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Canada 
 
 Deportment of Mines 
 
 Hon. LOUIS CODERRE, Minister; 
 R. W, BROCK, Deputy Minister, 
 
 (Geological Suruey 
 
 R. W. BROCK, Director, 
 
 Museum Bulletin No. 2 
 
 ANTHROPOLOGICAL SERIES, No. 2 JUNE 22, 1914 
 
 SOME ASPECTS OF PUBERTY FASTING AMONG THE OJIBWA 
 
 by 
 Paul Radin 
 
 Re prin t from 
 u irenra Bulletin No. 2, 
 I rci B pagination. 
 
 OTTAWA 
 
 Government Printing Bureau 
 
 1914 
 
 No 1342 
 

June 22Dd, 1914. 
 
 Canada 
 
 Geological Survey 
 
 Museum Bulletin No. 2. 
 
 ANTHROPOLOGICAL SERIES, No. 2 
 
 
 IV. — Some Aspects of Puberty Fasting Among the Ojibwa. 1 
 By Paul Radin. 
 
 INTRODUCTION. 
 
 The subject of fasting among the North American Indians, 
 although it has been touched upon frequently by a number of 
 writers, has never been made the object of a special study as yet. 
 In the present little essay the writer will make no attempt to 
 study the subject of fasting in any exhaustive manner, but will 
 merely attempt, on the basis of a number of some of the fasting 
 experiences, to point out features that, in his opinion, seem 
 distinctive of Ojibwa puberty fasts. He hopes to reserve a more 
 exhaustive study of the same for his report on the ethnology of 
 this tribe itself. 
 
 The fasting experiences will be given first and the discussion 
 will then follow. The writer has only selected a few of the 
 accounts he has obtained, but the five chosen seem to contain 
 all the characteristic features of the fast, although in certain 
 details they, of course, differ from some of the others. 
 
 It might be stated, before proceeding to give the accounts 
 themselves, that in only two cases did the experience represent 
 that of the informant himself, and that in the other cases they 
 referred to relatives of the informants. I do not believe that 
 this in any way detracts from their value, but, of course, it may 
 have led to the omission of a detail here and there. 
 
 » The following article is based entirely on notes collected by the writer among the 
 Ojibwa of eastern and southeastern Ontario during the spring and summer of 1912 
 for the Geological Survey of Canada. 
 
 56815— d— 1 
 
2 MUSEUM BULLETIN NO. 2. 
 
 FASTING EXPERIENCE (A). 
 
 I was about ten years old when I fasted. That is the age at 
 which our grandparents generally desired us to fast. My 
 parents, themselves, seemed to care very little whether I did or 
 did not fast, and I imagine that had it not been for my grand- 
 mother, I never would have done so. 
 
 It was at about the middle of what we call the "little-bear" 
 month that my grandmother came to visit us. When she was 
 about to return to her home, she had me accompany her. I 
 did not know at the time what she wanted and it was only on the 
 morning of the next day that she told me that I was to fast. 
 Two mornings after that I received very little to eat and drink 
 at breakfast time. At noon I received nothing at all. For the 
 evening meal she gave me a very small piece of bread. In 
 addition to myself there were six other boys fasting at the same 
 time. During the daytime we would play together, keeping a 
 close watch on one another, lest someone try secretly to get 
 something to eat. 
 
 We were to fast ten days, all in all. At the end of the fifth 
 day, however, I became so hungry that after my grandparents 
 had gone to bed, I got up and helped myself to a hearty meal. 
 They discovered it, however, the next morning and I had to 
 begin my fast all over again. This time I was very careful not 
 to break my fast, for I did not want to begin over again, as on 
 the first occasion. 
 
 At the end of the tenth day, my grandparents built me a 
 wigwam. It was supported on four poles, about three or four 
 feet from the ground, and I was to use it for sleeping. My little 
 wigwam was situated at some distance from the lodge of my 
 grandparents, directly under an oak tree. I do not know 
 whether in olden times it was customary to build the fasting 
 wigwam under just this tree or not. My impression is that the 
 old people built it at some distance from their own lodge, but not 
 too far to prevent them from watching its occupant during the 
 day time. 
 
