. DEISHER was born in Berks County, Penn. , August 22, 1844. His parents were Daniel and Lydia A. (Ebling) Deisher, both natives of Pennsylvania; former boi'n 1803; latter, 1810. They were of German and French ancestry, their forefathers coming to the United States in colonial times from Hesse Darmstadt. Daniel and Lydia were the parents of thirteen children. In 1853 they removed from Pennsylvania, coming by boat to Wabash County, 111., where they lived several years. In 1860 they moved to Clay County, 111., where the parents died in 1872. The father was a good scholar in the Gei'man and English languages and taught school, being a man of more than ordinary ability. His wife was also well educated. Jacob M. was brought up on the farm and in the mill. In the spring of 1863 he enlisted in Company D, One Hundred and Fifty -fifth Illinois Volunteer Infantry; served imtil close of the war. He participated in numerous engagements. After his return home was on invalids' list, having lost his health to such an extent that it was nearly two years before he could perform manual labor. Entered the employ of Ohio & Mississippi Rail- MARION TOWNSHIP. 289 ■way in 1867, remained with that company in capacity of fireman, brake- man and conductor until 1879, then was employed as baggageman and conductor for three years by Louisville, New Albany k Chicago Railway, Since then has been engaged in mercantile pursuits in Mitchell, in con- nection with his brother Franklin. He married Miss Sallie Cook in 1874. She was born in Mitchell, Ind., in 1853. To this union has been born one child — Lydia A. Mr. Deisher is a member of Masonic and G. A. R. Orders. Franklin Deisher, brother to Jacob M., was born in Berks County, Penn., December 16, 1851. He was reared on a farm and in the mill, receiving, like his brother, a common school education. For a number of years was in the employ of Ohio & Mississippi and Louisville, New Albany & Chicago Railways. In 1882 entered mercan- tile business in Mitchell, in which he is now engaged. He married Miss Adaline Dodson, September 7, 1882. She was born in Lawrence County. November 1, 1861. Franklin and Adaline are the parents of one child — Earle. THE DODSON FAMILY, one of the oldest in Lawrence County, settled here as early as 1818. The father, George W. Dodson, a native of North Carolina, was reared there and when a young man married Miss Mary Thompson, and soon after the marriage moved to Kentucky, and in 1818 came to Indiana, locating in this county, where he died January 24, 1835, and his wife in 1858. Mr. Dodson's life was devoted to agricultural pursuits. He was well known and highly respected. In his family were five children. John L. Dodson, his third child, was born in Palestine, Lawrence County, Ind., October 19, 1819. He is said to have been the first male child born in Palestine. He was reared on the farm, and lived with his mother until he became of age, continuing on his father's estate until about 1847. In January, 1847, he and two brothers purchased 352 acres of land, which they farmed conjointly for about two years, when it was sold. In 1850 Mr. Dodson purchased his present farm, at that time comprising 333 acres, but now 500 acres, and also 400 acres near by in Spice Valley Township. He has been married twice, his first wife being Miss Nancy Bass, to whom he was married July 10, 1849. She was the daughter of John and Sallie (Fender) Bass, and was born in Lawrence County, dying January 1, 1877. To this union were born these children: Emma, Laura, Mary, Lyman, Sarah and Frank. His second wife was Demma Bass, a native of Lawrence County. To this union have been born two children: Raymond and Bertha. Mr. Dodson is a man of integrity, a public spirited citizen and highly esteemed. George W. Dodson, fifth and youngest of the children of the Dodson family, was born in Lawrence County, Ind., June 20, 1826. He was reared on the farm, and early in the fifties settled in Woodville, where kept store, but later began teaching school, which he followed two years. He was then for several years engaged in various kinds of busi- ness: general merchandising, hotel, drugs, school teaching and Deputy Postmaster. He has an orchard of eighty acres. He has been School Trustee of his township, and is the patentee of the Dodson Cofiee Roaster, which has given satisfaction to all who have tried it, and has had quite an extensive sale. In 1883 he located where he is now in the drug trade. Mai'ch 13, 1855, he married Miss Adaline dinger, in Wood- ville. She was born in Harrison County, March 22, 1837, and three children have been born to them: Lillie, now Mrs. W. T. Moore: Mary F., and Lizzie, deceased. Mr. Dodson and family are membei's of the 290 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES. Presbyterian Church. In politics he is a Republican, Mr. Dodson is the oldest resident merchant in Mitchell, and is a man of fine business qualifications. Another brother, Alexander T., was born in Marion Town- ship, in 1823. He was reared on the farm. He is a man of great fore- sight, strong memory, and is remarkably well read in ancient and modern history. He now resides in Missouri. He married Catharine Davis, and to them were born several children, three of whom are still living: Will- iam, Mary and Ella. JOHN EDWARDS was born in Ashe County, N. C, August 13, 1815, son of William and Permelia (Murphy) Edwards, natives respect- ively of North Carolina and Virginia; he was born in 1791; they were married 1813 or 1814, and in 1816 came to Indiana, traveling on foot. He was a soldier in the war of 1812 and a great huntsman; he died in 1864. Our subject was brought by his parents to Indiana when quite young. In 1838 he purchased eighty acres of land, adding to it after- ward, making it 316 acres in all, which he has since disposed of to his chil- dren. In 1869 he was elected Township Assessor; has also served as Township Trustee. He was married in 1838 to Miss Lucy Burton, born in North Carolina March 20, 1820, a daughter of Allen and Sylvia (Reeves) Burton, and by this union ten children have been born: Will- iam H., Allen, Eli M., Malinda, Maria, John R., James W., Mary F., living, and Louisa and Wesley, dead. The family are members of the Baptist Church, and he is a Republican. Mr. Edwards has always taken an active interest in the cause of education, and has paid considerable attention to fruit-raising. WESLEY EDWARDS was born in this township October 6, 1822, son of William and Emily (Murphy) Edwards. Both parents wer ^ natives of North Carolina, where they were married and resided until 1816, when they came to Orange County, and about a year later to Lawrence County, locating on our subject's farm. Here the parents lived and farmed, well respected, until their deaths; the father dying in 1863, and the mother in 1850. The father was a soldier in the war of 1812, was a Whig and a member of the Baptist Church, and was a man of more than ordinary worth. Wesley was one of ten children, seven of whom reached maturity. He passed his youth on a farm, and at the age twenty- two years married Sarah, daughter of Allen Burton, who bore him seven children, only three now living: Herbert H. , Louisa and Harriet. Mrs. Edwards was born in Ashe County, N. C, March, 1822. Wesley owned forty acres when he married; he now has 360 acres. For six years he was County Commissioner, and has honorably ofiQciated in other respon- sible positions. He is a member of the Baptist Church. The county has no better citizen. HON. WILLIAM H. EDWARDS, attorney-at-law, was born in Marion Township, November 30, 1841, and after the usual common school training, in 1865, entered Wabash College at Crawfordsville, where he remained till the following May, when he went to farming, and after accumulating enough to pay his expenses, entered the Law Depart- ment of the University at Bloomington. During the year 1869 he was admitted to practice at the bar of Bedford, and located at Mitchell, where he has since remained; in 1864 was Assessor of Marion Township, and in 1868 was made Treasurer of Mitchell. In 1872 he was elected by the Republican party to the Legislature, serving a special and regular terra. Decembe)' 8, 1868, he was married to Miss Cornelia McCoy, a native of MARION TOWNSHIP. 291 Ohio, and daughter of J. D. and Catharine (Ewing) McCoy, and one child has been born to them — John H. August 8, 1862, Mr. Edwards enlisted in Company H, Sixty-seventh Regiment Indiana Volunteer Infantry, and participated in the following battles: Munfordville, Ky. (where he was captured), Vicksburg, Arkansas Post, Grand Gulf, Port Gibson, Champion Hills, Black River Bridge, and Siege of Vicksburg, where he was discharged by reason of disability. He is a member of the G. A. R. DAVID H. ELLISON, County Superintendent, was born near Lees- ville, Lawrence County, October 7, 1851, son of James H. and Mary A. (Breckinridge) Ellison, natives of Indiana and Kentucky. In addition to the district schools, our subject attended the high school at Leesville two years, and in 1872 he entered the State University at Bloomington, where he remained three years. He then taught school two years, after which here-entered the State University, fi'om which he graduated June 12, 1878, when he accepted the principalship of Leesville High School, remained five years, and in 1883 was appointed County Superintendent of Schools, receiving seven of the nine votes cast. He was married in Leesville June 11, 1878, to Miss Sarah Holland, born in October 3, 1858, and daughter of William A. and Jane (Jeter) Holland, and one child has blessed the union — Minnie. While at college the class agreed to give a silver cup to the oldest child of any one of its members after five years, and the daughter of Mr. Ellison won the prize. He has two farms in Flinn Township, containing 350 acres of fine land. He is an L O. O. F. ASA ERWIN, farmer, was born in Shawswick Township, Lawrence Co. , Ind., January 23, 1818, where he was reared to farming and educated, being the fifth of thirteen children born to Robert and Mary (Pearsole) Erwin, respectively of North Carolina and Wales. He has always fol- lowed farming, and in 1838 purchased fifty-eight acres in Marion Town- ship at 11.25 per acre. This land he improved, and has since added to it until he now has 600 acres in the tract, and owns 400 acres besides. In 1883 he permanently located in Mitchell, and is a large-hearted, pub- lic-spirited man, favoring all laudable undertakings. He has been twice married; first to Rosana Mason, January 2, 1841; she died in January, 1880, leaving six children — Priscilla, Beverly C, Henry C, Edward E., Sarah J. and Milton Grant — living, and four dead. February 24, 1884, he married Mrs. Elizabeth S. Adams, a native of England. The family are members of the Methodist Episcopal Church, and he is a Democrat, but was a Whig until the late war, having cast his first vote for Harri- son. Mr. Erwin is dealing extensively in lime, producing at his kilns near Whitlock about 14,000 barrels per year. THE EVERSOLE FAMILY. The father, John Eversole, was born in Virginia, December 6, 1801. He went to Ohio in 1812, where he was married to Miss Elizabeth Lingle in 1827, she also being a native of Virginia, having been born in 1810. In 1838 the Eversole family came to Lawrence County, locating on the farm now owned by Isom Burton, Sr., where they kept a country tavern for two years, after which, remov- ing to Bedford, they conducted a hotel for about four years. From thence they came back to Marion Township and located on the farm now owned by Mr. Eversole's widow, where he passed the remainder of his days, dying in 1861. His widow still survives him at an advanced age. Prior to coming to Indiana Sir. Eversole was engaged in mercantile 292 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES. pursuits in Clarke County, Ohio; also farmed while there. In politics he was an Old Line Whig and Republican, and was always a strong anti- slavery man. Both he and his wife were well-known and highly esteemed. In the Eversole family were eight children: Sarah C, Jacob L., John D., Edward P., Mary E., Virginia, Emeline J. and James H., all of whom are living, and four of whom now reside in this county. They are all progressive people, highly respected by the communities in which they live. Edward P. Eversole, merchant, was born in Clarke County, Ohio, February 25, 1838, being the fourth of the Eversole children. He came to Lawrence County with his parents in 1838. He was reared on the farm, where he remained until of age, when he farmed conjointly with his father until 1862, when he enlisted in Company D, Sixteenth Indiana Volunteer Infantry. He participated in the battle of Richmond, Ky., where he was twice wounded and captured. He was discharged on account of disability, but in 1864 re-enlisted in Company H, Thirteenth Cavalry, acting in the capacity of Sergeant. At the battle of Murfrees- boro he was again wounded, and again discharged, and both times while on crutches. For some time after his return he farmed, but finally locat- ed at Milchell, engaging in the grocery business, which has since occu- pied his time. He does a business of about $20,000 annually. He has been married three times; first to Miss Margaret Dodson in 1861, who died in 1864. She bore him one child — John W. His second wife was Ellen Davis, whom he married in 1866, and who died in 1869. His present wife was Mrs. Elizabeth (McCoy) Linn, whom he married in 1871, and who has borne him two children: Wallace M. and Edith. The fam- ily are Presbyterians, and he is an I. O. O. F. and a Republican. James H. Eversole, the youngest of the Eversole family, was born in Marion Township, Lawrence County, Ind., April 2, 1848. He was reared on the farm, receiving a common school education. He has always resided on the old homestead, and most of the time since his father's death has had full control of the farm. He raised consideiable stock, and is known as a practical and very successful farmer. On October 20, 1870, he was unit- ed in marriage with Miss Hannah E. Wood, who was born in Lawrence County November 26, 1848. To this union have been born six children: Hattie W., Mary E., John E., Oracle H., Henry B. and Robert V.; all of whom are living, except Robert V. Mr. Eversole has been engaged in agricultural pursuits all his life. In politics he is a Republican. Both he and his wife are members of the Methodist Episcopal Church, and are well known and highly esteemed. HARRISON FIELD was born in Bourbon County, Ky., October 22, 1810, son of Joseph and Jemima (Wright) Field, the father a native of Culpeper County, Va., and the mother of Woodford County, Ky. The Fields were originally from England, their settlement in this coun- try dating at colonial times. Members of the family served in the Revo- lution and in the early Indian or border wars. The grandfather, Daniel, served in the Revolution and afterward bought a large tract of land in Bourbon County, Ky. The father married Miss Wright in Ken- tucky, and in 1814 settled in Washington County, this State, on Twin Creek, and about two years later came to Bono Township, but after a time located on the G. R. Field farm, in this township, and there passed the remainder of his days. His children were Thomas, George, Harrison (our subject), Sarah, Daniel, Willis and Joseph J. Our subject, when seventeen years old, with meager education, began farming for MARION TOWNSHIP. 293 himself — hiring out by the month at $5, $6 and |8 per month. He made four trips to New Orleans on flat boats, receiving $30 for the round trip. At the end of seven years he had saved considerable and he bought eighty acres. He now has 246 acres. His wife, Ellen Rankin, whom he married October 13, 1835, bore him these children: Mary A., Sarah J., Susan Y., Harrison ^\., Ellen J., George T., William C, James W., Willis P., Albert M. and John R. Sarah, Susan, George and John only are living. Harrison, Jr., died while in the last war. George served and safely retm-ned. The Rankins settled in Washington County in 1811, and five years later near Bedford. Mr. Field is a Republican, and he and wife are members of the Christian Church. They are excelleat people. GEORGE R. FIELD was born in this township September 20, 1847, and is the son of George and Jane (Rankin) Field, of whom more par- ticular mention is made, together with much of the family history, in the sketch of Harrison Field above. Our subject's father was a native of Bourbon County, Ky., and was born in 1808, and his wife. Miss Rankin, in 1810, in Woodford County, same State. Their children were as fol- lows: Sarah E., Elizabeth, Mary J., Jemima aud George R., our sub- ject. The father died in 1877, but the mother yet lives at Orleans. The father was a Whig and a Republican. George R. received a limited education and was trained for a farmer. He lives now upon the old homestead and has 120 acres of land well improved. His wife, Mary A. Kelly, born near Ironton, Ohio, April 2, 1849, was united in marriage with him August 17, 1870. Mr. Field is disposed to be liberal in poli- tics and is a prominent member of the community. I. N. GLOVER, of the firm of Malott & Glover, was born in Orange County, Ind., July 15, 1855, where he was reared and educated. He is the youngest of six children born to Thomas G. and Eliza (Elgin) Glover, respectively of Kentucky and Indiana; he born in 1805 and she in 1811, both still living. Our subject in 1872 located at Bedford, where he studied telegraphy and followed that business there, at Salem, Bloom- ington and Mitchell, being agent for the Louisville, New Albany & Chicago Railway. In 1881 he bought an interest in the milling business, and after one year sold, and opened a clothing store, soon after taking in as partner J. H. Malott, when the business was extended to take in dry goods and notions, now handling a stock of over $10,000. He was Town Clerk of Mitchell in 1880. He was married October 15, 1879, to Miss Rosa C. Bates, daughter of Jacob Y. and Emily (Kelley) Bates, natives of Indiana. Miss Bates was born in Scott County, Ind., October 24, 1854, and by their union they have one child — Merle B. The family ai'e Presbyterians, and he is a Republican. GEORGE W. HAMER was born in Marion Township, Lawrence County, Ind. His parents were Hugh and Elizabeth (Fitzpatrick) Hamer, the former a native of New York, the latter of Ohio. Hugh, as an apprentice to Mr. Hammersley, came to Indiana at an early day. In 1825 he and his brother, Thomas L., renled the mill in Marion Town- ship which still bears their name. In 1831 they purchased it, operating it until about 1849, when Hugh assumed full control, and conducted it until his death, March 10, 1872. While together the brothers also operated a distillery, which Hugh afterward had charge of. From about 1843 to 1858 the family kept store there. Hugh Hamer was commissioned Post- master at Spring Mill (the name of the postoffice at Hamer's Mill), by 294 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES. President Jackson, and continued in this charge until the building of the Ohio & Mississippi Railway. He was also County Commissioner. Was elected to the Senate and Lower House of the State Legislature, being the first Whig ever elected to that body from Lawrence County. He was a man of great natural powers of mind. In his family were eight children. Mrs. Hamer, widow of Hugh, still survives him, although quite advanced in age. Her parents, Henry and Elizabeth (Johnson) Fitzpatrick, were natives of Pennsylvania; came to Bono Township January, 1814 George W. Hamer was reared in his father's mill and on the farm, receiving such education as the schools of that early day afforded. When twenty - one years old he rented the mill and operated it and the distillery for three years; then moved to the farm where he now lives, where he has since been engaged in farming. He owns 600 acres of land. In poli- tics he is a Republican. He served seven months in the war in the One Hundred and Seventeenth Indiana Volunteer Infantry, Company H, act- ing as Wagon Master. He was married to Miss Priscilla Leach, June 16,1859. She was born in Lawrence County, September 15, 1843. Their union has been blessed with six children: James F., Harry C. (deceased), Minnie M. (deceased), Ida M. (deceased), George A. and Ralph N. Mr. Hamer is a Mason and is Master of Lawrenceport Lodge, No. 453, F. & A. M. ; and is also a Royal Arch Mason. SAMUEL G. HOSKINS was born in Marion Township, December 28, 1851, the youngest of seven children, born to Joshua M. and Mary (Wood) Hoskins. natives respectively of North Carolina and Indiana, he born February 2, 1811, still living; she November 18, 1818, and dying May 11, 1861. Subject was reared in his native county, and completed his education under Prof. Funk, at Mitchell, in 1870, after which he turned his attention to farming for ten years. In 1882 he purchased his present place, a suburban residence with five acres, where he has since resided, engaged in the sewing machine trade. October 13, 1872, he was married to Miss Lucinda E. Alexander, born in Washington County, Ind., June 18, 1854, daughter of Elijah and R. (Overton) Alexander, and three children have been born to them: Cora P., Eddie E., and Albert. Family are members of the Methodist Episcopal Church and Mr. Hoskins is a Republican. Our subject was principally reared and educated by his uncle, Mr. Edwin Wood, one of the venerable pio- neers of Marion Township, and whose biographical sketch appears in this work. DANIEL R. HOSTETLER is a native of Bono Township, this county, born April 26, 1848, son of Samuel and Elizabeth (Chasteen) Hostetler. The father was born in this county in 1822, and the mother in Washington County. Jonas Hostetler came from Kentucky to Bono Township in 1821. One of eight children was Samuel, the father of Daniel R. Samuel and wife had a family of nine children, of whom six were reared. He farmed, and operated a saw-mill in Lawrence County sixteen years. He was a soldier in the Second Indiana Regiment Mexican war, which regiment was hotly engaged at the battle of Buena Vista. In the last war be was First Lieutenant of Company B. One Hundred and Forty-fifth Indiana Volunteer Infantry. He died in 1882, pre- ceded a few years by his wife. Daniel was reared on the farm and in the mill at hard work, and with but few advantages. He enlisted in Company B, One Hundred and Forty-fifth Regiment Indiana Volunteer Infantry, and served until the troops were mustered out. In 1871 he MARION TOWNSHIP. 295 married Hulda S. Pendergrast, who was born in this county in ]850. They have Hve children: Oscar, Ollie, Oma, Ambrose and Malcom. Mr. Hostetler owns 200 acres of land. Much of his time has been spent in saw- milling. He is a Mason and a Republican, and a prominent man. DAVID KELLEY, miller, was born in J ackson County, Ind., Decem- ber 11, 1827, son of James and Ann (Smith) Kelley, natives of Virginia, but early settlers of Jackson County. The father of subject dying when he was eleven years of age, he left home at thirteen to make his way in the world. He worked at farming till seventeen, when he was bound to the tailor's trade. In 1848 he located in the tailoring trade at Vienna, and about 1850 took a contract for grading a railroad. He was engaged clerking and running stores at different points till 1857, when he settled in Mitchell, and in 1862 left his stock of goods and entered the army of the Union, he having raised Company H, Sixty-seventh Regiment Indiana Volunteer Infantry. He was promoted to Major and thus served till his term expired. He was in the battle of Munfordville, where he was captured and paroled; at Arkansas Post, siege of Vicksburg, receiv- ing the officer bearing the flag of truce to Gen. Grant; was at Jackson, Miss., and in the Red River expedition, and was captured at Grand Coteau and held prisoner two months. He afterward served as Provost Marshal of River Department at New Orleans; was at the capture of Mobile and discharged at Galveston in July, 1865, after which he returned to Mitchell and erected his present mill. He was rnarried in "Washington County, Ind., June 18, 1857, to Caroline Kelley, daughter of John and Minerva (Jenks) Kelley. Miss Kelley was born in Law- rence County in July, 1831, and by this union four children have been born : John C, Jesse E. and James E. , living, and Lillian L., dead. The family are Baptists and he is an I. O. O. E., a G. A. R. and a Republican, having cast his first vote for Fremont. He owns 600 acres of tine land and produces 25,000 bushels of lime per year. JOHN B. LARKIN, M. D., was born in Burlington, Vi, June 24, 1833. He is the son of Daniel and Ann (Bradford) Larkin, natives of the north of Ireland, where they were reared, man-ied, and resided until 1829, when they emigrated to this country, and after residing a short time in Canada located permanently in Vermont. The father died in 1863. His widow is yet living in Vermont. John B. Larkin, until sev- enteen years of age, resided with his parents upon a farm, receiving a common school education. He then woi'ked in a cotton and woolen-mill at Newburg, N. Y. , until the winter of 1852, when he went South, and after visiting New Orleans and other points, found employment on a flat- boat. In 1854 he came to Ripley County, Ind., where he taught school, and then went to Shelbyville, 111., where he attended an academy, taught school and began the study of medicine. After attending medical school at Ann Arbor, Mich., he began practice at Huron, Ind. August 11, 1862, he enlisted as a recruit, was then promoted Assistant Surgeon, and later Surgeon, and served until the close of the war. Soon after coming home he located at Mitchell, where he has since remained, following his pro- fession. He has since graduated at the Hospital Medical College, Louis- ville, with one of his class honors. He was united in marriage with Miss Maggie Kincaid, December 27, 1867, born in Shelbyville, Tenn. , in 1842. To this union have been born four children, viz. : Mamie K., Frederick, Fannie L. and Grace. Dr. Larkin is the Secretary of the Board of United States Examining Surgeons for Pensioners, located at 296 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES. Mitchell, He is a member of the Odd Fellows' order, of the Methodist Episcopal Church, and one of the progressive and public-spirited men of Mitchell. JAMES H. MALOTT, of the firm of Malott & Glover, was born in Jefferson County, Ky. , January 28, 1837, the eldest of nine children,^ born to Benjamin F. and Louisa Malott, both natives of Kentuck3^ Sub- ject was reared and educated in his native State, working upon the farm in the summer and teachinsf school in the winter. In 1863 he came to Bedford and found employment in the store of his uncle; he afterward went into partnership with Alfred Guthrie at Tunnelton. In 1876 he sold his interest and commenced business alone. In 1882 he came to Mitch- ell and formed his present partnership. He has served as Assessor, Appraiser and Township Trustee. He was married in Tunnelton, Sep- tember 12, 1871, to Miss Melvina Guthrie, daughter of Alfred and Isabel (Hubbard) Gathrie. Miss Guthrie was born in Guthrie Township, Lawrence County, January 25, 1854, and by this union three children have been born: Claude G. , Alfred F. and Noble. He is an A. F. & A. M. and a Democrat. L. R. MALOTT, of the firm of Burton & Malott, was born in Bed ford, March 26, 1858, son of A. A. and Carrie (Burton) Malott, natives of Indiana. Subject was reared in Bedford, and finished his schooling in 1874, after which he clerked for his father in Bedford for four years. In 1878 he served as Deputy Sheriff under his uncle, M. A. Burton In March, 1879, he located in Mitchell, where he found ready employment as clerk, at which he coutimied till 1882, when he formed a partnership with Mr. Burton. In 1880 he was appointed Town Clerk, and in 1881 was elected to same position, serving about eighteen months. He was also employed by the Vandalia Railroad for some months as Assistant Road-master. He was married in Mitchell, April 15, 1880, to Miss Maggie V. Clark, born in Mitchell, November 30, 1858, daughter of David and Sarah (Moore) Clark, he a native of Livonia, Ind., and she of Louisville, Ky. Mrs. Malott was educated at Oxford, Ohio, finishing in 1878. Mr. Malott is a gentleman of fine business capacity and is one of the best citizens of the county. S. F. MARTIN, jeweler, was born in Washington County, Ind., June 8, 1841, the first of five children, born to Joseph W. and Mary E. (Mann) Martin, natives respectively of Kentucky and Tennessee; he was a cooper and miller by trade, and died in Washington County, in 1863, his wife still living. Subject taught school in 1860-61, and in August, 1862, enlisted in Company H, Sixty-sixth Regiment Indiana Volunteer Infantry; he served a's Hospital Steward and was promoted to Assistant Surgeon, serving until he was mustered out in 1865. He participated in the following battles: Richmond, Ky., where he was captured; Kenesaw Mountain, Rough's Mills, siege of Atlanta, Dallas and the march to the sea. After his return home he studied medicine, and took a course at Rush Medical College, Chicago, practiced a while, but finally gave up his pro- fession and entered the jewelry and drug business, also serving as Post- master at Campbellsburg. He was married at Fredericksburg, Washing- ton Co., Ind., February 11, 1866, to Miss Ellen Bradbery, born March 23, 1843, daughter of Amos and Sophie (Perkins) Bradbery, natives of Yorkshire, England, and Indiana respectively, and nine children have been born: Laura E., Nathan P., Benjamin F., Ada ^., Emma C, Hattie A., Grant, Abner C. and Bessie. The family are members of the Chris- tian Church and he is a Republican. MARION TOWNSHIP. 297 ELIHU S. McINTIRE, M. D., was born in Mariette, Ohio, Janu^ arv 9 1832 His paternal grandfather was a native of the north ot Ireland and came to this country in 1798, locating in Pennsylvania. Here his son Charles was reared and educated. The latter married Miss Isabel Daily, a native of the Old Dominion. In 1889 he came to Spencer County, Ind., where he engaged in farming and yet resides at the advanced age of eighty-eight years. His wife died in 1881 They reared a family of eight children, one of wHom is the subject of this sketch. He was reared upon a farm, receiving such education as the schools of that day afforded. When about nineteen he began teach- ing school and soon after took up the study of medicine, which he diligently pursued. In the fall of 1856 he entered the medical depart- ment of the State University of Iowa, located at Keokuk graduating m the spring of 1858. He began practice at Dallas City, 111., but ^ 18b^ enlisted and received the appointment of Assistant Surgeon of the Seventy-eighth Illinois Volunteer Infantry. In 1863 he resigned and be- gan the practice of medicine in Crawford County, Ind., where he Remained until 1865; then came to Mitchell, where he has since resided. He followed his profession some time and then became editor ot tne Mitchell Commercial, which he successfully conducted for eleven years He was united in marriage with Miss Margaret Bowers in 1856. She was born in Hamilton County, Ohio^ in 1832 To this marriage have been born six children: Ella, Mary, Henry, Lucy, Charles and John B. Dr. Mclntire has always voted in opposition to the pro-slavery party. He is a member of the Board of United States Examining Surgeons, located at Mitchell, also of the Methodist Episcopal Church and Masonic Order. As a journalist, physician, and citizen no man in the county is more popular and the county would be much better off had it more such men as Dr. Mclntire. JAMES H McPHEETERS is a native of Washington County, Ind., his birth occurring March 14, 1844. His grandfather, James McPheeters, was of Scotch descent and removed soon after the war ot i»i. to near Livonia. He was an Elder in the Presbyterian Church. He reared a large family, one of whom-Alexander-^married Louisa M. Snyder, a lady of German extraction and native of the Empire State. They reared a family of three children, James H.,the subject of this sketch, being one. Alexander McPheeters studied medicine and for fully fifty ylars practiced at Livonia. He was an Elder in the Presby- terian Church thirty years and Superintendent of the Livonia Sabbath- schools twenty-five years ; he died in 1882. His widow survives him. James H McPheeters was'reared in Livonia, receiving such education as the vil- lage schools afforded. In 1863 he enlisted in Company C, One Hundred and Seventeen Indiana Volunteer Infantry, participating m a number ot engagements and serving in all some nine months. After his return he studied medicine, but later made a specialty of dental and mechanical surcrery. He began the practice at Salem, and m 1868 came to Mit'^hell, where he has since resided, building up a good and steadily in- creasing business. His entire paternal ancestry were strong anti-s avery people, and on arriving at age he identified himself with the Republican party. He is now the Republican candidate for Recorder of Lawrence County He is an Elder in the Presbyterian Church and Superintendent of Sabbath-school. He has been twice married, first to Miss Mary E Hagan, a native of Washington County, her birth occurring De- i^S BIOGRAPHICAL SKEIXTHES. il. 1S4T. This lady di«d Jnlv 19, 1S7S. His maniltge vith Miss I*. Flc«>?nce Robv occarrv?d Mav 26, ISSO. She was bom in KentiK^. June 4. 1S52. and died Mav 22. 1SS2. Br the drst marriage dk«re ^B^ere thre« diildre>n: FlorHiee M_, Alexander X. and Ada M. The froit of the s»ecc«jd mairia^ w^ a son — Earl G. Mr. MePheeters is one of die coontT's beet eltizjens. TTHXIAM MILLER w«s bom in V Township. Marrh 15. 1S35. and is the son of John and Susan - - .. Miller. K>th natives of Ae ~ Old North State. " The par»its were married there, and one of dkeir children was bom tliereL In 1S33 ther came to this coimtr and located temporaiilr in an old log chnrch until they had raised a crop and eroded a edbtn. Tbe father was an inftoential Democrat, a good citizen, and he and wife wane members of the Baptist Church. The mother died in 1ST2, and the bitlier ten rears later. Ther were old and esteemed eiti2)»ts. William was reared on a fann, and secnred a fair education. He Ured at home till twentr-fiTe. and tfa»i began akxie &x- himself. He socA had considerable pn^i^lT around him. made by industry, and has steadily increoBed his worldfy goods, tmtil he now owns 180 acres of good land fairly wdl improT^ and stocked. He is a Democrat, and an i^t^lH^ent man. In earlier life he taught several terms of sdiool. His I- _ f with Louisa Isom oocurred January IT, lS6l. and to this union diildr»i were bora: Susan F.. Mary. Eebecca. Charity. - ^- T . ;^ H.. True and Xcka. Mis. Miller was bi->m in this town- s_ '-1:.~ 25. 1S43. The family are indoslxioas and well respected. James D. MOOREI, merdiant. was bom in Burlingtcm, Iowa, Sep- - : IS40, the third of eight children bcm to Jonathan and Cath- :-^ ■--. ^ 7 r- J Moore, natives lespectiTely of Kentucky and Tennessee, who r early settlers of Indiana, the father being a saddler. He died in i>->L and his wife in lST4. Subject when fomr years of ago came with his pareafB to Bloomingten, Ind., where he was principally reared and edu- cated, and where he lemied dte trade of molding. In 1S68 he enlisted in Company K. First Indiana Heavy Artillery, and was Sergeant. He was in the Red River expediti ^'- It-. - _ - _ f Timothy and Catharine (Finger) Murray. -1 ominthi- -hip, October 19. 1S29. Thefatha-was a ns: " . _ Carolina, bom September 3. IS^'I. and in 1S16 came tc -_ - L _ 'F[^'-- 2= married Catharine Finger who was bom S : _ .- _ : him ei^it children. The father died July ly. 1^1 _ _ : _ : "29. 1S7S He was a Democrat -T lir I. :^ ^ sife were ocMisistexrt Baptists, The MASI05 TOW53HIP. 299 grandfather was Elijah 'iSxarraj and gnmikmn&er ^BzabeOt Coootz. Ther had a familr of toi efaUdreB, and were exeriloit people, Lewismaa reaz«d a fanner, widi fair edaeataoD, and Maick 7, 1852, married IGller, who was bon in dus towiuliip November \b, 1832. Fc eLUdrai were bora to them: Cat l i aria e, Saiah E., Vic^ aad Maij IL The seeoiid and third, cnly, are iiviiig; ^ej are quite well edarated aad hare taught sebooL Johr 4. 1863, Mrs. :ifaiiraT died. lir. Hmrar baa nut remarried. He is a good farmer, and owns 33§ aeves of land. He is a Democrat and a ptt^re a M re eitizoi and an boBest maiL £. C. XE^TON. T»»*l»««* tailor, was brjrn in SammoriiJe, Obioi, JanTiarT 81. 1 S'S'if. where be was reared aodedneated, after which be amed an apprenticeship at tailoring in be nadre town. He then located for one year at Hamilton, after wfaicb be wasenjdojedat difinal poate in Oliio.' nntil Maj. 1879. idien be located m MitefaelL ^mOarn^ witk Jc^m Sandeor for a short time. He was tben cotter for A. Wood k, Col, nntil AngDst. 1882, wb«i be estaUisiied bis p r cecm t b a siu ees, in ^u^ he is doing finely, his tables bein^ loaded with boib iaqiorted and domestic goods of the best tpialititiB He was married in Be&ord, Ind., October 14. 1880, to Mias Fannie Wairen, wbo was bom in Lawram CMmtr. Ind.. in March. lS-5Vf. and tiieir anion bas be^Ueaaed with one child — Mvrtle. Mr. Xewton is an L O. O. F. and a BqnMieaii. JAMES B. QTFKMAX was bom in Lawrence GoonKy, Ind., Oetnber 14, 1S4<. He is the Km of Levi and Eliza J. (BrfaBft) OrcrmoBL James Overman, his grandfatiier. wfaoi a Toong oaan. came frooei 3»orth Carolina in 1S14 and settled in Washix^;tDn Coontr. He married MisB Haigaret Mnndon. To them were bom five stms and two daaghtfrs . all at wboHK reached mataritr. Levi was one of the sons, and was married im tfds county. H>r wae bc^n in Washington Coantr, Ind.; his wife m T.iweohi Coonty. Ky. To them were bom &^si cbil^esD. The ^forants — Bobot and his wile. Lncinda CoIbertBon — came &om Kentnrfcy to ibis eosntj in lS^3r» : settled in S^nce Taller Tovn^ip. near wbere Ae Tillage ot BzrantETille is now located. Levi !&yant's fadier was ^le one wbo settled and laid out BrraoT's Scation. Ky. . the same jeor Daniel Boone settled BocmeebaroL He was a eeleteated Indian ^^iter; was killed at the battle of Bi^er Baisin in the war ol 1S12. Bobert Bnrantr's wife is still living on the old homestead in Spiee TaDey TowisbipL Of the eig^ children in Levi Overman's family, JanKS B. and ~~ isters are the only ones now living. Levi died October 8, 1879: lu^ --i Committee. Thos. B. Buskirk, ) In a brief pointed speech Abraham Noblitt moved their adoption, and was seconded in an able eulogy by John L. Megenity. Brief remarks were made by Messrs. Mavity, Martin, Farrell and Buskirk, and by Rev. Wright Sanders, who was present; thereupon, the motion being put, the resloutious were adopted. On motion of William Farrell, seconded by William H. Martin, the Sheriff was directed to drape the court room in mourning, and leave the same draped for the period of six months. Francis Wilson, Chairman. W. H. Martin, Secretary. sundry coitkt items of interest. In 1854 D. W. Lafayette became Prosecuting Attorney. In 1853 James B. Stewart, in eighteen suits against him on scire facias, was required to pay $900, but the judgments were remitted by Gov. Wright. Samuel W. Short served as Prosecuting Attorney in 1853, and Thomas M. Brown in 1856-57. In 1857 a young man of the county was sentenced seven years to the penitentiary for rape. Kobert M. Weir took the office of Prose- cuting Attorney in 1859. In this year Joseph Bostwick was sent to the penitentiary for two years for grand larceny. Milton S. Mavity was admitted to practice September 5, 1859. James N. Biley was admitted in 1860. Francis Wilson was admitted March 10, 1860. Numerous cases of retailing were tried about this date. C. H. McCarty was admitted in 1860, also George W. Wiltse. John Schultz was sent to the penitentiary for two years, was fined $5 and costs, and disfranchised five years. John E. Simpson was admitted to practice in 1861. At this time A. B. Carlton became Prosecuting Attorney. A. M. Black was admitted in 1861. professional character of baker, PAYNE AND THROOP. John Baker possessed deeper cunning than any other attorney ever a resident of the county. He was not well educated, being wholly self- made, and had studied under Mr. Simpson, from whom he obtained his early tactics. He had fine natural ability, was deep minded, and this fact, coupled with his singular cunning, made him eminent in his pro- fession. His penetration and comprehension made him an excellent real estate counselor, and his craft and skill gave him success where the merits of his case were obscure or altogether missing. Clients with improper claims, unjust demands, with little or no law or equity for them, went to him, and were often repaid by far greater success than they had hoped. He practiced about fifteen years in Orange County, and HISTORY OF ORANGE COUNTY. 463 during that period edited a small newspaper for a short time early in the fifties at Orleans. He is yet living in Vincennes. John W. Payne, who lived at Corydon and enjoyed a large practice in Orange County, was in many essential respects just the reverse of Baker. He was tall, slender, auburn-haired, possessed a tine brain and a good education, and was, per- haps, the most high-minded and conscientious lawyer of southern Indiana. A client pressing an unjust claim was discountenanced by him. He was neither tricky nor unscrupulous. The moral sentiments pre- dominated. He was deep, skillful and thoroughly reliable, plausible, graceful, eloquent, and a jury lawyer of great power. Men saw from his manner that he could be depended upon. He was one of the ablest men of his day in the south end of the State. He was a Whig. Thomas J. Throop, also a Whig, was tall, rather fleshy, smooth-faced, rather dark complexioned, and had the nervous bilious temperament. His brain was large, and his judgment rarely excelled. His mind was judicial. He was successful in practice. He was plausible and effective with a jury, and was one of the best advocates, possessing wit, mirth and conversa- tional powers of a high order. He was a good citizen, moral, upright and enterprising. He lived many years in the county, and enjoyed a large practice and the respect of all who knew him. SLAVEKY IN ORANGE COUNTY. In 1858 W. A. Bowles was indicted for bringing seven slaves into Indiana and maintaining them there, in violation of the Constitution, in a state of slavery. He pleaded that the slaves were the property of his wife, and were only temporarily at the French I;ick Springs, having been brought from Louisville for a short time for their health. The case went against him, however, he being fined $40 in the Common Pleas Court; but he appealed to the Supreme Court. There were seven separate indictments for the seven negroes, only one, as a precedent, being tried. While the case was pending in the Supreme Court Dr. Bowles appeared in court and announced, in answer to charges on the other indictments, that should the Supreme Court decide adversely to him he would plead guilty to the other six indictments. Proceedings on these indictments were then deferred until the decision of the Supreme Court was received, which decision being against him he accordingly plead guilty to the indictments and was fined a nominal sum and costs. This case attracted much interest at the time, as a revolution on the subject of slavery was ensuing. The hostile attitude of the North and the South, the Kansas war, the John Brown insurrection and the Dred Scott case, gave promi- nence to the Bowles case. Severe comments were made by the New York Tribune on the conduct of Dr. Bowles in endeavoring to establish slavery on the soil of Indiana. Other papers, far and near, commented on the case, making much more out of it than facts warranted. 464 HISTORY OF ORANGE COUNTY. CHARACTER OF THORNTON, THE COXES, ET AL. Thomas V. Thornton, son of H. P., was Deputy Clerk under John McVey, and while thus engaged studied law. He was tall, dark, slender, aristocratic, pompous, walked with a cane and a cigar, was well-educated, a good lawyer, a better counselor than an advocate and was cunning without unscrupulousness. He was County Clerk for fourteen years, though a Whig, but was turned out early in the forties, chiefly by the efforts of Comingore, Albert, et al., who determined that none but a Democrat in a Democratic county should occupy that office. Harris Flanagan lived for a short time early at Paoli. He was a fiery Irish advocate and soon moved to the northern part of the State. T. B. Kinder practiced a short time before he went to the Mexican war. Jesse T. and Joseph Cox lived and practiced law at Paoli. They were quite success- ful in law, but their immoral proclivities were too preponderant for gen- eral popularity. Thomas Collins was admitted to the bar during the fifties. He was a good student, able of brain, plausible, eflfective, deep, even when a young man, but far more so in maturer years. He became Judge of the Jackson County District. A. M. Black also practiced law, but did not get far beyond probate matters. In this branch he became experienced, and secured a fair practice. Gideon Putnam, Thomas Clark, Simeon K. Wolf, G. W. Friedly and many other attorneys of sur- rounding counties practiced here. THE HAMPTON -HENLEY MURDER. In 1860 a murder occurred in Northeast Township, the circumstances being, briefly, as follows: John Hampton, a young unmarried man, had been paying his address to a young lady about whom the murdered man, Henley, had made observations, which roused Hampton to the determina- tion to kill him at the first opportunity. He accordingly procured a shot-gun, and without any effort of secrecy sought Henley and coolly shot him dead. He was indicted for murder, and convicted of that crime in the first degree, his attorney being James Collins, the prosecutor being R. M. Weir. The trial took place in Floyd County upon a change of venue, and resulted in conviction as above stated, and a sentence of imprisonment in State's prison for life. It was there, after the lapse of about four months, that Hampton died. Other attorneys than those mentioned assisted in the case. THE m'cART MURDER CASE. In 1864, when the Twenty-fourth Regiment was at home on veteran furlough, a murder occurred in Orleans, which was soon followed by another. Considerable trouble had occurred during a portion of one day between a squad of soldiers and several men at Orleans, of whom John McCart was perhaps the principal. As the soldiers boarded the train to go to Mitchell, McCart made some remark, which so roused one of them, HISTORY OF ORANGE COUNTY. 465 named Parish, that he jumped from the train and came back, and in the encounter which followed was stabbed by McCart and soon died from the effects of the wound. The comrades of the soldier were wired the news, and all, to the number of about twenty, came back by the next train, no doubt to wreak vengeance upon McCart, who was found by them in a store in Orleans. They attacked him, striking him so with clubs and other- wise that death resulted. When the boys came back from the army some half dozen of them were indicted for killing McCart, the prosecution of only two, Columbus Brown and John F. Moore, coming to trial. Both were tried and acquitted and further action on the remaining indictments was dropped. ATTORNEYS ADMITTED TO THE ORANGE BAR. The order books of the Orange Circuit Court having been misplaced or stolen from the office, matters contained therein cannot be set forth in these pages, save what can be learned from the recollection of attorneys and others. The years missing are from 1861 to 1869. During that period William Farrell, J. W. Tucker, D. A. Kochenour, David Als- paugh, John W. Payne, Thomas B. Buskirk and others were admitted to practice, Farrell and Buskirk in 1868. In 1870 W. K. Harris, W. J. Stone, W. H. Martin, M. W. Elrod, William Throop and Thomas Hunt were admittted to practice. In 1871 R. J. Shaw, Joseph P. Throop and S. R. Tegarden were admitted. J. R. McMahan and W. T. Spicely were admitted in 1873; D. J. Overmyer and Nathaniel Hitch in 1874; W. A. Bell, S. J. Whitten, J. W. Sulenger, J. H. McMickle and W. H. Talbot in 1875; W. J. Frazer, W. E. Hendricks, Abraham Noblitt and E. J. Wilson in 1876; John Alexander, J. F. Dillon, E. W. Black, C. H. Burton, J. D. Carter, C. H. Dillon, John J. Lingle in 1877; George A. Buskirk, Alvin Campbell, Cornelius Curry and John R. East in 1878; S. O. Foster in 1879; J. E. Baker, John Dougherty and John A. Zaring in 1880; Moses F. Dunn, W. R. Gardner, J. H. Willard, Robert Palmer. Among the later Prosecuting Attorneys have been Carlton, Weir, Brown, Shaw, Pittman, Tucker, East, Myers, Mavity, Duncan and the present incumbent of that office, Mr. Henley. Judge E. D. Pearson, who served from 1873 to 1879, is yet living at Bedford. His ability as a jurist and his eminence as an attorney are recognized throughout the district. His successor. Judge Francis Wilson, is singularly gifted in his profession and has risen by remarkable strides past old practitioners to his present eminence and popularity. His qualifications for the judgeship meet with the warmest recognition from the attorneys who practice before him, and from the Supreme Court, which rejudges his judgments upon appeal. As a pleader and a counselor he outstripped many of his com- petitors. It is said that the speech which particularly made him famous was the one delivered in prosecuting William Sanders for the murder of the Woodwards. Judge Wilson resides at Bedford. 466 HISTORY OF ORANGE COUNTY. THE MURDER OF HENRY WIRES. Soon after the war, aboat the year 1866, Henry Wires was murdered in Northeast Township, under about the following circumstances: The murdered man and Ambrose Parish were young men, and both were paying their attentions to the same girl. They became jealous of each other, and consequently very bitter, until finally Parish attacked Wires with a knife and stabbed him so severely that he soon died from the effects. Parish was indicted for the murder, tried, convicted and sen- tenced to the penitentiary for life, the trial coming up on a change of venue to New Albany. At the expiration of ten years. Parish was reprieved by the Governor. THE WATKINS- FOSTER MURDER. In about 1868 William Watkins killed one Foster in Jackson Town- ship, under the following circumstances: Foster had accused Watkins of larceny, and had followed the latter and repeated the charge, even when Watkins had begun to move his family from the township. On the day of the murder Foster pursued Watkins with a blacksnake whip, declaring that he intended to give him a horsewhipping. Watkins' entered a blacksmith-shop, and while there was approached by Foster, who was prepared to put his threat into execution. The ^ittack was made, when Watkins caught up an ax and cut Foster down. He then , while Foster was prostrate and helpless, literally chopped him open with the ax. He was arrested and indicted, and the trial came on in 1871. The strong fact against Watkins was his act of chopping Foster in pieces after the attack of the latter was ettectually repelled. The jury was so instructed that they returned the following verdict: We, the jury, find the defendant guilty of murder in the first degree, as charged in the indictment, and we assess hip punishment at imprisonment for life in State's prison." The efforts of the defendant's counsel to secure a new trial resulted in failure, and the court sentenced Watkins to the peniten- tiary for life. Some time after this, for reasons unknown to the writer, Watkins was pardoned by the Governor. The prosecution in this case was conducted by Robert M. Shaw and Francis Wilson, and the defense by A. B. Carlton, William Farrell and Arthur J. Simpson. CHARACTERS OF JUDGES OTTO AND BICKNELL. William P. Otto, who succeeded John H. Thompson as Judge of the Orange Circuit Court, was politically a Whig, and was a resident of New Albany. He possessed the oratorical temperament of sanguin- nervous. He was dignified in court and elsewhere, and lacked somewhat in cordial sociability. He possessed a good judicial mind, and gave close attention to the evidence, and usually gave satisfaction to the opposing attorneys by his rulings. He was technical, bat perhaps not more so than was demanded from the responsibility of his official position. His brain HISTORY OF ORANGE COUNTY. 467 was of the highest type, and though he rarely practiced here, he was known to be an advocate of marked brilliancy. He was succeeded by George A. Bicknell, a Democrat, and a man of even higher talent than he possessed. Bicknell was also sanguine-nervous in temperament, and a stump orator of great fervency and tire. He exhibited higher social qualities than Judge Otto, and even greater culture and natural qualifi- cations for his judgeship. His knowledge of legal principles was com- prehensive and profound, and his mind was trained by years of hard study to the severest logic. His decisions stood well the examinations of the Supreme Court. Bicknell resided at New Albany, was in Congress, it is said, and is now one of the Assistant Supreme Judges. He served as Judge longer than any other man. THE BOWLES DIVORCE CASE, In August, 1868, Eliza Bowles instituted proceedings for a divorce from her husband, William A. Bowles, in the Orange County Circuit Court, upon various charges of improper conduct, and to secure such alimony as the jury might award, her counsel being Messrs. Buskirk, McNutt, Montgomery and Grubbs. The case was begun before Judge Bicknell, but as the defendant asked for a change of venue, upon the ground that the court was biased, Judge Delana R. Eckles was special- ly selected to hear the case. The trial began on the 1st of December, 1868, and continued from day to day until the 7th of the month, when the jury returned the following verdict: "We, the jury, find for the plaintiff, that she is entitled to a divox'ce, and that she have and recover of the defendant the sum of $25,000 alimony." The suit thus far had been stubbornly fought by counsel, and no sooner was the verdict received than every possible pretext to evade or annul it was resorted to, but with- out avail. It is unnecessary to recite the facts brought out on the trial, as the heavy alimony indicates the tendency of the evidence in the minds of the jury. The real and personal estate of W. A. Bowles was found by the jury to be worth from $75,000 to $80,000. The court ordered that the payment of the alimony should be by installments, at stated intervals, and should the defendant fail to so make the payments, his estate was to be levied upon and sold to satisfy the judgment for ali- mony. When all hope for his case was gone in the Orange County Cir- cuit Court, the defendant appealed to the Supreme Court, but was beaten . there also. The defendant failed to pay according to the order of the court, and the interest, costs, etc., raised the amount to be taken from his estate to nearly $40,000. Mrs. Bowles soon died, her claims and property became doubtful and scattered, and what finally became of he r estate would be difficult to indicate. This was the most noteworthy case of the kind ever in southern Indiana. The attorneys distinguished themselves in their speeches and their management of the case. The 468 ^^V HISTORY OF ORANGE COUNTY. attorneys of Mr. Bowles were T. L. Brown, A. B. Carlton, and T. B. and J. W. Buskirk. THE MURDER OF THE WOODWARDS. On the 18th of June. 1866, a bloody murder occurred in the western part of the county. About 2 o'clock at night one or more persons went to the residence of David Woodward, and when he appeared at the door in answer to their call, he was struck in the face with an ax and instantly killed. The murderer or murderers then entered the house and stabbed the wife and sister of the murdered man, so that they died, and also severely stabbed his mother, from the effects of which she never recov- ered, though she lived several years. "William Sanders was arrested, charged with the crime, and waiving examination was sent to jail until his trial came off at Bedford on a change of venue. His counsel were Judges Mavity and Simpson and Dan Voorhees, while the prosecution was conducted by Francis Wilson and Thomas M. Brown, the Prosecut- ing Attorney. It was in this case that Judge Wilson delivered the strongest speech of his life up to that time. His speech was a master- piece, four hours in length, but the jury hung, and the prisoner was dis- charged on bail. He soon disappeared, forfeiting his bail, though noth- ing was recovered on the bond. Two or three others were indicted, but not brought to trial. Some time afterward William Cutsinger made a confession, implicating one McKinney with the murder, but upon being brought into court he stated that he had been hired by William Sanders to make such confession, and was to receive |1, 300 for so doing. McKin- ney managed to avert the course of law from himself. Some time after this, or about the same time, Cutsinger disappeared, and has not been seen since, and the opinion prevails that he was silenced or disposed of in some manner. The current belief to the present is that William San- ders is the guilty person, and that he may have had accomplices in this most bloody of all murders ever occurring in the county. THE PROBATE COURT. The first will admitted to probate, was in June, 1876, and was that of James Baker, with Hugh Holmes, executor. The second was that of Kobert Holaday, in November, 1816, with Robert and Henry Holaday, executors. The third was William Goody's, the fourth William Wells', the fifth David Johnson's and the sixth Michael Burgar's. The first letters of administration were granted Joel Charles, on the estate of Robert Brown (deceased) May, 1816. The largest will admitted to pro- bate in early if not at any period in the county, was that of Jonathan Lindley, in April, 1828. He had owned many tracts of land scattered over the country, not only in Orange but in other counties, and when all this came to be itemized in the specific statements of a last will and testament, considerable space was required on the court records. The HISTORY OF ORANGE COUNTY. 469 records seem to -show that the county probate matter was done by the Associate Judofes of the Circuit Court. Thomas Vandeveer become Pro- bate Judge in 1829, and served until he was succeeded by Burton Southern in 1835. Samuel Wible succeeded Southern in 1840. William Cathcart took Wible's place in 1847, and served until the office was abolished in 1852. At this time probate matters were transferred to a new court. THE COMMON PLEAS COURT. The first term opened February 14, 1853, with William Morrow in attendance as Judge. The first act was to admit Jonathan Payne and D. W. Lafallette to practice. The first case called, was John M. Reily. vs. Joshua Lewis, trespass on the case. This was dimissed on the motion of the plaintiff, at his costs. The next was an action of debt by Jere Wilson vs. Zachariah Tate, A. J. Simpson representing the plaint- iff, and John Baker the defendant. The plaintiff recovered a judgment of $211 and costs. In the next case, Charles Magnaine and Paul Villier recovered a judgment against Z. Tate for $803 and costs, the same attorneys conducting the case. The next case was the State, vs. James King for assault and battery, with intent to murder. He was sent to the penitentiary for two years. This court was abolished in 1873. when its jurisdiction was transferred to the Circuit Court. THE MURDER OF THOMAS MOODY. This case, in all its bearings, was one of the most important ever in Orange County, and grew out of troubles which arose between families living in Lawrence County. Briefly, the facts were about as follows: An old man named Toliver, a widower with a family of grown children, married an elderly maiden sister of Thomas Moody, she having three brothers. Soon after this Toliver was killed in a runaway accident, and at the sale of his property in the settlement of his estate, Burt Jones, one of his heirs, had a fight with Thomas Moody over the questions of disposal of the property. Moody's sister, the widow of Toliver, was accused of theft, and in slander suits which resulted she obtained judg- ment for $1,500, which amount was collected. In these slander suits Daniel Voorhees, Frank Wilson and others represented the Moodys, and Buskirk, Tucker, Gordon, Lamb and others represented the Joneses and Tolivers. Some time after this, one night a small mob attacked the Moodys at their home, throwing torpedoes and other explosive and dan- gerous missiles into the room where the family were, and in the efforts of the latter to escape Thomas Moody was shot through the body, from the effects of which he in time recovered. Soon after this the Moodys removed to Orleans, which brought future developments of the case within the jurisdiction of Orange County. Thomas Moody became satis- fied that his enemies would not permit him to live long, and so stated to many with whom he talked. One evening in March, 1875, when return- 470 HISTORY OP ORANGE COUNTY. ing to his home from up town, being somewhat later than usual, he was shot, as he entered his door, by some one and instantly killed. Two loads from a shotgun were emptied into his back, hip and side. This crime created much excitement, though not unexpected. The County Commissioners offered $1,000 reward for the murderers, the Moodys offered 13,000 and the Governor offered $600— in all, a reward of $4,600. After a time A. B. Jones, Eli Lowery and Cole Smart were arrested upon affidavit, charged with the murder, and in the trial before Justice Stin- son a week was consumed in giving the State's evidence. The defense rested without showing their hand, but the Justice bound Jones and Lowery over in the sum of $20,000 each for their appearance at the Circuit Court, and released Smart. Jones readily gave the necessary bail, but Lowery did not and was sent to jail. Here it was that Lowery turned State's evidence, implicating A. B. Jones, P. M. Toliver and Thomas Toliver and perhaps others. A. B. Jones, Lee Jones, Eli Low- ery, M. P. Toliver and Thomas Toliver were then indicted and put in the Paoli jail. While here, in the summer of 1876, the prisoners were attacked by a party of men, presumably from their neighborhood, but, having obtained revolvers in some unaccountable manner, they iired upon their assailants, who were driven off with some wounds, it is asserted. The prisoners were tried at Bloomington, the case of the State vs. A. B. Jones coming up first. He was convicted and sent to the penitentiary for life. Lee Jones received the same sentence, as did also Eli Lowery. In the case of Thomas Toliver the jury hung over an alibi, which had been pretty well proved, and afterward the further prosecution of his case was dropped. The jury also hung in the case of M. P. Toliver, and while thus hanging, the accused decamped for parts unknown, forfeiting his bond, from which nothing was realized by the State. The reward offered, as stated above, was paid to Harry B. Ward (detective), S. R. Tegarden, E. D. Millis and Charles H. Keeth. In this case the State's Attorneys in the various stages of the suit were: Friedly, T. B. Buskirk, Wilson, Dunn, John Buskirk, Putnam, Mavity, et. al. ; and the counsel for the defense: Gordon, Tucker, Burton, McNutt, et. al. The contest was closely studied and fought. The parties concerned were wealthy, and could and did pay large attorneys' fees. Thomas B. Buskirk distin- guished himself in the prosecution of the murderers of Thomas Moody, and gained the commencement of that popialarity which has continued with increasing strength until the present. THE SEYBOLD MURDEE SUIT. In 1874 a young man named Andrew Seybold was killed at the Springs under about the following circumstances: Peter Mosier and William Tindall were being entertained there by two young ladies, and while thus engaged were thrown at with sticks or stones by several boys. They ran out to resent the insult, and coming upon young Seybold, HISTORY OF ORANGE COUNTY. 471 Mosier struck him violently over the head with a heavy stick, from the effects of which he died that night or the next day. Tindall left the Springs without knowing the result of the injury to Seybold, and incautiously stated publicly that he (Tindall) had hit Seybold a hard blow. Mosier remained at the Springs, and upon learning that his blow upon Seybold would prove fatal, hastily left the county, going no one knew whither, Tindall was arrested, tried and convicted mainly upon his own incautious statements, and sent to the penitentiary for two years for the crime in reality committed by Mosier. The whereabouts of the latter are unknown. THE BOUNTY CASES. Under the call of October, 1863, for volunteers, the County Commis- sioners offered a bounty of $100 for each man necessary to clear the county quota of 186 men. That number was actually raised and mus- tered in to the credit of the county, and the bounty was paid to the sol- diers or their families. A few years ago a number of veterans who re-en- listed to the credit of the county under the above call brought suit in the Circuit Court to collect the bounty they had not received, but which had been paid to others who had been mustered in after such veterans had re- enlisted, and had been credited to the county under the call. They took the position that the bounty belonged to the first 186 men credited to the county under the call, and urged that the bounty rightfully belonging to them by priority of enlistment had been wrongfully paid to volunteers mustered in after they had been. One or more suits were instituted as a precedent, and taken, it is said, to the Supreme Court, where the claims of the veterans were defeated, if the writer mistakes not, by the statute of limitations. At all events the veterans failed to secure their bounty. THE HOMICIDE OF JAMES TYLEE. In July, 1884, Warren Foster, of Paoli, with a revolver, shot and almost instantly killed James Tyler, of Orleans, at the latter place. He was brought to a speedy trial upon a writ of habeas corpus and was easily acquitted in a few hours. The Coroner's jury had previously brought in a verdict of justifiable homicide. It was shown by the evi- dence that Tyler, without provocation, had publicly threatened to give Foster a severe beating, had followed him for that purpose, had climbed into the hack driven by Foster to administer the castigation, that Foster had commanded him to leave threatening to defend himself by shooting in case of attack; that Tyler had persisted deliberately, that Foster had fired over his head to warn him to cease the attack, and had finally shot him through the heart when it was found that Tyler was not to be turned aside. Foster bore such a good reputation and Tyler such a bad one, that public opinion, when familiar with the details, promptly acquitted the former, and the court in turn did likewise. This was a remarkable case of self-defense. 472 HISTORY OF ORANGE COUNTY. CHAPTER VI. Paoli— The Original Plat— The Earliest Resident Families— First Business Enterprises— Manufactures— Pork Packing, Etc.— Mer- chants, Early and Late— The Bank of Paoli— Incorporation- Acts and Officers— Ordinances, Etc.— Secret Societies — News- papers—Orleans—The Plat— First Inhabitants and Merchants — Manufacturing Establishments— Incorporarion and Officers — The School Bonds— Secret Societies — The Press— The Kailroad — The Fair— Newton Stewart— Unionville— Pittsburg — Orange- ville— Valeene — Lancaster— French Lick— New Prospect — Chambersburg — Millersburg. IT is erroneously thought that the town of Paoli was originally laid out by Jonathan Lindley on land belonging to himself the year before the county of Orange was created, though this is a mistake quite natural and is readily understood when the facts are known. The land upon which the original town was laid out — the northeast quarter of Section 1, Township 1 north, Range 1 west — was purchased from the Govern- ment by Thomas Lindley May 27, 1815, and the northwest and south- west quarters of the same section were purchased by Thomas Hopper, September 12, 1811. Early in 1816 the county of Orange came into existence under an act of the Legislature (see elsewhere) which appointed five Commissioners to visit the county, examine all the eligible sites, and permanently fix the seat of justice. This was done, the Commissioners fixing upon the northeast quarter of Section 1, above mentioned, on the land of Thomas Lindley. As they wanted more land than the northeast quarter, they also selected a tract of seventy acres on the east side of the northwest quarter of the same section, owned by Thomas Hopper. It became necessary for the Commissioners to secure the transfer of the title of this land to the county, and accordingly they bought of Thomas Lindley all of the northeast quarter — 160 acres — for $1,000, and seventy acres of Thomas Hopper on the northwest quarter for $500, or a total of 230 acres for $1,500 bought for county purposes. At the time this land was conveyed to the county, certificates of sale were made out, and Lind- ley and Hopper were required to enter into bond with good and sufficient security to complete the conveyance by deed to the county. Lindley did this April 23, 1817, and Hopper April 22, 1817, or about one year after the sale of the land, and over a year after the creation of the county and the establishment of Paoli as the seat of justice. For some reason unknown to the writer, Lindley received only $800 for his land, though Hopper received $500, the amount named in the certificate and the deed. HISTORY OF ORANGE COUNTY. 473 It is thought that Lindley received several lots in Paoli in lieu of the other $200. The reason why Jonathan Lindley came in for so much credit and prominence in the affairs of the town now follows. At the first meeting of the County Board in the early spring of 1816 Jonathan Lindley was appointed County Agent, with full authority to have the county seat laid out into lots, and to transact all business concerning the land bought as above mentioned for county purposes. In his official capacity as County Agent he made out every deed to lot buyers, sold every lot, received the proceeds, whether in the form of money or negotiable or other paper, and on the other hand received the deeds in his own name, but in his official capacity, of the land purchased of Thomas Lindley and Thomas Hopper by the Locating Commissioners. In other words, he bought this land as County Agent, but as a matter of fact did not own it himself at all. By virtue of his office, and under the direction of the County Board, he laid out 223 lots in April, 1816, a plat of the new town of Paoli being made on a large sheet of paper and copied into "Deed Record A,'* in the Recorder's Office. The first sale of lots, which occurred in April, 1816, aggregated proceeds to the amount of $6,423. Lots sold for as high as $300, and many of the settlers living in the vicinity of the town became buyers. The fact that all the transfers of these lots were made by Jonathan Lindley, and the further fact that he laid out the town as County Agent, gave rise to the present prevailing belief that he laid out the town originally on his own land. THE EAELIEST EESIDENT FAMILIES. Although many lots were sold at the first and subsequent sales, the growth of the town was slow, owing to the fact that many of the lots were bought for purposes of speculation. Among the earliest families to locate in the town were those of James Pearson, John Pickard, John Brown, William Hoggatt, Daniel Dunihue, Jesse Towel, James Sutton, Zachariah Lindley, Jacob Dishon, Joshua Nichols, Mark Trueblood, William Runnells, Jonathan Jones, Thomas Fulton, Jonathan Lindley, Ebenezer Doan, and a little later John McVey, Thomas Lindley, James Clark, Maj. Charles Dewey, Alexander Kearby, John Patton, Dr. Allen, Ephraim Doan, Abraham Bosley, Duncan Darrock, Jonathan Braxtan, John G. Clendenin, Thomas F. Chapman, Enoch Blanchard, Thomas Stephens, Josiah Hazlewood, Daniel Dayhuff, Robert Liggett, Joseph Potts, Joseph Strain, Robert Paterson, Zachariah Moorman, Edmund Newby, J. T. Throop, John Dawson, J. Johnson, Hiram Braxtan, Gabriel Baldwin, Alfred Athon, B. Johnson, Thomas Coffin, William A. Bowles, F. Liggett, Thomas J. Brooks, Solomon Bryant, William Freeman, James Collins, Matthias Lemon, David Adams, Abraham Osborn, Elijah Atkinson and several others. The above list comprises all the leading families, but few, of the town prior to 1830. 474 HISTORY OF ORANGE COUNTY. EARLY BUSINESS INTERESTS. So far as can be learned, James Pearson was the first to sell goods in Paoli, He obtained his license in 1816 within a few months after the lots were laid out and sold, so that if any one preceded him it was only by a very short time. It is asserted that James Russell sold goods in the town in 1816,' but of this nothing trustworthy could be learned. Mark Trueblood opened a tavern in 1817, but James Pearson was the first tav- ern-keeper as well as the first store- keeper and liquor-seller. John Brown was the "stray keeper" in 1848. Daniel Dunihue opened a tavern and bar in 1818, as did also "William Runnells. Samuel Chambers began sell- ing goods in 1822, and Thomas F. Chapman, Robert Liggett and John G. Clendenin about the same time, or in 1823. Edmund Newby and John Dawson ojjened separate stores in 1824. Hiram Braxtan brought in a store in about 1825. At this time the leading merchants were Chapman, Pearson, Clendenin, Braxtan, Dawson, Newby and Liggett. They all had small stores of general merchandise, such as was needed in the woods at that day. Nearly all, if not all, kept liquor on their counters for their patrons. Abigail Chapman was in business in 1826, and Joseph Potts started a store at that date. Ephraim Doan engaged in merchandising in 1828, as did Wible and Lingle. William A. Bowles opened a liquor store in 1828. Thomas J. Brooks & Co. brought in about $2,000 worth of goods in 1829. J. & B. Johnson also opened a good general store. Matthias Lemon was one of the tavern-keepers at this time. Solomon Bryant and "William Freeman were selling liquor. Liggett kept tavern. David Adams began with a store in 1830; Doan & Hagan did likewise about the same time. Patrick Dougherty opened a tav- ern in 1831. H. M. Kennedy commenced selling liquor in 1831, as did also Alexander Morris. Alexander Moulder opened a store in 1832. Bowles & Morris formed a partnership in the liquor business in 1832. Ephraim Doan was tavern- keeper in 1833. The merchants at this time were Newby, Braxtan, the Johnsons, Adams, Clendenin, Moulder. Isaac H. Pierce sold liquor in 1833; also Josiah Hazlewood. In 1834 Abner W. Wilson, Joseph Johnson, Jonathan Lindley, Josiah Hazlewood, Isaac H. Pierce, and perhaps others had liquor shops in town. So much drunkenness resulted from this that the great majority of the citizens of the town petitioned the County Board not to grant any more liquor licenses, but the Commissioners refused the prayer of the petitioners and continued to issue licenses, for $50 per year. This was a source of revenue which they could not well do without, they doubtless thought. The town had a newspaper at this time. Alexander and William Moulder had a large store in 1834. William Lindley and Abraham White in partnership opened a fine general store in 1834. Bowles, Dixon, White and Windom were the resident physicians. Campbell & Simpson were in the mercan- tile business in 1835, and William Braxtan also. Alexander Moulder HISTORY OF ORANGE COUNTY. 475 engaged in the liquor business in 1837. If one man could have obtained a monopoly on the liquor business then, he could have made his fortune in a few years. John T. Throop had a store in 1838. In 1839-40 the merchants were: J. H. Campbell, Lindley & White, J. G. Clendenin, Zachariah Moorman, John T. Throop, Poison, McGuire & Co., J. T. Mox- ley, Hiram Braxtan, Henry Jordan, and perhaps others. Mrs. Meriam kept the old "Mansion House." Mrs. Ruth Bray was milliner and man- taumaker. Pat Dougherty and Grigsby & Albert were tailors. S. Campbell, Jr., sold saddles and harness. Henry Miller and W. E. Lis- ton conducted cabinet shops. A. Davis owned a small store. Campbell & Simpson had di'ugs. Peter Cornwell and William Marshall were hat- ters. Col. John Murray kept the hotel "Union Hall," in which was the customary bar; he also kept a feed stable. Z. Moorman sold drugs. Payne, Guyer and McGargy were shoemakers. The above were the lead- ing merchants, liquor dealers, hotel -keepers, etc., before 1840. MANUFACTURING ENTERPRISES. Ephraim Doan was a hatter; so were John Dawson and Thomas Stevens. These men began late in the twenties to manufacture fine fur hats from the fur of coon, otter, mink, beaver, etc. It is said that this industry at its most prosperous period in the town turned out over 500 hats in one year and that each sold for from $5 to $12. Dawson at first worked for Doan, but later opened an establishment of his own. These establish- ments supplied a large section of country with hats which would often last ten or twelve years. In about 1828 David Adams, who had before taught several terms of school in the town, erected a small building and began the manufacture of black salts. He bought large quantities of wood ashes from the surrounding country, would often go to the huge log heaps after the same had been converted into ashes and load his wagon and take the ashes to town, paying from 3 cents to 7 cents per bushel in money at first, but later, after he had started his store, giving goods in exchange for .ashes. He hauled the salts to Louisville and brought back loads of goods to be given to his patrons; or sometimes he shipped the salts by flat-boat down the streams to Southern markets, where his goods were purchased. William Lynch manufactured plows. Will- iam H. Hudelson says that the first plow he ever owned he obtained fi'om Lynch in 1831, by trading ashes to Adams, and then with the pro- ceeds buying the plow of Lynch. Alexander Moulder was also a hatter in Paoli late in the thirties. His father, Jacob Moulder, who lived about three miles east, was one of the first wheelwrights in the county, and for years furnished the settlers for miles around with large and small wheels and all the articles necessary for spinning and weaving. Early in the thirties John T. Throop and Zachariah Moorman manufact- ured an improved wheat fan, which they peddled in wagons throughout 30 476 HISTORY OF ORANGE COUNTY. the surrounding country, charging $25 each. Thomas Coffin was a sad- dler and harness-maker. Josiah Hazlewood was an excellent blacksmith. Thomas Lindley owned a small water grist-mill near Mavity's. John Brown was also a miller, his building standing as early as 1822 near the fair ground. It was a tread- mill operated by both horses and oxen. After a few years he and Abe Osborn built a grist-mill on Lost River. Old Man Stevens, father of Thomas Stevens, was a Methodist minister, who often preached for the society at Paoli. James Clark was a tanner, and manufactured a considerable quantity of leather, which he sold mostly at Louisville; he made considerable buck-skin also. He had about twelve vats, and about five or six hands. It is said that the hatters of Paoli employed a total of ten men to carry on that industry. Jesse Towel, who lived about where Abraham Noblitt now lives, owned a saw- mill on Lick Creek, which supplied the town with poplar, walnut and oak or other lumber. The liquor sold in the town was brought mainly from Louisville, though Bosley, Pinnick, et al., who owned distilleries in the county, furnished considerable. The home distillers furnished a good market for corn and rye. If they did no better they would manufacture grain into liquor on shares, but quite often they would buy the grain. Early in the twenties W. H. Hudelson, then a small boy, was sent by his father with about fifteen bushels of rye, for which a market could not be found, to Bosley's 'distillery, near Chambersburg, and the proprietor agreed to make the grain into whisky on shares, and accordingly did. There were several kegs of it, all of them being traded off except one. One of the Clouds owned and operated a combined saw and grist-mill down- the creek from Paoli at an early day. It was well patronized. Clark's tannery was started as early as 1824, and soon afterward two others were started by Mr. Peck and Jere Merritt. All three ran quite extensively during the remainder of the twenties and all of the thirties. This was an important industry, as large quantities of hides were tanned and shipped to Louisville. They were discontinued early in the forties. Late in the forties Thomas N. Braxtan began to manufacture a consider- able quantity of oilstones, whetstones, etc., which became famous all over the country for their excellence, and were shipped to England, where they found a ready market, being in great demand. He continued this business for many years, even to within a short time ago. He employed five to ten hands. THE EARLY LIVE STOCK AND GRAIN TRADE. As early as 1825 T. F. Chapman began to buy grain of the farmers and_ship the same by wagon to Leavenworth, for transportation down the river. About the same time, also, he began to buy live hogs, which were driven to Leavenworth, where they were slaughtered and packed. William Lindley engaged in the same business, though he made a HISTORY OF ORANGE COUNTY. 477 specialty, rather, of the horse and cattle trade. He bought droves of three-year-old steers for an average of $10 per head, and drove them in herds of several hundred to Ohio, where there were extensive markets for them for some reason. He also bought droves of horses and had them driven through to Philadelphia and New York, where they were shipped to Cuba to be used on the large sugar plantations there. Dr. Reed also engaged in buying cattle and hogs, which he drove to Leaven- worth, and sold to the large packers there. It is probable that Chapman packed the first pork at Paoli. Dr. Reed and T. V. Thornton seem to have been in partnership in 1833-34, and later in the buying of hogs and the packing of pork. They slaughtered and packed as high as 100 hogs in one season. It was about 1835-36, that Clendenin and Moor- man began buying, slaughtering, packing and shipping hogs. Each erected a good substantial and rather large building in the toijsrn on Lick Creek, where he gave employment to ten or twelve men during the packing season — from November to March. Together, these men slaughtered as high as 500 hogs in one season. Then in the spring, after the roads became good, the pork was hauled to the Louisville market. Clendenin' 8 packing house was destroyed with fire in 1840, but Moor- man continued several years later. Late in the twenties and during the thirties the above men flat-boated the products of the farm — corn, wheat, rye, oats, flour, pork, skins, etc., to the Southern markets. Lick Creek was then a "navigable stream." James Pearson bought herds of horses and drove them to market at an early day. He was perhaps the earliest buyer of live stock in the town, and Chapman and William Lindley next. OTHER MANUFACTURING ESTABLISHMENTS. In about 1833 Campbell & Simpson erected the necessary buildings, equipped with suitable machinery, and began to card wool. At the same time or a little later they erected an oil-mill, and manufactured linseed oil, buying the flaxseed throughout the surrounding country. As every family raised flax in those days, the industry was common and profitable. About 1835 the Johnsons built the King grist-mill, which they operated until about the year 1850, when they sold out to John Eraser, who made some improvements, and in about 1855 sold out to the Truebloods, who remodeled the mill and made it much more valuable. At the same time, also, the Truebloods, Alfred and Hiram, began to pack pork and to keep store in the Andrews building. They also began the manufacture of cigars, buying large quantities of tobacco throughout the surrounding country. Alfred Trueblood was the active brother. He was venture- some and enterprising, and made a comfortable fortune at the various pursuits mentioned. The brothers had $30,000 worth of capital invested, and had during the busy seasons not less than thirty hired men. They packed 2,000 hogs during each season, and constituted the business life of 478 HISTORY OF ORANGE COUNTY. the town, and gave activity to all other branches of business. Under them the grist-mill became useful and valuable. They made hundreds of thousands of cigars, and shipped tobacco in the leaf packed in huge hogsheads, in considerable quantity. Their store did a mammoth busi- ness. Reverses at last fell upon the brothers. Several of their consign- ments to New York houses vs^ere wrecked on the Gulf of Mexico and the Atlantic, entailing heavy losses, and their speculations and purchases became reckless, until at length, just before the last war, they were com- pelled to suspend business with heavy liabilities — $10,000 more than their assets, it is said. The grist-mill went to John C. Albert, and just at the close of the war to King & Stucker, who rebuilt it and made it first- class. These men yet own and conduct it. They also started a woolen factory in an addition built to the mill, and for many years manufactured jeans, flannels, satinets, yarns, etc., of an excellent quality and in con- siderable quantity. This factory is yet in operating order, though its use is reduced to carding only. During this period, also, these men bought large quantities of wool. THE BUSINESS MEN OF THE FORTIES. The leading business men during the decade of the forties were: White & Moorman, H. T. Moxley, William and Jonathan Lindley, Lind- ley & Hazlewood, Hiram Braxtan, J. G. Clendenin, Henry Jordon, W. A. Bowles, Poison & Co., William Cox, John, Samuel and William Wise, Charles H. Moore, E. Coffin & Co., Matthew Trueblood, Grigsby & Albert, F. Bartl, James Cosgrove, WilfordHoggatt, Henry White, J. N. Springer, A. J. Simpson (wool -carder), W. W. Murray, Wible & Rigney, Newby & Braxtan, Z. Tate & Sons, and others. The doctors were: W. A. Bowles, W. F. Sherrod, R. R. Town, W. W. Dougherty, et al. It is said that William Hoggatt was the first Postmaster, and his widow the second. Patrick Dougherty served as Postmaster from June, 1836, to June, 1866, a period of thirty consecutive years. Titus, Anderson & Co. exhibited a circus and menagerie in Paoli in 1841. THE BUSINESS MEN OF THE FIFTIES. The leading business men of the decade of the fifties were: Gary «fe Young, tailors; W. Hoechstiller, jeweler; R. C. Alderson, house -painter; White & Trueblood, drugs; WilfordHoggatt, wagons and plows; S. P. Wicks, merchandise; H. T. Moxley, merchandise; Wible & Rigney, mer- chandise; Henry Miller, cabinet; J. E. Sage, merchandise; J. E. Buerk, shoe- maker; M. N. Messick, cabinet; Hoggatt & Miller, plows, wagons, etc. ; E. Hearch, clothing; Dr. H. F. Barnes, Newby & Braxtan, merchandise- Dillinger & Wells, merchandise; Charles Haury, jeweler; Jackson & Pol- son, hardware; Gottlieb Belzer, clothing; Alfred & Hiram Trueblood, merchandise, cigars, millers, pork-packers; Dr. W. C. Williamson, Dr. S. Dill, Dr. Voyles; White & Woodford, merchandise; E. Doan, cabinet; HISTORY OF ORANGE COUNTY. 479 W. A. Jackson, ironware; William Hoppe, boots and shoes; Hiram Lind- ley, drugs; Sarah J. Averell, milliner; J. C. Smith, jeweler, C. Lomax, Daguerreotype artist, and others. THE BUSINESS MEN OF THE SIXTIES. During the decade of the sixties the business men were: Graham & Lomax, boots and shoes; J. W. Payne, merchandise; J. G. Edmundson, merchandise; J. & H. Lindley, drugs; H. T. Moxley, Sebastian Kuri, boots and shoes; T. N. Braxtan, merchandise; J. C. & B. M. Lingle, sad- dles and harness; AVhite & Woodford, merchandise; W. H. Jackson, hard- ware; A. Trueblood & Bro., Dr. J. N. Riley, Pro & Allen, wagons and plows; Ebling and Irwin, tailors; P. L. Warrall, cabinet; Cogswell & Pro, groceries; E. H. Comingore, groceries; Hamman, King & Co., mill- ers; Bowles & Hunt, drugs; Dr. L. S. Bowles, James Warrell, saddles and harness; Andrew J. Rhodes, furniture, and others. The population of Paoli in 1820 was about 80; in 1830 was 300; in 1840 was 450; in 1850 was 500; in 1860 was 550; in 1870 was 700; in 1880 was about 750, and in 1884 was about 800. SUNDRY ITEMS OF INTEREST. The first temperance movement in Paoli was in 1833-34, when, as stated above, a petition was presented to the County Board, asking that no more licenses be granted for the sale of liquor. The leaders of this movement were A. J. Simpson, David Hudelson, Mr. Scantland, Mr. Springer, et al. They failed to accomplish their object, but effected organization which had results in after years. The completion of the New Albany and Paoli Turnpike in 1839, and the establishment of the True American by Henry Comingore the same year, were important factors in the futiu'e growth of Paoli and Orange County. Business at the county seat almost doubled, and it is said that soon afterward the town had as great a population as at present, though this must be a mistake. Daily stages ran out on the pike, giving the town quick communication with the outer world — quick for that day, but wof ally slow for the present. In 1856 a fine saxe-horn band was organized at Paoli and instructed by Mr. Eckert, teacher; at the conclusion of his course of instruction his class gave a public exhibition of their success. The efforts made by Paoli to get a railroad early in the fifties are narrated elsewhere. The Postmas- ters of Paoli have been William Hoggatt, Mrs. William Hoggatt * * Patrick Dougherty from 1836 to 1866; H. T. Moxley 1866 to 1870; Mr. Knapp 1870 to' 1872; A. J. Rhodes 1872 to 1881; J. P. Throop 1881- . THE TEMPERANCE QUESTION. Late in the forties and early in the fifties the evil effects of the pre- vailing intemperate use of ardent spirits was strongly felt, not only in 480 HISTORY OF ORANGE COUNTY. Orange County but throughout all the West, if not the United States. People began to find out that alcohol was not one of the'necessities of life, as had been previously and erroneously thought by many. Drunk- ards became alarmingly numerous, but owing to the prevailing custom and the tendency of public thought to overlook the evil, the sorrowful homes were likewise disregarded. ■ During the decade of the forties the truth came out visible to the masses, and temperance organizations sprang up in all directions like mushrooms from a hot-bed. In March, 1850, a public meeting in the interest of the temperance movement was held at Paoli. Dr. W. W. Dougherty was made Chairman of the meeting, and J. C. Thornton appointed Secretary. John Baker, Z. W. Coflinand W. W. Murray were appointed to draft a constitution and by-laws simi- lar to that of the Washingtonians and the Temperance Union, their report with some changes, the object of the Paoli Temperance Associa- tion, " being to remove the evil effects of intemperance." The following , permanent officers were elected: John Baker, President; Bennett Grigs- by, Vice-Presid0nt; J. C. Thornton, Secretary; Benjamin McCann, Treasurer; James Abernathy, Auditor. THE BANK OF PAOLI. This institution began business in 1854 with a capital stock of $50,000 based upon Louisiana six per cent bonds, and the combined real and personal effects of the stockholders was declared to be worth over half a million of dollars. The doors were first thrown open December 16, 1854, with the following officers in attendance: James M. Hains, of New Albany, President; Elijah Sabin, of New Albany, Cashier; Zeno W. Coffin, Teller; A. J. Simpson, Cornelius White, James M. Hains, George Lyman and Elijah Sabin, Directors. It was officially announced that six per cent interest would be paid on deposits of six months' dura- tion or over. The paper of the bank began to appear, and at first was received with some fear and at a slight discount, but soon it went up to par and became current in exchanges. The following are the articles of association, and the names of the original stockholders with the number of shares held by each: " The undersigned associate themselves together for the purpose of establishing an office of discount, deposit and circulation, to be known as the Bank of Paoli, under the general banking law of the State of Indiana, approved May 28, 1852, and as such used in its dealings and located in Paoli, Orange County, Ind. The capital stock is $50,000, divided into 500 shares of $100 each. This association shall commence on the 1st day of December, 1854, and terminate on the 1st day of December, 1874." The names of, places of residence of, and number of shares held by each person are as follows: HISTORY OF ORANGE COUNTY. 481 Z. W. Coffin 20 Paoli $ 2,000 A.J.Simpson 15 Paoli ^ 1.500 Cornelius White 1 Paoli ' 100 W. C. DePauw 50 Salem 5,000 Elijah Sabin 177 New Albany 17,700 J. M. Hains 100 New Albany 10.000 J. J. Brown 50 New Albany 5,000 Phillip Lindsey 10 New Albany 1,000 Mary A. Lindsey 50 New Albany 5,000 George Lyman 10 New Albany 1,000 Martha Frisbie 10 Milltown 1,000 Samuel Stalcup 5 Valeene 500 Maria J. Woodford 2 Paoli 200 As the years passed numerous changes were made in the ofl&cers and stockholders. In July, 1856, the officers were as follows: J. M. Hains, President; A. M. Black, Cashier; Z. W. Coffin, Teller; J. M. Hains, A. , M. Black, C. White, Jacob Hungary and M. C. Kerr, Directors. Among the new stockholders were M. C. Kerr, A. M. Black, R. S. and Libeas Fris- bie, Jacob Hungary, P. S. Kentner, S. H. Owen, W. .T. Otto, C. A. Reineking, W. A. "Wininger, Esther Walker and J. G. Williamson. The following is the financial statement of the bank for the six months pre- ceding the first Monday of July, 1857 : RESOURCES. Bills receivable f 81,939.37 State bonds 72,000.00 State bonds on hand 7,000.00 Furniture 1,002.27 Profit and loss 91.00 Expense 977.49 Due from banks and bankers 62.994.57 Cash, gold I 7,150.00 Silver 4,198.43 Banknotes 11,859.00 23,207.43 Total $249,232.03 LIABILITIES. Capital stock $ 50,000.00 Circulation 59,959.00 Discount of State bonds 5,527.00 Deposits on certificates $67,422.82 Deposits casual 13,151.47 80,574.29 Banks and bankers 43,778.00 Surplus fund 602.37 Interest 1,452.10 Discount 1,449.30 Discount and exchange 4,550.28 Premium'. 1,339.69 Total $249,232.03 This statement represents the usual condition of the bank. John C. Albert gradually secured the stock until he owned a controlling interest. 482 HISTORY OF ORANGE COUNTY. He steadily assumed the liabilities also, paying its debts and buying its stock, until the institution belonged to him. The issues continued to circulate at par, during and long after the war, indeed until after the expiration of the charter, December 1, 1874. Every dollar was redeemed, but the vicissitudes through which the bank went, the efforts made by the proprietor to meet his obligations and successfully compete with the National banking system, would have disheartened the majority of men. It wound up its business soon after the charter expired, having redeemed all its obligations. Since then Paoli has had no bank. THE FIBST INCORPOKATION OF PAOLI. In May, 1840, in accordance with the provisions of the act of Febru- ary 17, 1838, relating to the incorporation of towns, Leonard Green, A. J. Simpson and others petitioned the County Board to order an elec- tion to decide the question of whether Paoli should be incorporated. This was done and the election which occurred May 30, 1840, was in favor of investing the town with municipal powers. The first Trustees were Zachariah Moorman, Arthur J. Simpson, Hiram Braxtan, Abraham Wolf- ington and Thomas J. Throop. Hiram Braxtan was elected President of the Board, and T. J. Throop, Clerk. In subsequent meetings a full series of town ordinances was adopted. One imposed a tax upon dogs, and another prohibited the sale of playing cards. After about a year the municipal government was abandoned by mutual consent. W. H. Hud- elson says a tall wagon-maker of the town, now a resident of Indian- anapolis, attacked Braxtan, the President of the Board, for some tine imposed, and gave him a severe beating, which act caused the total relin- quishment of the town government. THE SECOND INCORPORATION OF PAOLI. On the 20th of July, 1869, a meeting of the citizens of Paoli was held at the coui't house to take steps to incorporate the town. A. J. Simpson was called to the chair and H. H. Poison and A. J. Rhodes appointed Secretaries. Several speeches were made all favoring the project. W. J. HoUingsworth, J. M. Andrew and J. W. Payne were appointed a Com- mittee to survey the town, ascertain its population and otherwise comply with the necessary legal requirements. The Committee reported the fol- lowing for incorporation: " Beginning on the meridian line at the north- east of Section 1, Township 1 north. Range 1 west, thence north 60 rods, thence west through Section 30, Township 2 north. Range 1 west, 320 rods to the line dividing Sections 35 and 36, thence south 60 rods to the line dividing Sections 36, Township 2 north. Range 1 west, thence south on said line to Lick Creek, thence up the same to the southwest corner of Lot 226, thence east to the Meridian line, thence north to the place of beginning." This was the third official survey of the town, the first having been made by the County Agent in 1816, and the second by HISTORY OF ORANGE COUNTY. 483 John Frazer in 1861-62. It was found at this time, 1869, that Paoli had a population of 584. An election to determine the question of incorporation was ordered held on the 25th of September, 1869, and although there was considerable opposition, the result was favorable by a fair majority, and in December the town was duly declared incorporated by the County Board. The following were thetirstofi&cers elected: Luke B. Cogswell, Thomas Ireland and Robert King, Trustees; T. B. Bus- kirk. Clerk; B. D. Riley, Treasurer; Jeremiah Hobson, Marshal; Hiram Lindley, Assessor. The first meeting of the Town Board was held at the office of T. B. Buskirk, January 22, 1870, and Robert King was elected President of the Board. The first act was the adoption of a long series of town ordinances, similar to those of other towns. These ordinances were reported January 29, 1870, at which time they were discussed and adopted. After this, from time to time, other and sundry rules and reg- ulations were also adopted. ADDITIONAL ACTS OF THE TOWN BOARD. On the 7th of April, 1870, A. J. Rhodes, H. H. Poison and A. Noblitt were elected School Trustees. By April 30 nine arrests had been made by the Marshal, and the Treasurer reported the receipt of $43.80 for licenses, of which $4.50 had been expended. The officei's elected in May, 1870, were: Thomas Ireland, W. K. Andrew and Hiram Lindley, Trustees; Joseph Cox, Clerk; Jeremiah Hobson, Assessor; John Jones, Marshal; B. D. Riley, Treasurer. Joseph Cox was appointed Town Attorney, and John C. Albert, Street Commissioner. The School Trust- ees appointed as above stated, not having qualified, A. J. Rhodes, L. B. Cogswell and Lewis S. Bowles were appointed. The attorney was directed to procure a corporate seal with the words, "Paoli Corporation Seal, Indiana.'" A tax of 20 cents on each $100 valuation, and 50 cents on each poll was ordered levied for 1870, but this was soon repealed, 20 cents on each $100 valuation, and 25 cents on each poll being substituted. At this time the meetings of the Town Board were held at the office of Joseph Cox. In April, 1871, J. C. Albert, Street Commissioner, reported receipts $186.90, and expenses $196.56. In May John Jones, Marshal, reported fifty-two arrests for the year. The Assessor's report showed a levy of $138,824 on personal property; there were seventy-seven polls: $42 on male dogs; $2 on female dogs. The School Trustees reported on hand about $1,100, besides $1,000 from the sale of the seminary. SCHOOL BONDS, OTHER OFFICERS, ETC. At the meeting of May 6, 1871, the School Trustees recommended the building of a schoolhouse which should cost about $10,000. They had on hand about $2,100, and advised the sale of $8,000 worth of corpox*ate bonds to cover the cost. The Town Board carefully considered the mat- 484 HISTORY OF ORANGE COUNTY. ter, and finally made the following order: " Be it ordered by the Board of Trustees of the Town of PaoH that there be issued bonds with proper coupons thereto attached to the amount of 18,000, $4,000 of said bonds to be issued as soon as can be done conveniently, bearing ten per cent interest per annum from the date of sale of said bonds until paid, said interest to be paid annually, for the purpose of building a schoolhouse for the use of the citizens of said town; the said bonds to be issued in bills of $100 each, to run for five years, but redeemable sooner at the pleasure of the Board of Trustees; the other $4,000 of bonds to be issued at such time or times as the Board of Trustees may deem proper on the above terms, bat to run eight years, and be redeemable sooner at the pleasure of said Ti'ustees. " In accordance with this order work on the project was begun. The town officers elected May, 1871, were: Thomas Ireland, W. R. Andrew and Hiram Lindley, Trustees; J. Hobson, Marshal and Assessor; John W. Payne, Clerk; B. D. Riley, Treasurer. The Assessor exhibited the following assessment: Value of total personal property, $138,884.77; value of total real property, $166,532. In addi- tion to the usual tax 20 cents on each $100 valuation and 25 cents on each poll were ordered levied for school purposes. J. Hobson became Street Commissioner in 1871. The Treasurer reported for the fiscal year 1870-71: receipts, $329.45; expenses, $284.91. The order for a seal was revoked, and a new one issued in June, 1871. In August the School Trustees reported that they had advertised for bids for the construction of a schoolhouse, and in response had received three, which were opened and examined July 15, and the contract was awarded to John A. Mickey, the lowest responsible bidder, for $13,900, or $3,900 more than was expected. The School Trustees, therefore, asked the approval of the Town Trustees, and that an additional $4,000 of bonds might be issued, which requests were complied with. The officers for 1872-73 were: W. K. Andrews, Thomas Ireland and Hiram Lindley, Trustees; B. T>. Riley, Treasurer; Jeremiah Hobson, Marshal; J. W. Payne, Clerk. The receipts for 1871-72 were $810.09, and the expenditures $586.67; receipts from the sale of $4,000 worth of school bonds, $3,814. The tax for schoolhouse purposes was raised to 50 cents on each $100 valuation, .and $1 on each poll. On the 2d of August, 1871, an additional $4,000 worth of bonds were oi'dered sold. In June, 1872, it was found that of the $12,000 of town bonds issued $7,500 remained on hand unsold. These were destroyed by order of the Board, and $7,500 bonds of the denomination of $500 each, beai-ing ten per cent interest, payable semi-annually, $1,500 payable in seven years, $3,000 payable in ten years, and $3,000 payable in twelve years, were ordered issued and sold to defray the expense of building the schoolhouse. Benjamin Stinson had negotiated the sale of the former bonds. Cogswell, Bowles and Rhodes were re-elected School Trustees for two years. HISTORY OF ORANGE COUNTY. 485 MORE OF THE BONDS, THE STREETS, ETC. The first street opened was along the south side of Lot 241. In August, 1872, the School Trustees asked for the issue and sale of $4,000 additional of town bonds, which was done by the Town Trustees in denomination of $500 each with 10 per cent interest, payable semi-an- nually, the bonds to run twelve years. In April, 1873, Bowles, Rhodes and Cogswell were re-elected School Trustees. The receipts for 1872-73 were $1,156.23, and the expenses $1,038.21. Andrews, Ireland and Lindley were re-elected Trustees for 1873-74. Thomas Stalcup, Marshal and Street Commissioner; -John W. Payne, Town Attorney; J. Hobson, Assessor; J. W. Payne, Clerk; B. D. Riley, Treasurer. In July, 1873, the town ordinances were revised, many important changes being made. In April, 1874, L. B. Cogswell was elected his own successor as School Trustee for three years. In 1874-75 Thomas Hunt, W. K. Andrew and James H. Sherrod became Town Trustees; B. D. Riley, Treasurer; J. W. Payne, Clerk and Attorney; Thomas Stalcup, Marshal, Assessor and Street Commissioner; T. B. Buskirk, School Trustee. The receipts for 1873-74 were $476.55, and the expenses $280.60. School fund receipts $1,398.38; expenses, $1,561.55. Joseph W. Comingore became Marshal, Assessor and Street Commissioner in June, 1874. In 1875-76 the Trust- ees were Thomas Hunt, J. F. Stucker and W. K. Andrew; Clerk and Attorney, J. W. Payne; School Trustee, L. S. Bowles; Treasurer, J. C. Albert; Assessor, etc. J. W. Comingore. The number of polls in May, 1875, was ninety-nine. The receipts for 1874-75 were $2,053.84, and the expenses $2,114.87. The officers of 1876-77 were Hunt, Stucker and Andrew, Trustees; John L. Megenity, Treasurer; J. W. Payne, Clerk; W. J. Hackett, Assessor, Marshal and Street Commissioner. Thomas L. Brown was elected School Trustee, in June, 1876, for three years. The receipts for 1875-76 were $2,558.98; expenses $2,439.71. In September, 1876, the Town Board ordered the issue of $4,000 of bonds to take the place of those then falling due which had been issued in 1871 to be used in building the schoolhouse. The new bonds were to be of the denomi- nation of $100 each payable in five years with 10 per cent interest. These bonds were issued and sold, and the first $4,000 issued of the old ones were taken up. In April, 1877, the office of Assessor was abolished. In 1877-78 the officers were Thomas Hunt, Christian Pro and Abraham Noblitt, Trustees; J. L. Megenity, Treasurer; J. W. Payne, Clerk and Attorney; W. J. Hackett, Marshal and Street Commissioner; W. F. Osborn, School Trustee for three years. The receipts for 1876-7 were $1,855.78 and the expenses $1,801.73. In January. 1878, B. E. Bushaw succeeded Hackett as Marshal and Street Commissioner, and William H. Martin succeeded J. W. Payne as Clerk and Attorney. THE BONDS REFUNDED; OFFICERS, ETC. In 1878 the sale of 6 per cent bonds was begun to obtain means to 486 HISTORY OF ORANGE COUNTY. redeem those bearing 10 per cent interest and then falling due. Bonds worth $8,000 were accordingly issued, in denominations of $50 and $100 each, bearing 6 per cent interest, payable semi-annually, the bonds to run five years, but to be paid after one year, at the option of the Town Trustees, and to bear date May 15, 1878. The officers of 1878-79 were: J. M. Andrew, H. E. Wells and J. T. Stout, Trustees; W. H;. Martin, Clerk and Attorney; Elisha Braxtan, Assessor (the office having been revived); Marshal and Street Commissioner. L. S. Bowles was elected his own successor as School Trustee. The officers for 1879-80 were: Andrew, Stout and Wells, Trustees; E. G. Wilson, Clerk and Attorney; Thomas Hunt, Treasurer; S. E. Dayhu£f, Marshal and Street Commis- sioner; B. D. Riley, School Trustee. In July, 1879, the amount of 6 per cent bonds to refund those outstanding drawing 10 per cent interest was fixed at $10,000, bonds to be of the denominations of from $50 to $500, payable in ten years, interest payable semi-annually, bonds paya- ble after five years, at the option of the Town Board. These bonds were sold and the proceeds used in redeeming the others as they fell due. In November, 1879, a revision of the town ordinances occurred. The officers of 1880-81 were: Stout, Wells and Andrew, Trustees; Abraham Noblitt, Clerk and Attorney; W. M. Bagerly, Marshal and Street Commissioner; Thomas Hunt, Treasurer. W. H. Martin became Clerk and Attorney in December, 1880. Gr. W. Beswick became Marshal, etc., in February, 1881. The officers of 1881-82 were: Andrew, Stout and Wells, Trust- ees; E. C. Simpson, Clerk and Attorney; Thomas Hant, Treasurer; Jacob Snider, Marshal, etc. U. H. Hon, L. S. Lindley and J. W. Hol- lingsworth were appointed a Board of Health. The officers of 1882-83 were: John L. Megenity, Benjamin M. Lingle and John T. Stout, Trust- ees; Thomas Hunt, Treasurer; W. J. Hackett, Marshal; B. D. Riley, L. S. Bowles and W. F. Osborn, School Trustees; E. C. Simpson, Clerk; A. J. Rhodes, School Trustee, June, 1882. In July Pendleton Brown became Marshal. The officers of 1883-84 were: Stout, Andrew and Megenity, Trustees; James F. Collins, Clerk; Thomas Hunt, Treasurer; Pendleton Brown, Marshal; W. F. Osborn was elected to succeed him- self as School Trustee. In July, 1883, town bonds to the amount' of $4,300 were ordered issued and sold to get means to redeem old bonds of that amount which came due May 15, 1883. The new bonds were $100 each, payable in five years, and bearing 6 per cent interest, payable semi- annually. William Farrell became Town Attorney in February, 1884. The officers of 1884-85 were: Megenity, Andrew and Stout, Trustees ;^ W. J. Hackett, Marshal; H. F. Davidson, Clerk; Thomas Hunt, Treas- urer. The receipts for the fiscal year 1883-84 were $7,080.64, and expenses were $6,359.05. THE SECBET SOCIETIES. Paoli Lodge, No. 119, A. F. & A. M. was established in Paoli, in HISTORY OF ORANGE COUNTY. 487 February, 1850, a dispensation having been granted Hugh C. Wible, John Baker and H. T. Moxley, by the Grand Lodge to work until a charter could be prepared and forwarded. Within a short time George Faucett, S. D. McCann, J. T. Throop, W. T. Osborn and G. W. Coffin were duly initiated, and invested with Masonic dignity. The first meeting of the lodge was held on the 13th of February, 1850, and the first initiation — that of John T. Throop — occurred May 24, 1850. The first officers were: Hugh C. Wible, W. M.; John Baker, S. W. ; H. T. Moxley, J. W. ; and the remaining officers were elected as follows after they had been initiated; J. T. Throop, S. D. ; W. T. Osborn, J. D; George Faucett, Treasurer; S. D. McCann, Secretary; G. W. Coffin, Tiler. The lodge was weak at first but gradually became strong as the membership increased. The charter was received in June, 1851, and bore the date May 30, 1851. The lodge has owned no hall of its own, but has a small property saved, and at present meets in the second story of the Riley Block, on the south side of the square. Their hall is taste- fully arranged. The present officers are : Christian Pro, W. M. ; B. D. Riley, S. W. ; William T. Hicks, J. W. ; W. J. Throop, S. D. ; W. H. Harrison, J. D. ; Abraham Noblitt, Secretary. The present membership is large. The early records of the Odd Fellows' Lodge at Paoli are missing. From the charter it is learned that that instrument was granted by the Grand Lodge upon the application of John A. Lane, George Clark, W. C. R. Kemp, John Baker and Thomas W. Knox. It is stated that John A. Lane was the first Noble Grand. It is probable that the lodge worked under a dispensation at first, and if so was established in 1852. The charter bears date March 16, 1853, and the name. Reliance Lodge, No. 130, was adopted. The organization was fairly prosperous during its early existence, but soon after the war came on seems to have had a hiatus for about two years, owing to internal troubles. At the close of the war the meetings were fully revived, and have continued regu- larly until the present. The leaders of the lodge in 1855, are said to have been John A. Lane, John Frazer and George Clark. The lodge owns no hall, but meets in a rented one, in the Riley Block. It has property of some value saved from time. The present offcers are as fol- lows: M. S. Mavity, N. G. ; B. M. Lingle, V. G.; George A. Buskirk, Secretary; John L. Megenity, Treasurer; A. J. Rhodes, Warden; J. H. McCarthy, Guard; William Farrell, Conductor; B. D. Riley, Host; William Farrell, M. S. Mavity and Jacob Schneider, Trustees. The pres- ent membership is about thirty-five. In early years the Washingtonians and the Sons of Temperance had organizations in the town, and were largely attended. They continued several years, and did much good in removing the prevailing impression that alcohol was an indispensible drink. These organizations were eftected during the thirties, and were revived during the forties and fifties. 488 HISTORY OF ORANGE COUNTY. In 1868 Paoli Lodge, No. 563, I. O. G. T., was instituted, and for sev- eral years flourished with a good membership. On the 12th of July,^ 1884, Williamson Post, Grand Army of the Republic, was organized at Paoli, with a charter membership of twenty-three. The officers were installed by Spicely Lodge of Orleans, and was named for Dr. William- son, who had resided for a short time at Paoli. He was mortally wound- ed at Champion Hills, while at his post. The lodge gives promise of prosperity. THE NEWSPAPEKS OF THE COUNTT SEAT. The first newspaper published in Paoli, or Orange County, made its appearance on the 5th of May, 1832, -and was called " The Paoli Times." It was a small sheet, Democratic in politics, subscription price, $1.75 per year, and was edited by William A. Bowles. After about a year and a half of irregular appearance, the issue was discontinued. About the Ist of January, 1835, the second paper was started at Paoli by Leonard Green, and was called the Indiana Patriot. It, also, was an insignificant sheet, compared with the present newspapers; was neutral or independ- ent in politics, and cost $2 per annum. How long it was issued, is uncertain, though probably about two years. In April, 1838, the third attempt was made to permanently establish a paper in Paoli. R. McGrew began issuing a Democratic paper called the Torch Light, and charged $2 per year subscription. This paper died without hope of res- urrection within a year. The fourth attempt to found a permanent paper at the county seat was highly successful. THE TRUE AMERICAN. On Monday, the 27th of May, 1839, the first number of the True American was issued by Henry Comingore. It was a five-column folio, subscription price, $2 per year, and made the following announcement concerning its politics: "Our politics, both of a general and local nature, shall be strictly Democratic, believing the people to be the sov- ereigns in National as well as State Governments. The doctrines laid down by the illustrious Jefferson, the father of Democracy in this Re- public, and the universal friend of mankind, shall be carefully main- tained in our paper." D. C. Dodds was publisher. The second issue was June 10. In September the paper was changed to a six-column folio, and at this time J. Mayne became connected with Mr. Comingore in a subordinate capacity. The issue at this time and later was somewhat irregular. In 1840 the publishers of the True American commenced issuincr a small sheet called The Mirror. This was filled with miscel- laneous literature, and was sold in connection with the American for 50 cents per year. It was not continued long. The subscription price of the American was soon dropped to $1.50 per year, but still the editor had all he could do to make both ends meet. In August, 1840, George McKay HISTORY OF ORANGE COUNTY. 489 became associated with Mr. Comingore, but about six months later re- tired. In the spring of 1841 the name was slightly changed, becoming the True American and Agricultural Register. A. full page was devoted wholly to matters of agriculture, and was made valuable to farmers in order to receive their support. The subscription list improved for a time, but the paper was again diminished to live columns, but again enlarged in December, 1841. It was during this period that the first agri- cultural society in the county was organized, chiefly through the influence of Mr. Comingore. In 1842 the paper was again diminished in size, and repeated calls came from the editor for produce on subscription. In 1844 J. M. Marts became associated with Mr, Comingore, and in 1845 the two started the Bedford Sun, at Bedford, of which James Hughes was established as editor. The True American was issued until January, 1846, when it was discontinued, the editor going to Jasper, where he founded a paper. While he was gone two short-lived papers made their appearance at Paoli — the Telegraph and the Battery — neither of which lived long. Cox & Payne were connected with the Telegraph and Riley & Baker with the Battery. THE AMERICAN EAGLE. On the 29th of September, 1848, Mr. Comingore having returned to Paoli, issued the first copy of The American Eagle, a six-column folio newspaper, Democratic in politics of course, subscription price $1.50 per year. In June, 1854, D. O. Comingore was associated with H. Comingore in the publication of the paper, but his name disappears from the issues in January, 1856. In 1856, for a time, three or four columns of the paper were set in German. This was done by the editor to catch the Gei'man subscription, mainly in Dubois County. The issue of the paper continued until September, 1861, and was then abandoned until May, 1862, and then issued until July, 1862, and then abandoned again. It made its appearance in March, 1863, greatly reduced in size, but was suspended in August, and so remained until August, 1865, when it again came out as bright as ever. It was issued until 1874, and was then per- manently abandoned, after having been issued about twenty-five years by the veteran editor, Henry Comingore; or counting the True Ameri- can as the real commencement of the issue, Mr. Comingore conducted the sheet from 1839 to 1874, a period of about thirty-five years. It is not too much to say that in this long period no man in the county did more for the Democratic party than Mr. Comingore. He took a strong party position and maintained it to the last. During the latter part of the war he displeased the ulti-a element of his party by favoring the rapid enlistment of men in hopes of soon quelling the Rebellion. For this he was called by some a " weak-kneed Democrat," but time vindi- cated his judgment. Again, in the Greeley movement he refused, as he 490 HISTORY OF ORANGE COUNTY. stated, to leave his party and political principles and "eat crow," and for this was denounced by many of his party. THE UNION AND THE NEWS. In 1868 a Republican newspaper called the Orange County Union, was started at Paoli, the editor being Mr. Knapp. The material had been purchased by Mr. Knapp mainly in Cincinnati, the funds being furnished or rather subscribed in shares of $10 each, by from thirty to fifty leading Eepublicans of the county, who felt the need of, and were determined to have a party organ. Sufificient funds to pay for the outfit were not raised, and a mortgage was executed upon the office in favor of the Cincinnati Type Foundry. The sheet was conducted with fair success until early in 1872, when the editor, who had been appointed Postmaster of Paoli, suddenly decamped, having first, by fraudulent postal orders on other offices made payable to himself, managed to rob the Postoffice Department of several hundred dollars which he collected on his departure from this portion of the State. The mortgage on the office was foreclosed, and the material was sold at Sherifi''s sale to Thomas B. Buskirk, a promising young lawyer of the town, who began the issue of a bright Democratic paper called the Paoli Neivs. Mr. Bus- kirk owned and conducted the paper from July 31, 1872, until Novem- ber, 1879, and for a time had his father, John B. Buskirk as an associate. The paper during this management, secured a large circulation, and had a valuable job and advertising patronage. It was first a folio, then a quarto, then a folio, subscription $1.50 per annum. At the last date above named the office was sold to Hon. John L. Megenity who is yet its owner and editor. It has a comfortable circulation, and a good job and advertising patronage and is the organ of the Democracy of the county. THE KEPUBLICAN. The old American Eagle became defunct in 1874, and the following year, with the same office and material, J. W. Comingore began the issue of the Paoli Republican, a seven-column folio weekly newspaper. The paper was fairly prosperous, and was conducted by Mr. Comingore until November, 1878, when the entire office, good-will, etc., were purchased by Joseph P. Thi'oop and Stephen Collier. The material belonged to Henry Comingore and was not sold. Thi'oop & Collier bought the office material of the Orleans paper, and thus equipped, continued the issue of the Repuhlican. In 1879, Collier sold his interest to Throop, who is now sole owner, editor and manager. At the time of purchase by Mr. Throop, the office was conducted mainly, if not exclusively in issuing the paper, but soon a valuable job and advertising patronage was secured, and is maintained until the present. The Republican is the organ of the county Eepublicans, though the Examiner of Orleans, takes a portion of this honor. U o-i^ -^ ^^ L. CO 3 ci W CO 11 o "3 'a o 03 a OS IS *j a v en 2 •3a • OS « 00 3 a a a a o V ^-j H o H w Orangeville 15 6 18 39 28 5 6 39 12 27 .... Orleans 34 11 14 4 33 14 81 29 86 17 30 2 "ii 116 30 "i2 116 18 35 Northwest 1 French Lick 19 7 23 49 33 15 1 49 2 47 .... .Tflf kson 16 24 53 15 6 10 21 6 17 27 49 14 39 61 123 35 26 41 146 22 2 2 33 5 11 19 '"8 39 62 179 35 18 23 "is 21 39 179 22 . . . . Greenfielci 1 Paoli 56 Stampers Creek Southeast 30 19 12 8 32 23 74 50 61 35 19 5 "ii 80 51 "w 80 35 6 Northeast 1 Totals 236 94 250 580 495 118 67 680 96 584 100 HISTORY OF ORANGE COUNTY. 527 The enlistments from December 19, 1864, to January 1, 1865, under the call of the former date have been counted in this table. The num- ber is not known, but was not probably as many as the surplus above shown of 100 men. The county managed in some way at each call for men to fill her quo a. If it could not be done by volunteering, it was done by hiring white or colored substitutes, or through the draft. From January 1, 1865, to April 14, 1865, at which last date efforts to raise troops in the State were abandoned, the following table shows the result: a a 1 a a a o — 00 O K -a a Of Surplus December 19, 1864. Total of quotas and defi- ciencies. Credits by voluntary enlistments 4J .a 5 i « d H (O a i >> a Townships. '3 1- CO -^ > 3 & s 03 k Oran^eville Orleans • Northwest French Lick Jackson Greenfield Paoli 74 162 39 112 58 112 253 68 145 91 10 "i 8 12 19 "l2 2 12 22 '35 10 "4 8 12 19 "12 • 2 12 9 ■■■4 " 8 ■ li 5 .... 1 "8 12 11 '"{ 10 "4 8 12 19 1 12 9 "4 8 12 19 12 5 13 1 . . . . "1 '22 36 Stampers Creek — .. Southeast Q Northeast 12 { 12 ■ < • • Totals 1114 7Q 57 79 37 1 45 83 81 1 1 61 SUMMARY OF MEN FURNISHED BY THE COUNTY, It is impossible to give the exact number of men furiiished by the county for the war. but the approximate number can be given. On the 19th of September, 1862, the county was credited with having furnished 1,023 volunteers for the war. As she afterward filled all her quotas, either by voluntary enlistments or by draft, the approximate number of men furnished can be found. Her quota under the June call of 1863, was not less than fifty men, and her quota under the October call of 1863 was 186 men. All these were furnished. Her quota under the call of February, 1864, was 236; under the call of March, 1864, was 94, and under the call of July, 1864, was 250. Under these three calls aggregating 580 men, the county actually furnished 680 men or a surplus of 100. Her quota under the last call of the war, December 19, 1864, was 136, but this number was reduced by surpluses to 79 men, which the county furnished together with a surplus of 61. It is also certain that the county furnished at least 150 men for the war who were not placed to her credit, but left and entered regiments and companies raised else- where. Adding the numbers 1,023, 50, 186, 680, 79, 61 and 150, the grand total of 2,229 is obtained as the approximate credits of the county. 528 HISTORY OF ORANGE COUNTY. ^ Of course each man lias been counted as often as he enlisted, which in some cases was three times. This is an excellent showing for the county, COUNTY BOUNTY AND RELIEF. As early as July 8, 1861, the County Commissioners were called upon to make an appropriation out of the County Treasury for the support of soldiers' families, and the following is the action taken: " "Whereas, sundry petitions having been presented asking an appropriation by the Board from the county treasury, for the benefit of the families of those who have or may volunteer in the service of the United States as soldiers to be applied as necessity may require: it is the opinion of the Board upon due consideration, that there is no law authorizing such an appro- priation, therefoi'e the Board has no authority to make such appropria- tion, and this cause is dismissed." This action seems to have been annulled, as in September 9, 1861, the Township Trustees were directed to obtain the names of all families likely to sufifer from the absence of j husband, father, etc., in the arioy, and to report the same to the ;, County Board. On the 23d of September, the Board appointed for each civil township one person to superintend the distribution of relief fund to needy soldiers' families. The following were these appointments: Paoli Township, Hiram Trueblood; Northeast, Geoi-ge Trimble; Orleans, Thomas B. Walker; Orangeville, John A. Ritter; Northwest, L. D. Laf- ferty; French Lick, W. W. McCracken; Jackson, James N. Marlett; Greenfield, John B. Kendall; Southeast, William Holaday; Stampers Creek, William Gilliland. These Superintendents were directed to fur- nish needed articles to the soldiers' families, and report the same to the County Board. Prior to June, 1862, there was thus paid out $433.91. This good work was continued as needs required during the war, and for several years afterward. The table below will show the total amount thus paid out. So far as can be learned, the first bounty offered by the county for volunteers was under the October call, 1863, for 186 men. December 25, 1863, the County Board "Ordered, that the Auditor of Orange County issue as extra bounty, an order on the Treasurer of said county for the sum of iSlOO, payable one year after date, with interest from date, to each volunteer, not exceeding 186, who shall be accepted and sworn in as a soldier in the service of the United States, and ^e credited to Orange County upon the call for 300,000 men, now made by the Presi- dent of the United States, to assist in suppressing the present Rebellion: Provided, however, that said Auditor shall not issue said orders until said volunteers shall pi'oduce and file in this oflSce, the certificate of his Captain or Colonel, that said volunteer has been so accepted, sworn in and entered the service in good faith." The following table taken from the Adjutant General's Reports exhibits the bounty and relief paid by the county: HISTORY OF ORANGE COUNTY. 529 •Orange County Paoli Township Northeast Township Orleans Township Orange ville Township Northwest Township French Lick Township Jackson Township Greenfield Township Southeast Township Stampers Creek Township. Totals Bounty. $19,220 's^ooo 1,750 3,491 $29,936 Relief. $1,976 75 500 00 100 00 700 00 1,600 00 500 00 500 00 300 00 300 00 500 00 600 00 $7,376 75 4) 5 « O 'C a $31 $31 Grand total $37,343 75 OPPOSITION TO THE CONTINUANCE OF THE WAR. During the latter part of the war a strong sentiment in opposition to its continuance was developed in the county. This sentiment came from the best classes of people, was conscientious, earnest, and was due to the close relations with the South, whence such people had come. Many residents of the county had been born and raised in the South, were familiar with her customs and laws, respected her institutions, and had a warmer love for her interests, naturally so, than for those of the North. It is then no wonder that they should show warmer interests for South- ern people than for Northern people. This state of afifairs led during the latter part of the war to the opposition mentioned. The conspirac} whose avowed object was the separation of the Northwestern States from the Union, if not actual assistance to the South, took a strong hold on Orange County, principally through the iniluence of one of the most prominent, intelligent and magnetic of the resident Southern sympathiz- ers. This able man, Dr. William A Bowles, who had often represented the county in the State Legislature, became, it is said, a Major-General in the secret order of the Sons of Liberty or Knights of the Golden Circle, in which organization he wielded a powerful influence. In 1864 he, with other leaders in different parts of the State, was arrested and taken to Indianapolis and was there tried for certain public acts and was sentenced to death. The sentence was approved, the day of execution fixed and preparations were made to carry the sentence into effect, when, through the earnest solicitations of Gov. Morton and other prominent men, the sentence was commuted to imprisonment in the Ohio Peniten- tiary at Columbus. After a time ho was pardoned and sent hbme. soldiers' and ladies' SOCIETIES. No definite statement can be made concerning the amount of relief furnished by ladies' or soldiers' aid societies. That several societies of 530 HISTORY OF ORANGE COUNTY. this kind were organized in the county is certain, as is also the fact that supplies of bandages, lints, clothing, dried fruits, provisions, etc. , were sent to the hospitals and to the camps of the home boys. The facts in detail cannot be given, however, as no record was kept. Such a society was organized at Paoli and another at Orleans, and likely several were organized in the country at populous localities. CHAPTER VIII. Religious History of the County— The Churches of Paoli with an Account of Their roRMATioN and Growth— The Construction of Buildings and the I^ames of Members and Ministers — The Churches of Other Towns— The Society of Friends or Quakers— The Organization and Growth of Sunday Schools— Circuits, Districts, Conferences or Missions— Country Church Socities— Interesting Anecdotes and Reminiscences. THE Methodist and the Presbyterian Churches of Paoli were organ- ized about the same time, not far from the year 1820. It is proba- ble that religious services were held in the town before that date, as early, doubtless, as 1817, though the most reliable accounts, in the absence of trustworthy records or authentic records of any character, fix the date of permanent organization at about the year 1820. But little can be given of the early existence of the societies. Meetings were held in the old stone court house. Circuit riders from the older localities began to preach in that edifice as soon as it was ready for occupancy, about the year 1818-19. Soon sufficient interest was aroused and the Methodists effected an organization. Among the earliest mem- bers were Edward, John and Reuben Moore and their families, Edward Millis and family, David Stucker, John Kiger, Benoni and Elizabeth Jackson, John Throop, Sx\, who, it is said, was virtually the founder of the church, his house being the stopping place for years of the circuit riders who supplied the society; he it was who instituted the first Sunday- school in the church and stood at its head for years; Joel and Edward Kearby and their families, Giles C. Smith, Lewis F. Wilson, James Craig, Levi Gifi'ord, Mrs. James Collins, Samuel Morgan, James Dishon, Adam Fulton, Rev. Draper Chipman, the Depews, Ruth McVey, George Meacham, Anderson Meacham, Marian Coffin and several of her sons, Louisa Campbell and others whose names are forgotton. The society has been in existence since 1820. The names of the early ministers cannot be given. In 1837 G. C. Smith, Lewis F. Wilson, William Hig- gins, John T. Throop, Sr. and Henry Shirley were Trustees of the church and Rev. James Balee was pastor in charge. In March, 1837, t^ HISTORY OF ORANGE COUNTY. 531 Thomas Pitts sold to these Trustees for $50, Lot 181 in Paoli. David Osborn was one of the Trustees in 1838, Henry Miller and Edward Kearby were Trustees in 1840. G. C. Smith was a lawyer, but he relinquished that profession and adopted that of the ministry, and served the society for several years. Benjamin Poison was a Trustee in 1840. It was about this time that the society received several large accessions through the medium of revivals. In about 1841, the land across the creek south of town was fitted up and used as a camp-meeting ground. Here it was that for four or five years annual camp-meetings of about one month's duration each, were held. Many outsiders joined, and many of them afterward "backslid." The meetings were very interesting. It is said that one of the ministers had remarkable lung power, and on any still, clear evening in autumn could be heard shouting the anathemas of the church for a distance of over two miles up and down the valley of Lick Creek. Among the ministers early in the forties and late in the thirties, were Revs. Guthrie, Kemp, Mclntire, Whitten and others. Among the later ministers were Chipman, Powell, Rose, Trainer, Layton, Ames, Jackson, Cornelius, Chapman, Bell, Schwartz, Jones, Tellee, Schamahorn, Eller, Webb, Wells, Miller and the present pastor, N. E. Boring. Revs. Guthrie, Chipman and others held revivals of long duration and great success. Over fifty converts joined under the former. In later years Schamahorn held the largest revival, proba- bly, in the history of the church. About seventy-five joined, and at one time about sixty were "sprinkled " by the pastor. This was doing work for the Lord by wholesale. The society met in the court house until the old church was built in about 1838. The building was about as large on the ground as the present structure, but was higher, and was con- structed of lumber furnished largely by donation from Methodists, Presbyterians and outsiders. Judge Simpson, a Presbyterian, gave the equivalent of several hundred dollars toward the church. The structure was erected by all with the understanding that the two denominations then in town — the Methodists and Presbyterians— should alternately occupy it. During the forties the Methodists secured exclusive owner- ship of the house, which was used by them until the present building^ was erected in 1880 at a cost of about $3,000, including furniture and lot. The dedication took place July 31, 1880, the Rev. Joseph S. Wood officiating. The society is in a prosperous condition, and owns a com- fortable parsonage. The Presbyterian society at Paoli was organized fully as early as that of the Methodists. It is said by one of the oldest members of the organi- zation that this society was organized before the Methodists. Rev. William Martin, a very able man for that day, and a Christian of deep piety, had visited Paoli as early as 1818, where he had preached to the few resident families. Soon afterward, possibly 1819, certainly as early 532 HISTORY OF ORANGE COUNTY. as 1820, he formed a small class, and thus laid the foundation of Presby- terianism in Paoli. Among the very first members were John H. Camp- bell, Mrs. Eleanor Campbell, Dr. Shields, Joseph Potts, Mrs. Meriam, and several of her family, John G. Clendenin, Mrs. Eliza Brown, who afterward became Mrs. Wise, of Vincennes, Mrs. Helen Lewis, three or four members of the Liggett family, Elder James Clemmons, John Ftaser, A. J. Simpson, T. V. Thornton, Mrs. Payne, Mrs. Dougherty, the Misses Parker, several members of the White family, Elder David Hudel- son, Elder John Springer, several of the Cook family, Mrs. H. T. Moxley, Mrs. T. N. Braxtan, Mrs. Woolfolk, Miss Mary Braxtan, William H. Hudel- son, Mrs. Judge Pearson, Martha and Mary Dougherty and others. The Trustees of the church in 1843 were Thomas V. Thornton, John G. Clendenin, Arthur 3. Simpson, Daniel Dayhuff and Cornelius White. At this time meetings of the society were held in the seminary; but steps were taken to build a church, as, a short time before this, the Methodists had obtai ned absolute control of the old biiilding. The contract for build- ing a frame church was let to William H. Harmon for $750, of which amount $250 was to be paid in corn, wheat, potatoes, etc. This building is yet in use. Several stated to the writer that this church was built about the year 1850, and as no records were accessible, the date of erec- tion is in some doubt. John R. Simpson says it was built about 1841-43. As stated above, the venerable William Martin was the founder of the society, and its pastor for many years. It is stated also, that Rev. Martin taught one of the first schools in Paoli. Rev. Mr. Hart was prob- ably Rev. Martin's successor. Rev. Mr. Ennis came later, as did Rev. -J. T. Martin, and since have been Revs. Aubee, J. G. Williamson, John McCrea, Samuel Barr, and Francis Simms, the last pastor. The society as now without a resident pastor. John Lyle Martin, a nephew of William Martin, was an early minister of the society. He was a man of high natural talent, and became eminent in the ministry. He afterward ■went to China in the interest of his church, and is there yet. He is a Boted linguist, a profound student of biblical lore, and is the American authority on all Chinese questions. He often, in his earlier ministra- tions, visited the Paoli society and there gave evidence of his power in sermons that are yet green in the hearts of his congregation. This society has had numerous revivals. Late in the thirties the eminent President of Hanover College held a revival at Paoli, and secured about thirty new members, among whom were T. V. Thornton, A. J. Simpson, and others of equal prominence. Later, in the forties, another was held on which occasion about fifty joined. This minister, whose name is not remembered, possessed great personal magnetism and unusual forensic power. In one of his strongest sermons he told the story of a boy brought up by a loving Christian mother, and described with thrilling effect the efforts made by the mother to prevent her gifted boy from HISTORY OF ORANGE COUNTY. 533 •wrecking his bright and promising life in sin, drunkenness and crime. He pictured the profligacy of the boy, and the tears and sleepless nights of the mother, and when his congregation were wrought up to the highest pitch, he hesitated for a minute and then leaning forward exclaimed in -an intense whisper that went to every heart, "That boy was I." The eflfect upon his congregation was electrical, and when he grandly des- cribed how, by the grace of God, his mother had rescued him and brought him back to Christianity, and dedicated his life to the service of the Master, half his congregation were shouting or in tears. It was at this revival that the Doughertys, the Parkers and others joined. Later revivals have been held, but not so noted. The Baptist Church of Paoli was organized in May, 1868, the first members being Mary A. Wallace, Margaret Wallace, Lorinda Wallace, A. J. Dickey, Sr., Belinda Dickey, Mary Clancy, Louisa C. Potter, Henry Dickey, L. B. Cogswell, Elizabeth Cogswell, John Jones and E. J. Jones. Since then the following have joined: M. E. Cogswell, Cath- erine Dickey, Joan Lingle, John Dixon, Huldah Pro, Elizabeth Pro, Nancy A. Hunt, Martha Dickey, Lydia A. Dickey, Deborah Dickey, David Clancy, Carrie Wallace, Ellen Guy, B. F. Holaday, Eli Holaday, Mar- garet H. Dickey, Mary J. Dickey, A. J. Dickey, Jr., George W, Beswick, Harriet Beswick, Annis Beswick, Ary Beswick, Sarilda Holtsclaw, Samuel Dalton, George Pinnick, Mary Merrill, Angeline Gaustine, James Jones, Eliza Holtsclaw, S. M. Stalciip, Lucinda Gaustine, Mariam Busha, Emory Busha, Caroline Kibler, Sarah Gross and George Stout. The first pastor was Rev. J. B. Porter, a very worthy man. The second was Wright San- ders, the third J. M. Kendall, and the fourth J. K, Howard, the present pastor, who visits the society monthly from Livonia. While Rev. Ken- dall was pastor an effort that was nearly successful was made to build a church, but failed, no doubt, by reason of the expiration of Mr. Kendall's appointment. He was the prime mover of the attempt, and secured a subscription of over $800. The society at first met in the churches of the Methodists and Presbyterians, but now occupies the court room. No doubt the Friends or Quakers were the first to hold religious serv- ices in Paoli Township. Members of this sect had come in for perma- nent settlement as early as the war of 1812, and no doubt at that time founded their organizations, which endure until the present day. It is likely that the old Lick Creek Meeting-house on Section 8, Township 1 north, Range 1 east, was erected as early as 1813, and was, without ques- tion, the first structure of the kind in the county. It was built of logs, and was used about twelve years, and was then replaced by another erected in the same place, and this in turn was used until the present one was built, about twenty-five years ago. Among the early members of this class were Thomas Maris, William Lindley, Jonathan Lindley, Owen Lindley, Sr., John Maris, George Maris, Robert HoUowell and his sons, 534 HISTORY OF ORANGE COUNTY. Enoch Thompson, James Crane, David Lindley, Ephraim Doan, Samuel Chambers, John, Jesse and George Towel, Silas Dixon, and many others. Amv Moore was an early preacher of this denomination. All are famil- iar with the peculiar customs of the Quakers, how different they were fi'om the other denominations of Christians. Eleanor Chambers was an early preacher. This class is yet in existence with the great-grandchil- dren of the early settlers as members. In about 1818 the Newbury Meet- ing-house of the Friends, situated west of Paoli on the old Indian bound- ary line, was built of logs, and was used many years. It stood on Section 34, Township 2 north, Range 1 west, and on the twenty-eighth day of the eleventh month, 1826, the Trustees of this society, Abraham Osborn, } Thomas Lindley and Ebenezer Doan, bought two acres for $50, of Alex- i ander Clark and Henry Towel. This was the land upon which the old church was then standing, having been built there by the sufferance of the owners. The above men were the leading members of this society at that time. Prominent, also, were Joseph Allison, Noah Hadley, Jesse Towel, Ephraim Doan and many others, including the families of the above. This old society yet endures. Another early society of the Quak- ers was in the southern part of Paoli Township at Beach Chapel. This was a branch of the Lick Creek Church, and its early members were the above-named families and others. The church was built about 1826, and has been succeeded by several others. The Farlows, Joneses, Moores Atkissons, Lindleys, Doans and Towels were prominently connected with this societv at a little later date. The various organizations of Friends have exerted a powerful influence upon the morals of the county. ^ A society of Methodists was organized in Paoli Township about four miles east of the county seat about the year 1835, and there flourished for many years. The Kearbys and Robbinses were founders and promi- nent members. Joel C. Kearby, Edward Kearby, Daniel Robbins, Eze- kiel Robbins and Jacob Robbins were Trustees in 1840. This society was the foundation of the Methodist Church of Chambersburg. Many residents of the northeastern part of the township have for many years attended the old Mount Pleasant Baptist Church on the line between Paoli and Orleans Townships. Moore's Chapel, west of the line, in French Lick Township, has been attended for fifty years by the residents of western Paoli Township. It is said that the first Sunday-school in the county was founded and conducted about three miles northwest of Paoli by Rev. William Martin as early as 1822-23. Nothing is known of its success and continuance except that it was abandoned within a few years by the removal of its patrons and its pastor. THE CHURCHES OF CHAMBERSBURG. The Methodist Episcopal Church of Chambersburg was organized during the early part of the decade of the forties, and for ten or twelve HISTORY OF ORANGE COUNTY. 535 years met in private dwellings and in schoolhouses. Then a frame church was built largely from the donations of outsiders and other denom- inations, which building is yet standing and used. Among the early members were Daniel Robbins, Jane Bobbins, and several of their chil- di-en, Alexander Kearby, Joel Kearby, Edward Kearby, and others of the Kearbys to the number of half a dozen or more, Robert Paschal, Mary Paschal, John G. Cadle and family, Milton Hobson, Hiram T. Lindley, Mrs. Caroline Baker, several of the Boyd families, Mary Stewart and others. At times the society has been on the point of dissolution, and at other times has been quite strong and prosperous. It has usually been supplied with ministers from Paoli and elsewhere. At present it is weak and meets irregularly. The United Brethren Church of Chambersburg was not organized until after the Methodist had been in good working order for several years. The Methodists really had an organization in the country near Chambersburg for a number of years before their removal to that village, and after the removal did not erect a church until about 1856. The United Brethren formed a society about 1851-52, and for some time, also, occupied the schoolhouse alternately with the Methodists. About the year 1858-59 they were strong enough with the help of the Methodists and other denominations and outsiders to build a frame church of their own, at a cost of about $800. This building is still used by the society. It is said that the founder of this church was the Rev. Linus Chittenden. Among the early members were Solomon Danner and family, Joseph Cox and family, William Gray and family, and others; and a little later were Joseph Moore, Elijah Purkhiser, J. T. Wolf, R. S. Dillinger and others. The society has at no time been very strong numerically, though at times it has been prosperous. For several years the two denomina- tions, Methodists and United Brethren, have conducted a Union Sunday- school in the town with much gi-eater effect for good than either or both could alone. CHURCHES AT ORLEANS. Following close upon the earliest settlements in Orleans came the pioneer preachers, who were the "holy men of old," and dispensed the Gospel in all its original austerity. These early and advance ambassa- dors of God were, and always have been, noted for their earnest devotion to the cause in which they labored. It is said that as early as the year 1816, Bishop Roberts began preaching at Orleans, with all the zeal that charactei'ized that eminent divine while working for the Master, and which earned for him a place among the foremost ministers of the Methodist Episcopal Church. In those primitive times, there wei-e no costly church edifices where the pious could worship in luxury, but as "the groves were God's first temples" and ever dedicated to His cause, the first meetings of the religious were held in their friendly shelter, 536 HISTORY OF ORANGE COUNTY. unless the inclemency of the seasons drove the worshipers to some of the log dwellings that then studded the frontier. In this way religious meetings were held for about four years by Bishop Roberts, and under his lead was founded the Methodist Church at this place, and his efforts were crowned with success. A church building was erected, and the society grew and prospered. In 1850, a nice brick house was built at a cost of about $2,000, and besides this a parsonage is owned by the organization, valued at about $600. The first deed of property to the ^ Methodist Church at Orleans, was Lot No. 273, in the town of \ Orleans, Francis Wood to Shadrach B. A. Carter, John Sears, Henry Redfield, Samuel Worrel, Joshua Brothers, Lewis Haller and John McCoy, "Trustees of the Methodist Episcopal Church in the United States," for $17.50. This was sometime very early in the twenties, and is the first deed of church property in the records of Orange County. The deed for the pai-sonage property was in 1837, from John B. Mayer and wife to David Bruner, John Holmes, Henry R. Williamson, Eleazer H. Taylor and Henry L ingle,. Trustees to build a parsonage. This was for Lots Nos. 275, 276, 297, and 298, the church paying $100 therefor. This church now has a membership of 140, and is at present under the charge of Rev. J. V. R. Miller as pastor. Here as elsewhere, the Methodist Church is energetic in maintaining a Sunday-school. In this about eighty scholars are in regular attendance, and it is presided over by Mr. William C. R. Kemp as the Superintendent. When this society was organized in 1820, the following were among the principal mem- bers: John and Mary Sears, Henry R. and Catherine Williamson, S. B. A. and Margaret Carter, David and Jane Worrel, and four others, whose names have gone from the recollection, the records having been destroyed. The first church house was built in 1822, of logs, and was 30x36 feet in size. It was furnished with the old style high pulpit, whence the preacher looked out upon his congregation with a magisterial complacency, and retailed his religion in no homoepathic portions to the spiritual invalids. What is now the Orleans Presbyterian Church, was first organized on the 24th of August, 1818, nine miles northwest of Orleans, at the house, it is said, of Mrs. Nancy Fisher. It was at first called Concord Church, and started with a membership of nine, and Rev. W. W. Mar- tin as pastor. In October, 1820, the place of meeting was changed to Orleans, and the name to the one it now bears. The ground on which the church is built is Lot No. 87, in Orleans, and was donated to the society in 1835, by John B. Mayer and wife. At that date Samuel Campbell, William Fisher and James Shields were the Trustees. The first house of worship was a frame, and it served for about ten years, when it was taken away to give place for the present brick building. This is a nice one in every respect and was built at a cost of nearly $3,000, being one of the best HISTORY OF ORANGE COUNTY. 