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INSTRUCTIONS 
 
 IN THE 
 
 Use and Development 
 
 OF THE 
 
 MEMORY 
 
 PROF. YULE. 
 
 *f 
 
 
 FOURTH EDITION. 
 
 SEP 9 1890,/ 
 
 
 WILLIAM KNOWLKS, PUBLISHER, 
 104 East t j; 1 ir Stri i 1 
 

INSTRUCTIONS 
 
 IN THE 
 
 Use and Development of the Memory 
 
 APPLIED TO 
 
 WORDS J NUMBERS ; STATISTICS ; PROSE J POETRY J LECTURES ; HISTORY ; 
 
 GEOGRAPHY ; LANGUAGES ; TECHNICAL, SCIENTIFIC, AND FOREIGN 
 
 TERMS ; PROPER NAMES AND FACES J SCRIPTURE TEXTS ; 
 
 MUSIC J MATERIA MEDICA; CHEMICAL FORMULAE J 
 
 DECISIONS IN LAW ; ETC., ETC., ETC. 
 
 BY 
 
 GEORGE YULE. 
 
 Being a Compendium of the Course in Systematic Memory 
 
 Embraced in his Oral Lectures delivered during the 
 
 last Ten Years, and in the Third Edition 
 
 of his " Memory Manual." 
 
 Copyright, 1890, by G. Yule. — All Rights Reserved. 
 
 Lesson I. — Committing to memory, by a single reading, a long 
 and random series of disconnected Words; so as to be able to repeat 
 the series correctly from recollection, forwards or backwards; arid 
 to retain the same. 
 
 By way of example take the following series : — Wheat, 
 wagon, hound, steeple, hen, raft, gong, ham, elephant, Eden, 
 elm, raven, heater, hall, hedge, ear, easel, Rome, hack, hive, 
 effigy, dairy, queen Elizabeth, jacket, chest, interment, chain, 
 juryman, worm, fan, giant, garden, gem, gunpowder, weir, 
 victory. 
 
 A word is but the artificial sign, symbol, or representative of 
 an idea ; and the words given above, it will be noticed, repre- 
 sent in each case an object of which an image, or picture, may 
 be called up before the mind and visualized, or seen by "the 
 mind's eye." Although, then, we have called this first Lesson 
 a Lesson in the memorizing of a series of words, and although, 
 practically, it is a Lesson in memorizing a series of words, 
 nevertheless, inasmuch as we shall deliberate not upon the 
 
artificial words but upon the ideas which these words rep- 
 
 ■•:, it 1^. strictly speaking, a Lesson in the impression upon 
 
 the mind of a series of mental images, or a chain of ideas. 
 
 re the learner ran bring into play the process of the present 
 
 n it is necessary, oi course, for him to know what the 
 
 In order to effectively commit to memory the above, or any 
 similar, series of words with which distinctive ideas are already 
 lated in the mind, the learner is not required to employ 
 the ordinary and tedious method of frequent repetition, or 
 learning by rote. We will explain how such a series may be 
 effectively impressed upon the memory, at one reading, by 
 different means, and without the slightest strain upon the 
 mind. Nor does it matter whether your natural memory be 
 good, tolerable, or absolutely bad ; for, at the present point, we 
 will only call upon you to bring into play your Imagination — a 
 faculty dealing with Images; and a faculty moreover which, 
 generally, is well developed (although not always well con- 
 trolled) even in persons with "poor memory." 
 
 Now since what we have in view in this first lesson is to 
 construct a chain of ideas, it may be well to illustrate by in- 
 quiring how the blacksmith proceeds when he seeks to con- 
 struct a chain. Does he lay upon the anvil a long series of 
 separate links and, placing these links end to end, proceed to 
 construct the desired chain by hammering along the whole 
 series from the first link to the last ; repeating this consecutive 
 hammering, along the whole series of links, many times? No, 
 he does not do any such thing. He does not take a series of 
 links and hammer the series from beginning to end many 
 times : but proceeding systematically, he takes two links — just 
 tico — and welds them together, paying no attention, meanwhile, 
 to any other links. When he has the first and second links of 
 the proposed chain thoroughly welded together, then he welds 
 together the second and the third links, then the third and fourth, 
 then the fourth and fifth, then the fifth and sixth, and so on 
 to the end. To construct a chain of ideas we will proceed 
 in like manner ; not mechanically memorizing the series by 
 frequent repetition or learning by rote ; but taking up the ideas 
 in order, and systematically and thoughtfully welding or asso- 
 ciating them together by one reading. 
 
 Every one who would undertake to philosophically develop 
 the memory should, at the very outset, establish it as an axiom 
 to be kept continually in view that, instead of relying for the 
 reception of an impression upon hearing a thing repeated a great 
 many times, he or she will throw off the habit of mental languor 
 and, with mind alert, endeavor to receive the strongest possible 
 
impression the first time the matter is presented to consideration. 
 Moreover, the absolute necessity of superseding mechanical, 
 superficial, thoughtless habits of mind by a grave thoughtful- 
 ness should also be prominently recognized. Thought, reflec- 
 tion, study, perform in regard to our mental food an office 
 similar to that performed toward our physical food by masti- 
 cation and digestion. And it is only what we take up thought- 
 fully and reflect upon — not what we take up superficially, 
 mechanically, thoughtlessly, perfunctorily — that passes, as it 
 were, into the mental system, and becomes a part and portion 
 of our stock of actual knowledge ; a part and portion of our- 
 selves. Any course of memory instruction worthy of the name 
 will commence by enforcing the necessity of alert attention and 
 grave habits of thought. 
 
 If the learner is now quite ready to concentrate the attention 
 for a brief period upon the following instruction, and to per- 
 form the simple mental operation required, he or she may now 
 proceed, with the expectation of being able to speedily and 
 effectively fix in the memory the series of words given at the 
 beginning of this Lesson, so as to repeat the series correctly by 
 recollection, from beginning to end, or in reverse order, and to 
 retain the same. 
 
 Begin with the first two words of the series, Wheat — 
 Wagon, and remember that we are to deliberate, not upon the 
 mere empty words, but upon the ideas which the words repre- 
 sent. We are going to call up an image or picture of the object 
 Wheat, and an image or picture of the object Wagon, bring the 
 two images together so as to form one picture or combination, 
 and hold this combination image or picture of the Wheat and 
 the Wagon steadily before " the mind's eye." Be careful not 
 to introduce into the pictorial combination presented to the 
 mind's eye any other object than the Wheat and the Wagon ; 
 for if a horse, or a farmer, or a dog, or a tree, or anything else, 
 be introduced into the picture the attention will be drawn away 
 from its concentration upon the Wheat and the Wagon, and the 
 mind will be invited to gratify its propensity of flying off at a 
 tangent. Be careful, also, not to burden the mind by trying to 
 remember ; but, laying entirely aside for the time being all 
 efforts to remember, simply follow our directions. The memory 
 will attend to the remembering : what we have to do is (to 
 borrow the language of photography) to present as clearly 
 defined a picture as possible before the sensitive plate of the 
 memory, holding the picture steadily before the camera of the 
 mind, so that, in reproduction, there will be no indistinctness 
 or blurring. Let the learner not be foolish enough to attempt, 
 in this Lesson, to mix our plan and his own together. Let him 
 
have nothing to do, in the meantime, with any kind of associa- 
 Other than the association of ////ages. 
 
 Now, if the instruction just given be fully comprehended, 
 let the learner proceed to place before the mind's eye — which 
 we may call the lens of the memory — the combined picture of 
 the Wheat and the Wagon, holding the picture steadily in view 
 for a few moments (making a prolonged exposure, so to speak, 
 before the sensitive plate of the memory) and warding off, 
 meanwhile, all other images or thoughts that would trespass 
 upon the attention. In making a mental picture of the objects 
 Wheat and Wagon, for instance a quantity of wheat may be 
 seen in the road, spilled from a wagon standing by, broken 
 down. As already charged, however, be careful not to intro- 
 duce into the picture a horse, or a tree, or a man, or a dog, or 
 any other object liable to challenge attention and draw away 
 the steady gaze of the mind's eye from the Wheat and the 
 Wagon. In dealing with pictures in this manner the beginner 
 had better proceed slowly at first, until he ascertains the alert- 
 ness and power of his mind in receiving a vivid impression of 
 each picture presented. In the beginning let him expose each 
 successive pictorial combination for about, say, thirty seconds. 
 
 The image Wheat — Wagon having been dealt with accord- 
 ing to instruction, let the picture drop from the mind entirely ; 
 and proceed as before to form a new and distinct mental picture 
 composed of the images suggested by the two words Wagon — 
 Hound. The Wagon seen in this second picture may be the 
 same wagon that was already associated with Wheat, or it may 
 be another wagon altogether ; for we are not dealing with any 
 particular wagon. Hold the combination picture Wagon—- 
 Hound before the mind's eye as before, permitting the atten- 
 tion neither to revert to the idea Wheat — which is past and 
 gone, and has been taken charge of by the memory — nor to 
 concern itself about the ideas of the series which are yet to 
 come. Let the attention, throughout, be engaged with two 
 ideas, and with two ideas only ; and when an idea has been 
 passed pay no further heed to it, but let all the available mental 
 energy be utilized for direction toward the two ideas which are 
 before the mind for the time being. What you do, do thor- 
 oughly while you are doing it, and then peremptorily pass on to 
 new matter, not wasting mental energy in erratically reverting 
 to what is past and gone. 
 
 When the combination picture Wagon — Hound has been 
 properly dealt with, let it, in its turn, drop from the mind en- 
 tirely ; and then let the next pair of ideas Hound — Steeple be 
 associated in a new and distinct mental picture and held steadily 
 before the mind for a time, like the others. Do not attempt to 
 
run the ideas, as they arise in the series, into a sort of con- 
 nected story, but be careful to proceed only as instructed, and 
 not mix up your methods with the precise method of the pres- 
 ent Lesson. When the combination Hound — Steeple has been 
 dealt with, take up the next in order, Steeple — Hen, without 
 any reference to any ideas that are past. In constructing a 
 chain out of the ideas represented by the series of words given 
 at the beginning of this Lesson, we will proceed in the same 
 systematic way in which the blacksmith proceeds in constructing 
 a chain, dropping one link at a time and adding a new link, 
 all the way through. In this way proceed through the entire 
 list of words, dropping but one word at a time, and observing 
 to present in a picture before the mind only two ideas at a time, 
 namely, the first and second ; then the second and third ; then 
 the third and fourth ; then the fourth and fifth ; and so on. In 
 this manner, even if there be one hundred words to memorize, 
 the process will continue simple to the end ; for there never 
 will be more than two ideas before the mind at once. 
 
 When, in a series of words, two ideas — such as " gun " and 
 " soldier " — come together very naturally and appropriately, be 
 careful, when the picture is conjured up before the mind, to hold 
 it long enough before the mind to receive a good impression. 
 Beginners, meeting with such appropriate combinations, and 
 thinking that, as the ideas associate together so naturally, they 
 will be sure to remember them, are apt to skip over them with- 
 out impressing the picture properly ; the consequence being 
 that when they come to repeat the series from memory they 
 cannot recall the very ideas they felt so certain they would 
 be able to remember. In each and every instance pause 
 long enough to make a good impression ; for a chain is never 
 any stronger than its weakest link. It may be observed, 
 also, that, sometimes, when a very small object is represented 
 by some word occurring in a series, a better impression of 
 the image may be obtained by enlarging the object, and 
 making it colossal, phenomenal, striking. 
 
 In repeating from memory the series of words given at the 
 beginning of this Lesson do not say " wheat loaded in wagon ; 
 wagon running over hound " ; etc., but although recalling the 
 pictures to mind, one by one, utter only the words representing 
 the objects contained in the series, thus : Wheat — Wagon — 
 Hound — Steeple. In repeating the series from memory, the 
 beginner must be careful, also, to check any tendency he may 
 have to indulge in guessing. In all cases in which the proper 
 idea comes to mind there will be a consciousness of correct- 
 ness ; and if, in any case, this consciousness be absent, do not 
 seek to supply the missing idea or word by means of a blind 
 
rhej who would train the memory and discipline the 
 mind must, al the verj beginning, set themselves to overcome the 
 
 habit 'There is nothing philosophical in a wild guess. 
 
 \ w . it you go once through the list of words given above, 
 or through any similar list, carefully making mental pictures as 
 you go along, in the manner which has been explained, you 
 will find that you can repeat the whole list from memory with 
 . and without a single slip ; for, by the action of the prin- 
 ciple ol association of ideas, the first idea will recall the second, 
 the second the third, the third the fourth, the fourth the fifth, 
 and so on. 
 
 After having correctly repeated the words from memory, 
 from beginning to end, try (without any further study of the 
 list) t«> repeat them in reverse order. You will find that, inas- 
 much as you have constructed a chain, you can repeat the 
 series with just as much facility backwards / 
 
 \ "mi will find, moreover, that, not only are you able to cor- 
 rectly repeat the series, forwards and backwards, immediately 
 after having committed it to memory, but that, without giving 
 any attention whatever to the matter in the interval, you will 
 be able to repeat the list correctly the next day, or several 
 days afterwards. The series may be retained in the memory 
 fur an indefinite period of time by turning it over in the mind 
 occasionally, at ever lengthening intervals, and so gradually 
 deepening and strengthening the original impression. 
 
 This Lesson is the simplest exercise in systematic concen- 
 tration that can be given, and is within the capacity even of 
 young children. A beginner, even with what is termed "a 
 poor memory," should have no difficulty whatever in remem- 
 bering, by the process of this Lesson, and by one reading, fifty, 
 an hundred, or an hundred and fifty words, in exact order, with- 
 out a single slip. Let no one pass from this Lesson to take up 
 equent Lessons before being able to easily and correctly 
 remember, by a single reading, a series of at least one hundred 
 words. Take one step at a time. Be thoughtful and thot ough. 
 
 Lesson //. — Overcoming the Habit of Mind Wandering. 
 
 A listless, lethargic, wandering, half-hearted, drowsy habit 
 of mind is the great foe of study and of memory, and bears 
 directly and fatefully upon the question of success in life. 
 
Multitudes pass through school and college without ever learn- 
 ing what true study is ; without having made the slightest 
 progress toward acquiring the power of really mastering any 
 subject. It may be truly said that the student who distin- 
 guishes himself does so, not because he is endowed with inborn 
 genius above his fellows, but simply because, realizing in some 
 degree the connection between cause and effect, he has ap- 
 proximated to a rational use of ordinary faculties ; and has per- 
 sistently and intelligently worked while others have indulged 
 in indolent musings, and, in many other ways as well, have 
 fooled their time away. In study, as in other things, persons 
 reap as they sow. If they sow earnestness they reap honor and 
 vigor of mind ; if they sow slothfulness they reap contempt 
 and feeble mindedness. Mankind at large, however, is con- 
 tent to live upon levels that lie far below the plateau of human 
 possibilities. The honored student is distinguished strikingly 
 from the mass of his fellows, not through the possession of any 
 extraordinary natural endowments, but simply by the force of 
 contrast between the attainments that wait upon diligence and 
 the results that inevitably accompany sloth. As a rule, the 
 distinguished student has done nothing that could not have 
 been achieved by each and every one of his fellows, if they had 
 not been lazily content to occupy the dead level of inexcusable 
 mediocrity. So very unsatisfactory is the present system of 
 so-called " education" that no person of experience and clear 
 perceptions can fail to be impressed with the fact that, after all, 
 even the higher institutions of learning are, to a great degree, 
 but temporary asylums for triflers, conventional resorts for per- 
 sons of chronic feeble-mindedness. 
 
 The average " student," in " studying " a book in private, has 
 a habit of proceeding somewhat in the following fashion. Sit- 
 ting down with a yawn he tilts his chair backwards, and having, 
 after a struggle, succeeded in assuming the easy position that 
 suits his fancy, he languidly opens his book and begins his dis- 
 agreeable task. In silence he continues to read for a few mo- 
 ments, but, presently, a sort of far-away look is seen to grad- 
 ually overspread his countenance, as his eyes wander dreamily 
 from the printed page before him and become fixed on vacancy. 
 He is thinking, you say ? Ah, yes ; he is thinking — but not 
 about what he has been reading ! He is indulging in seduc- 
 tive reverie. His undisciplined mind is wandering. He is 
 roaming over the fields of fancy, ramblingly thinking about any- 
 thing and everything that presents itself attractively to his dis- 
 cursive mind, and that has the charm of having nothing whatever 
 to do with the subject which he is supposed to be in the act of 
 studying. This goes on for some time, but at length our 
 
1 suddenly awakes out o\ his reverie ; and, with a deep- 
 drawn sigh, and an effort that, evidently, is extremely painful 
 to him, he again directs his attention to his book. Having 
 duly yawned, he reluctantly proceeds to read; perhaps going 
 
 again what he read some minutes before and has forgot- 
 
 LTn happily, however, in a very short time, that far-away 
 
 n begins to overspread his countenance, his eyes turn 
 
 ntl) from the hook before him, and again he is off into 
 
 dreamland. After a while he drags himself back ignomin- 
 
 ) once more ; onee more he painfully forces his attention 
 
 to the book before him ; and once more, after a few moments, 
 
 S off again on another roving excursion of fancy. And 
 
 SO he continues for an hour, or for two hours perhaps, or 
 
 g r ; now forcing himself most painfully to his task, and 
 
 anon freely permitting his mind to wander : — consuming two 
 
 hours, or so, in doing badly what might have been well done in 
 
 twenty minutes. He calls this " study "; but, alas ! the proper 
 
 name for it is " fooling." And certain it is that if, for instance, 
 
 gn painter on the street were to " work " in the fashion 
 
 described, painting a few strokes at intervals, and alternately 
 
 gazing off into vacancy for several minutes at a time, he would 
 
 i collect a curious crowd of spectators ; and individuals in 
 
 the crowd, after observing him for a time, would exchange 
 
 knowing looks among themselves, and tapping their foreheads 
 
 ly, and furtively nodding toward the eccentric painter, 
 
 would indicate their belief that the said painter was "not quite 
 
 right in the upper story." 
 
 The absurd and stultifying habit of mind which has been 
 ribed must be patiently conquered by each and every one 
 who would develop the natural memory, acquire mental power, 
 and build up character. Without personal discipline we can 
 r obtain the full, proper, or easy use of our mental facul- 
 and although all discipline, at first, especially mental dis- 
 cipline, is disagreeable, if persisted in it will soon become " sec- 
 ond nature," and cease to be irksome. 
 
 it is not our intention, in these pages, to enter into any 
 ilative disquisition concerning the constitution of rnem- 
 but to confine ourselves entirely to considerations of a 
 practical character. The nature of man has been, and will 
 continue to be, variously classified ; in all cases with more or 
 arbitrariness. A common, analysis of man's nature, how- 
 ever, has divided it into bodily and mental nature ; the mind, 
 again, being subdivided into Intellect, Sensibilities, and Will. 
 In that particular arrangement Memory has been classified 
 with Imagination under the head of the Representative Power 
 of the Intellect, But Memory, as we shall have to deal with 
 

 
 it in these pages, is not by any means merely an abstract affair 
 of the Intellect. Recognizing the intimate relation, and con- 
 stant mutual action and reaction upon each other, of body and 
 mind ; recognizing that the great desideratum is a sound mind 
 in a sound body ; we shall, as a most important element in the 
 training of the memory, insist upon the necessity of an intelli- 
 gent observance of the laws of physical health. Moreover, in 
 connection with the development of memory, we shall empha- 
 size the prime necessity that exists for the exercise of the 
 WILL. 
 
 But there is a force behind the Will, and by the character or 
 quality of that force the question of success in the use, devel- 
 opment, and establishment of the individual memory will be 
 determined. I refer to the Spirit of the individual ; in this 
 place, however, using the term merely as synonymous with 
 Disposition, Bent, Controlling Sentiment, Individuality. Suc- 
 cess or non-success in any course of study is determined by the 
 spirit by which the student is actuated ; and the prayer of 
 every student who would achieve success should be : " Estab- 
 lish within me a right spirit ! " Fundamentally, the trouble 
 with the great mass of students who find study such a drudgery 
 and such a weariness of the flesh is simply this : — THEY 
 HAVE NOT GOT THE RIGHT SPIRIT. 
 
 As has been already stated, the absurd and stultifying habit 
 of Mind Wandering must be sternly attacked, and patiently 
 overcome, by each and every one who would acquire the 
 proper use of the memory. Earnestness must take the place 
 of lethargy, and sustained attention the place of spiritless 
 lounging over the study in hand. Let it be clearly recognized 
 that it is not the amount of mere time spent over a study that 
 counts, but the amount of honest, undivided, intelligent atten- 
 tion given. The person subject to the habit of mind wander- 
 ing who is ready to make an earnest, sustained, and successful 
 effort to overcome that habit is advised to proceed as follows. 
 Get some paper, or card-board, and cut it up into the form of 
 Tickets of suitable size. Upon one of these Tickets let there 
 be written something like this : — " This Ticket, and each of 
 the others, represents 5 Consecutive Minutes of honest, undi- 
 vided attention given to my private studies ; and is used to 
 give point and tangibility to my desire and effort to break up 
 the Habit of Mind Wandering, etc., and develop the power of 
 concentrated and sustained attention. If, during the running 
 of the time marked on this Ticket, I allow my mind to 
 Wander from the subject before me, or permit myself to 
 Yawn, I have agreed with myself to honestly, and in every 
 case, inflict upon myself the Penalty — or, in its place, the 
 
Ill 
 
 Alternative Penalty — which has been arranged. " Now let this 
 Tickel be solemnly signed by the victim of the mind wander- 
 ing habit The other Tickets may have simply the number of 
 
 Minutes marked upon them. 
 
 Upon a separate card may be written the Penalty and Alter- 
 native Penalty, somewhat as follows : — u Penalty : A Fine of 
 cents. The accumulated fines are never to be used by me, or 
 
 for my benefit, but are to be given to the Poor. Alternative 
 
 Penalty : To leave my books at once and stir up the circula- 
 tion by a brisk five-minutes' walk in the open air ; returning 
 immediately and again proceeding with the study on hand." 
 
 Let the beginner commence with five-minute spells of 
 attention, trying to get as many such spells into an hour as 
 possible. It uninvited thoughts be projected into the mind 
 that is not to be counted as mind wandering, unless these inter- 
 loping thoughts are willingly entertained. When it has become 
 . and no longer irksome, to hold the attention rivetted 
 upon the subject in hand for many successive spells of five 
 minutes, change the Tickets to represent ten minute spells, 
 then to represent fifteen minutes, then to represent twenty, 
 then to represent twenty-five, then to represent half an 
 hour. When the power has been acquired of holding the 
 attention easily for half an hour upon subjects that, before, 
 the mind would have wandered from, this Ticket device may 
 be set aside as having accomplished its purpose. Let the 
 ground acquired be held, however ; and, later on, other methods 
 of study will be suggested whereby the power of attention may 
 be still further developed. 
 
 As already remarked, all Discipline, at first, especially Men- 
 tal Discipline, is disagreeable ; but, if persisted in, will soon 
 become " second nature " and cease to be irksome. Study 
 that is the veriest Drudgery to the lazy and listless is True 
 Pleasure to the spirited, thorough, masterful student. 
 
 Lesson III. — Memorizing Names not of the class dealt with in 
 Lesson I. 
 
 1 he method of memorizing a chain of ideas explained in 
 
 on I. has, thus far, been applied only to words represent- 
 
 things distinctive images of which may be called up before 
 
 the mind's eye. The same method of memorizing, however, 
 
11 
 
 may be applied to all other kinds of words by means of an 
 indirect process ; that is to say, by taking words having 
 directly related images, and by these words indicating, sug- 
 gesting, or recalling names not themselves having directly 
 related images. For instance : If we wish, in a series of 
 words, to remember the word " Umbrella," we remember the 
 word by means of the image of the object Umbrella ; but if, 
 upon the other hand, we wish to remember the word 
 " Thought," it being impossible to conjure up an image of 
 Thought we present before the mind's eye an image of something 
 else — Head, for example — which may be used to readily suggest 
 or recall, by the principle of association, the idea Thought. 
 
 There is a wide difference in the degrees of potency inher- 
 ent in different ideas to impress the average mind upon casual 
 presentation, some ideas having but little impressiveness while 
 others produce at once a striking impression. At the present 
 stage the memory of the learner may be considerably aided 
 by, as far as has been explained, making use of the known to 
 recall the related unknown, the familiar to recall the unfamiliar, 
 the striking to recall the unstriking. 
 
 In putting into practice, in the present Lesson, the principle 
 of employing one idea which is easily impressed, to enable us 
 to remember some other idea which it is difficult to impress, 
 objects to represent Avords will be employed according to one or 
 other of the following rules. 
 
 I. An object suggested by the word other than the particular 
 object or idea we wish to remember. Example: Wishing to 
 remember " Wolf," the name of a person we do not know, 
 and a distinctive image of whose personality, consequently, we 
 cannot present to the mind's eye, we take, to suggest the name 
 of the unknown person " Wolf," the image of a wolf, the well 
 known beast of prey. 
 
 II. An object suggested by apart of the word. Example: 
 Arkansas — Ark. 
 
 III. An object suggested by the student's knowledge of the 
 reason why a particular thing is called by a particular name. 
 Example: Vermont — Green Mountain. 
 
 IV. An object symbolizing an idea. Example: Faith — a 
 Statue symbolizing faith. 
 
 V. An object connected with the idea. Example: Pisa — 
 Leaning Tower. 
 
 VI. An object suggested by sound, more or less closely. 
 Example: Mary — Dairy. 
 
 VII. An object represented by a word commencing with the 
 same initial letter or the same initial syllable as the word which it 
 is desired to remember. Example: Dipnoi — Dipnet. 
 
12 
 
 Bj means of visualized images, as explained in Lesson I. 
 and in this present Lesson, a series composed of all sorts of 
 Is may be speedily and effectually memorized — some 
 tly, as in Lessen 1.; others indirectly as explained in this 
 in III. As an exercise, let the following he memorized, 
 the meaning of each word in the series, if to be found in the 
 dictionary, being fust understood: — Bucket, moon, rock, Indi- 
 ana, telescope, greenish, Florida, protoplasm, sullen, diamonds, 
 Vermont, the, Radcliff, cactus, change, Fraser, whose, hyoid, 
 Mary, kill, Geneva, Mr. Bell, bridge, faith, Arkansas, tree, 
 Rnjold. 
 