 My grandmother told me not to accept the blessings of every 
 r 'spirit" that would appear to me in my "dreams," for there 
 
PUBERTY PASTING AMONG THE OJIBWA. 3 
 
 were many bad spirits around and they would doubtless try to 
 deceive me and thus cause misfortunes. The first four nights, 
 I slept soundly and dreamt of nothing whatsoever. The fifth 
 night, however, I dreamt that a very large and beautiful bird 
 came to me and promised me many great things. I had, how- 
 ever, made up my mind not to accept the blessing of the first 
 spirit that appeared, so I refused all that had been offered, and as 
 I watched the bird disappear, j. saw that it turned into a chick- 
 adee. In the morning, when my grandmother came to ask me 
 whether anyone had blessed me, I told her that a chickadee had 
 offered me many gifts, but that I had rejected them. Then she 
 told me that the chickadee often fooled people in this manner. 
 For a few nights after that I again did not dream of anything, 
 but during the eighth night another big bird came to me. I 
 was getting tired of staying in the little wigwam so long, so I 
 decided to accept whatever he would offer. I dreamt that this 
 big bird took me along with him to the north, where there was 
 only ice. There I saw many more birds just like him, some of 
 them very old. These birds offered me long life and freedom 
 from sickness. Indeed it was quite different from what the 
 chickadee had promised. I accepted all that they gave me and 
 then the bird that had brought me there took me to my wigwam 
 again. When he left he told me to watch him before he got out 
 of sight, and as I did, I noticed that it was a white loon. In 
 the morning, when my grandmother came to question me about 
 my dreams, I told her of my experience with the white loons. 
 She was very glad to hear about it, for they had rarely been 
 blessed by white loons. From that time they called me Wabimq 
 or White-loon. 
 
 FASTING EXPERIENCE (B). 
 
 When I was a boy of eleven years old, I was told by my 
 mother that it was about time for me to find out something 
 concerning my future life and this I was to do by fasting. I was 
 at first not to eat or drink anything for five days except at supper. 
 The sixth day they built a little wigwam for me alongside of a 
 little creek running through the woods and left me there over 
 56815— d— 2 
 
4 MUSEUM BULLETIN NO. 2. 
 
 night. The next morning my mother came and asked me of 
 what I had dreamt. As a matter of fact I had not slept at all 
 that night, for I went to the creek to get a drink. However, as 
 this was early in autumn, the nights were quite warm; she 
 noticed my tracks near the creek and immediately suspected 
 that I had left my wigwam. She asked me where I had been 
 and I admitted that I had been to the creek for some water. 
 She told me to go home, and I had to start all over again, about 
 two weeks from that time. This time another lad fasted to- 
 gether with me. After four days my parents built me a wigwam 
 in a part of the woods far away from the water. I went to this 
 place on the evening of the fourth day. The other boy accom- 
 panied me. That same night this other boy had a bad dream, 
 and when our mothers came to see us the next day, we told his 
 mother that he had dreamt of being bitten by a snake, that the 
 snake had then made him sick, and that he had finally died. 
 After telling of this dream, he was told to go home and I re- 
 mained in the wigwam all alone. My parents visited me 
 quite frequently, about four times a day. For five days I 
 stayed there all alone and it was only on the fifth night that I 
 had my dream. It was as follows: — 
 
 I dreamt that I was alongside of a lake and that I had had 
 nothing to eat for some time. As I was wandering about in 
 search of food, I came upon a large bird (mon). This bird 
 came over to where I was and spoke to me, saying that I was lost 
 and that a party was out searching for me, but that they desired 
 not to rescue but to shoot me. Then the bird flew away to a 
 lake and brought me a fish to eat. He then told me that I 
 would have good luck in hunting and in fishing and that I would 
 live to a good old age. He also told me that I would never be 
 shot by a shot-gun or a rifle, for the bird of whom I dreamt 
 belonged to a species that a man rarely finds a chance to shoot. 
 From that time on the mon was my (personal) manito. 
 
 FASTING EXPERIENCE (C). 
 