537 churches in Orange County. A part of the old frame is now used by- Mr. Irwin as a barn. The present membership of this society is seventy- ii\e, but a lethargy has of late years been over the association, and it i& rather declining than advancing. There has formerly been a very good Sunday-school in connection with this church, but that has been abandoned within the past year and there is no regular pastor in charge at this time. On the 26th day of March, 1852, the following Elders of the Mis- sionary Baptist Church met in the Methodist Church at Orleans, for the purpose of considering the propriety of constituting certain members of that denomination a regular Baptist Church at Orleans: E. P. Bond, of New Albany, J. D. Crabbs, William McCoy, R. M. Parks and J. Black- well. Besides these a council from each of the following churches was present: Spice Valley, Mount Horeb, Mount Pleasant, Lost River, Free- dom and Bedford. A sermon was preached by E. P. Bond, after which the council organized by electing J. D. Crabbs, Moderator, William Mc- Coy and R. M. Parks, Secretaries. After proper examination the council expressed satisfaction with the articles of faith and covenant adopted by the members and decided to recognize them as a legal Baptist Church as soon as the proper officers should be appointed, and accordingly extended the right hand of fellowship to the following members: T. N. and Edna Robertson, Z. C, Mary A. and Martha J. Smith, Catherine Yandall, Levisa Shields, Reed and PhcBbe Walden, Mary Back, Anna Shevedien, J. M. and Jane Archer, Perlina Dean, Robert Patton, Anna Moore, Sarah A. Long, Charles Tiensch, William, Sarah, Catherine and Sally Gal- lihar, Letty Paul, Allen and Mary Stevens, Jeremiah V. and Margaret Alexander, Frederick Baker, William, Elizabeth and Ellen Duncan^ thirty-one in all. At this meeting Elder T. N. Robertson was unani- mously called to be their pastor. The first regular meeting was held on the fourth Saturday of April, 1852, and at that time Allen Stevens was elected Clerk, Z. C. Smith and J. M. Archer, Deacons. The Trustees elected then were J. V. Alexander, Z. C. Smith and J. M. Archer, and on the same day Elder Robertson accepted the call of the church to the pastorate. To this Board of Trustees Benjamin Blackwell and wife soon afterwards deeded Lot No. 225 in Orleans for $5, and Lawrence Brad- ley and Albert Allen and their wives deeded Lot No. 6 in Bradley and Allen's Addition for $10. At the second regular meeting of the church it was decided to furnish a house and lot for Elder Robertson and wife for life. This was done, and from that time forth he continued mostly in this place, and among the flock which he had helped to form and care for. Such a long and continued confidence between pastor and congregation is seldom seen, and examples of this kind are surely worthy of emulation. The society at once began the erection of a church house, and it was finely completed in 1854, at a cost of $800. It is a very good 538 HISTORY OF ORANGE COUNTY. frame building and is yet in use, although it has been several times repaired and once reseated. A good Sunday-school has been organized in connection with this church for over thirty years, which now has an attendance of eighty scholars. This church now has sixty-six members, is flourishing well, and under the charge of Rev. J. H. Wright as pastor. Amono- the important ministers have been W. L. Boston, R. M. Parks, B. J. Davis and J. K. Howard. About the year 1868, Elder Boston held an important and interesting revival, in the course of which a large number of recruits in the cause of the Master were added to the church, and much moral regeneration in the community effected. The Orleans Christian Church was organized in the fall of 1867. Prior to that time a good frame house of worship had been erected at the cost of over $2,000. The original membership was about twenty-live, and the first Trustees were E. D. Laughlin, "William Wright, Sr. , and George Hon, who had superintended the church building. The first minister was James Mathews, who remained but a short time. Since him the following pastors have been in charge: Moses Smith, L. B. Bray, Samuel Moore, Mr. Littell, Mr. McQowen, George Terrell, Jonathan Stanley and Enoch Bower. About the year 1880, Rev. Stanley held an important revival, in which great interest was manifested, nearly one hundred professing religion, many joining the church. This association is out of debt and in a prosperous condition. The salary paid to its minister is $400 per year for service every two weeks. The total number of members is now about 100, and a flourishing Sunday School of sixty scholars, with Thomas Sculley, Superintendent. E. D. Laughlin, William Montgomery and Moses Lewis are the present Board of Trustees. THE OKANGEVILLE MISSION. Until 1852 the Methodist Church at Orleans was connected with several other churches of that denomination in the northwestern part of the county and forming the Orleans Circuit, but in that year it was made an independent station. The other churches were then formed into the Orangeville Mission, and consisted of the following classes: Bruner'8, now Wesley Chapel, Henderson, Faucett, Wadsworth, Bond, Bryants- ville, Woodville and Hick Chapels. Robert Wadsworth, John Bond, William P. Hobbs and Samuel Hicks were local preachers, Alfred Bruner was Recording Steward, while Eli Faucett, Marion Davis, Harlan Pope and Davidson Carter were Class Leaders. In the following year the mission was changed to a circuit with the same appointments. During the year of the mission a revival was held at Orangeville by the Rev. Thomas A. Whitted and 104 accessions were received into the church, joining the various classes. Camp meetings were held about 1825 and several succeeding years by the old circuit at a grove near the Jacob Shirley School House, about three-fourths of a mile south from Orange- HISTORY OF ORANGE COUNTY. 539 ville, and at these considerable interest was always manifested. From these early grove meetings may undoubtedly be traced the growth of a large number of the present organized classes in this section of the county. The society now known as Wesley Chapel was called at its organiza- tion Bruner's Chapel, and it was organized some time prior to 1830, prob- ably at the house of Henry Shirley. The first meetings were held at the Henry Shirley Schoolhouse, and afterward at the house of A Bruner. A house of worship was built about the year 1858 at a cost of $625. It is a good frame, and is now in use by the congregation. Among the early members of this church were Henry Shirley, his wife, mother and family, Nathaniel B. Wilson, wife and mother, Manley McNabb and wife, John Britton and wife, John Cook and wife and others. This society now numbers sixty-six, and has been of steady and substantial growth from the beginning, having nearly always maintained one of the best Sunday-schools in the county. This has greatly aided the church in bringing the youth of the community to a proper appreciation of the great Christian truths, and thereby making good members of both church and society. Faucett's Chapel society was organized in 1837 at the house of James Faucett, under the labors of the Rev. William McGinnes. The first members were James and Elizabeth, William and Hannah Faucett, John and Rachel Brown, William Hamilton, James and Elizabeth Ferine, Joseph Hamilton and Susan Hamer. In 1847 a log church was built, Samuel Hicks being the minister then in charge, and the Trustees were then J. L. Brown, William Hamilton, James Ferine, Eli H. and Will- iam Faucett. The old log church continued to answer the purpose of the congregation until 1879, when a new and convenient frame was erected at a cost of $1,000. Its present membership is forty. The Orangeville class was organized about the year 1840, and has had a prosperous career now numbering something over sixty members. In November, 1851, Nathaniel B. Wilson and wife deeded to Alfred Bruner, Robert Higgins, Lewis B. Wilson, Harvey Denny and William P. Hobbs, Trustees of the Methodist Episcopal Church, at Orangeville, the ground on which the church at that place now stands, for the sum of $15. In August, of the following year, Samnel Hicks and Harvey Denny deeded to the same Trustees a piece of land in Orengeville for the purpose of building a parsonage upon. The church house was built immediately, and is a good ond substantial frame, costing about $800. At this time the circuit rider was Rev. Thomas a Whitted, who figured largely in the affairs of the Methodist Church of this section of country for several years. The minister in charge of the Orangeville Circuit resides at Orangeville, in the parsonage at that place. The present pastor is Rev. S. L. Culmer, who rendered assistance in this work. 34 540 HISTORY OF ORANGE COUNTY. SOCIETIES OF FKENCH LICK TOWNSHIP. "* A society of the Methodist Episcopal Church was organized at the house of William Marley, near the French Lick Springs, about the year 1825 by John Miller, one of the pioneer circuit riders of Orange County. Among the first members were William Marley, Clayton Taylor, Alex- ander McGrew with their wives and families, Joseph McGrew and wife. The first church was a log structure built some time early in the thirties, but after being used for a short time was burned down. Another was soon after erected. This was on the farm now owned by Ross Grigsby. The third church was built about the year 1856, at its present site on the farm of Capt. William D. Moore. This is the old French Lick class at Moore's Chapel. John Miller, William Crane, John Decker and Samuel Brinten were among the early preachers here. It now has a member- ship of about sixty and is in a good healthy condition. The Scarlett Ridge class of the Methodist Church in French Lick Township, was organized about the year 1840, by a minister named Johnson. First members were Samuel and William Scarlett and their wives, Isaac Damewood and family, William Wininger and wife, Harri- son Hankers and others. For a time they met at the Scarlett School- house and then built a church at French Lick Springs. This soon after burned down and after some time meeting at the schoolhouse, again built another house of worship at its present site and is called Mount Lebanon. The cost of this last building was about $600, and it is a good frame. Until about 1850 it was a mission but it was then changed to a circuit, which it has ever since been. For the past fifteen years a good Sunday-school has been maintained with an average attendance of about thirty-five scholars, while the church membership is about sixty. Among the early ministers were John Julian, George Walker, Thomas Ray and James Charles. The Church Association at what is known as Ames Chapel, in the eastern part of French Lick Township, was formed in the year 1880, by a union of the clases at Smith's and Nelson's Chapels. There is nearly 100 members now belonging at this place, and it is said to be one of the most energetic, prosperous organizations of the kind in the county, and a good Sunday-school is maintained with James S. Porter as Superintendent. The church edifice which was built in 1880, at a cost of $1,300, is one of the neatest in Orange County, and stands in the border of a pleasant and shady grove. It belongs to the Paoli Circuit. JACKSON TOWNSHIP CHURCHES. The Cane Creek Christian, or Campbellite Church, in the north pai't of Jackson Township, was probably organized about the year 1825. Promi- nent among the first members were Jacob Wise and wife, Christopher Flick and wife, Thomas Cox and wife, Joshua Habbs and wife, William I HISTORY OF ORANGE COUNTY. 541 Pinnick arid wife, Charles Drake and wife and some others. Soon after the organization of this class a primitive log house was erected for worship, which was used until 1844. In that year a good hewed house was built in its stead, the work being done by the members of the church. The present frame was built in 1872, and is a good and commodious building, its cost being $1,000. Christian Hostetler, Solomon Hostetler, and David Lewis, who lived near Orleans, were among the early preachers at this place. Other ministers have been Christopher Flick, Phillip Shi vely, John Mavity, Christopher Cox, Thomas A. Cox and B. T. Goodman. lu the old log church during the fall of 1843, Phillip Shively and Christian Hostetler conducted an interesting revival in which about forty members were added to the church. Another by B. T. Goodman was held in 1850 and nearly sixty converts were made among the best citizens of the community, and it resulted in great influence for good on the morals of the neighborhood. Several attempts have been made to maintain a Sunday-school, but all have failed. This is one of the strongest societies in the county, and now has about 150 members. GEEENFIELD TOWNSHIP CHURCHES. The United Brethren Church at Unionville was organized at the house of John Apple about the year 1847. Nearly all of the first members belonged to the Apple family, and were John and Jesse Apple, and their wives, Thomas, Moses and Alfred Apple, with a few others. The first, minister was a man named Falkenberg, and after him were Daniel Shuck and Lyman Chittenden. Rev. John A. Richardson is the pastor now in charge. An old log church house was soon built after the organ- ization and was in use until 1877, when the present frame building was erected at a cost of $600, and the society is now reasonably prosperous, with a membership of thirty-nine. Providence Baptist church, at Pittsburg, in the southern part of Greenfield Township, is said to have been organized as early as 1819, in what is now Crawford County, at the house of Robert Sands, although there is some doubt as to the ,date. Robert Sands, Cornelius Newkirk, Samuel McMahan and James McMahan were among the first preachers at this appointment, and together with their wives and Mrs. Rachael Pitman, Mrs. Mary Peters and others were the first members of the soci- ety. Prior to 1880, when the present church was built, there had been in tlieir turn a round and a hewed log-house and a frame that served each a period of usefullness and then abandoned. The first frame cost in the neighborhood of $400, and the one now in use about $700, besides a large amount of work done by the members. There are now about 140 enrolled as belonging to the class, and it is in a growing and healthy condition. Samuel McMahan is the present minister. In the spring of 1843 an organization of the Christian or Campbellite 642 HISTORY OF ORANGE COUNTY. Church was made at the house of Absalom (iobble, near the present town of Unionville. Absalom and Julia A. Gobble, Valentine and Mary Cook, Absalom and Anna McCabe, John and Rebecca Davis were the first mem- bers. The ministers that were instrumental in establishing this church: John Bobbitt, Phillip Shively and John Wright. For a considerable time after its formation the meetings were held at the house where it was organized, but a hewed log house of worship was built about the year 1850, and as nearly all the work was done by the members, the actual cost of the building in cash is said to have been only about $40. There is now a good frame church erected in 1873, costing $1,100. There is now a total of 147 members, and this society is one of the strongest in the county. A number of important and interesting revivals have been held here by various preachers, and at two different times seventeen were baptized at once, and at another time sixteen were baptized. There is a flourishing Sunday-school in connection with this church, that has an average attendance of about thirty scholars and four teachers, and of which Isaac Young is Superintendent. A society of the Old School Regular Baptist Church was organized at Unionville in the fall of 1872. The temporary organization was effected on the 4th of October, by persons having letters of " Dismissioa and Rec- ommendation " from Rock Spring and Providence Churches, and at this meeting Elder T. N. Robertson was Moderator, and L. H. Wright, Clerk pro tempore. On the 23d of November following, the church was for- mally established and the right hand of fellowship was extended to the following persons as members of the new organization: Elizabeth Lamb- din, Lensford Lomax and wife, Harriet McDonald, William and Rebecca Willyard, John Cook and wife, Ruth J. Lomax, Lovisa Hancock, Martha Lomax, Mary E. Lomax, Sarah Hill, Leander H. Wright and wife. Nel- son Willyard and wife, Emma Lomax, Albert Mayfield, Rachael Ham- mond, Minnie Tarr, George T. Mayfield, Susannah Hammond, Daniel R. Lambdin, Naocy Lomax, Tamor A. Lomax, Elva Truax, Martha Lamb- din. T. N. Robertson was called as the first minister, and Albert May- field was elected Clerk. A good and substantial frame house of worship was built in 1873, costing about $600. Samuel McMahan and George T. Mayfield have been the preachers at this place ever since Elder Robert- son's time. CHURCHES OF SOUTHEAST TOWNSHIP. The Rock Spring Regular Baptist Church in Southeast Township was organized in the year 1826, at the house of Charles Vandeveer, on the farm now owned by Thomas Clements, in Stampers Creek Township. The first members were: Charles, Aaron, Joel and George Vandeveer with their wives; — Phillips and wife, and A. Pearson and wife. The first minister was Aaron Vandeveer and since him have been Charles Vande- veer, Jonathan Jones, William Robertson, T. N. Robertson and the pres- ent one, Samuel McMahan. HISTORY OF ORANGE COUNTY. 543 The first church house was built in 1841, where the present frame was erected, costing about $500. Elder T. N. Robertson held an interesting revival in 1876, and succeeded in gaining about a dozen converts to the church. There is a class of United Brethren about three miles north of Valeene that was organized about 1855. For the first fifteen years they held meetings at the schoolhouse near by, and then built the hewed log-house which they now own and which cost about $300. There has been a num- ber of revivals held at this place and the church has been instrumental in doing a large amount of good in the community. Two miles southeast of Valeene is an organization of the Methodist Episcopal Church which was effected about the year 1850. The church known as the Cross-roads Meeting House is where the meetings are held. This is log and when new cost about $200. Among the early members were the families of May, Lowe, Maxedon, Agan and others. Andrew May was the first and last minister. This class has never been very pros- perous and at the present time has no regular pastor. At what is known as Harned Chapel, three miles southwest of Valeene, is another class of the Methodist Church that was formed about the year 1845. The church house was built of logs and afterward weather-boarded. It is now a very comfortable building and has cost about $500, being contributed by the people living adjacently. Thomas Harned and family, the Di Hards, Sloans, Crandalls, Bateses, Stones and others were amoug the principal early members. Three of the Harned boys — William, Michael and John — became noted as preachers, they first preaching at Indianopolis and Jeffersonville. This church has been prosperous and in connection with it is maintained a good Sunday-school. The Christian Church at Valeene was organized about the year 1830. The Hollowell family, the Selfs, the Mooros, the Pirtles, the Sanderses, the Crittendens, the Bobbitts, the Fergusons, Samuel Harned, William Holaday and man}' others have been among the prominent members of this society. The first preachers were two brothers, Peter and John Wright, from Washington County. Other ministers have been David Stewart, Eli Stewart, John Hollowell, Jr., H. Bobbitt, Henry Crittenden, John Davis, Moses Smith, Nehemiah Tower and Samson Cox, the present pastor. The first house cost about $150, and in 1855 a good frame was built which cost $600, but this was destroyed by a cyclone in 1874. The present house, a frame, was immediately erected at a cost of $1,000, or thereabouts. CHURCHES IN STAMPERS CREEK TOWNSHIP. The United Brethren Church in the southwestern part of Stampers Creek Township was organized in the latter part of the twenties some- time, but the exact date is not known. The first meetings of the society that can now be learned of were held at the house of Joseph Danner who 644 HISTORY OF ORANGE COUNTY. then lived on the farm now owned by Edward Mussear and the first min- ister was probably Samuel Haines. This church has had a gradual and uninterrupted term of prosperity and now has a membership of about sixty persons. The present house of worship was built in 1850 and is called Banner's Chapel. It is a frame structure and the original cost was in the neighborhood of $300. It belongs to the Paoli Circuit and the present minister is Mr. John A. Richardson. The Pleasant Valley Missionary Baptist Church was organized in August, 1870, at the house of Josiah Thomas in the southern end of Stampers Creek Township. The meetings of this society have always been held at what is known as the Green Brier Schoolhouse. The first members were Josiah Thomas, William T. Wells, Isaac Underwood, John R. Thomas and their wives, Jacob O. and Elizabeth Thomas. Under the charge of Mr. Josiah Thomas, as minister, the church has been oi'dinarily successful and it now has twenty- four members. About one and three-fourth miles south from Millersburg, in Stampers Creek Township, is the Pleasant Grove Regular Baptist Church. This society was formed about the year 1876, and immediately built the present church house they occupy, which is a good and substantial frame costing about $500. Francis M. Mattox was the first preacher of the class, and has been such ever since, and now occupies that position. Among the first members were: H. H. Poison and wife, William Mcin- tosh and wife, Phoebe Rigney, Phoebe Strange, William Jones, Polly A. Jones and others. Services are held here every third Saturday in each month, and the organization is growing, LIBERTY CHURCH, NORTHEAST TOWNSHIP. In the northeastern part of Orleans Township is situated the Liberty Meeting House. The society here was probably organized in the year 1819, and is of the Christian or Campbellite denomination. Some of the first members were: Christian and Adam Hostetler, David S. Lewis, John Ribbel and their wives. This organization for a time flourished and took rank as the foremost church of its kind in the county for sev- eral years, but other classes being organized in this part of the county drew away much of its strength, although it is yet a strong society. It was probably organized at the house of a Mr. Knight, who lived in the neighborhood, and the meetings were held at private houses for some time. About the year 1824 or 1825, a hewed-log-house was built which continued to be used until the building now in use was erected, about the year 1855. This is a good and substantial frame, 40x60 feet, and cost, it is said, about $2, 000. The present membership is about 150, and the minister is Rev. Jonathan Stanley. HISTORY OF ORANGE COUNTY. 545 CHAPTER IX. BY JAMES L. NOBLITT. Educational History of the County— The Early Schools of Paoli AND Township— Character of the Early Houses— Old Methods of Instruction and Correction— Names of Scholars and Patrons— The Teachers— The Subscription Schools— The First and Subse- quent Funds— The County Seminary— High Schools— The South- ern Indiana Normal School— Education in Each Township Traced —The Orleans Academy— The Teachers' Institutes— A Genenal View of the Schools. rj^HE first school established in Paoli Township was in a small round JL log-house, situated upon the land of David Thompson's heirs, in Section 16, Town 1 north, Range 1 east, one mile west of Chambers- burg. The first teacher was an old gentlemam named Tomlinson. He could teach reading, writing, spelling and arithmetic. Among the patrons were the Chamberses and Lindleys. This was probably the first school ever taught in Orange County. There is now no person living who attended this school. Mr. Tomlinson remained here but a short time, and was succeeded by Thornton Brady. Nathan Farlow is the only person now living (1884) who attended Mr. Brady's school. The next teacher was Duncan Darrock, succeeded by Thomas Newlin. "William G. Chambers attended during Mr. Newlin's term. John Murray taught about one mile south of this in 1823. These schools were super- seded by the establishing of a school at Lick Creek, in 1824, at the site of the present school building. This was the first district school estab- lished in the county under the Congressional Township System. It was supported in parts by rents of school land. John Murray taught here in the fail of 1824. Thomas Newlin was teacher about 1828-29. He gave his pupils a treat of cakes and pies at Christmas time. It was served at his residence, a half mile from the schoolhouse. The house was a log building 18 x 24 feet. It was replaced by a frame house in 1822. Among the patrons were the Chamberses, Lindleys, Thompsons, Lynches and Gillums. William C. Gillum attended during 1829. Shadrack B. A. Carter and Jonathan Prosser were early teachers in this neighborhood. The studies embraced reading, writing, spelling, arithmetic and grammar. Several years after this Morris Pritchard introduced the first geography. Later than this Levi Woody taught here a number of years. He was a good teacher. Under his management the school was well supported, and became one of the best in the county under the district system. All the 546 HISTORY OF ORANGE COUNTY. common school branches, including algebra and philosophy were taught. The patrons at this time were the Lindleys, Chamberses, Towels, Dixons, Clouds, McVeys, Thompsons and Coxes. Miss Asenath Cox, who became a very excellent teacher, was a pupil of this school. In the meanwhile other schools had been established in this and adjoining neighborhoods. In 1816 the citizens built a small log house near Thomas Atkinson's place, three miles south of Paoli, and employed a Mr. Mclntire to teach. Shadrack Ditts taught here about 1820. The patrons of this school were the Atkinsons, Stouts, Farlows, Grimeses, Mormans, Boltons, Lambdins and Throops. Sophia Throop, then a young girl, walked three miles morning and evening to attend the school. Miss Throop afterward became the first lady teacher in the county. The studies in this school embraced reading, writing, spelling and primary arithmetic. In 1816 Evan Jones taught a school in a house which had been used as a dwelling, about one mile south of Paoli. The next year the citizens of this neighborhood built a schoolhouse on land of Nathan Farlow, west of Beechgrove Church. Roderick McLuskey, an Irishman, was the first teacher. He was succeeded by Thornton Brady in 1818. Mr, Brady was a good man and was much beloved by his pupils. The patrons of this school were the Farlows, Truebloods, Wolfingtons, Pin- nicks, Williamses, Weeks, Boyds, Hills, Lindleys, Dishons, Dixons and HoUowells. Mary Hollowell, who was said to be the first female child born within the present limits of Orange County, was a pupil of this school. Miss Hollowell afterward became Mrs. Joseph Clendenin. About the year 1820 Maj. Doak opened a school in a small house near the sink of Stampers Creek. Among his patrons were the Lewises, John- sons, Sniders and Mahans. He was followed by Richard Mills near the present site of Rifetown in 1821, and he by John Murray, at same place, in 1822. In 1825 the citizens built a log house, 18x18 feet, on the land of Cyrus Quackenbush. It was furnished with split sapling seats and one glass window, a log being taken out on the other side to admit light. Henry M. Canaday was the first teacher. The branches of study were reading, writing, spelling and arithmetic. This was the first silent school taught in the county. Mr. Canaday remained here three years and was succeeded by Samuel Dalton. Samuel Hudelson studied gram- mar at this school. The patrons were the Hudelsons, Elrods, Lindleys and others. During the summer of 1839 Sophia Throop taught in this district. The house was situated on Owen Lindley's place. Lindleys and Wellses were among her patrons. In 1841 William Hudleson and John Hollowell, District Trustees, built a log schoolhouse two miles northwest of Paoli. Judge John Baker, now of Vincennes, Ind. , built the chimney for this house. Theodore Stackhouse taught here in 1845. The studies embraced all the common school branches; wages of teacher. HISTORY OF ORANGE COUNTY. 547 per month, term of three montlis, $18, public money. Remainder paid by rate bills. Patrons were Hudiesons, Hollowells, Ellises, Braxtans, and Milligans. Mr. William Hudelson served as District Trustee here , for more than fifteen years, for which service he never charged or received any pay. Schoolhouses being inconvenient in some neighbor- hoods, churches were used for schoolhouses. Alexander Morris taught at Newberry in 1831. Julia Talbert taught in the old log church at Stampers Creek in 1841. Sophia Throop also taught one school here. In 1832 Sarah Chambers taught a school where Chambersburg has siuce^ been located. She received $1.50 per pupil for a term of three months. Among her patrons were the Cateses, Chamberses and Robinses. Under the congressional township system, Paoli Township had the county seminary and five district schoolhouses in which to educate her 800 children. At the August election in 1848 her people refused to exchange these for a free school system. The vote was as follows: For free schools, forty-five votes; against free schools, 339 votes. The same question being again submitted in 1843, there were 116 votes in the affirmative and 258 in the negative. In 1850, and again in 1851, the question was voted upon. At this last election there were 133 votes in the affirmative, and 201 in the negative, but free schools came to Orange County without an affirmative vote of her people, by the passage of the school law of 1852.' The first Trustees in this township were Henry M. Hobbs, William Rhodes and Levi Woody. They were elected April, 1853, and on the 30th day of May submitted the proposition to vote a tax for building schoolhouses by taxation to a vote of the people. This proposition was defeated by a majority of 106 votes. The Trustees estimated the cost of schoolhouses required to furnish educational privileges to the children of the township at $5, 000. But as the money could not be raised without an affirmative vote of the people, the result of the late election was accepted as a final blow at the public schools of the township. The Board of Trustees now declined to purchase the county seminary build- ing, which was sold in August of that year, pleading want of funds and the unwillingness of the people to be taxed for schoolhouse purposes. But happily the Legislature of 1855 furnished a remedy for this state of affairs by giving the Board of Trustees the power to levy without the vote of the people. The Board now proceeded to divide the township iuto ten districts. The first levy was made in 1856, being 25 cents on each $100 worth of property, and 50 cents on each poll. Four of the district houses were adopted and six new houses built, one each year. The county seminary was afterward purchased and used as a public school building by the township. The first free schools were in the winter of 1855-56. Paoli Township has now thirteen school districts. The build- ings are substantial frame houses, being well finished and furnished with 548 HISTORY OF ORANGE COUNTY, improved furniture and school apparatus. Schools are sustained from five and a half to six months each year, at a cost of about $3,000 per annum for tuition expenses. PAOLI TOWN SCHOOLS. The first school in the town of Paoli was taught about the year 1817, by James Stores. The house was built for a dwelling, and was fitted up for school in true primitive style. Mr. Stores taught but one term, and and was succeeded by Joseph Athon. Not much concerning these schools has been learned. The Braxtans, Lindleys and Campbells were here, and probably attended, but of those who were pupils then all are gone to that land over and beyond "the river." About 1829 Benoni Jackson opened a select school in his dwelling-house in the east part of town. This school was continued several years. Mr. Jackson was a good teacher, and was liberally patronized by the people of the town. The Braxtans, McVeys, Campbells, Merrits and Hoggatts were among his patrons. About the year 1832 Mrs. A. M. Collins taught a school in a frame house east of the southeast corner of the public square. The Braxtans, Wellses and Merrits were pupils. Robert Higgins, of Orangeville, attended this school. Later than this, Col. John Murray taught in the Hoggatt prop- erty in the east part of town. He was succeeded by James Brooks, and he by Bartlet Coffin. The patrons of this school were the McVeys, Tow- els, Browns, Hoggatts, Braxtans and Hazlewoods. B, R. Harrison taught here in 1844 and 1845. About the years 1841 and 1842, Col. Murray taught in the White property in the west part of town. At Christmas time he gave his pupils a ' ' treat " of cider and apples. Dr. Green Hazle- wood, of Chambersburg, attended the school. The school history of the town of Paoli is nearly all included in the history of the seminary. THE COUNTY SEMINARY. The idea of a county seminary originated with the Constitution of 1816, which provided that all fines assessed for any breach of the penal laws, and all money paid as an equivalent by persons exempt from mili- tary duty, except in time of war, should be applied to the support of county seminaries in the counties wherein they were assessed. This money was held in trust by a Seminary Trustee, appointed at first by the Governor of the State, and afterward by the Boards of County Commis- sioners, and later elected by the people at a general election. Thomas Coffin, John Pinnick and Thomas Chapman, in the order named, served as Trustees of Seminary Fund in Orange County. The following act incorporated the seminary. An Act Incorpokating a Seminary in the County of Gibson and for other Purposes, Approved January 21, 1826. ** * ***** Section 8. The county seminary for the county of Orange is hereby estab- -ished at the town of Paoli, the seat of justice of said county, and it is hereby made HISTORY OF ORANGE COUNTY. 549 the duty of the President and Associate Judges of the Circuit Court of said county at the first term of said court, after the passage of this act, to appoint five good and lawful freeholders, residents of said county, as Trustees of said seminary, whose duty it shall be to take an oath or aflirmation that they will well and truly discharge the duties assigned them as aforesaid for the term of one year from and after their appointment, and until their successors are appointed and qualified in the manner prescribed in the foregoing provisions of this act; and the Trustees of the Orange Oounty Seminary Fund is hereby required to pay over all moneys that are or may come into his hands for the use of said seminary to the Trustees of said seminary, •or their order, when called on for that purpose; the Judges and Trustees of said county shall be governed in all other respects by the provisions of the foregoing sections of this act, except that nothing in this act contained shall be so construed as to abolish the office of Seminary Trustee in the said county of Orange. This act to take effect and be in force from and after its passage. The Trustees appointed under this act, were Lewis Byrum, John Scant- lin, John G. Clendenin, Andrew Wilson and Joseph Potts. This Board, after being organized as required by law, proceeded to procure a site for the proposed building. Lot No. 50 was purchased from William Hen- dricks for $40; a part of Lot No. 57, from Orange County, for $24, and a part of Lot No. 51 from William Spooner donated for the encourage- ment of education. The seminary building was erected during the summer of 1827. Henderson and Holt were the contractors who built it. We have not been able to learn the contract price or cost of the building, nor have we been able to obtain the date when the first school was opened here, but it was probably late in 1827, or early in 1828. THE SEMINARY TEACHERS. Joseph Athon, who had previously been teaching in town, was the first teacher in the seminary. He taught but a short time and was suc- ceeded by David Adams, who taught here during 1828-29. The patrons at this time were the Braxtans, Campbells, Scantlins, Clendenins, Doughertys, Lindlej'^s and Spooners. Birney taught about 1830. He was succeeded by a man named Sisson. About this time Henry M. Ken- nedy taught for short time. T. B. Kinder had charge of the school during 1833. He was a fine teacher of penmanship. Samuel T. Lind- ley was a pupil this year. Kev. William Martin taught a term in the seminary about this time. Mr. Martin was a good man and well-beloved by all who knew him, but he evidently did not understand all the ways of thoughtless boys, as he could not succeed in maintaining discipline in school. During his term Thomas N. Braxtan and John G. Clendenin, Jr., having committed some ofi'ense in school, in order to evade punish- ment jumped out of the window and ran away to the top of the hill north of town; here they climbed a beech tree and rested in fancied security. But Mr. Martin was not to be outdone this time. He followed them and having brought them down, proceeded to administer a whipping there, lest his anger might cool while returning to the schoolhouse. That tree is still standing, and Mr. Braxtan declares that he would not 550 HISTORY OF ORANGE COUNTY. have it destroyed for $500. During the summer of 1835, a feeling was worked up favorable to increasing the efficiency of the County Seminary. A. J. Simpson, Thomas Coffin, Hiram Braxtan and David Adams, having been appointed Seminary Trustees, resolved to raise the standard of the institution to that of other seminaries in the State. They accordingly gave notice that "a teacher who can come well recommended as to moral character, and who is well qualified to teach the Greek and Latin languages, together with Mathematics and English language,'' would be employed to take charge of County Seminary. As a result of this notice, Mr, James A. Watson, a learned and scholarly man, was employed. He opened school the second Monday in October, 1835. Mr. Watson was a good teacher and conducted the school in a very satisfactory manner. He remained here until about 1838, and was then succeeded by Samuel Newel. The latter was also a successful teacher. At the close of his school the pupils produced the play of "William Tell and the Tyrant Gesler." Thomas Coffin as Tell shot the apple off of John G. Clen- denin's head, who personated Albert. T. N. Braxtan played the part of a soldier. About this time Mrs. L. Green had charge of the female department of County Seminary, and later Mrs. Meur taught the same department. Lawyer Thixton became principal teacher of the seminary about 1839, and James Brooks assistant. Thomas Hunt attended one term this year. About this time Mr. Keller was Principal of the sem- inary. The Legislative mind was never very clear as to the proper manner of electing Seminary Trustees. First they were appointed by the Judges of the Circuit Court; next elected by the people, and afteward appointed by the Board of Commissioners; and in 1841 changed back to an election by the people. ^ SEMINARY TEACHERS CONTINUED. Andrew Wilson, John Hollowell, Josiah Hazlewood, Henry R. Will- iamson and Thomas Nichols were elected Seminary Trustees under this act. They employed Rev. Ennis, a learned man and a good teacher, ta take charge of the County Seminary. He remained here for two years. His work was well received, being highly complimented in the county papers. About this time Col. John Murray taught one term in the semi- nary. He taught a loud school, and lost some patronage by so doing. During 1845 and 1846 Marshal D. Maxwell had charge of the school. He was assisted by his sister. They were good teachers. During 1847 and 1848 Rev. Thomas J. Thornton was Principal of the -County Semi- nary. He was assisted by Mrs. Lord. The Braxtans, Simpsons, Clen- dennins, Throops,Coffinses, Hauns, Bakers, Craigs, Hazlewoods, Johnsons, Poisons, Merits and Collinses were among the pupils. Charles McCann was teacher during 1849. He was succeeded by Sidney J. Mayhew. He took charge of the school in 1850, and remained three years. Mrs. S. J. Mayhew had charge of female department during the same time. They HISTORY OF ORANGE COUNTY. 551 were successful teachers. They closed their work here in February, 1853. Very strict discipline was maintained at this time, as the following inci- dent will show. Isaac Craig took a large apple to school to eat during school hours. As soon as the school work began, he commenced upon the apple, but had made very little progress when he was discovered by the teacher, who politely requested him to stand in front of the school and finish the apple. That apple was eaten without any remarks, but the tears which flowed from Craig's eyes showed very clearly that he did not enjoy the eating. One more session during the spring of 1853, taught by Mr. O'Brien, and the Orange County Seminary, after a life of a little more than a quarter of a century passed out of existence, being sold in August of that year, as required by act of the Legislature, approved June 12, 1852. And here let it be remarked, that the Orange County Seminary was in its day a grand institution. Under the management of James A. Wat- son, Rev. Ennis, Marshal D. Maxwell, Rev. Thomas J. Thornton, Sidney J. Mayhew and others, it reached a high standard of excellence, and was justly the pride of the people of the town and county. It numbered among its pupils many boys and girls who are still living, useful and honored members of society, who, when they read these pages, will drop a sincere tear of regret to the memory of those of their schoolmates who have passed away. SALE or THE SEMINARY. At the sale of the Seminary above narrated, it was purchased by John C. Albert, who after an ownership of three days transferred it to David Porter. July 19, 1856, A. M. Black, administrator of Porter's estate, transferred it to Paoli Township to be used as a public school building. During this period it had been let to parties who taught private school in it. ]\[r. and Mrs. A. D. Woodford taught here during 1854-55. In May 1855, there was a call, through the county papers, for a female High School at Paoli. This was started in October ]855, with J. D. P. Hungate as teacher. A fourteen weeks' session was taught. The terms of tuition were first grade $3, second grade $4, and third grade $5, with 20 cents additional in each grade for fuel. L. Norris taught a twelve weeks' session here during the spring of 1856. The patrons of these schools were the Braxtans, Simpsons, Hazlewoods, Lindleys, Whites, Throops, Merits, Alberts, Dayhuffs and others. The people of Paoli did not have a separate vote upon the question of free schools, but the vote being taken in connection with Paoli Township, the result of that election very nearly expresses the opinion of the people of the town. The first free schools were opened in September, 1856, in the seminary building. Henry P. Jones and Martha M. Gilbert were the first teachers. Length of session, sixty days. R. S. Thurman teacher during 1857-58. Judge Francis Wilson, of Bedford, taught here during 552 HISTORY OF ORANGE COUNTY. 1860 — 61. He was succeeded by J. L. Williams in 1863. In summer of 1865 the citizens of Paoli organized and appointed Samuel T. Lindley, L. B. Cogswell and James H. Sherrod, Trustees, who in connection with the Township Trustees, organized the Paoli High School with Professor N. B. Bowles as Principal. He was assisted by his wife. They were professional teachers. The school was a success from the beginning, both in regard to attendance and thoroughness of the work done. The enthusiasm among the young people of the town and surrounding country was unbounded. The examination at the close of the second term wa& pronounced a great success by all who were present. Prof. Bowles remained here for two years, during which time many young men and women were prepared to enter the field as teachers in the common schools. These, taking up the work in the country districts, the result was a forward movement all along the line in the schools of Orange County. Asenath Cox, J. S. Wilson, Simeon Green and J. P. Throop also taught public school in the seminary building. In the spring of 1872 the building was sold by the Township and Town Trustees to A. J. Simpson, since which time it has not been used as a school building. It is now owned by W. F. Osborne and occupied as a family residence. To the passer-by it presents no appearance of the ancient schoolhouse, but rather strikes him as being a very neat and substantial brick resi- dence. The public schools were now united with the Normal School. SOUTHERN INDIANA NORMAL SCHOOL. The normal school building was erected in 1871, costing $22,000. It is one of the finest school buildings in southern Indiana, and is justly the pride of the people of the town and county. It is a neat brick 90x70 feet, two and a half stories (besides basement), and has in addition to the chapel, office and labratory, six large recitatation rooms, well lighted and furnished. The following is taken, with some alterations, from the annual circular of Prof. W. P. Pinkham, 1876: The normal school is organized upon the plan of a graded school, consisting of Primary, Intermediate, Grammar and High School Depart- ments. The High School Department is the Normal School proper. The lower departments are intended not only for the instruction of the chil- dren who attend them, but as model schools for the instruction and train- ing of the senior classes in the teacher's course. The leading object of the normal school, and one which chiefly distinguishes it from other institutions, is the training of teachers for their work. Teaching is here taught as a science and an art. The science of the human mind, a just appreciation of which is essential to the highest success in teaching, is here presented and investigated. That its truths may be reduced to practice, teachers are afterward exercised in the preparation of lesson sketches, and the conducting of object lessons; in objective methods of HISTORY OF ORANGE COUNTY. 553 teaching the dififerent branches of study; in adapting lessons and instruc- tions to the age and development of the pupils; in organizing and disci- plining the class and the school. Besides the training of teachers, it is a cherished object of the officers of the normal school to place within the reach of the young people of southern Indiana an opportunity for acquiring a higher education. The following notes were taken from th& circular of Prof. E. P. Smith, 1884: " The school was organized on its present basis in the fall of 1873, by Prof. W. P. Pinkham, who served as Principal during the next six years, resigning in the spring of 1879 to accept the chair of mathematics in Earlham College. Under Prof. Pinkham' s management the school grew rapidly into public favor, and enjoyed a very liberal patronage from the entire southern part of the State. During the academic year, in 1879- 80, the school maintained its high reputation for thoroughness under its Principal, Miss Asenath Cos, since deceased, who resigned at the end of the school year to resume a position in the Glendale Female College, at Glendale, Ohio, with which institution she has formerly been connected as a leading teacher. Miss Cox was succeeded by Prof. E. F. Sutherland, whose energy and professional ability did much to enhance the prosperity of the school. Prof. Sutherland served as Principal nearly three years, resigning in the early part of 1883 to engage in business. During the next academic year the school was in charge of Prof. W. T. Gooden, a thorough scholar and a faithful teacher, whose work in the class-room has had a lasting influence upon the institution. Prof. Gooden resigned last March to engage in journalism, and was succeeded by the present incumbent, Prof, E. B. Smith. Since the school was organized in 1873, some thirty students have graduated from its various courses of study." SCHOOLS OF NOETHEAST TOWNSHIP. The first school of which we have any account in this township was taught by Thomas Vandeveer, in the fall of 1817. It was situated upon the land of Perry Johnson, on Lost River. The house was a small, round log building, which had been constructed for a dwelling. The studies pursued were reading, writing, spelling and arithmetic. The patrons were the Reeds, McKinneys, Osborns and Glovers. Jonah Mor- gan became teacher in this neighborhood about the year 1822. Mr. Morgan's school was situated on the river near the east line of the town- ship. The house was a small, round log-cabin, puncheon floor, and paper for window lights. In 1825 David Warford opened a school south of the above, on Orleans and Livonia road. The house had been used as a dwelling. Course of study same as above. The Glovers, Maxwells, Cases, McKinneys and Reeds attended this school. All of the above were subscription schools, the teachers receiving about %2 per pupil for a term of three months. The district school on Max Lewis' farm, near 554 HISTORY OF ORANGE COUNTY. Island Church, was established about 1830. The house was a hewed-log building, 18x24 feet; had plank floor and glass windows. Henry Ham- mersly taught here in 1832. He was succeeded by Richard Mills, and he by John Murray. The Bri.dgewaters, Boons, Haynes, McLains and Lewises were among the patrons. The district schoolhouse on the Clays- ville road, near the east line of the township, was built in 1834. This was a hewed-log building, fitted up as required by the school law of 1824. The first teacher was Daniel Watkins; he was a good teacher. He remained here until about 1843, teaching a three months' session each year. The course of study in this school embraced all the common school branches. McKinneys, Standifords, Cases, Hayses and Glovers were among the patrons. John B. Glover, afterward State Treasurer of Indiana, and now United States Consul at Havre, France, was a pupil of this district. The district schoolhouse in the southeast part of the township was known as the "White Schoolhouse." John Murray taught several terms here about 1846-47. He was succeeded by Jesse Hungate, now of Salem. John W. Gillum and Daniel Bobbins in the order named. The patrons of this school were the Altons, Halls, Knoxes, Browns, Van- cleaves, Modlins, Vickreys, Potters, Lindleys, Sallees, Walkers and Hamptons. The people of this district were very much attached to their school, and refused to allow the schoolhouse to be sold at the introduction of the free- school system in 1853. A district school had also been estab- lished near the town of Lancaster. David Finley taught here in 1845. The enumeration now showed about 400 children in Northeast Township, The four districts above enumerated were all the schools provided for these children under the Congressional Township system. At the August election, 1848, Northeast Township, with less than 200 voters, polled more votes for the free school law than any other township in the county, there being forty-nine votes in the affirmative and 131 in the negative. At each succeeding election there was again in the affirmative vote. In 1851 there were sixty nine votes for free-school and seventy- seven votes against them. The first Trustees under the fi*ee- school system were John W. Gillum, William Hays and Lewis Fordyce. They were elected in April, 1853, and in May, of same year, they submmitted the proposition to build schoolhouses by taxation to a vote of the people. This proposition was defeated by a majority of thirty-nine votes. The Board now determined to build the schoolhouses by private subscription. They accordingly laid ofi" six districts and ordered the houses to be of hewed logs 20x30 feet, five windows and two doors in each. Leonard Hardman, John W. Gillum, William Hays and Lewis Fordyce were appointed a Committee to solict subscriptons. As nothing was realized from this, the building of schoolhouses had to be postponed until legis- lative aid could be obtained. That body, having so amended the school HISTORY OF ORANGE COUNTY. 555 law of 1852 as to allow the money to be levied for schoolhouse purposes without an affirmative vote of the people, the Board of Trustees, in April, 1856, levied 25 cents on each $100 worth of property and 50 cents on each poll for building sehoolhouses. In June of this year the Board contracted with James Crocket to build six frame houses, 18x24 feet, for $2,000. The first free schools were taught in the winter of 1857-58. These houses having been found to be too small to accommo- date all the children of the township, the building of larger and better houses was determined upon. John W. Ellis was elected Trustee in April. 1878. During his administration of four years, six large and sub- stantial frame houses were erected and furnished with improved furni- ture and school aparatus, so that now the educational facilities of North- east Township are second to none in the county. Schools are sustained for about five months each year, at a cost of about $1,100 per annum. SCHOOLS OF ORLEANS TOWNSHIP. The first school in this township of which we have any account, was at the Henry Shirley farm in the southwest part of township, about the year 1822. The house was a small round-log building. The windows were made by cutting out a log and stretching greased paper across the opening thus made. The Hudelsons, Elrods, Hendersons, Kenleys and Busicks were among the patrons. The first teacher was William Dougherty. He was very exact in teaching his pupils good manners. He was succeeded, as a teacher, by David Hudelson in 1823. A district school having been established at this place, John McConahay became teacher in 1834. He was succeeded by Thomas Dias. In this school John Hudelson and William McKnabb had some trouble, which they wished to settle by a tight, and accordingly proceeded to make that kind of settlement at a time when all should have been quiet and orderly study in the school room. Samuel Hudelson and Theodore Stackhouse were also teachers in this district. Grammar, arithmetic and geography had been introduced into the course of study. A district school was established on the land now owned by George Wolf, in southeast part of township, about 1831. This was known as the Maxwell House. A Dr. Tucker was the first teacher. The patrons of this school were the Webbs, Frosts, Scotts, Busicks, Cools, Bakers, Pickens, Speers, Chishams, Max- wells, Stines, Wares and Trues. The wages of the teacher was $15 per month. Van R. Noblitt taught here in 1837. John W. Frost in 1845. A term of three months; wages, $10 per month. Aaron Speer was teacher here in 1849. About the year 1834 Shadrach B. A. Carter opened a school at his farm south of the town of Orleans. The house, a small frame, stood near the fam*ily residence. He taught here for several years. Among his patrons were the Langfords, Brookses, Webbs and Steerses. John H. 35 556 HISTORY OF ORANGE COUNTY. Steers, the oldest native inhabitant of Orleans, was a pupil of this school. A cave vv^hich opened at the south part of the large pond just south of the house, was used by the boys as a play-ground. Under the Congres- sional township system, Orleans Township including the town, had but four district schoolhouses, in which to educate her 600 children. But notwithstanding her poor accommodations, her people refused to exchange for a free school system. At the August election, 1848, there were cast for free schools 33 votes, and against free schools 242 votes. The same question being submitted the next year, there were 87 votes in the affirmative and 208 votes in the negative. By the year 1851 the friends of free schools had increased their number to 105, while the opposition were reduced to 119 votes, many persons remaining neutral. Thomas Elrod, Bury Sears and Washington Hardman were the first Trustees under the free school law of 1852. They were elected April, 1853. I have not been able to find any record of their official acts, but Mr. Abner Freeman recollects that during the summer of 1853, they submitted the proportion to raise a fund for building schoolhouses, by taxation, to a vote of the township, and that the proposition carried after a spirited contest. The records in the County Treasurer's office show that the levy was placed upon the tax duplicate of 1854, and that the sum of $1,368.48 was realized from it. The Board now sold the old district houses, and built six new houses, four in the country and two in the town. They were small frame buildings 18x24 feet. The first free schools were in the winter of 1855-56. W. T. Spicely and John H. Lindsey were among the first teachers. W. W. Chisham was elected Trustee in 1856, and served continuously for eight years. During his administration two new districts were organized. He was succeeded by Thomas Elrod, under whose administration the building of larger and better houses was commenced. Orleans township has now eight school districts. The houses are substantial frame buildings, well fitted and furnished with improved furniture and modern school apparatus. Schools are sustained from five to five and a half months each year, at a cost of about $1,600 per annum. ORLEANS TOWN SCHOOLS. In the fall of 1823, the people of the town of Orleans resolved to establish a school. They accordingly fitted up a small house which stood near where Walker's store now stands. Here the schools of the town had their humble beginning, with John McClane as the first teacher. The patrons were the Webbs, Lewises, Searses and Brookses. There is probably no person now living who attended this school. Mr. McClane was succeeded as a teacher by Jonathan Prosser, who opened a school on the Conder property, about the year 1826. Patrons same as above. John H. Steers was also a pupil of this school. Mr. Prosser was an extra good teacher of penmanship. Samuel Webb who was probably the best pen- HISTORY OF ORANGE COUNTY. 557 man ever in Orange County, received his instruction in this school. Samuel Steel succeeded to the management of the school in 1830. He taucht but one term. In 1831 the citizens, under the leadership of Joseph Crawford and John Sears, built a schoolhouse on the public square, where the school building now stands. This was the first school building in the town of Orleans. It was a hewed log structure twenty- feet square. Had glass windows and " split poles " for seats. The first teacher was George May. He had charge of the schools for two years. A Mr. White of Crawfordsville, Ind., Isom Procter, John Johnson and a Mr. Reeding were also teachers of this school. Thomas Dias was teacher here about 1835 or 1836. In order to get even with the boys who "turned him out" for a Christmas trick, he had bogus writs issued for them, but the joke turned upon the Constable, who served the writs in good faith, thinking they were genuine. The course of study in these schools embraced reading, writing, spelling and arithmetic; occasionall}' a teacher was secured who could teach grammar. The patrons were the Searses, Crawfords, Williamsons, Cooks, Webbs, Kimblys, Moyers, Freemans, Merricks, Worrells and Brookses. That all earthly things must perish was clearly illustrated here. After a time some persons concluded that they were tired of seeing the old schoolhouse with its homely walls and coarse furniture, so they went quietly and tore it down while those who would have hindered slept. Some persons were very indignant at this, but nothing came of it, as there was an abundance of time for their anger to cool before they dis- covered who did the mischief. Another school was that of A. F. Allen, who was for many years a well-known and honored citizen of Orleans and Orange County. His school was opened in 1839 and continued for two years. This school was noted for the thoroughness of the instruc- tion and practical business like manner in which it was conducted. Among the patrons we notice the names Sears, Webb, Moyer and Steers. Gen. W. T. Spicely was a pupil of this school, and owed miioh of his success in after life, to the thoroughness of the instruction received here. The citizens of Orleans did not have a separate vote upon the subject of free schools, but their vote being taken in connec- tion with Orleans Township that result very nearly shows the sentiment in regard to free schools in the town. Orleans not being an incoi'porated town, came under the control of the Township Trustees at the passage of the school law of 1852. The Board of Township Trustees established three public schools in the town, building two small frame houses and using the old Methodist Church for a schoolhouse. These houses were afterwards replaced by three larger and more substantial frame build- ings. The first free schools were opened in the fall of 1855. Length of session sixty days. Isaac Albertson, William Jones and John White, were the first teachers. 558 HISTORY OF ORANGE COUNTY. THE ORLEANS ACADEMY. The above-named school was established in 1866. The building was erected by a joint stock company, at a cost of 18,000, It was the pur- pose of the company to establish an independent academy entirely dis- connected with the public schools. Prof. John M. Bloss, afterward Superintendent of Public Instruction of Indiana, was the first and only Principal of the academy as an independent institution. The opening of the Orleans Academy was a progressive step in the schools of Orange County. A very considerable part of the patronage at first came from the ex-soldiers; young men whose education had been entirely neglected by the requirements and services of war, and who came earnestly desir- ing to make up for lost opportunities ; added to these was a class of young men and women who were preparing for the position of teachers in the common schools. The work of this institution was comprehensive and thorough. It furnished to the public schools of Orange County a class of teachers whose work and worth will long be remembered by the friends of education. By a union with the public schools of the town in 1870, the academy was practically superseded by the Orleans Graded School, with Prof. Bloss as Superintendent, and John J. Lingle, assistant, the High School and Grammar Department being taught at the academy, and the lower grades at the different public school buildings. This arrangement continued until 1872, when the Town School Board pur- chased the academy building of the stockholders, since which time the town schools have been taught at that building. The educational advan- tages afforded by the town of Orleans are good, the public schools being kept open from seven to nine months each year. The high school is well equipped and doing good work. Thirteen ladies and eight gen- tlemen have graduated from this department. SCHOOLS OF ORANGEVILLE TOWNSHIP. The first school within the present limits of this township was estab- lished at the Shirley place in 1816. The house was a small log cabin. The furniture consisted of split sapling seats. The first teacher was a man named Fordyce. The branches of study pursued were reading, writing and spelling, also primary arithmetic. The Shirleys, Daltons and Halberts were among the patrons of this school. In 1826 a school was established in the northeast part of the township, on land of Noah Bur- ton. Samuel Dalton, a crippled man, and a noted pioneer teacher, com- menced his career at this place in 1826. He was succeeded by Jonah B. Wood in 1828, The house, which had been built for a dwelling, was a small round log-cabin, fireplace extended across one entire end of tlie building. Studies same as above. About the year 1831 a school was established at Bethel Church with a man named Gardener as teacher. He was succeeded by Thomas Alison, he by a man named Wormsley, and he HISTORY OF ORANGE COUNTY. 559 by P. C. Huddrell, and he by Samuel Dalton in 1841, the last having an average attendance of sixty pupils. The teachers of this school were very much disposed to whip their pupils. Huddrell whipped all who could not repeat the "hart" lesson on Monday morning. Sometimes the larger boys would rebel and have the whippings discontinued for a few days. The Mathers boys attended this school. A district school had now been established at the Jacob Shirley place, south of Orangville. The house was of hewed logs, 18x20 feet; had glass windows; had been built by citizens of the district. Van Rensselaer Noblitt taught here about 1834-35. These were subscription schools, $1.50 per pupil for term of three months. The branches of study were reading, writing, spelling and arithmetic. Among the patrons of this school, I see the names of Shirley, Dalton, Halbert, Toliver and others. Theodore Stackhouse, for many years School Examiner of Orange County, and now one of the oldest and best known teachers of the county, taught his first school here in 1844; term of three months; wages, $11 per month. Under the Con- gressional Township system, Orangeville had but two district school - houses, and 275 children to educate. School No. 2 was at Joel Biggs' place. Van R. Noblitt taught here in 1842. He received pay in corn, which he shipped ^to New Orleans, and sold at 29 cents per bushel. J ames M. Baker taught here in 1844. The patrons of this school were the Mathers, Bakers and Riggses. Orangeville not having been organized as a township until March, 1850, her people did not have a separate vote on free schools until August of that year, when twenty-live votes were cast for free schools and ninety-iive against them. The same question being again submitted in 1851, forty-five votes were cast in the affirmative, and seventy-four in the negative. But coming events cast their shadows before only to follow closely themselves. Free schools came soon after the school law of 1852. The first Trustees were Alfred Bruner, John A. Ritter and Robert Hig- gins. They were elected the first Monday in April, 1853, and on the seventeenth day of August submitted the proposition to raise money to build schoolhouses by taxation to a vote of the people. This proposi- tion was defeated by a majority of four votes. Not discouraged at this want of support, the Board of Trustees resolved not to pause in the good work, but to go on and establish schools in their township. They there- fore advanced the money and built a schoolhouse during the fall of 1854. This was the first public school building in the township. It was situated on the road between Wesley Chapel and Orangeville. It has been replaced by the Wesley Chapel Schoolhouse. The first free schools were in 1855-56. The Legislature of 1855 having given the Board of Trustees power to levy and collect taxes for building schoolhouses without a vote of the people, a fund was now raised and five new school houses were built. Two more have since been added to the number. 560 HISTORY OF ORANGE COUNTY. Orangeville Township has now seven public schools. The houses are substantial frame buildings, well finished and furnished, except in the matter of seats for pupils, the old box desks being still in use, but these will probably be removed at an early day and improved furniture supplied. Schools are sustained in this township from four to five months each year at a cost of about $1,100 per annum, SCHOOLS OF NORTHWEST TOWNSHIP. The schools of Northwest Township had their humble beginning in the fall of 1823, when^John Chaney c>pened a school in the north part of the township. The house stood on the land now owned by John McPheters. It was a round log cabin 16x16 feet, dirt floor, one end built in the shape of a fence corner for a fire-place. This was a subscrip- tion school, the subscribers agreeing to pay three "bits" per pupil for a term of three months. 'The branches of study were reading, writing, spelling and primary arithmetic. The patrons of the school were the Kirks, Williamses, Chaney s, Talberts, Davises and Bruners. Alfred Bruner attended his first school here. The first school record of Northwest Town- ship bears date of April 23, 1846, being an order in favor of John T. Wallace, teacher of District No. 5, for all the school funds of said district. This is accompanied by his receipt for $9.05 for services as teacher. In 1848 the citizens of this district resolved to build a schoolhouse by vol- untary labor of the inhabitants, or a tax of 25 cents per day on those who chose not to work. Not getting the house built, they afterward resolved to use the church for a schoolhouse, pui'chase a stove with the school funds, and support a school by subscription. This arrange- ment was carried out, and Celia S. Kirk became the teacher about 1850. She received $30 for a term of three months. James Pinnick was teacher here in 1851. The teachers of this district were required to procure a certificate of qualification in reading, writing and spelling. The Kirks, Collinses and Pinnicks were among the patrons of these schools. There were 290 school children in the township at this time. Under the Congressional township system Northwest had five district schoolhouses in which to educate these children, each district receiving about $15 per annum of public money for school purposes. This seemed to be all that could reasonally be desired, as the result of the vote on free schools at August election, 1848, showed. For free schools, five votes. Against free schools, 124 votes. The same question was again submitted in 1849, when the friends of school law polled thirty- eight votes, and the opponents 104 votes. In 1851 the opposition could poll but fifty votes against thirty-three for the law, a great many persons assuming a neutral position. The first Trustees elected under the school law of 1852 were Richard Miller, James Faucett and Thomas Bedster. Thev were elected in April, 1853, and on the 10th day of April, 1854, they submitted the HISTORY OF ORANGE COUNTY. 561 proposition to vote a tax for building schoolhouses to a vote of the peo- ple. This was defeated by a majority of fifteen votes. Nothing more was done in the way of building until 1856, when the change in the law enabled the Board of Trustees to levy and collect a schoolhouse tax with- out a vote of the people. A levy of 25 cents on the $100 of property, and 50 cents on the poll was now made. Schoolhouse No. 1 was put under contract in July, of this year. It cost $175.75. Six new houses were now built. They were substantial frame buildings, and are the same that are now in use. Meanwhile the first public school had been taught diu'ing the winter of 1855-56, the old district houses being used until the new ones were completed. Northwest Township has now seven schoolhouses. They are well supplied with improved furniture and school apparatus. Schools are sustained from four and a half to five months each yeax", at a cost of about $1,200 per annum. SCHOOLS OF FRENCH LICK TOWNSHIP. t The first school in this township of which I have any account was established on Sulphur Creek in the year 1820. Samuel Cobb was the first teacher. He was succeeded by Jordan Giles, and he by John Har- vey. The branches of study were reading, writing, spelling and arith- metic. The patrons were the Charleses, Pinnicks, Gileses, Collinses and Hazlewoods. In 1821 Jonathan Mullen taught a school on land of Green Ray, in a house which had been a dwelling. Rev. James P. Campbell was a pupil of this school. In 1823 Michael Miller opened a school in a small log-house upon the Faucett land. This house was furnished with poplar poles for seats, placed upon legs so high that the feet of the smaller children did not reach within six inches of the floor. A hooked stick hung beside the door, to be removed when a pupil went out of the house and placed back in position when he returned, in order to avoid having more than one out at a time. Mr. Miller was succeeded as a teacher by Benjamin Bolls, who was afterward sentenced to the State prison for life for the crime of murder. Samuel Dalton taught here about 1828. The course of study in these schools embraced reading, writing, spelling and arithmetic. The patrons were the Campbells, Mil- lers, Doughertys and Wilsons. Nelson W. Nanley taught in this neigh- borhood about 1826. He was considered an extra good teacher, being able to teach grammar and geography. In 1834 Col. John Pinnick and Samuel "Wolfington employed an old sailor named Acley to teach their children. The school was established in a dwelling house near French Lick Springs. The pupils of this school spent a large part of their time in roasting potatoes. • The district school at Azor Charles' farm was established in 1836. Jacob Dishon was the first teacher; he was succeeded by Daniel Smith, and he by John Mellon. The Charleses, Smiths and Pinnicks were among the patrons of this school. A district 562 HISTORY OF ORANGE COUNTY. school having been established on the land of Nathan Lambdin, near Prospect, Henry Johnson became the teacher about 1843. The Lamb- dins and Pinnicks attended this school. The same year Wilton Smith taught the district school near Buncomb Ridge. Old French Lick church house was used for a schoolhovtse for ten years, having been built about 1840. Jacob Dishon, Daniel Smith and David Porter, afterward County Treasurer, were teachers here. The patrons were the Pinnicks, Gileses, Robbinses and Winingers. William Furguson, the last teacher, made quite a disturbance by attempting to teach a silent school. The people could not understand how children taught in a silent school would ever be able to transact any business in this noisy world. The district schoolhouse on Collins' land near line of Paoli Town- ship, built about 1831, is still standing. It is a hewed- log-house, 18x24 feet, stone chimney and was furnished with the regulation "split sapling" seats. Samuel Dalton taught several terms here. He was succeeded by Michael Dougherty, J. W. Kidwell, Mr. Rickmire, John Newlin and Hiram Trueblood in the order named. Nancy Lindley also taught a summer term here about 1840. All the common school branches including algebra and natural philosophy were taught here. Among the patrons were the Truebloods, Lindleys, Springers and Osborns. This school was well sustained, and in point of efficiency, be- came second to none in the country. Under the Congressional Town ship system, French Lick had but five district schoolhouses, and 463 school children to educate. But these accomodations seemed amply sufficient to furnish an education to the children of the towDship, if we may judge from the returns of the August election, 1848. At that elec- tion there were cast for free schools, 9 votes. Against free schools, 187 votes. In 1849 there were 34 votes in the affimative and 178 in the negative. In 1850, 16 in the affirmative and 171 in the nega- tive. In 1851, 23 votes in the affimative and 139 in the nega- tive. But notwithstanding this opposition, free schools have growD and flourished in French Lick Township, The first Trustees were John Dishon, Thomas Nichols and John Tillery. They were elected in 1853. The old records of this township having been destroyed in the burning of Trustee Gilleatt's house, in January, 1884, I rely upon the recollec- tions of the older inhabitants. The proposition to vote a tax for building schoolhouses having been defeated, the Trustees were not discouraged, but immediately put under contract the building of eight log schoolhouses. There being no money in the treasury, these houses were enclosed and roofs put on them this year, the contractors agreeing to wait for their money until it could be levied and collected by taxation. These houses were finished and fitted up for school after the Legislature had provided means for levying a school house tax without an affirmative vote of the people. The first free school was taught during the winter of 1855-56. HISTORY OF ORANGE COUNTY. 563 These log schoolhouses have all disappeared, being replaced by good substantial frame buildings. Four new districts have been added to the number. French Lick Township 'has now twelve schoolhouses, all well furnished with improved school furniture and apparatus. Schools are sustained about five months in the year at a cost of about $2,250 per annum for tuition expenses. SCHOOLS OF JACKSON TOWNSHIP. The first school of which I have any account in this township was established about the year 1821, in a log cabin about one -half mile west of the town of Newton Stewart. A man named Constable was the first teacher. The next school of which I have been able to obtain any infor- mation was situated in the north part of the township, near the Killura's farm. Miss Sophia Throop taught here in 1827. The Killums were among her patrons. This was probably the first school taught by a lady in Orange County. Miss Throop taught here for two terms of three months each. The first term she made $7.50 above her board bill. The second her pay amounted to something more than this. Then to Miss Throop belongs not only the honor of being the first lady teacher in the county, but also of having done good and efficient work in the school-room for less pay than was ever received by any other teacher of the county. Patrick Dougherty was a pioneer teacher of this township, but I have not been able to locate schools taught by him. About the year 1832, Thomas Treadway taught a term of school in a church house, situated in the northwest part of the township on Section 30, Township 1 north. Range 2 west. A schoolhouse havingr been erected here, Samuel Mills became the teacher about 1835. He was succeeded by Reuben Cox in 1836, and he by William Pinnick in 1838. These were all subscription schools. "Wages of teachers about $1.50 per pupil for term of three months. A district school was established here about 1841, and John Ditts employed to teach. He taaght reading, writing, spelling and primary arithmetic- He was succeeded by Benjamin Newlin in 1847. The Cases, Coxes and Collinses were among the patrons of this school. About 1837 Rev. John Walls taught a term of school near the Will- iam Marlett farm, in Section 2, Township 1 south. Range 2 west. The house was a log-cabin which had been erected for a dwelling. The Pal- mers and McDonalds were among the patrons. Thomas Hunt, of Paoli, also attended this school. The first school record of Jackson Township bears date of July 26, 1837, being the proceedings of a public meeting to elect a Township Clerk and Treasurer. Samuel Parks was elected Clerk and John C. Walls, Treasurer. This is followed by a map of township — showing boundaries of the five school districts. At a public meeting of the citizens of District No. 1. held at the house of Ptolemy Bledsoe, August 12, 1837, it was resolved that this district would support a three 564 HISTORY OF ORANGE COUNTY. months' school each year, and to adopt the dwelling house of Lewis A, Bledsoe as a schoolhouse. Jonathan Palmer,, a noted pioneer teacher, opened school here September 25, 1837. He received $45 for a term of three months. Money was paid in advance of the opening of schools. This was the fu'st district school organized in the township. Mr. Palmer gave very good satisfaction as a teacher and was re employed for the next term upon the same conditions as before. There were about fifty pupils belonging to this school. The Bledsoes, Parks, Walls and Palmers were among the patrons. District No. 3 was organized January, 1839. At a meeting of the voters of this district it was resolved to build a hewed- log schoolhouse, 20 feet square, finished ''with one nine-light window, one long window, stick and clay chimney, plank floor, nailed down, board roof, held on by weight poles, " to be -ready for school by June 30, 1839. This house was to be situated in the north part of Section 26, south of Patoka Creek. The location was afterward changed to near the camp- ground, upon condition that Isaac Eastridge would furnish "boards to cover it," and William Stewart furnish plank for the floor, and do all the hauling of building material. James Eastridge was the first teacher here. The school opened August 2, 1842. There were about seventy children enumerated in the district. The Eastridges, Gilliatts, Stew- arts and Wallses were among the patrons. The wages of Mr. Eastridge were $36.50 for a term of three months, to be paid as follows: "$25 in State script, $2 in Illinois money and $9.50 in currency." About 1850, the people of this district decided to change the location of their school- house to the north part of Section 24, Township 1 south, Range 2 west, being one mile north of Patoka Creek. A public meeting resolved to build a log schoolhouse here, 16x20 feet, and to expend the sum of $8.50 for building purposes. Lewis Walls taught here in the fall of 1850. Term of three months. Wages $10 per month. Under the Congressional township system, Jackson Township had six district schools and 280 children of school age. At the August elec- tion, 1848, her people unanimously resolved not to exchange these schools for a free-school system of which they knew nothing, except that it was to be supported in part by taxation. At that election there were cast against free schools 108 votes. This question was submitted again in 1849, also in 1850 and 1851, but at no time were the friends of the system able to poll more than a half dozen votes. But free schools came to Jackson as to the other townships of the county. The first Trustees were Christopher Cox, Henry Banks and Lewis A. Bledsoe. They divided the township into six districts, and built log schoolhouses and paid for them with the school funds. The first free schools were in the winter of 1856-57. Schoolhouse No. 1, in this township, was the last log school- house used in the county, a school having been taught here during the winter of 1878-79. Jackson Township has now ten school districts. HISTORY OF ORANGE COUNTY. 665 The houses are substantial frame buildings, well finished and furnished with school apparatus, and about half supplied with improved furniture -and the remainder will soon be supplied. Schools are sustained from four to five months each year, at a cost of about $1,500 per annum. SCHOOLS OF GKEENFIELD TOWNSHIP. This township not having been settled so early, schools were not organized here until a later date than in the other townships of the county. I have not been able to locate the first school within this town- ship. Among the earliest was the one organized in the old log church at Providence. Amos Critchtield was the first teacher here. He taught a six months' session in 1830. The patrons of this school were the Stones, McCanns, Bennetts, Pitmans, Kendalls, Agans, Newkirks and Grimeses. The succeeding teachers were a Mr. McCrae, McCelvey and Charles Sands, in the order named. Margaret Murray taught here in the summer of 1851. At this school James Pruett, a small boy, was killed by the falling of a pile of lumber which was being delivered here for the building of the frame church house. About 1838 William Key taught in a small log schoolhouse near the Apple Church house. He could teach reading, writing, spelling and primary numbers. The Apples, Easters and Hunts -^ere pupils. Thomas Hunt taught here in 1841. Wages, 12 per pupil, per term of three months. Thomas S. Lambdin was a pioneer teacher of this township. He taught an early school in a round- log- house which had been used for a dwelling. It was situated in the north part of the township on Section 28, Township 1 north, Range 1 west. This was a "loud" school, as were most early schools. It is said that there was a boy in this school who so disliked going over the lessons that he wou.ld not do so at all, but repeated the word "heptorpy" from morning till noon and from noon till night in order to make the teacher believe he was studying the lesson. The dis- trict school at Hobson's place was established about 1840. The house was a hewed-log building, had glass windows and seats without backs. Wilford Ditts was the first teacher. He was succeeded by Thomas Hunt in 1842. The course of study embraced all the common school branches. The patrons were the Apples, Williards, Gilliatts, McDonalds, Teafords, Hobsons, Easters, Gobies, Aliens and Tarrs. The school here was well- sustained, and was long considered one of the best district schools in this part of the county. The district school at Lomax's place east of Unionville, was estab- lished about 1840. John Stout, William Stout and John F. Murphy- were teachers in this school. In 1847, the house being "out of repair," a district meeting resolved to levy two days' labor upon each citizen in order to repair the house. Those who did not wish to work, could be -exempt by paying 50 cents in money. The wages of the teacher were .>^ 566 HISTORY OF ORANGE COUNTY. $1.50 per pupil for a term of three months. The patrons were required to furnish one-half cord of wood or pay 40 cents per pupil in addition to the above. A district meeting decided that non-residents should not have the right to attend this school. The Gobies, McCabes, Lomaxes, Hills, Da vises, Hammonds, McBrides, Marletts and Morrises were patrons of this school. Other district schools were established previous to the adoption of the Constitution of 1851, when this township had six dis- trict schools and 420 school children. These schools were giving very good satisfaction to the voters of Greenfield, as proven by the result of the August election in 1848, when her people unanimously voted not to exchange for a free school system, casting 108 votes in the negative. The same question was submitted again in 1849, also in 1850 and 1851; at this last election there were six votes in the affirmative to 111 in the neg- ative. But free schools came without an invitation. The first Trustees under the free school system were John D. Hammond, John Apple and Abner W. Allen. They were elected April, 1853, and in June of that year they submitted the proposition to build a schoolhouse by taxation to a vote of the people. This proposition was unanimously defeated, there being sixty-nine votes against it, and none for it. The Board, how- ever, proceeded to lay oflf the township into six districts. The district houses were sold for about $45. Six log schoolhouses were now built at a cost of $45 each, and paid for from proceeds of levy of April, 1856. These houses were hewed logs, and had plank floors and glass windows. The first free schools were in the winter of 1855-56. Greenfield Town- ship has now ten school districts. The houses are very fair frame school buildings, well furnished with school apparatus and fitted for schools, except in the matter of seats for pupils, the old box-seats being still in use. Schools are sustained from four and a half to five months each year, at a cost of about $1,600 per annum. , SCHOOLS OF SOUTHEAST TOWNSHIP. The first school established in this township was situated upon the land now owned by John Agan, one mile east of Valeene. The house was a small, round log cabin. It was built for a schoolhouse by John Hollo - well, Robert Breeze and David Brown. I have not been able to learn the date of the opening of the school, nor the name of the first teacher. The second teacher was named Cantrell, aad he was succeeded by John Harned about the year 1817. The studies pursued were reading, writing, spelling and arithmetic. The Hollowells, Breezes, Browns and Cantrells attended this school. About the year 181 5 a log-cabin schoolhouse was built near John H. Buchanan's farm in the southwest corner of the township. This house had fence corner fire-place, puncheon floor and open windows. The first teacher was named Willis. He remained here several years- and was succeeded by Thomas Harned about the year 1818. Reading, HISTORY OF ORANGE COUNTY. 567 writing, spelling and arithmetic were tanght here. The Harneds, Reels, Baileys, Stones and Tarrs attended. During 1824-25, Alexander Morris taught three terms of school in a house situated on the land of James N. Murphy, Section 11, Town 1 south, Range 1 east. Harrison White is the only person now (1884) living who attended this school. The Hollo- wells were patrons of this school. Some years after this, John Holaday taught a term of school in a small log house west of Rock Spring Church. Sophia Throop taught here during the summer of 1831. The Harneds and Hollowells were among her patrons. About 1830, Henry Crittenden opened a school in a log-cabin situated on the Thomas Ferguson land, west of Valeene. He taught reading, writing and spelling. Among his patrons were Hunts, Furgusons, Selfs and Summers. In the winter of 1835-36, John B(^bbitt taught a school in a dwelling house on the Veach land, near "Hogdefeat" Creek. Studies same as above. The Veachs, Cooks, Bobbits and Hunts attended. Thomas Hunt, of Paoli, was a pupil of this school. In 1838 a district school was established in the southeast part of the township on the George Vance land. The house was a hewed-log structure, and was built by a tax of $1 each upon the citizens of the district. This fund, amounting to $50, was voted upon themselves at a district meeting. It was expended by Henry Crit- tenden, District Treasurer. Enoch Weathers served as District Treasurer here for many years. John Bobbitt was the first teacher in this school. Spelling was the chief recreation pursued here. Night spellings were held often. The patrons were the Strouds, Taylors, Crittendens, Weathers, K eys, Sanderses, Vances, and others whose names I do not have. Nehemiah Tower taught a silent school here, in 1847, the first silent school in the district. Mr Tower was regarded as a very excellent teacher, being able to teach all the common school branches. The first school record of Southeast Township is dated November 4, 1841, being an enumeration of the school children showing the number to be 321. The next is the report of Joel C. Dilliard, as teacher of District No. 3. Length of term, 65 days Wages of teacher, $55. Average attendance, 28. The schoolhouse in which Mr. Dilliard taught was in the south part of the township, east of Harned's Chapel. This school was taught during the fall of 1841. The patrons were ^the McDonalds, Harneds, Lambdins, Piersons, Wellmans, Falkners and McMahans. Mr. Dilliard taught all the common school branches. The old log-church house south of Valeene was used as a schoolhouse for several years. Col. John Line taught here in 1839. The Hazle- woods, Hollowells, Crittendens, Childers, Harneds and Purkhisers attended school here. Gilbert Jenkins was teacher here about 1848. It is said that he whipped a young man named Roach before allowing him to take a seat, on the first day he attended the school. About 1841 a small frame schoolhouse was built near Rock Spring Church. Thomas Furguson 568 HISTORY OF ORANGE COUNTY. taught here in 1842. He was succeeded by Charles Sands in 1843, and he by ^aniel Dwyer in 1844. The wages of the teacher were $50 for a term of three months. The patrons of this school were the Stalcups, Childers, Harneds, Puttes, Hollowells and Moons. About the same time the district school was established at the Furguson place west of Valeene. Thomas Hunt commenced teaching here in 1843. He remained about eight years, teaching a three months' session each year, wages $40 per term. The Furgusons, Tarrs, Veaches, Glenns, Sanders, Cooks, Star- rets, Cartwrights, Maxedons and Selfs attended this school. As many as sixty pupils were enrolled during a session. All the common school branches were taught. Silas Stout taught at the district school in the northwest part of the township in 1838, followed by Hiram Atkinson in 1842. The above were good schools. All the common school branches were taught. The Stouts, Atkinsons, Andrews and Newlins were pupils of this school. Under the Congressional township system, Southeast Township had six district schoolhouses, which her people thought amply sufficient to furnish an education to the 600 children of the township, as the result of the August election, 1848, would seem to indicate. At that election, there were cast for free schools eight votes. Against free schools, 204 votes. This question was submitted again in 1849, also in 1850 and 1851. At this last election the friends of the schools were able to poll thirty- five votes while the opposition was reduced to 152 votes. Samuel Stalcup and Thomas Harned voted for free schools at every election. The first Trustees were James Childers, James McDonald and William Noblitt. They were elected in April, 1853, and in June of that year they submitted the proposition to vote a tax for building schoolhouse to a vote of the people. This proposition was defeated by an overwhelming majority. The Board of Trustees now laid off the township into eleven districts, and requested the people to build houses by private subscrip- tion, or labor of the citizens. Three districts responded to the request and built log schoolhouses. The remaining districts not proceeding to prepare houses, the Board of Trustees built them, using the school fund for that purpose. In the three districts where the citizens had built the houses, free schools were taught in the winter of 1854-55; in the remaining districts not until the winter of 1855-56. Southeast Town- ship has now twelve school districts. The houses are substantial frame buildings well furnished with school apparatus, and about half supplied with improved furniture. Schools are sustained from four to five months in each year, at a cost of about $2,000 per annum. SCHOOLS OF STAMPEES CREEK TOWNSHIP. I have not been able to learn the precise date at which the good people of this township determined to establish a school, but certain it HISTORY OF ORANGE COUNTY. 569 is that about 1814 George Vandeveer, a crippled man, came with his family from Kentucky and made settlement near the head of Patoka Creek, where he soon afterward opened a school. The house was a small, round log structure, dirt floor, without windows, door or shutter, and was situated upon the land now owned by Mrs. Nancy Lynch. Here he taught one session during the summer, and then in order to have better accommodations he removed his school to a dwellinsr-house of a Mr. Pierce near the head of Patoka Creek. Here he remained teachinar a three months' session each year until about 1829. The branches of study were reading, writing, spelling and primary numbers. The patrons of these schools were the Vandeveers, Banners, Holadays, Bosleys, Pierces and Shores. Mr. Vandeveer was succeeded as a teacher by Abram Pier- son, who in the fall of 1831 opened a school near where Banner's Chapel now stands. He taught for three months. The average attend- ance was about fifteen pupils; wages, $1.50 per pupil. An old gentle- men named Fielding taught a school in a dwelling-house upon the land of Mason Burgess in 1818. The Burgesses and Mahans were patrons of this school. Mr. Edward Cornwell, present County Recorder, recollects attending school at the Mahan Bistrict about the year 1821. Jeremiah Mozier was the teacher. The house was a small round-log cabin, situated on the land of Cyrus Finley, near where the schoolhouse now stands. It was built and furnished with split saplings for seats by the citizens of the neighborhood. The patrons of this school were the Cornwells, Bur- gesses, Mahana and Boaks. The branches of study were reading, writing, spelling and arithmetic. The pupils in arithmetic very frequently retired to the grove in order to avoid noise while pursuing their studies. Mr. Mozier was succeeded as a teacher in 1822 by Alexander Wallace, who taught here for several terms. He was a very excellent teacher of penmanship. John Murray taught one school here in 1824. The people south of the above district being without school privileges, Mr. Richard Hall, Asa Burtt and several others resolved to build a schoolhouse and established a school with Mr. Burtt as teacher. The house was built on the land of Mr. Burtt, but he dying before the school was opened, Michael Bougherty was employed to teach. He taught here during 1828 and 1829. The same years John Clements taught at the Copeland farm. The Congressional Township system now coming into operation, the above schools were discontinued, giving way to the district schools, which were now being established. The tenitory now comprising Stampers Creek Township was made up of a part of four different Congressional townships, each one independent of the others in school matters. The portion situated in Town 1 north, of Range 1 east, seemed to enjoy the best school privileges, on account of the school land of that township having been sold earlier and for a better price than any other school land 4 570 HISTORY OF ORANGE COUNTY. in the county. The first district schoolhouse was built on the land of Kichard Hall, in 1829. This was a hewed-log- house, constructed by the citizens of the district, fitted and furnished as required by the acts of the Legislature of 1824. The patrons of this school were: the Halls. Grigsbys, Seasons, Burtts, Burgesses. Chambers, Dilliards and others. The first teacher was Jacob O' Feather. The branches of study same as in the more early schools. N. W. T. Goodwell succeeded to the manage- ment of this school in 1831. He remained for two years. His was the first silent school in this neighborhood. Wages of teacher $35 for term of three months. The Banner Schoolhouse, south of this, was built in 1 832. Alexander Kalston was the first teacher. He was succeeded by Will- iam Johnson, the services of the latter being much in demand on account of superior scholarship, being able to teach geography and grammar, and to take his pupils through arithmetic. The patrons of this school were: the Banners, Vandeveers, Hollowells and Noblitts. Prof. Johnson, of Marengo, was a pupil of this school. Colored children attended this school upon the same terms as whites. In 1841 Richard D. Walters, who had been educated at the Washington County Seminary, under the instruction of the famous John I. Morrison, opened an independent sem- inary of learning in the Hall district. The school was a success. Joel C. Billiard and Julia Talbert prepared themselves to enter the field as teachers at this school. The next year Mr. Billiard taught a nine months' school at Millersburg, in this township. This was a subscription school. The patrons were: the Billiards, Buncans, McCoys, Wolfs and Cornwells. Under the Congressional township system there were six schools in this township, and strange to say they were in so great esteem that the people refused to exchange them for a free school system, as the vote at the August election in 1848 abundantly proves. At that election, there were cast for free schools, three votes; against free schools, 151 votes. The question was again submitted in 1849, also in 1850 and 1851, but with no better results, the friends of the law not being able to poll more than a half dozen votes at any election. But free schools came with the adoption of the school law of 1852. The first Trustees were Joel Vandeveer, Fleming Buncan and Edward Cornwell. They were elected in April, 1853, and at once entered upon the duties of their posi- tion. They found the old district schoolhouses in very bad repair and therefore resolved to build new houses, but before anything could be done in the matter money must be voted for building purposes by the people of the township. An election was ordered for August 1, 1853, and after a very exciting canvas, the proposition to levy a tax of 45 cents on the hundred dollars' worth of property was carried by a majority of six votes. Five of the old houses were now sold for $38.10. One house was adopted as a township house. Five new houses were built. They were frame, 20x24 feet, four twelve- light windows, plank desks and HISTORY OF ORANGE COUNTY. 571 seats for pupils. Blackboards and a map of the State of Indiana were also furnished. The first free schools were in the winter of 1855-56. Henry H. Poison, I. K. Martin and R. C. Wells were among the first teachers. By the year 1869 the schoolhouses having been found to be too small, the building of larger houses was commenced, one being built each year until the entire number was replaced. The houses are frame, 24x36 feet, well finished and furnished with improved furniture, maps, globes, charts, etc. The schools are sustained for about five months in each year at a cost of about $1,200 per annum. GENERAL VIEW OF THE SCHOOLS. By the term " pioneer schools," I mean those early schools which were established and supported without any aid from the public funds. These schools were generally loud schools. By this is meant that the pupils were not required to prepare tbeir lesson quietly, but that each pupil had the privilege of repeating his lesson in whatever tone of voice best suited him; indeed, in some cases it seemed that a premium was set upon noise, and that he who could make the most noise did the best. The studies pursued in these schools were usually reading, writing and spell- ing, and sometimes arithmetic. The recitations in these subjects were heard by the teacher, taking one pupil at a time and hearing him read or spell as best he could in the noise and confusion. The text books were usually Webster's Speller and the Testament. Writing was prac- ticed in a bold round hand, fi*om copies set by the teacher with a goose- quill pen. Arithmetic was taught from the " cyphering book of the mas- ter." When a pupil failed to solve the problem given him, he carried it to the teacher, who looked over it until he found an incorrect figure; this he marked and returned the slate to the waiting pupil without explana- tion or comment. There was one rale in these schools which survived for many years, and rendered futile all attempts at classification. It was that he who was first at school in the morning should recite first during the entire day. The day's session was usually from sun-up until sun- down. There was no regular time for opening school in the morning. When a pupil arrived at the schoolhouse he was required to take his seat and commence upon his lesson. There were no recesses in those days or time for relaxation, except at the noon *' playtime," which was usually spent by the teacher in making or mending goose-quill pens. Now, is it really to be wondered at if the weary pedagogue did sometimes fall asleep amid his laboi-s, or the thoughtless urchin beguile the weary hours by repeating the word ''horse grammar? " The Congressional township system originated with the act of Con- gress to enable the people of Indiana Territory to form a State govern- ment, approved April 19, 1816. This act provided that Section 16 in every township should be granted to the inhabitants for the use of 36 572 HISTORY OF ORANGE COUNTY. schools. Nine of these school sections are situated within the bounda- ries of Orange County. Soon after the admission of Indiana as a State the Legislature provided for the appointment of Superintendent of school lands in each township. These oflScers had power to lease said lands for a term of years, the rents to be applied to the support of schools. The first law under which schools could be established in Indiana, appears in the Revised Statutes of 1824, under the title of an "Act to incorporate congressional townships, and providing for public schools therein." The law authorized the inhabitants of each congressional township to elec' three School Trustees, who were to have control of the school lands and schools generally, with power to divide their townships into districts and appoint Sub-Trustees for the same. These Trustees also examined teachers in regard to their ability to teach reading, writing and arithmetic. Schoolhouses were to be erected by the labor of all able- bodied male persons of the age of twenty-one years or more, residing in the district: those who failed to work to pay 37i cents for each day so failing. These houses were to be eight feet between floors, and at least one foot from ihe surface of the ground to the first floor, and finished in a manner calculated to render comfortable the teachers and pupils. Township 1 north, of Range 1 east, was the first to organize under the act. As stated elsewhere, the first district school established was at Lick Creek, three miles east of Paoli. The inhabitants of this township were also the first to ask that their school land be sold. The sale was at pub- lic auction on the 25 ^h day of September, 1829, by William Lindley, School Commissioner. Samuel Chambers was auctioneer. The land was sold in eighty acre lots and brought an average of S4.37 per acre, the hi^hes^ price paid being S7.32 per acre and the lowest $2 per acre. This was the highest price realized for any school lands in Orange County, the greater amount being sold for SI. 25 per acre. The organization and establishing of schools proceeded very slowly under this system, some townships not bein- organized until about 1840. The crowning defect of the whole system was that no schools could be organized until the inhabitants declared by vote that they wished their township organ- ^•zed and schools established. This, with the want of funds, made it impossible to establish anything like a school system in Orange County, Bv the year 1850 there were forty-nine district schools in the county, receiving an average of about S16 per annum of public money for thp support of schools. There were now about 4.500 children of. school age in the county. Schools were taught for about three months in the year. Teachers received from f 10 to S12 per month. The defi- ciency of public money was male up by rate bills levied upon pupils. The methods of instruction were verv nearly the same as in the more early schools. In some localities silent schools and better methods of HISTORY OF ORANGE COUNTY. 573 instruction had been introduced. The want of text-books rendered it impossible to classify pupils. Geography and grammar had been intro- duced. Pike's Arithmetic and Murray's Grammar were standard text- books. Meanwhile the friends of popular education were working with all their power to establish schools and build up a sentiment favorable to education in the county. During the winter of 1835 the citizens of Paoli organized a "Moot Legislature." Mr. James A. Watson, Princi- pal of the County Seminary, and Chairman of the Committee on Educa- tion in that body, presented a report upon the necessity of completing our system of education which deserves more than passing notice. He insisted that the Legislature could no longer plead the infancy of our State; that a public school system would increase the wealth of the State by encouraging immigration; that it was an imperative duty to comply with the demands of the Constitution in regard to establishing schools; that public justice demanded the education of the masses; that it is not unjust to tax those who have no children for the support of schools. The last proposition was long a bone of contention among our people, but the principle has now became well established. This report was ordered to be printed in the county papers and copies sent to the Committee on Education in both branches of the Indiana Legislature. As to whether this exerted any influence or not cannot now be determined, but certain it is that the legislative mind became at once convinced that there was not sufficient educational advantages in Orange County. They therefore passed an act dividing the county into five seminary districts and providing for the establishing of schools in each district, also appropria- ting all money derived from tines and forfeitures to the support of these schools. This act was vetoed by Gov. Noble on the ground that it was unconstitutional in this, that it diverted the funds derived from fines and forfeitures from the support of county seminaries as required in the Con- stitution. The Board of County Commissioners now resolved to give some assis- tance to the schools, and in June, 1836, ordered Alexander Morris, County Treasurer, to pay 5 per cent, of the county revenue to the School Commissioner, for the encouragement of education. This was the first money derived from taxation for the support of schools in Orange County. But while this work was going on, the people imbibed the idea that schools could be supported without cost; that the Congress of the United States had or would provide ample means for the education of all the children within her borders, so that when the Legislatui'e of 1847 submitted the question of establishing free schools in the State, it was the "bugbear'' of taxation that did the voting, and made such a bad showing for Orange County at the August election in 1848. At this election there were but 152 voters in the county who deposited a ballot in favor of free schools. The school law of 1848, which contained a pro- 674 HISTORY OF ORANGE COUNTY. vision that the several counties of the State should be exempt from its provisions until a majority of the voters gave an assent thereto, was three times rejected in Orange County by the same cry of taxation. But our people were, even then, a progressive people, when they understood the question upon which they were called upon to vote. They regarded the free schools as bringing nothing but burdensome taxes and a band of hungry office holder* to feed and fatten at the public crib. But they gave a majority of nearly 400 votes in favor of the Constitution of 1851, which made it possible to have a free school system in Indiana. Under this Constitution, free schools have grown and prospered in Orange County. By the year 1857, they were well under way in all the townships of the county. Uniformity of text-book now enabled the teachers to arrange their pupils into classes. Loud schools and rate bills were heard of no more, and modern methods of instruction were intro- duced. Blackboards, globes and outline maps were placed in the school- rooms. The school law of 1865, which provided more money for the support of schools, established the County Teachers' Institute, and requiring all schools in a township to be taught an equal number of days, gave new life to the schools of Orange County. By a careful system of county examinations, a better class of teachers was provided. Perhaps no agency has done so much to elevate the standard of teaching as the County Institute. The law of 1873, creating the County Superintendency and County Boards of Education, and providing for holding Township Institutes, was also a progressive movement. The Township Institutes wei'e organized in the several townships during the school year of 1873 —74. They meet once each month during the session of the public school and have been a useful agency in bringing about uniformity in the schools of the county. GRADING OF THE SCHOOLS. At the meeting of the County Board of Education May, 1876, it was resolved to grade the schools of Orange County. An adjourned meeting was accordingly held June 7, and the following course of study adopted for the schools of Orange County: PRIMARY DEPARTMENT. First Gh^ade. Reading words at sight — McGuffey's New Chart. Daily practice, writing script on slates. Reading through First Reader. Spel- ling words of reading lesson. Writing lessons on slate. Counting and writing numbers to one hundred. Simple lessons in addition and sub- traction to tens. Second Grade. Reading through Second Reader. Oral and written spelling — McGufifey's Speller to sixtieth page. Addition and subtraction continued. Multiplication and division to tens. Counting aiid writing Roman and Arabic numbers to one thousand. HISTORY OF ORANGE COUNTY. 575 INTERMEDIATE DEPARTMENT. Third Grade. Reading through Third Reader. McGufifey's Speller to one hundredth page. Writing exercises on paper. Arithmetic — Ray's Third Book, to compound numbers. Geography — Oral lessons in local geography; map drawing, including, yi?-si, the school grounds; sec- ond, the section and its divisions; third, the township, civil and con- gressional; fourth, the county. Fourth Grade. Reading through Fourth Reader. Spelling through McGuflfey's Speller. Writing — Spencerian Copy-book, No. 3, or its equivalent. Arithmetic to decimal fractions. Primary Geography com- pleted. Language lessons to page eighty-one. GRAMMAR DEPARTMENT. * Fifth Grade. Fifth Reader through and reviewed. Spelling selected words from reader, geography and other sources. Arithmetic completed. Geography (comprehensive) completed. Language lessons completed. Practical Grammar — Harvey. United States History and Physiology. This course of study was revised, and with very few changes re-adopt- ed by the Board of Education October, 1882, and is still in force. By the year 1881, the course of study having been successfully introduced into all the schools of the county, the Board of Education resolved to introduce a graduating system. Accordingly a plan was drawn up under which the County Superintendent examines pupils who have completed the common-school course. Those pupils who can pass the examination required by the Board receive a common- school diploma, signed by the the County Superintendent, Trustee and teacher. Since that time three of these annual examinations have been successfully held and sixty pupils graduated from the public schools of Orange County. In the preceding pages we have endeavored to give a fair and impar- tial account of the founding and progress of the schools of the several townships of the county. In many cases we have not been able to find school records, and have relied upon the recollections of the older inhab- itants. We therefore do not claim perfect accuracy for the work, but submit it to the candid judgment of our readers, asking them to take it for what it is worth, but with the confident assurance, that while there may be errors and omissions which should not have occurred, in the main the work will be found to be correct. We close with this sentiment: " The public schools of Indiana — the pride and glory of the State — may our people ever sustain them." The remainder of this chapter was pre- pared by a member of the historical company. COUNTY teachers' INSTITUTE. The organization of the first Teachers' Institute or Association, took place at Paoli, Saturday, October 15, 1865, the teachers assembling in 576 HISTORY OF ORANGE COUNTY. the court house. S. T. Lindley was chosen Chairman and W. Lomax appointed Secretary. Prof. N. Boles, Junius Lomax and William S. Shirley were appointed a Committee to draft a constitution and by-laws, which they accordingly did, the following being the preamble: "For the purpose of mutual improvement and the elevation of the teachers' profession, the undersigned do agree to form an association, to be gov- erned by the following constitution" The constitution provided that the organization should be known as the " Orange County Teachers' Asso- ciation," but at the first regular meeting, held for the purposes of drill and discipline, the name was changed tcr the "Orange County Teach- ers' Institute." It was also provided that meetings should be held regu- larly the last Saturday in each month; that seven members should con- stitute a quorum; that any teacher in the county, by signing the consti- tution and paying 25 cents into the treasury, could become a member; and that the exercises should consist in discussions, drills, lectures, the reading of essays, etc. Theodore Stackhouse was elected Permanent President; S. T. Lindley, Vice-President; N. Boles, Secretary; L. B. Cogswell, Treasurer. It was determined to hold the first Teachers' Insti- tute at Paoli for five days, beginning November 6, 1865. On this occa- sion the total enrollment was sixty- three, showing the great interest mani- fested by the teachers of the county in the advancement of their pro- fession. The occasion was important, and justly felt so by the leading citizens of the county seat and elsewhere, who visited the sessions and took part in the exercises. Instrumental music was furnished by Mrs. A. E. Williamson, and devotional exercises by Rev. H. O. Chapman. Mr. Stackhouse instructed classes in orthography and elocution; Dr. J. C. Stanley, in physiology, penmanship, arithmetic, etc.; Prof. Boles, in geography, history, English grammar, vocal music, etc. ; and other teach- ers gave exhibitions of practical methods in the dissemination of knowl- edge. The lectures took place in the evenings, and were well attended by town folk. Mr. Stackhouse lectured on "The Schools of Orange County; " Prof. Boles, on the " Means and Ends of Education ; " Dr. Stan- ley, on ' 'Respiration," in its application to the schoolroom; Francis Wilson, Esq., on " The Duties of Parents and Teachers," and Judge Simpson on " Engaging the Attention of Pupils." Great interest was shown by all throughout the entire session, and the teachers parted full of resolution to maintain the organization. The following year another session was held at Paoli, though not with as satisfactory results. A few eai'nest teachers, at the head of whom was the County Examiner, met and carried into efi"ect quite an interesting programme. The session of 1867 was about like that of 1866. The session of 1868 'was better. The Legislature had provided for an appropriation of $50 out of the county funds to be used in defraying the expenses of the County Teachers' Institute, and this amount was realized HISTORY OF ORANGE COUNTY. 577 and used this year for the first time. It was a great help, small as it was, and no doubt has been the cause of the continuance of the Institute with such uniform success until the present. There were sixty-six members enrolled in 1868, and the session lasted four days. Prof. Bloss was Chairman of the session, and W. J. Throop, Secretary. There were daily recitations and drills in all the leading branches of study, a specialty being object lessons and map drawing. Lectures were delivered by Messrs. May, Howard and Bobbins. Sinctf then sessions have been held annually with increased interest and success. In 1869 the Teachers' Convention of Orange, Lawrence and Washington Counties was organized, a full account of which will be found elsewhere in this volume. The following instructors were booked for the Institute August, 1884: Prof. O. P. Jenkins — Science of Teaching, Hygiene, Physiology, Good Behavior, Language, Grammar, Geography, Writing, and Indiana in the War. Prof. E. B. Smith — Arithmetic, Dictionary, and United States Constitution. Mrs. Helen E. Smith — United States History. Miss Jennie J. Throop — Reading and Spelling. Miss Bessie Mavity — Music. State Superintendent John W. Holcomb and Barnabas C. Hobbs are expected to lecture some time during the Institute. Other distinguished gentlemen are invited. PART IV. BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES. PAOLI TOWNSHIP. JOHN C. ALBERT of Paoli, Ind., is one of the men who has figured largely in the history of Orange County during the last four decades. A native of Westmoreland County, Penn. , he was born March 5, 1818, one of twelve children of Peter and Frances (Bi-eniman) Albert. At the age of thirteen years he was apprenticed to the tailor's trade, which he com- pleted, and in 1838 emigrated West, soon afterward locating in Paoli. In 1853 he was appointed Treasurer of Orange County, and was after- ward elected and re-elected to the same position as a Democrat. In 1865 he was elected cashier of the Bank of Paoli, and it was in this that he met his first heavy financial loss on account of the bank stock being based upon bonds of some of the Confederate States. At the opening of the war he abandoned the Democratic party, with which he had hitherto been connected, and allied himself with the Republicans, where he con- tinued to act until 1872. In that year he supported Horace Greeley, and in 1870 was one of the few men in Orange County who voted for Peter Cooper. Since that time he has acted with the National party, and in 1880 was the nominee of that organization for Congress in the Second Indiana District. Through his marriage with Miss Ellen McVey in 1841 he is the father of four children — two daughters and two sons — both of the latter dying in the Civil war, and one of which — John C. — was killed in the attack upon Fort Wagner, as Captain of Company H, Sixty-seventh Ohio Volunteer Infantry. Mrs. Albert died in 1872, and with her son James was deposited in a vault at Paoli. In February, 1879, Mr. Albert met another heavy loss in the burning of a large hotel at Paoli, which he had for several years been keeping. The loss is said to have been about $30,000, with no insurance. Since then he has been engaged in the real estate business. DR. LEWIS S. BOWLES was born at French Lick Springs, in Orange County, December 8, 1834. He is one of three children, all sons, born to Thomas C. and Anna (Patton) Bowles, who came from Maryland in an early day, and located in Washington County, Ind. Thomas C. Bowles, while a young man, went South, and for several years had charge of an extensive plantation. Upon his return North he settled in Orauge County a short time, but soon after in Washington County; his death occurred in 1840. Lewis S. began the study of medicine in 1850, with Dr. J. C. Kelso, at Livonia, in Washington County. After attending a course of lectures at the university of Louisville, Ky., he began the practice at French Lick Springs, which he continued for eighteen months, then went to Fredericksburg. In 1805 he located at 580 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES. PaoH, and the following year began doing a retail drug trade, with a stock -valued at about 82,200. In this Dr. Bowles has been more than ordinarly successful, and he now has one of the most complete stocks of drugs and ■druggist's sundiies kept in southern Indiana, and is valued at about ^15,000. He owns about 800 acres of land, and in 1874 built the finest residence in Orange County. His marriage with Miss Lizzie Andrews of Fredericksburg, Ind., was solemnized September 25, 1861, and to their union two children have been born, named William T. and James A. He is an ardent Democrat in politics and a member of the Blue Lodge in Masonry. Dr. Bowles has made his own way in life, beginning the prac- tice of his profession with $25 of borrowed capital. He is now one of the wealthy and influential men of the county. He has been one of the School Trustees of Paoli for several years and is now a fifth owner in the Orange County Agricultural Association, of which he has been Superin- tendent ever since its organization in the spring of 1883. JESSE BOYD, one of the few remaining old settlers of Orange County, Ind., was born in Randolph County, N. C. , May 4, 1818. and is the third of six children, only two yet living, born to William and Mary (Hop wood) Boyd, the parents now being dead. The parents of William Boyd were William and Khoda (Davenport) Boyd, and they were natives of Ireland, coming to this countn- in the eighteenth centuiy and settling in Virginia. William Boyd, Sr., served the Colonies faithfully in their struggle for independence. Jesse Boyd in 1839 started West on foot from his native country, and after walking 600 miles arrived in Orange County, Ind., where he found employment in the construction of the old turnpike, but afterward engaged in the manufacture of wheat fans. Elizabeth Hollowell became his wife March 13, 1842, and about this time Mi*. Boyd engaged in farming. This has always been his occu- pation, and although he commenced life's battle a poor boy, he has with •the help of his wife accumulated about 1,000 acres of land, but having ^iven about 700 acres to his children he now only owns 3(X) acres. Mrs. Boyd was born in Orange County, Ind. , February 16, 1825, a daughter of William and Martha (Lindley) Hollowell, both sides of her family settling in Orange County previous to 1812. these children have been born: William L., A., born November 1, 1844; Robert H. , July 1, 1848; RuthE., born September 28, 1849; John T., January 16, 1852 ; Charles, August 25, 1853; Austin, April 25, 1855, died April 16, 1863; Owen C, February 3, 1858; Elwood, November 29, 1859; Martha J., November 10, 1861; James M., May 27, 1864, and Jesse, bom July 20, 1866. The mother died ^Jay 2, 1881. She was one of the true pioneer women of her day and bravely aided her husband in his ■efforts to build up a home. Mr. Boyd married his present wife October 12, 1882. She was Miss Maria E. Brown, daughter of Hutcheson and Harriet (Banks) Brown, both of whom are now dead. Hutcheson Brown was one of the early pioneers of Washington County, Ind., and was a typo on the first paper published in that county. Both Mr. and Mrs. Boyd belong to the Society of Friends. THOMAS. N. BRAXTAN was born in Paoli Township. Orange Co., Ind., January 8, 1824, son of Hiram and Martha (White) Braxtan, and is of Scotch lineage. The parents of Mr. Braxtan emigrated from North Carolina to Orange Coanty, Ind., or the territory that now composes this •county, as early, perhaps, as 1810. Here the mother of our subject died To Mr. and Mrs. Bovd born June 23, 1843; Mary 8, 1846; Franklin, March PAOLI TOWNSHIP. 581 in 1853, and his father in 1864. About 1848 Mr. Braxtan began the mercantile business in Paoli, which be continued until 1865. For many years he'has been engaged in the manufacture and sale of the Hindostan oil and sand stone. In 1860 he began dealing in stock, and in 1883 he purchased White Cloud, the sire of Flora Bell, whose record at Chicago in 1883 was 2.12|. Mr. Braxtan was formerly a Whig, and is now a Republican. In 1868 he made the race to represent Orange and Craw- ford Counties in the General Assembly, and was only defeated by forty- two votes, and the Democratic majority in the two counties at that time was moi"e than foui* hundred. Mr. Braxtan was married in 1848 to Miss Martha Parker, who died in 1850, and in 1852 Mr. Braxtan was married to Miss Emily Campbell, who died in 1856, and in 1860 he married Miss Ada Vance, of Corydon, Ind. Mr. Braxtan is one of the oldest living settlers of Paoli, JOHN H. BRAXTAN, old settler, was born in Paoli Township, Orange Co., Ind., March 1, 1828, son of Jonathan and Mary (Henley) Braxtan, and is of Scotch lineage. The father of Mr. Braxtan was born in North Carolina and his mother was an Ohioan. The former came to what is now Orange County, Ind., at a very early day, probably as early as 1810. His death took place at Kokomo, Ind., in 1879, and there the mother of our subject died the same year. By occupation John H. Braxtan is a farmer and stock-raiser. He settled where he now resides in 1852 and is the owner of 256 acres of well improved land. In 1870, he formed a partnership with John A. Hudelson in the stock-dealing business, which has been one of great profit and which still continues. Mr. Braxtan was married in 1851 to Miss Cornelia A. Patton, a native of North Carolina, and these children were born to this marriage: George E., Mary F. , Rebecca, deceased, James H., Attie, deceased, Joseph G., an infant that died unnamed, Arthur J., and Charles F. Formerly Mr. Braxtan Avas a Whig in politics, but is now a Republican. Mrs. Braxtan is a member of the Methodist Episcopal Church. For more than a half •century Mr. Braxtan has been a resident of Orange County, where he and family are well known and highly respected. GEORGE A. BUSKIRK, Auditor of Orange County, was born at •Orangeville, Ind., May 25, 1857, a son of John B. and Maria H. (Bit- ter) Buskirk, appropriate mention of whom is made elsewhere in this volume. In youth he assisted his father and attended the district schools, but afterward entered the State University at Bloomington, where he remained three years. In 1875 he received the appointment of Deputy Clerk of the county, serving as such three years and one year longer as Deputy Auditor. In 1880, when only twenty -three years of age, he was elected to the Auditorship of the county, being the youngest man ever elected to that position in Indiana. In politics he is a stanch Democrat, taking an active interest in the progress and welfare of his party as well as in all matters of a public and beneficial character. Miss Dessie F. Albert, a native of Orange County, Indiana, became his wife -on August 20, 1878, and Harry and Fi'ed are the names of their two children. Mr. Buskirk joined the I. O. O. F, in 1881 and one year later was made a Mason, He cast his first Presidential vote for General Hancock in 1880. He is at present Secretary of the Orange County Agricultural Society. GEORGE W. CAMPBELL, a native of the county of which he is now Treasurer, was born at Lick Creek, August 1 2, 1843, a son of Max- 582 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES. well and Sarah (Field) Campbell, who were natives respectively of North Carolina and Kentucky, and who were among the pioneers of Orange County, Indiana. At twenty years of age George W. Campbell began doing for himself, and shortly thereafter engaged in merchandising at Orangeville, which he continued until 1870, when he purchased a farm on Lost River and for three years was engaged in agricultural pursuits. He then opened a store at Lick Creek, and in 1881 established another at Newton Stewart. In 1883 he purchased an interest in the West Baden Springs, and besides this and his extensive mercantile interests, Mr. Campbell owns 550 acres of land which are under his direct supervision. In politics he has always labored in the best interests of the Republican party, and in 1882 was elected County Treasurer, and to his credit be it said that the finances of Orange County have never been entrusted to more competent or trustworthy hands. Mr. Campbell was married in 1866 to Miss Annie Rhodes, and to them two children have been born, named Fannie R. and Noble C. The home of the family is at Lick Creek in French Lick Township. THOMAS. V. CLAXTON was born in Orange County, February 24, 1838, the son of Jeremiah and Delilah (Pierce) Claxton, the fatlaer a Kentuckian and the mother a Pennsylvanian. The Claxtons are of Scotch-Irish descent, and the grandfather, Joshua, lived in Kentucky, where he died, leaving a widow with three children. They came to this county in 1830, and later the mother died in 1855 in New Albany. Jere- miah was reared at hard work. His first wife bore him four children, and his second wife, who was Eliza A. Walker, bore him seven. Thomas V. was raised on a farm though his parents resided in Paoli. He received a fair education, and upon reaching manhood began for himself. In July, 1861, he enlisted in Company B, Twenty- fourth Regiment I. V. I., and was with his command in all the important movements, expedi- tions and battles through which it passed. At the siege of Vicksburg he was severely wounded in the right temple, but soon recovered. He returned home and commenced farming which he has since continued, and now owns eighty-seven acres of good land. March 14, 1865, he married Rosanna Wells, who has borne him six children: Rolla V., Martha J., Laura E., James T., Charles O. and an infant, deceased. Mr. Claxton is a Republican, a member of the Union Baptist Church and an exemplary Mrs. Claxton was born in this county March 6, 1844. Orange « man. County has no better citizens than the Claxtons. JOHN G. CLEMENTS was born in this township May 12, 1830, son of James and Elizabeth (Garr) Clements, the father a native of Virginia,, and the mother of Kentucky. The parents married in Kentucky, and soon after the war of 1812 located in this township, where they reared twelve children, and lived until their deaths. They were excellent peo- ple, leaving a name above reproach. John G. was brought up a farmer, and was educated at the common schools. At the age of twenty-one years he began for himself, working for %1 per month, and later renting a farm, and still later bought part of the old place, to which he has since added eighty acres, now owning 180 acres. He did all this by good man- agement and industry. He married Judith A. Sallee, December 19, 1855. She was born in Washington County, this State, December 21, 1832, and ^las borne her husband five children: James E., Christiana E., Martha A., Mary E. and John A. W. Mr. Clements is comfortably situated, and devotes himself to the intelligent management of his farm. He is a Republican, and a member of the Presbyterian Church. PAOLI TOWNSHIP. 583 HENRY COMINGORE was born at Harrodsburg, Ky., May 22, 1813, and was brought up there and in Indiana, to which latter place his par- ents removed in 1825, locating at Rockville, Parke Coiinty. His early education was very roeager — consisting of his being able to read, write and cipher a little. In 1828 he went to Indianapolis, and entered the oflSce of Smith & Bolton to learn the printing business, at which he has since been engaged — a period of about tifty six years. He is thus the oldest printer in the State, having spent more days in the printing oflfice than any other living citizen. Two years after going to Indianapolis, he went to Madison, where Bolton had started another office, but in 1833 he became connected with the publication of the Wabash Herald, whose edi- tor was John Marts. About a year later Mr. Comingore went to Coving- ton and started the Western Constellation, but after two or three years sold out and engaged in milling, but this property was soon destroyed by lire. He then went to Indianapolis and again entered a printing office. In 1839 he came to Paoli and founded the True American, which he con- ducted until 1846, then went to Jasper and started the American Eagle, which paper he removed to Paoli in 1848 and conducted until 1874. From 1876 to 1878 he conducted the Greenback Advocate. He is at present connected with the Paoli Neivs. His marriage to Miss Cynthia Ann Johnson occurred at Kockville, November 10, 1834, and the following are his children: David O., Mary E., Edward H, Joseph W., Henry, Jr., and one deceased. Mr. Comingore is an old-fashioned Jacksonian Democrat, and has during his long life rendered his party signal service. SHADRACH B. A. CONDER is a native of Orleans Township, this county, born November 23, 1829, a son of John and Elizabeth K. (Carter) Conder, who were natives of Kentucky and of Irish-German descent. He was raised on a farm, and in 1847 became a member of Company D of the Regular Army, serving through the Mexican war and at its close was discharged at Jefferson Barracks, Mo. In 1861 he again vol- unteered his services in his country's behalf, and for six months belonged to the Twenty-fourth Regimental Band of the United States Army. In 1862 he was commissioned a Second Lieutenant by the Governor, and after recruiting Company E of the Sixty- sixth Indiana Volunteer Infan- try, was elected First Lieutenant. He served through some of the hardest fought battles and campaigns of the late war, and was honorably dis- charged at its conclusion. From that time until 1878 Mr. Conder fol- lowed merchandising at Orleans, and from then until 1881, when he was burned out, was engaged in the saw and planing-mill business. In pol- itics he was a Whig, but since its organization has been a warm sup- porter of the Republican party, and as such was elected Sheriff of the county in 1882. Since 1852 he has been a member of the I. O. O. F., and has served in various responsible positions in this order. To his marriage with Miss Amy E. Lee, which occurred in June, 1850, seven children were born, only two yet living. The mother died in 1862, and three years later Mr. Conder selected Miss Sarah J. Webb for his second wife, and of the eight children born to their union all are dead but three. Mrs. Conder belongs to the Methodist Episcopal Church. EDWARD CORN WELL, Recorder of Orange County, and one of its few remaining old pioneers, was born in Jefferson County, Ky. . in 1809, and is the seventh in a large family of children born to William and Mary F. (Swan) Cornwell who were natives respectively of Virginia and Maryland. His mother's father was a native of the Old Dominion, 584 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES. and her grandfather was born in France. When about twelve years old,. Edward Cornwell removed from his native State to Orange County, Ind. In October, 1831, Miss Nancy Johnson, a native of Shelby County, Ky., became his wife, and after bearing a family of seven children, all living but one, Mrs. Cornwell died in 1880. Mr. Cornwell, following the ex- ample set by his father, who cast his first Presidential ballot for Jeifer- son in 1800, is a Democrat, voting first for Jackson as his choice for the Presidency. In 1876 he was elected Recorder of the County, and in 1880 re-elected, serving in this capacity with credit to himself and sat- isfaction to the public. In 1849 he and wife joined the Regular Bap- tist Church, of which Mr. Cornwell is yet a member. Mr. Cornwell is remarkably well-preserved for his age, being yet robust and vigorous. MRS. ELIZABETH COX, widow of William Cox, residing near Paoli, was born in Orange County, N. C, November 19, 1816. When six years old she came with her parents, Joel and Rebecca (Thompson) Cloud, to Orange County, Ind., where her home has ever since been, and where her parents afterward died. Mrs. Cox attended school at what is known as "Hogs' Defeat," in the primitive log schoolhouse of her day. On March 10, 1836, she married William Cox, a native of this county, born in 1813. Mr. Cox was a son of Joseph and Mary (Lines) Cox. who came from Tennessee to Indiana in 1810, and a short time afterward ta Orange County. He was reared in his native county and educated in the common schools of the time. When a young man he chose farming for his avocation, and this with milling, constituted his life's occupa- tion. In early times he built a "horse-mill," and being the only one for several miles around was well patronized. The death of Mr. Cox occurred in November, 1857, but his widow still survives him and resides on the old homestead. They were the parents of eleven children and reared them all to manhood and to womanhood. The following are their names in the order of their birth: John, dead; Martha, dead; Joel, Mary, Rebecca, dead; Annie, dead; William and Joseph. The old place now owned by Mrs. Cox, William and Joseph, consists of 160 acres, to which they have added 98 more, and have a saw-mill on the place. John, the^ eldest son, served in the late war in Company K, Fourteenth Regiment Indiana Volunteers, but died at Cheat Mountain, from exposure. GEORGE W. DOUGHERTY, proprietor of the Spring Mill near Paoli, is son of Gabriel and Sarah (Scoggins) Dougherty, and was born May 14, 1832, in Stampers Creek Township. Gabriel was a native of Kentucky, and in 1815, at the age of six years, he came to Indiana with his parents who ever afterward made their home in Orange County. He was a soldier in the Mexican war and at the battle of Buena Vista was wounded, and also lost an eye. He was a man of little educa- tion and an abundance of ability. He always refused political honors. He was married three times, his first wife bearing him four children, among them George W. She was a widow with one child, as was also his second, by whom he was the father of four more children, and by his third wife ten more, making in all eighteen of his own. George W. Dougherty has always lived in Orange County, and was educated in its common schools. January 5, 1853, he was united in matrimony to Maria Ann, daughter of William and Anna (Cornwell) Grigsby, who were among the earliest settlers in Orange County from the South. Mr. and Mrs. Dougherty are parents of ten children; of these Sarah A., William, George, McLellan and Albert are yet living. From his youth Mr. PAOLI TOWNSHIP. 585 Dougherty has been a miller by trade. In 1878 he purchased and remodeled the Spring Mill, near Paoli, and has since opei-ated it with two sets of buhrs run by water-power, and is doing a good business. Polit- ically he is Democrat and religiously he and wife are Regular Baptists. NATHAN M. FARLOW. farmer, living on the old Farlow home- stead, which was settled by his grandfather, Joseph Farlow, in 1811, was born near where he yet resides, January 5, 1842, and is the youngest of five children born to his father's marriage with Ruth Maris, who was his wife. On the death of Mrs. Farlow when Nathan M. was only about two years old, his father married Mary Hill, by whom he was the father of four children: Jonathan Farlow, son of Joseph and father of Nathan M.^ was born July 18, 1807, in Orange County, N. C, from whence he removed with his father and mother, the latter being Ruth Lindley, a sister of Zachariah, and daughter of the one who laid out the town of Paoli, in the summer of 1811, and settled on the farm now owned by Nathan M., entering the land from the Government. The original pat- ent for this land is now in possession of the owner of the property. Both the parents of Jonathan Farlow have long since been dead, as is also Jonathan and his first wife. Jonathan Farlow received a fair edu- cation in youth, and died September 14, 1873. His first wife died November 17, 1843. She was born in Orange County, N. C, July 18, 1814. His second wife is yet living and is in the township. The fam- ily, on both sides, were members of the Society of Friends or Quakers. Nathan M. Farlow has never known any home but in Orange County, Ind. He was left motherless when only two years old, and was raised by bis uncle, Nathan Farlow, in youth, receiving only a common school education. January 4, 1864, he enlisted as a private in Company F, Thir- teenth Indiana Volunteer Cavalry, serving through the engagements in and around Murfreesboro the winter of 1864, afterward going to New Orleans, then to Spanish Fort, and at the surrender of Mobile. From there they returned through Alabama to Mississippi, doing special duty in this State until being mustered out at Vicksburg November 18, 1865. He is the owner of 232 acres of good land. In politics he is Repub- lican, and February 4. 1869, was married to Martha, daughter of Daniel and Mary A. (Milliken) Cloud, who was born February 21, 1849,. in Orange County, Ind., by whom he is the father of four chil- dren, named: Elmer, Harry, Mary A. and William. The parents have their church membership with the Quakers. Mrs. Mary (Hill) Farlow, second wife of Jonathan, deceased, is yet living, and resides in southern Paoli Township. Of the four children of which she is the mother, only three are yet living, two living with Mrs. Farlow on a farm of 140 acres. The two oldest children are married. Joseph Farlow, the old pioneer, died July 14, 1845, in his seventy-third year, followed by his widow January 2, 1854, aged nearly seventy four years. The names of the children born to Jonathan Farlow's first marriage were: Jane — Mrs. Mark Hill; Joseph, who first married Hannah J. Hill, who died, then Rebecca Cox, and after her death married Mary E. Hill, and resides in Kansas; Deborah, Mrs. John Atkinson; Thomas, deceased, amd Nathan M. To the union of Jonathan Farlow and Mary (Hill) Farlow, these children were born: Lindley; Ruth, deceased; Ellen, Mrs. Joseph Trim- ble; Asenath M. The oldest of these — Lindley — married Mary Peacock, and resides with his mother. 586 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES. WILLIAM FAKRELL, an attorney of sixteen years' practice at the bar of Orange County, was born in New Albany, Ind., February 10, 1841, a son of Andrew and Sarah (Metheney) Farrell. Andrew Farrell's parents were natives of Ireland, but he was born at Liverpool, England, December 4, 1802, and in about 1816 immigrated to the United States. For nearly ten years he followed seafaring, but then settled in Boston, from whence he removed to New Albany, Ind., in 1829, where he died in 1872. His wife was born near Morgan town, on Cheat River, W. Va., in 1805, and died in 1876. William Farrell received his early education in the public schools of New Albany, and in 1861 enlisted in Company B, Thirty-eighth Indiana Volunteer Infantry, receiving his discharge in February, 1862. In July of the latter year he became a clerk in the Sub- sistence Department of Hancock's Army of the Potomac, a position he retained until the close of the war. He began the study of law at New Albany with Judge J. S. Davis, and in 1868 graduated from the Law Department of the Michigan State University. The fall of this year, he located for the practice of his profession, at Paoli, and has here since resided, engaged in active legal pursuits, Mr. Farrell is the fortunate pos- sessor of one of the most complete and extensive law libraries, from the organization of the Northwest Territory to the present, to be found in Indiana. In politics he is a Republican, and is a member of the I. O. O. F. In 1869 Miss Mary A., daughter of Henry T. and Harriet A. Wible, became his wife, and to their union were born five children: Alice W., Harrison H., Frances H. (deceased), Josephine P. and Mary E. The mother died October 2, 1883. WILLIAM P. GABBERT, druggist and apothecary, is a native Indi- anian, born at Salem, November 27, 1853, and is of German descent. His parents, Charles D. and Rebecca (Barnett) Gabbert, were natives of Kentucky and Virginia, respectively, and were among the early settlers of Washington County, Ind. William P. was raised on his father's farm and in early years secured a good common school education. In 1870 be came to Paoli, and for three years was employed as general raan- ager of the widely known Albert Hotel, which has since burned. He afterward clerked in a drug store for a time and was then sent to Orleans to take charge of a drug store at that place for Dr. J. H. Bowles, and there remained three years. In 1882 with John A. Hndelson for a partner, and under the lirm name of Gabbert & Hudelson, he embarked in the drug trade at Paoli and has since continued. Messrs. Gabbert & Hudelson have upward of $8,000 invested in their drug business and their store and stock is far superior to the average country drug stores, and would be a credit to any city in Indiana. The marriage of Mr. Gab- bert and Miss Belle, daughter of John P. and Elvira E. Foster was sol- emnized in 1874, and to them have been born two children: Maggie and Charles F., deceased. JOSEPH HALL was born in Paoli Township, Orange Co., Ind., June 4, 1828, one of twelve children of Richard and Polly (Everette) Hall. Richard was born of Welsh descent in Wayne County, N. C. In company with his brother John and brother-in-law named Newsom, he settled in Stampers Creek Township in 1811. He married in this county in 1813, and together he and wife shared the hardships of pioneer life. His death occurred in 1871, having been known throughout life as an honest and industrious citizen. Joseph Hall has known no other home than Orange County. After receiving a common school education in the PAOLI TOWNSHIP. 