 Suggestive ideas may be taken, as follows, to represent 
 words in the above series requiring such representation — due 
 reflection being given to each suggestive idea in its connection 
 with the word or idea it is to be employed to recall, before any 
 attempt at memorizing the series be made : — Indiana, indian ; 
 greenish, grass; Florida, flowers; sullen, bear; Vermont, 
 i mountain ; the, sun; Radcliff, cliff or red cliff ; change, 
 ex< hange ; Fraser, highlandman ; whose, pocket-book ; hyoid, 
 : Mary, dairy; kill, shotgun; Geneva, watches; Mr. 
 Bell, bell; faith, symbolic statue; Arkansas, ark; Rnjold, 
 ruin. 
 
 Where there already exists a familiarity with a number of 
 technical names and the meanings thereof, the names may be 
 readily memorized in series by means of a chain of suggestive 
 words as follows: 
 
 Bones of the Upper Extremity of the Trunk. 
 
 Collar Clavicle, or collar hone. Peas Pisiform (formed like 
 
 Made Scapula, or shoulder blade. a pea). 
 
 Arm Humerus, or arm bone. Trapeze. . . .Trapezium. 
 
 Radius Radius. Trap. .... ..Trapezoid. 
 
 Hull Ulna, inner forearm bone. Great bone. .Os Magnum. 
 
 Boat Scaphoid (boat shaped). Hook Unciform (having a 
 
 Half-moon.. Semilunar. hook-like process). 
 
 Wedge Cuneiform (wedge shaped). Carp Metacarpal. 
 
 Phalanx. . ..Phalanges. 
 
 liy one familiar with the bones of the above series, however, 
 the names of the bones may be directly recalled, in order, by 
 means of a chain of the images of the bones themselves. 
 
13 
 Lesson IV. — Another method of memorizing a series of Ideas. 
 
 " Oar whole thought is a series of chains of less or greater 
 length, each having for its first link some perception which lias 
 changed the course of our ideas." It is proper, therefore, that, 
 before we pass on to consider the study of such matters as 
 prose or poetry, we should devote attention to the effective 
 construction of chains of thought. One thing recalls another, 
 and since very early times certain laws have been laid down as 
 governing the natural recollection or reproduction of ideas. 
 The primary laws of association, although sometimes stated 
 under three heads, are also frequently classified as follows : — 
 i, Analogy or resemblance. Two ideas possessing an element 
 or elements of striking similarity — such, for instance, as tree, 
 bush — naturally associate with each other in the mind, and 
 have a tendency torecall each other. 2, Opposition or contrast. 
 Two ideas such as black, white, will suggest or recall each other. 
 3, Co-existence, or contiguity in time and place. The idea of 
 an event, for instance, is associated in the mind with thoughts 
 of the place where, and the time when, it occurred. 4, Suc- 
 cession, or cause and effect. Murder suggests hanging ; steam, 
 scalding. 
 
 In Lesson I. the links of a chain of ideas were successively 
 welded together in the mind by the deliberate visualization of 
 images, but in the present Lesson an entirely different method 
 is to be employed. We may, in the present connection, com- 
 pare the memory to the electric current, which, although hav- 
 ing the power to " jump" across a break in the conducting 
 line, prefers to travel along a connected line of conductivity. 
 In constructing a chain by the process of the present Lesson 
 we will take up the ideas in the same order as we did in Lesson 
 I., namely the first and the second, then the second and 
 third, then the third and fourth, then the fourth and fifth, and 
 so on; dropping one idea, and taking up one new idea, all the 
 way along. In order to illustrate the process of the present Les- 
 son take, for example, the first two ideas of the series given in 
 Lesson I., Wheat — Wagon. There being no primary law of 
 association under which these two ideas will spontaneously 
 associate themselves together in the mind and recall each other, 
 a bond of association is to be sought for. Without any delib- 
 erate calling up before the mind's eye of the images of the 
 objects represented by the words, we will take the two ideas 
 Wheat — Wagon, hold them thoughtfully before the mind, and 
 try to establish between them an effective bond of association. 
 What we require is a conducting idea, or ideas, for insertion 
 
14 
 
 between the idea Wheat and the idea Wagon; so that the mem- 
 ory being turned on, so to speak, at the idea Wheat will, in 
 accordance with the natural laws of the mind, flash along a line 
 of conductivity and reach the idea Wagon. We want, for 
 insertion between the ideas Wheat and Wagon, as a conductor 
 to the memory current, some idea that will be naturally sug- 
 gested by the idea Wheat, and that, at the same time, will have 
 a decided tendency to lead up to the other idea, Wagon. 
 
 Holding the two ideas Wheat — Wagon in the mind, we reflect 
 upon them, and evolve intermediates as follows: Wheat — 
 food — month — tongue — wagon tongue— Wagon. Or we may 
 work it out this way: Wheat — plant — plantation — wood — car- 
 penter — car — Wagon. Or this way: Wheat — mill — mill race — 
 wagon race — Wagon. Or this way : Wheat — heat — hot axle — - 
 Wagon.* Wherever a single effective intermediate can be 
 obtained it is always to be preferred to more than one, but 
 where an effective bond of association cannot be established 
 between two ideas by means of a single intermediate we have 
 to take two intermediates, or more. The principle of the pres- 
 ent Lesson may be applied to the other ideas of the series 
 given in Lesson I. as follows: Wagon — carriage — carriage dog— 
 Houn d — steeplechase — St eeple — weathercock — H en — egg — egg 
 rolling — log rolling — logs — Raft — ship — ship bell — Gong, etc. 
 
 When, in a series of ideas, two ideas found standing together 
 are such that one or other of the primary laws of association 
 operates directly upon them (as, for instance, in Tree — Bush, 
 or in Black — White) the two ideas in question should, in their 
 proper turn, be reflected upon, and compared with each other 
 in their points of resemblance and dissimilarity ; but, of course, 
 in such cases, intermediates are not required. 
 
 The principle of the present Lesson is a valuable principle 
 in more respects than. one. The holding of the two ideas 
 thoughtfully before the. mind, in the endeavor to think out a 
 natural connection by means of intermediates, methodically 
 concentrates the attention upon the two ideas in question, and 
 thereby engages the memory : and when a suitable connection 
 is formed the bond of association is still further strengthened. 
 No two ideas can be thrown together at random between which 
 a natural, and more or less, striking, connection, based upon the 
 laws of association, may not be found. Occasionally, it is true, 
 two or three minutes' reflection may be required to establish a 
 good connection through intermediates, but, as has been already 
 
 * The principle here employed, although brazenly claimed, in quite recent years, 
 by a vulgar charlatan as a " Wonderful Memory Discovery " of his own, was de- 
 monstrated by Dr. Edward Pick, at the University of Oxford, and elsewhere, 
 thirty years ago. 
 
15 
 
 remarked, that methodical reflection, itself, systematizes atten- 
 tion and furthers the process of memorization. Exercise of the 
 intermediary or correlating principle has, also, the valuable 
 effect of stirring up the buried treasures of the mind, and keep- 
 ing in active circulation items of knowledge that might other- 
 wise remain stagnant. In repeating from recollection a series 
 of ideas which has been memorized by the method of the 
 present Lesson, the beginner will find that, although able to 
 recite the ideas correctly, he cannot recall the series so quickly 
 as he recalled a series of ideas by means of the direct method 
 of Lesson L After a little practice, however, the memory will 
 become more alert, and thought will flash from primary idea to 
 primary idea without laboriously, or consciously, calling up the 
 intermediates. In point of fact, in every mind, this very action, 
 though unnoticed, takes place constantly. 
 
 In memorizing such a series of names as those of the Presi- 
 dents of the United States, where the personality represented 
 by the name stands out clearly and distinctively before the 
 mind — as in the case of Washington, for instance — of course 
 the idea and image of the personality may be impressed directly 
 upon the mind, in its proper place in the series. Where, how- 
 ever, the personality represented by the name does not stand 
 out clearly and distinctively before the mind, and yet there is, 
 among the items of our stock of information, something of a 
 striking, distinctive character strongly bound up or associated 
 with our knowledge of the personality in question, that some- 
 thing may be utilized to represent and recall the name of the 
 person. If, for example, the personality of Washington did not 
 stand out clearly and distinctively before the mind ; by those 
 who happen to have already associated in the mind, in connec- 
 tion with Washington, the well-known story of the cherry tree, 
 the idea " cherry tree," or the idea " little hatchet," might be 
 employed to represent and recall the idea " Washington." The 
 following, however, is an illustration of the principle of the 
 present Lesson thoughtfully applied to the names of the Presi- 
 dents ; the names being treated as mere empty names, apart 
 from any knowledge of the personalities they represent : — 
 
 Washington — washing — water — Adam's ale — 
 
 John Adams — a dam— a jetty — 
 
 Jefferson — effervescence — champagne — headache — softening of the brain — 
 
 madness — 
 Madison — mad son — sane daughter — sweetheart — dear — deer — roe — 
 Mon roe — rowboat — tim ber — tree — fruit tree — q uince — 
 John Quincy Adams — etc. 
 
 But simpler means of memorizing a series of such names 
 have already been shown. The principle of the intermediate 
 
16 
 
 idea, however, is especially valuable in making speedy and 
 effective connections between technical terms and their mean- 
 ings or between foreign words and their meanings, where the 
 memory experiences difficulty in cementing the word and the 
 meaning together. Of course, where there exists a knowledge 
 of the derivation of words, that knowledge will be of great 
 tance ; but where no knowledge of derivation exists the 
 principle of the intermediate idea may be philosophically intro- 
 duced, and with great advantage. Here are a few examples : — 
 
 PROBOSCIDIA — proboscis — elephant's trunk — Elephants 
 
 Chiroptera — chirp — birds — Bats 
 
 C B i u " E \ — set sail — ship— Jonah — Whales 
 
 Coi \ i <>ii), resembling- a deep cup. Glenoid, resembling a shallow cup. 
 SIGMOID, curved in two opposite directions. 
 
 Cotyl< UD — cot — hammock — deep — deep cup. Glenoid — glen — shallow 
 stream — shallow cup. Sigmoid — -wig — curls — curved in two opposite direc- 
 tions. 
 
 Lesson V. — The Table of Consonants and their Numerical Values. 
 
 As is well known, the Romans (like other ancient nations) 
 used letters to represent numbers — V for 5, X for 10, L for 50, 
 C for 100, and so on. Although, in the present System, we do 
 not use the same letters that the Romans did to represent the 
 same numbers, at the present stage we will use letters to rep- 
 t numbers, nevertheless. The numerical basis of the 
 nt System, called the Table of Consonants, is as follows : — 
 
 TV, \)e, 1. Ne, 2. Me, 3. Re, 4. Le, 5- J', Ch*, She, 
 7A\e, 6. Ke, Que, Ge (hard, as in gig), 7. Ye, Ye, 8. Ye, 
 Y>e, 9. Ce, Se, V.e, o. 
 
 All the letters of the alphabet (as sounded) are embraced in 
 
 the above Table, with the exception of w, h, y ; a, e, i, o and u, 
 
 not used, and have no numerical value assigned to 
 
 1. The final e is used merely to give a similar sound to 
 
 each consonant or numerical syllable, so that the various sounds 
 
 embraced in the Table shall come more harmoniously to the 
 
 The following series of words contains, in order, all the 
 
 mants, or numerical equivalents, embraced in the Table : 
 
 / — Ann — \\<\m — Oar — Ow/ — /ew, watch, shoe, Asia 
 
 ided with the zfi, like the word azure) Key, guag — Hoo/, 
 
 Pie, boy — Ice, iea, eye/. 
 
17 
 
 In order that, at this stage, the learner may effectively aid his 
 memory in the remembrance of numbers and dates, it is neces- 
 sary, at the outset, that the Table of Consonants be thoroughly 
 fixed in the mind. The learner should be able to readily name 
 all the consonants or equivalents for the numbers, giving them, 
 without hesitation, either in their order or promiscuously. In 
 order to facilitate, and render entertaining, the thorough mas- 
 tery of this Table of Consonants, the present author has de- 
 signed the accompanying Numerical Triangle, or Pictorial 
 Pyramid. 
 
 (Copyright 1886, by George Yule.) 
 
 i_Toad. 6— Jew, Watch, Shoe, Asia. 
 
 2 — Inn. h 7 — Key, Quag. 
 
 3_Ham. 8— Hoof, Hive. 
 
 4— Oar. 9— Pie, Boy. 
 
 5 — Owl. o— Ice, Sea, Eyes. 
 
18 
 
 We receive impressions upon the mind through the medium 
 of the various senses ; but through the eye we receive a larger 
 number ot impressions than through any other sense. In 
 m 1. we had an exercise in receiving impressions of 
 images of objects through " the mind's eye": now we have 
 an exercise in receiving similar impressions through the 
 physical eye. A number of simple Questions upon the 
 Pictorial Pyramid are here propounded ; and, as it is desirable 
 that the learner should answer all the questions for himself or 
 herself, the Answers are not printed side by side with the 
 Questions. You may test the correctness of your answers, 
 nevertheless ; for the various answers will be found grouped in 
 separate paragraphs, immediately following each group of ques- 
 tions. It is better to read the questions and give the answers 
 aloud. Do not be dismayed at the number of questions. They 
 are all very simple. 
 
 I. LINES AND NUMBERS. 
 
 Questions. — i. In this pictorial diagram what kind of a figure 
 have we before us? Is it a square? Or a circle ? 2. How 
 many numbers are embraced in the Triangle or Pyramid ? 
 3. What are these numbers? 4. Into how many lines is the 
 Pyramid divided? 5. Commencing to count the lines from 
 the apex of the Pyramid, how many numbers are found in the 
 apex of the Pyramid, that is, in the first line ? 6. How many 
 numbers are in the second line? 7. How many in the third 
 line ? 8. How many in the fourth or base line ? 9. What 
 number is in the first line ? 10. What numbers are in, say, 
 the third line? 11. What numbers in the second line? 
 
 12. What numbers in the fourth line ? 13. In the third line? 
 14. In the first line? 15. In the fourth line ? 16. In the 
 second line ? 
 
 Answers* — 1. No. It is a Triangle or Pyramid. 2. Ten. 
 3. One, Two, Three, Four, etc. 4. Four lines. 5. One. 6. 
 Two. 7. Three. 8. Four. 9. One. 10. Four, Five, and Six. 
 11. Two and Three. 12. Seven, Eight, Nine, and Cipher. 
 
 13. Four, Five, and Six. 14. One. 15. Seven, Eight, Nine, 
 and Cipher. 16. Two and Three. 
 
 II. NUMBERS AND THEIR ASSOCIATED OBJECTS. 
 
 Questions. — 1. What is the object associated with number 
 One ? 2. What are the objects associated with number 
 Naught, Zero, or Cipher? 3. What is associated with number 
 Five? 4. What with number Two? 5. What with number 
 Six? 6. What with number Three? 7. What with number 
 
19 
 
 Nine ? 8. What with number Seven ? 9. What with number 
 Four? 10. What with number Eight ? 
 
 Answers. — r. Toad. (Not Frog, but Toad.) 2. Ice, Sea, 
 Eyes. 3. Owl. 4. Inn. 5. Jew, Watch, Shoe, Asia (sounded 
 with the zh, like the word azure). 6. Ham. (Not Fear, but 
 Ham.) 7. Pie, Boy. 8. Key, Quag (quagmire). 9. Oar. 
 10. Hoof, Hive. 
 
 III. THE CONSONANTS, SYLLABLES, OR NUMERICAL EQUIVA- 
 LENTS CONTAINED IN THE NAMES OF THE 
 OBJECTS OF THE PYRAMID. 
 
 Questions. — 1. Taking the words, not as actually spelt, but 
 as if spelt according to sound j and throwing out, where they 
 occur, the letters w, h, y ; a, e, i, o, and u, which, as already 
 stated, have attached to them no numerical value or signifi- 
 cance : What numerical equivalents, consonants, or syllables 
 are left in the word Toad ? 2. In the same way, what are the 
 numerical syllables contained in the words Hoof, Hive. 3. In 
 Jew, Watch, Shoe, Asia? 4. In Pie, Boy? 5. In Ham? 
 
 6. In Oar ? 7. In Ice, Sea, Eyes ? 8. In Inn ? 9. In Key, 
 Quag ? 10. In Owl ? 
 
 Answers. — 1. te, de. 2. fe, ve. 3. je (as in George), che, 
 she, zhe. 4. pe, be. 5. me. 6. re. 7. ce, se, ze. (It will 
 be observed that ce and se represent the same sound.) 8. ne. 
 9. ke, que, ge (hard, as in gorge). 10. le. 
 
 IV. THE NUMBERS AND THEIR EQUIVALENTS. 
 
 Questions. — 1. Recalling to mind, as called for, the Objects 
 associated with the respective numbers, but giving utterance 
 only to the Numerical Equivalents contained in the Names of 
 the Objects : What is the Consonant, Syllable, or Numerical 
 Equivalent associated with, say, number Three? 2. With 
 number Seven ? 3. With number Six ? 4. With number One ? 
 5. With number Naught or Cipher ? 6. With number Five ? 
 
 7. With number Two ? 8. With number Nine ? 9. With 
 number Four ? 10. With number Eight ? 
 
 Answei s. — 1. me. (The fact that the letter m is a union of 
 three strokes will further assist the beginner to remember that 
 m is 3.) 2. ke, que, ge. (It will be noticed that, in outline, 
 the Key in the Pictorial Pyramid resembles the shape of num- 
 ber 7.) 3. je, che, she, zhe. 4. te, de. 5. ce, se ze. 6. le. 
 7- ne. (The fact that the letter n is a union of two strokes 
 will further assist the beginner in remembering that n is 2.) 8. 
 pe, be. 9. re. 10. fe, ve. 
 
 Having gone carefully over these simple exercises, and got 
 the pictures of the Pyramid, with their respective locations, 
 
20 
 
 well fixed in the kk mind's eye," read over the series of ques- 
 tions once more. This time, however, answer them all entirely 
 from memory, and do not look either at the Pictorial Pyramid 
 or at the printed answers. When you have done this you will 
 the Numerical Basis of the present System well impressed 
 upon the mind ; and will be able to repeat the Table of Con- 
 sonants from memory, not in its order, only, but promiscu- 
 ously. Having once acquired it, however, it is advisable for 
 beginners to seek to deepen the impression of the Numerical 
 is, by occasional revision. 
 
 Lesson VI. — Further Exercise on the formation of words into 
 the Syllables embraced in the Table of Consonants, and Transla- 
 tion of words into Numbers. 
 
 Observe that the words, in every instance, are to be taken, 
 not according to actual spelling, but as if spelt phonetically, 
 or according to sound. In che, she, and zhe, the h being re- 
 quired to represent the sound is not thrown out as in other 
 cases. Teh is sounded che and reckoned 6; as in ditch, which 
 is i6. Ng is sounded ge (hard) and reckoned 7 ; as in ring, 
 which is 47. S commencing a word has no numerical value ; 
 as in satin, which is 12. Double letters are reckoned as single 
 letters ; as in funny which is 82 : but where the double letters 
 belong to separate and distinct articulations, each letter has its 
 numerical value ; as in thinness, which is 1220, and not 120. 
 On the same principle, while singing is 77, single is 775. 
 
 Exercise. — Change the - following words into syllables, and 
 translate them into figures. Hat, home, lily, wind, fog, piano 
 honey, diocese, eagle, shadow, ditch, knob, tomb, wigwam 
 harrow, axe, wedding, sack, thinness, hunger, lingo, yankee 
 single, angle. 
 
 The syllables and figures are as follows: Hat, te, t. Home 
 me, 3. Lily, le-le, 55. Wind, ne-de, 21. Fog, fe-ge, 87 
 Piano, pe-ne, 92. Honey, he, 2. Diocese, de-ce-se, 100 
 1 gle, ge-le, 75. Shadow, she-de, 61. Ditch, de-che, 16 
 Knob, ne-be, 29. Tomb, te-me, 13. Wigwam, ge-me, 73 
 Harrow, re, 4. Axe, ke-se, 70. Wedding, de-ge, 17. Sack 
 ke, 7. Thinness, te-ne-ne-se, 1220. Hunger, ge-ge-re, 774 
 Lingo, le-ge-ge, 577. Yankee, ge-ke, 77. Single, ge-ge-le, 775 
 Angle, ge-ge-le, 775. 
 
21 
 
 In order that you may speedily acquire familiarity with the 
 Consonants and their Values, and be able to use language and 
 numbers interchangeably, with perfect readiness and ease, we 
 recommend you to occasionally take up passages from books, 
 newspapers, etc., and exercise yourself in turning the composi- 
 tion into numbers. Such an exercise will entirely supersede 
 any further exercise upon the Table of Consonants, or upon 
 the Pictorial Pyramid. Any piece of composition — prose or 
 verse — may be readily turned into numbers on the basis of the 
 Table of Consonants. At first, it is well to perform this exer- 
 cise aloud ; but, afterwards, it is better to exercise mentally 
 only, that is, in silence: the reason being that, when you come 
 to put the numerical method of the present Lesson into practi- 
 cal application, the process of changing words into numbers 
 will be conducted mentally; utterance being given only to the 
 resultant numbers or dates. In the exercise of changing words 
 into numbers, observe, in the first place, to turn the word into 
 its numerical syllables; following — as in the examples given 
 above — with the numbers represented by the syllables. 
 
 Lesson VII. — The Fixed Idea. 
 
 In previous Lessons methods have been shown whereby chains 
 of ideas, or trains of thought, may be effectively impressed 
 upon the mind by association. Persons, however, may have a 
 chain of ideas, or train of thought, effectively impressed upon 
 the memory and yet not be able to recall it to mind at will ; for 
 the reason that they cannot recollect the first idea of the chain. 
 Very often persons have a matter stored away in the memory, 
 but when the occasion arises for the matter in question to be 
 made use of, although perfectly certain that they know it, they 
 have not the power to instantly recall it to mind. A single 
 word, perhaps, or the merest hint, would serve to prompt them, 
 or " jog the memory," and enable them to bring forward the 
 matter at once from the recesses of the mind. For want of 
 that word, however, or for want of that hint, they are unable to 
 avail themselves, at the required time, of an item of knowledge 
 which they are quite certain is securely stored away somewhere 
 in their mental storehouse. It is in vain that they try to bring 
 the matter up. Groping blindly about for such an item of 
 knowledge is like grappling at random for a chain that has been 
 
lost in dark and deep waters. How, then, may a chain of ideas, 
 Ot tram of thought, be stored away in the mind in such a way 
 that there will be a certainty that it can be readily produced 
 when called for ? . • 
 
 The following is a Table of one hundred words, representing 
 one hundred Fixed Ideas, the use of which will be presently 
 explained. 
 
 i. 
 
 3- 
 4. 
 
 5- 
 
 6. 
 
 7- 
 
 8. 
 
 9- 
 
 Hat 
 
 Honey 
 
 Home 
 
 Harrow 
 
 Hill 
 
 Watch 
 
 Oak 
 
 Ivy 
 
 Abbey 
 
 10. Woods 
 
 11. Tide 
 
 12. zEtna 
 Tomb 
 Stair 
 Idol 
 Ditch 
 Weddmg 
 Dove 
 Tub 
 
 13. 
 M. 
 
 15. 
 16. 
 
 17. 
 
 18. 
 
 19. 
 
 20. Noose 
 
 21. 
 22. 
 23. 
 24. 
 
 25. 
 
 Net 
 
 Nun 
 
 Gnome 
 
 Scenery 
 
 Sn.il 
 
 26. Niche 
 
 27. Snake 
 
 28. Knife 
 
 29. Knob 
 
 30. Moose 
 
 31. Meadow 
 
 32. Moon 
 
 33. Mummy 
 
 34. Hammer 
 
 35. Mill 
 
 36. Mush 
 
 37., Hammock 
 
 38. Muff 
 
 39. Map 
 
 40. Horse 
 
 41. Road 
 
 42. Rhine 
 
 43. Army 
 
 44. Orrery 
 
 45. Rail 
 Arch 
 Rock 
 Roof 
 Rope 
 
 46 
 47 
 
 48 
 
 49 
 
 50. Lass 
 
 51. 
 
 Lead 
 
 76. 
 
 Cash 
 
 52. 
 
 Lion 
 
 77. 
 
 King 
 
 53. 
 
 Loom 
 
 73. 
 
 Cave 
 
 54- 
 
 Lyre 
 
 79- 
 
 Cape 
 
 55- 
 
 Lily 
 
 80. 
 
 Vase 
 
 56. 
 
 Lash 
 
 81. 
 
 Vat 
 
 57- 
 
 Lock 
 
 82. 
 
 Fan 
 
 58. 
 
 Loaf 
 
 83- 
 
 Foam 
 
 59- 
 
 Lobby 
 
 84. 
 
 Fur 
 
 60. 
 
 Cheese 
 
 85. 
 
 Vale 
 
 61. 
 
 Shadow 
 
 86. 
 
 Fish 
 
 62. 
 
 Chain 
 
 87. 
 
 Fog 
 
 63. 
 
 Gem 
 
 88. 
 
 Fife 
 
 64. 
 
 Chair 
 
 89. 
 
 Fop 
 
 65. 
 
 Jail 
 
 90. 
 
 Piazza 
 
 66. 
 
 Judge 
 
 91. 
 
 Boat 
 
 67. 
 
 Jug 
 
 92. 
 
 Piano 
 
 68. 
 
 Sheaf 
 
 93- 
 
 Palm 
 
 69. 
 
 Ship 
 
 94. 
 
 Opera 
 
 70. 
 
 Axe 
 
 95- 
 
 Bell 
 
 71. 
 
 Gate 
 
 96. 
 
 Bush 
 
 72. 
 
 Gun 
 
 97. 
 
 Book 
 
 73. 
 
 Wigwam 
 
 98. 
 
 Beef 
 
 74- 
 
 Car 
 
 99. 
 
 Pipe 
 
 75. 
 
 Eagle 
 
 100. 
 
 Diocese 
 
 Sometimes, for want of the power of recollection, a mat- 
 ter committed to memory is like a thing committed to the 
 deep ; and, as has been already remarked, groping blindly 
 about for an item of knowledge, or a chain of ideas, known to be 
 stored away in the mind, is like grappling at random for a 
 ship's chain that has been lost in dark and deep waters. A 
 chain that has been allowed to drop overboard into the harbor 
 is lost to view, and has to be blindly grappled for ; but if, be- 
 fore the chain was allowed to drop overboard, one end of it 
 had been fastened to a pqst securely fixed upon the wharf, the 
 whole might have been readily recovered from the waters, link 
 by link. In like manner, a casual item of knowledge, or a 
 chain of casual items or ideas, may be attached to a Fixed 
 Idea ; and by means of that Fixed Idea, recovered or recalled 
 
 * This Table is from " Mnemotechny " by Fliny Miles, a pupil of Fauvel- 
 Gouraud : but is here revised and altered by the present author. 
 
