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RECOMMENDATIONS. 
 
 / 
 
 I have read a portion of the work of the Rev. Hermann Bokum, 
 now in press, and I know it to be a correct delineation of the 
 resources of this State. I wish Mr. Bokum success in his efforts, 
 now continued for years, to draw into the State of Tennessee a 
 good immigrant population. 
 
 W. G. BROWNLOW, 
 
 Governor of Tennessee, 
 
 Mr. Bokum has been most active and zealous in his eiforts to 
 obtain information as to the resources of Tennessee, and in my 
 opinion has been quite successful. I have seen much of his pro- 
 posed book in manuscript, and feel sure it will be of great value in 
 calling the attention of immigrants to our State. 
 
 A. J. FLETCHER, 
 
 Secretary of State. 
 
^^ 
 
 
 \ 
 
 JUL 
 
THE 
 
 TENNESSEE HAND-BOOK 
 
 AND 
 
 IMMIGRANT'S GUIDE: 
 
 GIVINa A DESCBIPTION OP 
 
 THE STATE OF TENNESSEE; 
 
 ITS AGRICULTURAL AND MINERALOGICAL CHARACTER; ITS "WATER- 
 POWER, TIMBER, SOIL, AND CLIMATE; ITS VARIOUS RAILROAD 
 LINES, COMPLETED, IN PROGRESS, AND PROJECTED ; ITS ADAP- 
 TATION FOR STOCK-RAISING, GRAPE CULTURE, ETC., ETC. 
 
 WITH SPECIAL REFERENCE TO THE SUBJECT OF IMMIGRATION. 
 
 BY 
 
 ^ 
 
 HEEMAlsrH" BOKTJM. 
 
 Commissioner of Immigration. 
 
 PHILADELPHIA-: 
 
 J. B. LIPPINCOTT & CO., PUBLISHERS, 
 
 713 aud 717 Market Street, 
 
 1868. 
 

 f^-^s 
 
 "Entered, according to Act of Congress, in the year 1867, by 
 
 ANNA R. S. BOKUM, 
 
 In the Office of the Clerk of the District Court for the Eastern District of 
 
 Pennsylvania. 
 
 KINO & BAIRD, 
 
 PRINTERS AND STERE0TTPER3, 
 
 607 SANSOM STREET, 
 
 PHILADELPHIA. 
 
^ 
 
 CONTENTS. 
 
 PAGE 
 
 The Situation and Conformation of Tennessee 5 
 
 Political Division of Tennessee into East, Middle and West. . 6 
 
 I. — East Tennessee 6 
 
 General Outline 6 
 
 1. The Counties of East Tennessee 15 
 
 2. Description of the Counties 15 
 
 8. Minerals 48 
 
 4. Forests and Game 49 
 
 5. Summary of Kailroads .*....,. 50 
 
 6. Fruit 51 
 
 " 7. Average Value of Land 51 
 
 8. Names of well-informed Men in each County 53 
 
 9. Concluding Kemarks 54 
 
 II.---MIDDLE Tennessee 55 
 
 General Outline > 55 
 
 1. The Counties of Middle Tennessee 60 
 
 2. Remarks 80 
 
 Average Value of Land '. 80 
 
 Tabular Statement of the "Weather 81 
 
 The Temperature of JSIiddle Tennessee 82 
 
 m. — West Tennessee 83 
 
 General Outline 83 
 
 1. The Counties of West Tennessee 86 
 
 2. Average Value of Land 98 
 
 Summary of the Three Sections. . , > 98 
 
 1. Rivers 98 
 
 2. Climate 100 
 
 8. Manufactures 101 
 
 4. Agriculture 105 
 
 5. Security of Life and Property 107 
 
 6. The Character of the People 108 
 
 7. Immigration — Colonies I *. . 109 
 
 (1) 
 
2 Contents. 
 
 PAGE 
 
 8. Minerals Ill 
 
 9. Table of Railroads in tlie State 115 
 
 10. The harmonious development of the State a basis of its 
 
 prosperity 117 
 
 11. Education 123 
 
 13. Eeligion 125 
 
 13. Immigration and the Colored Population 126 
 
 14. Library 127 
 
 15. Public Institutions 127 
 
 16. Titles 127 
 
 17. Government 127 
 
 18. The General Assembly and the State Board of Immi- 
 
 gration 128 
 
 An Act to Encourage Immigration 130 
 
 Address to the People of Tennessee 133 
 
 Form of Constitution 136 
 
 Questions 136 
 
 Address of the State Board. , 137 
 
 19. Statistical Summary for 1860 143 
 
 Table of Improved and Unimproved Lands 144 
 
 20. Prices in Knoxville in 1868 147 
 
 21. Grape Culture 147 
 
 32. The Treatment of Immigrants ". 151 
 
 23. Immigrant Routes of "Travel 151 
 
 24. Now is the Time to Buy . . . .4^ 152 
 
 35. Immigration and the Press 153 
 
 26. An Invitation 153 
 
 Appendix '. 155 
 
 A Vindication of our Credit abroad 155 
 
 Extract from the Address of the Hon. O. P. Temple 157 
 
 Correspondence with Associations and Individuals 161 
 
 The Credit of the State once more 161 
 
INTRODUCTION 
 
 During my residence in the Nortli, from 1862 to 
 1867, I held for more than a year a position in the 
 Bureau of Immigration in the State Department at 
 Washington. The knowledge I obtained on the sub- 
 ject of Immigration, while holding that position, filled 
 me with a strong wish to direct a portion of this Im- 
 migration to the State of Tennessee. Yet while other 
 States published and circulated, in this country and 
 in Europe, accounts of their resources in different 
 languages, and obtained large accessions to their 
 population, the political condition of Tennessee left no 
 room for such efforts. 
 
 Now, however, the time seems to have come for 
 Tennessee to take her place among the other States in 
 this respect, and I place the following pages before 
 the public, in the confident hope that they will con- 
 tribute to prepare the way for such action as the 
 importance of the subject calls for. Instead of the 
 almost exclusive attention to agriculture, which has 
 
 prevailed in the South for so many years, there is now 
 
 (3) 
 
4 Introduction. 
 
 felt a general desire tliat there sliould be a "harmonious 
 development of its resources. In consequence of it, 
 immigration, wMcli in former times was regarded by 
 many with indifference or dislike^ is now greatly 
 desired. 
 
 I have dwelt especially on those portions of the 
 State where a partial development of its resources 
 holds out to the immigrant special advantages. In 
 stating the latter I Lave endeavored to exercise great 
 caution, in order to avoid disappointment. 
 
 I am under great obligations to His Excellency the 
 Grovernor, and to the Honorable Secretary of State, on 
 account of their interceding in my behalf with the 
 Presidents of the railroads of the State, and to these 
 Presidents for the kindness they have shown me. I 
 also desire to acknowledge the very great benefit 
 •which I have derived from the publications of Pro- 
 fessor Safibrd, late Geologist of the State. 
 
 HERMANN BOKUM. 
 
 NiSHviLLB, February 1, 1868. 
 
THE SITUATION AND CONFORMATION OF 
 
 TENNESSEE. 
 
 The United States of America are embraced in tliat 
 vast region of country which commences at the great 
 lakes on the borders of Canada, and which slopes 
 gently to the borders of the equator. Two long 
 chains of mountains, the Alleghany and the Rocky, 
 divide this region from one extreme to the other, and 
 between them lies the valley of the Mississippi. Of 
 this valley De Tocqueville has said, that it is, upon the 
 whole, the most magnificent dwelling-place prepared 
 by God for man's abode. Tennessee is situated in the 
 southern region of the slope just mentioned, and as, 
 with a very slight exception, her rivers finally flow 
 into the Mississippi, it belongs in this respect to that 
 valley. 
 
 Tennessee is one of the most central of the United 
 States ; it is bounded on the east by North Carolina ; 
 on the north by Kentucky and by a small portion of 
 Virginia ; on the west by Missouri and Arkansas ; 
 on the south by Alabama, Mississippi, and Georgia. 
 It is four hundred and thirty miles in length, and one 
 hundred and ten miles in breadth. Its southern line 
 of latitude is 35°, its northern 36° 36'. It has 45,600 
 square miles, and 1,109,84:1 inhabitants. 
 
 (5) 
 
6 'J^he T^ennessee Hand-Book, 
 
 Tennessee is divided into East, Middle and West 
 Tennessee. The peculiarities of each, of these divi- 
 sions are partly owing to their physical conformation. 
 The State may be jnstly regarded as an inclined plane, 
 on which the Unaka and Cumberland mountains ^re 
 resting, and. beneath which are the depressed sections 
 of Middle Tennessee and the river beds. The differ- 
 ence of elevation between the eastern and western 
 portion amounts to one thousand feet. About two- 
 fifths of this fall is made in reaching Knoxville, and 
 two-fifths at reaching Nashville, one-fifth only being 
 left for the remaining distance. It is owing to this 
 peculiar conformation that East Tennessee and the 
 adjoining counties of Middle Tennessee, with their 
 mountains and rapidly -flowing streams, form a great 
 contrast with the central portion of Middle and with 
 West Tennessee. The products of East Tennessee 
 -and of the adjoining counties of Middle Tennessee 
 are principally those of the Northwest, while the cen- 
 tral portion of Middle Tennessee and West Tennessee 
 partake of the character of the Southern States. 
 
 I. 
 
 EAST TENNESSEE. 
 
 East Tennessee but a few years ago was cut off from 
 the world; the~ goods which she needed had to be 
 hauled over the mountains hundreds of miles, and 
 while other parts of the country were making intel- 
 lectual progress. East Tennessee, in consequence of 
 her seclusion, had to stay behind. The railroads 
 which, in the course of time, were constructed, opened 
 
East 'Tennessee, 7 
 
 access to East Tennessee, and there was a gradual 
 change taking place. Other parts of the country ob- 
 tained some knowledge of East Tennessee ; they heard 
 of its minerals, of its magnificent valleys, of its glori- 
 ous mountains, of its splendid water-power, of its pure 
 atmosphere ; but the change was very gradual, and 
 there were still many things which prevented capital 
 and labor from finding its way to East Tennessee. Then 
 came the war. The ruin which it produced in East 
 Tennessee was terrible, yet, by the overruling power 
 of God, it was not without its blessings. It swept 
 away the institution of slavery, it afforded an oppor- 
 tunity to the people of the North to mingle with the 
 people of East Tennessee, and to the latter to visit 
 many parts of the North : and it gradually placed the 
 people of East Tennessee, in consequence of their un- 
 bending loyalty, in a position of great influence in the 
 direction of the affairs of the State. Thanks to the 
 manner in which this influence has been used, the 
 finances of the State are being re-established, life and 
 property are everywhere secure, public schools are to 
 be introduced in every part of the State, and many of 
 those whose minds have been directed to the resources 
 of East Tennessee, are now inquiring what these re- 
 sources are, and how they can aid in their develop- 
 ment. 
 
 I propose very briefly to furnish an answer to these 
 inquiries. 
 
 East Tennessee embraces that portion of the Unaka 
 chain of mountains which belongs to Tennessee, the 
 valley situated between the Unaka chain and the Cum- 
 berland mountains, and a portion of the latter. I shall 
 
8 ^he 'J'ennessee Hand-Book, 
 
 speak successively of these three divisions, so plainly 
 marked ont by nature. 
 
 As Uniha in the Cherokee means white^ the Unaka 
 mountains may owe their name to the fact that in 
 winter they are frequently capped with snow, and in 
 summer with white clouds. This chain of mountains 
 is from two to six thousand feet high. On account of 
 these mountains, East Tennessee has been called the 
 Switzerland of America. As in Switzerland, these 
 mountains have an elevation where the pastures and 
 the .game are the principal wealth of the mountaineer, 
 and, like Switzerland, the air of these mountains is 
 pure and salubrious, but there, in a great measure, the 
 comparison ceases to hold. While the summits of 
 Switzerland present the spectacle of the majestic but 
 desolate regions of eternal ice and snow, where the 
 stirring scenes of life give place to the silence of death, 
 the higher summits of the Unaka chain having a tem- 
 perature corresponding to that of Montreal, in Canada, 
 are covered with snow, on an average, only from two 
 to three months of the year, and have a soil sufficiently 
 good, at least, to produce not only ferns and wild grass, 
 but also a variety of berries, the strawberry included. 
 A portion of the mountain sides is already covered 
 with cultivated grasses. The facilities for fattening 
 stock, which even now are great, could be increased 
 in the same measure as the culture of the grasses is 
 extended. To the lover of nature these mountains 
 present great attractions. Many of these treeless sum- 
 mits are continuous, admitting at times of a walk for 
 a mile or two, with North Carolina, far below, on one 
 side, and Tennessee on the other, while a green ocean of 
 
East Tennessee, 9 
 
 mountains arises in tremendous billows immediately 
 around. The clouds, in which, these mountains are 
 often buried, supply with water the ice-cold springs 
 which flow forth on the edge of their summits^ and 
 which aptly illustrate the passage : " He sendeth 
 springs into the valleys which run among the hills." 
 Below them the streams of these mountains add to the 
 beauty of the scenery by their roaring rapids and 
 wild cas(Tades. They abound in trout, as the forests of 
 tliese mountains do in game. 
 
 The difference in the vegetation of these mountains 
 at different heights is owing to a difference of soil 
 rather than climate. Leaving the heavy forests of the 
 slopes below, the oak, the beech, the spruce and many 
 other trees diminish in size, and low groves of stinted 
 beeches, maples, birches and patches of balsam take 
 their place; at last these groves also disappear, and 
 tbe treeless summit spreads out in full view ; a change 
 of vegetation to which the ascent from the coast of 
 Pamphilia to the central table-land of Asia Minor, 
 which St. Paul made on his way from Perga to An- 
 tioch in Pisidia, bears a striking parallel ; in his case 
 the forests of oak were succeeded by the scattered 
 patches of the cedar juniper, until the treeless plains 
 of the interior were reached. 
 
 On many of the mountain sides, and even on some 
 of the less elevated summits, farms are found in a high 
 state of cultivation. 
 
 The area between the Unaka and the Cumberland 
 chain of mountains, though abounding in ridges and' 
 in valleys, which more or less run parallel with these 
 ridges, is still justly called The Yalley of East Ten 
 
lo ^he T^emiessee Hand-Book. 
 
 nessee^ since these ridges are not so "high as to take away 
 the idea of depression which belongs to the whole of 
 this area. Included in it is a class of valleys to which 
 the name of " coves " has been applied. Encircled by 
 mountains with but a narrow space of access, their 
 name has been obviously suggested by the coves in 
 the sea-shore to which they bear some resemblance. 
 The valley of East Tennessee is two hundred and forty- 
 two miles in length. In its northern part it has a width 
 of about fifty -five miles. Towards its southern part 
 the mountains converge and reduce its width to about 
 thirty-four miles. The mean annual temperature of 
 Knoxville, which is near the centre of the valley, is 
 about 57°. It is at least two degrees less in the upper 
 part of the valley, and near the Georgia line it is much 
 greater. The summer mean at Knoxville has been 
 placed at 73° 6', and is about that of Philadelphia. 
 Protected by the high mountain chains in the east 
 from the hot sultry winds of the south, and by the 
 Cumberland mountains from the raw piercing prairie 
 winds of the northwest, and elevated nine hundred 
 feet above the ocean, the valley of East Tennessee is 
 favored with a calm and habitually transparent atmos- 
 phere ; the winters are short, but sufficiently cold to 
 invigorate the system ; the summers are remarkable 
 for the cooling breezes which spring up often at the 
 time of the greatest heat; the nights admit of refreshing 
 sleep ; the autumns are magnificent, and often extend 
 to the middle of December. 
 
 East Tennessee is highly favored on account of its 
 rivers and streams, and the immense water-power 
 which they afford. The Holston river runs through 
 
East 'Tennessee, ii 
 
 the centre of the valley of East Tennessee, assuming 
 tlie name of " Tennessee " when about half through it. 
 Auxiliary streams flowing down from the Blue Eidge, 
 and breaking through the various chains which bound 
 East Tennessee, in narrow and deep gorges hasten from 
 the east to mingle their waters with the Holston or 
 Tennessee, while others flow to the same river from 
 the west. "With such an accumulation of force the 
 Tennessee encounters the Cumberland mountains near 
 Chattanooga, breaks through one of the ridges, and 
 turns into the State of Alabama. It is owing to the 
 rapid descent of many of the auxiliaries of the Hol- 
 ston or Tennessee, that East Tennessee so. greatly 
 abounds in opportunities for mills and manufactures. 
 
 The abundant irrigation derived from these streams 
 has given the valley of East Tennessee a high reputation 
 for its breadstuffs and its live stock. Corn and wheat 
 and the grains requiring a similar climate are most 
 remunerative. Cotton is cultivated to some extent, but 
 in general it is found more profitable to obtain it from 
 Middle and West Tennessee. Sorghum is successfully 
 cultivated, and furnishes in many a cottage an impor- 
 tant item in the simple fare of its inmates, while the 
 maple tree supplies them with sugar. By far too much 
 grain is manufactured into whiskey. Bast Tennessee 
 is highly favored in the growing of fruit, though the 
 cultivation of the better kinds of apples, pears, peaches 
 and cherries is yet limited. In 1866, the abundant 
 fruit-harvest opened the way for the breadstuffs, which 
 the effect of the war had made it impossible to raise, 
 and without which there would have been wide-spread 
 suffering. The late frosts of April are fraught with 
 
12 '^he 'Tennessee Hand-Book, 
 
 danger, yet on the mountain sides of the Unaka chain 
 and of the Cumberland mountains, as well as on the 
 sloping banks of rivers, the peach seldom fails, and 
 there also the grape may be most successfully culti- 
 vated. In the valley; the late apples are sure to suc- 
 ceed, and on that account deserve special attention. 
 
 In the raising of mules, Tennessee surpasses the 
 other States of the Union, and East Tennessee, before 
 the war, raised more than Middle and West Tennessee. 
 Together with Kentucky, she supplied South Carolina 
 with the hogs that State stood in need of. Much atten- 
 tion is also paid to the raising of horses and of cattle. 
 There are in East Tennessee hundreds of flocks of 
 sheep, and wool-growing is much attended to. It is a 
 fact worthy of note, that of whatever losses during the 
 late war the contending armies might make light, they 
 never made light of the loss of East Tennessee. Its 
 wealth in grain, in cattle, and in hogs, not less than 
 its mineral resources, were highly appreciated on either 
 side, and Chickamauga, Missionary Eidge, Lookout 
 mountain, the assaults of Lbngstreet on Knoxville, and 
 the sturdy defence of General Burnside, show how 
 highly they were esteemed. 
 
 In giving a brief description of the table-land of 
 East Tennessee, which at some points is forty miles 
 wide, and might furnish on its level summit a highway 
 from Kentucky to Alabama, I shall, in part, anticipate / 
 my description of Middle Tennessee, as a great portion 
 of it is within the limits of the latter. 
 
 There is but little difference between "the climate of 
 the valley and the table-land of East Tennessee. On 
 the whole, the ground of the table-land is inferior to 
 
East 1'ennessee, 13 
 
 that of tLe valley, but if it produces less of corn it is 
 more highly adapted for grazing purposes. There 
 are thousands of acres found there of natuml meado^vs 
 where horses, cattle and hogs need only the attention 
 of the farmer during the few days while snow is on 
 the ground. Cattle brought here in the spring are 
 fat in the fall, and ready for the market. 
 
 The vast mineral wealth of these mountains, like, 
 that of the Unaka chain,- is almost entirely undeveloped. 
 You may be told that in Johnson county, before the 
 war, some fifteen forges were at work, and similar 
 accounts may be given you with regard to other coun- 
 ties ; but in comparison with the vast treasures within, 
 the sounds of these forges are but as a faint voice 
 coming from these mountains, and inviting him who 
 hears them to take possession. 
 
 Chalybeate, sulphur, and other mineral springs are 
 found in East Tennessee. Many of them have proved 
 efficacious in curing diseases, and would, no doubt, 
 attract yqtj general attention if their merits were, 
 properly brought to the knowledge of the public. 
 
 It is now nearly two years since I published a pam- 
 phlet on the subject of East Tennessee, in which I 
 said that in the same measure as a knowledge of the 
 resources of East Tennessee would be spread abroad, 
 and as the railroad connection between the Middle 
 States and East Tennessee would become more close, 
 the time would come when, by the impulse which the 
 introduction of free labor must give to this region, 
 these vast mineral treasures would be brought to 
 light ; when the streams which now flow down these 
 
 mountains in idle beauty would be made to turn the 
 
 2 
 
14 T^he l^ennessee Hand-Book, 
 
 wheels of numberless manufactories, while the gener- 
 ous fruit of the vine would cover these mountain sides; 
 when cities, towns, and villages would be linked to 
 each other by the common interests of commercial 
 enterprise ; when schools, and churches, anct the labors 
 of a faithful ministry would be multiplied, and when 
 the population of these mighty mountain fastnesses, 
 which so nobly has guarded the interests of the nation, 
 would be abundantly increased. 
 
 In examining the description I am about to give of 
 the counties of East Tennessee, the reader will find 
 that the prospects I have thus held out have, to some 
 slight extent, been already realized. 
 
 In now closing these remarks on East Tennessee, I 
 cannot but refer to the fact that the beautiful and 
 sublime scenery of East Tennessee has furnished ad- 
 mirable subjects to the pencil of Mr. James Cameron, 
 while the poet also has sung its praises in touching 
 and eloquent strains. Not only his countrymen, but 
 many who but for a time have lived in East Tennessee, 
 are ready to say with him : 
 
 Who knows thee well is sure to love 
 Where'er his wandering footsteps rove, 
 And backward ever turns to thee 
 With fond regretful memory ; 
 Feeling his heart impatient burn 
 Among thy mountains to return. 
 
'l^he Counties of East 'Tennessee, 15 
 
 1. 
 
 THE COUNTIES OF EAST TENNESSEE. 
 
 They are : 1. Sullivan ; 2. Carter ; 3. Johnson ; 4 
 Washington ; 5. Greene ; 6. Hawkins ; 7. Cocke ; 8 
 Jefferson; 9. Grainger; 10. Hancock; 11. Claiborne 
 12. Union; 13. Knox; 14. Blount; 15. Sevier; 16 
 Eoane ; 17. Anderson ; 18. Campbell ; 19. Morgan 
 20. Scott; 21. Monroe; 22. McMinn ; 23. Meigs 
 24. Ehea; 25. Bradley; 26. Polk; 27. Hamilton 
 28. Marion ; 29. Sequachee ; 30. Bledsoe. 
 
 I shall speak of these thirty counties in the same 
 order in which I have here arranged them. 
 
 2. 
 
 DESCEIPTION OF THE COUNTIES. 
 
 In presenting the reader with some particulars con- 
 cerning these counties, he may imagine that, map in 
 hand, he is travelling with me on the railroad from 
 Bristol to Chattanooga. When stating that in any 
 particular county land is for sale, I have not mentioned 
 the maximum and minimum, or the average price, 
 because, from various' reasons, such statements would 
 have been altogether indefinite* It must suffice to say 
 that, in many cases, mountain lands, good for grazing 
 and kindred purposes, can be bought for fifty cents 
 per acre ; and that river bottoms, at no great distance 
 from a good market, can be bought at from twenty - 
 five to fifty dollars. In my statement concerning the 
 
1 6 'l^he 'I'ennessee Hand-Book, 
 
 productions of the counties of East Tennessee, I Lave 
 depended upon the census of 1860, a copy of which is 
 added to this volume, though not without a proper 
 regard to the great change which has since taken place 
 in the condition of the State. 
 