587 country schools he chose farming as his occupation for life and has pur- sued it steadily. In 1873 he was united in wedlock with Elizabeth J., daughter of Stephen and Lilly (Dawson) Thomas. Mr. and Mrs. Thomas settled in Indiana from North Carolina in 1813, and like the Halls were among the time- tried pioneers of the county, their Quaker religion stamping them with the marks of integrity and industry. Mr. Hall is a Republican in politics and owns seventy acres where he resides. He and his wife ai-e also members of the Society of Friends. GJIEEN HAZLEWOOD, M. D., born at Paoli, Ind., November 12, 1836, is a son of Josiah and Lovica (Johnson) Hazlewood, who came to Indiana about the year 1815 and located in what is now French Lick Township, Orange County. Soon after this Josiah Hazlewood moved to Paoli and worked at his trade, blacksmithing. Although noted for his singular characteristics, he was also known for his more than average intelligence and benevolence. He was County Sheriflf and subsequently County Recorder for many years. His first wife was Martha Pigg, his second Lovica Johnson, and his third Jane Mahan. His second and third wives each bore him four children. In the latter part of his life he was a resident of Stampers Creek Township, where he died in the fall of 1876. Dr. Green Hazlewood has always lived in Orange County where he received a good common school education, and at the age of eighteen years began reading medicine. In 1864 he located at Valeene for the practice of his profession, and in the spring of 1870 graduated from the Indiana Medical College at Indianapolis. Ever since that time he has been located at Chambersburg in active practice. The Doctor is Inde- pendent in his political views and is a member of the Odd Fellows fra- ternity. May 17,1860, he married Elzora Stewart, by whom he is father of twelve children, these nine: Frank, John, Minnie L., Herschel, Clorah, James, Blanche, Fred and Edward, yet living. Dr. Hazlewood was elected County Recorder in 1859 and served four years. JESSE HILL is a son of Christopher and Mourning (Trueblood) Hill, who were natives of North Carolina. In the year 1812, a short time prior to their marriage, they settled in Orange County, Ind., where they spent the balance of their lives. They were among the prominent early settlers and belonged to the Quaker Church. Of their family of nine children, Jesse Hill was the oldest, having been born January 23, 1815. His education is such as the early country schools of his time afforded. Like his father, he has devoted his whole life to agricultural pursuits, with good success. Elizabeth Osboi-n became his wife Novem- ber 23, 1837, and to this union nine children have been born, these six now living: Charles N., Thomas E., William O., Homer, Elizabeth (Jones) and Edmund B. The death of Mrs. Hill occurred February 7, 1884. She had long been a member of the Society of Friends, and to this same religion Mr. Hill has always been a devout adherent. All of their children are members of the Quaker Church by birthright. In early life Mr. Hill was a Whig in politics, but in 1856 voted for the Republican candidate for President, and since that time has been allied with that party, being a strong advocate for the abolition of slavery. JAMES A. HILL was born in this township February 28, 1838, and is one of nine children of Jesse and Lydia (Millis) Hill, and a grandson of William Hill, who came to this county from North Carolina at a very early day. The latter raised a large family, the oldest being Jesse, who was born in North Carolina. Jesse was a farmer, but learned black- 37 588 . BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES. smithing, at which he also worked. He was a man of good heart and brain, though his education was limited. James A. was the fourth in his father's family, and was raeagerly educated at the old subscription schools. He selected farming as his life, occupation, and has steadily amassed property, until he now owns 240 acres of land. May 20, 1858, he married Elizabeth R. Webb, who has borne him seven childi-en: Lydia, Enoch, Henry, John, Mary, Maria and Sarah. September 13, 1872, Mrs. Hill died, and April 6, 1873, he married Miriam Gillum, who bore him four children: James, Barbara Ellen, Hettie and William. His second wife died March 9, 1883, and February 27, 1884, he married Emma Robbins. Mr. Hill is a member of the Society of Friends, is a Republican, and for several years was- Superintendent of the County Poor Asylum. He is prominent and well respected. WILLIAM T. HICKS, Clerk of Orange County, was born at Orange- ville, Ind., September 5, 1850, and is a son of Samuel and Eliza J. (Lee) Hicks, who were descendants from English ancestors, as the name indi- cates. His early years were passed in assisting his father and attending the neighborhood schools, but later in life he was enabled to attend Asbury University (now De Pauw) and the State University at Blooming- ton. When scarcely in his teens, in 1864, he volunteered for the late war, and was made a member of Company F, One Hundred and Thirty- seventh Indiana Volunteer Infantry, but owing to the conclusion of the war shortly thereafter, he did not get to see much hard service. In 1874 his marriage with Miss Mary M. Ritter was solemnized, and this same year he embarked in the milling business in his native town, in which he is yet interested. The same year of his marriage Mrs. Hicks died, and in 1882 Mr. Hicks married Miss Laura M. Taylor, his present wife, by whom he is the father of one son — Samuel W. He has ascended to the Royal Arch degree in Masonry, and is a Republican politically. He was elected Trustee of Orangeville Township in 1880, and two years later he was elected County Clerk, in which capacity he is now serving. J. M. HOBSON, farmer, was born in Highland County, Ohio, March 6, 1817. His father was Josiah Hobson a native of North Carolina and a soldier in the war of 1812. His first wife was Mary Trop, who died after bearing seven children, four of whom are yet living. He married a second time, Sarah Fox, bv whom be became the father of three children, all living. Both parents are now dead. J. M. Hobson was raised on his father's farm. January 2, 1840, he was married to Sarah Wells. Together they removed to Indiana in 1857, settling in Orange County, where Mr. Hobson now ownes a farm of 248 acres. Although exempted from military duty by reason of his age, Mr. Hobson, when he saw the peril of his country, volunteered his services for the preservation of the Union, and the summer of 1862, when Company D, Sixty- sixth Indiana Volunteer Infantry was organized, he was elected Second Lieutenant. His Company was engaged in the battle of Richmond, Ky. Mr. Hob- son was an active participant in the battles of Collierville, Tenn., Dallas, Ga., siege of Atlanta, with Sherman to the sea, up through the Carolinas, in the grand review at Washington, D. C, and in various skirmishes and engagements. He was mustered out as First Lieutenant. His wife dying July 2, 1871, Mr. Hobson married for his present wife, Mrs. Lydia R, (Wells) Davis, who is yet living. To his first marriage were born three children — two sons and a daughter — and both sons served in Com- pany A, Thirty- eighth Indiana Volunteer Infantry. The oldest son, PAOLI TOWNSHIP. • 589 Samuel M. , was twice wounded. He is now living in Pike County, Ind., and is married, with a family. The other son, William H. , lives in Orange County, is a farmer, is also maiTied and has a family. The daughter, Rosanna, died when about three years old. Mr. Hobson is a Republican in politics, one of Paoli Township's best farmers, and both he and wife belong to the Methodist Episcopal Church. The Hobsons are of English descent. WILLIA.M H, HUDELSON, one of the few remaining old pioneers of Orange County, was born in Bourbon County, Ky., April 20, 1810, son of David and Sally (Donnell) Hudelson, and is of Scotch-Irish descent. The paternal grandfather of our subject was William Hudelson, a native of the Emerald Isle, and came to America prior to the Revolutionary war, in which he did faithful service for seven years. The father of Mr. Hudelson was born in Pennsylvania and his mother was a native of Ken- tucky. In 1819 William H. Hudelson came to Orange County, Ind., in company with his parents and settled north of Paoli. By occupation, Mr. Hudelson has been a life-long farmer, and in 1840 settled upon the land where he now resides and he here owns 245 acres of well improved land. His marriage took place in 1831, to Miss Elizabeth H. Springer, a native of Lancaster County, Penn., who bore him ten children: John A., Lydia A., David M., Henry H., Sarah J., Nicholas V., Albert L., Emma E., Lanville R. and Ada F. Mrs. Hudelson died November 20, 1883. She was a most amiable woman, a true Christian lady and almost a life-long member of the Presbyterian Church. Mr. Hudelson became a member of the same church in 1829, and is a Republicaa in politics. In 1862 he was elected Justice of the Peace, and re-elected to the same office in 1882. He is one of the venerable old pioneers of Orange County. JOHN A. HUDELSON, farmer and druggist, is the eldest son of William H. and Elizabeth H. (Springer) Hudelson, and was born May 31, 1832. He remained at home and assisted his father on the farm until his twenty-fourth year when he began doing for himself. The greater part of his life has been spent in farming, stock-raising and shipping, and for twelve years he has been engaged in the stock business. In 1882 he engaged in the drug business in Paoli, in partnership with William P. Gabbert. Mr. Hudelson was married in 1859, to Miss Addie Lindley, also a life resident of Orange County, and daughter of James Lindley. To them have been born six children: Ella J., Lillie E. , Char- ley M. (deceased), Maud G. (deceased), John W. (deceased), and Addie P. In 1859 Mr. Hudelson settled where he now resides, erecting his present residence in 1870, which is a substantial frame, 36x42 feet and cost about $4,000. He is a Republican politically, and Mrs. Hudelson is a member of the Methodist Episcopal Church. The Hudelsons are among the oldest and most respected people of the county. CYRUS N. HUDELSON was born in Paoli Township August 19, 1832, and is the son of David and Sarah (Donnell) Hudelson. His youth was passed withdut noteworthy event at work on the farm in summers and in attendance upon the schools in the winters, whereby he managed to secure a fair education. He selected farming as his occupation through life, and this he has followed together with rearing stock and shipping. He owns 240 acres, and has a comfortable home. In September, 1854, he married Martha C. Hamersly, who was born in Martin County August 18, 1833. Eight children are the issue: Sarah E. , Martha E. , 690 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES. Lydia J., Samuel D., James C, Cyrus A., Mary A. and Cyrus J. Mr. Hudelson from the first has identified himself with the Republican party, and has worked steadily for its success not only locally but on the State and National tickets. He is a member of the Methodist Episcopal Church, and like all citizens of the county of his name is upright, capable, industrious and thoroughly honest. The Hudelsons are old settlers and are well respected. HON. THOMAS HUNT, born in Southeast Township, this county, February 1, 1821, is a son of Jacues and Ruth (Clark) Hunt, who removed from North Carolina, their native State, to Orange County, Ind., in about 1820, where they afterward died. Thomas passed his youth and early manhood on the farm, going to and teaching school. In 1841 he was married to Miss Alvina Mayfield, who died in 1866, after bearing a family of eight children, six of whom are yet living. The year succeed- ins: the death of his first wife Mr. Hunt was married to Mrs. Marsfaret (Cain) Shaw, by whom he is the father of one son. The parents belong to the Regular Baptist Church. Mr. Hunt's political career has been somewhat varied, beginning first as a Democrat, and as such serving Orange County as Treasurer from 1859 to 1864, and in 1864 he was elected to the Lower House of the State Legislature. Prior to his elec- tion as County Treasurer he served nine years as Justice of the Peace in Greenfield Township. In 1878 he took a very active part in the organ- ization and progress of the National party, but is now affiliating with the Democrats. Beginning in 1866 in the drug trade in Paoli he carried on that branch of business for a time, then opened a provision store, and later kept hotel. In 1872 he embarked in the practice of law, at which he is yet engaged. AMOS M. LAMBDIN was born in Crawford County, Ind., August 10, 1836. Until twenty-one years old he lived in his native county, at which age he located in Orange County, where he has ever since lived. Daniel and Rhoda (Stone) Lambdin, his parents, raised a family of six sons, all bat one now living. He secured a good education in the meager schools of his boyhood, and after coming to this county taught four terms of school. Mr. Lambdin has been mostly engaged in agricultural pursuits, and devotes much attention to stock raising. In the fall of 1866 he began a fruit distilling business, which he continued in its sea- son for about ten years. Financially he has been fortunate, as he now owns 320 acres of good land, besides having helped his son. His wife was Mary, born September 23, 1836, a daughter of Samuel and Susan (Radcliff) Mcintosh, of Orange County. Their wedding occurred Jan- uary 22, 1857, and to them ten children have been born, these nine now living: John D., James F., Daniel R., Levi W., William R., Jonathan E. , Joseph, Nathan R. and Susan E. Mr. Lambdin is a member of Paoli Lodge, No. 119, F. & A. M. In politics he was a Democrat until 1876, when he united with the National party, and has remained such ever since, and was one of its candidates for County Commissioner, SAMUEL T. LINDLEY, of Paoli, was born on the same farm where he now lives April 12, 1823. His grandfather was Jonathan Lindley, the most influential man of his day in Orange County, a native of Penn- sylvania, who in early life, with his parents, settled in North Carolina, where he remained until 1811, coming in that year to Indiana and bring- ing with him what was then a large amount of money. He represented Orange County in the first State Legislature and several subsequent PAOLI TOWNSHIP. 591 terms. He entered the land now occupied by the east part of Paoli and it was through his endeavors that the county seat was located where it now is. Thomas, the father of Samuel T., was the second of his thir- teen children and was born in North Carolina, where he was married to Amy Thompson. They came to Indiana in 1811, and soon after Mrs. Lindley joined the Quaker Church, and became one of the noted ministers of that denomination in the United States. They bore a 'family of nine children. Thomas Lindley died in 1828, and immediately after- ward Samuel T. was taken to Jackson County, Ind., where his youth was spent'unti] he was twenty years of age and received most of his educa- tion. Upon his return to Orange County he engaged in the dry goods trade at PaoJi for three years. Since then he has followed farming in connection with the agricultural implement trade. He owns 240 acres of good land, most of it near the town of Paoli. August 21, 1845, his marriage with Eliza J. Trueblood was solemnized and to their union three children have been born, John E. and Mrs. Alice Stout, yet living. Both Mr. and Mrs. Lindley are members of the Society of Friends by birthright. He was formerly Trustee of Paoli Township and in politics is a Republican. JOHN A. LINDLEY, born in Paoli Township, Orange County, Ind., June 14, 1830, is a son of Aaron and gi-andson of Owen Lindley. Owen was one of the earliest settlers in the county, having located here about the year 1807 from North Carolina. Being of the Quaker belief and opposed to slavery, he left his native State on that account. He was father of a large family of children, of whom Aaron was born January 22, 1802, in North Carolina. He came to Indiana with his father's fam- ily where he married Ann Lindley, his second cousin, and by her was the father of fourteen children. Of these John A. was the fourth. Farm- ing and stock dealing has been his occupation throughout life, and his farm now comprises 250 acres of very good land. His first marriage occurred February 22, 1854, with Nancy Hollowell. Of their family of eight children, Isabel, Nathan, Martha, Homer and Catherine are now living. Her death occurred October 10, 1867. Mary C. Hutchler became his second wife December 18, 1869, and by her he is father of five chil- dren, Axum, Lucius and Rufus now living. Mrs. Lindley is a member of the Quaker Church. Politically Mr. Lindley was a Whig until 1860, and since his vote for Lincoln in that year he has been an ardent Repub- lican and usually manifests considerable interest in public affairs. JOHN T. LINDLEY, present Trustee of Paoli Township, was born in Orange County, Ind.*, April 19, 1841, and is the son of Samuel and Anna B. (Braxtan) Lindley. He was raised on a farm and his entire life has been passed engaged in agricultural pursuits. In 1862 he became a volunteer in the late war for the preservation of the Union, and for nearly three years served his country faithfully as a member of Company D, Sixty-sixth Indiana Infantry, being honorably discharged in 1865. Miss Hester A. Elrod, a native of Orange County, Ind., became his wife in 1867, and the names of their children born to their union are: Clara E., Samuel B., John M. , Anna M. and Florilla. Both parents are members of the United Brethren Church. Mr. Lindley is one of the pro- gressive men of Paoli Township, is the owner of nearly 200 acres of land, and is a Republican in politics, and in 1884 was elected to his present position as Trustee of the Township. 592 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES. LA.BAN LINDLEY, M. D., a descendent of one of the first families to settle in Orange County, Ind. , appropriate notice of whom will be found elsewhere in this volume, is a son of William and Anna K. (Fisher) Lindley, and was born in Paoli Township, in August, 1843. He beeran life for himself when only fourteen years old, and for some time was employed as clerk in a drug store. When rebellion was threatening to overthrow our country, he enlisted in Company F, Thirteenth Indi- ana Cavalry, as a private, but immediately was made Orderly Sergeant, and later advanced to the Second Lieutenantcy of his company. Mr. Lindley was an efficient soldier, serving in some of the principal cam- paigns of the late war, and was honorably discharged in December, 1865. After returning to his old home, he spent two years attending school, and in 1868, embarked in the drug ti-ade in Paoli, which he continued onlv a short time, then began reading medicine in the office of Dr. J. H. Sherrod. He attended lectures at the Miami Medical College, Cincin- nati, and the Detroit Medical College in Michigan, graduating from the latter institution in 1871, and since then has been in regular practice at Paoli. His marriage with Miss Anna Frazer was solemnized in 1871, and the names of their children are: Maggie (deceased), William F., Gi-ace and Nancy. Dr. Lindley is one of the progressive men of the day, is a Republican, and a member of the Society of Friends. Mrs. Lindley belongs to the Presbyterian Church. SOLOMON LINDLEY was born in the township in which he now resides, February 20, 1825, and is the grandson of Owen Lindley, who, with his family removed from North Carolina to this county in 1811. His son James was born in the Old North State, as was his wife Rachel Thompson, the former's birth occurring November 8, 1785, and the latter's July 15, 1790. They were married in their native State, whiqh they made their home until 1817, when they came to Orange County, this State, which they made their home from that time on. They were Friends or Quakers, as were their entire family of twelve children, one of whom is Solomon Lindley. He was brought up to hard labor, receiv- ing his education in the log-schoolhousee. His union with Miss Mary Cloud, occurred March 17, 1852. She was a native of this county, born July 24, 1826, died November 14, 1875. October 10, 1878, Mr. Lindley was united in marriage with Miss Parthena Trueblood, a native of Washington County, Ind. , her birth occurring June 10, 1836. By the first marriage there were three children: Thompson C, Clara P. and Anna A. Mr. Lindley began for himself as a poor boy, and now has a fine home and a com- petency. Like bis ancestors, he has always voted in opposition to the pro-slavery party, and is a consistent member of the Society of Friends. He owns a well improved farm of 500 acres. JOSEPH LINDLEY was born in this county September 24, 1827, son of Owen and Mary (Wilson) Lindley. The grandfather was William, who located near the Half Moon Spring, this county, in 1811, coming from North Carolina. They were Quakers, and strictly moral and upright people. Owen Lindley had a family of four sons and three daughters, and was one of the most prominent of the pioneers, being called upon to fill many responsible positions of trust. Joseph received a common school education, and was reared on a farm. Februaiy 24, 1858, he married Rebecca Van Meter, and to this union were born twelve children: Mary J., Joseph M., James O., Flora E., Charles S. V., Will- iam H., Chambers M., Nora B., John L., Bennadicta O., Joseph M. and PAOLI TOWNSHIP. 593 one who died in infancy. Mr. Lindley is a successful farmer, and owns 200 acres, one of the best farms in the county. He is a Republican in politics and takes much interest in all laudable public improvements and enterprises, and is one of the best farmers aud citizens of the county. BENJAMIN M. LINGLE, manufacturer and dealer in saddles and harness, was born at Orleans, Orange County, Ind., May 30, 1840, son of Samuel and Elizabeth (Mayne) Lingle, and is of German esti*action. His father was born in Virginia and his mother in Maryland. They immigrated to Ohio at a very early day and there remained until about 1833, when they came to Indiana and settled in Orange County, The father of Mr. Lingle died in Florida in 3883. At sixteen j^ears of age the subject of this sketch began an apprenticeship at harness-making in Paoli. In 1860 he engaged in the harness business in partnership with an elder brother. In 1861 he enlisted in Company B, Twenty-fourth Indiana Volunteers, and served more than two years. He was united in marriage to Miss Ruth E. Lindley of Paoli, Ind. , in 1863, who bore him three children, viz: John E., Samuel and Charles W. He is a Repub- lican and cast his first Presideatial vote for Lincoln. In 1881 Mr. Lingle went to Florida, and in 1883 he purchased land in that State and planted an orange grove. He still continues his residence and harness business in Paoli. He is a member of the Independent Order of Odd Fellows, and is a prominent business man of Paoli and one of its substantial citi- zens. HENRY McCOY is the son of George McCoy, a native of the Old Dominion, and was born in Stampers Creek Township, February 19, 1834. The father was a soldier of the war of 1812, serving under Gen. Harrison, and at an early day had settled near Crab Orchard, Ky. He married Lydia Wolf, and in 1814 came to Stampers Creek, where he lived until his death. He was a much respected citizen, a member of the Democratic party, and his family consisted of twelve children. The family endured many hardships in this new country, the mother on one occasion going alone on horse-back to Kentucky after seed corn. Our subject, one of their children, was reared a farmer, receiving a rudiment- ary education. September 27, 1855, he married Rebecca M., daughter of Shelby and Susanna H. (Throop) Wolf, and they have these children living: Jefferson. HaiTy, James W., Dora E. , Delos, Scott and Lillie; and these dead: Guilderoy T., Hattie, George A, and Shelby V. Mr, McCoy has lived upon his present farm since 1858, and now owns 240 acres. He is a Mason and a Democrat, and he and his wife are members of the Baptist Church. Mrs. McCoy was born in this county November 24, 1837. Both families are among the best of the county. THE MARIS FAMILY. The original members of this family came from Worchestershire, England, about two centuries ago, to escape religious persecution, the founders of the name in this country being George and Alice Maris. They reached America in 1683, and bought 1,000 acres of land in Delaware County, Penn. They had six childi'eD, one being John, who married Susanna Lewis, who bore him three sons and six daughters. The sons, John, George and Aaron, went to North Carolina before the Revolution, and reared large families there. Aaron returned to Pennsylvania and died without issue. George married Eleanor Lindley, who bore him four sons and three daughters, all living to raise families. Thomas, son of George, was born July 16, 1776, and in 1802 married Jane Holaday, and in 1811 moved to Paoli Town- 594 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES. ship, where they lived until their deaths. They had eleven children: Sarah, Eleanor, Mary, Anna, Aaron, Ruth, Lucinda, William, George, John and Susannah. October 31, 1833, Aaron married Mary Farlow, who bore him three children: Mary A., Thomas and Mary. His second wife was Jane Andrews, who bore him live children: Olivei', Sarah J., Luther, Ruth and Aaron. The father, Aaron, died in 1852, and his wife, who was born in North Carolina in 1816, is yet living: Their children and John, son of Thomas, are the only members of the family now living in this county. John is one of the wealthiest farmers of the county, owning nearly 1,000 acres, and has made much of it by judicious business transactions. Aaron, son of Aaron, and grandson of Thomas, was born in 1852, and November 12, 1878, married Mary A. Rhodes, who was born in this county June 6, 1855. They have two children: John J. and Myrtle E. Mr. Maris owns 238 acres, and is a progressive young farmer. The Marises belong to the Friends or Quakers, and are among the most respected and useful citizens. JUDGE MILTON S. MAYITY is a native of Ripley County, Ind. , born Mai'ch 9, 1833, the oldest of five children, three yet liv ing, born to James and Keziah (Evans) Mavity, who were natives of Kentucky. John and Dorothy (Reel) Mavity, parents of James, were natives of the Old Dominion, and were of Norman-French and German descent respectively. M. S. Mavity was reared to manhood in his native county, and until twenty-two years old assisted on his parents' farm and attended and taught district schools. At that age he began reading law from the librai-y of Hon. J. H. Cravens, of New Marion, Ind., and after attending the Cincinnati Law School graduated in 1856, with ex-Presi- dent R. B. Hayes' signature to his certificate of examination, as one of the Board of Examiners. From that time until 1859 he practiced his profes- sion at Madison, Ind., then removed to Paoli, where he has since been engaged in active legal pursuits. As a Democrat in politics he has been an active worker for the welfare of his party, and in October, 1863, was elected Recorder of Orange County. He served as Common Pleas Pros- . ecutor two years; was elected Judge of the Tenth Judicial District in 1870, serving until the abolishment of the office, and also served two years as Prosecutor of the Tenth Circuit. At present he is engaged in farming and stock-raising, in addition to the practice of law. Mr. Mavity is a member of the I. O. O. F. and Masonic fraternities; was married March 15, 1865, to Miss Eliza Moore, by whom he is the father of seven children, named: Elizabeth, Milton J., Kate, Edward M. , William E., Louise and Josephine. HON. JOHN L. MEGENITY, editor and attorney of Paoli, is a native of Henry County, Ky., where he was born July 31, 1833. He was raised and educated in Kentucky, receiving quite a liberal education for that day at the select schools, in some of which the higher branches were taught. Until the age of sixteen he lived upon a farm, but at that unus- ually early period of his life he began teaching school, and continued for about ten years, employing his vacations much of the time in the study of the law in the office of Judge DeHaven. In December, 1859, he came to Orange County and here has resided since. He began teaching in Greenfield Township, continuing there and elsewhere until 1863, when he was elected on the Democratic ticket County Surveyor, serving for one year. The next year he was elected County Clei'k, and was re-elected in 1868. In 1873 he was appointed to fill the unexpired term of the same office. PAOLI TOWNSHIP. 595 occasioned by the death of John C. Lingle. In the fall of 1874 he was elected to the office of Joint Representative of Orange and Washington Counties. In 1872 he began the practice of law in partnership with Judge Mavity and T. B. Buskirk, but left in 1873, when he was appointed Clerk. After his legislative term he commenced the practice with T. B. Buskirk, continuing until 1878, when he bought the Paoli News, which he has since conducted in connection with his legal business. October 10, 1861, he married Miss Mary A. Critchlield, of Greenfield Township. Mr. Megenity is a leading Democrat of the county, and a member of the Royal Arch Degree in Masonry; he is also an Odd Fellow. His wife is a member of the Regular Baptist Chui'ch. JOHN MILLIS. Edward Millis, great-grandfather of this gentle- man, moved from North Carolina to Washington County in the early part of the present century, and after residing there a few years, moved to Orange County, where he died at a ripe old age. He reared a family of eight children, one of whom — Nichason — was the grandfather of John Millis. He participated in the battle of Tippecanoe and other encounters with the Indians. He was twice married, first to Ellen Mar- is and second to Rebecca Lindley. By the first marriage there were seven children and by the second one. Enoch, son by his first wife, was born and reared in this county. He married Lydia Faucett, and to them were born the following children: John (the subject of this sketch), Ann, Kiziah and Nichason. John Millis was born in this township Novem- ber 9, 1845, and until seventeen years of age, worked upon a farm, and attended the district schools; he then enlisted in Company D, Sixty- sixth Indiana Volunteer Infantry, and served until the close of the war. August 31, 1862, eleven days after leaving home, he participated in the battle of Richmond, Ky., where he was severely wounded in the left hip and taken prisoner. After about two months he was paroled and came home, but in less than six weeks was again with his regiment. He took part in the battles of Big Hill, Ala., Collierville, Tenn. , the Atlanta campaign, march to the sea, etc. He was united in marriage with Miss Maria Bruner September 3, 1867. This lady is a native of Orange County, born April 29, 1845. Four children have been born : William A., Lydia E., Mary A. and James F. Mr. Millis owns a well-improved farm of 250 acres; he is a stanch Republican; a member of the Method- ist Episcopal Church and a leading, enterprising and public spirited citizen. The country would be much better off had it more such men as John Millis. ABRAHAM NOBLITT, a descendant of one of Orange County's oldest families, was born in Southeast Township, November 26, 1843, and is a son of William and Mary (Holliday ) Noblitt, the former born in Washington County, Ind., in 1818, and the latter one year later in Chatham County, N. C. In 1861 Abraham Noblitt enlisted a private in Company F, Fifty-ninth Indiana Volunteer Infantry, for the suppression of the Rebellion, and after serving in several important battles, partici- pated in the Atlanta campaign, then joined Sherman's army in that memorable march to the sea, thence up through the Carolinas, finally pai'ticipating in the grand review at Washington. D. C. July 17, 1865, he was honorably discharged wearing a Sergeant's chevrons, and the year following Miss Louisa Mattox, a native of this county, became his wife; to their union have been born seven children; only Herbert and Frank yet living. In 1868 Mr. Noblitt was elected County Auditor, and after 596 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES. serving one term, was re-elected in 1(S72 without opposition. In 1876 he began the practice of law, which he has since followed and is also engaged in farming and raising stock. In politics he is an unswerving Democrat, for three years serving as Master Commissioner of the county, and is the present nominee of his party for State's Advocate of the Tenth Judicial District. In December, 1878, he was appointed and served eighteen months with entire satisfaction to all concerned, as one of the two experts to investigate the Marion County, Ind., records for a period dating back ten years. He is a member of the Masonic, I. O. O. F. and G. A. R. fraternities and as a public official, and otherwise his record is without a stain. JOHN V. NOBLITT is the son of William and Mary (Holaday) Noblitt, and was born in Southeast Township April 7, 1858. Both fami- lies were old settlers, and highly respectable people. The father was born in Washington County, Ind., and the mother in North Carolina. By his first marriage Mr. Noblitt had five children: Abraham, James L., William, John V. and Nancy J. His second wife was Mrs. Nancy J. (Radcliff) Maxedon, who bore him four children: Martha, David R., Josephine and Louisa. Mr. Noblitt is yet living near Chambersburg, well respected and honored. John V. was raised upon a farm, and November 22, 1874, married Caroline Trotter, a native of Washington County. This lady died January 21, 1878, after bearing her husband two children:* Eddie L. and Dessie A., both of whom are now deceased. June 8, 1880, Mr. Noblitt married Mary Holaday, who was born in Marion County, 111., March 7, 1854. To this marriage two childi-en have been born: Charley J. and an infant. Mr. Noblitt followed farming until 1878, since which he has been attending school and working at the tonsorial trade. He is a Democrat, a Mason and an exemplary man. WILLIAM F. OSBORN, general merchant and manufacturer of the Hindostan oilstone and sandstone, was born in Cincinnati, Ohio, October 2, 1834, a son of Thomas J. and Eleanor (Ent) Osborne, who were natives respectively of New York and New Jersey, and of English German descent. When three years old William F. was taken by his parents to Louisville, Ky., where he was principally raised and educated. From 1851 to 1854 he served an apprenticeship at the hatter's trade in silk, and in 1855 was a delegate to the first silk hat convention held in the United States at Cincinnati. In 1862 he began in business for himself at Louisville, continuing until 1866, when he came to Orange County, Ind., and settled at West Baden Springs, where he remained until 1873. He there engaged in the manufacture of the Hindostan oil and sandstone, which he has ever since continued, and in 1883 shipped 2,439 cases of this article. Mr. Osborn is a Democrat, a Free Mason, an Odd I'ellow, and he and wife belong to the Methodist Episcopal Church. To the marriage of Mr. Osborn and Miss Sarah Woods, of Louisville, three children have been born, named: Thomas E., Mary G. and Prather. Mr. Osborn is President of the Fourth Indiana Sunday-school District, composed of Harrison, Crawford and Orange Counties. BLEWFORD PEYTON was born in Crawford County, Ind., Novem- ber 25, 1833, the son of William and Rahab (Marshall) Peyton, the father a native of Lincoln County, Ky., and the mother of Orange County, N. C. Martin Peyton, the grandfather, a Virginian, married Rachael Arbuckle in Kentucky, and in 1816 came to Crawford County, Ind., where they raised a large family, William, the father of Blewford, being PAOLI TOWNSHIP. 597 one. William was raised a farmer; was married in Kentucky, and in 1847 came to this township, where he lived until his death August 10, 1862, his wife following him May 10, 1863. Their three children were: Lovie, Blewford and Mary R., our subject being the only one now liv- ing. He, in youth, became a farmer, and was compelled to make the best of limited school advantages. April 2, 1856, he married Sarah A. E. Scott, who bore him three children: William S., Mary E. aad Laura E., and died April 29, 1863. March 26, 1864, he married Mrs. Eliza- beth J. Gifford, whose maiden name was Elrod. They have two child- ren: Wesley G. and Everett M. Mrs. Peyton was born in this county December 1, 1830. Mr. Peyton is one of the leading farmers of the county; is liberal in politics; is a Mason, and himself and family are universally respected. He owns a farm of 160 acres. THOMAS L. PHILLIPS was born in Northeast Township, June 23, 1836, and is the son of John Phillips, who was born in Stampers Creek Township in 1812, and grandson of Thomas Phillips, a Virginian. The latter came from Kentucky in 1808, locating first at Corydon, but later in Stampers Creek, though he was soon compelled to return to Ken- tucky, owing to the hostility of the Indians, fli^y returned in 1810. The grandfather was in the war of 1812, and was wounded in the arm. His son John married Melissa R. Lewis, and to them were born eight children. The father is the oldest native citizen of the county now liv- ing. His son, Thomas L., was reared on a farm, with meager school advantages. December 9, 1863, he married Mary A. Roach, and they have this family: Melissa A., Lovie E., John M., Lydia E., Thomas W., Cora E., Charles M. and Lewis. Mr. Phillips and wife have been saving and industrious, and now have a comfortable home and 278 acres of good land, besides ninety-four acres elsewhere in the county. INIr. Phillips is a Democrat politically, and a useful citizen. Mrs. Phillips was born in Northeast Township April 5, 1848. ANDREW J. RHODES was born at the county seat of Orange County, Ind. , July 7, 1829, a son of William and Jane T. (Meacham) Rhodes, who were natives of North Carolina; immigrated to Orange Coun- ty, Ind., in 1816; removed to Texas in 1857, where they died in 1864 and 1867 respectively. Until eighteen years of age Andrew J. assisted his father on the home farm, and then began teaching winters and farm- ing summers, which he continued until 1862, when he enlisted in Company E, Sixty-sixth Indiana Volunteers, and served until the close of the war, when he was honorably discharged. In 1865 he became the nominee of the Republican party for Treasurer, and was the first Republican ever elected to the ofiice in Orange County. In 1867 he embarked in the furniture trade at Paoli, continuing until 1872, when he was commissioned Postmaster, a position he retained nine years. Mr. Rhodes is at present engaged in general merchandising, and is doing a creditable business, and since 1877 has also been engaged in livery ing. He is a Republican and an Odd Fellow; was married in 1851 to Miss Elizabeth Pinnick, who died in 1862, leaving three children who are yet living. Miss Anna J. Lee became his second wife in 1865, and by her he is the father of seven children, all living but two. He has been for ten or twelve years prominently connected with the municipal affairs of Paoli, and has contributed more than any other man to the success of her public schools. His self-sacrificing interest in the prosperity of his com- munity is a matter of public knowledge and appreciation. 598 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES. B. D. RILEY is the eldest son of John and Rachel (Dalby) Riley, born in Floyd County, Ind., December 29, 1831, and is of English descent. The parents of Mr. Riley were born in Yorkshire, England, near Bradford, and immigrated to America in 1829, and settled in New Albany, Ind., where his father still resides, and here the mother died in 1881. When our subject was about sixteen years of age he began serv- ing a four years' apprenticeship at the tinner's trade in New Albany. In 1852 he came to Orange County and opened a stove and tin store at Valeene, and that continued until 1861, when he enlisted in the United States Army, Company F, Fifty-ninth Indiana Volunteers, and after a service of more than two years he was discharged on account of disabil- ity. In 1864 he came to Paoli and opened a store similar to the one he had at Valeene. In 1870 he added a complete line of hardware, and in 1883 purchased his present business block on the south side of the square, and put in a large stock of furniture and agricultural implements. He was married in 1854 to Miss Mary Clayton, of Greene County, Ind. Of nine children born to them these are living: Rachel, John, Mary E., Celia G., James B. , Harriet and Joanna. Mr. Riley is a Republican, and one of the leading temperance men of the county. Mr. and Mrs. Riley are members of the Metnodist Episcopal Church, and he is a Mason and an Odd Fellow. SOLOMON SCOTT was born in Lincoln County, Ky., May 1, 1834. His grandfather, Thomas Scott, was a native of the Old Dominion and a soldier in the Revolution, and about 1789 moved to Lincoln County, Ky. He was twice married and the father of twenty-one children. Elijah Scott, his son, was a native of Lincoln County, Ky., and married Miss Elizabeth Duddevar, also a native of that county. Elijah Scott followed farming and distilling, and to him and wife were born five chil- dren : Solomon, Mary F., Margaret, Josephine and Melinda. The par- ents always resided in Kentucky. Mrs. Scott died February 12, 1854, and her husband November 9, 1871. Solomon Scott was reared and edu- cated in his native county where he remained until 1860, when he came to this county and for three years found employment with his uncle, Charles Scott, upou a farm. He then purchased a portion of the farm he now resides upon and has since added to it until he now owns 287 acres which is as well stocked and as nicely improved as any farm in Paoli Township. He married Adaline C, daughter of Shelby and Susannah (Throop) Wolf, March 14, 1861, and to this union have been born the following children : Elizabeth, Jefferson T. , Elijah S. , Hester B., Howard, Cora A. and Maude B' Mrs. Scott was born in Orange County December 15, 1840. Mr. Scott is a Democrat, a member of the Masonic order and possesses social qualities of a high order. JACOB SCHNEIDER, manufacturer and dealer in carriages and wagons, was born in Harrison County Ind., May 4, 1851, son of Jacob and Mary (Muglar) Schneider, and is of French- German descent. In 1870 Mr. Schneider began the blacksmith's trade at Greenville, Ind., where he remained over four years, then came to Paoli and engaged in his present occupation. He was married in 1879 to Miss Hettie A. Wood, of New Albany, and he and wife are among the first families of the place. Politically Mr. Schneider is a Democrat, casting his first Pres- idential ballot for Greeley, and in 1880 was elected Town Marshal of Paoli. In 1875 he became an Odd Fellow and in 1879 represented Reliance Lodge No. 130 in the Grand Lodge of Indiana. Mr. Schneider J PAOLI TOWNSHIP. 599 began life's battle a poor boy, and with no one to assist him and relying entirely upon himself, he has made what he now owns by hard work and economy. Besides controlling a comfortable trade he is the owner of one of the most convenient and comfortable homes in Paoli. JOHN R. SIMPSON, one of the prominent men of Paoli, Ind., where he was born September 16, 1834, is a son of Arthur J. and Mary A. (Camp- bell) Simpson, the former a half brother of Nathan Cliiford, of the United States Supreme Court. His early education Avas obtained in the schools of Paoli, and when attaining sufficient years he was sent to the Westfield, Mass., Academy, where his education was completed. May 11, 1858, he married Miss Fannie M. Polk, and of the four children she bore him only two sons are now living. In 1861 he enlisted in the United States Army, and was Adjutant and Second Lieutenant in the Fiftieth Regiment of Indiana Volunteer Infantry. In the service of his country Mr. Simpson distinguished himself in several battles, especially so at Parker's Cross Roads, -in west Tennessee. He was honorably discharged in 1863, and upon his return home was commissioned a Captain in the Indiana Legion by Gov. Morton, and did active service in capturing the force of the Con- federate Capt. Hines. In 1865 he moved to Davenport, Iowa, where he engaged in the wholesale boot and shoe trade for a few years, and where his wife died February 23, 1868, soon after which he moved to Jefferson Valley, N. Y. His second marriage was with Miss Maggie Rankin, December 15, 1870, shortly after which he returned to Paoli, and for a few years was in the practice of law. He was elected County Clerk in 1874, and re-elected in 1878, serving with credit to himself and satisfaction to his constituents. The death of his second wife occurred November 25, 1872, followed soon after by that of her only child — a son. Mr. Simpson's third marriage was solemnized March 23, 1875, with Addie F. Hudelson, by whom he is the father of two children — only one now living. In poli- tics he has always been an uncompromising Democrat, and is a member of the Masonic and Odd Fellow fraternities. Both he and wife belong to the Presbyterian Church at Paoli, in which he has been an Elder for several years. For the past four years he has been President of the Orange County Sunday-school Union, and in that capacity he has been unusually successful in bringing about a healthy condition of the Sunday-schools in the county. AARON SPEER, County Commissioner, was born in Orange County, Ind., November 3, 1829, and is the third son of Moses and Anna Speer, whose maiden name was Voris, and is of German-Irish lineage. The father of Mr. Speer was born in North Carolina and his mother was a native of the Old Penn State. The Speer family came to Orange County in its pioneer days and began at once to clear a farm from the then dense and almost unbroken forest. The father of our subject died in this county in 1841, and his mother, who is now ninety-live years of age, resides with her son. Mr. Speer spent his earlier years in attending the district schools, working on the farm and teaching school, at which he was very successful, and has taught as many as twenty terras in Orange County. By occupation he is a farmer, and now has nearly 200 acres of well-improved land. His marriage occurred in 1852 to Miss Mary M. Frost, who bore him two children, and died in 1857, and in 1858 Mr. Speer was married to Miss Mary M. Fulton, a native of Orange County, Ind. To this union have been born four children, all of whom are deceased. Politically Mr. Speer is a stanch Democrat, and for many 600 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES. years has been identified with the interests of that party. Formerly he held the office of School Examiner, and in 1876 was elected County Com- missioner, and re-elected to the same office in 1880, and is now President of the Board. For twenty-nine years he has been a member of the Mis- sionary Baptist Church, and has been a local minister in that church for twenty years. Mrs. Speer is a member of the same church. For more than a half century Mr. Speer has been a resident of Orange County, and is one of its best citizens. ABRA.M C. STILL, M. D., was born in Washington County, Ind., January 2, 1827, son of George Still, of Shelby County, Ky., and grand- son of Murphy D. Still, of England, a soldier in the Continental Army during the Revolution. After the war Murphy located in Kentucky, where he was married, and in 1814 came to Washington County, this State. He and wife were parents of nine children, one being George W., who mafrried Anna Hove. These parents had nine children — Abram C. being one. The father died April 29, 1860, but the mother is yet living. Abram C. was reared upon a farm with limited education, but later attended Asbury University. At the age ©f twenty-one years he began the study of medicine, and later attended medical school at Indianapolis. In 1856 he graduated in medicine from the University of Louisville. He began practicing at Palmyra, continuing until 1866, when he moved to Campbellsburg and remained there until 1876, when he came to his present location. He was married to Mrs. Lucinda (Chastain) Kirk, November 18, 1870. She had been twice married pre- viously : first, to John H. Warren, by whom she had four children ; and second to Stephen R. Kirk, by whom she had two children. Dr. Still had also been twice married previously ; first, to Elizabeth E. Johnson, who bore him three children; and second to Angeline Keithley, who bore him one child. Dr. Still has been successful in his difficult profession. He owns a farm of eighty acres, is a Democrat, a Mason, and a leading citizen. IRAM STOUT, one of the prominent settlers of Paoli Township, is a native of Orange County, N. C, and was born December 15, 1808. His parents were Joh'n and Elizabeth (Moon) Stout, who came to this county about the year 1815, where they ever after lived. John Stout was not an educated man and followed farming all his life. When he came to Indiana he had no property, but succeeded in acquiring a good com- petence for life. Iram was the oldest of nine children, and his educa- tion was limited to the pioneer schools of his day. Most of his life has been spent in farming, and his present farm of 190 acres indicates abundant success. He engaged in hotel-keeping at Orleans, Ind., for a short time. His first marriage was in the fall of 1831 with Nancy Thomas, who bore him nine children, seven of whom are now living, among them the enterprising business men of Paoli, the Stout Bi-others. His second wife was Mrs. Elizabeth J, (Williams) Wolfington, who is a member of the Society of Friends. Mr. Stout was formerly a Whig, but in 1860, with a majority of that party he became a Republican and has remained so ever since. GEORGE H. STOUT, son of Abraham and Lena (Anthony) Stout, who were of German descent and who are yet living in the Keystone State, is a native of Northampton County, Penn. , his birth occurring January 24, 1856. He remained at home until a young man, assisting his father, learning blacksmithing and working at his trade, but in 1876 PAOLI TOWNSHIP. 601 started West to build up a home for himself. He located in Paoli, Ind., where he commenced working at his trade, and where by energy and industry he has built up a good business in the manufacture of buggies, spring and farm wagons and general blacksmithing. Mr. Stout is one of the thorough-going, self -relying men of Paoli; is a Democrat in politics, and both he and wife are members of the Missionary Baptist Church. In 1880 Miss Mary Dickey became Mrs. George H. Stout, and two children are the result of this union, named Lena and Henry. HON. JAMES F. STUCKER was born in Harrison County, Ind., in 1831; son of Rev. David W. and Ann (Lister) Stucker, and is of Ger- man lineage. The father of Mr. Stucker was born in Franklin County, Ky., in 1802, and his grandfather in North Carolina in 1773, and the great-grandfather was a Virginian, and was killed by Indians. In 1806 the father of Mr. Stucker came to the Territory that now composes Indiana, and settled in what is now Washington County, formerly Harrison. At an early age he began to preach, at which he continued until his death, which occurred in 1881 at New Albany, Ind. He was one of the pioneer ministers of the Hoosier State. The early life of the subject of this sketch was spent on the farm and at carpentering. In 1861 he enlisted in the United States Army, in Company K, Sixty-third Indiana Volun- teers. He was commissioned Captain of his company in July, 1865. Mr. Stucker was at the battles of Shiloh, Forts Henry and Donelson, Cham- pion Hills, Raymond, Vicksburg, Atlanta, Savannah, and many others, and was with Sherman to the sea. Capt. Stucker was honorably dis- charged in 1865. In 1866 he came to Orange County and settled in Paoli, where he has since resided. The same year he purchased a one- half interest in what has since been known as the King & Stucker Mill, and this interest Mr. Stucker has since retained. In 1870 he was elected Sheriff of Orange County, and served one term. In 1878 he was elected to represent the counties of Orange and Crawford in the General Assembly of Indiana, and was re-elected to the same office in 1882. During the first session he introduced in the House twenty-three bills, and thirteen during the second session. The marriage of Capt. Stucker took place in 1870 to Miss Jane Jordan, of Corydon, Ind., who bore him five children, all of which are deceased and as follows: John, Minnie, Katie, James, and an infant that died unnamed. Capt. Stucker is an uncompromising Democrat, a member of the Masonic fraternity, and one of the leading and honorable men of southern Indiana. GEORGE W. THOMAS was born January 6, 1847, in Harrison County, Ind., as were also his parents, Richard and Elizabeth (Cayden) Thomas. The grandparents of George W. settled in Indiana before it was admitted a State, and were among the first settlers of the Territory. When eight years old the subject of this sketch moved to Washington County with his mother, and was reared and educated near Hardinsburg. In 1865 he came to Orange County, and the same year wedded Mies Elizabeth Cornwell, daughter of William H. and Elton Cornwell, and by her is the father of four children : Flora E., Emma, Anna and Maggie D. The fall of 1865 Mr. Thomas moved to Missouri, but returned shortly thereafter to Indiana, finally settling in Orange County, where he yet resides. He has farmed, been engaged in mercantile pursuits at Chambersburg, the hardware and furniture business at Paoli, is now operating a store at English, Crawford County, and is the owner of over 200 acres of good land, seven acres being within the town corporation of 602 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES. Paoli. Mr. Thomas is an Odd Fellow, a Free Mason, a Democrat, and he and wife are members of the Baptist Church. In 1880 he was elected Treasurer of Orange County, and served one term of two years. JONATHAN THOMPSON, familiarly known as "Uncle Jot," is the third of the children of Enoch and Martha (Lindley) Thompson, and was born March 11, 1812, in Orange County, N. C. In 1826, with his parents he located in Paoli Township, this county, where he has ever since lived. Jonathan received only a common school education, and his youth was passed in assisting his parents on the farm. Like mftst of the family he has always engaged in farming, and he now owns 331 acres of land, the greater part of which is under cultivation. December 20, 1838, be was united in matrimony to Sarah, daughter of Silas and Mary (Lindleyj Dixon. To this mai-riage nine children have been born, as fol- lows: Mary, Nathan D., Martha, William L., Elma, Charles C. and Walter J. The oldest son Nathan was a soldier in Company D, Sixty- sixth Regiment Indiana Volunteer Infantry, where he served in the late war until the company was mustered out in June, 1866. He was in the battles of Richmond, Collierville, Dallas, Atlanta, with Sherman to the sea, and thence through the Carolinas to Washington. Mr. Thompson cast his first Presidential vote for Gen. Harrison on the Whig ticket in 1836. Since 1860 he has aflSliated with the Republican party. Both he and wife belong to the Society of Friends. They are among Orange County's pioneers, and throughout their long lives have aided in improv- ing the affairs of their community. HENRY THOMPSON, farmer and stock-raiser, of Paoli Township, was born on the farm where he yet lives, and is a son of David and grandson of Enoch Thompson. Enoch was a native of North Carolina, where he married Martha Lindley, and where David was born in 1810. In the fall of 1826, the family settled on Section 7, Paoli Township, Orange Co., Ind. They were induced to come West by their religious antipathy to slavery, belonging to the Society of Friends or Quakers. Of their family of fourteen children, five are now living. David Thompson, like his father before him, chose farming for his avocation through life. His wife was Melinda Wilson, of Washington County, who bore him four children. He wae one of the foremost citizens of the county and took an active interest in educational affairs. Of their children, Henry, Deborah, Rachael and Isabel, only the youngest is married, and she to Adolphus Braxtan of Paoli. Henry Thompson has never known any home but Orange County. He attended the Quaker meeting-house school near his present home, and afterward took a two years' course in Earlham College at Richmond, Ind. He enlisted as a private, August 11, 1862, and on the 19th of the same month was mustered into the United States service in Company D, Sixty-sixth Regiment Indiana Vol- unteer Infantry. He was engaged in the battles of Richmond, Ky., Collierville, Tenn., Dallas, Ga., the siege of Atlanta, with Sherman to the sea, up through the Carolinas to Washington, participating in the grand review at that place. He was honorably discharged June 14, 1865. Mr. Thompson owns 518 acres of land in the county, a part of which is the old home farm. JOSEPH WEEKS was born in Paoli Township, Orange County, Ind., January 22, 1828, the youngest of eight children of Joseph and Lydia (Montgomery) Weeks. Joseph Weeks, Sr., came to Indiana in June, 1811, at that time a single man, but was soon after married and PAOLI TOWNSHIP. 603 became one of the substantial men of his neighborliood. His son Joseph was educated in the common schools of his day, and during all his life has engaged in farming. Excepting the first year of his life he has always lived on the same farm where he now resides, and which consists of 240 acres. In June, 1852, his marriage with Eunice Trueblood was solemnized, and to them nine children have been born, these six now living: Anderson, Sarah, Perry, Nathan L., Ollie and Addie. Mrs. Weeks is a jxiomber of the Quaker Church at the Beech Grove Society near where they live. Mr. Weeks was formerly a member of the Patrons of Husbandry, and is now a Republican in politics, having left the Whig party for that in 1860. He usually takes a good healthy interest in public affairs of his county. SHELBY WOLF, one of the oldest and most prominent farmers of the county, was born in Stampers Creek Township, January 8, 1814, son of Henry and Lucy (Grigsby) Wolf. The father was a Virginian, son of John and Elizabeth Wolf, and moved to Kentucky in 1812. Henry and wife came to Stampers Creek in 1813, and lived there until their deaths. They had ten children and were industrious, upright Christian people. Shelby, their son, was reared a farmer, and was given a common education. November 3, 1836, he married Susanna H. Throop, who was born in Virginia, January 17, 1817. Their children were: Susanna H., Rebecca M., Adaline K., Lucy J., Jefferson T., Hester E., Anna E. and Mary E. Mrs. Wolf died February 20, 1863, and June 15, 1871, Mr. Wolf married Elizabeth J. Johnson, who was born in this county Sep- tember 7, 1829. Mr. Wolf has passed a long life of labor and useful- ness, and to-day bears a name as good as gold. By good habits, economy, industry and integrity, he has made a comfortable home and 240 broad acres. He is a Democrat and a member of the Baptist Church, and is one of the most substantial and prominent farmers of the county. JEFFERSON T. WOLFE, merchant at Chambersburg, was born in Stampers Creek Township, September 4,1844. He is one of five surviv- ing children in a family of seven, born to Shelby and Susannah (Throop) Wolfe, who are appropriately mentioned elsewhere in this work Jeffer- son T. was reared in his native county and has always made it his home. His education was all obtained while a youth in the common schools near where he lived. Until 1878 he pursued farming as his avocation, but in that year he engaged in the drug trade at Paoli in company with his brother-in-law, Mr. Solomon Scott. At the end of one year be returned to the farm, remaining there until he sold out in 1880. He then began doing: a cjeneral merchandise trade at Chambersbui'g, which he has since continued with reasonable success. He carries a stock valued at about $2,500, consisting of dry goods, boots and shoes, hats, caps, queensware, etc. In April, 1883, he was commissioned Postmaster at Chambersburg, and is yet holding that position. December 10, 1868, he was married to Mary A., daughter of Thomas and Elvina (Mayfield) Hunt, who -were among the pioneers of Greenfield Township and where Mrs. Wolfe was born September 27,1844. The following are their children: Edward S., Laura D., Dessie E., Maggie A., Hester and William J. Politically Mr. Wolfe is a Democrat and religiously both he and wife are of the United Brethren persuasion. WILLIAM W. WORRELL, a native of Orange County, Ind., was born January 15, 1821, a pon of Samuel and Jane (Walker) Worrell who were born in Kenturky, immigrated to Indiana shortly after it was admit- 38 604 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES. ted into the Union, then returned to their native State and again came to Orange County in 1827, where Samuel Worrell died in 1828. At fifteen years of age William W. began serving a three years' apprenticeship at the tailor's trade under Elbert Jeter, at Orleans, and after working at his trade until about 1850, he accepted a situation as salesman and cutter in a large establishment which he retained twelve years. Responding to the President's call for troops in 1862, he became a member of Company E, Sixty-sixth Indiana Volunteer Infantry, and remained in active service until the close of the war. Mr. Worrell was taken prisoner at Richmond, Ky. , but was exchanged in time for him to join Sherman's army on its march to the sea. While in the service he met with the misfortune of almost totally losing his hearing. Since the war, with nine years' excep- tion, while a resident of Illinois, Mr. Worrell has always resided in his native county. In politics he is a Republican and in 1884, as the candi- date of his party, he was elected County Recorder. In 1842, Miss Anna Dayhutf, a native of Paoli, Ind., became his wife, and seven of the nine children born to their union are yet living. ORLEANS TOWNSHIP. AVILLIAM G. BAKER was born in Orange County, Ind., September 4, 1824, and is the son of John and Annie (Irvine) Baker. The former a native of Green County, Ky., is the son of Frederick Baker. The fam- ily came to Orange County in 1811, Frederick having entered the land where our subject now resides. He was a soldier in the war of 1812 and an upright man and a good citizen. William G. has always resided in the county, and has followed farming and stock-raising. August 17, 1857, he married Margaret, daughter of Robert and Elizabeth (Vanzant) McLane, the former having been born December 11, 1780, and his wife March 15, 1797. They were among the most respected and honorable of the early settlers of Orange County. He died April 27, 1864, and his wife May 5, 1864. To our subject and wife were born the following children: John R., Sarah A., Isaiah, Elida and Emma. Mr, and Mrs. Baker are members of the Baptist Church and are respected members of the com- munity where they reside. JOHN H. BOWLES, dealer in drugs and jewelry at Orleans, Ind., was born near French Lick Springs in Orange County, October 8, 1836. He is a son of Thomas C. and Ann (Patton) Bowles, who were among the early settlers of the county. Thomas C. purchased the land upon which the springs are situated, from the Government, but afterward sold it to his brother and moved to Washington County, engaging in the merchantile trade until his death in 1840. His wife survived him until 1862. John H. Bowles enjoyed the usual advantages afforded by the common schools of the country and worked upon a farm until 1865. In that year he began the drug business as a partner of his brother. Dr. L. 5. Bowles, at Paoli. This he continued for five years, when on account of failing health he sold out and took an extended trip through the South, much to his benefit. In 1872 he located at Orleans and engaged in his present business, continuing it ever since with good success. ORLEANS TOWNSHIP. 605 Kittie, a daughter of James and Ann (Campbell) Fields, became his wife February 17, 1873. Mr. Bowles is one of the enterprising men of Orleans and as a Democrat usually takes a lively interest in the welfare of his town. W. C. CA.MPBELL is a native Indianian, his birth occurring in this county July 12, 1821, son of Samuel and S. (Carr) Campbell. The paternal grandfather of our subject, Robert, was of that famous stock, Scotch-Irish, and early came to Pennsylvania and later to Kentucky, where he married, raised a large family and made for himself an honored name. He came with his second wife to this county at the very early date of 1816, and here he lived until his death in 1845. His son Samuel became prominent and well respected and was one of the leading farmers of his day. He died here in 1853, and his wife survived him until 1870. Our subject passed his boyhood without prominent event, and selected the occupation of farming. He now resides on part of the old home- stead. October 5, 1843, he married Susan Rankin, who died April 1, 1849, leaving three children, one living, Mrs. Mary E. Shirley. March 27, 1851, he married Mary J. Glenn and they have one son living, Alvin, a prominent lawyer of Crawfordsville. The second wife died May 3, 1857. His present wife is Elizabeth Sheeks, a most estimable lady. Mr. Campbell is a prominent Republican and he and family are Presbyterians. JOHN CHENOWETH the popular miller at Orleans, was born in Washington County, Ind. , in 1829. His parents were Joseph and Annie (Wilson) Chenuweth, the former a native of Virginia and the latter of Pennsylvania. They were among the early settlers of Washington County, his death occurring in 1884, at the age of eighty-five years and hers in 1834. John Chenoweth received a common school education in the early schools of his time and worked on his father's farm until twenty-two years old. At that age he began in the milling business on Honey Creek at which place he continued successfully for fourteen years. He then sold out and came to Orleans where he bought his present property of the Wright Brothers, and has since added many improve- ments, being enabled to do so by his prosperous business. Mr. Cheno- weth has been three times married, the first time in 1851 to Elizabeth Mcintosh, who bore him two children, her death occurring in 1856. His second wife was Matilda King, of Washington County, who died in 1865 after having borne him one son. His present wife was Leora Milligan, a native of Orange County, and to their union two children have been born. Mr. Chenoweth is a good citizen and neighbor, and is a member of the Blue Lodge in Masonry, and of the Christian Church. Politically he is a Democrat. WILLIAM W. CHISHAM was born in Jessamine County, Ky., August 29, 1811, son of Daniel and Elizabeth (Beckham) Chisham; both were natives of Virginia, the former born February 3, 1777, and his wife in 1775. They were married in their native State, and moved to Jessamine County, Ky. , in about 1805, and through the influence of their son William, who wished to secure a home for them and himself, in 1831 they moved to Orange County, Ind., where, by the assistance of their son William, they secured a good home until their deaths. The father died September 30, 1858, and his wife June 21, 1862. From her girlhood she was a member of the Baptist Church. The only one now living of a family of eight children is our subject, who is one of the successful farmers of Orange County, and has taken a prominent part in 606 BlOCJRArHlCAL SKETCHES. the official interests of his county, having served nine years as County Commissioner, and some time as Trustee of his township. He has been twice married; September 13, 1836, to Jane, daughter of Gabriel and Catharine (Sauls) Busick. Mr. Busick was born in North Carolina Octo- ber 1, 1785, and died December 24, 1852; his wife was born August 11, 1785, and died April 4, 1872. Mrs. Chisham was born in North Caro- lina, December 1, 1815, died October 11, 1865. Mr. Chisham again married Mary S., daughter of William and Nancy (Busick) Craig. She was born in Orange County, Ind., October 6, 1845. Five children have been born of this marriage: George W., born August 17, 1869; Charles R., born August 24, 1871, died February 11, 1882; Ida M., February 23, 1874; Oliver T., born August 27, 1877, and Anna J., born September 1, 1881. Mr. Chisham by hard work and economy has secured a fine farm of 500 acres. In 1828 while in Kentucky, he joined the Old School Bap- tist Church. He is a Democrat, and cast his first vote for Jackson. BENTON C. ELROD is a native of the township where he now resides, and was born March 9, 1821, and is a son of one of the old pioneers of Orange County. His father, John Elrod, was a native of North Carolina, born about the year 1785, and came to Orange County in 1812. He married Nancy Millis, also a native of North Carolina, born April 21, 1798, and came to this county about the same year. They were the parents of twelve children, all of whom lived to be grown but one. John Elrod died October 23, 1859, and his wife August 21, 1866. Ben- ton C. passed his youth with his father on the farm, in the meantime receiving a common school education. November 16, 1843, he married Maria, daughter of Joseph and Mary (Baker) Wilson, and a native of Orange County, born April 12, 1824. The Wilsons were prominent early settlers of this county, from Virginia. Five children have been born to Mr. and Mrs. Elrod: Mary H., now Mrs. John Lindley; Joseph A. ; Nancy L., now Mrs. VanMeter; John F. and Ella A. Mr. E. is a Republican, and has served the township as Trustee one term. He has voted for all Republican Presidents since the organization of the Repub- lican party. He is a member of the United Brethren Church, as is also his wife, and both are universally respected, JOHN O. ELROD is the eighth child of John and Nancy (Millis) Elrod, and is a native of this county, his birth occurring May 29, 1833. He passed his youth at work on the farm and in attendance upon the subscription schools, and when of age began doing for himself. August 13, 1857, he married Sarah, daughter of Jonathan and Mary (Hinley) Braxtan, who was born in this county May 14, 1835, and died September 16, 1876. She bore her husband six children: Charles H. , Kittie E. , Emery, Annie S., Mary F. and Lizzie. In December, 1879, Mr. Elrod married Ann Glaswell, a native of this county, born January 25, 1843. She died January 14, 1881, and Mr. Elrod took for his third wife Elvira Hostetler, to whom he was married November 29, 1883. He and wife are members of the Methodist Church, and he is a Republican, and has been Township Trustee for four years. During the last war Mr. Elrod served with honor in the Sixty-sixth Regiment Indiana Volunteer Infantry. He was at the battle of Richmond, Ky. , where the Federal troops were captured, and served in all the battles, skirmishes, expedi- tions, etc., in which his regiment participated. He was then a brave soldier as he is now a useful citizen. ORLEANS TOWNSHIP. 607 DAVID FINLEY (deceased), one of the county's oldest and most respected farmers and citizens, was born in this county September 2, 1821, being the son of Cyrus and Rachel (Downey) Fin ley, who came from Kentucky to this county among the first settlers. Their son David was reared a farmer, and being possessed of an intellect above the average managed to secure a good education for his day, which enabled him to teach school several terms. He was a most excellent man, honest in all his dealings with his fellows, and highly conscientious and moral. Sep- tember 3, 1847, he married Elizabeth, daughter of John and Lucinda (Irvine) Tegarden, who was born in this county March 11, 1827. The Tegardens were among the earliest settlers, locating here in 1813, To David and Elizabeth three children were born: Rachel E. (Mrs. Mann), born November 21, 1848; Lucinda E., born October 10. 1850, died Feb- ruary 27, 1856; Merrill F., born January 6, 1853. Mr. Finley left his family in good circumstances, and since his death his widow has success- fully managed the estate. The family are people of the highest respect- ability. SAMUEL FINLEY, son of Jefferson and Mirian (Brooks) Finley, is a native of this county, his birth occurring July 10, 1828. The father was a native of Kentucky, and was born May 16, 1805; his wife, a native of the same tine State, was born November 5, 1803. David Finley, the paternal grandfather, whose wife was Elizabeth, was born June I, 1754, and came to Orange County before the war of 1812; he died April 19, 1848, more than four score years and ten, well known and respected. His wife, born in 1763, died in 1835. Jefiferson died November 19, 1829, and his wife December 12, 1848. They were excellent people of much prominence and worth. Samuel is a farmer by occupation, and owns the old farm. His education is limited, but sufiScient for the business of life. December 7, 1848, he married Elizabeth Elliott, who was born in Washington County March 5, 1830. Their children are: Jefiferson L., born April 25, 1850; Sarah J., born February 11, 1852; William J., born June 18, 1854; Susan, born January 27, 1856; Charles S., born Jan- uary 8, 1858; Preston T., born March 25. 1861 (deceased); Oliver P. M.,' born October 24, 1863; Ulysses S. G., born February 9, 1868 (deceased); Reed, born November 14, 1869, and one which died in infancy. Mr. Finley is a Republican and a prominent and useful citizen. JOHN FISHER was born in Orange County, March 5, 1819, son of Thaddeus and Sarah (Stine) Fisher. The father of our subject is a native of Virginia, and moved with his parents to Kentucky when but nine years of age. There he married, and in about 1812 came to Orange County and entered 160 acres of land in Orleans Township, it then being all timber. He is the father of ten children, only two of whom are living— David and our subject. He was a member of the Baptist Church and a prominent man. John passed his boyhood on his father's farm; he has been twice married, in 1850 to Mary, native of Orange County, daughter of Willis and Annie Lisk; this lady died in 1877. By this marriage there are seven living children: Charles S., born March 8, 1860; John, born December 4, 1862; Elizabeth, born September 21, 1863; Maria E., born September 26, 1865; Margaret E., June 23, 1870; Benjamin F., August 11. 1872, and George W., August 19, 1874. November 10. 1879, he took for his second wife Margaret, widow of H. Wai'ren and daughter of George McCoy, who came to this county from Kentucky in about 1811, and served in the war of 1812. Mrs. Fisher 608 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES. was born in Orange County July 1, 1826. Mr. Fisher owns a good farm of 320 acres, which he acquired by hard work and good management. He is a Republican. DAVID FISHER, son of Thaddeus and Sarah (Stine) Fisher, of whom appropriate mention is made in the biography of John Fisher above, was born in this county March 31, 1823. At that time the county was very new and very wild, numerous wild animals yet being found in the woods. He passed his youth without prominent event at hard work and managed to obtain the rudiments of an education at the old sub- scription schools. Upon reaching manhood he began for himself on the farm. In 1859 he married Sarah Burgess, who was born in this county November 15, 1835. Eight of their ten children are living: Mary E., born October 23, 1860; Eliza, born November 5, 1861; James H., born December 6, 1862; Margaret, who died in infancy; Hattie, born Janu- ary 15, 1866; William G., born April 16, 1867; Dawson, deceased; MelvinaB., born May 22, 1871; Thomas E., born June 2-t, 1873, and David O. , born October 2, 1875. Mr. Fisher has a fine farm of 480 acres. He is a member of the Baptist Church, a Republican and cast his first vote for Henry Clay. JAMES A. FROST was born in Jessamine County, Ky., March 4. 1820, and is the son of Simeon and Mary (Beckham) Frost, the former being born in Jessamine County, July 13, 1792, and latter born in Orange County, Va., August 2, 1792. They were married in Jessamine County, Ky., and in October, 1826, came to Orange County, Ind. They passed the first winter in a log schoolhouse, and afterward lived in a double log-cabin, until they were better situated. He died October 4, 1872, and his wife in 1867. Both were favorably known and well respected. James A. is a farmer and blacksmith, which have been his occupations through life. He has been thrice married. February 18, 1842, he married Rhoda Webb. Again, March 13, 1851, he married Henrietta C, daughter of David and Elizabeth (Shively) Johnson. She was born November 27, 1819, and died October 5, 1864. There are five living children of this marriage: Simeon L., Elizabeth L., James A., John M. and Henrietta C. His present wife, Sarah Johnson, he married in 1865. Mr. Frost owns a fine farm of 414 acres, with good buildings and improvements, and well stocked. He has been a member of the Christian Church since 1857, and has always been a stanch Democrat and a prominent and useful citizen. No name stands higher on the I'oll of honor in this part of the State than that of James A. Frost. SAMUEL GULLETT, one of the self-made men of Orange County, is a native of North Carolina, as were also his parents. Edward Gullett, father of Samuel, served with honor in the war of 1812. He married, in his native State, Martha Stewart, also a native of North Carolina. He came to Orange County in 1838 and died here in 1856, at the age of fifty- four years. His wife, a member of the Methodist Episcopal Church, died in 1855, at the age of sixty-three years. Our subject was born December 1, 1815, and came with his parents to this county in 1838. By hard work and economy and well-directed enterprise, he has acquired 600 acres of good farming land, and is considered one of the most substantial men of the county. In 1843 he married Margaret, daughter of James and Mary Henderson. Mrs. Gullett died after a union of one year, and Mx-. Gullett took for his second wife Sarah, daughter of William and Rosa Dillard, and widow of J. McCoy.. She was born in Orange County. June 25, ORLEANS TOWNSHIP. . 609 1825, and has one son by a former marriage. Mr. Gullet and his wife are members of the Methodist Episcopal Church, and he is a Democrat and one of the most prominent farmers and citizens of the county. WASHINGTON HARDMAN, of Orleans Township, is a son of Daniel and Elizabeth (Stright) Hardman, and the oldest of their six children. In 1813 Daniel came to Orange County and established his cabin home, returning in 1816 to Kentucky for his family. Mrs. Hard- man died in April, 1831, and for his second wife he took Elizabeth Leatherman. His death was August 11, 1851, at the age of sixty years. Washington Hardman has been a resident of Orange County since 1816, and has devoted his whole life to agricultui-al pursuits. His marriage with Sarah Tegarden was solemnized April 5, 1838, and to their union the following children have been born: Henry W., Eliza A., Polly J., Mary E., Matilda E., Alexander C, Sarah M. and William A. Both Mr. and Mrs. Hardman are natives of Shelby County, Ky., his birth occur- ring June 10, 1813, and hers September 18, 1818. She came to Orange County with her parents at the age of seven years, where her father, Basil Tegarden, died in 1843, and her mother, whose maiden name was Annie (Todd) Tegarden, in 1863, at the age of eighty- fom- years. Mr. Hardman and wife are among the best people of their community, and are members of the Christian Church. He votes the Republican ticket and takes a healthy interest in public aflfairs. JOHN HARDMAN, the youngest son of Daniel and Elizabeth (Stright) Hardman, is a native of the county where he yet resides, and was born November 13, 1827. The parents are elsewhere mentioned in this work. John Hardman received his education in the schools of his day, and all his life has followed farming for his livelihood. He mar- ried Sarah A. Reed, April 1, 1851, and by her is father of five children, named: Gilead, Leonard N., William O., Dora M. and John M., all living but Gilead. Mrs. Hardman was born November 9, 1832, and died August 23, 1683. Again, in 1864 he was married, this time to Martha E. Clipp, whose death occurred October 6, 1873. For his third wife he took Mrs. Clara Chisham, a daughter of William and Susan (Litton) Payne, who were from North Carolina and came to Lawrence County, Ind., among the early settlers, where Mrs. Hai-dman was born August 10, 1844. The Hardman family are members of the Christian Church, and Mr. Hardman is an active supporter of Republican principles. HON. DAVID S. HUFFST UTTER, who has played a conspicuous and honorable part in the affairs of Orange County, is a son of George and Catharine (Searsj Hufistutter, the former of whom was a native of Maryland, born January 12, 1779. George Hufistutter passed his early boyhood in Washington, Penn., and while yet a youth moved to Bourbon County, Ky., where he married. His wife was a native of North Caro- lina, and was born January, 1779. In the year 1816 he immigrated to Harrison County Ind., where he engaged in farming. His death occurred in that county in 1861, preceded by his wife's, in 1852, in Floyd County. David S. was born in Bourbon County, Ky. , September 21, 1808. His settlement in Orange County was in the year 1835, on the same fai'm where he now resides, one mile north of Orleans. He soon became known for his more than ordinary ability and integrity, which resulted in his election to the State Legislature, in 1846. From that time, with the exception of one term, he acted as legislator for his county until 1855, serving in both the House of Representatives and Senate. At the 610 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES. end of that time, against the solicitations of his friends, and disregarding the call of his party, he declined any further political honors. As a pub- lic servant he was distinguished for a faithful and conscientious dischargre of his official duty, and an unswerving, though honest fealty to his party, and is now, as he always has been, an ardent and stanch Demo- crat. On the 24:th of May, 1832, he lead to Hymen's altar Miss Polly A. Bower, who was born in Clark County, Ind., May 5, 1811. Her parents were Solomon and Jennie (Parr) Bower, who came to Indiana in 1806 from North Carolina. To Mr. and Mrs. Haflfstutter four children were born, only one of which — Andrew J. — is now living. Her death occurred April 20, 1879. Mr. Huffstutter is now spending the remainder of his days upon his splendid farm of 1,000 acres, which he has earned by his own industry and energy. E D. LAUG-HLIN, M. D., one of the prominent physicians of southern Indiana, is a son of James and Jane (Kelly) Laughlin, who were natives of Pennsylvania. The parents moved to Coshocton, Ohio, among the early settlers of that place, but from there they went to Tippecanoe County, Ind., in 1838, and later in life to Parke County., Dr. Laughlin passed his youth and the first years of his manhood with- out noteworthy event, and at the age of twenty-six began the study of medicine with Drs. Hobbs and Dare, at Annapolis, in Parke County, Ind. He remained with them for some time, and then attended medical lectures at Ann Arbor. Later in life he entered the Miami Medical College at Cincinnati, where he received his diploma in 1868. and in 1872 be graduated from the Bellevue Medical College, of New York, Dr. Laughlin began the practice of his profession at Rossville, where he remained a few years. He then located at Orleans where he has been in active practice for the past twenty years, with the best of success. He is a member of the Lawrence and Mitchell district, the State and Tri- State Medical Societies. His extensive practice, and the frequent calls upon him for counsel by his professional associates sufficiently attest the high estimation in which he is held alike by both the community and by the medical profession. In 1851 he was wedded to Sarah A. Trueblood, of Orange County, a daughter of William and Deborah (Chambers) True- blood. This union has been blessed with four children: Theodore C, at New Albany, Charles E., a graduate of the Miami Medical College, and now practicing with his father; INIrs. Mattie A. Campbell and Louella P. Both the Doctor and his wife are members of the Christian Church. He is a Republican in politics, and W. M. of Orleans Lodge No, 153, A. F. & A. M. DANIEL LEATHERMAN is of German extraction and was born in this county March 31, 1819, being the son of Christian and Barbara (Hostetler) Leatherman, the father a Pennsylvanian, born February 4, 1781; the mother born July 21, 1778. These parents moved to this county in 1819, when the country was a wilderness, traversed by wild animals and Indians. They were exemplary members of the old Liberty Church, and industrious f .armers by occupation. The father died August 22, 1852, and the mother January 22, ]850. Daniel's youth was passed at farming and attending to a limited extent the old subscription schools. He has made life a success, and now owns a tine farm of 269 aci*es. April 1, 1851, he married Margaret E., daugliter of Moses P. and Mary (Hardman) Lewis. This lady was born in this county June 22, 1884, and has presented her husband with the following children: Oscar, born ORLEANS TOWNSHIP. 611 February 8, 1853, died October 26, 1856; DeWittC, born November 1, 1854, died February 14. 1883; Viola J., born March 24, 1857, died March 12, 1883; Desdemona E., born Februarv 17, 1859; Lloyd, bora February 5, 1861; Ellis E., born January 28," 1863; Hattie L., born December 31, 1864; Ivanora, born May 5, 1867; Carrie M., born Octo- ber 8, 1868, and Columbia, born March 27, 1872. The Leathermans are members of the Liberty Christian Church. WILLIAM \V. LINDLEY was born in Orange County, September 24, 1824, and is the third child of Owen and Mary (Wilson) Lindley. Owen Lindley was a prominent early settler, and came from North Car- olina with his parents in 1811, and was born in that State August 10, 1793, and married in Washington County, Ind. , in 1819. His wife was born in North Carolina August 31, 1793. They were highly respected, and members of the Friends Church. The father died August 2, 1871, and his wife in 1878. Our subject is a farmer and resides on the land on which he was born. He married in 1870, Deborah J., daughter of Robert and Polly Williams, and by this marriage there are five children: Annie D., Mary E., Delia, Rutherford and James C. Mr. Lindley, has a birth right in the Friends Church. He is one of the leading farmers and stock-raisers and takes an active interest in the promotion of the farming community. He is a Republican, and of course his parents being Friends were opposed to slavery before the war. He and wife are people of much worth and respectability. JAMES E. LINDLEY was born in Orange County, May 31, 1834, the son of Owen and Mary (Wilson) Lindley, and is a farmer by occupa- tion. Appropriate mention of his parents occurs elsewhere in this vol- ume.^ He has been successful in his business and now owns a farm of 290 acres, with good improvements. His youth was spent on a farm where he learned all the methods of successful agriculture, and that industry and honesty is the best policy. His education is limited, but sufficient for business. January 26, 1860, he married Mary E., daugh- ter of James and Nancy Kearby. This lady was born in Morgan County, Ind., in March 1841, and has presented her husband with a family, of which seven are living, as follows: Hannibal B., William J., Alfaretta, Junietta,Beatrice, Ida O. and James M. Mr. Lindley is a Republican and one of the best citizens in the countv. HUGH NOBLITT was born in Grayson County, Va., June 1, 1818, son of Jacob and Louisa (Collins) Noblitt, who were both natives of Vir- ginia. Jacob was born September 15, 1781, and his wife January 15, 1786. They were man-ied in their native State and in 1822 came to Orange County and settled near Orleans. Here they lived until their deaths, he dying October 18, 1856, and his wife August 16, 1858. They were people of the highest respectability. Eight children were born of this marriage as follows: Paulina, born March 15, 1807, and married R. Elrod and moved to California, at which place she died; Martha, now Mrs. Cleveland, born February 1, 1809; Louisa, born March 17, 1811, and died October 12, 1828; Van Rensselaer, born March 10, 1813; Seneca, born September 13, 1815; Celia, now Mrs. Coward, born February 18, 1821; Rebecca A., now Mrs. Laswell, born March 20, 1824; and our sub- ject, who has resided in the county since 1822 and followed farming. He was married in this county March 17, 1842, to Elizabeth, daughter of Henry H. and Nancy (Peacher) Webb. She was born in Kentucky, December 4, 1825, and came with her parents to this county when but 612 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES. • four months old. To Mr. and Mrs. Noblitt were born the following children: Henry A., born November 24, 1842, died March 9, 1843; Vol- ney T., July 2, 1844; Angeline, a twin born July 2, 1844, and died November 10, 1844; Mary C, October 7, 1847, died September 30, 1852; John T., July 24, 1850; Margaret Z., October 12, 1852, died June 14, 1880; Matilda C, June 26, 1855, died September 30, 1862; Annie M., (Mrs. Hudelson), September 29, 1857; Nancy E., (Mrs. True), March 16, 1860; Martha A., November 21, 1863, died March 22, 1880, and Hugh Sherman, March 19, 1867. Mr. and Mrs. Noblitt are members of the Presbyterian Church and he is a Republican. W. L. BEED, one of the merchants of Orleans, was born in Orange County, Ind., April 17, 1840, a son of Jesse and Elizabeth (Wilson) Reed. His paternal grandfather was George Reed, a native of Virginia, who was one of the earliest settlers in Kentucky. His son Jesse was born November 28. 1798, and during his life was a farmer and black- smith, and married his wife in Bourbon County, Ky. , her place of nativi- ty. In 1832 they came to Orange County where his death occurred December 25, 1851, and hers June 1, 1858. W. L. Reed enjoyed but moderate advantages for education, and for six years followed the avoca- tion of his father, that of blacksmithing. He then began clerking for T. B. Walker in the merchantile business at Orleans, and in 1861 went out as sutler in the Twenty-fourth ludiana Regiment where he continued until the close of the war. In 1866 he attended commercial college at Indianapolis, and the same year began his present business. Mr. Reed is now considered one of the most successful and enersretic merchants in Orleans. April 17, 1867, he was married to Nancy C. Walker, a native of New Albany, Ind., and by her he is the father of these five children: Thomas L., Fannie L., Jessie W., Sarah R. and Esther. LEMUEL RICHARDSON is a native of Washington County, Ind., where he was born December 19, 1858, being the son of Daniel and Sal- lie A. (Elliott) Richardson. The father was born in Washington County, May 11, 1827, and after a life of honor and usef nines died in December, 1882. His occupation was that of farming, to which he I'eared his son Lemuel, the subject of this sketch. The education of the latter was limited, though by diligence he managed to secure enough for the busi- ness of life. He is yet a young man and has a long life before him. October 27, 1881, he married Eliza L., daughter of E. S. and S. B. (Max- well) Lemon. Mrs. Richardson was born in Washington County August 27, i860. Her father is a native of the same county, and her mother of Orange County. Mr. Richardson and wife are members of the Christian Church, and he is a Republican and a progressive farmer and citizen. E. J. SAL YARDS of Orleans, Ind,, was born in Cincinnati, Ohio, in 1820, a soil of Edward and Phoeba (Gibson) Salyards, the former a native of Virginia and the latter of Pennsylvania. Edward was what is known as an iron-master in Pittsburgh, whence he came to Cincinnati with his family and stock of hardware in a keel-boat about the year 1816. E. J. Salyards received his education in the early schools around his boyhood home. About the year 1836, he moved to Portsmouth, Ohio, and engaged in the grocery business. From there he went to Maysville, Ky., where he did a marble business from 1844 to 1850, when he moved to New Albany and a year later to Orleans. Here he established his present marble business and has since then added the hotel, blacksmithing, mer- ORLEANS TOWNSHIP. 613 chandising and furniture store, la 1871 he received a stroke of paralysis and since then his son Edward has conducted the business. He has been twice married, the first time in 1811, to Maria Buffington, a native of Bufl&ngton's Island, near Marietta, Ohio. Her death occuri-ed in 1851, after she had borne him three children, these two, Edward M. and Maria J., now living. By his second wife, Rebecca, whom he married in 1852, he is the father of eight children, only five now surviving, Oscar C, Ida, Charles R., Frank M. and Harry Gr. Mr. Salyards is a member of the Masonic fraternity and belongs to Orleans Lodge No, 153, and is an earnest Republican in politics. JOHN H. STEERS, who has been connected with the business inter- ests of Orleans for the past forty years, is a native of the town and county where he now lives and was born March 12, 1822. His father, John Steers, was of Detroit, Mich., and while a young man located at Jeflfer- sonville, Ind., where he secured a good education. On attaining his majority he came to Orleans and established the first store of the place, and afterward became interested in several other enterprises of the town. His wife was Nancy Pai-sons, of Orange County, N. C, whom he married in 1820. His death occurred in March, 1828, his wife surviving until 1865. John H. Steers, their son, has always been a resident of his native county. His early days were passed on a farm, but later in life engaged in the butcher and grocery bvisiness in Orleans, which he con- tinued for thirty-live years. For the past five years he has been engaged in keeping hotel. He has served as Justice of the Peace of his township for twenty years, and has held several minor offices of the town. In politics he is a Republican, and generally takes a lively interest in pub- lic affairs. Miss Lottie Wheat became his wife in 1847, and to their union six children were born, John H., William H., Thomas J., Lottie L., Samuel P. and Matilda E. His second wife was Parmelia Ferguson, of Lawrence County, whose death occuiTed December 3, 1879. By his third wife, Lilia Hendrick, of Washington County, he is father of two children: Edwin M. S. and Nancv P. E. JOHN R. SUTHERLIN is the son of Charles and Frances (Nugent) Sutherlin, and was born in Orange County, Ind., March 1], 1850. His father, Charles, was a native of the " Old North State," where he was born in the year 17^5. The Sutherlin family came to Orange County at the very early date of ]811, where they encountered many hardships, not only from the lack of comforts and conveniences, but from danger from the wild animals and Indians. The war of 1812 caused the Indians to take up the hatchet, and the early settlers were forced for safety to take refuge in block-houses and forts until danger was passed. Charles was a farmer but operated a tread-power saw-mill in early times. John R. was reared a farmer. December 2, 1880, he wedded Eugenie, daughter of Dawson L. and Nancy (Davis) Woodard. This lady was born in Wash- ington County, February 1, 1860, and has presented her husband with one child, Ida G., born August 15, 1882. The parents are members of the Christian Church and worthy people. ROBERT TEGARDEN, deceased, was a native of Fayette County, Ky., and was born November 22, 1811. His parents were Basil and Nancy (Todd) Tegarden, who located in Orange County, Ind., in 1813, in that portion now known as Northeast Township. Robert was a farmer by o'ccupation, and by industry and economy succeeded in acquiring a con- siderable portion of this world's goods, owning 800 acres of land. 614 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES. August 8, 1838. Susan Reed became his wife. She was a daughter of William Reed, and was born November 27, 1813. To Mr. and Mrs. Tegarden six children have been born, only John A. yet living. They were for many years prominent members of the Christian Church; her death occurred February 20, 1880, and his February 22, 1880. Both, after a long and active life were laid to rest in the same grave. John A. , like his father before him, has chosen farming as his avocation, aad is now living on a part of the old homestead, owning 397 acres. He has been twice married; the first time to Eliza E. World, November 7, 1869, who bore him four children, these three now living: Robert D., James E. and William H. Her death was February 16, 1882, and again on August 5, of the same year, he was married, this time to Mattie E. Dilley, of Lawrence County. To them has been born one child named Earl G. GEORGE W. TEGARDEN was born in Orange County, Ind., March 5, 1846, son of Columbus and Hannah (Mahan) Tegarden; the former born in Shelby County, Ky., April 13, 1813, and his wife in Orange County, April 15, 1822. The paternal and maternal grand- parents of our subject, were among the early settlers of Orange County. The father of our subject was one of the successful men of the county, having started in life with but little property. He was a good example of what is called a "self-made man," having by hard work acquired at his death, October 6, 1874, over 1,000 acres of land in Orange County, and other land in Iowa. George W. has been a resident of the county all his life with the exception of three years in the last war. In 1862 he enlisted in the Sixty-sixth Indiana Regiment; was in a number of the hard- fought battles, among which were Richmond, Ky., where he was taken prisoner; was paroled and in three months exchanged and joined his regiment; took part in battles of Dallas, Jonesboro, siege of Atlanta and many skirmishes; was with Sherman in his "march to the sea." October 6, 1870, he married Sarah E., daughter of Aaron Wright, a prominent old settler of Lawrence County, Ind. , where Mrs. Tegarden was born, February 6, 1849. Three children have been born to them: Minnie M., Annie J. and ohe who died in infancy. Mr. Tegar- den owns a fine farm of 160 acres. He and his wife are members of the Christian Church, and he is a stanch Republican. THOMAS B. WALKER, a merchant of Orleans, Ind., was born in Virginia, December 23, 1806, a posthumous son of AVilliam Walker, who was by his wife Jane (Burton) the father of four children. Soon after this, his mother with her family moved to Shelby County, Ky., where she died, leaving T. B. an orphan at the age of nine years. Until sixteen years old he was reaTed upon a farm, but at that age he began the harness -and-saddler's trade, and worked at this in both Shelbyville and Louisville, Ky. Somewhat later he went into that business for himself at Brownsville. In 1827 he changed his place of business to New Albany, Ind., whex*e he remained until he located at Orleans in 1854. From 1845 to 1849 he served as Sheriff of Floyd County. Upon his location in Orleaas he began a general merchandising business, as one of the firm of W^alker & Richai-ds. This continued until the death of Mr. Richards in 1877, since which time the style of the firm has been Walker & Son, and is among the thriving business bouses of Orleans. Mr. Walker has been twice married, the first time in 1832, to Nancy C.Wood- ruff, of New Albany. By her he is the father of eleven children, seven now living: William S., Thomas W., Mary A., Sarah J., Nancy C, Martha ORLEANS TOWNSHIP. 615 E. and Edward P. Thomas W., a Brevet Major in the late war, and graduate of West Point, is a prominent attorney of Philadelphia. Mrs. Walker died February 15, 1873, and Mr. Walker's second marriage was August 30, 1877, with Mrs. Margaret Parks. He is a Baptist in religion and a Democrat in politics. JOHN A. WALLACE is tlje son of William and Louisa (Bridge- water) Wallace, the parents being natives of Fayette County, Ky., the father's birth occurring in 1808, and the mother's in 1812. They came to this county at an early day, where they settled. The paternal grand- father, Alexander, was also a prominent early settler and served in the Legislature. He was a man of more than ordinary brain and character. The same is true of his son William and his grandson John A. Both William and his wife died well respected and honored, in 1874, after a useful life. John A. has been all his life a farmer and now has a pleas- ant home. In 1862 he enlisted in Company E, Sixty-sixth Begiment Indiana Volunteer Infantry, and served until the close of the war. At the disastrous battle of Richmond, Ky. , he was captured and held a prisoner of war eight days. He was afterward at Collierville, Atlanta, Dallas, Jonesboro and other engagements of less note, serving bravely through them all. His first wife was Susan, daughter of W^illiam and Elizabeth Irwin, who bore him one child — Louella. His second wife, Sarah A. Sappenfield, bore him two children: Estella and John A. Mr. W^allace is one of the county's best farmers. He is a Republican and a member of the Christian Church. LOUIS B. WiLSON was born at Paoli, Orange County, April 28, 1822, the second child of Nathaniel and Annie (Baker) Wilson, who were natives of Virginia, the former born 1794, and his wife 1796. The father served in the war of 1812 and came to Orange County with his parents in 1817, and was a farmer by occupation. In 1834 his wife died. She was a devoted Christian, a member of the Methodist Episcopal Church, an amiable lady and mother of six children. Mr. Wilson took for his second wife in 1835 Jane Kenley, who bore him seven children, and upon the death of this lady Mr. Wilson took as his third wife Mary Hamilton, who still survives him. He was a member of the Methodist Episcopal Church for over sixty years and died in 1874. The paternal grandfather of our subject was a Welshman and came to America as a British soldier. Here he met and married Mary Britton, an English lady. They also came to Orange County in 1817 and resided here until their deaths. Louis B. passed his early life on a farm and has been a resident of his native county all his life. In 1846 he married Hannah, daughter of William and Mary (Collins) Magner, who was born in Bour- bon County, Ky., in 1823, and came to Orange County with her parents when ten years of age. She died in 1864, and was the mother of five children, one of whom is living, James A. In 1865 Mr. Wilson married Lydia M. , daughter of Henry and Mary (Elrod) Stultz. Mrs. Wilson is a native of this county, born September 3, 1834. Five children were born of this marriage, three living: Maggie, Frederick and Louisa. Mr. Wilson is a member of the Methodist Church, also member of the A. F. & A. M., and a stanch Republican. NEWTON W^RIGHT, eldest son of William and Nancy (Keedy) Wright, and one of the oldest settlers of this county, was born here August 23, 1824. He passed his early years on his father's farm, where he secured a rudimentary education, and at the age of twenty- two years 616 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES. began for himself. He was industrious and judicious and soon had property ahead and still securing more. He succeeded in amassing a com- fortable fortune, much of which he has given to his family, reserving for himself a comfortable home for his declining years. Early in 1847 he was united in marriage with Margaret, daughter of Jesse and Elizabeth (Wilson) Reed, a native of Kentucky, born September 17, 1824. She died March 20, 1880. Of this marriage there are five living children: William T., born December 5, 1847; James H., born February 12, 1849; John F., born May 21, 1852; Nancy E., born September 5, 1855, and Robert, born October 15, 1857. November 25, 1880, he married his second wife, Frances, daughter of Thomas and Sarah Reid, who was born October 12, 1836. Mr. Wright is a Republican and he and wife are members of the Christian Church. JONATHAN WRIGHT, son of William and Nancy (Keedy) Wright, was born in this county March 31, 1834. The Wrights of this county are descendants of Jonathan Wright, who came from Kentucky in 1816. He served in the war of 1812, and his father was killed in the Revolu- tionary war. William was born in Kentucky, May 30, 1802, and came with his father, Jonathan, to this county when a boy. October 30, 1823, he married Nancy Keedy, who was born in 1808, a Tennesseean, and who died January 13, 1852. He married again, Elizabeth Moody, born in 1810, and died in 1862. His third wife was Mrs. Susan Reynolds, mar- ried in 1863. William was a member of the Christian Church, and a man of much worth and respectability. He was a pioneer in Indiana, and died November 7, 1870, full of years and honors. He was one of eleven children. Jonathan, our subject, was reared a farmer, and has been a resident of this county all his life. His early advantages were limited, but by industry and self-sacrifice he has a fair education and a comfortable home. March 29, 1860, he married Mary C, daughter of Robert and Lucinda (Owens) Lee, a native of Washington County, born September 8, 1843. Their family are as follows: William A., born November 20, 1861, died January 4, 1882; Charles G., born December 24, 1863; Mary E., born April 20, 1867; Oliver P. M., born March 16, 1869; Sarah E., born July 24, 1872; Clara M., born May 2, 1877; Pearl, born January 6, 1881. The county has no better or more highly respected people than the Wrights. WILLIAM H. WRIGHT, son of William and Nancy (Keedy) Wright, was born in this county July 14, 1840. His youth was passed like that of all other boys, while the county was comparatively new — at work on the farm in the summer, and in attendance at the old subscription schools in the winters when not needed at farm work. Upon reaching maturity he selected the independent life of a farmer as his occupation, and this he has followed until the present. July 8, 1861, he enlisted in Company G, Twenty-eighth Regiment Indiana Volunteer Infantry, and served hon- orably until July 13, 1864. Dui-ing this time he was at Shiloh, Port Gib- son, Jackson, Champion Hills, Vicksburg, and numerous skirmishes and expeditions, and his health was much impaired in his country's service. Upon his return he was wedded, in 1865, to Mary E., daughter of Will- iam and Evaline (Thompson) Carson, a native of Lawrence County, who was born February 20, 1846. They have two children: Evaline and Texie M. The parents are members of the Christian Church, and excel- lent people. SOUTHEAST TOWNSHIP. 617 SOUTHEAST TOWNSHIP. JOHN AGAN is one of the following children of James and Catha- rine (Bingman) Agan: William, Christian B., Henry, James L., John, Mary, Alfred, Betsey Ann, Francis, Benjamin M. and Lee. He was born in this township December 14, 1836, and was reared a farmer, securing a limited education by his own efforts. Upon reaching his majority he began doing for himself, and has made farming his life occupation, and now owns 160 acres of fertile land. His wife was Electa E. , daughter of Anthony and Mary (Osborn) Highland, and bore him the following children: Louis E., deceased; Mary C, deceased; James W., Frances A., Martha E., John M., Leroy, Hettie M., Electa A., Bertha J. and Mag- gie F. Mr. Agan is a Democrat and an Odd Fellow, and a prominent man. His wife was bora in Hamilton County, Ohio, November 9, 1839, and her father came to this county in 1854. Our subject's parents were excellent people, members of the Methodist Church, and both lie buried on the old homestead on Section 20. CALEB BATES, one of the prominent men of the township, was bom in Crawford County, this State, February 9, 1827, being the oldest of six children of William P. and Anna N. (Moore) Bates, the father a native of Indiana and the mother of New York. They were of Irish and English extraction, respectively, and people of the highest social worth. The father died when Caleb was about thirteen years old, after which he lived with his mother until of age, receiving a fair education. He mar- ried Charlotte T., daughter of Horatio and Nancy (Wells) Shai'p, June 20, 1850, and this lady bore him four children, as follows: Mary K., who married John S. Stone, William T., George A. and Emma A., who married Daniel R. Lambdin. Mr. Bates is a carpenter by trade, having followed that occupation since his marriage, but is at present engaged upon his farm of 136 acres. He and wife are members of the Methodist Episcopal Church, and he is a member of the Republican party. The family is well known and highly respected. JOHN H. BUCHANAN was born in Fayette County, Ky., Septem- ber 17, 1817, being one of the following family: Jackson, William, John H., Samuel, Smith, Daniel, Archibald, Joseph M. and Smith W., chil- dren of Smith and Mary (Minton) Buchanan. The parents were both natives of Virginia, and early moved to Kentucky, where they married in 1811, and there lived until their respective deaths. The f athei^'s occu- pation was farming, and he was a prominent and well-to-do citizen. He died when John was about fifteen years old, and the latter lived with his mother until of age, securing a limited education, and after that began to lay up for himself. November 16, 1848, he married Elizabeth H., daughter of Thomas and Nancy (Dollins) Jessey, and to this union seven children have been born, as follows: Cinderella, Martha J., Henrietta, Anna E., Belle, Lydia E. and John R. Only the last two are now living. Mr. Buchanan is one of the prominent farmers of his township, owning 400 acres of good land. He is a Democrat and served as Justice of the Peace from 1865 to 1878 with credit to himself and satisfaction to hi» township. 618 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES. JOHN M. FREE, an old settler and prominent citizen, was born in Clermont County, Ohio, August 27, 1813, being the oldest son and third child of Isaac and Fannie (Dawson) Free; his brothers and sis- ters being: Catherine, Sarah E., Rebecca, Isaac, Polly Ann, Amos and Nancy. The father was a native of Maryland, and the mother of Pennsylvania, and they were married in Ohio, and lived there until their respective deaths, well respected Christian people. John M. was " brought up " on a farm and received a fair education. Much of his early manhood was passed on the river, but in 1838 he came to Indiana, and with what he had made entered 160 acres of land, which he has since increased to 216 acres. October 22, 1840, he married Mary, daughter of Thomas and Hannah (Caple) Sanders, and to these parents the following children have been boi'n: Leander, Cyntha A., who married Francis Agan; Hannah, deceased; William H. , died of wounds received at Bentonville, N. C. ; Thomas J., deceased; Elizabeth F., who married Jacob Teaford; Isaac; John F., deceased; and Amos. Mr. Free is one of the substantial men of the township. He and wife are members of the Christian Church. He is independent politically, and has served the township two terms as Trustee. LEANDER FREE was born in this township June 25, 1842, son of John M. and Mary (Sanders) Free. He was reared on his father's f arpa, and in youth secured a fair education and thoroughly learned the art of agriculture, the most useful and foundational pursuit. On the 20th of August, 1861, he enlisted in Company A, Thirty-eighth Regiment Indi- ana Volunteer Infantry, and on the 17th of September, 1864, was honor- ably discharged at Atlanta by reason of the expiration of his term of service. He was in a number of engagements, and was slightly wounded at the battle of Stone River. Upon his return he continued farming and began teaching, and November 12, 1874, married Sarah S., daughter of Joel C. and Mary (Harned) Dillard, and to them four children have been born: George O., Anna Elizabeth, John Franklin and Joel E. Mr. Free is a prosperous farmer, and owns 170 acres of fair land. From 1865 to 1877 he taught many terms of school, but now turns his energies exclusively to his farm. He is a Republican, and he and wife are mem- bers of the Christian and Methodist Episcopal Churches. LEE HAZLEWOOD, M. D., one of the most prominent men and eminent physicians of the county, is the third son of six children of Reuben and Jane (Ray) Hazlewood, and was born May 24, 1819, being one of the oldest settlers of the county now living. The parents were both Virginians who were taken early in their lives to Kentucky, where they were married August 15, 1811. Their children were Gates, John R., Lee, Priscilla (who married George Geeter), Rhoda A. (who married Dr. John Batsell), and an infant, deceased. The parents came to this county in 1836, and settled near French Lick, and here the mother died about two years later. About eight years later the father married again, and lived until October 20, 1857, when his death occurred. He was a member of the Reformed Church, and a man of personal worth and high character. The youth of Lee was passed with his parents, and during that time and until one year after his mother's death he attended Lincoln Academy, Stanford, Ky. In 1838 he commenced the study of medicine with Dr. Samuel Reid, of Salem, Ind. , and later, after he had begun the practice, attended the Transylvania Medical College, Lexington, Ky., the Jefferson Medical College, Louisville, Ky., and the Evansville Medical SOUTHEAST TOWNSHIP. 619 College, Indiana. He graduated at the last named institution in 1851. As early as 1841 he began to practice at Valeene, where he had purchased property, and here he has continued since, often with more work than he could do, without solicitation. He has accumulated an estate "of 1,500 acies, and no man of the county is better known or more highly regarded. He owes his success to his own industry, skill in his profession, integrity and self-sacrilice. June 20, 1843, he married the daughter of Samuel Chambers, but she died the following year, April 9, 1844. September 4, 1853, he married Mai-y E., daughter of Samuel and Amy Harned, and two children came to this union: George R., who now practices with his father, and Alice J., who married Dr. William A. Cole. Mrs. Hazle- wood died, and Dr. Hazlewood married Rebecca, daughter of James and Martha Sloan, January 27, 1863. She bore him two children: Mary F. and Felix W. Dr. Hazlewood is a Republican, and is a member of the Masonic and the Odd Fellow fraternities. He has done much to build up the county, intellectually, morally and temperately. JAMES A. LOCK HART is a native of this county, born September 5, 1830, being the eldest of five children of Eleazer and Susanna (Agan) Lockhart. His parents were natives of North Carolina, and came with their parents to Indiana when yet comparatively young, and here they were married and lived until overtaken by death. The father was a man of more than ordinary intelligence, and was one of the pioneer teachers of the county. He and wife were honored citizens, and both now lie buried on the old Agan farm on Section 20. Their children were: Mary J. (deceased), Hannah E. (who married Samuel Francher), James A., Alfred and Nancy E. (deceased). James A. made his home with his par- ents until his marriage. His advantages were limited, though he secured in youth a rudimentary education. His father's death occurred when he was eight years old, and he being the oldest boy was forced to shoulder many responsibilities intended for older persons. He married Emily J., daughter of S. and J. Burton, October 20, 1852, and eleven children are the fruits of their union: William F. (deceased), Alfred, Henry, James A. (deceased), John, Sherman, George, Mary, Belle, Charley and Soph- ronia. Mr. Lockhart is a prosperous farmer, and a prominent citizen. He owns 340 acres of land (forty acres in Harrison County). He is a Mason, a Democrat, and he and wife are members of tbe Christian Church. Mrs. Lockhart, an amiable Christian lady, was born June 20, 1841. THOMAS McBRIDE is a native of this county, and was born April 19, 1842, being one of twenty-one children of James and Mary (Will- iams) McBride. The names of the children are as follows: John, Isaiah, Joseph, James, William, David, George, Jonathan, Thomas, Betsey J., Sina M., Polly A., Nancy, Ellen, Margaret, and others to the number of twenty- one, who died in infancy. The parents were natives of North Carolina, and came to Indiana in 1828, locating permanently in this county. Thomas received a fair education in youth, and was reared a farmer, and was from boyhood inured to hard work. He remained at home until the war commenced, and August 19, 1862, enlisted in Com- pany D, Sixty-sixth Indiana Volunteer Infantry, and served honorably until the close of the war. being mustered out June 14, 1865. Upon hia return he married Sarah E., daughter of James and Susan (Mays) Huts- ler, November 27, 1866. They have five children: Clara (deceased), Lora B., Ella B., Eddie L. and Dessie. Mr. McBride has followed farming, 39 620 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES. and now owns 100 acres.. He and wife are members of the Christian Church, and he is a Republican, a member of the G. A. R. , and a useful and respfected man. JAMES McDonald is one of the following family: Peter, Mary, Phoebe, James, Nancy A., Daniel, Sarah J., Margaret, Charles and William, and was born in Mercer County, Ky., November 1, 1819. The parents of this large family were Daniel and Catharine (Vannest) McDon- ald, the father a native of Virginia and the mother of Kentucky. Their marriage occurred in Kentucky, and in 1820 they came to this county for permanent settlement. James was reared a farmer, and at the age of fourteen years lost his mother and at the age of nineteen lost his father by death. His advantages were limited, but he managed to secure the rudiments of an education. September 1, 1842, he married Miss M. Babbitt, daughter of John and Nancy (Hughes) Babbitt, and to this union eight children were born: Martha, Margaret, Catharine, Jonathan, Nan- cy, John, Mary A. and Elizabeth. Mrs. McDonald died November 13, 1859, and November 22, 1862, Mr. McDonald married Lucinda T., daugh- ter of Jacob and Maria (Lemon) Cole, who has borne him seven children, as follows: William E., Emma A., Rhoda B., Charles H., Elzara, James and George O. Mr. McDonald has made farming his life occupation, and now owns 240 acres. He is a member of the Christian Church and his wife of the Methodist Church. He has served as Justice of the Peace and as Township Trustee, and is one of the county's best citizens. JOHN McDonald was born in this county November 2, 1853, and is one of the following family: Martha (deceased), Margaret, Catharine, Jonathan, Nancy, John (our subject), Mary Ann and Elizabeth, children of James and M. (Babbitt) McDonald. The father was a Kentuckian and the mother a North Carolinian. The father came to this county with his parents in 1825, and here his marriage occurred. He is yet living, well advanced in years and well respected. His wife died November 13, 1859, and in November, 1862, he married Lucinda T. Cole. John passed his youth without prominent event. March 9, 1875, he married Eva- rilla, daughter of John and Sarah Moon, and to this union four children have been born, as follows: Cora A., Minnie B. (deceased), Walter S. and James F. Mr. McDonald owns forty acres of land, but has made school teaching his business, having not missed a winter's term for eleven years. He is one of the most experienced instructors of the county, and much of his education was gained by self-application. He served as County Surveyor from 1876 to 1880, with much credit. He is a Demo- crat, and he and wife are members of the Christian Church. Both are highlv esteemed. Mrs. McDonald was born April 1, 1853. JOHN McINTOSH was born in this township May 14, 1838, and is one of the following family born to Samuel and Susan (Radcliff) Mc- intosh: James, who died while serving his country in the last war; Eliz- abeth, who married John Chenoweth; Winafred, wife of J. R. Lambdin; David; Mary, who became the wife of Amos Lambdin; John, Jonathan; Susan, who mari'ied David Bird, Sarah, who later became the wife of David Bird; Susan, who married William Harned; Levi, Samuel; Martha, who married John Mattox, and Joseph. The parents are natives of Indiana, and are living well advanced in years, respected and honored, at Hardinsburg, Washington County. The father is a farmer, and a man of the highest worth and respectability. Our subject continued with his parents until his enlistment in the army; securing in youth a fair educa- SOUTHEAST TOWNSHIP. 621 tion, and becoming familiar with hard work. December 2, 1861, he enlisted in Company F, Fifty-ninth Regiment Indiana Volunteer Infan- try, and served honorably until discharged at \Vilmington, N. C, April 4, 1865, having served about four months longer than his period of enlistment. March 27, 1859, he married Fannie A., daughter of George and Mary (Brewer) Clayton, and to this union this family has been born: Mary S., Martha, Samuel S., George C, Eli (deceased), John, an infant, (deceased), Benjamin R., Arthur and Albert. Mr. Mcintosh is a farmer, and owns 321 acres of fertile land. He is a Republican, a Mrfson and a prominent citizen. His wife was born December 2, 1839, and is a mem- ber of the Methodist Church, and a worthy Christian lady. JESSE B. MOON was born in this county August 8, 1844, and is of the following family: Hiram, William, Jehu, John, Jesse B., James, Elizabeth, who became the wife of John Whitman, and Evarilla, who married John McDonald. The parents were John and Sarah (Pirtle) Moon, natives of North Carolina. Their respective families came to this county about the year 1824, and were therefore old settlers, or rather, pioneers. Here the parents were married. Jesse B. lived at home until his marriage, receiv- ing quite a liberal education, considering the inefficiency of the public schools, and the comparatively few number of the subscription schools at that time. January 20, 1868, he married Mary E., daughter of Stephen and Martha E. (Bullington) Triukle, and to this union have been born six children: Martha, William B. , Sarah E., Lilly E., James R. and Perry F. Mr. Moon owns a farm of 181 acres, and is a successful farmer, and an exemplary man. He was elected Justice of the Peace in 1878, and still holds the office, and is a Democrat. AiTgust 8, 1862, he enlisted in Company D, Sixty-sixth Regiment, Indiana Volunteer Infantry, and was with it in all the engagements, marches, etc., until the close of the war, when he was honorably discharged. He is now a member of the G. A. R., and is one of the county's best citizens. JAMES W. MONTGOMERY, M. D., was born at Hardinsburg, Washington County, April 17, 1848, being the eldest child of Charles B. and Ruth A. (Prather) Montgomery. Their children are as follows: James W., >Sarah S. (deceased), Serilda A. (who married Nathan McCrasin), Albert R., Bazol M. (deceased), Mary B. (who married Edward Easley) and Elizabeth (deceased). The father was born in Kentucky, February 16, 1823, and came to this State quite early, locating first in Washington County, and in 1862 in Chambersburg, this county, and later in Paoli, where he died in 1874. He was a prominent man in his day; was Deputy Clerk of Washington County; was Justice of the Peace at Paoli for ten years. He was a Republican and a Methodist, and an honored and exemplary man. His wife was born in Washington County, where her marriage occurred; she yet siirvives, and is a quiet Christian woman. Our subject commenced to read medicine at the age of fourteen, with Dr. John Ellis, of Hardinsburg, continuing until October 20, 1864, when he enlisted in the Fifty- third Regiment, and served on detached duty until his discharge, April 8, 1865. Upon his return he assisted his father to operate a saw-mill. October 20, 1869, he married Ruth, daugh- ter of Aaron and Jane (Andrew) Maris, and they have six children: Oliver M. (deceased), Nellie, Charles F. (deceased), Norman (deceased), Jennie H. and Edith. He carried on the carriage business at Paoli for a time, then began merchandising there and elsewhere, continuing about ten years. He also followed the occupation of milling for a short time. In 622 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES. the spring of 1882 he began reading medicine, and finished with Dr. Hazlewood in 1883. He graduated at the Louisville Medical College in May, 1884. He is a member of the I. O. O. F., G. A. R. and A. F. & A. M, ; is a Republican, and served as Justice of the Peace two years. His wife was born July 20, 1850. JAMES N. MURPHY was born in Stampers Creek Township this county, July 20, 1830, and is one of eleven children, two of whom are yet living, born to Daniel and Mary (Hinton) Murphy. Daniel Murphy was born and reared in Shenandoah County, Va., his birth occurring in April, 1790. James Murphy, the father of Daoiel, was also a native of the Old Dominion, and was of Irish descent. He married a Miss New- land, whose ancestors were from England, and served seven years in the Revolutionary war. He was in the campaign to Quebec with Benedict Arnold and afterward was with Gen. Morgan at the battle of Cowpens and was a member of the valiant 300 who held Tarlton's army in check, and there he was shot through one hip. After the war he settled in Vir- ginia, and here his wife died, after bearing three children, the youngest of whom was Daniel. He re-married and with his family, in 1810, immi- grated to what is now Washington County, Ind., and in the fall of 1811 removed to what is now the northeast quarter of Section 8, Range 2 east, Township 1, of Orange County. He here began farming, and in 1826 died on the old farm in this county at about seventy- five years of age. Daniel Murphy was a soldier of the war of 1812. His wife was the daughter of George and Mary Hinton, and was born in Shenandoah County, Va. , in 1795, and came with her parents to Orange County, Ind., in 1811, settling on the southwest quarter of Section 5, and the north half of the northwest quarter of Section 8, Township 1 north, Range 2 east. Daniel Murphy and Mary Hinton were married September 2, 1812, and of the ten children they raised to maturity only James N. and Lena N. (Gil- more) yet living. The mother died in July, 1872, in Illinois, and Mr. Murphy in August, 1863, on the old homestead where his father had died. James N. Murphy was raised a farmer, receiving in youth a good common English education. He selected farming as his vocation through life and his success in life in this particular is 640 acres of good land. The fall of 1861 he helped recruit Company F, Fifty-ninth Indiana Volun- teer Infantry, of which he was chosen Second Lieutenant on the company's organization. He was an active participant in the sieges of New Madrid and Corinth and served through a number of severe campaigns, but owing to protracted ill-health he was compelled to resign his commission June 28, 1862. Mr, Murphy is a Republican in politics, but previous to the Rebellion was a Democrat. He was married September 8, 1852, to Miss Lizzie, daughter of Samuel and Elizabeth (Foster) Stalcup, who was born April 10, 1832, and died February 1, 1868, after bearing a family of six children, named Samuel S.', Daniel, George B., Addie, Emma and Liz- zie. Of these all are dead except Emma. Mr. Murphy married again February 18, 1870, Miss Mary J. Whitten. In the spring of 1811 Daniel M. went with Zachary Taylor, then a Captain, from Louisville to Vin- cennes, but was soon after discharged and returned to Louisville alone and among the Indians. While at French Lick he saw the prisoners let loose that had been taken on suspicion of killing W^illiam Charles at that place inthe spring of 1811. He was there in the fall. WILLIAM NOBLITT was born in Washington County, Ind., November 1, 1817, and is one of the following family, children of Abra- SOUTHEAST TOWNSHIP. 623 ham and Amelia (Vandeveer) Noblitt: Vandeveer; William, Nancy, wife of James Lynch: Cynthia, wife of Bpnjamin M. Holaday. and John T. The parents were natives of North Carolina, and were taken in child- hood to Kentucky, where they became acquainted, and married in 1814. The father's birth occurred October 2, 1780. Soon after his marriage, he with his wife's people immigrated to Indiana. This was in 1814, a very early period in the history of the State — in fact, the State had not yet been organized or admitted into the Union. They located first in Washington County, and later moved to this township, where the father died in 1840, and the mother in 1861. They were sober, industrious, honest. Christian people, and lie buried in Banner's Cemetery, in Stamp ers Creek Township. William lived with his parents until his father's death, obtaining a rudimentary education at the subscription schools. October 2, 1842, he married Mary, daughter of Joshaa and Sarah (Beard) Holaday, and to this union the following children have been born: Abraham, James L., John V.; Nancy J., wife of William Wright; and four that died in infancy, Mrs. Noblitt died February 3, i860, and January 20, 1861, Mr. Noblitt married Mrs. Nancy J. (Radcli£f) Max- edon, who has borne her husband four children, as follows: Martha, David R., Josephine and Louisa. His second wife died May 6, 1881. She, as well as her husband, were Baptists. Mr. Noblitt has lived on his present place fifty-four years; he has 132 acres with fair improvements. He is a stanch Democrat; has served as Trustee and Justice of the Peace. Mrs.Maxedon, second wife, had one child — Mary — by her former husband; this daughter lives with Mr. Noblitt. Her grandfather's name was Mar- quis De Lafayette Maxedon. JONATHAN PETER, a prominent citizen and farmer of this town- ship, was born here July 16, 1830, and was one of the following family: Charles, Simon; Hannah, wife of George W. Ball; Benjamin F.; Rebecca, wife of Mr. Stalcup; Jonathan, John A., William, Amos, and Elizabeth (deceased). These were the children of William and Elizabeth (Stephens) Peter, natives of Kentucky, who were married in Harrison County, Ind. They were people of much worth and respectability. The father died in 1841, and the mother in 1884, the latter death being occasioned by the buttings of an enraged sheep. Jonathan lived with his mother until the age of nineteen, receiving in youth a fair education, and then commenced hiarning the tanner's trade, which business he followed about ten years, but later engaged in farming and stock-raising. He now owns 153 acres of fertile land. April 30, 1856, he married Mary Aun, daughter of Jonathan and Rebecca (Wellman) Peter, and to this union two children have been born: Enoch W. and Stephen W. March 9, 1881, Enoch married Martha E. Tarr. Our subject is a Dem- ocrat, and he and wife are Regular Baptists. The county has no better people. THOMAS SANDERS was born November 5, 1831, being one of the following children of John and Sarah Sanders: Thomas, William, Eliz- abeth (wife of Andrew J. Pearson), John, Eli, Charles, Isaac N. , Aaron and Samuel. The Darents were natives of North Carolina, and excell- ent people. Our subject's paternal grandparents came to this county in 1808, and his maternal grandparents in 1807, and both families were therefore among the very first in the county. John Sanders, father of Thomas, was an exemplary citizen and a useful public man, serving with fidelity in the various township offices. His death occurred July 3, 1876; 624 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES. his wife survived him at the age of seventy. Both belonged to the Chris- tian Church. Thomas passed his youth at work on the farm, and Sep- tember 26, 1852, married America Maxedon, daughter of Robert and Mary (Pearson) Maxedon, and to them eight children have been born: Mary E., who married J. W. Tower: Sarah E., who married J. E. Mcin- tosh; John M. , Rachel, who married J. A. Weathers: Anna, who mar- ried J. L. Walker; Robert W., Nancy, Jane and Franklin E. Mr. San- ders is comfortably situated, owning 176 acres of land. He is a Demo- crat and an influential man, and his wife is a member of the Christian Church. YOUNG L. STALCUP was born in this county September 30. 1848, being the oldest of seven children of Charles M. and Mary J. (Wright) Stalcup. The children of these parents were: Young L., Benjamin F., Isom Gr. (deceased), Ruth A., John W., Clara E. (deceased), and Rebecca (deceased). The parents were natives of Indiana, and were married about 1846. and were people of high respectability. In August, 1861, the father enlisted in Company D, Sixty-sixth Regiment Indiana Volun- teer Infantry, and after faithfully following the fortunes of war, tinally died in Anderaonville Prison, December, 1863, a martyr of the slave- holders' rebellion. There his dust lies buried His wife yet survives, at the age of about sixty-two years, and is a member of the Regular Baptist Church, and the wife of Henry Stalcup. Our subject lived with his mother until thirteen years of age, and then worked in various places in this State and Illinois, securing what education he could. At the age of twenty he began to teach, which business he followed until his mar riage to Miss Charlotte M., daughter of James and Eleanor (Hollowell) Walker, February 18, 1877. These parents have tive childi-en: Cora A., James O., Benjamin F., Arlie 0., and an infant deceased. Mr. Stalcup is a Republican, and is now Township Trustee, being elected in the spring of 1884. He owns seventy- two acres of land, and he and wife are mem bers of the Christian Church. THOMAS M. THOMPSON is a native of Chatham County, N. C, born August 24, 1834, being the eldest son of the following six children: Elizabeth, Martha, Mary, Sarah, Thomas M. and John, the family of John B. and Polly (Archey) Thompson. Of these children Martha and Mary are deceased, Elizabeth married Alvin Scott, and Sarah married John Hart. The parents were natives of North Carolina, and immi- grated to Orange County about 1845, locating near where subject now lives. About this time the mother died, and the father moved to Canada, where he likewise died. He was a Baptist and she a Methodist, and both were consistent Christian people. Our subject was reared on a farm, receiving fair education. He married Mrs. Sarah (Roberts) Chavis April 10, 1858, and to this union five children have been born: Noah, Elizabeth, wife of Henry Harris; Clara A. P., Mary C. , and Homer (deceased). Mr. Thompson is one of the prominent farmers and stock- raisers of the township. He owns eighcy-iive acres of land; is a Repub- lican, and he and wife are members of the Methodist Church, and are worthy people. ORANGEVILLE TOWNSHIP. 625 ORANGEVILLE TOWNSHIP. ABNATHA BOLTON, a prominent old citizen of Orangeville Town- ship and one of the first settlers of the county, was a native of Mulberry District, S. C, where he was born October 10, 1808, being the youngest of five children born to James and Rebecca (Lambdin) Bolton. His father was of Irish, his mother of Welsh, descent. The latter died when he was but five years of age, and his father having entered the ser- vice in the war of 1812, and not having returned, our subject was brought to this State in the year 1815 by Lewis Thomas, and has been a resident here ever since. He remained with Mr. Thomas until he attained the age of sixteen years, when he served an apprenticeship of three years at the blacksmith trade with Silas Dixon, after which he followed that business for ten years. He received a very limited education, such as the schools of his day afforded. December 6, 1832, his marriage with Fan- nie Stone was solemnized, and to their union two children were born, of which only this one is now living — Rhoda — who was united in marriage to Silas Halbert. His occupation since he quit the blacksmith business has been farming, and he has been very successful in that pursuit. He now owns 200 acres of land; he also raises considerable stock. March 26, 1883, Mr. Bolton lost his wife and life- long companion. He is a member of the Methodist Episcopal Church, having been connected with it for over fifty years. He has been Class-leader and Steward for thirty years. His political views are Republican, and he takes a lively interest in the political afi'airs of the community. ALFRED BRUNER, one of the early settlers of Orangeville Town- ship, was born April 5, 1815, in Breckinridge County, Ky. He was the oldest of a family of ten children born to Adam and Nancy (Ames) Bruner, who were respectively of German and Scotch English descent, the former having been the first white child born in Hardin's Fort, in that county. In the year 1823 his parents brought him to this State, locating in Lawrence County, he remaining with and assisting them on the farm until he was twenty-two years of age, receiving a very meager education. December 29, 1836, he was married to Mary Wilson, daughter of Maj. Andrew Wilson, who has boine him ten children, of whom these six are now living: Amanda J., wife of Moses F. Ham; Hester A., wife of Joseph Bruner; Lucy A., who is the wife of Silas J. Halbert; Maria, who was united in marriage to John Millis; Ellen, wife of John Hudel- son, and Alfred W., who married Flora Faucett. He is a farmer, now owning 178 acres of well-improved land situated in one of the best agri- cultural disiricts in the county. Himself and family are members of the Methodist Episcopal Church, to the support of which they contribute very liberally. In politics he is a stanch Republican, and he belongs to the Odd Fellows' fraternity. MATTHEW CLEVELAND, son of one of the early settlers of Orange County, was boi-n in Shelby County, Ky., February 2, 1812, the fourth in a family of thirteen children born to Ezer and Martha (Wadkins) Cleveland, whose respective places of nativity were New York and Vir- 626 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES. ginia, and of English and Welsh descent, haying first come to this State in the year 1813, settling in Clarke County, remaining but a short time, thence removing to Paoli Township, Orange County, living there nine years, when he removed to Orangeville Township, and was a resident there until the year 1834, then moving to Lawrence County. Matthew, in consequence of the poor educational facilities, coupled with the farm duties which devolved on him in aiding his parents, received a very lim- ited education. The day after attaining his majority, February 3, 1833, he married Elizabeth Jenkins. To their union four children have been born, of which these three are now living: Jane, wife of Samuel Slusser; William J., who married Anna Pickthall; and Louisa, consort of Harlan D. Burnett. By occupation Mr. Cleveland is a farmer, although he has retired from actively performing any of the duties of that vocation, hav- ing deeded his land to his children in consideration of support by them. He is a member of the Baptist Church — his wife of the Christian Church. In politics he is a Democrat. TOLBERT DILLINGER, aprominent citizen of Orangeville Town- ship, is a native of Harrison County this State, where he was born October 26, 1822, being the oldest of five children born to Miles and Anna (Hickman) Dillinger. His father was a native of Virginia, his mother of Harrison County, and both were of English descent. Our subject remained at home until the death of his parents, his mother having died when he was ten, his father when he was fifteen years of age. He received a limited education, such as the schools of his day atforded. February 28, 1842, his marriage with Lydia Fields was cele- brated and to their union six children have been born, of which these four are now living: Caroline, who was united in marriage to George McFarland; Anna, who is the wife of James A. Thompson; Abigail E., and William T. , who married Lydia Campbell. Our subject's occupa- tion has always been farming, and he has been quite successful in that pursuit. He now owns 160 acres of well improved land. His political views are Republican. GEORGE W. FAUCETT, County Superintendent of Schools, is the oldest of five children of James and Sarah B. (Dickey) Faucett, his birth occurring in this county, September 19, 1845. His parents were natives of North Carolina and came to this county about 1832. The youth of George W. was passed on the farm, and at the age of seventeen, the war being in progress, he went to Cumberland Gap, Tenn., to enlist, but was prevented by his father on account of his immaturity. While there he was taken sick with typhoid fever, and in this helpless condition fell into the hands of the enemy, remaining thus for about one month, when he was paroled and exchanged. October 19, 1863, he volunteered in Company B, Eighty -Ninth Illinois Regiment, with which command he served until May, 1865, when he was transferred to Company B, Fifty-Ninth Regiment, and served until January 13, 1866, and was then mustered out at Springfield, 111. During his military service he participated in the following battles, expeditions, etc. : Lookout Moun- tain, Mission Ridge, Knoxville, the entire Atlanta campaign, Spring Hill, Franklin, and Nashville, besides others of less importance. He may well be proud of his military record. October 1, 1868, he married Elizabeth Mathers, who bore him six children: Cora E., Euphenia J., Cameron, Charles T., James N. and Orville R. In youth Mr. Faucett received a fair education, which, since the war, he has greatly improved. ORANGEVILLE TOWNSHIP. 627 For the past fifteen years he has been engaged in teaching, and his suc- cess in this profession is measured by his election in 1881 for the office of County Superintendent. He owes his success to his own persistent efforts and his love of the work of the instruction of youth. He is a member of the Masonic and Odd Fellows' fraternities and of the G. A. R., and is a Republican. In 1874 ho removed to California, but returned in 1876. SILAS J. HALBERT was born in Hancock County, 111., Decem- ber 7, 1843, the second of three children born to John and Mary (Fox) Halbert, who were born respectively in Martin County, Ind., and Ohio, the former of Welsh, the latter of German descent. They remained residents of Illinois until 1848, when our subject's father started for California and perished on the plains en route to that place. The widowed mother and family returning to this State. Silas received a common school education and in 1861 enlisted as a volunteer in Company G, Forty-ninth Regiment, and served until December, 1864, when he was honorably dischai'ged. He was engaged in the following battles: Cumberland Gap, Champion Hills, Black River and Fort Gibson, in con- nection with the siege of Vicksburg, where he was wounded in the right arm, and other less important engagements. Mr. Halbert and wife are members of the Methodist Episcopal Church and he belongs to the Odd Fellows and is a Republican. He has followed farming all his life and now owns 120 acres of improved land. SAMUEL HICKS, one of ten children of Solomon and Lucy (Butts) Hicks, was born December 11, 1809, in Vermont. His father was a native of New York, his mother of Massachusetts, and were respectively of German-English and English descent. In the year 1822 they and family immigrated to Switzerland County, this State, where, August 21, 1837, Samuel was licensed to preach according to the doctrine of the Methodist Episcopal Church, by the Rev. E. G. Wood, and was ordained Local Deacon of that church by Bishop Wall, September 29, 1844, at Bloomington, Ind., and Local Elder October 4, 1847, at Evansville. He traveled the Patriot Circuit nine months in 1843, Manchester in 1844, Wilmington in 1845, Orleans in 1846 and 1847, Washington in 1848, and was a supply on the Stanford Circuit in 1857. July 11, 1837, he married Grace E. Greenleaf, and one child was born of this union — Samuel G. — who died in the late war at the battle of Champion Hills. The death of his wife took place January 22, 1839. September 11, 1845, he again married, this time Eliza Lee. Two children have been born to them: Mary E., wife of William Shirley, and William T., the present County Clerk, whose sketch appears in this work. Soon after the date of this marriage they moved to Orleans. JAMES HICKS, a prominent citizen of Orangeville Township, is a native of the State of Tennessee, where he was born August 20, 1818, being the oldest child of live born to Daniel and Sarah (Chelders) Hicks. His parents came to this State and county in the year 1823, and settled in the vicinity of Orangeville. James i*emained at home with his mother and assisted in taking care of his vounger brothers and sisters until he attained the age of twenty-two years. He received a limited education. January 13, 1846, his marriage with Mary M. Porter was solemnized, and to their union eight children were born, of which these three are now living: James T., whose present wife's name was Maggie Berry; Laura A., who was united in marriage to Henry Herman; Samuel R., 628 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES. who married Ida Hudelson. October 23. 1859, Mr. Hicks suffered the loss of his wife, and January 8, 1860, the nuptials of his marriage with Clorinda Morris were celebrated, and their union has been blessed with eight children, seven of whom are now living: Emily E., Mary M. , William J., John H. , Edward H. , Charles AV. and Ruth E., all at home with their parents. Our subject's occupation has been principally farm- ing, and he has been quite successful in that pursuit, and now owns 160 acres of well improved land. Mr. and Mrs. Hicks are members of the Methodist Episcopal Church, and his political views are Democratic. DANIEL H. HIGGINS, a prominent citizen of Orangeville Town- ship, is a native of Washington County, Tenn. , where he was born March 19, 1823, being the third of eight children born to William and Nancy (Harrison) Higgins. ' His parents were natives of Rockingham County, Va., his father of German, his mother of Scotch descent, and came to this State and county from Tennessee about 1831. Our immedi- ate subject remained at home and assisted his parents on the farm until he attained the age of twenty-three years. He received a very limited education in the primitive log schoolhouses of his day. June 14, 1846, his marriage with Jane (Shirley) Hudelson was solemnized, and to their union one child was born — Eliza —who was united in marriage to Marion Critchtield. Our subject's occupation has always been farming, and he has been quite successful in that pursuit and now owns 320 acres of well improved land; he also raises considerable stock. November 27, 1878, Mr. Higgins lost his wife. He is a member of the Methodist Episcopal Church at Orangeville, and is a liberal supporter of that institution. He is also a member of the Odd Fellows' fraternity. His political views are Democratic; he is one of the best farmers in this part of the county. JAMES H. HUDELSON, a native of Orangeville Township, was born April 1, 1844, being the youngest of four children of James and Jane (Shir- ley) Hudelson. The father was of English and the mother of Franco-Ger- manic descent. Our subject is a posthumous child, his birth occurring six months after the death of his father. He received in youth a limited education, and was reared a farmer. September 1, 1860, he married Cordelia Pinnick, who bore him one child, Effie J. In July, 1865, his wife died, and March 3, 1881, he married Ellen Bruner. Mr. Hudelson has made farming a success, now owning eighty-four acres of well improved land. He and wife are members of the Methodist Episcopal Church. He is a Democrat in politics, and one of the leading men in this part of the county. JAMES H. MATHERS, one of the leading citizens of Orangeville Township, of which he is a native, was born February 3, 1831, being the next youngest in a family of nine children born to Moses and Catherine (Donnell) Mathers, the former being a native of Pennsylvania and came to this State from Kentucky about the year 1831, first settling in Wash- ington County, coming to Orange County two years later. James remained at home with his parents until their deaths, veceiving an educa- tion in keeping with the facilities of his day. August 31, 1854, he mar- ried Amanda J. McKnight, to which union three children have been born: Elizabeth C, wife of William P. Jenkins; Lawrence A. and Joseph E. By occupation he is a farmer, owning 420 acres of land, raising stock quite extensively. August 25, 1862, he enlisted as a volunteer private in Company G, Forty-ninth Regiment, serving a period of nine months, and was discharged at Memphis, April 13, 1863, on account of disability ORANGEVILLE TOWNSHIP. 629 arisins; from a wound received at Chickasaw Bavou. He is a member of the Odd Fellow and Grand Army of the Republic fraternities. In pol- itics he is a stanch Republican and active worker in the party and has been elected to till the office of Township Trustee for three terms, being his party's nominee for County Auditor, but failed in election in conse- quence of his party being in the minority. SAMUEL MATHERS, brother of the subject of the foregoing sketch, was born December 18, 1821. He also remained at home and assisted his parents on the farm until he was thirty-three years of age, receiving a limited education. February 17, 1853, he married Annie Wyman, by which union two children were born: James L., who married Maria Stackhouse, and Florence M., wife of Richard Bui'ton. March 9, 1856, Mrs. Mathers died, and January 1, 1857, l^e again married, this time Nancy Fields, to whom were born two childi-en: Marion F. and Margaret R. December 12, 1876, he was again compelled to witness the death of his wife. He,likehi8 brother, is a farmer, making stock raising one of the principal branches of that pursuit. He owns over 400 acres of well improved land. In company with his brother he also enlisted as volun- teer in the same company and regiment, serving for a period of two years and nine months, and was honorably discharged at New Albany, May 24, 1865. He took part in the following important engagements: Chicka- saw Bayou, Champion Hills, Arkansaw Post, Grand Gulf, Fort Gibson, Black River, and during the entire siege of Vicksbm-g. He is a Repub- lican, and belongs to the Odd Fellows fratei'nity. THOMAS N. MATHERS, auctioneer and farmer, is a native of Bour- bon County, Ky., where he was born August 23, 1819, one of a family of six children born to James and Jane (Ardrey) Mathers, who came to Orange County in the year 1840. Our subject received a very meager education in the subscription schools of his time. He has a wide repu- tation over the county and adjoining territory as an auctioneer, and as a farmer he has been very successful, owning a farm of 241 acres of improved land. He is an active political worker, using his influence in the advocacy of the principles of the Republican party, by whom he has been elected to the office of Township Trustee for five terms, and was their nominee for County Treasurer, failing in election in consequence of their minority, but succeeding in reducing his opponent's majority. January 20, he married Lean Ham, who has borne him eight children, five of whom are now living: Laura, wife of James A. Jenkins; James W., Lizzie, consort of George W. Faucett; Amanda C, wife of John T. Laswell, and Theophilus P. Himself and wife are members of the Christian Church. JAMES McCAULEY was born in Guilford County, N. C, January 21, 1812, the fifth of eight children of James and Margaret (Kimmons) McCauley. Both parents were of Irish descent, the father a native of South Carolina and the mother of North Carolina. The father came to this State about the year 3822, the family coming later and settling in this township and county. When our subject was about sixteen years old his father died, and he remained with his mother until he was about nineteen, receiving a rudimentary education. After that he began in earnest for himself. He worked industriously and now has a comfortable home and a good fai'm. He is a prominent Democrat and a member of the Christian Church, and a citizen of exemplary character and habits. He has been Justice of the Peace several times, April 22, 1838, he mar- 630 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES. ried Sarah Laffaty, aud eigLt of their nine children are now living, as follows: Albert M., who married Lucretia Griggs; Mary E., who married Robert Knight; Susan J., who became the wife of S. T. Able; Margaret E., who married J. A. J. Able; John, who married Maria Stackhouse; Lydia C. , unmarried; Joseph K., whoso wife was Emily J. Felkner, and James W., who married Sarah Duncan. The McCauleys are people of worth and respectability. VAN R. NOBLITT, a native of Grayson Couuty, Va., was born March 10, 1813, of a family of eight children of Jacob and Levina (Col- lins) Noblitt, he being the fourth. His parents were natives of the same State and came to Indiana in the year 1822, and settled in the county of which our subject is now a resident. He remained at home and assisted his parents on the farm until he attained his majority', receiving a very limited education. November 2, 1847, he married Caroline M. Camp- bell. Since October, 1853, he has been almost continuously engaged as a merchant in a store of general merchandise at Orangeville, doing quite an extensive business. He also owns about 160 acres of land, raising some stock. Himself and wife are members of the Methodist Episcopal Church, and they contribute liberally to the support of that organization. He is a Republican in politics. He conducts both store and farm and is prosperous in his business and happy in his home. JOHN W. S. PRUETT, farmer, 'was born in Orange County, October 20, 1837, the oldest in a family of eight children born to Elias and Jane (Jenkins) Pruett, who were natives of Kentucky, the former having come to Indiana in the year 1822, the latter two years later. John received a very limited education, remaining with and assisting his parents on the farm until he was twenty-four years of age, when the following November 7, 1861, he enlisted as a volunteer private in Company G, Forty-ninth Indiana Regiment,' serving until November 21, 1864, and was at that time honorably discharged at Indianapolis, by reason of expiration of term of service. He took part in a number of important engagements. August 13, 1865, he married Miss Nancy C. Whittington, to which union eight children have been born, of whom these six are now living: Charlie J., Emma J., George E. , John W., Sarah I. and Margaret. He owns 120 aci*es of land, which he recently pui«chased with the money derived from a pension which the Govern- ment recently granted him. Himself and wife are members of the Methodist Episcopal Church, he being Steward. In politics he is a stanch Republican. JOHN A. RITTER, M. D., of the firm of Ritter & Carter, was born iu Jessamine County, Ky., January 3, 1819, being the youngest of three children born to John and Agnes (Butler) Ritter. His father was a native of Kentucky, his mother of Virginia, the former dying in his native State, while our subject was quite young. John came to Indiana in about 1839, his mother having preceded him one year. After receiv- ing an ordinary education he commenced reading medicine, which he abandoned at the end of one year, again resuming the study three years later, then taking a course of lectures at Louisville, graduating at Indianapolis some time after. October 28, 1845, he married Margaret Carter, and nine children have been born, of whom seven are living: Harriet F., wife of Lewis P. Brown; John A., who married Sarah Jack- man; Thomas B., whose wife was Mattie Easley: William V., who mar- mied Kittie E. Elrod; James K., Orlando H. and Margaret E. B. Those ORANGEVILLE TOWNSHIP. 