23 
 
 at will, with certainty and readiness. The Fixed Idea, of 
 course, must be an idea as well established in the mind, as 
 readily recalled, and as instantly available as, for instance, one's 
 own name. Frequently, indeed, a person's own name itself 
 represents a distinctive idea that may be advantageously em- 
 ployed as a Fixed Idea, or anchorage, for flitting ideas or casual 
 trains of thought. 
 
 Instead, however, of having but one Fixed Idea at our com- 
 mand, always available, it is well to have several. In ordinary 
 use perhaps twenty, or at the most fifty, will be amply sufficient ; 
 but in the foregoing Table a selected series of one hundred has 
 been given. Upon looking closely at the words of the series 
 it will be observed that, arranged in consecutive order, they con- 
 tain Numerical Consonants or Syllables expressing the numbers 
 from i to ioo. 
 
 The series of words contained in the Table may be easily 
 committed to memory by a single careful reading, by the 
 means explained in Lesson I. Having so fixed the series in 
 the memory, you will be able to repeat the Table in consecu- 
 tive order, from beginning to end, or backwards. Moreover, 
 having already acquired a familiarity with the Numerical Con- 
 sonants, you will be able, without any additional study of the 
 Table of Fixed Ideas, to give the number in which each word 
 of the Table stands : for the series is so arranged that the words 
 themselves, by reason of the consonants contained in each, de- 
 clare the numerical position which they respectively occupy. 
 In order to obtain the full use of this entire series of Fixed 
 Ideas, however, it is not only necessary for you to be able to 
 readily repeat the Table from beginning to end, forwards and 
 backwards ; and be competent to instantly give the number in 
 which any word stands ; but it is also desirable that you should 
 be able to give the various words promiscuously, upon their 
 respective numbers being furnished. This latter can be per- 
 fectly effected only by practice. But, at the very outset, upon 
 promiscuous numbers being given, you may be able, in many 
 cases, to give the words representing the numbers. This you 
 may do by reflecting as to what numerical letters or syllables 
 are required to be embraced in the word called for, in order 
 that it will represent the number given. Thus, if the Fixed 
 Idea representing No. 22 be called for, you will know that the 
 word must contain n-n : and, by trying the insertion of the 
 various vowels, you may easily call up the word Nun. In the 
 same way, if the Fixed Idea representing No. 32 be called for, 
 you will know that the word must contain m — n : and by trying, 
 as before, the insertion of the various vowels, you may readily 
 call up the word Moon. It will be found, however, that prac- 
 
24 
 
 is necessary to enable you to promptly name the respective 
 words for the various numbers, promiscuously given. The 
 Table ot Fixed Ideas, then, or as much of it as may be desired, 
 should be thoroughly mastered — numbers and words. The 
 student should practice it, in order and promiscuously, till he 
 knows readily the word for each number — till he can tell in- 
 stantly, that, for instance, the nineteenth word is Tub, the fifty- 
 fit th Lily, the thirtieth Moose, and so on. He should also be 
 able to rapidly translate the words into numbers thus : Book, 
 97 ; Loom, 53 ; Mill, 35 ; Chair, 64. 
 
 In previous Lessons you took up series of words, and associ- 
 ated ideas with each other in a consecutive chain. A chain of 
 ideas, so associated, you found that you could repeat correctly 
 from memory in consecutive order, either forwards or back- 
 wards. You could not, however, give any word of the series 
 promiscuously — you could not, for instance, tell which was the 
 seventeenth word of the series, or the eleventh, or the thirty- 
 ninth, or the twenty-second. In the present Lesson, however, 
 we will take, as an extemporaneous exercise, a fresh series of 
 simple words ; and by associating the various ideas, not with 
 each other, but with the Fixed Ideas of the Table, we will com- 
 mit them to memory in such a manner as to be able to repeat 
 them, in order, forwards and backwards, and also promiscuously. 
 When you shall have mastered the Table, and got it thoroughly 
 fixed in your mind ; that is, when the series of Fixed Ideas shall 
 have become, in reality, fixed and established ideas in your 
 mind ; you will be able to accomplish an exercise such as the 
 following without looking at, or referring to, the Table at all. 
 In the meantime, however, seeing that you have not yet mas- 
 tered the Table, you will have to keep it before you, and refer 
 to it. 
 
 The series of words we are now about to take up, as an exer- 
 cise upon the application of the Table of Fixed Ideas, we will 
 take up, not consecutively, as was done in the previous Lessons, 
 but promiscuously. The words we are about to give, moreover, 
 you will not associate with each other, but you will link them, 
 one by one, with the Fixed Ideas of the Table. If we com- 
 mence by telling you that the nineteenth word of the series to be 
 memorized is Molasses, you will associate the idea Molasses 
 with the nineteenth Fixed Idea, which is Tub: if we say that 
 the thirty-first word of the series to be now memorized is Hay- 
 rick, you will associate the idea Hay-rick with the thirty-first 
 Fixed Idea, which is Meadow : if we say that the ninth word 
 of the series to be memorized is Spider, you will associate the 
 idea Spider with the ninth Fixed Idea which is Abbey. Pro- 
 ceed in the same way through the entire series given below, 
 
25 
 
 associating each word, as it occurs, with the Fixed Idea corre- 
 sponding to its number. 
 
 19. molasses 
 
 31. hayrick 
 9. spider 
 
 16. filter 
 
 25. safe 
 2. ring 
 
 11. logs 
 
 32. obelisk 
 18. jar 
 
 26. brush 
 7., plow 
 
 30. pitchfork 
 
 23. dance 
 12. press 
 
 8. dog 
 15. giant 
 21. treaty 
 10. Adam 
 
 24. lobster 
 ^^. tinware 
 
 6. mud 
 1. parrot 
 
 17. Jesuit 
 
 5. horseshoe 
 
 13. sponge 
 20. cage 
 
 29. beefsteak 
 
 22. torch 
 
 3. teapot 
 
 27. trumpet 
 
 14. bellman 
 
 4. theatre 
 
 28. fleece 
 
 Having gone carefully over the above series, in the order in 
 which it stands, and associated each idea with its numerically 
 corresponding Fixed Idea, you will now be able to repeat the 
 entire series from memory ; not in the order in which you took 
 it up, but in its consecutive numerical order, beginning with 
 the first word " parrot," and continuing on, in consecutive 
 numerical progression, till the thirty-third word, " tinware," is 
 reached. If you have the Table of Fixed Ideas really fixed in 
 the mind, you will be able to do this exercise entirely from 
 memory, repeating the series given above by recalling the 
 Fixed Ideas to mind, one by one, in consecutive numerical 
 order. If, however, you do not have the Table of Fixed Ideas 
 actually fixed in the mind, you will have to keep the Table 
 before you, and, by looking at it, repeat the series of words 
 which you have just associated with it. In each case the 
 Fixed Idea will serve to recall to mind the idea which has been 
 associated with it^ and the entire series of words given above 
 may be "repeated from memory, forwards, backwards, or pro- 
 miscuously. If, for instance, the fifteenth word be called for, 
 you will bring to mind the fifteenth Fixed Idea ; which will 
 recall the idea and word which you have associated with it, the 
 fifteenth of the series, namely giant. 
 
 If, on the other hand, a certain word of the series be men- 
 tioned, and its number called for, — the word u trumpet," for 
 instance — you will recall the Fixed Idea with which you have 
 associated the idea " trumpet" (namely Snake), and the num- 
 ber of the Fixed Idea will represent or indicate the number in 
 which the word " trumpet " stands in the foregoing series. 
 
 It is thus seen that if, by one careful reading, a series of 
 ideas be associated in the manner which has been explained, a 
 person familiar with the Table of Fixed Ideas, and with the 
 
26 
 
 ctivc numbers of the various Fixed Ideas, will be able to 
 ..: the series from memory, forwards and backwards, in 
 numerical order. He will be able, also, to give the words of 
 the series promiscuously. If asked, for instance, what is the 
 thirty-ninth word he has just committed to memory, or the 
 ;\ -M\th, or the twenty-fourth, he will be able to give 
 it readily. Moreover, any word of the memorized series being 
 given, he will be able to give instantly the number in which it 
 stands. 
 
 Lesson VIII. — Further Applications of the principle of the 
 Fixed Idea. 
 
 By means of a series of well established Fixed Ideas the mem- 
 ory may be very materially aided in the orderly and effective 
 remembrance of the substance of lectures, sermons, speeches, 
 etc.; a single thought being associated with each Fixed Idea, 
 or a chain consisting of several thoughts being associated with 
 each Fixed Idea. 
 
 By the same means, also, a person may be enabled to speak 
 without notes. A lawyer, for instance, who is familiar with 
 the Table of Fixed Ideas, and practised in using it, may have the 
 leading points, or outline, of his speech so laid out in his 
 mind, and so completely at his command, that, although he 
 may be interrupted many times in the course of his address, 
 he will not have his ideas disarranged ; but will be able, 
 each time, to readily revert to the exact point at which he 
 left Off. 
 
 A preacher, however, instead of impressing the outline of 
 his discourse upon his memory by using the Table of Fixed 
 Ideas, may, at any time, in preparing a sermon, extemporize 
 an effective series of Fixed Ideas from the page of the Bible 
 which, during delivery of the sermon, will naturally lie open 
 before him upon the desk. Having underlined, or otherwise 
 prominently marked, a suitable series of words contained in 
 the page which he intends 'shall lie open before him, he may 
 the series as fixed ideas with which to associate the out- 
 line of his discourse. In delivering his sermon, he may refer, 
 whenever necessary, to these underlined or marked words 
 upon the page before him ; and the ideas which he has previ- 
 ously associated with them will be effectively brought to mind. 
 This plan has the advantage of affording afresh series of 
 
 
27 
 
 Fixed Ideas for use in memorizing the outline of each sermon, 
 thus diminishing the risk of confusion. 
 
 If desired, a piece of poetry may be so memorized that any 
 line called for by number may be given, without reference to 
 any other line. But there is no particular advantage in doing 
 this, except as an exercise. In memory exhibitions of this 
 kind a favorite piece of composition has been Southey's Cata- 
 ract of Lodore. Promiscuous lines are readily given by the 
 exhibitor, from memory, through having a prominent idea of 
 each line associated with a corresponding Fixed Idea. 
 
 Memoranda of errands or engagements may be impressed 
 upon the mind by means of Fixed Ideas. But, in memorizing 
 the heads of subjects to be referred to in an interview or letter, 
 the name of the person to be interviewed, or written to, should 
 form the post, anchorage, or fixed idea, to which to attach the 
 first link of the chain of matters to be referred to. 
 
 To persons given to much thinking, stray thoughts, which it 
 is desired to preserve, sometimes come when the persons are 
 not in a convenient position to take a note of them, — in bed, 
 for instance, when the light is out and no writing materials at 
 hand. Such thoughts may be readily fastened to a fixed idea, 
 or to fixed ideas, and recalled to mind on the morrow. 
 
 In business there are matters which it is not advisable to 
 trust entirely to the memory. Many, however, having a desire 
 to be business-like, seek to supersede the natural memory, to 
 a great degree, by taking notes of everything, however trifling, 
 and relying entirely upon these notes. Now, in reality, this 
 indiscriminate use of notes or memoranda is not business-like ; 
 for it tends directly, and surely, to the impairment or destruc- 
 tion of the gift of memory. The power of memory is devel- 
 oped by use, or decreased by disuse ; and many persons in 
 business have ultimately come to realize that they have 
 systematically ruined their faculty of recollection by taking 
 notes of everything, and never trusting anything to the mem- 
 ory. Notes and memoranda should be used judiciously ; and 
 should not be allowed to practically supersede the use of the 
 memory. The memory should be afforded facilities for con- 
 stant exercise. If notes or memoranda be largely employed, 
 the person using them should, as far as practicable, impress the 
 matters upon the memory also ; and, afterwards, refer to his 
 notes only to substantiate what he has already called to mind 
 by the exercise of the memory. 
 
 Furnished with a series of fixed ideas to represent the vari- 
 ous days of the week, or of the month, the business man may 
 acquire the habit, and the power, of systematically laying down 
 in the mind, in advance, lists of matters to be attended to on 
 
28 
 
 each day. To recall to mind the chain of matters to be 
 attended to on a particular day, recall the fixed idea repre- 
 senting that day. To represent the days of the week, words 
 commencing with the initial letters of the respective days may 
 be used as fixed ideas, thus : Monday — money : Tuesday — 
 tube ; Wednesday — wedge ; Thursday — thistle ; Friday — friar. 
 
 Lesson IX. — The remembrance of Numbers, Dates, Etc. 
 
 Most persons have great difficulty in remembering numbers, 
 dates, heights of mountains, lengths of rivers, etc., etc. Even 
 such a simple thing as the number of days in the respective 
 months of the year most persons have great difficulty in remem- 
 bering ; and so, to assist the memory, they make use of the 
 well-known mnemonic rhyme, " Thirty days hath September," 
 etc. The present author, in his work as a practical teacher, 
 has dealt with numbers in two ways : — Firstly, By lowering the 
 difficulty of the matter to the level of the present capacity of 
 the pupil's memory ; and, Secondly, By raising the power of the 
 memory to the level of the difficulty. The first expedient, which 
 yields immediate and valuable results, is to be treated of in the 
 present Lesson : the second, which requires a prolonged train- 
 ing before yielding results, will be taken up later on. 
 
 Figures or numerals are but arbitrary symbols, characters, 
 or devices, designed to represent ideas of time, number, quantity, 
 distance, degree, etc. ; and, whereas one nation or people has 
 represented such ideas by one set of symbols, other peoples 
 have attained the same end by the employment of an altogether 
 different series of symbols. For example, the idea of time 
 represented to us by the Arabic symbols 1328 may be repre- 
 sented as effectively by means of the Roman numerals 
 mcccxxviii. Figures or numerals, then, being purely arbitrary 
 and artificial symbols, characters, signs, or devices, designed to 
 represent or convey to the. mind ideas of time, number, quantity, 
 distance, degree, etc. ; and, moreover, these figures or symbols 
 being, to most persons, exceedingly difficult of distinctive 
 remembrance in connection with facts in history, geography, 
 statistics, etc., it is not unphilosophical, in the present Lesson, 
 to represent numerical ideas by other symbols than mere figures 
 or letters ; if, by doing so, we not only do not obscure the 
 numerical ideas, but are assisted to remember these ideas very 
 
 
29 
 
 much better. To represent numbers, dates, etc., by means of 
 words conveying distinctive ideas to the mind, may, of course, 
 be said to be an artificial expedient ; yet it is no more essentially 
 artificial than to represent ideas of time, number, quantity, etc., 
 by means of the figures or symbols in common use. Both 
 expedients are artificial and arbitrary ; and the present choice 
 is a practical one between that which, with the great majority 
 of persons, is effective for purposes of remembrance, and that 
 which is not at all effective. The process of the present Lesson 
 is not intended for persons who have no difficulty whatever in 
 remembering numbers, but for such as have difficulty. Neither 
 is it intended for those silly human parrots who, without any 
 intelligent or practical knowledge of the subject, take up and 
 repeat the false, threadbare, empty dictum of the ignorant 
 theorist (who flatters himself with the delightful conceit that he 
 is nothing if not a philosopher !) inanely inquiring " if it is not 
 harder to remember the mnemonic method of remembering 
 numbers than the numbers themselves." They are certainly 
 very superficial "philosophers " who cannot see a close analogy 
 between the judicious use, in the Art of Memory, of striking 
 ideas to represent numbers, and, for instance, the use of simile, 
 metaphor, and other figures of speech, in the Art of Rhetoric. 
 In the present Lesson we will again apply the principle of 
 substituting clear and distinctive ideas, capable of strikingly im- 
 pressing the mind, for abstruse ideas not capable of so impressing 
 the mind. We will represent numbers, which it is difficult to 
 remember, by means of words easy of remembrance. By this 
 time, of course, the pupil should be thoroughly familiar with 
 the Numerical Consonants, and be capable of using them with 
 ease and correctness. A series of numbers, then, may be readily 
 memorized, by one reading, not by memorizing the numbers 
 themselves, but by memorizing a series of representative words 
 such as are found in the following example: — 
 
 3°4 
 
 11 
 
 210 
 
 177 
 
 84 
 
 107 
 
 4 
 
 202 
 
 743 
 
 3 2 4 
 
 197 
 
 73 2 
 
 312 
 
 539 
 
 914 
 
 994 
 
 91 
 
 i4 
 
 95i 
 
 401 
 
 miser 
 
 statue 
 
 handsaw 
 
 tank 
 
 fairy 
 
 desk 
 
 arrow 
 
 ensign 
 
 cream 
 
 miner 
 
 tobacco 
 
 hangman 
 
 mutton 
 
 lamp 
 
 butter 
 
 pepper 
 
 boot 
 
 oyster 
 
 belt 
 
 roast 
 
 In dealing with numbers in this way, of course the first thing 
 
to be done is to get the numbers which it is desired to impress 
 upon the memory ; the second thing to be done is to select 
 suitable words to represent the numbers ; and the third thing 
 is to memorize, not the numbers, but these representative words. 
 
 When the same number occurs more than once in the same 
 scries of numbers desired to be memorized in a continuous 
 chain, the repeated number should, on each occasion on which 
 it arises, be represented by a distinctly different idea. If the 
 number 51, for example, occur twice in the same series, the 
 idea lady may be taken as its representative, or equivalent, in 
 the first instance ; and, say, the idea lathe in the second instance. 
 When a word to express or represent a certain whole number 
 is not to be found, other words must be taken for the compo- 
 nent figures of the number in question. For example, if no 
 word be found for 242, words may be taken for 2 and 42, or 24 
 and 2. Any number, no matter of how many figures it may 
 consist, may be represented by simply using enough words. 
 By a little consideration on the part of the pupil, words to rep- 
 resent given numbers may be readily called before the mind, 
 without the necessity of consulting a Phonetic Vocabulary. If, 
 for instance, the number 352 be given, the pupil, knowing that 
 a word, in order to represent that number, must contain the 
 consonants m — 1 — n, may try the insertion of vowels between 
 these consonants, and so call up the word melon, or Milan, or 
 million, or malign. The thought given to obtaining a suitable 
 word to represent a number is, usually, all that is required to 
 impress that representative word or idea upon the memory. 
 
 There are many persons with " poor n memory who, by dint 
 of diligent repetition, can remember long pieces of prose or 
 verse ; while utterly unable to remember correctly, by any 
 amount of repetition, long series of historical dates, lengths of 
 rivers, heights of mountains, statistics, etc. One object of the 
 present Lesson is to show such persons how the faculty which 
 they now employ in the remembrance of prose, poetry, etc., 
 may be turned in the direction of historical dates, etc., and be 
 made to yield surprising results in the memorization of classes 
 of matter the memorization of which, heretofore, has been to 
 them practically impossible. 
 
 In the following examples the dates, etc., are remembered 
 by means of a phrase or formula, containing words which express 
 or represent the figures. As will be seen, the final words of the 
 formula, printed in small capitals, express the figures. These 
 formulas, which are printed in italics and small capitals, should 
 be memorized aloud y \n connection with the historical events or 
 other facts to which they respectively refer ; and the learner 
 should habituate himself to emphasize, in each case, the words 
 
31 
 
 which stand for the numbers. By doing so, and by knowing 
 that the words representing the numbers are always put at or to- 
 wards the end of the formulas, the learner, in afterwards recall- 
 ing the dates, etc., to memory, will have no difficulty in deter- 
 mining just what words of the various formulas stand for the 
 figures. 
 
 1492. Columbus discovered the Bahama Islands : and, land- 
 ing, built a fire of dry pine. 
 
 1859. The hanging of John Brown : was done with a tough 
 loop. 
 
 Acre, Syria. Latitude 32 ; Longitude 35. To work an acre 
 requires « man and a mule. 
 
 Buffalo, U. S. Latitude 42 ; Longitude 78. A Buffalo was 
 accompanied by a serene calf. 
 
 Mont Blanc, 15,781 feet high, is ascended with toiling feet. 
 
 River Danube, 1,725 miles long: flows more swiftly than a 
 
 WIDE CANAL. 
 
 In the memorization of exact dates — Year, Month, and Day — 
 we may represent the month by means of any suitable noun 
 beginning with the initial letter of the name of the month ; 
 making an exception, however, in the cases of May, June, July, 
 and August ; the initials of which are the same as the initials 
 of March, January, and April. Supplying arbitrary initials to 
 represent May, June, July, and August, the nouns to represent 
 the twelve months may begin with the following initials. 
 
 J — January R — May S — September 
 
 F — February T — June O — October 
 
 M— March I< — July KT — November 
 
 A — April G — August D — December. 
 
 Afew examples of dates, with year, month, and day indicated 
 in the formula, are now given. It will be noticed that, in each 
 case, such nouns have been selected to represent the months 
 as are so great numerically as not to be liable to be confused 
 in the mind with the words representing the year. It will also 
 be noticed that, for the same reason, the word representing the 
 month cannot possibly be confounded in the mind with the 
 word representing the day of the month. No word capable of 
 being rendered into less than three figures should be taken to 
 represent the month, lest it become confounded in the memory 
 with the word representing the day of the month : indeed it is 
 always well, in selecting words to represent the months, to select 
 such words as, if rendered into numbers, would yield more than 
 four figures ; and, consequently, could not be mistaken in the 
 memory, either for the year, or for the day of the month. 
 
 15th November, 1805. The first Exploring Expedition 
 
32 
 
 ss the American Continent reached the shores of the 
 ic Ocean : having kept a daily notebook and found a 
 ssii . 
 17th April, 1521, The Diet of Worms. A diet of worms 
 
 OOTHING AMBROSIA to an IDLE ANT. 
 
 Many persons, who find it practically impossible to remember 
 dates and figures in the usual way, can easily, and pleasurably, 
 memorize formulas such as we have used ; seeing that these 
 formulas convey more interesting and distinctive impressions 
 to the mind than the mere figures are capable of doing. Till 
 siuh time as the natural memory for figures be developed, 
 words may be philosophically employed to represent numbers. 
 Instead, however, of using words embodied in set phrases, 
 simple chains of ideas may be advantageously employed. 
 
 [346, Battle of Crecy. Cre£y — cresses — Wet marsh. 
 
 1410. Wire drawing invented at Nuremberg. Wire — many 
 ^f wire — Threads. 
 
 Particular attention must always be given to the making of 
 an effective connection between the name, and the word repre- 
 senting a number which it is desired to attach to that name. 
 If, for instance, the dates of a series of battles are to be memo- 
 rized, in every case in which the name of the battle does not 
 convey to the mind an idea strikingly distinct from that 
 ested by any other name, an intermediate must be inserted ; 
 a- was done in the above instance of the battle of Crecy. 
 
 Any one who wishes to memorize, in a few minutes, the names 
 of the sovereigns of England since William the Conqueror, will 
 find, upon referring to Lesson I., that the series of words given 
 as an exercise in that Lesson was selected, not merely for the 
 immediate purpose of that Lesson, but also for another pur- 
 . namely, as an illustration in effectively representing a 
 series of names unusually difficult to memorize by a series of 
 names very easy to memorize. In the cases of those sovereigns 
 with whose names no succession number is allied, sound was 
 employed as follows: — Steeple, Stephen ; Gong, John ; Dairy, 
 v ; Fan, Anne ; Victory, Victoria. Sound was also 
 employed in another case, namely : — Interment, Interregnum. 
 One name, that of F^lizabeth, we dealt with directly, since 
 the personality of Queen Elizabeth stands out with sufficient 
 rness and distinctiveness in the average mind. All the 
 ining names were represented by words whose initial letter 
 indicates the name of the sovereign, — W indicating William ; 
 H, Henry; k, Richard; E, Edward; J, James; C, 
 Charles; G, George. Moreover, in all the cases in which 
 the- initial letter of the representative word was utilized to 
 indicate the sovereign's name, the final consonant of the 
 
33 
 
 representative word was employed to indicate the number of 
 the name, thus : — IVheat, William I. ; IVixgou, William II, ; 
 Hound, Henry J. ; //e/z, Henry II. 
 
 Sovereigns of England, and Dates of Succession. 
 
 i 
 
 2 
 
 3 
 4 
 5 
 6 
 
 7 
 
 8 
 
 9 
 io 
 ii 
 
 12 
 
 13 
 14 
 15 
 
 16 
 
 17 
 
 18 
 
 19 
 
 20 
 21 
 22 
 
 23 
 
 24 
 
 25 
 26 
 
 27 
 28 
 
 29 
 
 30 
 31 
 
 32 
 
 33 
 34 
 35 
 36 
 
 . .William I 1066. . 
 
 ..William II 1087. , 
 
 . .Henry 1 1100. . 
 
 . .Stephen 1135. . 
 
 . .Henry II H54- 
 
 . . Richard 1 1189. 
 
 . John .1199. 
 
 . .Henry III 1216. 
 
 . .Edward 1 1272. 
 
 . .Edward II 1307. 
 
 . Edward III 1327. 
 
 . .Richard II 1377. , 
 
 . .Henry IV 1399 
 
 . .Henry V 1413. 
 
 . .Henry VI 1422. 
 
 . .Edward "IV 1461. 
 
 . .Edward V 1483. 
 
 ..Richard III 1483. 
 
 ..Henry VII 1485. 
 
 . . Henry VIII 1509, 
 
 . .Edward VI 1547 
 
 . .Mary 1553- 
 
 . .Elizabeth 1558. 
 
 . .James I 1603. 
 
 . .Charles I 1625. 
 
 . .Interregnum . . . 1649. 
 
 ..Charles II 1660. 
 
 , ..James II 1685. 
 
 ..William HI 1689. 
 
 , .Anne 1702. 
 
 . . .George I 1714* 
 
 , . .George II 1727. 
 
 , . .George ILL . . . .1760 
 
 , . .George IV 1820. 
 
 ...William IV 1830. 
 
 . . .Victoria 1837. 
 
 . .Wheat Odious judge 
 
 . .Wagon Satisfying 
 
 . . Hound Duteous ass 
 
 . . Steeple Dyed mule 
 
 . Hen Tattler 
 
 . . Raft Dyed fop 
 
 . .Gong Stout baby 
 
 . . Ham Wet sandwich 
 
 . . Elephant Satin gown 
 
 . . Eden Sweet music 
 
 . . Elm Sad maniac 
 
 . . Raven Demagogue 
 
 . Heater Steam pipe 
 
 . . Hall Starry dome 
 
 . . Hedge Eastern inn 
 
 . Ear Tragedy 
 
 . . Easel ........ True fame 
 
 . . Rome Sad seraphim 
 
 . .Hack Water-fall 
 
 . . Hive Hatless boy 
 
 ..Effigy Woodlark 
 
 . .Dairy Idle loom 
 
 . .Elizabeth Daily levee 
 
 . .Jacket Audacious aim 
 
 . .Chest ....... .Weedy channel 
 
 . Interment ... .Sweet cherub 
 
 . .Chain .Dutch cheese 
 
 . .Juryman Wet shovel 
 
 . . Worm Sottish fop 
 
 . . Fan Sweet cousin 
 
 . .Giant Doctor 
 
 . . Garden Thick snake 
 
 . . .Gem Thick edges 
 
 . . Gunpowder . . . Deafness 
 
 . .Weir Deaf miss 
 
 , . .Victory Defaming 
 
 In the foregoing series we have, firstly, the serial number ; 
 secondly, the name of the sovereign ; thirdly, the date of 
 succession ; fourthly, the easily remembered word representing 
 the name difficult to remember ; and, lastly, the word or words 
 whose consonants represent the date of succession. Where 
 we can get one word to represent the whole of the figures in a 
 date, we employ one word ; but when we cannot represent all 
 the figures of the date by means of one word we take two — 
 generally a noun qualified by an adjective. 
 