 In entering the State of Tennessee by the Lynch- 
 burg and Bristol Eailroad, the traveler finds himself in 
 
 1. Sullivan County. 
 
 Its surface is hilly, and its hills often rise to the 
 height of mountains. It is watered by the Holston 
 and the "Watauga, and by many creeks which, like 
 those two rivers, afford fine opportunities for the 
 establishment of manufactories. There is a great deal 
 of iron in the county. Mr. Bushong, near Bristol, is 
 working a mine which is remarkably rich. The 
 county is well adapted to the raising of stock, and 
 celebrated on account of its fine horses. It also takes 
 a hjggh rank in the raising of sheep and in the pro- 
 duction of wool. There are several sulphur springs 
 in this county. It is well wooded and much of its 
 land is offered for sale at reasonable prices. Blount- 
 ville, the county seat, seven miles from Union, a 
 station on the East Tennessee and Virginia Railroad, 
 has many educational advantages. 
 
 East of Sullivan county is 
 
 2. Carter County. 
 
 It is mountainous in some parts; in others it is un- 
 dulating or hilly. The Watauga and the Doe rivers, 
 the Stone, the Buffalo, and many other creeks, furnish 
 
Description of the Counties, 17 
 
 in this county many fine sites for manufactories. It 
 produces the usual grains and roots very abundantly. 
 Considering that the improved farms of the county 
 occupy only about 83,000 acres, Carter county takes 
 a high rank in the producing of Irish potatoes, and in 
 that, of buckwheat. It also deserves to be noted for its 
 sheep-raising and the manufacture of wool. It ranks 
 highest among the counties of East Tennessee in the 
 value of its orchard products. It abounds in iron ore 
 of a superior quality, equal indeed to the cranberry 
 ore in North Carolina, at a short distance from the 
 East Tennessee line. The county is well timbered. 
 Quite a number of families from the^North have immi- 
 grated to this county, and are partly engaged in the 
 erection of manufactories.. Elizabethton, the county 
 seat; surrounded by beautiful mountain and river 
 scenery, is situated seven miles from Carter Depot, on 
 the East Tennessee and Virginia Eailroad. It is likely 
 that a branch railroad will soon be constructed to the 
 North Carolina line, connecting with the East* Ten- 
 nessee and Virginia Eailroad at Carter or Johnson's 
 Station. 
 
 East of Carter county, and the most northeastern 
 county of the State, is 
 
 3. Johnson County. 
 
 In general this county is mountainous, but there are 
 in it rich tracts of land. There are many creeks in 
 this county adapted to the construction of mills and 
 manufactories. Johnson county takes the highest rank 
 of all the counties of East Tennessee in raising rye, 
 
1 8 ^he l^ennessee Hand-Book, 
 
 buckwlieat, and barley. In entering this county from 
 Carter, the traveler, in descending a high mountain, 
 finds himself in the valley, or, as it is there called, in 
 the " Cove" of Shady. This valley is seven mites 
 long and three miles wide. It is much higher than 
 the valleys of Carter or the other valleys of Johnson 
 county, high as they are. It is entirely surrounded 
 v/ith mountains, and, partly on that account, is remark- 
 able for its coolness during nine months of the year. 
 The snow-bird, the true home of which seems to be 
 north, is altogether domesticated in this and in simi- 
 larly elevated localities. The beauty of the Cove of 
 Shady well repays a long ride such as I took when I 
 visited it. There are in it two forges. Being encom- 
 passed by mountains, and presenting a j^leasant variety 
 of fruitful fields and of woodland, you can hardly get 
 rid of the impression that you are passing through 
 some private domain ; yet there are living in it some 
 twenty -five families. 
 
 In Taylorsville, the county seat, numbering some 
 250 inhabitants, no whiskey is sold. It is contemplated 
 to construct a railroad connecting Taylorsville with 
 the Salt Works near Abington, Yirginia. 
 
 Considering that Johnson county has only upwards 
 of 25,000 acres of improved farms, it occupies in point 
 of productiveness a very fair position. In the course 
 of time, however, it is likely to owe a large portion 
 of its prosperity to the development of its mineral 
 wealth. There are now several forges in operation. 
 
 West of Carter county, and on either side of the 
 East Tennessee and Yirginia Eailroad, is 
 
Description of the Counties, 19 
 
 4. Washington County. 
 
 It is in different parts hilly, mountainous, and level. 
 It» is watered by the Watauga and the Nolachucky, 
 and by many creeks. In a region of country where 
 water-power so greatly abounds, the ISTolachucky de- 
 serves to be specially noticed. For many miles it has 
 a natural adaptation for the construction of mills and 
 manufactories. With the exception of the Embreville 
 iron works, some eight miles from Jonesboro', and a 
 few mills, no benefit is derived from this water-power. 
 The working of the iron ore in this county, which is 
 known to be of fine quality and very abundant, will, 
 in the course of time, greatly add to its prosperity and 
 wealth. There is some copper ore in the county 
 which is now being tested. Eich bottom and fine 
 mountain lands, within easy reach of the railroad, are 
 offered for sale at very reasonable terms. Next to 
 Carter county, Washington ranks highest among the 
 counties of East Tennessee with regard to the value 
 of its orchard products. Before the war it was much 
 noted for the number of its milch cows, and the pro- 
 duction of butter. The beautiful views of the Bald 
 mountain, situated partly in Washington county and 
 partly in North Carolina, attract many visitors. The 
 town of Jonesboro' will be much benefited by a turn- 
 pike road to North Carolina, the construction of which 
 is now in contemplation. Washington county is noted 
 for the number of its flour -mills, and the excellent 
 flour it produces. 
 
20 ^he 'Tennessee Hand-Book. 
 
 West of WasTiington county is 
 
 5. Greene County. 
 
 ■ The surface of this county is hilly in part, and in 
 part mountainous ; in a portion of the county the soil is 
 indifferent ; there are, however, large tracts, and espe- 
 cially the bottom-lands of the Nolachucky, of the 
 Little Chucky, and of Lick and other creeks, which 
 are exceedingly fruitful. It has more acres of land 
 improved in farms than any other county in East Ten- 
 nessee. It was noted before the war on account of the 
 number of its horses, its milch cows, and for its butter 
 and its cheese, and it ranked high in the production of 
 hay, of cloverseed, of flaxseed, and of flax, as also in 
 the production of the grains and of sweet potatoes. 
 The county also numbered many herds of swine and 
 of sheep, and stood high in the production of wool. 
 The great wealth of the county is likely to consist in 
 its iron ore. The works of the New York and East 
 Tennessee Iron Company, in charge of A. A. Talmage, 
 Esq., are situated eleven miles from Greenville. The 
 ore of the bank in which this company owns an in- 
 terest is exceedingly rich. It is a brown hematite 
 containing a large portion of manganese, and on that 
 account commanding a better price in the market than 
 the ordinary iron. The Legislature has granted a 
 charter and also ten thousand dollars per mile for 
 building a railroad from Grreenville to the Paint Eock, 
 where it will connect with the North Carolina Railroad 
 and form communication by that route with the sea- 
 board. This branch railroad will pass directly in 
 front of the furnace of the Company. Another com- 
 
Description of the Counties, 21 
 
 pany is erecting a farnace two miles furtlier east. It 
 will be in operation before next spring and will' manu- 
 facture the same kind of iron. It is by such develop- 
 ments that inducements are held out to capitalists, and 
 that immigration is attracted — a mining and manufac- 
 turing population guaranteeing to the farming popula- 
 tion, which it draws around it, the market which the 
 latter needs. 
 
 The county seat, Greenville, is situated on the East 
 Tennessee and Virginia Eailroad, in the midst of beau- 
 tiful mountain scenery. 
 
 Near Greenville is Tusculum, a collegiate institution 
 under the auspices of the 0. 3. Presbyterian Church. 
 
 North of Greene county, and bordering on Yir- 
 ginia, is 
 
 6. Hawkins County. 
 
 The conformation of Hawkins county is peculiar. 
 There ar@ in this county several ridges of mountains, 
 more or less elevated, but a large portion of the county 
 consists of valleys, the one running parallel with the 
 other. These valleys are remarkable for their fruitful 
 soil. Before the war Hawkins ranked high as a sheep- 
 raising and wool-producing county. Iron is found in 
 some parts of the county, and in others there are indi- 
 cations of coal. A salt- well is worked with well- 
 founded hopes of success. There are several sulphur 
 springs in the county; one of them, about five miles 
 from Eogersville, is thought to be superior to the 
 White Sulphur Springs in Virginia. There are also 
 chalybeate and alum springs; an attempt made to 
 obtain coal-oil is likely to meet with success. Veins 
 
22 l^he 'Tennessee Hand-Book, 
 
 of a marble wMcTi, in many respects, is superior to 
 any in the world, extend fifty miles from one end of 
 tlie county to the other, running parallel with the rich 
 bottoms of the Holston and crossing it twice. There 
 is a marble quarry six miles and another ten miles 
 from Eogersville ; the latter is near the Holston river ; 
 both these quarries were worked before the war. The 
 quarry" four miles from Eogersville was worked by 
 Orville Eice, Esq. " Mr. Eice" — I quote from the ' Ee- 
 connoissance' of Professor Saffbrd — " sent a block of the 
 light mottled strawberry variety to the Washington 
 Monument. This was called the 'Hawkins County 
 Block,' and bears the inscription, 'From Hawkins 
 county, Tennessee.' Another block of one of the 
 finest varieties already described was sent, by Act of 
 Legislature, which was called the ' State Block.' " "With 
 the quarry of Mr. Eice there was connected a small 
 mill, so that but little marble was sent off in its rude 
 state. The quarry ten miles from Eogersville furnished 
 the marble for the State capitols of Ohio, of South 
 Carolina, and for the National Capitol. The marble 
 from this point ^an be sent in flat-boats to Chattanooga, 
 there to be shipped to the Korth, while that which is 
 obtained six miles from Eogersville can be transported 
 from that town on the branch road which connects 
 Eogersville with the East Tennessee and Yirginia 
 Railroad at Eogersville Junction. 
 
 Eogersville, the county seat of Hawkins county, 
 before the -war was noted for its literary institutions. 
 The male academy, imparting a business as well as 
 classical education, is now carried on by Mr. A. W. 
 Maine with marked success. Measures are being taken 
 
Description of the Counties, aj 
 
 to make the female academy extensively useful. On 
 the Holston river, and on several of the creeks flowing 
 into it, there is a good deal of water-power. Farm 
 lands and town lots of every kind are offered in this 
 county for sale at reasonable prices. 
 
 Southwest of Hawkins county, and also bordering 
 on Yirginia, is 
 
 7. Cocke County. 
 
 The southern part of Cocke county consists, in a 
 great measure, of mountains embracing the highest 
 summits of the Unaka chain. It bears in this county 
 the local name of the " Smoky." The central portion 
 of the county consists of rolling rich land. A pecu- 
 liar feature of the county are the Chucky knobs; they 
 ^re ten miles long and five miles wide, and have the 
 appearance of potato-hills; the north side of each 
 knob is rich, the south side poor. There is in the 
 county a German settlement called the Grass country, 
 because there the grasses are more cultivated than in 
 any other part of the county. Before the war Cocke 
 county ranked very high on account of its milch 
 cows and the butter it produced. 
 
 A rich farm of one thousand acres, called "The 
 Bend of Chucky," is also deserving of special attention. 
 The county is watered by the Nolachucky, the French 
 Broad, the Big Pigeon, and many creeks, along which 
 there are not only fruitful valleys but many excellent 
 sites for mills and manufactories. The breadstuffs and 
 the roots cultivated in this county succeed well; so 
 also does the fruit. There is plenty of iron ore in the 
 county, but it is little worked; there are also in it 
 nitro-chalybeate and sulphur springs. 
 
24 Tihe 'Tennessee Hand-Book, 
 
 The Cincinnati, Cumberland Gap and Charleston 
 railroad now reaches the point where the Big Pigeon 
 enters the French Broad ; there a depot will be erected, 
 and the county seat, now at Newport, will be moved 
 to it. I know few counties in East Tennessee which 
 more deserve the attention of the capitalist or the 
 immigrant than Cocke county. 
 
 Northwest of Cocke county is 
 
 8. Jefferson County. 
 
 It possesses fruitful lands and great mineral wealth. 
 Its rivers and creeks are remarkable for their rich 
 bottoms, as well as for the abundant water-power 
 which they afford. Bounded on the west by a some- 
 what elevated ridge, called the Bays' Mountain, and 
 on the east by the uplands along the Holston, there is 
 a valley forty miles long, and from three to four miles 
 wide, of great fruitfulness. In it and along the rail- 
 road which passes through it are the towns of New 
 Market, Mossy Creek, Morristown, and Eussellville. 
 Before the war Jefferson county was noted for the 
 number of its horses and mules, its herds of swine and 
 its flocks of sheep, as well as for the large quantity of 
 wool it produced ; it ranked high also as a wheat-pro- 
 ducing county, and, all things considered, highest in 
 the raising of corn. Mossy Creek lies on the creek 
 from which it derives its name. This creek is four 
 and a half miles long ; there are on it now some eight 
 manufactories and mills, yet but a small portion of «its 
 water-power has been brought into use. Within the 
 distance of two and a half miles there are flowing into 
 this creek eight large springs. Unlike other creeks 
 
Description of the Counties. 25 
 
 wliich, in the rainy season^ rise very Mgli, and occasion 
 great destruction, this creek rises hardly two-feet above 
 its usual height. The zinc establishment of the East 
 Tennessee Zinc Company has been started under very 
 favorable circumstances. It is one out of four now 
 existing in the United States, and promises to be as 
 large as any of them. The zinc ore which supplies 
 this company is from five to six feet thick. In this 
 establishment the Turbine wheel has been introduced. 
 It would be well if, in the upper counties of East Ten- 
 nessee, this wheel had been used in the new structures 
 which have been erected, as it would have been the 
 means of placing them beyond, the reach of any future 
 flood. 
 
 The East Tennessee Zinc Company expects to make, 
 this year, two thousand ^yq hundred pounds of the 
 oxide of zinc, and next year five thousand pounds. 
 In the mean time spelter works will be erected for the 
 making oi zinc out of the ore. The introduction of 
 a large German agricultural population would help to 
 provide food for the manufacturing population in this 
 region, and would be benefited in their turn by having 
 a ready market at their very doors. Nolachucky, the 
 French Broad, and many creeks, have rich bottoms 
 and great water-power. The agent of this company 
 at Mossy Creek is Mr. William S. Sizer. Besides zinc, 
 iron and other minerals, no doubt, exist in this county, 
 but have not yet been sufficiently tested.* 
 
 * Wliile at Mossy Creek, I liad the pleasure of visiting Judge 
 Peck, who, though far advanced in life, is still -warmly interested 
 in the development of the resources of Tennessee. He will 
 
 3 
 
i6 ^he 'J'ennessee Hand-Book, 
 
 Dandridge, fhe county seat, is a town of about nine 
 hundred inhabitants, on the French Broad. 
 
 The Cincinnati; Cumberland Gap and Charleston 
 Railroad will, when completed, greatly increase the 
 facilities for travel and transportation. Morristown, 
 on the junction of this and the East Tennessee and 
 Virginia Railroad, has around it a region of country 
 highly favorable for farming purposes, especially the 
 rich bottoms in the bend of the Nolachucky, 
 
 North of Jefferson county is 
 
 9. Grainger County, 
 
 Grainger county is one of the counties the resources 
 of which are likely to be speedily developed, in con- 
 sequence of the construction of the Cincinnati, Cum- 
 berland Gap and Charleston Railroad. Many of its 
 fertile lands being thus placed within easy reach of a 
 market, they have a strong claim upon the attention 
 of the immigrant. Grainger county is divided from 
 Jefferson county partly by the East Tennessee and 
 Yirginia Railroad, and partly by the Holston. Morris- 
 town belongs, in part, to Grainger county. 
 
 Grainger county, before the war, produced abun- 
 dantly the usual grains, grasses and roots, as well as a 
 considerable quantity of butter. It is rich in chaly- 
 beate springs ; Tate and Lea springs enjoy an exten- 
 sive and well-deserved reputation. 
 
 sliortly send his fine assortment of minerals, principally collected 
 by liimself, to the city of New York, in order to have them 
 tested. 
 
Description of the Counties, 27 
 
 Nortbieast of Grainger county is 
 
 10. Hancock County. 
 
 Like Carter and some other counties, Hancock 
 county has but between thirty and forty tl^ousand 
 acres of improved land. Hancock county is moun- 
 tainous, but on the banks of the Clinch river and of 
 the creeks which flow into it, it has fine river bottoms. 
 From the census of 1860, it appears that its produc- 
 tions occupied a fair place. 
 
 North of Grainger is 
 
 11. Claiborne County. 
 
 The bottoms of Clinch and Powell's rivers are re- 
 markable for their fertility. The northern portion of 
 the county is very mountainous. Cumberland Gap is 
 in this county. Claiborne county is likely to be greatly 
 benefited by the construction of the Cincinnati, 
 Cumberland Gap and Charleston Eailroad. Before 
 the war, it ranked especially high in the production 
 of hay and flax. It also raised a great number of 
 swine. There are two forges in operation. 
 
 Southwest of Claiborne is 
 
 12. Union County. 
 
 Like Carter and Hancock counties, Union county has 
 only between thirty and forty thousand acres of im- 
 proved farming lands. Its productiveness must be 
 estimated accordingly. Before the war it stood fair 
 as a wheat and corn-producing county, as well as on 
 
28 The 'deftness ee Hand-Book, 
 
 account of the number of its milcli cows and tlie but 
 ter it made. It was also noted on account of its sheep 
 and the wool it manufactured. Though there is fr? 
 railroad passing through Union county, its inhabitatn.a 
 have ready access to the markets which their products 
 call for. The Clinch river flows through it. 
 
 West of Jefferson county is 
 
 13. Knox County. 
 
 It is hilly in some parts, but in general presents the 
 picture 'of a fine, rolling country. It is watered by 
 the Holston and by many creeks, and has fine bottom- 
 lands. In 1860, it far surpassed all other counties of 
 East Tennessee in the value of its market-garden pro- 
 ducts, and in the wine which it made. It also ranked 
 high in the production of hay, clover-seed and of bees- 
 wax, of horses, milch cows, and swine, as well as of 
 wheat, corn, and Irish potatoes. There are many veins 
 of white and variegated marble in this county. Be- 
 fore the war, some of these were somewhat extensively 
 worked. A quarry, a few miles from Knoxville^ fur- 
 nished the variegated marble of the capitol at Nash- 
 ville. 
 
 The county seat of Knox county is Knoxville, situ- 
 ated at the head of navigation on the Holston river, 
 and on the terminus of the East Tennessee and Yir- 
 ginia and the East Tennessee and Georgia Kailroads. 
 This city presents a striking proof of the general 
 progress which the people of East Tennessee are 
 making, and which it partly owes to the peculiar ad- 
 vantages of its situation. In the language of an able 
 
Description of the Counties, 29 
 
 writer on this subject : " Whether viewed as the centre 
 of a rich agricultural region abounding in all the great 
 minerals; except gold, and therefore adapted to manu- 
 factures ; or as being at the intersection of two lines 
 of railroad; one connecting the Atlantic coast with the 
 northern lakes, and the other New York with New 
 Orleans; or, viewed geographically, as the precise cen- 
 tre of East Tennessee, or as the centre of a region 
 the circumference of which extends from Lexington to 
 Louisville, Nashville, Atlanta, Charlotte, and Lynch- 
 burg — her position is a commanding one. There are 
 no large, competing towns nearer than from two to 
 three hundred miles. With regard to the trade which 
 will flow southward from Upper East Tennessee, Yir- 
 ginia, and Kentucky, and westward from North Caro- 
 lina by way of the French Broad Eailroad, as well as 
 northward by the East Tennessee and Greorgia Eailroad, 
 Knoxville is the first important town this interior or 
 domestic trade will strike; here the merchandise will 
 be sold and distributed, and here the producer and 
 farmer will find his nearest and therefore best market, 
 in which to purchase his supplies and to sell his sur- 
 plus. 
 
 "The nearness of Knoxville to the cotton region add& 
 also greatly, to its importance. This region must be 
 supplied from abroad with most of the articles manu- 
 factured from iron ; call to mind the agricultural 
 products of this region; too remote from the great ex- 
 porting markets to be exorbitantly dear, the immense 
 water-power at our command; the coal of the best 
 quality, which can be sold at fifteen cents per bushel, 
 our genial climate and the facilities of railroad inter- 
 
30 ^he Tennessee Hand-Book, 
 
 course wliicli we enjoy ; and it cannot be bnt evident 
 that Knoxville, under the impulse which the abolition 
 of slavery has given to this whole region^ will, at no 
 distant period, become a populous manufacturing 
 centre."^ 
 
 Professor "Waterhouse, in speaking of the danger 
 of having certain advantages of trade diverted from 
 St. Louis in favor of one of its rivals, expresses the 
 fear, lest " the energy of an unlineal competitor may 
 usurp the honors of the imperial heir." The extracts 
 I have made serve to show, to some extent, what 
 Knoxville has done to guard against a similar danger, 
 and what yet remains to be done. The inhabitants of 
 Knoxville are also engaged in opening for their city 
 new avenues of trade, by the construction of turn- 
 pikes. The Holston, navigable from seven to eight 
 months of the year, contributes considerably to the 
 trade of the city. 
 
 The position of Knoxville is well calculated for the- 
 establishment of brass-works, since zinc is to be found 
 at the distance of thirty miles to the east, and copper 
 eight miles to the west ; charcoal can be obtained at 
 from four to five cents per bushel ; the working of 
 iron is favored by the fact, that the fine iron ore on 
 the banks of the Holston river can be easily mixed 
 with the iron ore obtained from the mountains; the 
 brown hematite being accessible by flat-boats, and the 
 red by the Knoxville and Kentucky Eailroad. The 
 
 * These extracts are taken from a series of letters wMcli ap- 
 poared in tlie Knoxville Whig. Tlie latter portion of it is quoted 
 from memory. 
 
Dxscripiion of the Counties, 31 
 
 creeks running tbTongh the town have a good deal of 
 water-power, some of which is made available. 
 
 Knoxville has about eight thousand inhabitants, 
 and among them quite a number of Grerman and Swiss 
 families. 
 
 Among the principal business houses I mention 
 Cowan & Dickenson, and Cowan, McClung & Co., both 
 wholesale dealers in merchandise. Chamberlin, Eich- 
 ards & Co. have a rolling-mill, and J. W North & Co. 
 a foundry and machine shop. 
 
 The University of East Tennessee was founded in 
 1778. During the war the sessions were interrupted, 
 and the elevated situation of the institution exposed 
 it to the fire of the enemy. The instructions have 
 been resumed under the presidency of the Eev. Dr. T. 
 W. Humes, assisted by three professors, one of them 
 in charge of the preparatory department. Special 
 attention will be paid to the thoroughness of instruc- 
 tion in- the latter. Endowed by Congress, through 
 the State, East Tennessee University has a fund of 
 $55,000. Though the University is not connected 
 with any particular denomination, the instructions 
 upder the auspices of the President are sure to be per- 
 vaded by an eminently Christian spirit. 
 