631 deceased are: Theophilus C. and Mary M. The Doctor has long enjoyed a large and lucrative practice over quite an extent of territory, having succeeded in amassing quite an amount of property, owning about 1,000 acres of land. He and wife are members of the Methodist Episcopal Church, of which he is Trustee and Steward. He also belongs to the Odd Fellows' fraternity. In November, 1860, he enlisted as a volunteer private, and in the organization of the company he was chosen Captain; later he was promoted to the office of Regimental Surgeon, and was in the service two years, participating in a number of important engagements, and was discharged on account of disability. In politics he is a stanch Republican. Dr. Ritter has long taken an active interest in the continu- ance and prosperity of the County Medical Society, of which organiza- tion a fuller account is found elsewhere. GEORGE SHIRLEY, a prominent citizen of Orangeville Township, is a native of Washington County, this State, where he was born October 5, 1813, being the oldest of eight children born to Henry and Catherine (Wyman) Shirley. His father was a native of Virginia, and his mother of South Carolina, and were both of German descent, and came to this State about the year 1809, and settled in Washington County, and moved to this county about 1814. Ovir immediate subject remained at home and assisted his parents on the farm until he attained the age of twenty-five years. He received a very limited education, such as was to be obtained in the primitive log schoolhouses of his day. September 13, 1838, his marriage with Elizabeth Wilson was solemnized, and to their union five children have been born, of which these four are now living: William C. , who married Mary E. Hicks; Henry W., whose wife was Emma McKnight; Leroy O., whose wife was Emma Campbell; Lizzie, who was united in marriage to Nathan McPherson. Our subject's occu- pation has always been farming, and he has been quite successful in that pursuit. He now owns 480 aci'es of well improved land. He also raises some stock. Mr. and Mrs. Shirley are members of the Methodist Episco- pal Church, and are prominent people. His political views are Repub- lican, and he takes a live interest in the political affairs of the community. WILLIAM C. SHIRLEY, farmer in Orangeville Township, of which he is a native, was born August 31, 1839, to Elizabeth (Wilson) Shirley, wife of George Shirley, to whom was born a family of five children, of which William is the oldest. The subject of this sketch received a good common school education, having attended college at what is now DePauw University, a few terms. Most of the time previous to attaining his majority he rendered his assistance on the farm. March 19, 1867, he married Mary E. Hicks, to whom the following named children have been born: Charlie, Fred and Nellie. In November, 1861, he enlisted as a volunteer private in Company G, Forty-ninth Indiana Regiment, and he was honorably discharged at Indianapolis in December, 1864, that being the expiration of the time for which he had enlisted. He has been a very successful farmer, owning 280 acres of well impi-oved land under an excellent state of cultivation. ROBERT A. STREET, a prominent citizen and native of Orange- ville Township, was born November 26, 1846, being the sixth of ten chil- dren born to James and Elizabeth (McCracken) Street. His parents were both natives of North Carolina, his father having come to this State about the year 1830. Our subject remained at home until twelve years of age, when he went to live with his brother-in-law, Michael W. Ham, 632 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES. to learn the tanner's trade. Soon after this the Rebellion broke out and Mr. Ham enlisted, leaving our subject to see to tlie welfare of his family. Mr. Ham died in the service and Robert lived with his sister until he had attained the age of tweuty-one years. He received a common school edu-' cation. October 21, 1869, his marriage with Maria J. Mathers was sol- emnized, and to their union five children have been born, of whom these four are now living: William M., Pearly A., Bertha M. and Ara, all at home with their parents. His occupation has been principally farming, and he has been quite successful in that pursuit and now owns 140 acres of well-improved land. Mr. and Mrs. Street are members of the Method- ist Episcopal Church. His political views are Republican. LEROY D. STONE is a native of Clark County, Ky., where he was born March 6, 1827, the fifth of seven children of William and Nancy (Oliver) Stone. The parents were natives of Kentucky, and came to Indi- ana in 1831, locating first in Jennings County, but two years later coming to this county, where they lived well known and highly respected until their deaths. The father's death occurred August 30, 1840, and the moth- er's, November 15, 1869. W^hile yet a boy, Leroy learned the cabinet trade at Paoli, under Henxy Miller, and in 1855 he engaged in that busi- ness in Montgomery County, continuing until 1869, then moving to Kan- sas, where he engaged in farming for about nine years. He then returned to Montgomery County and soon afterward to'this county, where he yet is. January 7, 1856, he married Mahala J. Durham, and eight of their nine children are living: Charles B., Mary, who married Frederick Geiger; Cora L., the wife of William Porter; Kate D. , Joseph H., Frank, Albert and Harry. Mi'. Stone is a stanch Republican and he and wife are members of the Methodist Episcopal Church. NORTHEAST TOWNSHIP. JAMES M. BAKER was born in Orange County, Ind., in 1826, a son of Rev. William and Harriet (Coward) Baker, both of whom were natives *of Kentucky. Rev. William Baker was born on Independence Day, 1804; came with his people to Orange County, Ind., in 1811; became a Missionary Baptist minister and was ordained in 1840. While visiting friends in Kansas in 1881, and while reading his text from the pulpit, he dropped dead, passing away while advocating the cause of Christ. James M. Baker was raised on a farm to manhood, secured a fair education in youth and for fifteen terms taught school, and for over thirteen years served his township as Trustee with credit. His marriage with Miss Louisa, daughter of William and Obedience (Reeves) Burton, of Lawrence County, was solemnized March 18, 1852, and these chil- dren have been born to them: Harriet O. (Mrs. Ralston), Maria E. (Mrs. Cook), William E. , John W., Charles W. and Delana. Mr. Baker has belonged to the Missionary Baptist Church for a number of years and is possessor of 560 acres of good land. In politics he was first a Whig, then a Republican, and is now a Greenbacker. CYRUS W. BLACKWELL was born in Breckinridge County, Ky., April 27, 1825, and when six years old came with his parents to Orange NORTHEAST TOWNSHIP. 633 County, Ind., where he was reared, educated and has always resided, engaged in agricultural pursuits. August 19, 1847, he wedded Mary A., daughter of John and Anne (Irvin) Baker, who was born July 16, 1828, in Orange County, and children have been born to them. named Mary J., Margaret A., James N., Nancy C, George W., Calista E., John F., Dora E. and Frank, living, and Laura, who died in infancy. Mr. Blackwell is a Republican, and for forty- three years has been a member of the Mis- sionary Baptist Church, of which his wife and six children are also mem- bers. Rev. John Blackwell, father of Cyrus W. and son of James Black- well, was a native of the Old Dominion, born in 1802. With his par- ents he settled in Kentucky at an early day, where he grew to manhood and married Jane Duncan. In 1831 he moved to Orange County, Ind., and having joined the Missionary Baptist Church in his youth he was here ordained a minister of that faith. For years he preached in Law- rence, Orange and Martin Counties, accomplishing much good, and in company with Rev. Joseph Odell organized eight different churches in the above counties. He died an honored and respected citizen in 1852, and the death of his wife occurred the same year. WILLIAM COOK was born in Berks County, Penn., October 3, 1816, the fourth child born to Daniel and Hannah (Wicks) Cook, both of whom were natives of the Keystone State and of German descent. When but ten years old he was left to battle with the realities of this life by the death of his parents, and at fifteen began the carpenter's trade, which he completed when twenty-one. In 1839 he went to Indianapolis, and some time afterward worked at his trade in Illinois, Missouri and Kansas. He then came to Orange County, Ind.,purchasing a saw-mill on Lost River in partnership with a Mr. Moore, which he operated for some time. At the breaking out of the war with Mexico he volunteered, and as a private served in Company B, Second Indiana Regiment, in the battle of Buena Vista, and at the end of thirteen months was honorably discharged. Since 1850 he has been engaged in farming and is now comfortably situ- ated, yet engaged in that vocation. In 1849 he married Rachel Wires, who was born in Washington County, this State, in 1820, and by her is the father of four children: Hannah J. (Mrs. Wilson), Francis M. (deceased), Washington C. and William S. Mr. Cook is a Democrat in politics, and he and wife belong to the Methodist Episcopal Church. JAMES CROCKETT was born in Clarke County, Ind., April 3, 1817, a son of John and Mary Crockett. He was reared upon a farm, secured a common education in youth, and at twenty years of age began carpen- tering, a trade he followed many years, acquiring sufficient means thereby to make a comfortable home for himself and family. He is the owner of 205 acres of good land, is a member of the Baptist Chiu'ch, a Repub- lican in politics and cast his first Presideijtial vote for Gen. Harrison. In 1840 he married Betsey A. Mitchell, who was born in Washington County, Ind., a daughter of John and Rosa (Benson) Mitchell. This lady died in 1847, and for his second wife Mr. Crockett married Sarah, daughter of William and Mary Elliott, by whom he became father of the children hei'e named: Mary E. , Robert N., Martha E., William A., James T. , Emma and John. The mother was born February 22, 1822. John Crockett, the father of James, was born in Wythe County, Va., in 1772, immigrated to Kentucky when it was a wilderness, and joined the Regular Army of the United States. He served five years under Gen. Harrison at Fort Vincennes, Indiana Territory, afterward marrying and settling in Clarke County. 634 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES. JOHN W. ELLIS is a native of Harrison County, Ind., his birth occurring February 28. 1839, and he is the eighth boro of a large family of children, the parents being Edward and Martha (Holtzclaw) Ellis. These parents were both natives of Kentucky, and their respective births were May 12, 1805 and 1806, and their deaths were in 1882, and April 7, 1881. John W. came to Orange County in 1861, where he rented and farmed one year, and in 1862 enlisted in Company C, Sixty- sixth Indiana Volunteer Infantry, serving until the close of the war, and participating in all the battles of his regiment, including the memorable march to the sea and the grand review at Washington, D. C. He then returned to Orange County and resumed agricultural pursuits. He here owns 388 acres of well-improved land, which is the fruit of his own industry. Mr. Ellis is a stanch Republican in politics, and from 1878 to 1882 served his township with credit as Trustee. October 13, 1862, he wedded Mar- tha J., daughter of Isaac and Martha (Doak) Potter, who was born in Orange County September 18, 1844. The following children have blessed their union: Minnie E., born October 17, 1866; Annie B., May 22, 1868, died December 10, 1870; Ida M., July 21, 1870, died June 6, 1883; Mary A., October 4, 1872; Charles S., February 19, 1875; Edward E., January 16, J877: Estella, April 29, 1879, and Arthur, May 26, 1881. CYRUS E. FINLEY, born m the county where he yet lives October 25, 1850, is the only survivor of these three children born to the marriage of Merrill Finley and Sarah M. Wright: Cyrus E., Gilead E. and Eliza. Merrill Finley was born March 25, 1827, in Orange County, Ind., the son of Cyrus and Rachel Finley, and was reared, educated and always resided in his native county. Both he and wife are widely known and respected for their many excellent qualities of heart and mind, and their respective deaths were a source of general sorrow for the entire commun- ity in which they resided. Cyi'us E. is one of the prosperous young farmers of his township, and lives on the old homestead, which consists of 700 acres of good land. The marriage ceremony of his union with Miss Nannie Monyhan was solemnized March 27, 1870, and children have blessed them as follows: Henry M. , born March 19, 1871; Ora M., March 9, 1873; Stella M., July 2. 1874; Bertie, November 10, 1876; Lelah P., January 18, 1878, and Gillie E., January 24, 1881. The mother was born in Washington County, Ind., July 25, 1853, and is the daughter of Henry Monyhan, of Lancaster. Mr. Finley is a Republican, and he and wife belong to the Methodist Episcopal Church. JAMES FISHER, born in Washington County, Ind., January 30, 1822, is the eldest of the ten children of John and Elizabeth (Walker) Fisher, who were natives respectively of Shelby County, Ky., and -Vir- ginia. Four sons of these parents went to do battle for the right in the late war, all serving with distinction, two meeting soldiers' ^eaths at the battle of Champion Hills, and one dying in the hospital at Nashville. The only survivor of the four is a resident of the Lone Star State. James Fisher, subject of this sketch, began for himself at the age of eleven years by working around as a farm hand, which he continued until twenty-six, when Josephine Finley, daughter of Jefferson and Miriam (Brooks) Finley, on the 20th of January, 1848, became his wife. Six children blessed this union, named Miriam E., Amanda, JohnF., Lydia, Laura and Clara J. These children were left motherless March 16, 1868, and Mr. Fisher married for a second wife Mrs. Amanda (Tegarden) Bishop, daughter of Andrew Tegarden and widow of D. Bishop. Three NORTHEAST TOWNSHIP. 635 children, Henry W., James M. and Orna D., were born to this union. Mr. Fisher by hard work has secured a fine farm of 280 acres. In politics he was formerly a Whig, casting his first vote for Henry Clay, but is DOW a Republican. THOMAS G. GLOVER was born in Shelby County, Ky., October 8, 1805, the fifth child born to Uriah and Priscilla (Gaddis) Glover, who were of English descent. Uriah Glover was a native of New Jersey, his birth occurring in about 1773. He married in Pennsylvania, moved to Kentucky, and from there to Orange County, Ind., in 1814, engaging in farming on Lost River. He and wife were members of the Baptist Church, and their respective deaths occurred in 1856 and 1836. Thomas G. Glover, since 1814, has always resided in Orange County, He can now, in the evening of life, cast a retrospective look over his past life, filled with toil and privations, hardships and dangers, and can justly gaze with pride on a temperate and healthy existence in which he has gained many friends and but few enemies. He married in 1827 Eliza, the daughter of Jesse and Susan (Steele) Elgin, who was born in the same county as himself August 4, 1811. The children here named are the results of their union: William C. (deceased), Jane (deceased), John B. (who is U. S. Consul to France). Elizabeth (deceased), Mary (IVIi-s, Woodard) Thomas G. , Sarah (deceased), Taylox', Ann W. (Mrs. Martin), Eliza E. (Mrs. Brewer), and Isaac. Mr. Glover is a Republican in poli- tics, and since 1836 has been a member of the Missionary Baptist Church. JACOB JOHNSON, a native of Lincoln Covinty, Ky., is the eighth in a family of seventeen children born to Luke and Susan (Stines) John- son. The Stines family were among the first to brave Indian perils and settle in Kentucky, and Luke Johnson, who was a native of Maryland, also went there at an early day and was there married. He died at sixty- eight years of age and his wife at ninety-seven. Jacob Johnson was born April 8, 1815; immigrated to Orange County, Ind., 1838, where he began working as a farm hand for a mere pittance. By close economy and industry he has secm'ed a farm of 320 acres of good land. The four children born to his marriage with Elizabeth Clemens in 1840 are : Eliza A., James L., Martha S., and John D. The mother died in 1850, and for his second wife Mr. Johnson selected Catherine Treed, by whom he is the father of these children: Mary E., William M., Henry H., Amanda E., Thomas N., Laura E., Oliver L., Allie M., LulieD., Joseph F. and Louis M. Altogether Mr. Johnson is the father of fifteen living children. He is one of the highly respected men of his township and an enterprising citizen. PERRY C. JOHNSON, a native of Fleming County, Ky., and a resi- dent of Orange County, Ind., since 1849, was born June 5, 1825, and is the youngest of his parents' family. Arthur Johnson, his father, was a native of the Keystone State, but in early manhood went to Kentucky, where he married Miss Nancy Downey, and from the Blue Grass State moved to Jackson County, Ind., in 1832; thence to Orange County in 1849, where be died at the advanced age of seventy-two years, and his wife at sixty-six years. Perry C Johnson has always followed farming, and by a life of hard work, frugality and good management has secured 400 acres of good land in this county and 100 acres in Illinois. For twenty-one years he has been a consistent member of the Baptist Church, and in political matters he is a supporter of the principles enunciated 40 636 BIOGBAPHICAL SKETCHES. by the National Democratic Party. Miss Catharine T. , daughter of John and Elizabeth Rayhill, became his wife in 1852, and to their union have been born children, named: Nannie U. , Oliver P., Ida, Herbert, Bettie and Ellen. Mrs. Johnson is a native of Washington County, Ind., her birth occurring in the year 1834. JAMES H. McCOY. Among the pioneers of this county was Will- iam, the father of our subject, who was born in Washington County, Penn., July 14, 1784, and when a lad moved with his parents to Ken- tucky, and for a number of years lived in a fort in Bourbon County. He there lived to manhood, and January 16, 1812, married Hannah Mitchell, who was born in that county March 9, 1789. In November, 1819, they immigrated to Orange County, Ind., engaging in farming in what is now Northeast Township. They here won the respect and confi- dence of a wide circle of acquaintances, and became useful members of the community. September 7, 1860, Mr. McCo> died, followed by his widow, December 1, 1865. They were the parents of eight children, a record of whom is here appended: John A., born October 11, 1812, died October 31, 1883; Granville S., November 17, 1814, died December 3, 1864; Nancy J., March 20, 1817, died the wife of J. W. Gillum, August 12, 1849; Margaret M., March 5, 1820, died September 24, 1821; James H,, December 31, 1822; Louisa C, April 3, 1826, now Mrs. Jesse R. Irvin; William P., July 13, 1829, a soldier of the late war in Com- pany B, Sixty-sixth Indiana Volunteer Infantry, captured at Collierville, Tenn. , October 11, 1863, first incarcerated at Libby Prison, and lastly in Andersonville, where he died of starvation in 1864 ; and Mary, born May 30, 1832, died August 31, 1833. James H. McCoy, subject of this sketch, has always made his home in his native county. Early in life he taught school, but latterly has farmed, now owning 280 acres of land. He is a Republican in politics, and in 1882 was elected Trustee of his township, and two years later re-elected. He is one of Orange County's best citizens. WILLIAM McLANE, one of the few remaining of our old pioneers, is a native of Scott County, Ky., where he was born October 20, 1813, a son of Robert and Elizabeth (Van Zant) McLane, who were of Irish and German descent, and among the first settlers of the State of Ken- tucky. When only three years old William was brought to Orange County, Ind., by his parents, and was here reared amidst the hardships and pioneer scenes of that day. He was left an orphan in 1864, both parents dying within nine days of each other's death. Since 1816 he has always resided within the borders of Orange County, and can look back- ward over a well-spent life of seventy-one years without a blush of shame coloring his cheek for one dishonorable act of his. He has made farm- ing his vocation, and now owns a good farm of 120 acres. March 10, 1836, Martha Irvin, who was born in Kentucky, November 13, 1813, a daughter of William and Polly Irvin, became his wife, and seven chil- dren have blessed them, named Mary (deceased), Eliza J., Samuel R. (deceased), Jesse E. , Slargaret (deceased), John (deceased) and Lottie A. (deceased). Mr. McLane is a Republican in politics, and he and his wife are useful and respected citizens of the township. HENRY MONYHAN was born in Louisville, Ky., December 2, 1824. Turns Monyhan, his father, was a native of Ireland, and when a young man crossed to Quebec, Canada, from whence he went to Louisville, Ky. , in 1816, and there, in 1823, married Nancy Bateman. In 1835 they NORTHEAST TOAVNSHIP. 637 moved to Lawrence County, Ind., and two years later to Washington County, where they died at the ages of seventy-six and and seventy-nine years respectively. Henry was raised on a farm, and on attaining his majority began for himself by working around at $6 per month, cut- ting wood at 25 cents per cord, etc. Having secured a fair education he early in life evinced a desire for merchandising, and after trading in poultry for a time opened a store at Saltillo, where he was also railroad agent. He continued there five years, then farmed two years, and in 1860 moved to Lancaster, in Orange County, where he again embarked in mercantile pursuits, also serving as Postmaster and railroad and express agent. For the past twenty-four years Mr. Monyhan has con- tinued here, and by good management and industry has secm-ed a fine home, over 1,000 acres of land, besides other desirable property. He is a stanch Republican, a member of the Methodist Episcopal Church and the Masonic brotherhood, and has been twice married, first, in 1848, to Rebecca Walters, daughter of Abner and Elizabeth Walters, by whom he was the father of five children, only Nannie E. (Mrs. Cyrus E. Finley) and Johnson now living. The mother died in 1864, and one year later Mr. Monyhan married Julia, daughter of Benjamin and Amelia Turley. One daughter — Puss — has blessed this union, and is a graduate of De Pauw University. JOHN PHILLIPS, a farmer whose history is a part of that of Orange County, Ind., for nearly three-quarters of a century, is of Revolutionary descent, his paternal grandfather being killed in that war, and his father, Thomas Phillips, a soldier of Gov. St. Clair, being wounded so severely at St. Clair' 8 defeat as to lose the use of one arm. Thomas married in Pennsylvania, and moved to what is now Orange County, Ind., in 1808, and for a number of years resided in a fort. He died in 1834, his widow afterward moving to Cass County, where she died a few years later. The subject of this sketch was born in the fort where his parents lived, August 18, 1812, and was the fourth in a family of eight children. Orange County has always been his home, and farming has always been his occupation. He is the owner of 400 acres of good land, and is an old-fashioned, true-blue Democrat in politics. He married, June 5, 3834, Melissa R., daughter of John M. and Elizabeth (Younger) Lewis, and eight children have been born to them, as follows: Mary (Mrs. Roach), Thomas L., Susan J. (deceased), Rachel (Mrs. Moody), Eliza- beth (deceased), John W., Melinda E. (Mrs. Freed) and Elmira A. (deceased). Mrs. Phillips was born in Kentucky October 19, 1814, and has bravely aided her husband through life, lessening the burden of pioneer hardships and brightening his humble home with an affectionate heart and willing hands. JONAH G. REED, a native of Orange County, Ind., was born August 25, 1823, and is the only one living of a large family born to William and Ruth (Glover) Reed. William was born in 1779 in Penn- sylvania, a son of David and Rachel Reed, with whom he moved to Ken- tucky in about 1783, where he married his wife, who was born in the Blue Grass State in 1786. In 1811 he and wife immigrated to Orange County, Ind., which at that time was filled with Indians and wild ani- mals, and building a log-cabin began clearing and farming. In 1812 David Reed and family also came to Orange County, and for a time lived at Maxwell's Fort to escape Indian depredations. The following are the children born to William and Ruth Reed: Miranda, Milton, Elizabeth, 638 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES. Rachel, Mabala, Allan, Robinson, Jonah G., Hannah and Stephen. Jonah G. Reed has never made his home elsewhere but in his native township. He has served three years as County Commissioner, twelve years as Justice of the Peace, and since 1876 has followed merchandis- ing at Lancaster. December 26, 1844, he was united in wedlock with Jane, daughter of Basil and Annie (Tood) Tegarden, who was born May 27. 1822, in Orange County, Ind. To them seven children have been born, named William B. , born Januarv 19, 1846, died November 13, 1850; Henry A., bora January 22. I849f Sarah J., September 21, 1851, died December 8, 1874; Ruth A., March 14, 1857; Millard C, August 10, 1859; Rachel E., June 27, 1862, and Mary B., January 23, 1867, died November 8, 1873. Mr. Reed is a Republican in politics, and him- self and family are among the most highly esteemed people of the town- ship. JOSEPH TEGARDEN, a representative of one of the oldest and best families of Orange County, Ind., was here born July 13, 1833. Andrew Tegarden, his father, was born March 15, 1802, in Shelby County, Ky., a son of Basil and Annie (Todd) Tegarden, and selected for a wife Mrs. Miranda (Brooks) Finley. Both he and parents settled in Orange County, Ind,, when it was yet fresh from the fashioning hand of the Creator, and experienced all the hardships incident to pioneer life. Joseph Tegarden kas always considered his native county his home. After receiving a common school education in youth he enlisted for the late war in Com- pany A, Thirty-eighth Regiment Indiana Infantry, and served until just before Atlanta, when he was honorably discharged by reason of expira- tion of term of service. At the battle of Perry ville he was captured and held prisoner until exchanged, then rejoined his regiment at Murfrees- boro and participated in that engagement and Chickamauga, Lookout Mountain, Mission Ridge and Peach Tree Creek. Mr. Tegarden was a brave soldier and rendered efficient services in his country's cause. He is a Republican in politics, and is a member of the G. A. R. and Method- ist Episcopal Church. He was married, September 20, 1866, to Millie, the daughter of William Wallace, who bore him two children — Rosa E. and Margaret A. The mother was born April 2, 1842, and died August 5, 1870. Amanda, daughter of David and Priscilla (Haines) Worrell, became his second wife in 1871, and died in 1882, after bearing these children: Amelia B,, Clara E., Mary D., Nora M., Priscilla P., Eliza L. and Maud. SAMUEL R. TEGARDEN, a native of the county where he yet resides, was born September 2, 1837. John Tegarden, his father, was born in Shelby County, Ky. , July 31, 1798, and was a son of Basil and Annie (Todd) Tegarden, who removed with him to Orange County, Ind., in 1816. He here met and married Lucinda Irvine, and after work- ing long enough to get a start at the cooper's trade he moved into a cabin and was living happily when the blow came that deprived him of his wife. In 1845 he married Sophia Kearby, and his life was passed engaged in agricultural pursuits. At his death, October 29, 1865, he left an estate valued at $46,000. Samuel R., like his father, has made farming his general occupation through life. When treason was threatening to overthrow the Union, he was among the first to enlist under the stars and stripes for its preservation. He became a member of Company A, Second Kentucky Regiment, which only being recruited, for thi-ee months, was discharged at the end of that time. He re-enlisted in NORTHEAST TOWNSHIP. 639 the same company and regiment and served thirty-eight months, partici- pating in seventeen battles, among them being Barbarville, Shiloh, luka, Corinth. Perryville, Stone River, Chickamauga and Mission Ridge. After serving out his time he returned to his native county and was appointed a private detective by Gov. Morton, to look after the Knights of the Golden Circle in southern Indiana. September 11, 1866, he married Lydia, daughter of Hiram and Harriet (McCoy) Warren, who was born in Orange County, January 23, 1847. Their chil- dren are: William L., born November 11, 1867; James A., August 31, 1873; Ora D., May 21, 1877; Jessie A., December 8, 1879, and Josie M., September 16, 1882. Mr. Tegarden is a member of the County Agricultural Society, of the G. A. R., and as a Republican was a dele- gate to the State Convention of 1884. WILLIAM R. WALKER, a descendant of two pioneer families of Orange County, and a well-to-do farmer of Northeast Township, was born in the year 1830, the eldest child born to Alexander and Elizabeth (Standerford) Walker. Alexander Walker was a native Kentuckian, a Captain of the war of 1812, and a pioneer of southern Indiana and this county. William Standerford, father of Elizabeth Walker, was also an old soldier, serving in the battle of Orleans, and becoming one of the first settlers of this county. William R. Walker has never known any home but his native county, and here, by an upright life he has gained the respect of all his fellow men. In 1853 Elizabeth, daughter of Jeflferson and Miriam (Brooks) Finley, became his wife, and two children blessed their union, named: William H., and Mary, now Mrs. J. R. Fields. The mother was born April 10, 1830, and died March 23, 1882. For his second and px'esent wife Mr. Walker married Sallie E., daughter of William and Harriet Baker. He and wife are members of tbe Method- ist and Baptist Churches respectively. JAMES WARREN, a resident of Orange County for the past fifty years, was born in Wayne County, Ky., May 29, 1828. Reuben Warren, his grandfather, was a Virginian by birth, but moved to Crab Orchard Springs, Ky., when it was a wilderness filled with wild Indians. He there lived in a fort and distinguished himself as an Indian fighter, and finally became owner of what is now the Crab Orchard Springs, fi, celebrated summer resort. He died at Fulton, Miss., at the ripe old age of ninety years. In 1834 Nathan Warren, father of James, together with his family, moved to Orange County, Ind., where he fol- lowed farming until his death, April 20, 1873. James Warren was raised on the farm, secured a fair education from the common schools of his day, and, like his father, has made farming his vocation through life. In 1851 he married Ruth A. Van Cleave, a native of Orange County, who died in 1867, leaving five children, named: Benjamin N., Jasper A., Hiram E., James A. and Mary E. December 24, 1869, he married his second wife, then Martha J., daughter of John and Polly (Walker) Elliott, who were among Orange County's pioneers from Kentucky. Mrs. Warren was here born September 24, 1845, aad her four children are: John T., Lettie M., Sarah A. and Harley F. Mr. Warren is a Republi- can, a member of the Baptist Church, and Mrs. Warren belongs to the Methodist Episcopal Church. WILLIAM WIRES, one of the substantial farmers and enterprising men of Orange County, is a son of Silas Wires, who emigrated from his native State (Pennsylvania) to Madison, Ind., at an early day, and'later 640 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES. in life settled in Washington County. William Wires has lived the last fifty-one j^ears of his life in Orange and Washington Counties, and with the exception of a few years while engaged in the drug trade, he has steadily followed farming and stock-dealing. He was born at Madison, Ind. , in 1829, moved with his parents to Washington County, and in 1848 married Hannah Fisher, a native of Orange County, and the daugh- ter of John Fisher. To this union have been born a family of children, the following five yet living: William F., Mary E., Margaret E., Lizzie E. and Catharine. Mr. Wires is a Republican in politics, and by hard work has secured 245 acres of good land. JAMES M. WORRELL, the eldest of a family of eight children born to David and Priscilla (Haines) Worrell, was born May 23, 1839, in Orange County, Ind. David Worrell was born in Kentucky in 1818, and was a son of Robert Worrell, his mother's maiden name beinsr Pickens. Robert Worrell was a soldier of the war with England of 1812, and at an engagement on the River Raisin hid in a tree top from the Indians, and the night being bitterly cold, had his feet so badly frozen that he lost all his toes, and rendered him a cripple through life. This old hero immigrated to Orange County with his family at a very early period, and settled on Lost River, where he and wife died in the year 1830. David Worrell and wife here died December 12, 1882, and June 24, 1871, respectively. James M. Worrell has always resided in his native county, engaged in farming. October 14, 1860, he married Nancy, daughter of John and Catharine (Krutsinger) Freed, and by her is the father of eleven children, named: Catherine, Wintield H., Dora A., Eliza J., Eliza- beth E., Mary E., Nannie F., John (deceased), James D., Lydia B. (deceased), and Willie. The mother was born in Orange County in 1840, and is a member of the Christian Church, as is also her hiisband. He is a Democrat, and owns 184 acres of land. W. H. WRIGHT (deceased), a son of Jonathan and Elizabeth (Kirk- ham) Wright, was born April 10, 1814, in Harrison County, Ind. His father was a soldier of the war of 1812, and a hero of the battle of Tip- pecanoe. Both he and wife died in Harrison County, Ind. , where they had settled at an early day. W. H. Wright, subject of this sketch, lived with his parents on the home farm until his marriage, in 1835, with Miss Elizabeth Glover, born in Orange County, Ind., April 23, 1817, the daughter of Uriah and Priscilla (Gaddis) Glover. He moved to this county in 1839, and settled on Lost River, where he continued farming until his death, September 16, 1859. He was an honest, unassuming man, honored by many for his sterling qualities of heart and mind. The following is the tamilv born to him and wife: Sarah J., born March 16, 1838, died September 3, 1878; William W., February 20, 1841, died November 25, 1865; Mary G., May 20, 1846, died August 25, 1870; Lyman S., October 23, 1848, died June 6, 1850; Allen R., July 15, 1843, died July 15, 1852, and John M., born in 1855. The last named, together with the mother, are the only two survivors of the family, and they live together on the old homestead, which consists of 164 acres. FRENCH LICK TOWNSHIP. 641 FRENCH LICK TOWNSHIP. HENRY BURTON is a son of Isom and Elizabeth (Edwards) Bur- ton, and was born in Lawrence County, Ind. , September 26, 1831. Isom was a native of North Carolina, born about the year 1812, and with his father, John P. Burton, settled in Lawrence County in an early day. The grandfather was a soldier in the Revolution, and died in Lawrence County in 1834, at an age upwards of one hundred years. Of his thir- teen children three are now living. Henry Burton came to Orange County in 1836 when five years old with an uncle named Hutchings Burton. Until he attained his majority his home was with this uncle, but at that time he began for himself by settling on a farm of his upon which he worked during the summer seasons. In the winter he taught school for several years, his number of terms being in all thirteen. Of late years he has paid his exclusive attention to farming, and owns 460 acres of land. He is a member of the Missionary Baptist Church, and is politically a Democrat. His marriage with Cynthia Burton, a native also of Lciwrence County, was solemnized March 15, 1855. Their six children were named and born as follows: Mary F., May 10, 1857; William A., December 14, 1859; Charlie P., March 6, 1862; *Eliza J., August 6, 1865; Allen, September 1, 1867; Sarah E., November, 1870. Mr. Bur- ton is one of the happy and prosperous farmers of his community who enjoys the high opinion of his neighbors. JAMES P. CAMPBELL, Sr., is a native of French Lick Township, Orange Co., Ind., where he now lives. He is one of four children, three of whom lived to manhood, born to Adlai and Catherine (Porter) Campbell. The parents were natives of North Carolina, and in the spring of 1811 moved to Gibson County, Ind., and three years later to Orange County, where they made their home the balance of their lives. James P. received a good common school education. He started out in life without property, and rented a part of the farm which he now owns. By diligence and economy he has succeeded in acquiring a competence for life. He has been twice married, the first time to Jane M. Faucett on the 3d of November, 1836. Of the three children which she bore him only one is now living. The second wife was Mrs. Deborah (McCoy) Jackson, who became such October 3, 1865. By her he is the father of one child, named Catherine F. Mr. Campbell was for five years Cap- tain of a military company under the old muster law, and was an enroll- ing officer during the war. He is a member of the Masonic fraternity, and belongs to the Methodist Episcopal Church. Up to the war he was a Democrat, but at that time he joined the Republican party, and has been such ever since. CAPT. WILLIAM CHARLES was born in French Lick Township, Orange Co., Ind., March 19, 1820. He is the oldest of eleven chil- dren born to Azor and Rachael (Cobb) Charles. The father was a native of Tennessee, and from there he moved with his parents to Kentucky, and afterward with them came to Orange County when about thirteen years of age. Soon after his marriage Azor located about six miles west 642 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES. of Paoli in what is now French Lick Township, and remained there until his death in 1871. His son William, who now lives near the same place, received a common school education in the primitive schools of his day. He was raised to a farmer's life with his parents, and in 1850 went to California, where he remained five years. At the end of that time he returned to his father's home and stayed until his marriage, December 3, 1857. Soon after that he located on the same farm where he now lives, and has been engaged in agricultural pursuits ever since. His wife was Miss Caroline E. Faucett, who has borne him one child, named George A. As a soldier Mr. Charles mustored into Company G, Forty-ninth Recri- ment Indiana Infantry, November 8, 1861, as First Lieutenant, and was promoted to the Captaincy October 16, 1862. He was several times under fire, with Sherman in the Yazoo campaign, at Cumberland Gap, and others. On account of an injury received on board the Belle Peoria, he was compelled to resign in February, 1863. He is a Republican, and belongs to the Methodist Episcopal Church and the Masonic order. FREDERICK ENES is a native of Germany, born in Manheim, on the east side of the Rhine, June 28, 1828. His parents were Adam and Barbara (Zinzer) Enes, who came to America in July, 1846, with their family. They landed at New York, and came directly from there to Indiana, locating in Dearborn County, where they remained the balance of their lives. Frederick was educated in the schools of his native land, and after coming to America made his home with his parents until 1854. On February 2 of that year he was married at Aurora to Miss Salome Bertdoll, also of Germany, born July 15, 1829. The result of this union is a family of four children, all of whom are now living. In 1856 Mr. Enes moved to Brown County, this State, where he lived on a farm until August, 1883, when he came to Orange County. He enlisted in Com- pany H, Eighty-second Regiment Indiana Infantry, August 9, 1862, and served in the Rebellion until its close, receiving an honorable discharge June 9, 1865. He was engaged in the battles of Perryville, Stone River, Hoover's Gap, Lookout Mountain, Chickamauga, Kenesaw Mountain, Mission Ridge, Guilford Court House, Holly Springs, Atlanta, and with Sherman on his march to the sea, and through the Carolinas to Rich- mond and Washington. Mr. Enes is a farmer and a Republican, and belongs to the Methodist Episcopal Church. NATHAN P. GILLIAT, a native of the county in which he yet resides, and the present Trustee of French Lick Township, was born in Jackson Township, November 19, 1840, and is the oldest of five sons and three daughters born to John and Elizabeth (Winoteer) Gilliat. His father was a native of Virginia, where he was raised and from whence he came to Orange County, Ind., on horseback, either the fall of 1838 or spring of 1839. He both purchased partially improved land and entered some from the Government, and about a year after his location married; his wife's people, the Wineteers, being natives of Kentucky, and coming from there to near French Lick in this county. John Gilliat was a farmer, and an htmest, industrious man. He died in 1877, preceded by his first wife in 1872, His second wife was a Mrs. Adaline Brewbeck, a widow lady, by whom he became the father of two more children. His last wife is yet living, and is the wife of Isaiah Kendall. Nathan P. Gilliat was raised in Orange County, and has never known any other home. He received but very limited educational advantages in youth, because of being the eldest of the children, and his aid being needed by his father I FRENCH LICK TOWNSHIP. 643 on the home farm. In October, 1861, when the country was in peril, he volunteered, and early in November was mustered in as private in Com- pany A, Forty-ninth Indiana Volunteer Infantry. He participated in the siege and capture of Vicksburg, and next in the Jackson campaign, then back to Vicksburg, and from there went to New Orleans, on the way engaging in the battle of Arkansas Post. About this time he went home on recruiting duty. In May, 1863, he rejoined his regiment at New Orleans, and remained there until the close of the war. Mr. Gilliat was honorably discharged from the service in November, 1864, wearing a Sergeant's chevrons. In January, 1865, he married Miss Jemima Ken- dall, and since has been farming in French Lick Township, where he owns 320 acres. To him and wife eight children have been born, whose names are: Nancy E. , John T., Lucy M. , Hiram H. , William H. (deceased), Robert L., Mary A. and Charles E. The mother was a daughter of Hiram and Nancy (Gregory) Kendall, and was born in May, 1843. She was a member of the Christian Church, a faithful and loving wife, a fond and devoted mother, and a woman of many exceptionally good traits of char- acter. She died September 15, 1882. Mr. Gilliat is a Democrat in pol- itics, and served one term as Trustee of his township by appointment, and is now serving his second term by election. BENNET GRIGSBY, of French Lick, Orange Co., Ind., was born in Jefferson County, Ky., January 27, 1817. His parents were William and Anna (Corn well) Grigsby. The father was a native of South Caro- lina, and after living in several of the Southern States located in what is now Orange County, Ind., in 1814. In the early part of 1816 he moved to Kentucky and was married. He returned to this county with his fam- ily in 1820, and located on the farm where he lived till his death, Novem- ber, 1878. Bennet was raised by his "parents on the farm until 1834, receiving a limited education in the country schools of that day. At the age of seventeen years he was apprenticed to the tailor's trade at Paoli for three years. He followed this business until 1855, when he located on the farm in French Lick Township where he now resides, and has ever since led a farmer's life. His wife was Matilda Bateman, a native of Floyd County, Ind., born in 1818. To their union five childi*en have been born, four of them now living. Mr. Grigsby was a soldier in the Civil war, enlisting November 8, 1861, in Company G, Forty-ninth Reg- iment Indiana Infantry. He served three years and was discharged November 30, 1864. He participated in a number of principal and important battles, and was a faithful soldier in his country's cause. He is a member of the Methodist Episcopal Church, and belongs to the Masonic order. MOSES F. HAM was born in Bourbon County, Ky., July 1, 1827. His father was Michael Ham, a native of Virginia," and settled with his parents in Kentucky when but a child. His mother was Miss Elizabeth Mathers, and their wedding occurred in April, 1819. Of their family of ten children, only five are now living. Moses F. moved to Orange County in the fall of 1844, and located on a farm near Orangeville. where he remained until the spring of 1870. At that time he moved to French Lick Township, and has made that his home ever since. On January 6, 1859, he married Amanda J. Bruner, who has borne him a family of eight children, all living. Mrs. Ham was born October 8. 1838, a daughter of Alfred and Mary (Wilson) Bruner. Mr. Ham is a tanner by trade, although for the last twenty years he has not worked any €44 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES. at that business. In early life he received but a common school educa- tion. He is a member of the Methodist Episcopal Church, and belongs to the society of Odd Fellows. In politics he is a Republican, and was County Commissioner for one term. GEORGE W. HARMON is a native of Orange County, Ind., and a son of Asa and Nancy A. (Sullivan) Harmon. The pai*ents were both among the early settlers in the county, Asa was raised on a farm and followed agricultural pursuits all his life. His death occurred in Sep- tember, 1859. His wife was born in Monroe County, Ind., in November, 1813, and bore him a family of eight children, live of them yet living. George W. Harmon was born June 28, 1838, and during his minority- received a common education in the schools of the county. His home Avas with his parents until he was of age. At that time he started in life for himself on a farm, and has ever since led the life of a farmer. His wife was Miss Sarah A. Leffler, also a native of Orange County, and born September 30, 1837. Their nuptials were celebrated January 15, 1860, and to their union two children have been born, only one now liv- ing. Mr. Harmon was a soldier in the late war, enlisting February 6, 1865, in Company C, One Hundred and Forty-sixth Regiment of Indiana Volunteers, and was honorably discharged in September of the same year. He now owns 150 acres of land in good cultivation, and raises some stock. He is a Republican and a member of the Baptist Church. WESLEY JOHNSON, (deceased), was one of a family of ten chil dren born to Michael and Elizabeth (Grisom) Johnson, who came from Kentucky to Indiana among the early settlers. Wesley was born in Orange County, August 23, 1824, and remained with his parents working on the farm until nineteen years old, in the meantime receiving but a limited education. At that age he was, on March 9, 1843, married to Emeline Jennings, who was born April 14, 1824. Mr. and Mrs. Johnson began life without any property, and by diligence and hard labor managed to secure a competence of their own. There were born to them nine chil- dren, seven of whom are now living. Wesley Johnson Unlisted as a soldier in the late war in Company F, Eighty-first Regiment of Indiana Volunteer Infantry, where ho served his country faithfully until 1863, when he was wounded in the battle of Stone River, from which he died soon after. At that time Mrs. Johnson was left with some small children- She has never since married, but devoted herself to raising her family, who are now all married and doing well. She is a member of the Methodist Episcopal Church and lives with the youngest son, John, on the old homestead farm. HARRISON JOHNSON is a native of French Lick Township, Orange Co., Ind., where he now lives and was born February 7, 1822. He is one of the children of Michael and Elizabeth (Grisom) Johnson, who are else- where mentioned. In youth he received a good education such as the common schools of his day afforded. He remained at home with his par- ents until about forty years old. He enlisted in Company F, Fifty eighth Regiment Indiana Volunteer Infantry. In this he served about one year and was honorably discharged on account of failing health, August 1, 1862. Since then he has been engaged in farming almost exclusively, and now owns about 200 acres of good land on which he raises considerable stock. Politically, he is a Democrat, and belongs to the Methodist Epis- copal Church and G. A. R. His wife was Mrs. Jane (Brown; Underwood, who was born October 10, 1837. Their wedding was one June 22, 1865, and of their five children four are now living. FRENCH LICK TOWNSHIP. 645 JOHN K. MAVITY, one of the most successful teachers in Orange County, was born near Paoli, September 12, 1845. He is a son of William F. and Mary (Snider) Mavity, both natives of Orange County, Ind., and who have a family of nine children. They were married in 1844, and are still living. Their oldest child is John K. , the subject of this sketch, who was raised on a farm in Paoli Township, and remained with his par- ents until twenty-five years old. He received a good education and for the past twenty-one years has been engaged in teaching school during the winter seasons and working on the farm in summers. He has taught twenty-one tern;is and is a success in that profession. Almira A. Doak, also a native of Orange County, became his wife September 27, 1870. This union has been blessed with a family of seven children, all now liv- ing. He is a Democrat in politics and has been seven years Justice of the Peace. He is now living in French Lick Township, where he owns a good farm of 108 acres, which he has acquired by his own industry and econ- omy. In religion he is a member of the Christian Church. ELIJAH J. PINNICK is a native of township and county where he now lives, and was born February 3, 1820, a son of James and Mary (Cobb) Pinnick. The father was a native of Kentucky, and came io Orange County in 1815, and entered in what is now French Lick Township. He remained here the balance of his life, raising a family of twelve children. Elijah Pinnick remained with his parents during his youth and early manhood, receiving only a moderate education, such as the primitive schools of that day afforded. On the opening of the Mexican war he enlisted in 1846, in Company B, Second' Regiment Indiana Volunteer Infantry. He served for one year and was then discharged at New Orleans. The only battle at which he was engaged was that of Buena Vista. Returning from the war he made his home with his father, until his marriage. That occurred December 23, 1848, when Mary A. McBride became his wife. The result of this union is a family of nine children, five of which are still living. His wife's death occurred June 26, 1868, and on January 31, 1 869, his second marriage was solemnized. By this wife, whose maiden name was Drusilla Cobb, he is father of four children. On November 8, 1861, he enlisted in Company G, Forty- ninth Regiment Indiana Volunteer Infantry, as Second Lieutenant. This be resigned April 9, 1862, on account of failing health. He is now one of the prominent farmers of his township, owning. 160 acres of good land. He is a member of the G. A. R., and a Republican in politics, DR. SAMUEL RYAN is a native of Floyd County, Ind. , and was born May 3, 1829, a son of Wilson and Rebecca (Taylor) Ryan. His father was a native of Kentucky, and was born in 1807, and while a young man, moved to Cory don, Ind. He was a local preacher in the Methodist Episcopal Church. Later in life he moved to Missouri, where his death occurred in 1846. Miss Rebecca Taylor was born in Floyd County, in 1811, and when about sixteen was married to Wilson Ryan. Of their three children, only one, Dr. Ryan, is now living. Wilson Ryan was three times married and the father of seven children. Dr. Samuel Ryan was raised in Greenville, Ind., by his father, and in 1846 he went to the Mexican war and remained fourteen months. Being too young to enlist as a soldier, he went ae a teamster. On his return from the war he lived in Missoui'i for a time with his parents, and it was then he began the study of medicine. This he continued for six months, then moved to Harrison County, Ind., and for about four years did a mercantile 646 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES. trade. He continued the study of medicine after this with Dr. John S. Ducate, at Fredericksburg, Ind., and attended lectures in the Eclectic Medical College, at Cincinnati, and in the Central College of Physicians and Surgeons, at Indianapolis. He has practiced his profession for twenty-six years, most of the time at French Lick Springs, where he has an extensive and lucrative practice. Miss Amelia D. Haacock, of Harri- son County, Ind., became his wife in October, 1850. Of their four children, only William E. and Annie are now living. The former is a graduate in medicine, and associates with his father in the practice at the Springs. Dr. Ryan is a member of the Methodist Episcopal Church, and belongs to the Masonic fraternity. TRIMBLE FAMILY. James J. Trimble, deceased, was born in Virginia, November 1, 1814, His parents were Moses and Mary (Berry) Trimble, who with their family came to Orange County, Ind., in 1819, and settled near Hogs Defeat, in Greenfield Township. Moses afterward moved lo French Lick Township, where he remained until his death, iu 1850. He was a soldier in the war of 1812. Was but once married, and was the father of six children, none of whom are now living. James J. was raised on the farm with his parents, and his whole life was spent in agricultural pursuits. He was married toSMrs. Emily (Willyard) Ketner, April 3, 1854. She is a native of North Carolina, where she was born in Stokes County, July 25, 1824. Four children was the result of this union, and Mrs. Trimble is now living among her sons. James J. died August 31, 1876, and was one of the prominent citizens of Orange County. Volney Trimble is a son of James J. and Emily Trimble, and was born in French Lick Township, January 9, 1855. He was raised by his parents on the old homestead farm, where his grandfather first located. His education is very good, such as the common schools of a few years ago afforded. He is engaged in the vocation of his father. Starting in life with nothing, he has succeeded in obtaining a good'farm of 140 acres, well cultivated and stocked. Miss Anna Snipes, who was born in Bar- tholomew County, Ind., November 15, 1857, became his wife on the 15th of February, 1877. He is a Democrat in politics, and belongs to the Christian Church. He and wife are parents of four children, all living. William E. Trimble is another of the sons of James J. and Emily Trim- ble, his birth occurring September 17, 1856. The whole of his life has been spent in French Lick Township, his place of nativity, and he has been almost exclusively engaged in farming. He received a good common school education, and on March 13, 1881, he was married to Miss Susan Rogers, also a native of Orange County. To them one child has been born. Politically, he is a Democrat, and an active and energetic young farmer. He is the owner of a good farm, which he has acquired by his own industry, and raises considerable stock. He is a member of the Christian Church. Charles S. Trimble, a brother of Volney and William E., was born November 1, 1858. Like his brothers, he was brought up to a farmer's life, and he has not yet deserted his early training. He was educated in the common schools of the county. His home is now on the same farm where his father and grandfather lived and died, and of which he owns 120 acres He married Miss Mary A. Lashbrook, November 12, 1879, and by her he is the father of two children, both living. He, too, is a Democrat, and a member of the Christian Church, and one of the promising young men of his community. GREENFIELD TOWNSHIP. 647 GREENFIELD TOWNSHIP. ABNEK W. ALLEN, a prominent citizen of Greenfield Township, Orange County, Ind., was born in Mercer Coianty, Ky., February 7, 1819. His parents, Eli and Elizabeth (McDonald) Allen, came to Orange County the same year of his birth. In youth he shared the privileges common to that day for obtaining an education, and during the time of his minority resided at his father's home. He was united by the bonds of matrimony to Miss Margaret Agan, on March 22, 1846, and to their union seven children have been born, only one, Mary E., whose birth was March 1, 1860, now living. Mr. Allen has been a farmer all his life, and is one of the worthy and influential men in his neighborhood. He is a Democrat in politics, and served the people of his township as Trus tee for three years. He served his country in the Civil war, enlisting in Company H, Forty-fourth Regiment of Indiana Volunteer Infantry, where he remained until the close of the war, and was honorably dis charged at Chattanooga, Tenn., July 3, 1865. ALFRED APPLE, farmer and stock.raiser of Greenfield Township, was born in Guilford County, N. C, January 1, 1833. He is the fifth in a family of ten children born to John and Mary (Loman) Apple, who came to Orange County, Ind., in 1839. The parents were among the best citizens of the county, and John Apple, the father, owned a large amount of real estate. He took an active interest in the political afi'airs of his day, and served his township as Trustee several terms under the first public school system. Alfred Apple lived with his parents until his marriage and during his minority; acquired a good common school edu- cation. On the 25th of March, 1856, he was married to Sarah, a daugh- ter of Henry and Rosanna (Hufiines) Low. Their union has been blessed with six children, named and born as follows: Anderson. January 24, 1860; Galena, November 25, 3862; Horten, January 4, 1865; Columbus A., January 11, 1868; Alfred A. M., November 23, 1874, and Arnold E., October 27, 1877. Mrs. Apple was born June 11, 1837. Both the par- ents are members of the United Brethren Church. Mr. Apple has been a succcessful farmer, and now owns 840 ares of land; is a Democrat in politics, and takes considerable interest in county affairs. SOLOMON APPLE is one of the prominent citizens of Greenfield Township, Orange County, Ind. He is a farmer and owns 455 acres of good land improved with ordinary farm buildings. His wife, Barbara J., is a daughter of George and Mary (Palmer) Teaford, and their mar- riage was celebrated January 29, 1859. These eleven children are theirs: Andrew J., Milton, Mary P., Henry J., Elzora, Margaret, Edward, Clara A., Linus and two deceased infants. The parents are both mem- bers of the United Brethren Chinch, and active in supporting that and all other praiseworthy enterprises of the community. He is a Democrat in politics and belongs to one of the leading families in Orange County, and the same can be said concerning his wife. Mr. Apple is one of the ten children of his parents, who were John and Mary (liowman) Apple, natives of North Carolina, where Solomon was born in Guilford County, 648 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES. May 10, 1838. Not long after this the family immigrated to Orange County. Ind., where their home has ever since been. JOHN L. APPLE is a prominent farmer' of Greenfield Township, Orange County, Ind., where he was born October 13, 1846. His par- ents are John and Mary (Lowman) Apple, who raised a family of eleven children, John L. being the ninth son. He received a common school education in the district schools of his neighborhood. Until four years after his marriage, which occurred March 26, 1868, he made his home with his pax'ents and engaged in agricultural pursuits. Hitherto this has been his only occupation, and he owns a good farm of 300 acres, rais- ing a considerable amount of stock. His wife is Nancy A., daughter of John and Elizabeth (McDonald) Parks, and by her he is the father of four children, named Savanna, Mary E., Stella and John A. T. His wife is a member of the Baptist Church, and he belongs to the Christian Church, is a Democrat in politics, and one of the young and energetic farmers of the county who shares the high opinion of all who know him. GEORGE BENNETT was born in Harrison County, Ind., May 17, 1827. In a family of eleven he is the sixth. His parents were William and Rebecca (Pittman) Bennett, who were "natives of Kentucky, where they were married. From that State they came to Indiana, locating fii-st in Harrison County, whence they came to Orange County some time prior to 1833. Here they spent the balance of their lives and at their deaths were buried in Providence Cemetery. George Bennett received in his boyhood an ordinary education such as the early schools afforded. He was raised to a farmer's life by his parents, with whom he remained until twenty-two years old. At that age he was married, July 10, 1849, to Miss Nancy Grimes, wjjo has borne him a family of nine children, named James, Dice E., Samuel, Rebecca, Alonzo T., George W., John L., Abraham F. and Isaac L. Farming is the almost exclusive occupa- tion of Mr. Bennett and he owns a farm of 260 acres well improved and cultivated. As members of the Baptist Church he and wife have been prominent for more than twenty years in their community. He belongs to the fraternity of Odd Fellows and is a stanch Democrat in politics. JOEL C. DILLARD, a native of Orange County, is the fourth in a family of ten children that were born to John L. and Elizabeth (Kearby) Dillard, his birth occurring January 20, 1818. The father was a native of Virginia and the mother of Kentucky, and they were" married in the latter State, whence they came to Indiana in 1811, and located in what is now Stampers Creek Township, Orange County. He died in 1830 and she in 1868, both being buried in the Paoli cemetery. Joel C. lived with his parents until the death of his father and then iDegan the tailor's trade, which he followed for some time. By diligence and application he acquired a good common education with but little if any help from the teachers and schools of his day. He did this so thoroughly that he was well qualified for teaching, and after that taught thirty -six terms of school and all but two in his native county. His marriage with Miss Mary Harned was solemnized March 2, 1842. To this union four chil- dren have been born, and named, Rachael P., Elizabeth E., Sarah S. and Samuel H. Mr. Dillard now devotes his attention to farming, and owns 200 acres of good land. On August 20, 1849, he was grieved by the death of his wife. Mary Hall became his second wife September 5, 1850. Both Mr. and Mrs. Dillard are members of the Methodist Epis- copal Church, and he is a Democrat in politics. In 1848 he was elected GREENFIELD TOWNSHIP. 649 Justice of the Peace, but after two years he resigned that office. In 1870 he was elected County Commissioner, and in that capacity he served the people of the county for nfne years. DR. WILLIAM D. ELLIS, of Unionville, Orange County, is a native of Harrison County, Ind. He is the third son and sixth child in a family of thirteen, of which Richard R. and Nancy (Whiteman) Ellis were the parents. The birth of William D. occurred on the 7th of June, 1839. His schooling was confined to the primitive school of his boyhood in his native county, and his education as a consequence is nothing more than ordinary. On the 16th of October, 1859, he led to Hymen's altar Miss Martha E. Radclifif, who bore him three children: Eliza J., Mary E. and Matilda F. In the fall of 1864, with his family, Mr. Ellis moved to Clay County, III., where his wife died May 19 following. The next year he returned to his father's home in Harrison County. Soon after this he began the study of medicine with Dr. Line, of Dubois County. In November, 1867, he commenced the practice of his profes- sion at Unionvilie, which he has ever since continued. Mrs. Paulina (Sinclair) Newton became his second wife March 3, 1868, and Lillian is their only child. Dr. Ellis has been successful in practice and owns considerable property. He is a member of the Baptist Church and his wife of the Methodist Episcopal Church. He is a Democrat in politics and one of Orange County's best citizens. JOHN H. GILLIATT is the third child and oldest son in a family of eleven children born to Albert and Elizabeth (Leech) Gilliatt. The parents were both natives of Virginia, where they were married, and about the year 1837 they immigrated to Orange County, having made that their home ever since. John H. Gilliatt, their son, was reared to manhood by his parents, and after the breaking out of the Rebellion he enlisted in the service of his country in Company A, Forty ninth Regiment Indiana Volunteer Infantry. He was discharged on account of disability at New Orleans, January 4, 1864. Two years after returning home he was mar- ried to Miss Lucinda Kendall, January 11, 1866. The names of their ten children are: Jemima A., Rosa L, Nancy E., Hiram F., John T., Cora E., William M., Lumus D., lona and Gracy L. Mr. Gilliatt is now farming on his own farm of 180 acres, and is successful in that and in Liock-raising. He is a Democrat in politics, and a member of the Grange. JOHN H. GILLIATT, SR. , of Greenfield Township, was born in Rockbridge County, Va., June 9, 1836, a son of William and Mary (Tea- ford) Gilliatt, both natives of that State, They immigrated to Floyd County, Ind., in 1840, and in the following year to Orange County, locating on the same place where they still reside. William Gilliatt was one of the first Township Trustees under the old system. He is a Demo- crat in politics and a highly respected citizen. John H. remained at home with his parents until twenty- two years of age, having acquii'ed a com- mon school education. Soon after that age he formed a partnership with some of the Teafords and built the mill at Unionville. He continued in that about ten years, and then sold out. Since then he has paid his attention to farming and stock-raising, and takes a special pride in breed- ing good sheep. His farm consists of 320 acres of land fairly improved. He is a member of Paoli Lodge, No. 119, A. F. & A. M. In politics he is a Democrat, and is one of the foremost citizens in his community. GEORGE W. KING, a resident of Greenfield Township, Orange County, Ind., where he was born May 14, 1842, is one of six living chil- 660 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES. dren in a family of twelve that were born to Robert and Hannah (Living- ston) King. The parents were natives of Kentucky, and came to Indiana while single. George W. King remained with them until their deaths, which occurred in 1870 and 1873. In the common schools of his boy- hood Mr. King received a good education. He was joined in wedlock to Nancy A., daughter of Moses and Lucy (Zaring) Roberts, September 9, 1869. A family of seven children is the result of this union, born and named as follows: Hannah J., February 1, 1871; Emma A., October 31, 187 2-; James W., January 26, 1874; Susan A. R., February 7, 1876; Thomas M., April 7, 1878; Lucy F., August 16, 1880, and Louisa B., December 12, 1882. Farming has been Mr. King's occupation through life, and he now owns 454 acres of good land, well supplied with neces- sary buildings. He and wife are members of the Regular Baptist Church, and enjoy the high opinion of their neighbors. Mr. King is a Democrat in politics. DAVID R. LAMBDEIN, of Greenfield Township, is a native of the county in which he now lives, and was born October, 1, 1839. He is the oldest son of James R. and Elizabeth (Williams) Lambdein, who were natives of Indiana and North Carolina. Daniel R. lived with his parents until his father's death in 1859, having received a common school edu- cation. One year after this he was married to Miss Martha, daughter of Absalom and Elizabeth (Bobbitt) Cook, December 30, 1860. To this union nine children have been born, named Elizabeth J., Elzora A., James A., John S., Rhoda E., Thomas N., William R., Clara A. and Mary C. Mr. Lambdein is one of the thorough and progressive farm- ers in his township, and owns a farm of 160 acres. In religion both are members of the Baptist Church and in politics he is a Democrat. Belonging to some of the prominent families of the county, he is one of its esteemed and best citizens. His mother, who was born February 13, 1813, is yet living and with him. LYNDEN LOWE, one of the prominent citizens of Greenfield Town- ship, is a native of Guilford County, N. C, and was born July 2, 1820. With his mother and grandfather, James Leonard, he came to Orange County, Ind., in 1827, where he has made his home ever since. In his boyhood he received but a limited education. He was united in mai-riage October 10, 1841, to Miss Miranda Parks, daughter of John and Nancy (Barr) Parks. By her he was father of five children, named, Nancy J., Martha E., Catharine, William L. and Alsom G. Mr. Lowe was bereft of his wife November 29, 1852, and on September 30, 1853, Miss Rebecca A. Glasswell became his second wife. She has borne him these seven children: Miranda, Louise, Leanah, Joseph, Rebecca A., Lynden and Hymenius. He has followed farming all his life with very good success, now owning 160 acres of land well improved. In politics he is a Democrat, and one of the highly esteemed and respected men of the county. JAMES W. MELTON is one of eight children born to James and Mary (Kendall) Melton, who were natives of South Carolina and Ken- tucky. The parents were married in Harrison County, Ind., and from there came to Orange County in 1819. James W., the third son, was born March 25, 1825, and he made his home with his mother until the time of his marriage, the father dying and leaving him at the age of four years to her care. His advantages for education were quite limited, although by diligence he succeeded in acquiring sufficient learning to transact the ordinary business of a farmer, which he has always success- GREENFIELD TOWNSHIP. 651 fully conducted. In politics he is a Democrat, and is one of the woi-thy and upright citizens of Greenfield Township, where his whole life has been spent. His marriage with Miss Mary A. Ray was solemnized Feb- ruary 8, 1849, and of their five children these three are now living : Joel W., Melinda E. and Rhoda J. MOSES ROBERTS, of Greenfield Township, came from Henry County, Ky. , his place of nativity, to Orange County. Ind. His pai-ents were James and Sarah (Bishop) Roberts, who reared a family of six chil- dren, and of which Moses was the third. Mrs. Roberts died in 1847, and they were both members of the Baptist Church. Moses was the oldest son* and was born October 24, 1825. He lived with his mother until her death, and during his minority acquired but a limited education. His first marriage was to Miss Lucy E. Zaring, who bore him three children: Nancy A., James B., and John H. Her death occurred December 27, 1868, and he was again married on March 20, 1864, this time to Miss Catharine King. On the fourteenth of March in the following year Mr. Roberts was again a widower by the death of his second wife. On August 14, following, Nancy J. Lowe became his third wife, and to them five children have been born, named ByramL., MarandaE., William B., Anna C, and Dora J., all living. Mr. Roberts is one of the principal farmers in the township, and with his wife is a member of the United Brethren Church. He is a member of the Masonic fraternity, and a Democrat in politics. DAYID ROSS was born in Greenfield Township, Orange County, Ind., where he now lives, May 19, 1840. He is the second of six children of whom Joseph and Sarah (Summers) Ross were the parents. The father was a native of Virginia, and came to Floyd County, Ind., when about twelve years of age. From there he moved to Orange and thence to Crawford County, where he now lives. David Ross remained with his parents until his marriage. His education is but an oi'dinary one, and was received in the common schools of his day. His wife Lovina, is a daughter of William and Susannah (Easter) Apple, and their wedding was solemnized September 13, 1862. Of their ten children only these five are now living: William C, George H., Mary A, Arenso and Alonzo. Mr. Ross was raised a farmer and he has followed that business all his life. He now lives with his family on a farm of 300 acres which he owns and has improved with good and substantial buildings. In politics he is a Democrat, and is one of the foremost men in his community. JASPER SEYBOLD, of Greenfield Township, is the third son of Jasper and Nancy (Leonard) Seybold, who were natives respectively of Georgia and North Carolina. They were among the early pioneers of Orange County, where the close of their lives was spent. Jasper Seybold, Jr. , was born in the county where he now lives. May 4, 1840. He received a good education in early life and remained with his parents until of age. Leah, a daughter of Mark and Sarah (Allen) Hobson, became his wife March 21, 1861. Their marriage has been blessed with eleven children, these six now living: Mark, Amos, Seth, Eddy, Leoft and Joseph. Mr. Seybold is a farmer and owns 120 acres of land, very well improved. His wife is a member of the Christian Church, and he is a Democrat in poli- tics. In the spring of 1870 he was elected to the ofi&ce of Township Trus- tee, which position he held for three years. On September 8, 1862, he enlisted in the United States Army under Captain James Hungate, in Company F, Fiftieth Regiment Indiana Volunteer Infantry. He served 41 652 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES. in the Rebellion until June 14, 1865, when he was discharged at Mont- gomery, Ala. , by reason of general order No. 164. WILLIAM TEAFORD was born in Floyd County, Ind., August 1, 1839. He is the seventh of nine children born to his parents, who were George and Mary (Palmer) Teaford, and both natives of Augusta County, Va. Their settlement in Orange County dates from the fall of 1839. The father died in 1852, and the mother in 1871. William Teaford enjoyed the usual privileges of the common schools of his early life, but his education was not extended beyond them. He remained on the old homestead with his parents until their death, and was raised to a farm- er's life. He was joined in matrimony to Sarah E. Apple, on the 1st of November, 1860, and the result of their union is a family of five chil- dren: Mary M. (deceased), Sarah E., George T., Eliza A. (deceased) and Cora E. Mr. Teaford owns a farm of 140 acres, on which he resides in happiness with his family. They are members of the United Brethren Church, and generally do their share to support that and other laudable enterprises of the community. He is a Democrat in politics, and was for a time Township Trustee, but he resigned that office before his term had expired. WILLIAM WEEKS, of Greenfield Township, is one of the oldest native-born residents of Orange County, Ind. His birth occurred May 31, 1813, and he is the oldest of eight children born to Joseph and Lydia (Herald) Weeks. The pHxents were natives of North Carolina, whence they came to Indiana in 1811, with other emigrants, and were soon after married. William Weeks acquired such education as the early subscription schools of his boyhood afforded. His home was with his parents until his marriage, which occurred September 16, 1836. His wife was Miss Dinah William, who bore him but one child, named Willis S. She was a member of the Society of Friends. About ten years after her death Mr. Weeks was married to Miss Martha Collins, by whom he was the father of three children: Joseph, Lydia E. and Henry H. She was a member of the Methodist Episcopal Church, and died August 17, 1855. On February 14 of the following year he took for his third wife Mrs. Sarah (Giles) Leonard, and to them have been born one son — John H. During his whole life Mr. Weeks has paid his attention to farming, and he now owns a farm of 132 acres, very well improved and cultivated. Both he and wife are members of the Meth- odist Episcopal Church. In early life he was a Whig in politics, but when that party went down he allied himself with the Republican party, and has so remained ever since. He is one of the substantial and highly respected men in his community, and a worthy citizen of the county. JOHN WILLYARD, a farmer of Greentiold Township, Orange Co., Ind., was born in Forsyth County, N. C, August 29, 1828. His parents were Joseph and Mary (Apple) Willyard, who came to Indiana in 1839, and located in Orange County, where they ever after lived, and were among the prominent citizens. Of their eight children John was the oldest. Hiseducatfon was limited to the primitive schools of early years, and his home was with his parents until his father's death, in 1852. For two years after that he remained on the farm with his mother, and October 27, 1853, he married Miss Elveree Radcliff. Nine children are the fruits of this union, and their names are: George H., Walter W. , Mary A., Elizabeth J., Ruhama L., Rufus G., Columbus G., William J. and John E. Mr. Willyard was grieved by the death of his wife May 14, * JACKSON TOWNSHIP. 653 1879. His second marriage occurreJ December 2, 1882, with Mrs. Ann E (Taylor) Critchlield. As a farmer he has been successful, and he owns 188 acres of good Orange County land, and with his wife is a member of the Christian Church. His politics are Democratic. In 1864 he enlisted in the service of his country, in Company F, Ninth Regi- ment Indiana Volunteer Infantry, and served until the close of the Rebellion. JACKSON TOWNSHIP. WILLIAM M. BRENT, M. D., of Newton Stewart, Orange Co., Ind., was born in Henry County, Ky., January 9, 1833. He is the third in a family of ten children, seven of whom are yet living. The parents were Sanford and Nancy (Scott) Brent, both natives of Kentucky, where they still live at Campbellsburg, the father doing an extensive practice as a physician. William M. Brent received a good education in his boy- hood, and at the age of sixteen began a course of instructiop in South Hanover College, near Madison, Ind. This he continued for four years, and the succeeding five years he was engaged in teaching school. On the 7th of March, 1854, he was united in wedlock to Miss Magdalene M. Button, and their union has been blessed with tliese children: Valentine S., Mattie M. (Cox), Oscar L., Ella Belle and Nannie (deceased) and Robert E. Dr. Brent began the study of his profession with Dr. Charles Scott, of LaClede, 111. , in 1857, and was afterward graduated from the Medical Department of the Central University at Louisville, Ky. This was in 1860, and he at once located at LaClede, and began the practice, which he continued until he came to Newton Stewart, in 1870. The Doctor enjoys a substantial and lucrative practice, and is doing besides that a drug trade of considerable importance. Mrs. Brent is a member of the Methodist Church, while the Doctor belongs to the Presbyterian Church, and is a member of both the Masonic and Odd Fellow frater- nities, and a Democrat in politics. CHRISTOPHER COX, of Jackson Township, Orange Co., Ind., was born September 8, 1827, in the same township where he now resides. He is the youngest in a family of eight children born to Thomas and Eliza- beth (Ash) Cox, who were natives of North Carolina and Kentucky. They came from the latter State to Orange County about the year 1816. where they ever after lived, and are now buried in the Cane Creek cemeteiy. Christopher Cox received a common school education, and I'emained at home with his parents until his marriage with Miss Elizabeth Parks on January 1, 1846. To this union a family of eleven children have been born, and named as follows: David, Ellen, Thomas A., Amelia A., Charles, Henry, Catharine, Samuel, John, Nicy and Perry M. He has made farming and stock-raising his life's occupation, and he now owns 600 acres of land, well improved and cultivated. In religion both Mr. and Mrs. Cox are members of the Christian Church. He is a Republican in politics, and has served as Township Trustee eight years, Justice of the Peace four years, and as County Commissioner nine years, and in all public offices has proved himself an able and efficient officer. Since he was seventeen years of age he has preached, laboring most of the time for his own church and in his own county. 654 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES. JESSE CLEMENTS, a prominent farmer of Jackson Township, is a native of Orange County, Ind. , and was born September 30, 1865. He is one of the family of eight children of whom William and Mar}'^ E. (Haskins) Clements were the parents. The father and mother were natives of Virginia and Kentucky, and were married in the latter State, whence they came to Indiana in 1830. Jesse was reared by his parents, and he continued his home with them until their deaths. His education is extremely limited, and he has never married. He engaged in the ser- vice of his country in 1861, enlisting in Company I, Thirty-eighth Reg- iment of Indiana Infantry. From this he was discharged at Nashville, September 19. 1862. He again volunteered, and served until the close of the war. Nearly his whole life has been devoted to agricultural pur- suits with good success, and he now owns a farm of 400 acres well improved and cultivated. Mr. Clements is one of the highly esteemed and progressive farmers in Orange County. THOIMAS FLICK, a prominent citizen and farmer of Jackson Town- ship, OraQge County, Ind., where he was born October 15, 1821, is one of twelve children born to Christopher and Polly (Cox) Flick. The par- ents were natives of Pennsylvania and Kentucky, immigrating from the latter State to Orange County in an early day. Christopher Flick became one of the prominent men of his community and was owner of a large landed estate. He was a leading member of the Christian Church and for more than thiHy-five years was a minister in that organization. Thomas was the third son and sixth child of his parents, with whom he lived until his twenty-fourth year. His education was limited to such as could be obtained in the primitive schools of his day. Miss Letitia Wil- liams became his wife August 21, 1845, and by her he is the father of nine children, named John T., Polly J. (Gass), George W., Martha A. i^Kelems), Elvira (Kelems), Louisiana (Bledsoe), Isaac M. and two who died in infancy unnamed. Farming and stock-raising has been Mr. Flick's life occupation and he now owns 555 acres of land and his wife 210 acres. She is a member of the Christian Church and he is a Demo- crat in politics. He was formerly one of the Township Trustees and has always been among the foremost men in Jackson Township, enjoying the esteem of all who know him. ISAAC McCUNE, a prominent farmer in Jackson Township, Orange County, Ind, is a na^tive of Jessamine County, Ky., and was born Febru- ary 21, 1817. He is one of the large family of lifteen children born to James and Kirich (Dean) McCune, both natives of Kentucky and of Irish descent. They settled in Orange County in 1828. Isaac remained at home with his parents until twenty -three years of age, receiving but a limited education in the early schools of his time. He was united in matrimony on December 19, 1839, to Miss Elizabeth Pinnick, and although having no children of their own, eight orphans have been reared and educated by them and the ninth one is now living with them. Farm- ing and stock-raising has been his business, and he now owns 280 acres of land, a part of which is in Dubois County. In religion Mr. and Mrs. McCune are members of the Christian Church, to which organization they have belonged ever since 1842. Politically he is a Democrat. James McCune, the father, served in the war of 1812, and succeeded in amass- ing much of this world's goods, which he liberally bestowed upon his children. His family lived to manhood and womanhood except two. WILLIAM J. NORTH, a resident of Jackson Township, Orange JACKSON TOWNSHIP. 655 County, Ind., is a native of Lee County, Va., and was born April 28, 1838. He is the oldest in a family of eight children of whom John and f^usan (Brewster) North were the parents. William J. received a good common school education in his early years and remained at home with his par- ents working on the farm until he was twenty two years of age. He was united in marriage to Miss Susan Higuight, of Knox County, Ky., on December 22, lSr)0, and to them have been born seven children, named Henry C, Nancy E., Martha J., Thomas, Susan C, Isaiah J. and Will- iam B. Mr. North is a farmer and stock-raiser and owns 135 acres of fertile and well improved land. Both he and wife are members of the Chi'istian Church near where they live. As a Republican he was elected to the otfice of Township Trustee in 1882 and re elected in 1884. He has proven a very efficient and satisfactory officer and public servant. He served his country in the late war, enlisting in the Fifty-thii'd Regiment. On account of disability he was never assigned to any company. He was discharged at Indianapolis, July 5, 1865, by reason of the close of the war. ' THOMAS C. PINNICK, one of the prominent farmers of Jackson Township, Orange County, was born in Dubois County, Ind., November 6, 1828. He was the fifth of twelve children born to William and Susan- nah (Harmon) Pinnick, both natives of Kentucky. William Pinnickcame to Indiana with his brothers, Nathan, John and James, and settled near French Lick Springs about the year 1810. He and his wife both died m Jackson Township in 1844, having been for a long time prominent members of the Christian Church. IJntil his father's death Thomas C. made his home with his parents, and had received a fair education at that age. After then he farmed, and during the winters attended school until he was of age. Miss Lettis S., a daughter of Abraham and Elizabeth (Chumley) Barr became his wife on November 2, 1851, and to their union four children have been born: named: William F. , James B. , Elizabeth M. (Vowells) and Mary A. (Barker). During most of his life Mr. Pin- nick has been engaged in farming, and he now owns 280 acres of land, well improved, and on this he raises a considerable quantity of stock. On March 22, 1865, he enlisted in Company D, Fifty-third Regiment of Indiana Volunteer Infantry, where he served until July 22, 1865, and was discharged by reason of the close of the war. In politics he is a Republican. Both Mr. and Mrs. Pinnick are members of the Chris- tian Church, and among the highly esteemed people of their community, JOHN W. PINNICK, a citizen of Jackson Township, Orange County, was born in Warrick County, Ind., February 24, 1829. He is the third of nine children born to Elijah and Lucinda (King) Pinnick. The parents were both natives of Kentucky, were married in Warrick County, and located in Orange County in 1834, and where they both died. Having received but a common school education he began doing for himself at the age of seventeen, and his life has been mostly spent in agricultural pursuits. On February 26, 1850, he was united in matri- mony to Miss Harriet A., daughter of Septimus and* Lucy (Smith) Tom- linson. The result of this union is a family of eleven children, whose names are: Sarah E. (Johnson), Martha A. (Harmon), Charles H. , Leroy A., William H. , John T., Grant, Sherman S., Sheridan S., Raymond T. and Porter A. Mr. Pinnick enlisted in Company G, Forty-ninth Regi- ment, Indiana Volunteer Infantry, on November 8, 1861, and served his country as a soldier three years, and was discharged at Indianapolis, 656 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES. November 29, 1864, by reason of the expiration of his term of enlist- ment. He was elected Township Trustee in 1878, and served in that capacity for two years, daring that time having built four schoolhouses. Politically he is a Republican. He and wife are members of the Meth- odist Episcopal Church, and are highly respected by their neighbors. ;^ HUGrH RODGERS, a farmer, was born in Jackson Township, Orange County, Ind. , where he now lives, on October 19, 1832. He is the oldest son of four children born to his parents, who were Nathan and Susannah (Brooks) Rodgers, both natives of North Carolina, whence they came to Indiana in 1829. Hugh made his home with his parents until manhood, and he received but a limited education. His nuptials with Miss Mary Allen were celebrated October 20, 1853, and by her he is the father of these ten children: Deborah, Mary J., Susannah, Sarah, Clorinda, Ellen, John H., William A., Alexander, and an infant that died unnamed. Throughout life Mr. Rodgers has been engaged in farming, and his suc- cess is testified by his fertile and well improved farm of 320 acres, on which he raises* considerable live stock. He is one of the energetic and progressive men in his community, where he is well respected. Politi- cally he is a stanch Democrat, while in religion both he and wife are members of the Christian Church near where they live. CAPT. WILLIAM T. SWIFT, a farmer of Jackson Township, was born in Oldham County, Ky., March 20, 1834. He is the third child and oldest son of thirteen children born to John and Eliza A. (Dawkins) Swift, who were natives respectively of Pennsylvania and Kentucky. They were married in the latter State, where they have ever since lived, Mr. Swift now representing his county in the State Legislature. Will- iam T. Swift received a liberal education in the schools of his native State, and taught several terms both before and after marriao^e. Besides this he worked at house-carpentering for some time. His marriage with Miss Mary E. Black, of his native county, occurred December 28, 1854, and by her he is the father of three children, born and named as follows: William, November 27, 1856; Alice J., February 12, 1859; Annie J., August 18, 1878. His farm of 180 acres is well-improved and cultiva- ted, and he devotes considerable attention to stock-raising. His wife is a member of the Missionary Baptist Church. He enlisted in Company H, Ninety-third Regiment Indiana Volunteer Infantry, August 20, 1862, and at its organization was elected its Captain. He served his country as a faithful soldier in the war of the Rebellion until its close, and was honorably discharged at Memphis, Tenn., August 10, 1865. Mr. Swift came to Indiana in the fall of 1860, and located in Jackson Township, Orange County, where he has ever since been one of the foremost citizens. JOHN TILLERY, deceased, was born in Orange County, Ind., March 10, 1810, the oldest of ten children of Thomas and Parthena (Harper) Tillery. The parents were among the earliest settlers in Orange County, their first home being at the old block-house at French Lick. John Til- leiy received a good common school education in the schools of his day, and lived with his parents until twenty-three years of age, when he was married. May 30, 1833, to Miss Rebecca Kearby. To their union were born ten children: Julia A., Priscilla, America, Nancy J., Thomas, Rich- ard, Parthena, Alfred, Elizabeth and Martha. He was a member of the Christian Church, as is also his wife, who yet survives him. His death occurred October 22, 1854. Mrs. Tillery is now living with her son Alfred, who was born November 17, 1848. He enlisted in the army Sep- NORTHWEST TOWNSHIP. 657 tember, 1863, in Company A, Sixty sixth Regiment Indiana Volunteers, and served as a soldier in the Rebellion until its close, receiving his dis- charge July i, 1865, at Indianapolis. Soon after his return home he was married, September 28, 1865, to Miss Catherine N. Baxter, who has borne him a family of four children, named Mary P., John T., Charles W. and Eddie. Farming has been the exclusive occupation of Mr. Til- lery, and he now owns 160 acres of land in Jackson Township. His wife is a member of the Christian Church, and he is a Republican in politics, usually taking a lively interest in public affairs. NORTHWEST TOWNSHIP. ANDREW J. ABEL, an old citizen of this township, was born in the State of Tennessee, December, 1815, being the third of eleven chil- dren of William and Rebecca (Cox) Abel. His parents were Virginians and of Anglo-Irish descent, and settled in this county near Orleans about the year lb23, afterward moving to where our subject now resides, where they spent the remainder of their days, well known and respected. At the age of nineteen Andrew, with no education, commenced life for him- self. In October, 1834, he married Rebecca Link, who bore him eleven children, eight now living, as follows: John A. J., who married Margaret E. McCauley; George W., whose wife was Lucinda McCracken; Mahala J., who married Jasper Mahan; Samuel T., whose wife was Susan J. McCauley; Julia A., who became the wife of William F. McCracken; Cynthia A., now the widow of John Farrell; Frances P., unmarried, and James B., whose wife was Sarah E. Myers. Mr. Abel has successfully followed farming through life, and now owns 190 acres of good land. In his younger days he " flat- boated '' to New Orleans. He is a Demo- crat and a substantial citizen. THOMAS BEDSTER, one of the first settlers of this county and a citizen of much prominence, was born in Shelby County, Ky., August 6, 1804, being the youngest of two children of John and Polly (Southern) Bedster. His father was a North Carolinian and his mother a Kentuck- ian, and both were people of worth and respectability. When Thomas was twenty-two years of age he married Matilda Urton, who bore him six childi'en, four now living, as follows: Ellen M., wife of James Jenk- ins; Polly A., wife of B. Knight; James A., who married Mary Webb, and Henry T., who married Amanda Barnes. One year after the above marriage, Mr. Bedster moved to this State, locating in Han-ison County, but two years later came to the farm where he now resides. In 1845 Mrs. Bedster died, and March 13, 1849, he married Millie Frame, who has presented him with four children: George W. , John R. , Willet L. and Elvira E., all of whom are yet at home with their parents. Mr. Bedster has followed farming through life, and now owns 274 acres. In politics he is a Democrat of the Jacksonian kind. CAPT. JOSEPH DUNCAN was born in this county May 12, 1827, being the sixth of eleven children of William and Ellender (Edwards) Duncan. The father was of Scotch descent, a native of Kentucky, and came to this State at the very early date of 1805. At the age of about I 658 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES. seventeen Joseph went South with his brother, and then returned, going to Galena, 111., where he was engaged two and a half years in mining lead. Prior to his marriage he traveled over a wide section of the country, mainly on a tour of observation, and during this time gained, as all travelers do, a good knowledge of human nature. May 22, 1851, he married Margaret J. Baker, who bore him eleven children, the follow- ing now living: Harriet E., Eliza A., widow of William Gammon; Mary M.. wife of Thomas Pruett; John, Volney L. , Nancy C, who married Alfred Girkin ; Dora A. , James G. and William S. Novem ber 29, 1873, Mrs. Duncan died, and October 6, 1875, he married Sarah (Cochran) Hatfield, who has presented him with one child — Franklin A. November 7. 1861, Mr. Duncan enlisted in Company G, Forty-ninth Regiment Indiana Volunteer Infantry, as a private, was elected First (duty) Sergeant, and after serving honorably three years, was mustered out as Captain, Novem- ber 29, 1864. He was present at the following engagements: Cumber- land Gap, Chickasaw Bayou, Arkansas Post, Thompson's Hill, Raymond, Champion Hills, Black River, siege of Vicksburg, Jackson, and elsewhere, serving in all cases bravely and well. Mr. Duncan has made farming his occupation, and now owns 421 acres, much of which is timber. He and wife are Methodists. He is a stanch Republican and a member of the Odd Fellows' fraternity. ELI H. FAUCETT. a native of Orange County, N. C, was born October 15, 1824, being the sixth of twelve children of James and Eliz- abeth Faucett, the parents both natives of North Carolina, the father of Irish and the mather of Swedish descent. In the fall of 1832 they came to this county and settled near the present home of Eli H. At that time the country was very wild, but they went diligently at work, and in time made a comfortable home. Their son, Eli H., was kept at work and only received a meager education. He remained with his oarents until his marriage, June 11, 1846, to Eliza French. This lady bore her husband thirteen children, only six of whom are now living: Mary E., who mar- ried B. P. Gerkin; N. J., the wife of G. W. Pruett; Harriet E., who mamed John F. Pruett; Ida B., Carrie J. and Nora A., the last three being yet with their parents. Eli H. has made farming his occupation, and now owns 225 acres. He is a Republican, and he and wife are members of the Methodist Episcopal Church. July 19, 1862, he enlisted in Com- pany E, Sixty-sixth Regiment Indiana Volunteer Infantry, was made Corporal, and served as such until mustered out April 7, 1863, by reason of a wound received at Richmond, Ky. GEORGE W. FELKNOR was born in Martin County, Ind. , August 18, 1833, the sixth of ten children of William and Prudence (McDon- ald) Felknor, his parents being natives of east Tennessee, and coming to this State in the fall of 1831, locating in Martin County. About four years later they came to this county and settled on the farm where our subject now resides. Here they lived until their respective deaths, the mother in August, 1847, and the father May 2, 1883. They are excellent people of high respectability. George W. was reared on a farm, receiv- ing a limited schooling. December 27, 1855, he married Elizabeth Pin- nick, and to this union fourteen children were born, eleven now living: Emily J., wife of Joseph McCauley ; Stephen A. D. , who married Mary Miller; Miranda C. , wife of James B. Russell; John M. C, James A., Horatio C, Florence A., William A., Prudie, Effie and Noble C. Mr. Felknor is an extensive farmer and stock-raiser. He owns in this \ NORTHWEST TOWNSHIP. 659 and Martin about 1,700 acres of land, of which 800 or 900 are improved. He owns and conducts a saw-mill, and is likewise engaged in the retail liquor business in Paoli. He is a Democrat and a prominent man and good citizen. JAMES P. HATFIELD was born in Washington County, Ind., April 25, 1887, and passed his youth on a farm, learning the rudiments of both agriculture and education. He remained with his parents until the age of seventeen, and then began the battle of life for himself. In January, 1864, he enlisted in Company H. One Hundred and Twentieth Regiment Indiana Volunteer Infantry and served with distinction over tvvo years, and during that memorable period of his life was present at the following engagements: Buzzard's Koost, Burnt Hickory, Peach Tree Creek, siege of Atlanta, Spring Hill, Nashville, Columbus, Franklin and others of less importance. September 19, 1868, he married Lotta Cracraft, and to this union three children were born, two now living, as follows: Winnie and Frances E., both at home with their parents. He and wife are members of the Methodist Church, and he is a prominent Democrat. ^ He was the fifth of six children of John and Susan (Lock- hart) Hatfield, both natives of Kentucky. The mother died in 1842, and in 1861 the father came to this State. JACKSON KEYNON was born in Clarke County, Ind., January 28, 1826, being the oldest of eight childi-en of William and Harriet (Jones) Keynon. He was reared on his father's farm at hard work, and received but little education through no fault of his own. His youth was passed without noteworthy event, and upon reaching his majority he began accumulating property for himself. July 15, 1849, he married Mary J. Foote, in Clarke County, and to this union eleven children have been born, seven of whom are now living, as follows: Harriet J., wife of Andrew C. Wells; Clarissa E., who married William S. Walker; William A., who married Rachel Walker; Mary E., who became the wife of Bronson Abel; Charles A., unmarried; Mildred A., wife of James Scarlet, and Marion G. Mr. Keynon has followed farming through life and by gradual additions now has a farm of 190 acres, much of which is yet in timber. He and wife are members of the Methodist Church, and are well known and highly respected. October 19, 1861, he enlisted in Com- pany G, Forty-ninth Regiment Indiana Volunteer Infantry, and served with distinction for nearly two years, when he lost his right arm in the siege of Vicksburg and was honorably discharged. For this serious loss he is now drawing a pension of $30 per mooth. He was in the follow- ing battles: Thompson's Hill, Cumberland Gap, Charleston, Va. , Arkansas Post and elsewhere, displaying in all great bravery and patriot- ism. He is a Republican and a prominent man. GEORGE H. PIERCE is a native of this county and is the son of George R. and Mahala (Shively) Pierce. The father was a native of Yates County, N. Y. , and was born May 6, 1805, and the mother was a native of Spencer County, Ky., born October 17, 1808, and their mar- riage occurred in 1829. The father was of Eaglish and the mother of German descent. The former came to this county in 1819 with several other families in a flat-boat, and after that remained here until his death, March 29, 1879. His children were as follows: Harvey A., born Novem- ber 15, 1830, died in June, 1859; Clorinda M., born November 4, 1833; Napoleon B., born August 12, 1835; Martha M., born October 20, 1837^ George H. (our subject) born September 20, 1839; Susan E., born June -660 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES. 4, 1842: Mahale C, born June 24, 1844, and Eleazer J. (see below). The wife of our subject was Louisa Cox, who has borne her husband a family of nine children. Mr. Pierce has made farming his occupation through life. He began poor, with but little education, and now has a farm of 306 acres and a comfortable home. He is one of the substantial farmers of this part of the county. ELEAZER J. PIERCE, a prominent citizen and farmer, was born in this county, April 27, 1848, and was reared upon a farm, receiving in boyhood only a rudimentary education. For the sketch of his parents see the biography of George H. Pierce. Eleazer remained with his parents until twenty-seven years of age, though upon attaining his major- ity he began accumulating property of his own. At the age of fifteen, being a large, strong boy, he enlisted in Company A, Seventeenth Regi- ment Indiana Volunteer Infantry (mounted) and. served honorably and with great credit for a boy for two years and was discharged in August, 1865, as Sergeant, by reason of the close of the war. He was in the fol- lowing important engagements: Big Shanty, Kenesaw Mountain, Flat Rock, New Hope Church, two days' fight near Selma, Ala., and elsewhere. Upon his return he went to school for a time. April 27, 1875, he mar- ried Mary J. Mathers. He is a member of Decker Post, Q. A. R., and is a leading Republican, being a member of the Republican County Cen- tral Committee. He is one of the prominent and progressive men of the county. WILLIAM W. PINNICK, a native of this county, was born Febru- ary 6, 1837, being the fourth of ten children of John and Jane (Farris) Pinnick. John Pinnick was a native of North Carolina, and his wife of Kentucky, both of Germanic descent with slight admixtures from other nationalities. Their marriage took place in this State, whereupon they moved to Kentucky, but in about five years returned and settled in this county. William W. passed his youth on a farm, receiving slight educa- tion, owing to failing eyesight. In November, 1861, he volunteered in Company G, Forty-ninth Regiment Indiana Volunteer Infantry, and served for three years, receiving his discharge at New Orleans, November 7, 1864. He was in the following engagements among others: Middle Bell, Log Mountain, Arkansas Post, etc. February 1, 1866, he married Susan E. Pierce, who has borne him six children : Rufus E. , Marietta, Oscar F., C. J., Ida G. and T. M., all of whom are at home with their parents. Mr. Pinnick is a farmer with over 250 acres of land and good buildings and is a Democrat. His grandfather Pinnick was a Revolu- tionary soldier, and two of his brothers were in the Union army during the last war, one gallantly laying down his life for his country at Col- lierville. ABNER POWELL is the sixth of nine children of William and Mary (White) Powell and was born in North Carolina, October 17, 1821. His father was a North Carolinan and his mother a Pennsyl vanian and both were of English descent and came to this State in 1831, locating in what is now Orangeville Township, where they lived useful and honorable lives until their respective deaths. Abner was sparingly educated at the old- fashioned schools and was brought up on a farm to know what hard work meant, and remained with his parents until the age of thirty-three. November 12, 1854, he married Ann Jane Speer and to this union seven children were born, six now living: Moses A., Margaret M., Susan J., who became the wife of James Taylor, Naomi, Aaron A. and John T. NORTHWEST TOWNSHIP. 661 Mr. Powell has followed farminfjj through life and now owns over 100 •acres of mostly improved land. He also is engaged in the manufacture of shingles. He is a Democrat and he and wife are members of the Baptist Church. Mi's. Powell comes of excellent people, and tke sketch of her father's family will be found elsewhere in this volume. WILLIAM PRUETT is a.native of Whitley County, Ky., his birth 3, Mrs. Pruett died, and September 24, 1863, he married Louisa Davis, who bore him two children: Elbert J. and Alonzo M. As a farmer Mr. Pruett has been successful, his present farm consisting of 820 acres of good land. He and wife have been life-long members of the Methodist Church. He is one of the leadincf Democrats of his township and has served in various official capacities with much credit to himself. A. B. SPEER, one of the county's few remaining old settlers and one of her prominent men, was born in the State of Kentucky June 20, 1808, and is the oldest of eleven children of Moses and Ann (Voris) Speer. His parents were natives of Maryland, and came to this county at the early date of 1820. Ashbury remained with his parents on the farm, securing a limited education, and at the age of nearly twenty began the battle of life for himself. March 2, J 828, he married Mar- garet Booth, and to this union seven children were born, of whom the following three are now living: Melinda, now the widow of Isaac Fight; Ann J., who became the wife of Abner Powell, and Paulina, who married James Mitchell. Mr. Speer has followed the honorable and independent occupation of farming during his long life, and by honesty, sobriety and industry has a comfortable home and a farm of 200 acres of well improved land. Mr. Speer is the link which connects the age of flat-boats and sickles with the age of self-binders, telephones and light- ning express trains. When he tirst came here he had to go fifty miles to mill. He is a stanch Democrat and holds a letter of membership in the Baptist Church. He is one of the best citizens. HANSON TALBOT, a prominent old settler of this township, was born in Scott County, Ky., August 30, 1809, being the second of ten children of Gassaway and Sarah (Gillums) Talbot, both natives of Main- land. The parents were industrious and exemplary people who came to this county about the year 1825, where they lived honored and respected until their deaths. Hanson remained with his parents on the farm at hard work and with no such educational advantages as exist at present, until he reached the age of twenty -two, when he was married, December 28, 1831, to Mary Allegay, and to their union eleven children have been 662 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES. born, six now living : Thomas, who married Parthena Kirk, since deceased ; Shadrach, whose wife was Albertine Zine ; Evaline, who became the wife of John Gerkin; Samuel, who married Sarah Pipher ; Hannah E., the wife of Edmund Barclay, and Rosa Z. , wife of Charles Neidefer. December 9, 1881, Mr. Talbot lost his wife and life long companion by death. He has been a successful farmer, and now owns about 475 acres of land, probably half of which is in timber. He is a Democrat, and during the war, though far over age, was Captain of a company of Home Guards. STAMPERS CREEK TOWNSHIP. DR. JAMES BAKER, of Millersburg, was born in Woodford County, Ky., March 29, 1814. Immediately after this his parents moved to what is now Stampers Creek Township, Orange County, Ind., where the Doctor's home has ever since been. His education is not extensive, having been limited to the early country schools of his time. The first part of the Doctor's life was passed upon the farm, and he worked some at the shoemaker's trade. About the age of twenty-six years he began the study of medicine at odd hours between his labors. Having suffici- ently qualified himself, he began the practice of his pi'ofession about the year 1850, and has continued it ever since with good success. He is a member of the Christian and his wife of the Methodist Episcopal Church. The Doctor is a Republican, and has been such ever since 1860, prior to which time he was a Whig. He was at one time Justice of the Peace of Stampers Creek Township, and is the present Postmaster at Millersburg. His nuptials with Miss Sarah Burgess were celebrated July 3, 1834, and the fruits of this union were nine children, only three of whom are now alive: Mrs. Lizzie Marshall, Almon V., and Mrs. Sarah E. Byrum. Dr. Baker is one of the highly esteemed citizens of Orange County, where he has lived to be one of its very old settlers. ROBERT DOAK, who is one of the oldest living citizens of Stam- pers Creek Township, was born in Jessamine County, Ky. , November 17, 1815. With his parents, Joseph W. and Mary (Irwin) Doak, he settled in Orange County, in February, 1816. His father died in 1820, and his mother in 1844. The whole of Mr. Doak's life has been spent on the farm and he knows no other trade, although handy with tools. He has built several buildings of his own. His wife was Miss Cynthia Dunn, and she has borne him a family of six children, named Sarah J., Almira A., Washington I., Erastus A., Everett and Elulia, all living but Everett. Their wedding occurred April 25, 1843. Mr. Doak has been fortunate in financial matters, and he now owns 207 acres of splendid land well improved and cultivated. He is an ardent Republican, having joined that party at its organization and leaving the Whig party. He was once a candidate for County Commissioner, and came within twenty - live votes of being elected. During the Rebellion and prior thereto he took strong grounds in favor of abolishing slavery. He participated in checking the Morgan raid. STAMPERS CREEK TOWNSHIP. 663 J SAMUEL MAHAN was born in Stampers Creek Township, Orange Co., Ind., where he now lives, August 13, 1826. He is one of twelve children of Peter and Mary (Keed) Mahan, who were among the earliest settlers in Orange County, having come from Kentucky in 1809, about three years after their maiTiage. Their deaths occurred in June and September, 1878. Samuel Mahan received a common school education in the early schools of the county, and has devoted his whole life to farming. His success is abundantly indicated by the splendid farm he now owns of 277 acres of the best land in Orange County. June 20, 1850, his marriage was solemnized with Sarah I. Dougherty, who has borne him a family of ten children, all living but two, and named Frank- lin G., Mary E., Robert S., Peter D., Sarah J., Emily C, Clara B. and John W. Mrs. Mahan's parents, Robert and Sarah (Tanner) Dougherty, were of the first settlers in the county. She was born November 8, 1832. Both Mr. and Mrs. Mahan are members of the Regular Baptist Church, near where they live. Mr. Mahan is a Republican in politics, and one of the best citizens of the county. JACKSON McCOY, a farmer of Stampers Creek Township, is a native of Washington County, Ind., and was born October 20, 1814, and is one of twelve children of George and Lydia (Wolfe) McCoy, who came to Indiana from Virginia in an early day. While quite young Jackson's parents moved to Orange County, where his home has been ever since. His education is meager, and was all obtained in the old-fash ioned schools of his time. The occupation of his life has been farming and stock-raising. His farm of over 300 acres is well improved and cultivated, and is situated in the best part of Orange County. His mar- riage with Sarah VanCleave was on the 13th of April, 1837, and the result of this union was nine children, named William F. , George B., Alex- ander, Jackson A., Guilderoy, John V., Sarah, Henry F. and James N. He was grieved by the death of his wife October 11, 1881. Politically he has always been a Democrat, and expects always to be such. Mr. McCoy is now enjoying the close of life surrounded by his children, and reposing in the high esteem of all his neighbors. JAMES L. NOBLITT, a son of W^illiam and Mary (Holaday) Noblitt, is a native of Stampers Creek Township, Orange Co., Ind., and was born June 27, 1845. He is the second of five children, and in his early life attended the common schools of the county until the age of- twenty years, and in the vacations worked upon his father's farm. In January, 1865, he enlisted in Company F, One Hundred and Forty-fourth Regi- ment Indiana Volunteer Infantry, where he served until the close of the war, and was honorably discharged in July of the same year. Upon his return home he attended one term at the Paoli Normal School, and after this he went to the Orleans Academy for some time. In the year 1867 he began teaching in the district schools of Orange County, and had taught eight terms before he was appointed to the oflice of County Super- intendent in 1875. In this capacity he served iintil June, 1881, with satisfaction. Under his supervision the schools of the county were graded and greatly improved. Since the expiration of his term of oflSce he has taught three terms of school. His marriage with Laura Mayedon, of the same county, was solemnized February 6, 1870, and to their union three children have been born, named Mary C, Emma and Lulu. Both Mr. and Mrs. Noblitt are members of the Regular Baptist Church at Pleasant Grove, near where they live. Mr. Noblitt is a member of the 664 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES. « Masonic fraternity, and belongs to Paoli Lodge No. 119. In politics he is Democratic, and usually takes a lively interest in the public affairs of the county. AARON A. J. PICKENS, merchant at Millersburg, Ind., was born in Paoli Township, Orange County, March 14, 1850, one of the thirteen children of Lemuel and Mahala (Speers) Pickens. His parents were among the early settlers of Orange County, coming from Shelby County, Ky. His father, Lemuel, was one of the influential citizens of the county, and was at one time County Commissioner, and his death was occasioned by his team running and killing him almost instantly, Decem- ber 2, 1880. Aaron Pickens was well educated in the country schools of his boyhood, and he has been engaged all his life in farming. He owns a farm of 152 acres in Stampers Creek Township, where he moved in 1872. January 4, 1871, he married Nancy J. Corn well, by whom he is the father of three children: Willis E., Daisy D. and Harry R. In March, 1884, in company with James Poison he began doing a general merchandise trade at Millersburg, with a stock of goods valued at about $3,000, and they are doing a splendid business. Mr. Pickens is a Dem- ocrat, and as such was appointed Trustee of his township in the fall of 1881, In the spring following he was elected his own successor, and re-elected in 1884. As a public officer he has given the best of satisfac- tion. HENRY H. POLSON, one of the prominent farmers of Stampers Creek Township, was born in Harrison County, Ind., October 22, 1831, one of the five children of his parents, who were James and Louisa (Roby) Poison. Mr. Poison's education was acquired mostly by study- ing nights after hard work. In company with his parents he settled in Orange County in 1847, and has made his home here ever since, and has followed agricultural pursuits most of his life. He now owns 285 acres of first-rate land. As a Democrat he has held the office of Justice of the Peace eight years, and that of County Treasurer for five years. Septem- ber 1, 1861, he enlisted in Company F, Fiftieth Regiment of Indiana Volunteer Infantry, where he served until January 5, 1865, in the Rebell- ion, and was discharged as First Lieutenant. Following are some of the battles in which he was engaged: Mumfordsville, Bowling Green, Cor- inth, Red Mound, Saline River, Poison Spring and others. At the bat- tle of Red Mound he was wounded in the ankle. July 17, 1853, his nuptials with Miss Amariah Mcintosh wore celebrated, and of the nine childi-en born to this union only these are now alive: James T., William H., John W., Carrie and Eli J. Mr. and Mrs. Poison are members of the Baptist Church, and he belongs to the Masonic fraternity, in which ho has attained to the Master Mason's degree. WILLIAM T. WELLS, a farmer of Stampers Creek Township, was born in Orleans Township, Orange County, Ind., February 1, 1831. His parents, Abraham and Lucy (True) Wells, were natives of Jessamine County, Ky., whence they came to Indiana in 1829. William T. was one of a family of nine children, and when very young was compelled to work hard. His education was consequently limited, being acquired in primitive schools of his day. At the age of nine years he plowed ten acres in four and a half days, which was a full man's work. Farming has been his life's vocation, and he has made a success of it. He now owns 200 acres of land, and devotes most of his attention to stock-raising. His marriage with Sarah E. True was solemnized, and to this union four « STAMPERS CREEK TOAVNSHIP. 665^ children have been born: William A., George B., McC. and John A., now living. Mr. Wells and wife are members of the Missionary Baptist Church, and he is a member of the Subordinate Lodge of Odd Fellows at Hardinsburg. He is a zealous Democrat in politics, and usually takes a lively interest in the public affairs of his community, and at one time was prominently talked of as Township Trustee. JUDGE SAMUEL WIBLE, who is probably the oldest man now liv- ing in Orange County, and who is usually known by the title of Judge, was born in Nelson County, Ky., June 14, 1792. In the fall of 1814 he located on the same farm where he now lives, in the eastern part of Stampers Creek Township. He was one of the foremost citizens of the county, and tilled the office of Justice of the Peace for eight years. In 1840 he was elected to the office of Probate Judge, and he held this position one term of four years. Polly Rigney, a native of North Caro- lina, became his wife May 25, 1815. In religion he was always an ardent member of the Baptist Church and belongs to the Sinking Spring Society, which he joined in 1827, and was for over forty years one of the Deacons. His wife, who was a member of the same church, died August 21', 1876. William R. Wible was one of their eight children, and was born January 22, 1821, near where he now lives. In bo3"hood he attended the 'Moud" schools of his time, where he received a common school education. Although farming has been his principal occupation, he spent some years in the blacksmith-shop with his father. Besides this he followed threshing about twenty-five years. He married Sarah E. Mitchell, of Washington County, February 3, 1842, and by her is father of ten children, these five now living: Benjamin F. , Polly A., Samuel J., John M. and Melvina. Mr. Wible enlisted in. Company G, Forty- ninth Regiment of Indiana Volunteer Infantry, where he served in the Rebellion from November, 1861, to December, 1864, and was honorably discharged. "He participated in these battles: Siege of Vicksburg, Champion Hills, Big Black, Alexandria, Cumberland Gap and a number of minor engagements. On his return home he continued farming on his 120 acres of good land, where he now lives. Both Mr. and Mrs. Wible are members of the Livonia Baptist Church, near where they live. He has been a stanch Democrat all his life, and says he can see no reason to change. He was Justice of the Peace for eight years. 4 ^: PART V. History of Washington County, CHAPTER I. BY S. H. HAKROD, M. D. Geology of Washington County— Description and Topography — The Drainage— The Outcrops of the Rocky Formation- The Famous Spurgeon Hill Fossil Beds— A List of the Casts Found —Other Valuable Beds— Lime and Cement— Sand and Gravel- Building Stone— Clay and Coal— Precious Metals— Caves- Mineral Springs — Timber, etc. WASHINGTON COUNTY is bounded on the north by the Muscata- tuck River, east by Scott and Clarke Counties, south by Harrison and Crawford, west by Orange and Lawrence, embracing about 510 square miles. It is divided into thirteen civil townships, viz. : Brown, Jefiferson, Monroe, Gibson, Franklin, Washington, Vernon, Madison, Howard, Pierce, Polk, Jackson and Posey. For variety of surface and soil and beauty of natural scenery, it is not surpassed by any other county in the State. In the southern part are extensive " Barrens " which embrace nearly one- eighth of the entire area of the county. These barrens were originally, . and to a limited extent are yet, thickly matted with wild grass, brush and grubs. Some parts are curiously diversified with sink- holes varying in size and shape, showing the cavernous nature of the earth beneath. This part of the county in latter years has been brought into cultivation, and now many well improved farms may be seen well adapted to fruits of various kinds. About one- fifth of the county is bottom lands and very productive. The upland is rolling, and in many parts, especially along the water- courses, quite broken. It is well adapted to the raising of cereals of all kinds, and to the industrious farmer yields a bountiful har- vest. It is especially well adapted to blue grass, and with the proper management would rival the famous " blue grass regions of Kentucky." The county is traversed by a number of streams, many of them fed by never-failing springs of pure cold water, rendering the county one of the foremost for stock-raising. In the northeast part of the county is Elk Creek, flowing almost due north through Gibson Township, emptying into the Muscatatuck River. Delaney's Creek, running through Monroe 42 668 HISTORY OF WASHINGTON COUNTY. in a northern direction, discharges its waters into the Mascatatuck Buffalo, Twin Creek, Rush Creek and Clifty, small streams in the north- west part of the county, flow in a northwest direction, emptying into White River. In the west part, flowing west, are the South and North Forks of Lost River. The West, Middle and South Forks of Blue River flow in a southwest direction, following the dip of the strata through Franklin, Polk, Washington, Pierce, Jackson, Howard and Posey Townships, enter- ing Harrison County a short distance southwest of Fredericksburg. Bear Creek, a tributary of the South Fork of Blue River, runs in a northwest direction through Jackson Township. Besides this there are many other small brooks fed by springs that gush from rocky hillsides, rushing and leaping over pebbles, along mossy banks, making music for the lover of nature who chances to seek a retired spot for repose and meditation. THE KNOBS. Running along near the northeast border of the county is a range of hills called the "Knobs," rising to an altitude of 960 feet above the level of the ocean. This range of hills forms the western shore of the " Collett Glacial River." A large portion of Gibson Township lies in this ancient river bed, and is one of the most productive sections of the county. The depth of the drift here has not been ascertained, as there have been no borings sufficiently deep. In digging a well in this drift a white walnut was found in a good state of preservation twenty-one feet below the surface. THE ROCKY OUTCROPS. Rocks of the Lower Carboniferous series form the surface strata in a wide belt west of the Devonian and east of the coal measures, and these, for the most part, constitute the rocky exposures of the counties of Har- rison, Crawford, Orange, Morgan, Putnam, Hendricks, Montgomery, Tippecanoe and Benton, with parts of Perry, Floyd and Jackson. The eastern line of this belt is composed of sandstones and shales of the knobstone group, while adjoining on the west are the great cavernous limestones of the State. Washington County is situated near the eastern border of this belt, and a line beginning near the southeast corner of the county and running through Pekin, Farabee's Station, Harristown and Canton, and from thence in a northwest direction through Mount Carmel to the Muscatatuck River, would be an approximate line dividing the knobstone from the limestone. The knobstone crops out east of this line along the knobs and along the bluffs of the streams, having a dip to the southwest, determining the course of many of the water -courses of the county. This shale forms the watershed in the eastern half of the county, consequently we find all the springs coming out between it and tlie limestone which lies immediately above it. The pyritous nature of this shale causes it to decompose rapidly when exposed to the atmos- « \ HISTORY OF WASHINGTON COUNTY. 669 phere, and the freezing and thawing causes it to crumble, and every spring freshet carries away what the previous winter had torn to pieces. It contains many spherical lumps of sulphuret of iron, some of which have for a nucleus very finely preserved fossils. In a deep ravine east of the residence of Allen Thompson in Gibson Township, in Section 32, may be found many of these spherical lumps, which have been weathered out, containing fossils which have lain entombed for thousands of years, yet retaining their silvery cuticle as perfect as if buried but yesterday. The outcropping of this shale in some localities, especially along the knobs, presents truly a sublime and grand scenery. A measurement taken in Section 25, in Washington Township, gave a thickness of 285 feet. This does not indicate the entire thickness of the shale, but only what is vjsible. Fine specimens of Fucoides " Cauda Galli " are found in Section 25. Overlying the shale we have the St. Louis, Keokuk and Burlington limestone, rich in fossils, making Washington County a paradise for the collector of geological specimens. THE SPURGEON HILL FOSSILS. The famous locality of Spurgeon Hill, situated in Section 24, in Washington Township, has a world-wide reputation for the variety and abundance of its finely preserved specimens. It has for years past been the resort of eminent geologists from all parts of the United States, and will still continue to be, as its treasures are inexhaustible. It has fur- nished thousands of fossils to collectors, and no cabinet, private or pub- lic, is now considered complete without a full suit of specimens from Spurgeon Hill. The following fossils have been identified at Spurgeon Hill: Pentremites Koninckana, P. * conoideus, Endothyra Baleyi, Orthis dubia, Productus biseriatus, P. Indianensis, Sperifer bifurcata, S. Nor- woodana, Athyris hirsuta, A. trinucleus Rhynchonea ricinula, R. Gros- venori, R. mutata, R. subcuneata, Eumetria vemeuiliana, Ter^ebratula turgida, T. Formosa, Cypricardella subelliptica, C. nucleata, C. oblonga, Sanguinolites (Gomophoraff) plicata, Cypricardiana Indianensis, Edmon- dia (??) sublana, Nucula shumardana, Leda nasuta, Conocardium catas- tomum, C. Carinatum, C. Cuneaiiim, C. equilateral, Euomphalus quad- rivolvus, E. spurgenensis, E. spurgenensis var. planorbiformis, E. plani- spira, Pleurotomaria nodulostriata, P. humilis, P. Meckana, P. subglobosa, P. Worthini, P. Swaltovana, P. trilineata, P. elegantula, P. conula, Murchisonia insculpta, M. attenuata, M. vermicula, M. turritella, M. vineta, Cyclonema Leavenworthana, C. subangulatum, Loxonema Yan- dellana, Eotrochus concatms, Bulimorpha biclimiformis, B. canaliculata, B. elongata, Holopea Proutana, Naticapsis Carleyana, Platyceras acuti- rosbis, Bellerophon sublevis, B. textilis, Nautilus Clarkanus, Orthoceras epigrus, Spirorbis anulatus, S. nodulosus, Leperditia carbonaria, Conu- laria Missouriensis, Conularia { ?), Dichocrinus ( ?) 670 HISTORY OF WASHINGTON COUNTY. These fossils belong to the St. Louis limestone and for a full descrip- tion the reader is referred to the twelfth annual report of the State Geolo- gist, it being for the year 1882. THE FOSSILS OF OTHER LOCALITIES. At the grade-cut on Paynter's Hill, in Section 27, many of the same fossils are found in the red clay in a good state of preservation, and so eager have been geologists to secure these fossils that the ground has been plowed and raked until not a square yard of surface has escaped the watchful eye of the collector. The overlapping and commingling of the different divisions of the subcarboniferous limestone makes it very difficult in many places to determine the precise boundary between the St. Louis, the Burlington and Keokuk, as the fossils of two or more are found in the same locality. In Section 12 in Washington Township, near the old Franklin Meeting-house, in the bed of the creek are found Batocrinus chrystyi, Goniasteroidocrinus tuberosus, Agaricocrinus nodo- sus, Cyathocrinus decadactylus, Synbathocrinus (?), Dorycrinus roemeri. In Section 36 are found: Batocrinus remibrachiatus, Agaricocrinus nodosus, Onychocrinus exculptus. In Section 3 are found: Ony chaster flexilis, Actinocrinus loiver, Actinocrinus lagunculus, Synbathocrinus swallovi, Cyathocrinus Harrodi. East of the Friends' Church on the land of A. J. Parker, is found Platycrinus Halli. In Sections 18, 14 and 20 in Washington Township, fine and large specimens of Pentremites ; Woodmani are found, also in Section 4, in Franklin Township. At the railroad cut southwest of Salem, one or two specimens of Lepidisthes Colletti have been found. The specimens found in these localities are generally well preserved, and especially those in the vicinity of Canton, which embraces some of the huge forms of the upper Keokuk of Iowa and Nashville, Tenn. , are very fine. It will require a critical survey to determine the exact boundaries of the different groups. BUILDING STONE. Good building stone can be found in unlimited quantities in almost any locality. In the eastern part of the county is found, in many places, a sandstone which is easily worked when first taken from the quarry, but becomes quite hard after losing its quarry water. It is used mainly for walling cellars and for foundations, and has proved to be quite durable on exposure to the weather. Fine quarries of Oolitic limestone are found in other parts of the county. The quarry formerly owned by Emuel Link, but now owned by Mr. Belknap, has been worked for many years, furnishing thousands of tons of sawed and undressed stone for private and public buildings in Louisville, Chicago and other cities. Mr. Belk- nap has recently adapted channelers, which greatly enlarge the facilities for quarrying, and the labor is so much modified, that blocks of any size can be obtained and shipped at cheap rates. Orders have been received HISTORY OF WASHINGTON COUNTY. 671 recently by the proprietors of this quarry to furnish the stone for the new State House in Florida. This stone is almost a pure carbonate of lime, and shows a wonderful resistance to weathering, retaining the marks of the hammer and chisel after many years of exposure. The average weight of a cubic foot of this stone is 144.28. Lime of an excel- lent quality is burned at the quarry, supplying a large local demand, besides shipping thousands of bushels to New Albany, Louisville and various other points along the Louisville, New Albany & Chicago Railroad. CEMENT KOCK. On the land owned by Francis Elliott, in Franklin Township, Section 7, is seen, cropping out along the branch, a strata of inferior cement rock, containing many geodes. At the bottom of the railroad cut at Harristown is exposed a thickness of from two to five feet of cement rock, but not workable, owing the the geodes found in it. Many of these geodes, although rough and uncouth externally, are tilled with nature's purest, brightest gems, and when freshly broken, sparkle with the imprisoned light of past ages. SA.ND AND GRAVEL. Unlimited quantities of gravel for the improvement of roads are found along many of the streams, and can be had for the hauling. All that is needed in order to have good roads is the hauling and spreading the gravel on a properly graded dirt bed, Every spring freshet washes out a new supply to be used during the following summer and fall, which in the last few years has been utilized to the great improvement in our pub- lic highways. Sand of a good quality for building purposes is found along the branches and creeks in sufficient quantities to meet the demands for improvements going on throughout the county. THE CLAYS. Good clay for the manufacture of bricks and tiling is found in abun- dance throughout the county. Brick-kilns have been burned in various localities, fully testing the value of the clay, both for brick and tiling. The steady demand for good bricks has justified a liberal investment in their manufacture. The kilns at Salem, under the management of Mr. Alfred Schunn, have turned out in the last ten years millions of the best of brick, which find a ready sale at home at good prices. He has recently added to this branch of industry the manufacture of tiling, in sizes vary- ing from three to eight inches, giving employment to quite a number of hands. The tile factory near Pugh's Mill, on Delaney's Creek, iji Mon- roe Township, turns out a superior quality of tiling, and has proved remunerative both to the manufacturer and to the farmer owning bottom lands in this vicinity. No money will give a better per cent than that invested in underdraining the overflowed lands, not only by the increased 672 HISTORY OF WASHINGTON COUNTY. crops, but as a hygienic measure, thus preventing the development of malarial diseases, so common on bottom lands along the water-courses. This branch of industry in this county is in its infancy, and it will not be many years before the frog ponds and swamps will be converted into fertile fields, addiug greatly to the agricultural wealth of the county. COAL DEPOSITS. It is always important to know what a district of country contains, and it is sometimes of great importance to know what it does not contain. It is frequently asked, " Will coal ever be found in Washington Coun- ty?" Any one with only a limited knowledge of the rock formations, will unhesitatingly answer no. As has been said, the rocks of Washing- ton County belong to the subcarboniferous age, and consequently we are too low for coal. It is true that seams of coal occur in the subcarbon- iferous at many places in Pennsylvania and Virginia, but in Indiana the subcarboniferous is known to contain no coal, and it is a useless waste of time and money to search for it. The railroad track at Harristown on the Louisville, New Albany & Chicago Railroad is 210 feet higher than the track at Mitchell, and 264 feet higher than the surface of the ground at the court house at Paoli. The strata dips to the southwest, throwing our strata under the conglomerate sand rock found in the west part of Orange and the east part of Martin Counties, which is still below the coal. So it will be seen that it is not until we reach the west part of Martin County that we find the true cual measures. The top of Spur- geon Hill is 135 feet higher than the railroad track at Harristown, one of the highest points in the county, but is still too low for coal. A single fossil coal plant has been found near the top of the hill, showing that the higher points would more likely reveal evidences of coal than by dig- ging down in less elevated localities. THE PRECIOUS METALS. None of the precious metals will ever be found in Washington County, unless in minute quantities, because primitive formations in which mines of gold and silver are found do not exist. It is true we may find small particles of gold in the drift, but to search for it in pay- ing quantities is time misspent. Fine specimens zinc-blende are found in geodes in some localities, making nice cabinet specimens, but valuable for no other purpose. The fabulous stories said to have been handed down through a long line of Indian chiefs in regard to rich silver mines in this county, is credited^by some of the pale-faces even now, and noth- ing but a fruitless search will dispel this delusion from their minds. CAVES. There is quite a number of caves in Washington County, varying in size from those of small dimensions to quite extensive caves. These did \ HISTORY OF WASHINGTON COUNTY. 673 not always exist. The rock is of marine origin, and was deposited at the bottom of the subcarboniferous ocean, having a probable depth of from 1,000 to 2,500 feet. Under the pressure of such a depth of water, the material, consisting of comminuted shells of animals and crinoids, was perfectly compressed before hardening. In the process of upheaval, checks and cracks were formed, through which the surface water found its way. Water charged with carbonic acid gas, coming in contact with the limestone in passing through these openings, would enlarge them by unit- ing with the lime, forming a soluble bicarbonate of lime. This process continuing through the ceaseless round of untiring time would continue to enlarge these openings, forming rivulets, which would finally become large subterranean rivers. When these openings became too large for the water to entirely fill them, the carbonic acid still carried on the work of dissolving the limestone. Such was the process by which caves were formed. One of the caves in Monroe Township in Section 19, known as " House's Cave, " has been explored to a considerable distance, its fine stalactites exciting the wonder and admiration of the explorer, but vandal hands have shorn it of much of its former beauty and grandeur. From some of these caves streams of water run. ' ' Cave Spring, " situated in Madison Township, Section 34, on the land of J. A. Cravens, takes its name from the beautiful cave from which it issues. From a cave in Howard Township, Section 11, a stream of water runs sufficiently large to propel extensive machinery. In the waters of this spring swim eye- less fish. Organ Spring took its name from the sound, resembling that of an organ, made by the water as it flowed from a beautiful cave, situa- ted in Howard Township. In later years this sound has ceased owing to the damming up the water to run machinery. Clifty Creek has its ori- gin from a cave in Brown Township, Section 14, The scenery in this locality is highly romantic, and could be made a pleasant rural summer resort. A cave on the land of Emanuel Link, near Salem, has been visited and explored by many persons, and it has always paid the visitor for the time and trouble. There are caves in other localities of which mention might be made, all showing the cavernous nature of the St. Louis limestone. Future explorations may develop caves in Washing- ton County that will rival the famous Wyandotte Cave of Harrison County. MINERAL SPRINGS. The mineral springs of the county have not as yet been sufficiently tested, to give them more than a local reputation. A spring on the land of Mary Fultz, in Franklin Township, Section 30, yielded on analysis made by Prof. E. T. Cox: Chloride sodium, bicarbonate lime, sulphate of lime, bicarbonate magnesia, sulphate magnesia, sulphate soda, sulphate of iron. Its virtues as a medicinal agent have not been fully tested, but will no doubt be found to act beneficially as an aperient, alterative and * 674 HISTORY OF WASHINGTON COUNTY. tonic. The mineral well of J. W. Underwood, situated in Jefferson Township, Section 26, affords an ample supply of medicated water which had been analyzed by Prof. H. A. Clark, of the Ohio Medical College, and found to contain sodium, potassium, calcium, magnesium, iron, sul- phuric acid, hydro-chloric acid, carbolic acid, phosphoric acid. The water has been tested and found to be highly beneficial in diseases of the digestive and urinary organs. Many other springs throughout the county, although their waters have not been analyzed, give ample evi- dence of possessing medical qualities, and it is only a matter of time when these springs will become known and be the resort of invalids, thus saving expensive trips to the seashore and elsewhere. The salt well between Canton and Salem on the land of Mary Ann Trueblood, in Sec- tion 15, over half a century ago, furnished a local supply of salt, but now there remain only faint traces of the locality where the hardy pio - neer " earned his salt." ' TIMBER. The variety and quality of timber in Washington County will com- pare favorably with that of any other county in the State. At the time of the early settlement of the county it was magnificently wooded with white, black and chestnut oak, white and black walnut, beech, hickory, ash, elm, sugar tree, chestnut, sycamore, poplar, gum, dogwood, sassafras, wild cherry, and some other varieties of less note. Much of the valuable timber was recklessly destroyed in the original clearings. As the popu- lation increased, the demand for timber for different purposes (continued to make sad havoc with much of the best timber, and an active demand, at home and abroad has been so steady for black walnut, wild cherry and poplar, that now it is seldom we see those grand old monarchs that once were the pride of our primeval forest. The boy who lives fifty years from now will be slow in believing that we had such large forest trees. One or those giant poplars was cut on the land of William Brewer, Sec- tion 32, south of Salem, in the year 1878, that measured eight feet across the stump. The tree made six logs twelve feet long. It took fourteen horses to haul the first cut to Salem, where it was sawed into five-eighth inch lumber by Col. L. D. Sayles. It made 3,000 feet of lumber, many of the planks measuring forty-two inches wide. The entire tree made 12,000 feet of lumber. The enormous amount of wild cherry, black walnut and yellow poplar sawed into lumber in the county, and shipped to eastern cities, may be roughly estimated when we learn that one single saw-mill, that of Col. Sayles, has annually for the past thirteen years averaged 750,000 feet of lumber, while the county is dotted all over with mills running constantly. The tempting prices offered for good timber have in many instances induced land-holders to part with all their mer- chantable timber, and in some cases it has led to the neglect of the more legitimate business of the farm, and to a depreciation in the value I HISTORY OF WASHINGTON COUNTY. 675 of real estate. The timber once recklessly destroyed on many tracts of land, would now, if standing, be worth more than the land on which it grew. CHAPTER II. BY WESTON A. GOODSPEKD. Indian History— The Cession Treaties— The Indians who Inhabited THIS Country— The Rangers and Militia— The Ox Family— Capt- ure OF Jimmy and Johnny— Death of the Solidas— The Forts, Stockades, Block-houses, etc. — The Scouts — Anecdotes — The Mounds and their Contents. IT is conceded by the authority of historians of the Indian tribes, notably Schoolcraft, Tucker and others, that originally upon the set- tlement of this country by the whites all of the present Indiana was the domain of the Miamis. According to the statement of Little Turtle or Mish-e-ken-o-quah, the head chief of the Miamis and one of the most intelligent and renowned warriors of the aboriginal tribes, made at the treaty of St. Mary's, Ohio, the original tract of country occupied by the Miamis was bounded about as follows: Beginning at Detroit, thence south to the Scioto Kiver, thence down the same to the Ohio River, thence down the same to the mouth of the Wabash, thence up the Wabash to near Covington, Ind. , thence north to the southern point of Lake Michigan, thence east to Detroit. This was the Miami land until about a century ago. The whites being stronger constantly encroached upon the hunting-grounds of the Indians in western Pennsylvania and eastern Ohio, and the latter gradually kept retiring westward, relinquish- ing by compulsory desertion at first and cession treaties later the land owned for centuries by their forefathers. The retiring Indians, often depleted by periodical border wars of long and bloody continuance, were foi'ced for tribal protection to sue for adoption into the stronger tribes on the west whose strength had not yet been partially crushed by the invading and land -relentless whites. This procedure eventually led to the great Miami Confederacy, composed of the original Miamis and the " permitted " tribes which had been driven westward. Among these " permitted " tribes were the Delawares, the Shawnees, the Kickapoos, the "Wyandots, the Senecas and other fragmentary tribes. The Pianke- shaws and Weas seem to be related to the Miamis, or had previously united with them. THE EARLY INDIAN OCCUPANCY. The territory now comprising the county of Washington, with the exception of a small portion of the southwest corner, was acquired of the 676 HISTORY OF WASHINGTON COUNTY. Delawares, Miamis, Piankeshaws and other tribes by the treaty of Grouseland, held near Viucennes, August 21, 1805. The excepted south- west corner was acquired the year before. The Delawares seem to have had the greatest claim to the land of this county and mainly occupied it, though Miamis, Piankeshaws, and occasionally straggling Pottawatto- mies or Wyandots were seen by the first settlers. There was no celebrated permanent Indian village in this county at the time of white settlement, but there were seen in numerous places open plats of ground which, doubt- less, for years had been cultivated by the Indians. Thei'e were also a half dozen or more temporary villages on the streams, comprising ten to twenty families who lived in wigwams built for a few months, while the hunting, fishing or trapping season lasted. THE RANGERS AND MILITIA. At the time of first settlement, and prior to the year J 811, the whites and Indians lived in comparative peace and friendliness as neighbors. But when it became known later that a war was brewing, the Indians left for the North and soon became the allies of Great Britain. Soon after this they began to invade the white settlements in war parties, in paint and feathers, to pillage, burn and murder. This led to the forma- tion of militia companies and companies of mounted rangers, who were regularly sworn into the service of the United States. As early as March, 1811, Zachariah Lindley, afterward so well known in Orange County, was made Captain of a militia company in that territory, where he then lived, and James McVey was his First Lieutenant. Numerous companies were formed in Harrison County, to which Washington was then attached. At that time the entire county composed the Fifth Militia Regiment, the officers being, John Tipton, Colonel; John DePauw, Major, and the follow- ing Captains: Absalom Sargent, James McKinney, John Bell, Zachariah Lindley, George French, John McVey, Noah Wright, John Beck and Henry Dewalt, who were suceeeded by the following among others: Samuel Huston, George French, Charles Busey and John Royse. Among the Lieutenants were: Joseph Shields. Elijah Veach, William Cunning- ham, Jacob Zenor, who was afterward Captain and Major, Jesse Dur- ham, John Carter, John Maris, E. C. Hunter and others. Upon the for- mation of Washington County in 1814, it was given a separate regiment — the Ninth. The order for the formation of this regiment was given January 10, 1814, and John DePauw was commissioned Colonel, and to him a dedimus was issued by the Territorial Governor to swear into the service the officers and men of the regiment. The first Captains of the Ninth Regiment were Deney, Huston, French, Sargent, Beck, Dewalt, Busey, Royse, Jerry Rankin and Samuel Maris, Some of them were soon succeeded by Clifton Glazebrook, William Kennedy, Jesse Roberts, Jesse Durham, Noah Wright, John Maxwell and others. Jesse Roberts \ HISTORY Oa WASHINGTON COUNTY. 