 Attention has been already drawn to the fact that, in remem- 
 bering number-words in connection with names, particular care 
 
31 
 
 must alwavs be given to making an effective connection or 
 bond of association. Where the name itself presents to the 
 mind a clear idea, distinct from that suggested by any other 
 name, the connection between the name and the number-word 
 may be made directly : but when the name itself does not pre- 
 sent a distinctive idea, an intermediate must be introduced, in 
 order to effect a good connection. If, for instance, the name 
 Henry IV., of the above series, does not suggest to our mind a 
 clear idea of individuality, quite distinct from the idea of in- 
 dividuality suggested by any of the other names, an appropriate 
 intermediate must intervene between the name Henry IV. and 
 the word representing, by its consonants, the date of succes- 
 sion, thus : Hknry IV. — heater — Steam-pipe. If we at- 
 tempted to associate the idea " steam-pipe " directly with 
 " Henry IV." without having any clear and distinctive idea of 
 Henry IV., it would soon be found that the connection was not 
 effective ; for we would find ourselves liable to call up the 
 idea " steam-pipe " in connection with some other Henry ; or 
 some William, perhaps ; or some Edward or Richard. In the 
 foregoing series of the sovereigns of England, therefore, the 
 simple words Wheat, Wagon, Hound, Steeple, etc., are used for 
 the double representative purpose of, in the first place, serially 
 recalling the names of the sovereigns, as they stand related to 
 each other ; and, in the second place, of acting as intermediates 
 to the names individually, in their relation to the dates of suc- 
 cession to the throne. If the series of names of sovereigns had 
 been memorized, not by means of other words, but directly, a 
 series of such words as Wheat, Wagon, Hound, Steeple, etc., 
 would still have been required, to act as intermediates between 
 the name and the number-word or number-words representing 
 the date. 
 
 In making the associations between the ideas represented by 
 <he words Wheat, Wagon, Hound, Steeple, etc., and the ideas 
 represented by the date-words, the pupil will have an oppor- 
 tunity to use his judgment as to the particular mode of associa- 
 tion suitable to be employed in the various instances. In some 
 cases, association by means of images, as in Lesson I., will 
 doubtless be suggested ; in other cases, association by means 
 of intermediates ; and, in still other cases, it may be sought to 
 make the connection doubly strong by applying both modes of 
 association. 
 
35 
 
 Lesson X. — Miscellaneous Applications of various Principles. 
 
 We have seen how, where difficulty is experienced, the mem- 
 ory may be greatly aided in the remembrance of words or of 
 numbers by the judicious use of representative matter capable 
 of more strikingly and effectively impressing the mind. The 
 applications of the principle of Substitution as an aid to memory 
 are practically endless, being limited only by the aptness and 
 ingenuity of the pupil. 
 
 Take statistics, for instance. According to the census of 
 1880, the number of Clergymen, Lawyers, and Doctors, respect- 
 ively, in the United States was then as follows : — 
 
 Clergymen, 64,698. watcher, sheep, foe. 
 
 Lawyers, 64,137. jury, steaming. 
 
 Physicians and Surgeons, 85,671. feel shocked. 
 
 The names of the sixty-six books of the Old and New Tes- 
 tament Scriptures, in their order, with the number of chapters 
 in each book, may be effectually memorized by associating 
 them with the Table of Fixed Ideas. If sentences be used 
 for the purpose they will be constructed as follows : — 
 
 18. The Dove is gentle ; and so was Job, whose afflictions 
 pierced his soul like Iron. 
 
 20. A Noose is often reserved for him who will not give 
 heed to Proverbs, but continues in a wicked Mood. 
 
 66. A Judge is revealed in Revelation who will overlook 
 None. 
 
 To remember Book, Chapter, and Verse, in which certain 
 passages of holy scripture are found, take the prominent idea 
 of the passage, and with it associate words to indicate the 
 number of the Chapter, and the number of the Verse, respect- 
 ively. Unless the name of the Book and the number of the 
 Chapter can be represented by one word ; in the chain of 
 ideas representing Book, Chapter, and Verse, it is better to 
 place the name of the Book, or the word representing it, at 
 the end of the chain ; and so obviate, as much as possible, the 
 recurrence of one particular word in the midst of several dif- 
 ferent chains. By having the names of the various Books 
 associated with the Table of Fixed Ideas, the words of the 
 Table may be used to distinctively represent the names of the 
 various Books. 
 
 Persons having difficulty in distinguishing in the memory, 
 by number, the Ten Commandments, may readily do so by 
 utilizing the first ten ideas of the Table given in Lesson VII. ; 
 
36 
 
 associating the idea of each commandment with its numeri- 
 cally corresponding Fixed Idea. 
 
 In Music, the various principles already explained may be 
 utilized in many ways. For instance, the names of the notes 
 of the Treble and Bass Clefs, including ledger lines, may be 
 easily memorized by means of representee words associated 
 with the Table of Fixed Ideas : the word representing, by its 
 initial letter, the note on the first line being associated with 
 the first Fixed Idea — Hat — and the word representing the 
 note on the first space being associated with the eleventh 
 Fixed Idea — Tide — ; which, with its following fixed ideas, may 
 be, for the purpose, understood to represent i, 2, 3, etc., 
 instead of n, 12, 13, etc. 
 
 Or, in place of memorizing the notes through the medium 
 of "the mind's eye," they may be impressed upon the memory 
 through the medium of the physical eye. This may be done 
 by making a diagram of the staff, and sketching, or pasting, on 
 the lines, and in the spaces, representations of objects, the 
 names of which begin with the letters of the notes ; animals, 
 for instance, being used on the lines, and inanimate objects in 
 the spaces. 
 
 In Chemistry, the Table of Simple Substances, with their 
 Symbols and Atomic Weights, may be easily and correctly 
 remembered by means of representative chains of ideas capa- 
 ble of impressing the mind ; as for instance : — Bismuth Bi 3 
 210. = Bismuth — Bismarck — Bigamy — Knots. In this exam- 
 ple of course the name Bismarck has been introduced as a repre- 
 sentative of Bismuth, in order to present a more distinctive idea. 
 The ideas of the chain may be associated in the mind by 
 means of a train of reflection in this way : — Bismarck is a great 
 man, but even great men are subject to the laws of their coun- 
 try. Among its laws every country has, or should have, a law 
 against Bigamy. Bigamy is a crime which consists in having 
 more than one spouse ; and whereas, in legitimate matrimony, 
 there is the nuptial knot, in Bigamy there are nuptial Knots. 
 
 To remember Chemical formulae the natural memory, rein- 
 forced by a practical knowledge of the subject, should be 
 employed to take charge of the matter as it stands ; but, if 
 desired, the plan illustrated above may be made use of to some 
 extent. Example: Ammonia N H 3 = Ammonia — money — 
 No.d,t Home. 
 
 In Law, with the statement of a principle may be associ- 
 ated the name of the case deciding the point, the date of the 
 decision, the title of the book in which the decision is recorded, 
 and the volume and page. In the same manner, in connection 
 with a principle of law, t«he statute, section, etc., may be effect- 
 
37 
 
 ively memorized. A lawyer applying the principles explained 
 in the present treatise to the memorization of such matter, 
 should, in the first place, tabulate the titles of the various 
 books to which he is in the habit of making reference in his 
 practice ; so as to have each book of the series represented in 
 his memory by a certain specific number, or distinctive word 
 or idea. 
 
 It is evident that the spelling oi even the most outlandish word, 
 no matter how lengthy and how difficult it may be, may be very 
 quickly and correctly memorized by using a series of words to 
 represent the various letters ; each word of the series indicating, 
 by its initial letter, the successive letters of the long and difficult 
 word the spelling of which it is desired to remember. Indeed, it 
 will be evident that, by the means suggested, such a long and 
 difficult word maybe speedily and correctly spelt from memory, 
 not only forwards but backwards. 
 
 Price-marks used in trade — in which letters represent figures 
 or numerals — may be memorized, in a few moments, by means 
 of the Table of Fixed Ideas ; words being used the initials of 
 which correspond with the letters representing the figures or 
 numerals. Or words may be taken, each beginning with a 
 letter of the price-mark and ending with a letter representing 
 the corresponding figure. Memorized in this way, a strange 
 price-mark may be at once rehearsed from memory, forwards, 
 backwards, and promiscuously. A person familiar with the 
 numerical basis of the present System, however, may use it as 
 a price-mark. 
 
 Telephone numbers, pages of the ledger, safe combinations, 
 price Jists, street numbers, etc., etc., may all be memorized by 
 means already fully explained. 
 
 Sometimes the power which we have to remember words, as 
 mere arrangements of letters apart from ideas, may be brought 
 into requisition to assist the memory in the orderly remem- 
 brance of a short series of words (such as the names of the 
 colors of the rainbow) by taking the initial letters of the series, 
 and combining them in the form of a word. The resultant 
 word will, of course, be arbitrary ; yet it is found that even 
 such a word may be utilized as an aid to the memory. In 
 constructing such words, however, care should always be taken 
 to make the first part of the word indicate the application of 
 the remaining part which it is designed to draw after it. Where 
 necessary for the purpose of articulation, vowels may be intro- 
 duced as in the following example : Regions of the vertebrae — 
 cervical, dorsal, lumbar, sacral, coccygeal— Regvertcadlasac. 
 
 After the meanings of the foreign words have become asso- 
 ciated in the mind with the words, a long series of arbitrary 
 
38 
 
 genders in a foreign language may be correctly remembered 
 by a single reading. This may be done by using words con- 
 veying strikingly distinctive ideas to stand in place of, and 
 indicate by their initial letters, the names of the unstriking 
 
 genders, thus :-- 
 
 Masculine Feminine Neuter 
 
 German. — Moon Feathers Net 
 
 French. — Mule Forest Needles 
 
 The gender of the foreign word can be easily and effectively 
 memorized by making an association between the idea con- 
 veved by the word and the idea representing the gender. 
 
 To memorize a series of prepositions, or other words of a 
 similar sort, a distinctive, more graspable idea may be joined 
 to each word ; and the unimpressive names remembered by 
 means of the striking ideas which have been associated with 
 them. For instance, the prepositions ; about, above, aboard, 
 across, after, against, along; maybe conjoined with distinctive 
 ideas as follows : — about town, above sky, aboard ship, across 
 ocean, after rain, against rock, along road. The power, how- 
 ever, which we have to learn a thing by heart — by rote, if you 
 please — by the mere force of repetition, is not by any means to 
 be despised ; for, although much misused, it may be very pro- 
 perly applied to the memorizing of such a thing as a list of the 
 prepositions, taken just as they stand in the grammar. 
 
 Lists of words designed to be memorized, such as a series of 
 irregular verbs, or of words forming exceptions to a rule, are 
 usually arranged in alphabetical order. Before presentation to 
 the memory, however, it is better, whenever possible, to re- 
 arrange the series, grouping the ideas according to the laws of 
 association. For instance, if we wished to remember the fol- 
 lowing series of verbs, namely, — to add, to affright, to aggran- 
 dize, to amend, to faint, to fight, to grow worse, to increase, 
 to recover, to speak— it would be better to thoughtfully re- 
 arrange them as follows : to add, to aggrandize, to increase, to 
 amend, to grow worse, to fight, to affright, to faint, to recover, 
 to speak. 
 
 In college, many students lose much time and instruction 
 through the continual recurrence in lectures of terms with which 
 they have never taken the trouble to properly associate the 
 relative ideas. In the course of a single lecture the lecturer 
 may make use of many different terms of whose meanings — 
 although the words are in frequent use — the careless student 
 has but a very misty conception. Upon the occurrence of each 
 one of those terms the misty minded student either suffers the 
 
39 
 
 matter to pass without thought, or stops to puzzle over the 
 meaning while the lecturer proceeds. In any case much is lost; 
 and when this goes on daily and hourly the matter is serious. 
 Now, whenever such a word arises it should be scrupulously 
 taken a note of; all such words being heterogeneously classified 
 in a note-book by their initial letter, and the meanings attached 
 only in the memory. Let there be a daily revision of this 
 ineffective terminology, until the mists roll away and the 
 student becomes perfectly familiar with the distinctive meaning 
 of each term. In rearing the educational edifice, ideas are the 
 bricks, as it were, and association the mortar, with which the 
 building is constructed. To make constant use of, or hear 
 constantly used in lectures, terms with which the meanings are 
 not properly associated, is like building many soft bricks here 
 and there into a wall ; and frequently using bad mortar, or no 
 mortar at all. A wall so built is entirely unreliable ; the 
 stability of even the good bricks and the good mortar being 
 acutely endangered by the presence of the soft bricks and the 
 bad mortar. 
 
 To memorize, systematically, speedily, and effectively, a 
 piece of composition — prose or verse — if the piece is not too 
 lengthy read it over once, thoughtfully, and get a general idea 
 of the piece. Then read it over a second time, jotting down 
 upon a slip of paper, as you go along, the leading ideas in their 
 order. In the next place, memorize this outline or chain of 
 ideas ; being careful to associate the first link of the chain 
 with the title of the piece, so that, afterwards, the mere mention 
 of the title will serve to start in the mind the train of ideas 
 representing the skeleton or outline of the piece. Having 
 done all this, proceed to recall, by recollection entirely, the 
 first idea of the chain ; and, without referring to the printed 
 page, try to remember all that was said in connection with the 
 idea. Having duly reflected upon this first idea of the chain, 
 and recalled, entirely by recollection, all that can be remem- 
 bered as connected with it ; refer to the printed page to sub- 
 stantiate, correct, and elaborate what has been already recalled 
 by recollection. Take up each idea of the outline in the same 
 way, one at a time ; in each case recalling as much as possible 
 by recollection before referring to the printed page. Having 
 done all this, namely : — having read the piece over once, 
 thoughtfully, and got a general idea of it ; having read it over 
 the second time and jotted down an outline (not too elaborate) 
 of it ; having memorized that outline as a chain of ideas, the 
 first link of which is associated with the title; having called 
 up each idea successively by recollection, and, pondering oyer 
 it before referring to the printed page, thought of everything 
 
40 
 
 connected with it in the composition which we found it pos- 
 sible to remember — having done all this, complete the process 
 by thoughtfully repeating the piece sufficiently often to cause the 
 exact phraseology to cluster around the various leading ideas. 
 A piece of prose or poetry, studied in this thoughtful, systematic 
 way, may be committed to memory in about one-third of the 
 tune usually occupied. And the piece will be more effectively 
 and lastingly impressed. 
 
 Lesson XI. — The Development of the Natural Memory. 
 
 To assist the undeveloped memory by mnemonic appliances 
 is one thing : to develop the memory is another thing. As 
 auxiliaries, some mnemonic methods are of value to even the 
 most highly developed memory : but no system of memory 
 really worthy of the name will be confined to merely aiding 
 the undeveloped faculty, giving no attention whatever to the 
 matter of natural development. It is frequently asserted, with 
 considerable dogmatism, by persons who know very little 
 about the matter, that all that is necessary to develop the 
 memory to the highest pitch is practice — mere practice. 
 Practice is, indeed, the fundamental process essential to 
 development : not mere practice, however, but practice of the 
 proper kind. 
 
 To effectively develop the memory we should make an 
 especial point to deal with the faculty from the recollective side. 
 The systematic setting apart of an hour, or so, of every 
 evening, during which to recall, without any aid. from notes, 
 the incidents of the day, is an excellent exercise ; and persons 
 have been known to develop the memory very satisfactorily 
 by that means alone. Although it may not be possible to recall 
 much at first, in course of time whole conversations may be 
 remembered, names of persons met with, items of expenditure 
 made, etc., etc. When a lecture, a sermon, or a speech, has 
 been listened to, a portion of time should invariably be set 
 apart in which to recall the substance, and the order, to 
 memory. In the beginning — to make the original impression 
 while the lecture, speech, or sermon is being listened to — 
 Fixed Ideas may be employed with advantage, as an aid ; but, 
 as the mind becomes more alert and powerful in receiving and 
 storing impressions, the use of Fixed Ideas should be gradually 
 
41 
 
 diminished. A systematic dealing with the memory from the 
 recollective side will have a powerful reflex action upon atten- 
 tion and reception. 
 
 The remembrance of words of all kinds. In Lesson I., in 
 showing how to remember a series of words by the process of 
 that Lesson, we asked the learner to bestow no particular 
 attention upon the mere word, but to call up before the mind's 
 eye the image of the object represented by the word. Now, 
 however, as a part of the process of developing the memory 
 for words, the learner will deliberately call up the image of the 
 word itself. To develop a ready memory for words, without 
 making the deliberate associations employed in previous Les- 
 sons, begin with a single word. Write down one word upon a 
 piece of paper, look at the word for a moment, then, turning 
 the eyes away from the paper, recall the image of the word as 
 it was seen upon the paper. Having done so, pronounce or 
 sound the word ; and momentarily think of the idea it repre- 
 sents. See the word, sound it, and think of the idea. In 
 making the first impression, do not look at the word repeatedly, 
 but only once. In the beginning, let the learner recall the 
 image of the word at intervals throughout the day, sound the 
 word, and think of the idea : but repetition, other than 
 repetition exclusively by recollection, is not to be employed. 
 In taking the next step, write down two words, recall the 
 images of the words, sound the words, and momentarily think 
 of the ideas : recalling the whole at intervals, afterwards, by 
 recollection exclusively. Next, write down three words, then 
 four, then five, and so on ; continuing the exercise progressively 
 till such time as a series of words can be readily remembered 
 by a single reading. As skill is acquired, the threefold pro- 
 cess of recalling the images of the words, pronouncing the 
 words, and thinking of the ideas, will be gradually trans- 
 formed into an instantaneous and undivided operation of 
 the mind. There will always be an instinctive tendency to 
 make associations on the lines laid down in previous 
 Lessons, but such associations should not be deliberately 
 sought for. 
 
 The power to remember and reproduce images of words is a 
 power which is latent in every mind, although seldom found 
 very highly developed. When we read a word at sight, with- 
 out laboriously spelling it out letter by letter, the memory of 
 word-images is present. When, doubtful as to the correct 
 spelling of a word, we instinctively write the word down, and 
 tell from its appearance whether it is properly spelt, the mem- 
 ory of word-images is brought directly into requisition. The 
 same memory faculty is also involved when we distinguish 
 
42 
 
 between virions; familiar handwritings. To appreciably de- 
 velop the memory for word-images, however, requires time 
 and judicious practice. 
 
 In the matter of numbers, the use of words containing 
 numerical letters and conveying strikingly distinctive ideas is 
 of verv great efficacy as an aid to memory ; and is of value, as 
 an auxiliary or reinforcement, even to persons possessing good 
 figure memorv. But the use of words for numbers, although a 
 rlevice capable of a wide application, does not afford complete 
 power in the matter of the remembrance of numerals. It is 
 impracticable, for instance, to make use of numerical words in 
 such a thing as the remembrance of prices constantly fluctuat- 
 ing. To deal practically with such matters a figure memory 
 must be developed. 
 
 To develop a figure memory, commence by writing down 
 one number composed of two or three figures — or, if necessary, 
 of only one figure. Look at the number for a moment ; put 
 the paper aside ; and before " the mind's eye " recall the image 
 of the number. Next, speak the number aloud ; and follow 
 by thinking momentarily, and as distinctively as possible, of 
 the numerical idea. Just as in the case of words, write the 
 number down, look at it for a moment, and then, turning 
 aside, see it, sound it, and think of the idea. Next time take 
 two numbers, next three, next four, and so on, progressively : 
 continuing the course of training till able, by reading over a 
 series of numbers but once, to give them easily and correctly 
 from memory. 
 
 Lest, however, the undesirable habit be acquired of inability 
 to deal with words, or with numbers, apart from audible sound 
 (as in the case of persons who cannot read a book without 
 reading aloud, or mumbling the words as they go along), the 
 practice of sounding aloud the name of the word, or the name 
 of the number, should be discontinued after a time ; and the 
 name pronounced mentally only. At the first glance, it may, 
 perhaps, seem absurd to some to speak of sounding silently the 
 name of a word or of a number, but it is not really absurd : we 
 express the same idea when, for instance, thinking of heavenly 
 angels, we say, reflectively, although perfect silence reigns : 
 " I hear their gentle voices singing ! M 
 
 To develop the memory for musical compositions begin with 
 a single note, if necessary, and progress as in the case of words 
 or of numbers. 
 
 In geography, map-drawing is invaluable as a means of con- 
 centrating the attention and impressing the memory through 
 the medium of the bodily eye. The fact should be recognized, 
 however, that a map — like a word or a numeral figure — is a 
 
43 
 
 mere artificial sign or symbol, or an arrangement of artificial 
 signs or symbols. 
 
 Dulness of the various senses is frequently induced, not by 
 any organic defect, but simply by a sleepy habit of mind — by 
 inattention. And the effect may be overcome by removing the 
 cause. The hearing, for instance, may, in many cases, be 
 restored and re-established by a patient, systematic training 
 course of progressive practice. Begin by hanging a watch in a 
 corridor or other suitable place ; retiring to the extreme dis- 
 tance at which the ticking can be distinctly heard ; and listen- 
 ing intently from thence. Next day, hang the watch up in the 
 same place, and retire a yard or so further than the distance of 
 yesterday. The following day retire a yard further ; next day 
 a yard further ; then a yard further ; and so on. After deal- 
 ing with the hearing of simple sounds in the manner described, 
 begin to introduce complexity of sound. Two simultaneous 
 sounds may be taken, then three, then four, and so on ; the 
 various sounds being listened to, and clearly distinguished 
 from each other, at ever lengthening distance — and in ever 
 shortening time, that is, until the hearing and distinguishing 
 becomes the work but of a moment. Make use, also, of such 
 other exercises of the hearing as ingenuity may devise, or 
 environment offer. 
 
 The remembrance of materia medica, as of sundry other 
 things, requires great labor and patience, no matter what method 
 of study be pursued. The remembrance of materia medica, 
 however, may be best and most interestingly accomplished, not 
 by taking up, in an isolated manner, one drug at a time, and 
 endeavoring to remember the particulars by mere repetition ; 
 but by taking two drugs, or more, at a time, and systematically 
 comparing the symptoms of one drug, in its action upon a par- 
 ticular part of the body, with the symptoms of the other drug, 
 in its action upon the same part of the body. Not only drugs 
 with strikingly analogous or opposite properties may be so 
 studied together, symptom by symptom, but other drugs as 
 well — any drugs. 
 
 Let the student provide himself with a number of slips of 
 paper, or of thin card-board (card-board is best), of uniform 
 size; and begin, for instance, with Arsenic and Belladonna. If, 
 for example, he is dealing with the symptoms of the Face, he 
 will read — not several times, but only once, thoughtfully — the 
 first facial symptom of arsenic : he will then pause and recall 
 it from memory ; visualizing the appearance of the symptom 
 wherever possible, that is, seeing the manifestation through the 
 mind's eye ; then, finally, he will write the symptom upon one 
 of the slips, without giving any indication, on the face of the 
 
44 
 
 slip. o( the name of the drug to which the symptom refers. The 
 name of the drug, however, must be written upon the back of 
 the slip, or card. Having done all this, the student will turn 
 to belladonna, and, reading over the facial symptoms once, 
 observe any symptom analogous or opposite to the symptom of 
 arsenic ; visualizing it where possible, then writing it down 
 upon a separate slip or card, and indorsing the name of the 
 drug upon the back of the card. Let every symptom which 
 lias to be remembered be dealt with in a similar manner, as 
 far as possible ; and be written by itself upon a separate card. 
 When the two or more drugs have been studied throughout, in 
 the way described, let the student shuffle his symptoms, so to 
 speak, mixing all the cards together, heterogeneously. The 
 student then takes the first card, and, reading the descrip- 
 tion of the symptom, says : " Ah, yes ! This is a symptom of 
 belladonna. Stomach." Having placed the card by itself upon 
 the table (or a pigeon-holed box may be constructed for the 
 purpose of this practice), the next card will be taken up ; and, 
 having read the symptom, the student will say : "And this is 
 a symptom of arsenic. Face." As one by one the promis- 
 cuous cards are read over, they will be laid away in their proper 
 place ; all the belladonnas by themselves, all the arsenics by 
 themselves, and so on. Then let all the cards that have been 
 placed together as containing symptoms of belladonna be taken 
 up, and the backs of the cards (whereon the name of the drug 
 has been previously written) examined, that it may be ascer- 
 tained whether any error has been committed, and a symptom 
 of arsenic, for instance, mistaken for a symptom of belladonna. 
 
 The various symptoms of each drug may also be mixed 
 together in the same way ; the student then going over the 
 promiscuous cards, and classifying the symptoms under Ears, 
 Xose, Face, Mouth, Throat, Stomach, etc. 
 
 To remember proper names in conjunction with faces, so as 
 to be able to recognize persons previously met with and readily 
 call them by name ; if the learner does not possess, to start 
 with, a good memory for faces, attention must, in the first 
 instance, be devoted to the development of that latent power. 
 Begin the course of training by looking suddenly at a strange 
 face ; and then, turning away, call up the image before the 
 mind's eye ; not only at the time, but at intervals throughout 
 the day. Continue this exercise with other faces, but with 
 only one at a time, until the power be acquired of calling up a 
 very clear and distinctive image of a strange face which has 
 been seen but once. Then take two new faces, one after 
 the other, calling up the images of both, and reproducing 
 the images at intervals throughout several days. Next take 
 
45 
 
 three faces, one after the other ; then four, then five. When 
 the power has been acquired of looking, in the course of a 
 single day, at six or seven strange faces, taken at random ; 
 receiving, at one view, a vivid impression of each ; and calling 
 up, with ease, clear and distinctive images of all of them ; pro- 
 ceed to practice the calling up of the image, not of the face 
 only, but of the whole person, giving special attention, how- 
 ever, to the face. Having practised doing so for a time, pro- 
 ceed to deal with names. Qn being introduced to a person 
 whose personality and name it is desired to remember, look 
 observantly at the person, and be at pains to get the name 
 correctly. Take the first opportunity thereafter to write the 
 name in a book kept for the purpose ; and, reading the name 
 daily, then every other day, then once in three days, and so 
 on, invariably conjure up, in connection with it, the image of 
 the personality and especially of the face ; in each case, also, 
 momentarily recalling the time, place, and circumstances of 
 meeting. Let the memory keep pace with the swelling of the list 
 of names, so that, when, at stated intervals, the names are pri- 
 vately reviewed, each name instantly brings up before the 
 mind its distinctive image of personality and train of attendant 
 circumstance. If the name be thus distinctively associated 
 with a correct and clear mental image of the person ; upon that 
 person, on some future day, presenting himself or herself be- 
 fore us, recognition will be instantaneous, and the name, also, 
 will be recalled. When sufficient skill in remembering faces 
 and names has been acquired, the names of persons need no 
 longer be taken a note of. Meanwhile, however, a name that 
 is worth remembering is worth taking a note of. 
 