 South of Knox county is 
 
 14. Blount County. 
 
 This county is partly mountainous, partly undulat- 
 ing or hilly, and partly level. The Holston separates 
 it from Eoane and Knox counties, and the Little Ten- 
 nessee from Monroe county; the Little river rises in 
 
32 ^i'/;<? '^Tennessee Hand-Book, 
 
 the Smoky mountains, and flows tlirough Blount 
 county into the Holston. On these rivers and on the 
 creeks flowing into them there is a good deal of water- 
 power. The county abounds in tracts of land adapted 
 to grazing purposes. A peculiar feature in this county 
 is the number of caves it contains. At Friendsville 
 there is a settlement of Friends and a good school; 
 Louisville, a little town on the Holston, has fine oppor- 
 tunities for trade ; Rockford has a cotton mill. Mont- 
 vale Springs, nine miles from Maryville, and twenty- 
 four miles from Knoxville, had been visited by many 
 invalids long before the medicinal character of these 
 springs became generally known. The Knoxville and 
 Charleston Railroad, now under construction, will bring 
 these springs within three miles of one of its depots. 
 There are two fountains at Montvale; in one of these 
 chalybeate characteristics predominate, in the other 
 sulphur. From a rock a mile and a quarter from the 
 springs, on the summit of the Alleghany, (here^ called 
 Ohilhowee,) a fine view is obtained of theOreat Valley 
 of Bast Tennessee.* At the springs a large and com- 
 modious three-story building has been erected, with 
 spacious piazzas on each story, running the entire 
 length of the building, so that the invalid may not be 
 exposed to inclement weather while he takes his walk. 
 Numerous neatly-finished cottages have been built on 
 each side of the lawn, easily accessible from the 
 
 * Last summer all the cottages on tlie grounds were filled, 
 numbering from three to four hundred persons. The kindness 
 of the proprietors, Messrs. White and Whitlock, and the substan- 
 tial comforts with which they provide their yisitors, is highly de- 
 serving of praise. 
 
Description of the Counties, ^^ 
 
 springs and from the hotel. Bath-rooms, and all the 
 'other conveniences of a summer retreat, have been 
 carefully attended to. Three miles from the hotel, on 
 the Montvale lands, there is a remarkably fine sulphur 
 spring. The dim forests by which the springs are 
 surrounded form a striking contrast with the charms 
 which culture has thrown around their immediate 
 vicinity. 
 
 Maryville, the county seat, has suffered much during 
 the war. It is likely to be benefited by the construc- 
 tion of the railroad above mentioned, as that road will 
 pass through it. 
 
 In Maryville there is a college under the auspices 
 of the Kew School Presbyterian church, which, from 
 the year 1819, when it was founded, till the breaking 
 out of the war, has sent forth over one hundred and 
 twenty ministers and a large number of teachers and 
 other professional men. During the war the col- 
 lege was used for a barn and for soldiers' barracks. 
 The institution has once more gone into operation, but 
 it stands greatly in need of help. Having maintained 
 unflinchingly a loyal, evangelical and liberty-loving 
 basis,; and furnishing the means of living and of in- 
 , struction on remarkably reasonable terms, it commends 
 itself strongly to the attention of those who are able 
 to aid it. Professor T L. Lamar is at the head of the 
 institution. Within the corporate limits of Maryville 
 no liquor is sold. 
 
 I ron is known to exist in abundance in this county, 
 but it is worked by only one small forge in Miller's 
 Cove. It raises in abundance the usual grains, and 
 especially also sweet potatoes. In 1860 it produced 
 
j4 ^he 'Tennessee Hand-Book, 
 
 a large amoTint of hay and of grass seeds. It also 
 deserves to be noticed on account of the high value 
 of its live stock. Sheep -raising is carried on suc- 
 cessfully. 
 
 Near Friendsville is a vein of superior marble, but 
 the prices asked for hauling it to the river, and the 
 charge of transportation by railroad; prevent its being 
 worked. 
 
 South of Knox county is 
 
 15. Sevier County. 
 
 Though mountainous in part, and rich in minerals, 
 it has considerable tracts of fertile soil ; and before the 
 war, according to the census of 1860, occupied a fair 
 position with regard to its productions. Among the 
 points which will richly repay a visit is the Alum 
 Cave. I have the authority of Judge Peck in saying, 
 that the cave can be reached by starting from Sevier- 
 ville, on the clay turnpike road, which is called Miers' 
 Koad. About twenty miles from town is the cave, 
 and near it a natural curiosity, a hole passing through 
 the mountain. The Summit Eoad Gap, near the Alum 
 Cave, is 5,314 feet high. 
 
 West of Knox county is 
 
 16. Roane County. 
 
 Eoane county is an agricultural county, though a 
 large portion of it is very mountainous, and well adapted 
 for grazing purpose. It is watered by the Holston and 
 Clinch rivers, and is rich in iron and coal. Before the 
 war Eoane county ranked high on account of the num- 
 
Description of the Counties. ^^ 
 
 ber of its horses^ its milch cows, and its swine, and 
 was also noted as a grain-producing county, and as 
 being second only to Sullivan county in tlie product 
 of tobacco. If tbe Pacific Eailroad should pass through 
 this county it would contribute to the development of 
 its prod ucts. Kingston, the county seat, is situated on 
 the Clinch river, two miles from its mouth. It is 
 navigable from seven to eight months of the year. 
 There is a cotton mill and spinning factory at Lenoir's, 
 a station on the East Tennessee and Georgia Eailroad. 
 At Loudon, also on the railroad, there is a fine bridge 
 over the Tennessee river. 
 
 Northwest of Knox county is 
 
 17. Anderson County. 
 
 Its northern portion' is mountainous ; near the centre 
 it has rich uplands, and along the Clinch river and 
 creeks which flow into it there are fine bottom- 
 lands. The Knoxville and Kentucky Eailroad, now 
 finished several miles beyond Clinton, will run through 
 valuable timber land. Thanks to this railroad the 
 coal of the Cumberland mountains is now sold in 
 Knoxville at from fifteen to twenty cents. If the 
 Pacific Eailroad should have its terminus two miles 
 from Clinton, on the Knoxville and Kentucky Eail- 
 road, it would of course greatly add to this develop- 
 ment of the resources of the county. On account 
 of the cheapness of the coal, the presence of the red 
 hematite, a good deal of water-power and cheap- 
 living, large manufactories are likely to be established 
 in this county. Clinton, the county seat, is situated 
 on the Knoxville and Kentucky Eailroad, and also on 
 
36 'l^he "Tennessee Hand-Book, 
 
 the liead of navigation of tlie Clincti river, tHs river 
 being navigable from seven to eight months of the 
 year ; thus the produce which is brought down the 
 river on flat-boats or rafts is reloaded on steamboats 
 or railroad cars, and finds a ready market. 
 
 North of Anderson county is 
 
 18. Campbell County, 
 
 While the western portion is mountainous, a con- 
 siderable area, in the county consists of fine valleys, 
 among which Powell's valley deserves special notice, 
 being watered by Powell's and other creeks. The 
 Knoxville and Kentucky Eailroad crosses the corner 
 of Powell's valley; it passes along a very rich though 
 narrow valley, producing large quantities of wheat, 
 bacon, &g. By it the rich timber of the mountains 
 and an abundance of superior coal and iron will be 
 reached. The railroad will also run through Elk Creek 
 valley, a valley peculiarly adapted for the apple, and 
 rich in iron ore ; there is a mass of iron there, sixty 
 feet at the base, and twenty feet high, apparently 
 heaved up by volcanic action. In this valley the black- 
 band ore is found, as also stone and bituminous coal 
 free of sulphur, and regular splent coal, good for smelt- 
 ing iron ; there is also in this valley fine clay for 
 making furnaces, and limestone to flux iron with. Thfe 
 railroad is likely to make this mineral wealth accessi- 
 'ble within about one year. I went through Elk Creek 
 valley in the year 1862. Some of the data here given 
 I owe to Thomas H. Callaway, Esq., President of the 
 East Tennessee and Georgia Eailroad, who can state 
 
Description of the Counties. 37 
 
 many other interesting particulars witli regard to this 
 valley. 
 
 East of Campbell is ^ 
 
 19. Scott County. 
 
 It is one of the counties situated on the Cumberland 
 mountain, and has but upwards of thirteen thousand 
 acres of land improved. With the exception of the 
 northern border where it is bounded by Kentucky, it 
 is accessible by only two roads, one from Campbell 
 and the other from Eoane county. The depot at Elk 
 Gap, (on the Knoxville and Kentucky Eailroad,) less 
 than six miles from the Scott county line, will furnish 
 a ready communication between this county and the 
 market it needs. Those who purchase land in thi^ and 
 several other counties of East Tennessee have to em- 
 ploy lawyers, so that they may be certain of obtaining 
 good titles. Scott county is highly adapted for graz- 
 ing purposes, and the raising of hogs and of sheep. 
 
 South of Scott is 
 
 20. Morgan County. 
 
 Its southern portion is mountainous, but in general 
 
 it is rolling, and has a good deal of fertile land. It 
 
 has only upwards of'seventeen thousand acres of land 
 
 improved in farms. There is a great deal of coal in 
 
 this county. The Knoxville and JSTashville Railroad is 
 
 likely to pass through it, and contribute considerably 
 
 to the development of its resources. Wartburg, a 
 
 settlement of German vine-dressers, is situated on an ele- 
 
 4 
 
38 The 'Tennessee Hand-Book. 
 
 vated plateau near Montgomery, the county seat. The 
 latter is on the Emery river. The census for 1860 
 gives two hundred and forty-two gallons as the pro- 
 duct of the vineyards at Wartburg, and, I think, needs 
 correction in this respect. 
 
 Southeast of Eoane and southwest of Blount is 
 
 21. Monroe County. 
 
 It is a county remarkable for its fertility. The Little 
 river separates it from Blount county ; in its southern 
 portion at the foot of the mountain chain flows the 
 Tellico, and several other creeks, and in the northern 
 portion is the valley of Sweetwater, one of the finest 
 valleys of East Tennessee. Sweetwater creek flows 
 through its whole length. On Tellico creek there have 
 been iron works for many years ; the great mineral 
 wealth of this county is biit little developed. Lead 
 mines were worked in this county to some extent 
 during the war, four miles from Sweetwater, but in 
 this as in similar cases the remunerative working of 
 lead in East Tennessee is yet uncertain. The East 
 Tennessee and Georgia Eailroad runs through the 
 northern portion of this county. 
 
 Southwest of Monroe county is 
 
 22. McMInn County. 
 
 It is separated from Bradley county in the south- 
 west by the Hiwassee. It occupies a high rank as a 
 grain-producing county, and, to judge from the census 
 of 1860, was noted on account of the number of its 
 
Description of the Counties. 39 
 
 milcli cows. Athens, the county seat, is situated on 
 the East Tennessee and Georgia Eailroad. In this 
 town a school of a high order has been established, 
 Tinder the auspices of the Methodist Episcopal church. 
 Its advantages are placed within the reach of both 
 colored and whites. For the accommodation of this 
 school a fine building has been purchased. Professor 
 Wilson, who speaks the German language quite 
 fluently, may be addressed on the subject of that in- 
 stitution. Here, as in most of the counties of East 
 Tennessee, mineral wealth is not wanting. According 
 to Professor Saiiord, the variegated marble, so highly 
 valued in the North, is found here. 
 
 Northwest of McMinn county is 
 
 23, Meigs County. 
 
 It is separated from Khea county by the Tennessee 
 river. It is one of the counties having but from thirty 
 to forty thousand acres of improved land ; a large por- 
 tion of this land is very fertile, and Meigs ranks high 
 as a grain-producing county. The Tennessee river 
 secures to this county a good market during a con- 
 siderable portion of the year. In this county the 
 Hiwassee flows into the Tennessee. 
 
 Northwest of Meigs county is 
 
 24. Rhea County. 
 
 Like Meigs county, Ehea county is greatly benefited 
 by the Tennessee river. Its mountain lands on Wal- 
 
40 "The Tennessee Hand-Book. 
 
 den's ridge are well adapted for grazing. Ehea county 
 is rich in coal and iron. 
 
 Southwest of McMinn county is 
 
 25. Bradley County. 
 
 Bradley county is partly hilly, but mostly level. 
 The Hiwassee river flows between McMinn and 
 Bradley counties. On the Hiwassee river, and on 
 many creeks in the county, there is a great deal of 
 water-power. Though a large portion of the land of 
 this county is thin, it admits of improvement. Ac- 
 cording to the census of 1860, Bradley county far 
 surpassed all the other counties of East Tennessee in 
 the bushels of grass-seeds which it produced. Cleve- 
 land, the county seat, contains about fifteen hundred 
 inhabitants, and is situated on the East Tennessee and 
 Georgia Eailroad, and on the Cleveland and Chatta- 
 nooga Eailroad; it is also the outlet of the mining 
 region of Polk county. Before the war there had 
 been erected in Cleveland an excellent copper rolling- 
 mill, together with wire-works. This establishment 
 produced sheets and wire of good quality, but during 
 the war it was destroyed. Cleveland, with its wide 
 and pleasantly-shaded streets, is the most beautiful 
 town in Bast Tennessee. Within the breadth of ten 
 miles there are in Bradley county, between the Ten- 
 nessee and Hiwassee rivers, six valleys, which are 
 remarkably fruitful. 
 
 The lead mines of Che-te-te are said to have proved 
 of late very productive. They are owned by Mr. J. 
 Mee. 
 
Description of the Counties, 41 
 
 As there is in Bradley county both capital and 
 water-power, we may be encouraged to hope, that 
 undei the influence of the spirit of improvement now 
 felt throughout East Tennessee, the manufacturing 
 interests of this county will not be left out of sight. 
 
 West of Bradley county is 
 
 26. Polk County. 
 
 Polk is one of the mountain counties of the State, 
 only one-fourth of it being tillable. It is owing to the 
 rich ores of copper contamed in its mountains that 
 Polk county is the third tax-paying county in the 
 State. The Ducktown mines, Avhence this copper is 
 obtained, are situated about forty miles from Cleve- 
 land, a station on the East Tennessee and Yirginia 
 Eailroad. They can be reached from that town by 
 conveyances which run with a good deal of regularity. 
 I myself went to them on horseback. The road 
 crosses the Ocoee river, thirteen miles from Cleveland, 
 leaves it for two miles, and then runs along its banks ; 
 on the left of it are precipitous mountain sides, ex- 
 hibiting a great variety of strata, and on the right the 
 Ocoee river dashing along with great rapidity. Its 
 fall from one end of the river to the other is three 
 hundred feet. At mid-day I fell in with a number of 
 mountaineers, who invited me to a dinner of venison. 
 The dinner was prepared by the roadside, and it was 
 partaken of in the manner of the ancients, by lying 
 down. I seldom have eaten a meal I enjoyed more. 
 
 The appearance of the area comprised by the Duck- 
 town mines, situated about two miles from the Ocoee 
 
42 The 'Tennessee Hand-Book, 
 
 river, reminded me of what I liad seen in the coal 
 counties of Pennsylvania. While but for the ore of 
 these mines these mountains would be a wilderness, 
 they are now dotted with dwellings, which are either 
 scattered or grouped in villages. On reaching the 
 plateau, about fifteen hundred feet above the sea level, 
 on which these works are situated, high ranges of 
 mountains appeared in vieAV belonging to the States of 
 Georgia and North Carolina, as well as of Tennessee. 
 I must refer my reader to the " Eeport of the Bureau 
 of Mines for 1866," to find there a minute and highly- 
 interesting account of the history of these mines, and 
 of the character and the abundance of the ore which 
 they are furnishing. I have to confine myself to a 
 consideration of the advantages which this region holds 
 out to immioTants. 
 
 D 
 
 Directly or indirectly connected with the mines 
 there is a population of three thousand souls. The 
 provisions needed for their support have, in a great 
 measure, to be hauled from a long distance. Within 
 from three to four miles from the mines there is tilla- 
 ble land, which can be purchased at reasonable terms. 
 If occupied by industrious immigrants, who are ac- 
 customed to thorough and economical farming, the 
 market of the mining population, at their very door, 
 would insure success. The veins of these mines are 
 so rich, that for hundreds of years they are certain to 
 prove highly productive. The climate is remarkably 
 healthy, as is evident from the fact, that within the 
 past year about eighty-two births have taken place in 
 the mining districts, and only about six or seven 
 deaths. Within three miles of that district no whiskey 
 
jyescription of the Counties. 43 
 
 is allowed to be sold, but no obstacles have been raised 
 to the establishing of a brewery. The grape, in a few 
 instances, has been successfully cultivated. The few 
 Germans who are employed in connection with the 
 mines are highly respectable men, and their advice 
 will be valuable to any German immigrants who may 
 find their way to the mining districts. 
 
 The Eeport of the American Bureau of Mines, for 
 1866, to which I have referred, dwells emphatically 
 on the importance of completing a railroad between 
 Ducktown and Cleveland. After having mentioned 
 that, for such a railroad, State aid to the amount of 
 half a million has been secured, it goes on to show 
 that this railroad would be of importance as a link con- 
 necting, as by an air line, the ports of Wilmington, Beau- 
 fort, and Charleston, {via the Rabun Gap Road,) with 
 the Mississippi, at Memphis — a connection for which 
 the aid of the State of North Carolina is pledged — and 
 then points to the fact that the construction of a road 
 between Cleveland and Ducktown, if connected with 
 the North Carolina railroads, would nearly double the 
 net earnings of the Ducktown companies. Good bitu- 
 minous coal, from Chattanooga, could be delivered at 
 the furnaces at low rates. Mining timber and wood 
 and charcoal could be cheaply obtained from the 
 forests along the Ocoee river ; all mining supplies, and 
 especially labor, would find their way to Ducktown 
 in abundance and at reasonable prices, while the 
 freights of copper there produced would be brought 
 to a minimum. 
 
 To these extracts from the Report I can but add 
 the earnest desire that the time may soon come when 
 
44 "^he 1'ennessee Hand-Book, 
 
 confidence in tlie permanent pacification of tlie South- 
 ern States shall help to bring about the carrying out 
 of this important enterprise. 
 
 There is an abundance of slatC; for roofing, in the 
 county, and at a short distance beyond the line mag- 
 netic iron. 
 
 There are in Polk county some bottom-lands, and 
 on them valuable farms. The water-power of the 
 Ocoee river, and its adaptation for the erection of 
 manufactories and saw-mills, is highly deserving of 
 attention. The fall of the river is estimated at three 
 hundred feet. The timber is fine, and is principally 
 oak and pine. Polk county is remarkably well 
 adapted for grazing purposes, and for the raising of 
 sheep. 
 
 On Frog mountain vineyards and orchards have 
 been successfully cultivated for many years. 
 
 West of Bradley county is 
 
 27. Hamilton County. 
 
 The mountains of Hamilton county have a national 
 celebrity. Among them are Missionary Kidge and " 
 Lookout Mountain. They are now again devoted to 
 the arts and the enjoyment of peace. Before the war, 
 like many other visitors, I was attracted to Lookout 
 Mountain by the purity of its atmosphere and the 
 magnificent and ever-changing scenes of the vast 
 panorama there in view. In 1864, I was drawn to 
 this mountain by the interest I felt in the invalids 
 who th3n occupied the extensive hospital which had 
 been there established by the government. The well- 
 
Description of the. Counties. 45 
 
 built structures, whicli I then visited, are now cons(3- 
 crated to the cause of learning. Mr. C. E. Kobert, of 
 New York, the founder and supporter of Eobert' 
 College, near Constantinople, Turkey, has there estab- 
 lished a first-class Christian school for the purpose of 
 furnishing to the masses a thorough substantial loyal 
 education. The institution— a boarding-school, de- 
 signed for both males and females— opened in May, 
 1866, and has since had in it representatives of many 
 of the Southern States. Eev. Mr. Bancroft, the prin- 
 cipal, is assisted by three teachers. There is a primary 
 department connected with the school. Mr. C. C. 
 Carpenter, in whose hands is the entire management 
 of the institution, outside the departments of instruc- 
 tion, will gladly reply to any inquiries which may be 
 addressed to him with regard to it. 
 
 Another portion of the mountain has fine accommo- 
 dations for the many visitors who are attracted to that 
 
 spot. 
 
 While in some parts of Hamilton county the soil is 
 not very good, the bottoms along the Holston river 
 and the creeks flowing into it— among these is the 
 Chickamauga — are remarkable for their fertility. 
 There is a great deal of bituminous coal obtained in 
 this county, and there are also encouraging indications 
 of iron and lead.' Chattanooga, on the Tennessee river, 
 is the terminus of the Kashville and Chattanooga, the 
 Western and Atlantic, and the Tennessee and Georgia 
 Eailroad; of this latter, through the branch from 
 Cleveland to Chattanooga. The Wills Valley Eail- 
 road, now under construction, will finally connect Chat- 
 tanooga with New Orleans. In consequence of the 
 
46 ^he 'Tennessee Hand-Book, 
 
 meeting of these railroads, and its ready access to tlie 
 coal mines, Chattanooga will always be an important 
 manufacturing point. There are now established there 
 several rolling mills and foundries, and a large steam 
 tannery. For many years the articles made out of 
 the tan-bark of this region have commanded high 
 prices^ in the Northern markets. Chattanooga is also 
 important as a boating point, the boats going up the 
 river to Knoxville, or up the Clinch river. The pro- 
 posed improvement at the Muscle Shoals will give a 
 new impulse to the navigation of the Tennessee. 
 
 Before the war a fine Catawba wine was produced 
 in the vicinity of Chattanooga. 
 
 28. Marion County. 
 
 29. Sequatchie County. 
 
 30. Bledsoe County. 
 
 I shall now speak of the counties of Marion, Sequat- 
 chie, and Bledsoe connectedly, because they are similar 
 in character, the Sequatchie valley, watered by the 
 Sequatchie river, forming part of all the three. It is 
 enclosed, on the one side, by the Cumberland moun- 
 tains, and, on the other, by Walden's ridge. There is 
 a branch railroad constructed in Marion county from 
 Bridgeport, in Alabama, a station on the Nashville 
 and Chattanooga Eailroad, to Jasper, the county seat 
 of Marion county, which makes a large portion of the 
 coal lands accessible, and highly deserves the atten- 
 tion of capitalists. Jasper being at the mouth of the 
 Sequatchie valley, there is no doubt that whenever the 
 
Description of the Counties, 47 
 
 Pacific Eailroad shall have been constr acted, the 
 brancli railroad to Jasper will be continued along the 
 Sequatchie valley till it connects with the Pacific Eail- 
 road near the line of Bledsoe county, in Cumberland 
 county, and the mineral and agricultural wealth of 
 this magnificent valley will then be fully developed. 
 
 Tracy city, at the head of the branch railroad from 
 Cowan to that point, is situated in Marion county; 
 three hundred workmen are employed there, and 
 five thousand bushels of coal are daily obtained from 
 its mines. The large mining population gathered at 
 Tracy city secures an excellent market for the farmers 
 settled in that region of country. 
 
 From several caves of Marion county, saltpetre was 
 obtained during the war. 
 
 Marion county, in proportion to the number of acres 
 improved in farms which it contains, (35,120,) occupies 
 quite a high rank in point of productiveness. From 
 the fact that its mineral as well as agricultural pro- 
 ducts find ready access to good markets, its resources 
 are likely to be rapidly developed. The ISTashville 
 and^ Chattanooga Eailroad, as well as the Tennessee 
 river, pass .through the southeastern portions of this 
 county. 
 
 Bledsoe county, like Marion county, has between 
 thirty and forty thousand acres of improved land, but 
 being less accessible to a market than Marion county, 
 its inhabitants pay special attention to the raising of 
 stock. 
 
 Sequatchie county has sixteen thousand two hundred 
 and fifty-five acres of improved land, and, like Bledsoe 
 county, is specially devoted to the raising of cattle, of 
 
48 'The 'Tennessee Hand-Bo ok, 
 
 hogs and of sheep. It thus makes the grain it raises 
 far more remunerative than it would be if taken to a 
 distant market. 
 
 3. 
 
 MINERALS. 
 