677 and William Hoggatt served early as Majors. The above men were about all the militia officers until after the war. The Indians did not become really dangerous until 1812, but before that date confined their depredations mostly to horse-stealing. As the settlers were poor, and horses were scarce and very valuable, the magni- tude of the act was much greater than at present. During the winter of 1811-12, over 100 Indians wintered in the vicinity of Spark's Ferry, and committed no depredations until they left the following spring. During the winter small detachments of them, to the number of a half dozen or more, located temporarily along the streams of the county to hunt, trap, and trade with the whites, and it was not until the spring of 1812 that they "took up the hatchet " in earnest. The battle of Tippecanoe, the 7th of November, 1811, had subdued them, but the continuance of the war with Great Britain led them also to keep up desultory raids on the white settlements. THE CAPTURE OF TWO CHILDBEN. One of the temporary villages was on Royse's Lick near the store kept by Dr. Lamb. Here "Old Ox," a Delaware chief and his family and immediate followers were established. " Tow-Head" was the son of Ox, and was treacherous and savage. A white man named McOullough had married Tow-Head's sister, and a little boy ''Sammy" was the issue. "While the Indians remained there Sammy was often visited by two little white boys of his own age, living near by, named Jimmy and Johnny. When the Indians all left the next spring, which they did suddenly after committing theft, robbery, murder, etc., Jimmy and Johnny were stolen. The act was planned beforehand, and was well executed. Upon the solic- itation of "Mrs. Ox" the little boys went over one afternoon to play with Sammy, They remained until after dark, and when their parents went to bring them home they found the Indian camp deserted and the boys gone. They roused the neighborhood and continued the search during the night, but without finding either Indians or boys. Early the next morning came reports from various portions of the county of the thievish or bloody raids of the Indians and their hasty departure for the Wabash north. The friends of the stolen boys also found their horses missing. A small squad of resolute men started in pursuit in hopes of recovering the stolen property as well as the boys, but they did not succeed, and retm'ned after going as far north as Monroe County. A little later than the others a full company of militia under Henry Dewalt started in pursuit, but came back after following the main body of Indians far north. It afterward transpired that to prevent capture or pursuit, some half dozen of Ox's family had not gone north with the main body of Indians, but had gone to the mouth of Muscatatuck River, where they had con- cealed themselves until the ardor of pursuit was over, when they resumed their journey, going north to the main village on the Wabash near 678 HISTORY OF WASHING'JON COUNTY. Lafayette. On the way one night Jimmy and Johnny were rolled in blankets and laid to sleep against a big log on the side of which a tire was kept burning. Daring the night the lire crept along and communi- cated with Jimmy's blanket. In a few minutes he was enveloped in flames, and was so badly burned before it could be put out that the Indians the next morning tomahawked and scalped him rather than to have him with them longer. Johnny was kept captive for some time, but at last was sold to some white man and finally was adopted by a family in this county named Menaugh. This little boy who knew not his real name was John L. Menaugh, who for so many years was well known to the people of the county. THE MURDER OF THE SOLIDAS. The day before the departure of the Indians witnessed two bloody tragedies in the county. In what is now Monroe Township lived Robert Ellison, for whom Daniel Solida worked at clearing, etc. Solida was a man of great strength, and had participated in the battle of Tippecanoe the preceding November, at which he had killed several Indians and taken their scalps. During the winter of 1811-12, this fact was made known to the Indians encamped on White River, and when they left they resolved to kill him. Early on the day mentioned Solida and Ellison went out to hunt their horses, and having found some of them Ellison came back with them, leaving Solida to continue the search for the others. This he did, and while passing through a dense grove of big trees was suddenly set upon by probably six or eight Indians and killed. He was shot, tomahawked and scalped, and left dead and mangled on the ground. On the same day and about the same time and under much the same cir- cumstances, another murder occurred in Jefferson Township. Jacob Solida, brother of Daniel, and a man equally as strong and active, who had likewise made himself conspicuous at the battle of Tippecanoe and elsewhere against the Indians, had been working for Richard Newkirk, and the two went out on the fatal morning to hunt their stock. While thus engaged they passed into an Indian ambush and were fired upon. Both were wounded, Solida severely and Newkirk slightly, and the latter by hard running managed to escape. Solida could not run very fast and was easily overtaken and dispatched. Under what circumstances he died cannot be known, but the ground around where he was found bore wit- ness that he fought heroically for his life. He was overpowered, stabbed, tomahawked and scalped. What injury he inflicted upon his enemies is not known, but it is reasonable to conclude that some of them paid dearly for the life they took. The earth was torn up, and here and there covered with other blood than that of the settler. As soon as these two murders became known, E. D. Logan with a company of militia started in pursuit, but after going to Bean Blossom Creek in Monroe County, HISTORY OF WASHINGTON COUNTY. 679 returned without success. The ludians made good their escape with their stolen horses and other booty. THE FORTS AND BLOCK-HOUSES. Immediately succeeding these attacks the settlers of the county jlew for protection to the few block-houses that had been erected, and hastily built others, in all numbering about fifteen in the county. These were located, so far as can be learned, as follows: Two called Beck's Forts near John Beck's; one called Lick Fort, at Royse's Lick; one at Samuel Catlin's, three miles north of Fredericksburg; one near Kossuth in Monroe Township, called Logan's Fort; one called the Hattabaugh Fort near Plattsburg; one at Salem, where John Manley lives; one near Harristown; one three miles southwest of Salem; one near Livonia; one near the Quaker Church; one called Brock's Fort, on the land of W. L. Reyman; one on Section 7 in the northwest part of Franklin Township; one called the Fleener Fort, near Wesley Jones', and very likely others, the location of which could not be learned. These "forts" were usu- ally heavy log- cabins provided with port-holes from which to shoot, and furnished to accommodate several families; but in some instances real forts were built as at Hattabaugh's inclosure in Monroe Township, where a row of log-cabins, provided with port-holes, etc., was built together with a hi gh block-house at each end, and then all surrounded by a high fence of heavy slabs planted firmly in the ground, and leaving a space of about a rod around the cabins. Several of these block-houses or forts had been built before the general uprising, and after that others were hastily erected and occupied by the families of the settlers. In the Hattabaugh Fort were gathered the families of Robert Ellison, Dempsey Rice, Thomas Denny, Elisha Driskell, Elijah Binker, Isaac Beeler, George Hattabaugh, John Ramsey and others. At Brock's Fort were those of George Brock, George Brock, Jr., Adam Barnett, "William Gordon, Fred- erick Neighdever, "William Kemp, "William Natherton and others. At Young's Fort were Joseph Reyman, Isaac Miller, Jacob Miller, John Neighdever, Henry Carter, Benjamin Nicholson, James Young and Mar- tin Putoff. At Logan's Fort were "William Logan, AdamHoush, E. Pitts, "Western Hattabaugh, Mr. Thompson and Mr. Denny. Dewalt's Fort was full, but their names cannot be given. Beck's Forts were also full to over- flowing. Many were in McNight's Fort in Franklin Township. The fort near Sinking Spring, Madison Township, was large and contained about a dozen families. The wives, children and helpless were crowded intC' these forts, while the men armed and organized to be in readiness for any attack. About this time a raid was made into Brown and Jeffer- son Townships, and horses were stolen, owned by the Driskells et al. In September, 1812, occurred the Pigeon Roost massacre, in Scott County, near Vienna. Seventeen women and children were murdered, and the 680 HISTORY OF WASHINGTON COUNTY. Indians fled, but as quickly as possible were pursued by several compa- nies, one from this county commanded by Henry Dewalt. Among those from this county in this pursuit were Henry Dewalt, Arthur Parr, John Dunlap, Stephen Shipman, Thomas and James Thompson, Tart Fordyce^ Levi Wright, Noah Wright, John and Daniel Zink, John Thompson and a few others. The pursuit was so rapid that the Indians were caught up with near Columbus, this State, where a little skirmish occurred; though the Indians were not captured, doubtless several were wounded or killed. John Zink was wounded mortally in the bowels, from which he soon died and was brought home and buried near Salem. THE BOEDER SCOUTS, ETC. In 1812 and 1813 all the northern border of the county was patrolled day and night by white scouts. These men were the most experienced in Indian and woodcraft, and several had had years of experience in Indian warfare. Micajah Calloway, the friend and companion of Daniel Boone, who had figured prominently in many of the encounters with Indians now read of in books, was, perhaps, the leader of these scouts. John Beck, an experienced Indian fighter, who had fought at the battle of Tippecanoe, was another of these scouts. These guards did excellent service, as they anticipated several attacks of considerable force, which would have doubtless resulted in several deaths if not extensive massacres. In one of these raids a man named Spurgeon, near Vallonia, was killed, and at others the Flinns and Guthries, near Leesville, and Pierre, the trapper, were shot. Another raid into the eastern side of the county resulted in the death of John Huffman, and the wounding of a young woman in the breast. Two children were carried into captivity, one of whom was afterward returned, but the fate of the other is not known to this day. In the county were several old Indian fighters who scorned the protection of the forts and were very active, going far up into the Indian country to anticipate attacks. Two were named Pavey and Miller. Micajah Calloway could go anywhere, and outwit the red natives every time. In June, 1813, three or four companies of rangers and militia, under the guidance of these scouts, made a sudden raid on several Indian villages on the west fork of White River and reduced them to ashes, together with a considerable quantity of corn and other supplies. The braves, who had for some time been harrassing the bor- der, had their headquarters there, and it was thus determined to root them out. The plan was successful. Vallonia was a central point where was stationed a company of rangers, who frequently retaliated Indian raids and attacks. They had a fort and stockade there. INCIDENTS, ETC Numerous anecdotes could be told, though there is space but for a few. About sundown one evening at McNight's Fort a young woman HISTORY OF WASHINGTON COUNTY. 681 went out to milk a cow, and while thus engaged was terribly frightened to observe a big Indian peering at her from behind a distant tree. She was not long in finishing her work after that, and though very nervous, sauntered as if nothing had crossed her mind toward the fort. She entered, closed the door, and told what she had seen. Instantly prepar- ations were made to warmly receive the red visitors. The port-holes were manned and arms and ammunition were quickly prepared. It soon transpired that William Tokay had personated an Indian to see what effect it would have on the fort. He was satisfied. John Beck com- manded a company of rangers at the battle of Tippecanoe, in November, 1811. Upon the return of the men a volley was fired at Beck's Hill. This volley was heard a long distance and gave rise to the report that the settlers there had been attacked by the Indians. About that time a fire, which had been started in the woods, threw up large volumes of smoke, and the report also went out that the Indians were burning the cabins and murdering the settlers. People hastily gathered in strong cabins and forts and made the best preparations possible for defense, but soon the delusion was dispelled. In early times there was quite an Indian village near Zink's Quarry, west of Salem. It is asserted that an old Indian squaw, possessed of much eccentricity, was condemned to death here for being a witch or the like, and was burned at the stake. MOUNDS AND THEIR CONTENTS. Apparently the Mound Builders had but little to do with Washington County. Scattered over the ground, however, are numerous evidences of their presence here, in times antedating authentic history. So far as can be learned, they left within the limits of the county no forts or mili- tary enclosures and but very few earth-works of any character. In Brown Township is one or more mounds which when opened many years ago was found to contain human bones, ashes and charcoal and fragments of pottery and charred animal bones. In the southwestern part of the county mounds have also been discovered, though what they contain can not be stated. On the Joseph Trueblood farm, Washington Township, was a mound which was examined many years ago by persons living in that vicinity. In it were found human bones in a decomposed state, fragments of pottery and flint arrow heads. Since then this mound has been farmed over and is now almost level with the surface of the ground. 682 HISTORY OF WASHINGTON COUNTY. CHAPTER III. Settlement of the County— Washington Township— Old Settlers— Industries and Incidents— The Saline Reserves — Railway Disas- ter— Posey Township— Settlers, Industries, Incidents, etc.— Brown Township— Pioneers, Mills, Stories, etc.- -Courting Under Difficulties— Jackson Township — Settlement— Industrial Devel- opment — Anecdotes — Jefferson Township— Pioneers, Manufac- tures, Stores, Postoffices, Log-Rollings, etc.— Howard Town- ship—Settlers, Mills, Factories, Stories, etc.— Pierce Township —Settlement, Factories, Ada^entures, etc.— Polk Toavnship— Pio- neers, Distilleries, Postoffices, etc.— Vernon Township — Settle- ment, ETC.— Gibson Township— Industries and Incidents— Frank- lin Township— Its Growth, etc— Monroe Township— Mills, Stores, Distilleries, etc — Madison Township— Anecdotes. LONG before any white family became permanent residents of Wash- ington County, and even before Indiana Territory was organized to say nothing of the State Government, and while the Indians and wild animals were sole owners of the soil, hunters, prospectors, adventurers and squatters visited its borders. This carries the reader back to the year 1800 and earlier, for it is certain that sooq after that date perman- ent settlers located here, and they were always preceded by that semi- barbarous nomadic class of human beings known as squatters. It is doubtless true that inasmuch as permanent settlers followed hard after the year 1800, squatters lived and thrived here prior to that date. While this is reasonable to conclude, and is undoubtedly true, detailed state- ments cannot be given, as the squatters had no reliable historian, and their public achievements accordingly will sleep in eternal oblivion. The first settlers found evidences of white occupancy at Royce's Lick and at other places along the principal streams where living springs poured their welcome streams from the cool caverns of the ground. Small Indian villages were to be seen in a dozen places in the county, and the heavy forests, broken here and there by small tracts of prairie, were full of deer, bears, wolves, coons, panthers, wild turkeys, etc., etc. settlement in WASHINGTON TOWNSHIP. The name of the first permanent settler cannot be indicated with certainty. George Brock, a hardy German, came from the Old Dominion and located in several places in what is now Washington County, in 1807, living upon the game killed in hunting. He was a good hanter and was prospecting with a view of bringing his family out for permanent location. The following year he came out and settled on Section 8. HISTORY OF WASHINGTON COUNTY. 683 • With him came his son George Brock, Jr., and sons-in-law Adam Bar- nett and Frederick Neidifi'er. Jesse Spurgeon came about the same time as Brock, and some accounts fix his date of settlement at 1805. He tirst squatted near Canton and later located near Harristown. Judge Godlove Kemp located above Salem in 1808, and his son William, born February 17, 1811, was probably the first child born in the township, if not the county. In 1809 Col. Henry Dewalt, Roger Thompson, Will- iam Gordon, Andrew Pitts, P. Wright, William Netherton and Benjamin Brewer settled in the township. Dewalt settled on Section 14 Thomp- son located near Canton. His cabin was of round logs, was 16x18 feet, one room, stick and clay chimney, no windows, except a port-hole, one door of slabs. Gordon, afterward a merchant in Salem, located north of that town. Mr. Wright settled where his grandson Adam H. uoMf lives. Brewer entered the land where Salem now stands. After 1809 the settlement in the vicinity of Canton and all over Washington Town- ship was rapid. Micajah Calloway was one of the earliest, and was quite a celebrity, owing to his bloody dealings with the Indians. Others were James Davis, William Wright, Andrew Little, Isaac Miller, Jacob Mil- ler, John Neidiffer, Henry Carter, James Young, Martin Putoff, Caleb Trueblood and Thomas Hodges. Samuel Lindley located in Sections 9 and 10 in 1811. Joseph Reyman came from Kentucky in 1811 and settled two miles north of Salem, where William L. now lives. John W. Coffey located near Harristown the same year. Henry Wilson, Elisha Hobbs, James Overman, Nicholas Harrison and John L. Menaugh came about the same time. A little later (about 1812 or 1813) came William Grace, C. W. Jones, Josiah Spurgeon, Isaac Overshiner, Sam- uel Denny, William Spurgeon and many others. Still later came Adam Cauble, Peter Zink, Jonathan Lyon, Matthew Coffin, Nathan Trueblood, James Trueblood, Abel Trueblood, Lewis Woody, Zachary Nixon, Lewis Crowe, Mr. Hensley, Mr. Hicks, Mr. Smith, William Pitts, Thomas Pitts, Alexander Little, Arthur Parr, John Fleenor and many others. By 1815 the township was quite thickly dotted with log-cabins and clearings. The following men who voted at Salem in 1828 were yet living in the county in 1879. CATALOGUE OF OLD SETTLERS. » Peter Zink, Solomon Beverly, Henry Snyder, Henry Plowman, L. Herthel, G. Van Metei-, A. Colglazier, P. Mann, Daniel Dawalt, John Spear, L. J. Reyman, Adam Cauble, Elias Davis, J. H. Callaway, W. G. Warriner, D. D. Hamilton, Charles Cauble, Z. King, Robert Logan, David Voyles, L. Overshiner, John Hardin, Aaron Anderson, George Trabue, H. Rutherford, John Cravens, William Robertson, Samuel Hinds, James G. May, J. W. Reyman, T. Cutshaw, Nerval Peugh, William Spurgeon, John Gilstrap, John Sloan, James Wilson, Henry Johnson, William Baker, Zach. Collier, Robert Harrison, Luke Barrett, John 43 684 HISTORY OF WASHINGTON COUNTY. Green, Joseph Wells, M. Flynn, John Wire, John Grimes, Hiram Hosea,. Abram Wells, Samuel Nichols, William Curtis, William Dowlin, J. Lof.kenour, A. Muadiu, Benjamin Moore, William Shultz, B. Childers, David Patton. J. L. Anderson, Jacob Horner, Abram Herring, Joseph Walton, N. Underwood, Isaiah Coulter, R. Sullivan, Evans Wright, William Walker, William D. Clark, Levi Knight, Joseph Hodgen, Jesse Stanley, Samuel Huston, Ed Turner, M. Huston, W. P. Trueblood, James Trueblood, John Harned, Thomas Green, Eli Stalker, Hiram Kyte, A. Johnson, Thomas Williams, John Cane, William Mitchell, Robert Mitchell, Aaron Martin, Thomas Tatlock, Elijah Stanley, J. Win- slow, Rolla Martin, S. Redtield, Benjamin Stephenson, Charles D. Green, John Huston, E. W. Martin, Stephen Martin, John Kedlin, N. Hamilton, W. T. Holmes. COUNTRY INDUSTRIES. The first mill in the township was the one generally known as the Samuel Lindley horse-mill, and was built the spring of 1811 by a man named Hoggatt, near where the Friends' Meeting House now is on Sec- tion 8. It was operated by horse-power, and when the wheat was ground it was bolted by sifting it into an ash trough. Lindley afterward got it, and did a big business for years. James Young built a horse-mill on his farm, also, very early (1814), and operated it for many years. George Brock, Sr., and William Gordon operated the first distilleries, each only having one copper still. Matthew Coffin entered on Section 9 in 1819, but did not come out until 1815, but his three sons-in-law, James Overman, Henry Wilson and Elisha Hobbs, came out previous to the war of 1812. Coffin started the first tannery in about 1820, and it was built by John W. Reyman. This was the first regular tannery, although previous to this time the settlers would do their own tanning in a wooden trough. Probably Andrew Weir, who did not come in until about 1824, built the second tannery, and it was the most extensive one in the township. It was located almost adjoining Salem on the north. The first saw-mill in the township was built by William Lindley, Sr., about a mile south of where Salem now stands, in 1812. It was a sash saw, and operated by water-power from the Lick Fork of Blue River. HUNTING INCIDENTS. A singular incident occurred in 1814. Mr. Netherton was on his way to the raising of William Gordon's hewed- log-house, and when on the farm now owned by Joseph M. Reyman he discovered a big bear. His dog began to bark at and bite the bear, so that the animal climbed a big ash tree, and when up about forty feet laid himself squarely between the fork of the tree. The noise aroused those at Mr. Gordon's, and after one or two shots had been fired by the boys old Micajah Callaway stepped HISTORY OF WASHINGTON COUNTY. 685 back, and taking careful aim shot the bear through the brain. Down it tumbled, dead. It weighed about 400 pounds, and after skinning it the flesh was divided up into an equal number of pieces with the heads of the families present. Joseph Reyman turned his back, and William Gordon would put his hands on a piece, and say to Reyman, " Whose piece is this?" Reyman would answer with the name of some one pres- ent, and thus the bear was amicably divided. Jacob Miller was a great hunter. In about 1825 a large bear was started up in the cemetery at Salem, where it had gone probably to speculate on death. A posse of citizens was soon in hot pursuit, and finally after a hard chase it was overtaken and killed by F. D. Badger. It was hauled to Salem on a sled, and weighed when dressed over 400 pounds. Over 100 persons ate of its flesh. THE SALINE RESERVES. The only two sections in the county reserved for saline purposes were 15 in Township 2 north, Range 4 east, and 28, in Township 3 north. Range 4 east. The latter became known as Evan's Lick, and the former as Royce's Lick. Efforts were made in early years to manufacture salt, though without success in greatly paying quantities. The land was leased to residents by superintendents appointed by the Governor. In the thirties the land was sold, and the proceeds were turned over to the Common School Fund. A store was established at Royce's Lick probably as early as 1808 by Dr. Simeon Lamb, who did considerable trade with the Indians. The salt of the wells was, poor though it was, in great demand. It sold as high as $12 a bushel, it is said. The statement is made that the Lick was named for a squatter named Royce, who located there to barter with the Indians as early as 1800. A DREADFUL RAILWAY DISASTER. In 1884 a shocking accident occurred at the Blue River railway bridge in this township. A sudden and unprecedented flood had washed beneath and undermined the middle pier of the bridge, and through this weak structure the morning express train from Chicago was precipitated without warning while under rapid speed. The news flew like wild tire, and a large crowd soon collected. The entire train took tire, and was consumed. Seven persons were killed, as follows: Charles Sanford, express messenger; C. B. Thompson, of Canton, this county; Rev. Jacob Helfrich, of New Albany; Andrew Echler, of Louisville; Mr. Saylor, of Orleans; Allen Slay ton, of Orange County, and an unknown man. Besides these there were about fifteen injured. SETTLEMENT OF POSEY TOWNSHIP. Thomas Polston was probably the first settler in this township. He settled near where Frederickburg now is, in ] 805. Martin Royse, with his 686 HISTORY OF WASHINGTON COUNTY. sons. Johu, William and Martin, came about the same time, or at least not later than 1806, and settled where the village now is. Charles Bailey and Elijah Harriman settled near there in 1808, and John Butler the same year, and a year later Benjamin King. Jacob Doan located on Honey Creek where a squatter had previously been, in 1809. He was the first permanent settler on that creek. Jacob and Abram Colglazier settled there a little later, about 1810. James McGrew located on the creek about 1811 or 1812. John Chenoweth settled in 1815 on the same Creek William Deunen, a bachelor, squatted on the land a year or two pre- viously, Aaron Rollins settled south of Hardinsbiirg about 1815. Jacob Horner came in 1816 and bought out a man named Linthecum, pay- ing him $25 for his claim. He lived on the place where Thompson Horner now lives. He kept a tavern, and after the pike was built moved up to it. William and Isaac Lofton came probably before 1810. The former settled where Alexander Lofton now lives, and the latter at tho forks of the river, a short distance from Fredericksburg. Peter McMickle, Thomas Bently and Evans Hinton were also early settlers at Fredericksburg. McMickle came first. He was a shoemaker. He went from house to house making shoes, as was then the custom. Peter Ollisiu 1818 settled on the place now owned by Mr. Richards. Widow Andrews, a mother-in-law of Samuel Horner, came about 1818. Her husband died while on the way to the county. Hepner, father-in-law of Linthecum, before mentioned, lived on the place opposite to him. John Dollins also lived on the same place. E. C. Hunter, who came as early as 1816, settled about one-half a mile below McPheeters' Mill. John Gregg, who was an influential man at the time, and who was elected Magistrate, settled about 1817 on the place where George Bailor lives. Samuel Haines in 1816 lived on the Wadkins place. Jacob Harris and William Cathcart also settled before 1816 below Fredericksburg. John McPheeters and John Rue were also early settlers. EARLY TOWNSHIP INDUSTRIES. John Roj'se built a grist-mill on Blue River about one and one- half miles below Fredericksburg about 1814. It was twice burned, and rebuilt both times. It did a very good business for those days. A few years later Elijah Harriman built a mill a little lower down on the river. John McPheeters built a mill on Mutton Fork of Blue River, one mile and a quar- ter east of Fredericksburg, in 1813. There is a steam saw and grist-mill on the same site now operated by McPheeters & Crim, About 1832 Samuel Hogan built a mill on Blue River below the town. If changed hands several times and is now in disuse. Benjamin Radcliffe had a water-mill and distillery on Honey Creek, where it makes its appearance on Section 14. They were in operation in 1830. Peter Peyton also had a distillery and water-mill near Hardinsburg at about the same time. Nicholas Smith had a distillery at the Mitchell Spring. James Ferguson HISTORY OF WASHINGTON COUNTY. 687 had a distillery in operation in 1820 at Fredericksburg. William Lofton operated one on the Salem Fork of Blue River. Edwin C. Hunter owned one near McPheeters' Mill, between 1820 and 1830. John McPheeters also had one at his mill. Jacob Horner bouorht McPheeters' distillery and moved it to his place. He kept a tavern and made whisky mainly to supply his guests. William Lofton owned a tan-yard where his distil- lery was. It was only a small one, and for a joke the boys used some- times to call to him at night and tell him to take it in as it was going to rain, Joseph Harris had one in Old Fredericksburg which did a good business for that time. It was in operation in 1816. At about the time the pike was made (1838-39) horse-racing was a favorite amusement. A quarter mile straight track was graded on Alvin Grove's farm, now owned by N. H. Cadle. SETTLEMENT OF BROWN TOWNSHIP. It is quite cei'taiuly established that the Driskell family were the first permanent settlers of Brown Township. They came from Kentucky and settled on the Horner farm in the spriag of 1810. William Robertson, John Graham, John Hammersly. Elijah and Elisha Driskell were early settlers. Hammersly built the first grist-mill in the township, and soon added a distillery, and both have been conducted to a greater or less extent since under various ownex'S. The location is now known as Clifty Mill, Section 14, and the property is now owned by Henry Robertson. By an early act of the Legislature Twin Creek was declared a public highway for boating, and was ordered to be worked (cleared of logs, etc.,) under a superintendent, as roads were managed. Dr. Alexander Clark was an early physician and had the first and probably the only tannery in the township. Settlers did their own tanning largely. The first doc- tor was Ezra Child, father of Dr. Child, of Claysville, who settled in about 1817. He was also an exhorter of the Methodist Church. Abner Mather was a blacksmith. Old Col. Lemon was an earlv settler. Eliab Sayles was an early blacksmith, and was widely known as an excellent edge-tool maker. Michael Willfong was an old settler, as were also David Boyden, Mr. Jenkins, Elijah Nicholson and Asher Wilcox. The latter built a corn cracker and had a carding machine very early. Early settlers would pull their corn off the stalks with the husks on, and would pile it up by the crib, invite in the neighbor boys, and the women would ask in the neighbor girls to quilt, and all would put in the day working, with plenty of whisky as a stimulant. At night a dance or kissing bee would be the reward, and probably a fight or two to enliven the monot- ony. Log rollings were conducted on a similar plan. Ezra Davis came in 1819. Joel Caulkins, a resident of York State, hearing of this coun- try, determined to emigrate. He heard that hops were in great demand in the new Eldorado, and accordingly sold his farm, taking the entire pay in hops to be sold at a good profit to the country distilleries. On 688 HISTORY OF WASHINGTON COUNTY. arriving here he learned that he was misinformed, and he lost his farm for little or nothing. He settled on Section 24 in about 1819, and owing to his hop transaction, the neighborhood in time became known as the "Hop Neighborhood," and later the " Hop School District." On the con- solidation of the Thompson District above with the Hop District below it became known as the "Hop-Thompson District," by which it is yet des- ignated. Ruel Barnard, a wheelwright and chairmaker by trade, and brother-in-law to Mr. Caulkins, also settled in about 1819. Among the first saw-mills was that of Joseph Hammersly and a brother below the Clifty Mill. It was on Clifty Creek, whose water furnished power to a sash, or "up and down" saw. David Boyden, a pioneer, laid out a town on the farm now owned by Wesley Woodward in about 1824, and named it Boydenville. It never rose higher than a " paper town. " A FIGHT WITH A BEAR, A DEER, ETC. John Hammersly and three brothers — Isaac, Abram and Andrew — came from New York at a vsx'y early day. Isaac was a celebrated hunter* and oftentimes with "Betty," his pet gun, would do wonderful deeds. On one occasion, with his two ferocious cur dogs, "Old Ike," as he was universally called, started out on one of his expeditions, and before going very far discovered a big bear up a chestnut tree. The animal was comfortably seated on a large limb browsing in the surrounding boughs and gorging himself 'on the tender nuts which grew in great profusion. The range was point blank, and at the crack of the rifle the bear fell with a crash to the ground, and being but slightly wounded, made a furious dash at Old Ike, who stood his ground bravely and endeavored to beat off the animal with his gun stock. The dogs immedi- ately joined in the fray, and proved themselves devoted to their master by courageous attacks on the hind quarters of Bruin. With one stroke of the paw Old Ike's gun went flying through the air and he began to feel as though his last days had passed. With a paw on. each shoulder the bear crushed him to the ground, but being so terribly lacerated by the dogs' fangs did not stop to complete the work of destruction, but with a snort started to run, with the dogs nipping his hind quarters in a very unpleasant way. He soon was compelled to ascend another tree, when Old Ike, who had not been seriously hurt, reloaded, and taking better aim, shot him dead and carried off his hide as a trophy. At another time he was out hunting during the deer mating season, and found a big buck in the woods. With a quick aim he drew bead and fired. The buck, with an angry shake of the head, started for him, and if on open ground would have proven a formidable enemy. There was a large tree that had fallen over leaving enough room underneath for him to crawl, but not large enough for the deer to do so, and too large for it to jump. For thirty minutes the deer would run around only to find HISTORY OF WASHINGTON COUNTY. 689 Old Ike on the opposite side, and then finding he could not reach him evidently became disgusted and started off for good, leaving Old Ike out of breath gladly watching his departure. Again he had wounded a buck which had started for him, and for a long time chased him around a large tree. The old man, after innumerable trials .and failures, man- aged to reload his ritle on the run, but had to do so without patching. Gaining a little on the deer, he suddenly turned, and like a flash tired. The bullet pierced the deer's head and it dropped dead. At one time Old Ike with " Betty " and his two dogs were out and while looking around his attention was attracted by a tremendous racket two hundred yards distant, between his dogs and some animal, he could not see what. Creeping cautiously up he beheld a large panther, or "painter," as he called it, in conflict with his dogs. The panther would whip the dogs by reason of his' superior agility, but on attempting to climb the tree the dogs would grab him, pull him back, and again resume the tight. After doing this for a time the panther succeeded in getting up, and stretching out on a limb, was licking his wounds when Old Ike shot him dead. AN EAKLY COUETIIfG ADVENTURE. Christian Prow, who is now living at Campbellsburg, related a good story on himself, but with strict injunctions not to have it published. It is too rich to be forgotten, and as it relates to olden time, it is here repeated for the benefit of the rising generation. In about 1835, when he was seventeen years old, he made an appointment with a neighbor's daughter to see her on a certain Sunday night, but on asking his father's permission to spend the evening with the girl's brother, the old gentle- man not only withheld his consent, but emphatically forbade Kit to go, as he wanted him up early to do big work the next day. There was his appointment with his sweet heart and there was his father's command. What should he do ? After debating the matter over of course he deter- mined to be with his girl at all hazards. As the shades of night drew apace he stealthily got the barn between him .and his father's eye and then made a dash for the mansion of his inamorata's father. He there basked in her smiles until the "wee sma' ho"\irs," and on starting for home discovered it was misting, and as dark a night as he had ever seen. He continually stumbled against some tree or underbrush and after traversing about half the distance met with an incident in which to this day he declares that for the space of sixty seconds he believed he was in hell. He had been walking with head down trying to see through the gloom, when on looking up he beheld within ten feet a gigantic being, that the longer he regarded the larger and more horrible it appeared. It assumed the shape of an enormous man with arms, legs, body and head of fire and was so frightful in appearance that young Prow had to hold his hat on with his hand. Could he have run he would have done 690 HISTORY OF WASHINGTON COUNTY. SO, but in the thick darkness it would have been certain death. After a while he summoned up sufficient courage to determine what he should do, and finding a stout club he threw it at the being with all his might. Horror of horrors ! The fire poured from its eyes and mouth in a torrent, and the hat on Prow's head again assumed a desire to rise up. After waiting he seized another club and began advancing slowly, in readiness to brain the monster if it should start for him. As he was about to deal it a blow the ground seemed to suddenly open, and head foremost he fell, while the tire from the monster covered him. For thirty seconds Prow declares he had no idea but that he had been killed and the inhabitants of Tophet were heaping coals of tire on him. Breathing, he began to think perhaps he was yet alive, and with an effort he assumed a standing position. Then he discovered that years previous a hurricane had blown down a big tree and in doing so had torn up the ground where he stood, so that it left a hole six feet deep. The roots of the tree were covered with fox tire, and the excited imagination of the boy conceived all else. Young Prow continued on his way with thankful heart that he was yet alive and in crossing a foot-log across a run he tumbled off in water that was four and one-half feet deep. To add to all this misery he was awakened next morning by his father, who led him out and made his pos- terior extremities very intimate with a tough hickory switch. For two years Prow never kept company with another girl. SETTLEMENT OF -JACKSON TOWNSHIP. Probably the first permanent settlement made within the present bounds of this township was that of Henry Wyman, who came with his family in 1807 and settled on the farm now owned by Wiley Elrod, in the north part of the township. In 1808 Leonard Carnes settled on the farm wher.e Catharine Carnes now lives. Peter Carnes, who is probably the oldest native resident now living in the county, was born in 1810, two years after their settlement. During 1808 Ephriam Gross settled on the farm now occupied by Isaac Heistand. During the same year Charles and Samuel Busey settled on Bear Creek. John Green also came in 1808 and settled on the farm now owned by Harvey May, and Aaron Wilcox came and settled near the county line about two miles south of Martins- burg. Daniel Bush came about 1810. In 1814 John, Lewis, Abner and James Martin, all brothers, settled in what is now the vicinity of Martinsburg. Stephen Elrod probably came about the same time and located near Wyman in the north part of the township. Between this time and 1819 Robert Stram settled on Blue River, John Heistand and Jacob Urmy near Martinsburg, Phil Stucker in the south part of the township, a Mr. Brown, father of Robert Brown, in the northwest part. Daniel Grimes in 1819 settled on the farm still owned by his sons near Martinsburg. There were probably several others previous to 1820. HISTORY OF WASHINGTON COUNTY. 691 INDUSTRIES OF THE TOWNSHIP. Charles and Samuel Busey each had a distillery on Bear Creek at an early day. Joseph Bush had a distillery on the farm now owned by Madison Roberts. Isaac Wilcox had one on Bear Creek near the county line. These all distilled whisk}'. There were several others built for distilling apple and peach brandy. Jacob Bixler had a hattery at Mai'- tinsburg, built about 1830. He sold it to Joshua Wilkins. It was run about fifteen years. Edmund G. Wyman had an oil mill at Martinsburg at about the same time. The only store outside of the villaofe was one kept by Washington Sterrit, who had one where Madison Roberts now lives. Aaron Wilcox had a water grist-mill on his fai'm on upper Bear Creek. The date of building could not be obtained, but it was in operation previous to 1819. John Smith had a grist-mill at the same time on the same creek on land now owned by James Shank. James Martin built a saw and grist-mill, which was ran but a short time. It was on the farm now owned by William Frantz. Fred Phillips had a horse-mill about two miles northeast of Martinsburg. It was in operation in 1819. Moses Martin at a later date conducted a horse-mill in Martinsburg. It was run until between "1830-40. John Loughmiller built a horse-mill south of Martinsburg about 1835. A man by the name of Brown had a water grist-mill on Lick Branch previous to 1820. Sydney Redfield built a new grist-mill about 1835 on the same site. It was afterward run a part of the time by steam power and was continued until within a few years. It is now not used. BEAR AND DEER STORIES. Mrs. Leonard Cai'nes, one Sunday in 1811, when returning from a visit to Charles Busey's, found sis bear cubs in the path about a quarter of a mile from her house. She gathered them up in her apron and took them home. One of them was kept until about three years old. Peter,, who was then just large enough to creep around the floor, used to play with them. On one occasion one of them became angry at his rough usage, and bit him very severely on the arm, nearly amputating it. Joel R. Martin is authority for the following. He said: " When I was about eight years old, as I was going to school one morning, I saw a pack of dogs running four deer. Three of them jumped the fence and ran away, but one, becoming frightened, failed to get over and was caught by the dogs and schoolboys, who managed to kill it. The teacher skinned it. and that evening each scholar was given a piece of venison to take home with him. "This," Mr. Martin says, "was the first deer I ever saw." SETTLEMENT OF JEFFERSON TOWNSHIP. Richard Reynolds, who settled on what is now known as the Reid farm, was one of the first settlers in this township. His father, Ned Rey - 692 HISTORY OF WASHINGTON COUNTY. nolds, came at the same time. The date of settlement could not be obtained, though it was probably as soon as 1808 or 1809. Jacob Hatta- baugh came in 1810, and the following year built a tannery. In 1811 John Solida settled in the northwest part of the township, and Robert Elli- son and Nathaniel Chambers in the east part in the same year. Luke Persinger, who was a great hunter and trapper, settled where Robert Lusk now lives. Berry Neely located where his son H. B. Neely now lives Isaiah Reid settled with his family in 1817 on land entered in 1815, where Mrs. Rice now lives. Jacob Brannaman located where James Phillips now lives. George Tippin settled in 1817 where Mrs. Tippin lives. Andrew Tippin settled in 1819 where Thomas Peden lives. Among those who came before 1820 were also John Holler, James Meredith, Christian Prow, George Holsapple, William Sanders, John Collins (who married Christina Solida in July, 1815), Solomon Meyers, John and Adam Prow, William Sells, Isaac McCloskey, John Hodge, Isaac Baker, Daniel Bowers, and others. MANUFACTURING UNDERTAKINGS. The first mill built on Twin Creek was put up by James Meredith between 1815 and 1820. Its power was furnished by water dammed up in the cave. The mill is still in use. Twin Creek was declared navi- gable by the Legislature very early. Meredith built a saw-mill about three- fourths of a mile further down the stream a few years later. It was rebuilt by John Fultz in 1845, and was used until about fifteen years ago. In 1845 Fultz built the grist-mill now owned by Robert McNeely, a little above the saw-mill. Between 1820 and 1825 an oil and corn-mill was built just above this mill by Jehu Cox. It was not used after his death. A saw-mill was built by John Collins about 1842 on Bufi'alo Creek. David Hamilton built a saw-mill on Rush Creek in 1836. A grist and saw-mill was built on land where Mary A. Thompson now lives, about 1816 or 1818. Thomas Young sank a tan yard on land now owned by Daniel Bush, on Section 21, about 1829. It was run a few years. About the time this was discontinued, Conrad Kutchel opened one where J. W. Bottorff lives. Thomas Lockwood in 1856 built an extensive steam tannery at Cavanaugh's Ferry, which he operated for ten years. There had been a small tannery on the same site previous to that time. There were other tanneries of less importance in the township, but none are now in operation, David Holey built a saw and grist-mill at Holeysburg in 1871. It is now operated by E. R. Holey & Bros. Thomas Peden and Ezekiel Shields built a saw-mill near where the present mill stands. It ran only a few years, when the saw and grist-mill now owned by the former was built. This was the banner township for distilleries. It was stated at one time a person could stand at a certain point on Walnut Ridge and HISTORY OF WASHINGTON COUNTY. 693 see the smoke frojn nine distilleries. William Elliott had one near Fayette Burcham's; Isaac Denny operated one on land owned by Jacob Bowers; Alex Wilson had one on land owned by David Gordon; Isaiah Reid had one on the Reid place; Solomon Bush had one where William Branuaman lives; John Collins operated one where Joseph Hogue lives; William and Matthew Marks owned one on land now owned by John Marks; Booth Robinson, William Williams, Henry Baker, John Holler, Christian Prow, George Holsapple, George and Andrew Tippins, and probably others also conducted distilleries. * STORES, POSTOFFICES, ETC. Christian Prow opened a store on the road near where C. Shirley's house now stands, about 1837. He ran it until his death in 1845; about a year later his son reopened the store and continued ten or fifteen yeai's Prow was the first Po&tmaster in the township, appointed about 1844 or 1845. About 1857 Elkano Craycraft built a store at Rush Creek. It changed hands several times; was used for a time as a dwelling. In 1869 it was bought by W. G. Williams, who is now doing a good business in general merchandise. Rush Creek Valley Postotfice was established in 1871 with Mr. Williams as Postmaster. In 1871 a store was built at Holeysburg, by David Holey. It is now run by his son, J. E. Holey; does a small business. There have been four homicides committed within this township. INTERESTING INCIDENTS. In the fall of 1817 Richard David and Catharine Chambers were to have been married on a certain day. The guests were assembled and waiting for the bridegroom, when a messenger came and announced that the bridegroom had been bitten by a rattlesnake and died the day before. The entire party then went to the funeral on the same day the marriage should have taken place. In the spring of 1834 Martin and George Goings had a rolling of about twenty or twenty-five acres of heavy timber. Tliere were about fifty present, coDsisting of an unusually large number of sti'ong men. About 8 o'clock they gathered at the field. Wesley Denny and George Barnett were chosen captains, they being the largest and strongest men present. They then chose their men. William P. Enochs was the first choice of Denny, and Lindsey Keller was chosen first by Barnett. The captains then divided the field and the two parties went to work. Of course whisky was frequently passed, and before night most of the num- ber were feeling as stout as a " fourrhorse team, with a big dog under the wagon." Many boasts were made, and at last, in answer to a chal- lenge, William Enochs and Wesley Denny lifted agaihst George Barnett and Lindsey Keller. The two former were successful. One Sunday night, when on his way home, William P. Enochs met 694 HISTORY OF WASHINGTON COUNTY. with a little experience in the shape of a bear chase, with the chase all on the side of the baar. He had been to see his best girl, and, unlike young men of the present (?) had remained until a rather late hour. It was a clear moonlight night, and as he was walking along thinking of the " taflfy " Mary had given him, he ran suddenly upon a big bear in the middle of the road. The road was narrow, and the bear did not seein disposed to let him pass. He did not want to go back for fear Mary (now his wife) would think him a coward. He endeavored to frighten the bear by throwing stones and clapping bis hands, but he could not make him move. He at last concluded to attempt to " run the blockade." Getting even with the bear he made a spring, and fairly flew along the ground, never looking back until he reached his father's house, The bear disappeared. SETTLEMENT IN HOWARD TOWNSHIP. This township was named by the County Board in honor of Gov. T. A. Howard, of Indiana. George Beck and family came to this portion of the county from North Carolina in November, 1807. The family cut their way through the woods to the township, and during the winter occu- pied a shanty of the most primitive kind, and the next spring built a substantial log-cabin. The boys were John, George, Andrew, William and Jacob. In December John and George went coon hunting, and came back with reports that they had found the head-waters of Blue River. They had heard the sound of the water at the spring. Here it was that the famous old Beck Mill was built the following year. It was con- structed of logs, was 15x15 feet, with an overshot wheel and one pair of small buhrs. But settlers as far up north as Gosport came here for flour. For years it was a famous mill. The Becks raised a crop of corn the summer of 1808. A saw-mill was added to the grist-mill late in 1808. In 1825-26 a larger building took the place of the old mill, and in 1864 the present frame was constructed. The mill has ever been ope- rated by water run in spouts from the spring. In 1837 a carding-mill was started there, and is yet operated. The saw-mill is yet running also. The Becks have been the owners of all the mills since 1808, except for a short time, when others had an interest. Mrs. Susan Elliott and family came to the township about the same time as the Becks. Moses and Daniel Voyles located in the township in 1811 on Section 35. Will- iam Townsend also came about the same time. Royland Voyles came in 1813. William Green came and made permanent settlement in 1809. Rev. Amos Wright, of the Baptist Church, located east of Beck's Mill in 1809. Jacob Cauble also came in 1809. Richard Gilstrap built a cabin on Section 1 in 1809. Benjamin Davis and Richard Wright made settlement in 1810. Gen. Marston G. Clark lived early in the township. George Nugent was born in Beck's Fort in 1811, being the first birth in the township. David Beck's death in 1181 was the first. HISTORY OF WASHINGTON COUNTY. 695 MILLS, DISTILLERIES, ETC. The Beck saw and grist-mill was the first in the township as well as the first in the county. This family also operated an early distillery. Thomas Elliott started a distillery about ]817. Andrew Beck built another in 1833. David Miller also followed the same occupation. The Beck Mill is run by water from Organ Spring, so named from the fan- cied music made by the dripping water of the cave. The water pours out of the cave a distance of 200 feet from the mill, and is conveyed to the turbine wheel by wooden spouting. Adam at the cave mouth collects water for the head or fall. .\ BEAR KILLED. At a very early day the dogs of Mr. Beck had been for some time in the babit of barking at the mouth of a cave, and the family thought they had chased a wolf there and paid them no attention, until one morning when the boys were out hunting they resolved to investigate and see what the dogs had brought to bay, and accordingly vrith torches and guns held in readiness, entered the cave and groped their way forward, keeping careful watch for game, and had not gone far before they became aware of the presence of bears, as the cubs could be heard crying, thus showing also the location of bears if any grown ones were in the cave, which fact proved to be the case; and when this became a certain- ty, after a consultation had been had by the boys, it was thought best to make proper calculations of the location of the old one, and then to fire upon her in the dark, trusting that an accidental shot would either kill her or cripple her so that she could then be dispatched, and accord- ingly both of the boys fired where the animal was supposed to be and were fortunate in killing a large mother bear at the first round. It was quite a prize to the Beck family — this mother bear and her cubs — and the boys received no little laudation for the deed. As early as ISOS the Becks killed an old bear and two cubs which they found on a large tree at the mouth of Mill Creek. These animals were almost a God-send to them at that time, and were eaten. The oil was used for lamps and to make bread. SETTLEMENT OF PIERCE TOWNSHIP. This township was named in honor of President Pierce, and was organized in March, 1853. It coincides with Congressional Township 1 north, Kange 4 east. It is stated that John Moore squatted on the Goss farm as early as 1806, though this is disputed by several. At least Moore was in the township very early. Soon after him came Archibald Scott, Peter Fisky, John Mozier, John Wilson, Jesse Lucas, Thomas Evans, John Evans, Thomas Knott, John Stewaxi, Robert Brooks. Michael Smith entered the first land in 1809, on Section 32. Henrv "Wyman bought a tract in 1811, and Jacob Motsinger and Henry Eatts the same year. Jacob Miller bought in 1812; Christian Mars and 696 HISTORY OF WASHINGTON COUNTY. Elijah Wright in 1813; Matthew Coffin, Amos Wright, Philbert Wright and William Hitchcock in 1814; James S. Wilson, John Fouler, Will- iam Wright, John Moore, Richard Gilstrap, John Duval and John Coffman in 1815; David Motsinger, John Newland, Jesse Lucas, George Gloss, David Alvis, Samuel Baker, John Strong and George Casely in 1816, and C. Monical, J. Marvis, John Peugh, Rhodes Meads, Robert Evans, P. McGarvin, William Watts, Lewis Martin, William Green and Charles Shultz in 1818. OTHER ITEMS OF VALUE. The first blacksmith was John Mozier. John Peugh started a hattery as early as 1815, and for several years manufactured hats from furs prin-" cipally, but also from what little wool he could get. Sheep could not be well kept, owing to the prevalence and ferocity of wolves. Henry Ratts also followed the occupation of hatting. Almost every early settler raised cotton from seed brought from the South, and on new land this crop did well. Valentine Baker conducted a cotton gin to meet the demand. In several instances in this township nettles were gathered, allowed to rot, were then broken and manufactured into a respectable article of cloth. Early stores were opened by Christian Bixler, Green & Watts, John & Jacob Peugh, and John Dover. In about 1825 John Dover undertook the difficult task of I'earing silk worms and manufacturing silk. After a year or two the business was found to be very uncertain and unprofitable, and was abandoned. The Dovers were from England, and brought with them the first piano in the county. They lived on Section 23. John Aley operated an early tannery; Dover and Henry Wyman manufactured salt on Section 34. It is claimed that this township was the birth- place of the man who gave to Indianians the appellation of " Hoosier. " His name was Short. Why he was permitted to live after the christen- ing has never been satisfactorily explained. A CAVE ADVENTURE. On one occasion, later than the first settlement, David Voyles, Robert Phillips, Mr. Fogleman and others started a boar which took refuge in a cave on Section 29. Here with dogs and guns they kept it caged for two or three days, and no one dared venture in far enough to get a shot. John and George Beck, who had had considerable experience of this kind, were sent for to enter the cave and kill the bear, which they agreed to do for a liberal share of the spoil. Accordingly the brothers, with torches and rifles, and accompanied by Fogleman and several others, boldly entered the cave, and groping cautiously forward soon discovered the bear's wallow,, where there were two cubs, guarded by their mother, one of the largest of her kind. While coming in, Fogleman had acci- dentally fallen into a hole about six feet deep so suddenly that he evidently thought himself in the bear's clutches, for he yelled lustily. HISTORY OF WASHINGTON COUNTY. 697 frightening those on the outside, and causing them to believe that those within were having a hand to hand conflict with the bear. Approaching the animal cautiously, one of the Becks killed her at the first shot. The report of the rifle was like a cannon. The carcass was dragged out, and it and the cubs were divided among those present. SETTLEMENT OF POLK TOWNSHIP. One of the first permanent settlers was Samuel Gray, who located on Section 29. In the summer of 1811 he came to the township, selected a farm and began the erection of a cabin, but on account of Indian. troubles returned to his former home. The next year he came with his family and settled on the farm already entered. A squatter by the name of Joseph Elliott had preceded him and lived for a time upon the land. There were several other squatters at that time but their names are now forgotten. George Preston and Thomas Flowne came in 1813. One, a sort of hermit, by the name of Giles, lived in a kind of tent or wigwam in the knobs, very near the line between Nash and Clarke Counties. He lived a very secluded life, having as little communication as possible with other residents. He would jibsent himself from his wigwam for several days and then suddenly make his appearance again. Naturally many strange stories were told regarding his former life, the most of them agreeing that he was an ex-pirate; another that he had served with Napoleon Bonaparte. At the close of the war of 1812 the settlement went on very rapidly and many families came within the next two or three years. Jedediah Carter settled on Section 19; in 1814 Jacob Bier- ley settled on Section 31 a year later. In 1816 John and Jacob Tash settled on Blue River, near where Pekin now is. A year or two before that Isaac Davis settled on the quarter section upon which Pekin is loca- ted. The following all came previous to 1817: Ransom Dudley settled on the upper part of Blue River; Richard Morris settled on a quarter section adjoining Isaac Davis; Allen Peeler settled on Section 10 (he bought out a family by the name of Harberson) ; John Jeffs and Jesse Wilson settled on land bought by the latter's father. John A. Hurst, an Irishman, settled near Flower's Gap; John Morris settled where John Gill now lives; Fredrick Louders settled on Section 18; James Wilson on southwest quarter of Section 7; John Lochenour located on the northwest quarter section of the township; a man by the name of Newton located on an adjoining quai'ter; John Skelton settled on northwest quarter of Section 7; Leonard Sides located on Section 12; Elisha Allen on Section 21; Fred Low, John Russell, and John Wilson were also among the early settlers of this period. MILLING, DISTILLING, ETC. The first mill was a horse-mill built by Fred Lowe about 1820. He sold it to Ransom Dudley, who ran it for several years. John Louders 698 HISTORY OF WASHINGTON COUNTY. built a saw and grist-mill on Blue Kiver about 1832. It was afterward owned by William Jackson and Harris Carter. The dam was at last washed out and the mill fell into disuse. Joel Wilson had a saw-mill farther up the river. It was built between 1830 and 1840. The only tan-yard ever opened in this township was a very small affair, owned by John Skel- ton as early as 1820. Paul Akers had a distillery between 1830 and 1835 on Section 22. Jedediah Carter also had one about 1830 on his farm. Richard Morris had one near Pekin as early as 1820. , COUNTRY STORES, POSTOFFICES, ETC. The first goods sold in this township were sold by Alexander Will- iams, who had a store in a little log- house on Section 14, on Blue River, about 1830. Harris Carter had a store about 1835, on the place now owned by Eli Elrod. Among the later "store-keepers" was John Motsinger, who had a store east of Farrabees Station. He carried this on for several years. He quit the business about the close of the war. Joel Wilson at about the same time had one near Zoar Church. Butler Wyatt has a s tore at present and. is also Postmasler at Blue River Postoffice. The first Postmaster at this office was Joel Wilson. SETTLEMENT OF VERNON TOWNSHIP. Among the first settlers of this township was David Colglazier, who located on Mill Creek near the Baptist Church, about 1810. In 1811 or 1812 Chris Purkhiser settled in the southeast part of the town- ship. Both Colglazier and Purkhiser were from Ohio. Nathaniel Bobbins settled where John Stevenson lives about 1812. In 1814 John Collier entered and settled upon the land where Marcus Hungate lives. Robert Smith entered adjoining land the following year. During 1815 Barnett Chastain entered land owned by his grandson, Peter Chastain. Borland Brown also came in that year. Jessie Elgin settled in 1814 or 1815 at Claysville; about the same time Jacob March settled on the place now owned by William Knox. Several years previous, though the exact date could not be determined, John Frakes entered land at the head of Lost River. About 1815 or 1816 Mark Maudlin entered land where squatters had previouly settled. His sons Nathan and James settled near him. James McGrue came in 1813 or 1814, and Samuel Linn about 1818. Elisha Pollard bought Nathaniel Bobbins' farm in 1816. Among other early settlers were the Hoars, Starks, Arnolds and Linns. Several squatters settled in this township, but the names of only two were obtained. They were Andre and Mounts. PIONEER INDUSTRIES. Probably the first mill built was one by a man named Arnold, on Lost River. It was in operation in 1815. About 1818 Jacob Stark built a saw-mill further up the river. David Colglazier built a water-mill on HISTORY OF WASHINGTON COUNTY. 699 Mill Creek, about 1820. It was in use only a few years. A few years later Andrew Knight had a little grist-mill, run by water power, at Cave Spring. Richard Ruberson built a mill on Lost River, about 1840 or 1845. Robert Hoar, an Englishman, built an oil-mill on land now owned by bis son Isaac. He manufactured considerable oil from flax-seed. The first tan-yard was that of Samuel Linn. It was sunk about 1818 or 1820, and was run ten or twelve years. It did only a small business. Deer skins • were tanned here in considerable numbers. William Bates and William O. Jeter sank one near Clayville, which did considerable business and Vas run until about the time of the late war. There were several dis- tilleries. Jonas Lucas operated one on the North Fork of Lost River, about a mile north of Claysville. Charles McGrue had one between 1820 and 1880 on land owned by Mark Maudlin. Stephen Stark had one on Section 22. All made pure brandy and whisky from corn, and found a ready market at home. It is said that many times men stood arouad the still with cups catching and drinking the liquor as fast as it was made. SETTLEMENT OF GIBSON TOWNSHIP. The first settler was John C. Thompson, who came in 1810. Simeon Garriott came soon afterward, locating on Elk Creek. There were several others who came about this time. Other early ones were: Murphy D. Still, Matthias Mouut and William Garriott, who settled on Section 26; Alvin Poor who settled at Goose Port. David Owen and Hugh Cathcart also came during that year. The former was a great hunter. In 1817 Philip Zaring settled on upper Elk Creek. Between 1818 and 1820 came Samuel Blunt and Samuel Dukes, who settled on the farm now owned by John Franklin. James Scifers settled near where York Grove is now. George Ryder located where John Cathcart lives; David Sayles where Reese Williams lives; Henry Hawn where his grandson George Hawn lives; McCullough on the place owned by David Franklin. Henry Harbolt and James Owen, also settled during that time. The names of others will be found in the history of Little York. The first white child born was probably Mary, a daughter of Mathias Mount, born in 1817. In 1821 Polly Owens was married to David Hepson. It was probably not the first marriage. EARLY MILLS, FACTORIES, DISTILLERIES, ETC, Daniel Winslow and Joseph Johnson built a saw and grist-mill on Elk Creek in Section 11 in 1833. It changed hands several times and was run until about 1868. Joseph Johnson and John F. Price, Sr., built a steam saw and grist-mill in 1854. It is now owned and operated by the latter, and in its day has been an important industrial feature of the township. Simeon Garriott conducted a distillery between 1820 and 1830 on Elk Creek in Section 26. Joseph Johnson built a distillery and made 44 700 HISTORY OF WASHINGTON COUNTY. whisky until the internal revenue was put on it. He has distilled some brandy since. Hezekiah Thomas sunk a tanyard about 1836 in Section 1. He ran it only about three years. Alfred Pringle had one about the same time on southwest 40 of Section 10. Neither of these did a large business. Uriah Gaddy sank a yard on Section 16, about 1872, but it operated only two or three years. Isaac and Benjamin Lockwood had quite an extensive tannery which they built about 1835 on Section 36. They ran it several years and sold it to Dias & Mitchell. It is now in disuse. Isaac Vaughn had a small yard on Section 26, built about 1820. He ran it several years. Sold to Simeon Garriott. On Section 34 Jacob Garriott and William Pringle, between 1825 and 1830, discovered a cave containing saltpetre. They leached the soil and boiled down the liquor and obtained a very good salt, but it was worked only a short time. James Wilson was the first man to sell goods in the township. His store was located in the south part of the township. About 1862 or 1864 Vachiel Cravens opened a store at Goose Port. He had a stock of $800 or $1,000. Was in business about three years. He sold to Alfred Elliott and he to Alfred Pringle. William Fawbush also sold goods during the time Pringle was in business, about three-quarters of a mile from Goose Port. LAW VIOLATIONS. "^ No crimes more serious than the occasional stealing of a horse have ever been committed in this township. Rumors of the discovery of a small band of counterfeiters with whom Axan and James Newby were accused with being associated, were at one time current; but no arrests were made and nothing definite was known. At any considerable gathering fights were common occurrences, and in fact it was considered a rather tame affair unless one or more were indulged in. At a muster about 1832, at Little York, John V. Garriott and Madison Still had a fight over some old grudge. Joseph Cathcart was the former's second, and B. R. Still the latter' s. It was a terrific fight. After their " honah " had been duly vindicated they were sepa- rated by the seconds. In 1875 the Legislature declared Elk Creek navi- gable, and ordered it cleared of logs for the passage of boats. SETTLEMENT OF FRANKLIN TOWNSHIP. It is probable that William McNight was the first settler in this town- ship. He was a native of the Emerald Isle and came from Mercer County, Ky., in March, 1809, and located on Section 8. A small crop of corn was planted on cleared land and the following 'autumn the family was brought out The old house is yet standing. A man named Hensley was in the township about as soon as McNight. What became of him is unknown. Thomas' Thompson and his sons, Thomas and John, came to the township in the fall of 1809, and settled on Section 7. Charles HISTORY OF WASHINGTON COUNTY. 701 Blythe located on Section 8 late in 1809. Daniel Gray settled on Sec- tion 9 in 1810, and about this time came James Rodman, Jacob Garriott, and soon afterward Alexander Huston, Samuel Huston, David Fouts, Solomon Bowers and many others. The settlement of the township was slow until after the war of 1812, except in the northeastern part. By 1815 there were probably twenty families in the township, living, of course, in rude log-cabins. Samuel Taylor built on Section 26 about 1816, and John Robinson located near him. James Rodman bought a farm on Section 18 about 1815. His son Thomas was born there. The latter was precocious and was sent to West Point, from which institution he graduated with high honors. He afterward became the inventor of the famous Rodman gun. Samuel Blanbenbaker became a resident in 1815. Before him were Zachariah McAllister, Mr. McGill, Thomas Hodges, Enoch Parr, Tart Fordyce, Robert Sellers, John Hartley, James Hartley, Samuel Hartley, a blacksmith, and others. PIONEER INDUSTRIES. Anthony Head was the first blacksmith and gunsmith; he lived on Section 7. William Lakey was the first chair-maker. Richard Lock- wood had a tannery at New Philadelphia in 1831. William 'Hamilton started another there later. Charles Kendall started one in the fifties. John Raybell owned and conducted an early tannery. Benjamin Rod- man conducted another. John R. Vance and Caleb Lockwood ran an early one also. Isaac S. Bloss was another early farmer. In an early day the manufacture of tubs, barrels, etc., was conducted quite exten- sively. John Markwell, Jacob Garriott, Anthony Hinkle, John Robinson and others conducted early distilleries. Hartley the blacksmith was a famous auger -maker. A MOTHER BEAR AND CUBS. Early in the year Samuel Blankenship was in the woods near his cabin and seeing a bear, which did not see him, fired and brought it to the ground dead. Jacob Garriott, when hunting near South Boston at a very early day, came upon a mother bear and two cubs. He fired at the former, but succeeded only in temporarily blinding her. The cubs took to a tree. The hunter was so close to the old bear that she attacked him, scratching him and tearing his clothing, and in the struggle spraining his ankle. She then joined her young in the tree. Jacob reloaded, and in succession, beginning with the old one, shot all three. He could scarcely reach home owing to his ankle. SETTLEMENT OF MONROE TOWNSHIP. The first settlers of what is now Monroe Township were Thomas Denny, Dempsey Rice, Jacob Hattabaugh and William Logan, who came in 1809. Adam Houch, Jacob Zink, Michael Ring and George Hattabaugh settled the next year. 702 HISTORY OF WASHINGTON COUNTY. At the close of the war of 1812, the settlement went on more rapidly. From 1814 to 1818 came Kenneth Blake, Matthew Robinson, James Williams, James and Woolman Winslow, Joseph Goodson, John Early, Benjamin Hamilton, Anthony Blackford, Charles Duncan, Larkin Nichol- son, Garrett Jamison, William Nicholson, Stephen Akers, Charles Carter, George and Levi Binker, Abram Bue, John and William Bowman, Henry Crittenden, Adam Bowers, Howard Gordon, Bartlett Woodward, Michael Downing, Thomas May, Milo Payne, and Jesse Rowland, the first teacher in the township. MANUFACTUKING ENTERPRISES. Matthew Robinson, in 1817, built a saw and grist-mill on the place owned by Thornton Calloway, on Delaney's Creek; it was run about thirty years. John De Pauw, in 1819, built a saw and grist-mill on the Muscatatuck, at Millport. It was run as a water-mill, until about 1850, when the dam was washed out. The people above objected to its being rebuilt, and he erected a large steam-mill at the same place, which he operated for several years. James Winslow & Son built a saw- mi 11 on Delaney's Creek about 1835. It was in operation fifteen or twenty years. Joseph Goodson also had a saw-mill on Delaney's Creek. Andrew Housh sank a good tanyard on the road, between Plattsburgh and Mill- port, about 1816. James and John W. Winslow had one on Delaney's Creek about 1820. It changed hands several times, and was last owned by Josiah Winslow, son of the latter. It did quite a large business. Zero Cole (a Mormon) had a tannery, which he ran for several years. It was opened in 1850. At about the same time James Coffey opened one on land now owned by George McCauley. He soon sold it to Henry Bottorff, who ran it for several years. Two others, one owned by a man named Moore, and the other by Herron, were in existence a short time. STORES, DISTILLERIES, POSTOFFICES, ETC. Thomas Denny opend a store about 1830 on the place where Joseph Denny, Sr., now lives. He carried only a small stock of groceries and dry goods. Two or three years later he moved iL to Plattsburg. Jacob Prince opened one in 1833 or 1834 where William Barnett lives. In about a year he moved it to Kossuth, and soon after sold it to Botts & Logan. John De Pauw bad one at Millport, managed by Jesse Patterson. The distilleries in operation between 1820 and 1830 were very numerous. Dempsey Rice had one where F. M. Godfrey lives; William Logan, one near Kossuth; George and Phillip Hattabaugh, one each at Plattsburg; Samuel Brown had one on the place now owned by Dempsey Rice; George Housh one, John Elliott's place; Ezekiel Logan one, George Peugh's place; Thomas Densey one, Joseph Densey, Sr. 's place; William Lane, William Wariner, Reuben Shields, Matthew Robinson, one each on Delaney's Creek. The first Postoffice was called ''Walnut Ridge," and HISTORY OF WASHINGTON COUNTY. 703 the first Postmaster was Thomas Denny. Between 1850 and 1853 an- other office was established called Kossuth, with S. B. Peugh as Post- master. Dempsey Rice was Postmaster at Walnut Ridge Postoffice at this time. The two offices were soon after consolidated with Rice as Postmaster, and called Kossuth. Franklin Peugh is the present Post- master. There is also another office at Millport, Dennis Sanford is Post- master. It was formerly on the Jackson County side of the river. It was tansferred to this side, and Jesse Patterson was made Postmaster. In 1871 a postoffice was established at Delaney's Creek, with E. H. Peugh, the present incumbent, as Postmaster. ^ MISCELLANEOUS ITEMS OF INTEREST. Delaney's Creek took its name from an Indian named Delaney, who remained two or three years after the others of his tribe had gone. He had a cabin or wigwam on the bank of the creek. The first crop after clearing the ground was usually corn. The soil was very rich, and on account of stumps, etc. , was difficult to work. The weeds would grow as high as the corn. In the fall the farmer would get on a horse and ride through the corn and sow wheat. A drag was then run between the rows to brush the weeds down. In the summer the wheat was cut with a sickle, and threshed with a flail. A riddle was then made with a wooden bottom bored full of holes. The chaff was blown out with a sheet. Between 1820 and 1825 a band of counterfeiters had their head- quarters in a cabin on land now owned by C. G. Jamison. It has been reported that at that time several prominent men in the township were implicated, and that two of them were taken across the Orange County line, and then severely whipped by a band of Regulators. The band soon after suspended operations. PRESENT BUSINESS INTERESTS. Thomas Lockwood, general merchandise, Kossuth, began business May, 1869, by the purchase of the store and stock of goods of M. L. Ribelin. He does a good business and carries a large stock of goods. The store was first opened by Stuart & Elliott, in 1856. M. L. Ribe- lin, general merchandise, Kossuth, opened his store in a building erected by himself, in 1870. E. H. Peugh, general merchandise, Delaney's Creek, began business in connection with his brothers in a building erected by them in 1871. He is the sole proprietor at present. E. H., William and David Peugh, saw, grist and flour-mill, Delaney's Creek. The mill was built by S. B. Peugh, in 1860. He operated it until 1874, since which his sons, the present proprietors, have run it. The latter also ope- rate a tile factory, which they built in 1874. There are three good blacksmith and wagon -shops, owned by John Elliott, Charles T. Shepard and Peugh Bros., respectively. 70i HISTORY OF WASHINGTON COUNTY. SETTLEMENT OF MADISON TOWNSHIP. The first settlement in Washington County was made in the extreme south part of this township, about one mile north of Hardinsburg, in 1803, by Thomas Hopper, from North Carolina. Hopper possessed con- siderable property, and entered in this, Orange and other counties, about 10,000 acres of land. He was followed there by others, who came in con- siderable numbers. From 1808 to 1815, the settlement was very rapid, and at the latter date probably two thirds of the land in the township had been entered and settled, and the pioneers were prosperous, with good schools, mills and churches. Robert Hollowell lived on the place now owned by William Harned. Alexander Ralston, an Irishman and a store- keeper, settled on the farm now owned by Gen. Cravens. George S. Trabue, who was a clerk in Ralston's store, also settled on the same farm. Aaron Hardin entered land where his son Aaron now lives. Sampson Palton settled in the southwest quarter section of the township, in 1812. He died in 1814. His wife and son David then removed to the place where the latter still lives. In 1813 Jacob and Henry Trinkle settled in the southwest part of the township; also John Onstot and Paul Kester. R obert Mclntyre, who was at one time a member of the Legislature, set- tled in Section 15, now the center of the township. In 1811 David McKinney entered the quarter section upon which the northeast part of the town lies, and his son James settled on it the same year. At about the same time David McKinney entered the quai'ter section just south of the above, and leased it to Jesse Ferguson. Borland Brown, about 1815, entered and settled the northwest quarter of Section 3. Elias Williams, a year later, settled the quarter section just north of the last named. These four quarters last mentioned include all of Livonia. Besides those mentioned, the settlers in the north part of the township previous to 1816 were: John Wible, James McPheeters, Daniel Westfall, Abraham Rife (who lived in what was known as the Poplar Cabin and kept store), Adam Wible, Alexander McPheeters, David Colglazier, Alexander Cockerel and his father (who was the first person buried in the old cemetery near Dr. Pattons'), John Simmons, Peter Chastain, Alexander McKinney. Shadraeh White, Samuel Wible and William IMcGill. In the vicinity of Sinking Spring, besides those already mentioned, were Joel Redus, James L. Archer, William Young and Absalom Sargent. INTERESTING EARLY ANECDOTES. In 1812 Alexander McKinney came with his family from Kentucky. He brought with him a large six-horse wagon and a large drove of hogs and cattle. Alexander, his son, drove the wagon in which Mrs. McKin- ney and the younger children rode. Alexander, Sr., David McKinney and a man named Walker, drove the hogs. McKinney' s two daughters, Polly and Elizabeth, drove the cattle. The men with the hogs were HISTORY OF WASHINGTON COUNTY. 705 ahead, and as they neared their destination, it being nearly dark, they thought to push on ahead, in order to prepare the camp for the night. On reaching the forks of the road, near where Livonia now is, they took the wrong road, and did not discover their mistake until too late to turn back that night, so they camped where they were, with the hogs. The girls, who were some distance ahead of the wagon with the cattle, on reaching the forks of the road, were at a loss to know which to take. They resolved to "wait for the wagon," but the wagon met with an acci- dent and could not proceed. So the girls were compelled to sit under a tree without supper, and without a lire, with the wolves and "painters" howling all around them, until morning. The men, with the boys, thought they were with the wagon, and those with the wagon thought they were with the men. On one occasion, John McKinney, a long, awkward youth of about fourteen, was sent about dark for the cows. It had been reported that an old bear and her cubs had been seen on the hill where the cattle were grazing. About the time John got his cows together, ready to start for home, he heard something come tearing through the bushes. He looked around and saw a large dark object making straight for him. Not wait- ing for a second look he started for the house as fast as his long legs would carry him. At last, finding the bear was gaining on him, he decided to try to dodge it around a large poplar tree. He made the attempt when the bear stopped and — bleated, and he recognized his neighbor's black pet lamb. John seemed furious that it was not a bear, for in his anger he came near killing the lamb in the bushes as a sacri- fice. EARLY INDUSTRIES, ETC. Absalom Sargent had a horse-mill at Sinking Spring as early as 1815. He attempted to run a water-mill at the Spring but failed. Dan- iel Sherwood had a horse-mill where William Crane, Sr., lives. The flour was bolted by hand. Aaron Hardin, Sr., carried on a cheese fac- tory, probably as early as 1835, on the place owned by Gen. Cravens. Alexander Ralston, on the same section of the township, built a horse- mill and distillery about 1818. He also carried on a store there. Joseph Ash had a distillery on John Onstot's land, between 1820 and 1830. A church was organized at Sinking Spring as early as 1815. It was organ- ized by Rev. Pope, and was of the Regular Baptist Church denomination. 706 HISTORY OF WASHINGTON COUNTY. CHAPTER IV. BY WESTON A. GOODSPEED. Organization of the County— The Act of Creation— The County Board and Agent— Formation of Townships— County Boundary Alterations— Important Acts of the Board— Later Events— Population— County Buildings— The County Poor— Origin of the School Funds- Finances— Planiv Roads— Railroads —Libraries- Catalogue of County Officers— Medical Societies— Agricultural Organizations— Local Politics, etc.— The First Election in the County. PRIOR to the 17th of January, 1814, that portion of Indiana now known as "Washington County was comprised within the old ter- ritorial counties of Clark and Harrison. At that early date, when Indiana was yet a Territory and while the war of 1812-15 was yet in progress, Washington County came into existence by the following enactment: An Act for the Formation of a New County out of the Counties of Har- rison AND Clark : Be it enacted by tJie Legislative Goxmcil and House of Representatives, and it is hereby enacted by the authority of the same, That from and after the seventeenth day of January, eighteen hundred and fourteen, all that part of the counties of Harrison and Clark included within the following bounds, to-wit: Beginning at Freeman's corner, on the meridian line; thence southwardly with said line to the intersection of an east and west line running through the center of Township 1 south; thence with the same eastwardly to the summit of the Silver Creek Knobs; thence northeast- wardly with the extreme height of the same between the waters of Silver Creek and Blue River to the line dividing Ranges 6 and 7 east; thence with said range line northwardly to the Indian boundary; thence with said boundary to the place of beginning — shall compose one new county called and known by the name of Washington. Section 2. And be it further enacted. That the county of Washington shall enjoy all the rights and privileges appertaining to the counties heretofore established in the Indiana Territory; and it shall be lawful for the Coroners, Sheriffs, Consta- bles and Collectors of said counties of Harrison and Clark to make distress for all taxes, levies and officers' fees remaining unpaid by the inhabitants within the bounds of said new county at the time such division shall take place, and they shall be accountable for the same in like manner as if this act had never been passed; and the courts of Harrison and Clark Counties shall have jurisdiction in all suits, pleas, plaints and proceedings which may before the aforesaid 17th day of January next have been commenced, instituted and depending within the present counties of Harrison and Clark shall be prosecuted to final judgment and effect, issue process and award execution thereon. Sec 3. And be it farther enacted by the authority aforesaid, That Joseph Pad- dox. Peter Mcintosh and Ignatius Abel, of Harrison County, Marston G. Clark and Joseph Bartholomew, of Clark County, be, and they are hereby appointed Commis- HISTORY OF WASHINGTON COUNTY. 707 sioners to designate the place for the permaaent seat of justice of Washington County, agreeable to an act entitled, " An Act for fixing the seats of justice in all new counties hereafter to be laid off." The Commissioners above named or others appointed by the proper court, shall convene at the house of William Lindley on Blue River, on the 17th day of January next, and then proceed to discharge the duties assigned them by law. Sec. 4. And be it further enacted, That the Judges of the Court of Common Pleas of the new county aforesaid shall within six months after the permanent seat of justice be established, proceed to erect the necessary public buildings thereon. Sec. 5. And be it further enacted, That until suitable accommodations can be had (in the opinion of said court) at the seat of justice of said new county, all courts of justice for the same shall be holden at the house of William Lindley. This act to be in force and take effect from and after the 17th day of January, A. D., 1814. James Noble, Approved December 31, 1813. Speaker of the House of Representatives. Th. Posey. James Beggs, President of the Legislative Council. ORGANIZATION OF THE COUNTY, In the month of February, 1814, the Commissioners named in the above enactment met at the house of William Lindley, and after viewing several locations bought 174 acres where Salem now is, of Benjamin Brewer and William Lindley, and took title bonds for the conveyance of the same to the county. On the 7th of January, 1814, Isaac Blackford was commissioned Clerk and Recorder of Washington County by the Governor, and a dedimus was issued to him to swear into office all the civil and military officials of the county. At the same time a dedimus was also issued to Col. John DePauw to take the oath of all mem- bers of theNinth Regiment of Territorial Militia just organized in the new county. There were eight companies, the following being the Captains: Thomas Denny, Samuel Huston, George French, Absalom Sargent, John Beck, Henry Dewalt, Charles Busey and John Royce. About this time also William Hoggatt was commissioned Sheriff; William Lindley, Sur- veyor; Jeremiah Lamb, Coroner; Jonathan Lindley, First Judge: Moses Hoggatt, Second Judge, and Simeon Lamb, Third Judge, of the Wash- ington Circuit Court. The land purchased of Brewer was the southwest quarter of Section 17, Township 2 north. Range 4 east, and cost $1,300, the deed bearing date March 18, 1814. The following tract: "Begin- ning at the northeast corner of the northwest quarter of Section 20, Township 2 north. Range 4 east; thence south 7 degrees, east 28 poles, to the middle of Blue River; thence down the same westwardly to Brock's Creek; thence north to the section line; thence by the same east 7 degrees, north 78 poles to the beginning," was purchased by William Lindley for $50, and comprised fourteen acres, the deed bearing date March 21, 1814. The plat of Salem was drafted by John DePauw, County Agent, April 4, 1814, and shows 142 lots of the usual size and six large ones. In November of the same year the first addition was laid out, mostly in the west side of the creek — in all forty-four lots. 708 HISTORY OF WASHINGTON COUNTY. THE FIRST COUNTY BOARD. The three Judges, Jonathan Findley, Moses Hoggatt and Simeon Lamb, met for the transaction of county business at the house of William Lindley, just south of Salem, February 2, 1814. Their first act was to appoint John DePauw County Agent, with bond at $5,000. The second Tuesday of April was fixed for the first public sale of town lots. Town land under cultivation not to be sold was ordered leased. At the March session held at AVilliam Lindley's, Superintendents were appointed to lease the school sections in the county. Various township oflflcers were appointed at the April election. The following townships were created: THE FIRST TOWSHIPS. Madison Township — Beginniug at where the line between the first and second townships north crosses the meridian line; thence east unto the second and third range line; thence south to Harrison County line; thence west to the corner of said county; thence to the beginning. Lost River Township — Beginning at the same place; thence east to the line between the second and third ranges; thence north to the boun- dary of the county. Blue River Township— Beginning at the second and thii'd range on the south line of this county; thence north on said line to the north line of the second township north; thence east with said line to Clark County line. Washington Township — Beginning at the northeast corner of Blue River Township; thence north along the Clark County line to the main branch of Muscatuck River; thence down the same to White River; thence down the same to Lost River Township. Driftwood Township — Beginning where Washington Township strikes the main branch of Muscatatuck, thence with the Clark County line to the bounds of this county; thence with said bounds to the beginning. IMPORTANT PROCEEDINGS. It will be seen from this that Madison Township comprised all of southeastern Orange County and all of southwestern Washington County; Lost River Township all of northeastern Orange County and all of northwestern Washington County; Blue River Township all of the south- ern and southeastern Washington County; Washington Township all of central, eastern, northern and northeastern Washington County; Drift- wood Township, all the country attached to Washington County north of White and Muscatatuck Rivers. As soon as these townships were cre- ated the necessary officers were appointed. During the April session of the County Board several roads were ordered viewed; several licenses to keep tavern and to sell goods were issued. The tavern and grocery rates were fixed as follows : Bed 6^ cents, meals 25 cents, horse over night to hay and fodder 12|^ cents; rum, peach brandy or wine, 37 J cents \ HISTORY OF WASHINGTON COUNTY. 709 per half pint, all other spirits 1'2J cents per half pint, cider or beer 16f cents per quart; tavern license, $2 per annum. Alexander Little was appointed County Lister for 1814. At the July session the Board first met at William Lindley's, but adjourned immediately to meet again in fif- teen minutes at the temporary court house in Salem. Reports were numer- ously received on many roads that had been ordered viewed. A tax of 18| cents was levied on horses. Complete arrangements to build a per- manent court house and a jail were made at this term. Here at this inter- esting point the county records are missing, and no more can be said until February, 1817, when the records again are in existence, but the business was now in the hands of three Commissioners. The following enactment extended the bounds of Washington County: Be it enacted by tJie Legislative Council and House of Representatives and it is hereby enacted by the authority of the satne, That all the tract of country contained in the boundary following be attached to and constitute a part of the said county of Washington, to wit: Beginning at Freeman's corner on the meridian line; thence north to the present Indian boundary line; thence with said Indian boundary to the line established by the treaty of Grouseland; thence with said line to the place of beginning; and the same so attached shall be deemed and taken as a part of the said county, in the same manner and under the same regulations as are prescribed for the said county of Washington. Approved September 1, 1814. By the act creating the county, given a few pages back, Washington County had about the following limits : Beginning at about Orleans, thence south on the meridian line to the present projected south boun- dary of the county; thence east to the Clark County line; thence with the same to near Seymour on the Indian boundary; thence southwestwardly to near Orleans. By the act last quoted above thez'e was added to this a triangular tract of country bounded about as follows: Beginning at near Orleans, thence on the old Indian boundary to near Seymour; thence on the new Indian boundary northwestwardly to about seven miles north - east of Bloomington, Monroe County, on the meridian line; thence south to the beginning near Orleans. The junction of several Indian boundary lines near Orleans was known as "Freeman's Corner," which point was established in June, 1803, by the treaty of Fort Wayne. Freeman was either the name of the surveyor or of a squatter who located there at a very early date. • In December, 1815, both Orange and Jackson Counties were created, thus taking a large tract from Washington, reducing it practically, with the exception of Scott County stricken off in January, 1820, to its present limits. It is well to mention at this point that in the Constitutional Convention of 1816 held at Cory don, then the capital of the Territory or State, Washingt-on County was ably represented by John DePauw, Will- iam Graham, William Lowe, Samuel Milroy and Robert Mclntire. Scott County was created in January, 1820, and in the following Decem- ber the following act was passed by the General Assembly: 710 HISTORY OF WASHINGTON COUNTY. Be it enacted hy the Oeneral Assembly of the State of Indiana, That so much of the county of Scott as is south of a line commencing on the boundary line between the counties of Wasliington and Scott at the southwest corner of Section 20, Town- ship 2 north, Range 6 east; thence running east with the sectional line until it inter- sects the Clarke County line, be and the same is hereby attached to and shall form a part of the county of Washington in the same manner as if it had never formed a part or been attached to the county of Scott. This act to take effect and be in force from and after its passage. Approved December 26, 1820. For many years the boundary between Clark and "Washington Coun- ties was in doubt, owing to its extreme roughness and wildness, but a few years ago three Commissioners were appointed by eac-h county to have a definite line surveyed, which was done, and the line thus established was sent to the Legislature with a petition that the same be permanently established as the division, and the Legislature accordingly so enacted. This is the present line. RE-FORMATION OF TOWNSHIPS. On the 10th of February, 1817, the first Board of Commissioners met at the court house in Salem for the transaction of business. They were Eobert Mclntire, Alexander Huston and Nathan Trueblood. The first act was to redivide the county into townships, as follows: Washington Township — Beginning on the township line one mile west of the line dividing Ranges 4 and 5; thence north on said line two miles into Township 3, Range 4; thence west two miles into Township 3, Range 3; thence south to the line dividing Townships 1 and 2; thence to the beginning. Franklin Township — Beginning on Muscatatuck one mile west of the line dividing Ranges 4 and 5; thence south to the line dividing Townships 1 and 2; thence east one mile to the line dividing Ranges 4 and 5; thence by said line south to the Harrison County line; thence by said line to the beginning. Posey Township — Beginning on the township line dividing one and two; thence one mile south; thence west to Orange County; thence south to Harrison County; thence to the line dividing Sections 14 and 15, Township, 1 Range 3; thence north to the beginning. Jackson Township — Beginning at the southeast corner of the county; thence north to the line dividing Townships 1 and 2; thence two miles west of the line dividing Ranges 3 and 4; thence on the section line dividing Sections 2 and 3, Township 1, Range 3, south to the line of Harrison County; thence east to the beginning. Vernon Town- ship — Beginning on the line dividing Townships 2 and 3, two miles west of the line dividing Ranges 3 and 4; thence west to Orange County; thence south one mile south of the line dividing Townships 1 and 2; thence east to the line dividing Sections 2 and 3, Township 1, Range 3; thence north to the beginning. Brown Township — Beginning on the Orange County line at the line dividing Townships 2 and 3; thence east to the line dividing Sections 34 and 35, Township 3, Range 3; thence HISTORY OF WASHINGTON COUNTY. 711 north two miles; thence east on the line dividing Sections 23 and 26 Township 3, Range 4, until within one mile of the line dividing Ranges 4 and 5; thence north to White River; thence with the same to Orange Coiinty; thence south to the beginning, IMPORTANT EARLY ITEMS. Officers for all the townships were appointed, and places of election fixed. A " scrawl " was adopted as the temporary seal of the Board. Christopher Harrison was employed to make three maps of the county on a scale of half an inch to the mile. In May the county was divided for the first into road districts, and about thirty Superintendents were appointed. The making of roads was the most important feature in the early history of the county. It continued on an extensive scale for many years. The county tax of 1816 had brought this revenue: Horses, $617.81; town lots, $123.17; stallions, $19.50; store licenses, $173.25; tavernlicen- ses, $20 ; total, $953. 73. This amount, with that derived from the sale of town lots and from the levy on land, furnished the county with ample revenue. In November, 1817, James Harbinson was given the contract to erect a bridge over Blue River at Salem for $475; the work was completed the following June. Burr Bradley, instead of C. Harrison, made the county maps, for $15. A water-closet for the court yard was built by Adam Cau- ble for $129.90. John Smiley was County Lister in 1818. Books for the Clerk's office were bought of James R. Higgins for $50.37. Tavern keepers in Salem were taxed $10; outside of Salem, $7. Dr. Burr Brad- ley was the first Poor or Pauper Physician. In May, 1819, Jonathan Lyon was appointed Inspector of flour, beef and pork. He was succeeded by Edward Carom the same year. Alexander Huston was the Census Taker of 1820. The court house was kept locked, only to be occupied by the courts and for divine worship. Beebe Booth succeeded John DePauw as County Agent in 1821. The Clerk's office was in the southwest room of the court house. Joel Coombs was County Collector in 1824. During these years important roads were laid out from New Albany to Salem, and on to Bono and Bedford; from Salem to Vernon; from Salem to Charles- town; from Salem to Brownstown; from Salem to Paoli; from Salem to Corydon; from Salem to Scottsburg, and connecting various points in the county. LATER EVENTS OF INTEREST. In 1833 John Hardin was appointed Three Per Cent Commissioner. The books of the Fredericksburg Bridge Company were ordered examined. License was granted the Washington County Trading & Manufacturing Company to do business. Before this (1831), the bridge over Blue River at Salem was declared a nuisance by the Board, and ordered removed. In 1835 the Salem & Ohio Turnpike Company was given the right to occupy any road in the county. In 1835 Livonia was incorporated. 712 HISTORY OF WASHINGTON COUNTY. Elijah Newland was Three Per Cent Commissioner in 1840, the total fund being $4,522.75, used in the construction of roads. No record seems to have been kept of the creation of new townships. In 1841 J. O. Mc- Kinney was appointed student to the State University; Dennis McMahon was appointed in 1842. In September, 1842, in special session, the Board refused to receive Indiana State Treasury notes in payment of taxes In 1842 the grade of the Salem & Jefifersonville Turnpike was declared a State road. In September, 1843, Peter Noggle and Henry Young con- tracted to build a county seminary for $600. In 1844 there was spent of the three per cent fund $200 on the bridge over Blue River on the Salem & Jefifersonville Turnpike. Upon petition of A. H. Cheever and four- teen others, Hardensburg was incorporated in 1849. Upon petition of D. G. Campbell and others, Salem was to be incorporated in 1849. In March, 1851, the County Board, out of the three per cent fund, took $1,500 stock in the Salem & Millport Plank Road Company. At the same time the right of way was given the Brownstown & Charlestown Plank Road Company. March 3, 1853, the townships of the county were reorganized with new boundaries, and new townships were created, all as nearly as possible to coincide with the Congressional townships. The following were the townships: Gibson, Monroe, Jefferson (new). Brown, Vernon, Washington, Franklin, Polk (new), Pierce (new), Howai'd (new), Madison (new), Posey and Jackson. Gibson and Monroe had been cre- ated between 1820 and 1840. The others not new had been formed in 1817. The townships created as above stated, were substantially as they are at present. March 3, 1853, the line between Clark and Washington Coun- ties was ordered surveyed. Dennis McMahan was agent of the three per cent fund, in 1853; the fund amounted to $6,575.21. In Septem- ber, 1853, the question of incorporating Salem was carried by a large majority; accordingly a tract of 298 acres was ordered incorporated. In 1854 the Washington Guards, with Wiley R. Reeves, Captain, had 100 muskets, and drilled quite regularly. In 1855, Hiram Wilcox was given the right to manufacture liquor in Brown Township. In 1859, Freder- icksburg with 642.48 acres was incorporated. In 1860, P. O'Beirne & Co. of New York City made a wall map of the county. During the war of 1861-65, the Board experienced much trouble in the management of the stand of arms in the county; sometimes the guns were kept under lock and sometimes were delivered to companies of home guards. In 1862, there was spent on the bridge over Blue River, near McPheeter's Mill, $200. In September, 1864, so prevalent had become the commission of crime, such as horse stealing, burglary, highway rob- bery, etc., that an association was formed in Washington Township to check and stop all unlawful depredations. At the close of the war the County Board appropriated large amounts out of the county treasury for county and velief, an account of which will be found in the military HISTORY OF WASHINGTON COUNTY. 713 chapter. In 1885 a board fence was built around the court house, mainly by the citizens of Salem. In June, 1866, it was decided to revive the municipality of Salem. In June, also, $240 were spent in grading, grassing and improving the public square. The deferred question of reviving the corporation of Salem again came up in 1868. In June, 1874, the County Board sold $7,000 of county bonds to liquidate the existing county indebtedness. In 1873-74, the State Board of Equalization ille- gally raised the revenue $5,743.20, which amount was collected, but refunded under court orders, the right of the act having been referred to that tribunal for settlement. In 1872-73, the boundary between Clark and Washington Counties was definitely established by legislative enact- ment. In 1877-78, the County Board, having in view the erection of a county jail, and the ultimate erection of a new court house, levied a tax of 5 cents on each $100 for a building fund. In 1880, it was raised to 15 cents on each $100 and 50 cents on each poll. In 1878, D, J. Lake & Co., of Philadelphia, prepared a large atlas of Washington County » with handsomely colored maps of all townships and the county on a large scale, showing every road, stream, section, farm, farm- house, town, school- house, cemetery and church in the county, besides much other valuable information. Nearly 300 were sold in the county. In 1884, a heavy iron fence with thick stone posts was built around the square at a cost of about $600. POPULATION OF WASHINGTON COUNTY. In 1810 (estimated) 250 In 1820 9,039 In 1830 13,064 In 1840 15,269 In 1850 17,040 In 1860 17,909 In 1870 18,495 In 1880 18,955 COUNTY PAUPERS. When the county was organized and divided into townships, three Overseers of the Poor were appointed annually in each, whose duty was to provide for the transient and permanent paupers, and to present the bills of cost to the County Board for allowance. This continued to be the custom until a recent date. Permanent paupers were annually " farmed out" to the lowest bidders, which was a species of husbandry similar, no doubt, to that sung of by Little Buttercup: "A many years ago. When I was young and charming. As some of you may know, I practiced baby farming." The earliest allowances cannot be given. In 1822-23 the allowance was $119.06; in 1825-26, $123.30; in 1827-28, $153; in 1830, $187.38; 714 HISTORY OF WASHINGTON COUNTY. in 1835, $217.50; in 1838, $233.62; and in 1841-42, $345.03. Monday July 5, 1830, a Committee of eight (Joel Coombs, John C. McPheeters, Stephen Hole, John Peugh, Andrew Housh, Thomas D. Young, John Har- din and William Perdue) was appointed to inquire into the expediency of buying a poor farm. The committee reported in September that such a farm should be bought, that not more than $1,000 should be paid, and not less than a quarter section of land bought, whereupon Stephen Hole, John C. McPheeters and Joel Coombs were appointed to select and buy a farm in accordance with the recommendations of the former committee. January 3, 1831, they reported that they had bought for $1,000 of Noah Wright, the southwest quarter of Section 25, Township 2 north, Range 4 east, the purchase price to be paid in three annual installments, and part of the house to be surrendered March, 1831. Soon after this a code of by-laws was adopted, and Thomas Hodge, Henry DeWalt and Rhodes Mead were appointed Directors to employ an agent to take charge of the farm. Tilmon Hartley was hired, as was Dr. Charles Hay, to administer to the medical wants of the poor. For some reason Hartley was super- seded in 1832 by Anthony Hinkle, but he appealed to the Circuit Court, and was reinstated in September, 1832. The agent at this time was paid about $350. Samuel M. Huston became agent in 1834 for two years, but James McKinney succeeded him in 1835, and continued with- out intermission until 1853, when Obadiah Thomas took his place. In 1838 Robinson & Huston built a frame addition to the poor house. In November, 1838, there were 11 paupers in the asylum; there were 9 in 1841, 8 in March, 1843; 5 in September, 1844; 11 in June, 1846; 9 in 1849, 15 in 1850, 16 in 1852, 14 in 1853, 19 in 1854, 23 in 1857, 19 in 1859, 22 in 1861, 24 in 1862, 28 in 1863, 25 in 1865, 29 in 1869. In 1856 Thomas was paid $42 annually for each permanent pauper. John W. Day became Superintendent in 1858 at $40 for each pauper annually, and continued until 1865, and was then succeeded by George Williams, at $50 a year each pauper. This amount was raised to $60 in 1870, and reduced to $55 in 1876. Thomas Seston became Superintend- ent in 1878 for $650 per annum. In 1843-44 the poor cost $544.47; in 1846-47, $636.27; in 1848-49, $411.21; in 1850-51, $803.20; in 1853- 54, $1,412.54; in 1855-56, $1,878.98; in 1859-60, $1,960.57; in 1862- 63, $2,817.92; in 1865-66, $2,733.46; in 1867-68, $2,598.93; in 1869- 70, $2,397.83; in 1872-73, $2,583.21; in 1874-75, $2,885.39; in 1877- 78, $3,777.64; in 1879-80, $4,397.27; in 1881-82, $4,287.62; in 1883- 84, $3,519.58. ' Dr. Elijah Newland was Poor Physician in 1834, and for several years. Dr. C. L. Paynter was hired in the fifties, and continued until recently. Others have been Drs. W. C. Flack, Samuel Reed. In 1878 John P. Strouse, for $593, erected on the poor farm a residence for the Superintendent. The building was a frame structure and was com- pleted in December. In 1872 George Williams built a mad house on HISTORY OF WASHINGTON COUNTY. 715 the poor farm for $245. For several years past the average annual num- ber of paupers at the asylum has been about sixty. Under the manage- ment of the present Superintendent, Thomas Seston, the asylum is almost self-supporting. ORIGIN OF THE COMMON SCHOOL FUND. Surplus revenue |12,687 08 Bank Tax Fund 955 56 SalineFund 785 12 Sinking Fund 539 73 Seminary Fund, 1853 302 70 Sale of Seminary 518 00 Other fund in 1853 104 23 Sinking Fund of 1871-73 7,028 10 Fines, forfeitures, etc., of tlie various courts from 1853 to 1884 14,835 34 Total $37,255 85 ORIGIN OF THE CONGRESSIONAL FUND. Section 16, Township 1 south. Range 2 east $ 909 60 Section 16, Township 1 south, Eange 8 east 2,309 69 Section 16, Township 1 south. Range 4 east 1,450 00 Section 16, Township 1 north. Range 2 east 1,838 50 Section 16, Township 1 north, Range 3 east 804 00 Section 16, Township 1 north. Range 4 east 901 90 Section 16, Township 1 north, Range 5 east 825 00 Section 16, Township 2 north, Range 2 east 1,185 13 Section 16, Township 2 north. Range 3 east 1,074 50 Section 16, Township 2 north, Range 4 east 10,646 23 Section 16, Township 2 north. Range 5 east 1,260 00 Section 16, Township 3 north. Range 2 east 2,609 25 Section 16, Township 3 north, Range 3 east 1,632 95 Section 16, Township 3 north. Range 4 east 715 45 Section 16, Township 3 north. Range 5 east 800 00 Section 16, Township 4 north, Range 3 east 702 74 Total* $29,664 94 THF COUNTY FINANCES. The earliest receipts and expenditures of the county cannot be given, owing to the non-preservation of the records. The following exhibit extends from November 14, 1822, to November 12, 1823, inclusive: RECEIPTS. County revenue $ 318 96^ John De Pauw, County Agent 414 12^ From James Coffin 98 00 Store license < 127 50 Tavern license 90 00 Tax on writs, seals, etc 34 00 Total $1,082 59 «This was the amount in 1866 ; it is now, in 1884, only $28,864.20. 45 716 HISTORY OF WASHINGTON COUNTY. EXPENDITDEES. Circuit Court I 414 1 3i County Commissioners 113 00 County Clerk and office 67 62i Sheriff 8100 Roads 66 50 Poor 119 06i Elections 5 50 Jail and Jailors 49 62^ County Listers 86 00 Repair of court house , 14 50 Improper tax 2 00 Depreciated bank paper 2 00 Treasurer's percentage 37 97 Total $1,058 90| At the beginning of the calendar year 1827, there was on hand $50.06, and this with $2,066.22 received during the year made the total receipts $2,116.28, the county revenue being $1,635.46. The total expense was $2,180.42, showing a deficit of $64.14. In 1833 the county revenue was $1,596.33, and the total receipts $1,983.88. The total col- lections including a small delinquency were $1,962.69. The county rev- enue for 1837 was $939.34, and the total receipts $2,630.31, there being on hand at the beginning $1,363.68, making total cash in the treasury in 1837 as $3,993.99. The total expenses were $2,980.33, leaving on hand $1,013.66. For the fiscal year 1841-42, the receipts and expenditures were as follows: RECEIPTS. EXPENSES. Storelicense $ 97 40 Jury $ 92100 Grocery 73 75 Old orders 682 82 Peddlers 20 80 Specific 316 60 Delinquency 62164 Officers 470 00 Estrays 19 12 Assessors 503 81 Miscellaneous 13 75 Bailiffs 59 00 Revenue 4,710 17 Public buildings 202 54 [ Poorasylum 264 78 Total $5,556 63 Poor 80 25 Criminal 158 75 Elections Roads Printing Jailors Interest on orders Total $3,804 19 For the fiscal year 1844-45, there was on hand $3,316.34. The county revenue was $3,306.05 and the total receipts were $7,178.72. Public buildings cost $1,157.50; county officers, $1,032.05; total expense, $3,782.02, leaving on hand $3,396.70. In 1848-49 there was on hand 27 25 15 75 8 00 78 40 15 24 HISTORY OF WASHINGTON COUNTY. 717 $2,564.17. Merchants' license brought $295, grocery license $93.45, and peddlers' license $85. The county revenue was $5,949.67, and total receipts $9,025.67. County officers cost $540.74; New Albany & Salem Railway stock, $6,800; total expenses, $8,894.31; leaving on hand $131.48. In 1852-53 there was on hand $1,683.02. Merchants' and grocers' license brought $205. The total receipts were $5,355.52. County officers cost $951.10. Total expenses were $4,921.26, leaving on hand $434.26. In 1856-57 there Avas on hand $1,452.06. The county revenue was $7,694. 11, and the total receipts $9,455.07. The total expense was $7,692.52, county officers costing $1,829.68. In 1860 -61 there was on hand $3,932.34. County revenue was $8,140.29, and total receipts, $12,552.79. Public buildings cost $1,201.76; county officers $1,726.54, the total expense being $8,530.47, leaving on hand $4,022.32. In 1864-65 there was in hand $2,380.29. The county rev- enue was $11,138.80, and total receipts $13,793.49. County officers cost $2,596.38, the total expense being $12,655.18. In 1865-66, owing to the heavy levy for bounty and relief, finances take a larger shape. There was on hand $1,138.31; total county revenue including delin- quency was $48,766.75; soldiers' relief fund received, $18,948.17; total receipts, $76,301.13. County officers cost $3,095.85; specific expense. $11,183.44; paid on military bonds, orders and interest, $37,570.13; total expense, $63,316.08; leaving on hand $13,137.05. In 1866-67 the county revenue was $47,259.27; total receipts, $60,995.32. County officers cost, $3,212.72; total county expense $21,124.85; paid on mili- tary bonds and interest, $50,059.61. In 1869-70 there was on hand $10,269 20; county revenue, $19,529.23; total receipts, $29,983.95. County officers cost $5,108.87; total expense $20,274.58, leaving on hand $9,709.37. In 1872-73 there was on hand $2,568.75; county revenue, $17,197.03; total receipts, $20,203.99. The total expenses were $14,877.92, leaving on hand $5,326.07. In 1874-75 there was on hand $8,091.58; borrowed, $7,000; county revenue, $16,056. 52; total receipts, $32,112.64. County officers cost $5,758.15; insane, $924.02; total expense, $26,341.61; leaving on hand $5,771.03. In 1877-78 there was on hand $5,680.96; county revenue was $17,198.12: building fund, $1,502.74; total receipts, $24,491.79. County officers cost $4,099.98; total expenses, $16,255; leaving on hand $8,236.79. In 1879-80 there was on hand $9,752.01; county revenue, $18,996.80; total receipts, $28,944.63. County officers cost $3,562.02; total expenses, $18,068.62; leaving on hand $10,876.01. In 1881-82 there was on hand $10,982.42; county revenue. $18,743.87; total receipts, $30,530.24. County officers cost $3,294.93; total expenses, $18,463.62; leaving on hand $12,066.62. There was on hand building fund of $1,955.70, and received of same fund during the year, $17,374.45; total building fund, $20,330. 15. The following is the report of the County Auditor for the fiscal year 1884: 718 HISTORY OF WASHINGTON COUNTY. RECEIPTS. ■* June 1. 1883, balance in treasury $11,746 54 Received per December settlement, 1883 8,047 16 Received per May settlement, 1884 8,544 77 Received on account jury fees 18 00 Received from sales of public commons 1,017 50 Received on account of ferry licenses 8 50 Received on school fund loans (costs) 29 60 Received on delinquent taxes (costs) 1 20 Total receipts $29,413 27 EXPENDITURES. Assessing $ 1,399 50 County Attorney 125 00 Countyofflcers , 3,686 76 Criminals 566 10 Courts 1,251 79 Deaf and dumb 1 15 Elections 777 45 Feeble-minded 56 40 Fox scalps 76 00 Fuel and lights 274 85 Houseof Refuge 167 60 Inquests 237 00 Insane 1,527 02 Jurors 1,552 95 Poor 969 75 Poor asylum 2,549 83 Public buildings'. 777 64 Printing, stationery, etc 709 75 Miscellaneous 114 35 School Superintendent 822 00 School funds 1,585 99 Roads 1,858 09 Stationery and books 646 72 • Board of Health 50 00 Total expended $21,783 69 Balance in treasury $7,629 58 BRIDGE FUND, RECEIPTS. June 1. 1883, balance on hand $ 2,883 23 Received from taxes as per December settle- ] ment, 1883 2,704 53 Received from taxes as per May settlement, 1884 8,198 99 Total receipts $13,786 75 Expended on account of bridges 10,775 04 Leaves balance in treasury $3,011 71 f Approved June 10, 1884. I Daniel W. Gray, John Smith, Hiram Zink, Commisaionera. Attest: William G. Jamison, A. W. C. HISTORY OF WASHINGTON COUNTY. 719 PLANK ROAD COMPANIES. During the thirties several plank road companies obtained permission to occupy certain public roads in the county. The Salem & Oliio and the Salem & Jeffersonville Companies secured this right. To some extent work on one or more roads was begun, but the projects were abandoned at this juncture. The last-named company partly macad- amized their road-bed. In 1851 the Salem & Millport Plank Road Com- pany secured the right-of-way north from Salem, in which company the County Board took $1,500 stock from the three per cent fund. The Directors were: W. C. De Pauw, Dawson Lyon, Elijah Newland, John L. Menaugh, Spencer B. Peugh, David G. Campbell and H. D. Hender- son. De Pauw was President, and John H. fuller. Secretary. Planks were put down over the route at a total cost of about $25,000. Three toll-gates were established, and 2 cents per mile was charged for the privilege of riding over the road. Money was lost on the enterprise, and it gradually fell into decay and disuse. The Harristown & Brownstown Plank Road Company did little else than organize and become defunct. James L. Thompson was the President. JUSTICES OF THE PEACE. Jesse Spurgeon, James Young, Robert Ellison, John Wright and David Fonts, January 10, 1814; Robert Catlin, January 27, 1814; Amos Thornburg, William Robertson, Jesse Roberts, Samuel Chambers, Zachariah Lindley, Edmund Hunter, John Beck, Enoch Parr, John M. Coleman, Godlove Camp, Samuel Huston, John Ketchum, Cornelius Williamson, April 18, 1814; James McKinney, Thomas Ewing, Robert Mclntire, July 25, 1814; Thomas Beesley, John G. Clendenin, Edward Millis, Jesse Lucas, Cyrus Douglas, Matthew Robertson, Tyre Harris, 1815; Hugh McPheeters, William Kelso and Alexander Huston, 1816; John Curry, John Gregg, Samuel Wright, Christopher Morris, Lewis Roberts, William Herron, Tertius Fordyce, Aaron Vandeveer, David Deweese, John McCullough, William Marrs, John Sapp, Thomas Denny, James McCoy, Dandridge Overton, William Royse, Robert Williams, 1817; Willis McCoy, Phillip Shull, Robert Ellison, Elias Williams, William Baird, 1818; Francis McGuire, Hugh Graham, John Denny, William Richards, 1819; William Watts, John De Pauw, Elijah Wright, Joseph Green, Joel Coombs, William Phelps, Joseph B. Har- bert, Elijah Driskell, Matthias Lemon, 1820; William Newland, James C. McKinney, James Rose, Brice Miller, Phillip Langdon, James Mil- roy, Aaron Harding, Thomas Weathers, Joseph Murphy, 1821; Robert Scott, H. W. Hackett, Robert McKneely, AVilliam Garriott, George L. Trabue, Hugh McPheeters, John McMahan, John Denny, James Craw- ford, Hugh Kelso, Roger Sutherland, William Herron, Thomas Denny, Jacob Hattabaugh, 1822; John Gregg, Asher Wilcox, Ezekiel Logan, 720 HISTORY OF WASHINGTON COUNTY. Stephen Hale, Abner Martin, John Scott, Benoni xlrmstrong, 1823; William Hartley, Andrew Housh, Alexander Williams, John Sapp, 1824; William Kichards, Henry Davis, William Newland, William Watts, 1825; Simeon Matthews, John Early, Richard Rubeson, James Cauble, Aaron Hardin, Phillip Langdon, Godfrey Ratts, 1826; James Hammers- ly, William Perdue, Enoch Parr, Nathaniel Moss, John McMahan, Samuel Peck, 1827; John McPheeters, Robert Smith, William Logan, John DePauw, John Hardin, Asher Wilcox, 1828; Stephen Hole, George May, Joel Coombs, Thomas D. Young, Levi P. Lockhart, Andrew Housh, Alban Poor, 1829; John Kingsbury, Henry W. Davis, William Allison, Jacob Bixler, William Newland, Nelson Britt, 1830; Thomas Denny, John Mitchell, Isaac Thomas, Richard Rabeson, Nathan Maud- lin, Jacob Grubb, William Richards, 1831; James McKinney, Samuel M. Huston, William Perdue, Godfrey Ratts, James Hammersly, Jacob Stipp, 1832; John Hardin, N. Hamilton, 1833; Henry Westfall, Samuel Catlin, David Fonts, Joel Coombs, Peter Cauble, Charles Downs, John Boling, Stephen Elrod, 1834; George May, Phillip Huffman, Townsend Cutshaw, John Beck, Henry Davis, James Smith, 1835; Peter Draper, Hugh W. Kelso, Jesse Crim, Jacob Wiseman, Charles Neal, Benoni Armstrong, Jonathan Winslow, James Carter, Jacob Stipp, Isaac Thomas, John Ellis, 1836; William Perdue, Charles Herman, 1837; Henry B. Hammersly, Daniel Hogan, David R, Owen, John Early, John Gilstrap, John Hardin, Joseph Stipp, 1838; Godfrey Ratts, William Driskell, Peter Cauble, Samuel Catlin, Royal B. Child, John Hartley, David Fouts, John Mitchell, Stephen Elrod, George Denny, 1839; Jacob S. Lemon, Edward Montgomery, Townsend Cutshaw, James Dixon, Alex- ander M. Crooke, Robert Mitchell, Alfred Pringle, Henry Davis, William Thompson, Jacob Roberts, Miles Talcock, Jacob Hattabaugh, 1840; William Wilson, Hugh W. Kelso, John Watts, John Hardin, 1841; John Ellis, 1842; John Parr, Roger Martin, Jacob Wiseman, John Wilcox, H. B. Hammersly, John Beck, Hutchinson Brown, John Gilstrap, Leonard Harbett, John Early, Aaron Craycraft, Gideon Coulter, 1843; Charles Harry man, Joseph Still, Absalom Garrison, Richard Robinson, Stephen Elrod, 1844; Samuel S. Early, Royal B. Childs, John Mitchell, James Gasaway, George Denny, Alfred Pringle, Henry Davis, William Baker, T. Cutshaw, Henry Paynter, James Dixon, 1845. REPRESENTATIVES. Samuel Milroy and Alexander Little, 1817; Samuel Milroy and* Jonathan Lyon, 1818; Samuel Milroy and MarstonG. Clark, 1820; Noah Wright, 1822; Ezra Childs and Alexander Huston, 1823; Robert Mcln- tire and Alexander Huston, 1824; Ezra Child and William Baird, 1825; Alexander Little, Abraham Sargent and Abner Martin, 1826; Alexander Little, John DePauw and Hugh McPheeters, 1827; Robert Mclntire, HISTORY OF WASHINGTON COUNTY. 721 Ezra Child and Hugh McPheeters, 1828; Alexander Little, John Kings- bury and Charles B. Nayler, 1829; Hugh McPheeters, Ezekiel D. Logan and Kodolphus Schoonover, 1830; E. D. Logan and Henry P. Thornton, 1831; E. Schoonover and Gustavus Clark, 1832; Henry C. Monroe and Woodbridge Parker, 1833; Eobert Strain and Levi P. Lockhart, 1834; M. G. Clark and Eobert Strain, 1835; John De Pauw and Eobert Strain, 1836; Henry C. Monroe and Samuel Huston, 1837; H. C. Monroe, \V. Parker, and Valentine Baker, 1838; H. C. Monroe and John I. Morrison, 1839; E. Schoonover and William Shanks, 1840; H. C. Monroe and George May, 1841; E. D. Logan and Valentine Baker, 1842; E. D. Logan and John Kelley, 1843; William Shanks and John Kelley, 1844; William Shanks and H. C, Monroe, 1845; Cyrus L. Dunham and Thomas Green, 1846; C. L. Dunham and George May, 1847; James A. Cravens and William Thompson, 1848; James A. Cravens and John L. Menaugh, 1849; James T. Campbell and Henry Paynter, 1850; E. Schoonover, 1851; John Hartley, 1852; E. D. Logan and E. Schoonover, 1854; John A. Bowman and J. W. Eeyman, 1856; John A. Bowman and William Hancock (joint representatives of Washington and Harrison Counties), 1858; Christian Prow and Horace Heffren (joint representatives of Washington and Har- rison Counties), i860; Jamison Lee and Aaron L. Hardin (joint repre- sentatives of Washington and Harrison Counties), 1862; John Lemon (representative of Washington and Harrison Counties); Erasmus W. Shanks and Frederick W. Matthis (joint representatives of Washington and Harrison Counties), 1866; John C. Lawler, 1868; John H. Oatley, 1870; James Eudder, 1872; Alfred B. Collins, 1874; A. B. Collins, 1876; Samuel H. Mitchell, 1878; S. H. Mitchell, 1870; Horace Heffren, 1872. SENATORS. John De Pauw (Washington, Jackson, Orange, Lawrence and Mon- roe), 1818; Marston G. Clark (Washington County alone), 1821; Samuel Milroy, J 822; John De Pauw, 1825; M. G. Clark, 1826; M. G. Clark, 1827; M. G. Clark, 1828; John De Pauw, 1829; John De Pauw, 1830 E. D. Logan, 1832; Henry W. Hackett, 1834; same 1835; same 1836 same 1837; same 1838; same 1839; same 1840; William Shanks, 1841 same 1842; same 1843; E. D. Logan, 1844; same 1845; same 1846; John I. Morrison, 1848; James A. Cravens, 1850; * * Townsend Cutshaw, 1855; Horace Heffren, 1857; same of Washington and Harrison Counties, 1857; same 1858; same 1859; Simeon K. Wolfe (Washington and Har- rison Counties), 1860; John A. Bowman (same counties), 1865; same 1867; G. W. Denbo (same counties), 1869; same 1871; John A. Bowman (same counties), 1873; same 1875; B. H. Burrell (Washington and Jack- son Counties), ]877; same 1879; Samuel B. Voyles (Washington and Floyd Counties), 1881; same 1883. 722 HISTORY OF WASHINGTON COUNTY. COUNTY COMMISSIONERS. The business from 1814 to 1816 was done by the Associate Judges — Jonathan Lindley, Moses Hoggatt, Simeon Lamb, James Young, Joseph Kitchell, Alexander Little, William Lowe, Godlove Camp and Samuel Huston — two serving at a time. The first Commissioners were Robert Mclntyre, Alexander Huston and Nathan Trueblood, 1817; Jesse Spurgeon, 1818, vice Trueblood; John Martin, 1819, vice Huston, resigned; Lewis Roberts, 1819, vice Mclntire; Alexander Huston, 1821; Joseph Green, 1821; David Colglazure, 1822; John Martin, 1823; Joseph Green, 1824. In September, 1824, the Board of Justices took control of county business, continuing until 1831. In May of this year the county was divided into three Commissioner's Districts: No. 1 — Monroe, Gibson and Franklin Townships; No. 2 — Washington and Jack- son Townships; No. 3 — Perry, Vernon and Brown Townships. The Commissioners took county business September, 1831. James L. Archer, term one year; Henry Ratts, two years, and George Hattabaugh, three years; J. L. Archer, 1832; Henry Dewalt, 1833, vice Ratts; David Colglazure and Samuel M. Huston, 1834. In March, 1835, the Board of Justices resumed the commissson of county busine&s, but were suc- ceeded by County Commissioners again in June, 1836 — John Marks for one year; Henry Dewalt, two years; Richard Ruberson, three years; James McKinney, 1837, vice Marks; Henry Dewalt, 1838; George Sapp, 1839, vice Ruberson; James Carter, 1840; Abraham Stover, 1841; Will- iam Mitchell, 1841, vice Sapp resigned. In 1842 the county business seems to have gone to a Board of five Justices — Charles Harryman, John Gilstrap, John Early, John Hartley and Davis R. Owen. In September, 1845, three Commissioners again took control — Samuel Hind for one year; James McKinney, two years, and John Mitchell, three years; Will- iam Newland, 1846; James McKinney, 1847; E. Sayles, 1848; Samuel Hind, 1849; Hezekiah Thomas, 1850; John Gilstrap, 1851; Evans Wright, 1852, James M. Hodges, 1853; John Gilstrap, 1854; Benjamin F. Nicholson, 1855; Joel Wilson, Sr., 1856; Harrison Cornwell, 1857; Lewis J. Reyman, 1858; Joel Wilson, 1859; Isaac Baker, 1860; L. J. Reyman, 1861; Joel Wilson, 1862; Isaac Baker, 1863; Spencer B. Peugh, 1864; Allen Thompson, 1865; Isaac Baker, 1866; S. B. Peugh, 1867; Allen Thompson, 1868; Isaac Baker, 1869; Lewis N. Smith, 1870; John Mitchell, 1870; Robert G. Weir, 1871; David Beck, 1872; Lewis N. Smith, 1873; R. G. Weir, 1874; David Beck, 1875; Andrew B. Davis, 1876; Allen Thompson, 1877; David Beck, 1878; A. B. Davis, 1879; Barnett Chastian, 1879; Daniel W. Gray, 1880; John Smith, 1882; Hiram Zink, 1882; Daniel W. Gray, 1883. COUNTY SCHOOL OFFICERS. Micajah Newby, Commissioner, 1835; John Nixon, Commissioner, HISTORY OF WASHINGTON COUNTY. 723 1841; James G. May, Jeremiah Rowland and John H. Butler, Examin- ers, 1840; same 1841; B. M. Nice. J. G. May and J. N. Heylin, 1842; J. H. Butler, Lindley Sears and Jeremiah Rowland, Examiners, 1843; John H. Butler, Jeremiah Rowland and James G. May, 1844; Elijah Newland, Commissioner, 1845; J, H. Butler, Elijah Newland and John I. Morrison, Examiners, 1846; * * * John M. Lord, Dewitt C. Thomas and James J. Brice, 1850; * * * Zacharias S. Garriott, Examiner, 1854; Thomas N. Jordan, 1854; 'Z. S. Garriott, 1856; James B. Wilaon, 1856; W.C. McClosky, Examiner, 1860; Hamilton S. McRae, 1861; C. L. Paynter, 1861; John L. Williams, 1864; M. D. L. Prow, 1864; A. A. Cravens, first Superintendent, 1873; James M. Caress, 1875; John A. Beck, 1879; W. C. Snyder. TREASURERS. Noah Wright, 1816; Jonathan Lyon, 1817; James R. Higgins, 1818; Jonathan Lyon, 1821; William Rowland, 1823; David G. Campbell, 1832; Burr Bradley, 1834; Thomas Forsey, 1836; Elijah Newland, 1838; John McMahan, 1845; John L. Menaugh, 1850; John L Morrison, 1854; Z. S. Garriott, 1858; John L. Menaugh, 1860; W. P. Green, 1864; William M. Alvis, 1864; Andrew J. Parker, 1872; F. M. Garriott, 1874; William M. Alvis, 1878; Henry Streaker, 1882. AUDITORS. William Lee, 1841-45 (office vacated); John J. Hardin, 1852; Will- iam Williams, 1856; James B. Wilson, 1864; Lewis Casper, 1868; W. W. Stevens, 1869; John L. Williams, 1870; William G. Jamison, 1878. CLERKS. "-Isaac .Blackford, February, 1814; Basil Prather, September, 1814; John Kingsbury, 1820; John De Pauw, 1821; Jonathan Lyon, 1823; William C. Carter, 1827; Eli W. Malott, 1838; Washington C. De Pauw, 1844; James B. Wilson, 1855; J. F. Cutshaw, 1863; John J. Hardin, 1870; James M. Taylor, 1878. RECORDERS. Isaac Blackford, February, 1814; Basil Prather, September, 1814 John Wolfington, 1817; Eli W. Malott, 1821; W. H. Carter, 1837 Alexander Attkisson, 1838; B. C. Shanks, 1858; W. C. McClosky, 1862 James H. Johnson, 1866; Leander G. Davis, 1870; Preston Bryan, 1878- SHERIFFS. William Hoggatt, 1814; Noah Wright, 1816; Levi Wright, 1820; Noah Wright, 1824; Levi Wright, 1828; Alexander Attkisson, 1832; Stephen Hole, 1836; John McMahan, 1840; John L. Menaugh, 1844; Josiah Burwell, 1848; G. W. Logan, 1850; David C. Shanks, 1854; D. 724 HISTORY OF WASHINGTON COUNTY. D. Hamilton, 1858; Benjamin F. Nicholson, 1862; George Fults, 1866; T. J. Meadors, 1870; E. Craycraft, 1874; George Fults, 1878; William McPheeters, 1880; Andrew Mcintosh, 1882. SURVEYOBS. William Lindley, 1814; Jacob Lowe, 1816; James McKinney, 1818; James Denny, 1820; Moses Martin, 1828; John I. Morrison, 1849; R. W. May, 1854; W. C. McCloskey, 1856; Isaac N. Caress, 1862; J. L. Williams, 1864; W. C. McCloskey, 1869; E. H. Wright, 1870; W. C. McCloskey, 1874. ASSOCIATE JUDGES. Jonathan Lindley, 1814; Moses Hoggatt, 1814; Simeon Lamb, 1814; James Young, 1814; Joseph Ketchell, 1815; Alexander Little, 1815; William Lowe, 1815; Godlove Camp, 1816; Samuel Huston, 1816; Ebenezer Patrick, 1823; H. W. Hackett, 1823; William Phelps. 1830; H. W. Hackett, 1880; Enoch Parr, 1834; George May, 1837; R. Schoon- over, 1844; Enoch Parr, 1846; William Wilson, 1848; Valentine Baker, 1851; JehuHungate, 1851. CORONERS. Jeremiah Lamb, 1814; Archibald McKinney, 1818; Samuel Hender- son, 1822; Bartlett Scott, 1828; Samuel Day, 1836; Adam Ribble, 1840; John Arnold, 1841; William Robertson, 1858; A. L. Bartlett, 1862; Samuel McClanahan, 1866; John Holsapple, 1870; Samuel McClanahan, 1873; Walker Paynter, 1882. PROBATE JUDGES. Thomas Denny, 1829; Jeremiah Rowland, 1830; Samuel Beck, 1833; Isaac Thomas, 1840; Thomas D. Weir, 1846; Townsend Cutshaw, 1851. COUNTY MEDICAL SOCIETY. On June 18, 1852, there was organized in the Presbyterian Church at Salem, Ind., the Washington County Medical Society. There were present that day Drs. Samuel Reid, Edmund Albertson, Elijah New- land, W. A. Huston, J. J. Brice, J. R. Bare, J. B. Wilson, E. L. Kemp, Joseph G. Stuart, R. W. Shaw and H. D. Henderson. Of these only two — J. R. Bare and H. D. Henderson— are now living in the county. The first officers elected were Samuel Reid, President; Edmund Albertson, Secretary, and Elijah Newland, Treasurer. A constitution and code of by-laws was adopted naming the society as above, to meet regularly, to be governed by a President, Secretary, Treasurer and Board of Examiners, and entitling the physicians of Washingt(jn County to a membership by paying $1, presenting a diploma from some recog- nized medical college or passing a satisfactory examination before the examining committee. The first Board of Examiners was Drs. James HISTORY OF WASHINGTON COUNTY. 725 B. Wilson, John R. Bare and William A. Huston. Up to June, 1860, the membership was increased twenty-nine names, as follows: Drs. R. B. Child, James Cochran, S. H. Brittain, Bryant, Ducate, W. C. Flank, D. G. Kay, Robert Kay, J. A. Kelso, Kimble, S. H. Harrod, J. R. Harrod, R. Mattingly, Alex McPheeters, J. S. McPheeters, A. C McCoy. G. F. Nicholson, G. L. Neal, W. S. Patton, C. L. Paynter, R. W. Sherrod, A. C. Still, John Sloan, D. W. Voyles, W. H. Smith, C. T. Wilson, Todd, T. A. Wilson and — Wilson. From June, 1860, to June, 1870, the following members were added: C. F. Barnett, J. W. Berkey, W. H. Bright, E. S. Crosier, C. C. Clark, J. Ellis, J. H. Layman, S. A. Price, J. W. Hollingsworth, J. H. Oatley, B. Newkirk, J. S. Simons, C. Rathbun, T. M. Tucker, B. W. Tucker, J. J. Taylor, T. W. Wilson, J. Sherrod. From the last date to June, 1875, inclusive, fourteen names were added: N. C. Burge, — Lee, B. F. Stalker, — Workman, W. W. Spiers, H. H. Chase, R. J. Wilson, — McCowan, T. Hudson, M. W. Smith, T. H. Baker, G. S. Hancock, A. N. Spurgeon and B. R. Graham. Since 1875 the record has not been preserved as accurately as it should have been and only the names of Charles Rathbun, George L. Neal, Harvey Voyles, Samuel W. Duff, W. R. Avery, R. S. Rutherford, G. M. Morris, B. B. Brannock, Spencer Byen, A. E. Bradshaw, G. W. Dewees and Weir are found as additional members. From the beginning the society has accomplished much good. Their annual and called meetings brought together the best physicians of the county, and by exchanging views in friendly debate, reading essays on different subjects and diseases, it not only brought enlighten- ment with it, but placed members of the profession on more friendly and intimate terms besides elevating the dignity of the profession among the members as well as throughout the county. Since its organization the society has had five trials for mal-practice and unworthy conduct. Drs. Shaw and Ducate were suspended and not again reinstated; Dr. D. G. Kay was expelled in 1860; Drs. J. A. C. McCoy and B. W. Tucker were each honorably acquitted of charges brought against them. From June, 1852, to December, 1855, thirty meetings were held; from that time to 1862, six meetings were held; to 1870, twelve meetings were held, and from that to 1876, live meetings were held. Altogether there have been in the neighborhood of 100 members since the organization. Fifteen of these served their country in the Rebellion. The society in 1884 is in a prosperous condition with the following officers in charge: President, T. M. Tucker; Secretary, S. W. Duff. AGRICULTURAL SOCIETIES. In May, 1835, a meeting was called at the court house to organize an agricultural society. A large delegation of farmers and others were present, and permanent organization was effected, and a constitution and 726 HISTORY OF WASHINGTON COUNTY. by-laws adopted. Other meetings were held from time to time, on which occasions essays and addresses were read or delivered on subjects of interest to the husbandman. It is possible that a stock fair was held in the fall of 1835, but this is not definitely known. In March, 1836, the County Board paid the society $50, but this did not prevent the organization from becoming defunct within a year or two later. No other attempt was made in this direction until early in the fifties, when the Orange and Washington Society was formed, a full account of which will be found elsewhere. It was a very successful society, but in 1855 it was determined to organize one for Washington County alone. A meeting was held at Salem December 1, 1855, for that purpose. Dr. E. Albertson was Chairman of the meeting, and Robert Morris, Secretary. A committee was appointed to report upon the advisability of the project. The report was favorable, and permanent organization was completed at a subsequent meeting, with the following officers: Oliver Albertson, President; John W. Reymau, Vice-President; Robert Morris, Secretary; Lewis J. Reyman, Treasurer. During the year 1856, six acres of land were leased for ten years, upon which to hold annual fairs. The first fair of this organization was held October 15-17, and though on a rather small scale was highly successful, there being 650 entries. The fair of 1857 was excellent, but that of 1858 was much more so. There was offered in premiums $1,000; there were 1,007 entries, aad fair was held foui- days. The best corn yielded 66| bushels to the acre. The receipts were $941, and the membership of the society 432, each paying an annual fee of $1. There was paid in premiums $767, and $235 was spent on improvements, leaving in the treasury, with the balance from the previous year, $542. At this time, Lewis J. Reyman was President, and Richard Clark, Secretary. The fair continued to be held annually, with gratifying success until during the war, when it was abandoned, and for nearly twenty years slept, like Rip Van Winkle, a dreamless sleep. In 1881, it was awakened, or rather an entirely new organization was formed. . THE ASSOCIATION OF 1881. * The Washington County Agricultural, Horticultural, Mechanical and Industrial Association, was organized February 12, 1881, with the fol- lowing officers: John A. Bowman, President; Dawson Lyon, Vice-Pres- ident; W. M. Clarke, Treasurer; Fred L. Prow, Secretary; B. F. Nich- olson, Robert Morris, Azariah Lanning, George Fults, Adam Wright, George Peugh, J. L. Rutherford, John Craycraft and Albert M. Fleenor, Directors. The first fair was held September 13-17, 1881. A premium list of $2,126.50 was paid, and a surplus of $500 was left of the receipts. The entire expense of the land and all improvements the first year was $10,323.07. The grounds have an excellent half-mile track and an abundance of stalls, sheds and buildings of display. The fairs of 1882,. HISTORY OF WASHINGTON COUNTY. 727 1883 and 1884 were equally successful. Horse and sheep fairs were held additional the first two years. • In 1882, the association won the silver medal offered by the State Board of Agriculture, for the best report on fair held in the State. The present officers are: E. W. Shanks, Presi- dent; S. B. Peugh, Vice-President; Fred L. Prow, Secretary; W. M. Clarke, Treasurer. The premiums offered in 1884 aggregated over $2,500, and the fair was one of the best in the State. RAILROADS. The county has but one railroad, and has had it for a long time. In 1848-49 the New Albany & Salem Railway was built through the county, which event was the most important ever in the history of the county. Its appearance was hailed with joy by all the citizens, and the right of way, worth not less than $100,000, was given without any return. In addition to this, about $50,000 stock was taken in the project, of which amount! $20,000 was subscribed by the County Board in 400 shares of $50 each. The stock was paid for in installments each month. Prior to June, 1849, the county had paid $7,200. The following year it paid $6,280.20, and in 1851, $6,378, leaving only about $800 of principal and interest due. After this for several years, Washington C. De Pauw was selected to cast the vote of the county by right of the 400 shares. Sev- eral law suits grew out of the private subscription of stock, in most of which cases judgment was recovered by the railroad company. The road was completed to Salem in 1851, the first train reaching Salem January 15, 1851. The stock depreciated very much in value, and in the fall of 1853 sixty shares owned by the county were sold to W. C. De Pauw for $1,880. What became of the remainder can not be certainly stated. The road since its construction has been the Aortic artery of the county. Several railroad projects have disturbed the county in later years. July 24, 1871, six of the townships were called upon to vote on the question of levying a two per cent tax to aid the Lake Erie, Evansville & Southwestern Railway, the following being the result : Brown Town- ship — for the tax, 137 ; against the tax, 119. Washington Township — for, 516; against, 137. Madison Township — for, 90; against, 71. Gib- son Township — for, 152 ; against, 81. Jefferson Township — for, 82 ; against, 130. Vernon Township — for, 19 ; against, 144. Total for, 996; total against, 682. In December, 1869, the following vote was polled on the question of taking stock in the Evansville & Seymour Railway: Gibson Township — 60 for the stock, and 188 against ; Vernon — 37 for and 116 against ; Madison — 91 for, and 63 against; Washington — 460 for and 227 against. Several other projects have been voted on, and in most cases aid has been thiis granted, but the roads have failed to "materialize." COUNTY POLITICS. The early election returns cannot be given owing to the destruction 728 HISTORY OF WASHINGTON COUNTY. of the records. The following exhibit will illustrate the political situ- ation since 1844: November, 1844. DEMOCRAT. WHIG. TOWNSHIPS. Polk Clay and and Dallas. Frelinghuyseu. Washington 764 598 Gibson 115 17 Jackson 102 135 Posey 166 63 Vernon 88 83 Brown 91 130 Franklin 213 64 Monroe .• 121 60 Totals 1660 1149 November, 1848. DEMOCRAT. WHIG. FREE SOIL. TOWNSHIPS. Cass Taylor and Van Buren and Butler. Filmore. and Adama Washington 244 265 5 Gibson 128 28 Jackson 2^ 200 10 Posey 237 88 Vernon 161 143 7 Brown 157 126 Franklin 809 170 Monroe 163 111 Totals 1643 1126 22 November, 1852. DEMOCRAT. WHIG. FREE SOIL. TOWNSHIPS. Pierce Scott Hale and and King, and Graham. Julian. Washington 249 269 5 Gibson 147 85 Jackson 230 171 Posey 210 92 Vernon 142 151 6 Brown 167 121 Franklin 319 148 Monroe 149 106 Totals 1613 1093 11 In 1856, for Governor, Willard (Democrat), received 1,643; Morton, 1,021; McClure (Democrat), for Secretary of State, 1,658; Dawson (Kepub]ican),l,010; for Congress, English (Democrat), received 1,643; Wilson (Kepublican), 1,023. HISTORY OF WASHINGTON COUNTY. 729 November, 1856. DEMOCRAT. REPUBLICAN. AMERICAN. Buchanan Fremont Filmore TOWNSHIPS *°d ^^^ *°^ Breckinridge. Dayton. Donelson. Washington 323 196 127 Gibson 175 4 32 Jackson 51 54 33 Posey 28 3 77 Vernon 101 17 71 Brown 129 3 67 Franklin 154 8 78 Monroe • 105 4 51 Jefferson 147 10 47 Polk 159 3 14 Pierce 96 8 60 Howard 143 73 17 Madison 67 8 17 Totals 1678 331 691 November, 1860. DEMOCRAT. KEPTJBLICAN. DEMOCRAT. UNION. TOWNSHIPS Douglass Lincoln Breckinridge Bell and and and and Johnson. Hamlin. Lane. Everett. Washington 385 434 1 H Gibson 211 60 1 Jackson 56 115 .. 1 Posey 134 104 Vernon '115 106 .. 5 Brown 166 98 16 1 Franklin 147 117 .. 6 Monroe 106 92 7 Jefferson 173 65 5 Polk 140 40 16 Pierce 113 84 12 Howard 159 34 Madison 83 29 15 Totals 1988 1378 48 31 In 1858, for Secretary of State, McClure, Democrat, received 1,538, and Peelle, Republican, 1,074. In 1860, for Governor, Hendricks, Dem- ocrat, received 1,944, and Lane, Republican, 1,354; and for Secretary of State, Schlater, Democrat, received 1,948, and Peelle, Republican, 1,345. In 1862, for Secretary of State, Athon, Democrat, received 1,888, and Peelle, Republican, 3,289. In 1864, for Governor, McDonald, Dem- ocrat, received 1,840, and Morton, Republican, 1,330; and for Secretary of State, Athon, Democrat, received 1,843, and Trussler, Republican, 1,325. 730 HISTORY OF WASHINGTON COUNTY. November, 1864. DEMOCKAT. TOWNSHIPS. McClellan and Pendleton. Washington 329 Gibson 181 Jackson 38 Posey 119 Vernon 83 Brown 155 Franklin 143 Monroe 107 Jefferson 183 Polk 144 Pierce 97 Howard 142 Madison 78 Totals 1799 REPUBLICAN. Lincoln. and Johnson. 395 45 92 93 68 84 114 57 73 33 93 48 47 1242 In 1866, for Secretary of State, Manson, Democrat, received 2,020, and Trussler, Eepublican, 1,737. In 1868, for Governor, Hendricks, Democrat, received 2,015, and Baker, Republican, 1,603; and for Sec- retary of State, Kise, Democrat, received 2,010, and HoflEman, Repub- lican, 1, 600. At the Presidential election of 1868, the Democratic elect- ors received 2,038, and the Republican electors 1,650. The result by t ownships can not be given. In 1870, for Secretary of State, Eddy, Dem- ocrat, received 1,822, and Hoflfman, Republican, 1,346. In 1872, for Governor, Hendricks, Democrat, received 2,064, and Brown, Republican, 1,624; and for Secretary of State, Eddy, Democrat, received 2,056, and Curry, Republican, 1,630. November, 1872. LIBERAL REPUBLICAN. TOWNSHIPS. Greeley and Brown. Washington 342 Gibson. 214 Jackson 46 Posey 154 Vernon 97 Brown 159 Franklin 149 Monroe 122 Jefferson 182 Polk 139 Pierce 90 Howard 146 Madison 95 Totals 1935 REPUBLICAN. BOURBON DEMOCRAT. Grant O'Conor and and . Wilson. Jalian. ' 436 1 93 2 113 , , 99 • • 101 1 135 • • 135 • • 83 • • 88 • • 54 • • . 118 , , 65 2 63 1583 HISTORY OF WASHINGTON COUNTY. 731 November, 1876. TOWNSHIPS. DEMOCRAT. Tilden and Hendricks. Washington 423 Gibson 237 Jackson 61 Posey 181 Vernon 122 Brown 227 Franklin 162 Monroe '.. 146 Jefferson 202 Polk 149 Pierce 120 Howard 181 Madison 135 REPUBLICAN. Hayes and Wheeler. 459 92 113 108 86 110 140 99 107 48 124 70 INDEPENDENT. Cooper and Cary. Totals 2336 1618 2 In 1876, for GoveriK^r, Williams (Democrat) received 2, 344, and Har- rison (Republican) 1,637; and for Secretary of State, Gray (Democrat) received 2,342, and Robertson (Republican) 1,644. In 1878, for Secre- tary of State, Shanklin (Democrat) received 2,045, Moore (Republican) 1,209, and James (Independent) 271. In 1880, for Governor, Landers (Democrat) received 2,333, Porter (Republican) 1,746, and Gregg (Inde- pendent) 31, November, 1880. DEMOCRAT. Hancock TOWNSHIPS. and English. Washington 451 Gibson 259 Jackson 67 Posey 200 Vernon 126 Brown 187 Franklin 169 Monroe 141 JeflEerson 212 Polk 170 Pierce 123 Howard 175 Madison 120 REPUBLICAN. INDEPENDEKT. Garfield and Arthur. Weaver and Chambers. 484 1 111 1 114 , , 101 21 88 • ■ 125 1 151 • • 98 , , 103 , , 69 , , 128 , , 71 1 67 Totals 2400 1709 25 FIRST ELECTION IN THE COUNTY. In August, 1814, one of the tii'st elections held in the county, if not the first, for Congress, Jonathan Jennings received 382 votes, and Elijah Sparks 45; and for the Legislative Council (same as the State Senate) to represent the counties of Washington and Knox, John De Pauw received 320 and John Johnson 107, the total vote of the county being 427. In 1880, for President, the vote was 4, 134. 40 732 HISTORY OF WASHINGTON COUNTY. CHAPTER V. BY PROF. JAMES G. MAY. History or the Bench and Bar— The First Circuit Court— The First Indictments— The Early Court Buildings— Attorneys and Court Officers — A Notable Larceny Case— Slavery in the County — The " Fist and Skull Age "—Important Court Items— Professional Character of Attorneys— Murder— Grave Robbing— Man Steal- ing—The Pearson Homicide— The Housh-Berkey Affair— Other Attorneys and Officers —The Wood-Kepley Murder — Other Criminal Cases— Later Members of the Bar— The Heffren Case —The Joseph-Gollahan Suit— The Knowles-Lynn Forgery. AT beet, the absolute necessity for the permanent existence of both bench and bar, tells a painful story on every civilized community. The history of Washington County on every page records doings of some evil hand. When Indiana was a Territory a bench and bar had a lively work. The first court of record was called into being on the 2d day of February, 1814. Then there was no Salem, but there were men and women claiming that they had been wi-onged, and eagerly crying for speedy vindication. Accordingly, Jonathan Lindley, Moses Hoggatt and Simeon Lamb, bearing the grave title of Judges, held what the old records call a session of the Circuit Court for the county of Washington, Indiana Territory. By what authority these men held court the records do not reveal. However, they wrought as properly authorized men of business do work. It is proper to remark that none of these Judges were members of the legal profession. They were all careful, prudent men, of good common sense. The instructions of the court to their chosen agent show this. The agent was required fco advertise the sale of the town lots in the Western Eagle and the Western Courier at least thirty days before the time of sale. Again, they tell their agent that the con- templated seat of justice must be called Salem. After providing that the Clerk of the Circuit Court should deliver to their agent the title bonds given by Benjamin Brewer and William Lindley, conditioned for the conveyance of certain lands therein named, the court adjourned with- out day. Such were the doings of the first session of the first Circuit Court of Washington County. But on the 3d day of February, 1814, a special session by the same Judges was held, and at which Samuel Lind- ley and Godlove Kemp were appointed Trustees to lease Section 16 for school purposes, and another adjournment without day was ordered. On the 3d of March, 1814, occurred another special session of the court, with Judges Moses Hoggatt and Simeon Lamb present. No busi- HISTORY OF AVASHINGTON COUNTY. 733 ness was transacted at this tei'm except what had reference to lessees of school lands. On the 11th of April, 1814, another session of the Circuit Court was held at the house of William Lindley, Judges Jonathan Lindley and Simeon Lamb being present. At this term of the court the first grand jury was empaneled. It consisted of George Beck, foreman, together with Christopher Marrs, Amos Thornburg, Edmund Hensley, Godlove Kemp, Andrew Housh, Jesse Spurgeon, David Denny, Samuel Lindley, Alexander Little, Joseph Latta, David Colglazier, James Young, William Kennedy, John McPheeters, Jesse Durham, Thomas Denny and Amos Wright. Having received an appropriate charge, they withdrew, with Constable Jonathan Hensley attending them. At this time, a dis- tance of three score and ten years, it is well to call up in mind the men- tal and moral composition of that first grand jury of Washington County. In mental ability, in moral worth and in practical intelligence has any grand jury ever empaneled in Washington County stood above the mighty one of 1S14? At this term of the court John F. Ross was appointed Prosecuting Attorney, and the records of the court say that " Henry Hur.-.t, Davis Floyd, John F. Ross, Alexander Dunn and G-eorge F. Pope, attorneys and counsellors at law, respectively took the oath to sup- port the Constitution of the United States, the ordinary oaths of office, and the extraordinary oath prescribed by the act more effectually to sup- press the practice of duelling. " THE FIRST INDICTMENTS, The grand jury reported two indictments. Susan Deem was indicted for forgery and John Ramsey for assault and battery. At a subsequent term of the court John Ramsey entered a plea of not guilty, but on trial a jury returned a verdict of guilty. On application a new trial was granted, and at a subsequent term a second jury found the party not guilty. At the April term of the court, 1816, the action against Susan Deem for forgery was dismissed. From papers appearing in the file record of the court, it is manifest William Hoggatt tilled the office of Sheriff. At the same term, John McCampbell, in an action of trover against Henry Dawalt, obtained a verdict of $46.80. Also at this term the first libel for divorce. John Fleener instituted suit against Elizabeth Fleener for the dissolution of matrimonial bonds. By affidavit accom- panying the libel, it appears that the said Elizabeth was not a resident of Indiana Territory. At a subsequent term of the court George F. Pope appeared for the plaintiff and the Prosecuting Attorney for the defendant, and after the testimony in the case was submitted the Court gravely decided that " the circumstances relating to this case are such as warrant them in granting the divoi'ce prayed for, and order this decision to be placed on the records of the court." 