 Lesson XII. — Mastering the Contents of a Book, 
 
 At the beginning of these Lessons it was incidentally re- 
 marked that thought, reflection, actual study, perform, in regard 
 to our mental food, an office similar to that performed toward 
 our bodily food by mastication and digestion. The fact can- 
 not be too prominently borne in mind, that, in <4 study," it is 
 only what we take up thoughtfully and reflect upon — not what 
 we take up superficially, mechanically, thoughtlessly, per- 
 functorily — that passes, as it were, into the mental system, and 
 becomes a part and portion of our stock of actual knowledge ; 
 a part and portion of ourselves. 
 
46 
 
 In civilized society, no one who has arrived at years of dis- 
 cretion requites to he informed that it is neither seemly nor 
 sensible, upon sitting clown to table, to seize upon a number of 
 different articles of food and hastily stuff the mouth beyond its 
 proper capacity. It is to be feared, however, that, in partaking 
 of mental food in the act of " study," civilized society, as a 
 rule, does this very thing ! In mastering the contents of an 
 ordinary sentence, constructed of several parts, elements, or 
 ideas, instead of hastily crowding the whole structure into the 
 mental mouth at once, let it be disposed of by seemly bites, 
 so to speak. Here is a sentence— a definition : " Osteology is 
 a subdivision of general anatomy, describing the number, form, 
 structure, and uses of the bones. " 
 
 Now, instead of repeating this sentence from beginning to 
 end, in a more or less mechanical way, a great many times, in 
 order to thoroughly master and digest it, and remember it ver- 
 batim y — instead of employing the principle of repetition in that 
 way, it is better to employ repetition in the following manner ; 
 taking up the sentence constructively, by presenting to the 
 mind, for due reflection, one idea at a time. Thus : Oste- 
 ology is. Now here is a simple idea upon which reflection may 
 be had for a moment ; and it is an idea, moreover, which will 
 impress the mind with a sense of incompleteness, awakening 
 interest or curiosity, and causing the mind to assume an inter- 
 rogatory attitude. And when the mind has been induced to 
 assume an interrogatory attitude a great advantage has been 
 gained ; for an idea presented to the mind in satisfaction, or 
 partial satisfaction, of the mental hunger manifested by an in- 
 terrogatory attitude will be readily grasped, digested, and 
 assimilated. Take up the sentence, idea by idea, duly placing 
 the emphasis of reflection upon each idea in turn, as follows : 
 Osteology is. Osteology is a subdivision. Osteology is a sub- 
 division of anatomy. Osteology is a subdivision of general 
 anatomy. Osteology is a subdivision of general anatomy de- 
 scribing. Osteology is a subdivision of general anatomy de- 
 scribing the bones. Osteology is a subdivision of general anat- 
 omy describing the number of the bones. Osteology is a sub- 
 division of general anatomy describing the number and form 
 of the bones. Osteology is a subdivision of general anatomy 
 i ibing the number, form, and structure of the bones. Oste- 
 ology is a subdivision of general anatomy describing the num- 
 ber, form, structure, and uses of the bones. 
 
 Ill order to still more perfectly digest all the ideas of the 
 sentence, and still more effectively impress it verbatim upon 
 the memory, it may next be treated interrogatively, thus : 
 What is the name of that branch of science which is a 
 
47 
 
 subdivision of general anatomy, describing the number, form, 
 structure, and uses of the bones ? Osteology is a subdivision 
 of general anatomy, describing the number, form, structure, 
 and uses of the bones. Is osteology an obsolete study 
 of the past, or is it regarded as a subdivision of anatomy 
 at the present time? Osteology is a subdivision of general 
 anatomy, describing the number, form, structure, and uses of the 
 bones. What word would seem to indicate that osteology may 
 not be the only subdivision of general anatomy ? Osteology is 
 a subdivision of general anatomy, describing the number, form, 
 structure, and uses of the bones. What is said of osteology 
 which indicates its relation to general anatomy ? Osteology is a 
 subdivision of general anatomy, describing the number, form, 
 structure, and uses of the bones. Of what is osteology a sub- 
 division ? Osteology is a subdivision of general anatomy, de- 
 scribing the number, form, structure, and uses of the bones. Of 
 what anatomy is osteology a subdivision ? Osteology is a sub- 
 division of general anatomy, describing the number, form, 
 structure, and uses of the bones. What function is performed 
 by osteology ? Osteology is a subdivision of general anatomy 
 describing the number, form, structure, and uses of the bones. 
 What does osteology describe? Osteology is a subdivision of 
 general anatomy, describing the number, form, structure, and 
 uses of the bones. What particular thing relative to the bones 
 does osteology describe ? Osteology is a subdivision of general 
 anatomy, describing the number, form, structure, and uses of 
 the bones. What besides the number of the bones does osteol- 
 ogy describe ? Osteology is a subdivision of general anatomy, 
 describing the number, form, structure, and uses of the bones. 
 What besides number and form does osteology describe ? Oste- 
 ology is a subdivision of general anatomy, describing the num- 
 ber, form, structure, and uses of the bones. What besides num- 
 ber, form, and structure does osteology describe ? Osteology 
 is a subdivision of general anatomy, describing the number, 
 form, structure, and uses of the bones.* 
 
 In treating a sentence by the interrogative process just 
 illustrated, every idea may be brought out in turn ; or only 
 such ideas as have not been already digested and assimilated 
 (and therefore have not already become a part and portion of 
 our stock of actual knowledge) may be given the emphasis of 
 distinctive interrogation. 
 
 * Although, in dealing with the remembrance of sentences, parts of sentences, 
 or lines of verse, the present author had, to some extent, previously employed 
 the interrogative method of analysis here illustrated, he first met with the elab- 
 orate application of the principle in A Brief English Grammar \ by Stephen W. 
 Clark, 1876. Published by A. S. Raines & Co., New York. 
 
48 
 
 And now, in conclusion, we pass on to consider the matter 
 of mastering the contents of a book. Of course the student 
 who is actually engaged in a course of study will apply the 
 following method to the mastery of the studies which he has 
 on hand ; but persons having no special study on hand will do 
 well to take up some instructive book, for the purpose of apply- 
 ing the method to the mastery of its contents. The study of 
 suitable books, in the manner to be presently described, will 
 incidentally afford the very best kind of memory training. 
 Such study will be effective in thoroughly eradicating the 
 mind-wandering habit, and in developing the natural memory 
 to the highest pitch. 
 
 Before beginning, let the student look at the closed book, 
 as it lies before him on the table, or as he holds it in his hand, 
 and settle a very important preliminary question. He may 
 address the book in this way : " Now, Book, here we are — 
 You and I — face to face. Which of us is going to achieve the 
 mastery? Are you going to master me ? or am I going to mas- 
 ter you ? " If the " student " decides that he wont fight, but 
 will allow the Book to master him without putting itself to any 
 inconvenience, we have to say " good day " to that " student." 
 This Lesson is not designed for him. If, however, the student 
 manfully decides that he will fight ; and declares, with spirit : 
 " I will master the Book ! " let him get ready for business by 
 providing himself with two notebooks — one for rough notes 
 not designed to be kept, the other for carefully written notes 
 intended to be preserved. 
 
 Now begin at the beginning of the Book. Take up the first 
 paragraph and read it over thoughtfully — how many times ? 
 Two, three, four, five, six times ? No. Read it but ONCE. 
 And, having read it but once, pause, reflect, and recall 
 the substance of the .paragraph from memory ; jotting down 
 upon the rough notebook, entirely from recollection, a brief 
 synopsis of the paragraph, indicating each idea by a single 
 word. This done, turn to tne open book and compare what 
 you have written with what you read in the paragraph ; partic- 
 ularly pondering over any blunder you may find you have 
 committed. Now take the fine notebook, and therein represent 
 by a separate, carefully, written question, every item that, pre- 
 vious to reading the paragraph, was not in reality an integral 
 part and portion of your stock of actual, available knowledge. 
 Jn other words, write down separate questions representing 
 everything that is new to you, or that is not well known. Be 
 careful, however, in framing the questions, not to give even 
 the slightest indication, in the question, of what the answer 
 should be ; since the questions are always to be answered 
 
49 
 
 entirely from memory. Do not leave a paragraph to proceed 
 to the next until you can readily and correctly answer every 
 question in your notebook relating to the paragraph which has 
 been read. Of course, if the beginner finds whole paragraphs 
 to be beyond his capacity, he may take up, each time, a por- 
 tion of a paragraph. While being careful not to take too little, 
 take no more than can be recalled fairly well after a single 
 reading. Do not be tempted to relapse into the enfeebling 
 habit of reading a piece of matter a number of times before 
 pausing to reflect upon it and recall its substance to mind by 
 recollection. Such an application is not a proper application of 
 the principle of repetition. 
 
 Proceed in the manner which has been described through 
 the whole chapter, and through the whole book ; making such 
 Abstracts as may be desirable ; and judiciously utilizing, wher- 
 ever available, the -varied instruction which has been given in 
 this series of Lessons. 
 
 If proper methods of study be applied in any proper course 
 of study, no student will be required to resort to the barbarity 
 of "burning midnight oil." The day is the time for work : the 
 night is the time for rest. The great desideratum is a sound 
 mind in a sound body : and to attain this end we must work in 
 harmony with the righteous laws of our being. Conserve and 
 promote the bodily health. Exercise the mind by rightly think- 
 ing for yourself. Be disciplined and orderly in personal habits. 
 Take sufficient sleep. Breathe pure air. 
 
' 
 
 APPENDIX. 
 
 PHONETIC VOCABULARY OF NOUNS AND 
 ADJECTIVES. 
 
 Many adjectives not printed in this Appendix — adjectives ending in y, and of 
 Line numerical value as their nouns which are printed — may be formed from 
 such Qouns ; examples, wit, witty; dusk, dusky; ice, icy. Moreover, many words 
 given as nouns may be used as adjectives : examples, wise, waste, sane, hollow. 
 
 Nouns by adding s in the plural have their numerical value increased ; thus, 
 arrow, 4, arrows, 40 ; jewel, 65, jewels, 650. 
 
 00. Ice-house, oasis, sauce, seesaw, size. 0. Ace, ass, assay, 
 ease, essay, eyes, haze, hiss, hose, house, huzzy, huzza, ice, ooze, 
 saw, say, sea, sigh, sway, use, whiz, wise, woes. 1. Acid, adieu, 
 aid, aide, asset, city, day, dew, die, dough, due, dye, eddy, haste, 
 hate, head, heat, heath, heed, height, hit, hod, hood, hut, idea, 
 oath, ode, seat, seed, set, settee, soot, sot, stew, suet, suit, sweat, 
 tea, tie, toy, waist, wait, waste, weed, weight, wheat, whist, 
 widow, wit, wood, yacht, youth, zest. Haughty, hot, odd, sad, 
 sweet, used, weighed, wet, wide. 2. Ennui, hen, hone, hyena, 
 hyson, inn, knee, neigh, sane, scene, scion, season, seine, senna, 
 sign, sinew, snow, son, sun, swain, swan, swine, swoon, wane, 
 wen, whin, whine, wine, yawn, zone. New, wan. 3. Ahem, aim, 
 asthma, ham, hame, hem, hum, hymn, maw, moa, mow, psalm, 
 schism, seam, seamew, sum, swim, whim, yam, same, some. 
 4. Aerie, air, area, arras, array, arrow, assayer, assessor, czar, ear, 
 era, hair, hare, heir, hero, hewer, hire, hour, hurry, hussar, ire, 
 oar, ore, ray, roe, row, rye, seer, sewer, sorrow, sower, user, 
 war, ware, weigher, weir, wherry, wire, wooer, worry, year. 
 Aware, awry, hoar, hoary, raw, sear, sorry, sour, wary, weary, 
 wry. 5. Aisle, ale, alley, alloy, ally, cell, easel, eel, hail, hall, 
 halo, heel, hole, hollow, holly, howl, hull, isle, law, lea, lie, 
 lye, oil, owl, sail, sale, seal, sleigh, soil, sole, solo, swallow, 
 swell, swill, wail, wall, weal, weasel, well, whale, wheel, wile, 
 will, willow, wool, yawl, yell, zeal. Hale, hilly, ill, lay, low, 
 sallow, silly, slow, sly, sole, well, whole. 6. Age, ash, edge, 
 hash, hatch, hedge, hitch, hush, issue, itch, jaw, jay, Jew, joy, 
 sage, sash, sedge, siege, shoe, show, switch, usage, wage, wash, 
 
 50 
 
51 
 
 wedge, wish, witch. Huge, shy, wheyish. 7. Ache, ague, cow, 
 cue, echo, egg, hack, hag, hawk, hissing, hock, hog, hook, hug, 
 husk, key, quay, queue, sack, sago, sake, saying, scow, sea-cow, 
 sewing, sky, soak, sock, song, sowing, suing, swing, wag, wake, 
 walk, whig, wick, wig, wing, yoke, yolk. Awake, coy, sick, 
 weak. 8. Avowee, eve, fay, fee, foe, half, heave, hive, hoof, 
 huff, oaf, ova, safe, savoy, sieve, sofa, view, vow, waif, wave, 
 whiff, wife, woof, zouave. Few, heavy, safe. 9. Abbe, ape, 
 asp, bay, bayou, beau, bee, bey, boa, bohea, bough, bow, boy, 
 buoy, by-way, ebb, hautboy, heap, hob, hobby, hoop, hop, hope, 
 hub, paw, pay, pea, pew, pie, sap, sepoy, sip, soap, sob, sop, 
 soup, spa, spy, swoop, wasp, web, whip, whoop. By, happy. 
 10. Adze, assets, dace, daisy, deuce, dice, dose, hostess, hot- 
 house, idiocy, oats, odds, outhouse, toss, waits. Assiduous, 
 dizzy, hideous, odious. 11. Acidity, assiduity, audit, date, 
 dead, death, debt, deed, diet, ditty, dodo, doubt, duty, estate, 
 idiot, oddity, state, statue, steed, stud, study, tattoo, thought, tidy, 
 tithe, toad, toady, toddy, tooth, width, widowhood. Astute, 
 doughty, dowdy, dyed, hated, heated, sedate, staid, steady, stout, 
 tidy, tight, wedded, witted, wooded. 12. Dawn, dean, den, din, 
 don, down, dun, heathen, iodine, satin, sedan, stain, stone, tan, 
 tin, Jtine, ton, tone, town, tun, tune, twin, twine. Done, dun, 
 oaten, stony, sudden, tawny, thin, tiny, wheaten, wooden. 
 13. Atom, autumn, dam, dame, dime, dome, doom, esteem, 
 idiom, item, odium, sodium, steam, stem, system, team, theme, 
 thumb, thyme, time, tome, wisdom, zootomy. Demi, dim, dumb, 
 tame. 14. Adder, aider, attire, author, cider, citer, dairy, 
 dare, deer, diary, doer, door, dower, dowry, draw, drawee, 
 dray, dyer, eater, eider, estuary, ether, hater, hatter, header, 
 heater, heather, hider, high-water, history, hydra, odor, otter, 
 oyster, satire, setter, sitter, star, stare, steer, stir, store, story, 
 straw, suitor, tar, tare, tear, theory, throe, throw, tiara, tier, tire, 
 tory, tour, tower, tray, tree, trio, tyro, wader, waiter, waster, 
 water, weather, weeder, wether, wheat-ear, widower. Austere, 
 dear, dire, dry, outer, thorough, true, utter. 15. Dale, deal, 
 delay, dell, dial, dole, doll, duel, hotel, huddle, ideal, idyl, out- 
 law, outlay, saddle, settle, stall, steal, steel, stile, still, stole, 
 stool, style, tail, tale, tallow, tally, tile, till, toil, toll, tool, towel, 
 twill, waddle. Daily, dual, dull, hostile, idle, sightly, stale, 
 still, subtle, suicidal, tall, whitely. 16. Adage, attache, dash, 
 dish, dodge, duchy, Dutch, hostage, stage, stitch, stowage, 
 thatch, tissue, touch, towage, twitch, whitewash. Sottish, 
 sweetish, toyish, wettish. 17. Aiding, adding, attack, attic, 
 awaiting, decay, deck, decoy, dike, dock, dog, doing, duck, 
 duke, dying, eating, ethic, haddock, headache, heading, heating, 
 hiding, hitting, hooting, outing, seating, seething, setting, siding, 
 
52 
 
 sitting, soothing, stack, stag, stake, stalk, steak, stewing, stick, 
 sting, stock, stook, stoic, stowing, stucco, suiting, sweating, tack, 
 tag, take, talk, thawing, thing, thong, thug, tick, tong, tongue, 
 toying, tuck, tug, twig, tying, wadding, wading, waiting, wasting, 
 weed hook, weeding, whiteoak, whiting, yachting, zodiac. As- 
 cetic, awaiting, seceding, thick. 18. Dive, dove, staff, stave, 
 stove, stuff, taffy, thief. Deaf, stiff, tough. 19. Daub, debut, 
 deep, depot, dip, dupe, stab, steep, step, steppe, stoop, stop, 
 stub, tabby, tap, tape, tip, top, tube, type. 20. Anise, easi- 
 ness, essence, gneiss, henhouse, niece, news, noise, nose, ounce, 
 sauciness, science, sense, sneeze, wiseness. Heinous, nice, 
 noisy, sinuous, uneasy, unwise. 21. Annuity, ant, ascent, as- 
 sent, aunt, cent, end, gnat, hand, haunt, hind, hint, hound, 
 hunt, knight, knot, knout, naiad, need, newt, night, nod, note, 
 nut, saint, sand, sanity, scent, senate, sonata, sonnet, snood, 
 snout, sound, Sunday, synod, unit, unity, wand, want, wind, 
 window, wont, wound, zenith. Innate, naughty, neat, sinewed, 
 sound, unawed, undue. 22. Ninny, noon, noun, onion, 
 union. Inane, known, unhewn. 23. Enemy, name, zoonomy. 
 Numb. 24. Annoyer, gnawer, honor, new-year, owner, senior, 
 sinner, snare, sneer, whiner, winner, winnower, yawner. Inner, 
 narrow, near, newer, unwary, unweary. 25. Annual, inlay, 
 knell, knoll, nail, snail. Null, only, unholy, unwell. 26. 
 Haunch, hinge, hunch, inch, notch, winch. Swinish. 27. 
 Awning, cynic, knack, knock, nag, neck, neighing, nick, nook, 
 seasoning, sneak, swooning, whining, winning, winnowing, 
 yawning. Annoying, knowing, snug, unique, waning. 28. 
 Envoy, envy, knave, nave, navvy, navy, nephew, snuff. Enough. 
 29. Nap, nape, nib, nip, snap, snip, snipe, snob. Knobby, neap, 
 unhappy. 30. Alms, isthmus, mace, maize, mass, maze, mess, 
 ineuse, mews, mice, miss, moss, mouse, muse, muss, whimsey. 
 31. Amity, emmet, maid, mat, mate, mayday, mead, meat, 
 meed, meet, middy, midway, might, mite, moat, mode, moiety, 
 mood, moth, mote, motto, mouth, mud, mute, myth, smith, 
 summit. Humid, mad, mid, smooth. 32. Highwayman, 
 man, main, mane, manna, men, mine, minnow, moan, money, 
 omen, yeoman. Human, humane, many, mean. 33. Imaum, 
 maim, mamma, mime, mome, mum, simoom, whimwham. 34. 
 Amour, emery, emir, humour, maori, mare, marrow, mayor, 
 pure, mohair, moor, morrow, mower, myrrh, summary, summer, 
 swimmer. Mere, merry, more, smeary. 35. Homily, mail, 
 male, mall, meal, mile, mole, mule, mull, simile, smell, smile. 
 Homely, mellow, seemly, small. 36. Homage, image, magi, 
 rnash, match, mesh, midge, smash. Much, mushy. 37. 
 Hammock, hemming, humming, make, mica, mewing, mock, 
 mowing, muck, mug, smack, smoke, swimming, Assuming, 
 
53 
 
 meek, seeming, smoky. 38. Mauve, miff, move. 39. Hemp, 
 hump, imp, mob, mop, mope, swamp. 40. Hearsay, hearse, 
 heiress, heresy, race, rice, rise, rose, ruse, scissors, series, source, 
 warehouse, wares. Hoarse, racy, serious, worse. 41. Art, 
 award, earth, errata, hazard, heart, hearth, herd, hoard, horde, 
 hurt, rat, rate, right, reed, riot, rite, rod, rood, root, rout, route, 
 rut, sort, surety, sward, sword, ward, wart, word, worth, wrath, 
 wreath, writ, yard. Arid, hard, hardy, highwrought, horrid, 
 ready, ruddy, rude, swarthy, wayward, wearied, wroth, wrought. 
 
 42. Arena, czarina, heroine, horn, iron, irony, rain, reign, rein, 
 ruin, run, runaway, urn, warren, yarn. Serene, sworn, worn. 
 
 43. Arm, aroma, harem, harm, ram, ream, rhyme, rim, Rome, 
 room, rum, swarm, worm. Warm. 44. Arrear, aurora, error, 
 harrier, hearer, hirer, horror, rear, roar, rower, swearer, warrior, 
 wearer. Rare. 45. Airhole, earl, reel, relay, rill, role, roll, 
 rule, whirl. Aerial, early, hourly, oral, real, royal, surly, yearly. 
 46. Arch, rage, rash, ratio, reach, rich, ridge, roach, rouge, 
 rush, search, surge, wretch. Harsh, sourish. 47. Airing, ark, 
 earwig, harangue, hearing, herring, rack, rag, rake, reek, 
 ring, rogue, rook, rug, swearing, work, wreck. Harrowing, 
 heroic, rocky. 48. Reef, reeve, review, rough, ruff, seraph, serf, 
 surf, survey, wharf. 49. Harp, harpy, herb, orb, rabbi, rib, 
 robe, rub, sirup, warp, wrap. Ripe, ropy. 50. Alehouse, aloes, 
 lace, lassoo, lease, lessee, loss, slice, sluice, solace. Lazy, less, 
 loose, useless, wayless, zealous. 51. Assault, elite, eyelet, 
 eye-lid, halt, health, hilt, hold, holiday, household, iliad, islet, 
 lad, lade, lady, laity, lath, lathe, laud, let, lid, light, load, loot, 
 lot, lout, lute, owlet, salad, salt, salute, slat, slate, sled, sleet, 
 slide, slight, slit, sloth, wallet, wealth, welt, wold, yield, zealot. 
 Late, lewd, lithe, loath, loud, old, solid, wieldy, wild. 52. 
 Alien, lane, lawn, lean, lien, line, loan, loon, saloon, slain. 
 Alone, lean, lone, saline, sullen, swollen, woolen. 53. Alum, 
 asylum, elm, helm, lama, lamb, limb, lime, loam, salam, slime. 
 Lame, slim, solemn. 54. Allayer, celery, cellar, hailer, healer, 
 lair, lawyer, layer, leer, liar, lire, lore, lure, owler, sailor, salary, 
 sealer, seller, slayer, slur, sweller, waylayer, whaler. Lower, 
 solar. 55. Ill-will, loll, lull. Lowly, loyal. 56. Elegy, eulogy, 
 eyelash, latch, leash, leech, ledge, liege, lodge, slash, sledge, 
 slush, zoology. Slouchy, willowish, yellowish. 57. Allaying, 
 ceiling, elk, hailing, hallooing, hallowing, hauling, healing, hil- 
 lock, hollyhock, howling, hulk, lac, lack, lackey, lake, laying, 
 league, leak, leek, leg, like, ling, lock, log, look, lowing, luck, lug, 
 lung, lying, sailing, sealing, selling, silk, slack, slang, slaying, 
 sling, slug, sulk, sullying, swallowing, swelling, wailing, wallowing, 
 whaling, yelling. Sleek, willing. 58. Elf, helve, laugh, lava, 
 leaf, leave, levee, levy, life, love, olive, salve, salvo, slave, sleeve, 
 
54 
 
 sylph, wolf. Alive,live, 55). Alibi, elbow, help, lap, leap, lip, 
 lobe, loop, lop, slab, slap, sleep, slip, sloop, slop, slope, whelp, yelp. 
 Asleep, 60. Ashes, chaise, chase, chess, choice, Jewess, juice, 
 wages, wash-house, watch-house. Joyous. 61. Associate, 
 chat, cheat, escheat, hatchet, jade, jet, jetty, jute, shad, shade, 
 sheath, shed, sheet, shoot, shot, shout. Aged, chitty, edged, 
 wished. 62« Chin, China, cessation, genii, gin, jenny, ocean, 
 secession, session, sheen, shin, suasion. Ashen, shiny. 63. 
 Chamois, chime, chum, jam, sham, shame. 64:. Cheer, cherry, 
 hedger, hedgerow, jar, jeer, jury, seizure, share, shire, shore, 
 shower, shrew, usher, usury, wager, washer, watcher. Azure, 
 chary, sure. 65. Chill, jelly, jewel, satchel, shale, shawl, shell, 
 shoal. Agile, jolly, shallow, social, usual. 66. Chou-chou. 
 Jewish, showish. 67. Chalk, check, cheek, cheque, chick, chuck, 
 edging, etching, hatching, hedgehog, hedging,, jig, jockey, jog, 
 joke, shake, shock, washing, watching. Choky, jaggy, shaggy. 
 68. Chafe, chaff, chief, shave, sheaf, shove. 69. Chip, chop, 
 gibe, jib, job, shape, sheep, shoeboy, shop. Cheap, chubby, 
 shabby. 70. Case, cause, causeway, chaos, cowhouse, gas, 
 gauze, goose, guess, guise, hoax, kiss, ox, squeeze, wax. Aque- 
 ous, cosy. 71. Act, cadi, cat, coat, cod, code, cut, equity, 
 gaiety, ghaut, goad, good, gout, guide, gut, kid, kite, quiet, scout, 
 sect, skate, socket, wicket. Acute, caught, gaudy, giddy, 
 hawked, hawk-eyed, hooked, husked, keyed, squat, wicked, 
 winged. 72. Agony, can, cane, canoe, coin, cone, gain, gown, 
 guinea, kin, kine, queen, skein, skin, wagon. Canny, gone, 
 keen. 73. Calm, cameo, coma, comb, comma, game, gum, 
 oakum, scheme, scum, wigwam. 74. Acre, asker, auger, 
 augury, caraway, care, carry, choir, cigar, co-heir, core, crew, 
 crow, cry, cur, cure, curry, equerry, esquire, euchre, gear, goer, 
 gore, hanger, hawker, ochre, ogre, quarry, query, quire, scar, 
 scare, score, scour, screw, seeker, singer, skewer, skurry, soaker, 
 square, succour, sucker, swagger, swinger, waggery, waker, 
 walker, whisker, wiseacre. Eager, grey, queer, secure, wicker. 
 