 From the account just given, it is evident that 
 while the predominance of slavery greatly delayed the 
 working of the minerals of East Tennessee, there is 
 now a change going on in favor of such a development 
 of its resources as will secure proper attention to its 
 mineral wealth. Rich veins of iron ore are found in 
 a large number of the counties of East Tennessee; 
 copper in abundance in Polk county ; nitre in several 
 caves. With regard to coal-beds, I quote what 
 Professor Safford says on the subject : "A large por- 
 tion of these beds is found within the limits of East 
 Tennessee. The coal of good quality, and in beds 
 thick enough to be profitably worked, is at least, equal 
 in the aggregate to a solid stratum eight feet thick 
 and co-extensive with the table-land, and hence equal 
 in extent to four thousand four hundred- square miles, 
 or, in other words, equal in volume to a solid block of 
 coal eight feet high, twenty miles wide and two hun- 
 dred and twenty miles long." In many cases the iron 
 ore is found contiguous to the coal-beds, which of 
 course is highly favorable to the economic manu- 
 facture of iron. The capitols at Washington, D. C, 
 at Columbus, Ohio, at Nashville, in Tennessee, and at 
 Columbia, S. C, owe a great part of their beauty to 
 the marble quarries in East Tennessee. 
 
 It is greatly to be desired that mills should be 
 
Description of the Counties, 49 
 
 constructed near the quarries, in order to make the 
 blocks which are to be sent to a distance less bulky. 
 The owners of the quarries near KnoxvillC; in Knox 
 county, and near Eogersville, in Hawkins county, are 
 willing that they should be used for a time by any one 
 who will work them. Now, this marble in its rough 
 state is used in many parts of East Tennessee for pave- 
 ments, culverts, piers of bridges, and the foundations 
 of houses. Quarries of very superior stone for build- 
 ing are also found in abundance. East Tennessee is 
 also rich in lime, marl, zinc, salt, lead, slate (for roof- 
 ing), fire clay, hydraulic cement, sand (for the manu- 
 facture of glass), and clay (for the manufacture of stone- 
 ware), kaoline and asbestus. The gold-fields of North . 
 Carolina and Georgia reach over and skirt along the 
 southern border of the State of Tennessee. Any de- 
 velopment of these gold-fields must have an immediate 
 influence on the prosperity of East Tennessee, as their 
 main outlet to market is through the Tennessee rail- 
 roads. 
 
 4. 
 
 FOEESTS AND GAME. 
 
 Among the forest trees of East Tennessee are the 
 white pitch and yellow varieties of the pine, the white 
 and yellow poplar, many varieties of the oak, the locust, 
 the chestnut, the hickory, the elm, the sycamore, the 
 sugar maple, the persimmon, the beach, the birch, the 
 walnut, the wild cherry, and many evergreens. The 
 forests are rich in game, and the more so now, since 
 during the war the game has been little disturbed. 
 There are found besides the deer many varieties of 
 
 5 
 
50 The 'Tennessee Hand-Book. 
 
 the squirrel, tlie rabbit, the mink, the beaver, the pole- 
 cat, the wolf, the fox, the opossum, the raccoon, the 
 wild-cat, the muskrat and the otter. 
 
 5. 
 
 SUMMARY OF RAILROADS HAYINa SPECIAL 
 REFERENCE TO EAST TENNESSEE. 
 
 East Tennessee and Virginia Railroad, through Yir- 
 ginia to Washington and New York. 
 
 East Tennessee and Georgia Railroad (Dalton branch) 
 to Atlanta and the whole railroad system of Georgia. 
 
 East Tennessee and Georgia Railroad, by the way of 
 Chattanooga and Wills' valley, (partly done,) through 
 the heart of Alabama to Mobile. 
 
 East Tennessee and Georgia Railroad, to Memphis 
 and Nashville. 
 
 Knoxville and Kentucky road, (partly done,) to Cin- 
 cinnati, Louisville and the Great West. 
 
 Knoxville and Rabun Gap Railroad, (partly done,) 
 to Charleston, Augusta and Savannah. 
 
 East Tennessee and Virginia Railroad and Paint 
 Rock Railroad to the heart of North Carolina, striking 
 her system of railroads. 
 
 Projected Pacific road, (Nashville to Knoxville,) 
 opens a direct route to Nashville and St. Louis. 
 
 Branch roads. 
 
 From Bridgeport, Alabama, to Jasper, Marion county, 
 Tennessee. * 
 
 From Rogersville Junction, to Rogersville, Hawkins 
 county. 
 
 From Cowan, Franklin county, to Tracy city, Marion 
 county. 
 
Description of the Counties, ^i 
 
 6. 
 
 FEUIT. 
 
 The principal fruits grown in East Tennessee are, 
 apples, peaches and pears. In the upper counties of 
 East Tennessee, various varieties of the cherry are 
 found. Improved varieties of these fruits have been 
 introduced, but only to a limited extent. The wild 
 fruits also deserve to be especially noticed. They are 
 cherries, plums, whortleberries, gooseberries, straw- 
 berries, raspberries and blackberries. Throughout 
 East Tennessee, and especially in the upper counties, 
 there is a regular succession in the ripening of the fruit, 
 commencing with the strawberry and ending with the 
 late apple, so that the table throughout the summer 
 and fall is readily and agreeably supplied with it. In 
 Johnson, Carter, and other counties reached by the 
 Alleghany range of mountains, the cranberry grows 
 wild. 
 
 7. 
 
 The following table is only approximately correct. 
 The Comptroller, in the course of the report from which 
 this table is taken, feels constrained to state that the 
 assessment of property as a general thing is a farce. 
 According to him nearly one hundred thousand acres 
 of land are sometimes not assessed at all in a single 
 county, and he therefore recommends that the assess- 
 ment of property be removed from the people, and the 
 appointment of assessor be taken from the county 
 court. The Comptroller thinks that the average value 
 of land ought to be rated higher than is done in this 
 table : 
 
52 
 
 '^he 'J^ennessee Hand-Book, 
 
 Table showing the average value of land per acre, in each 
 county in East Tennessee, for 1867. 
 
 Counties. 
 
 Value of land 
 per acre. 
 
 Anderson .*... $4 56 
 
 Bledsoe 2 13 
 
 Blount 5 81 
 
 Bradley 7 55 
 
 Campbell 2 48 
 
 Carter 4 19 
 
 Claiborne 2 85 
 
 Cocke 4 03 
 
 Granger 7 20 
 
 Greene..... 5 92 
 
 Hamilton 12 06 
 
 Hancock 4 52 
 
 Hawkins 7 35 
 
 Jefferson 10 22 
 
 Johnson 1 75 
 
 Counties. 
 
 Value of land 
 per acre. 
 
 Knox $11 62 
 
 McMinn 7 92 
 
 Marion 2 18 
 
 Meigs 7 41 
 
 Monroe 5 64 
 
 Morgan . 82 
 
 Polk 6 72 
 
 Khea 4 67 
 
 Koane 7 58 
 
 Scott 53 
 
 Sevier 1 80 
 
 Sullivan 7 48 
 
 Washington 6 41 
 
 Sequatchie 156 
 
 Ufiion 7 24 
 
 8. 
 
 The following gentlemen are able and ready to fur- 
 nish reliable information with regard to the counties 
 of East Tennessee : 
 
 1. Sullivan — Thomas Fain, Arcady. 
 
 2. Carter— Col. John K. Milder, Elizabethton. 
 8. Johnson— T. S. Smith, Taylorsville. 
 
 4. Washington— John F. Grisham, Jonesboro'. 
 
 5. Greene— Col. F. A. Keeve, Greeneville. 
 
 6. Hawkins— J. R. Armstrong, Rodgersville. 
 
 7. Cocke— William McSweene, Esq., Newport. 
 
Description of the Counties, ^^ 
 
 8. Jefferson — Wm. Harris, Danclridge ; Jolin E. Bran- 
 
 ner, Mossy Creek. 
 
 9. Granger — Warham Basely, Eutledge. 
 
 10. Hancock — William B. Davis, Sneedville. 
 
 11. Claiborne — Hon. Yincent Myers/ Head of Barron 
 
 P.O. 
 
 12. Union — L. Huddleston, Maynardsville. 
 18. Knox — Munson & Seymour, Knoxville. 
 
 14. Blount — Captain McConnell, Maryville. 
 
 15. Sevier — M. W. McCowan, Sevierville. 
 
 16. Roane — Captain Deits, Kingston. 
 
 17. Anderson — Hon. James A. Doughty, Clinton. 
 
 18. Campbell — J. J. Mares, Esq., Fincastle ; Eeuben 
 
 Eogers, Esq., Jacksboro'* 
 
 19. Morgan — Hon. Gr. W. Keith, Montgomery* 
 
 20. Scott — Bailey Buttram, Hunts ville. 
 
 21. Monroe — M. F. Johnson, Tellico Plains, R O. 
 
 22. McMinn — ^M. L. Phillips, Esq., Athens. 
 
 23. Meigs — Owen Solomon, Esq., Georgetown ; James 
 
 Patterson, Ten Mile Stand. 
 
 24. Ehea — William Morgan, Esq., Smith Cross Eoads. 
 
 25. Bradley — Edwin S. DeLany, Cleveland. 
 
 26. Polk — General James Gamble, Benton. 
 
 27. Hamilton — A. A. Pierson, Esq., Chattanooga. 
 
 28. Marion — George F. Smith, Jasper. 
 
 29. Sequatchie — John Alley, Dunlap. 
 80. Bledsoe — F. A. Hennegar, Pikeville. 
 
54 '^he T!ennessee Hand-Book, 
 
 CONCLUDINa EEMAEKS. 
 
 I sliall feel gratified if this slight outline of the re- 
 sources and of the general condition of East Tennessee 
 shall have produced a favorable impression on the 
 minds of my readers. There was a time, after the sup- 
 pression of the rebellion, when lawlessness prevailed 
 in some portions of Bast Tennessee. In order to prove 
 that it has ceased to prevail, I might bring forward 
 mj own testimony : I might state that from the time of 
 my return to East Tennessee in the month of January 
 last, I have had full opportunity of becoming ac- 
 quainted with the social condition of East Tennessee ; 
 that it has improved from month to month, and that 
 at the present time I do not know many portions of 
 the United States where the laws are more strictly 
 observed. Yet more convincing that any individual 
 testimony, is the quiet and uninterrupted manner in 
 which East Tennessee is progressing in the develop- 
 ment of its resources. There is in the fact that capi- 
 talists, after carefully examining the ground, do not 
 hesitate to make investments and to extend their ope- 
 rations from month to month, something so convincing 
 as far as the peaceful condition of East Tennessee is 
 concerned, that it makes all further argument needless. 
 That such is the case in East Tennessee appears to 
 some extent at least from the preceding pages. 
 
Description of the Counties, " 55 
 
 II. 
 
 MIDDLE TElTISrESSEB. 
 
 Middle Tennessee embraces that portion of the Cam- 
 berland mountain which is not situated in East -Ten- 
 nessee, and which here rests on a plateau or table-land 
 considerably elevated above what has been justly 
 called the basin of Middle Tennessee. This plateau, 
 extends to the Tennessee river, and to the Kentucky 
 and Alabama line. Middle Tennessee also embraces 
 the basin enclosed by this table-land, and the compara- 
 tively narrow valley between the table-land and the 
 Tennessee river. 
 
 "Writers on the physical geography of Middle Ten- 
 nessee are disposed to compare its surface, exclusive < 
 of the Cumberland mountain and the valley of the 
 Tennessee and Cumberland rivers, to an oval basin or 
 shallow plate with a rim elevated some thousand feet 
 above the ocean. To a certain extent this comparison 
 holds true. Commencing at the base of the Cumber- 
 land mountain, this table-land spreads out westward 
 and runs around the northern and southern extremity 
 of a depressed section of country, which may not im- 
 properly be called a basin. In going from the centre 
 of it to certain points in the counties of Robertson, 
 Lincoln, De Kalb, Coffee, Warren, Lawrence and Dick- 
 son, which are situated in opposite directions the one 
 from the other, the traveler has in each instance to 
 pass throTigh and leave the same limestone land, 
 ascend the same flinty ridge, and reach the same level 
 
56 ne 'Tennessee Hand-Book, 
 
 plain. Beyond this,- however, the comparison does not 
 hold. To trace minntelj the outline of that rim 
 through the different counties would be utterly im- 
 possible. 
 
 The portion of Middle Tennessee situated on the 
 Cumberland mountain is similar to the mountain land 
 to which I have briefly referred in my account of 
 East Tennessee. It is remarkable for the purity of 
 its waters, the clearness of its atmosphere, and the salu- 
 brity and mildness of its climate. When before the war 
 the Episcopal bishops of the South sought for a spot 
 where to erect a university, they could find none more 
 healthy than the Cumberland mountain had to offer. 
 For the medical profession it does not often present a 
 favorable opening; in one or two counties there is 
 hardly a practising physician to be found. This, how- 
 ever, is partly owing to the fact that these counties are 
 thinly settled, and that the settlers are often separated 
 from each other by many mountain ridges. On these 
 mountains the cattle and mules, the herds of swine 
 and the flocks of sheep, are often feeding on the moun- 
 tain grass and the rich weeds as late as the middle of 
 November. 
 
 The surface of the mountain, though in general un- 
 dulating, is yet at times level as ■ the prairies of the 
 Northwest. It has fine timber, and an abundance of 
 coal. The soil, generally of a sandy loam, is produc- 
 tive even in its natural state. With skilful cultivation 
 it brings forth abundantly all the grains, grasses and 
 vegetables appropriate to a temperate climate ; it is 
 also deservedly noted for the fine fruit it produces. 
 
 The Cumberland mountains have been extolled per- 
 
Description of the Counties, 57 
 
 haps too much by some, and undervalued by others. 
 From my personal knowledge I am ready to testify, 
 that the pure air, the fine water, and the general salu- 
 brity of these mountains have been regarded as of so 
 great importance by many settlers that they have pre- 
 ferred them to other regions where wealth might have 
 been accumulated more speedily. They left them with 
 regret at the beginning of the war; and they are likely 
 soon to return to them. 
 
 The table-land forming the western base of the Cum- 
 berland mountains is varying in width from thirty to 
 fifty mileS; and is spotted here and there with small 
 isolated mountains or hills. In general; the surface 
 is level or undulating, though more broken by coves 
 and valleys in the vicinity of the mountain. The table- 
 land is cut by the channels of Caney Fork, Collins, 
 Barren; Duck, Calfkiller and other streams, yielding 
 an abundance of water-power. Much of a fair fer- 
 tile soil is found in several of the counties lying be- 
 tween the basin and the valley of the Tennessee river. 
 This table-land, with its water-power, its timber, its 
 mineral wealth; its salubrious climatC; its pure water, 
 its short and mild winters, its arable lands offered at 
 moderate priceS; and its close vicinity to the cotton 
 region; holds out strong inducements to the manufac- 
 turer and the farmer. On this table-land alsO; with its 
 barrens;* coves and valleys; the peach; pear; apple and 
 
 * The term "barrens" is, in Middle Tennessee, applied to cer- 
 tain lands wMcli are less fertile than others. Since the end of 
 the war some of these " barrens " liave by proper culture been 
 converted into fertile lands. 
 
58 The T^ennessee Hand-Book, 
 
 clierrj grow to great perfection. Its soil produces 
 tobacco, corn, wheat, oats and rye, and all the roots 
 and vegetables adapted to the climate. The counties 
 on the various railroads centring in Nashville are of 
 course specially favored with convenient markets. 
 
 This table-land is also penetrated by a railroad, leav- 
 ing Tullahoma on the Nashville and Chattanooga Rail- 
 road, and terminating at McMinnville, the county seat 
 of Warren county. From McMinnville will run the 
 Southwestern Railroad to Danville, Ky., for which a 
 charter and liberal State aid have been obtained, and 
 the construction of which has been commenced. It 
 will pass through the counties of Warren, White, 
 Putnam and Overton, and skirt along the foot of the 
 Cumberland mountain, till it reaches the Kentucky 
 line. The Pacific Railroad from Knoxville to Nash- 
 ville will also pass across the table-land, through the 
 counties of Putnam and White. As soon as these 
 railroads shall penetrate the country, its lands will 
 rapidly be sought and will advance in value. 
 
 The many chalybeate and sulphur springs to be 
 found on the table-land offer many delightful places 
 of refuge during the months of July and August. 
 
 The depressed section of country which is enclosed 
 by this table-land ranks first in the State in population 
 and in wealth. In the main the general surface of the 
 basin is moderately rolling. The soil, with few ex- 
 ceptions, is a rich limestone, not broken in by other 
 soils as is the case in other parts of Middle Tennessee. 
 Thanks to the absence of high mountain ridges, there 
 is nothing to prevent a free circulation of warm air 
 coming from the Mexican gulf and from the Missis- 
 
Description of the Counties, 59 
 
 sippi river. The Tennessee river as it flows through 
 Alabama, not far from the line of the State of Ten- 
 nessee, and then through the State into Kentucky; 
 the Cumberland river, in the half-circle it makes in 
 Tennessee in entering it from Kentucky and in return- 
 ing to it, and the Mississippi, the influence of which 
 on the climate is felt in Middle as well as in West 
 Tennessee, present, with their auxiliaries, a volume of 
 water the effect of which becomes manifest in the 
 general character of the atmosphere and the produc- 
 tiveness of the soil. Those who have had an oppor- 
 tunity of passing through the basin in the spring or 
 the summer of the year, and of witnessing the well- 
 cultivated fields laden with fruit, or of attending the 
 gatherings of the producers when with just pride they 
 expose their luscious products to the public gaze, can- 
 not but feel that the basin has been justly, indeed, 
 called the garden of Tennessee. The summer heat of 
 .the central basin is ranging from 75° 5' to 77° W, and 
 it is the same as that of the middle part of South 
 Carolina. The supply of rain, in general, is amply 
 suf&cient. 
 
 A few words with regard to the valley situated 
 between the table-land and the Tennessee river must 
 now close this brief outline of the resources of Middle 
 Tennessee. 
 
 The Tennessee river, after leaving the southwestern 
 portion of East Tennessee and passing into Alabama, 
 encounters various obstructions, known as the Suck, 
 the Pot, the Skillet, the Pan, and further on as the 
 Muscle Shoals. The steps taken by the government 
 to remove these obstructions; to which I have already 
 
6o ^he 'Tennessee Hand-Book, 
 
 referred, will, no doubt, greatly benefit the commerce 
 of this valley. Though comparatively narrow, it has 
 in its main part, and in its minor tributary valleys, 
 tracts of excellent alluvial and valuable limestone 
 land. Numerous landing and shipping points are 
 found within it, along the river, commanding the 
 trade, not only of the valley, but also of several ad- 
 jacent counties. One of the principal exports is pig 
 iron, the product of numerous furnaces within the 
 limits of the valley, or in its immediate vicinity. The 
 export of peanuts and of staves is also very great. 
 
 1. 
 
 THE COUNTIES OF MIDDLE TENNESSEE. 
 
 They are: 1. Bedford; 2. Cannon; 3. Cheatham; 
 4. Cumberland ; 5. Coffee ; 6. Davidson ; 7 Dickson ; 
 8. DeKalb; 9. Fentress; 10. Franklin; 11. Giles; 
 12. Grundy; 13. Humphreys; 14. Hickman; 15. 
 Jackson; 16. Lawrence; 17. Lewis; 18. Lincoln; 
 19. Macon; 20. Marshall; 21. Maury; 22. Mont- 
 gomery; 23. Overton; 24. Perry; 25. Putnam; 26. 
 Eobertson; 27. Eutherford ; 28. Smith; 29. Stewart; 
 30. Sumner; 31. Yan Buren ; 32. Warren; 33. 
 Wayne; 34. White; 35. Williamson; 36. Wilson. 
 
 1. Bedford County. 
 
 The southern and eastern portion of Bedford county 
 is undulating, and remarkably productive in the cereals; 
 the northwestern portion is suitable for the raising of 
 cotton. It is one of the richest counties in the State. 
 The Duck river flows through the county and divides 
 
Description of the Counties, 6i 
 
 it almost in two. The grasses, including blue-grass, 
 succeed remarkably well. Shelby ville, the county-seat, 
 having a population of about four thousand inhabi- 
 tants, is connected by a branch railroad with the Nash- 
 • ville and Chattanooga Railroad at Wartrace Station. 
 There is fine water-power in this county, and fruit 
 succeeds remarkably well. A good beginning has been 
 made in the culture of the grape by the Hon. W. H. 
 Wisener, Sr., who will be ready to furnish information 
 with regard to this and other subjects having reference 
 to Bedford county ; so also will the Hon. T. H. Cald- 
 well. 
 
 2. Cannon County. 
 
 A portion of Cannon county consists of barrens, a 
 level region which, in part at least, may be readily 
 brought under remunerative culture. There is also a 
 considerable amount of good land in the county. The 
 Stone river flows through it. A large portion of the 
 county is well timbered and suitable for stock-raising. 
 For further information apply to A. F. M'Eerrin, Esq.; 
 Woodberry, 
 
 3. Cheatham County- 
 is rather hilly, though a large portion of it, especially 
 the river and creek bottoms, is very rich. On the 
 Cumberland, the Big Harpeth, the South Harpeth, and 
 on several creeks, there is good water-power. The 
 county is well timbered, and raises tobacco and the 
 usual grains, grasses, and roots, in abundance. It is 
 also well adapted to the raising of stock. The ISTorth- 
 western Railroad in passing through the county crosses 
 
 6 
 
62 'The Tennessee Hand-Book. 
 
 tlie Big Harpetli five times. The soil is free-stone and 
 highly suitable for making brick. Ashland, the connty 
 seat; on the Cumberland river, is only eighteen miles 
 below Nashville. The ready access to market by rail- 
 road and steamboat may justly induce emigrants to turn 
 their attention to this county. For further informa- 
 tion apply to Warren Jordan, Ashland, the county 
 seat. 
 
 4. Cumberland County. 
 
 This county is on the Cumberland mountain, and is 
 exceedingly level. It is remarkable for health and a 
 genial climate. In Cumberland county for a long 
 time the thermometer has not risen above eighty-five 
 degrees, nor fallen below zero. It is well timbered 
 and watered. Grass, whethe];^wild or cultivated, grows 
 very finely. It is also famous for the excellence of its 
 fruit. Apples from Cumberland county (at Pomona) 
 have taken premiums at many of the State fairs. 
 Grreat quantities of cattle are fattened in this county 
 every year. The Pacific Eailroad, which will probably 
 run through this county, will furnish for the products 
 of Cumberland county convenient markets. Mr. W. 
 W Powell, formerly of Ohio, but now a citizen of 
 Cumberland county, (Cross ville P. 0.,) in a printed 
 statement which I have before me, dwells with great 
 emphasis on the advantages afforded by the mountain 
 counties, of which Cumberland county is one. The 
 salubrious climate, the productive qualities of the soil, 
 which to the industrious and skilful farmer yields 
 bountifully, the cultivated grasses, as well as every 
 farm -crop appropriate to a temperate climate, the 
 
Description of the Counties. Gi^ 
 
 quantity and quality of the fruit; the large and readily- 
 accessible beds of fine bituminous coal, the superior 
 iron-ore, the valuable timber, the desirableness of im- 
 proved breeds of cattle, horses, sheep, and hogs, oc- 
 cupy, each in their turn, the attention of the writer in 
 connection with the subject of the projected railroad to 
 which I have just referred. This statement is vouched 
 for by Mr. Falconnet, the engineer of the road. I 
 have not been in Cumberland county, but to judge 
 from the mountain counties I have visited, and more 
 especially from Scott county, the picture is no doubt 
 correct. Mr. Falconnet also dwells on the water-power 
 of the Cumberland mountain, because it is likely to 
 make that region of country a manufacturing district ; 
 there the iron-ore will be worked and the cotton will 
 be woven. For further information apply to W,. W. 
 Powell, Esq.; CrossvillC; the county seat. 
 