734 HISTORY OF WASHINGTON COUNTY. THE FIRST BUILDINGS. The ofl&cers of the court were strictly law-abiding, and as the Terri- torial Legislature made it the duty of the court when arrangements had been made for a seat of justice, to provide all necessary public buildings as soon as sufficient funds for building could be obtained, and finding upon examination, that the means in the county treasury were ample, it was promptly resolved to build a court house. The Court insisted that " the very flourishing situation of the town of Salem warranted and required the erection of handsome, convenient and durable public build- ings. " It was accordingly ordered that " a court house be erected on the public square, to be built upon an arch not less than eight feet high, supported by fourteen pillars of stone." The specifications for the court house and jail are exceedingly minute. In the erection of both build- ings the specifications of court were followed by the mechanics to the very line and plummet. Persons whose memories run back to 1825, can readily call to mind what a resort the old court house archway afforded sheep, cattle, hogs and fleas. On the 2l8t day of November, 1814, Jesse L. Holman and Simeon Lamb, produced their commissions from the Governor of Indiana Terri- tory appointing the said Jesse L. Holman Circuit Judge of the Second Circuit of the Indiana Territorry, and the said Simeon Lamb Second Associate Judge for the county of Washington. The minutes of the court say that silence was commanded and the commissions were read at the court house in the town of Salem, on the 21st of November, 1814. This must be an error, because on the 24th of the subsequent December, the records say that a special term of the Circuit Court was held at the house of John G. Clendenin in the town of Salem, This special term was held by Judges Simeon Lamb and John M. Coleman. On the 15th of September, 1814, is the first record of the appointment of Circuit Court Clerk for the county of Washington. Basil Prather presented his commission from the Governor of Indiana Territory. At the same term of the court, John F. Ross was reappointed Prosecuting Attorney for the county of Washington. OTHER COURT OFFICERS. At the November term of the court, the name of William Hendricks, afterward Governor and United States Senator, first appears as a member of the Salem bar. At the same term, November, 1814, Alexander Buckner appears as an attorney in a slander suit. At the November term, 1815, John Kitchell appears as one of the Associate Judges. Also, at this term, Simeon Lamb presented a commission from Thomas Posey, Gov- ernor and Commander-in-Chief over Indiana Territory, appointing the said Simeon Lamb an Associate Judge of the Washington County Cir- cuit Court, during good behavior. Joseph Kitchell held a similar commis- HISTORY OF WASHINGTON COUNTY. 735 sion, and in the absence of Lamb, at the preceding term of the court had qualified, taking a seat on the bench. Lamb insisted that he had not been removed by impeachment, had not resigned, nor had he left the Territory, and was therefore entitled to the seat, but the Court held otherwise. At the April tei*m, 1816, Alexander Dunn was appointed Prosecuting Attor- ney, and John Fletcher was admitted to all the privileges of an attorney and counsellor at law. At this term of the court William Lowe is on the bench, as an Associate Judge, and the Prosecuting Attorney refuses to prosecute further two indictments for forgery, and four for assault and battery. It also appears that that term of the court was held in the new court house. At this term of the court, one William Lee was tried on an indictment for larceny and acquitted. This was the second larceny indictment against him, and the second acquittal. A NOTABLE LARCENY CASE. On Tuesday of the April term a very remarkable trial came off, remarkable for both cause and results. An indictment for larceny had been returned into court against Thomas Bealor. The defendent was arrested and put on trial. The jurors in the case were Joseph Para- shaw, John McGrue, Joseph Allen, William Wright, David Sears, Sam- uel Blankenbaker, Jacob Garrett, Joseph Reyman, William Glazebrook, William Hobbs, William Marrs and Ephraim Goss, all of whom were in legal parlance good and lawful men, duly elected, tried, and sworn the truth to speak. In the trial of the case, every point was vigorously con- tested. The attorney for the defendant pleaded in behalf of his client, as he would have pleaded for his own liberty and character. The sturdy jurors were patient, attentive and most respectful. Having given heed to the vigorous presentation of the case, both on the part of the prosecu- tion and defense, the jurors retired to determine what kind of a verdict justice and law demanded at their hands. Having duly, wisely and properly considered the whole case, they returned into court, and ren- dered the following verdict: We of the jury find the defendent guilty as charged in the within indictment, and we further And the value of the property stolen to be 16| cents. William Hobbs, Foreman. The minuteness of the verdict and the estimated value of the property stolen show that in Territorial days people were expected to be honest to the penny. As a matter to be expected, the defendant and his attorneys were not satisfied with the verdict. A new trial was sought. The Court allowed a day for presenting reasons and hearing arguments thereon. After a patient hearing and due consideration, the Court refused to grant a new trial and proceeded to pronounce the following judgment on the verdict: The said Thomas Bealor was sentenced to pay to Richard Newkirk, the person whose property was stolen, the sum of 16f cents, and that he make his fine to the 736 HISTORY OF WASHINGTON COUNTY. United States for the use of the county of Washington in the sum of .33^ cents, and the costs of this prosecution, and that the said defendant stand committed until the sentence aforesaid is performed. Bealor's attorneys were Hurst, Hendricks and Meek, all able men. When the Territory became a State, William Hendricks was Indiana's first Representative in Congress. Henry Hui'st was a power at the bar. SLAVEKY IN INDIANA TERRITORY. In territorial days the Judges of Circuit Courts proved themselves the intense champions of Freedom. From the records of Washing- ton County, it appears that Henry Wyman had been a slaveholder in Kentucky, prior to his settling in Indiana Territory, and that prior to 1808 he immigrated to Clark County, bringing along with him a slave boy about seventeen years of age. On the 8th of March, 1808, Henry Wyman and Harry Mingo, the slave boy alluded to, came personally before Sam- uel Gwathney, Clerk of the Court of Common Pleas of Clark County, and then the said negro Harry and the said Wyman agreed that Harry will serve the said Wyman, his heirs, etc. , from this day until the 9th day of March, 1868. Afterward, as many as four different times Harry Mingo brought Harry W^man before the Washington County Territorial Circuit Court. Once Harry brought suit against his assumed master for trespass in assault and battery. In every instance the judgment of the Court seemed just toward the person of color. FIRST COURT UNDER STATE CONSTITUTION. On the 16th of July, 1816, Alexander Little sat as Associate Judge, and at that date Alexander Dunn is re-appointed Prosecuting Attorney. On the 7th day of November, 1816, Indiana was admitted into the Union as a State, and on the 18th of the same month the Washington Countv Circuit Court convened at the court house in Salem, with Godlove Kemp and Samuel Huston as Associate Judges. Oh this day no business was trans- acted, and the court adjourned to the following morning. On the follow- ing morning Jesse L. Holman, Circuit Judge, with Godlove Kemp and Samuel Huston, Associate Judges, held the first court under the new order of things. On the court docket there was much business unfin- ished which originated under the territorial dispensation. In the Ter- ritorial Circuit Court all prosecutions for misdemeanors and crimes were in the name of the United States. Under the new order of things, the State of Indiana is substituted in the place of the United States. At this term of the court, Henry Stephens, Harbin H. Moore, and Ebenezer McDonald were admitted as counsellors and attorneys at law. EARLY COURT PRACTITIONERS. At the April term, 1817, commencing on Monday, the 14th of April, the new order of things appears to have been formally inaugurated. HISTORY OF WASHINGTON COUNTY. 737 David Raymond came upon the bench as Circuit Judge, with Godlove Kemp and Samuel Huston, Associate Judges, and the minutes of the court say " The following gentlemen made application and were admitted to practice in said court as attorneys and councellors at law, to wit: Harbin H. Moore, John H. Thompson, Ebenezer McDonald, John F. Koss, Benjamin Ferguson, William Hendricks, Alexander A. Meek, James R. E. Goodlet, Charles Dewey, Reuben Hedden, Alexander R. Macey, Alexander Dunn, Davis Floyd and Henry Hurst." To practice ex gratia for the term, William R. Babbett was admitted. Of the foregoing list of attorneys, Davis Floyd, John F. Ross and John H. Thompson all became Circuit Judges of the Second Circuit, in the order in which their names occur. Charles Dewey became a Judge of the Supreme Court, and Goodlet afterward obtained the title of Judge. William Hendricks succeeded Jonathan Jennings as Governor of Indiana. John H. Thomp- son, before he became Circuit Judge, was Lieutenant Governor, and the very eloquent Harbin H. Moore made the race for Governor in 1828, but was defeated by James Brown Ray. THE FIST AND SKULL AGE. The Second Judicial Circuit under the Territorial rule was in oper- ation a little over three years, and what at this date seems very remark- able, is that, during that brief period, seventy-three indictments for assault and battery were returned into court by the several grand juries. It would seem that those three years were a part of the "Fist-and-Skull Age." Another thing very noticeable is the great number of applications for divorces in a country so new. Also, slander suits were unpromisingly numerous. In those early times there must have been many liars and tat- tlers. Another point demanding very special attention, and worthy of be- ing told often, and far and wide, is that during the three Territorial court years, in the then widely extended territory of Washington County, not a single case of murder or manslaughter occurred. When Indiana became a State, Washington County had within her limits 7,317 inhabitants. With the foregoing record looking the present community full in the face, the conclusion that the " Fist and Skull Age " stands much above the existing age of the knife, shot-gun and pistol, is exceedingly just. In the minutes of the April term, 1817, the name of Hemy Dawalt appears as Deputy Sherifif, but there is no intimation relative to the per- son who filled the ofdce of Sherifif during the years 1816 and 1817, but a suit instituted in 1818 reveals the name of the Sherifif for the years named. Col. Henry Dawalt was one of the Washington County pioneers, a farmer who lived to an advanced age, well known and much respected. At this term of the court an indictment for assault and bat- tery is recorded against a man bearing the euphonious name of Elijah Vanlandingham. Tradition tells not what became of Vanlandingham 738 HISTORY OF WASHINGTON COUNTY. and his posterity, but the minutes of the court say that he entered the plea of guilty to the indictment, and was fined the sum of 50 cents and costs of prosecution. In Territorial days, courts, at times, had consider- able annoyance from some of the lawyers. On one occasion the Judges of the Washington Circuit Court concluded that Henry Hurst, an able lawyer, a men of bull-dog courage and indomitable endurance, had treated Court with contempt. As a mete punishment the offender was com- mitted to jail for the period of six hours, but while the Sheriff was con- ducting the offending lawyer to prison, the Court changed the penalty to a fine of $25. Over this change Hurst battled with the Court for a long time, and finally took a change of venue to Harrison County. The con- tempt ease grew out of an indictment against Hurst for assault and bat- tery. At the July term, 1817, Umphrey Webster was admitted to practice as an attorney and counselor at law. Who he was, or what he became, tradition tells not. THE SESSION OF NOVEMBER. 1817. At the Washington Circuit Court held at the court house in Salem, on Monday, the 10th day of November, 1817, Associate Judges Grodlove Kemp and Samuel Huston opening court, Davis Floyd presented his commission from Jonathan Jennings, Governor of the State of Indiana, as Circuit Judge of the Second Judicial Circuit of Indiana, and having been duly qualified thereupon took his seat as Presiding Judge of the Court. Thereafter, George Hite was admitted as an attorney and coun- selor at law, and Jeremiah Rowland was appointed Prosecuting Attorney until the commencement of the ensuing term of the court. Mr. How- land was a fine classical scholar and a well-read lawyer. He was a prac- ticing attorney at the Salem bar for many years. At a later day in the same term, John N. Dunbar was admitted to practice in the court. At this November term, 1817, Jonathan Lyon, Treasurer of Washington County, instituted suit against William Hoggatt, late Sheriff of Wash- ington County, and against his securities, for failing to collect and pay over taxes due the county for the years 1815 and 1816. The sum claimed was $1,447.90. On the third day of the term the defendants craved oyer of the notice on which the action was founded, which was granted. Thereupon the defendants filed a plea in abatement. The defendants denied the legality of Lyon's appointment as County Treasurer. The question being submitted to jury, a verdict of legality was returned. On the sixth day of the term the plaintiff dismissed the action, no reason being given. ''At a term commencing on the 9th of 'March, 18 L8, William Carpen- ter, Alexander Gilliland, Daniel J. Caldwell, Experience Porter Stores, Henry P. Thornton and Isaac Naylor were admitted to practice at the Salem bar, and at the same term John De Pauw was admitted to practice HISTORY OF WASHINGTON COUNTY. 739 * as an attorney and counsellor at law. Of the several gentlemen admitted to tKe bar at this term, Thornton, Naylor and De Pauw were all noted men. Naylor became a Circuit Judge in the Wabash region. De Pauw was a State Senator for Washington County for a number of years, and he was a member of the First t!onstitutional Convention. Thornton was an exceedingly busy lawyer, and tilled a number of important trusts. At this March term of the court, Noah Wright tiled a paper in court, show- ing that he was then Sheriff of Washington County. This is the begin- ning of the long reign of the Wright Brothers in the Washington County Sheriffalty. Levi succeeded Noah, and for many years one or the other of these brothers held that important office. So very popular were they that it was utterly useless for any one else to try to be elected Sheriff. In that day no party conventions existed. Any person desirous of obtain- ing any office had to rely wholly on his own personal popularity. Alter- nating at periods of four years, the two brothers held the office of Sher- iff for sixteen consecutive years in the county of Washington. Noah Wright, after his repeated election victories, took his leave of the county and settled in Marion County, where he had invested largely in choice lands. Immediately after going out of the Sheriff's office in 1834, Levi met his first political defeat. He was a candidate for the State Senate, and was defeated by Judge Henry W. Hackett. John R. Higgins was admitted to the bar at the October term, 1818. What is most remarkable about him is that more actions of covenant, debt, assumpsit, trespass on the case, and trespass vi et armis, were brought in the Circuit Court against him, than were ever broi^ght against any other person in the county. For more than twelve consecutive years not a single term of the court passed at which actions were not commenced against him. With sach a flood of legal business in court, it seemed absolutely necessary that he should become a lawyer. Jeremiah Rowland was re- appointed Prosecuting Attorney, and John Kingsbury, Chai'le.s J. Battell and Mason C. Fitch were admitted to the Salem bar. Mr. Kings- ^ bury was a resident lawyer of Salem, and elected to represent the county in the State House of Representatives. At one time he acted as Justice of the Peace for a period of five years. He was somewhat eccentric, well-educated and well-read in law. At this term of the court, the troubles of the Clerk, Basil Prather, began to thicken. He had already been indicted for malfeasance in office, and had been acquitted. Now he was indicted for misfeasance, and was on trial, again acquitted. Every day he was becoming more and more the slave of a pernicious appetite for whisky, brandy and rum. At a subsequent term of the court, he was indicted for nonfeasance in office, but was acquitted on a trial jury. As he had about reached the end of the feasances, he deemed it best to resign his office of Circuit Court Clerk. 740 HISTORY OF WASHINGTON COUNTY. THE FIRST INDICTMENT FOR MURDER. On the 25th of September, 1816, Eli Lakey assaulted with an ax Joshua Lakey, striking him on the head and inflicting a wound, which in the extravagant indictment language of that day was described to be five inches long and four inches deep, of which wound, Joshua died the following morning. At the ensuing term of the court, Eli was indicted for murder in the first degree. He was never apprehended. The case remained on the docket till the June term, 1820. John McCullough, at the June term, 1819, was indicted for man-steal- ing, but on trial at a subsequent term, was acquitted. At this term a rule fining attorneys 50 cents for undertaking to address the court while standing without the bar was adopted. SENTENCE OF THE LASH. On an indictment for larceny, a jary of twelve men rendered the follow- ing verdict against Howard Gordon: "We, of the jury find the defend- ant guilty as charged in the within indictment, and do assess his fine at $3; and that he get two stripes on his naked back well laid on." This verdict was rendered at the October term, 1819. On motion, and after a very earnest struggle on the part of his attorneys, the verdict was set aside, and a new trial granted. On the second trial the defendant was acquitted. A similar verdict on an indictment for larceny was, at the February term, 1821, rendered against Michal Rudolph. In his case a new trial resulted in acquittal. Consequently, corporal punishment for crime was not inflicted, as according to then existing law, it might have been. In two or three early decades of the Circuit Court's existence, it was no uncommon thing for laivyers by contemptuous demeanor to incur the displeasure of the Court. At the October term, 1819, John H. Thomp- son, Jeremiah Rowland and Reuben W. Nelson were each fined $1 for contempt of court. The date of Mr. Nelson's admission to the bar was overlooked. He was a brilliant young man, with bright prospects as a lawyer. His career was brief. He was thrown by his horse and sud- denly killed. INDICTMENT FOR GRAVE ROBBING. William A, Bowles, a practicing physician, then of Fredericksburg. Ind., at the June term, 1820, indicted for digging up a human body, put in a plea of guilty, and was fined $10. His subsequent history is well known. He was very prominent in the treason trials of 1864. Judge Floyd at this term of the court reported the condition of the Clerks' office to be much out of order, and that the books and papers were kept in a very careless manner. This report of the Judge induced the resig- nation of the Clerk HISTORY OF WASHINGTON COUNTY. 741 INDICTMENTS FOR MAN STEALING. James J. Doyer and Nathan Miles, at the October term, 1820, were indicted for man-stealing, and afterward, Moses Singleton, a notorious negro trader of Shelby County, Ky., was indicted for the same oflfense. Not one of these persons was ever brought to trial. They escaped from the State, and thus avoided arrest. The resignation of the Clerk occasioned some inconvenience. No one seemed, to possess legal authority to make a pro tern, appointment. Legislative intervention was sought. Accordingly, the General Assembly passed a joint resolution authorizing the Associate Judges of the Washington County Circuit Court to appoint a pro tempore Clerk to fill the vacancy occasioned by the resignation of Basil Prather. This reso- lution was approved by Gov. Jennings, December 14, 1820. On the 16th day of December, 1820, Godlove Kemp and Samuel Huston assem- bled in special term, and appointed John Kingsbury Clerk of the "Wash- ington County Circuit Court. At this point it should be noted that for the first twenty-five years of this court Kevolufcionary soldiers made application to the court for verification of military service preparatory to making applications for pensions. For years the records of the Wash- ington Circuit Court are burdened with lengthy proofs of Revolutionary service on the part of scores of these precious old veterans. Again, for many years the Circuit Court transacted all the probate business of the county. JohnKiogsbury's reign as Clerk was of very brief duration. On the 24th of February, 1821, Gov. Jennings commissioned John De Pauw, Clerk. He promptly gave bond with the following citizens as his securities: Amos Thornburg, Samuel Grey, David Fonts, John E. Clark, Enoch Parr and John Parr. Thereupon, John De Pauw, appointed as his Deputy, Albert Banks, who took the oath of ofiice before Judge God- love Kemp. OTHER EARLY COURT OFFICERS. John Miles, at the February term, 1821, was admitted to practice at the Salem bar. At the September term, 1823, Thomas Douglass was admitted to practice at the Salem bar, and Martin Worley was found guilty of carrying concealed, deadly weapons, and was fined the sum of II. At the March term, 1823, John H. Farnham was admitted to the Salem bar. He was a portly gentleman, of superior classical education, and a verv able lawyer. He remained a citizen of Salem till his untimely death; he was a victim of cholera in 1833. At the October term, 1823, Francis N. Moore, James F. D. Lanier, Thomas J. Langdon and Michael G. Bright were admitted to the Salem bar. Of this roll of lawyers. Bright and Lanier made a notable mark in the world. At the April term, 1824, the phases of the court were somewhat changed. The genial Kemp and the muscular Huston no longer supported and advised the lynx-eyed Ross. Indeed, the latter ascends the bench holding in his 742 HISTORY OF WASHINGTON COUNTY. hand a new commission, bestowing upon him a second seven years' Presi- dency of the Second Judicial Circuit of Indiana. On his right is Eben- ezer Patrick, and on his left Henry W. Hackett, each with a seven years' commission as Associate Judges of the Washington County Circurt Court. Isaac Blackford, one of the Siipreme Court Judges, had admin- istered the oath of office to Judge Ross, but Judges Patrick and Hackett received the oath of office from John McMahan, a Salem Justice of the Peace. On the same day, April 19, 1824, Jonathan Lyon appeared in court with -his commission as Clerk of the Washington County Circuit Court, to serve for seven years from the 3d of February, 1824. John W. Payne, James Whitcomb and Hugh L. Livingston, at the 4p^il term, 1824, were admitted to practice at the Salem bar, and Andrew C. Griffith was admitted at the September term of the same year. All these became noted men, all were thorough lawyers and served in legislative bodies. Whitcomb became Governor and served in the Senate of the United States. Maj. Payne filled numerous important trusts. He was taken from the bar in the prime of life by that remorseless destroyer of physi- cal life — pulmonary consumption. William J. Huflf was admitted to the Salem bai", April term, 1825. THE FIEST INDICTMENT FOK RAPE. At this term Wesley Monical, William Moore and Henry Webb were put on trial on an indictment for assault and battery with intent to com- mit a rape on the body of Margaret Blunk. After an exciting trial a verdict of guilty was rendered against each. Monical was sentenced to the penitentiary for five years and three calendar months; Moore, for five years and nine calendar months, and Webb for five years. After the commission of the crime there was great excitement all over the county, but not a single proposition to lynch the guilty men was made. The girl was regarded as partially idiotic, which intensified the excitement. At the September term, 1825, John Kingsbury was appointed Prose- cuting Attorney for the term, and John H. Scott, Moses Gray and Henry S. Handy were admitted to practice at the Salem bar. Handy was, for a time, editor of the Annotator. At the April term, 1826, Thomas J. Langdon, a member of the Salem bar, was put on trial on an indictment for barratry but was acquitted. James Moore and Henry Irvin entered a plea of guilty to an indictment for larceny and were sentenced to the penitentiary for the term of two years. Moore was a finely dressed, gal- lant beau, usually filling the office of rural schoolmaster. On receiving his sentence, he threatened, at the expiration of his term of imprison- ment, to turn Napoleon and revolutionize America. At a special term of the court, held at the court house, August 27, 1827, Judges Patrick and Hackett being present, Jonathan Lyon resigned the office of Clerk, and thereupon William H. Carter was appointed to fill the vacancy, and con- HISTORY OF WASHINGTON COUNTY. 743 tinue in office until a successor shall be elected and qualified. Mr. Car- ter was a remarkably good Clerk. His handwriting was simply excellent. He was Col. Lyon's Deputy during the years that he held the office. During the years 1827 and 1828, several indictments for assault and bat- tery with intent to kill, were returned as true bills, but to notice all such running through the long period of seventy years would require a large volume, consequently only the signally exciting will receive attention. THE PEAKSON MANSLAUGHTER CASE. On the 1st of January, 1829, in something of a family feud, a sad homicide occurred. Patrick Pearson, with a pocket-knife, stabbed James Pearson. The latter died on the 4th of January. The grand jury pre- ferred an indictment for murder against Patrick Pearson. On trial he was found guilty of manslaughter, and was sentenced tothe penitentiary for seven years. James Hammersly, Enoch Davis, John Crouch, Nathan Maudlin, David Boyden, Ezekiel Collier, John Manning, James Carter, John Downing, Abner (Mather) Martin, William Frakes and James McKinney composed the jury that tried Pearson. Pearson was sentenced April 25, 1829. THE H0U8H-BEEKEY HOMICIDE CASE. About Christmas, 1829, on Walnut Ridge, in the northern part of Washington County, a very lamentable tragedy occurred. Michael Berkey was a rural schoolmaster. He was a well-disposed, quiet^ peace- able young man, conscientious in the discharge of all his undertakings. He had entered into a written agreement wif,h several parents on the Walnut Ridge to teach their children. He entered earnestly into his work. The school was quietly moving on, but Christmas was approach- ing, the time when that savage relic of barbarism, "barring out," rarely failed to exercise cruel, tyranical sway. The young pedagogue per- ceived signs of the meddling approach of trouble-making outsiders. The following papers will clearly indicate the young teacher's well-founded apprehensions of approaching evil — if not of absolutely bodily danger to himself. The papers are unique, and portend a coming storm. They run thus : " Know all men by these presents, that I, M. Berkey, of Washington County and State of Indiana, do bind myself agreeably to agreement to treat my scholars to one bushel and a half of apples, on the 24th instant, and give them holiday from the evening of the 24th instant to the morning of the 4th of January next inclusive, and three days of the time to be made up by myself, and the balance to be lost by the school. " " We the undersigned scholars of the said Berkey, do agree to accept the proposals above stated, and defend the said Berkey, our teacher, against all other demands that might be made on the same occasion. Given under our hands this 21st day of December, 1829. Attest, M. Berkey, Teacher. Palina Hattabaugh, Susannah Housh, Rebecca Blake, Eliza- 744 HISTORY OF WASHINGTON COUNTY. beth Blake, Matilda Gowing, Malinda Gowing, Martin Gowing, Alex- ander Blake, Silas Killian, Ivy Stanfield, Henry J. Lumley, Arthiu' N. Stewart, Scholars/^ Then follows a kind of proclamation on the paper on the part of the teacher, and an unsigned negation note in handwriting and style of some impudent boy. The teacher's is as follows: " Agreeably to the custom of the enlightened people of country and in consequence of the mutual respect and veneration existing between the undersigned parties, I, the undersigned teacher, do agree and bind myself to treat my school, on the 25th inst. , at the schoolhouse, to one bushel of apples and two gallons of cider; provided the school will bear the same to the schoolhouse; and we, the undersigned representatives of said school, do bind ourselves to defend said Berkey, our teacher, against all other demands that might be made on the same occasion. Given under our hands this day of December, 1829." To this the representatives' reply thus, word for word, and letter for letter: ' ' We the undersigned parties, Mr. Berkey, are not a greed to your proposals. We want two bushels of applese — two gallons of cider. We want holloday From chrismas till the day after New Years and you must lose all the time." This note is the evident prompting of the outside big boys who were striving to instigate the school to "duck the master within an inch of his life," and whose actions led to the fatal results that followed. From the court records it appears that the gathering at the school- house to "duck the master " took place on the 23d day of December, 1829. The big, rough, bully boy, with club in hand, was there. Excited aiders and abettors of wrong and violence toward rural teachers were there, and, in the artistic, quaint language of the old style indictment, Michael Berkey, " armed with a large horse-pistol loaded with powder and five paper wads " was there. Threatening what would happen, John Housh, a young man, advanced on Berkey. The assailant was bidden to stand back. Housh continued to press forward. Without intending to kill or seriously wound his assailants, for subsequent testimony showed that there were several, Michael Berkey discharged the wad- loaded pistol into the approaching crowd of advancing boys and young men. Unfor- tunately, John Housh was mortally wounded. Berkey was arrested and bound to answer for the shooting at the ensuing Circuit Court. Housh died on the 26th of December. Berkey was indicted for manslaughter. He was put on trial April 10, 1830. John H. Thompson, soon after Cir- cuit Judge, was Prosecuting Attorney at the time of the trial, but so intent on the conviction of young Berkey were some relatives of young Housh that they hired Harbin H. Moore, then the most eloquent advocate in the Second Judicial Circuit, to assist in the prosecution. Of the HISTORY OF WASHINGTON COUNTY. 745 attorneys engaged in the defense of Berkey, Henry P. Thornton ranked first. He was then in the prime of life, and made a gigantic effort to save his young client from the penalty and shame of a State convict's cell. He forestalled the effect of Moore's closing effort by a terrific denunciation of venal, hired prosecution. Moore quailed under the cutting sarcasm of Thornton. The charge of venal prosecutor made a telling impression upon the jury, and Moore saw it, and confessed his embarrassment when he began the closing speech for the prosecution. His effort was grand, abounding in brilliant, flashing flights of eloquence, but with all its beauty and richness it was utterly powerless. After a brief retirement the jury returned to the bar with a verdict of acquittal. Public opinion sustained the finding of the jury. The unintended hom- icide of John Housh was a greater source of pungent regret to none more than to Michael Berkey. PROFESSIONAL CHARACTER OF ATTORNEYS. During the decade from 1830 to 1840 the following attorneys were admitted to practice at the Salem bar: William B. Slaughter, September 27, 1830; Arthur J. Simpson, October 9, 1830; Richard W. Thompson, September 22, 1834; Henry W. Hackett, September 22, 1834; James C. Wilson, March 23, 1835; Thomas V. Thornton, September 28, 1835; George G. Dunn, April 28, 1838; E. B. Thomas, September 24, 1838; John H. Butler, September 23, 1839; James G. May, September 23, 1839. Of several of these individuals their history beyond their admis- sion to the bar is wholly unknown to the writer. Arthur J. Simpson was a long resident of Paoli. He had a long successful practice. Of Rich- ard W. Thompson nothing need be said. Everybody knows Dick. When he was the bright young schoolmaster he was Dick. When he sought the editor's tripod he was Dick. When he became the young lawyer with fiery tongue, the promising young Representative and grave Senator in the Indiana Legislature he was still Dick. When he entered the halls of Con- gress and in the House of Representatives thrilled the hearts of men older than he, not " with thoughts that breath and words that burn," but with immortal gems of political truth eloquently told, truths that live when nations die, he was simply Dick. When with bleached locks but with vigorous body and youthful mind he swayed Neptune's trident at the head of the American War Department he was Dick; yet when he became the proprietor of a potato and pumpkin patch, the boss of Wabash cornfields and broad acres of waving wheat he was finally the Uncle Dick, and sometimes the "Old Man Eloquent." Thomas V. Thornton was a man of no ordinary talent. He excelled at whatever he undertook. He died young. George G. Dunn made a grand mark on the stump and in Congress. As a clear, logical debater in the National House of Repre- sentatives no one surpassed him. He passed away early in life. E. B. 746 HISTORY OF WASHINGTON COUNTY. Thomas made a promising start at the bar, but fell early in life the vic- tim of consumption. John H. Butler is still living, a vigorous, active man. His successful career at the bar tells what industry, probity and studiousness will do for the young man. Judge Butler is a model man worthy of imitation. Of James G. May some one else may write.* On the 18th of December, 1831, Judge Ross was re-commissioned as President Judge of the Second Judicial Circuit. William Phelps suc- ceeded Judge Patrick as Associate Judge, and Henry W. Hackett entered upon his second term. William H. Carter entered upon his second term as Clerk of the Washington County Circuit Court at the same date. On the 1 2th of April, 1833, Alexander Attkisson was commissioned Sherifif of Washington County, and held the office till he was succeeded by Stephen Hole in 1838. During the decade from 1830 to 1840 the Circuit Court docket was crowded with indictments for perjury, assault and battery with intent to kill, passing counterfeit money, and having in possession counterfeiters' tools, larceny, mayhem, manslaughter and murder. Com- paratively very few of these, cases received attention. In September, 1831, Gilbert Hyatt was sentenced to seven years' imprisonment in the penitentiary for passing counterfeit money, and having in his possession counterfeiting apparatus. In July, 1834, John H. Thompson was com- missioned by Gov. Noah Noble Circuit Judge of the Second Judicial Circuit, to fill the vacancy occasioned by the decease of Judge John F. Eoss. THE WOOD-KEPLEY MURDER CASE. After a hotly contested trial, running through several days, George Kepley was convicted of murder in the first degree. His victim was his friend, and had been his guest, for some days. He had gone to the sta- ble to look after his horse when Kepley shot him with a rifle. The par- ties had been drinking. The trial commenced April 1, 1836. The man murdered was named Daniel Wood. The homicide occurred March 26, 1836. On pronouncing the death sentence on Kepley, Judge Thompson declared that the defense had been conducted with remarkable ability. Charles Dewey was the Prosecuting Attorney. As the homicide was without provocation, the prosecutor made a giant effort on behalf of the State. Of Charles Dewey, the Hon. Charles A. Wicliff, of Kentucky, who at one time came over to Indiana to conduct the defense in a noted murder trial, in which Dewey was prosecuting, said that no man's life was safe while Dewey was prosecutor. Wicliff insisted thai no man of Dewey's great intellectual power and vast legal learning should fill the position of Prosecuting Attorney. That the innocent wrongfully accused, he maintained, were in very great danger of unjust conviction. The jury in the case were: Joel Wilson, Stephen Kendall, George Beck, Jr., James B. Huston, Josiah F. Perrin, David Patton, Christopher McClellen, ♦See Biographical Department. H If ■ Znson shoe makers;'samuel Wyman, wagon-maker; Thomas F. "^ loi^, S. B Hiles has a marble shop; John S. Denny, a livery stable, Mrs^ E^ C- L hoil and E. G. Thompson, hotel and livery. Mesdames H, 1, Gor^ dra:d Wadsworth supply the female portion of the community with '^'kf Mirl and Odd Fellows' fraternities have organizations, the former b'^Ling under dispensation May 29^1861 with George W. Bartlett. Christian Prow J. C Voyle. srael J-ner ^-^O. Bad e. B. t r^r D tter"L'G!llatCw K Teague and Henry Bob- v^—rpror^^^^^^^^^^^^ -rr raiTo ; T^^^^:i H-rso^d e"b Dristl^ Stewards :nd William Collier, Tiler. The lodge was Led E* Morris Lodge, No. 282, in honor »' «* ^^-ris o Vers^^s Kv and is now composed of twenty-eight members with Christian wow, w'-'m. G S Hanno^k, S. W.; J. S. Rutherford. S. D.; John Huffman 7 W ; Henry Cfiastian, J. D.; N. P. Mather, Treasurer; L^C Matter, Secretary; sL Pollard, Tiler, and William J. Prow and Albert Mather I ewards They meet the second and fourth Tuesday nights of each month .'tl hall, sLated on the second floor of the ^^^fj^^'^f^^'';- Prow and are in a prosperous condition. A^ur Lodge No. 250, I. O. U. i)^ ^rorranized January 25, 1866, with the following charter members and HISTORY OF WASHINGTON COUNTY. 781 Officers: T. F. Shanks, N. G.; J. S. Shanks, V. G. ; W. H. Shanks, Sec- retary; Z. Pollard. Treasurer; William Davis and George Bigsley. The present membership is thirty-seven, officered by O. L. Richards, N. G. ; VV. P. Holliday, V. G.; Joshua Davis, Secretary, and Christian Prow,' Treasurer. They meet the Saturday evening of each week in a hall of their own and are doing much good. The following is a list of Postmas- ters beginning with the first: Robert Denney, James Stephens, Corkins Brown, C. Prow, A. Overman, William Pollard, J. T. C. Wilkins, George W. Bartlett, Joseph Lee, John Huffman, Joshua Davis, Samuel Martin, R. C. Martin, and C. G. Robinson. The Cambellsburg News, a five col- umn newspaper was started in March, 1878, with R. P. Mather, publisher and proprietor. After a three months' duration the paper was sold to W. J. Prow, of Salem, and Campbellsburg has never had any other publica- tion. CANTON. Canton, once a promising and progressive village of the county, but now containing only 187 inhabitants and no manufacturing interests scarcely, was first started as a town by Eli Overman, who, October 31, 1838, laid off thirty-five lots in the shape of an " L " in the middle, and on the line running between Sections 11 and 1'^, Town 2, Range 4 east Mr. Overman made the first addition of 106 lots, and Charles Albertson on March 28, 1850, still further increased the size of the place by addin^ ten lots, each lot containing 23-100 acres. Previous to the laying off oi the town it was frequently called Greensburg, after many of the name of Greene living in the immediate vicinity, and it was also familiarly known as Egg Harbor by reason of the great amount of eggs sold there. The firm of Trueblood & Harned, probably the first merchants, was suc- ceeded by the senior partner, and succeeding merchants were Dr. Benjamin Albertson, who was the first physician, Charles Pool, Parr & Tatlock, John Wilson, Samuel Slade, Reuben Wilson, who built the first and only brick house of the place, and Charles Ovington. D'r. Edmund Albertson son of Dr. Benjamin Albertson, was the second physician. A sadlery shop was established by Benjamin White and James Trueblood, and car- ried on quite extensively for a time. Richard Walpole built a tannery near Canton, on the east side of the West E^ork of Blue River, or a branch of that stream. In 1863 Nixon Morris built one directly across the stream from the old one, and is yet standing. Several different owners have had possession of the latter, but at the present writing it is not in operation. In about the year 1820 a large log two-story house was erected and converted into a horse-mill. It was built by Greene & Overman, the grinding b?ing carried on with native buhrs in the upper story, while the horse and old-fashioned sweep occupied the lower room. In 1846 A. A. McCoskey began wagon-making, and has ever since been here. He was preceded by Willis Carr and Riley Coombs, who were the -g2 HISTORY OF WASHINGTON COUNTY. first In about 1846 Robert Greene and Joseph K. Faulkner established ^1 an ettensive business in this line, building a large shop and turn ?n<. out a good many wagons, carriages, bugg.es, plows, etc. The.r bus, lets was ruined by a destructive lire, supposed to have been the work of an incendiary. John Mills was the ttrst cabinet-maker, and he was sue ceeded bv Berry Christy, a colored man. Canton Lod'e, F. & A. M. , was organized under dispensation he fall „f 1878 with W R. McKnight. T. B. Hobbs, Gary Morris, Peter Moms Wilis TatlockD. O. Alvi^, James Faulkner, George W Morris and Wa en Wilso^ as charter members, the ttrst three named being appointed W M S W. and J. W. respectively. Only one member was lost by Lh'and this was John Dawalt, who was interred with all t^^ -l«mm- ties of the Masonic burial service. At one time the lodge had th,rty-fl e rembers in good standing, but the fire of 1875 d-troymg their property Id many of the members moving away, the lodge gradually died out, and ta 1884 the charter was surrendered to the Grand Lodge. Canton t present has two general stores, owned by W. T "— & «-f "' Je. W.CaldweU. Jam. ^^^J ^^^^^ ^^^., MfHitskev wacron-maker b. xl- xiarroa, ^n^sioiai^, dentist The first Postmaster was John S. Harned, and the present one is John H. Trueblood. MAETINSBURGt. Martinsburg, the only town in Jackson Township, was founded by D. Abner Martin September 18, 1818, and comprised originally e ghty lots tn SecUon 12 In an issue of the Tocsin published at Salem August 18, 1818 tCe was an advertisement for the sale of lots in Martinsburg to be held October 15, 1818, and in winding up the advertisement there was this doggerel: " Good people keep an open eye, Consider land will never die; And if you buy a lot for you, I don't expect you'll ever rue." Jacob Bixler added thirtytwo lots September 22, 1837, which has been the only addition ever made. The first store, probably, was that of Emanuel Block, opened late in 1818, which was in a log cabm standing L the iner ^here Dallas Roberts lives. Lewis Garret ne.t opened^ a store on the site now occupied by Ezra Martin, while on an °PP;«'t.^ ""^ ntr Mr Nuby had a store. John George Alexander Hanz familiarly Town as "AlLken Hontz," opened up a general sl^ck of goods in abou 1825 Mr. Hanz was a German, and many droll stones are related o him His wife once sent by him to New Albany for -°^-J^°;2Tl imagine the good woman's consternation when he returned with clothes a s^ght misunderstanding was all. He was a very devout church mem- ber, and often used U> preach. Notwithstanding this he would occasion- \ HISTORY OF WASHINGTON COUNTY. 783 ally forget himself at times, and once when out of hamor with his better half, he used the expression: "my wife bees a hell of a set." Jacob Bixler was another .pioneer merchant, his store building standing where Ira Durnill now lives. Washington Stinet also began in about 1837. Mr. Mills began in business just above where W. A. Denny now does business. Thomas Davis, Martin Foster, Lane & Martin, Brewer & Cravens, Peter J. Martin, Silas D. Wyman, W. H. H. Phillips, Walter Davis, Lewis Wyman, Joseph Loughmiller, and Martin & Huff are other merchants of the place. Dr. Abner Martin was the first physician, and a good one. Either Jacob Bixler or Gerry Wyman built a linseed oil -mill in about 1835, which he operated by horse-power, manufacturing about one barrel per week. A tan -yard was started about the same time by Michael Lemon, or a Mr. Snodgrass. T. A. Morgan opened a saddle and harness -shop in 1825, and was succeeded by Archibald Martin and James Neal. At one time Martinsburg was in a fair way to become quite a thriving and pop- ulous place, but for various reasons it has always been a small village. Dr. W. H. Bright, an old and honored citizen and and excellent physician^ is yet practicing his profession there. W. A. Denny is Postmaster; E. H. Martin, merchant; T. J. Shepherd, blacksmith; John Carnes, miller; W. A. Ferguson, wagon-maker, and J. R. Martin & Sons, carpenters. Mail is received tri-weekly — Tuesday, Thursday and Saturday — from Pekin. One of the principle industries of the place is the manufacture of flour, carried on by John Carnes. It was erected as a grist-mill in about 1840 by Wright & Walker, but in 1868, or thereabout, a saw-mill was added. Its present capacity is: corn, 100 bushels per day: wheat, 68 bushels, and lumber, 4,000 feet. It has two run of buhrs, and is operated by steam-power. LIVONIA. This town was laid off by James and David McKinney, on February 25, 1819, originally comprising sixty-three lots. Thirty more lots were added August 31, 1835, by James McPheeters, John McKinney, L. H. Smith. A, R. Orchard, J. C. Wible and J. C. McPheeters. Previous to the layiug-off of the town there were already built three or four log dwel- ling-houses, and a store erected by James McKinney in 1815. This store stood fronting south opposite where Dr. Farree now lives, and the, stock of goods was small, and of a very general character. Probably the first house erected after the laying out of Livonia was a log tavern by John Scott, who also opened a store in 1820. McPharen & Young beeran merchandisincj in a buildingf where Dr. Purkhiser now lives, in 1821 or 1822, and in about 1826 opened a store, and for years carried on an extensive business. He afterward erected the building which Will- iam Greenslade now occupies, and admitted his son James as a partner. In about 1829 John B. Shryer bought out McPharen & Young, and occu- 734 HISTORY OF WASHINGTON COUNTY. pied the building which is still standing attached to Mrs. McCoUough's residence Among subsequent merchants can be mentioned John Wrio-ht Andrew Orchard, George McPheeters, Frazier & McPheeters, Asa Mckinney, Andrew McPheeters, Leonard H. Smith, McCoy &Bros., J T C Wilkins W. B. Knox, James McCoy, C. H. & A. G. McPheeters, Leander Hopper, Jeremiah McCoUough, and others. The first mill was a tread-mill, built by Daniel Sherwood, in about 1836, but was only con- tinued a short time. In 1840 Sherwood Bros, built a steam saw and grist- mill where the present one now stands. It changed hands several times before it finally burned in about 1853. John and Isaac Martin soon after built a saw-mill on the same site, afterward selling out to McCoy & War- ren who added a gristmill. Samuel and Claud Banks built the large mill now standing. About 1836 John and James McPheeters erected a cotton-mill, which was run only a few years, and eventually did not prove very remunerative. A woolen-mill, standing where McCuUough Bros', store is, was erected quite early, but did not continue very long or amount to very much. James McPheeters opened a tan-yard about the time Livonia was laid off, and about 1815 Stephen Atkisson started a battery which afterward passed into the hands of William Collier. Livonia Lodge, F. & A M., No. 206, was chartered by the Grand Lodge of Indiana, May 26, 1857, with Jeremiah McCuUough as W. M., James A. McPheeters as S. W., and Asa McKinney as J. W. The lodge is still in existence and good standing, although on account of the small number of members resident in Livonia, the meetings have not been as regular lately as heretofore. The following are the present officers: John S. McPheeters, W. M. ; Aaron E. H. Hardin, S. W.; I. R. Martin, J W • F M Wible, S. D.; Allen McCoy, J. D.; W. M. Greenslade, Secretary, James S. McCoUough, Treasurer, and W. F. McCoy, Tiler. Livonia" Lodge, No. 586, L O. O. F., was organized August 4, 1»»1, with the following charter officers and members: Dr. Isaac Ferree, N. G ; James B. Brown, V. G. ; Edward T. Van Cleave, Treasurer; B. F. Hardin, R. C, and James E. Wright. From the first this fraternity h as flourished and prospered, now having twenty active members, officered by George A. Bringle, N. G.; Thomas N. Kelley, V. G.; Milton B. Bringle, Treasurer, and D. M. Wible, R. C. Livonia is situated in the northern part of xMadison Township, on Section 34, and her business interests are represented as follows: McCoUough Brothers (B. H. and J. W.), suc- ceeded their father, Jeremiah McCoUough, in January, 1881. and are the leading merchants of the place, carrying a general stock of merchaodise, valued at about $4,500, and transacting an average annual trade amount- ing to about $10,000; W. M. Greenslade, general merchant; W. J. Mc- Coy, druggist; A. J. Brock, general merchant; John W. Jones, harness dealer and manufacturer; Henry Banks, grist-mUl, and Messrs. Voyles, Park hiser & Ferree, physicians. HISTORY OF WASHINGTON COUNTY. 785 HARDINSBURG. In January, 1838, a plat of thirty-six lots was laid off on Section 3, in what is now Posey Township, by Aaron Hardin, who named the place Hardinsbnrg. An addition b} John Ellis, in 1851, of twenty- two lots, gives the town a total of fifty-eight lots, and according to the census of 1880, a population of 133 souls. At an election held March 24, 1849, it was decided to incorporate the town, and the first officers were: A. H. Cheever, President; James Alexander, Clerk, and J. C. Boyden, Treas- urer. It was incorporated under the State Statute of 1833, and the peti- tion for incorporation had fourteen signers. The present officers are: Trustees, S. B. Cook, W. E. Mcintosh, G. B. Suddarth, A. Mack, D. M. Mcintosh, S. G. Ellis, Wesley Poison; Clerk and Treasurer, J. T. Bsirnett; and Marshal, W. J. Lapping. The first store was opened by Aaron Hardin, in 1835, before the town was laid off. The building stood on the old road south of the pike. James Mcintosh built a store a few years later, where Sanford Mcintosh now resides, and like Hardin, car- ried a general stock of merchandise. James King sold goods in the house where W. J. Lapping now lives, and in 1851 Wesley Poison began retailing goods in the house now owned by Dr. Foutz. One year later Poison built the house which he yet occupies, and continued there until 1862 or 1863. Michael Swartz opened up a stock of goods about the time the turnpike was built, and James Kirkwood, Isaac Wellman and W. J. Lapping have also been in business in the place. In about 1860 Maj. Cravens built a steam saw and grist-mill, which is now operated by D. W. Huffman, although yet owned by Cravens. It has a capacity of thirty barrels per day. In September, 1883, the Hardinsburg Enterprise was established by Charles E. Bullington, a native of Floyd County, Ind., and a young man of bright intellect By diligence he has worked up a liberal sub- scription list and a fair advertising patronage, and if the citizens of Har- dinsburg and vicinity do their duty, the Enterprise will remain a perma- nent fixture of the place. Hardinsburg Lodge, No. 501, I. O. O. F., was instituted September 10, 1875, with R. W. Martin, S. W. Stratton, Nathan Newby, Lorenzo H. Greene and John Martin as charter members, and was organized with thirteen members. S. W. Stratton was made N. G. ; John Martin, V. G. ; R. W. Martin, Secretary; and Nathan Newby, Treasurer. This lodge is one of the best working ones of the order in any country town of southern Indiana, and at present has fifty active members. It is worth over $1,975, meets in its own hall every Saturday night, and is officered as follows: W. T.Wells, N. G. ; G. W. Mcintosh, V. G.; Joseph E. Mcintosh, R. S. ; C. E. Bullington, F. S., and W. M. Holtsclaw, Treasurer. Solomon Lodge, No. 71, F. & A. M., was organized under dispensa- 786 HISTORY OF WASHINGTON COUNTY. tion March 28, 1849, with these officers: James Alexander, W. M. ; Nathan Kimball, S. W". ; and Jeremiah McCullough, J. W. The charter members, in addition to the above, and the respective office to which they were elected were R. Schoonover, Secretary; George Faucett, Treas- urer; James McPheeters, S. D. ; James Gasaway, J. D. ; J* C. Kelso, C. R. Ellis and I. H. Ferguson. This fraternity meets once every month, the Saturday evening before the full moon, in their hall, situated in the second story of the public school building. The present membership is twenty-seven, officered by W. C. Davis, W. M. ; M. Barnett, S. W. ; A. Davis, J. W. ; B. H. Cravens, Secretary; A. Mack, Treasurer; S. G. Ellis, S. D. , and J. G. Bogle, Tyler. The present business of Hardiusburg is repre3ented by S. E. Mcin- tosh, W. J. Lapping and Poison & Kadcliff, general merchants; Ed. Schoonover, confectioner; C. T. Kern and M. Barnett, blacksmiths; C. E. Bullington, editor and wagon-maker; J. A. Cravens, owner of saw and grist-mill; S. B. Cook, wagon-maker; Cook Saddith, carpenter; J. T. Barnett, G. W. Hon, M. S. Beasley, R. W. Maxedon and W. S. Schoonover, physicians; R. W. Maxedon and Polly King, hotel keepers; Andrew Mack, shoe-maker; Daniel Swartz, harness -maker; David Crotts, scythe and cradle-maker; Maria Trotter, dressmaker, and L, Suddith, milliner. FREDERICKSBURG. Contrary to what has heretofore appeared in print concerning this village, Fredericksburg was laid off in the year 1815 by Frederick Royse, in whose honor it was named. It was formerly located across the river, and a short distance above the present town of that name, where Mr. Royse, by the County Surveyor, William Lowe, had surveyed and platted fifty-nine lots on the 10th of September of the year above mentitmed. The first merchants to engage in retailing goods were Bradley & Skin- ner, Theodore Catlin, James McClung and John T. Ferguson. McClung built the first brick building, which in those days was a sight worth going some distance to see, and was the first Postmaster. Jacob Harris carried on a tannery extensively at an early date, and his was succeeded bygone on a smaller scale. Dr. William A. Bowles was the first physi- cian, and after him came Dr. Alexander McPheeters. Owing to repeated overflows of the river and other causes, it was decided to remove the town to a better location, and accordingly John Horner caused to be laid off fifty- one lots along the New Albany & Vincennes Turnpike, on the south side of Blue River, and the northern part of Section 16. Prop- erly speaking, the town should have been called New Fredericksburg, because the old town of that name is'^of the past. For a time it was called Bridgeport, taking the name from a toll bridge jwhich had been built across the river by an act of the State ' Legislature, and petitioned for by John Horner, John and Martin Royse and others. HISTORY OF WASHINGTON COUNTY. 787 Jacob Horner was the first Postmaster of the new town, and amono- the first merchants were John and William Horner, Alexander McPhee- ters and James Gasaway. Among subsequent merchants of importance may be mentioned Morgan & Bright, John Briggs, William K. Andrews, Ira Boyd, Peter G. Senseney, Jeflferson King, Martin Cromer, Joshua T. ' Andrews, Charles Mitton, John Voyles, Seth Horner, Robert Gibson, Rhodes & Stout and Alexander Lofton. March 26, 1859, a vote to incor - porato the town was held, resulting largely in its favor, and the first officers were: A. C. Hugrus, P. G. Senseney and W. K. Andrews, Trustees; Dr. W. A. Bowles, Clerk and Treasurer, and John H. Warren, Marshal. The present officers are: B. H. Hancock, Allan Matthews and Richard Devenish, Trustees; W. E. Kimberlin, Clerk; James Kay, Treasurer, and James H Black, Marshal. Fredricksburg, as it now is , is one of the most healthful and prettiest inland villages of Indiana. It is pleasantly situated on the Blue River and the New Albany & Vin- cennes Turnpike, has some excellent stores, and business of different kinds is conducted quite extensively; is well supplied with schools, churches and other advantages, and for a village of 255 inhabitants it is unsurpassed by any town of its size in the State in point of general intel- ligence and enterprise. A lodge of Odd Fellows was started in May, 1873, with George M. De- wees, N. G. ; W.B.Peter3,V. G. ; John B.Cromer, Secretary; Martin Cromer, Treasurer, and R. Devenish, Warden. They meet every Tuesday night in the hall over Lofton's store, and their present officers are: R. Deven- ish, N. G.; Isaac V. Hoar, V. G. ; H. C. ]\Eitton, Secretary; G. W. Dewees, Treasurer, and W. C Jones, Warden. Present membership, twenty -four. The charter members of the Knights of Honor, Lodge No. 2813, instituted August 23, 1882, numbered fifteen, and the first officers were: George W. Dewees, Dictator; J. M. Adams, V. D. ; J. B. Morgan, A. D. ; Calvin Goss, Reporter; W. E. Chappell, F. R. ; W. C Jones, Treasurer; C. W. Gresham. P. D., and W. R. Avery, M. E. The lodge meets Thursday night of each week, has a membership of twenty-four, with the following present officers: J. M. Harmon, Dictator; John B. Morgan, V. D. ; Richard Devenish, A. D.; W.C.Jones, Reporter; Henry Markel, F. R. ; W. E. Chappell, Treasurer; C. W. Gresham, P. D., and George W. Dewees, M. E. To pass over the press of Fredricksburg would be an unpardonable omission. The News was established by Allen Smith, the first number being a five column folio in size, and appearing March 13, 1879. A fair subscription list at $1 per annum was secured. Mr. Smith continued its publication until September 9, 1880, when the first issue appeared under the ownership of McPheeters & Goss, with Calvin Goss as editor. Mr. Goss became sole owner, September 29, 1881, and remained in charge until January 11, 1883, when Charles E. Bullington bought a half inter- Y88 HISTORY OF WASHINGTON COUNTY. est and April 12, of the same year, purchased the other half. Mr. Bul- linUon moving to Hardinsburg in 1883, and establishing the Enterprise, Charles E. Allen resurrected the News, October 26, 1883, but changed the size from a five-column quarto to a four-column quarto. December 21 of the same year it was enlarged to a six-column quarto, and January 1, 1884, it was sold to W. A. Kimberlin, under whose management the Neivs is fast winning its way into public approval. LITTLE YORK. This village, so called because the families who entered the land where the town is located were from New York, was laid off by George Davis on part of the northwest quarter of Section 18, in what is now Gibson Township, August 3, 1831, and originally comprised thirteen lots Eleven lots were added by Alanson Langdon June 19, 1849, five more by Hezekiah Thomas May 25, 1852, twenty-one more by Joseph M. Scifers Februai-y 6, 1874, and December 12, 1859, Hezekiah Thomas made the last addition of thirty-four lots. In about the year 1822 Philip Langdon established a horse-mill where the town now is, and it was patronized for years by the early settlers from far and near. The first house was built by Michael Richards in about 1818, on the place where James Haskins now lives, and in 1819 Philip Langdon, Jr., Philip Langdon, Sr., Joshua Powers, Lanson Langdon and A. Cooley came from New York and entered the greater part of the land upon which the town now stands. George Davis, the founder of the town, located there in about 1821. The first store was opened by Asa Glover in 1832, his entire stock probably being worth $65. Another by Hezekiah Thomas shortly afterward was situated on the lot now owned by James Garriott. Among subsequent merchants were: Bobbins, David Mitchell, — Hub- bard, ~ Miranda, William Wilson, Henry Childs, George R. Davis, Darling Jones, A. Cooley, C. Sickles, Jonas H. Johnson, E. M. Grimes, David Griffith, T. J. Lester, George Parker, et al. The present busi- ness interests of the place are represented by Simeon Garriott and James Garriott, general merchants; Oliver McCullough, groceries and provis- ions; Catharine Miranda, confectionery; L. H. Hudson and G. F. Lewelling, physicians; and W. R. England, tavern-keepei;. besides a wagon and blacksmith shop or two. The first tavern was opened by Darling Jones in 1836, and being on a direct line of travel from Louisville and New Albany to Indianapolis, received quite a liberal patronage. In 1859 Hezekiah Thomas built the large mill now standing, and operated until 1865 when it was sold to J. R. Motsinger. Morris & Riley were the next owners, and by them sold to Richard Clark, the present proprietor, in November, 1868. This is one of the best mills in the county, has two run of stone, and is oper- ated by steam power. Mr. Clark also owns the steam saw-mill built by HISTORY OF WASHINGTON COUNTY. 789 D. J. Meadors in 1876, having purchased it in 1877. He is the leading man of Little York, and embodies the principal part of the intelligence and enterprise of the place. The Odd Fellows and Masons both have organizations at this place; the former being organized June 13, 1865, and named and numbered York Lodge, No. 241. They first met in Mr. Clark's mill until their hall was fitted up, and the charter members were Kichard Clark, Joseph Draper, James B. Guffey, Henry Streaker, George L, Neal and W. M. Clark. As time passed the lodge increased in strength and members. A Rebekah Lodge was organized August 10, 1870. An Encampment was also organized, but as data could not be found con- cerning this the records will have to be omitted. York Lodge, No. 512, F. & A. M. was organized in 1875 in their hall, and within three months received their charter from the Grand Lodge. The charter members were D. J. Griffith, Richard Clark, G. M. Scifers, John B. Wood, J. B. Lester, E. R. Williams, Thomas Jones, T. H. Hudson, H. T. Hobson, W. C. Thomas, J. R. Motsinger, William Hazzard, A. Morris, B. R. Still and Nathan Goble. The lodge is in a flourishing condition, owning their own^hall and having a membership of nineteen. SALTILLOVILLE. In September, 1849, Madison Bowles, proprietor, and John I. Mor- rison, surveyor, laid out and platted the town of Saltillo, na ming it after a battle of the Mexican war of that name, but which has been changed to Saltilloville in order to secure a postoffice. It comprises a total of 137 lots — one being reserved for public school and one for church pur- poses — and is situated on the line between Sections 27 and 28. Madison Bowles was perhaps the first merchant, and subsequent ones were William Knox, George A. Rosenbaum, William Galahan, John Rosenbaum and others. Col. S. D. Sayles was the first blacksmith and also worked at edge -tool- making considerably. About the time of the building of the railroad an old-fashioned "up and down" saw was built by Wright Stacy, but during the war was moved away. Harvey and Hiram Matthew built a grist-mill in about 1856 which burned to the ground twenty years later. In 1876 they began the erection of their present mill, which is 30x40 feet, two and a half story building with basement, and has one wheat and one corn bvihr. Attached to the building''is an 18x50 foot saw-mill room in which is a double cii'cular saw, and both mills are ope- rated by the same engine. Two general stores by E. Bra man & Sons and C. Cook; a drug store by J. W. Hogsett; millinery by Padgett & Elliott; undertaking by John Velloms; carpentering and wagon-making by Thomas Padgett and E. Neymon; Hiram Neymon and J. W. Hogsett, physicians, comprises the present business interests of the place. George A. Rosenbaum was commissioned the first Postmaster in 1853, the present one being Mrs. Olive Nunamaker. Cornwell Post, ^ No. 363, G. A. R., 790 HISTORY OF WASHINGTON COUNTY. was organized in June, 1884, with seventeen members, and the following were the first and present officers : Thomas Weir, P. C. ; J. W. Hogsett, J. V. C; E. N. Conner, S. V. C; Henry Smith, Adjutant; Dr. H. P. Neymon, Surgeon; T. Weir, O. G. , and W. Hayes, O. D. The post meets once every month in Padgett's Hall. PEKIN. This village was laid out in what is now Polk Township, on the Mut- ton Fork of Blue River, and in Section 30, November 15, 1831, by Christian Bixler, and originally comprised 167 lots. It was not surveyed until in October, 1837, by John I. Morrison. Among the first merchants were Gabriel Peavler, James F. Persise — who also kept the first tavern — D. W. Bierly, Mr. Tuttle and George M. Johnson. In an early day large quantities of liquor were sold at one time, there being two saloons. A man by the name of Smith was probably the first to engage in the traffic in the place. When the old New Albany & Salem Railroad was built, a station was made across the river from the old town, and just across the line in Pierce Township. In consequence of this the old town went down, and but a few dilapidated buildings now mark the place. Half way between the two places, the present steam saw and grist-mill was built in about I860 by a Mr. Butterfield. It is a first-class mill in every respect, and from the original owner it passed respectively into the hands of Bowman & Uppinghouse, James Burns and Andy Cauble, who is the present owner. By an act of the County Commissioners the old town was declared vacant in about 1854. C. D. Green built a fine brick building at the station in 1852 or thereabouts, and besides using it as a depot and postoffice, opened an extensive store and did the largest busi- ness ever transacted in the whole country. Peter Martin became the suc- cessor of Mr. Green in the ownership of the stock of goods, and the Messrs. Collins in the ownership of the building. In about 1867 the building took fire and was burned to the ground, scarcely a single article being saved. Another new frame building was erected and is now occu- pied by Bierly & Elrod. The first Postmaster of the old town was George Waltz, probably; the present one at the station being William Graves. There has just been opened on the land adjoining the station a fair ground, and whether it proves to amount to anything will be developed in the future. NEW PHILADELPHIA. This town was first laid out as Philadelphia November 30, 1837, John I. Morrison surveying and platting forty-eight lots. It is located just above the center of Section 9, Town 2, Range 5 east, and the three streets running east and west and beginning at the north are High, Broad- way and Madison; the ones extending north and south, beginning at the west, are named Main, Cross, Washington, Columbia and Jeifersoa HISTORY OF WASHINGTON COUNTY. 791 Streets. William Hamilton was proprietor, and to his original plat were added nine lots by Richard Lockwood in May, 1839. The village has two general stores, owned by B. F. Howell and H. H. McClellan; an able physician, in the person of Dr. John H. Oatley; two blacksmith- shops, by Thomas Weir and John Trimble; a harness-shop, by T. A. Morgan, and a shingle factory by John W. Payne. An Odd Fellows' Lodge was organized, but has since been moved to South Boston. (See sketch.) B. F. Huston opened the first store, and he was succeeded by Will- iam Thompson, Benjamin Lockwood and others. The first blacksmiths in proper order were: Pitt, Charles Herron, Milton Humphrey, etc. The first physicians were Andrew Todd and J. R. Bare. A Mr. Alstadt was a wheel- maker, and conducted that trade for a time. Thomas Men- augh had a hat manufactory quite early. Last of all was a saloon, which was opened shortly after the town started, by a man called Sisson. One auspicious night the doors of his shop were banged down, the heads of kegs and barrels were bursted, and the liquor therein poured into the street by certain citizens of the town. Although a rank violation of the law, yet this procedure had the necessary efifect of causing Sisson to leave the place, and since then no saloon has ever been opened in New Philadelphia. SOUTH BOSTON. This village is composed of about ten families, and located on the Middle Fork of Blue River, between Sections 28 and 29, was never laid out and surveyed, but for years has been a little hamlet where Bravillian Rood over fifty years ago opened a little dry goods, grocery and liquor store. Subsequent merchants were: Samuel McClanahan, Henry M. Wilson, William Farabee, Robert Cooper, Samuel E. Nelson and others, and the present one is owned by Jacob D. Payne. At present Vulcan has two followers in the persons of W. C. McClellan and N. E. Rodman, and Dr. A. N. Spurgeon is the efficient and only physician. The princi- pal feature of the place is a small but excellent lodge of Odd Fellows, which was first organized at New Philadelphia as Philadelphia Lodge, No. 312, May 20, 1858, on the application of J. C. Simonson, John A. Forsyth, B. F. Robinson, W. N. Durbin, Stanford Newby and W. W. Thomas. Mr. Simonson was the first Noble Grand; W. N. Durbin, Vice Grand; Stanford Newby, Recording Secretary; B. F. Robinson, Treas- urer. The lodge flourished for years, accomplishing much good, but by a decrease in the membership, and a desire of the majority of members living near South Boston, the lodge was moved to the latter place early in 1884. Before the erection of their present excellent two-story frame building the order met for a time in the house of George Williams. Their present building is 20x54 feet in size; they meet on every Satur- day evening, and have a present membership of thirty-six, officered as fol- 792 HISTORY OF WASHINGTON COUNTY. lows: McElvain Weddell, N. G.; W. N. Farabee, V. G. ; T. S. Calahan, R. C. ; George Williams, Treasurer; F. M. Williams, Warden; Dr. A. N. Spiirgeon, D. D. G. M. MOUNT CAEMEL. Mount Carmel, comprising twenty-six lots, located in Section 12, Town 3, Range 2 east, was laid off by John and William Brown, Decem- ber 20, 1837, but instead of fulfilling the wishes of the proprietors by becoming a city, is not much, if any, larger than when it was begun. The first merchants were: Mathew Driskell, Isaac Brewer, Prow & Rob- inson, William Holland & Co., Elijah Driskell, et al. Each of the above firms cai-ried a general stock of goods. John and William Coe were the first blacksmiths, and subsequent ones were Henry Liston and Thomas Dawson, the latter yet doing business there, HARRISTOWN. This was named in honor of Thomas M. Harris, is situated on Section 24, Town 2 north, of Range 4 east, and on the Louisville, New Albany & Chicago Railroad, was founded by Thomas M. Harris July 18, 1850, when seventeen lots, ranging in size from .12 to 2.84 acres, were laid off. The first store was built and carried on by John H. Trueblood, and the first dwelling by Harvey Rodman. Other merchants who have been engaged in merchandising are Robert Robinson and Mr. Garriotfc. HITCHCOCK. This is only a station on the Louisville, New Albany & Chicago Rail- road in Washington Township, was named after a family of that name, and William Hitchcock had the first store. Warren Trueblood, P. D. Diefendorf and David Dennis have been subsequent merchants, the latter yet being in business here, also occupying the position of Postmaster, station and express agent. CLAYSVILLE. This was first known as Middletown, but changed by an act of the State Legislature in March, 1839, in order that a postoffice might be established; was laid off by Julius Turner, October 24, 1828. It has never had any additions, but comprises fifty-seven lots on Sections 9 and 10 in Vernon Township. Simeon Porter opened the first store in 1827, succeeded by Lyman Gould three years later. In 1835 Aaron Walker established a grocery, but sold out to Madison Bowles. The only store of particular importance was that of William Lemon, who kept a large stock of goods and had quite an extended trade. Being an open advo- cate of the Union during the late war, his store was burned to the ground, supposed to have been the work of certain members of the Knights of the Golden Circle. Dr. R. B. Child for years has been the only physi- cian of the place. HISTORY OF WASHINGTON COUNTY. 793 SMEDLEY, FARABEE AND OTHER TOWNS. SmedJey is only a station between Campbellsburg and Hitchcock, the posLoffice being Heffren. Morgan Smedley was the first merchant. Farabee is a way station on the Louisville, New Albany & Chicago Kail- road, and is situated in northeastern Pierce Township. Other trading points and postoffices in the county are Beck's Mills, Organ Springs, Halo, Fayetteville, Blue River, Chestnut Hill, Gooseport, Delaney Creek, Millport, Kossuth, Rush Creek Valley and perhaps one or two more, but none of any importance. CHAPTER VII. BY WESTON A. GOODSPEED. Military History— The Early Militia— The Mexican War— Rolls of Volunteers— Public Sentiment in 1861— Extracts from Resolu- tions, Editorials and Speeches— The Outbreak of War and the First Call for Volunteers— The First Company— Opposition to the Enlistment of Men— Sketch of the Various Regiments— Other Companies for the War— Continued Enlistment— War and Mass Meetings— Recruiting— The Draft of October, 1863— Disloyalty —Raid of Gen. Morgan— The Minute Men— Anecdotes— Military Arrests— Last Call for Troops— Statistical Tables— Summary of Men Furnished— Bounty and Relief— Close of the War— Return of the Volunteers. DURING the war of 1812-15 the militia organization in Washington County was efficient, but with the exception of a few excursions in pursuit of Indian horse-thieves, and frequent musters to become pro- ficient, and to be in readiness for any outbreak that might occur, and to engender a feeling of public security, saw no active service. At the time of the organization of the county in 1814, John DePauw was Colonel of the Ninth Militia Regiment, and Thomas Denny, Samuel Huston, George French, Absalom Sargent, John Beck, Henry Dewalt, Charles Busey and John Koyse were Captains of the companies composing the regiment, and all members were residents of this county. These men and others had previously been officers in this Territory while it was yet a part of Harrison and Clarke Counties. Later, in 1814, Clifton Glazebrook, Jesse Roberts, William Kennedy, Jesse Durham and John Maxwell were Captains. Jesse Roberts was promoted to the Majority of the regiment. Nearly all the leading citizens of the county were from that time forward, at some date, officers of the county companies, and every citizen of the county not conscientiously opposed to bearing arms was in time a mem- ber of the local "corn-stalk militia." With the departure of all fear of danger from any hostile foe, the militia sank to the lowest ebb of ineffi- 794 HISTORY OF WASHINGTON COUNTY. ciency, but seemed to be at the flood of popularity, as large crowds habitually assembled on "training day" to sport and frolic. THE MEXICAN WAR. The war with Mexico roused the martial spirit of the people, and more than a full company was raised in the county. Soon after the call of the President for volunteers, May 13, 1846, Abraham Dennis and David C. Shanks announced their intention of raising a company, and accordingly called a meeting at the court house to raise volunteers. Several other meetings were held, and soon the necessary number of men were ready. Several of the leading citizens also assisted by speeches at these meetings, one being Col. Henry Young. The Whig party was opposed to the war to prevent the accession of slave territory, and the Democratic party led by the Southern wing was in favor of the war for the opposite reason. The members of the company were mainly young men from both parties. A day or two before the departure of the com- pany for New Albany, the place of regimental rendezvous, a tine flag was publicly presented to the company by the citizens of Salem. The boys were drawn up in rank on the street northwest of the court house, and were addressed by Miss Patsey Gordon, who, with appropriate remarks fittingly rendered, presented them the banner on behalf of the town and county. Capt. Dennis responded for the company, pledging their lives to maintain the sacredness of the flag. On the day the com- pany departed, Rev. Cyrus Nutt, a resident minister, afterward for many years President of the Indiana State University, delivered them an elo- quent speech of considerable length. This ceremony was held at the cemetery. The iron paling around the grave of Mr. Buckman, a Revo- lutionary soldier, was taken down, piled up, and on this, it is asserted, was placed his tombstone, and upon this stood Mr. Nutt while delivering his speech. Immediately after this each member of the company was presented with a Testament, and then the march for New Albany in wag- ons and on horseback was commenced. THE MUSTER ROLL. Abraham Dennis, Captain; David C. Shanks, First Lieutenant; Josiah Burwell, Second Lieutenant; Thomas C. Parr, Third Lieutenant; Robert R. McKinney, Benjamin F. Nicholson, Andrew H. Ratts and Moses M. Johnson, Sergeants; Christian L. Paynter, James McKinney, D. C. Thomas and David Parr, Corporals; Lemuel Weeks and Alexander M. Woods, Musicians; and the following privates: Horace N. Atkinson, George Bogle, James Bogle, Joseph W. Boling, Samuel J. Boling, F. W. Briscoe, John Bunch, Benjamin Cousen, Isom Clark, L. B. Cogswell, David Colglazure, Peter Colglazure, Elijah Crotts, John Dalton, Will- iam Early, William England, Riley Fleming, Jacob Fleenor, Bart Fletcher, Archibald Golden, John Grimes, Lewis Hampton, Jacob Ham- HISTORY OF WASHINGTON COUNTY. 795 mersly, Michael Hardman, Samuel Hughes, Henry Hogan, George Hend- ricks, Gus Jones, James Kearns, George Lane, Michael Lee. John Leach, George Luck, George Launis, Asa Lovelace, Phineas Little, James Lock- hart, Malachi McCoy, James McCoy, George W. McLain, William E. New- comb, Henry Naugle, George Naugle, Frank Perdue, Wiley Peugh,W. R. Eeeves, Jonathan Ross, Benj. Rush, William Richardson, James Sladen, William Spaulding, Joseph Stotts, David Story, Wiley Spurgeon, Sam- uel Trueblood, D. Upinghouse, John Watkins, Osborn Wilson Ollie Wilson, Nathan Wilson, William Wilson, Abraham Wachtel, James Webb, William Wingler and Samuel Westfall. Those who died of disease were John Leach and F. M. Perdue; those killed in battle or died of wounds there received were Thomas C. Parr, Michael Lee, W^illiam Richardson and James H. Sladen, and those discharged during the term of the service: S. J. Boling, J. W. Boling, Jacob Hammersly, W. E Newcomb, George Launis, J. R. Lockhart, J. M. Richardson and David Upinghouse, The Company of Capt. Dennis became D of the Second Regiment Indiana Volunteers, and was mustered into the United States service at New Albany about the 22d of June, 1846. KETURN OF THE MEXICAN VOLUNTEERS, Upon returning home the company brought with them the corpse of Thomas C, Parr. The boys were met at New Albany by a large delega- tion of their relatives and neighbors, who had gone there with wagons to convey them home. In a few days all that was mortal of Thomas C. Parr was consigned to a grave in the Salem cemetery, a large crowd being present. Appropriate Christian ceremonies dignified the occasion, and a volley of musketry was fired over the grave of the dead soldier.' About this time, also, a barbecue was held in honor of the boys. They were marched in rank out on the Orleans road nearly a mile, to a fine grove, where a large crowd assembled and where several fatted calves browned and sputtered over a roaring fire. Rev. William Shanks deliv- ered the welcoming address, to which several members of the company replied, detailing their experiences in the land of the Montezumas Capt. Nathan Kimball and Lieut. L. Q. Hoggatt, both of whom had served in other companies in the same regiment, delivered lengthy addresses. All ate of the roasted beef, and left on the ground enough for the buzzards which hovered around for several days. CAPT. Kimball's company. It seems that another company was raised for the Mexican war in the counties of Washington, Orange and Lawrence, mainly in the vicinity of Livonia. The details cannot be given, though after much trouble a copy of the muster-roll at the time of muster-out was obtained from Indi- anapolis, A few men of the company were from Lawrence, though the 50 796 HISTORY OF WASHINGTON COUNTY. most were from western Washington County and eastern Orange. The company was raised mainly by Dr. Nathan Kimball, who became the Captain, and by William Schoonover, who became First Lieutenant. The following is the complete muster roll: Nathan Kimball, Captain; William Schoonover, First Lieutenant; W. E. Panabaker, Second Lieu- tenant; Thomas T. Hogan, Third Lieutenant; Daniel Haines, Philander D, Kelso, Arthur Homer and E. Blalock, Sergeants; John Jackson, Sim- eon Lynn, James Codle and Thomas Rawlins, Corporals; T. B. Wilmoth and John M. Redfield, Musicians; and the following privates: Boston Younger, DeKalb Blalock, Ingledon Burton, Sebastian Burkhart, Martin Cromer, John Cooper, John Dougherty, B. G. Dollins, James Dicks, Thomas Elliott, Christian Gasaway, John Grimes, Jesse Harrison, David L. Hutchinson, Elijah Honeyman, William Haney, John Lloyd, William Lloyd, David A. Lagle, Benjamin Moore, Henry Mulvany, W. P. McBroom, James McMillan, Jr., John Nelson, Abe J. Oliver, Samuel Purkhiser, Jonathan J. Pearson, John Pearson, Jonathan Poe, Ira Poe, Matthew Queen, Silas Quick, William A. Roll, Joseph H. Radcliflf, W. R. Reanier, Isaac C. Smith, Simeon E. Smith, William Sullivan, James R. Spencer, B. W. Sutherland, Isaac G. Veach, Thomas Whitaker and William W. Winders. All these men were mustered out June 23, 1847. The following men were discharged for disability from the company: Andrew Hurd, Alexander McKenzie, William W. Standiford, Joseph McCreary, John Brewer, W. J. Hurd, John Arnold, W. H. Nelson, Aaron Kidd, Cornelius Purkhiser, Thomas Henson, Lewis Hogan, Stephen J. Mobley, Martin Gelwick, William Ramsey and James J. Hogan. The following died: Edward Biles and Joseph Dewees; the following was missing: William Andrew. These men became Company G of the Sec- ond Indiana Regiment, and participated in the battle of Buena Vista. David C. Shanks was promoted to the Adjutancy of the regiment, and James A. Cravens, of Washington County, was Major. He spoke at the barbecue given the Salem Company on their return. William R. Had- don, of Sullivan County, was Lieutenant-Colonel. PUBLIC SENTIMENT IN 1861. In Washington County as well as in all the Northern States, especially those containing a large sprinkling of emigrants from the South, public opinion on the questions which divided the country in 1860-61 was undergoing a revolution, and necessarily there were all shades of political opinion. On the secession of the Southern States the Times (Huston and Trueblood, editors,) of January 3, 1861, said: " We are clearly of the opinion that a judicious firmness on the part of the Chief Executive at the outbreak of this disunion movement at the South would have done more toward quelling it than all the compromises, concessions or patriotic appeals that have been or can be made by our HISTORY OF WASHINGTON COUNTY. 797 wisest statesmen. * * He (the President) gave them an inch and they have taken a span. They have not been in the least checked in their traitorous movements, but have gained strength from the beginning. They see clearly that they are likely to meet with no resistance from the Federal power and they are doubly bold in executing their damning plans of disunion. It would be useless for us to attempt to express our opinion in regard to the cowardly course of the President — we fail to find words severe enough in the English language and therefore cannot do the subject justice. Poor old wretch — what can he promise himself while he is permitted to live on earth and when he knows in a few years at most he must go down to the grave 'unwept, unhonored and unsung ?' " The Democrat (Horace Heifren, editor,) of the same date said: "When Abe Lincoln and his abolition hordes or Republican allies undertake to compel our Southern brethren to surrender their rights and liberties, to compel them by fire and sword and at the cannon's mouth and bayonet's point, to give up their rights, then we become a private in the Southern Army, and do by them as LaFayette did by our fathers." These two quotations show the two extreme views, and between these were I'epre- sentatives of every shade. January 10, 1861, a Union meeting was held at the court house, the principal speakers being R. Boling, of Kentucky, T. M. Brown, of New Albany, and C. L. Dunham, each of whom spoke eloquently in favor of maintaining the Union. Later numerous similar meetings were held throughout the county. All, or nearly all, wanted the Union preserved. A very large and enthusiastic meeting was held at Livonia, January 26, the leading speakers being Rev. S. E. Barr, Hon. J. A. Cravens and others. A long series of resolutions was adopted urging that compromises should be used to prevent war or disunion. Another meeting was held at Little York, the speakers being R. Boling, John I. Morrison and Rev. A. Hubbard. J. M. Scifres presided. Reso- lutions asking for a compromise were adopted. February 16 a public meeting was held at Salem, on which occasion a series of resolutions was adopted, two of them being as follows: Resolved, That in view of the geographical position of the State of Indiana in the United States of America, her commercial, agricultural, mechanical and manufacturing interests being, as in our judgment we conceive them to be, interwoven and fostered chiefly by the South and Southern institutions, that a sepa- ration^therefrom would be fatal to the prosperity, glory and wealth of our beloved State. And that while we deprecate and deplore a separation'of our glorious Union and believe it to be our duty as well as our interest to do all that can be done to avert so fearful a calamity, yet if separation must and wiU come the line of sepa- tion must run north of us. Resolved, That we look with fear and horror upon any attempt cither of the State or Federal Government to compel us to take up arms against our Southern brethren, and while we regret to see this Government crumbling away and its found- ation broken \ip, yet we prefer that peaceable dissolution should take place rather than coercion, which is but another name for civil war, and when the time comes, if come it must, and we are compelled to choose between marching under the banner ^98 HISTORY OF WASHINGTON COUNTY. of coercion and the banner of a people fighting to preserve and retain their equal rights and liberties, we should be wanting in patriotism and oblivious to the exam- ;f ot the heroes and patriot sires of the Revolution should we do else than shoulder our arms and follow that flag upon whose ample folds is inscribed Liberty and Equal Rights to all against any and all opposers, come from where they may. This was the majority report of the meeting. Two minority reports were read, but their adoption was rejected. Public affairs were anxiously watched and every act was closely scru- tinized A large element in the county believed that Mr. Lincoln's administration was making a mistake in not crushing the Rebellion at the earliest moment and in the speediest manner. They misapprehended the design of Mr. Lincoln. They looked upon his hesitancy as a prac- tical acknowledgment that no way could be seen under the Constitution of a settlement of existing differences. They thought the administration weak vacillating and without that courage which accompanies con- viction. This view was taken, at first, by the Times, but was soon dis- pelled by the gigantic preparations for war on the part of the adminis- tration following the fall of Fort Sumter. THE FALL OF FORT SUMTER. The news of the fall of Fort Sumter occasioned great excitement in Washino-ton County, and within a week a company was raised and its service "tendered the Governor. S. D. Sayles, H. N. Atkisson, A. C. Trueblood and others were active in raising these men. A dispatch from Adjt -Gen. Wallace stated that the State quota was full, and that the company could not then be received, but should be kept in readiness for the first opening. At this time there were strong expressions from many prominent men of the county. One declared that he would rather fight under the palmetto flag of South Carolina than under the stars and stripes. Others declared that the administration was Constitutionally powerless to maintain the Union-that coercion could not be resorted to under the Constitution. The Times said: "The heart of every true lover of the Union is fired into a blaze of indignation at the attack on Fort Sumter and the insults offered to the star-spangled banner, the pride of the United States, and her true-hearted sons and daughters. Shall this glorious Union be destroyed, broken up, wiped out, by rebels who are rallying under a rattlesnake flag? is a question that rises in the mind of every patriot. Shall the American flag be insulted and trailed in the dust? Will Union men look quietly on and see the Capitol fall into the hands of traitors? Never! Never!" The same issue said: " The war excitement among our citizens has put a check to all kinds of business. The shrill notes of the fife, the reverberating sound of the drum, and the steady measured tread of the marching soldiers, are the order of the day and part of the night. Crowds of men assemble upon the sidewalk, and but one subject engages their attention, and that is HISTORY OF WASHINGTON COUNTY. 799 « war, and we rejoice to say that the Union sentiment grows stronger every day;" and also: " We are glad to see so many of our citizens interested in the formation of a Home Guard. This is right, for while our friends and relatives are gone to tight for our country, our people and property must be protected at home." The Democrat came out with the following editorial: " WAR BEGUN. " We give up as much room as we can to the war news of the day. The battle has begun, and God only knows when it will end. War with ' his grim visaged front, ' and all its attendant horrors is upon us. The Abolition party of the land are responsible for the calamity. They are the ones on whose heads should be visited the tierce furies of popular indignation. Abraham Lincoln has done the deed that all good men should regret. He has laid his impious hand upon the best Government man was ever blessed with. By his touch the Union crumbles to pieces. By his orders civil war is inaugurated; brother made to tight against brother; and he is but the embodiment of the party he leads. When such men as Seward and Chase and Wade and Giddings and Greeley con- trol the administration, what can we expect? " Lincoln, to all appearances an imbecile old ignoramus, is an instru- ment in the hands of bad men to destroy the Union. Everything he touches withers and crumbles away like the sensitive plant from the touch of mortal. Yet we have been told by these Republicans that there was no danger. The second Washington would make all right, and he told us nobody was hurt. Commerce is stagnated, industry is paralyzed, in short, everything is prostrated, and nobody is hurt. A great sage is this Lincoln! Now he imbrues his hands in the blood of his country- men, and calls for 75,000 Abolition cohorts to help him carry devastation and carnage among our Southern brethren; and Gov. Morton, the coward at heart, aids and abets him. Indiana is called upon for six regiments of volunteers, amounting to about (3,000 troops, to go South and fight the me^ whose ancestors came to the wilds of Indiana, and protected us from the tomahawk and scalping-knife. We are asked to forget Jo Daviess and his noble men, whose bones lie sleeping at Tippecanoe, where they gave up their lives to save our people. We are asked to fight the friends, relatives and neighbors of W^ashington, Henry, Jackson and Jefferson. We are bid by Abolition leaders to plunge the bayonet to the hearts of our best friends, and make carnage and distress on every hand and side. "Men of Washington County, will you do it? Will you imbrue your hands in the blood of your friends? Will you wage war iipon j'our kins- men ? No, you never will. Your hearts beat responsive to the ' rights of the South,' and of her heroic sons. You cannot be base enough to do 80 horrid and damnable an act. You could not degrade yourselves 800 HISTORY OF WASHINGTON COUNTY. by so ungrateful a course, and if you could, you would be deserving the scorn and contempt of the world; and should be held up as worse than Judas Iscariot. As for ourselves, we say openly and boldly, come life or death, come weal or woe, we never will raise our hands or pay one farth- ing to aid in the ungodly act of waging a war upon the Southern people, who demand their rights and nothing more. May our arm be palsied before we even attempt the act. We go a step further, and say we do not desire trouble in Indiana, and that we believe no one except hot-headed fools do, but we never want to see men musterinsr in old Washingrton to fight our friends, for we have no doubt serious trouble would be the consequence." DEPARTUKE OF THE FIRST COMPANY. Early in May (the 9th,) a dispatch was received from Indianapolis that the company of Capt. Sayles should proceed without delay to that city, and accordingly preparations were made to leave the next day. A large crowd assembled to see the boys off. They were escorted to the depot by the Salem Home Guards and the Silver Greys. Here they were drawn up in rank and were addressed by Messrs. May, Martin, Dunham and Heffren, in patriotic and eloquent speeches of good advice, and affec- tionate farewell. Capt. Sayles replied on behalf of the company. The occasion was sorrowful and impressive, and scores wept bitter tears for dear ones they never again expected to see. At last the train came, and the boys left amid the tears and clinging farewells of loved ones. At Indianapolis they remained until June 19, and were then mustered into the United States service for three years as Company G of the Thirteenth Regiment, with the following officers: Stephen D. Sayles, Captain; Horace N. Atkisson, First Lieutenant; E. M. Butler, Second Lieuten- ant. SKETCH OF THE THIRTEENTH REGIMENT. The Thirteenth Regiment was at first accepted for State service for one year, but later was one of the four regiments that first entered the United States service for three years, and was mustered in at Indianap- olis, June 19, 1861, with Col. J. C. Sullivan in command. On the 4th of July the regiment left Indianapolis and joined Gen-. McClellan's forces, near Rich Mountain, Va., on the 10th. The next day it fought in the battle of Rich Mountain, losing eight killed and nine wounded. On the 13th it moved to Beverly, thence to Cheat Mountain Pass, where it skirmished several times with the forces of Gen. Lee. It moved in the reconnoisance on Greenbrier, October 3, and from October 29 to Novem- ber 7 engaged in scouting expeditions. December 13 it fought at Alle- ghany under Gen. Milroy, and the 18th left Beverly and joined Gen. Lander at Green Spring Run, where it remained until spring, taking part in several expeditions. Early in March, 1862, it moved to Win- chester, then scouted to Strasburgh, thence returned to Winchester and HISTORY OF WASHINGTON COUNTY. 801 fought in the battle of Winchester Heights, March 22, losing six killed and 33 wounded. It pursued Jackson's army to New Market and Col- umbia Bridge. Early in May R. S. Foster became Colonel. May 7, at Summerville, the regiment lost in a skirmish 4 wounded and 24 prison- ers. It moved to Port Republic, thence to Luray, thence to Alexandria, thence by steamer, June 28, to Harrison's Landing, James River, arriv- ing July 2. August 15 it started for Fortress Monroe; thence, August 30, moved to Suffolk, on Nansemond River, where it remained nine months, marching during that time over 400 miles, and losing in numer- ous movements 2 killed, 19 wounded and 7 prisoners. The principal move- ments were reconnoisances to Black Water; battle of Deserted Farm, Jan- uary 30, 1863; action with Geu. Longstreet in April and May; and the destruction of forty miles of railroad track. In June C. J. Dobbs became Colonel. In various movements it reached White House, occupied Ports- mouth and Folly Island, remaining at the latter place several months, skirmishing at Morris Island, assaulting Fort Wagner September 7, and veteranizing in December at Folly Island. It then returned home on veteran furlough. February 23, 1864, it moved to Jacksonville, Fla., and April 17 moved on transports to Gloucester Point, Va. , thence ascended James River, landing at Bermuda Hundred May 5. It partic- ipated in the action at Wathal Junction May 7, Chester Station May 10, Foster's Farm May 20, losing in all about 200 men. It joined the Army of the Potomac June 1, fought at Cold Harbor June 3, and took active part in other movements until June 12; thence retiu-ned to White House; thence moved to Bermuda Hundred ; thence, June 15, assaulted the works of Petersburg; thence returned to Bermuda Hundi-ed June 17; June 19 the non- veterans left for home. The regiment charged the works of Petersburg after the mine explosion; then occupied the Federal trenches until September; then, September 15, fought at Strawberry Plains; at Chapin's Bluff: at Fort Gilmore, the 19th; and October 10, on the defenses at Richmond. In November it was sent to New York City to main- tain order; thence, December 3, moved to Fort Fisher, but returned to Chapin's Bluff the Slst. December 6, 1864, the regiment was formed into a battalion of live companies, but later was made a full regiment by the addition of five companies of drafted men. January 15, 1865, it engaged in the assault on Fort Fisher, and February 19 helped capture Fort Anderson. It occupied Wilmington February 22; thence moved to Raleigh, where it remained until July 20; thence moved to Goldsboro. September 5, 1865, it was mustered out and sent home, reaching Indian- apolis the 15th with 29 officers and 550 enlisted men. WAR AND MASS MEETINGS, In May, 1861, it was found that the war was likely to continue much longer than at first expected, and the rapid formation of militia com- 802 HISTORY OF WASHINGTON COUNTY. panies occurred in several places in the county. Saturday, May 18, John I. Morrison, Rev. Henry Wright, and others at South Boston, delivered war addresses, and a full company was raised v^^ith Jasper Rodman, Cap- tain, and Horace Gray, First Lieutenant. About this time also a cavalry company wsls formed and tw^o or three companies of Home Guards. An enormous Union meeting was held at Livonia, May 25, by the citizens of Washington and Orange Counties, W. R. Wible serving as Chairman and E. P. Huston, Secretary. Several thousand people vrere present, and intense loyalty and enthusiasm prevailed. A long series of loyal resolutions was adopted, one being as follows : " Resolved, That we approve of the vigorous but cautious steps taken as a last resort by the Government and Gen. Scott to check and put down the treasonable rebellion and re-establish its rightful claims, authority and supremacy over the places and property belonging to the United States and its legal jurisdiction within the seceded States." John I. Morrison spoke elo- quently for an hour, and was followed by Revs. McKaux, Barr and Hutchinson. It was the strongest Union meeting up to this time. June 1, another large loyal meeting was held at Kossuth Postoffice, Monroe Township. A combined pole of hickory and poplar was erected, up which was run the American flag amid repeated cheers. On the flag in large letters was the word "Union." The parties had united. John I. Morrison, Prof. James G. May, Thomas Tanner, and Messrs. Young, McRae and Glover were the speakers. June 8 a large meeting of the same kind was held at Flower's Gap, Polk Township A Union pole seventy feet high was erected, and a fine silk flag was run up by the ladies of the vicinity. John L Morrison spoke for an hour and a half. Early in June Capt. Sayles and Maj. HelTrea took to Indianapolis forty-three recruits for the company of the former. The news of the death of Stephen A. Douglas occasioned profound sorrow throughout the county. A very large Union meeting was held at Claysville, June 15, with William Hays, Chairman, and E. P. Huston, Secretary. John I. Morrison and James A. Cravens were the principal speakers. A tall Union pole was erected. Loyal vocal music was furnished by Mrs. M. Child, and Misses L. Child, M. Fox, E. Collier, L. Snodgrass and Alex- ander. Loyal resolutions were adopted. The county was thoroughly aroused at this time, and loyal meetings were held in almost every church and school house About the 1st of July a company was formed near Kansas School - house, Howard Township, with Jonah Green, Captain. At this time D. C. Thomas called for volunteers for three years or the war to report at the Wilson House. A company under Capt. E. W. Shanks was formed in Pierce Township about this time. At this time the Advocate (Morri- son and Huston, editors) deplored the fact of so many men leaving the county to enlist. The Fourth of July was celebrated at Salem and HISTORY OF WASHINGTON COUNTY. 803 other places. Prof. May delivered an eloquent and loyal address an hour and a half in length. Dr. J. B. Wilson read the Declaration of Independence. Two thousand people were present. A company had been formed before this at Martinsburg under Capt. "^oyles. A fine celebration of the Fourth was held in Franklin Township. July 11 aa enthusiastic Union meeting was held at Millersburg, Orange County. July 20, a large meeting was held at Martinsburg, Prof. May addressing the crowd. Capt. Voyles' company paraded. THE SECOND COMPANY FOR THE WAR. On the 27th of July, 1861, the second company for the war left the county, the officers being: Capt. Dewitt C. Thomas, and Lieuts. James T. Howell and T. F. Morrison. Hundreds of citizens assembled at the depot to see the boys off. Farewell speeches were delivered by Prof. May and John I. Morrison. Hundreds of citizens assembled at the depot to see the boys off. Farewell speeches were delivered by Prof. May and John I. Morrison. At times there was scarcely a dry eye in the audience. The company moved to Indianapolis, and was there made Company G, of the Eighteenth Regiment. Capt. Thomas was promoted t() the Majority of the regiment and the officers of the company became John W. Jones, Captain; James T. Howell, First Lieutenant; Theophilus F. Morrison, Second Lieutenant. Tne company was mustered in August 16, 1861. SKETCH OF THE EIGHTEENTH REGIMENT. The Eighteenth Regiment was at first commanded by Col. Thomas Pattison. August 17 it moved to St. Louis, thence participated in Fre- mont's movement on Springfield and on Otterville, thence assisted in cap- turing many prisoners at Black Water. In February it moved to Cross Hollows, thence to the battle-field of Pea Ridge, thence participated in the engagement near Leetown, March 6, where it recaptured the guns of the Peoria Artillery. The next day it fought near Elkhorn Tavern. April 6 it moved toward Helena, fighting at Cotton Plant on the way. It reached Sulphur Springs, Mo., about October 13, and remained on duty in this vicinity during the winter of 1862-63. In the spring of 1863 it joined Grant's Army, participated in the movement on Grand Gulf, fighting at Port Gibson, capturing a stand of colors and several pieces of artillery, fighting at Champion Hills May 15, and at Black River Bridge May 17. During the siege of Vicksburg it was actively engaged in one of the assaults, holding the Rebel works eight hours. After the surren- der the regiment moved to New Orleans, thence in the campaign u{) Teche River. November 12 it started for Texas; engaged in the capt- ure of Mustang Island the 17th, and in the attack on Fort Esparanza the 27th. January 1, 1864, the regiment veteranized, and returned home on furlough, but on the way assisted in defeating a Rebel force organized 804 HISTORY OF WASHINGTON COUNTY. to attack Baton Rouge. July 16 the regiment took the field again in Virginia, joining Butler's forces at Bermuda Hundred, and skirmishing several times near Deep Bottom. August 15 it was transferred to Wash- ington City, and August 19 joined Gen. Sheridan. September 19 it fought at Opequon, losing fifty-four killed and wounded; September 22, lost seven killed and wounded in the pursuit and defeat of Early; Octo- ber 19, lost fifty -one killed and wounded and thirty-five prisoners at Cedar Creek. In January, 1865, it moved to Savannah, where for three months it built fortifications. May 3 it moved to Augusta, Ga., but June 7 returned to Savannah. August 28, 1865, it was mustered out and sent home, reaching Indianapolis September 17. RECRUITING. Early in August about twenty men left Gibson Township, joining Com- pany H of the Twenty-second Regiment, raised at Lexington, Scott County. Messrs. Glover and Applegate recruited men early in August. Public mass meetings continued to be held throughout the county. Late in August (the 24th), in a large meeting held at Salem, the following resolution of many was adopted: '^Resolved, That after making due allowance for the necessities of public danger, we have been compelled to witness with pain and regret the unwarranted and impolitic exercise of power on the part of the present Administration, believing as we do that all acts of usurpation furnish most potent strength to the wicked and insane rebellion now so rife in the land." THE THIRD COMPANY FOR THE WAR. August 24 the third company for the war left the county. Its ofl&- cers were John B. Glover, Captain; Stephen C. Attkisson, First Lieu- tenant; James H. Low, Second Lieutenant, The men became Company D of the Thirty- eight Regiment, organized at Camp Noble, New Albany, and were mustered in September 18. A large crowd attended the Com- pany to the depot at Salem on the occasion of its departure. John I. Mor- rison delivered the farewell address, a speech singularly impressive, strong, eloquent and patriotic. Roger Martin followed him in a fine speech. The sketch of this regiment will be found elsewhere in this volume. ANOl-HER COMPANY FOR THE WAR. During September Mr. McCampbell bought horses in the county for cavalry. W. L. McKnight called for a company of cavalry. In Sep- tember, October and November various fragments of volunteers raised in the county were finally united and became Company C of the Fiftieth Regiment. Only about two-thirds of this company were from this county. The officers became: H. N. Attkisson, Captain ; Joseph L. Marsh, First Lieutenant ; Deloss Heffren, Second Lieutenant. They were mustered in at various times during the above mentioned months. HISTORY OF WASHINGTON COUNTY. 805 Later Attkisson was promoted Major and Lieutenant-Colonel. Dr. W. C. Flack, of Salem, was Regimental Surgeon later. Horace Hefifren was Lieutenant-Colonel about nine months in 1861-62. Cyrus L. Dunham was Colonel. SKETCH OF THE FIFTIETH REGIMENT. The Fiftieth Regiment was raised at Seymour, December 25. It moved from New Albany to Bai'dstown, Ky. , and later to Bowling Green, and soon afterward took position as guard along the Louisville & Nash- ville Railroad. August 20, 1862, Captain Attkisson, with twenty men in a stockade near Edgefield Junction, was attacked by 1,000 men under John Morgan, and repulsed them three sviccessive times in three hours' sharp lighting, killing eight and wounding eighteen. In September the regi- ment moved to Munfordville, and here on the 14th fell into the enemy's hands. The men were paroled, returned to Indiana, and November 1 were exchanged, and on the 10th reached Jackson. Tenn. December 31 it fought all day at Parker's Cross Roads, Ky., capturing 500 prisoners and seven pieces of artillery. It remained near Jackson during the winter of 1862-63, and in the spring moved to CoUierville, thence to Memphis, thence to Little Rock, Ark., where it engaged the enemy, thence in September, 1863, to Lewisburg, where it remained on garrison duty until May 17, 1864. March 2,350 of the regiment veteranized. On "the Camden expedition it fought at Terre Noir, April 2 ; Prairie Leon, April 10; Red Mound, April 17; Camden, April 17, and Sabine River, April 30. In August it took return furlough and returned to Little Rock and did garrison duty three months. In December the non-veterans were mustered out, and the .remainder — about 450 — were consolidated into a battalion of five companies. Early in January, 1865, it moved on the Sabine River expedition, and in February moved down to Mobile, where it participated in the siege of Spanish Fort; the capture of Mobile, April 10; skirmished at Whistler's Station, April 11, and May 26 was consolidated with the Fifty-second Regiment. It was mus- terered out at Montgomery, Ala., September, 10, 1865. During the winter of 1861-62 but few men left the county for the war. The citizens anxiously watched and waited. As the news of the battles of Millsprings, Fort Donelson, Pittsburg Landing, etc., reached the county, the Union successes were applauded and hope gave place to gloom. During the spring aid societies were organized in the county. About the first of June, 1862, a call was made for a company for the three months' service by J. H. Redtield, L. S. Hopkins, E. M. Butler and Henry Corthum. The Fourth of July was celebrated in five or six places in the county. CAPTAIN REDFIELd's COMPANY. Under the call of July 2, 1862, for 300,000 men, the county began to stir herself. The Advocate and Banner of Liberty came out vigorously 806 HISTORY OF WASHINGTON COUNTY. for volunteers. By the 16th of July Capt. J. H. Kedlield and others had raised a full company for the reorganized Sixteenth Regiment. On the 22d of July the company was presented with a beautiful flag by Miss Sallie J. Raybill on behalf of the ladies of New Philadelphia. L. W. Jamison replied on behalf of the company, and three rousing cheers were given for the fair donors. Soon after this the company joined its regiment, its officers being James H. Redfield, Captain; Cyrus Raybill, First Lieutenant; John N. Thompson, Second Lieutenant. It became Company B and was mustered August 18. SKETCH OF THE SIXTEENTH REGIMENT. The Sixteenth Regiment, reorganized May 27, 1862, was mustered in August 19, 1862, with Col. T. J. Lucas in command, and on that day left for Kentucky to assist in repelling Kirby Smith. August 30 it fought at Richmond, Ky., losing the appalling number of 200 men killed and wounded and 600 prisoners. The prisoners were paroled and sent to Indianapolis, and were exchanged November 1. November 20 it moved to Cairo, thence to Memphis, and December 1 down the river on the Vicksburg campaign, marching on the way sixty-five miles in thirty-six hours, cutting the Texas & Shreveport Railroad at Dallas, swimming two bayous, destroying ten miles of railroad, and burning $1,000,000 worth of rebel cotton. January 1, 1863, it fought at Chickasaw Bayou, and January 10 reached Arkansas Post and skirmished with the enemy. On the following day it fought there gallantly, losing seventy-seven men killed and wounded, and was the first to plant its colors on the fort. Later in January it woi-ked on the canal at Young's Point. April 14 it moved from Milliken's Bend to Smith's plantation; thence moved to Per- kins's plantation, thence to Hard Times Landing; thence moved below Grand Gulf and encamped. April 30 it moved to Bruinsburg; thence moved toward Port Gibson. May 1 it engaged the enemy late in the day, and May 2 moved into Port Gibson. May 16 it skirmished near Edward's Station, and later fought at Black River Bridge. May 19 it entered the trenches before Vicksburg. May 22 it was hotly engaged for nearly ten continuous hours, often within a few feet of the enemy's works. During the siege it lost sixty men killed and wounded. It pai'- ticipated in the Jackson movement, then returned to Vicksburg, then moved to New Orleans, where it was mounted. It guarded numerous points, joined the expedition in October ap Bayou Teche, skirmishing continually until January 2, 1864, then returned to New Orleans. It was then refitted and remounted, and theo moved with Gen. Banks up Red River, participating in this expedition in sixteen engagements. It then did outpost duty until mustered out June 30, 1865. It was trans- ferred to the Thirteenth Indiana Cavalry early in 1865. Indianapolis was reached July 10. The recruits with unexpired terms were transferred to the Thirteenth Cavalry. HISTORY OF WASHINGTON COUNTY. 807 OTHER EVENTS AND WAR COMPANIES. On Saturday, the 2d of August, 1862, an enormous war meeting was held on the fair ground, east of Salem, 5,000 people being present. Eev. Henry Wright was Chairman for the occasion. James A. Cravens deliv- ered a long speech before basket dinner was served, taking the position of vigorously prosecuting the war. After dinner Col. Roger Martin took the stand and made a thrilling and thoroughly loyal address of an hour's length. He was followed by H. S. McRae, Esq. A series of patriotic resolutions introduced by J. H. Butler was adopted. A subscription of $118.50 was raised for soldiers' families. The enlistment of men rapidly continued under hard work and threats of the draft. A company of 107 men raised in the county under Capt. J. N. Rodman was the first in camp early in August for the Sixty-sixth Regiment, and thus won a prize of |400. The officers were: Jasper N. Rodman, Captain; Samuel P. Reid, First Lieutenant; William H. Peters, Second Lieutenant. It became Company B. About the same time another company raised at Saltillo left and became Company A of the Sixty sixth, with the fol- lowing officers: John F. Baird, Captain; Charles H. Cornwell, First Lieutenant; Archibald Baxter, Second Lieutenant. Company F of the Sixty-sixth Regiment was also raised in the vicinity of Little York, and officered as follows: Alfred Morris, Captain; Chester P. Davis, First Lieutenant; George R. Davis, Second Lieutenant. Company H of the same regiment was also almost wholly from Fredericksburg and vicinity, and was officered as follows: James D. McPheeters, Captain; William N. Bringle, First Lieutenant; David Simpson, Second Lieutenant. Com- pany K of this regiment contained about fifteen men from the county. In all, there were in the Sixty sixth, from W ashington County about four complete companies. The sketch of the Sixty-sixth Regiment will be found in Part III of this volume. Dr. D. W. Voyles served as Assistant Surgeon and Surgeon, Dr. J. R. Bare the same, and Dr. S. F. Martin as Assistant Surgeon, of the regiment. Roger Martin went out as Lieu- tenant-Colonel, and in March, 1864, was made Colonel. CAPT, BANTA's company. Early in August, 1862, a company was raised in the county for the Fifth Cavalry (Ninetieth Regiment). The men became Company E, and were officered as follows: James P. Banta, Captain; William H. Ward, First Lieutenant; William M. Coffin, Second Lieutenant. The company was mustered in Augiist 18. In 1864 John S. Logan was Reg- imental Quartermaster. The companies were at first variously distrib- uted in Indiana, Company E, in December, 1862, being placed at Can- nelton. In February several moved to Glasgow, Ky. It scouted for some time and encountered the enemy April 18 and 19. It burned Celina, Tenn., and skirmished and scouted, and early in July joined in the pur 808 HISTORY OF WASHINGTON COUNTY. suit of Gea. Morgan. July 19 it headed Morgan's forces at Buffington Island, killing and capturing many. It then moved back to Kentucky, camping at Glasgow. Late in August it moved to Knoxville; thence on the Smoky Mountain expedition: did post duty at Greenville, encounter- ing the enemy on picket; skirmished on the Bristol expedition; fought two hours near Zollicoflfer, and briskly near Blountsville; fought 3^000 rebels October 11, near Henderson's Hill, and was forced back, fighting hotly hand to hand, losing and killing many, and finally cut its way out; renewed the fight near Bheat own; fought again desperately near Blounts- ville October 14; did post duty at Jonesboro and elsewhere and took part in many movements; fought the evening of November 30 and all Decem- ber 1, near Maynardville; fought nearly all the next day while falling back; fought December 14 and 15 desperately hand to hand near Bean Station; skirmished often near Mossy Creek; fought at Dandridge Jan- uary 17, charging on foot three-fourths of a mile, forcing back the enemy and in turn falling back, retreating during the night; January 26 scouted on foot to Pigeon Creek, thence moved to Cumberland Gap. and February 26 to Mount Sterling. Here it was remounted and refitted. It then in May joined Stoneman in Georgia. On the Atlanta campaign it was actively engaged almost every day. July 30 it fought near Macon; then destroyed railroads and stores. July 31 fought near Hills- boro, and was left on the field to check the enemy while the remainder of the Federal forces escaped, and was thus captured, under the protest of Col. Butler. Early in 1865 it located at and near Pulaski, Tenn., where it skii-mished with bushwhackers and did guard duty, and was finally mus- tered out June 16, 1865. The regiment fought in twenty-two battles and skirmishes, marched 2,400 miles, moved 1,000 miles by water, cap- tured 640 prisoners, lost thirty-four killed in action, thirteen by wounds, 115 in rebel prisons, seventy -four in hospitals, seventy-two wounded in action, 497 captured by the enemy, six officers wounded, one killed, sev- enteen taken prisoners; total casualties 829. THE DBAPT OF OCTOBEB, 1862. On the 19th of September the total county militia enrolled was 2,352, total volunteers 1,339, total exempt 493, total opposed to bearing arms 35, total volunteers in the service 1,272, total subject to draft 1,824. The enlistment of men continued until the last day, but the county could not wholly escape the draft of October 6, 1862. J ames T. Campbell was Draft Commissioner; James F. Cutshaw, Provost Marshal ; E. S. Crozier, Surgeon. Twelve men were drafted in Pierce Township and four in Polk — in all sixteen men. This brought the county up to all her former quotas. After the draft the county settled down again to watching and waiting. HISTORY OF WASHINGTON COUNTY. 809 ULTRA POLITICAL VIEWS. During the winter of 1862-63, the Democrat (Horace Heflfren, edi- tor), was extremely bitter and ultra on the questions growing out of the war. The issue of January 1, 1863, said: "This is the day Abraham Lincoln is to proclaim all the negroes free in the rebellious States. Such an act is a violation of the Constitution, without warrant or form of law. Will the American people always submit to tyrants? Will they become base hirelings? Will they become slaves of a more than dictator? Will they long continue to tamely be insulted and mocked at? Will they not send forth a mighty shout against the act and deed?" In the next issue the course of the President in proclaiming the slaves free was denounced in the severest terms. The .paper took the position at this time for a vigorous prosecution of the war for the quelling of the Rebellion and the maintenance of the Union, but bitterly denounced the Emancipation Proclamation as wholly unwarranted under the Con- stitution. It also took the position that the prosecution of the war as far as it related to freeing the slaves, should receive no countenance or support. At a mass meeting held at Salem, January 31, 1863, a series of resolutions based on these facts was adopted. One was as follows: Resolved. That we denounce and condemn the proclamation of the President in taking negroes as soldiers or marines, and that the present bill before Congress which makes negroes Brigadier or Major-Generals, and allows them, to command white soldiers is a damnable act of abolitionism, a disgrace to humanity and the age in which we live, and if such act does become a law that we favor the instant recall of Indiana's 100,000 soldiers, that they may return to the pursuits in which they were heretofore engaged instead of being made the associates of negroes or commanded by them. During February and March several military officers with search war- rants visited the county under the impression that ?guns and ammunition were being accumulated at certain points, but made no important. discov- eries. A citizen of the county was arrested at New Albany while pur- chasing some pistols, but released upon $1,000 bail. Several murders occurred doubtless caused by war questions. OTHER WAR MATTERS. Early in June the following enrolling officers for the county were appointed: Gibson Township, Hezekiah Thomas; Monroe, Norval Peugh; Jefferson, R. L. Brown; Brown, R. A. Campbell; Vernon, S. S. Rubison; Washington, B. F. Huston and James F, Manley; Franklin, Hemy Wright; Polk, Richard Newlin; Pierce, T. H. B. Baker; Howafd, John Grubb; Madison, James A. McPheeters; Posey, Charles Mitten; Jackson, Robert Strain. The enrollment was conducted without excitement or much opposition. Col. Dunham delivered several speeches in the county about this time strongly favoring a continuance of the war. He did much good. June 22, great excitement was caused at Salem by the 810 HISTORY OF WASHINGTON COUNTY. report that 900 Eebel cavalry had crossed the Ohio River and were marching north to plunder Salem. Four hundred men armed in the best manner possible gathered on the public square, and 500 collected at Hardinsburg, and strong squads assembled in many other places to pro- tect life and property. The reports were soon disproved. A little later Capt. Hinds, with a company of Eebels, visited the southwestern part of the county, stealing a few horses and creating much excitement, but otherwise doing little damage. Many of the citizens pursued them to the Ohio River, and assisted in their capture. THE RAID OF GENERAL MORGAN. On the 10th of July, 1863, Salem and Washington County were visited by the Rebel Gen. Morgan with a force of about 4,000 men. So rapid was their approach from the southwest, that they were on the hills south of town before their presence was made known. The few Home Guards skedaddled. Capt. Jones, of Morgan's van guard, halted at the creek south of Salem, displayed a flag of truce, and waited fifteen minutes, when he was met by a delegation of citizens carrying a flag of truce. He demanded the surrender of the town, and asked if resistance was intende'd, and then, finding the way clear, ordered his men to advance. He promised to respect private property except such as was absolutely needed. They immediately took complete possession of the town, placing guards over the stores and streets. Quite a number of Home Guards were captui-ed, and several were compelled to take the oath of parole at the court house. The town was thoroughly plundered. They burned the depot, three box cars and contents, one passenger car, the railroad bridge on each side of Salem and the Blue River bridge, cut the telegraph wires and levied a contribution of $1,000 on each of the two flouring-mills owned by Smith & Knight and Mr. DePauw, and on the woolen factory of Allen, Berkey & Co. The enemy had three rifled 24-pound parrots, two 12-pound howit zers, two caissons, and fifteen rounds of ammunition. The following were the approximate losses made at the time : J. C. Mitchell & Co., $2,000; Dawson Lyon, $1,750; J. J. Hungate, $1,500; R. L. Mitchell, $1,200; D. W. Peck & Co., $1,000; Berkey & Clark, $1,000; Berkey & Son, $1,000; S. Drone, $800; H. D. Henderson, $700; G. Siering, $600; W. H. Burress, $500; Richard Clark, $400; E. T. Telle, $400; Delos Heffren, $300; W. J. Johnson & Co., $250; D. F. Duckwali, $250; John McKinney, $200; S. D. Sayles, $150; P. Kreainer,$135; E. Bawser, $190; and others to the amount of $305. Total loss, $14,540. This was the loss upon the stores, mills, etc., of the town. Besides this, in their prog- ress through the county, they probably stole 500 good horses, leaving worthless ones in their places. They entered the town about 9 o'clock and remained until 3 P. M., and then left, passing through Canton and New Philadelphia. Morgan occupied a room at the Persise House, now HISTORY OF WASHINGTON COUNTY. 811 the Hungate House. John H. Wible of Livonia was killed by them, and Henry Hoar and Joshua Bottorflf were wounded. Prof. May and others were shot at, but managed to escape injury. At Pekin one rebel was killed five wounded and nineteen captured. While on the march they spread out over the country, creating destruction as they went. Much more in detail might be said and many laughable anecdotes told, but this will sufiSce. THE COMPANY OF MINUTE MEN. Early in July, under the call for volunteers to repel Gen. Morgan, thirteen regiments and one battalion wex*e organized in the State. One full company was raised at Campbellsburg, the officera being: George R. Carr, Captain; Samuel Hays, First Lieutenant; Henry A. Smith, Second Lieutenant. These men became Company C of the One Hundred and Twelfth Eegiment, and were mustered in July 9, and mustered out July 17. The regiment, under Col. H. F. Braxtan, moved to Mitchell, thence to Seymour, thence to Summan's Station, thence to Indianapolis, where it left the service. THE SIX months' COMPANY. In July and August, under the call for six months' men, the county furnished a company officered as follows: Stephen D. Sayles, Captain; David B. Vance, First Lieutenant; John R. Freed, Second Lieutenant. Sayles was promoted to the Lieutenant- Colonelcy, and Vance became Captain in September. The men became Company G of the One Hun- dred and Seventeenth Regiment, and were mustered in August 12. Sep- tember 17 the regiment left Indianapolis for Kentucky, encamping at Nicholasville, but moved to Cumberland Gap October 3, and a few days later to Greenville, Tenn. It moved to Bean Station, thence to Clinch Gap, where it met the enemy in large numbers, and by skillful move- ments retreated during the night to Bean Station. It then moved to Cumberland Gap, thence to Tazewell, thence to Knoxville, thence late in December to Strawberry Plains, thence in January, 1864. to Maynards- ville. thence to Cumberland Gap, thence home. The regiment suffered severely daring the winter, marching often without shoes and living on quarter rations. It reached Indianapolis February 6, and was soon dis- charged. SUNDRY ITEMS OF INTEREST. ' Under the call of October 17, 1863, the county began to stir herself in November, her quota being 207. A County Recruiting Committee — Dr. H. D. Henderson, John H. Butler and Dennis M. McMahan — was appointed, and this Committee appointed the following associates: Gib- son Township, Henry Thomas; Monroe, G. A. Smith; Jefferson, E. S. Shields; Brown, F. D. Badger; Vernon, T. D. Voyles; Washington, Emanuel Zink; Franklin, E. W. Cadwell; Polk, J. A. Bowman, Pierce, E. W. Shanks; Howard, W. A. Lowrey; Madison, H.J. Mobrey; Posey, 51 812 HISTORY OF WASHINGTON COUNTY. Charles Mitton; Jackson, Dr. W. Bright. P. J. Green called for recruits for the Sixty-sixth Regiment. November 19 a deserter was arrested in Vernon Township. Sergt. Walker called for recruits for the Thirteenth Regiment. In January, 1864, a riot occurred at Plattsburg over the wearing and snatching ofif of butternut breastpins. During the winter many veterans came home and were warmly welcomed, but many others did not; they were lying buried in the South — martyrs of the slave- holder's rebellion. About twenty recruits were sent to the Thirty-eighth Regiment in January, February and March, 1864. About the same number were sent to the Sixty-sixth. About ten joined the Fifth Cav- alry. Twenty-five or thirty others joined various regiments. The spring of 1864 passed without event. In June, at a mass meeting in Salem, a fight occurred over the wearing of butternut breastpins, during which several persons were seriously injured. It was evident at this time that the disloyal element was arming and drilling. Secret societies and con- ferences could be seen meeting weekly. It was rumored that Salem was to be laid in ashes, and that several of her citizens were to be hung or shot. An uneasy feeling took possession of the county. Crime became common and escaped the law. Time passed, and at last the worst fears of the citizens were found to have been based upon substantial causes. A large element of the county had been organized to oppose the war and to resist the law. The prompt action of the authorities early in the fall of 1864 alone prevented serious consequences of disorder and law- lessness. MILITARY ARRESTS. Early in October, 1864, Horace Hefiren was arrested under the orders of Gen. Hovey, taken to Indianapolis and placed in the guard house of the Soldiers' Home. A military commission consisting of Colonels W. E. McLean, J. T. Wilder, T. J. Lucas, C. D. Murray, Benj- Spooner, R. P. De Hart, A. E. Stephens and Gen. Silas Colgrove, was appointed to try him and others arrested on a like charge. During a long trial, where many witnesses were examined, several were convicted of treason, but Heffren turned State's evidence, aaaking full confession of his connection with the Sons of Liberty. When it came his turn to be tried, he was acquitted and sent home. Dr. James B. Wilson was arrested on the same charge, as the trial progressed, but upon his con- fession he was likewise released. THE ENLISTMENT IN 1864. But little was done during the fall of 1864 to clear the county quota under the call of July 18 for 500,000 men. During the spring and sum- mer recruits kept slowly going to the field. In November twelve recruits left for the Sixteenth Regiment. Men in small squads joined many different regiments, aggregating several hundred. The veterans were HISTORY OF WASHINGTON COUNTY. 813 credited to the county. By the Slst of December, 1864, the county was officially credited with the following tabular statement: 1 .a ^ 1 r?l t3 3 ^ H H H M Gibson 35 10 35 60 47 13 1 61 59 1 Monroe 20 8 33 50 32 1 16 49 27 22 1 Jefferson 31 13 33 76 53 1 35 78 39 39 2 Brown 26 10 30 66 41 18 11 70 18 1 51 4 Vernon 18 7 31 46 27 3 14 44 19 1 24 2 Washington. . . 79 33 83 194 125 52 33 199 28 .. . . 171 5 Franklin 80 13 31 73 54 13 7 73 15 58 Polk 31 35 8 10 23 29 53 64 44 52 3 1 5 16 53 69 13 38 "i 40 40 Pierce 5 Howard 24 10 26 60 43 1 20 64 35 39 4 Madison 16 6 19 41 19 9 13 41 14 37 Posey 9,9, 9 9.4. 55 86 4 16 56 27 39 1 Jackson 16 7 17 40 25 4 11 40 16 1 33 Totals 353 141 383 877 597 133 177 896 280 4 613 3 22 THE ONE HUNDRED AND FORTY -FOUETH REGIMENT. Under the last call of the war, December 19, 1864, for 300,000 men, great efforts were made to escape the draft. The heavy draft of Octo- ber, 1864, had met with disfavor, and it was determined if possible to avoid another. January 14, 1865, the County Board offered 1325 to each volunteer under the call who should be credited to the county. The quota under the call was 244, but this had been much reduced by previ- ous enlistments and by the surplus credited to the county. The county recruiting officers were: J. A. Ghormley, B. F. Nicholson, T. J. Men- augh and J. A. Redfield. Bonds were issued, and money was raised by subscription. Quite heavy local bounty was also offered. It was seen that the Rebellion was tottering, and a last effort and a strong one was made. G. W. Smith called for recruits. Twenty-two men were sent to Corn- pay A, of the One Hundred and Forty-fourth Regiment; seven to Com- pany B; all of Company C; twenty-six to Company F, and about a dozen to other companies. The officers of Company C were: Stephen C. Attkisson, Captain; George W, Smith, First Lieutenant; Oliver Stanley, Second Lieutenant. Phillip L. Davis was Lieutenant in Company B. The officers of Company F were: Jonathan Peters, Captain; David Alspaugh, First Lieutenant; P. D. Neal, Second Lieutenant. The men were mustered in in January and February, 1855. March 9, the regiment left Indianapolis and reached Harper's Ferry, Va., the 13th. Thence it moved to Halltown; thence to Charlestown, Winchester, Stevenson 814 HISTORY OF WASHINGTON COUNTY. Depot and Opequan Creek engaged in guard duty until August 5, when it was mustered out. It reached Indianapolis August 9. Under the last call of the war the county was credited by the authorities April 14, 1865, when all eflforts to raise men were abandoned, with the follow- ing: ca a o a a o u (V M Quota under call of De- cember 19, 1864. Total of quotas and defi- ciencies. Credits by voluntary enlistments. u i a .■sa a o 2 C3 o S C3 Townships. -2 u o 1 ca a 2 > CO S 9 m Gibson 151 85 109 111 73 468 128 81 111 91 90 87 56 14 21 24 11 15 57 13 10 17 20 14 18 10 14 21 24 11 15 57 13 10 17 20 14 18 10 18 21 16 11 13 51 12 9 17 20 14 16 9 "i" 1 1 8 1 3 5 1 1 19 22 24 12 16 57 13 10 17 20 14 19 10 19 22 23 11 15 51 13 9 17 20 14 18 10 5 Monroe 1 Jefferson "i" 1 1 6 Brown 1 Vernon 1 Washinsrton Franklin Polk 1 Pierce Howard Madison Posev • • • • 3 1 1 1 Jackson Total 1640 244 244 227 1 25 253 242 2 9 9 SUMMABY OF MEN FURNISHED. September 19, 1862, the county was credited with having furnished 1,339 volunteers. Under the June call, 1863, it furnished a company for six months — 100 men. It furnished its quota — 207 men — under the October call, 1863. During the year 1864, as will be seen by the first of the above tables, it was credited with having furnished 896 men by enlistment and draft, and under the last call of the war December 19, 1865, it was credited with 253 men and a surplus of 9. Adding these numbers it is shown that' the total credits of the county during the war were 2,804 men. This is a splendid showing. BOUNTY AND RELIEF. The county paid $100,000 bounty, and the townships $70,000; total bounty, $170,000. The county furnished $22,000 relief, and the town- ships $9,500; total relief, $31,500. Total bounty and relief, $201,500. ladies' and soldiers' aid SOCIETIES. The first recorded aid furnished was in November, 1861, when two large boxes of socks, blankets, quilts, shirts, drawers, handkerchiefs, pants, gloves, mittens, wines, etc., to the value of over $100, were sent to the county boys in West Virginia. Besides this $56 in money was sent for their use. A week or two later two larger boxes packed with $150 HISTORY OF WASHINGTON COUNTY. 815 worth of the same articles were sent to the boys in Missouri. There was also Bent $33 in money. At this time also one large box was sent to the boys of the Thirty-eighth Regiment in Kentucky. At this time not less than 1400 in money and supplies was thus utilized, to say nothing of the help given to soldiers' families at home. The good work continued all winter. In April, 1862, the ladies of Salem organized by electing Mrs. G. Knight, President; Mrs. Dawson Lyon, Secretary; Miss A. Wilson, Assistant Secretary; Mrs. John H. Butler and Mrs. Elizabeth Butler, Treasurers. At this time several large boxes of hospital supplies — lints, bandages, linens, wines, fruits canned, and delicacies — were sent to the wounded of Pittsburgh Landing, Shiloh, etc. The ladies of New Phila- delphia sent oflf at this time a large box of the same supplies, as did doubtless many other portions of the county. In a short time the society was abandoned, but was revived in subsequent cold months. In January, 1865, there was raised for the soldiers' families of Salem $151.75, which was spent for meat, potatoes, Hour, wood, etc. Much more might be said if records had been kept. MINGLED JOY AND SORROW. Early in April, 1865, came the news of the evacuation of Richmond, the flight of the Rebel Army, the surrender of Gen. Lee, and the surren- der of Gen. Johnson, all creating in the county intense joy. People were overcome with the glorious news. Nothing was done but to meet and congratulate and hold public meetings to voice the universal and overpowering happiness. In the midst of all this came the di-eadful news that President Lincoln had been assassinated. The revulsion in public feeling was sickening. Many a man and woman had learned to love the name of Abraham Lincoln. He had led them through four long years of darkness and death, had been, the cloud by day and pillar of fire by night through all the starless gloom of war, and now when the national heart was surging with boundless joy, and every knee was bent and every eye filled in grateful thanksgiving, to have the beloved Lincoln cut down, was indeed bitter and hard to bear. Scores wept as if they had lost their nearest friend. It was weeks before the people recovered from the stroke. Appropriate memorial services were held in the Chris- tian Church on Wednesday, April 19, a large crowd being present. The building was tastefully draped, as was also the whole town. A large silk flag hung on the left of the pulpit, twined with crape and evergreen sprigs; and over and around the pulpit were back-grounds of white draped with the sable trappings of death. Eulogies on the martyred President were delivered by Revs. H. R. Naylor and I. I. St. John. 8.16 HISTORY OF WASHINGTON COUNTY, CHAPTER VIII. BY PROF. JAMES 0. MAY. Keligious History— The Blue River Free-Will Baptist Church— Sluder's Meeting-House— The Church of Christ, or Christian Church— The Eoman Catholics— The Friends or Quakers— Their Efforts Among the Indians— Their Division — The Highland Creek Meeting— Interesting Extracts— The Mount Pleasant Church— The Regular Baptists— The Presbyterians— The Cov- enanters—The Lutherans— The United Brethren— The Method- ists—Statistics. SOME of the early church organizations in Washington are either dissolved or have been absorbed by other denominations. As early as 1810 there was an organization four miles south of Salem, in what is now Washington Township, called Blue River Separate or Free-Will Baptist Church. Under the original title this church maintained organ- ization for twenty- six years. At the March meeting, 1836, it was agreed " to have and keep a new church record or memorial of the names of all the Elders and brethren belonging to this branch or body." " Church of Christ" was the name adopted. Some of the prominent members of the original organization were: Amos Wright, Sr., John Wright, Philbert Wright, Peter Wright, William Wright and many others. There is a peculiarity in the records of this venerable church that merits special mention. The ministers bear the scriptural title of Elder. The church record runs thus: Elders, John Wright and Nancy, his wife, Oacob Wright and Rachel, his wife; Deacons, Rhinehart Ratts and Susannah Ratts, his wife, Philbert Wright and Elizabeth Wright, his wife, Jordan Johnson and Lavina Johnson, his wife. Also among the Elders the name of Jordan Johnson appears; also, Amos Wright, Jr., and Jane, his wife, Amos Wright, Sr., and Margaret, his wife. Three of the pioneer preachers of this ancient organization were Amos Wright, Sr., John Wright and Peter Wright. Seventy -four years have gone by since these men first preached to that people. Preachers and people, with perhaps one single exception, are all gone. That exception is Evans Wright, now called very old. These old settlers were excellent people. Elder Jacob Wright was the son of Elder John Wright. Look- ing on the third, fourth and fifth generations of these persons the thoughtful are ready to exclaim: " Surely, the footsteps of the good are ordered by the Lord." In a new meeting-house the reorganized body is still an active, influential church. As of yore, it nurtures good men and women. HISTORY OF WASHINGTON COUNTY. 817 sluder's meeting-house. Another branch of the Separate, or Free-Will Baptist Church was organized perhaps in 1821, about four miles northwest of Salem. The place of organization was called Sluder's Meeting-house. Without the church record the names of the officers and members cannot be given. Tradition says that Henry Sluder and John Carter were the leading members. For many years the chuich has been disbanded. THE CHRISTIAN CHURCH. Of the "Church of Christ," Dr. Bryant, in his article for the Centen- nial Democrat, says: "There are (in 1876) about twenty congregations in the county. There is also quite a number of preachers among the brethren in the county, viz: Enoch Parr, John Mavity, William Fi*antz, Peter Caiable, Aaron Hubbard, Allen Philputt, Elders Rudder and Tur- ner." Since his article was written, John Martin and Aaron Hubbard are both deceased, and Allen Philputt has become a pastor of a church at Bloomington. James M. Philputt is tilling the position at Salem occu- pied by his brother Allen. Col. Heffren, in his Centennial article says that "The Christian Church was organized in 1849, with Jacob Wright as pastor. The active male membership are: Jonas B. Berkey, Joel S. Denny, William M. Clark, Absalom L. Martin, John B. Clark, Newton Zink, and J. B. Neal, and others. James M. Philputt is the present minister. He is a young man of much promise. The present membership is 233. This church has a commodious house of worship, neatly fitted up. This is said to have been erected in 1850. Connected with the church is a well sustained Sabbath-school. In Washington County the Christian Churcji is a large, influential denomination, having twenty-two society organizations. At Martins- burg an influential organization of this order has been sustained many years. Martinsburg is in Jackson Township The church was organized as early as 1830, and a commodious house of worship was erected and comfortably furnished soon thereafter. The early and prominent minis- ters were: Absalom Little, Thompson Little, Richard Lane, John Mavity, William Frantz and Mr. Collins. In 1884 this chiu-ch reported 127 members in regular standing. Big Spring, in Pierce Township, has a membership of 120. In this church the leading members are: Anderson Martin, J. B. Markland, Nelson Markland, George C. Crim, William Watts, W. S. Crim, Enos Turner and others. The character of such members of church invariably gives tone to the whole community. Kan- sas, in Howard Township, has a commodious house of worship, with an acceptable membership of 175. This church contains such men as John W, Hall, Beuford Hall, Paul Newby, John M. Sherwood, Elder James Rudder, and others equally worthy. Mt. Tabor, in Vernon Township, numbers 175 members in good standing. William Standish, Levi Stand- 818 HISTORY OF WASHINGTON COUNTY. V ish, Nelson Stephenson, Benjamin Stephenson, Peter Chastain, Elder A. Gordon are prominent members of Mt. Tabor. Campbellsburg Church, in Brown Township, has a commodious, neat, and well-furnished house of worship, with a membership of 150. Among the members of this church are such worthy citizens as Nicholas Naugle, Christian Prow, Simeon Pollard, James Hubbard, and others. The men and women of this church would be an honor to any community. Fort Hill, in Washington Town- ship, has a good house of worship, and reports 65 members in fellow- ship. The leading members of Fort Hill are Josiah Johnson, Edward Johnson, Adam Mitchell, Samuel H. Mitchell, James Brewer, Hiram Mitchell, James Rudder and others. Walnut Grove in the northwest part of the county is a flourishing church, having 106 members. South Liberty has fifty active members. The chief male members are: Levi D. Martin, David Shepherd, James Shepherd, Ransom Wright, William Coleman, Elder William Frantz, and others. College Hill in Pierce Township has seventy-five members, of whom David Motsinger, Washington Newland, Robert Elrod, Lemon Baker, John Tash and Wes- ley Hartley are active members. Cross Roads in Franklin Township con- tains ninety-two communicants. At Fredericksburg a church building was recently erected and a church organized, but the leading members and num- ber have not been ascertained. The date of the organization of the church at Prowsville, the number of members and the names of the active member- ship have not been ascertained. W. E. Johnson, Secretary of the county meeting, has submitted the following: number of organizations in the county, 22; number of church edifices in the county, 21; number of male members, 900; number of female members, 1,300; total, 2,200; number admitted to full membership during the year, 300; value of church property, $15,0t)0; amount paid ministers' salaries, $3,000; other expenses, $1,100; missionary, charitable and other contributions, $250; number of pupils attending Sunday school, 700; Sunday-school teachers, 120; average number of attendants at public service, 125. At Little York there is a church and house of worship, but the number of mem- bers and the date of organization have not been ascertained. The mem- bership of the Christian Church in Washington County is a power. Such power creates no small amount of responsibility. Such respon- sibility demands immense thought and well-directed, intelligent action. A people so powerful should be wonderfully diligent in well-doing. THE ROMAN CATHOLIC CHURCH. The only Roman Catholic Church organization in the county is in Salem. The house of worship is in the most eligible situation in the town. The dedication occurred June 2, 1857 by Bishop M. J. Spaulding, of Louisville, Ky. Fathers P. J. Mui'phy, Neeron, Doyle, Gintz, Ponsor, Kintrip, Dick and Kenneth have served as Priests at various times. Many of the members have moved away. HISTORY OF WASHINGTON COUNTY. 819 THE FRIENDS OR QUAKERS. In 1828, in the West, an unfortunate division occurred in the Friends' denomination. The name "Friend" is taken from what the Blessed Master said to his disciples. Said He, "Ye are my friends, if ye do whatsoever I command you." Among themselves their different meetings ate known by the names given to their monthly and quarterly meetings. Blue River Monthly, two miles northeast of Salem, was established in 1815. Its principal members were emigrants mostly from North Cai'olina. After the schism alluded to, one branch bore the name of " Orthodox Friends," and the other branch is popularly called the "Hicksites." A cor- respondent of the latter branch, speaking about the deplorable division, says "that body is known as the Hicksite Branch, from their holding similar views with Elias Hicks of Long Island, which name they do not own in the sense as his followers; for they follow no man or set of men." The following is taken from an old record: "At a monthly meeting, opened and held at Blue River, the first day of the seventh month, 1815, agree- ably to our request and the directions of the following extract: 'The committee appointed to visit the Friends of Blue River reports that they all attended, except two who gave their reasons for non-compliance. The others reported that they were free that request should bo granted, with which this meeting unites and confirms a monthly meeting there, to be held on the first seventh day of each month, and to be known by the name of Blue River Monthly Meeting, and appoint Jesse Bond, Andrew Hoover, Daniel Paulding, Ephraim Owen, Henry Yount, John Wagoner and Owen Lindley to attend the opening of said meeting, on the first seventh of next month, and report their care to the next quax*terly meeting.' " Thus were the Friends of Washington County fully harnessed for their Christian and benevolent works. For twelve consecutive years they worshiped and labored in peaca and harmony. In their organization as a Christian Church that most worthy man, William Hobbs, was appointed Clerk pro tern. To show with what prudence and care the good Friends managed all their church business, it is only necessary to mention that when a permanent Church Clerk was to be appointed, Zechariah Nixon, John Chawner, William Hobbs, William Lindley and Thomas Draper were required to take into consideration and pi'opose a Clerk to the meeting. Again, Thomas Draper, Elisha Hobbs, William Trueblood, Levi Munden, Robert Green, Jacob Morris and John S. Chawner are appointed to make choice of 'and propose two persons to the next meeting to stand in the place of overseers. But the beauty of their exact systematic arrangements does not stop here. William Hobbs is appointed Recorder of Births and Deaths, and Jesse Stanley is appointed Recorder of Marriage Certificates. A careful study of the church economic policy of the Friends establishes the fact that as a 820 HISTORY OF WASHINGTON COUNTY. religious organization the society advocates peace, justice between man and man, active benevolence, industry, economy, opposition to every shade of oppression, and steadfast devotion to honestly directed efiforts to educate the young. Every child of a Friend is early taught that honest labor in the humblest calling is honorable. RELIGIOUS EFFORTS AMONG THE INDIANS. When the farming community of Washington County had abundant labor in removing the heavy forests from their new farms, the Friends, besides looking carefully to the comfort and well-being of their own woodland homes, allowed their hearts to go out in earnest sympathy for the culture and comfort of the poor Indian. Within a year after the organization of the Blue River Monthly, steps were taken to look after the savage people of prairie and forest. To this end, a meeting was held In Blue River Congregation on the 6th of January, 1816, at which the following business was transacted: " A committee was appointed to propose the names of suitable Friends to compose a Standing Committee to promote the civilization of the Indian natives, offered the meeting the names of the following Friends, viz: Joseph Steer, William Woods, Horton Howard, Emmor Bailey, Jonathan Taylor, Rowse Taylor, Isaac Darker, Daniel Mickner, Lewis Walker, George Starbuck, Thomas Garretson, Enos Grave, John Dingee, William Heald, Samuel Woolman, Isaac Harvey, Caleb Harvey, David Brown, James Degg, John Townsend, George Sugarts, Walter Canada, Joseph Tomlinson and Richard Barrett, which is approved by the meet- ing, and they are appointed to the service, either by co-operating with com- mittees of other yearly meetings, or separately in such manner as may be proper, and calculated for the amelioration of the condition of the Indians." The appointment of so large a committee of energetic, intelligent men, at that early day, clearly shows that the pioneer Friends had large hearts for proper benevolent operations. At the same meeting a com- mittee " to consider the establishment of an Institution for the Instruc- tion of bur Youth," was appointed. At this date, their meeting-house was in process of construction. DIVISION or THE QUAKER ORGANIZATION. Thus harmoniously this large congregation of good people moved forward in every commendable work, until the poisonous apple of deadly discord was ruthlessly hurled into the very heart of that peace-loving com- munity. The accursed apple moved with cyclonic velocity. Where peace, harmony and love dwelt, envy and bitter hate came. In 1827 the secular newspapers were filled with the story of the raging conflict, and really contributed much fuel to the consuming fire. For the time, in the hearts of many worthy, peace-loving men and women, cruel madness HISTORY OF WASHINGTON COUNTY. 