 75. Call, caul, chyle, clay, claw, cloy, clue, coal, coil, colly, cool, 
 coolie, cowl, eclat, equal, gala, gale, gall, galley, gill, glee, glow, 
 glue, goal, guile, gully, hackle, haggle, icicle, kale, keel, keyhole, 
 kill, kiln, ogle, quail, quill, scale, school, scowl, seagull, sequel, 
 sickle, skill, skull, squall, squeal. Sickly, ugly, weakly, weekly. 
 
 76. Cage, cassia, coach, couch, gash, gauge, gouge, gush, hog- 
 wash, quayage, sketch. Haggish, hoggish, sickish, waggish, 
 whiggish. 77. Aching, asking, awaking, cake, caulk, cock, 
 cocoa, cog, coke, cooing, cook, cuckoo, echoing, egging, gag, 
 gang, gawk, geegaw, gig, going, gong, gowk, hacking, hanging, 
 hawking, hooking, hugging, husking, ink, keg, kick, quack, 
 quake, quick, sacking, seeking, singing, soaking, squeak, sucking, 
 
55 
 
 swinging, whisking, wagging, waking, walking, yankee. 78. 
 Cafe, calf, coffee, cough, cove, covey, cuff, scoff, skiff. 79 
 Cab, cap, cob, coop, copy, cub, cube, cup, escape, gap, gape, 
 go-by, hiccup, keep, scoop, scope, squib. 80. Eaves, face, fez, 
 fizz, fosse, fuse, fusee, fuss, heaves, hives, office, phase, vice, 
 « voice, wives. 81. Faith, fat, fate, feat, feed, feet, feud, fight, fit, 
 food, foot, haft, safety, sauvity, veto, void, vote, zoophyte. 
 Afoot, avowed, ivied, soft, swift. 82. Avenue, euphony, fawn, 
 fen, fin, fine, fun, haven, heaven, oven, savanna, savan, syphon, 
 van, vane, vein, vine. Even, vain, woven. 83. Fame, fume, 
 vim. 84. Affair, affray, aviary, avower, cipher, fair, fairy, fare, 
 faro, fear, ferry, feuer, fir, fire, foray, fray, fry, furrow, fury, 
 heifer, hover, ivory, offer, ovary, sapphire, saver, savor, sphere, 
 vower, wafer, waver, weaver, zephyr. Far, fewer, fore, free, 
 furry, severe, very. 85. Avail, avowal, evil, fail, fall, fallow, 
 feel, fell, fellow, felloe, file, fill, filly, flaw, flay, flow, flue, foal, foil, 
 folio, folly, fool, fowl, fuel, full, hovel, offal, oval, swivel, valet, 
 valley, value., veal, veil, vial, villa, viol, volley, waffle, weevel. 
 Awful, civil, easeful, evil, foul, useful, vile, woful. 86. Effigy, 
 fetich, Figi, fuchsia, fudge, savage, vouch, voyage. Fishy, oafish. 
 87. Fang, fig, folk, having, havoc, heaving, offing, saving, vogue, 
 waving, weaving. Civic, foggy, vague. 88. Feoff, feof-fee, 
 fief, five. 89. Fib, fob. 90. Abbacy, abbess, abuse, abyss, 
 baize, base, bass, bias, boss, bouse, buzz, pace, pass, pause, 
 peace, pease, piece, poesy, poise, posy, puss, space, spice. 
 Bousy, busy, obese, pious. 91. Abbot, abode, apathy, bait, bat, 
 bath, bead, beauty, bet, bid, bit, bite, body, boot, booth, booty, 
 boyhood, bud, butt, habit, obit, opiate, pad, pate, path, pay-day, 
 peat, pet, pit, piety, pith, pity, poet, pot, putty, Sabbath, spade, 
 speed, spite, spot, spout. Bad, pat, petty, webbed. 92. Ban, 
 bann, bane, bean, bin, bone, boon, bun, ebony, pain, pan, pane, 
 pawn, pen, penny, pine, pony, pun, span, spine, spoon, weapon. 
 Bonny, open, puny, supine. 93. Balm, beam, bomb, boom, 
 opium, poem. Palmy. 94. Bar, barrow, bear, beer, berry, 
 boar, boor, bore, borough, bower, bray, brow, bureau, burgh, 
 burrow, buyer, heaper, Hebrew, ospray, pair, par, pear, peer, 
 pier, poor, pore, power, prey, prow, pyre, sabre, sapper, spar, 
 sparrow, spear, spire, spur, supper, sweeper, weeper, ^wiper, 
 whipper, whisper. Bare, pure, sober, spare, upper. 95. Ap- 
 peal, apple, bail, bale, ball, ballet, bile, bill, billet, billow, blow, 
 boil, bowl, bull, by-law, hobble, obole, opal, pail, pall, peal, 
 peel, pill, pillow, play, plea, plough, pole, poll, pool, pull, pulley, 
 spell, spoil, spool, supply. Able, blue, pale, seizable, sizeable, 
 supple, up-hill. 96. Badge, batch, beach, beech, bosh, botch, 
 pacha, page, patch, peach, pitch, pouch, push, specie, speech. 
 Apish, boyish, bushy, uppish, waspish. 97. Back, bag, bake, 
 
56 
 
 bang, beak, beck, being, bog, buggy, bung, buying, bywalk, ebb- 
 i pic, pack, peak, peg, pick, pig, pike, pique, speck, spike, 
 spoke, weeping, whipping. Big. 98. Beehive, behoof, bevy, 
 buff, buffet, by-view, puff. Beefy, buff. 99. Babe, baubee, bib, 
 bob, booby, hubbub, papa, peep, pip, poop, pop, pope, poppy, 
 pup. 100. Decease, disease, disuse, Sadducees, thesis. 101. 
 Atheist, audacity, deceit, dust, outset, outside, taste, test, theist, 
 toast, twist Tacit, testy. 102. Citizen, design, dozen. 103. 
 Atheism, deism, dismay, theism. 104. Desire, dicer, disarray, 
 dozer, howitzer, soothsayer, teaser, tosser. 105. Tassel, thistle. 
 Docile. 107. Desk, disc, dozing, dusk, soothsaying, task, 
 teasing, tossing, tusk. 108. Adhesive. 110. Dead-Sea. Du- 
 tious, studious, tedious. 111. Attitude, statute. Debted, 
 dotted, hotheaded, studied, tattooed, toothed. 112. Teuton. 
 113. Daytime, diadem, seed-time, te deum, tedium. 114. 
 Auditor, auditory, daughter, debtor, doubter, editor, statuary, 
 stature, studier, stutter, tatter, tether, theatre, titter, tutor, twit- 
 ter, wet-weather. Citatory, tawdry. 115. Citadel, detail, suit- 
 at-law, tattle, title, tittle, total. Deadly, dotal, stately. 116. 
 Dotage. 117. Dieting, teething, tithing, toothache. Doting, 
 doubting, hesitating, idiotic. 118. Dative, sedative. 120. 
 Aidance, assistance, audience, dance, dunce, hastiness, haugh- 
 tiness, headiness, hotness, oddness, sadness, sootiness, stanza, 
 sweetness, tansy, tennis, tense, townhouse, weightiness, wetness, 
 whiteness, wideness, witness, wittiness. Dense, idoneous, tenu- 
 ous. 121. Assistant, dandy, dent, dint, stand, stint, taint, 
 taunt, tent, tenet, tenuity, tint. Attenuate, dainty. 122. Athe- 
 nian, tannin, tenon. 123. Atheneum. 124. Deanery, dinner, 
 donor, dunner, stainer, sweetener, tanner, tannery, tenor, ten- 
 ure, tinner, tuner, whitener. 125. Denial, down-hill, tunnel. 
 126. Danish, dunnage, stench, tench, tinge, tonnage, twinge. 
 Dingy, heathenish, staunch, stingy, thinish. 127. Dining, 
 stunning, tonic, tunic, whitening. Ethnic. 129. Danube. 
 130. Demise. 131. Dimity, estimate, sweetmeat. Doomed, 
 timid. 132. Demon, domain, hodman, ottoman, stamina, toy- 
 man, woodman. 134. Demur, esteemer, stammer, tamer, 
 tumour. Demure. 135. Oatmeal. 136. Damage. Dimish. 
 137. Stomach. Teeming, steaming. 139. Damp, dump,- 
 stamp, stump, thump, tomboy. 140. Address, dress, dross, 
 stairs, stress, terce, terrace, tierce, trace, tress, trice, truce, truss, 
 waterhose, withers. Drowsy, terreous, weatherwise. 141. 
 Austerity, dart, dearth, dirt, dread, drought, druid, dryad, du- 
 riety, Easter-day, hatred, start, steward, strait, strata, strath, 
 street, stride, strut, sweetheart, tart, thread, threat, throat, trade, 
 trait, tread, treat, treaty, tret, triad, trot, troth, trout, truth, 
 turret, woodyard. Adroit, dowered, drouthy, outward, starred, 
 
57 
 
 storied, straight, sturdy, tardy, tart, torrid, trite. 142. Attor- 
 ney, cistern, citron, darn, drain, drone, setter-on, stern, strain, 
 thorn, throne, tourney, train, turn, tyranny. Citrine, drawn, 
 eastern, outworn, stern, western. 143. Dew-worm, drachm, 
 drama, dream, drum, stream, storm, term, theorem, tram, trim. 
 144. Adherer, adorer, drawer, drier, starer, steerer, stirrer,storer, 
 tarrier, tearer, terrier, terror, thrower, trier, utterer, waterer. 
 Drear, dreary. 145. Drawl, drill, stroll, thrall, thrill, trail, trial, 
 trill, trowel, twirl. Austral, droll, easterly, ethereal, sterile, west- 
 terly. 146. Dirge, ostrich, outrage, starch, steerage, stretch, 
 targe, thrush, torch, trash. Waterish. 147. Attiring,daring,dark, 
 dirk, drag, drake, drawing, drug, staring, stork, streak, strike, 
 string, stroke, tearing, throng, track, trick, truck, Turk, Turkey. 
 Daring, dark, Doric, dreggy, satiric, staring. 148. Draff, drive, 
 drove, dwarf, Easter-eve, strife, tariff, trough, trophy, turf. 
 149. Drab, drop, stirrup, strap, strip, stripe, throb, trap, tribe, 
 trip, tripe, troop. 150. Atlas. Aidless, headless, heedless, 
 sedulous, witless, weedless, weightless. 151. Adult, daylight, 
 delight, dolt, hostility, outlet, sedulity, stealth, stiletto, tilt, 
 toilet, utility, white-lead. 152. Italian, outline, talon. 153. 
 Dilemma, white-lime. 154. Dallier, dealer, delayer, dollar, 
 dueller, dweller, hostelry, idler, outlawry, stealer, sutler, tailor, 
 teller, tiler, tiller, wheedler. Stellar. 156. Deluge, osteology, 
 theology, tillage. Stylish. 157. Dealing, dialogue, duelling, 
 dwelling, italic, outlook, seedling, settling, stealing, tilling, toil- 
 ing, wedlock. Headlong, outlying. 158. Delf. 159. Tulip. 
 160. Duchess. Audacious, seditious. 161. Digit, touchwood, 
 woodshed. 162. Addition, adhesion, citation, dudgeon, edi- 
 tion, sedition, situation, station, tuition. 164. Ditcher, stager, 
 stitcher, teacher. 165. Touchhole. 167. Ditching, staging, 
 teaching, touching, twitching. Dashing. 169. Toyshop. 
 170. Eatinghouse, ethics, hatcase, stocks, tacks, tax. 171. 
 Decade, docket, ducat, edict, etiquette, outgate, stockade, 
 thicket, ticket. Adequate, dogged. 172. Deacon, setting-on, 
 token. 173. Dogma, stigma. 174. Dagger, decree, degree, 
 digger, duc-ker, outcry, stagger, taker, talker, tiger. 175. Dog- 
 hole, dunghill, tackle. Ducal, ethical, stoical. 176. Dog- 
 watch. Doggish. 177. Ducking, heathcock, oatcake, seedcake, 
 stocking, taking, talking, tank, woodcock. Decaying, decoying, 
 stinging. 179. Teacup. 180. Advice, device, dovehouse, 
 edifice, staves. Devious, diffuse. 181. Defeat, devotee, taf- 
 feta, theft, tuft. Deft, devoid, devout, stuffed. 182. Dauphin, 
 divan, divine, tiffany. 184. Defier, devoir, diver, duffer, edi- 
 fier, thievery. 185. Day-fly, defile, devil, odd-fellow. Hate- 
 ful, heedful, wistful, youthful. 186. Deafish, thievish. 187. 
 Diving, stuffing. Edifying. 190. Headpiece, topaz. Dubi- 
 
58 
 
 ous, tipsy. 191. Debate, depth, debit, deputy, hotbed, teapot, 
 tippet, tiptoe. Stupid, tepid. 192. Stewpan, woodbine. 194. 
 Dauber, dew-berry, diaper, dipper, stabber, stupor, tabour, 
 taper, tapir, tipper, topper. Dapper. 195. Stable, staple, 
 steeple, stubble, table, tipple. Audible, dapple, debile, double, 
 citable, edible, suitable. 196. Debauch, debauchee, stoppage. 
 197, Daybook, tapping, tobacco, topic. Typic. 198. Top- 
 heavy. 200. Census. 201. Honesty, inside, insight, nest, 
 nicety, onset, sunset. Honest, nasty, unhoused, unset, un- 
 sought, unused. 202. Ensign, insane, unison. Unseen, 
 unsown. 203. Noisome, winsome. 204. Answer, censer, 
 censor, sneezer, snoozer. Sincere. 205. Nozzle. Nasal. 
 207. Nosegay, sneezing, unseeing. 208. Unsafe. 209. News- 
 boy. 210. Handsaw, notice, senate-house. Nodous. 211. 
 Entity, knighthood, nightdew, nudity. Handed, haunted, 
 knitted, knotted, noted, sanded, snouted, unaided, unhealed, 
 unheeded, untaught, wonted. 212. Anodyne, Indian. Un- 
 done, wanton. 213. Anathema, anatomy, anthem. 211. 
 Centaur, centre, century, cinder, entry, hander, haunter, hun- 
 ter, knitter, nature, needer, nitre, notary, noter, senator, sender, 
 sentry, sonneteer, undoer, uniter, winder, winter, wonder. 
 Entire, nether, sundry, under, untrue. 215. Anthill, entail, 
 handle, needle, nettle, noddle, noodle, sandal, soundhole, sun- 
 dial, swindle, inutile, knightly, natal, nightly, synodal. 216. 
 Nightwatch, sandwich. Sandish. 217. Antic, ending, haunt- 
 ing, hunting, indigo, knitting, nothing, undoing. Antique, 
 nautic, sounding, synodic, undying, unheeding, winding. 218. 
 Cenotaph, native. 219. Knee-deep. 220. Annoyance, new- 
 ness, nighness, oneness, wanness. 221. Inanity, inuendo, noon- 
 day. Unhandy, unowned. 222. Unknown. 224. Nunnery. 
 225. Son-in-law. 226. Nonage, nuncio. 227. Nooning. 231. 
 Enmity, inmate. Animate, unmade. 232. Cinnamon, honey- 
 moon. Inhuman. 234. Namer. 235. Animal, anomaly, en- 
 amel. 238. Nymph. 240. Nurse, sunrise. Onerous,sonorous. 
 241. Inroad, seniority, snort. Inert, inward, onward, unhurt, 
 unread, unready, unworthy, unwrought. 244. Honourer, 
 sneerer, snorer. Honorary. 245. Snarl. Unreal, unruly. 
 246. Energy. 247. Anarchy, sneering, snoring. Unerring. 
 248. Nerve. 249. Wainrope. Unripe. 250. Annals. Sin- 
 less, sunless. 251. Inlet, nullity. Inlaid, unhealthy, unlaid, 
 unwieldy. 254. Nailer. Annular. 255. Honolulu. 256. 
 Analogy. 257. Weanling. Sunlike, unlike, unlucky, unwill- 
 ing. 260. Nauseous, sensuous, un joyous. 261. Unshed, 
 unshod, unwashed. 262. Ascension, engine, inhesion, nation, 
 notion, sunshine. 264. Censure, enjoyer, injury. 265. Angel, 
 essential, initial. Sensual, unusual. 267. Enjoying, gnashing, 
 
59 
 
 268. Anchovy. 269. Sonship. 270. Onyx. Innocuous. 
 271. Ingot, iniquity, snake-weed. Naked, uncouth, uncut, 
 unquiet. 272, Sanguine. 273. Enigma, honeycomb, income. 
 
 274. Inquiry, knocker, negro, Niagara, sinecure, sneaker. 
 
 275. Knuckle. Cynical, unequal. 277. Sneaking, synagogue. 
 279. Hencoop, syncope. 280. Invoice, novice. Envious, 
 invious, niveous. 281. Novity. Envied, unfed, unfit, un- 
 fought. 282. Uneven. 283. Infamy. 284. Envier, knavery, 
 snuffer. Unfair. 285. Anvil, novel, snaffle. Naval, sinful. 
 286. Knavish. 287. Envying. 290. Snaps. 291. Nobody. 
 Inept, nibbed, unbid, unbowed, unobeyed, unpaid. 292. Hen- 
 bane. 293. Sunbeam. 294. Neighbor, snapper. 295. Nib- 
 ble, noble, snowball, Assignable, knowable, nubile. 296. 
 Snappish. 297. Nipping. 299. Nabob. 300. Almshouse, 
 misuse. 301. Homicide, mast, mist. Moist, most, mucid, 
 musty. 302. Amazon, mason, mizzen. 303. Miasma, mu- 
 seum. 304. Amuser, emissary, miser, misery, mouser, muser. 
 305. Missal, missile, mousehole, muscle, mussel, muzzle. 
 Measly. 306. Massage, message, messuage. 307. Mask, 
 mosaic, mosque, music, musk. Amazing, amusing. 308. Mis- 
 sive. Massive. 309. Mazeppa. 310. Madhouse, midsea. 
 311. Humidity, method, mid-day. Immediate, mated, matted, 
 mooted. 312. Maiden, matin, mitten, mutiny, mutton, semi- 
 tone. 313. Madam, medium, sometime. 314. Cemetery, 
 cimeter, madder, matter, meteor, meter, metre, mitre, mooter, 
 mother, motor, mutter, smatter, simitar, smiter, smother, sym- 
 metry. Amatory, mature. 315. Medal, medley, metal, middle, 
 model, module, muddle, mudwall. Motley, mutual. 316. 
 Modish. 317. Emetic, mattock, meeting. 318. Motive. 
 320. Manes, means, menace, mince, summons. Immense, 
 ominous. 321. Almond, amenity, amount, assessment, ce- 
 ment, humanity, immunity, manhood, mantua, mind, mint, 
 minuet, minute, monad, monody, month, mound, mount, wom- 
 anhood. Maned, minute, moneyed, omened. 322. Minion. 
 323. Minim, minium, monome. 324. Almoner, manner, 
 manor, manure, miner, minor, seminary, summoner, yeomanry. 
 325. Manual, menial. Hymenial, manly, womanly. 326. 
 Manage, menage. Manish, womanish. 327. Mango, maniac, 
 meaning, moaning. 330. Malmsey. 331. Home-made, 
 maimed, mammoth. 332. Mammon. 334. Memoir, memory, 
 mommory, mummery. 335. Mammalia. 337. Maiming, 
 mimic. 339. Mump. 340. Mars, mayoress, mercy, morass, 
 summer-house. Amorous, humorous, morose. 341. Mart, 
 merit, mirth, myriad. Married, smart. 342. Marine, moor- 
 hen, morn, murrain. 343. Mawworm. 344. Hammerer, 
 marrer, mirror. 345. Marl, moral. Humoral, immoral, mural. 
 
GO 
 
 346. Hemorrhage, march, marriage, marsh. Moorish. 347. 
 Mark, mooring, murk, simmering, smirk. 348. Moravia. 350. 
 Malice. Emulous, seamless. 351. Amulet, hamlet, humility, 
 malady, mallet, malt, melody, mildew, mould, mulatto, mullet, 
 omelet. Mild. 352. Melon, million. Malign. 354. Miller, 
 smeller. Miliary. 355. Mole-hill, May-lily. 356. Militia, 
 Mulish. 357. Hemlock, milk, smelling, smiling. 360. Im- 
 ages. 361. Mashed, matched, smashed. 362. Emission, emo- 
 tion, machine, mission, motion, omission. 364. Imagery, 
 major, measure. 367. Magic. 370. Mucus, mug-house. 
 371. Maggot. 372. Mahogany. 374. Haymaker, maker, 
 mocker, mockery, smoker. Meagre. 375. Muckhill. Muckle. 
 376. Mawkish, muggish. 377. Making, mocking, smoking. 
 379. Magpie. 380. Mavis. 381. Mufti. 382. Muffin, sym- 
 phony. 384. Mover. 387. Moving. 390. Embassy. Im- 
 pious. 391. Impiety, moppet, somebody, sympathy. Empty. 
 392. Hempen. 393. Wampum. 394. Amber, embryo, em- 
 pire, hamper, mappery, umpire, whimper. Impure. 395. 
 Assembly, cymbal, employ, maple, May-pole, sample, symbol. 
 Amiable, ample, humble, mobile, simple. 396. Ambush. Imp- 
 ish, mobbish. 397. Iambic, May-bug. 400. Recess. 401. 
 Arrest, receipt, reset, residue, rest, roast, roost, roset, rust, 
 wrist. Roseate, worst. 402. Arson, horizon, oraison, orison, 
 raisin, reason, resin, rosin. 403. Heroism, resume. Weari- 
 some. 404. Horse-hair, racer, raiser, razor, riser, rosary, rous- 
 er, sorcery. 405. Wrestle. 406. Horseshoe. 407. Rescue, 
 rising, risk. 409. Horseboy, rasp, recipe. 410. Hearts, hurds, 
 radius, rights. Hazardous, riotous. 411. Aridity. Cerated, 
 erudite, redhot, rooted, serrated, sordid. 412. Harridan, 
 ratan, retina, retinue, warden. Certain, earthen, rotten, written. 
 413. Erratum, redeem. 414. Ardour, artery, asserter, awarder, 
 hardware, hoarder, orator, oratory, oratorio, order, reader, rider, 
 rioter, rudder, warder, writer. Rotary. 415. Hurdle, ordeal, 
 rathole, rattle, retail, riddle, ritual. Earthly, heartwhole, ra- 
 dial. 416. Heritage, radish. Reddish. 417. Heartache, 
 heretic, hoarding, rating, ratting, reading, riding, writing. 
 Erratic. 420. Airiness, hairiness, harness, hoariness, rains, 
 rawness, reins, ruins, soreness, wariness, weariness, wryness. 
 Erroneous, ruinous. 421. Aeronaut, errand, hornet, ironwood, 
 orient, rant, rennet, rent, rind, round, serenade, warrant, war- 
 ranty. Arrant, errant, horned. 422. Renown, re-union. 
 423. Surname. 424. Ironware, runner, warrener. 425. 
 Renewal, runnel. 426. Orange, ranch, range, syringe, wrench. 
 427. Running, warning, yearning. 429. Rainbow. 430. 
 Arms, Remus, surmise. Remiss. 431. Armada, hermit, remedy, 
 remit, warmth, wormwood. Remote. 432. Ceremony, ermine, 
 
61 
 
 harmony, Roman, sermon. 434. Armour, rammer, roamer, 
 rumour. 435. Armhole. 436. Roomage, rummage. Romish. 
 437. Remake, warming. 438. Remove. 439. Romp, rump. 
 440. Arrears, war-horse. 441. Rarity, reward. 442. War- 
 worn. 444. Roarer. 445. Auroral, rural. 446. Arrearage. 
 447. Hierarchy, rearing, re-hearing, roaring. 450. Hairlace, 
 release. Earless, hairless, heirless, wareless. 451. Herald, 
 reality, royalty, world. 452. Sirloin. Cerulean. 453. Heir- 
 loom, realm. 454. Railer, raillery, roller, ruler. 456. Horo- 
 loge, relish. 457. Hireling, railing, rallying, relic, rolling, 
 warlock, yearling. Warlike, whirling. 458. Relief, werewolf. 
 459. Harelip. 460. Riches. Righteous. 461. Earshot. 
 Rigid, wretched. 462. Assertion, irrision, oration, origin, 
 region, surgeon, urchin. 463. Regime. 464. Archer, archery, 
 rasher, searcher. 467. Raging. 468. Archieve. 469. Wor- 
 ship. 470. Circus, rags, workhouse. Irriguous. 471. Arcade, 
 circuit, ergot, racket, rocket, surrogate, workday. Erect, 
 ragged, ricketty, rugged, wrecked. 472. Hurricane, organ, 
 racoon. 473. Requiem. 474. Arguer, raker, rigger, rigor, 
 ringer, rocker, roguery, rookery, worker, wringer. 475. Auri- 
 cle, circle, oracle, recall, recoil, regalia. Heroical, regal. 
 476. Rakish, roguish. 477. Raking, rigging, working. 480. 
 Orifice, refuse, service, surface. 481. Harefoot, raft, rift, 
 rivet, surfeit. Reft. 482. Orphan, raven, revenue, ruffian. 
 483. Seraphim. 484. Referee, revery, reviewer, river, rover, 
 surveyor, warfare. 485. Arrival, raffle, revel, rifle, rival, ruffle. 
 Ireful, rueful, servile. 486. Ravage, refuge, refugee, wharfage. 
 487. Raving, surveying. -Horrific, seraphic. 490. Rebus, 
 repose. Herbous. 491. Acerbity, orbit, rabbit, rebate, repute. 
 Orbed, rabid, rapid, rapt, ribbed, warped. 492. Arabian, 
 European, harpoon, rabbin, rapine, ribbon, robin. Urban. 
 494. Arbour, harbour, harper, rapier, rapper, reaper, repair, 
 robber, robbery, ropery, rubber, usurper, wrapper. 495. 
 Cerebel, hairbell, rabble, rebel, repeal, reply, ripple, warble. 
 Arable, errable, herbal, horrible. 496. Herbage, rubbish. 
 497. Reaping, rebuke, roebuck, robbing. Arabic. 49 S. 
 Rebuff. 500. Losses. 501. Lawsuit, list. Illicit, last, least, 
 lucid, lusty, wellset. 502. Lesson. 503. Lyceum. Whole- 
 some. 504. Lazar, leaser, loser, ulcer. Illusory. 505. Laz- 
 uli, wholesale. 507. Woolsack. 508. Elusive, illusive. 509. 
 Lisp. 510. Lattice, lettuce, lights. 511. Lady-day, solidity, 
 solitude. 512. Latin, litany, sultan, sultana. Latten, leaden, 
 well-done. 514. Alder, altar, elder, halter, holder, holy-water, 
 ladder, lather, leader, leather, letter, lighter, litter, loader, 
 lottery, saluter, slater, slaughter, slider, solder, solitaire, wall- 
 tree, yielder. Later, latter, leathery, salutary, solitary, sultry. 
 