 5. Coffee County 
 
 lies mostly on the table-land. Manchester, the county 
 seat, is situated on the branch railroad running from 
 Tullahoma to McMinnville in Warren county. In its 
 immediate vicinity is the great water-power on Duck 
 river. The citizens of Coffee county have taken 
 systematic measures to encourage immigration. For 
 further information apply to J. F. Thomas, Esq., and 
 Dr. Hart, both at Tullahoma. 
 
 6. Davidson County. 
 
 West of the Cumberland river Davidson county is 
 very hilly ; the eastern portion is remarkably fertile. 
 The Cumberland, Harpeth, and Stone rivers flow in this 
 
64 '^he 1'ennessee Hand-Book, 
 
 county. Cotton^ tobacco, the cereals, the grasses, fruit 
 and vegetables, are cultivated with the success which 
 generally characterizes the basin of Middle Tennessee. 
 A large portion of the county is well timbered. 
 
 The city of Nashville, the capital of the State, is the 
 centre of the remarkably fertile counties which more 
 or less form the basin of Middle Tennessee, as well as 
 of the mountain district which enjoys so high a reputa- 
 tion on account of its mineral wealth, and it is also the 
 terminus of the various lines of railroad connecting 
 ISTew York and the Northern lakes with New Orleans 
 and with Charleston, by means of which the inhabi- 
 tants of a still wider circle are drawn to it as the point 
 where their produce is to find a market, and where 
 their supplies are to be obtained. Nashville realizes 
 the truth of the remark made by the late De Bow, that 
 every dollar which a city spends judiciously in the 
 railroads of which she is the terminus, is so much 
 money added to her trading capital. The railroads 
 terminating in Nashville are . the Nashville and North- 
 western, the Edgefield and Kentucky, the Louisville 
 and Nashville, the Nashville and Chattanooga, and the 
 Decatur and Alabama Eailroads. The Memphis, Clarks- 
 ville and Louisville, and the Memphis and Ohio Eail- 
 roads contribute to the prosperity of Nashville through 
 their connection with the Edgefield and Kentucky 
 road, and the Nashville and Henderson road, when 
 completed, will perform the same ofi&ce through the 
 same channel. An increase of travel and of freight 
 passing over these roads may be justly expected when- 
 ever the Pacific Eailroad shall form a direct connec- 
 tion between Knoxville and Nashville, and thus furnish 
 
Description of the Counties. 65 
 
 a link whicli is now wanting in order to complete a 
 direct route from Norfolk to Memphis and the Pacific 
 coast. By the construction of this railroad, one df the 
 principal routes to China and the East Indies will pass 
 through Tennessee, and, thanks to her genial climate 
 and the many advantages she has to offer, Tennessee 
 will then be one of the States to which the main 
 current of immigration will be directed. 
 
 To its commercial importance it adds the influence 
 which it exerts as the capital of the State, and as the 
 principal centre of whatever Tennessee possesses of 
 science, art, or literature. 
 
 Among the buildings of Nashville the capitol, on 
 account of its superior architecture and the beauty of 
 its situation, deserves special notice. The stone of 
 which it is built is taken from a quarry within the 
 precincts of the city ; the marble which adorns it in 
 rich and pleasing profusion has been brought there 
 from the marble-quarries of East Tennessee. 
 
 The population of the city is about forty thousand. 
 There are in Nashville from four to five thousand Grer- 
 man residents. To encourage immigration two associ- 
 ations have been formed : The German Immigration 
 Association and The American Immigration Associa- 
 tion. 
 
 The Cumberland river, which flows by Nashville, is 
 navigable from seven to eight months in the year. It 
 is spanned by a beautiful wire bridge. 
 
 The ready access of the city of Nashville to the 
 mineral region of the mountain district, the moderate 
 price at which she obtains her coal, especially from the 
 Sewanee mines, the salubrity of her climate, her 
 
66 ^he 'Tennessee Hand-Book, 
 
 abundant material for tlie erection of substantial struc- 
 tures; and the rich agricultural region by whicb sbe is 
 surrounded, place it in her power — I again quote the 
 language of the late De Bow — not only to extend her 
 manufactures, but to manufacture every article which 
 she now imports from Louisville and St. Louis, as 
 cheaply as they are furnished her by those cities. 
 The formation of a State Board of Horticulture is an 
 encouraging feature in the late history of Nashville. 
 
 The object I have immediately in view in writing 
 these pages, and my limited space, prevents my dwell- 
 ing especially on the institutions of learning, the 
 various manufacturing establishments, the public 
 buildings, the charitable enterprises, the leading mer- 
 cantile firms, the beautiful surroundings, and the 
 hallowed recollections, which invest the city of Nash- 
 ville with a peculiar interest. 
 
 For farther information apply to Anson Nelson, 
 Esq., and to Felix Cheatham, Esq. 
 
 7. Dickson County 
 
 is rather hilly ; the land is especially rich on the river 
 and creeks, and they are equally remarkable for their 
 water-power. The Cumberland river divides Dickson 
 from Cheatham and Montgomery counties ; the Har- 
 peth -here flows into the Cumberland river. There is 
 a great deal of iron in this county, and two iron- works 
 are in operation. At Smeedville, on the Nashville and 
 Northwestern Eailroad, which passes through the 
 county, Mr. C. Beringer, of Alleghany City, Pa., is 
 establishing a colony of farmers and mechanics, like 
 himself) immigrants from Pennsylvania. There is oil 
 
Description of the Comities. 67 
 
 shipped from this county. The soil is both free and 
 limestone. The lumber is abundant and good. Dick- 
 son county is remarkable for its salubrious climate. 
 Apply for further information to the Hon. M. J. J, 
 Cagle, at Charlotte, the county seat. 
 
 8. De Kalb County 
 
 is hilly, and while well adapted to the usual grains, is es- 
 pecially so to fruit-growing. The grape has been suc- 
 cessfully cultivated in this county, and its citizens have 
 shown a laudable interest in the scientific treatment 
 and improvement of their soil. Further information 
 may be obtained from Hon. J. A. Fuson, at Smith ville, 
 the county seat. The Pacific road, when constructed, 
 will greatly serve to develop the resources of this 
 county. 
 
 9. Fentress County. 
 
 Half of Fentress county is situated on the Cumber- 
 land mountain, the other half on the table land. There 
 is rich land on the sides of the mountain, and also on 
 some of the creeks. The county is heavily timbered. 
 Eafts of timber and flat-boats are passing down the 
 Obed river without any danger. The Fentress county 
 coal is declared by experts to be excellent for gas as 
 well as fuel. From the margin of a coal-field of more 
 than one thousand acres in extent, and four feet thick, 
 near the Obed river, safe for navigation to Nashville, 
 may be seen a fine quality of oil exuding from the bed 
 of a creek. There is a good deal of superior iron and 
 of fire-proof tile-rock in the county. For further in- 
 formation apply to Hon. John B. Eogers, South Kock 
 Island, Yan Buren county, Tennessee. 
 
68 '^he 'Tennessee Hand-Book, 
 
 10. Franklin County. 
 
 The N'aslaville and Chattanooga Eailroad when leav- 
 ing Marion county enters the State of • Alabama, 
 crosses the Tennessee river at Bridgeport, and soon 
 after enters Franklin county in the State of Tennessee. 
 Erom Cowan Station on the Nashville and Chattanooga 
 Railroad there is a branch-railroad, twenty-one miles 
 long, to Tracy City and Sewanee coal mines. At 
 Dechard there is a branch-railroad, which before the 
 war extended to Fayetteville, the county seat of Lin- 
 coln county ; it was destroyed during the war ; twenty- 
 one miles have been rebuilt ; arrangements are being 
 made to rebuild the remaining twenty miles , this 
 branch-road runs through Winchester, the county seat. 
 Franklin county is situated principally on what is 
 called the first bench of the mountain. The ascent 
 begins south of Tullahoma, in Coffee county ; the 
 highest point is reached beyond Cowan, where the 
 road passes through a tunnel. A considerable portion 
 of Franklin county lies on the Cumberland mountain. 
 Within ten miles of the mountain the soil is remarka- 
 bly fruitful. Further on it is less so, but it is capable 
 of being brought under remunerative culture. The 
 necessity of providing with food the mining popula- 
 tion at Sewanee mines is felt beyond the limits of 
 Marion county. There are fertile tracts of land in the 
 eastern portion of Franklin county, which can be pur- 
 chased at moderate prices. The nearness of the market 
 at the mines will make the working of these lauds 
 highly remunerative. Elk river has several falls ; the 
 main fall is twenty feet. There are in Franklin county 
 several chalybeate and sulphur spriugs. The climate 
 
Description of the Counties, 6g 
 
 and the water of the county are very fine. The Uni- 
 versity; under the auspices of the Episcopal Church, 
 for the establishing of which on a beautiful spot on 
 the Cumberland mountains, and in the immediate 
 vicinity of the branch-railroad, preparations were made 
 before the war, has gone into operation. For further 
 information in regard to Franklin county, apply to 
 Captain Davenport at Dechard, or to Arthur M. Eut- 
 lege, Esq.; Nashville, Tenn. 
 
 11. Giles County. 
 
 Giles county is hilly. Richland creek flows into 
 the Elk river in this county; on this creek, and on 
 the creeks flowing into it, there is a good deal of water- 
 power. Pulaski, on the Decatur and Alabama Eail- 
 road; is the county seat. A Pomological Society has 
 been formed in this county, which is very active 
 in introducing large quantities of imported fruit, in- 
 cluding the grape ; with regard to the culture of the 
 grape a good beginning has been made by Mr. A. Cox, 
 Clerk and Master of the Chancery Court at Pulaski. 
 Giles county is one of the most fertile counties in Mid- 
 dle Tennessee. 
 
 12. Grundy County. 
 
 A large portion of this county is situated on the 
 Cumberland mountains; there also are the Beersheba 
 Springs. The Collins river, noted for its water-power, 
 flows through this county. Mr. Griswold, Clerk of the 
 County Court at Altemont, the county seat, may be 
 applied to for further information. 
 
70 'The 'Tennessee Hand-Book, 
 
 13. Humphreys County. 
 
 Humphreys county is generally hilly, yet it has very 
 fine bottom-lands on the Tennessee river, the Duck 
 river, which in this county flows into the Tennessee, 
 and on several creeks. The Tennessee separates 
 Humphreys from Benton county; from Johnsonville 
 down it is navigable during the whole year. A steamer 
 leaves Johnsonville every day for St. Louis. The 
 Northwestern Eailroad passes through the county and 
 crosses the Tennessee at Johnsonville. This county 
 is rich in iron ore, which before the war was success- 
 fully worked. Good timber is abundant. The soil is 
 limestone. For further information apply to B. B. 
 Spicer, Esq., at Waverly, the county seat, and to Hon. 
 David Brewer, at Camden, Benton county. 
 
 14. Hickman County 
 
 is generally hilly. There are in this county vast de- 
 posits of iron ore. Liberal State aid has been extended 
 to the ^tna Iron Mining and Oil Company, in order 
 to construct a railroad from a convenient station on 
 the Nashville and Northwestern Eailroad to the very 
 heart of the property of that Company. The iron of 
 Hickman county is unequalled in the West Tennessee 
 and Kentucky iron region. On Duck river, which 
 flows through this county, there is considerable water- 
 power. For further information concerning Hickman 
 county, apply to Mr. William H. Puckett, Clerk of the 
 County Court at Centreville. 
 
 15. Jackson County. 
 
 Jackson county is in some parts hilly, in others 
 mountainous. The Obed river flows in this county 
 
Description of the Counties. 71 
 
 into the Cumberland river at Celina. There is a good 
 deal of water-power in Jackson county. Apply for 
 further information to Ensley Wilmore, at Gainsboro', 
 the county seat. 
 
 16. Lawrence County. 
 
 Some portions of Lawrence county are hilly, others 
 level. On Shoal and other creeks there is fine water- 
 power. There is a great deal of iron ore in the county, 
 and some of it is worked. There are thousands' of 
 acres of tillable land lying idle in this county which 
 could be had at from two to three dollars. For further 
 information apply to Mr. P. H. Turner, at Lawrence- 
 burg. 
 
 17. Lewis County. 
 
 Lewis county is an elevated plain, about three 
 hundred feet above the surrounding valleys ; the 
 county is well timbered ; portions of it are very fer- 
 tile ; the soil is light but mellow, and well adapted to 
 the growth of the cereals, and of fruit. For further 
 information apply to the Hon. 0. 0. Bean, Columbia, 
 Maury county. 
 
 18. Lincoln County. 
 
 The surface of Lincoln county is rolling. Before 
 the war Fayetteville, the county seat, was connected by 
 a branch railroad with the Nashville and Chattanooga 
 Eailroad at Dechard. A large portion of the county 
 is well adapted to the growing of cotton. For further 
 information apply to the Eev. Alexander Smith, Fay- 
 etteville. 
 
72 ^he 'Tennessee Hand-Book. 
 
 19. Macon County. 
 
 About two-tliirds of Macon county is situated on 
 the table-land, and is very billy; the remaining third 
 is in tbe basin, and is well adapted to the growth of 
 tobacco and of the cereals. Owing to the frosts, in 
 planting orchards the late apples are to be preferred. 
 About ten miles from Lafayette, the county seat, there 
 is a mineral well which enjoys deservedly a high repu- 
 tation for curing diseases of the kidneys. For further 
 information apply to P. A. Wilkinson, Circuit Clerk, at 
 Lafayette. 
 
 20. Marshall County. 
 
 The northern portion of Marshall county is partly 
 rocky and partly level, the southern portion is hilly ; 
 the Duck river flows through the northern portion. 
 Cotton is extensively cultivated. For further informa- 
 tion apply to Alfred McGahey, Esq., at Lewisburg, the 
 county seat. 
 
 21. Maury County 
 
 is generally level; it is exceedingly fertile, and is 
 justly regarded as the great blue-grass region of the 
 State. On Duck river and on the Bigby creeks there 
 are remarkably fine bottom-lands. Great attention is 
 paid in this county to the raising of cotton and tobacco 
 as well as to that of the cereals, the grasses, and the r 
 roots and vegetables. There is a good deal of improved 
 stock in this county. For further information apply to 
 the Hon. C. C. Bean, at Columbia, the county seat. 
 
Description of the Counties, 73 
 
 22. Montgomery County 
 
 is rather level. Clarksville, the county seat, situated 
 on the Cumberland river, is a town of considerable 
 commerce; the Memphis, Clarksville and Louisville 
 Eailroad passes through it. In the south of the county 
 cotton matures well ; north of the river tobacco is the 
 great staple. The county is rich in iron ; there are 
 several iron- works on the Cumberland river. An im- 
 migration society has been formed in this county. For 
 further information apply to W. M. Shelton, the County 
 Surveyor. 
 
 23. Overton County. 
 
 Overton county is partly situated on the Cumberland 
 mountain, but mainly on the table-land. The Obed 
 river flows through this county. There is a great 
 deal of coal in Overton county. On Spring creek, 
 about twelve miles from Livingston, the county seat, 
 there is a well of oil flowing five hundred barrels a 
 day ; the oil is of the best quality. The Southwestern 
 Eailroad will pass near this well. For further infor- 
 mation apply to the Hon. John B. Eogers, South Eock 
 Island, Van Buren county, Tenn. 
 
 24. Perry County, 
 
 though generally hilly, has also fine valley lands. 
 There is a good deal of water-power on Buffalo river, 
 on Cain creek and on various other creeks. The 
 county is well adapted to the cultivation of tobacco, 
 the cereals, and the grasses, and also to fruit. For 
 further information apply to the Hon. Jesse Taylor, 
 at Linden, the county seat. 
 
74 'the 'Tennessee Hand-Book, 
 
 25. Putnam County. 
 
 A portion of Putnam county is on tlae mountain. 
 On Falling Water and on other creeks there is a great 
 deal of water-power. The Pacific and Southwestern 
 Eailroads are both expected to pass through this county. 
 Apply for further information to E. H. Stone, Clerk of 
 the County Court, at Cookville, the county seat. 
 
 26. Robertson County. 
 
 Eobertson county is generally hilly, but tobacco and 
 the usual grains, grasses, roots, and vegetables grow 
 well. There is a good deal of cheap and tolerably 
 good land for sale in this county. The Edgefield and 
 Kentucky Eailroad passes through the county. Further 
 information may be obtained from E. H. Murphy, at 
 Springfield, the county seat. 
 
 27. Rutherford County. 
 
 With Murfreesboro', the county seat, for its centre, 
 there is, within the circumference of from eight to ten 
 miles, a region in which cotton, tobacco, the grains, 
 the grasses, and especially blue grass, grow remarka- 
 bly well; otherwise the county is rather hilly. At 
 Murfreesboro' are the well-known Utility Works, turn- 
 ing out $6,000 worth of cedar- ware every month. The 
 Stone river flows near Murfreesboro', and the Nashville 
 and Chattanooga Eailroad passes through it. For 
 further information apply to Hon. W. Y. Elliott, or to 
 E. L. Jordan, Esq., both at Murfreesboro'. 
 
Description of the Counties, 75 
 
 * 28. Smith County. 
 
 The surface of Smith county is mostly "undulating 
 or hilly, except the river-bottoms, which are level. 
 The formations are limestone, and the soil is of course 
 very fertile. The Cumberland river passes through 
 the county from east to west, dividing it into two 
 nearly equal parts. The Caney enters the county 
 near Carthage, the county seat. Small boats, seven 
 months in the year, navigate this tributary seventy-five 
 miles from its mouth. The meadow grass is timothy, 
 herd-grass or red-top, and the pasture grass, blue grass. 
 Indian corn, wheat, rye, barley and oats do well ; In- 
 dian corn especially. Tobacco has been cultivated 
 extensively on the rivers. Turnips, sweet potatoes, 
 onions, &c., have done well when tried; much of the 
 soil is evidently adapted to their vigorous growth. 
 Apples, plums, and peaches, and, so far as tried, 
 grapes, and such small fruit as strawberries, do well. 
 Smith county is peculiarly well adapted to the raising of 
 stock; wood is plenty all over the county; timber is 
 also plenty, poplar, oak of several kinds, walnut, ash, 
 hickory, cherry, sugar-maple, linden, beech, &c. There 
 are two hundred and twenty -four thou.sand one hun- 
 dred and six acres of .taxable land in the county, ac- 
 cording to the reports, in 1861 ; about one-half of this 
 is in cultivation. The Pacific Eailroad is expected 
 to pass through this county. Eor further information 
 apply to Dr. Grordon, at Jennings' Ford P. 0. 
 
 29. Stewart County 
 
 is rather hilly. The Cumberland river passes through 
 it, and the Tennessee river separates it from Henry 
 
76 ^he 'I'ennessee Hand-Book, 
 
 county. Fort Donelson on tlie Cumberland, and Fort 
 Henry on the Tennessee, are in this county. There is 
 great mineral wealth in this county. On the Cumber- 
 land river, and not far from the Memphis, Clarksville 
 and Louisville Eailroad, are the Cumberland Iron 
 Works, owned by Woods, Yeatman & Co. ; they are 
 well deserving the attention of the immigrant who 
 wishes to purchase a home, or who is in search of em- 
 ployment; these works, which before the war were 
 very extensive, are now reduced to one forge and one 
 large furnace, employing some three hundred opera- 
 tives, and producing pig-metal, blooms, and a large 
 quantity of sugar kettles for the Louisiana market. 
 The quality of the iron manufactured is well thought 
 of throughout the Southern market. To these Iron 
 Works belong sixty-five thousand acres of land, a 
 large amount of which is cleared and fertile. The 
 hilly portion is excellent for tobacco, for grazing, and 
 for small grains. There is a constant demand for labor 
 for the supply of different processes in the manufac- 
 ture of iron and in farm work. There is also within 
 the compass of the Company's lands a large supply of 
 fire-clay to make fire-bricks. 
 
 Stewart county is well timbered, has a good deal of 
 water-power, and is well adapted to fruit-growing, and 
 the culture of the grape. For further information 
 apply to H. H. Hollester, Esq., or to the Hon. Dr. 
 Carter, at Cumberland city. 
 
 30. Sumner County. 
 
 The surface of the county is undulating. On the 
 various creeks of the county there are fine bottom- 
 
Description of the Counties, 77 
 
 lands and good water-power. The Cumberland river 
 separates Wilson and Sumner counties. Cotton, to- 
 bacco, the grains and the grasses succeed well. There 
 are mineral springs in the county. The ridge passing 
 through Sumner is well timbered, and fine for the cul- 
 tivation of the grape. There is much land for sale, 
 with regard to which Hon. T. McKinley, at Gallatin, 
 the county seat, may be applied to for information. 
 
 31. Van Buren County. 
 
 About half the county is situated on the Cumberland 
 mountain ; the other half is hilly. The Caney Fork 
 and other creeks, having considerable water-power, 
 flow -through it. The county is well adapted to cotton, 
 tobacco, the grains and the grasses, and also to fruit, 
 including the grape. There is plenty of coal in the 
 county, and also many chalybeate springs. The county 
 seat, Spencer, is about twenty miles from McMinnville, 
 the nearest market outside of the county. For further 
 information apply to W. B. Cummings, Esq., at Spen- 
 cer. 
 
 32. "Warren County 
 
 is one of the counties belonging to the elevated region 
 of country extending for a considerable distance from 
 the foot of the Cumberland mountain. The county 
 seat is McMinnville, the terminus of the branch railroad 
 which connects it with Tullahoma. Near Eock island, 
 twelve miles from McMinnville, the Caney Fork (after 
 having been formed out of the Collins river, Eocky 
 river. Calf-killer, and Cain creek) falls ninety-one feet in 
 nine hundred yards, in the shape of a crescent, where 
 
7 8 l!he Tennessee Hand-Book, 
 
 machinery to any amount can be put, furnisliing forty 
 thousand cubic feet per minute at ordinary tide within 
 one-and-a-quarter mile from the Southwestern Kail- 
 road, now partly graded. There is an Immigration 
 Society in Warren county. The Eev. "Wm. Baker, the 
 Corresponding Secretary of the Society, has published 
 a description of Middle Tennessee, with special refer- 
 ence to the mountain district: on the soil and the 
 face of the country, on fruit and grass-growing, on the 
 culture of the grape, on the water, the health, the 
 resources and the railroads, on stock-raising and on 
 the price and title of lands. Por further information 
 apply to Eev. Henry Stevens, Tullahoma. 
 
 33. Wayne County. 
 
 Wayne county is broken with many creeks running 
 through it. The iron ore, of which there is much in 
 the county, has been considerably worked in past times. 
 A small portion of Wayne county lies beyond the 
 Tennessee river. Further information may be obtained 
 from the Hon. Jonathan Morris, at Waynesboro', the 
 county seat. 
 
 34. White County. 
 A portion of White county is on the table-land of 
 the Cumberland mountain; its surface in general is un- 
 dulating. There is much fine land in the county, and 
 water-power, especially on Calf-killer creek. Cotton, 
 tobacco, the usual grains and grasses, and fruit also, 
 succeed well. A considerable portion of White county 
 consists of "barrens." The Scuppenong grape succeeds 
 well in this county. Bonair Springs, situated five miles 
 
Description of the Counties, 79 
 
 east of Sparta, is regarded by Professor Frost as one 
 of tlie most medicinal waters in the United States ; it 
 is especially noted on account of tlie relief it affords 
 in cases of dyspepsia. For further information con- 
 cerning White county apply to William F. Carter, near 
 Sparta. 
 