821 sepmed to reign. Thus was the orand old Blue Kiver Monthly Meet- ing torn asunder. The one body became two — the Hicksites and the Orthodox. The former being the more numerous, seized upon the church house and property, and still hold the same. A member uf the Hicksite Body writing to a friend, says that the Hicksites " held their first monthly meeting after the division in the first month of 1828." The statement is erroneous. The actual separation did not occur till some time after that date. In the latter part of March, 1828. a very able Orthodox minister from New England held service, both parties being present, and made a most vigorous exertion to prevent the coming schism. The same writer says: "They continued on at the old house, under the old name, their number then, adults and minors, being about 290." THE HIGHLAND CREEK MEETING. In 1841 a meeting of the same order was established five miles northwest of Salem, under the name of Highland Creek Meeting. Some of the members composing this meeting were: Abraham and Fereby Bundy, Levi and Anna Knight, Thomas and Gulielma Morris, Samuel Cofl&n, Nathan and Mary D. Trueblood, James and Ann True- blood, Charles and Elizabeth S. Brooks, Nathan and Polly Howell, Joshua, Sr. and Zilpha Trueblood, Thomas and Lemira Nixon, William and Ruth Lewelling, and Darius Peden. Blue River Monthly Meeting of this branch of Friends is now held at the last named place, and the Quarterly Meeting once in the year. The present number enrolled belonging to Highland particular meeting, is about ninety. Connected with this branch is a flourishing Sabbath-school which was commenced in 1867. The people connected with this branch are mostly good, enterprising citizens. As far as is known, at the present no antipathy, the one toward the other, exists. Kindness and peace prevail. Some idea further may be gathered from the old records, how these church troubles were handled fifty-six years since. At an Orthodox meeting held May 3, 1828, among other things transacted, the following occurred: "The committee appointed to visit the Monthly INfeetings pro- duced the following report: ' We, the Committee appointed to visit the Monthly Meetings, have gone into the labor so far as to visit Driftwood, Blue River and Lick Creek, and have labored therein as ability was afforded, and seeing the sorrowful situation Blue River Monthly Meet- ing is in, on account of the prevalence of the spirit of strife and division among many of the members thereof, the Committee was brought under deep exercise, and after solemnly viewing their case, are united in sentiment, that said meeting is not capable of transacting the business of a Monthly Meeting to the honor of truth, and think to propose to the Quarterly Meeting the propriety of laying said meeting down.' " The report in behalf of the Committee was signed by 822 HISTORY OF WASHINGTON COUNTY. Thomas Iladley and Amy Lindley. The Quarterly Meeting approved the report, and thus at this date, the Orthodox Blue River Quarterly Meeting was sadly, mournfully laid down. The next step on the part of the Quarterly ]\[eeting was to attach Blue River Monthly Meeting to. Lick Creek Monthly Meeting. Lick is in Orange County. This state of things could not be permanent. The Washington County Friends would entertain a longing for a home church sound in the faith. But the trouble had not yet come to an end. On the 24th of January, 1829, the Orthodox Blue River Quarterly Meeting proposed holding its sessions in the Old Meeting-house. The following record tells the result: "The meeting having convened, time and place, in order to transact the business of a Quarterly Meeting, consistent with the design of our institutions, but finding the doors of our Meeting-house fastened and guarded by those who have separated themselves from our Society, and who have been regularly disowned, therefore we unite in adjourning to meet at 1 o'clock, at Nathan Trueblood's Mill House, about one mile and a half from the Church - house. " At this Quarterly Meeting, Blue River Friends were granted the privilege of resuming their monthly meetings. Their meetings were ordered to be held at the meeting-house, if practicable, and if not, at the house of William Hobbs. Holding meetings at the meeting-house proved not practicable, and consequently for a time, regular meetings of the Orthodox Society of the Friends of the Blue River region were held at the residence of William Hobbs. At as early date thereafter as possible, a commodii us meetincp-house was erected. The location is about three miles north- east of Salem. At this point, ever since, these good Friends, in peace, in harmony have worshiped and prospered. MOUNT PLEASANT MEETING-HOUSE. Prior to the unhappy schism, and as early as 1820, a community of Friends erected a meeting-house in Vernon Township, at the source of Twin Creek. In this house regular worship was conducted many years. The noted members were: Andrew Knight and family, and the families of James Meredith, Jehu Cox, Jesse Stanley, John Meredith, Mark Maud- lin, Libni Coffin, Jacob Mendenhall, Zebdiel Macey and Benjamin Overman. The men of these families were the active members of the church, and were reputed excellent citizens. Their meeting-house was called Mount Pleasant. Now the house is among the things that were, and the society was long since disbanded. THE REGULAR BAPTIST CHURCH. In 1876 James M. Hodges, a very intelligent Regular Baptist, pre- pared a paper for the Centennial Salem Democrat, in which is sketched carefully, and almost minutely, the operations of the Regular Baptists in Washington County, In this article much will be taken from that HISTORY OF WASHINGTON COUNTY. 823 paper. Mr. Hodges' work, in narrative, is susceptible of very little improvement. He commences with Sharon, the tirst Baptist church estab- lished in Washington County. Its organization took place September 7, 1810. The membership was composed mostly of immigrants from North Carolina and Kentucky, This church had no house of worship until July, 1814. Mr. Hodges says: " At that date a rude house of hewn logs, with very poor fixtures, was built. The church record shows seventy members enrolled. The first regular pastor was Elder John Wilson. In 1817 James McCoy was called to preach, and in 1819 was ordained to the full functions of the ministry, and soon thereafter he was called to the pastoral care of the church, which relation continued until the disso- lution of the church in November, 1830. Elders Moses Sellers and Isaac Worrall united by experience with this old body. Afterward, before they were ordained to the ministry, they removed their membership to Bap- tist churches in other counties, but after their ordination they preached much in Washington County. Jesse Spurgeon, John Coffey, David Fonts and Enoch Pai-r were ' Clerks of Sharon.' Washington Township claims this ancient chui'ch family." The organization of Hebron. Church with only thirteen members, occurred August 21, 1819, In 1876 there were but foui-teen communi- cants. In other days the number, in all probability, exceeded one hun- di'ed. The Pastors, James McCoy, John Wilson and Archibald Johnson. Jesse Spurgeon, Alexander Watts, Isaac Hornady, Enoch Parr, John Mor- gan and James Russell all served in the ofiice of Clerk. The location of Sharon is in Franklin Township seven miles southeast of Salem. About ten miles east of Salem Zoar Church is situated. Its organiza- tion took place in 1830. At one time, it is said, this church numbered seventy-five members. Elder John Wilson was pastor. January 17, 1829, with only fourteen members, the now flourishing Church of Salem was organized. At present none of the original members reside at Salem. In 1876 Mrs. DePauw, mother of W. C. De Pauw, and Mrs. John F. Keys, then in her ninety-second year, were the only two of the original fourteen still in Salem. Mrs. De Pauw has since deceased. James McCoy, J. D. Crabbs, William McCoy, John Craft, Wright San- ders, Malcolm Wood, Mr. Jordan, Mr. Davis, Mr. Giles have been con- nected with the church. Mr. Hodges says that "Blue River Church was organized November 23, 1845, with twelve members. In 1876 the membership had reached eighty." Elders Moses Sellers, John Bell, A. Allen, I. Coker, and John R. McCoy all served as Pastors. The Clerks of the Church have been: J, M. Hodges, N. E. Rodman, William Farabee, and B. N. Rod- man. The location of this church is seven miles southeast of Salem. The same authority says that " Lost River Church was organized in Orange County. In 1855 it built a house in Claysville, in this county. 824 HISTORY OF WASHINGTON COUNTY. The church is in flourishing condition, and its membership reaches 140. The Pastors have been: Elders J. D. Crabbs, J. Blackwell, Greenslade and Wright Sanders.'' A. Walls, C. W. Blackwell and James M. Baker have filled the office of Clerk. Again says Mr. Hodges: "Enon Church, organized in August, 1865, with twelve members; in 1876, numbered fifty. Elders, J. B. Porter, J. M. Wade, J. W. Foster, William McCoy, M. Wood, and others. Clerks,. W. F. Dunlap, G. W. Shields, E. L. Caress, and others. This church is about five miles northwest of Salem." In Jefierson Township Bush Creek Church is located. At its organ- ization in May, 1840, it had thirty-six members. It has had for its min- isters. Elders W. Cornwell, E. Jeter and Harvey. J. P. Williams and D. Bush have served in the office of Clerk. A very old organization is the Clifty Regular Baptist Church, at Mount Carmel, Brown Township. The number of members reported in 1815 was large. There are no means at command to determine who have ministered to this time-honored organization. Elder Thomas N. Robert- son was an early member and began his ministerial labors in this church. Elder H. Corwell is given as one of the last. A communication at hand states that Reuben Starks was pastor in 1817. It also gives the names of the following surviving members, whose average is seventy-nine and two-seventh years. Mrs. Nancy Cornwell, eighty years; Mrs. Frances Shoults, eighty-five years; Mrs. Phoebe Spangler, eighty-two years; Mrs. Melissa Burkes, seventy nine years; Mrs. Betsey Chiklres, seveuty-nine years; Mrs. Mary McCliatick, sixty- three years; Mr. Barton Childres, eighty years. Elim Church, near Pekin, in Polk Township, organized about 1820, was once a flourishing, prosperous church. Elder John Wilson was pas- tor for many years. New Hope Church, near Little York in Gibson Township, was organ- ized in 1870, with fifteen or twenty members; rose to about forty in less than six years. Elders William McCoy and John Bell have served as pastors. At Livonia, Madison Township, is the Livonia Baptist Church. It was organized July 16, 1866, with twenty-five members. Its pastors have been Elders John M. Stalker, L. W. Bicknell, J. K. Howard. The last given is still pastor. This church has a good Sabbath -school. The same is ti-ue of the church at Salem. January 27, 1844, a Baptist Church was organized at New Philadel- phia, Franklin Township, numbering eighteen members at the beginning. The church has been prosperous. From the commencement of the church up to the present date, September, 1884, Elder William McCoy has been the Pastor. J. Anderson, R. Baker and B. Jones have been Clei'ks. The church maintains throughout the year a good Sabbath-school. HISTORY OF WASHINGTON COUNTY. 825 At least as far back as 1822, Union Church, in the southwestern part of the county, was in active operation. At that date Elder Abram Stark was Pastor and Elder Rice, Clerk. In his Centennial article Mr. Hodges writes: "The last church meeting, recorded July, 1864, Elder Harrison Cornwell was Pastor, and Reuben Stout Clerk. It appears from information that a new church was organized March 30, 1872, with sixteen members." The new organization took the name Lost River. In 1845 Delaney's Creek Chm-ch came into existence with a member- ship of fifteen. The pastor for a series of years was Elder Archibald Johnson and Micah Morris, Clerk. Elder Mr. Ellis was pastor of Unity Church, Hardinsburg, Posey Township. There are no available means of attaining the date of its organization. It has public service once each month. The organization of Mill Creek Church is supposed to have occurred as early as 1816, and with a membership of fifteen persons. The num- ber of members has been as high as 132. Elders Rice McCoy, J. D. Crabbs and William McCoy have filled the office of pastor. William Mitchell, John Mitchell, Joseph Mitchell, John M. Mitchell and Hyter Martin have served this church as Clerks. " New Liberty Church," says Mr. Hodges, "is located in the north- eastern part of the county (Gibson Township), about twelve or fifteen miles from Salem; is a growing, prosperous church." In the period of seventy- four years the Baptist Church, from a single church of twelve members, has become a large, influential body. THE PEESEYTERIAN CHURCH. What is the Livonia Church was the first Presbyterian Church organ- ized in the county. This occurred at the residence of Alexander McKin- ney, in Madison Township, one mile south of Livonia, in February, 1816. The Rev. Samuel Shannon, of Kentucky, officiated. At the organization, the church consisted of thirteen members. Hugh Holmes, James McKinney, John Vancleave, and Alexander McKinney wei'e elected Rul- ing Elders. Bethel was then the name of the church. Afterwards the name was changed to Livonia. The fii'st meeting-house was constructed of hewn logs. The house was erected about the time that Livonia was laid out. A little more than a year afterward, in April, 1818, the Pres- bytery installed Rev. William W. Martin pastor. In this relation, or as stated supply, he ministered to this church more than twenty-four years. During a number of years he divided his ministerial labors equally between the congregations of Salem and Livonia His educa- tional influence will be realized far down in the future. His instrumen- tality made the young men and women of Livonia a thinking, reading people. An unfortunate division of the church growing out of the split of the 826 HISTORY OF WASHINGTON COUNTY. General Assembly took place in 1838, and the Second Presbyterian was organized in Livonia. To the Second Church, Eev. Benjamin M. Nyce, and others, ministered. With the re-union, the division was healed. Rev. I. I. St. John, in his Centennial article, giving an account of the Presbyterian Churches of the county, writes: "On the 1st of August, 1851, the church invited Samuel E. Barr, a licentiate of Madison Presby- tery, to labor with them; and on the 2l8t of May, 1852, he was ordained and installed pastor by the Presbytery of New Albany. Excepting six months which he spent as Chaplain of the Sixty-sixth Regiment of Indiana Volunteers, he continued pastor till October, 1864." Since his time Revs. J, H. Aughey, J. Peering, R. C. McKinney, J. McRea, James M. McCree, and others, have supplied the church. The Presbyterian Church at Salem was organized August 15, 1817, by Rev. Samuel Shannon, with the following members: William Robert- son, Ann Robertson, James Young, Elizabeth Young, Alexander Huston, Margaret Huston, Benoni Armstrong, Elizabeth Armstrong, Thomas Evans, Alexander Little, Rachel Little, Ann Brawford, Samuel Milroy, Martha Milroy, Elizabeth Milroy, Esther Thompson, Betsey Thompson, Catharine Mitchell, Robert Tilford, Sally Tilford, Mrs. Wilson, William Rodman, Ruth Rodman, Mary Kelso, Polly Scott, Margaret Gilcreese and James Wiley. Men of Washington County, scan those twenty-eight names of noble men and women who, sixty-seven years since, in Washington County's first temple of justice, in the presence of men, angels and the Omnipotent Jehovah, pledged themselves to train their children for the service of God and their common country. Inquire after their offspring. Who are they? What have they done? What are they doing to-day? The complex queries carefully solved would pay the careful, thoughtful cal- culator well. Yes, enter Wisconsin's Senate Chamber. Listen to the terse, sharp, cutting sentences falling from the lips of that eloquent debater. Ask whence he came, and the response will be, his ancestors are two of the beloved twenty-eight. Go to Shiloh's gore-drenched soil, and ask who is the leader — the fearless commander leading his brigade to the rescue of disheartened thousands ? The response points to two others of the same venerable twenty- eight. Answers to a thousand inquir- ies would fail to tell the half that the descendants of that twenty-eight have done, are doing and will continue to do. They, in all good con- science, trained their children in the way in which they should go, and the offspring of these nolid men and women have been plodding along in the good way ever since. What is true of the twenty-eight, is equally true of the descendants of the true men and women of all the other denominations in the county. At the organization of the Salem Presbyterian Church, James Young Alexander Huston, William Robinson and Benoni Armstrong were chosen HISTORY OF WASHINGTON COUNTY. 827 Ruling Elders. These, with the minister as Moderator, constituted the lirst session of the church. On the 23d of June, 1821, Benjamin Hamil- ton, Andrew Weir and Robert Tilford were ordained Ruling Elders, and on the 12th of September, 1829, Samuel King was added to the session. On the 25th of September, 1830, Jacob Banta and David G. Campbell were elected to the Ruling Eldership, and subsequently solemnly set apart to the office. On the same day Burr Bradley was chosen and set apart to the same. Among the subsequent Elders were James G. May, James P. Banta, R. R. Hickman, Gayer Knight, Robert T. McCoskey, John R. Bare, and Thomas M. Tucker. The church has had the following ministers: Revs. W. W. Martin, Benjamin C. Cressey, Solomon Kittridge, S. Salesbury, Joseph G. Wil- son, Alexander McPherson, B. Cole, N. L. Steele, Charles Marshall, S. M. Warren, Benjamin Franklin, W. H. Rodgers, E. Black, T. A. Steele, I. I. St. John, James M. McRee, and the present pastor, Rev. Theodore W. McCoy. The first house of worship was erected on High Street, in the ex- treme north of the town. The building was a large frame. In 1839 a commodious brick building was erected, and which is still the house of worship. This building was not completed till January, 1842, when it was formally dedicated. Rev. James Johnson, then of Madi- son, assisting the pastor, Rev. Alexander McPherson. The entire cost of the building and original furnishing was about $5,000. The pres- ent membership is eighty- six. Up to the 19th of May, 1821, the Salem Presbyterian Church was known as Union Church. At this date William Robinson, Ann Robin- son, Alexander Little, Rachel Little, Ann Bran ford, Samuel Milroy, Martha Milroy, James Milroy, Elizabeth Milroy, Esther Thompson, Bet- sey Thompson, Catharine Mitchell, Robert Tilford, Sally Tilford and Mrs. Wilson were dismissed, and, thereupon, were organized into a Presbyterian Church, called Franklin. This church was located on a part of the farm of Gen. Samuel Milroy, in Franklin Township, a short distance northeast of Canton. A house of worship was built, and for a number of years the church was quite prosperous. It was the founda- tion of what is now the Presbyterian of New Philadelphia. At the Franklin Church a burial ground was laid out, and is still maintained as a city for the dead. The time of the removal of the Franklin Church to New Philadelphia, was some time prior to 1840. The New Philadelphia Church has two good houses of worship — one in town, and the other at Beech Grove. In 1876 the session consisted of John De Witt and John Robinson. The former is now dead. Rev. I. I. St. John is now minis- tering to the church. The organization of Bethlehem Church took place April 10, 1824. Rev. I. I. St. John, says of this church that " the first person licensed in 52 828 HISTORY OF WASHINGTON COUNTY. Indiana was ordained and installed over the united churches of Blue River and Bethlehem, in June, 1825." Blue River Church never had a house of worship. Its meetings were held at Mrs. Armstrong's resi- dence, in Posey Township, near Fredericksburg. It was disbanded many years ago. Bethlehem Church is in Jackson Township, near Mar- ti nsburg. Rev. Isaac Reid was its first Pastor. One of its first Ruling Elders was John Martin. He, as will appear in another chapter, was one of the early teachers of Washington County. He taught, and practiced what he taught. His teaching is telling on his excellent grandsons, the Sherwoods, who are now among the best teachers in Washington County. Another active, prominent Elder in this church was John Loughmiller, whose excellent example lives in worthy descendants. If blood does not tell, good teaching does. For many years Bethlehem Church was very prosperous, but a number of active members having gone elsewhere in 1843 it united with the Greenville Church, and still bears that name. However, in the past seven years a new house has been erected on the Bethlehem grounds, and occasional services held. The Monroe Church, now the Walnut Ridge Church, was organized as early as 1833, by the Rev. Benjamin C. Crissey. He continued to preach to the people until his death, in 1834. Benjamin Hamilton, Sr., James Graham, James Burcham, Mrs. Rachel Burcham, Mrs. Norval Peugh, Jacob Banta, Hugh B. Neally, Frank Peugh and wife, John Burcham, and Zella his wife, James F. Burcham and Isabella his wife, Mrs. Rice, David Rice, Annie Rice, Isaac McClosky, Benjamin Hamilton, Isaiah F. Lusk, Robert H. Lusk, Mary Evans Lusk, Mrs. Elizabeth Lusk, Minard S. Reid, Hattie Reid, Addie Reid, James Graham, Jr., James L. Burcham, David Brown, Zella J. Lusk, Hannah Belle Lusk, Paul F. Burch, Mrs. Brown, Robert Lusk and his wife, Hattie Brown, Mary Jane Pollock, Edmonia Larue Sutton, Mary Hague, John Graham, Sylvester Graham, Mary Graham, Sarah Graham, Mary Tucker and others are the names enrolled as members of the Walnut Ridge Church. Some have gone the way all human beings must travel. Others are still active, living, working men and women in the church. This church derives much of its persistent work- ing ability from the mental industry and high moral tone that existed in the old Covenanter Church. Many of the members are immediate descendants of the Covenanters. Sabbath-school is kept up in the most inclement weather, and at prayer-meeting there is no such thing as fail- ure. John Burcham is now the only Ruling Elder remaining in the church since Dr. T. M. Tucker's removal. Rev. George Earnest is the faithful, active Pastor, The Eldership of this church at one time consisted of Hugh B. Nealy, Jacob Banta, James Graham, Benjamin Hamilton, and Isaac McClosky, all sterling men. HISTORY OF WASHINGTON COUNTY. 829 THE COVENANTERS. The Church of the Covenant, or the Covenanter Church, has a ^rand history. However, at present, there are but nine survivors. As an educating instrumentality and moral trainer it has been a power in Wash- ington County. From its bosom came such men as John I. Morison, Dr. Samuel Reid, Dr. Duflf, the Farris brothers, and such women as the two Mrs. Burcham sisters, they that were Zella and Hattie Reid, and others truly talented and noble. Rev. Robert Lusk, for many years pastor of the church, was a giant in church labor and in the noble work of train- ing children. Mrs. Lusk, in her old age, on every Sabbath morning, still gathers her grandchildren and others and spends a time in teaching them. A good idea of the inducements that led to the establishment of the Covenanter Church on the Walnut Ridge, in Jefferson Township, may be gathered from the following communication from the widow of Rev. Rob- ert Lusk: " The Covenanters of South Carolina, being very much dissatisfied with negro slavery and its accompanying evils, and being desirous of freeing themselves from the influence and responsibilities growing out of the pernicious institution, began in companies and societies to immigrate to the free States. In ISl-t or 1815 my father with his family came to some friends atCharlestown, Clark Co., Ind. We remained at this place two years. In the latter part of 1817 we came to the Walnut Ridge. Soon after, one Covenanter family after another followed till we had a society of several families. Every Sabbath we had our prayer meeting, and we maintained monthly week day meetings. Thus we sojourned in the wilderness without the preached gospel. Sometimes, perhaps once a year, a rninister would come along and minister to the little flock for a single Sabbath. I remember among these occasional ministrations the services of Revs. Kell, the McMillan brothers, and Wiley. There may have been others. Thus the time passed till 1823, when Mr. Lusk, who had been sent out as a Missionary, came and tarried with us two weeks, preaching several times during the stay, and dispensing the sacrament of the Lord's supper on the Sabbath. The society in the meantime had been increased by the arrival of the two Tippen families. The society succeeded in building a meeting-house — not a great one by any means. Samuel Brown and William G. Reid were the Elders who distributed the elements at the first sacrament. Some of our South Carolina friends set- tled at Bono, Lawrence County, and formed a society of several families. These were the two Farris families, and the Ferguson, Mclntire and Martin families. There were some of our adherents at New Philadelphia. My father died in 1819, and session meetings for choosing and ordaining Elders were held at my mother's house. At our first communion there were eighty communicants. In 1824 Mr. Lusk was installed pastor." 830 HISTORY OF WASHINGTON COUNTY. As stated elsewhere, the influence of these conscientious, intelligent peo- ple, although their church now by removals and deaths is almost extinct, will be felt many years to come. THE LUTHERAN CHURCH, The Lutherans at one time were prominent in Washington Township, As early as 1816 Dr. Pfremmer preached frequently at the residence of Joseph Reyman, the father of John and Lewis Reyman. Another Luth- eran minister, whose name was Rhineerson, preached occasionally. Both these ministers preached frequently at the residence of Henry Wyman, near Martinsburg. As early as 1823 a Lutheran Church was organized near Harristown, and a meeting-house was erected about that date. Con- nected with the church were several prominent families. The member- ship consisted of Col. Henry Ratts and family, John Paynter and fam- ily, Nicholas Young an^d family, Peter and Jacob Naugle and their fam- ilies, Mr. Goss and family, Messrs. Zink and their families, George Hol- stein and family, Mr. Daily and family, Mrs. Ward, Mr. Ploughman and family, and George Scifers and his family. Prior to 1838 the location of the church was changed to Salem, where service was maintained sev- eral years, and then the church was disbanded. The name of the church was Zion. The ministers were: Revs. Zink, Moretts, Reiser, Gaerhart and Eusebius Henkle. Several of these ministers were very highly edu- cated Germans. THE UNITED BRETHREN. The United Brethren order has never been very numerous in the county. In Gibson Township has been a church organization for the past twenty-six years, but the church has no meeting-house. At Harristown frequent service is held. The influential members of this church, both at Harristown and in Gibson Township, belong to the Garriott families. Rev, A. A. Garriott, living near Harristown, preaches often. On his farm the Brethren have a meeting-house. At Martinsburg, in Jackson Township, there is a meeting-house erected by the Brethren, perhaps in 1848. Some of the ministers for the several churches in the county have been: Revs. Riley, Breede, Cole, H. Findley, C. Price, White, Clark and Armen, Their rules prohibit members from uniting with secret orders. THE METHODISTS. The influential denomination bearing the name of Methodist Episco- pal Church is emphatically a mighty power, religiously speaking, in the old county of Washington. Soon after settlements began Methodist preachers found their way to log-cabins and began to proclaim ' ' Christ and Him crucified " to the early immigrants. The loss of records and the decease of so many pioneers take away the written and traditional stories of trials and labors met by those who first taught, preached and prayed. HISTORY OF WASHINGTON COUNTY. 831 "Without these the thrilling story of Methodist work in Washington County cannot be completely told. The economy and policy of the Method- ist Church in its various operations render it impossible to measure its history by township metes and bounds. A society may be partly in one township and pai-tly in another. A circuit may include several townships and parts of several counties. Hence, simply "township" will fail in exact justice to Methodist work. A careful look at the men of pulpit and pew may, in some measure, remedy the main difficulty. The church at Salem was established, it may be, as early as 1818. Adjoining Edward Cooley's farm, or perhaps on a portion of his farm, at quite an early day, a meeting-house was built and a burial yard laid oflf. In the grove attached to the meet- ing-house was a camp-ground, where camp-meetings were held prior and subsequent to 1824. This meeting house was on the Jeflfersonville road, and less than two miles south of Salem. Old settlers say that an annual Conference held its sessions at Cooley's Meeting-house prior to 1823. Thus it appears that Cooley's Meeting house was once a very important point in early Methodist operations in south Indiana. The point was an important one in the Old Salem Circuit. As a church it is now among the things that were. The old city of the dead, apart from the rubbish, is the only thing that remains. In Salem the Methodist people have erected two church edifices. The first building was erected in 1828, on east Poplar Street. The sec- ond building is a commodious, neat, and well-furnished edifice. On the 10th of September, 1854, Dr. William M. Daily officiated at the dedica- tion ceremonies. The new church is situated at the corner of Market and High Streets. The Rev. F. C. Iglehart, in his Centennial article for the Salem Democrat, presents the following: " William Shanks. John Strange, Richard Hargrave and others served the church as ministers up to 1835, when the present church record began. There were present at the Quarterly Conference, December 19. 1835, Calvin Ruter, Presiding Elder; John Kearns, Preacher. Official members: Local preachers, R. Millsap and Haines Bartlett; Stewards, Charles Downs, Martin Royse and Alexander Attkisson and Martin Royse. Class Leaders, Exhorters, •James Bosiey, David George and Pleasant Royse; Class Leaders, Reu- ben Craycraft, Leroy Hogan, Isaac Thomas, Thomas Green, Ford Degarnett and Isaac Parker. Since that time the Presiding Elders have been as follows: C. W. Ruter, E. G. Wood, William V. Daniels, Augus- tus Eddy, E. R. Ames, John Kearns, John Kiger, William C. Smith, C. B. Davidson, D. Mclntire, J. J. Hight, William M. Hester and J. N. Thompson. The preachers in charge since 1835 have been as follows: John Kearns, E. Patrick, George K. Hester, William V. Daniels, Emmons Rutledge, Charles Bonner, Greenbury Beeks, Peter R. Guthrie, Thomas M. Eddy, Cyrus Nutt, James Hill, Elijah Whitten, Giles C. Smith, R. S. Robinson, Ezra L. Kemp, James E. Linderman, William L. Shnode, 832 HISTORY OF WASHINGTON COUNTY. Silas Rawson, James Preston, William M. Hester, William V. Daniels, L. M. Hancock, J, J. Stallard, John H. Ketcliam, C. Cross, H. R. Naylor, J. W. Julian, J. B. Likely, William P. Armstrong, J. H. Lester, L. E. Carson, W. H. Grim and Ferd. C. Iglebart. The records appear almost uniformly in the hand- writing of Alexander Attkisson, Secretary, till it suddenly changes, and there is this entry made: 'In consequence of the death of our worthy and beloved brother A. Attkisson, there is a vacancy in the Board of Stewards. On motion Brother J. L. Menaugh was appointed to till said vacancy.' W. C. De Pauw was con- verted in the Methodist Church here, and for several years was a promi- nent worker in it till his removal to New Albany. " A glance at the foregoing names explains something of the power and influence of the Methodist Church in Washington County. Edward R. Ames became a renowned Bishop in his own denomination. He was truly an orator — a man of power in the pulpit. To tell what these min- isters of the Cross have accomplished would demand volumes rather than pages. Among the class leaders one humble name should not be passed in silence. He was eminently a good man, an industrious man. He took much care to lead his children in the paths of industry, truth, and righteousness. Among all his neighbors and brethren he had. gained that which is rather to be chosen than gredt riches. Tsaac Parker is the name of that class-leader. He was a negi-o. Those who see the name dream not of the color, but Isaac lived and died a noble Christian. Alexander Attkisson was a layman in the church, but a man of much worth. In the House of God, when able, he was always in the right place. When an Aaron or Moses needed hand and arm steadying he was ready and willing to help. Another layman mentioned must not be passed in silence. Isaac Thomas was a trusty, faithful friend and brother. He loved every friend of his Divine Master. Those who min- istered to the Salem Society since 1876 are: J. W. Ward, J. W. Asbury, A. R. Julian, and the present pastor, T. D. Welker. On Dutch Creek, in Jackson Township, the Methodist people, a few years since, erected a very beautiful rural church building. At what is now called Mount Pleasant, on the farm of John Peugh,as early as 1824, were noted camp-meeting grounds, and for a number of consecutive years great camp-meeting gatherings occurred. CHURCH STATISTICS. Rev. T. D. Welker has furnished the following statistics of the Meth- odist Episcopal Church in Washington County, Ind. , for the ecclesias- tical year ending September 1, 1884: HISTORY OF WASHINGTON COUNTY. 833 TOWNSHIPS. Washington Township. Posej' Township Franklin Township. . . Brown Township Monroe Township Gibson Township Polk Township o o 1 1 .a 3 1 a a 1 day - sc scholars 3 o o II II a 9 • e. ^ $10,500 3 (2 350 $1,100 $105 600 536 7 8,200 425 38 ' 210 400 6 6,500 500 80 150 260 8 2,400 250 31 ; 100 55 50 105 175 80 2 2 2 2,100 700 1,000 150 10 100 26 100 q 10 From six townships no statistics are at present obtainable. In Madi- son Township, at Livonia, the Methodist people have a meeting-house. Also at Campbellsburg and Cavetown there are comfortable meeting- houses. At Rush Creek Valley there is a society of Methodist people. The pastors for 1884 are as follows: Salem, T. D. "Welker; Campbells- burg, J. T. Edwards; Hardinsburg, J. W. Butler; New Philadelphia, M. C. McKown; Fredericksburg, W. P. Barnhill. In the seven town- ships reported the number of Sabbath-school scholars amounts t-o 1,515; church members number 2,006; number of churches, 25; value of church property, $81,400; the sum paid for the support of the ministry^ is $2,625; benevolent collections, $300. From what has been presented may be readily inferred the great claims of the society upon the people of the church. They are strong, and much strength creates a demand for very much work. CHAPTER IX. BY PROF. .lAMES O. MAY. Educational History— Old Methods of Teaching— Professional Character of Early Instructors— The Salem Grammar School— The Collegiate Institute— The Friends' School— A Pioneer Schoolhouse— The Blue River Academy— The Salem Graded School— Literary Societies— The Students' Rebellion— Schools of the Townships— Private Educational Enterprises. IN this mowing machine, twine binding, telegraph, railroad age, many early settlers of Washington County, living and dead, receive a very small share of credit for the actual intelligence possessed. None are more underrated than are the schoolmasters of a half a century since. Beardless teachers of to-day sneer at the Socratic pedagogues of 1840. All this is not wise. History must do justice to the noble farmers among whom labored the humble pedagogues of other days. Many of the early schoolmasters deserve a better name than simply "Knights of 834 HISTORY OF WASHINGTON COUNTY. the Birch." Some of the very early teachers of Washington County were in classical scholarship the equals of the best masters that ever won degrees from Harvard, Oxford, Edinburgh, or Dublin. Even a verdant scientific of 1884 should sneer at Cochran, the profound astronomer of 1822. Cochran was poor. He had been very rich. The Embargo Act of 1807 became the instrumentality that dissipated his wealth, reduced him to poverty and made him become a Washington County schoolmaster. He lost his earthly riches, but his masterly scholarship remained. An old intelligent farmer declared that James Cochran was a master-woi-k- man in the teachers' calling. Long ago that good old man taught in Washington Township, near Canton. Very many of the early settlers of this township were intelligent, industrious, religious men. Several had been well instructed in classic lore. With the larger portion, leaving out the bread and butter issue, the solid education of their children was first in their minds. They knew well that thorough Greek and solid mathematics obtained in a rough log- cabin, with a puncheon floor, was as pure Greek, as exact mathe- matics, as if the same had been reached in a marble palace. Some of the early teachers of Washington Township were Duncan Darrock, John Smiley, Mr. Banks, James Cochran, David Cook, Ebenezer Patrick, James Denny, James Nelson, Joseph Green, Mr. Worth, Jesse Rowland and William McAfee. Among the teachers of a date somewhat later, or after 1823, were Richard L. Dickson, John Evans, Jonathan Prosser, John I. Morrison, James G. May, Isaiah Dill, Thomas Portlock, George May, Jr. , Peachy McWilliams, James A. Watson, Alexander Attkisson, Mr. Merriweather, Jesse Hungate, John I. Paynter, Edmund Albertson and very many others, some of whose names may be mentioned hereafter. AN OLD METHOD OF CORRECTION. In discipline some of these teachers resorted to singular methods of punishment. Mr. Banks was strikingly original in this respect. At one time there were in his school a very bad, white boy named Dan Richard- son, and a peaceable, quiet, well-disposed colored boy named Dempsey Nixon. These boys were well matched in size, age and strength. Richardson made it a regular business to let abundant gushes of his con- summate meanness fall upon Nixon. Repeated punishments and keen rebukes on the part of the teacher were wholly unavailing. After the patience of Banks, in efi'orts to restrain Richardson, was wholly exhausted, he supplied himself with three superb, tough switches, and calling the boys out on the floor and placing a rod in the hand of each and retain- ing one in his own hand, he peremptorily ordered a grand switch- battle to open out and threatened to apply the rod held in his own hand to the back of the boy who should first flag. Vehemently and vigorously each boy plied his antagonist. At last Richardson cried "enough." He was con- HISTORY OF WASHINGTON COUNTY. 835 quered, and ever afterward allowed his dusky schoolmate to rest in peace. PROFESSIONAL CHARACTER. John Smiley is reported to have been a well educated Irishman, a diligent, successful teacher of the long ago. James Denny was pro- nounced a superior teacher, always doing good teaching work. For a considerable time he was County Surveyor. Jesse Rowland, besides teaching, did considerable work in the preaching line. Surviving pupils say of McAfee that he was a capital teacher. Richard L. Dickson was an Irishman, a good scholar, always in stylish garb, a fine penman, a gay beau, fond of society, and left the country between two days. Jon- athan Prosser was a man of considerable education, but did not remain in,the teaching work long. He became a physician and was reputed suc- cessful in that line of useful labor. Thomas Portlock, an early teacher of Washington Township, deserves special mention as a complete repre- sentative of non-progression. In early life his dress was a model of advanced style. He was a model lady's man. In 1828 his teaching was confined to the ancient Dilworth a-b ab order; he was neat in penman- ship. In 1868 his teaching was in every respect exactly as it was forty years back. In all the intervening years he made no progress in scholar- ship. When asked by one of his early associates in the rural teaching life, why he had made so little advancement in schoolmaster knowledge, he replied that he had been eminently a pilgrim in the trade — that he had taught in a greater number of counties in Indiana and Kentucky than any other teacher living. McWilliams had a greater reputation as an equestrian than as schoolmaster. Sportsmen said that he *' strode a horse with Alexandrian skill." James A. Watson was a graduate of Hanover College; he was a workman, and if he taught but a single month he was certain to make his mark — not the mark of birch, but of intellectual progress. He died early. Alexander Attkisson, the school- master, the Sheriff, the County Recorder, sought to do well whatever he undertook. Isaiah Dill's career as a teacher was very brief. For the birch he substituted the yard-stick. No one with more aflfability could boast of calicos, silks and satins. Still he was a Washington Township pedagogue. George May, Jr., exchanged Webster for Blackstone, Chitty and Kent. John Smiley took much delight in bestowing Indian names upon his male pupils. The venerable Levi J. Thompson, in his boyhood days, was called Joe Kilbuck; Smiley saw in the boy Levi something of the Indian chief. The laborers in the early teaching work of Washington Township had at least one woman sharing their toils. James M. Caress, in his article for the CeMennial Democrat, says that Mrs. Prichard taught on what was then known as the Henseley farm in 1817. The house in which she taught had loop-holes for the purpose of shooting at Indians. John Smiley taught on the Dawalt farm in 1816. 836 HISTORY OF WASHINGTON COUNTY. Mr. Caress claims that the first school in the township was taught by John Barns, in a cabin near the residence of the late George Barnett. The qualifications of Barns as a teacher are not given. Ebenezer Patrick taught some in Salem, but he was much more noted in other situations than in the teaching work. In his own language, the ABC profession had no charms for him. THE SALEM GRA.MMAR SCHOOL. Many who taught in Washington County made no effort to build up schools of note. Others labored with elevated results in view. In this line John I. Morrison took the lead. In early youth in Pennsylvania he tried his hand at teaching. In December, 1824, in Washington County, Ind., he was at the mind- training work which led so many Hoosier boj^s onward and upward in the pathway of subsequent usefulness and honor. The Walnut Ridge witnessed his first efforts, but his stay there was brief. The intelligent men and women of Salem were hungering and thirsting for the bread of knowledge and the fountain of intelligence in their very midst. They wished an intellectual and moral feast for their children. A. small, single-story brick house, now the residence of Rev. George W. Telle, had been erected, and to which had been given the then somewhat high sounding title of Salem Grammar School. On the first Monday of April, 1825, under the supervision of an intelligent Board of Trustees, young Morrison began his Salem teaching work. With his hands and heart strengthened by the patronage and encourag- ing words of such men as Parke, Bradley, McPheeters, Malott, Booth, Newby, Henderson, Lyon, Coffin and many others, he soon rendered Salem Grammar School a power in the land. Enterprising young men and women desirous of obtaining a solid education came flocking to Salem. The world does move. The grammar school was a complete suc- cess, but Salem wanted more. Washington County was not satisfied. One success demands a triple triumph. The provisions of the old con- stitution had enabled Washington County to accumulate a fund sufficient to erect a commodious seminary building. Steps were taken to carry out the constitutional intention. A county seminary must be put in operation. Morrison was a young man of keen forecast. He had been teaching Latin, Greek, geometry and trigonometry, but he regarded his classical and scientific attainments not quite up to the standard of a fit Superintendent of a county seminary; consequently, he surrendered the grammar school and hastened off to college that he might be in ample readiness for seminary work. His points were well taken. When the building was completed, at the call of the Trustees, he opened the school in October, 1828. Soon he made the school a power, and the fame thereof spread far and wide. Kentucky, Illinois and Missouri sent sons and daughters to be educated at Washington County Seminary. The reputation of this school won for Salem the name "Athens of the West." HISTORY Of WASHINGTON COUNTY. 837 THE SALEM FEMALE COLLEGIATE INSTITUTE. The commanding success of Washington County Seminary induced Mr. Morrison to embark in another very important educational enterprise. He planned, built and put into operation the Salem Female Collegiate Institute. Under his active, skillful leadership a school of wide-spread notoriety, and not only of notoriety, but of eminent usefulness, grew up. Many of the present mothers of the land received a solid, thorough edu- cation under the immediate instruction and supervision of Mr. Mon-ison. To understand vfell the powerful educational influence and life in that line actively driven forward at one time in Salem, it is well to draw again upon Mr. Caress' article. He wrote as follows: " Morrison con- ducted the institute in connection with the seminary for young men and boys. One may judge of the amount of woi'k he did, and of the interest taken, and the good accomplished, when such a one learns that there were about 100 females and as many males attending his schools all at the same time. In the County Seminary James G. May assisted Mr. Mor- rison 600 days." OTHER PROFESSIONAL TEACHERS. James G. May's teaching work in Washington County, Ind. , com- menced in the same month of the same year in which the work of Mr. Mor- rison began. In a cabin in Brown Township, on Twin Creek the former began the important work of training Hoosier boys and girls. His next work was at Cooley's Meeting-house and Armstrong's Schoolhouse, The school and patrons at both these houses were the same. This school was sustained for 448 days. Some of the pupils taught in that rural school became law-makers and Governors. From March 1, 1858, to February 3, 1872, James G. May sustained a contiouous private school in the County Seminary Building. At the same time he had pupils in attend- ance from Iowa, Nebraska, Kentucky, Mississippi, Arkansas and Louis- iana. The war forced away all the Southern pupils except those from Louisville and New Orleans. In the past seven years he has sustained schools at Campbellsburg, Fredericksburg and on the Walnut Ridge Jesse Hungate taught the first several terms in Vernon Township, and then in Washington Township. He was as quiet and earnest in his teach- ing work as he is now solid and careful in his business operations. Mr. Meri weather was the successor of Mr. Mon-ison in the Salem Grammar School. He was a man of reputed scholarship, but did not succeed in adding any reputation to the school placed under his care. THE friends' school. For many years the Friends, about two and a half miles northeast of Salem, have been distinguished for their well-directed efforts in the cause of education. Mr. Caress in his Centennial paper says: " The first shadow of a school in the neighborhood of the Friends was taught in their meet- 838 HISTORY OF WASHINGTQN COUNTY. inc-house, near the residence of the late Dr. Seth Hobbs." This bearin- ninof of school work in their midst occurred about 1816. In 1817 a losr- schoolhouse was built near John Trueblood's residence. In 1822 a house of hewed logs was erected near the tannery now owned by A. J. Parker. Necessarily, wherever schoolhouses are built, schools follow. Then followed the construction of a commodious brick house. This the enterprising Friends designed for a good academic school. In this house Edmund Albertson, afterward an able physician and distinguished minister in the Friends Society, did such work in the teaching line as gave no little reputation to the school. The Friends were systematic in their visitations to this school. A gentleman who vis- ited it in the spring of 1834 paid in a newspaper article a very high com- pliment to teachers and parents. The government was admirable, the teaching thorough, and the encouragement and support given to the teachers was the crowning jewel. A TYPICAL PIONEER SCHOOLHOUSE. A modern description of a pioneer schoolhouse is absolutely amusing. Here follows one: "It was a rude log hut, with puncheon floor and wooden door-hinges, and all the accoutrements of a pioneer cabin. For windows it had a log chopped out and greased paper pasted over the opening. The seats were made by splitting a sapling, and putting pegs, or what they called legs, in these. It was warmed by means of green timber in a large fire-place, almost as wide as one end of these." These writers seem unable to grasp the abiding truth that it was the teacher and not the cabin that made the good school — that it is the teacher and not the castle that makes the coUeofe. In one of these rude log huts James Cochran taught Xenophan's Greek and Cicero's Latin as thoroughly as the same was done at Cambridge or Oxford. People who think that grand teaching cannot be done without marble palaces and beautiful lawns, forget that there never will be a " royal road to geome- try." THE BLUE RIVER ACADEMY. The Friends appreciated this vivid truth, as the roll of successive teachers in the old brick academy clearly indicates. They were Abigail Albertson, Thomas Loan, Bai'nabas C. Hobbs, Timothy Wilson, Benja- min Albertson, Aquilla Timberlake, Luther B. Gordon, Semira True- blood, Emaline Trueblood, Cyrus Bond, Morris Pritchard and Abram Trueblood. These names do not occur in the order of individual service. Let the reader look over the names and inquire after these men and women. When his eye falls on the name of Bax-nabas C. Hobbs he will be ready to exclaim: "Place that man in the most uninviting log-cabin, and give him boys and girls, young men and women to teach, and his school will be made a first-class college." In a haw-patch he would HISTORY OF WASHINGTON COUNTY. 839 teach every thing, and teach it well. Other names are given as teachers in the brick. Among these are Styles and Newby. The spii-it of prog- ress among the Friends demanded a new and more commodious build- ing. This demand resulted in bringing forth the neat, well arranged, commodious structure, called the Blue River Academy. This building was ready for occupancy in 1861. Vei'y soon a flourishing academic school leaped into full life. It soon became something better. It was a well-graded school. In its embrace many little folks found an intel- lectual home and choice. Under the new order of things principals became professors. The new school was inaugurated under the supervision of Prof. Thomas Armstrong. The roll of professors includes Prof. Pritchard, Prof. Hunt, Prof. W. P. Pinkham, Prof. S. J. Wright and Prof. Albert H. Votaw. Miss Angle Hough filled the Principalship with much ability, but by some means she was not dubbed Professor. After- wards came in Prof. Estes. Other teachers were Dorcas Armstrong, Fred Albertson, Ed. Trueblood, Franklin Moore, Hanna Robertson, Alice Armstrong and Ruth Armstrong. Under the management of Prof. Pinkham the school gained a wide-spread reputation for useful- ness. Very much might be said concerning the vast good Blue River Academy has dispensed. THE SALEM GRADED SCHOOL. Returning to educational opera'tions in Salem, it should be stated that the Town Board of Trustees, through the agency of three School Trustees, erected a commodious school building for the purpose of organ- izing a graded school. On the 1st of February, 1872, the building was partially finished, and the Trustees invited James G. May to transfer his school from the seminary building, take charge of the contemplated school in the new building, and "put the entire machinery in good running order." Accordingly, on the 5th of February, 1872, the task was undertaken. The assistant teachers at the beginning were Miss Pauline Henderson, Miss R. E. Schwarts, Jasper S. N. Stewart and Frank J. Hobson. The grade then embraced primary, intermediate, grammar and high school departments. The curriculum of the high school department reached the junior year of Indiana University. During the first two years several pupils were prepared to enter the Freshman and Sophomore classes at Bloomington and Hanover. In the latter part of March, 1872, James M. Caress became an assistant in the high school department. In September, 1872, Miss Adda Casper suc- ceeded Mr. Hobson, and some time afterward Miss Hattie Jones tilled the place of Miss Schwarts, the latter having chosen to become the wife of A. A. Cravens. The Superintendent in his report to the Board pro- nounced each assistant a diligent, skilful, faithful teacher. The Board of Trustees* has been as follows: In 1875-76, H. D. Hen- *The following statistics of the High School were prepared by a lueuiber of the historical company a the annual catalogues issued by the Superintendent. 840 HISTORY OF WASHINGTON COUNTY. derson, David Duckwall and D M. McMahan; in 1876-77, D. M. Als- paugh succeeded Duckwall; in 1877-78, James G. Clark succeeded McMahan: in 1878-79, George Paynter and William M. Clark succeeded Henderson and J. G. Clark; in 1879-80, Andrew J. Mcintosh succeeded Alspaugh; in 1880-81 the Trustees of the previous year held over; in 1881-82, John L. Williams succeeded Paynter; in 1882-83, John R. Bare succeeded Mcintosh; in 1883-84, Azariah Lanning succeeded Clark. The teachers during the school year, 1875-76, were: William Russell, High School; Mrs. Bina Russell and A. P. Hinshaw, Grammar; Miss Zua C. Hoyt, Intermediate; Misses Anna Unthank, Lydia Chamberlain and Pauline Hendex-son, Primary. The teachers of 1876-77 were: William Russell, High School; Braddie Bradshaw, Grammar; Sarah Allgood and Bina Russell, Intermediate; Anna Unthank, Lydia Chamber- lain and Pauline Henderson, Primary. The teachers of 1877-78 were: James A. Wood, Superintendent and Principal of High School; S. B. Moore and J. M. Caress, Assistants; Mary N. McCrae, Grammar; Eliza Gordon, Intermediate; Lizzie Cooper, Lydia Chamberlain and Pauline Henderson, Primary. The teachers of 1878-79 were: James A. Wood, Superintendent and Principal of High School; David H. Owens, Assist- ant; Lou Huston, Grammar; Mary Schwartz, Intermediate; Cora Cas- par, Lydia Chamberlain and Pauline Henderson, Primary. The teachers of 1879-80 were: James A. Wood, Superintendent and Principal of High School; Frank P. Smith, Assistant; Phila Long, Grammar; Mary Schwartz, Intermediate; Lizzie Craycraft, Lydia Chamberlain and Paul- ine Henderson, Primary. The teachers of 1880-81 were: James A. Wood, Superintendent and Principal of High School; Frank P. Smith, Assistant; Phila Long, Grammar; Mary Schwartz, Intermediate; Lizzie Craycraft, Lydia Chamberlain and Pauline Henderson, Primary. The teachers of 1881-82 were: James A. Wood, Superintendent and Princi- pal of High School; J. M. Philputt, Grammar; Cora Caspar, First Interme- diate; Sallie O. Burton, Second Intermediate; Lizzie Craycraft, Lydia Chamberlain and Pauline Henderson, Primary. The teachers of 1882-83 were: James A. Wood, Superintendent and Principal of High School; I. M. Bridgman, Assistant; Clara Crim and R. P. Mather, Grammar; Sallie O. Burton and Cora Caspar, Intermediate; Lizzie Craycraft, Lydia Chamberlain and Pauline Henderson, Primary. The teachers of 1883-84 were: James A. Wood, Superintendent and Principal of High School; Miss Calla Harrison, Assistant; R. P. Mather, Grammar; Sallie O. Burton and Cora Caspar, Intermediate; Lizzie Craycraft, Mary R. Smead, Paul- ine Henderson and Nannie Taylor, Primary. In 1875-76 the school enumeration was 514; number enrolled 408; average daily attendance, 241.6. In 1876-77 the enumeration was 512, enrollment 391, average daily attendance 235.6. In 1877-78 the eua- HISTORY OF WASHINGTON COUNTY. 841 meration was 553, enrollment 440, avei'age daily attendance 282.1. In 1878-79 the enumeration was 588, enrollment 404, average daily attend- ance first two terms 303. 4, last term 217.7. In 1880-81 the enumera tion was 637, enrollment 416, average daily attendance missing. In 1881-82 the enumeration was 565, enrollment 423, average daily attend- ance 302.3. In 1882-83 the enumeration was 577, enrollment 407, aver- age daily attendance 292.2. In 1883-84 the enumeration was 587, enrollment 431, average daily attendance 324.3. The High School of Salem is second to none in the State. Teachers are carefully chosen and required to do thorough work. The school has steadily grown in effi- ciency, magnitude and popularity. A noticeable and commendable feature is the departure from the burdensome classics to the bright and sparkling sciences of the day. This is in keeping with the educational advance- ment of the present, and a substantial measure of the excellent work done by the High School. Prof. Russell succeeded Prof. May as Super- intendent in 1874, and was himself succeeded by James A. Wood, the present incumbent, in 1877. Miss Pauline Henderson has taught in the primary department since 1872, a marked recognition of her skill, faith- fulness, patient endeavor and popularity in her profession. Under Prof. Russell there were no graduating classes; under Prof. Wood there have been seven, a total of forty -four graduates, except those of 1884. The classics were wholly dropped under Prof. Russell, but Latin is in the course under Prof. Wood. The junior and senior years include advanced algebra, geometry, Virgil, physics, chemistry, rhetoric, geology, outline of history, astronomy, mental philosophy, political economy and English literature. The school is well supplied with apparatus. THE students' KEBELLION. On the Old Corydon road, about three miles south of Salem, stood an old schoolhouse which, in 1838, became famous on account of a students, rebellion. The teacher was driven from his little empire, and "hard" boys occupied his throne. The Trustees of the school were overwhelmed with astonishment. In the fall of 1839 they sought a teacher of powerful muscle and indomitable will. This man of physical force was duly inaugurated. Promptly, the rebels were on hand, engaged in a brief skirmish, but soon " ingloriously fled." Ever after that, peace and harmony reigned in that school. A short distance north of Salem, on the Brownstown road, a private enterprise in the educational range, called Bunker Hill School, was in lively operation for several years. In 1840 this school was at the zenith of its glory. Connected with this school was Bunker Hill Literary Society, in its day, a very spirited organization. Some of the young men and boys connected with that society afterwards ranked well in the minis- terial, legal and medical professions. • 842 HISTORY OF WASHINGTON COUNTY. Between the years of 1836 and 1860, another important private edu- cational enterprise maintained a lively, useful existence, and afforded the opportunity to many boys and girls to obtain a good English educa- tion. The school bore the imposing title of Highland Seminary. Much solid teachhig was done in the Seminaiy. The school was located on Highland Creek, in the vicinity of what bears now the euphonious title of Brushville. Some of the teachers who reigned over this literary empire were Cornelius Edick, a sprightly Irishman named Bryant, and the Sisters Harold. Highland Seminary had its vigorous Literary Society. In this brick-and-mortar school-age, very few will render proper credit for the full amount of intelligence diffused by such private educational enter- prises. LITERARY SOCIETIES. Connected with Washington County Seminary and Salem Female Institute, were four very important literary societies — two male and two female. The oldest and most noted of these societies was the Zelopaideu- sean. It was organized January 16, 1829, and was in active operation till some time in 1847. Some of its active members were John I. Mor- rison, Samuel Reid, Elijah Newland, Thomas V. Thornton, Thompson Thornton, Thomas Marks, James G. May, George May, Jr., Minard Sturgus, Zebulon B. Sturgus, John Sturgus, Harvey D. Henderson, Thomas D. Weir, John P. Scott, William Lee, James A. Cravens, John L. Menaugh, A. M. Crooks, George B. Bradley, James A. Watson, and many others who in after years gained worthy reputation in various ways. A peculiarity about this society was that every issue which in anji way effects society might be freely debated. The most exciting questions were, in a gentlemanly way, warmly contested . The Philomathean Society gained considerable notoriety, and survived many years. It was mainly composed of very young men and boys. Senator Booth, of California, was its star orator. The female societies, though .full of vivacity, were of much shorter duration. MONROE TOWNSHIP SCHOOLS. Many of the very early settlers of Monroe Township were the devoted friends of education. As soon as the children were safe from the scalp- ing knife of the lurking savage, a home of instruction was found for them in the rude, now much sneered at, pioneer, puncheon-floor, log- cabin. The now venerable Joseph Denny was brought by his father to Monroe Township in 1809 or 1810. Not long after the arrival, the settlers were compelled to guard against Indian incursions by gathering into a hastily constructed fort. This rude edifice of safety stood about one hundred yards south of what is now Plattsburg. As soon as Indian depredations were at an end, the pioneer school cabin was erected. Mr. Denny, in speaking of his old school days, brightened up. The rough, old cabin was no hindrance to his progress in the good things the old schoolmasters HISTORY OF WASHINGTON COUNTY. 843 taught. He reports that the first school was taught on the farm on which Norvall Peugh now resides. His roll of teachers includes John Sutton, Jesse Rowland, James Blythe, William McAfee, Benjamin Hamilton and a Mr. Dake, whose first name he could not call to mind. Mr. Dake taught the first "silent" school that Mr. Denny ever witnessed. These ancient teachers wrought earnestly and sought to advance the children. In discipline James Blythe was very severe. A great-grandson of John Sutton has been teaching on the "Walnut Ridge for several years. JEFFEESON TOWNSHIP SCHOOLS. Portions of Jefferson Township, from the earliest settlement, have been noted for thoroughness in what are now called the common school branches. Of the many coming from the Walnut Ridge, who came to Salem to pursue higher studies, every one came well prepared in the lower branches, and of the pupils so coming there never was a single failure. In early days, on the Ridge, there was a large Covenanter set- tlement. To educate their children well was a matter of conscience with them. Their systematic catechetical exercises established in each house- hold a species of home-school. Such people will have schools, whether or not, the State may pay the bill. As already stated, John I. Morrison began his illustrious, Indiana teaching work in this Covenanter neigh- borhood. What amount of teaching the Rev. Robert Lusk, the Cove- nanter minister of early days, did, cannot be stated with any degree of certainty, but he was such a positive friend of education that he would either teach himself, or have the work done by some one else. Among the long ago teachers of Jefferson Township were Robert Louden, Rob- ert Tippen, Isaiah Tippen and Harvey Thomas. Mr. Louden was an Irish Covenanter and made teaching the main business of his life. It is said that his penmanship was really beautiful. Of early schools in other parts of the township nothing can be safely stated. BROWN TOWNSHIP SCHOOLS. In Brown Township efforts to sustain schools were made in a very early day. Many of the first settlers were from New York and New Eng- land. Most of these people had enjoyed the advantages of a good com- mon school education. Hence, they demanded schools whenever and wherever they could find a cabin in which to place their children and crowd in a teacher. In that "elder" day Yorkers and New Englanders were all " dubbed" Yankees, and settlers from other points, Tuckahoes. The Yankees would have schools, and their first was in the " Hop " set- tlement. Somebody thinks that Parson Jenkins was the teacher. The matter is somewhat in doubt. Another early school was taught by Rob- ert L. Fleming near what is now called Cavetown. He is reported teach- ing a number of terms. He was a young man of fine personal appear- 53 844 HISTORY OF WASHINGTON COUNTY. ance. In this township of later years, Campbellsburg is the noted center of educational operations. Education received appropriate attention in the early history of the town. In 1855 a joint stock company was organ- ized, which resulted in the erection of a hall 20x40 feet. The hall was designed for holding school, church, political meetings, debating socie- ties, etc. The first teacher employed was Miss Mary Overman. In 1 860 a frame building, 20x30 feet, was built at the expense of the township, and R. C. Woods was the first teacher engaged. In 1869 this house was burned. In 1872 the Township Trustee built the present house at a cost of $1,500. The building is fitted for three departments. Heretofore Campbellsburg has been a point of considerable note in educational mat- ters. At one time Prof. William H. Crutsinger aroused great interest and built up a large school. He had quite a number of boarding pupils. From October 1, 1877, to June 1, 1879, James G. May sustained a class- ical school, in which a number of young men were prepared for college, and for teaching. At present Frank Martin is Principal, Frank Dris- kell holds the Intermediate Department, and Minnie Robinson is in charge of the Primary. MADISON TOWNSHIP SCHOOLS. In Madison Township, long ago, Livonia was noted for its educa- tional facilities. These old facilities made the people of Livonia very intelligent. Livonia's classical school of fifty years ago made the people of to-day* emphatically a reading people. In 1818 Rev. William W. Martin became pastor of the Presbyterian Church at Livonia. On his settlement there the educational conditions of the community were not up to his standard. Consequently he promptly undertook the work of establishing a good classical school. Speedily his laudable efforts were crowned with success. A commodious house of hewn logs was erected. Many young men and women from this and other counties entered his school. The pupils, not satisfied with the less imposing name academy, following the example of the pupils of a lang-syne Pennsylvania school, called Mr. Martin's school, " The Log College. " In the days of yore, such was the educational condition in Madison Township. VERNON TOWNSHIP SCHOOLS. In Vernon Township schools were maintained as early as 1824. At the source of Twin Creek, the Friends had erected a meeting-house and named it Mount Pleasant. In this house both winter and summer terms of school were taught. The summer terms were generally taught by females. The male teachers were Jacob Mendenhall, Jesse Stanley and John Nixon. Anna Coffin was one of the female teachers. Mount Pleas- ant had its literary society. For a time this society was full of life. Often the boys sought to be eloquent. They talked in thrilling speech, HISTORY OF WASHINGTON COUNTY. 845 of Demosthenes and Cicero, Pitt and Emmet, Rittenhouse and Otis. The active members of the society were Levi, Knight, George Knight, Samuel Coffin, Edom Cox. John Bush, John Nixon, James G. May, Jesse Stan- ley, James Maudlin and Nathan Maudlin. The work of the society began in 1825. In the Hungate settlement, east of Livonia, schools were supported at quite an early day. Jonathan Prosser, to whose school- master-life attention has already been directed, wrought in teaching efforts when men now old were little boys. Jesse Martin did teaching work long to be remembered, and the veteran minister, William McCoy, filled the office of Hoosier schoolmaster. There, too, Jesse Hungate, at the early age of sixteen, played the part of a grave pedagogue. HOWAJRD TOWNSHIP SCHOOLS. In very early years, Howard Township was crowned with log-cabin, puncheon- floor schoolhouses. There were the Rhinehart-Ratts School- house, the Beck-hill Schoolhouse, the Voyles Schoolhouse, and many other houses where Webster's blessed old spelling book and the limber birch had an abiding place. Some of the teachers were: Dempsey Wright, David Beck, James Watts, Joseph Marshall, Richard Davis, Asa Davidson, Luther Pitman, Simon P. Gresham, Ellis Bunch, William Hatfield, George Etzler, Philip Sutherland and others. It is good to hear venerable men and women who in childhood enjoyed the instruction of these pioneer schoolmasters, speak of them as noble men in their teaching trade. One said of Richard Davis, he was a good man and an excellent teacher. Another, who is now gliding down the western slope of life, remarked of Dempsey Wright that his pupils all loved him, he was so kind to them and strove so earnestly to advance them in useful knowledge. According to the traditions of the old men and women now living, Howard Township may justly boast of early educational zeal. POSEY TOWNSHIP SCHOOLS. Posey bears the name of a noted Territorial Governor, and accord- ingly the pioneers of the township should rank in early devotion to edu- cational interests. It has been claimed that the first school taught in Washington County was held in a deserted cabin not a great distance from Fredericksburg. The Posey Township roll of teachers is long, and, as already stated, teaching work had an early date. Among the people the old " peregrines " of the schoolmaster trade often sought employ- ment. Of this class a few. made their "mark." The symbols of an ele- gant penman will remain for a century to come. Now and then, a neat pen drawing hidden away between the leaves of an old family Bible may be found. Enrolled among the instructors of Posey Township are: George Trabue. Simon P. Gresham, Thomas Andrews, Maggie Sweney, Rebecca Bringle, Nim Hudson, Levi Pennington, Joseph Cromer, James 846 HISTORY OF WASHINGTON COUNTY. W. Adams, John B. Cromer, B. F. Overton and wife, Benjamin Cravens, William Cheever, J. Crawford Weir, Sac Lafollett, J. B. Cheever, Miss Funk, Henry Gregory, Sanford Schlagley, James G. May, Mr. Sieg, John A. Beck, Robert Davis, Mr. Buchanan, E. B. Caress, A. A. Cravens, Sam- uel H. Mitchell and Robert B. Mitchell. The foregoing list, by no means, completes the roll. It is said that George Trabue taught the first in the vicinity of Hardinsburg, about a mile south of town in a double loo- house, one end of which was used for a church by the Methodist people. A writer of early history says: "Shortly after there was another school taught in an old log cabin, which now stands on the farm of William Mitchell." The first school in Hardinsburg was taught in 1840, by William Cheever, in an old log house. The following year, J. B. Cheever opened a school in the house in which the Hoffmans now live. In subsequent years schools were held in the Methodist Episcopal Church, and in the Cravens Schoolhouse. In 1850 or in 1851 the people, at their own expense, erected their present school building. In this house active efforts, on the part of several teachers, have been made to do successful teaching work. For the time, these efforts were very prom- ising. Excellent results attended the labors of E. B. Caress, Samuel H. Mitchell, Robert Mitchell and others. Closing examinations proved that much good teaching had preceded. At Fredericksburg quite a number of important terms have occurred. Many pupils have made commend- able advancement in what are appropriately termed high school branches. During the winters of 1880 and 1881 a series of literary and scientific lectures was delivered by different professional men. The signs then were that Fredericksburg would sustain a permanent school of a high ox*der. Such are the people of that community that a persevering teacher of the right stamp could build up and sustain a model high school. PIEECE TOWNSHIP SCHOOLS. The roll of ancient teachers for Pierce Township is not lengthy. The names are: Edward Langdon, William Sill, Solomon Shreeve, Thomas Dias and Peachy McWilliams. Some of these names appear in more than one township. All in their day were pronounced good, industrious workmen. The pupils of Dias, Langdon and Sill call them excellent workmen. In no part of Pierce has any effort been made to establish an academy or high school. Still, as students of other schools Pierce has given the world some good scholars and enterprising men. JACKSON TOWNSHIP SCHOOLS. In order, Jackson, the name that three score and ten years ago "sounded loud and harsh as thunder," comes next. In this township the number of names employed in the ancient teaching work is not impos- ing. John Martin, Sr., stands first. Then come his sons, Stephen aod HISTORY OF WASHINGTON COUNTY. 847 Enoch Martin, also James Bishop, Martin Crim, William P. Dickson, Dandridge Overton, B. F. Overton, Jesse Crim, R. W. May. In late years Albert Denny did considerable teaching in Martinsburg. Long ago, Dandridge Overton is credited with having taught many terms of school. The extent of his scholarship is not reported. John Martin, Sr., was a remarkabl} solid man. Whatever he undertook in the way of instruction, he strove to do well. Jesse Crim is reported to have taught much, and it is further said of him that he sought to prove him- self a workman worthy of wages. In Jackson Township little effort has ever been made to establish an academic school. POLK TOWNSHIP SCHOOLS. In Polk Township the first teacher remembered was a Mr. Cooper. How well or how long he taught no trustworthy report can be obtained. He came, he taught, and he went. The next name in order is John Elliott. As a teacher he did not write his name on the scroll of fame, but he made so much impression on one mind as to induce the pcjssessor of that mind to pronounce him a good teacher and a good man. Larkin Packwood's name is enrolled in silence. He taught, not as Socrates, Plato or Pythagoras. In memory he won neither the staff, the cup nor the ^Hpse dixit.'''' Dempsey Trowbridge stood up as one of the good men in society. He was always willing to try. He wished his pupils to try. How well Daniel Sullivan did in the schoolmaster line is not reported. It is simply told that he taught. Edward Langdon appeared in another township. The informant pronounced him a capital teacher. FRANKLIN TOWNSHIP SCHOOLS. Among the early settlers of Fi*anklin Township there was a strong religious element that demanded a careful catechetical child-training. This element must have schools. Consequently, the schoolmasters were in demand. Any shelter for the children would answer for schoolhouse accommodation. The thing wanted was solid, practical teaching. The following list includes the names of the early teachers: Elijah Swaim, John Coffey, Alvan Poor, Sr., John Scott, Thomas G. Dias, Monroe Applegate, Dempsey Trowbridge, Alvan Poor, Jr., Moffat Wilson, Mr. Woods, Mr. McCarty, Ambrose Fitzpatrick.- Conversations with the old men and women who were pupils of these early teachers show how much influence the energetic teacher exercises over the coming life of his pupils. Two names in the list belong to men of intemperate habits. One of these men was a well-educated Irishman — a man of signal ability — one whose excellent scholarship would place him in. the first rank in any community, but his slavish devotion to the intoxicating bowl rendered his efforts at teaching in Franklin Township almost utterly useless. An old lady seems unable to speak highly eoough of the teaching work of 848 HISTORY OF WASHINGTON COUNTY. Moffatt. She says that "his pupils all loved him, and that he was so kind and attentive to the little ones." The pupils of Alvan Poor, senior and junior, bestow them excellent names. The same is true of several other names. Surely, "a good name is rather to be chosen than great riches." Intermingling with the old men and women of this day tells how valuable the teaching of fifty years since was. Many of the children taught then are intelligent, reading old men and women fiow. Perhaps DO efifort was ever made in Franklin Township to establish an academy or high school, but in that far back day almost every family in the township was the recipient of a v^eekly newspaper. The neighborhood school created the taste for reading. Some of the early teachers were men of quite limited education; others were superior classical scholars. GIBBON TOWNSHIP SCHOOLS. Gibson Township, for almost half a century, has borne the imposing cognomen " State of Gibson." How the name was earned is somewhat amusing. During the memorable canvass of 1840, two young Salem lawyers had a joint debate at what is now Kossuth. A noted local poli- tician of Gibson, during the debate, undertook to hold up the hands of his man. A reporter of one of the Salem papers, calling himself Capt. Josiah Spanks, in his report named the debate a great battle, pronounc- ing one of the young lawyers a Seventy-five Pounder, and the Gibson Township politician, Chief Gunner from the State of Gibson. Ever since the publication of the despatch of Capt. Josiah Spanks, that township has been called the " State of Gibson. " In educational matters, " The State of Gibson " is not behind other townships. In the past twenty-six years Gibson has been noted for the number of bright, intelligent young men who have sought and obtained a good education. A careful inquiry after the early teachers of Gibson Township reveals the following names: Thomas Lester, Leonard Harbold, Cornelius Mitchell, Henry McDaniel, Thomas G. Dias, James W. Scifers, Chester P. Davis, Joseph Still and Jefferson Stout. Perhaps a still more diligent search might add other names. Again appears the name of Thomas G. Dias. It is not necessary to repeat the names of the townships in which he taught. Wherever he wrought he was pronounced a good workman. A goodly number of the names were called good teachers. As a strong evi- dence of good, early teaching work in Gibson it is only necessary to refer again to the large number of young who have sought higher attain- ments in the educational life. The old teachers urged them onward and upward. When the names of Thomas Lester and Cornelius Mitchell are mentioned in the presence of older residents of Gibson, the assertion is certain to follow: " They were good teachers." More than once, in later days, laudable efforts have been made to sustain a gopd high school at Little York. Rev. S. P. Chambers, who afterwards held a HISTORY OF WASHINGTON COUNTY. 849 position in one of the New Albany high schools, made an earnest strug- gle in that direction. Others made the trial. If these attempts did fail, still the trial had a salutary influence on the people of Gibson. A desire for higher culture has been inspired, and many persons go else- where to obtain what can not be had at home. In later vears a com- mendable spirit, has more than once shown itself among the common school teachers of Gibson. Several times have they banded themselves together under the resolution to make the schools of that township equal, if not superior, to the schools of any other township in the county. 85 PRESENT PRIVATE SCHOOL ENTERPRISES. At present in Washington County there are few private educational enterprises. Eikosi Academy, at Salem, is the only one of note. Prof. W. W. May, A. M., commenced operations in January, 1878. The design involves a purpose of high order in academic education, Latin and Greek reaching through the sophomore year in the State University, French, algebra, geometry, surveying, rhetoric. United States history, grammar, geography, physiology, general history and English litera- ture. Nineteen have graduated in the regular course. The school is in a prosperous condition. Beside the preparation of students for college, great care is taken to prepare young men and women for thorough teach- ing work in the common schools. Connected with the academy is a very lively old-fashioned debating club. PART VI. BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES. WASHINGTON TOWNSHIP. BENJAMIN ALBERTSON, a descendant of one of the old pioneer families of this count}"-, of which he is a native, was bora March 17, 1839. His father, Calkey Albertson, was born in the Old North State April 21, 1809, and there married Martha Cosand, who was a native of the same State as her husband, her birth occurring April 4, 1810. They came to Washington County when it was yet new, passed thi'ough many of the inconveniences and hardships of backwoods life, and Mr. Albert- son died in Howard County, this State, a man of many friends and few enemies. Mrs. Albertson is yet living, and resides with her son in this county. Benjamin Albertson has passed his entire life as a resident of his native county. February 28, 1872, he led to the matrimonial altar Miss Louisa Tucker, daughter of James and Sarah (Huston) Tucker, and by her is the father of five children, who are named Zella, Rebecca, Edmund, Oliver P. and Joseph W. The mother is a member of the Presbyterian Church. Mr. Albertson is a member of the Society of Friends, is a Republican in politics, and the owner of a nice farm of 135 acres. JOSEPH M. ALLEN (deceased), father of Heber Allen, editor of the Salem Press, was a native of Salem, and was born October 4, 1831, being the oldest of a family of nine children born to Thomas W. and Annie (Brinkley) Allen, who were natives of Maryland and Kentucky. Our subject remained at home until he had attained the age of sixteen years. He then went to live with B. F. Huston, who was a carpenter and joiner, for the pui'pose of learning that trade. About the year 1849 he engaged in mer- cantile life, starting the first store handling groceries exclusively, in Salem, continuing in that business until the year 1856; he then entered into the firm of Campbell, Allen & Co., in the cotton aod woolen mills here, and at the breaking out of the Rebellion they devoted their entire attention to the manufacture of woolen goods, which he continued up to the time of his death. December 22, 1852, his marriage with Sarah J. Huston took place, to which union four children were born, of which these three are now living: Thomas F.. who married Lucy N. Daly, and who is at present living in Salem, this State; Charles A., whose wife was Lizzie Naugle, who is a resident of Salem; Heber H., editor of the Salem Press, whose wife is Julia McRee. The subject of this sketch, Joseph Allen, had attained a very good education for his day, in early life. 852 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES. He was a very energetic business man. He was a member of the Masonic fraternity at Salem, belonging to both the Blue Lodge and Chap- ter. He also belonged to the Presbyterian Church, being chorister in that church. In politics he was a stanch Republican, and took quite an active part in the advocation of that party's principles. May 25, 1865, he died. Date of birth of children: T. Frank, June 13, 1854; Charles A., Novem- ber 28, 1856; Heber H., July 8, 1861. Mrs. Allen, widow of subject, is also a member of the Presbyterian Church. At the date of his death he was part owner of the woolen mill now owned by Mr. Sinclair. He was highly respected by the community, being a man of high integrity. ROBERT W. ALLEN, grocer, was born in Salem, Ind., December 29, 1845, and is the youngest in a family of nine children born to Thomas W. and Annie (Brinkley) Allen, the former born in Maryland in 1804 and the latter in Kentucky. Both the Aliens and Brinkleys were among the pioneers of this county. Thomas W. Allen came to Salem in 1822, and worked at cotton spinning for a time. He then took charge of the cotton spinning factories here, and continued in charge until 1856. He then engaged in farming until his death, in May, 1866. His widow died in 1877. Robert W. Allen remained with his parents until sixteen years old, and when but little past that age he enlisted, in 1862, in Com- pany E, Fifty-Ahird Indiana Volunteer Infantry. In 1863 his father took him from the army against his will, but he could not resist aiding his country when it was in danger, and accordingly he re-enlisted, being assigned to Company A, One Hundred and Forty-sixth Regiment. He continued in the service until the close of the war. He then returned to his native county, and soon afterward established his present busi- ness. Mr. Allen is a Republican in politics, a member of the Maftonic, K. of P. and G. A. R. fraternities, and the Presbyterian Church. In ]870 he married Miss Cementine Trotter, who died December 15, 1881, leaving three children: Ralph W., Claude and Fred. For his present wife Mr. Allen married Sarah E., daughter of Robert R. and Elizabeth (Fulmer) Shanks, August 14, 1884. DAVID M. ALSPAUGH, of the legal firm of Alspaugh & Lawler, was born September 11, 1842, in Crawford County, Ind., and is one of three living children in a family of eight born to Solomon and Emaline (Curry) Alspaugh. Both parents were natives of Orange County, Ind. , and of German-Irish descent, David M. was raised a farmer's boy, and by hard study passed a creditable examination, and was licensed to teach when seventeen years old. After teaching one term he responded to his country's call, and August 5, 1861, enlisted a private in Company E, First Indiana Cavalry, Twenty-eighth Regiment. For three years he was in active service and besides numerous skirmishes was in the battles of Fredricktown, Round Hill, Helena, Little Rock and Pine Bluff, at the latter place receiving a severe gun-shot wound in the left knee. Septem- ber 12, 1864, he was discharged, and having helped recruit Company F, for the One Hundred and Forty- fourth, in January 1865, he was commis- sioned First Lieutenant by Gov. Morton, and as such served in the Shenandoah Valley until he was honorably discharged with his company at the close of the war. On returning he attended the seminary at Paoli eighteen months, then for one year read law with Simpson & Mavity. Graduating from the law department of the State University, he located at Salem early in 1868, where he is recognized as one of the county's best attorneys. He is a stalwart Republican, a Mason, and in 1884 was WASHINGTON TOWNSHIP. 853 a delegate to the Chicago Convention that nominated Blaine and Logan. Miss Joanna Brown became his wife July 22, 18G9. and these children were born to them: Homer C, Robert R., Ora, Emma (deceased), an infant that died unnamed, Florence, David Paul and Thomas. D.IVID ALVIS (deceased), a pioneer of "Washington County, was born in about the year 1788 in the Old Dominion, which was also the native State of his parents, Jesse and Mary (Mallory) Alvis. Jesse Alvis was an old Revolutionary war soldier, and in about 1806 moved to Shelby County, Kentucky, where David Alvis, in 1812, married Ellen McKinley, and from whence he emigrated with his family, in Februaiy, 1816, to what is now Washington County, Ind. , settling near Pekin on the South Fork of Blue River. In after years David returned to Ken- tucky and brought with him on his return his aged parents, who ever afterwards made Indiana their home. The Alvis family eaw much of the hardships and inconveniences of pioneer life, and in some way have been identified with the prosperity of the county from its organization to the present. Mrs, Ellen Alvis died in 1863, followed by her husband in 1868, both members of long standing in the regular Baptist Church, and both passing away on the old farm they first entered from the Govern- ment in 1816. Perhaps the most widely known of their children is W. M. Alvis, who was born in Pierce Township, September 6,»1823, and has always made Washington County his home. Much of his life has been passed in teaching school, and for eight years he has served as Treasurer of the county, being elected to that oflSce four difi"erent times. Miss C. D. Lapping became his wife in 1850, and J. Albert and J. D. were their children, the latter being the only survivor. The mother dying in 1856, Mr. Alvis married Miss A. M. Motsinger in 1858, and two childi'en, A. C. and Charlie M., have been born to them. DR. J. R. BARE was born February 16, 1821, in Clark County, Ind., and is the fourth child born to Jacob and Mary (Ray) Bare, who were natives of Augusta County, Va., where they were also married, and from whence they moved to the birthplace of otu' subject in 1819. Jacob Bare was a Captain in the war of 1812, a farmer by occu- pation, and both he and wife died in the Hoosier State, members of the Presbyterian Church. In youth Dr. Bare secured a good common school education and also a knowledge of Latin by attending a private school. When twenty years old he began reading medicine at New Philadelphia, this county, with Dr. Todd, and in 1844 began practicing. He graduated from the Louisville Medical University in about 1852, and for ten years after that successfully practiced at New Philadelphia. In 1862 he went out as Assistant Surgeon of the Sixty- sixth Indiana Regiment, and in 1863 was promoted Surgeon, a position he filled until 1865, when h resigned. Returning to New Philadelphia he resumed his profession, but in 1869 came to Salem, where he has since been actively engaged in prosecuting his profession. He. was one of the organizers of the County Medical Society, belongs to the State Medical Society, the Presbyterian Church and the G. A. R. In 1844, Mary, daughter of James and Margaret (Mundon) Overman became his wife, and seven children have been born to them, only one, Mrs. Margaret McCIelen, yot living. The mother was born in this county in 1S19, and died in 1864. Anna M. Shields, who was born in 1846, a daughter of H. B. and J. K. Shields, became his wife in 1866. and two of their three children are yet living, and are named Nellie W. and Charles H. 854 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES. BEEZON BAYNES, a native of Yorkshire, England, was born April 21, 1818, a son of James and Elizabeth (Prestman) Baynes, who emi- grated from England to the United States in 1822, and settled near Philadelphia. He resided with his parents until manhood, and in 1840 wedded Miss L. Humphreys, who was born in Delaware County, Penn., June 2, 1816, daughter of W. and L. (Hill) Humphreys, who were of Welsh descent, the former having served as Quartermaster in the war of 1812. In 1855. Beezon Baynes and family removed to Washington County, Ind., and settled on the farm where Mr. Baynes yet resides, and where by patience and industry he has secured a valuable farm contain- ing 500 acres of well improved land. He is one of the progressive and enterprising men of the county; is a Republican in politics, and he and wife are members of the Society of Friends. They are parents of ten children, as follows: James, William H. , Mary (Mrs. Elwood True- blood), Elizabeth P. (Mrs. J. Trueblood), John, Martha B., Thomas P., Lewis J., L. H. and Isaac P. JONAS B. BERKEY, one of the old and successful merchants of Salem, is a native of Summerset County, Penn., his birth occurring January 20, 1808. He is one in a family of thirteen children born to Christian and Fanny (Brensier) Berkey, who were of German descent and natives of the Keystone State, from whence they emigrated to Clark County, Indiana Territory, in May, 1808. They removed to Washing- ton Coanty the fall of 1813, and entered land three miles south of Salem, where they resided until 1820, when they moved to Jackson County, where Christian Berkey died in 1840, and his widow in 1841. Jonas B. Berkey was raised on a farm where he remained until twenty-two years old, securing but a limited education. In 1831 he embarked in mer- chandising at Vallonia, where he continued until 1845, when he came to Salem, and has since been identified as one of the leading merchants of the place, as well as one of its most honorable and respected citizens, April 19, 1828, Evaline Henderlider became his wife, and to their union ten children have been born, only the following being yet alive: Susan (Mrs. W. M. Clark), Fredrick N,, Elizabeth (Mrs. Dr. George L. Lee), Delilah (Mrs. John Cocbran) and Jonas W. In politics Mr. Berkey is a Democrat, and for many years he and wife have been prominent mem- bers of the Christian Church. WILLIAM BREWER is a son of John and Elizabeth Brewer, who were born in Pennsylvania in 1789, and North Carolina in about 1790, respectively. Benjamin Brewer, father of John, was an old Revolution ary war soldier, and in 1807 moved to Kentucky, and from there, in 1809 or 1810, to what is now Washington County, Ind., entering the land upon which Salem is now situated. John Brewer was a soldier of the war of 1812; a farmer by occupation, and a highly esteemed citizen of this county, where he died May 29, 1863. William Brewer was born December 25, 1815, in Washington County, Ind., and, like his father and grandfather before him, has followed farming through life. He is among the best known men of the county — is a Republican; the owner of 358 acres of good land; and he and wife are members of the Methodist Episcopal Church. In 1839 his marriage with Fanny Mobley, daughter of Walter G. and Elizabeth (Burton) Mobley, was solemnized, and to their union this family has been born: Francis O., who served his country faithfully in the late war as a volunteer in the Sixty-sixth Indi- ana Volunteer Infantry, and died in the hospital December 13, 1802; WASHINGTON TOWNSHIP. 855 Annie E., wlio died at the age of twenty-three, and William A., -who died June 15, 1884. The latter married Miss Lydia E. Glover, of Orange County, and by her was the father of two children: Nannie M. and Jessie, who reside with Mr. Brewer. JAMES BREWER, a native of the county in which he yet resides, was born October 28, 1822, a sou of John and Elizabeth Brewer. He was raised a farmer, and farming in his native county has been his occu- pation through life. March 5, 1846, he married Elizabeth C. Wright, who was born in Washington County, Ind., January 14, 1828, davighter of Eli and Elizabeth (Bower) Wright. To this union the following fam- ily of children have been born: John M., born March 1, 1847; William F., September 29, 1848; George W., June 15, 1851, died September 18, 1852; James E., September 18, 1853; Amanda E., April 12, 1856; Annie E., August 29, 1858; Martha F., September 9, 1860, died May 17, 1875, and Minnie M., December 25, 1869. Mr. Brewer began life for himself poor, and realizing that he was the architect of his own future has worked hard and economized, so that at one time he owned a tract of land containing 800 acres. At present he has an excellent farm of 240 acres. In politics he is a Republican, and he and wife are members of the Christian Church. CHARLES BROOKS and his parents, John and Elizabeth (Humph- reys) Brooks, were natives of Pennsylvania, his birth occurring December 2, 1806. Owing to the death of his father in 1808, his opportunities for educational advancement were very meager, and when old enough he assisted his mother until he attained his majority. His experience in that time told him that his chief hope for success in life was honesty and industry, and with this axiom to go by, he began as a hired hand at $84. per year, which he continued seven years. With the proceeds derived from his labors he purchased land in Berks County of his native State, where he resided until 1844, when he moved to Washington County, Ind., where he has since resided, and where he owns valuable property. October 10, 1835, Elizabeth Simpson, born June 3, 1807, became his wife, and by her he is the father of live children: John, James, Mrs. E. H. Trueblood, Mary T. and Isaac. The two first named served their country faithfully three years in the late war. The mother died August 22, 1879. Mr. Brooks is a member of the society of Friends, and has lived a strictly temperate life, having never taken a chew of tobacco or drank a glass of liquor, and never experienced a sick day until after his sixtieth year. WILLIAM BUNDY, son of A. and P. (Albertson) Bundy, and grand- eon of Abraham Bundy, who married a Miss Small, was born November 12, 1824, in Washington County, Ind., whither his parents move^J the same year Indiana was admitted into the sisterhood of States, and where his parents and grandparents afterwards died. He was reared from birth to manhood in his native county, attended the pioneer schools of his day, assisted his father in grubbing, clearing, planting and sowing, and has never known any other home but here. He has followed the cooper's trade, operated a saw-mill, threshing-machine, and is now engaged in agricultural pursuits, owning 287 acres of nicely improved land. April 16, 1846, he married Sarah J. Cauble, who was born August 20, 1826, a daughter of Adam and Mary (Hubbard) Cauble, and fourteen children have been born to them, as follows: Francis E., born August 12, 1847; John Q., November 5, 1848; Eliza J., January 9, 1850; Thomas J., Jan- uary 15, 1852, died in infancy; Mary E., April 1. 1858; Walter M., 856 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES. December 6, 1854; Addison M., September 26, 1856; Phebe A., April 17, 1858; Abraham L., July 6, 1860, died in 1881; William G., February 17, 1862; Fulton A., June 20, 1864; Andrew O., June 17, 1866; Nora E. and Everett W., twins, October 24, 1868. JOHN H. CALLAWAY, retired farmer, is a son of Micajah Calla- way, whose name is familiar to school children as a celebrated Indian fighter and frontiersman, who was a close companion of Daniel Boone in Kentucky, and appropriate mention of whom is made elsewhere in this volume. John H. was born in Bourbon County, Ky., February 22, 1806, his mother's maiden name being Frankie Hawkins. When about four years old he came with his father to what in now Washington County, Ind., which he has always considered his home. He was reared in the backwoods to hard work and industry, and such has been his life's occupation, gaining thereby the old Callaway homestead and other lands, amounting in all to over 500 acres. For the past few years he has retired from active work, and resides with two nephews who manage his large farm. Mr. Callaway is one of the well known men of the county, is enterprising, thorough going and a Democrat. NOBLE CALLAWAY, son of Micajah and Frankie (Hawkins) Calla- way, appropriate remarks of whom are made elsewhere herein, was born in Bourbon County, Ky., March 15, 1809, and when one year old came with his parents to this county, which has since been his home. Like the majority of pioneer boys, hehad to work hard, early and late, and received such advantages as only that primitive time afforded. Accepting farming as his vocation through life, lie has steadily followed it, and by his untiring exertions has secured a good home and a farm of 263 acres. In this he has been loyally aided by his wife, who was formerly Miss Martha K., daughter of Benjamin and Jemima (Starr) Nicholson. Mr. and Mrs. Callaway are among Washington County's best people, and are the parents of this family; James, Joseph, Jemima (deceased), Thornton, Frankie, Lewis, H. G., Alice (deceased) and Patrick. Mrs. Callaway was born March 30, 1818. CAUBLE FAMILY. Among those old pioneers who braved the perils and privations of frontier life in Washington County, and who felled the forests and laid the foundation for the inestimable blessings which the present generation now enjoy, was Adam Cauble. This old pio- neer came from the far East to Washington Township, Washington Co., Ind., when it was yet in its infancy. He was born in North Cai'olina, March 14, 1798; married Mary (sometimes called "Polly") Hubbard, who was born in the Old Dominion December 1, 1803, and both he and his wife lived to advanced ages and were looked upon as among the best citizens Washington County ever knew. Fifteen children were born to their union, and are as follows: George W., born June 28, 1823: James M., April 29, 1825; Sarah J., August 20, 1826; Alexander, December 5, 1827; Adam W., January 17, 1829; John, October 3, 1831; Charles, October 8, 1832; Eliza, November 17, 1833; Andrew J., January 7, 1835; Barbara, March 14, 1837; Peter, November 6, 1838; Herman M., August 26, 1839; William R., December 30, 1841, died October 4, 1842; Benjamin, May 28,1843, and Mary C, January 11, 1848, and died in about 1878. Of the above Andrew J., Alexander, Peter and Herman M. took an active part in the suppression of the Rebellion, the former suffering five months in Libby Prison. George W. Cauble was married May 22, 1851, to Maria, daughter of George and Jane Bar- WASHINGTON TOWNSHIP. 857 nett, who was born in Washington County, Ind, [February 6, 1832. One son, George W., born June 20,1857, is the result of their -union. George W. , Sr., is a Democrat, and he and wife belong to the Christian Church. Alexander Cauble was raised a farmer, was moderately edu- cated, and for a aumber of years worked at carpentering. In August, 1862, he enlisted in Company E, Fifth Indiana Cavalry, served through numerovis hard campaigns and hotly contested engagements, and was honorably discharged, June 18, 1865. Since the war he has farmed, and is now the owner of 118 acres of good land. In politics he is a Repub- lican. January 5, 1854, he married Susanna T. Morris, who was born in this county, September 20, 1832, a daughter of Thomas Morris. These children have been born to them: Addison G. , born October 2, 1854; Martha E., July 14. 1857; Margaret E., February 23, 1860; Mary E., May 7, 1862; Annie B., April 21, 1866; Alexander G., Janu- ary 24, 1869, and Emery E., December 1, 1872. Adam W. Cauble was raised on the old home farm, and farming has always been his occu- pation. With him industry has brought its legitimate fruit, success, and he owns 285 acres of land. In 1855 he married Sarah E.King, who was born in Washington County, Ind., March 6, 1837, and by her is the father of this family: Elwood G. , born December 15, 1856; W^alter J., October 1 5, 1858;HarvevW., January 27, 1862; Harriet A., May 4, 1864; Addis E., September 23, 1866; Benton M., July 3, 1869; Helen S., July 25, 1872; Claudius W., February 2, 1875; Ellis D., August 8, 1877; Jesse and Jason twins, May 30, 1880. Charles Cauble is a member of the Christian Church, a farmer by occupation, and a self made man. He began life's battle a poor boy, and by hard work has secured a valuable farm of 150 acres. Miss Nancy Gee, who was born in this count}', October 10, 1837, a daughter of Isaiah and Mary A. (Collier) Gee, became his wife January 28, 1858, and nine children have been born to them, named: Sophia E., born June 18, 1859; Dora E., July 18, 1861; Malora J., December 3, 1862; Emma E., August l2,- 1864; George F., July 17, 1866, died August 6, 1878; Maria A., Julv 10, 1868; Cora A., October 9, 1870; Mary I., October 23, 1872, and L. E., October 12, 1880. Besides being descended from one of the oldest families of the county, the present generation of Caubles have retained the reputation for hon- esty and intelligence justly earned by their forefathers. WILLIAM M. CLARKE, a native of Salem, was born January 6, 1825, being one of eight children born to Col. John E. and Catharine (Hardman) Clarke, the latter a native of Pennsylvania, and of German descent, the former, a native of Richmond, Va., and of Welsh descent, his grandfather having been a native of Wales. Both came with their respective parents to Kentucky, when quite young. There they were married, and two children were born. In 1813 Mr. Clarke came to Salem and entered land, and the following spring brought his family and built a double log-house on the creek opposite to where the old jail stands. During that year he opened a .brick-yard near where the depot now is, on the opposite side of the creek. He was a brick- mason, and built the first brick chimney in the county. He built the old court house and the present one, and nearly all the older brick buildings of the town. He owned a farm near Salem, on which he lived a short time. He was a member of the Reformer's, or, as now called, the Christian Church. He died, March 1, 1853, having been identified with the interests of Salem from its organization. His wife died of 858 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES. cholera, in 1849. "William M. Clarke received his education under John I. Morrison. At the age of twenty he entered the store of J. B. Berkey, with who}B he was associated for twenty- one years. In 1858 he was taken into partnership, the title of the firm being Berkey, Clarke & Co. In 1866 the partnership was dissolved, since which Mr. Clarke has occupied himself in managing his farm. He was married, October 29, 1850, to Susan, a daughter of J. B.Berkey. They have had six children: John B. and Jonas E. now engaged in the grocery business of Salem; Frederick M. and C. Sherman, clerks at the Alexander Hotel, Louis- ville, Ky. ; JSlellie E., now Mrs. Alonzo Ferguson, of Jeffersonville, Ind., and William F. , who died in infancy. Mr. Clarke is a member of the I. O. O. F., is a Republican, and one of the prominent men of the town. HON. A. B. COLLINS, attorney, was born in New Albany, Ind., Sep- tember 10, 1835. His father, James Collins, was born in Virginia in the year 1802, and went to Kentucky when a small child, residing in Madison County until twelve years old, when he settled at Louisville with his father's family, where he was educated. When twenty-four years old he studied law under the supervision of Judge Scott, in Charleston, Ind. , and in 1830 was admitted to the bar. He married Angelina M. Loraine the sa'me year, (three of their eeven children are yet living) and located for the practice of his profession at Paoli, which was his home several years. He finally moved to New Albany, where he ranked as one of the ablest attorneys for more than thirty years. In 1844 he was an elector on the Whig ticket and was twice elected to the Indiana House of Rep- resentatives. He was a man of stern integrity and uncompromising honesty, and died October 15, 1869, at Pekin. A. B. Collins was reared and educated in private schools of his native town and for two years was a student at Asbury University. He read law with his father and after being admitted to the Floyd County bar practiced his profession from 1858 to 1865, but then moved to Pekin, this county, and followed mer- chandising and farming until 1871, when he moved to Salem, where he has since resided actively engaged in legal pursuits. In May, 1875, Miss Maria Lockwood became his wife, this lady being a member of the Presbyterian Church. Mr. Collins is one of Salem's best attorneys and as a Democrat in politics has twice represented this county in the State Legislature. WILLIAM COOPER (deceased) was born May 9, 1822, in Salem, Ind., whither his father, John Cooper, had emigrated from North Caro- lina in about 1814. John Cooper here met and married Mary Morris, and three children blessed their union. The parents died in 1859 and 1882 respectively. William Cooper was reared amidst pioneer scenes of Washington County, receiving his education in the primitive schools and making it his home throughout life. He assisted his father at the wheel- wright's trade and on the farm in early youth, then engaged in school teaching. He also learned and worked at carpentering, but did not fol- low that any great length of time. For years and years he was engaged in mercantile pursuits in Salem, and by his unchangeable integrity and purity of character won many and lasting friends. In politics he was first a Whig, but after 1855 was a Republican. In 1860 he was elected a Justice of the Peace, and from that time until his death served almost continually in that capacity. In November, 1845, he married Sarah J., daughter of John E. and Catharine Clark, who settled in this WASHINGTON TOWNSHIP. 859 county in about 1814:, and to them four children were born, named Mary C. (Mrs. E. T. Trueblood), John W. a jeweler of Salem, Lizzie A. and Charles C. The latter married Mary E. Hopkins, by whom he is the father of one son, Fred H. , and is now merchandising in Salem. Will- iam Cooper and wife were members of the Baptist Church, and their respective deaths occurred in August, 1880, and December, 1876. L. G. DAVIS, miller at Han-istown, was born in Washington County, Ind., in 184i, and is a son of Henry and Lydia (Tash) Davis, both of whom are also natives of this county, the former dying May 9, 1845, and the latter yet living. Our subject's paternal grandparents were natives of North Carolina, from whence they emigrated to Washington County, Ind., in 1816. L. G. Davis was raised on a farm, and securing a good practical education began teaching when eighteen years old, and this he continued winters, farming summers, for a number of years. He is a Democrat in politics, and in 1864 was elected Township Trustee, a position he creditably filled. In 1870 he was elected County Recorder, and after serving one term of four years was re-eleoted, serving in all eight years. In 187© he began the operation of a grist and saw- mill and dealing in lumber, and this he has since continued with profit. He is one of the foremost men of the county, is a member of the Masonic fraternity, and June 13, 1876, was united in marriage with Mary E., daughter of George Paynter, of Salem, Ind. DAVID DENNIS, merchant at tiitchcock, and also Postmaster and railroad and express agent, was born in Washington County, Ind., March 28, 1845, son of Archibald and Jane (Louden) Dennis, who were natives respectively of New York and North Carolina. His early years wei*e passed on his father's farm, and in 1862 he enlisted in Company E, Fifth Indiana Cavalry, for the restoration of the Union. He served his country faithfully, and at the close of the war was honorably discharged. Return- ing to his native county he attended school, then taught, and in order to further fit himself for business, attended Commercial College at New Albany, from which he graduated. He then engaged in clerking at Hitchcock, for WaiTen Trueblood, and after his death, for Mrs. True- blood until her death. In partnership he purchased the store, and two years later obtained entire ownership, since when he has been carrying on a lucrative trade in general merchandise. Mr. Dennis is a Repub- lican, and one of the thorough- going business men of Washington County. C. H. DENNY, born in this county, December 9, 1818, a son of Sam- uel and Dorothy D. (Groflf) Denny, is a grandson of Robert Denny, who immigrated from Ireland to Virginia in 1765, and there man-ied a Miss Thomas. In 1789 Robert and wife moved to Mercer County, Ky., where Mrs. Denny died in about 1800, the mother of five children born in Ken- tucky, and four in Virginia. When land was first put upon the market in Indiana, Robert came to what is now Washington County; served in the war of 1812, and died April 17, 1826. Samuel Denny was born in Virginia, August 14, 1786; married Miss Grofif, April 5, 1810, who was born in Kentucky, September 8, 1790, and in 1812 came to Indiana Ter- ritory. In 1813 they removed to what is now Section 35, Washington Township, Washington County, and settled on the farm now owned by Joel S. Denny. They were honest and industrious people, and their respective deaths occurred September 27, 1844, and October 21, i860, both members of the Christian Church. Mr. Denny was a member of 54 860 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES. the following named children: David, Elisha, Samuel, Joseph, John, Polly, William, Sarah and James. The children bora to his union with Miss Groflf are : Thomas J., Reuben R., Rachel T., Margaret P.. Eliza- beth G., Christopher H., Polly A., Parmelia W., Joel S., John M. and Lewis W. Christopher H. Denny is a member of the Christian Church, a successful farmer, owning 425 acres of land, and has been twice mar- ried, first to Phebe Wright, February 25, 1841, who was born in this county August 16, 1822, daughter of John and Nancy Wright. This lady died January 21, 1859, the mother of seven children: Ransom W., Jonas B., Jordan J., Edward A., John S., Dawson and Jacob M. The first named was a soldier of the late war in Company G, Eighteenth Reg- iment. Mr. Denny married, October 16, 1859, Mary, daughter of Macomb and Margaret (Smith) Leach, by whom he is the father of Dorothy M. and Laura F. Mrs. Denny was born in this county January 8, 1S35. JOEL S. DENNY, born on the farm where he now lives, April 21, 1825. is a son of Samuel and Dorothy Denny, who came to Washington County, Ind., when the State was yet a Territorj', and in 1813 entered land from the Government. His early life was passed in helping his father on the farm and attending the schools held in the old-fashioned log houses with stick and mud chimney, greased paper for window-lights, puncheons for seats, and the great wide fire-place, so prevalent in those days. He grew to manhood in this manner, and February 2, 1858. was united in marriage with Miss Elizabeth A. Thompson, who was born in this county, August 20, 1830, a daughter of Cary and Mary (Parr) Thomp- son. Seven children have crowned their union, as follows: Margaret B., born November 19, 1858, died March 17, 1880; Emma J., February 1, I860; Ruth A., December 7, 1861; Samuel H, May 19, 1864, died August 16, 1874; Loudella, January 15, 1866; Mary E., October 11, 1867, and Dorothy, February 21, 1869, died September 7, 1873. Mr. Denny is one of Washington County's most progressive citizens; is a Republican; is the owner of 470 acres of good land, and he and wife are members of the Christian Church. GEORGE FULTZ is a native of Virginia, and was born in 1825, a son of John and Sarah Fultz. In 1826 he came with his parents to Salem, Ind., where his father worked at the mill rights' trade for a num- ber of years, and also operated the " De Pauw mills," which he had built. Mrs. Fultz died in 1836, and Mr. Fultz about 1856. George Fultz has been engaged in various occupations through life, and at present is attending his farm of 215 acres, east of Salem. He followed steam-boating and distilling for a time; run the first dray in Salem, and for about thirteen years conducted the Salem Democrat with ability and success. He also operated a wagon and carriage manufactory and livery stable. For a number of years he served as Deputy County Sheriff, and so acceptably did he fill the position that he was twice elected as princi- pal to that office. Since his retirement from public life he has been actively engaged in agricultural pursuits. Mr. Fultz is one of the enter- prising and energetic men of the county; is a stanch Democrat in poli- tics, and a member of the I. O. O. F. He was married in 1858 to Miss Mary Wright, daughter of Levi Wright, of Washington County. BENJAMIN A. HARNED is a son of John S. and Ruth (Green) Harned, grandson of William Harned, and great grandson of Josiah Harned, the latter being a Revolutionary war soldier, and dying in Vir- ginia. William Harned immigrated to what is now Orange County, Ind., WASHINGTON TOWNSHIP. 861 » in 1814, where he followed farming until his death. John S. Harned was born in Louden County, Va., in 1796, and when twenty-one years of age emigrated to Canton, Washington Co., Ind., where he taught school, and later engaged in merchandising. He was a member of the Society of Friends; was an honored and esteemed citizen, and died June 22, 1880. His wife was also a Quaker in I'eligious belief, and died several years previous to the death of her husband. Benjamin A. Harned was born September 20, 1829, and has always followed agricultural pursuits in hi^ native county. He is a Republican, and in 1853 married Eliza- beth Clark, bj- whom he is the father or three children: Laura (now Mrs. Dr. Jones), Mary (Mrs. J. C. Cregg) and Annie. The parents are members of the Presbyterian Church. DR. S. H. HAR^OD was born in Scott County, Ind., August 20, 1827, son of William and Elizabeth (New) Hairod, the former a native of Kentucky, and his wife of North (Carolina. They were early settlers of Scott County, Ind., where they lived until their deaths, he dying at the age of fifty-five, and his wife at the age of eighty-nine. The Doctor's early life was passed on his father's farm. He attended the State Univer- sity, and then engaged in school-teaching, and studied medicine at odd times His first preceptor was Dr. B. F. Russell, of Paris, Ind. He also studied with his brother, Dr. J. R. Harrod, of Scott County, Ind. In the session of 1849-50 be attended the Ohio Medical College at Cin- cinnati. He then began the practice of medicine at Little Rock, Wash- ington County, where he practiced for about four years. In 1856 he came to Canton and bought property with a view to permanent location. In the same year he returned to the Ohio Medical College at Cincinnati, from which he graduated in the spring of 1857. He then established himself in practice at Canton, where he has since pursued his medical profession with great success. He is a member of the State and 'Wash- ington County Medical Societies and the Christian Church. October 22, 1854, he married Margaret R. Thompson, a native of Washington County, and a daughter of Levi J. and Patsey (Arbuckle) Thompson. There were seven children by this marriage, four of whom are living: Flora N., Lincoln. S., Itasca L. and Warder. The Doctor has paid much attention to the study of the natural sciences, especially geology, in which he has become quite proficient. He has a very valuable collection of geological specimens. He is the author of the sketch of the geology of this county found elsewhere. H AUGER & McMURRAN, one of Salem's principal business firms, is individually composed of William J. Hauger and William F. McMurran. The former of these was born in Washington County, Ind., in 1843, a son of Jacob and Elizabeth (Fultz) Hauger. He learned the wagon- maker's trade when a young man and made that his occupation for some time. In 1862 he enlisted in the Fifth Indiana Cavalry, served two years *and ten months, was in numerous hard campaigns and hotly- contested battles, and was honorably discharged. For four years, after his return, he worked at his trade, then engaged in merchandising, at which he is yet engaged in connection with tanning. He is a Republican, a mem- ber of the I. 0,0. F. and G. A. R. orders, and is yet living in a state of single blessedness ( ?). WILLIAM F. McMURRAN, junior member of the firm, was born in Vigo County, Ind., in 1830, his father's name also being William. He learned the tanner's trade, and by many year's work at that^ occupation, 862 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES. has become an adept in the business. When treason threatened the over- throw of onr Government in 1861 he enlisted in Company E, Thirty-first Indiana Volunteer Infantry, and participated in the battles of Fort Don- elson and Shiloh, receiving a severe wound at the latter place, which resulted in his discharge. He came to Salem, Ind., and in 1869 formed his present partnership with Mr. Hanger. He is a Republican and a member of the I. O. O. F., G. A. K, and Presbyterian Church. Cla- rinda, Cora, Maude and Carrie, are the names of the children born to his union with Miss Sarah J. Hauger, in 1863. H. D. HENDERSON, physician and druggist, was born in Washington County, September 6, 1819. His father, John G. Henderson, was a native of Pennsylvania, born in 1793, and was a cai'penter and cabinet- maker by trade, and when a lad moved with his parents to Georgetown, Ky. , and about 1813 came to Washington County, where he followed his vocation. In 1816 he returned to Kentucky and married Hannah Din- widdie, of a prominent old Virginia family, and a descendant of Gov. Dinwiddie, of that State. She was born in Virginia in 1796, and was the mother of four children, and died in Washington County in 1833. Mr. Henderson was again married in 1836 to Martha Young, who bore him four children and died in 1877. Mr. Henderson was a highly respected citi- zen, a member of the Presbyterian Church. He died December 30, 1858. The Doctor's early life was passed in the schools at Salem. At the age of fifteen years he went to Indianapolis, where he engaged on the Indian- apolis Journal for one year, after which he served three years as Assist- ant Engineer of Public Works, putting in his spare time studying medi- cine. In 1842 he graduated at Transylvania University, at Lexington, Ky. He then returned to his native county and began the practice of medicine, in which he successfully continued until 1860, when, owing to poor health, he retired from active practice, and since has been engaged in the drug business. He is a member of the State Medical Society, also the I. O. O. F; and the Encampment; has represented each at the Grand Lodge; has served as member of the Town Board; also President of the School Board. In 1855 he married Miss Gabriella M., daughter of Eli W. and Melinda P. (Lumley) Malott. By this marriage they have six children: John M., Harvey M., Hannah M., James P., Daisy G. and George. During the late war the Doctor was an uncompromising Union man, and did most valuable service in raising men, quieting disloyalty, and assisting the Federal cause. JAMES B. HICKS, a pioneer of Salem, was born in Barren County, Ky., August 25, 1812, a son of John and Eleanor Hicks. His father dying when he was yet a child, his mother removed to this county shortly after the State was admitted into the Union, and here he was raised and has always considered it his home. By trade he is a plasterer and brick- layer, and has followed that throuarh life. Since 1829 he has continu- ously resided in Salem, and in that year his marriage with Elizabeth Kemp was celebrated. In politics he is a Republican, but previous to 1856 was a Whig, and for the past fifteen years has been Postmaster of Salem. He belongs to the Masonic brotherhood, and he and wife are members of the Methodist Episcopal Church. The names of their chil- dren are as follows: Benjamin F., a Postal Clerk in the Government's employ for the past sixteen years ; Francis A. , a traveling salesman for a wholesale Cincinnati di-y goods house; Adaline, now Mrs. Capt. James T. Howell, of Oregon, Mo. ; Thomas V., for the past sixteen years WASHINGTON TOWNSHIP. 863 in charge of the Salem Postoffice; Ella; James P., who. married Minnie Miller, and is now a partner in a wholesale house at St. Joe, Mo. ; Will- iam A., deceased; Edwin, deceased, and Nora. JAMES M. HODGES, one of the oldest born citizens of Washington County, Ind., yet living here, was horn August 23, 1813. John Hodges, his grandfather, was born in Lincoln, England, March 20, 1749; came to America and assisted the Colonies in their struggle for independence, afterwards settlinof in North Carolina, where he taught school and mar- ried Margaret Lacey, who was born in the Old North State, March 25, 1755. He died August 11, 1816, and his widow came to Indiana, and died October 28, 1836. Arthur Parr, maternal grandfather of our sub- ject, was born July 15, 1758; served three years in the Revolutionary war; married Mary Morgan, who was born in 1766, and in 1809 came to Indiana Territory, where he died in about 1834, and his widow four years later. Thomas Hodges, father of James M. , was born in Noi'th Carolina, December 29, 1786, and May 23, 1809, married Elizabeth Parr, who was born July 17, 1789. In 1810 he and wife came to what is now Washington County, Ind. He seiwed as guard on the frontier during the war of 1812; was a member of the first Baptist Church organized ia the county, as was also his wife, and he died February 29, 1864, pre- ceded by his wife, September 28, 1856. James M. was raised a farmer, secured his education from the subscription schools of his day, and when twenty-two years old began doing for himself. In 1835 he married Nancy, daughter of James and Margaret (McDonald) Worrall. This lady was born November, 29, 1814, and died June 29, 1860. Elizabeth, daughter of John and Catharine (Etzler) Paynter, became his second wife, and one daughter — Nannie, now Mrs. J. A. Kemp — has blessed their union. The mother was born December 13, 1817, in Virginia. For three years Mr. Hodges has served as County Commissioner, and since 1837 has belonged to the Baptist Church. JAMES HOLLOWELL, a native Hoosier, and a well-to-do farmer, was born in Orange County, January 31, 1821. His paternal grand- father, Kobert Hollowell, was a native of North Carolina, where he mar- ried Elizabeth Cox, and in 1810 came with his family to what is now Orange County, Ind., and later moved to Washington County, where his wife died in 1842 and he in 1866. Nathan Hollowell, father of James, was born in North Carolina in 1799; came to Orange County, this State, with his parents, where he married Nancy Everett, who was born in the same State as himself in ]795, and in 1815 settled in Washington County. Nathan Hollowell died in Howard County, Ind., in 1865, his widow surviving him only four years. James Hollowell, in 1841, mar- ried Celia Thomas, who was a native of Illinois, and who died September 20, 1858, leaving three children: Huldah J., Amos and James S. Mrs. Mary A. Lindley, Avidow of Jonathan Lindley, and daughter of William P. and Anna (White) Trueblood. became his second wife, February 8, 1860, this lady having been born in this county May 17, 1824. Foiir children have been born to this marriage, as follows : Elwood L., Edmund, John J. and Marv N. Mr. and Mrs. Hollowell are among the well known and highly respected people of the countv. JESSE J. HUNGATE, a native of Mercer County. Ky., was bora December 22, 1817. Jehu Hungate. his father, was born March 31, 1791, and was a soldier of the war of 1812. February 1, 1816, he mar- ried Annie DePauw, a sister of Gen. John De Pauw, appropriate men- 864 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES. tion of whom is made elsewhere in this vohime, and in 1819, togethei' with his family, emigrated to Washington County, Ind.. and engaged in clearing: and farming:. He became an active and influential member of the community, and in 1852 was appointed by Gov. Wright to the Associate Judgeship of Washington County. His first wife dying in 1842, Mr. Hungate selected Fanny Coffin for his second wife, and this lady yet survives him. He died November 21, 1855, a member of long standing in the Missionary Baptist Church. The family born to Jehu and Annie (Du Pauw) Hungate is as follows: Jackson P., born Novem- ber 6, 1816. died in 1872; Jesse J. ; John D. P., August 6, 1819; Cynthia A., September 23, 1821; Pollv A., March 28, 1824; Charles B., September 21, 1825, died in 1855 ; 'jehu H., May 15, 1827, died in 1847; Elizabeth R., March 16, 1829, died in 1870 ; James D. P., July 28, 1831; Thomas C, January 24, 1833 ; William G., April 13, 1835, died in 1835; and Keziah C, June 2, 1837, died in 1859. Jesse J. Hungate was raised on the home farm, came to Salem in 1853, and for twelve years carried on merchandising. He is now looking after his propert}^, con- sisting of 638 acres of land, the " Hungate House " and an excellent livery outfit. In politics he is a Republican, and for many years has been a member of the Baptist Church. WILLIAM G. JAMISON, Auditor of Washington County, is a son of Joseph and Margaret (Gilchrist) Jamison, and is a native of the county in which he now resides. Joseph Jamison was born in Kentucky, Janu- ary 29, 1811, a son of Garrett Jamisou, who removed with his family to the Hoosier State in 1817, and where he and wife both died. Joseph and wife were the parents of William G. and Polly Ann (now Mrs. M. L. Ribelin), and they are yet living on the farm entered by Joseph's father. William G. Jamison was raised on the old homestead, but unlike his father in one respect, he secured a good practical education. He farmed and taught school for a number of years, and in 1860 was united in mar- riage with Margery Davis, by whom he became the father of five chil- dren named: Samuel J., now a cell house guard at the State Prison; John W., a merchant at Rich Hill, Mo.; Jerry M. ; Melvedia and W infield, deceased. The mother died September 17, 1880, a member of the Meth- odist Episcopal Church. On Christmas, 1882, Mr. Jamison married his present wife, who was Mary E. Smith. Until his election as County Audi- tor in 1878, he resided in Monroe Township, and for fourteen years served as Trustee. After one term as Auditor, he was re-elected and is now serving his second term. As a Democi'at in politics he has been out-spoken and itnswerving in the principles advocated by his party, and his official record as well as his private life is without a blemish. He belongs to the I. O O. F., the Masonic and the K. of P. fraternities. WILEY JONES is a native of Washington County, Ind., born Sep- tember 26, 1820. Cadwalader Jones, his father, was a noted pioneer in the history of this county, as can be learned by turning to the history of the early settlement of the county. He was a native of North Carolina, and married Clara Johnson, a lady of the same nativity as himself. Wiley Jones is one of the few remaining: of the county's oldest citizens who were born here. He commands the respect and esteem of all who know him. He is a Republican and the owner of 150 acres of fine land. March 31, 1842, he took for a help-mate through life Sarah Callaway, the daughter of those old pioneers Micajah and Frankie (Hawkins"! Calla- way, and by her is the father of a family of children whose names are here subjoined: Hardin, Harriet, Chloe, Reason and John H. WASHINGTON TOWNSHIP. 865 G. H. KLERNEK, a hirniture manufacturer, is a native of Germany, his birth occurring 'August 6, 1844. John H. Klerner, his father, immi- grated with his faiuily to the United States in 1856, and in 1870 was established at New Albany, Ind., in partnership with our subject in the manufacture of furniture. In 1878 G. H. Klerner came to Salem, and under the firm name of G. H. Klerner & Co., established a branch man- ufactory, which from the beginning has prospered under the practical and energetic management of Mr. Klerner. He keeps an average of twelve men busily engaged in his work- shops, and has an established trade over various portions of the State. Since being a resident of Salem he has endeavored to take an equal i:)art with his neighbors in the sup- port of all laudable public enterprises. He is a Republican and a mem- ber of the A. O. U. W., K. of P. and K. of H. societies. December 24, 1865, he married Emma C. Belser, who was born in Wurtemburg, Ger- many, February 10, 1846. Six children have been born to their mar- riage as follows: Laura O., born August 23, 1866; William H., Septem- ber 7, 1868; Emma L., July 20, 1870; George J., September 2. 1873; Edward R., November 22, 1878, died November 10, 1879; and Lillian, Mav 26, 1881. 'gayer KNIGHT, miller, was born July 2, 1813, in Guilford County, N. C, and is a son of Andrew and Ruth (Starbuck) Knight. Andrew was a Virginian by birth, but when yet small moved with his parents to North Carolina where he married. In 1816 he and family immigrated to Washington County, Ind., and settled eight miles west of Salem, where he died in 1857. Gayer Knight passed his youth amidst the hardships and privations incident to pioneer life, and was raised on his parents' farm. When nineteen years old he engaged his services as fireman in the woolen and cotton spinning mills at Salem, a position he retained twenty-eight months; then began the machinist's trade with Thomas and Elias Tassey. Being of an economical disposition he saved his earnings carefully, so that in 1852 with $2,000 he purchased a half -interest in his present business. Twelve years later hei^urchased the other half, since when he has carried on quite an extended trade. In politics Mr. Knight is a Repiiblican, and for over thirty years he and wife have been mem- bers of the Presbyterian Church. In 1832 his marriage with Mary, • daughter of George and Nancy Crawford, was solemnized, and four chil- dren have been born to them: Eliza (deceased), Amanda A., George (deceased) and William H. (deceased). They also have one adopted child whose name was Oliver Smith — now Oliver Smith Knight. DR. A. LANNING, dentist, was born in Guernsey County, Ohio, November 4, 1837, a son of R. A. and M. J. (Bunnell) Lanning, who were also natives of Ohio and of Irish-German descent. About 1848 the family moved to Monroe County, Ind.. where R. A. died in about 1853. His widow yet survives him and resides in Lawrence County. A. Lan- ning resided with his parents through youth, assisting his father at the millwright's trade and attending district school. When sixteen he began life's battle on his own responsibility, and from that time until manhood assisted his widowed mother in the care of the family. August 16, 1860, he mai-ried Miss E. M. Killian, who is yet his companion, the mother of two children, deceased, and a member of the Christian Church. In August, 1862. Dr. Lanning became a private in Company F, Ninety- third Indiana Volunteer Infantry, and was made Second Sergeant. He served in the battle of Jackson, siege of Vicksburg, and at the engage- 866 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES. ment at Greentown was captured June 11, 1864. For three months he suffered the horrors of Andersonville, then was prepared for exchange, but owing to his capture being previous to the time of the ones articled for he was rejected. Being satisfied with his experience already obtained at Andersonville, he determined to risk an escape. This was successful, and on the same train that bore Union exchanged prisoners he too went North. After a brief furlough he rejoined his regiment in time to take an active part in the battle of Nashville, where December 15 he was shot in the left knee joint by grape shot, and the same evening had his limb amputated at the held hospital. He was honorably discharged in Octo- ber, 1865. Coming to Salem he began working at dentistry, and has here built up a successful and lucrative practice. He is a Republican, and a member of the I. O. O. F., G. A. R. and Methodist Episcopal Church. HON. JOHN C. LAWLER, attorney at law, is a native of Cincinnati, Ohio, where he was born January 13, 1843, a son of John C. and Susan (Cahil) Lawler, both of whom are now dead. At twelve years of age he was left fatherless, and in 1855 his widowed mother with the family came to Washington County, Ind., engaging in farming and tanning, and here July 29, 1863, Mrs. Lawler died. Previous to the death of his father, the subject of this sketcji bad good schooling advantages, but since then he has never attended school one day. June 3, 1861, he enlisted as a private in Company G, Thirteenth India i a Volunteer Infantry, and serving through the battles of Rich Mountain. Greenbrier, Alle- ghany, Cold Harbor, and various skirmishes around Suffolk, Va. , and elsewhere, he was honorably discharged July 1, 1864, by reason of expi- ration of term of service. The winter of 1864-65, he was employed on the bridge railway department near Nashville, and in 1866 resumed the tanning business in Monroe Township, this county. He continued that and farming until April, 1871, when he moved to Salem where he has since been actively engaged in legal pursuits. In April, 1867, he was elected Trustee of Monroe Township, and in October of the year follow- ing was elected Representative to the Lower House of the State Legisla- ture. Owing to the difficulty of that session over the Fifteenth Amend- , ment he resigned his seat, but was re- elected at the special election. Christmas day, 1866, he married Miss Eliza A. Robertson, by whom he is the father of six children, named Jessie (deceased), Hallie, Minnie, Edna (deceased) John A. and Ella. Mr. Lawler is a Democrat and an Odd Fellow, and Mrs. Lawler is a member of the Methodist Episcopal Church. WILLIAM LINDLEY, (deceased), was born March 28, 1797, in North Carolina, and was a son of Samuel and Mary (Braxtan) Lindley, who were also natives of the Old North State, from whence they emi- grated to what is now Washington County, Ind., in 1811. He was raised a farmer, such being his occupation through life, and September 27, 1821, married Nancy, daughter of Joseph and Mary Moore. This lady, was born March 21, 1804, and died June 1, 1852, without issue. For his second wife, Mr. Lindley married Martha H. Hollowell, January 11, 1853, and the followinor named children were the results of their union: Mary H., born November 2, 1853. and now Mrs. Thomas Louden; Nancy M., April 22. 1856, died October 20, 1865: Elnora T., July 8, 1859; William B., October 7. 1861, and married Miss Katie A. McCorkle, and Charles N., September 10, 1885. Mrs. Lindley is the daughter of WASHINGTON TOWNSHIP. 867 Nathau aud Mary (Trueblood) Hollowell, who were among the early pioneers of this county, the former having been an old school teacher. William Linclley was a man of deep religious convictions; his life was a record of good deeds, and his friendship far extended to all. He died Apx'il 30, 1876, beloved by all who knew him, a member of the Society of. Friends. DA.WSON LYON, retired, is of Eaglish ancestry, and was born in Madison. Ind., February 3, 1816, son of Jonathan and Elizabeth (Davis) Lyon, both natives of Pennsylvania. They married in their native State, and moved to Madison, Ind, in about 1811. In 1815 Tonathan came to Salem, and bought a number of town-lots, and in 1816 moved his family to Salem, where he at once embarked in the mercantile business. In 1824 he was elected County Clerk, having previously represented his county in the Legislature. He was one of the successful lausiness men of his day and died esteemed by all, in 1855; his wife having preceded him in 1832. Our subject came to Washington County with his parents when but two months old, and has always been a resident of the county. At the a*e of sixteen years he began for himself by clerking, and at twenty years of age engaged in the mercantile business at Salem, where he did a prosperous business until 1878. Mr. Lyon was also connected with the First National Bank of Salem during its existence. For the past few years, Mr. Lyon has retired from active life, having acquired a considerable fortune. April 13, 1843, he married Martha Newby. daughter of Micah.and Mary D. (Coffin) Newby, they were natives of North Carolina, and came to Washington County in 1815. Mrs. Lyon was born in Washington County, Ind, July 19, 1823. To Mr. and Mrs. Lyon have been born the following children: Henry, a merchant at Decatur, Ills. ; Ella, wife of James Baynes, now of Alexandria, Dakota, and Lizzie, wife of H. D. Heaiersoa, a proaaiaent druggist of Salem. Henry served in the Fifth Indiana Cavalry daring the war. Mr. Lyon is a stanch Republican. COL. ROGER MARTIN (deceased), a native of County Kerry, Ire- land, was born June 2, 1805. His parents, Alexander and Orpha Mar- tin, were both natives of the Emerald Isle, where they lived and died. When a small lad, Roger was left motherless, and home with a stop - mother becoming unpleasant he ran away at fourteen years of age, and shipping before the mast came to the United States. At Baltimore he served an apprenticeship at shoe-making, then began for himself at Lynchburg, Va., where, in 1832, he married Martha E. Cornell. In 1833 they traversed th^ entire distance from Virginia to Salein, Ind., in a wagon, and made the latter place their home until death. Mr. Martin served as road master of the old N. A. & S. Railroad, until the opening of the Rebellion. He vvas a stalwart supporter of Lincoln's administration, and for his outspoken views against disloyalty incurred the hatred of the latter class. He assisted in recruiting the Fifty-third. Sixty-sixth, Eighty-hrst, and another regiment of Indiana infantry for the war, and on the organization of the Fifty-third, was made Major of ' the regiment, and as such went into active service. He resigned to help recruit the Sixty-sixth, of which he was commissioned Lieutenant-Colooel, afterward Colonel, serving as such until the close of the war. After the war he served the L. N. A. & C. Railroad Company, as purchasing agent, until his death, January 10. 1873. He was first a Whig in politics, then a Republican, and belonged to the I. O. O. F., and Presbyterian 868 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES. Church. Of the twelve children born to him and wife, only four are now living. Alexander Martin, the oldest child, was a Captain in the Thirty-eight Regiment; was mortally wounded at Murfreesboro. and died at New Albany. PEOF. JAMES G. MAY, born at Lincoln County, Ky., April 21, 1805, is the eldest of nine children, two brothers and two sisters yet living, born to Jacob and Eleanor (McDonald) May. The May family history is briefly this: in the year 1700 a crowd of students of colleges and universities of a portion of Germany, heated by the drinking of crambambuli, a German drink, uttered treasonable sentences against the crowned heads and potentates of their native country, and threatened to deprive them of their kingly power. George May, great-grandfather of James G. , the subject of this sketch, together with his brother John, and thirteen others, escaped arrest, and in sailor's disguise took passage for America, landing at Philadelphia in 1701. John May's descendants settled in North Carolina, Maryland and Virginia, afterward spreading to Kentucky, Indiana and Ohio. George May was the father of seven sons and two daughters, and Jacob, grandfather of James G., was the oldest. George died at Philadelphia. Jacob settled in Maryland, near Baltimore, and "there Jacob, James G.'s father, was born. Jacob, the second, settled in Kentucky in 1783, at the age of ten years, with his parents. He came to Indiana in 1825, and died at Martinsburg, in Washington County in 1852. William McDonald, grandfather of James G. May, was born in Philadelphia, and his parents were natives of Scot- land. He served seven years in the Revolutionary war, married a Miss Bell in North Cai-olina, she being a near relative of John Bell, who was a candidate for the Presidency in 1860. James G. May never remembered when he learned his letters. At six years of age he read sufficiently well to peruse the Bible, unaided. From the time he was four years old he has always been a student, and he contracted his fondness for study at the home of his childhood, where studying was always the order of the hour. When fourteen years old he entered Morrison's Academy and there acquired an extensive knowledge of the sciences. Not possessing the means necessary to take a collegiate course, he began teaching at sixteen years in his father's family, and working on the farm, at the same time pursuing privately the course his academy clasemate was taking at Cen- ter College, at Danville. In ten years he mastered the course, with- out one day's attendance at college, and in 1823 taught his first term of subscription school. In November, 1824, became to Indiana, and that winter taught school in Brown Township, Washington County. In 1825, he began reading law privately. The greater part of his life has been passed teaching school, 6,308 days in Washington County, 1,080 days in Decatur County, Ind., 1,935 days in the Harrison County Seminary, 1,170 days in New Albany as Superintendent and general instructor, 308 days scattering, making a total of 10,801 days passed in the school-room. It is not necessary to add that Prof. May has made school teaching a suc- cess. In 1838 he was admitted to practice law at Rushville, Ind., and for five years, with but little else, he was located at Salem, successfully engaged in legal pursuits. From December, 1832, to November, 1834, he was editor of the Western Annotator, at Salem. He was a Jacksonian in politics up to 1833 when his views changed on the question of bank- ing, and in 1834 he wrote the first article recommending William Henry Harrison for the Presidency. In 1856 he became a Republican which \ WASHINGTON TOWNSHIP. 869 he has remained to the present time, and during the bitter struggle between the North and the South he was ever found a warm supporter of the Union, of Lincoln's administration, and often was threatened all manner 'of violence for his outspoken and radical stand in favor of the Union. March 5. IS'JU, he married Nancy, dausrhter of Benoni and Elizabeth (McCoskey) Armstrong, and seven children were born to their union: William \V., Sarah E. (deceased), Maria L. (deceasod), Mary C. A\., Ben A., Gertrnde, and James D. (deceased.) Those living are all maiu'ied. Prof. May and wife are members of long standing in the Pres- byterian Church. MOCH & MAY, the leading clothiers of Salem, purchased the gen- eral clothing establishment of Levi Drora, and February 15, 1884, estab- lished themselves in business at this place. With creditable enterprise they established a branch store on the north side of the square and ai'e now operating two rooms with a full line of men, youth's and boy's clothing, hats, caps and gents' furnishing goods, trunks, valises, etc., all valued at about $14,000. The firm is composed of Sam Moch and Charles May, both of whom were reared in and near Cincinnati, where from early youth they were connected with large clothing establishments. They there learned every detail of the business — how to judge good and bad stock, how to buy, sell and ship — and purchasing their stock directly from the manufacturers instead of jobbers, are enabled to sell as low as any dealer anywhere. As business men of Salem they have been honest, courteous and obliging, and these indespensible requisites have enabled them to already build up an extensive trade which is constantly increas- ing. Their clothing-house is the best in town. W. A. McCLANAHAN, a native of Clark County, Ind. ; was born March 11, 1835, being the second of seven children, in the family of Samuel and Annis (Ashabranner) McClanahan, the former a native of Virginia and of Scotch descent, the latter of North Carolina and of Ger- man extraction. When young they came with their parents to Indiana and settled in Clark County, where they married and lived until our subject was a few mouths old. They then came to Washington County and set<^led in Franklin Township upon a farm. After a residence there they ]*emoved to Washington Township. Here Mrs. McClanahan died in 1877. The next year he was again married and is now living at Fredericks- burg. W. A. McClanahau received a practical education. After obtaining his majority he worked at teaming in Salem for a year. The next year he worked in Coffin's tannery, after which he rented and worked a farm for two years. Since that time he has been engaged in teaming the greater part of the time and has made a success of his business. He was mar- ried August 8, 1850. to Martha Bowling, a native of A\'a8hington County and a daughter of John and Dorcus Bowling. They have liad seven children, only two o£ whom — Joseph E. and Abbie — are living. Both he and wife are members of the Methodist Episcopal Church, and he is also a member of the I. O O. F. In politics he is a Democrat, and a highly respected citizen of Salem. A. J. McINTOSH is a native of the county in which he now resides, his birth taking place October 8, 1841, and is a son of John and Sarah (Barnett) Mcintosh. When but a small lad he began for himself as a newsboy on the Louisvi4ie, New Albany & Chicago Railway, and for five vears continued in this capacity. He was then employed as brakesman, then baggage-master, and by the faithful performance of his duty won 870 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES. the confidence and esteem of his employers, who promoted him to con- ductor of a passenger train, a position he retained seven years. Novem- ber 18, 1868, he wedded Miss Ella S. De Fauw, daughte'r of Washing- ton and Sarah (Malott) De Pauw, of New Albany, and quitting the road embarked in mercantile pursuits at Salem in 1869. . He has ever since been encrasred in merchandising: at this place. As a Democrat he was elected Sheriff for his native county in 1882, and two years later was renominated to the same position by his party, without opposition. He is a member of the F. & A. M., I. O. O. F. and K. of P. fraternities, and he and wife are the parents of five children, named Charles D., Sadie E., Eva, Nellie G. and Wilbur C. ROBERT MITCHELL (deceased) was born in Kentucky, August 21, 1803, and when seventeen years old came with his parents to Washington County, Ind. Thomas Mitchell, his father, was born March 19, 1776, and married Elizabeth Harmon, who was born August 12, 1780. Thei r respective deaths occurred in this county December 7, 1825, and in 1847\ Robert Mitchell was one of those true men whose life is above reproach, whose character was without a stain, and a man whose career could be followed by the present generation with credit. He was a farmer by occupation, and a member of the Christian Church. August 14, 1828, he married Elizabeth Hole, who was born in Warren County, Ohio, January 25, 1806, the daughter of David and Mary (Beadle) Hole. David Hole was born April 5, 1757, and died March 3. 1839." He was a Revolutionary war S()ldier and came to this county in 1820. Mrs. Hole was born July 7, 1767, and died April 12, 1829. To the marriage of Robert Mitchell and wife was born this family: Daniel, born January 1, 1831, killed by lightning June 11, 1879; Thomas, April 17, 1833; Mary C, October 18, 1835; Sarah, March 18, 1838; Stephen H., August 28. 