(32 
 
 515. Ladle, salad-oil, swallow-tail. Little. 516. Latish, 
 loutish, oldish, saltish. 517. Lading, leading, loathing, slight- 
 ing, well-doing, yielding. 520. Alliance, allowance, holiness, 
 hollowness, illness, lance, lens, lioness, lowness, lunacy, oiliness, 
 sallowness, silence, silliness, slowness, slyness, sullenness, wiliness, 
 yellowness. 521. Holland, island, land, landau, lenity, lent, 
 linnet, lint, lunette, walnut. Lent, salient, silent, slant. 522. 
 Linen. Leonine. 524. Linear, lunar. 525. Lineal, lonely. 
 526. Launch, lineage, lunch. 527. Lining. 530. Limous. 
 531. Helmet, limit. Limbed. 532. Alimony, lamina, layman, 
 lemon, oilman. 538. Lymph. 539. Lamp, limbo, limp, lump. 
 540. Walrus. 541. Celerity, hilarity, lard, laureate, leeward, 
 lord, sailyard, wheelwright. Alert, lurid. 543. Alarm. 
 544. Allurer. 545. Laurel. 546. Cellarage, larch, lurch. 
 Large. 547. Lark, wheelwork. Alluring, lowering. 548. 
 Larva. 550. Lawless. 551. Loyalty. Lilied. 554. Cellu- 
 lar. 557. Ill-luck, soliloquy. 559. Lullaby. 560. Lieges. 
 Luscious. 561. Latchet. 562. Allusion, elation, elision, 
 elusion, illusion, legion, lotion, solution. Elysian. 563. Ely- 
 sium, eulogium. 564. Alleger, lasher, ledger, leisure, lodger, 
 soldier, soldiery, wellwisher. 567. Lodging, logic. 569. Oil- 
 shop. 570. Legacy. Lax. 571. Legate, legatee, liquid, 
 locket, lock-out, logwood, lookout. Elect, leagued, select. 
 572. Welkin. Silken. 573. Welcome. 574. Allegory, lager, 
 lagger, laquer, leaguer, liquor, locker, looker, lucre. 575. Al- 
 cohol, alkali. Illegal, laical, legal, likely, local. 576. Leak- 
 age, luggage. Sluggish. 577. Liking, lingo, link, longing, 
 looking. 578. Alcove. 579. Lock-up. 580. Selfwise. 581. 
 Left, Levite, levity, lift, loft. Leaved, livid. 582. Leaven, 
 sloven. Silvan. 583. Alluvium. 584. Laugher, laver, lever, 
 liver, livery, livre, loafer, lover, salver, silver, slaver, slavery, 
 sulphur, welfare. Life-weary. 585. Level, self-will. Alluvial, 
 lawful, lively, lovely, wailful, wilful. 586. Salvage, selvage. 
 Lavish, selfish, slavish, wolfish. 587. Laughing, living, loving. 
 589. Life-buoy. 590. Alps, heel-piece, lapse, syllabus. 591. 
 Halibut, lappet. Lipped, lopped. 592. Lupine, whalebone. 
 Alpine, lupine. 593. Album. 594. Aleberry, helper, labor, 
 leaper, leapyear, leper, lopper, lubber, sleeper, slipper, wheel- 
 barrow. Slippery. 595. Label, libel, loophole, syllable. 
 Allowable, labial, liable, saleable, soluble. 597. Helping, lap- 
 wing, well-being, woolpack, yelping. 599. Sillabub. 601. 
 Chest, gist, jest, Jesuit, joist. Chaste, just. 602. Chosen. 
 004. Chaser, chasseur, chooser. 605. Chisel. 607. Chasing, 
 choosing. (ill. Jaded, shaded, sheathed. 614. Chatter, 
 cheater, chider, shatter, shedder, shooter, shouter, shudder, 
 shutter, watchtower. 615. Chattel, schedule, shuttle. 616- 
 
63 
 
 Jadish. 617. Chatting, cheating, chiding, shadowing, shedding, 
 sheeting, shooting, shutting. Judaic. 619. Washtub. 620. 
 Agency, chance, genius, hugeness, sageness, shyness. 621. 
 Agent, chant, gent, giant, jaunt, joint, junto. 622. Genuine. 
 624. Chinaware, joiner, junior, 625. Channel. Genial. 
 626. Change. 627. Chaining, shining, shunning. 628. Geneva. 
 632. Chimney, gemini, hushmoney, watchman. 634. Sham- 
 mer. 637. Chiming. 639. Jump. 640. Jersey, shares, 
 shears, sheers. Usurious. 641. Charade, chariot, charity, 
 chart, shirt, shred, shroud, watchword. Assured, short, shrewd. 
 642. Churn, journey, shrine, sojourn. Shorn. 643. Charm, 
 germ. 644. Assurer, jeerer, juror, sharer, shearer, usurer. 
 645. Churl. Shrill. 646. Charge, church. 647. Chairing, 
 cheering, jarring, jerk, sharing, shark, shearing, shriek, shrug. 
 648. Sheriff, shrive. 649. Cherub, chirp, chirrup, shrub. 
 Sharp. 650. Chalice, jealousy. Jealous, joyless. 651. 
 Agility, child, jilt, jollity, jolt, shield, watchlight. 654. Jailer, 
 jeweller. 656. Geology. 657. Shilling. 658. Shelf. Shelvv. 
 659. Jalap, julep, shallop. 662. Association. Jejune. 667. 
 Judging. 670. Jackass, watchcase. Jocose. 671. Chick- 
 weed, jackdaw, jacket, she-goat. 672. Chicane, chicken. 
 674. Checker, jogger, joker, shaker, sugar. 675. Chuckle, 
 jackal, juggle, shackle. 677. Chink, chunk, junk, shaking. 
 680. Chives, sheaves. 681. Shaft. 681. Achiever, chafer, 
 chaffer, shaver, shiver, shover. 685. Shovel, shuffle. Jovial, 
 joyful, watchful, wishful. 687. Shaving. 690. Chophouse, 
 gipsy. 691. Gibbet. Shaped. 692. Japan. 694. Giber, 
 jabber, jobber. 695. Chapel, jubilee. Shapely, sociable. 
 696. Hotch-potch. Sheepish. 697. Chopping, sheep-hook, 
 sheep-walk, shipping. 699. Ship-boy. 700. Access, axis, 
 excess, excise, gas-house, success. 701. Cast, caste, cast- 
 away, coast, cost, exit, gazette, ghost, guest, gusset, gust, gusto, 
 hogshead, hogsty, oxide, quest, sagacity. Aghast, august. 
 702. Cousin, gazon. Waxen. 703. Axiom, chasm, whiggism. 
 704. Accuser, gazer, guesser, kisser. 705. Axil, axle, exile. 
 706. Hogswash. 707. Casing, cask, cassock, guessing, kissing. 
 708. Cassavi, exuviae. Cohesive. 709. Gasp, gossip. 710. 
 Cadiz, cates, cats-eye, goddess, goods. 711. Cadet. 712. 
 Cotton, kidney, kitten. 713. Academy, hecatomb, sowing- 
 time. 714. Actor, actuary, catarrh, cautery, cutter, equator, 
 gaiter, gandery, gather, getter, guider, guitar, gutter, quoter, 
 sectary. 715. Cattle, good-will, kettle, scuttle, skittle, wagtail. 
 Goodly. 716. Cottage, guidage. Goatish, skittish. 717. 
 Acting, coating, cutting, getting. Aquatic, chaotic, goading, 
 Gothic, hectic. 718. Caitiff, cut-off, octave. Active. 719. 
 Good-by. 720. Coyness, gayness, hooknose, quince, quinsy, 
 
04 
 
 sequence, sickness, weakness. Agneous. 721. Account, 
 aconite, candy, cant, canto, count, county, signet, squint. 
 Gained, gaunt, gowned, kind, quaint, scant, scanty, skinned. 
 7'J'J. Cannon, guinea-hen. Canine. 723. Economy. 724. 
 Canary, coiner, gainer, gunner, gunnery, skinner, waggoner. 
 7 % JT>. Canal, kennel, signal. Signal. 726. Coinage. 727. 
 Awakening, cunning. 728. Convoy. 729. Canopy. 730. 
 Gummous. 731. Comedy, comet, comity, committee, gamut. 
 732. Acumen, caiman, common, commune, gammon, hangman. 
 734 Camera, comer, schemer, scummer, skimmer, sycamore. 
 735. Camel. Comely. 736. Squeamish. 737. Cammock, 
 coming, gaming. Comic, scheming. 739. Camp, gimp. 740. 
 Accuracy, caress, caries, carouse, chorus, co-heiress, course, 
 craze, crease, cress, cross, crossway, cruise, cuirass, curacy, 
 curse, egress, goers, grass, grease, grouse, kersey, secrecy. 
 Carious, coarse, cross, curious, gross, scarce. 741. Accord, 
 carat, card, carrot, cart, chord, cohort, cord, court, coward, 
 cowherd, crate, creed, crowd, cruet, curate, curd, escort, garret, 
 girth, gourd, grate, greed, grit, groat, grotto, growth, guard, 
 hogherd, quart, quarto, secret, security, skirt. Accurate, acrid, 
 awkward, crude, curt, great, haggard, sacred, scared, seagirt. 
 742. Acorn, cairn, carrion, crane, crayon, corn, crone, crony, 
 crown, grain, grin, groan, hanger-on, scorn, screen. 743. 
 Cream, crime, crumb, grime, groom, quorum, scream. Grim, 
 grum. 744. Career, carrier, courier, crier, curer, currier, 
 grower, scourer, securer, swaggerer. 745. Carle, carol, coral, 
 crawl, curl, girl, growl, gruel, kreel, quarrel, scrawl, scroll, 
 squirrel. Choral, cruel. 746. Carriage, courage, crash, crush, 
 gorge, grudge, scourge, scratch, screech. Currish, gairish, 
 grayish. 747. Cargo, cork, crack, crag, creek, croak, crook, 
 crying, gearing, Greek, growing, kirk, quirk, scouring, swag- 
 gering. Scraggy. 748- Carafe, curfew, curve, grave, gravy, 
 grief, groove, grove, scarf, scurvy. Grave, gruff. 749. Car- 
 boy, carp, crab, crape, crib, crop, croup, curb, garb, grape, grip, 
 gripe, group, hockherb, scrap, scrape, scribe, scrip, scrub. 
 750. Calice, class, clause, close, coals, gallows, gills, glass, 
 gloss, school-house. Callous, close. 751. Calotte, clod, clot, 
 cloth, cloud, clout, cold, colt, eaglet, equality, galiot, gilt, glade, 
 glut, guild, guilt, gullet, kilt, quality, quilt, scald, schoolday, 
 scold, skillet, skylight. Eagle-eyed, glad, occult, scaled, skilled, 
 squalid. 752. Clan, clown, colon, colony, cyclone, galleon, 
 gallon, galloon, glean, glen, scullion. Aquiline, clean. 753. 
 Acclaim, claim, clam, clime, column, gleam, gloom. Clammy, 
 glu in. 754. Caller, choler, collar, collier, colliery, color, 
 cooler, culler, gallery, glare, glory, gluer, haggler, higgler, killer, 
 ogler, queller, scholar, sculler, scullery, squaller, squalor. 
 
65 
 
 Clear, ocular, secular. 756. Calash, clash, college, eclogue, 
 galoche. Clayish, glueish. 757. Calico, calling, clang, click, 
 clique, cloak, clock, clog, colic, colleague, colloquy, cooling, glow- 
 ing, scaling, suckling. Gaelic, gallic. 758. Caliph, cleff, cliff, 
 clove, glove. 759. Clip, club, collop, gallop, glebe, globe, gulp, 
 scallop, scalp, schoolboy. Glib. 760. Coach-house, Cautious, 
 gaseous, sagacious. 761. Cow-shed. 762. Action, auction, cau- 
 tion, cohesion, cushion, equation, gudgeon, section, suction. 764. 
 Cashier. 765. Egg-shell. Casual. 767. Gushing. 770. 
 Caucus. 771. Cockade, cockatoo, coquette. 772. Cockney, 
 cocoon. 773. Gingham. 774. Anchor, calker, cookery, hun- 
 ger, kicker, quackery, quaker, squeaker. 775. Angle, ankle, 
 cackle, cockle, giggle, goggle, ingle. Coequal, single. 777. 
 Cooking, quaking, squeaking. 779. Kick-up. 780. Coffee- 
 house. 781. Caveat, cavity, gift. 782. Coffin. 784. Coffer, 
 coiffure, cough er, cover, gaffer, giver, quaffer, quaver, quiver, 
 scoffer. 785. Cavil, scuffle. Wakeful. 787. Giving, scoffing. 
 788. Qui-vive. 790. Coppice, copse, equipoise. Copious. 
 791. Capot, cubit, Cupid. Capped. 792. Cabin, capon, 
 cupon, gabion. 794. Caper, cooper, copier, copper, cupper, 
 gaper, keeper, occupier, scupper, skipper. 795. Cabal, cable, 
 cobble, couple, cupola, gabble, gable, quibble, squabble. Equable. 
 796. Cabbage, equipage. 797. Coping, gaping. 799. Cob- 
 web. 800. Phasis. 801. Fast, faucet, feast, fist, offset, 
 sophist, vest, visit, vista. Fast, fusty, vast. 802. Fascine. 
 803. Phasm, sophism. 804. Officer, viceroy, visor. 805. 
 Fossil, vassal, vessel. Facile, fissile. 806. Visage. 807. 
 Facing, physic. 808. Effusive, evasive. 810. Fatuous, fea- 
 tuous. 811. Avidity, fatuity, fit-out, viduity. Fated, feted, 
 half-dead. 812. Phaeton. 813. Fathom. 814. Avoider, 
 father, feature, feeder, fetter, fighter, fitter, fodder, future, sif- 
 ter, votary, voter, wafter. 815. Fiddle, fuddle. Fatal, feudal, 
 futile, vital. 816. Fetish, waftage. 817. Fading, fatigue, 
 feeding, fighting, fitting, footing, sifting. 818. Votive. 819. 
 Footboy. 820. Evenness, fancy, fence, finesse, heaviness, 
 offence, safeness, vainness. Veinous, vinous. 821. Affinity, 
 event, feint, fiend, font, fount, fund, vanity, vaunt, vendee, vent, 
 viand. Faint, feigned, finite, finned, fond, veined. 823. 
 Venom. 824. Fanner, fawner, feigner, finer, finery, vineer. 
 825. Funnel, vanilla. Final, heavenly, venal. 826. Finish, 
 Fennish, Finnish. 827. Evening, fawning, fining. 830. Fa- 
 mous, fumous. 831. Vomit. Famed, fumid. 832. Famine, 
 halfmoon. 834. Ephemera. 835. Family, female. 837. 
 Vomica. 839. Vamp. 840. Avarice, farce, force, frieze, 
 furze, pharisee, pharos, phrase, verse. Averse, ferreous, fierce, 
 frowsy, furious, ovarious, various. 841. Effort, fairday, ferity, 
 
66 
 
 tenet, firewood, ford, fort, fraud, freight, fret, fright, froth, 
 fruit, severity, variety, verity, virtu, virtue. Feared, frayed, 
 treed, tin rowed, overt, varied. 842. Fern, frown, sovereign. 
 Ferine, foreign. S43. Farm, firm, form, forum, frame. Firm. 
 <s44 Farrier, firer, friar, friary, furrier, offerer, seafarer, suf- 
 ferer, waverer, wayfarer. Overweary. 845. Farewell, ferrule, 
 ferula, freewill, frill, furlough. Frail, several, virile. 846. 
 Average, ferriage, forage, forge, overjoy, suffrage, verge. 
 Fresh. 847. Fairing, firing, fork, freak, frock, frog, frying, 
 offering, suffering, virago, wavering. Overweak, seafaring, way- 
 faring. 849. Overpay, verb. 850. Fallacy, falls, fells, fleece, 
 floss. False, viewless, villous. 851. Civility, fault, fealty, felt, 
 field, fillet, fold, flat, fleet, flight, float, flood, fluid, flute, vault, vio- 
 let, volt, volute. Afloat, fleet, full-eyed, valid. 852. Civilian, 
 felon, felony, villain, villainy, violin. Feline, flown, highflown. 
 853. Film, flame, vellum, volume. 854. Failure, feeler, fellow- 
 heir, filler, flare, flayer, flier, floor, flour, flower, flurry, foiler, 
 follower, foolery, fowler, fuller, highflier, valour, valuer, volery. 
 855. Civil-law, flail. Filial. 856. Flash, flesh, flush, foliage, 
 village. Foolish. 857. Failing, falling, feeling, felling, fel- 
 lucca, filling, flag, flake, flaying, flin^, flock, flowing, following, 
 fowling, valueing. Availing. 858. Effluvia, valve. 859. 
 Flap. Flabby. 860. Officious, vicious, vitious. 861. Fid- 
 get, offshoot. 862. Effusion, evasion, fashion, fusion, ovation, 
 suffusion, vision. 864. Fisher, fishery, fissure, savagery, vizier, 
 voucher. 865. Official, virgil. Visual. 867. Fishhook, 
 fishing. 868. Fish-wife. 870. Efficacy, focus, fox. Vacu- 
 ous. 871. Effect, fact, faggot, vacuity. Fanged. 872. Half- 
 guinea. 873. Vacuum. 874. Figure, vagary, vicar, vigour. 
 875. Fickle, focal, vocal. 881. Vivid. 884. Favour, feoffer, 
 fever. 891. Vapid. 892. Half-penny. 894. Fibber, fibre, 
 foppery, vapour, viper. 895. Fable, foible. Affable, avowable, 
 effable. 896. Foppish. 900. Abscess, spices. 901. Beast, 
 behest, boast, bust, episode, obesity, opacity, paucity, paste, 
 pasty, pest, post, subsidy. Best, opposite, past. 903. Basin, 
 bassoon, bison, poison. 903. Besom, bosom, spasm. 904. 
 Abuser, appeaser, opposer, pacer, passer, pauser, piecer, poser, 
 r, spicery, supposer. 905. Apostle, epistle, espousal, 
 pu/zle. 906. Passage. 907. Appeasing, buzzing, passing. 
 90S. Abusive, passive. 909. Busby. 910. Abatis, beads, 
 bodice, pathos, poetess. Beauteous, obtuse, piteous. 911. 
 Appetite, epithet, potato. Booted, spotted. 912. Baton, bat- 
 ten, botany, button, paten, subdean. 913. Bottom, epitome. 
 914. Abettor, abider, bather, batter, battery, bay-tree, beater, 
 bidder, biter, bother, butter, buttery, obituary, padder, patter, 
 pewter, poetry, potter, pottery, putter, powder, sceptre, spider, 
 
67 
 
 sputter, subduer. Better, bitter. 915. Battle, beadle, beetle, 
 bottle, hospital, paddle, petal, puddle. Bodily, habitual, pedal. 
 916. Pottage, potash. Pettish. 917. Abiding, bating, beat- 
 ing, bedding, beheading, betting, bidding, biting, budding, 
 buttock, optic, paddock, pothook, pouting, pudding. Poetic. 
 918. Epitaph. 920. Bones, bounce, happiness, openness, 
 panacea, pansy, pence, pinnace, sapience, suspense. Penny- 
 wise, spinous. 921. Band, bayonet, bay-window, bend, bent, 
 bond, bonnet, bound, bounty, husband, paint, pant, point, 
 pond, pound. Bandy, bent, buoyant, pent, sapient. 922. 
 Bunion, opinion, pennon, pinion. Benign. 923. By-name. 
 924. Banner, opener, pannier, penner, penury, piner, pinner, 
 pioneer, spinner. 925. Hobnail, panel, pinhole, spaniel. 
 Biennial, penal, pineal, spinal. 926. Bench, bunch, paunch, 
 pinch, punch, spinage, sponge. Spanish. 927. Bannock, 
 opening, panic,- pining, spawning, spinning. 930. Pumice. 
 931. Pomade. 932. Bowman. 934. Palmer. 935. Pommel. 
 937. Beaming. 939. Bamboo, bump, pomp, pump. 940. 
 Brace, brass, boreas, breeze, browse, bruise, cypress, hobby- 
 horse, peeress, piracy, praise, press, price, prize, prose, prowess, 
 purse, weepers. Asperous, porous, spruce, spurious, uberous. 
 941. Asperity, bard, beard, bird, birth, board, brad, braid, brat, 
 bread, breath, breed, bride, brood, broth, brute, by-road, by- 
 word, parade, parity, parody, parrot, part, party, period, pirate, 
 port, prate, pride, prude, purity, sobriety, spirit, sport, sprat, 
 sprite, sprout, spurt, support, uberty. Bright, broad, pert, 
 pretty, proud, separate, sparred, spread, spurred, upright, up- 
 ward. 942. Apron, barn, baron, barony, bourn, brain, bran, 
 brine, burn, prawn, prune, sprain. Auburn, barren, born, 
 brawny, brown, Jhighborn, prone. 943. Barm, brim, broom, 
 prime, sperm. Prim, supreme. 944. Abhorrer, appealer, bar- 
 rier, bearer, borer, borrower, brayer, brewer, brewery, briar, 
 burier, parer, pourer, prayer, preyer, prier, prior, priory, sparer, 
 spurrer, superior, uproar, whisperer. 945. Apparel, barrel, 
 barley, brawl, broil, burial, parley, parole, pearl, peril, prowl. 
 Boreal, burly, puerile, spiral. 946. Approach, barge, birch, 
 breach, brewage, brooch, brush, parish, peerage, perch, porch, 
 porridge. Bearish, boorish, poorish. 947. Bark, bearing, 
 boring, borrowing, brag, brake, brick, brogue, brook, burying, 
 pairing, paring, park, periwig, peruke, pork, purring, sparring, 
 spark, spring. Sparing. 948. Bravo, brief, proof. Brave. 949. 
 Barb, bribe, probe, prop, suburb. Superb. 950. Applause, 
 blaze, bliss, bellows, palace, palsy, place, playhouse, police, 
 policy, pulse, splice. Bilious, blowsy, hapless, hopeless, sap- 
 less, 951. Ability, ballad, ballot, belt, blade, bleat, blight, 
 blood, blot, bolt, bullet, epaulet, palate, pallet, pallette, pellet, 
 
68 
 
 pelt, pilot, plaid, plait, plat, plate, play-day, plight, plot, polity, 
 poult, pullet, split. Bald, blithe, bold, oblate, pallid, polite. 
 952. Walloon, bowline, bullion, plain, plan, plane. High- 
 Mown. 953. Blame, bloom, plum, plume. Sublime. 954. 
 Bawler, blower, blur, boiler, bowler, peeler, piler, pillar, pil- 
 low, player, poller, puller, speller, spoiler. Bleary, polar. 
 955. Pale-ale. 956. Apology, belch, bilge, blush, pillage, 
 plash, pledge, plush, polish, splash, whip-lash. Bluish, palish. 
 957. Bailiwick, bawling, bewailing, block, blowing, boiling, 
 bowling, bulk, bullock, epilogue, obloquy, plague, plowing, 
 pluck, plug, sapling, spelling, spoiling. Appalling, black, bleak, 
 oblique. 958. Bailiff, belief, pelf. Bluff. 959. Bulb, pulp. 
 960. Species. Auspicious, spacious, specious. 961. Budget, 
 upshot. 962. Option, passion, pigeon, potion, suspicion. 
 Beechen. 963. Hypogeum. 964. Butcher, patcher, pitcher, 
 poacher, pusher. 965. Bushel. Especial, special. 967. 
 Pea-chick, pushing. 969. Bishop. 970. Apex, bake-house, 
 box. 971. Aspect, bigot, bucket, packet, pact, pagoda, picket, 
 pict, pocket, spigot, ubiquity. Picked, piqued. 972. Bacon, 
 beacon, biggin, pagan. Bygone. 973. Bigamy, pigmy. 974. 
 Baker, beggar, beggary, epicure, packer, pecker, picker, poker, 
 speaker. 975. Boggle, buckle, bugle, bunghole, pickle. 976. 
 Baggage. Bookish. 977. Baking, bank, booking, packing, 
 peacock, speaking. 979. Bugaboo, back-pay. 980. Obvi- 
 ous. 981. Pivot. 982. Buffoon. Epiphany, spavin. 984. 
 Beaver, behaviour, buffer, pavier, puffer. 985. Baffle, bevel, 
 buffalo. Hopeful. 986. Peevish. 987. Behaving, bivouac, 
 paving, puffing. 990. Papacy, papoose. 991. Biped, by-path, 
 puppet, spy-boat. 992. Baboon, bobbin, pippin, subpoena. 
 
 994. Bibber, paper, pauper, peeper, pepper, piper, popery. 
 
 995. Babble, Babel, bawble, bible, bubble, pebble, peep-hole, 
 people, pupil. Papal, payable. 996. Babyish. 997. Bob- 
 wig, piping. 1000. Dioceses, diseases. 
 
 From this point, onward, eaeh set of words is not marked with its respective 
 number, but, while, as before, the words are arranged in consecutive order, the 
 numbers are given by fifties only. 
 