 ._ ^ 35. Williamson County 
 
 is level, and well adapted to the growth of cotton. 
 The Harpeth river flows through the county. Frank- 
 lin, the county seat, is on the Decatur and Alabama 
 Eailroad. The county is also exceedingly well adapted 
 to the growth of tobacco and the cereals ; the latter 
 are likely to be extensively cultivated. For further in- 
 formation apply to John B. McEwen, Esq., at Franklin. 
 
 36. Wilson County. 
 
 The western portion of Wilson county is well ad- 
 apted to the raising of cotton ; the middle and eastern 
 more especially for tobacco and the cereals. The Cum- 
 berland separates Wilson county from Sumner and 
 Smith counties. Timber is abundant, especially cedar; 
 the county is also noted for its hogs and mules. The 
 Pacific Eailroad will pass through this county. For 
 further information apply to J. W. Phillips, Col. M. A. 
 Price, and Z. W. Frazier, at Lebanon, the county seat. 
 
8o 'The Tennessee Hand-Book, 
 
 EEMAEKS. 
 
 From the data "here presented, it appears that of the 
 thirtj-six counties of Middle Tennessee, eight are 
 either entirely or in part on the Cumberland mountain. 
 They are Cumberland, Fentress, Overton, Franklin, 
 Grundy, Putnam, Yan Buren, and White counties. 
 
 Thirteen are entirely or in part in the basin. All 
 of Eutherford, Wilson, and Marshall, the greater part 
 of Sumner, Maury, Giles, Lincoln, Bedford, Cannon, 
 and Smith, and portions of Jackson and De Kalb. 
 
 The remaining fifteen counties are entirely on the 
 table land.* 
 
 Table showing the average value of land per acre in each 
 county in Middle Tennessee.j^ 
 
 Value of land Value of land 
 
 Counties. per acre. Counties. per acre. 
 
 Bedford $16 39 De Kalb $4 54 
 
 Cannon 7 01 Fentress.... 92 
 
 Cheatham 4 73 Franklin 4 76' 
 
 Cofifee 5 33 Giles 12 69 
 
 Cumberland 76 Grundy..... 97 
 
 Davidson 29 34 Humphreys 1 92 
 
 Dickson 2 43 Hickman 2 54 
 
 * The term "table land," in works written on this subject, is 
 often applied to the Cumberland mountain ; as, however, the 
 peoi^le in general apply that term to the highlands which com- 
 mence at the foot of the Cumberland mountain, and extend to the 
 Tennessee river and to Kentucky, I have adopted their custom. 
 
 t The remark made with regard to the average value of land 
 in East Tennessee is also applicable to Middle Tennessee. 
 
tabular Statement of the Weather. 8i 
 
 Value of land 
 
 Counties. per acre. 
 
 Jackson $4 32 
 
 Lawrence 2 89 
 
 Lewis. 1 17 
 
 Lincoln.... 7 26 
 
 Macon 3 91 
 
 Marshall 10 38 
 
 Maurj 18 51 
 
 Montgomery 7 16 
 
 Overton 3 62 
 
 Perry 3 45 
 
 Putnam 2 90 
 
 Value of land 
 Counties. per acre. 
 
 Robertson $7 94 
 
 Rutherford 12 40 
 
 Smith 9 47 
 
 Stewart 2 81 
 
 Sumner 9 19 
 
 Yan Buren 1 11 
 
 Warren 4 04 
 
 Wayne 2 38 
 
 White.. 3 07 
 
 Williamson 14 43 
 
 Wilson 11 38 
 
 Tabular Statement of the Occurrence of Frosty from Ob- 
 servations made at G-lenwood, near Glarksville, Tenn. : 
 
 Days free 
 TeaTS ^*** Frost First in Frost Days free from killing 
 
 • in Spring. Autumn. Skim Ice. from Frost. Frost. 
 
 1851. ..May 2.. ..Oct. 23.. ..Oct. 23.... 173 173 
 
 1852. ..Mar. 23.. ..Oct. 15.. ..Nov. 8.... 205 228 
 
 1853. ..Mar. 29.. ..Oct. 11.... Oct. 25.... 195 210 
 
 1854...Apr. 18....0ct. 19....N0V. 5.... 184 201 
 
 1855. ..Apr. 7.. ..Oct. 16.. ..Oct. 25.... 187 200 
 
 1856. ..Apr. 23.. ..Oct. 22.. ..Oct. 18.... 175 176 
 
 i!^57...Apr.20....Sept.30....Oct. 20.... 162 181 
 
 1858... Apr. 25.... Oct. 9.. ..Nov. 14.... 166 201 
 
 1859... Apr. 18.... Oct. 10.. ..Oct. 19.,.. 174 182 
 
 1860. ..Apr. 2....Sept.21....0ct. 12.... 171 192 
 
 Means 179.2 194.4 
 
82 The 'Tennessee Hand-Book. 
 
 The preceding table shows the length of the period 
 between killing frosts. It is to a great extent the 
 measure of the "growing" season. It is taken from 
 Professor Safford's "Physical Geography of Ten- 
 nessee," and was prepared by Prof. W. M. Stewart. 
 
 In East Tennessee the "growing" season is about 
 two weeks shorter. 
 
 Extract from P. F. TaveVs Booh of Observations on the 
 Temperature of Middle Tennessee, 
 
 Yeara. Spring Frosts. Days. Degrees. Fall Frosts. Days. Degrees. 
 
 1846. ..April 13 32....... .October 21. .....26 
 
 1847. ..April 16 32 October 14..... .82 
 
 1848. ..April 20 34 October 18 32 
 
 1849. ..April 24. .....28. ....... October 8 34 
 
 1850. ..April 14 29 October 7 34 
 
 1851. ..May 2 30 .October 15 34 
 
 1852. ..April 17 32 October 2 30 
 
 1853. ..April 6 29 October 25 31 
 
 1854. ..'April 30 33 Nov 2 32 
 
 1855. ..April. .....15 30 October 25 32 
 
 1856. ..April 1 33 Nov 5 32 
 
 1857. ..April 22 30 October 21 30 
 
 1858. .-.April 27 30 Nov 6 84 
 
 1859...April 18 33 October 19 33 
 
 1860. ..April 26 88 October 13 28 
 
 1861. ..April 20 82 October 24 29 
 
 1862. ..March 23 28 October 20 82 
 
 1863. ..April 8 28 October...... 6 32 
 
 1864.. .May 3 33 October..... 9 32 
 
Description of the Counties, 83 
 
 III. 
 WEST TENNESSEE. 
 
 The two most prominent features in tlie natural 
 configuration of West Tennessee are tlie plateau, situ- 
 ated between the Tennessee and the Mississippi rivers 
 and the bottoms of the Mississippi. The plateau includes 
 the whole of the counties of Weakly, Gibson, Carroll, 
 Madison, Henderson, Eayette, and Hardeman, and por- 
 tions of several other counties. In going west from 
 the Tennessee river, which separates West from Middle 
 Tennessee, this somewhat hilly and broken ridge is 
 soon reached, while its slope to the Mississippi, which 
 forms its western boundary, is very gradual. It termi- 
 nates in a long and precipitous escarpment or '' bluff," 
 which, coming out of Mississippi, runs in a nearly 
 direct course from Memphis to Hickman county, Ky. 
 The soil generally is mellow and good. In the familiar 
 language of the people, it is a remarkably "free" soil; 
 one that produces most readily if you treat it kindly. 
 A portion of this western slope running in a band 
 from twenty to thirty miles wide, and limited on the 
 west by the " blufij" is covered with a good stratum of 
 light yellow ashen earth, which yields a strong, excel- 
 lent soil. The uplands of Obion and Dyer belong to 
 this band. In those counties, the growth of cotton- 
 wood, sweet gum, walnut, beech, white oak, and other 
 trees, is unsurpassed by any thing elsewhere in Ten- 
 nessee. 
 
 But greatly as this elevated region deserves the atten- 
 tion of the immigrant or settler, it is far surpassed in 
 
84 ^he Tennessee Hand-Book. 
 
 richness of soil by the cotton lands of the Mississippi 
 river. There for centuries the rains have washed down 
 the rich soil of the surrounding hills, and the rich, 
 dark mould has been accumulating. 
 
 Yet richer even than the cotton lands of West Ten- 
 nessee will be the soil which sooner or later must be 
 won from the swamps of the Mississippi. Whenever 
 it is done, there will be a striking illustration furnished 
 of the fact that the poorer lands of a country are culti- 
 vated before the richer are reached, and West Ten- 
 nessee will be more productive than any other part of 
 the State. 
 
 The change from slave to free labor is likely to pro- 
 duce a considerable change in the products raised in 
 this section of the country, Tennessee may soon rival 
 Illinois and Iowa in the producing of corn and of 
 wheat. It is one of the most interesting facts that 
 can well be stated, with regard to the agricultural 
 resources of West, as well as a portion of Middle 
 Tennessee, that they produce all the cereals that grow 
 North, and, with the exception of the sugar cane, and 
 of rice, all the agricultural products growing in the 
 South, and that on account of the mildness of its 
 climate, and the long period during which it is capable 
 of producing, they can take these products either 
 North or South, while in the one place the cold and in 
 the other the heat prevent their growth. Tobacco, 
 corn, wheat, and many other species of grain, as well 
 as fruit and vegetables, reach the North four weeks 
 sooner than they can ripen there ; and these cereals, 
 fruits, and vegetables, as they successively appear, 
 may also be seen in the more southern markets when 
 
Description of the Counties, 85 
 
 tlie time for growing them there has passed. The 
 same holds of course true with regard to the flour 
 manufactured in Tennessee. It is in the Northern . 
 market long before wheat ripens in the North. It 
 commands a higher price, not only on this account, 
 but also from the fact that the wheat from which it 
 has been manufactured has ripened in a comparatively 
 dry atmosphere, and, in consequence of it, keeps better 
 when sent to distant parts of the United States or to 
 Europe. 
 
 The Mobile and Ohio Eailroad runs from Mobile 
 through Alabama, Mississippi, Tennessee, and Western 
 Kentucky to Colilmbus, Ky., a distance of 472 miles. 
 In "West Tennessee, it passes through the counties of 
 Hardeman, McNairy, Henderson, Madison, Gibson, and 
 Obion. In conjunction with the Illinois Central, it 
 makes a direct line from the Gulf at Mobile to the 
 lakes at the North, furnishing the tables of those who 
 live within reach of these roads on the same day with 
 oysters from the Gulf and fresh fish from the lakes, 
 and affording the farmers near this road vast oppor- 
 tunities for the sale of their products. 
 
 It is worthy of note that in West Tennessee itself 
 fruit ripens two weeks sooner in the south than in the 
 north. 
 
 The climate of West Tennessee, with few exceptions, 
 is healthy. In some of the counties, and near- the 
 swamps of the Mississippi river, fevers prevail. As 
 the land is cleared and the soil cultivated, there will 
 be a change for the better in the portions of West 
 Tennessee which are now unhealthy. The Big Hatchie, 
 the Forked Deer, the Obion, and the other rivers by 
 
 8 
 
86 '^he 'Tennessee Hand-Baok. 
 
 wHcli the western slope is more or less broken, are 
 long, sinuous, and sluggish in their course; but the 
 water flowing into these rivers is cool and wholesome. 
 Many wells have been bored, and the success attending 
 them has at some points nearly or quite doubled the 
 price of land. 
 
 THE COUNTIES OF WEST TENNESSEE. 
 
 They are: 1. Benton; 2. Carroll; 3. Decatur; 4. 
 Dyer ; 5. Fayette ; 6. Gibson ; 7. Hardeman ; 8. Hardin ; 
 9. Haywood; 10. Henderson; 11. Henry; 12. Lauder- 
 dale; 13. Madison; 14. McNairyf 15. Obion; 16. 
 Shelby ; 17. Tipton ; 18. Weakley. 
 
 1. Benton County ^ 
 
 is rather hilly. It is situated west of the Tennessee 
 river, which separates it from Humphreys and Perry 
 county. The county is remarkably healthy and well 
 adapted for cotton, the cereals and the grasses, except 
 blue grass. The timber is very fine ; the soil, free- 
 stone. For further information, apply to Hon. David 
 Brewer, at Camden, the county seat. 
 
 2. Carroll County 
 
 is moderately level. The Nashville and Northwestern 
 Railroad passes through the county. The soil is free- 
 stone and sandy. The county seat, situated on the 
 railroad, is Huntington. Near this town there are 
 chalybeate springs. Sandy river flows through the 
 county. Cotton, tobacco, the cereals and the grasses. 
 
Description of the Counties, 87 
 
 except blue grass, succeed well. The timber of the 
 county is poplar, oak, gum, &g. For further informa- 
 tion apply to Hon. Alwin Hawkins, and to the Hon. J. 
 R. Hawkins, M. C, both at Huntington, the county seat. 
 
 3. Decatur Caunty 
 is rather hilly. On the Tennessee river, which bounds 
 it on the east, there are fine bottom lands. Decatur 
 belongs to the great field of iron ore known as " The 
 Western Iron Region." There are one or two iron 
 furnaces in this county. The climate is salubrious ; 
 the timber, poplar, beech, &c. ; the soil, freestone. 
 Decatur county is adapted to the growth of cotton, 
 the cereals and the grasses, except blue grass. For, 
 further information, apply to John L. Huston, Perry 
 ville P. 0. 
 
 4. Dyer County 
 
 embraces part of the Western slope, the light, yellow, 
 ashen earth of which yields a strong and excellent 
 soil. The timber is a growth of poplar, black 
 walnut, beech and white oak. It is bounded on the 
 west by the Mississippi, the bottoms of which are ex- 
 ceedingly rich. The Southside River Railroad, when 
 constructed, will greatly serve to develop the resources 
 of this county. For further information, apply to 
 Thomas H, Benton, County Court Clerk, J. W. Darkin- 
 ton. Sheriff, and Jam@s McCoy, all at Dyersburg, the 
 county seat. 
 
 5. Fayette County 
 
 is generally level. The Memphis and Charleston 
 Railroad passes through itj a branch of it, thirteen 
 
Sv8 "^he 1'ennessee Hand-Book, 
 
 miles in length, goes to Summerville, the county^seat. 
 The soil is freestone ; favorable to cotton, the cereals 
 and the grasses, except blue grass. There is fine tim- 
 ber in the county : poplar, all kinds of oak, &c. Fruit 
 succeeds well ; there is a vineyard in the county which 
 bears well. For further information, apply to James 
 Hollowel, Esq., at Summerville. 
 
 6. Gibson County 
 
 is generally level and well adapted for cotton, tobacco, 
 the cereals and the grasses, with the exception of 
 clover and blue grass; the soil is freestone. The 
 apple, the peach, the pear, and the cherry succeed well. 
 Tha Mobile and Ohio and the Memphis and Ohio 
 Eailroads furoish superior and readily accessible 
 markets to the farmer. The health of the county is 
 generally good. There is a celebrated well in this 
 county called the Gibson Well. For further informa- 
 tion, apply to John L. Williamson, at Trenton, the 
 county seat. 
 
 7. Hardeman County. 
 
 Broken in its eastern portion, it is there noted for its 
 growth of pine ; in its western portion it is very level 
 and fertile, though, in consequence of careless treat- 
 ment, greatly in need of manure. Bolivar, the county 
 seat, is on the Central Mississippi Eailroad. The 
 Memphis and Charleston Eailroad also passes through 
 Hardeman county. In the western portion, where 
 timber has been wasted for many years, it is compara- 
 tively scarce. The soil is freestone, loose and sandy 
 and easy to cultivate. On Big Hatchie and on several 
 
Description of the Counties, 89 
 
 creeks there is a good deal of water-power. Tlie grow- 
 ing of cotton, to which this county is well adapted, is 
 to a considerable extent supplanted by the cultivation 
 of the cereals. The grasses, except blue grass, succeed 
 well, also Irish and sweet potatoes. The growing of 
 fruit, for which this county is also well adapted, has 
 been greatly neglected. The grape is successfully 
 cultivated at Bolivar. Among the medicinal waters I 
 mention Dunlop chalybeate springs, two and a-half 
 miles south of Bolivar. For further information^ apply 
 to E. P. McNeal; Esq., at Bolivar. 
 
 6. Hardin County. 
 
 The land on the east side of the Tennessee river is 
 freestone and tolerably hilly; on the west side it is 
 limestone and more level. The Tennessee river has 
 good bottoms, and on some of the creeks there is fine 
 water-power ; cotton, tobacco and the cereals grow well ; 
 as also do the grasses. There is plenty of hydraulic 
 limestone in Hardin county, and the cement made of 
 it is said to be excellent. The river is navigable for 
 the transmission of freight or produce during from 
 seven to eight months. For further information, apply 
 to the Hon. Alfred Potter, Saltillo P. 0. Hardin 
 belongs to the great western iron field mentioned in 
 my remarks on Middle Tennessee. There is a good 
 deal of green sand or " marl " in this county. 
 
 9. Haywood. 
 
 The surface of the county is rather rolling; the 
 county seat is Brownsville, containing about 1,000 in 
 habitants; and rapidly improving. Haywood county 
 
go The Tennessee Hand-Book, 
 
 is adapted to every variety of cultivation, be it cotton, 
 tobaccO; grain or the grasses. The Memphis and Ohio 
 Eailroad runs through the county, and the Big Hatchie 
 and Forked Deer flow into it. There is an abundance 
 of timber in the county, and on the rivers there are 
 fine bottoms. For further information apply to Hon. 
 "William Bond and to the Hon. David Nunn, M. C, both 
 at Brownsville; the county seat. 
 
 10. Henderson County 
 
 is tolerably level. The soil is sandy and freestone. 
 On the Beech river, the Sandy and the Forked Deer, 
 there are a number of mills. The Mobile and Ohio 
 Eailroad passes through the southwestern portion of 
 this county. The principal timber is poplar, the 
 various species of oak and chestnut. Fruit, includ- 
 ing the grape, grows well in this county. It is well 
 adapted to cotton, the cereals and the grasses, ex- 
 cept blue grass. There are in the county chalybeate 
 and sulphur springs. In Henderson county the green 
 sand or " marl " occurs. For further information apply 
 to Thomas Campbell and James M. Pridy, at Lexing- 
 ton; the county seat. 
 
 11. Henry County 
 
 is generally level. There are in this county the South, 
 Middle, and North Obion, all in the winter season 
 large enough for flat-boats. On these and other 
 streams, as well as in the county generally, there is a 
 great deal of rich land, and a good deal of water power. 
 The Memphis, Clarksville and Louisville Eailroad is 
 passing through the county. Cotton, tobacco, and the 
 
Description of the Counties, 91 
 
 usual grains are grown abundantly. There is a large 
 number of flour mills in the county, and a good deal 
 of flour is shipped north. 
 
 . 4^mong the many mineral waters in West Tennessee, 
 one in this county deserves special attention. In 
 boring for salt about twelve miles east of Paris, the 
 county seat, and three miles north of the Memphis, 
 ClarksviUe, and Louisville Kailroad, the workmen, at 
 the depth of three hundred and fifty feet, while boring 
 through solid rock, were amazed to find all their tools 
 blown out by a rush of water which ascended above 
 the tops of the trees. In its present condition, the well 
 flows a stream of sulphur, clear as crystal, soft, cold, 
 grateful to the palate, and without perceptible weight 
 in the stomach. It discharges about fifteen barrels 
 per minute, and rises eighteen feet above the ground. 
 It is situated at the west base of a beautifully sloping 
 mountain, at the east base of which flows Sandy creek, 
 affording , pleasant sport to the angler. For further 
 information, apply to James Worthen, Esq., at Paris. 
 
 12. Lauderdale. 
 
 The surface of Lauderdale county is rather hilly. 
 On the north the Forked Deer divides it from Dyer ; 
 on the south the Big Hatchie from Tipton. The 
 bottoms on the Mississippi are remarkable for their 
 fine soil. In general, however, the soil is varying, 
 being very good in some parts, and not so good in 
 others. The county seat is Eipley. There is a great 
 deal of land for sale, concerning which Dr. Lacky, at 
 Eipley, may be applied to for information. Lauder- 
 dale is one of the counties which will be greatly bene- 
 
92 *l!he Twenties see Hand-Book. 
 
 fited by the Soutli Side Eiver Railroad whenever it is 
 made. 
 
 13. Madison County. 
 
 . The surface of the county is various ; sometimes 
 rolling, at other times level. Jackson is the county 
 seat.' Here the Central Mississippi Eailroad termi- 
 nates. The Mobile and Ohio Eailroad passes through 
 the county, terminating at Columbus, Kentucky. 
 There is a good deal of fine land in the county, suit- 
 able for the growth of cotton, tobacco, the cereals, and 
 all the grasses, except blue grass. The county is well 
 adapted to fruit, and especially to the culture of the 
 grape ; the scuppenong is one of the surest bearers. 
 The county is also well timbered. There has been an 
 Immigration Society formed in this county which 
 promises to be useful. For further information, ad- 
 dress John E. Woolfork, Esq., or Eobert Hurt, Esq., 
 both of Jackson. 
 
 14. MoNairy County 
 
 is generally hilly. The soil is freestone and' sandy, 
 producing cotton and the cereals and grasses, except 
 blue grass. The timber is principally white oak and 
 pine. It is well adapted to the growth of the peach. 
 On Huggins and other creeks in this county, there are 
 are a number of saw mills. The Mobile and Ohio 
 Eailroad passes through the county. McNairy county 
 is rich in marl. Further information may be obtained 
 from thj Hon. F. Hurst, at Purdy, the county seat. 
 
Description of the ^Counties. <^'}^ 
 
 15. Obion County. 
 
 Obion county, like Dyer county, is remarkable for its 
 growth of timber and its superior soiL The JSTasliville 
 and Nortliwestern and the Mobile and Ohio Eailroads 
 pass tbrougb this county. It is situated on tbe Missis- 
 sippi river, and abounds in lakes and bayous. ^'Eeelfoot 
 lake, formed by the earthquakes 0^1811-12, is nearly 
 twenty miles long, and from three to seven broad. 
 Standing in its waters are thousands of dead cypress 
 and other trees ; the whole area appearing like ' sunken 
 land.' Most of the trees stand erect in shallow water, 
 their dead trunks and branches covering the lake. At 
 some points, however, they are entirely beneath its 
 surface ; and the amateur fisherman, to whom this lake 
 is a favorite resort, can, in his boat, glide over the 
 dead forest, submerged in the clear waters below. 
 There is also plenty of game in the vicinity of the 
 lake." Obion county will be greatly benefited by the 
 Eiverside Railroad, when constructed. 
 
 -For further information concerning Obion county, 
 apply to Major Cochran, at Troy, the county seat, 
 
 t 16. Shelby County. 
 
 The hilly and broken ridge which is soon reached 
 in going west from the Tennessee river, and which 
 gradually slopes towards the Mississippi, is deserving 
 of special note in the county of Shelby, since on a 
 portion of the " blufi^' running out of the Mississippi 
 into Kentucky, lies the city of Memphis, the com- 
 mercial metropolis of the State. For a long distance 
 on either side of Memphis, and on either bank of the 
 
94 ^he 'Tennessee Hand-Book, 
 
 Mississippi river, no point can be found that can rival 
 tlie natural advantages of Memphis, a fact which has a 
 strong tendency to secure the prosperity of that city. 
 Besides the Mississippi and its tributaries in West 
 Tennessee, a large portion of the trade of the Arkansas 
 and White rivers are centring in that city. Of the 
 railroads which exert a special influence on the com- 
 merce of the city of Memphis, I mention the Memphis 
 and Ohio, the Mississippi and Tennessee, the Memphis 
 and Charleston, and the Memphis and Little Eock 
 Eailroads, which have their terminus in that city. 
 The Mobile and Ohio and the Mississippi Central 
 Eailroads, in passing through counties, the commercial 
 interests of which are intimately linked with those of 
 Memphis, also exert a great, though more indirect in- 
 fluence on its prosperity. The railroad to Columbus, 
 Ky.; which is to form a closer connection with St. 
 Louis and Chicago, is to run through the counties of 
 Shelby, Tipton, Lauderdale, Dyer, and Obion. In 
 passing through a region so well calculated for dairy 
 and vegetable farms, it will furnish the city of Memphis 
 with the products of the dairy, the orchard, and the 
 vegetable garden, which it now greatly needs. 
 