 When I was ten years old my grandmother wanted me to 
 fast, so that I might know what blessing I was to receive. I was 
 to start in the autumn of the year. At first I was to get just a 
 
PUBERTY FASTING AMONG THE OJIBWA. 5 
 
 little to eat and drink in the morning and the evening. This 
 meagre diet was to continue all through the autumn and winter. 
 In the spring a little wigwam was built for me on a scaffold, 
 not very far from the ground. In this wigwam I was to stay- 
 ten days and nights, and only get a little to eat in the mornings 
 and evenings. My grandmother told me before entering not to 
 believe every spirit that would come to me with promises, for 
 there are some who try to deceive people, and only to accept the 
 blessings of that spirit who came with a great noise and power. 
 
 The first and second night I did not dream of anything, but 
 during the third night a very rich man came to me and asked 
 me to go along with him and said that he would give me all the 
 riches I wanted. I went along with him but I did not accept 
 what he offered me and returned to my wigwam. Then I 
 looked in the direction in which the man who had appeared to 
 me was disappearing, as he had bidden me, and I saw that he 
 had changed into an owl and that the big lodge I had visited with 
 him was a hollow tree with holes. The next night another rich 
 man came to me, dressed in a suit of red material. He offered 
 me the same things as the first man, and in addition told me that 
 if I accepted his blessings I could change my clothes twice a 
 year. After I refused, he told me to look in his direction as he 
 left me, and as I did so, I saw nothing but oak trees and dry and 
 green leaves. The next night another man came and offered 
 me boxes of sugar. I went with him, too, but I refused his 
 blessing, and when I turned to look at him as he left, just as I 
 had done in the other cases, I only saw a large maple-tree. 
 
 My grandmother came twice a day to ask me about what I 
 had dreamt and to give me something to eat. I told her about 
 my dreams and she again told me to accept the blessing of no 
 one but the spirit who came to me with a great noise and strength. 
 Some night before the tenth I heard the noise of a gush of wind 
 above me and saw a very stout and strong man. With this 
 man I went towards the north and finally came to nine old men 
 sitting around in a circle. In the centre sat a very old man and 
 this was the man who blessed me. He told me that he had just 
 been sent down from above. Then I was brought back to my 
 little wigwam and told to look in the direction in which my 
 
6 MUSEUM BULLETIN NO. 2. 
 
 guide was going. When he had gone some distance, I looked 
 and I saw a number of large white stones in a circle and one in 
 the centre of this circle. The next morning when my grand- 
 mother came to me to feed me and question me, I told her of 
 what I had dreamt. That was the end of my fasting. 
 
 Some people are fooled, during their fast, by a bird called the 
 chickadee. 
 
 FASTING EXPERIENCE (D). 
 
 When an Indian is about to fast, he gets up early in the morn- 
 ing, gets his charcoal ready, and marks his cheeks. In the even- 
 ing, when he returns, he washes his face and eats very little. 
 He does the same thing for two days. Then he breaks his fast 
 for two days. After that he begins his real fast. For six days 
 he marks his face with charcoal. After the expiration of these 
 six days he breaks his fast again for from five to six days. After 
 that his parents build him a little wigwam about fifty rods from 
 their lodge and there he is supposed to remain ten days. He 
 knows that it is here that he will see his manito and that the 
 animal (spirit) will bless him. 
 
 While the faster is in this little wigwam, the people get a 
 very fast runner near him. When the morning of the tenth day 
 arrives, the fire is made and the faster gets ready to leave. 
 As soon as he leaves his fasting lodge, he starts to run. The fast 
 runner gets after him and soon he catches him. Then they all 
 ask the faster what spirit had blessed him. After that they 
 give him a little song, and then he tells them by whom he had 
 been blessed. By a very thin man (a pagak spirit) he had been 
 blessed. 1 
 
 FASTING EXPERIENCE (E). 2 
 
 When a child was ten years of age, it generally started to fast. 
 For a few days, sometimes a week, it was given nothing to eat 
 except a little for supper. This was only preliminary to the real 
 
 l Pagak are thin airy spirits who formerly inhabited this earth, but who became 
 so attenuated that they ascended into the air, where they still live, flying around 
 and making peculiar sounds. It was formerly believed that if any one heard them 
 he would die. 
 
 s This is a generalized account. 
 