 1001. Deceased, diseased, disused. Diocesan. Atticism, 
 stoicism, witticism. Decisory. Decisive. Deciduous. De- 
 suetude : decided, testate, toasted, twisted. Destiny, disdain, 
 whetstone. Day-star, decider, duster, taster, tester, toaster, 
 twister. Side-saddle. Distich. Deciding, tasting, testing, 
 toasting, twisting : atheistic, deistic, theistic. Distaff. De- 
 cency, hideousness, odiousness. Dissent : decent, designed, 
 disowned. Disunion. Designer, dishonor. Decennial. De- 
 signing, disowning. Dismayed. Headsman, seedsman. Deci- 
 
69 
 
 mal, dismal. Dismaying. Desert, dessert. Desirer. 1051. 
 Docility : dazzled, desolate, tasseled. Disloyal. Dislike : 
 dazzling. Decession, decision. Discus : discous. Disquiet : 
 tusked. Tuscany. Duskish. Tasking. Deceived, dis- 
 avowed, satisfied. Deceiver, satisfier. Disavowal. Deceiv- 
 ing, disavowing, satisfying. Despot, dispute : disobeyed. 
 Despair. Disciple: adducible. Dispatch. Disobeying. 1101. 
 Dead-set. Statist. Duodecimo, idiotism. Deducing. De- 
 ducive. Tete-a-tete. Tide-waiter. Dietetic. Deadness, 
 doughtiness, sedateness, steadiness,stoutness, tidiness, tightness, 
 Titans. Student. Detainer. Detaining, diatonic, Teutonic. 
 Titmouse. Head-dress, tatters, tutoress. Dotard. Stateroom. 
 Stutterer, withdrawer. Editorial, withdrawal. Tutorage. 
 Stuttering, tittering, twittering, withdrawing : theatric. Dew- 
 drop, diatribe. Deathless, toothless. 1151. Theodolite, to- 
 tality: detailed, titled. Dawdler, tattler, titulary : titular, tutelary. 
 Tutelage. Detailing, tattling : death-like. Dead-shot : de- 
 tached. Detaching. Dutiful, thoughtful. Tadpole, tea-table : 
 tithable. Tithe-paying. 1201. Aduncity, density, dynasty. 
 Denizen. Heathenism. Dancer, tonsor. Tinsel, tonsil, uten- 
 sil : tensile. Dancing. Ostensive. Hottentot, identity : 
 daunted, dented, stinted, stunted, tainted. Tontine. Adden- 
 dum. Stentor, stander, tender, thunder, tinder : sedentary. 
 Dental. Authentic, tainting, taunting. Stoniness, tenancy. 
 Tenant. Tanyard. Itinerary. Stonework. Stainless. 1251. 
 Tunneled. Ethnology. Tenacious. Attention, donation, 
 dungeon, tension. Danger, tonsure. Astonishing, tinging, 
 twinging. Township. Stone-quarry. Ethnical, satanical. 
 Downfall. Deniable, tenable. 1301. Atomist, doomsday, 
 utmost. Damsel, domicile. Timidity, tomtit. Automaton. 
 Diameter, estimator. Automatic, idiomatic. Dimness, domi- 
 noes. Adamant, demand, diamond, sediment. Autumnal. 
 Demoniac. Steam-horse : timorous. Demerit, temerity : 
 admired. Time-worn. Admirer, stammerer. Admiral. Stam- 
 mering. Stimulus, tumulus : stemless. 1351. Tumult. 
 Tumular. Etymology. Damages. Damaged. Admission, 
 demijohn, demission, estimation. Damaging. Steamship. 
 Demigod. Demagogue : stomachic. Dumps, time-piece. 
 Stampede, steamboat : stamped. Tympan. Damper, stamper, 
 temper, timber. Dimple, temple, thimble, tumble : estimable, 
 tamable. Dampish. Damping, dumping, tamping, thumping. 
 1401. Satirist, theorist, thrust, tourist, trust, trustee, tryst : 
 dressed, thirsty, trussed, trusty. Treason. Toryism, truism : 
 tiresome. Tracer, tracery. Drizzle : dorsal. Asterisk. De- 
 risive. Straits, tortoise, treatise : tortuous. Dreaded, iterated, 
 saturated, thwarted, water-tight. Eider-down, tartan : trodden. 
 
70 
 
 Stratum. Derider, out-rider, tartar, territory, trader, traitor, 
 
 t reader, trotter. Throttle, turtle. Strategy : tartish. Darting, 
 deriding, eider-duck, trading, treating. Stereotype. Adhe- 
 rence, dearness, durance, trance. Adherent, eternity, hydrant, 
 strand, tornado, truant, tyrant : adorned, drained, drowned, 
 strained, trained. Trunnion : Saturnine. Astronomy. Darn- 
 er, strainer, trainer, turner. Darnel, saturnalia, train-oil : 
 diurnal, eternal. Drainage, trench : strange. Adorning, darn- 
 ing, draining, training, turning : histrionic. Turnip. Dor- 
 mouse, terms. Dairy-maid, door-mat: trimmed. Drayman, 
 waterman. Dreamer, streamer, tremor, trimmer. Turmoil : 
 thermal. Dreaming, strumming, trimming : streaming. Tri- 
 umph. Tramp, trump. Water-rat : hitherward. Tyrolese : 
 dowerless, starless, tearless. 1451. Starlight, sterility : thrilled. 
 Waterline. Stroller, trawler. Water-lily. Astrology. Darling, 
 drawling, strolling : hydraulic, sterling, thrilling. True-love. 
 Atrocious, outrageous. Tragedy: dry-shod, outraged, starched, 
 thrashed. Adoration, derision, duration, hydrogen, sturgeon. 
 Starcher, thresher, treasure, treasury : tertiary. Tarshish. 
 Starching, thrashing, threshing: tragic. Authorship. Dregs, 
 staircase, thorax, turquoise. Target, tract : direct, drugged, 
 streaked, strict, tricked. Dragon, dragoon : stricken. Striker, 
 trickery, trigger. Treacle. Historical, satirical. Darkish, 
 Turkish. Drink, trunk, weather-cock. Draught, drift, thrift : 
 starved. Driver, striver. Drivel, travel, trefoil, trifle, water- 
 fall, waterfowl : direful, tearful, trivial. Star-fish : dwarfish. 
 Starving, striving, thriving. Hydrophobia. Dropsy, troops. 
 Torpedo, tribute, tripod, turbot : striped, stripped, torpid, tur- 
 bid. Terrapin, tribune, turban. Draper, drapery, strawberry, 
 torpor, trooper. Strawbail, trouble : adorable, durable, terrible, 
 treble, triple. Drawback, tropic : dripping, drooping. 1501. 
 Duelist: dulcet, dullest, tallest. Idealism: toilsome. Idolizer : 
 delusory. Delusive. Stolidity : deluded, dilated, diluted. 
 Deluder, idolater, idolatry : dilatory. Tilting: athletic, delud- 
 ing. Dullness, idleness, stillness, tallness. Headland, talent. 
 Talmud. Dolman. Tailoress : delirious, dolorous. Steel- 
 yard. Delirium. Tailoring, wood-lark. 1551. Delicious. 
 Deluged. Adulation, delusion, dilution, theologian. Oste- 
 ologer. Delicacy, italics. Delegate, delicate, dialect, toll-gate, 
 Stall-fed. Dolphin : diluvian. Diluvium. Delivery, delver. Di 
 lu vial, doleful. Delving. Tolbooth. Steel-pen. Toll-bar. 1601 
 Digest, tea-chest. Digits. Dishwater. Digital. Sottishness. Sta 
 tioner, stationery : stationary. Dutchman. Stage-road. 1651 
 Stage-line. Dish-washer. Stage-coach. Dishabille : teachable 
 1701. Outcast, text : thickest, thickset. Tocsin. Taxer. Taxing. 
 Educated, stockaded, thick-headed. Doctor, educator. Tea-ket- 
 
71 
 
 tie. Decoy-duck: educating. Seductive, talkative. Stickiness, 
 thickness. Thickened. Thickening: technic. Decrease, staggers, 
 theocracy, tigress : decorous. Autocrat, dockyard. Seed- 
 corn, sweet-corn. Decorum, diagram. Hod-carrier, outcrier. 
 Doggerel. Tigerish. Autography. 1751. Tickled. Decline. 
 Stickler, tickler. Ticklish. Decalogue, tickling. Hoodwinked. 
 Decagon. Thinker. Tinkle. Thinking. Dog-fight. Dogfish. 
 1801. Deficit : defaced. Adviser, defacer, deviser, diffuser, 
 divisor : advisory. Advising, defacing, devising, diffusing. 
 Defeated, devoted, divided, tufted. Stevedore, divider. Dove- 
 tail. Dividing. Advance, dauphiness, deafness, defiance, 
 stiffness. Advent, divinity : defined, definite. Definer, divi- 
 ner. Defining. Defamed. Defamer. Defaming. Divorce : 
 adverse, diverse. Tavern. Devourer. Deferring, defraying, 
 devouring. Adverb. 1851. Stifled. Defiler. Devilish. 
 Defiling : dovelike. Deviation, devotion, diffusion, division. 
 Advocacy. Advocate, defect, dove-cot. 1901. Deposit, out- 
 post : debased, deepest, deposed. Diapason, stepson. De- 
 baser, deposer. Debasing, deposing. Stupidity, tepidity : 
 adapted, adopted, debated, deputed. Adopter, debater. 
 Adapting, adopting, debating, debiting. Deepness, steepness. 
 Hat-band, stipend : deepened, hidebound. Deepening. Tube- 
 rose : tuberous. Stubborn. Sweet-briar. Day-break, out- 
 pouring : tapering. 1951. Debility, doublet, stability, tablet: 
 dappled, doubled. Doubloon. Diploma. Tippler : tabular, 
 tubular. Deploying, tippling. Stable-boy. Debauched. 
 Adaption, adoption. Debauchery. Woodpecker. Topical, 
 typical. Stop-cock. Stupefier. Stupefying. 2001. Anise- 
 seed : incised. 
 
 ONE HUNDRED IMPORTANT INVENTIONS, DISCOV- 
 ERIES, ETC. 
 
 1. Air-guns invented 1646 
 
 2. Air-pump invented by Otto von Guericke 1654 
 
 3. Algebra introduced into Europe by the Saracens 14 12 
 
 4. Almanacs first printed at Buda 147° 
 
 5. Animal electricity discovered by Galvani I79 1 
 
 6. Argand lamp invented 1 7^ 2 
 
 7. Art of printing invented by Faust and Guttenburg I44 1 
 
 8. Astronomical observatory built in Europe at Cassel I5 01 
 
 9. Auction sales started in England by Elisha Yale 17°° 
 
 10. Banks established in Europe, at Venice 1 J 57 
 
 1 1 . Barometer invented by Torricelli 1^43 
 
 12. Bayonets first made at Bayonne, France 1670 
 
 13. Bombs invented M95 
 
 14. Camera obscura constructed by Roger Bacon 1297 
 
 15. Canals first made in Britain l *34 
 
 16. Cannons first made by the French 1 34° 
 
 17. Caoutchouc or India rubber first brought to Europe 173° 
 
72 
 
 i 8, Cartes de visitcs first taken at Nice 1857 
 
 10. Casts in plaster first made at Florence 1470 
 
 20. Chain Bridges first constructed 1741 
 
 81, Chain shot invented by Admiral De Witt 1066 
 
 1 2. Chemistry introduced into Europe by the Moors 1150 
 
 13, Chimneys first used in Europe 1200 
 
 24, China porcelain introduced into England 1531 
 
 25, Chocolate introduced into Europe from Mexico 1520 
 
 26, Chronometer invented by Harrison. 1764 
 
 27, Circular saws first made 1816 
 
 28, Circulation of the blood discovered by Harvey 1619 
 
 20. Coal first dug in England near Newcastle 1234 
 
 3 >, { oats of arms and armorial bearings first used 1200 
 
 }i . Coffee introduced into Holland from Arabia 1616 
 
 32. Colleges first established in Europe, at Paris 121 5 
 
 33. Copper mines first discovered in Sweden , . . 1396 
 
 34. Cork first brought to England 1690 
 
 35. Cotton gin invented by Whitney 1793 
 
 36. Crayons first used in France 1422 
 
 37. Curfew bell established by William the Conqueror 1068 
 
 3S. Decimal arithmetic invented. 1482 
 
 39. Diamond mines of Golconda discovered. 1534 
 
 40. Electric light discovered by Davy 1813 
 
 41. Electric machine constructed by Otto von Guericke 1647 
 
 42. Electrotype process first employed 1850 
 
 43. Engraving on wood begun in Europe 1400 
 
 44. Galileo constructed his first telescope « 1610 
 
 45. Gas first used to light streets in the U. S. — at Baltimore 182 1 
 
 46. Gold first coined in England ,. 1257 
 
 47. Gunpowder first made by Schwartz 1320 
 
 48. Handkerchiefs first made, at Paisley 1743 
 
 49. Hydraulic press patented by Bramah 1790 
 
 50. Identity of lightning and electricity discovered 1752 
 
 51. Jacquard loom for figured fabrics invented 1801 
 
 52. Kaleidoscope invented by Brewster 1814 
 
 53. Lace made in France and Flanders 1320 
 
 54. Lacteal glands discovered by Asellius 1622 
 
 55. Law pleading in England changed into English . 1362 
 
 56. Life boat first launched 1790 
 
 57. Leaden pipes first used for conveying water 1236 
 
 58. Lithography invented by Senefelder 1798 
 
 59. Logarithms invented by Napier 1614 
 
 60. London streets first lighted with oil lamps 168 r 
 
 61. Longitude determined by Sir John Harrison 1764 
 
 02. Lotteries originated at Florence 1530 
 
 63. Lucifer matches came into use 1834 
 
 64. Maps and Charts first brought to England 1489 
 
 65. Mariner's compass first known in Europe 1260 
 
 66. Mercator's chart invented 1556 
 
 67. Mesmerism propounded by Mtsmer 1766 
 
 68. Microscope invented by Jansen 1590 
 
 09. Minie rifle invented 1833 
 
 ~<>. Mirrors of glass first made in England 1673 
 
 71. Musical notes, as now u^ed, invented 133° 
 
 72. Nautical Almanac first published 1707 
 
 73. Newspapers first published in Europe, at Venice 1536 
 
 74. New Style created by Pope Gregory XIII 1582 
 
73 
 
 75. Orrery, or Planetarium, invented by De Rheita , 1650 
 
 76. Oxygen gas discovered by Priestley 1774 
 
 77. Padlocks invented at Nuremberg T 540 
 
 78. Panorama, first exhibited by Barker 1788 
 
 79. Pendulum Clocks invented |fon 
 
 80. Phosphorus discovered by Brandt 1660 
 
 81. Pins first made in England 1543 
 
 82. Platinum first known in Europe 1741 
 
 83. Playing cards invented 1390 
 
 84. Post-houses first established in Europe, in France 1470 
 
 85. Pumps in general use in England 1425 
 
 86. Quicksilver first used in refining silver 1 540 
 
 87. Rhubarb first cultivated 1 820 
 
 88. Safety Lamp invented by Davy. , 181 5 
 
 89. Sandblast invented by Tilghman 1871 
 
 90. Savings Banks instituted in Switzerland. j 787 
 
 91. Speaking Trumpet invented by Kircher 1652 
 
 92. Spectacles invented by Roger Bacon 1280 
 
 93. Spinning-jenny invented by Hargreaves 1767 
 
 94. Steam first used to propel boats by Fulton 1807 
 
 95. Tea brought to Europe by the Dutch 1610 
 
 96. Theory of the Rainbow developed by Kepler 1611 
 
 97. Thermometer invented by Sanctorio 1610 
 
 98. Tobacco introduced into Europe by Nicot 1560 
 
 99. Voltaic Battery constructed by Galvani 1800 
 
 100. Wire-drawing invented at Nuremberg 14 10 
 
 Words for above Dates. 
 
 1. Wettish arch. 2. Wettish celery. 3. Tartan. 4. Darkies. 5. Thick 
 boot. 6. Thick oven. 7. Water-rat. 8. Tali chateau. 9. Taxes. 10. 
 Tattling. 11. Wettish worm. 12. Woodchucks. 13. Terrible. 14. Tiny 
 pig. 15. Tidy mare. 16. Timorous. 17. Dogmas. 18. Dovelike. 19. 
 Turkeys. 20. Dockyard. 21. Wettish judge. 22. Details. 23. Wit- 
 nesses. 24. Tall middy. 25. Italians. 26. Thick jar. 27. Tough white- 
 ash. 28. Wettish tube. 29. Tiny hammer. 30. Dunces. 31. Wetish 
 dish. 32. Dwindle. 33. Dampish. 34. Toy-shops. 35. Thick beam. 
 36. Trunnion. 37. Odious chief. 38. Driven. 39. Tall moor. 40. Tou^h 
 time. 41. Wettish rag.. 42. Devils. 43. Terraces. 44. Digits. 45. 
 Definite. 46. Tiny lake. 47. Demons. 48. Decorum. 49. Thick peach. 
 50. Decline. 51. Devised. 52. Divider. 53. Dominoes, 54. Wettish 
 onion. 55. Admission. 56. Thick bows. 57. Tiny midge. 58. Thick 
 beef. 59. Dishwater. 60. Wettish feet. 61. Thick jar. 62. Dilemmas. 
 63. Defamer. 64. Hydrophobia. 65. Tenacious. 66. Tall ledge. 67. 
 Thick judge. 68. Tulips. 69. Tough mummy. 70. Wettish cameo. 71. 
 Dumb muse. 72. Thick jockey. 73. Dalmatia. 74. Dolphin. 75. Wet- 
 tish eels. 76. Thick auger. 77. Dollars. 78. Thick fife. 79. Wettish 
 rope. 80. Wettish ship. 81. Delirium. 82. Autocrat. 83. Dumps. 84. 
 Drugs. 85. Train-oil. 86. Dollars. 87. Deafness. S8. Devoutly. 89. 
 Tough goat. 90. Thick fog. 91. Wettish lawn. 92. Tiny fc 
 Thick check. 94. Devising. 95. Digits. 96. Wettish deed. 97. Digits. 
 98. Delicious. 99. Devices. 100. Threads. 
 
 Century-Adjectives used Above. 
 
 10. Odious. 12. Tiny. 15. Tall. 17. Thick 
 
 11. Tidy. 13. Dumb. 16. Wettish. iS. Tough. 
 
74 
 
 ONE HUNDRED EVENTS IN THE PRE-CHRISTIAN ERA. 
 
 i, Cain murders his brother Abel 3876 
 
 2. Pious Enoch translated to heaven 3017 
 
 3. Noah begins the construction of the Ark 2468 
 
 4. The U niversal Deluge 2348 
 
 s . N oah curses his grandson Canaan 2340 
 
 () Tower of Babel built 2247 
 
 7 Covenant of God with Abraham 192 1 
 
 B. Abraham parts from Lot 1920 
 
 9. Lot rescued by Abraham from the four kings 1912 
 
 10. Melchizedec bestows his blessing upon Abraham 1912 
 
 11. Birth of Ishmael . .... 1910 
 
 12. Destruction of Sodom and Gomorrah 1897 
 
 13. Abraham, instigated by Sarah, expels Hagar , 1891 
 
 14 Isaac about to be sacrificed by his father 1871 
 
 15. Binh of the twins Jacob and Esau 1836 
 
 16. Esau sells his birthright for a mess of potage 1816 
 
 17. Jacob deceitfully obtains the blessing of Isaac 1779 
 
 18 Jacob flies to escape the wrath of Esau 1759 
 
 19. Reconciliation of Jacob and Esau 1739 
 
 20. Joseph sold by his brethren 1728 
 
 21. Joseph libeled by Potiphar's wife 1718 
 
 22. Joseph made prime minister of Egypt , 1 71 5 
 
 23. Joseph's brethren go to Egypt to buy corn. ... , 1707 
 
 24. Slaughter of the new-born male children of Israel 1572 
 
 25. Moses born and miraculously preserved 1571 
 
 26. Moses flies from Egypt 1531 
 
 27. The Israelites cross the Red Sea 1491 
 
 28. Institution of the Passover 1491 
 
 29. Promulgation of the Law at Sinai 1491 
 
 30. The Tabernacle set up ; and the people numbered 1490 
 
 3 r . Nadab and Abihu struck with sudden death 1490 
 
 32. The blasphemer stoned by order of Moses 1489 
 
 33. Moses draws water from the rock 1452 
 
 34. Moses erects the brazen serpent 1452 
 
 35. Balaam's ass speaks and reproves his master 145 1 
 
 36. Moses views Canaan, and dies on Mt. Nebo J451 
 
 37. The Israelites cross the Jordan under Joshua 145 1 
 
 38. Fall of Jericho under the trumpets of Joshua 1450 
 
 39. Achan and his family stoned to death 145° 
 
 40. Joshua stops the sun and moon on Mt. Gibeon 1450 
 
 41 . Israelites under Joshua finally conquer Canaan 1445 
 
 42. The Tabernacle set up at Shiloh. . 1444 
 
 43. The death of Joshua 1443 
 
 44. Extermination of the Benjamites 1416 
 
 45. First Jubilee celebrated in Israel 1396 
 
 46. Ruth follows Naomi to Bethlehem 1312 
 
 47 Boaz marries Ruth 1312 
 
 48. Deborah and Barak defeat the Canaanites 1285 
 
 49. Gideon assured by the miracle of the fleece 1245 
 
 50. Abimelech killed by an old woman with a tile 1233 
 
 5 1 . Jephthah sacrifices his daughter 1 1 87 
 
 52. Samuel offered to the Lord, by his mother 1 168 
 
 53. Birth of Samson 1155 
 
 54. Samson's stratagem of 300 foxes and firebrands 113° 
 
 55. Samson carries off the gates of Gaza 1124 
 
75 
 
 56. Samson buries himself under the ruins 11 17 
 
 57. The ark of God taken away by the Philistines 11 16 
 
 58. The Philistines repent and surrender the Ark 1115 
 
 59. Establishment of monarchy in Israel 1095 
 
 60. Jonathan and armor-bearer defeat Philistines 1087 
 
 61. Samuel hewed Agag into pieces at Gilgal 1074 
 
 62. David slays the giant Goliath 1067 
 
 63. David feigns madness to escape from King Achish 1061 
 
 64. Saul commits suicide on Mt. Gilboa 1055 
 
 65. David dances before the Ark 1045 
 
 66. Ambassadors of David insulted by Hanun 1037 
 
 67. Absalom killed by Joab 1023 
 
 68. Great pestilence sent at the option of David. ...... 1017 
 
 69. Solomon's judgment as to the child 1013 
 
 70. The Queen of Sheba visits Solomon 1002 
 
 71. Death of Solomon , 975 
 
 72. Division of Israel and Judah, under Jeroboam 975 
 
 73. Elijah fed by ravens in the wilderness 910 
 
 74. Elijah slew the prophets of Baal 906 
 
 75. Naaman's leprosy cured by Elisha 894 
 
 76. Jezebel devoured by dogs 884 
 
 77. Jehu destroys the temple and priests of Baal 884 
 
 78. Jonah swallowed by a sea monster 807 
 
 79. Hezekiah destroys the brazen serpent of Moses 726 
 
 80. The kingdom of Israel destroyed by Salmanasar 721 
 
 81. Holophernes beheaded by Judith 656 
 
 82. Josiah the pious begins to reign 641 
 
 83. A copy of the Law found by Hilkiah 624 
 
 84. Nebuchadnezzar takes Jerusalem 606 
 
 85. Susanna assaulted by the two elders 601 
 
 86. Nebuchadnezzar's golden image set up 580 
 
 87. The three Hebrews cast into the fiery furnace 580 
 
 88. Nebuchadnezzar loses his reason 5°9 
 
 89. Nebuchadnezzar recovers his reason 5 02 
 
 90. Daniel cast into the lion's den 537 
 
 91. Darius repudiates Vashti and marries Esther 5*8 
 
 92. Haman hanged^on a gallows, fifty cubits high 5 IQ 
 
 93. Malachi, the last of the prophets, flourishes 4 2 ° 
 
 94. Alexander the Great sacrifices in the Temple 33 2 
 
 95. Menelaus, by bribery, obtains the high-priesthood 17 2 
 
 96. Samaritan temple on Mt. Gerizim consecrated to Jupiter 170 
 
 97. The seven brothers tortured to death by Antiochus 167 
 
 98. Antiochus dies, smitten by the hand of God 164 
 
 99. Menelaus, the high-priest, put to death 162 
 
 100. Herod the Great appointed governor of Galilee 47 
 
 Words for Foregoing Dates. 
 
 I. Moving age. 2. Misty sky. 3. Un weary chaff. 4. No morphia. 5. 
 
 No mercy. 6. Unhewn rock. 7. Weighty bond. 8. Sad happiness. 9. 
 Weighty baton. 10. Deep tone. II. Sad pathos. 12. Defy sweeping. 
 
 13. Deaf to pity. 14. Wood faggot. 15. Stiff mush. 16. Tough dish. 
 
 17. Decoying boy. 18. Hot gallop. 19. Soothing mob. 20. Taken off. 
 
 21. Talkative. 22. Due acquittal. 23. Taxing. 24. Sad welkin. 
 Delicate. 26. Wide limit. 27. Dry path. 28. Tribute. 29. Attribute. 
 
 30. Tribes. 31. Stripes. 32. Hydrophobia. 33. Waterline. 34. Truly 
 
76 
 
 new. 35. Droll idea. 36. Sweet reality. 37. Drilled. 38. Trowels. 39. 
 Trials. 40. Trials. 41. Thorough rule. 42. Outer error. 43. Other 
 army. 44. Tartish. 45. Time badge. 46. Sweet maiden. 47. Automa- 
 ton. 4S. Downfall. 49. Downy roll. 50. Sudden simoom. 51. Added 
 fog, 52. Duty sheaf. 53. Stout slowly. 54. Widedamage. 55. Detainer. 
 56, Doughty doing. 57. Hotheaded joy. 58. Too deadly. 59. Despoil. 
 00. Deceiving. 6l. Eight-score. 62. Dizzy shock. 63. Odious cheat. 
 04. Disloyal. 65. Odious reel. 66. Dismaying. 67. Odious name. 68. 
 Deciding. 69. Odious dame. 70. Diocesan. 71. Pickle. 72. Buckle. 
 73. Pets. 74. Passage. 75. Fiber. 76. Favor. 77. Fever. 78. Physic. 
 79. Coinage. 80. Weakened. 8r. Geology. 82. Charity. 83. Joiner. 
 84. Jews' joy. 85. Chaste. 86. Slaves. 87. Lives. 88. Woolly sheep. 
 89. Elation. 90. Lame walk. 91 Old wife. 92. Ladies. 93. Ruins. 
 94. Mammon. 95. Deacon. 96. Doings. 97. Teaching. 98. Teacher. 
 99. Addition. 100. Rogue. 
 
INSTRUCTIONS 
 
 IN THE 
 
 Use and Development 
 
 OF THE 
 
 MEMORY 
 
 BY 
 
 PROF. YULE. 
 
 FOURTH EDITION. 
 
 NEW YORK : 
 
 WILLIAM KNOWLES, PUBLISHER, 
 
 104 East 13TH Street. 
 

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