 Such being the advantages which, thanks to its 
 peculiar situation and the enterprising spirit of its 
 citizens, the city of Memphis enjoys, or is likely to 
 enjoy, it has all the elements which, if properly used, 
 will make it the natural capital of the Mississippi 
 valley, and will enable it to provide commercially for 
 the wants, not only of West Tennessee, but also of 
 Arkansas, North Louisiana, of Mississippi, and of 
 North Alabama. 
 
Description of the Counties. 95 
 
 There are 75,000 inhabitants in the city of Memphis, 
 about twelve thousand of whom are of German or 
 Swiss origin. Among the latter are men of consider- 
 able inflaence in the Northern States and in Europe, 
 who are likely to give a strong impulse, to the cause 
 of immigration in the city of Memphis and in West 
 Tennessee generally. 
 
 The growth of Memphis has in past times been 
 favored by circumstances which no longer exist. As 
 in the dream of Joseph the sun and the moon and the 
 stars were paying him respectful homage, so in a good 
 degree has been the position which the eighteen 
 counties of West Tennessee, and many beyond it, have 
 held towards the city of Memphis. It was to them 
 almost exclusively the point to which their chief pro- 
 duct was to be taken, and from which they were to be 
 supplied with every thing they needed. A new era 
 has been ushered in. But if cotton is no longer to be 
 the chief staple of West Tennessee, ifi the general 
 development of the resources of the State is likely to 
 give to other points a prominence which till now they 
 have not had, the city of Memphis will by no means 
 lose by this change. It is true of a large portion of 
 Middle as it is of West Tennessee, that in the same 
 measure as property passes into the hands of a large 
 and industrious middle class, an important impulse is 
 given to the enterprise and prosperity of every part of 
 the State, and in this prosperity the city of Memphis 
 will have no inconsiderable share. 
 
 The county of Shelby is generally level. It is well 
 adapted for cotton as well as for corn and the cereals. 
 The peach succeeds remarkably well. 
 
g6 'The Tennessee Hand-Book. 
 
 About nine miles from Memphis, near tlie Memphis 
 and Ohio Railroad, are the Raleigh springs. 
 
 For further information concerning Shelby county, 
 inquire of Col. M.> B. Eaton, J. E. Merriman, Esq., 
 M. Coronna, Esq., and Messrs. Royster, Terezerant & 
 Co.; all residing at Memphis. 
 
 17. Tipton County. 
 
 Tipton county forms part of the plateau mentioned 
 in the Introduction. In this county the plateau ter- 
 minates at Randolph in a bluff as high as that at 
 Memphis, but occupying less space. In another por- 
 tion of Tipton county there is a mingling of valleys, 
 hills and mountains ; but with the exception of a small 
 mountain called Stone mountain, the county is very 
 fertile. The Mississippi river is the western boundary 
 of the county. Its bottoms and the soil on the islands 
 of the Mississippi are exceedingly rich. The Big 
 Hatchie separates Lauderdale from Tipton county ; it 
 is navigable during three months of the year for 
 steamboats up to the point where the Memphis and 
 Louisville Railroad crosses the Big Hatchie in Hay- 
 wood county. In Tipton county, the grains and 
 grasses, except blue grass, as well as cotton, succeed 
 remarkably well. 
 
 The Memphis and Louisville Railroad passes through 
 the southeast corner of Tipton, thirty-six miles from 
 Memphis. There are sulphur springs in this county. 
 Thousands of acres are offered for sale, and large^ 
 farms are to be cut up in order to dispose of them. 
 The climate is fine, and fruit succeeds well ; a company 
 has been formed for the raising of grapes. Covington 
 
Description of the Counties, 97 
 
 is the county seat. John T. Douglas, in that town, 
 may be applied to for further information ; also, 
 Mumford & Sanford, Publishers of Covington Eecord, 
 and Col. C. H. Hill. 
 
 18. Weakley County. 
 
 The general face of the county is level. It produces 
 cotton well; and also the grains, grasses and oats, but 
 is especially -suitable for tolmcco, of which it produces 
 1,000 pounds to the acre. The North, South and 
 Middle Fork flow in the county. The latter forms the 
 line between Weakley aod Gibson. The bottoms on 
 these rivers are very fine. The Nashville and North- 
 western Eailroad runs through the county, and the 
 Memphis and Louisville Eailroad through the south- 
 east corner of it ; the Mobile and Ohio Eailroad near 
 the line. There is good water-power in the county 
 and fine timber; it is a county remarkably well 
 adapted for grazing and the raising of hogs ; the fruit 
 hardly ever fails. Application for information may be 
 made to Dr. C. Underwood at Pierce's Station, on the 
 N. O. and Ohio Eailroad, or to P. M. Shelton, County 
 Surveyor, Dresden, Tenn. 
 
 Table showing the average value of land per acre in each 
 county in West Tennessee, 
 
 Counties. Value of land Counties. Value of land 
 
 per acre. per acre. 
 
 Benton $2 74 Gibson flO 84 
 
 Decatur 3 04 Hardeman 5 77 
 
 Dyer 8 60 Hardin 3 70 
 
 Carroll 8 69 Haywood 8 88 
 
 9 
 
98 'The 'Tennessee Hand-Book, 
 
 Counties. Value of land Counties. Value of land 
 
 per acre. per acre. 
 
 Fayette ,. 8 23 Henderson $4 05 
 
 Henry 5 26 Obion 7 36 
 
 Lauderdale 7 02 Slielby 32 22 
 
 Madison 7 87 Tipton 8 90 
 
 McNairy 3 42 Weakley 6 85 
 
 SUMMARY OF THE RESOURCES OF THE 
 THREE SECTIONS. 
 
 I commenced this volume with tlie intention of con- 
 fining my description to East Tennessee. Unexpected 
 facilities of travel having been extended to me, I re- 
 solved to include in my account also Middle and West 
 Tennessee. I shall endeavor to make up for the want 
 of unity in the plan of the work, which has resulted 
 from the fact just mentioned, by presenting the reader 
 with a summary of the three sections of the State. 
 Subjects which are here but slightly touched will be 
 found more fnlly treated in the preceding pages of this 
 work. 
 
 1. Rivers. 
 
 The Tennessee river, after rising under the name of 
 the Holston in the mountain region of North Carolina, 
 and passing through East Tennessee, enters the State 
 of Alabama, turns south westward and flows on for 
 nearly sixty miles, when it again turns to the west and 
 re-enters the State of Tennessee in a northwest course. 
 On leaving the State, it passes through Kentucky, and 
 flows, at Paducah, into the Ohio river. From John- 
 son ville, in Humphreys county, the Tennessee river is 
 
Description of the Counties, 99 
 
 always navigable to its mouth, and from seven to eight 
 months of the year as far as the Muscle Shoals, in 
 Alabama, and beyond the Muscle Shoals as far as 
 Knoxville. In East Tennessee, the tributaries flowing 
 into the Holston or Tennessee river are, the Watauga, 
 the Nolachucky, the French Broad, the Big Pigeon, the 
 Little Tennessee, and the Hiawassee, with its confluent, 
 the Ocoee, and from the west the Clinch river. In 
 Middle Tennessee the Duck river flows into the Ten- 
 nessee river from the east. The Clinch is navigable 
 during about seven months of the year as far as Clin- 
 ton, in Anderson county. 
 
 The Cumberland river, which has its head-warters 
 in the mountain region of Kentucky and of Tennessee, 
 enters the State of Tennessee in a southwestern course, 
 and then turns northeastward and enters Kentucky. 
 About two hundred and fifty miles of the Cumberland 
 river are navigable from seven to eight months of the 
 year. The Caney Fork, a tributary of the Cumber- 
 land, is navigable for steamboats about fifty miles 
 during a considerable portion of the year. 
 
 .The Mississippi, the western boundary of the State, 
 is navigable for steamboats during the whole year. 
 Three of its tributaries are navigable during part of 
 the year : the Forked Deer, one hundred and fifty miles, 
 the Big Hatchie, one hundred miles, and the Obion, 
 sixty. On several of the smaller streams, flat boats 
 and rafts are extensively used. 
 
 It is evident from this account of the rivers of the 
 State of Tennessee, that this State is justly distinguished 
 for its inland navigation. 
 
lOO 'J!he Twenties see Hand-Booh 
 
 2. The Climate. 
 
 The summers of the Unaka chain of mountains are 
 in temperature like those of Canada;* but, unlike 
 Canada, the winters last; on an average, only from two 
 to three months of the year. The average summer 
 heat of Knoxville, in East Tennessee, is about that of 
 Philadelphia ; yet, in consequence of the higher eleva- 
 tion, the summers in the valley of East Tennessee are 
 far more agreeable than those of the Middle States. 
 The winters are invigorating, but comparatively short. 
 The Cumberland mountain is noted for the remarkable 
 clearness of its atmosphere and the healthfulness of its 
 climate. The highlands of Middle Tennessee, in point 
 of salubrity and the purity of their freestone waters, 
 are hardly inferior to the Cumberland mountain. The 
 summers of the '' basin" during a portion of the year 
 are oppressive, but the atmosphere in general is mild 
 and agreeable. The climate of West Tennessee is 
 moist, and during two or three months of the year 
 oppressively hot, but unhealthy only where the 
 swamps and the thick forests in the river bottoms 
 have yet free scope. There is more rain falliag in 
 East Tennessee than in either of the other sections, 
 
 * Professor Safford, to wliom I am in part indebted for my 
 account of tlie Unaka cliain of mountains, is in the possession of 
 a manuscript work, prepared . by himself, on the Geology and 
 Physical Geography of the State. It is the result of many years 
 of labor. The materials were collected in part at the expense of 
 the State* The appearance of the work depends on the aid of the 
 Legislature. Its publication is of great importance to the cause 
 of science. 
 
Description of the Counties, loi 
 
 yet it is but at rare intervals that in tlie latter droughts 
 prove generally fatal. In winter, alternations of snow 
 and of rain occur in all three of the sections, especially 
 in the months of January and February. Spring 
 weather may be said to open the latter part of Feb- 
 ruary, or the beginning of March ; but severe frosts 
 occur not unfrequently in April, and sometimes in 
 May, proving ruinous to the peach and the graps 
 crop. The higher localities, and the banks of rivers, 
 suffer from them less.* 
 
 3. Manufactures. 
 
 ^ The trials through which the people of Tennessee 
 have passed, and which threatened to prostrate their 
 energies, have in many instances imparted to them a 
 
 * The following testimony, one of many now before me, is from 
 the pen of Mr. W. W. Powell, of Cumberland county : "My first 
 knowledge of this county dates back to May, 1860, at which time 
 I came here apparently a confirmed invalid, made so by bronchitis, 
 afifection of the kidneys, chronic rheumatism, liver complaint, 
 jaundice, and general debility. From all these difficulties I was 
 in a few months entirely relieved, with the single exception of 
 bronchitis, from which I was so far relieved as to be entirely 
 exempt, up to the present time, from suffering. My residence 
 here during the entire summer of 1860 secured to me a degree of 
 health and strength never before enjoyed, and which I have in no 
 measure lost. I have now, at the age of sixty-two, the elasticity 
 of boyhood, and the firm step and ruddy complexion of sound 
 health. Under these circumstances, you will not be surprised at 
 my unqualified testimony in favor of this climate. I have care- 
 fully watched its influence upon the condition of others, as well 
 as my own, and have often questioned what disease it, in connec- 
 tion with a free and persistent use of our chalybeate waters, will 
 not cure, or at least greatly alleviate." 
 
I02 l^he 'Tennessee Hand-Book. 
 
 spirit of determination and of enterprise rarely mani- 
 fested before. Many of their leading men are earnestly 
 engaged in pointing out the necessity of their entering 
 upon new courses of industry adapted to the new cir- 
 cumstances in which they are placed. They are fairly 
 aroused to the fact that they must no longer send away 
 their raw material in order to have it returned to them 
 by the northern manufacturer at what is to them an 
 enormous loss, and they earnestly advocate the estab- 
 lishing of manufactures, so' that their raw products 
 may be worked within the State, and that an abundant 
 home-market may be furnished to those who are 
 engaged in other pursuits. They ask why, in a 
 country which is peculiarly adapted to the growing 
 of sheep, they yet should buy their woollen goods 
 from the factories of the North, paying the mer- 
 chant for selling them to them, and the railroad for 
 bringing them on. They raise the cotton, they say, 
 pick it, gin it, put it up in bags, and then pay one- 
 third its value in freights and commissions in sending 
 it abroad, — pay for the manufacturing of it, pay 
 the jobber for selling it back to them, and again 
 pay the railroads for bringing it; and they inquire 
 "whether a wiser course than this may not be pursued. 
 They point to their beeves pasturing on a thousand 
 hills, and they ask why from year to year they should 
 pack up the hides of these animals and send them to 
 the North, to be returned to them in the shape of 
 boots or shoes, for which they pay a large profit to 
 every one who has touched the hide since it was taken 
 from the ox ; they call to mind that they have the 
 ore, the timber, the water-power, and a magnificent 
 
Description of the Counties, 103 
 
 climate, and they v/onder why, in spite of all this, they 
 buy their plows, axes, and hoes, their castings, much 
 of their bar iron, and all their railroad iron, from 
 beyond the Ohio ; and they come to the conclusion, so 
 well and pithily expressed by one of these interpreters 
 of the general need,* that they are too poor to do 
 without manufactories ; that the greater the losses are 
 which they have sustained during the last few years, 
 the more necessary is it to give up a course which 
 makes them poorer every day. 
 
 In full harmony with these views and recommenda- 
 tions is the report of the legislative committee, to whom 
 was referred the memorial of certain northern capi- 
 talists and manufacturers, who had asked for a charter 
 to carry on all manner of manufactories in Tennessee. 
 The committee report in the af&rmative, and, in sum- 
 ming up, present the amount Tennessee pays annually to 
 northern and to other manufacturers and mechanics 
 beyond her limits : "Assuming the average cotton crop 
 of Tennessee to be 200,000 bales, and the price fifteen 
 cents per pound, our people realize for the raw material 
 $13,500,000. This is manufactured in the Korth, and 
 elsewhere out of this State, and returned to us in prints, 
 brown and bleached cotton cloths or fabrics, of which 
 four yards to the pound may be regarde(? as a mean 
 average, making an aggregate of 360,000,000 yards. 
 This, at fifteen cents per pound, makes the sum of 
 $54,000,000. Now, if we deduct the cost of material, 
 
 * Colonel A. S. Colyar, in an address delivered at Winchester, 
 and having for its result the huilding of a hlast furnace and nail 
 factory. 
 
I04 T!he Tennessee Hand-Book. 
 
 we have $40,500,000, wHch is tlie sum paid on tTie 
 premium given by our people to encourage the labor, 
 skill; and capital in other States : 
 
 *'To Recapitulate, 
 
 For cotton fabrics $40,500,000 
 
 For woollen fabrics 15,000,000 
 
 For boots and shoes 5,000,000 
 
 For furniture 2,500,000 
 
 For agricultural implements 1,500,000 
 
 For hardware 2,500;a00 
 
 "A commonwealth thus annually drained can never 
 be other than a pauper State, whatever may be its 
 native resources. We believe the time has come for 
 the Legislature to cut the Gordian kuot of our depend- 
 ence on the labor and skill of others. By transplant- 
 ing their operations, skill, capital, and machinery to 
 our own soil, we would speedily arrest this exhausting 
 process, and by building up manufacturing towns and 
 villages in our State, quadruple the value of real estate, 
 stimulate agriculture in all its branches, and turn im- 
 migration to our valleys and mouDtains.""^ 
 
 * At the meetings of the American Immigration Association in 
 the city of Nashville, the loss sustained from want of manufac- 
 tories has been frequently discussed. I was much interested by 
 statements made by Mr. W. I. Emry, on the subject of broom- 
 handles. None are made in Tennessee, though cottonwood and 
 sugar maple, and other timber suitable for the manufacture of 
 broomhandles, is abundant. Freight per thousand amounts to 
 eight dollars ; the original cost is from ten dollars to fifteen dol- 
 lars per thousand. It can be made in Tennessee as cheaply as 
 
Description of the Counties* 105 
 
 4. Agricultur©» 
 
 The system wliich almost exclusively favored the 
 raising of cotton, and which discouraged the establish- 
 ing of manufactures, did also interfere wi*h the remu- 
 nerative development of the agricultural resources of 
 the State. There being but little demand at home for 
 the produce of the country, it had to be exported to 
 distant markets in the shape of cotton, grain, or cattle. 
 The result was as sad as it was unavoidable. The soil 
 became more and more impoverished from a neglect 
 of the processes of manuring, by which the elements 
 of fertility, which are lost in the course of production, 
 are returned to it. This defective treatment of the soil 
 has not escaped the notice of thinking men. The 
 agricultural bureau especially, which has existed for 
 a number of years, had frequently urged the necessity 
 of applying the principles of science to the pursuits of 
 agriculture, and there were not a few who heeded 
 these counsels, and whose agricultural labors proved 
 highly remunerative. Since the war especially, there 
 are portions of the State where a great change for the 
 better has taken place, and where the cereal crops 
 produced far exceeded those of former years. Yet in 
 a very considerable portion of the State the soil is 
 worked carelessly and superficially, and Tennessee, in 
 consequence of it, is dependent upon other States for 
 
 anywhere in the Nortli. Broom corn grown in Tennessee is in 
 quality and quantity twenty -five per cent, better than in other 
 States. The demand is very great. The expense of connecting 
 with a manufacturing establishment the apparatus necessary to 
 make broomhandles would be about one hundred dollars. 
 
io6 'T^he 'Tennessee Hand-Book, 
 
 products wliicli sTie is more than able to raise herself. 
 Under these circumstances, It is but natural that great 
 importance should be attached to the introduction of a 
 farming population who from their childhood have 
 been accustomed to an economic and thorough system 
 of farming. Still it ought to be borne in mind that 
 they can only aid in the work which is to be accom- 
 plished. 
 
 The Commissioner of Immigration of the State of 
 South Carolina, in dwelling upon this subject, refers to 
 the fact that there was a time when labor in South 
 Carolina was hardly respected as it deserves to be. It 
 is now fashionable, he adds, and he who works hardest 
 is considered the greatest gentleman. South Carolina 
 is not altogether alone in this respect. The planters, 
 who in this State have taken the place their overseers 
 formerly occupied, have found no difficulty in obtain- 
 ing faithful laborers, and in making good crops. But 
 they are thus far the exceptions rather than the rule, 
 and there is much room for improvement. In a late 
 communication from Prussia, the writer dwells on 
 the fact that the large land-owners who, to a great ex- 
 tent, belong to the aristocracy, are generally living on 
 their estates and are engaged in superintending their 
 cultivation, while the sons of other land-owners, or of 
 prominent bankers and merchants, after having past 
 through a scientific course of instruction, spend from 
 two to three years in superintending some of the large 
 estates referred to. They obtain in this way that 
 practical knowledge which they will themselves need 
 when they take possession of their own estates. An 
 example worthy of imitation. 
 
Description of the Counties. 107 
 
 5. Security of Life and Property. 
 
 The remarks I have made concerning the security 
 of life and j)ropertj in East Tennessee apply, in a great 
 measure, to Middle and West Tennessee. The few sec- 
 tions of the State, where occasional lawlessness still 
 prevails, are easily avoided. Lieutenant-Governor 
 Cox, of Maryland, lately travelled through a consider- 
 able portion of Tennessee. When invited to address 
 the Legislature, he held the following language : 
 " Newspaper paragraphs have made you out the most 
 disorderly, desperate and dangerous population im- 
 aginable. Should a quiet gentleman be rash enough 
 to meditate a visit to Tennessee, he is admonished in 
 solemn language to beware of bushwackers and cut- 
 throats by the way; never to move without his arms; 
 be sure 'to deposit his revolver under his pillow at 
 night, and always to sleep, if he can, with one eye 
 open. All that I can say is, that no spot of earth 
 was ever, in my judgment, more foully slandered. It 
 has been my privilege to visit many of your towns 
 and rural districts, to traverse on horseback the lone- 
 liest and most retired recesses of your forests and 
 mountains, to sit down by the firesides and social 
 boards of the humblest and poorest of your citizens, 
 as well as the most prosperous, and I have yet to meet 
 with the first unkind word or look, or hear of the first 
 act of violence or even rudeness. A more amiable, quiet, 
 orderly, honest, generous, hospitable people it has 
 never been my good fortune to meet, either in Europe 
 or in America, and it gives me pleasure to offer this 
 merited and just tribute, now and here, in the presence 
 
io8 'J'he Tennessee Hand-Book, 
 
 of Tennesseans, as I shall have occasion to do, where 
 public opinion has been perverted bj misstatements 
 to a different faith." 
 
 The reader of these pages has doubtless received 
 the impression that I, like the speaker just quoted, 
 have been brought in contact during the last few 
 months with all classes of society in every part of 
 the State. My experience in many respects coincides 
 with that of the Lieutenant-Governor. 
 
 6. The General Character of the Pcptilatioii. 
 
 In drawing an outline of the character of the people 
 of Tennessee, I shall confine myself to such features 
 of it as may justly interest those who propose to settle 
 in the State. 
 
 Tennessee, like other States, is not without a con- 
 siderable number of those who lay claim to a high 
 position in society, but who are wanting in the qualities 
 by which alone that claim can be sustained ; nor is it 
 without another class who make great professions of 
 unselfishness, but who avail themselves of every op- 
 portunity to overreach those with whom they are 
 brought in contact \ yet Tennessee may also justly 
 boast of numbering among its citizens many who, by 
 their frankness, kindness and modesty, impress the 
 stranger who meets them with the conviction, that his 
 confidence in them is well placed, and that they will 
 safely guide his course. It is to a portion of this 
 latter class that in these pages I am endeavoring to 
 draw the attention of my readers. 
 
 The great mass of the population of the State is de- 
 scended from a Virginian or North Carolina ancestry. 
 
Immigration — Colonies, 109 
 
 In tbe more elevated portions of East and Middle 
 Tennessee the mountaineer is satisfied with the produce 
 of the few acres he cultivates and the game his rifle 
 obtains for him. In a large portion of East Tennessee 
 as well as of Middle and of West Tennessee, the pro- 
 gress of civilization has had the effect of introducincr 
 somewhat generally a higher degree of intellectual 
 culture and those habits of life which wealth both 
 creates and satisfies. 
 
 As for European immigrants, there are Irish in the 
 larger cities and in the towns along the railroads; 
 English, Scotch and Welsh principally in the minmg 
 districts ; Germans in the larger cities, but also in 
 some of *the rural districts. 
 
 The great mass of the citizens of Tennessee are 
 favorable to immigration, and are likely to treat the 
 immigrant with courtesy and kindness. In this respect 
 differences of political opinion have but little weight. 
 Since my return to Tennessee, in the beginning of 
 1867, I have found that gentlemen who hold political 
 opinions diagonally opposite the one from the other 
 are still ready to join with each other in building up 
 the State by introducing into it capital and an indus- 
 trious immigrant population. 
 