PUBBRTT FASTING AMONG THE OJIBWA. 7 
 
 fasting, which began after that. After the child has fasted for 
 a few days, the parents or grandparents build a little wigwam 
 in a lonely spot of the woods. In this wigwam the faster then 
 stays and sleeps. He is not allowed to eat or take even a drop 
 of water. Generally he keeps a small piece of lead in his mouth 
 and swallows the saliva that gathers. Every morning the 
 parents or grandparents visit the person who is fasting, and 
 inquire about his dreams, and if the faster dreams that he has 
 been in trouble, lost in the woods, or eaten up by some wild 
 animal, then he is taken home and given something to eat for a 
 few days, after which he must start his fast again. His first 
 experience is regarded as bad. Thus it continues for some 
 time. The faster generally does not get his dream until the 
 sixth to the tenth night. Sometimes a dream obtained even 
 then is regarded as of bad omen, and the faster must start 
 again. He is encouraged to have patience and wait until the 
 right spirit comes. Sometimes this takes two to three months. 
 The dream that is to benefit him generally comes in the following 
 form. The faster, in his dream, finds himself in great trouble or, 
 at times, he believes he is killed, and some animal comes to his 
 rescue. This animal, he believes, will come to his rescue in 
 similar situations throughout his life. 
 
 DISCUSSION. 
 
 We will discuss first the contents of the preceding experiences 
 and then the relation of the fasting experience to the faster, 
 on the one hand, and to his cultural environment, on the other, 
 as it is embodied especially in the person of his parents and 
 grandparents. 
 
 Even a cursory perusal of the experiences shows that, as one 
 would have been led to expect, all are cast in a definite mould. 
 An animal appears to the faster in a dream, and promising him 
 certain blessings, leads him far away to some place where he 
 meets the one who is actually to bless him. He is then led 
 back to his little fasting-lodge and told to watch carefully the 
 disappearing figure of the one who has come to him. It is only 
 when the "person" is about to pass out of sight that he takes 
 
8 MtTSEUM BULLETIN NO. 2. 
 
 upon himself the shape of the animal itself. This is the formula 
 that appears over and over again, in all these dream-experiences, 
 and is unquestionably transmitted from one generation to 
 another. How this is transmitted would be an interesting 
 thing to determine, but in the present state of our knowledge, 
 I am afraid all that can be done is to offer a few hypothetical 
 explanations. It is this that we shall in the main attempt 
 to do. 
 
 What opportunity does a boy of say eleven years or there- 
 abouts have of learning this dream-experience formula? That 
 he would have the slightest opportunity of himself hearing an 
 older person recount his dream-experience is quite unlikely, 
 for it seems in olden times to have been customary to recount it 
 only on one's sick bed and then to an older person. There is 
 thus left only one means whereby he could obtain the desired 
 information and that is through the system of instruction to 
 which it was customary to subject all children from the age of 
 five or six to the age of puberty and which consisted almost 
 exclusively in directions concerning the actions necessary to 
 take in order to ensure a happy and successful life. One of 
 the most insistent prayers in this instruction is that without a 
 guardian-spirit (manito) no individual could possibly surmount 
 the crises in his life. But the main question to decide is, does the 
 youth in this instruction obtain any detailed information about 
 the dream-experience formula itself ? I believe he does not. 
 All that he is taught is to expect a dream-experience. The 
 main object, I should say, is to obtain the religious thrill; the 
 form that it assumes may be vague except for the outstanding 
 fact that a manito has appeared to him. How then are we to 
 account for the stability of the formal element? This, I believe, 
 may be accounted for by two facts, first, that a minute control is 
 exercised by the parents or grandparents, as the case may be, 
 over the faster, and secondly, that the form in which a dream- 
 experience is told does not represent that of the boy of eleven 
 but that of a mature man. It is this latter fact, that we never 
 obtain the experience of the youth, immediately after his fasting, 
 that makes the question of the exact mechanism of transmission 
 so difficult. 
 