1840; Minerva, September 24, 1842, died June 21, 1847; Melissa E., February 21, 1845, died June 28, 1847, and Robert H., born September 25, 1847. Robert Mitchell died April 2, 1880, an honored and respected citizen. C. W. MOBLEY was born in Clarke County. Ky., February 25, 1821. His father, Walter G., was a native of Maryland, born March '10, 1786, was a carpenter by trade, went to Kentucky when a young man, Where he met and man-ied Elizabeth Burton, a native of Fayette County, Ky., born in 1796. In 1829 they moved to Washington County, Ind., and engaged in farming until their deaths, the former dying March 16, 1876, his wife in 1880. Our subject's early life was passed on his father's farm and attending the schools of that day. He later learned the car- penter's trade and peddled clocks and tinware, continuing until 1855. with the exception of one year, when he was conductor on the L., N. A & C. R. R. In 1855 he entered the firm of Flatt, Martin & Gor- don of Salem as clerk. After four years' service ♦he bought out the firm. In 1863 he succeeded his former employer, D. B. Piatt, in the manufactui'inof of wasrons and carriai^'es. In 1865 he established a foundry and machine-shop. In 1861 he married Mary Telle, a native of Philadelphia, Penn. There are two children by this marriage — Fannie and Charles W. Mr. Mobley's life has been one of great activity and indus- try and of irreproachable integrity. He is a Republican. Mrs. Mobley was born July 30. 1834. ♦ BENJAMIN F. NICHOLSON, born in Washington County, Ind., November 10, 1824, is a son of Benjamin Nicholson, who was one of the WASHINGTON TOWNSHIP. 871 prominent pioneers of this county, having come here in 1812, and forting at Young's Fort until the Indian troubles were over. Benjamin Sr. pur- cha sed land in what is now Section 33 of this township, where he cleared and farmed until his death, Benjamin F. has always made farming his occupation, and by energy and good management has secured 200 acres of as good land as there is in the county. He was Second Sergeant of his company in the Mexican war and was a participant in the battle of Buena Vista. As a Democrat in politics he has been called upon to officiate in various positions of honor and trust, among which are the offices of Township Trustee, County Appraiser, County Commissioner and County Sheriff, serving two elective terms in the latter position. In 1848 he married Mary Johnson, who was born in this county February 27, 1831, daughter of Archibald and Mary (Kose) Johnson. Seven children have been born to them, and are named, John "W., David D., ^Sally A. (Mrs. J. H. Hitchcock), Archibald J., Emaline (Mrs. James Grimes), Martha E. (Mrs. S. Standish), and Maria, now Mrs. W. J. Cauble. B EVE ELY T. PACE was born in Barren County, Ky., June 25, 1845. His parents, Joseph W. and Harriet L. (Whitlow) Pace, were both natives of Kentucky. Their respective parents were'natives of Vir- ginia and North Carolina, and among the pioneer settlers of the Blue Grass Stale, and were people of the highest respectability. Subject's parents always resided upon a farm and to them were born a family of live sons and three daughters. The mother died in 1863. The father is yet 1 iving and resides in Texas. Beverly T. Pace was reared upon the farm. October 28, 1861, he enlisted in Company K, Capt, P. S. Eush, Thirteenth Kentucky Volunteer Infantry (Union), commanded by Col. E. H. Hobson, and served three years, participating in the battles of Perry- ville, Knoxville, the campaign in and around Atlanta and numerous lesser engagements. He was mustered out at-Louisville, Ky., January 12, 1865. March 30, 1865, he enlisted for one year in Company I, Eighth United States Veteran Volunteers, commanded by Gen. W. S. Hancock^ and served until March 29, 1866. The month following his last discharge he came to Salem, Ind.. where he embarked in the jewelry business, in which he has since continued. He married Miss Sarah A. Depp, a native of Glasgow, Ky., her birth occurring July 8, 1843. From this marriage three children were born: Hattie and Mary, living, and Cleofas D., dead. Mr. Pace's marriage was solemnized IMarch 26, 1867. He is a stanch Eepublican, a member of the G. A. E. and I. O. O. F., and of the Baptist Church. Subject's father, who on the breaking out of the war resided in Metcalfe County, Ky., was with one exception the only man who voted in that county for Abraham Lincoln in 1860, and during the entire war was a stanch Union man. DE. CHEISTIAN L. PAYNTEE was born in Washington County, Ind., February 19, 1824, and is the fifth born in the family of John and Catharine (Etzler) Paynter, the former born in Maryland in 1785, and the latter in Virginia in 1793. They immigrated to Indiana in 1822 and settled on a farm three miles south of Salem, where C. L. Paynter was raised. John Paynter was a Lieutenant in the war of 1812, and died in July, 1868. His widow died in 1879, and both were members of the Lutheran Church. Dr. Paynter secured a fair education in youth, taught school to some extent, and on the breaking out of hostilities between the United States and Mexico he became a member of Company D, Second 872 • BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES. Indiana Regiment. He served through Buena Vista, and on the expira- tion of his term of enlistment returned to his native county and soon afterward began the study of medicine with Dr. A. M. Jones, at Cory- don. In 1853 he graduated from the Louisville Medical University, and for many years has occupied a prominent position among the physicians of Salem and neighborhood. He is a member of the Washington County and State Medical Societies, also of the Masonic fraternity and Method- ist Episcopal Church. For the past twenty years he has served as County Physician. February 5, 1856, he we Mr. Green served his country faithfully in the late war, enlisting August 8, 1862, in Company B., Sixty-sixth Indiana Vol- unteer Infantry, serving at the battle of Richmond, Ky. , the entire siege of Atlanta, the memorable march to the sea with Sherman, thence up through the Carolinas, and finally to Washington, D. C, where he was honorably discharged in 1865. He is a Republican in politics and a member of the F. & A. M. and G. A. R. fraternities. In addition to carrying on the manufacture of flour Mr. Green also operates a saw and planing-mill. 888 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES. B. H. HANCOCK, an old and influential citizen of Fredericksburg, was born in Harrison County-, Ind., January 12, 1820, the eldest of eight children born to Matthew and Elizabeth (Hooker) Hancock, who were natives respectively of North Carolina and Virginia, and came to Indiana in 1819. ,B. H. Hancock passed his youth and early manhood amidst the pioneer scenes of that early day, and in September, 1843, wedded Mary Whitehead, who died in July, 1844. June 5, 1845, Mar- garet A. Senseney became his second wife, and the following named of their eight children are yet living: Mary A. (Mrs. W. L. Swartz), Har- riet A. (Mrs. Joseph Evart), Matthew T., Allen R., Jacob H., Thomas E. and Margaret A., the wife of J. N. Hickman. Mr. Hancock's principal occupation through life has been farming and stock-dealing, although when a small boy he assisted his father in operating a small hand-grist mill, there being no other kind in the neighborhood. For the past six years he has retired from active out-door life and now turns his attention largely to a general brokerage business. He and wife are members of the Methodist Episcopal Church, Mr. Hancock having united with that denomination when only twelve years old. In politics he is a Democrat, serving as Commissioner in Harrison County, and has also served six years as a member of the State Board of Agriculture. KAY BROTHERS. This well- known business firm of Fredericks- burg, was first started February 14, 1874, and is individually composed of James W., John W. and George T. Kay, all natives of this township, their respective births occuring November 11, 1842, November 17, 1844 and September 4, 1849. They began in business with a small stock of goods valued at about $650, and since that time have gradually increased the amount of stock in proportion to their trade until at present their goods invoice $5,000, and they annually transact $10,000 worth of busi- ness. The firm is enterprising and obliging and have justly won their present position, but not without hard work and self-sacrifice. James W. married Martha A. McLean, February 26, 1865, and seven children have been born to them. In February, 1878, the nuptials of John W.'s marriage with Mary Kelso were celebrated, and one child was the result of their union. Mrs. Kay dying November 12, 1883, George T. Kay's marriage with Jennie E. Senseney was solemnized, July 23, 1879, and they have one child. Kay Brothers are the sons of John and Lucinda (Austin) Kay, who were among the early settlers of Washington County. AARON MARTIN, a prominent citizen of Posey Township and a native of Washington County, was born December 22, 1826. He was the oldest of twelve children born to Peter and Elizabeth (Goss) Martin, who were natives respectively of Kentucky and North Carolina, and came to this State about the year 1819. Aaron remained at home and assisted his parents on the farm until he attained his majority, during which time he received a limited school education, such as the facilities of his day afforded. On the 27th of January, 1850, his marriage with Martha J. Colvin took place, and to their union eight children were born, of which these five are now living: Erastus, who married Lucretia Durnill; Emma, wife of Calvin D. Caughlin; John L., Oscar and Stella B. His occupa- tion has been principally farming, in which pursuit he has been very successful, and now owns 510 acres of mostly well improved land. In September, 1864, Mr. Martin was called to assist in maintaining the Union. He entered the service where he was engaged seven months, at which time he was honorably discharged May 10, 1865. Mr. and Mrs. POSEY TOWNSHIP. 889 Martin are members of the Christian Church. In politics Mr. Martin is a Republican. JOHN S. MARSHALL, a prosperous farmer and stock-raiser of this township, is a native of the Old Dominion, born in Augusta County, November 25, 1811. He is the fourth in a family of ten children born to James and Catharine (Colwell) Marshall, who were also natives of Vir- ginia, the former being of English and the latter of Irish descent. They came to the Hoosier State in about the year 1818, and here the subject of this sketch was reared amidst the pioneer scenes of that early day, and where, April 17, 1842, his marriage with Sophia Hunter was solemnized. He selected farming as his vocation in life, and by diligence and economy has secured 198 acres of land. He is a Republican in politics, and has endeavored to take an equal part with his neighbors in the sup- port of all laudable public enterprises. To his mai-riage with Miss Hun- ter eight children were born, of whom the following are survivors: Cyrus, Samuel S., John S.. Dora A. (Mrs. D. M. Baylor), and Mary A., who is the wife of Mr. L. Kinney. SAMUEL McCRARY, a native of Ohio, was born March 13, 1815, the eldest in a family of nine children born to William and Middie (Faulkner) McCrary, who came to Indiana in 1825, first settling in Jack- son County, but a few years later locating permanently in this county. After his father's death in about 1829, Samuel took his father's place in the care of the farm and family, and in consequence of this burden thrust upon his young shoulders, he secured only a limited education. Febru- ary 11, 1835, Minerva Royse became his wife, and six children were born to their union, only the following yet living: Nancy A., now Mrs. Albert Lee; Sarah, the wife of John Crandall, and Samuel. The mother dying in November, 1872, Mi-. McCrary married for his second wife Mrs. Sarah (Hoar) Mayberry, on the 12th of February, 1874, and by her is the father of five children, named, Emma, Simeon, Noah, Martha and John. As a farmer Mr. McCrary has made that occupation a success, being the fortunate possessor of 1 60 acres of good land. He is one of the promi - nent Republicans of Posey Township, and he and wife are members of the United Brethren Church. SAMUEL McCLANAHAN, a prominent citizen of Posey Township, is a native of Virginia, and was born Mai'ch 10, 1809, being the young- est in a family of nine children born to William and Abigail (Hughes) McCIanahan. His mother dying when he was but three days old. he was taken care of by an aunt, and at the age of five years his father died. After this he remained in Bedford County, Va., until seventeen years of age, when he started for Indiana, and reached Morgan County in April, 1826. The fall of that year he removed to this county, staying at that time one year, and from here going to Floyd County, and was there and in Clark County four years, when he returned to Washington County, where he has ever since resided. Mr. McCIanahan received a very lim- ited education. October 13, 1832, his marriage with Anise Ashabranner was solemnized, and to their union seven children were born, these four now living: William A., who married Martha Boling; Mary A. (Mi's. James Thomas); Catharine (Mrs. James A. McCIanahan), and Fannie B. June 7, 1876, the mother died, and June 10, 1877, Mr. McCIanahan married Mrs. Harriet N. (Horner) Hunter, who by her first husband was the mother of two children — Seth H. and William G. He now owns a farm of 130 acres, which he operates, and at the same time cries public 890 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES. sales and works at the butcher's trade. Mr. McClanahan is a Democrat, serving as County Coroner sixteen years; is a member of the Odd Fel- lows' fi-aternity, and he and wife are members of the Methodist Episco- pal Church. DR. JOHN S. McPHEETERS, a descendant of one of the oldest families of Washington County, was born near Fredericksburg, January 26, 1837, the eldest of six children born to Alexander and Louisa M. (Snyder) McPheeters, who were natives respectively of Kentucky and New York, and of Scotch-English and German descent. In 1818 the par- ents of A-lexander removed from Kentucky to the Hoosier State, locating permanently in Washington County, and settling where Livonia now stands. Alexander McPheeters was a physician, and under his direction John S. studied his father's profession, and in 1860 graduated from the Cincinnati College of Medicine and Surgery. He began practicing with his father, but in April, 1863, was commissioned by Gov. Morton Assist- ant Sui'geon of the Twenty-third Indiana Regiment, and in March, 1865, was promoted surgeon, continuing as such until the close of the war. Returning home he resumed the practice of his profession, and in Novem- ber, 1880, removed to Hardinsburg, where he has retired from active work. July 4, 1861, his marriage with Mary J. F. Holmes was solem- nized, and to their union one son— Thaddeus H. — was born. February 16, 1879, Dr. McPheeters was called upon to mourn the loss of a beloved wife. November 13, 1880, Mrs. Mary E. (Mcintosh) Ramsey became his second wife, and J ames A. was born to them. Dr. McPheeters is possessed of more than the average; is a Republican, a member of the I. O. O. F. and F. & A. M. fraternities and the Presbyterian Church. He now turns his attention to agricultural pursuits, and is the owner of a valuable tract of land, containing 400 acres. Mrs. McPheeters is a member of the Methodist Church. SAMUEL McINTOSH, a native of Kentucky, and one of the old and favorably known men of Posey Township, was brought by his parents to Indiana Territory in about the year 1812, and settled first in what is now Hairison County. Four years later they removed to Crawford County, and from there to near the line between Orange and Washington Coun- ties, in the former, where both his parents, James and Winafred (Potter) Mcintosh, afterward died. Samuel Mcintosh is the eldest in a family of thirteen children, and was born December 31, 1810. He received his early schooling in the primitive log-cabin of that early day, and until the age of nineteen remained with his parents. June 4, 1829, he wedded Susanna Radcliff, by whom he was the father of fourteen children, of whom the following are yet living: David, John, Jonathan, Joseph, Win- afred, Mary and Sarah. Mr. Mcintosh has always made farming and stock-raising his occupation, and in this pursuit has been quite successful, now owning 132 acres of well improved land. In politics he is a Repub- lican, and he and wife belong to the regular Baptist Church. CHARLES MITTON, a prominent citizen of Posey Township, is a native of New Jersey, where he was born March 8, 1819, being the only child of William and Eliza (Ferguson) Mitton, who were also natives of New Jersey. In 1838, in company with his mother and grandmother, he came to Indiana and settled at Martinsburg, this county, from whence he removed to Fredericksburg in 1840. In November, 1844, he wedded Miss T. Knowles, and to their union eight children have been born, these six yet living: Henry, who married Ella McPheeters; Martha, now Mrs. POSEY TOWNSHIP. 891 John Cromer; James; Emma, whose present husband is J. Jessup; Ida and Mary Belle. Since 1853 Mr. Mitton has been engaged in agricult- ural pursuits and he now owns a good farm of 235 acres. In 1864 Mr. Mitton went out to serve his country in the late war, and served with Gen. Sherman through to the sea and was honorably discharged June 11, 1865. He becfan life's battle a poor boy, but by industry and economy has earned a competence sufficient for all necessary comforts in his latter days. In politics he is a Republican and is one of Washington County's enterprising and esteemed citizens. S. E. McINTOSH is one of the leading merchants of Posey Town- ship, and is located at Hardinsburg, where he annually transacts a large and lucrative trade. He is a son of James and Emily (Wilcox) Mcintosh, who came to Indiana in 1841, his father being also one of the township's well remembered merchants, having established the store now owned by our subject, in 1849. S. E. Mcintosh was born November 15, 1851, and in 1879 assumed control of the large business of which he is now pro- prietor. He is a member of the Independent Order of Odd Fellows and is one of the most active Democrats of his township. September 14, 1881, Mr. Mcintosh was united in marriage with Emma F. Hungate, by whom he became the father of one child that died in infancy. WILLIAM T. MONTGOMERY is a native of Virginia, where be was born March 16, 1841, the oldest of thirteen children born to John H. and Mary R. (Ridgeway) Montgomery, who were also natives of the Old Dominion, They came to this State about 1846, having started for Missouri, but in consequence of the cold weather they wintered in Daviess County. In the spring of the following year they started for Kentucky, but Mrs. Montgomery was taken ill at Fayetteville and they remained there during the summer; perceiving the value of the country for farming purposes, he decided to locate there and has ever since been a resident of the county. William T. remained at home assisting his parents on the farm until he reached the age of twenty- three. He received a limited education in youth, and January 14, 1864, he was married to Mary Turley. Nine children have been born to them, named, James A., Sarah A., John W., Minnie A., George L., Laura F., Samuel E., Lillie E. and Luna. His occupation has always been farming, in which he has been very successful, and now owns 145 acres of land of which about one-half is still in timber. In politics he is a Democrat, and has been twice chosen Assessor of his township, has served two terms as Township Trustee, and he is now his party's nominee for County Com- missioner at the ensuing November election. ISAAC MURPHY is a native Hoosier, born July 10, 1828, in Floyd County, and is the youngest of four children born to Isaac and Polly (Baker) Murphy, who were natives of Virginia and Indiana respectively. His youth and early manhood were passed with his parents, during which time he received but very limited educational advantages. June 24, 1852, he was united in matrimony with Martha Wood, and the following named three of the four children born to them are yet living: Charley, Mary and Grace. The one deceased was Alice I., who died when about three years old. Like the majority of his people Mr. Murphy has made agriculture his occupation through life, and although beginning poor, he has secured a comfortable home and a farm, containing 142 acres. One of the principal events of his life was in 1849. when he became infected with the gold fever, and crossing the plains to California, remained 56 8y2 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES. there about two years. In politics he is a Democrat. He and wife belong to the Methodist Episcopal Church, and are among Posey Town- ship's best citizens. JOHN W. ROYSE, a native of the township and county in which he still resides, was born July 24, 1814, the fourth born in a family of twelve children, of whom the parents were Martin and Catharine (Evans) Royse. These parents were born in Kentucky, June 9, 1787, and Vir- ginia, June 24, 1784, respectively, the former coming with his parents to Indiana Territory in 1799, he at that time being twelve years old. They were married in Clark County, this State, in February, 1811, and were among the earliest settlers of Fredericksburg. John W. remained with his parents until the age of twenty-one years, during which time he received a much better education than was common at that time. December 25, 1834, he married Mary Garriott, who bore him four children, only one — Charles B, — who married Annie Mabry, December 27, 1882, is now living. Mrs. Royse died November 26, 1876, and Decem- ber 19, 1877, Mr. Royse selected for his second wife Miriam E. Wat- kins. He has followed agricultural pursuits through life and now owns a good farm of 125 acres of land. In politics he is an unswerving supporter of the principles advocated by the Republican party, and he and wife and son and wife are members of the Methodist Episcopal Church. PIERCE TOWNSHIP. SAMUEL L. BAKER, Sr. , a native of the township in which he Qow resides, was born June 23, 1825, the youngest of three children born to Valentine and Nancy (Overton) Baker, both natives of Virginia, the former of German, the latter of English descent, who came to this State in a very early day. His mother died when he was but twelve years of age; his father remarried and Samuel remained at home until the age of twenty years, when he married Sarah Tash. To their union were born three children, of whom only one is now living — Nancy A., consort of Mr. George Robinson. July 24, 1854, Mr. Baker suffered the bereave- ment of losing his wife, and in 1856 the nuptials of his marriage with Harriet O. Green were celebrated, by whom he was father of eleven children, these seven now living: William T. , Mary, Martha, Eras- mus S., Charlie, and Edna and Ethel who are twins. He has been a successful business man, doing carpenter and joiner work together with his principal occupation, which is farming, and now owns 160 acres of Well improved land. Formerly he was a member of the Masonic frater- nity, but is now a demit member of the order. In politics he is a Demo- crat, and he and his wife are members of the Methodist Episcopal Church. MICHAEL BROWN, now living in his native township, was born May 15, 1827, the youngest of four children born to Michael and Susanna (Motsinger) Brown, who were natives of North Carolina, from whence they came with other members of the Brown family to Indiana Territory, in 1811, settling on the farm now owned by our subject. Here he was reared amidst the pioneer scenes and incidents of back- PIERCE TOWNSHIP. 893 woods life in the Hoosier State, receiving but a limited education from the old-fashioned subscription schools. In the month of August, 1845, his union with Lucinda Jones was solemnized, and ten children have crowned their union, these yet living: Jemima, Mary, Jacob, Hannah, Susanna, James M. and Elmira M. Mr. Brown is one of Pierce Town- ship's well known and successful farmers, owning at present 142 acres of fairly improved land. He is a Republican in politics, and a mem- ber of the Christian Church. Mrs. Brown, who bravely aided her hus- band in his efforts to make a home for his family, died April 12, 1882. WILLIAM B. CAUBLE, a native of the county in which he now resides, and a well-to-do farmer of Pierce Township, was born Sep- tember 12, 1830, the second child of Peter and Margaret (Brown) Cauble. Peter Cauble was a native of the Old North State, where his birth occurred in about the year 1797. He came to Washington County when it was yet a new and wild country, and during the war of 1812 served as a teamster. He acted as Justice of the Peace for many years, was a member of the Christian Church, and his wife, to whom he was married in 1826, belonged to the Presbyterian Church. With the exception of two years spent in Nebraska, William B. has always resided in his native county. His early life was passed on his father's farm and attending the district schools; and when man grown, learned the carpenter's trade. He has worked hard, and by diligence and economy has secured a good farm of 425 acres. In 1869 he was united in matrimony with Miss Margaret E. Souder, daughter of Frederick and Polly (Click) Souder, and by her is the father of three children, named, Franklin P., Thomas T. and Peter F. Mr. Cauble is a Demo- crat, and is one of Pierce Township's best citizens. GEORGE C. CRIM is a native of Washington County, Ind., born in Jackson Township, November 20, 1827. He is the third in a family of eleven children born to Jesse and Lucinda (Churchill) Crim, who were natives of the Blue Grass State, the former coming to Indiana first in 1818, but retm'ning to his native State two years later, where he married, and again came to this county, locating near Martinsburg. In 1859 he immigrated to Illinois, where he died the year following. George C. Crim received a liberal education in youth, and until twenty- seven years old assisted his parents on the farm. April 2, 1855, his marriage with Miss Sallie Martin was solemnized, and to their union have been born the following family of children: Mary A., Lucinda C, Lizzie A., Edmund T., William W. and John L. Mr. Crim is justly recognized as one of the leading farmers and stock-raisers of his town- ship, and the fruit of hisf life's labor is revealed in a well improved farm containing 280 acres of good land. As a Republican in politics he takes an active interest in the leading issues of the day, and twice has been called upon to administer to the office of Township Trustee. He and wife are members of the Christian Church, and are well known and highly respected people. THOMAS GRAVES, the seventh in a family of eleven children born to John and Margaret (Brookshire) Graves, who were natives of Randolph County, North Carolina, was born April 21, 1823, in the same county as his parents. In 1849 the family came to Washington County, Ind., and here the parents of our snbject died. Thomas Graves remained on a farm in Montgomery County, this State, until about twenty-six years of 894 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES. ^ affe in youth receiving only sucb education as was obtainable at that early dav May 14 1850, his raarriage with Amanda Cravens was solemnized, and two children were born to them, only one-William A.— who was born August 18, 1851, and married Mary Elrod, yet living; James A born August 27, 1854, and died April 1, 1860, is the one deceased. July 3 1865 "the mother died, and November 22, 1866, Mr. Graves married Elizabeth Baker, by whom he is the father of these two children: Clara E, born February 14, 1869, and Woodford, born January 5, 1874, died October 16 1878 As a farmer Mr. Graves has been hard-working and economical', and by industry has secm^ed 500 acres of land. In politics he acts in harmony with the Republican party, whose principles he advo- WADE GRAVES, a prosperous citizen of Pierce Township, was born in Montgomery County, Ind., April 18, 1830, the tenth of twelve chil- dren born to John and Margaret (Brookshire) Graves, natives of Ran- dolph County, North Carolina, who came to this State m 1829, lirst set- tlincr in Montgomery County, moving thence to Washington where both Mr ""and Mrs. Graves died. Wade remained on the farm of h.s parents until twenty- two years of age, receiving such education as could be ob- tained at that early period. May 8, 1851, his marriage with ,Me linda Tash was solemnized and they are parents of eight children; of these seven are yet living: Candace A., Joseph H., Rhoda J., Miranda, Ella, Charles and John. He has always followed the pursuit of farming, m which he has been quite successful, now owning 319 J acres of well improved land. His political views are Republican, in the interest ot which party he is a zealous worker. NELSON JOHNSON, a native of the township and county m whicn he now resides, was born October 9, 1824, the third in a family of seven children, born to Ransom and Barbara (Wright) Johnson also natives ot this county, whose parents were among the very earliest settlers ot tnis locality. The parents of Mr. Johnson died in his early youth, m conse- quence of which he was raised a bound boy, by his uncle, John H. Johu- Bon. The educational advantages of that early day were very limited, but bv strict industry and devotion to study, he was enabled to quality himself for a teacher. December 20, 1845, his marriage with Sarah Souder was solemnized, and to their union were born the following chU-^ dren: Ransom, George W., Mary J. and Adelia A The occupation of Mr. Johnson has been principally farming, in which pursuit he has been very successful, now owning 214 acres of mostly well improved land^ He" is a Democrat and has served the people of his township as Justice of the Peace for the past twenty-four years; is the present incumbent tor the ensuing four years, and was Township Trustee under the old statute. Mr. and Mrs. Johnson are members of the Medodist Episcopal Church. SOLOMON LOCKENOUR, a native of Franklin Township, Wasn- incton Co., Ind., was born October 23, 1817, the fifth child in a family of ten children born to John and Elizabeth (Motsinger) Lockenour, natives of North Carolina, who came to this State about the year 1812 locating near where Farabee Station is now situated. Solomon received a limited education in the primitive log-schooihouse of his day, and at the age of eighteen went to work on a Government snag-boat. in August, 1840, he was wedded to Catherine Wilson, and to their union a large family of children were born, the following now living: J^rancis M TBarbara E., Leander, Jerome W. (who is in the United States Regu- PIERCE TOWNSHIP. 895 lar Army), Matilda, Hannah, Rosanaa, Charles and Alice. Mr. Locke- nour has always followed agricultural pursuits, in which vocation he has been quite successful, and is now proprietor of 160 acres of valuable land. Mr. and Mrs. Lockenour always contribute generously to the enterprises of the Christian Church, of which they are members. Mr. Lockenour is a Republican, and takes a live interest in the affairs of his party. ANDERSON MARTIN, a native of Pierce Township, this county, was born January 1, 1824. He received a good common school educa- tion in youth, and assisted his parents on the home farm until the age of twenty-six years, since when he has been engaged in farming on his own responsibility. That his eflbrts have met with success is demonstrated by a well improved farm of 320 acres, which is well stocked, owned by Mr. Martin. He is one of the township's progressive and enterprising Republicans, and himself and wife are members of the Christian Church. January 1, 1850, he married Lucinda Goss, and the following named of their live children are yet living: America I., Gilbert P., Augustus W. and Oliver P. S. Enoch and Elizabeth (Davis) Martin, parents of the subject of this memoir, were natives of Kentucky, from whence they moved to Indiana in about 1820, locating on the farm now owned by Anderson Martin, their oldest son. They were honest and industrious people. ISAAC H. MARTIN, a native of Jackson Township, this county, was born May 14, 1833, the third in a family of ten children born to Stephen and Nancy (Heistand) Martin, who were natives respectively of Kentucky and Virginia, and came to this State at an early day. Isaac received but little education, as such advantages were limited at that period. He remained on the home farm until he reached the age of twenty-four, when he married Candace S. Hamilton, and to the union the followinsr children have been born: Lillie B., N. S., Carrie M., Virgil C, Homer and Merdella I. His occupation is principally buying and shipping stock, in which he deals quite extensively, also owning and carrying on a farm of 450 acres, in both of which pursuits he has been quite success- ful. In politics he is a Republican, and takes an active interest in the affairs of his party. Mr. and Mrs. Martin are members of the Christian Church. NELSON MARKLAND is a native of tiowan County, N. C, born April 7, 1810. the youngest of ten children born to Nathaniel and Susan (Boler) Markland, who were also natives of the Old North State and of English descent. Nelson assisted his parents on the home farm until he attained majority, during which time he received such education as the primitive facilities of his day afforded. In June, 1831, he arrived in VVashington County, where he has ever since resided, following the occupation of farming in which, together with stock-raising, he has been very succeesfiil, now owning 100 acres of land. In politics he has always been an active Democrat. August 8, 1833, he married Elizabeth Bush, and to them have been born ten children. Mr. and Mrs. Markland are members of the Christian Church and have always contributed liberally to any charitable purposes of any institution which has for its object the moral improvement of the community. The names of their children are: John, Eliza, Nancy C, Sarah A., Susan M., AVilliam D., Milton G. , James M. , Amanda J. and Charles F. 896 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES. JOHN B. MARKLAND, one of Pierce Township's most prosperous farmers, was born May 10, 1834, the oldest of ten children born to Nel- son and Elizabeth (Bush) Markland, natives respectively of North Caro- lina and Indiana, the former a resident of this township since 1830. He left home at the age of twenty-five to engage in business pursuits for himself and was, shortly after, married to Delilah J. Hinds, by whom he is the father of six children, of whom these five are living: Laura M. , Frank H., Stephen N., Mary E. and Lulu E. His occupation has always been principally farming, and now owns 320 acres of good land, also being engaged in stock-raising to a considerable extent. In politics he is an adherent to the principles of Democracy. He and his wife are members of the Christian Church of which organization Mr. Markland is now an Elder. NATHAN MOTSINGER, a native of the township and county in which he now resides, was born December 28, 1821, being the oldest and only one now living of four children born to John and Delilah (Harmon) Motsinger^ the former of German and the latter or Irish descent. In 1809, John Motsinger, together with his parents, immigrated to Indiana Territory, locating on the farm now owned by Michael Brown in this township. When thirteen years of age, Nathan's father died and he was bound out to George W. Waltz, under whom he received but a limited education. May 9, 1844, he married Melinda Crouch, by whom he is the father of thirteen children, the following named yet living: Delilah M. , Mary J., Sarah E., Michael G., Eliza B., William O., Amanda A. and Junietta, the two latter being twins. Mr. Motsinger began life's battle a poor boy and is one of the self-made men of his township. He owns 168 acres of nicely improved property, is a Democrat in politics, a mem- ber of the Masonic fraternity and is one of Washington County's best citizens. THOMAS RATTS was born on an adjoining farm to the one he now owns in Pierce Township, this county, December 14, 1825, a son of Rinehart and Susanna (Yarborough) Ratts, both of whom were natives of North Carolina and of German descent paternally. In about 1823 the father of Thomas, together with his family, came by wagon from his native State and settled in northern Pierce Township, but a year later moved to the place where Thomas was born and where Mr. Ratts died in 1873. His widow died at the home of a son in Illinois, in May, 1884. These old pioneers were among the honest and industrious citizens of the county, and after living a long life of usefulness and passing through many of the hardships and inconveniences of pioneer life they died after seeing the many blessings that resulted from their labors of many years. Thomas is the third born in a family of fifteen children, only nine of whom are yet living. He was raised, as were the majority of the pioneer ^ boys of his day, to hard work at clearing, planting and reaping, and a few months' attendance at the old-fashioned log schools. He married Sarah J. Johnson, December 31, 1846, who died in 1860, after bearing four children, only two — Rinehart J. and John N. — yet living. In Febru- ary, 1863, Mr. Ratts married Susan Leach, his present wife, by whom he is the father or three children, these two yet living: Hester C. and George V. Mr. Ratts has passed his entire life at farming and hard work. With the exception of about $500 which was given him by his father at differ- ent times, he has made what he now owns — a fairly improved farm of 288 acres— by the greater part of his own exertions. He has endeavored PIERCE TOWNSHIP. 897 to share with his neighbors the support of all laudable public enterprises; is a member of the Christian Church, as is also his wife, and is a Repub- lican in politics. HON. ERASMUS W. SHANKS, son of William and Hannah E. (Crav- ens) Shanks, natives of Virginia, but for many years residents of this State, was born January 8, 1824, in Clark County, this State, the fourth in a family of ten children. He with his parents removed to Washington County in 1824. Remaining with them through his youth and early manhood he received a practical common school education, October 24, 1844, he married Joanna Brewer, by whom he was father of nine children, seven of whom are now living: Ann C, Ellen V., Charles F. , Manson C, Mary E. , Cassa B. and Hannah E. The three last named are at home. The occupation of Mr. Shanks has always been that of farming, in which he has been very successful, owning at present 532 acres of land, 240 of which lie in Kan- sas. He also gives much of his attention to stock-raising. In politics he is a Democrat, and has twice been the choice of the people of his town- ship for Trustee. In 1807 he represented the county in the State Legisla- ture in the lower House and is now the nominee of his party for the same position. Mr. and Mrs. Shanks are members of the Methodist Epis- copal Church, lending their aid to all charitable enterprises intended to promote the moral improvement of their community. RANSOM SHEPHERD, a son of Thomas and Nancy (Hensley) Shep- herd, who came from fheir native State — Kentucky— to this county in 1813, locating on the farm now owned and occupied by our subject, was born June 7, 1836, and is the youngest of ten children. Here his par- ents passed through all the hardships and inconveniences of pioneer life, and where they finally died: Mr. Shepherd, October 9, 1867, and Mrs, Shepherd, September 21, 1882. Ransom's early years were passed in attending the common schools of the neighborhood, and, following in the footsteps of his father, has always made farming his occupation. In this he has been somewhat fortunate as he now owns 240 acres of good farming and grazing land. In politics he supports the Republican ticket, and in religion he and wife belong to the Christian Church. His marriage with Nancy C. Markland was solemized November 8, 1860, and the Markland as well as the Shepherd family are among the oldest of Washington County. ALLEN J. SHERRILL, a native of Burke County, N. C, was born October 7, 1826, being the third in a family of seven childi-en born to John and Sarah (Allen) Sherrill, who were also natives of North Caro- lina, immigrating to Lawrence County, Ind., in 1830, where they resided until their respective deaths, which occurred September 27, 1879, and June 16, 1835. John Sherrill was born April 19, 1799, and his wife April 7, 1800. Allen J., at twenty-five years of age, left home to begin life's battle on his own responsibility, and selecting agricultural pursuits as his vocation has steadily followed that, and now owns 161 acres of well improved land. August 9, 1862, he enlisted as a private sol- dier in Company G, Seventy-seventh Indiana Volunteers (Fourth Indiana Cavalry), and July 7, 1865, was honorably discharged in Tennessee. Mr. Shen'ill was in a number of hard campaigns and hotly contested battles, among the latter being Chattanooga and Stone River. November 12, 1865, he married Nancy A. Foster, who bore him six children, these named yet living: Samuel C, Bertha D., Ida M. and Wesley E. January 31, 1875, Mrs. Sherrill died, and July 24, 1879, Mr. Sherrill married 898 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES. Mrs. Mary A. (Hayburn) Brown, by whom he is the father of Arthur J., Edna P. and Edith B. He is a Democrat, and he and wife belong to the Methodist Episcopal Church. CHRISTOPHER SOUDER, a native of this county, was born Feb- ruary 19, 1834, the oldest of five children born to John and Mary (Morris) Souder. His father, a native of Tennessee, was born December 15, 1808, came to Indiana the same year it became a State, where he and wife were married in about the year 1831. Mrs. Souder was born in the Old North State November 12, 1811, and in the year 1819 came with her parents to Indiana. The subject of this sketch received but limited educa- tional advantages in youth, and until the age of twenty-seven years remained at home assisting his parents. March 11, 1861, he wedded Mary J. Tash, by whom he became the father of five children, of whom only one — Dawson E. — is now living, aged thirteen years. Mr. Souder' 8 principal occupation has been that of farming, and by diligence he has earned 210 acres of land, a portion of which is situated in Clark County. He is a Democrat, and he and wife belong to the Christian Church. DANIEL H. SMITH, a prominent citizen of Pierce Township, is a native of Vernon Township, this county, born March 31, 1834, the fifth in a family of ten children born to Andrew and Mary (Hole) Smith, natives respectively of North Carolina and Ohio, both having come to this State at an early day. Daniel, on account of delicate health in youth, received but a limited education. He remained on the farm with his parents until he reached the age of twenty-five, and in 1861 was mar- ried to Elizabeth C. Hinds, and to their union four children were born, three of whom are now living: Mary C, Emma E. and Samuel; Delilah is the one deceased. The occupation of our subject has always been that of farming, in which he has been very successful, now owning 160 acres of well improved land. He is also engaged to some extent in the rearing of stock. In politics he is a Democrat, actively interested in the political affairs of the community in which he lives, and is one of the well-known citizens of the county. KINO TRAINER, a successful farmer and stock-raiser of Pierce Township, is a native of Chester County, Penn.; was born March 8, 1813, the oldest in a family of thirteen children born to Abram and Elizabeth (Johnson) Trainer, who were also natives of the Keystone State. At the age of sixteen he was bound out, according to the customs of that locality, until he reached his majority, to learn cabinet-making, which pursuit, with that of carpentering, he followed for seven years. In his youth, Mr. Trainer received a good practical education, and in the year 1840 immigrated to Lawrence County, this State, where he remaind three years moving from there to Washington County where he has ever since resided. He was married December 25, 1830. to Sarah Ford, and by this union was father of a numerous family, of whom seven are now living; their names are: Joseph, Caroline, Amanda, Abram, Lewis F., Elizabeth A, and Charles W. In politics Mr. Trainer is a Republican, active and inter- ested in the afi"airs of his party. He and wife are members of the Chris- tian church. HENRY H. WISEMAN, a native of the township and county in which he now resides, was born June 14, 1833, being the sixth of thir- teen children born to Jacob and Polly (Ratts) Wiseman, who were natives of North Carolina but came to this State and county in 1824, locating on the farm now owned by James P. Hinds. He remained with his parents, JEFFERSON TOWNSHIP. 899 assisting on the home fai'm, until twenty- three years old, receiving in youth a good practical education. March 13, 1856, Polly Zink became his wife, and the following named of their six children are now living : Eldora, Anna D., Lewellyn, James S., and Effie Maud. In politics, Mr. Wiseman is a stanch Kepublican and is one of the thorough-going and enterprising farmers of his township. He owns a good farm of 180 acres and is a member of the Masonic fraternity. JEFFERSON TOWNSHIP. JOHN F, BUKCHAM. a native of Jackson County, Ind., was born December 18, 1832, and was the oldest of nine children born to James and Rachel (Evans) Burcham, both natives of Kentucky, from which State the former, when a boy, came with his parents to Indiana, and settled in Jackson County, being among the first settlers of the county. His father was compelled to build a stockade around his house as a pro- tection against the Indians. He was married in 1830. He became one of the largest land-owners in Jackson County, where he lived until 1849. He then removed his family to Washington County, where he lived until his death, August 31, 1879. In addition to his property in Jackson County he had between 800 and 900 acres in Washington County. His wife is.still living, at the advanced age of seventy-nine years. John F. Burcham remained at home until his marriage, April 10, 1866, to Zella Lusk, a daughter of Robert and Mary (Reid) Lusk. He then bought the farm of 160 acres upon which he still resides. He is now one of the largest farmers in the county, having over 1,300 acres in this and Jack- son Counties. He has four children: James L., Robert M., Paul F. and Louisa Pauline Belle. During the war Mr. Burcham was a sfcronor Union man. He was captured by Morgan when on his raid, and imprisoned for one day in the court house at Salem. He lost a valuable horse and a gun on the occasion. JAMES F. BURCHAM, a brother of the preceding, like him is one of the most prominent farmers of the county. He was born November 1, 1846. He received his education in the common schools, with two years in the High School at Salem. He remained at home antil after attaining his majority. He then bought the farm now owned by Robert Lusk, which he kept for about twelve years. In 1871 he removed to the farm where he has since i*esided. He owns about 700 acres in this and Jack- son Counties. He was married December 27, 1869, to Belle M. Lusk, a native of Washington County, and a daughter of Robert and Mary (Reid) Lusk. Six children — Mary R. , Isaiah F. , James T., John S., Isabella P. and William F. — have been born to them, all of whom are living. Both he and wife are members of the Presbyterian Church. Politically Mr. Burcham is a Republican. WILLIAM M. BRANNAMAN. Tie paternal grandparents of the above, Jacob and Nancy (Fawbush) Brannaman, were among the tirst settlers of Washington County. Their son Wallace married Mary Bush, and to them were born two sons, one of whom is our subject. He received his education in the common schools, and after attaining his majority 900 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES. worked on the home farm during the summer season and taught school in winter for several years. About 1869 he bought his first land. He has been a very successful farmer, and now has 400 acres of land, upon which he has erected a good house. Mr. Brannaman has been twice mar- ried; first, in 1863, to Lucinda F. Shryer. Mrs. Brannaman died June 2, 1867, leaving one son — Willard. Mr. Brannaman was again married January 28, 1869, to Mary C. Malicoat, a native of Washington County. Seven children have been born to them. They are: Leuella E., Laura M., Melora A., Walter H., Calvin T., Hattie I. and Lelia P. Mr. Bran- naman was Trustee of Jefferson Township for four years. WILLIAM P. ENOCHS, ESQ., one of the pioneers of Washington County, settled in 1824, when he came with his parents from Oldham County, Ky., where he was born March 8, 1815. He was one of eight children born to Garrard and Sarah (Johnson) Enochs, both natives of North Carolina, in which State they were married, and a few years after, about 1802, removed to Kentucky. Mr. Enochs died April 9, 1852, and his wife, May 30, 1847. After the marriage of our subject he bought the farm of 120 acres upon which he still resides. Ho served as Justice of the Peace of Jefferson Township for sixteen consecutive years, and was also Township Trustee for several years. He is an excellent business man and has been much employed by the people of the vicinity to attend to their legal affairs. Mr. Enochs married May 27, 1841, Mary M. Lytle, a native of Kentucky, and a daughter of Lewis and Ann (Holmes) Lytle. They have had five children: William N., Sarah A., Thomas C, James L. and Elizabeth A. (deceased). WILLIAM A. FLINN, one of the public- spirited men of the county, was born November 13, 1833, in Lawrence County, Ind. He was one of six children born to Matthew and Martha (Holaday) Flinn, the former a native of North Carolina, and the latter of Kentucky, from which States they came with their respective parents to Indiana and settled in Lawrence County. Here they were married and lived until 1838. when they came to Washington County. Here they lived until their deaths, May 4, 1882, and February 28, 1881, respectively. William A. Flinn remained at home until July 21, 1861, when he enlisted in Com- pany E, Twenty- third Indiana Volunteer Infantry, with which regiment he served eighteen months. He participated in the battle of Shiloh. After his return from the war he rented and worked land until 1871, since which time he has resided where he now is. August 8, 1871, he married Nancy Bowers, a daughter of Daniel and Catharine (Barnett) Bowers. They have five children: Helen, Oliver, Daniel W., Anna and Catharine. Politically Mr. Flinn is a Democrat. SAMUEL J. GOODPASTURE came to Indiana when quite small. His parents were David and Rebecca (Peugh) Goodpasture, natives respect- ively of Kentucky and Virginia. After one year's residence in Indiana they returned to Kentucky and remained until 1841, when they came again to Indiana, where David Goodpasture died September 23, 1879. His wife still survives him at the advanced age of eighty years. Samuel J. Good- pasture was born in Bath County, Ky., November 7, 1822, and was the eldest of a family of nine children. He received a limited education in youth, but has since improved it. Being the oldest of the family he was compelled to contribute a large part to its support, as his father was in delicate health for many years previous to his death. In 1846 he bought the farm where he now resides. He now has about 480 acres of well JEFFERSON TOWNSHIP. 901 improved land, all of which he has made by his own energy and good management. August 11, 1850, he was united in marriage with Ann Bush, a daughter of Solomon and Nancy (Beck) Busb. They have had five children, four of whom — Mary E., Laura A. (now Mrs. Greely Cauble), Emma R. and Nancy M. (now Mrs. Charles Batt) — are living. Both Mr. Goodpasture and wife are members of the Christian Church. He is also a member of the F. & A. M. and is Democratic in politics. GEORGE GIBBS, a native of Leicestershire, England, was born Jan- uary 9, 1826. He was one of two sons born to Alfred P. and Mary (Gib- son) Gibbs, both natives of England, from which country, in 1826, they came to New York City, where Mr. Gibbs opened a shoe store. They lived in various Eastern cities, but always looked upon New York as their home. George Gibbs remained at home until eighteen years of age, when having previously learned the shoemaker's trade of his father, he went to Cincinnati. There he worked at his trade until June, 1846, when he enlisted in the First Rifles, First Ohio Volunteer Infantry. He served with his regiment under Zachary Taylor, participating in the battles of Monterey and Buena Vista. He was mustered out in August, 1847, and returned to Cincinnati, where he remained until June, 1855. In that year he came to Washington County, Ind., and bought the farm upon which he has since resided. In June, 1861, he enlisted in Company G, Indiana Volunteer Infantry, with which regiment he served until October ■5, 1862, when in the battle of Matamoras, Miss., his right leg was shot off by a cannon ball. He lay in hospital at Jackson, Tenn., until April 7, 1863, when he was discharged. He participated in the battle of Shiloh. Since his return from the war he has been engaged in managing his farm. Mr. Gibbs was married, in February, 1848, to Mary M. Chambers, a native of Ireland. Mrs. Gibbs died December 16, 1882, leaving eight children: Alfred P., William G., John F., Maggie B. (now Mrs. Reid), Lucy, Oliver G., James E. and Charles C. Mr. Gibbs was again mar- ried, June 14, 1884, to Mary L. Logan, of Franklin County. Mr Gibbs' only brother was killed on Pope's retreat, in the Shenandoah. He belonged to the famous Ellsworth Zouaves. ALEXANDER R. LOUDON, a native of Washington County, New York, was born August 18, 1828, the foiu-th of eight children. His par- ents were John and Lavina (Lee) Loudon, the former a native of Ireland, and the latter of New York. John Loudon, when a child, came with his parents to America and settled in New York, where he grew to manhood, was married, and lived until 1833, when he came with his family to Washington County, Ind. He bought a farm and lived upon it until his death in 1853. His wife survived him until 1869. Alexander R. Lou- don, upon leaving home, purchased thii'ty acres of land, upon which he is still living. He now has about 200 acres. He was married, February 15, 1882, to Elizabeth D. Coffin, a native of Washington County, Ind. They have four children living: David B., Delia R., Elmer E. and Eliza; Estella and Albert M. died at the ages of nine and six years respectively. Annie died from the effects of injuries received by a boiler explosion in a mill at Rush Creek. Both Mr. Loudon and wife are members of the Missionary Baptist Church, and are very highly respected by all who know them. WILLIAM R. LUSK was born in Jefferson Township, Washington Co., Ind., October 11, 1833. He was one of a family of nine children born to Robert and Mary (Reid) Lusk. The former, when quite young, 902 BlOGRArHlCAL SKETCHES. came to Pennsylvania with his parents from Ireland, his native land. He came of a good family, of Scotch extraction. He attended school in Philadelphia, graduating in both medicine and divinity. While a resi- dent of Pennsylvania he married Margaret^ Thompson, who died leaving two children, with whom he came in 1823 to Indiana, and settled in Washington County. September 8, 1824, he was married to the mother of our subject, a woman of extraordinary force of character, culture and intellect. She is a native of South Carolina, and of Irish descent. Her people belonged to the old Scotch Covenanter Church, and came North to avoid the persecutions arising from their intolerance of slavery. She is still living, beloved by all who know her. Robert Lusk, in addition to farming quite extensively, was also minister to a congregation of Cove- nanters. His death occurred in December, 1845. William K. Lusk received a practical education. He remained at home until his marriage, April 1, 1858, to Elizabeth A. Burcham, a daughter of James Burcham. They began housekeeping on the place where they now reside. They own about 600 aci-es of laud in this and Jackson Counties. They have had ten children: Robert F., William H., Isaiah F., Mary E. , Rachel N., Elizabeth A., Nellie, Hannah H., Zella A. and Paulina B. (deceased). DAVID MYERS, a native of Jefferson Township, Washington Co., Ind., was born March 24, 1823, being the youngest son iu a family of seven children. His parents were David and Mary (Bradley) Myers, both natives of Pennsylvania, and of German descent. They were married in their native State and lived there several years after. They then came to Indiana, stopping on the way one year in Ohio. They settled on a farm in Washington County, where they spent the remainder of their days. He served for a time in the war of 1812. Our subject received his education in the primitive log schoolhouse. After leaving home he worked by the month until his marriage when he bought a part of the farm now owned by Commodore Cauble. He owned that two years, then bought the farm of 120 acres where he still resides. He also has 160 acres on Buffalo Creek. September 15, 1849, he was mar- ried to Nancy Hughes, a daughter of Jesse and Charity (Griffin) Hughes. Six children have blessed this union, four of whom — Jasper, Mary, Martha A. and Euphemia — are living. Both he and wife are members of the Methodist Episcopal Church. HUGH B. NEELY, a well-known and substantial farmer of Jeffer- son Township, was born July 2, 1833. He was one of eleven children born to William B. and Judith (Poole) Neely, both natives of Virginia, in which State they were married in 1813. Four years later they removed to Indiana and settled in Washington County. Soon after their arrival they bought the farm where our subject now lives, and where they died, Mr.' Neely, March 16, 1866, and his wife July 12, 1874. He served in the army during the war of 1812. Hugh B. Neely, having received a good common school education, remained at home, teaching school dur- ing the winter season until his marriage. Since that time he has resided upon the homestead farm, caring for his parents until their deaths. He was married March 24, 1863, to Mary A. Bennett, of Clark County, Ind., and a daughter of Loyd and Elizabeth (Morefieldj Bennett. They have been blessed with nine children: Olive G., Winafred W., Harriet E., Walter E., Robert F., John C, Cora A. and Mabel L. are living. Maggie V. died at the age of four years. Mr. Neely is Democratic in politics, and has been Trustee of Jefferson Township for two years. JEFFERSON TOWNSHIP. 903 THOMAS J. SMITH, ESQ. The above is a son of Henry G. and Elisca (Settles) Smith, both natives of Nelson County, Ky., and of Ger- man descent. They came to Indiana in 1839 and settled on a farm in Jackson County. In 1848 they removed to Salem, where Mr. Smith was engaged in stock-dealing and farming for sixteen years. They then returned to Jackson County. Mrs. Smith died in 1873. Mr. Smith, although over seventy-one years of age, still manages a farm. Thomas J. Smith received his education in the schools of Salem. March 29, 1864, he enlisted in Company G, Seventeenth Ind., V. I., with which regiment he served until mustered out at Macon, Ga. , August 8, 1865. He par- ticipated in all the battles of the campaign from Chattanooga to Atlanta, and was also under Gen. Wilson on the expedition to liberate the prison- ers at Andersonville. After his return from the war he attended school for a time. In 1869 he went to Missouri, bought a farm and remained one year. He then returned to the farm where he now resides. June 13, 1869, he was united in marriage to Beldora Burrell, of Jackson County. They have had three children: Kirby, Tilden and Annie (deceased). Mr. Smith is a member of the G. A. R. and is a Democrat in politics. He was a Justice of the Peace in Jefferson Township for two years. LOGAN STARR has been a resident of Washington County since 1838, at which date his father removed to this county from Lawi-ence County, where our subject was born March 6, 1822. He was one of nine children in the family of Phillip and Elizabeth (Fry) Starr, both natives of North Carolina, from which State they removed after their marriage, to Clark County, Ind. After residing there for a time they removed to Lawrence County. Logan Starr received a practical education in the common school. He remained at home until twenty-one years of age, ■when he bought the farm now owned by J. W. Coffey. After four years he bought thirty-five acres where he now resides and to which he has added, until he now has 237 acres upon which he has built one of the best houses in the township. He also owns 100 acres on Buffalo Creek. Mr. Starr was married in August, 1851, to Martha A. Neely, a native of Washington County, and a daughter of William B. and Judith (Poole) Neely. Four children have been born to them, three of whom — Albert M., Robert M. and Norman E. — are living. Alice E. died at the age of twenty. Politically Mr. Starr is a stanch Democrat, and one of the prominent farmers of the township. D. L. THOMPSON is one of the first teachers of Washington County. He is a graduate of the Central Normal School of Ladoga, Ind., having completed both a teacher's and a business course of study. He taught the first school in District No. 1, in 1875-76, and has taught nine terms. He -is a native of Washington County, Ind., born February 16, 1852, and is a son of David R. and Mary A. (Huffman) Thompson. He received his early education in the common schools, but in addition to his normal school course attended at Mitchell, Orleans, Campbells- burg and Salem, and is altogether one of the best educated members of his profession in the county. He was married March 22, 1881, to Martha A. Meyers. Politically he is a Republican. WILLIAM G. WILLIAMS, general merchandise. Rush Creek Val- ley, Ind., began business in 1869. He carries a large and well selected stock of goods and is doing a good business. He is at present enlarging his store to meet the increased demand for space. During his first year in business he was elected Trustee of the township, which ofiice he held 904 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES. for nine years. He has been Postmaster at Rush Creek since the office was established. He received his education in the common schools and at Leesville Academy. Previous to 1869 he taught school in the winter season and farmed dviring the summer for eight years. Mr. Williams was born in Washington County, Ind. , February 3, 1840, and was one of seven children in the family of William R. and Hannah (Booh) Will- iams, natives respectively of North Carolina and Maryland. They came to Indiana when quite young. Mr. Williams was a farmer and also for many years an ordained minister in the regular Baptist Church, of which his wife is also a member. He died August 20, 1851. March 11, 1873, our subject was married to Mary J. Stewart, a daughter of James and Elizabeth (Bottorfif) Stewart. They have had two children — Tennie D. and Leeman (deceased). Both Mr. Williams and wife are members of the Baptist Church. MONROE TOWNSHIP. JEREMIAH DAVIS came with his parents in 1841, from Hamilton County, Ohio, and settled on the farm where he has since resided. His father during the spring and winter months followed flat-boating on the Ohio and Mississippi Rivers. The remainder of the year he spent upon the farm. He died January 16, 1863. His wife survived him until June 6, 1878. Jeremiah Davis was one of the five children born to Samuel M. and Nancy (Hutchinson) Davis, both natives of Ohio, and the former of Irish descent. He was married September 20, 1857, to Eliza Jamison, a native of Washington County. She is a daughter of James Jamison, and was born February 24, 1842. They have had seven chil- dren: Charles A., Samuel N., Emmet, Margaret J., Dodie, Araminta and John (deceased). Mr'. Davis, politically, is a Democrat, and a highly esteemed citizen. JOSEPH DENNY, a native of Virginia, was born April 9, 1808, the second of nine children in the family of Thomas and Mary (Hattabaugh) Denny, the latter a native of Pennsylvania and the former of Virginia. During 1809 they came to Washington County, Ind., and settled in Monroe Township, where they spent the remainder of their lives. He died March 13, 1843, and Mrs Denny survived him until 1878. They lived in the fort at Kossuth during the war of 1812. Joseph Denny received a practical education, although raised amid the hardships of a pioneer life. He remained at home until his marriage, when he bought a part of the farm now owned by James F. Burcham. He now owns the old homestead farm. He was married June 28, 1830, to Minerva, a daughter of William and Elizabeth (Fox) Elliott. Ten children were born to them, seven of whom— Thomas, Joseph, Jacob, James, Mary, Ellen and Edith, now Mrs. C. G. Chambers — are living. Mrs. Denny died July 6, 1880. JACOB DENNEY, a son of the above, was born November 17, 1842. He received a good practical education; remained at home working on the farm until twenty-eight years of age. He then rented a farm in Jackson County for two years, after which he managed Dr. T. M. Tuck- er's farm for four years. In 1877 he bought the farm of 160 acres upon MONROE TOWNSHIP. 905 which he still resides. He was married January 7, 1871, to Hindaga Callaway, a daughter of Noble and Catharine (Nicholson) Callaway. They have had six children, four of whom — Reese M., Thomas M., Amioie B. and Hindaga are living. JOHN ELLIOTT when a young man learned the blacksmith's and wagon-maker's trade of George Smith, at Mill Point, with whom he after- ward worked in partnership until 1868. He then spent a few months in Holt and Jasper Counties, Missouri. In March, 1869, he returned to Washington County and bought the farm of 180 acres where he now lives. He now has 480 acres in Monroe and Jefferson Townships. He also still continues to work at his trade when it does not interfere with his farm- ing. In July, 1863, he enlisted in Company C, One Hundred and Seven- teenth Indiana Volunteer Infantry, with which regiment he served mostly in Tennessee, until mustered out at Indianapolis in February, 1864. Mr. Elliott was born in Monroe Township, July 17, 1836, being oae of four children born to John and Mary (Stuart) Elliott, the latter a native of Virginia, and the former of South Carolina, from which States, when young, they came with their parents to Washington County, Ind., where they lived the remainder of their lives. He died September 27, 1864. John Elliott, the subject of this sketch, chose for his companion Margaret Haley, a daughter of David and Catharine (Persinger) Haley, to whom he was married February 18, 1870. They have two children — David and Kate. FRANCIS M. GODFREY, a prominent farmer and stock-trader of the county, was born in this county, December 15, 1842. He was one of a family of ten children born to James and Rebecca (Rice) God- frey, a native of Indiana. James Godfrey was born in North Carolina, from' which State when a boy he came with his parents to Indiana and .settled at Canton, Washington County. There he grew to manhood, was married, and followed the business of farming and trading until within the past few years. He is now engaged in a mercantile business at Salem. Francis M. Godfrey received his education in the schools of Washington County. He remained at home until twenty three years of age. He then bought the farm of 225 acres upon which he still resides, and to which he has added until he now has 500 acres. Mr. Godfrey has been twice married. In January, 1866, he was married to Jemima Callaway. Mrs. Godfrey died June 14, 1881, leaving three children: Delos, Amanda E. and James F. Mr. Godfrey was married a second time in September, 1881, to Mary A. Laulis, a native of Washington County. In politics Mr. Godfi'ey is a Democrat, and one of the substan- tial men of the county. FRANKLIN HYDE was born at Florence, Ala., March 17, 1847. His parents were Samuel M. and Elizabeth (O'Hara) Hyde, the latter a native of Alabama and of Irish descent. Samuel M. Hyde was born in Vermont, from which State when a young man he removed to Alabama, where he was married and has since resided. He worked for several years at the tailor's trade. Franklin Hyde when a youth received a good practical education. He worked on the farm until attaining his majority, when he began to learn the carpenter's trade, which he still follows. In April, 1875, he came to Washington County, Ind. Septem- ber 28, 1879, he married Eliza J. Weston, a native of the county. They have two children — Otho and Gertie. 906 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES. THOMAS LOCKWOOD, dealer in general merchandise, Kossuth, Ind., began business in May, 1869, by the purchase of the store and stock of goods of M. L. Kibelin. He carries one of the largest stocks of goods in the county outside of Salem. He also has three farms, one of 200 acres on Sections 31 and 32, one of 178 acres on the Muscatatuck Kiver, and another of 187 acres in Jackson County. Mr. Lockwood was born in Washington County, Ind., December 2, 1833. He is the oldest of seven children in the family of Isaac and Nancy (Herron) Lockwood, the latter a native of Kentucky. Isaac Lockwood was born in Delaware, June 17, 1806. He was descended from a family originally from Eng- land, who came to America at a very early day. He served an appren- ticeship to the tanner's and currier's trade at Hagerstown, Md. About 1831 he came with his brother Benjamin to Little Philadelphia, Wash- ington Co., Ind., where they opened a tannery. They did quite an extensive business in tanning, merchandising and farming. In 1847 they removed to New Albany, where they conducted a tannery and leather store for some years. During all their business i-elations no con- tract existed between them, and yet they never had the slightest disagree- ment. Thomas Lockwood received his education in the New Albany schools. He learned the tanner's trade with his father. In 1856 he came to Washington County, Ind., and opened an extensive steam tan- nery at Cavanaugh's Ferry, which he operated for ten years. In 1866 he spent a year in travel in the South and West. He then returned and purchased a tannery at Medora, Jackson Co. , Ind. After a year he sold this and entered into partnership with Meyer & Brown, of St. Louis, in a tannery at the same place. In a few months afterward he came to Kossuth. Mr. Lockwood was married May 1, 1859, to Sarah Bennett. They have three children: Frank, Araminta and Jessie. Mr. Lockwood is a member of the I. O. O. F., is a Republican, and one of the best busi- ness men in the county. SPENCER B. PEIJGH, one of the most prominent men of the county, was born in Loudon County, Va., January 28, 1814. He was one of four children in the family of David and Lydia (Botts) Peugh, both natives of Virginia and of Irish descent. When our subject was quite small he removed with his parents to Kentucky, where they both died. Left an orphan, at the age of twelve years he came with his uncle, Samuel Peugh, to Washington County, Ind. He continued to live with his uncle's family until he was sixteen, at which age he was apprenticed to John Aiken of Salem, to learn the blacksmith's trade. After serving three years he went to Cincinnati, where he worked at his trade for two years. He then spent a year in Kentucky. In 1836 he returned to Washington County and opened a shop at Kossuth, where he remained imtil 1842. He at that date opened a shop where he still resides, and ■ continued his trade until 1860. In 1842 he bought the farm of 300 acres where his residence is located. He now owns about 1,000 acres in Monroe Township. Mr. Peugh was married October 18, 1838, to Jane, a daughter of Col. Ezekiel D. Logan. They have had thirteen children, nine of whom are living. Mr. Peugh was Commissioner of Washington County for six years. Politically he is a Democrat. E. H. PEUGH, a son of Spencer B. Peugh, was born September 19, 1839. He received a common school education in youth. He learned the blacksmith's trade and worked in the shop and on the farm until twenty-four years of age. In 1863 he, in connection with his brother POLK TOWNSHIP. 907 David, came to Delaney's Creek, where they managed a farm until 1871, when they built the store, etc., mentioned in another chapter. He was married in December, 1863, to Eliza Goodpasture, a native of Washing- ton County and a daughter of Carlisle and Emily Goodpasture. They have had one child — a daughter — who died in infancy. Mr. Peugh was Assessor of Monroe Township for two terms. He is a member of the F. & A. M., and is a Democrat in politics. CHAELES RATHBUN, M. D., a well-known physician, came to Washington County, Ind. , in 1863, and purchased the farm of 253 acres upon which he now resides. He is a native of Trumbull County, Ohio, born October 4, 1809, and was the eldest of seven childx'en born to John and Lydia (Brown) Eathbun. The latter was a native of New Jersey, and the former of Ehode Island, from which States, when quite young, they came with their respective parents to Pennsylvania. In that State they were married and soon after removed to TrUmbull County, Ohio, where they remained until our subject was a few weeks old. They then lived successively in Cincinnati, Ohio, and Clark, Madison and Champaign Counties, Ohio. John Eathbun was a medical practitioner and also carried on a farm. He served for a time in the war of 1812. He died January 30, 1850. His wife died October 21, 1839. Charles Eathbun received his education in the schools of his native State and began read- ing medicine at the age of seventeen. During that year he began to practice, acting as assistant to his father. He continued to read and practice with his father until November 25, 1830, when he married Elizabeth Eussell. From this time until 1846 he practiced his profession in Madison and Union Counties, Ohio. He then removed to Marysville, ■where he confined himself closely to his practice for nineteen years. Although considerably advanced in years, he has as large a practice as a young man could attend. He has had a family of tea children, seven of whom, John N., Sarah A. (now Mrs. Faulkner), Lydia (now Mrs. Scott), Harriet A. (now Mrs. Wood), Emily J. (now Mrs. Bellus), Milton C. and Charles, are living. Mrs. Eathbun died September 17, 1861, and he was again married June 12, 1862, to Margaret Nicholson, a native of Washington County. Mr. Eathbun is a member of the Methodist Epis- copal Church, the 'A. F. & A. M. and I. O. O. F. Politically he is a Eepublican, though he holds to the prohibition principles. During the war he was active in contributing supplies, etc. His son, John N., enlisted as a private in th^ Sixty-sixth Ohio Volunteer Infantry, and rose to rank of Captain. POLK TOWNSHIP. HON. JOHN A. BOWMAN was a native of Blount County, Tenn., where he was born April 7, 1818, being the next oldest in a family of eleven children born to John and Catharine (Bowerman) Bowman, who were natives respectively of Virginia and Pennsylvania, and they emigrated to this State about the year 1830, and first settled on the Wal- nut Ridge, in Monroe Township, and remained there until the death of Mr. Bowman, Sr., which occurred some fifteen years later. Our subject 908 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES. remained at home and assisted his parents on the farm until he attained' the age of eighteen years. He then started for Louisiana on a flat-boat, remaining there a period of two years, then returned to Washington County, and purchased a farm in the vicinity of his parents' abode. Prior to reaching the age of eighteen he was apprenticed to learn the cabinet- making trade for two and one-half years. He placed his widowed mother and her two children upon the farm, and engaged in trafficking and dealing in stock between here and New Orleans, in which business he remained until the breaking out of the civil war. Since the wav he has made several trips South, but he does not make them with any regu- larity. January 17, 1881, his marriage with Mary J. (Davis) Howell was solemnized. By her former marriage Mrs. Bowman had one child — Flora E. Mr. Bowman is a member of the Masonic fraternity. He owns 924 acres of land, all situated in Washington County, and is one of the stockholders in the Salem, and is also stockholder in the New Albany, Banking Companies. He served the people as a member of the State Leg- islature is the Lower House for two terms, and eight years in the State Senate. JOSHUA CROW, a prominent citizen and native of Polk Township, was born February 4, 1830, being the youngest in a family of twelve children born to Joshua and Martha (Skean) Crow, who were natives of North Carolina, and came to this State in the year 1821, and settled on the farm now owned and occupied by our subject. Mr. Crow, Sr., died December, 1848, and Mrs. Crow April, 1868. Joshua, Jr., has always lived at the old homestead. He received a limited education in the primitive log schoolhouse of his day. November 15, 1858, his marriage with Emma Bixler was solemnized. His occupation has always been farming, and he has been quite successful in that pursuit. He now owns 130 acres, mostly improved land. He belongs to the Masonic fra- ternity at Providence. Mr. and Mrs. Crow are members of the Method- ist Episcopal Church, In politics he is a Democrat and he takes a good live interest in the political affairs of the community in which he lives. He has served the people as Township Assessor for twenty-two years. STEPHEN ELROD, one of Washington Countj^'s earliest settlers, was a native of North Carolina; was born in the year 1793, and came to this county and State in the year 1816, first locating in Jackson Town- ship. His marriage with Elizabeth Wyman took place about one year later, who bore him thirteen children, of which eleven are now living. William, the oldest in the family, was born January 11, 1818, and remained at home and assisted his parents on the farm until he attained the age of twenty-five years. He received a limited education in the primitive log-schoolhouses of his day. April 9, 1843, his marriage with Mary A. Noblitt was solemnized, and to their union fifteen children have been born, of whom these eight are now living: John W., who married Elizabeth Dudley; Eliza J., now Mrs. James F. Ervin; Albert N., whose wife was Linnie Morris; Sarah E., wife of Jesse B. Davis; Emma A., consort of Benjamin F. Fitzpatrick; Dora B., unmarried; Chapman, who married Rachel L. Sturdevant, and Ishmael W. , unmarrried. William's occupation through life has been farming, at which he has been very successful. He now owns 300 acres of well improved land. He be- longs to the Masonic fraternity at New Providence. In politics he is a stanch Democrat and he formerly took quite a live interest in the political attairs of the community in which he lives, having POLK TOWNSHIP. 909 served as Township Trustee one term. His death occurred June 29, 1847. Eli, the eighth child, was born July 23, 1880. He remained on the old homestead fai'm until the death of his parents, his father having died as above given, and his mother January 2, 1852. He I'eceived a common school education such as the facilities of the day afforded. November 11, 1854, the nupitals of his marriage with Luanna J. Dudley were cel- ebrated, and to their union eight children have been born, of which these seven are now living: James W., who married Ella Gray; Willard W. , Edward L., Hester, Greeley, Stephen B. and Lizzie. His occupa- tion, like his brother, has always been farming, and he has been very suc- cessful. He is a Democrat, has been Township Trustee, and owns 215 acres of land. JOHN GILL, a prominent citizen of Polk Township, is a native of Ireland, where he was born in the year 1821, the younger of two chil- dren born to Patrick and Sarah (Tool) Gill, who were also natives of Ireland. John remained at home and assisted his parents on the farm until he attained his majority. He received a common school education and at the age of twenty-one he started for America and first settled in New Orleans, where he remained for a period of six mouths. He then went to St. Louis, staying there three months; tlience to Cairo for five months; when he went to Natchez for six months and one winter at Mem- phis, when he lived at Cincinnati five years, when he moved to Indiana, Washington County, since which time he has resided here. January 1, 1854, his marriage with Bridget Whelan was solemnized, and to their union ten children have been born, of which these four are now living: Patrick, who married Lilly Martin; James, John and Sarah. Our sub- ject's occupation has been principally farming, and he has been very suc- cessful in that pursuit, now owning 350 acres of well improved land. He also raises stock quite extensively. Mi\ and Mrs. Gill are members of the Catholic Church. In politics he is a stanch Democrat and he takes a good lively interest in the political affairs of the communitv in which he lives. DANIEL W. GRAY, a prominent citizen and native of Polk Town- ship, was born November 18, 1818, being the sixth child in a family of nine children born to Samuel and Catherine (McKinley) Gray, who were both natives of Kentucky, where their marriage took place. They came to this State in the year 1812, and settled on the farm now owned and occupied by our subject. Daniel remained at home and assisted his parents on the farm until ho attained his majority, and received what was for those days a good common school education in the primitive log schoolhouses of his time. November 15, 1841, his marriage with Martha A. Overton was solemnized, and to their union nine children were born, of which these six are now living: David C, who married Caroline Ter- rell; Samuel H, whose wife was Dora Elrod; James P., whose consort was Harriet Crow; Franklin P., who married Ada Burns; Charles B., and Martha E., wife of Joseph W. Elrod. Our subject's occupation has always been farming, and he has been quite successful, as he now owns 324 acres of well improved land. He is a member of the Masonic fra- ternity. April 2, 1878, Mr. Gray suffered loss by the death of his beloved wife. In politics he is a stanch Democrat and he takes a good live interest in the political affairs of the county in which he lives. He is the present incumbent of the office of County Commissioner. 910 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES. FREDERICK HAFLEY, a prominent citizen and native of Polk Township, was born December 24, 1824, the fifth in a family of six chil- dren born to John and Margaret (Davis) Hafley, who were natives respect- ively of Maryland and Virginia, and came to this State about the year 1809. They settled at Pekin, where the father engaged in blacksmithing fourteen years. At the end of that time they moved about three miles north of Pekin, to a farm where they lived until his death, in October, 1875. Frederick remained at home and assisted his parents on the farm until he attained the age of twenty-five years. He received a common school education such as the facilities of his day afi'orded. October 18, 1849, his marriage with Rebecca Stalker was solemnized, and to their union three children have been born, of which these two are now living: Mar- garet P., unmarried; Rachel J., now Mrs. Yancy C. Melton. Our sub- ject's occupation has always been farming, and he has been reasonably successful. He now owns 160 acres of the old homestead of land. Mr. Hafiey and family are members of the Baptist Church. In politics he has been a lifelong Democrat, and when called upon will be found a warm advocate of the principles of that party. WILLIAM JOHNSON, a prominent citizen of Polk Township, is a native of Kentucky, where he was born December 20, 1822, and is the third in a family of six children born to William and Mary (Alvis) John- son, who were natives respectively of Kentucky and Virginia, and came to this State in the year 1832, and settled near where our subject now resides. William, Jr., remained at home and assisted his parents on the farm until he attained the age of twenty-five years, receiving a lim- ited education in the subscription schools of his day. November 11, 1847, his marriage with Elizabeth Elrod was solemnized, and to their union eight children were born, of which these five are now living: Sarah J., now Mrs. William Wells; Mary I., wife of N. H. Gray; Luanna E., consort of A. J. Brock; John W., unmarried, and Elizabeth C, now Mrs. Dennis McKinley. April 5, 1863, Mr. Johnson suffered the bereavement of losing his beloved wife. December 28, 1865, his nuptials with Mary A. (Wells) Baggerly were celebrated. Our subject's occupation has always been farming, and he has been quite successful in that pursuit. He now owns 410 acres, the greater part of which is yet in timber. Mr. and Mrs. Johnson are members of the Christian Church. In politics he has been a life- long Democrat. CHRISTOPHER MORRIS, a prominent old citizen of Polk Town- ship, was a native of Rowan County, N. C, where he was born January 8, 1813, being the fourth in a family of seven children born to Christopher and Nancy (Porter) Morris, who were natives of North Carolina and Maryland respectively, and who came to this State in the year 1817, set- tling in Clark County. Christopher, Jr., remained at home and assisted his parents on the farm until he attained the age of twenty-five years. He received a limited education in the primitive log schoolhouses of his day. In the year 1838 he removed to this county and settled on the farm where be now lives. In February, 1838, his marriage with Ruth Crow was solemnized, and to their union the following named five children have been born: Martha J., now Mrs. Ezekiel Wilson; John T., who married Mollie Layman; Linnie E., wife of Albert N. Elrod; Lebert, unmarried, and Philene, consort of Emanuel Wright. The last two were twins. Our subject's occupation has always been farming, and he has POLK TOWNSHIP. 911 been quite successful; now owns about 375 acres of well-improved land. Mr. Morris is a member of the Methodist Episcopal, his wife of the Christian Church. In politics he is a Democrat. RICHARD NEWLON (deceased), one of Polk Township's most prom- inent citizens, was a native of Kentucky, where he was born November 13, 1806, to William and Nancy Newlon, who came to this State about the year 1818, and settled in what is now Franklin Township. When young he received a very good education. February 8, 1833, he married Sarah Coleman, who bore him eleven children, of whom but three are now liv- ing: Mary A., now Mrs. Dennis Brewer; Lucy J., wife of McWeddle, and Samuel, who married Sarah Cartwright. His occupation was princi- pally farming, at which he made a decided success, owning at the time of his death about 500 acres of land, beside having amassed quite a large personal estate. He was a member of the Methodist Episcopal Church for about thirty years prior to his death, and also belonged to the Masonic fraternity. He died April 18, 1884, of cancer, which had bothered him for several years. In politics he was a Republican, and could always be found a warm advocate of the principles of that party. July 9, 1863, he was grieved by the death of his beloved wife, Sarah A. September 6, 1869, Mary Cartwright became his second wife. Samuel now occupies and owns the old homestead, 160 acres of the old tract. HENRY PLOTT, a prominent citizen of Polk Township, is a native of Virginia, where he was born September 21, 1832, being the oldest in a family of eleven children born to Simon and Rebecca (Link) Plott, who were also natives of Virginia, and came to this State about the year 1835, and settled in the vicinity of the present abode of our subject. Henry remained at home and assisted his parents on the farm until he attained the age of twenty years. He received what was for those days a common school education. November 20, 1854, his marriage with Sarah E. Mot- singer was solemnized, and to their union seven children have been born, of which these live are now living: Rebecca M. , now Mrs. Albert Sou- ders; Chloe A., wife of Nelson L. Souders; Ada M., consort of Colum- bus Wyatt; Oscar M. and Eddie S. Our subject's occupation has always been farming, and he has been quite suocessful. He now owns 200 acres of improved land. In politics he is a Democrat, and he takes an interest in the political affairs of the community in which he lives. GEORGE M. SPURGEON, a prominent citizen of Polk Township, was a native of Russell County, Ky., where he was born April 20, 1825, being the youngest in a family of nine children born to Eli and Rachel (Newcomb) Spurgeon, who were natives of North Carolina and Maryland respectively, and came to this State in December of the year 1828, set- tling on the farm now owned by our subject. George has always lived on the old homestead farm. His mother died September 5, 1848, and his father November 16, 1857. He received in early life a limited edu- cation, such as the facilities of his day afforded. January 30, 1845, his marriasre with Evaline Leonard was solemnized, and to their union the followincr named four children have been born: Franklin, who married Cora Blake; Perry, whose wife was Caroline Jackson; Newton, unmar- ried; Paris, whose consort was Jane E. Cramer. Our subject's occupa- tion has always been farming, and he has been very successful in that pursuit. He now owns 170 acres of well-improved land. He makes a specialty of raising large fruits. He is a member of the Masonic fra- 912 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES. ternity, but is now on demit from the Salem Lodge. In politics he is a stanch Democrat, and interests himself in the political affairs of the community in which he lives. He served as Township Assessor one term. JOHN TASH, a prominent citizen and native of Polk Township, was born October 30, 1821, being the sixth child in a family of ten children born to John and Sarah (Stanley) Tash, who were natives of North Caro- lina, and came to this State in the year 1816 and settled on the farm now owned and occupied by our subject. John, Jr., remained on the old homestead all his life, being the support of his widowed mother to whose care he was left when but ten years of age. He received a com- mon school education such as the facilities of his day afforded. Novem- ber 9, 1847, his marriage with Anna Bixler was solemnized, and to this union four children were born, of which these three are now living: Emma J., now Mrs. Jasper N. Thompson; Francis M. , whose present wife is Laura Rodman •, Mary E. , wife of James A. Packwood. August 16, 1858, Mr. Tash was bereaved of his beloved wife. October 9, 1871, Lizzie Buchanan became his second wife, and one child blessed their union May 16, 1877, Bertha M., and June 1, 1877, he was again com- pelled to witness the death of his wife. His occupation has always been farming, and he has been quite successful in that pursuit. He now owns 320 acres of well-improved land. Mr. Tash is a member of the Christian Cnurch at Pekin, and he always contributes liberally to the support of that institution. In politics he is a Democrat. ALLEN WYATT, a prominent old citizen of Polk Township, is a native of Davis County, N. C. , where he was born July 8, 1810, being the next oldest in a family of six children born to Allen and Nancy (Brooks) Wyatt, who were natives of North Carolina and Virginia respectively, and who came to this State in the year 1814, arriving in this county December 24 of that year, and first settled in what is now Pierce Township. At the age of sixteen years our subject's father died, and the maintenance and support of the family devolved upon him, and he remained at home until he attained his majority. He received a lim- ited education, such as was to be obtained in the primitive log-schoolhouse of his day, December 6, 1830, his marriage with Millie Spui-geon was solemnized, and to their union eight children have been born, of which these six are now living: Samantha, now Mrs. Francis Sturdevant; Eze- kiel, who married Susan Snyder; Rachel, wife of Jacob Terrell; Com- modore B., whose wife was Emily Rickard; Columbus N., who married Ada M. Plott, and Amanda, widow of Benjamin F. Williams. Our sub- ject's occupation has always been farming, and he has been quite success- ful in that pursuit. He now owns 190 acres of improved land. Mr. and Mrs, Wyatt are members of the Baptist Church. In politics he is a Democrat. Some years ago, under the old law, he was Treasurer of the township, and also served a term as Township Clerk. FRANKLIN TOWNSHIP. 913 FRANKLIN TOWNSHIP. CHARLES W. CONNAWAY, a prominent citizen and native of Franklin Township, was born May 17, 1833, being the youngest child and the only male representative living in a family of eight children born to John and Martha (Wait) Connaway, who were natives of Mary- land and Pennsylvania respectively, the former of Welsh, the latter of English-Irish descent, and who came to this State in the year 1818, first settling in Clark County. One year later they removed to this county, where they lived until their death, his death having occui'red June 8, 1859, at the ripe old age of seventy-four years, having been born October 14, 1785. Our immediate subject has always lived at the old homestead. In early life he received a common school education. June 20, ]866, his marriage with Martha Ashabranner was solemnized. Their marriage was of short duration; death removed his beloved wife January 17, 1867. His occupation has always been farming, and he has been quite successful in that pursuit; he now owns, in partnership with his sister, 597 acres of land. He is a member of the Methodist Episcopal Church. In politics he is a Democrat, and he takes a good live interest in the political aifairs of the community in which he lives. DANIEL DAW ALT, a prominent citizen of Franklin Township, and a native of Washington Township, this county, was born July 8, 1812, being the ninth child in a family of twelve children born to Henry and Elizabeth (Gross) Dawalt, who were natives of York County, Penn., and Rockingham County, Va. , both of German descent. The father came to this State and county in the year 1808, and first settled on Section 15 in Wash- ington Township, where he remained, with the exception of four years, until his death, which occurred when he had reached the ripe old age of about ninety-one years; Mrs. Dawalt died, aged about seventy-five years. In his settlement here he was commissioned Captain of the militia by Ten'i- torial Gov. Harrison. He received several promotions, and at the time of his last connection with the service he held the office of Colonel of his regiment, and was at the head of his company at the time of the Pigeon Roost massacre. That happened about night, and they pursued them nearly to Brownstown, in Jackson County, where they surprised the Indians. Daniel remained at home and assisted his parents on the farm until he attained the age of twenty four years. He received a limited education in the primitive log-schoolhouses of his day. February 11, 1836, his marriage with Sarah Tatlock was solemnized, and to their union twelve children have been born, of which these five are now living: Francis M., who married Nancy Coombs; Catherine, now Mrs. Richard M. Johnson; James B., whose wife was Mai'garet Thompson; and Samuel, who mar- ried Mary Thompson. Our subject's occupation has always been farm ing. and he has been quite successful in that pursuit. He now owns 347 acres of well improved land. Mr. Dawalt' s son Jackson gave up his life for his country at Rome, Ga. He was a member of the Sixty-sixth Indi- ana, Company F. Mr. Dawalt is a member of the Masonic fraternity; in politics he is a Democrat, and he manifests a good live interest in the political affairs of the community. Jackson died August 29, 1864 914 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES. BENJAMIN F. HOWELL, a prominent citizen and merchant of the village of New Philadelphia, is a native of Franklin Township, and was born January 25, 1841, being the sixth child in a family of seven children born to Seth M. and Hannah (Mead) Howell, who were natives of Virginia and Kentucky respectively. The former came to this State about the year 1830, and first settled near Farabee's Station, in Wash- ington Township. Benjamin remained at home, and assisted his parents on the farm until he attained the age of twenty years. He received a limited education, such as the facilities of his school days afforded. November 1, 1860, his marriage with Mary E. Blankenbaker was sol- emnized, and to their union the following named two children have been born: Hannah E. ar^d Nora L. — both at home with their parents. Mr. Howell, up to March 18, 1870, was engaged in farming, since which time he has followed the mercantile business in New Philadelphia, carrying a stock of about $2,000, and doing an annual business of about $5,000 or $6,000. August 2, 1862, Mr. Howell realized the necessity of the pres- ervation of our Union, and enlisted as a volunteer private in Company B, Sixty-sixth Indiana Regiment. Shortly after he was mustered in he was promoted to Orderly Sergeant, in which capacity he served until the close of the war, and was honorably discharged at Indianapolis, June 5, 1865. Gov. Morton recognized Mr. Howell's services, and a short time before he was discharged he commissioned him as First Lieutenant. He was present at the following important engagements: Richmond, Ky., where he was captured by Kirby Smith, of the Confederates; Dal- las, Ga., CoUierville, Tenn., at the taking of Atlanta, and with Sherman- on his march to the sea. Mr. and Mrs. Howell and daughter Hannah are members of the Methodist Episcopal Church. He also belongs to the G. A. R. fraternity. In politics he is Republican, and takes a good live interest in the political affairs of the community in which he lives. He has been Postmaster since 1873. Upon Mr. Howell's marriage he purchased eighty acres of timbered land and built him a hut in the woods, and succeeded in clearing thirty acres until he sold the same. WILLIAM R. McNIGHT, a prominent citizen and native of Franklin Township, was born May 19, 1827, being the youngest in a family of four children born to John and Elizabeth (Robertson) McKnight, who were natives of Virginia and Kentucky respectively, and of Irish and Scotch descent. The former was born May 8, 1789, and died August 12, 1866. In the year 1809 he, in company with his parents, came to this State and county and settled on the farm adjoining their present res- idence. Our immediate subject has always lived on the old homestead. He received a common school education such as the facilities of his day afforded. August 15, 1862, Mr. McKnight realized the necessity of the preservation of our Union and enlisted as a volunteer private in Company F, Sixty-sixth Indiana Volunteer Infantry, where he served until the close of the war, and was honorably discharged at Indianapolis June 15, 1865. He took part in the Atlanta campaign and was with Sherman on his march to the sea. The father of our subject was a soldier in the war of 1812. His occupation has always been farming and he has been quite successful in that pursuit. He now owns 245 acres of well improved land. He belongs to the Masonic fraternity. In politics he is a stanch Republican and he takes a good live interest in the political affairs of the community in which he lives, and has served as Township Assessor one term. His father, grandfather and great-grandfather are all buried on the adjoining farm. FRANKLIN TOWNSHIP. 915 JAMES H. PAYNE (deceased), was a prominent citizen of Frank- lin Township, and was born in Clark County, this State, June '25, 1815, being the seventh child in a family of ten children born to Jere- miah and Sarah (McCoy) Payne, who were natives of Pennsylvania, and who came to this State from Kentucky in the year 1812, and settled in Clark County. Six years later they moved to the vicinity of Harris- town, where they ever afterward lived. Our subject remained at home and assisted his parents on the farm until he attained the age of twenty- four years. He received what was for those days a pi-etty good educa- tion. October 10, 1839, his marriage with Sophia Blades was solem- nized, and to their union eight children were bora, of which these four are now living: James C, who married Lucy Howell; Isaac L., unmar- ried; Jeremiah E.. unmarried, and Jacob D. , who married Anna Til- ford. His occupation was always farming, and he was very successful in that pursuit. At the time of his death he owned 160 acres of improved land. About a year prior to his death he made a division of some of his property among his children, thus enabling them to get a start in the world. January 21, 1880, he died, and in his death the community in which he lived lost an honored and respected citizen, one whose memory will be revered by those who knew him for years to come. The old homestead is now owned by Isaac L. and Jeremiah E., and their mother lives with them. In politics he was a Democrat, and he served the people as Township Trustee and Township Clerk. He was of Irish descent. WILLIAM S. WALKER, SR., a prominent old citizen of Franklin Township, is a native of Virginia, where he was born in January, 1804, being the third in a family of four children born to William and Jane (Burton) Walker. When our subject was about three years of age his father died and his mother moved to Kentucky, and married a second time. When William S. had attained the age of twenty-two, he removed to Indiana, and settled in the township in which he now lives, of which, since that time, he has been a constant resident. In early life he had very limited opportunities for obtaining an education, receiving scarcely any. In March, 1824, his marriage with Louise Lefler was solemnized, and to their union eighteen children have been born, of which these are now living: Mary J., now Mrs. Benjamin Brim: Thomas, who married Julia May; Sarah A., wife of Benjamin F. Smith; Nancy E., unmarried; James, who married Phcebe A. Goss;^ William S., whose consort was Melissa Robinson; Elizabeth, now Mrs. James Williams; Lucinda, wife of Richard Elrod, and Benjamin, whose present wife is Lydia A. Nelson. Our subject's occupation has been principally farming, and he has been quite successful in that pur- suit. He now owns 160 acres of land. Mr. and Mrs. Walker ai-e mem- bers of the Methodist Episcopal Church. In politics he is a Democrat. GEORGE WILLIAMS, a prominent citizen of Franklin Township, was a native of North Carolina, where he was born August 1, 1815, being the third in a family of nine children born to Thomas and Lydia (Norman) Williams, who were also natives of North Cai'olina, and came to this State about the year 1823, and fii'st settled in Washington Township, about one and one-half miles south of Salem; after which time, with the exception of three years when they lived in Harrison County, they were residents of this county until the date of their death. George remained at homo and assisted his parents on the farm until he 916 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES. attained the age of twenty- two years. He received a limited education in the primitive log schoolhouses of his day. January 17, 1839, his marriage with Sarah A. Hall was solemnized, and to their union eleven children have been born, of which these eight are now living: Elizabeth, now Mrs. John S. Rutherford; Amanda, wife of James Bridgewater; Henrietta, consort of Wesley Rutherford; Francis M. , who married Susanna Weller; Eliza J., now Mrs. Solomon Garrison; Erastus, whose wife was Emma Brim, and Martha E., wife of Henry Ashabrenner. His occupation has always been farming. He superintended the county farm for a period of fifteen years. He has been very successful in life. He now owns 475 acres of improved land, raising stock quite extensively. Mr. Williams belongs to the Masonic and Odd Fellow fraternities, and himself and wife are members of the Methodist Episcopal Church. In politics he is a stanch Democrat, and he formerly took an active part in the political affairs of his community, having served the people one term as Justice of the Peace. GIBSON TOWNSHIP. RICHARD CLARK, Little York, is one in a family of seven children: George W., James G. , Lettie, Richard, Joha, Elizabeth and one that died in infancy unnamed — born to Richard and Hannah (Wilson) Clark, who were natives respectively of Maryland and Kentucky. The father died in the latter State and in 1836 the mother with her children immi- grated to Salem, Ind., where she resided the remainder of her days. Richard Clark was boi'n April 24, 1814, in Fayette County, Ky., and was reared and educated in his native State. He worked in the woolen-mills in Salem for a time, and April 26, 1838, was married to Martha, daugh- ter of James Neal, by whom he was the father of this family: Sarah J. (Mrs. David Duckwall), James B., Richard M. and Martha E. (twins), the latter marrying Jasper N. Stewart, and Henry C. The mother dying in March, 1859, Mr. Clark married Miss Malinda Hitchcock, August 29, 1866 and one son, Charles M., was born to them. For a number of years Mr. Clark was engaged in merchandising at Salem, but in 1868 purchased the steam mill property at Little York, where he has since resided. He here produces a superior quality of Hour and in connection with that cards wool and operates a saw-mill. Besides this property he owns a farm of 260 acres. He is a Republican in politics, a member of the I.O. O. F. and Masonic fraternities and one of the foremost men of Wash- ington County. Mrs. Clark is a member of the Methodist Episcopal Church. AUGUSTUS S. GARRIOTT. Little York, a prominent citizen and farmer of Gibson Township and a native of the county and township, where he yet resides, was born February 22, 1846. He is the second son in a family of six children — Samuel H., Nancy (deceased), Augustus S., Eliza Jane (deceased), Mary E. (Mrs. Warner) and Lydia A. (Mrs. Price) — born to Amos M, and Mary A. (Haines) Garriott, the former a minister of the United Brethren Church and both members of that denom- ination. These parents died January 8, 1861, and December 24, 1854, GIBSON TOWNSHIP. 917 respectively, and both lie sleeping in the cemetery at Mount Hebron. The subject of our sketch remained at home until his parents' deaths, and in early years attended the district schools, afterward the graded schools of New Philadelphia and Salem. He embarked in the teacher's profession, which he has followed sixteen winters, and now holding a certifi- cate of the highest grade has made the profession a success. He is the owner of 1,000 acres of land, 600 acres being improved; is a Republican in politics, and was married May 7, 1867, to Martha E., daughter of John and Jane (Jjee) Densford, by whom he is the father of these children: Ger- trude J., Ida A., Amos M. , Carrie E., Mertie A. and Mary I. He and wife belong to the United Brethren Church. FRANCIS M. GARRIOTT. farmer, Little York, was born in Gibson Township, Washington Co., lud., October 22, 1849, and is one of four chil- dren — Mary (deceased), Francis M., Leonidas R. and David G.— born to Simeon and Mary (Roberts) Garriott. These parents were natives of Kentucky and Pennsylvania respectively; were married in Floyd County, Ind., and at an early day settled in the township where our subject resides, where the father died in October, 1868. His widow yet survives him. Both affiliated with the United Brethren Church. Francis M. Garriott, like his father before him, has made farming his occupation through life, and is the owner of 373 acres of nicely-improved land. As a Democrat in pol- itics he was elected Trustee of Gibson Township the spring of 1884, and is now serving as such. June 20, 1872, his marriage with Miss Mary E. Taylor, daughter of Samuel C. and Nancy J. (Biggs) Taylor, was solem- nized, and to them five children have been born, named Orpheus S., Samuel C, Jennie M., Simeon F. and D. R. Mr. and Mrs. G. are mem- bers of the United Brethren Church. WILLIAM GATER, farmer, Little York, was born March 15, 1829, in Clark County, Ind., and is the eldest son of Benjamin and Nellie (Prater) Gater, who were natives of North Carolina and the parents of nine chil- dren. In early years he secured only a limited education, and after the death of the father took charge of the welfare of the family, with his mother, for a number of years. January 2, 1852, his marriage with Nancy, daughter of James and Sarah Carter, was solemnized, and to their union a family of sixteen children have been born, all of whom are liv- ing but four. Mr. Gater makes farming and stock-raising a specialty, and by a small beginnings has earned a good farm of 500 acres, all by hard work and industry. He is a Democrat in politics, an honest and influential citizen, and he and wife are members of the Christian Church, and highly esteemed citizens of Gibson Township. JAMESE. MORRIS, farmer, Little York, is a native of the township and county in which he now resides, and is the third son in a family of six children — Ellen, Martha A., James E., Catharine, William P. and Car- rie T. — born to Samuel B. and Mary (Pead) Morris, who were natives of South and North Carolina respectively. James E. was born November 9, 1831, and Mai'ch 8, 1860, married Miss Elizabeth Gibbons, the daughter of Henry and Ann (Pead) Gibbons. Mr. Morris was raised by his par- ents to manhood's estate, in youth securing only such education as the common schools of his day afforded. By an upright life, in which plenty of hard work was blended, he has won the respect and esteem of all who know him, and a good farm of 333 acres. In politics he is a Democrat, is a member of the Independent Order of Odd Fellows, and he and wife are the parents of an interesting family of eight children. 918 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES. JOHNF. PRICE, SR., Little Rock, is a native of the city of New York, his birth occurring December 2, 1816. He was the eldest son of Thomas and Catharine (Hunt) Price, who were also natives of New York, from whence they emigrated, in 1820, to Indiana, but later removed to Cincin- nati, Ohio, where they both died. They were parents of four children, of whom only John F. is survivor. He was united in marriage February 2, 1837, to Miss Sarah Bachus, daughter of Henry and Anna Bachus, who were natives of Lancastershire, England, from whence they emigrated to the United States in 1831. Seven children have been born to this family, as follows: Sarah A., who died in infancy; William H., a pro- fessional teacher in special grades, and also attorney- at-law and notary public; Mary E. (Mrs. Samuel Garriott); Charles T., pastor of the United Brethren Church, and also engaged in milling; Edward, who is a con- tractor and builder at Elk City, Kan.; Elizabeth J. (Mrs. William T. Morris) and John F., who farms and raises stock. The mother, a lady loved and esteemed for her many virtues, departed this life November 9, 1879, and lies buried in the Mount Hebron cemetery. Mr. Price for many years has been one of the foremost men of Gibson Township. In April, 1854, he came to Washington County, Ind. , and located on the site of his present home. Early in life he became a machinist, but since becoming a resident of the Hoosier State has turned his attention to saw and grist-milling. He is a member of the Methodist Episcopal Church, as was also his wife; is a Republican in politics, and he and family are among the most honorable and influential families of the county. ELI R. WILLIAMS, Little Rock, is a native of Jackson County, Ind. , born January 18, 1836, and is the second son and fourth in number in a family of seven children born to William and Elizabeth (Weathers) Will- iams, who were natives of North Carolina and Indiana, and were married in Washington County of the latter State, where they afterward died. Eli R. Williams was reared a farmer boy, and in youth received only such educational advantages as the common schools afforded. Selecting farm- ing as his vocation through life, he has steadily followed that occupa- tion, and by industry and economy has secured a good farm, containing 260 acres. He is a member of the Masonic brotherhood; is a Republican in politics, and he and wife are members of the Methodist Episcopal Church, as were also his parents. Eli R. Williams and Miss Maria L. Hobson, daughter of William and Elizabeth (Thomas) Hobson, were united in marriage, and thirteen children have blessed them, named: William, Rosa, Anna, George, Mary, Eli, Eddie, Frank, Herman, Char- ley, Almon, Newton and Dellie. The mother was born January 30, 1836. MADISON TOWNSHIP. HON. JAMES A. CRAVENS, of Madison Township, is one of Wash- ington County's most prominent and distinguished men. His family is of English, Irish and Scotch descent, and its history dates back to the first settlement of Virginia. The head of the Washington County branch of the Cravens family was Rev. William Cravens, who was born in Rock- ingham County, Va., July 31, 1776, His wife, who was Jane Harrison, MADISON TOWNSHIP. 919 bore him a family of three children, named Hannah E., John and Benjamin. He was one of Ihe earliest and most prominent preachers of the Methodist Church in Indiana, where he settled in 1819. In the spring of 1827 he located in Washington County. His son John was born April 3, 1796, and on the 6th of January, 1818, he Avas married to Ann C. Newman, by whom he was the father of five childi-en, and of which James A. is the only one now living. He was a blacksmith by trade, and in 1819 settled four miles south of Salem, in W'ashington County, Ind. He remained there the balance of his life, and was noted for his integrity and industry, and was a strong and ardent member of the Masonic fraternity. He died October 15, 1879, at the age of eighty- three years. Maj. James A. Cravens, who lives on a farm in the south- eastern part of Washington County, was born in Rockingham County, Va., November 4, 1818, the oldest child of his parents. With them he came to Indiana in 1819, and has since played an important part in the history of Washington County. He was raised on a farm and received most of his education in the country schools. On September 21, 1843, his marriage was solemnized with Susan, a daughter of Aaron and Sarah (Leatherwood) Hardin. This union has been blessed with a family of seven children, six of them still living. In June, 1846, he enlisted as a private in Company K., Second Regiment of Indiana Infantry, destined for service in the Mexican war. He was soon promoted to Ma jor, and by lot was declared the ranking Majoi* in the First Brigade of Indiana Vol- unteers. His time of service having expired, he was honorably dis- charged in July, 1847. He was engaged in the battle of Buena Vista. He was elected School Trustee in 1848, and during the session of 1848- 49, was a member of the State Legislature. In 1850 he was elected to the State Senate and served in that capacity for three years. He was commissioned a Brigadier-General of the Staffe Milita in 1854, and five years later was appointed by the State Legislature to the important posi- tion of State Agent. He was a member of the Thirty-seventh and Thirty- eighth Congresses, and in both served on the Committee on Territories. He was a delegate to the National Democratic Conventions in 1868, 1876, 1880 and 1884. WILLIAM GUTHRIE, of Madison Township, Washington County, Ind., was born in Orange County December 3, 1825. His parents were William and Elizabeth (Rigney) Guthrie, both natives of Virginia, who came from Ohio to Orange County in 1818. They remained there the balance of their lives, and were devoted members of the Baptist Church. William, Jr., remained at home with his parents and worked on the farm until he was of age. He then began for himself by farming on rented land in Orange and Washington Counties until 1854, when he bought a farm of his own in Vei-non Township, Washington County. On that he lived for ten years, when he purchased another in Madison Township, where he now lives. Farming has been his life occupation, and his suc- cess is indicated by his 280 acres of well improved and cultivated land. In early life he received a good common school education. In 1868 he became a member of the Regular Baptist Church, and in 1880 was ordained a minister in that denomination. Since that time he has had charge of two societies in that organization at Sinking Spring and at Lost River. Mary J. Coulter, born in Lawrence County, became his wife January 14, 1849. They are the parents of seven children, all liv- ing but one, and named John L., William F., Josephine M., Charlotte I., Mary F., and Samuel M. 920 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES. JEREMIAH McCULLOUGH, deceased, was born in Lebanon, Penn. , January 9, 1820. His parents were both natives of that State, where the whole of their lives were spent. Their names were Samuel and Louisa McCullough and their deaths occurred while Jeremiah was quite young. He was soon after apprenticed to the cabinet trade in Pottsville. This he continued in his native State until 1837, when he came to Indiana, and for two years woi'ked at New Albany. At the end of that time he located at Livonia in Washington County, still pursuing his trade as a means of livlihood. In 1842 at that place he began in the furniture business for himself, and continued it until his death. In addition to this he purchased in 1857 a stock of general merchandise, and this he carried on in connection with his furniture trade. His death occurred June 21, 1881. He had for some time been a local preacher in the Methodist Church. His wife was Sarah J. Snodgrass, a native of Lawrence County, who bore him a family of four children, named James S., Hugh F., John W. and Benjamin H. Jeremiah McCiiUough was one of the prominent men of Washington County, and took an active interest in its material advancement. He was a charter member of Masonic Lodge No. 206 at Livonia. James S. is engaged in the mercantile bus- iness at Salem and Hugh F. died at Huron February 23, 1871. John W. was born October 27, 1853, and in common with his brothers received a good education in the schools of the county. At an early age he began clerking in his father's store, and merchandising has been his principal occupation. At his father's death, he, in company with his brother Ben- jamin H., took charge of the business at Livonia, and they have con- ducted that ever since. He has been foui- terms Trustee of Madison Township; taught one term in the Livonia schools. April 18, 1877, he was married to Alice M. Carter, by whom he is the father of two chil- dren. Benjamin H. was like his brother brought up behind the counter in his father's store, and his whole life has been devoted to mercantile business. His birth occurred February 19, 1857, and his marriage on April 21, 1881. His wife was Marthena E. Mcintosh, who has borne him one child. In politics the brothers are Democrats, and in business they are doing a thriving trade. ELI B. STEPHENSON is a son of Simpson and Joanna (Maud- lin) Stephenson, and was born in Washington County, February 9, 1843. His parents were natives of the same county, and his grand- parents settled hfre in 1818. His grandfather, Benjamin, was born in Virginia in 1796, and after living a while in Kentucky came to Indi- ana, and is yet living in Vernon Township, this county. Eli B. is one of the ten children in the family of his parents. In youth he received but a common school education, and was i-aised upon the farm until 1861. In that year he enlisted as a soldier in Company E, Twenty-third Regi- ment Indiana Volunteer Infantry, where he served three years, and was honorably discharged in July, 1864. The following are some of the battles in which he was engaged: Shiloh, siege of Vicksburg, Ken esaw Mountain and many others. Since the war he has been almost exclusively engaged in farming. He owns 560 acres of land, well improved, and makes a specialty in stock-raising. His wife is a native of England, and was born March 11, 1845. Her name was Emma E. Paul, and their mar- riage was solemnized February 22, 1866. Their union has been blessed with seven children, all living but one. They are members of the Chris- tian Church, and he is a Republican in politics. JACKSON TOWNSHIP. 921 JACKSON TOWNSHIP. WILLIAM H. BRIGHT, M. D., a prominent citizen and physician of Martinsburg, was born in Oldham (^ounty, Ky., on the 13th of Sep- tember, 1831, being the second in a family of three children born to James H. and Susannah (Truman) Bright. His parents were natives of Maryland, from which State they removed to Kentucky in 1812, and in 1836 removed to Parke County, Ind. The mother removed to Washington County in 1839, the father having died previous to this time. The subject of this sketch had the advantage of a good common school education, and by his energy succeeded in laying up enough to enable him to attend medical lectures at Rush Medical College, at Chicago, where he gradu- ated in 1865. On the 13th of December, 1863, his marriage with Hes- ter Martin was solemnized, and to this union have been born nine chil- dren, seven of whom are now living: James C. (dead), Flora A. (dead), Charles M., Amelia L., William H., John C, Mary O., Nancy E. and Effie. He is not a member of any church organization, but is a member of the Masonic order. In politics he is a stanch Republican. By occu- pation he was formerly a farmer, but at present is engaged in thepi-actice of medicine. He has a good and lucrative practice, and is a leading man in the community. , F. M. BROCK was born in Clark County, Ind., on the 2d of Novem- ber, 1834, being the eighth of a family of eleven children, born to George W. and Elizabeth (McKinley) Brock. The father was a native of Vir- ginia, and the mother, of Kentucky. They removed to Indiana at a very early day, settling in Clark County, where they remained until their deaths. The subject of this sketch had very limited advantages of schools, and received a meager education, and was raised at hard work. He remained wit.h his parents imtil he reached his twenty-second year, when he engaged in coopering. In 1859 his marriage with Serilda Goss was solemnized, and to this union have been born ten children, six of whom are now living: Alexander, Ellen, Laura (dead), Ephraim (dead), Charley, Lafayette, Kate, Mary, and two infants (dead), unnamed. In politics he is a stanch Republican, and by occupation, a farmer and stock-raiser. The township has no better citizen. DAVID BUSH, a prominent citizen, was born in Washington County, Ind., on the 1st of June, 1831, being the fifth of a family of twelve chil- dren, born to Daniel and Franey (Sears) Bush. His father was a native of Virginia, from which State he immigrated to Indiana at a very early day. His mother was a native of Kentucky She came to Indiana in 1812, settling in Harrison County. David was reared on the farm, and had very poor advantages of schools; owing to the want of early public funds and schoolhouses, he secured only the rudiments. He remained at home with his parents until their deaths, that of the father occurring in 1845, and that of the mother in 1884. In 1865 he married Jane Porter, and to these parents have been born two children, both living: Oliver and Enoch. Mr. Bush is a member of the Christian Church, and contributes liberally to its support, and to all enterprises to benefit the public. In politics he is a Republican, but is not radical in his views. He is a 922 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES. farmer and stock-raiser, which pursuits he has followed during his life. The county has no better people than his family, and no citizen whose name is freer from reproach. WILLIAM H. H. COLVIN, the present Trustee of Jackson Town- ship, was born in this county, November 9, 1840, and is one of a family of nine children, born to Amstard and Leannah (Wilson) Colvin. His people were from Kentucky, where they were prominent, and located in Putnam County, Ind.. in 1835, and soon afterward in this county, where they secured a good home and an honored name. The death of the father occurred in 1872. William H. H. was reared on his father's farm, and secured a practical education in youth, and later attended the Salem Academy. He taught a number of terms at an early day. He remained home with his parents until he attained his majority, when he left home to attend school. In February, 1864, he enlisted in the United States service in Company E., Fifth Indiana Cavalry, serving about eighteen months, when he was mustered out. On the 11th of May, 1871, his mar- riage with Eudora Henry was solemnized, and to this union have been born three children, all living. On the 28th of February, 1880, his family suffered the loss of an affectionate wife and loving mother. In politics Mr. Colvin is a stanch Republican, having been elected Town- ship Tnistee two terms. He is a farmer and a teacher. JOHN DURNIL, a prominent citizen of Jackson Townshij), was born in Tennessee, on the 11th of September, 1823, being the fifth in a family of ten children born to James and Martha (Crusenbery) Durnil. His parents were natives of Virginia, from whence they removed to Tennessee, where they remained a short time and in 1825, immigrated to Indiana settling in Jackson Township. The subject of this sketch had very limited means for schooling, but by his energy he succeeded in securing a fair practical education. He remained home with his parents until he attained his twenty-fourth year. On March 1, 1846, his marriage with Emeline Moss was solemnized, and to this union have been born nine children, seven of whom are now living: Joseph M. (deceased), Adaline, Lucretia, Phoebe, Laura, Emeline, Anna, James G. and an infant, Mary J. (deceased). He is a member of the Christian Church and con- tributes liberally to its support. In 1862 he enlisted as a private in Company H. Sixty-sixth Indiana Volunteers and served twenty months, when he was discharged on account of disabilities received while in the service. In politics he is a stanch Republican, and takes a warm inter- est in the political questions of the day. By occupation he is a farmer and stock raiser, and owns over 300 acres of good land. AARON B. FRANTZ, a prominent citizen of Jackson Township, was the fourth child born to William H. and Nancy (Martin) Frantz, and was born February 14, 1852. Aaron had the advantage of a good common school education and also attended high school at Bedford for a number of terms. He remained at home with his father until he attained his majority. On the 20th of May, 1875, his marriage with Lucy J. Shep- herd was solemnized, and to this union have been born three children, all living: James K., Bruce C. and Ada. He is a member of the Chris- tian Church in good standing. In politics he is a stanch Republicaa and takes a live interest in politics. By occupation he is a farmer, and has been reasonably successful. JOHN M. HINDS was born in Washington County, Ind., oo the 24th of July, 1839, being the seventh child of a family of eight born to JACKSON TOWNSHIP. 923 Samuel and Catharine (Wright) Hinds. His ancestors were natives of Maryland and North Carolina respectively. They both immigrated to Indiana about 1828, and settled in Washington County. The sub- ject of this sketch had limited means for schooling, but by his energy succeeded in securing a good practical education, enough so to enable him to teach in the common schools of his county. He has taught twenty-five terras all together. He remained at home with his parents until he attained his twenty- third year. On the twenty-fifth of Decem- ber, 1863, his marriage with Lauretta Fulp was solemnized, and to this union have been born five children, all living: Indiana B., Noble M., Christopher P., Daniel S. and Mabel D. He is a member of the Chris- tian Church, and contributes to its support liberally. In politics he is a Democrat, and takes a lively interest in the political questions of the day. By occupation he is a music teacher and a farmer. ISAAC H. HIESTAND, a prominent citizen of Jackson Township, was born in Washington County, Ind., October 18, 1837, being the fifth of a family of nine children born to Isaac and Jemima (Richards) Hiestand. His father was a native of Virginia, from which State he removed to Indiana in 1818. The mother was a native of Kentucky, and came to this State at a very early date. Isaac H. had limited advantages of schools, but by his energy he succeeded in securing a practical educa- tion. He has lived with his parents until the pi'esent time, except the period of his service in the late war. In July of 1861 he entered the serv- ice of the United States as a private in Company C, Twenty-third Indiana Volunteer Infantry, He served bravely and with high credit for nearly two and a half years. He was wounded, and in consequence was discharged after having been promoted to the rank of Sergeant. On December 24, 1865, his marriage with Dorothy A. Martin was solemnized, and to this UQion have been born eight children, six of whom are now living: Fannie, Oliver M. (dead), Hite H., Lydia E., Benjamin H., Isaac H. (dead), Letha M. and Raymond G. He is a member of the United Brethren Church, and contributes liberally to its support. In politics he is a stanch Republican. He is a successful farmer and a respected citizen. DAVID S. HOTTEL, an old and prominent citizen of Jackson Township, was born in Washington County, Ind., on the 5th of August, 1828, being the oldest of eight children born to Ephraim and Sarah (Stucker) Hottel. His parents were natives of Virginia and Indiana res- pectively. The father immigrated to Indiana in about 1806, settling in Harrison County. The subject of this sketch had very limited advanta- ges of schools, but succeeded in securing a very fair practical education. He remained with his pai'ents until he reached his majority. On the 10th of June, 1849, bis marriage with Lucy A. Eslingor was solemnized, and to this union have been born nine children, ail living: Sarah E., Andrew E., Harriet A., Francis E., Eliza A., George, Mary A , Ida M. and Lucinda C. He is a member of the United Brethren Church, as is each member of his household, the oldest son being a minister in that church. In politics he is a Prohibitionist, and takes fair interest in the political questions of the day. By occupation he is a farmer, and has made life a success. The county has no better or more moral citizen. LEVI D. MARTIN, an old and prominent citizen of Jackson Township, was born in Washington County, Ind., on July 29, 1822, being the seventh in a family of eleven children born to William and Elizabeth (Wayman) Martin. His ancestors were natives of Kentucky, 58 924 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES. from whence they immigrated to Indiana in a very early day, settling in Washington County. The subject of this sketch had very limited advan- tages of schools, but by his energy he secured a fair common school edu- cation. He remained home with his parents until he attained his twenty- second year, when he commenced work at the cabinet trade. He soon afterward engaged in blacksmithing. His sisters having married, the subject of this sketch had to assume the duties of housework, cooking, knitting, weaving, and in fact all the house duties devolved upon him. On the 2d day of June, 1846, his marriage with Matilda Loughmiller was solemnized, and to this union was born one child, now living in Kansas— Sarah A. The death of his first wife occurred July 21, 1851. The nuptials of his second marriage were celebrated January 5, 1854. His second wife was Emeline Fowler. This union was blessed with eight children, seven of whom are now living : Orlando F., dead ; Theo- dore J., Clinton W., Roberts., Rosa L.. Lilly A., Carry J., Edgar L. He is a member of the Christian Church, and contributes liberally to its support. In politics he is a stanch Republican. EZRA H. MARTIN, a prominent citizen of Jackson Township, and merchant of Martinsburg, was born in Washington County on the 12th of November, 1830, being the oldest child in a family of nine born to Stephen and Nancy (Hiestand) Martin. His ancestors were natives of Kentucky and Virginia respectively. The father immigrated to Indiana in 1818, and the mother in 1819. Ezra H. had limited advantages of schools, but succeeded in securing a good business education. He remained at home with his parents until he attained his twenty-fifth year. In 1856 his marriage with Nancy J. Huff was solemnized, and this union has been blessed with nine children, all living. Mr. Martin is a mem- ber of the United Brethren Church, and Republican in politics. He was formerly a carpenter, but at present is engaged in merchandising and farming, in which pursuits he has done and is doing well, now own- ing a good store at Martinsburg and 130 acres of well improved land, 100 acres of which are tillable. He is one of the leading citizens in this part of the county. EDMUND W. MARTIN, an old pioneer and prominent citizen of Jackson Township, was born in Shelby County, Ky., 1801, being the oldest of a family of thirteen children born to Abner and Mary (White) Martin. lEis parents immigrated to Indiana in 1814, when Edmund was but thirteen years of age. They settled in Wayne County, and afterward, in 1817, removed to Washington County. The subject of this sketch had very limited chaace to get an education, but managed to learn to read and write and make simple calculations. He remained with his parents until he attained his twenty-seventh year, when he mar- ried. During his boyhood days he had many times been in contact with the Indians, of whom he claims to have had a mortal fear. In 1827 his marriage with Catharine Goss was solemnized, and to this union have been born six children, all living: Sallie, Mary, Amos, Elizabeth, Silas and George. He is a member of the Christian Church, and contributes liberally to its support. In politics he was formerly a Whig, but is at present identified with the Republican party. He is a farmer, stone- mason, and carpenter, and has had a long, useful, honored and eventful life. ALLEN MARTIN (deceased) an old settler of Jackson Township, was born May 15, 1810, died January 6, 1871, in Kentucky, being the JACKSON TOWiNSHlP. 925 sixth in a family of eleven children born to John and Elizabeth (Martin) Martin. His parents were natives of Kentucky, from which State they removed to Indiana in 1814, settling in Washington County. The subject of this sketch had very limited means for schooling, but by his energy succeeded in securing a good practical education. On November 24, 1836, his marriage with Melinda Darnell was solemnized and to this union were born two children, only one now living: Lucretia and an infant son unuamed (dead). Mr. Martin was a Republican, and took much interest in the political questions of his day. By occupation he was a farmer and stock-raiser, in which he was very successful. He was a member of the Presbyterian Church and always contributed liberally to its support. His death occurred January 6, 1871. In his dying hour he exhorted his family and friends to put their trust in God. He passed away as he had lived, in sight of heaven and glorifying the name of his Savior, M. H. MARTIN was born in Washington County, Ind., April 15, 1839, being the sixth of a family of ten children, born to Stephen and Nancy (Hiestand) Martin. The father was a native of Kentucky, from which State he immigrated to Indiana at an early day. The mother was a native of Virginia and came to Indiana in about the year 1818. The subject of this sketch had limited facilities for schooling, but by his energy succeeded in securing a fair education. His youth was passed at hard work. He remained home with his parents until he attained his twenty-third year. On December 22, 1861, his marriage with Margaret Greene was solemnized and to this union have been born five children. all living: Annora, Arthur S., Oliver T., Lettie F. and Lois A. In politics he is Republican and is by occupation a farmer and stock-trader. His life has thus far been one of honor and usefulness. He is a man of liberal and broad views and takes an appreciative interest in public afifairs. A. C. MARTIN (deceased), an'old and respected citizen of Jackson Township, was born in Shelby County, Ky. , March 31, 1812. being fourth child of a family of eleven children born to William and Mary A. (Wayman) Martin. His parents were natives of Virginia and were up- right. Christian people. The subject of this sketch had very limited means of procuring an education but succeeded in securing a .very good practical education. He remained at home until he attained his sixteenth year, when he was apprenticed to a saddler to learn the trade, which he followed most of his life. March 14, 1838, his marriage with Parmelia W. Denny was solemnized, and to this union were born six children, all living: Cyrus, Hester, Martha, Dorothea, Otho and Lydia E. In politics he was a stanch Republican and look an intelligent interest in the political questions of his day. June 13, 1871, his lamented death occurred. He had been a member of the Christian Church for over forty years previous to his death and professed a living faith in the atoning efficacy of a Savior's blood. His occupations through life were the saddlery business and farming, in which pursuits he was successful, leaving a comfortable home to his family at his death. JACOB MILLER (deceased), a prominent citizen of Jackson Town- ship, was born in Germany, on the 5th of August, 1818, being the young- est of a family of six children born to Rudolph and Elizabeth Miller. His ancestors were natives of Germany from whence they immigrated to the United States about 1850, settling in Washington County, Ind. The 926 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES. subject of this sketch by his energy succeeded in securing a good, prac- tical education. On the 20th of April, 1855, his marriage with Sophia Koterheimy, was solemnized and to this union were born seven children, five of whom are now living: Rudolph, Augustus H., Caroline E., Chris tina M. (dead), Frederick W. , Sophia L. and an infant son (deceased). In politics he was a Democrat and took deep interest in the political ques- tions of his day. By occupation he was formerly a miller, but during the most of his life was engaged in farming. In his business he was very successful; he was a member of the Lutheran Church, and always contributed liberally to the support of all church and charitable causes. On the 10th of April, 1883, the family suffered the irreparable loss of a loving father and an affectionate husband. His death was a severe blow to society at large, as he was always ready to extend a helping hand to those in need. JAMES L. SHANKS, a prominent young farmer of Jackson Town- ship, was born in Washington County, January 28, 1852, being the oldest of a family of four children born to Robert R. and Elizabeth (Fulmer) Shanks. The subject of this sketch had the advantages of the common school and also attended the academy at Salem for a number of terms. By his energy he succeeded in securing a good practical education, enough to enable him successfully to teach in the common schools of his county. He remained with his parents until he reached his twenty- fourth year. On October 10, 1875, his marriage with Laura A. Wright was solemnized and to this union has been born one child — Robert R. Mr Shanks is a member of the Christian Church. In politics he is a Democrat, and takes a warm interest in the political questions of the day. He was formerly a teacher, but at present is engaged in farming. He is an accommodating neighbor, and an honorable and useful citizen, DAVID SHEPHERD, an old and prominent citizen of Jackson Town- ship, was born in Kentucky on the 12th of May, 1813, being the oldest of a family of ten children born to Thomas and Nancy (Hensley) Shepherd. His ancestors were natives of Virginia, from whence they removed to Kentucky, remaining a short time, and in 1818 they immigrated to Indi- ana, settling in Washington County. The subject of this sketch had poor advantages of schools, but by his energy in after years obtained a fair education. He remained home with his parents until he attained his seventeenth year when he was apprenticed to a gunsmith. On the 25th of May, 1834, his marriage with Polly Buchanan was solemnized, and to this union have been born six children, three of whom are now 'dead: Eliza, Amanda and Angeline (deceased); Ellen, Mary and Mar- tha. He is a member of the Christian Church, and in politics is a stanch Republican. He is a farmer and blacksmith, and has made life a success. JAMES SHEPHERD, an old and prominent citizen of Jackson Township, was born in Kentucky on the 4th of August, 1816, being the second in a family of ten children born to Thomas and Nancy (Hensley) Shepherd. His parents were natives of Kentucky, from whence they immigrated to Indiana in 1818, settling in Washington County. The sub- ject of this sketch had limited advantages of school, but by his energy succeeded in getting a fair practical education. He remained home with his parents until he attained his thirty-second year. In September, 1848, his marriage with Sarah Rippy was solemnized, and to this union have been born six children, four of whom are now living: Thomas J., HOWARD TOWNSHIP. 927 John F. (dead), Lucy J., Sarah A., Laura E. (dead), and Nancy A. He is a member of the Christian Church, and contributes liberally to the support of the church. In politics he is Republican, and he is a success- ful farmer. FREDERICK SOUDER. an old and prominent citizen of Jackson Township, was born in Washino;ton County, October 22, 1818, being the youngest of a family of seven children born to Frederick and Mary (Kesner) Souder. The father was a native of Virginia, from which State he removed to Pennsylvania, and about the year 1808 came to Indiana settling in Polk Township, Washington County. The mother was a native ef Pennsylvania, but in her childhood moved to Virginia. She immigra- ted to Indiana with her father in 1808. The subject of this sketch had rather limited advantages for schooling owing to the poor log school- houses of his day, and the want of public money. By energy, however, he succeeded in securing a fair practical education. He remained with his parents until he attained his majority. In 1839 his marriage with Mary M. Click was solemnized, and to this union have been born four children, three of whom are now living: Sarah J., Margaret E., Mary A. (dead), and L. D. Mr. Souder is not a member of any church organiza- tion, but contributes liberally to the support of chui'ch and charitable causes. In politics he is a stanch Democrat, aud takes a live interest in political questions of the day. By occupation he is a farmer and stock raiser, also has been interested in' a saw-mill. He is one of the prominent and honorable citizens. ENDS TURNER was born in Washington County on the 24th of March, 1838, being the seventh of a family of thirteen children born to Edmund D. and Millie (Crotts) Turner. His parental ancestors were natives of Kentucky and Tennessee respectively. They immigrated to Indiana about 1822, settling in Washington County. The subject of this sketch had fair advantages of schools. He managed through his energy to succeed in securing a good practical education, enough to enable him to teach in the common schools of his county. He taught nine terms. He remained home with his parents until he attained his majority, when he engaged in teaching. On the 25th of December, 1859, his marriage with Julia A. Lofton was solemnized, and to this union have been born three children, all living: Charley A., Walter P., Arthur C. He is a member of the Christian Ctiurch, and contributes a portion of his time and talents to the preaching of the gospel. In politics he is a RejDubli- can, and by occupation is a minister and farmer. In his business he has been decidedly successful. There is in his family an adopted child, Mar- garet C. Glover. HOWARD TOWNSHIP. HENRY BANKS, an old and influential citizen of Howard Town- ship was born in Connecticut, August 11, 1818, being the sixth of a fam- ily of eight children born to Burr and Abigail (Sherwood) Banks. His ancestors were natives of Fairfield County, Conn., from which State they removed to Indiana in 1814, settling on the farm now owned by the son. They are honest, industrious Christian people. The subject of this 928 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES. sketch had poor facilities for schooling, owing to the subscription schools of those days, but by his energy he succeeded in securing a fair practical education. He remained at Lome with his parents during their lives. The mother died in 1825 and the father in 1863. On the 24th of September, 1840, his marriage with Peggy Scandlin was solemnized, and to this union were born eight children, four of whom are now living: John B. (deceased), 1842; Annette E., born March 20, 1843; Samuel S. (deceased), October 11, 1881; Harley B. (deceased), May, 1856; Claudius H. (deceased), September, 1881; John F., born December 14, 1851; William B., born March 13, 1854; Milton S., born December 2, 1856. In politics he is a Republican. By occupation he is a farmer and stock- raiser in which chosen vocation he has made a decided success, having now in his possession 335 acres of well improved land, well stocked. He also owns a flouring and saw-mill in Livonia, valued at $7,000. DAVID BECK, an old and influential citizen of Howai'd Township, and proprietor of Beck's Mill, was born in 1821, being the second child born to George and Elizabeth (Masters) Beck — one of thirteen children. His parental ancestors were natives of North Carolina, from which State they removed to Indiana in 1807, locating about five miles south of Beck's Mill. The subject of this sketch had a very limited chance to secure an education, but by his energy succeeded in securing enough for the business of life. In 1843 his marriage with Sarah Elliott was solemnized, and to their union were born six children: Elizabeth J., Malinda (deceased, 1865), John A., Thomas J. (deceased, 1877), George M. and Lorena A. He is not a member of any church, but contributes liberally to the support of the church and charitable causes. He is a member of the Masonic order, and in politics is a stanch Democrat, and takes much interest in the political questions of the day. He has made a decided success in his business, now owning the splendid mills and 130 acres of well improved land. He was elected to the responsible position of County Commissioner in 1872, serving six years. He has also been Postmaster at this point since James Buchanan's administration. GEORGE W. BECK, a prominent citizen of Howard Township, was born January 25, 1832, being the sixth child in a family of thirteen born to George and Elizabeth (Masters) Beck. His people were natives of North Carolina, from whence they removed to Indiana in the early spring of 1807, settling on Mill Creek in the early spring of 1808. His schooling was very limited owing to the poor facilities at that early period. By his energy, however, he secured a fair practical education, enough to enable him to perform any business transactions. He stayed with his parents while they lived, the death of the father occurring on the 22d of September, 1876; that of the mother in April, 1877. Mr. Beck has never been married, and is not a member of any church. In politics he is a Democrat, and is one of the successful farmers of the Township. JOHN A. BECK, Sr., a prominent citizen of Howard Township, was born March 28, 1838, being the next to the youngest in a family of thir- teen children born to George and Elizabeth (Masters) Beck. The sub- ject of this sketch had limited means for procuring an education, but by his energy procured a fair practical education. On the 2d of May, 1861, his marriage with Lucinda E. Miller was solemnized, and to this union have been born ten children, all living: George W., Hem-y F., Thomas S., Mahala J., John J., Emma E., Perlina A., Nancy C, Clarence A. HOWARD TOWNSHIP. 929 and Eiley O. Mr. Beck is not a member of any church, but contributes to the support of charity. In politics he is a stanch Democrat, and by occupation is a farmer and stock-raiser, in which pux'suits he has made fair success. The Beck families are among the oldest and most respected of the county. They came here when the country was yet in the posses- sion of the Indians and wild animals, and have helped to prepare it for their descendants, and render it better than they found it. BLUFORD HALL, a citizen of Howard Township, was born in Ken- tucky on the22d of April, 1811, being the third of a family of eight chil- dren born to William and Polly (Thixton) Hall. His parents were Datives of Virginia, from which State they moved to Kentucky in a very early day, and from thence to Indiana in about 1818, settling in Wash- ington County. Here they became prominently connected with the set- tlement of the county, and worthy and honored citizens. The subject of this sketch had very limited means of securing an education, but by his energy succeeded in obtaining enough for the business of life. He remained with his parents until he attained his twenty-second year, and November 28, 1833, his marriage with Bachel Grilstrap was celebrated, and to this union were born nine children, four of whom are now living: Maria (deceased), Sarah J., John W., David J., Lewis L. (who died in Anderson vi lie Prison), Samantha E. (deceased), Nelson F. (deceased) and Mary E. He is a member of the Christian Church, and in politics is a Republican, but is not radical in his views. He is one of the successful farmers of the county, an upright citizen, and his people are among the best in the county. THOMAS RAGAINS, an old citizen of Howard Township, was born in North Carolina on the 31st of January, 1811, being the fourth of a family of eleven children born to David and Susannah (Hargus) Ragains. His ancestors were natives of North Carolina, and people of the highest worth. The subject of this sketch had very poor facilities for schooling, but secui'ed a good practical education, enough to enable him to teach in his time. This he did, but at very low wages. He remained at home with his pajents until he attained his twenty-third year, when he immi- grated to Indiana, settling in Washington County in 1834. On the 5th of April, 1840, his marriage with Sarah McKinster was solemnized, and to this union have been born eleven children, eight of whom are now living: James M. , Eliza J., David, Susan (deceased), and an infant daughter unnamed (deceased), John W. (deceased), William T., Haden H., Leander, George B. M. and Lewis C. He is a member of the Meth- odist Episcopal Church, and a man who has by honesty and industry secured a comf