 B D 1 4. R f 
 
PUBERTY FASTING AMONG THE OJIBWA. 9 
 
 Let us return now to the nature of the control exercised by 
 the parents over the faster. This takes two forms, a negative 
 and a positive one. It sees to it first, that the youth observes 
 the fast and the restrictions imposed on him during the fast, 
 and secondly, that only certain blessings be accepted. Now if 
 we knew exactly in what this latter positive control consisted, 
 we would know likewise what part the individual faster and the 
 controlling agency, the father, etc., plays. Judging from the 
 fact that we learn from one of the experiences that the faster is 
 directed to accept only that spirit who comes to him "with a 
 great gust of wind," we might argue that if the spirit by whom 
 he is to be blessed is thus limited, other details might be equally 
 dependent upon the suggestions of those who are in control. 
 It might, of course, be said that owing to the extreme suggest- 
 ibility of a child under the conditions imposed at the time of 
 fasting, many details might be accounted for as due to this 
 suggestibility. This is, of course, quite true, and this is probably 
 responsible for many of the details that distinguish one experience 
 from another, but it has no relation at all to the dream-experience 
 formula, for the significant fact here is that the formula is always 
 the same. However, even if we were to credit the controlling 
 agency with a great influence in shaping the formal aspect of the 
 experience, this must not be overrated, for that would be practic- 
 ally saying that all the formal elements were given at the begin- 
 ning and I hardly believe there is any evidence for this. 
 
 We thus come face to face again with the central problem in 
 the transmission of the dream-experience formula. Did the 
 youth obtain the entire formula during his fast, or only part of it, 
 or indeed any of it at all? And this brings us back to the 
 question, did the youth obtain it? As I have stated before, we 
 do not know what the form of the dream-experience, at the time 
 of the experience itself, is, for no youth has ever told us. How- 
 ever, I believe that we may safely assume that from the point 
 of view of formalistic expression, the dream-experience as 
 known to the mature man was different from that known to the 
 youth. Considering the age of the boy while fasting and the 
 nature of the instruction he received, I believe that it is justifiable 
 to assume that the main element in the dream-experience was 
 
10 
 
 MUSEUM BULLETIN NO. 2. 
 
 the religious "thrill," and that its setting was vague. It is not 
 at all my purpose to separate the "thrill" from the setting of 
 associations that have always clung to it in different cultural 
 areas, but I claim that at the time of the thrill and perhaps for a 
 considerable time afterwards in the life of the individual, these 
 associated elements are vague and ill-defined and that they 
 only then become clearly differentiated when the cultural 
 environment exerts its greater influence upon the individual. 
 
 Now if we look at the dream-experience as a formal unit, we 
 will notice that it contains a number of folkloristic elements, 
 such as, for instance, the dreaming of a snake as an ill omen, the 
 deceiving promises of the chickadee, etc. At the same time, the 
 manner of obtaining the blessing, the visit to the home of the 
 manito, etc., are all themes characteristically developed in the 
 mythology of the people. Both these elements, folklore and 
 mythology, begin to exercise their influence on the individual 
 after the age of puberty. If, in addition, we allow for the increas- 
 ing knowledge of the details of the dream-experience that in 
 maturer years one is quite likely to obtain, all the conditions for 
 the fixity of the dream-experience formula seem to be given. 
 
 Summing up, we might say that the evidence at hand seem3 
 to warrant the suggestion that a boy approaches the ordeal of 
 fasting with definite suggestions from those who are exercising 
 control over him at that time; that he himself is probably most 
 intent upon the religious experience he is obtaining, and that 
 although this religious thrill is necessarily associated with sug- 
 gestions from others and from himself, the^e latter play a sec- 
 ondary part; that, finally, what I have called the dream experi- 
 ence formula probably does not exist at the time of fasting in 
 any clearly defined form, but it probably represents the increasing 
 influence of the cultural environment, and the knowledge of 
 those details of the fast that he learns from the generation of his 
 parents and grandparents, as he grows older. 
 
The first number of the Museum Bulletin was entitled, Victoria Memorial Museum 
 Bulletin Number 1. 
 
 The following articles of the Anthropological Series of Museum Bulletins have 
 been issued. 
 
 Anthropological Series. 
 
 1. The archaeology of Blandford township, Oxford county, Ontario; by VV. J. 
 Win tem berg. 
 
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