 7. Immigration. — Colonies. 
 
 For various reasons the subject of immigration has 
 not received, in this State, the consideration which it 
 deserves. It is only within the last few years that 
 general attention has been drawn to it, and that the 
 impression has become more and more general, that 
 immigration is to be a powerful agent, by the means 
 
 10 
 
no '^he.T^ennessee Hand-Book, "^ 
 
 of wHcli the State is to enter upon a new course of 
 prosperity. Wtiat Professor Waterhouse says of Mis- 
 souri, may be as readily said of this State. Tennessee 
 needs able-bodied men; the physical energies of a 
 healthy man in the prime of life are appraised at 
 $1,000. Every robust immigrant, however unblest 
 with the goods of fortune, enriches the State with the 
 wealth of sinew. Our broad acres need the labors of 
 myriads of workmen." To the North and to the 
 Northwest this opulence of muscle has been so bene- 
 ficial, because, to a very great extent, it has been 
 guided by intelligence. The immigration which 
 reaches this country from Europe, fills the workshop 
 with skilled labor, the stores and counting-houses with 
 enterprising merchants, the banking establishments 
 with financiers. It devotes itself successfully to the 
 cause of religion and learning ; it buys the lands v/hich 
 are offered for sale, and works them in a thorough and 
 remunerative way ; it introduces improved fruit and 
 superior kinds of cattle, hogs and sheep ; it puts 
 machinery in the place of muscle ; it covers the hill- 
 side with the grape for which this State is so well 
 adapted, and converts unproductive regions into fertile 
 lands, or it works for wages till it is able to purchase 
 a home. The Commissioner of Immigration for the 
 State of South Carolina, after briefly reviewing what 
 this immigrant population has done for the State of 
 Minnesota within ten years, adds, touchingly : " If our 
 beloved old State could by any effort gain in the next 
 ten years such an increase of population and agricul- 
 tural riches, she might almost forget her present 
 troubles as a heavy dream, from which her Heavenly 
 
Minerals. 1 1 1 
 
 Father had decreed her a joyous awakening." Words 
 which will find an echo in many a heart. 
 
 To obtain such an immigration, the holders of large 
 tracts of land can do much ; as far as possible they 
 ought to advertise them in a body, and thus open the 
 way for the immigrating of colonies. " Let every 
 landholder make his own trade and sell his own 
 lands, but let it be known far and wide by newspaper 
 advertisements ajid by circulars, that in a given 
 county or counties there are so many thousands of 
 acres to be sold to small buyers, and that these lands 
 are contiguous to each other. One attractive feature 
 of this method is, that it gives an assurance of earnest- 
 ness and good feeling towards immigrants, which the 
 latter will fully appreciate. Men like to settle where 
 they feel that their presence will be acceptable."* Where 
 this course has in part, at least, been adopted, immi- 
 gration has already commenced to direct its course. 
 
 8. Minerals. 
 
 The following statements are presented as supple- 
 mentary to the account given of the mineral wealth of 
 Tennessee on page 48. They are principally taken 
 from the Geology of Professor Safford : 
 
 /t-ow.— The iron region of East Tennessee includes 
 the counties of Johnson, Carter, Sullivan, Washington, 
 Greene, Cocke, Sevier, Blount, Monroe, Polk, and the 
 
 * Quoted from an editorial of Mr. Mercer, editor of the Press and 
 Times, published in Nashville. Mr. Wm. L* Nance, of Nashville, 
 is earnestly striving to carry out the suggestions of Mr. Mercer, 
 as far as his lands in Cheatham county are concerned ; several 
 of his neighbors are ready to join him. 
 
112 'Hhe l^ennessee Hand-Book, 
 
 eastern part of McMinn; in Middle and West Ten- 
 nessee the counties of Stewart, Montgomery, Benton. 
 Humphreys, Dickson, Decatur, Perry, Hickman, Lewis, 
 Hardin, Wayne, and Lawrence.* 
 
 Cop'per. — The mica slate group, in which the Duck- 
 town mines occur, covers extensive areas. The largest 
 of these commences in the southeastern part of Wash- 
 ington and runs northeastward through Carter and 
 Johnson counties; copper has also, been found in 
 Cumberland county, in Middle Tennessee. 
 
 Lead is found in almost every county in East and 
 in several in Middle and West Tennessee, but it has 
 not yet been sufficiently tested to determine whether 
 it can be worked remuneratively. 
 
 Zinc. — From Mossy creek, in Jefferson county, in a 
 southwest direction through Knox county as far as 
 Loudon, on the Tennessee river, zinc ore is found at 
 numerous points. 
 
 Gold has been found to some extent in Blount, 
 Monroe, and Polk counties. From 1831 to 1853 there 
 was deposited in the United States Mint gold to the 
 value of $46,023. 
 
 Aluminum has been manufactured at Paris, in Henry 
 county, and can be manufactured in all parts of the 
 State. Alloyed with iron, it forms a very hard steel. 
 
 Coal. — There are coal fields in the counties of Clai- 
 borne, Campbell, Anderson, Eoane, Ehea, Hamilton, ' 
 
 T 
 
 * The iron ore at Crab Orcliard, in Carter county, is magnetic, 
 according to the test instituted hy Mr. John Caldwell, whose early 
 labors in bringing the copper ore of Polk county into notice are 
 justly deserving of praise. 
 
Minerals, 113 
 
 Marion, Franklin, Grundy, Warren, "Van Buren, 
 "White, Putnam, Fentress, Overton, Scott, Morgan, and 
 Bledsoe. 
 
 Goal Oil occurs in Overton, Fentress, and Dickson. 
 
 Lignite is an imperfect variety of mineral coal. It 
 will acquire value only wheff tlie Mississippi bottoms 
 can no longer furnish wood, and when our coal fields 
 shall have yielded up their treasures. Extensive beds 
 occur in Lauderdale, Tipton, and the northern part of 
 Shelby. 
 
 Marble. — The most.important species are. 
 
 1. The variegated, fossiliferous marble in East, 
 Middle, and West Tennessee. In East Tennessee — in 
 Granger, Jefferson, Knox, Hawkins, Koane, Bradley, 
 Monroe, Meigs, McMinn. In Middle Tennessee — in 
 Franklin and White. In West Tennessee — in Henry 
 and Benton. 
 
 2. The grayish-white marble in Knox and McMinn. 
 
 3. The Magnesian marble in Claiborne, Hancock, 
 Jefferson and other counties. 
 
 4. The black marble in Jefferson, etc. 
 
 5. The Breccia and conglomerate marble in Greene, 
 Sevier, Blount, and»Monroe. 
 
 Greensand or marl occurs in Henderson, Hardin, 
 McNairy, Hardeman, and other counties of West Ten- 
 nessee. Highly valuable as a fertilizer. 
 
 Salt. — In Hawkins county, in East, and in White 
 and Cumberland counties, in Middle Tennessee. 
 
 Nitre or saltpetre. — In many caves and rock houses 
 in East and Middle Tennessee. 
 
 Epsom salt, — In Sevier and other counties. 
 
114 ^^^ "Tennessee Hand-Book, 
 
 Gypsum. — In Sumner and Cumberland counties, in 
 Middle Tennessee. 
 
 Oxyd of Manganese. — In the northern part of Cocke 
 county and in Cumberland county. 
 Borax in Cumberland county. 
 
 Mineral waters are found in all the three sections. 
 The most important are, sulphur, chalybeate, and Ep- 
 som salt springs and alum water. 
 
 Kydraulic limestone is found in Knox county in 
 East, in Wayne county in Middle, and in Hardin and 
 Decatur counties in West Tennessee. 
 
 Buhrstone or millstone grit occurs in East Tennessee 
 
 in Claiborne, Jefferson, Knox, and Carter coimties, and 
 
 in Sumner and Davidson counties in Middle Tennessee. 
 
 Roofing slate, found in the mountains of Polk; 
 
 Monroe, Blount, Sevier, Cocke, etc. 
 
 Flagging stones are found in Morgan connty. East 
 Tennessee, and also in Hardin, in West Tennessee. 
 
 Sand for glass-making, potters and fire clays, build- 
 i7ig materials, grindstones^ whetstones, &c., have been 
 noticed in greater or less abundance, and in many 
 cases of excellent quality, in different parts of the 
 State. 
 
 Clay forms the substratum of a large portion of the 
 State. Brick of good quality is made of it exten- 
 sively. 
 
Railroads, ' 115 
 
 9. 
 
 Tahle showing the various Railroads in Tennessee. 
 
 Length In Entire 
 
 Name. Tennessee. Length. 
 
 Miles. Miles. 
 
 Nashville and Chattanooga 131 151 
 
 Memphis and Charleston 100 287 
 
 Mississippi and Tennessee 10 99 
 
 Mississippi Central 52J 
 
 East Tennessee and Georgia 112 
 
 East Tennessee and Virginia 180 ...... 
 
 Winchester and Alabama..... 42 
 
 McMinnville and Manchester 34 
 
 Tennessee and Alabama 57 
 
 Memphis and Ohio 131 
 
 Memphis, Clarksville and Louisville 88 
 
 Mobile and Ohio...... 118 496 
 
 Edgefield and Kentucky 47 
 
 Central Southern 48 
 
 Eogersville and Jefferson 15J 
 
 Nashville and Northwestern 164f ' 171 
 
 Knoxville and Kentucky 65 
 
 Cincinnati, Cumberland Grap and 
 
 Charleston 12} 
 
 l,354i . 1,204 
 
 By an act of the Legislature additional aid has 
 been extended to the -following railroads, partly 
 because they have been but recently completed, and 
 have of course not been able to make any profit 
 during their completion. 
 
 To the Nashville and Northwestern Railroad, .in 
 order to be enabled to increase its rolling stock and to 
 
ii6 ^he Tennessee Hand-Book, 
 
 construct a branch railroad from Huntington to 
 Jackson. 
 
 To the Knoxville and Kentucky. 
 
 To the Southwestern. This road is constructed as 
 far as McMinnville, and when completed will pass 
 through the counties of White, Putnam and Overton 
 to the State line. 
 
 To the Memphis and Charleston. 
 
 To the Mississippi Central. 
 
 To the Mississippi and Tennessee. 
 
 To the Tennessee and Pacific. This railroad will 
 form a direct connection between Kashville and Knox- 
 ville, and will pass through the counties of Davidson, 
 Wilson, Smith, White, Cumberland, Eoane and Ander- 
 son to the city of Knoxville. 
 
 To the East Tennessee and Western l^orth Carolina 
 Pailroad. This railroad is to connect the East Tennes- 
 see and Virginia Eailroad by the means of a railroad 
 running through Carter county with the system of rail- 
 roads in the State of North Carolina. 
 
 To the Edgefield and Kentucky Eailroad Company, 
 to aid them in building a depot in Nashville, and in 
 the construction of the Evansville, Henderson and 
 Nashville Eailroad Company. The latter road passes 
 through large coal beds in Kentucky. 
 
 To the East Tennessee and Yirginia Eailroad 
 Company. 
 
 By a recent act of the General Assembly of the State, 
 certain mining companies at Ducktown, Polk county, 
 of which Julius E. Eaht^ Esq., is Superintendent, are 
 authorized to issue $500,000 in mortgaged bonds for 
 the pu] pose of building a railroad from Cleveland to 
 
Development of Resources, 1 1 y 
 
 tlie copper mines, a distance of forty miles. The com- 
 panies have pledged the whole amount of their mineral 
 wealth for the solvency of the bonds. 
 
 10. The Harmonious Development of the Resources of the 
 State a Basis of its Permanent Prosperity. 
 
 In the remarks I am about to present to the reader, 
 I hope to establish, as briefly as I may, the fact that 
 by the removal of the causes which in past times have 
 produced antagonisms in point of industry between 
 the different sections of the country, the foundation is 
 laid for harmony of feeling and united action between 
 all of them. They are strictly in keeping with the 
 general object of this work, since they point out a 
 basis for the permanent prosperity of the State, in 
 establishing which the capitalist, who is investing his 
 means, and the immigrant, who furnishes his labor or 
 his skill, are taking a part. 
 
 Trench, in one of his Hulsean lectures, draws a 
 striking picture of a man whose powers are harmoni- 
 ously developed. In that picture the intellectual and 
 physical powers are represented as subordinate to the 
 Divine Spirit which dwells in the man he describes, 
 but this subordination is such that it does not inter- 
 fere with the sphere of action which belongs to each 
 of the powers. If either of the other powers are 
 dealt with unjustly, the proper harmony would cease 
 to exist, and serious suffering in every part would be 
 the result. In accord with this picture is the con- 
 clusion at which Dr. Guthrie, of Scotland, arrived in 
 his labors among the poor, as stated by himself at the 
 session of the Evangelical Alliance, lately held at 
 
ii8 ^he 'Tennessee Hand-Book, 
 
 Amsterdam. He liad taken charge of a poor, ragged 
 boy; though but seven years of age; his face was 
 wrinkled like that of an old man, because for years he 
 had been in a condition approaching starvation. "I 
 put," said the Doctor, " porridge into his stomach and 
 light into his mind, and in a few months the wrinkles 
 had disappeared and the cheeks began to bloom!" 
 Now, there is a striking analogy existing in this re- 
 spect between a nation and the individual man. In 
 the State we have the same powers : spiritual, intel- 
 lectual and physical. In a State, if it is to be in a 
 healthy condition, the spiritual must rule. A State 
 goes to ruin if it fails to recognize the existence and 
 the government of God ; yet this regard for the spiritual 
 element is not to interfere with its intellectual and 
 physical life ; for if no proper attention be given to 
 these, seeds are sown, which, if not eradicated, will 
 afiect the whole and accelerate its ruin. We must 
 attend to the physical resources of the State, in order to 
 have its spiritual and intellectual life in a good con- 
 dition ; and we must attend to its spiritual and intel- 
 lectual life, in order to be permanently benefited by 
 the development of the physical resources of the State. 
 A brief reference to the late history and the present 
 condition of this State may serve to illustrate these 
 views. For many years Tennessee, in common with 
 the Southern States generally, has been under the in- 
 Quence of a system which depressed her energies. The 
 raising of cotton by the employment of slaves enriched 
 the few, while it left the great mass of the people with- 
 out a proper stimulus to action. The comparative 
 neglect of the manufacturing, mining, and agricultural 
 
Development of Resources. up 
 
 interests of tlie State had an injurious effect on the 
 trade of the country. The planter, in transacting his 
 affairs, frequently benefited the merchants and manu- 
 facturers of the North or of Europe more than those 
 at homC; and his example was followed by many who 
 did not belong to his class. Such a system, while it 
 left the mineral wealth of the State and its water-power 
 almost untouched, and while it developed its agricul- 
 ture and its commerce partially and unequally, neces- 
 sarily prevented a healthy condition of its intellectual 
 and spiritual interests. It directly opposed the former 
 in the case of the colored population ; but its pernicious 
 influence reached far beyond them. By a strange 
 invisible spell it greatly discouraged all general intel- 
 lectual effort. Many portions of the State had no 
 schools, and did not want to have them. In other 
 portions, men who were not thought to be good for 
 any thing else, were thought to be good enough to act 
 as teachers. Eeligion also suffered, because the good 
 impressions made at times could not be followed up 
 by an examination of the Scriptures, because those 
 who had received them did not know how to read. 
 But a new era has been ushered in. By the abolition 
 of slavery the way has- been opened for a radical 
 change. In the pithy language of the Hon. Horace 
 Maynard . " The era of vast territories held by individ- 
 uals, and the emigrating of our young men to other 
 States, is supplanted by an era of small farms, and of 
 an abundant immigration." The action of the Legisla- 
 ture of the State, in harmony with his Excellency the 
 Governor, strongly marks the character of this new 
 era. While it has endeavored to put the internal im- 
 
no ^he 'Tennessee Hand-Book, 
 
 provement, the working of tlie resources and t"h< 
 finances of the State on a sound basis, it has also 
 opened free schools in every part of the State, which 
 are to furnish instruction to every one of its children, 
 ^' laying thus a foundation deep and broad for the de- 
 velopment of our resources under the guidance of 
 enlightened intelligence.""^ 
 
 The bright promise which is thus presented to us 
 is but imperfectly realized by many. The errors of 
 the past, sanctioned by habit, at least, are not easily 
 discerned and still less easily given up. And while 
 so many things are passing away and so many new 
 things coming in, it is often difl&cult to form the right 
 judgment with regard to them, or to determine what 
 course it is our duty to pursue. 
 
 Many years ago Christian Carriger, whose name is 
 well known to some of my friends in Carter county, in 
 East Tennessee, came to a friend of mine: "You 
 
 * Words with which the Eev. Dr. Sears, General Agent for the 
 Peabody Fund, closed one of his addresses. Dr. Sears is visiting 
 aU the Southern States, studying what is the best way of advanc- 
 ing the cause of popular education by the use of the fund, and 
 explaining to the professors, teachers, and people the purpose he 
 has in view, and the means by w.hich it is to be accomplished. 
 The fund, though large, is too small to establish schools in aU 
 parts of the State, and will therefore be used for aiding and en- 
 couraging local organizations. The Board of Trustees propose 
 that, whenever the citizens of any city or town subscribe four 
 thousand dollars for the purpose of free schools, they will subscribe 
 one thousand or any other sum in the same proportion. By this , 
 meaais the Peabody Fund will be a continual resource for the 
 encouragement of local eflForts. As a further means of rendering 
 common schools effective, especial encouragement and liberal aid 
 will be given to normal schools in each State. 
 
Development of Resources. 121 
 
 know," saM lie, " that I lived here when we went forty 
 miles to mill, with our oxen and wagon. I hunted 
 deer ; wife and daughters made all our clothing, the 
 big wheel, the little wheel, and the reel, and the cotton 
 cards being all that was needed; we found dye-stuff- 
 in our woods, taking it from the bark of the trees ; we 
 tanned our leather in a trough, and made our shoes 
 ourselves ; wife could make a good thread button for 
 the collar ; vest striped up and down, made of cotton 
 thread 1100 fine ; buckskin pants and hunting-shirt ; 
 straw hat in summer, and woollen hat in winter ; the 
 wool we sheared from our kimbs ; good health, never 
 sick; no law-suits, no churches, no schools, no still- 
 houses; owed nobody any thing; no stores, no money ; 
 we traded in bear skins, deer skins, fox skins, musk- 
 rat skins; the smaller articles answering the purposes 
 of change. Then came the merchant, and we all got 
 into debt ; then the lawyer, and we all got at law ; the 
 doctor, and we all got sick ; the preacher, and we all 
 got religion." This proved too much for old Christian 
 Carriger. He went in search of some secluded spot, 
 where he hoped to be beyond reach of the changes he 
 so much disliked, and there he died. It is plain that 
 Christian Carriger did not understand the age in which 
 he lived. He had forgotten that in all changes there 
 is evil mingling with good, and he had not learned 
 to prove all things, and to hold fast that which is 
 good. The error of Christian Carriger is that of many 
 in our own day. Although the experience of many 
 years has proved that the health of the State is seri- 
 ously impaired as long as one class is favored at the 
 expense of all the others, they still oppose a develop- 
 
122 ^he 'Tennessee Hand-Booh 
 
 ment of the State, whicli will give ns population, in- 
 telligence, immigration, and a healthy working of all 
 the interests of the State. 
 
 Yet the example of Christian Carriger may also 
 serve as a lesson to us all. We live in a time of in- 
 tense excitement. Much of that which we have 
 thought established for centuries to come is now chaos ; 
 yet in the midst of this chaos we are to take our 
 position and we are to act our part. If, like Christian 
 Carriger, we are ourselves at times in danger of mis- 
 taking the spirit of our time, how patient ought we to 
 be towards those who seem to fall into that error. 
 
 A brief reference to the history of Germany, sug^ 
 gested by an interesting series of letters published 
 by Henry C. Carey,"^ may serve further to illustrate 
 the views here presented. Europe has occasionally 
 to learn from us, but we may also at times take a 
 lesson from Europe. 
 
 At the time I left Germany, in 1828, it was a loose 
 confederacy of some thirty-five States, with industrial 
 interests, many of them in direct opposition the one 
 to the other. On arriving in America, I found the 
 people of the United States, thanks to the protective 
 policy that prevailed, enjoying the advantages they 
 derived from a peaceful and most profitable extension 
 of domestic commerce. In 1867, thirty-nine years 
 later, I find Germany, under the lead of Prussia 
 firmly united, the practical working 'of its school 
 
 * Rt&construction : Industrial, Fmancial and Political. Letters 
 to tlie Hon. Henry Wilson, Senator from Massachusetts. By 
 H. C. Carey. PMladelpliia, 18G7. 
 
Education, 1 23 
 
 system occupying a very higli rank, and her people 
 so well provided with money that they could come to 
 our aid at the time of the war, and all this owing in a 
 great degree to the fact that at an early day, by the 
 removing of all that opposed a harmonious develop- 
 ment of the industrial interests, they had opened the 
 way for that intelligence, union, and strength which 
 now characterize that country. America, on the 
 other hand, by adopting industrial systems at war 
 with each other, alienated one section of the country 
 from the other, and seriously interfered with the pros- 
 perity of the State. It is gratifying to know that we 
 have it now in our power to adopt a different policy, 
 and by the harmonious development of our resources, 
 lay the foundation for that identity of industrial inter- 
 ests in the different sections of the State which will 
 have a powerful effect on the intellectual and political 
 life of the nation. 
 
 11. Education. 
 
 The cause of education in the State of Tennessee 
 has received a new impulse by the system of free 
 schools which has been established by an act of the 
 General Assembly. In accordance with that law, a 
 general superintendent of education has been elected, 
 and by him county superintendents have been ap- 
 pointed in every district. The General Superintendent 
 is General John Eaton, Jr. His past experience in the 
 field of education, and his earnest devotion to the 
 cause, eminently fit him for the place he holds. His 
 purpose appears to be to take advantage of all the 
 educational systems in the country, rejecting what has 
 
124 The "Tennessee Hand-Book. 
 
 been found defective, and adopting whatever is best 
 for Tennessee. I had the pleasure of being with the 
 county superintendents at their last meeting in the city 
 of Nashville. As a body, they are well qualified for 
 the work which they have undertaken. They have to 
 surmount great difficulties. A law is a dead letter, 
 unless it is sustained by the general spirit of the 
 people, and those who are not educated themselves 
 are not always apt to appreciate the importance of 
 education. The untiring exertions of the general 
 superintendent and county superintendents, aided by 
 many intelligent citizens, will, however, not fail to 
 secure encouraging progress. The schools are to be 
 equally accessible to every child in the State. 
 
 Among the immigrants who of late have moved into 
 the State, there are many who appreciate intelligeace 
 and education. Again and again the question is 
 addressed to me from the North and the West, whether 
 Tennessee is likely to furnish the same privileges of 
 education which are enjoyed there, and on the answer 
 I may be able to give, the choice of the inquirers with 
 regard to their new home greatly depends. 
 
 In my account of East Tennessee I have spoken of 
 the East Tennessee University. The University at 
 Nashville is also a State institution. There are 
 schools and academies of a high order at Lebanon, 
 Columbia, Trenton, Jackson, •Clarksville, etc. Eev. 
 Dr. Cobleigh is now at the head of the institution at 
 Athens. 
 
 Female academies of some note are at Winchester, 
 in Franklin county, and the Washington Female Col- 
 lege, in Washington county. 
 
Religion. 125 
 
 I received too late for insertion here a series of 
 remarks hj the Hon. O. P. Temple, which he made at 
 an educational meeting held in the city of Knoxville, 
 and which he has kindly communicated to me in ac- 
 cordance with my earnest request. .In these remarks, 
 Judge Temple establishes the fact that the foundations 
 of society in Bast Tennessee were laid on education 
 and morality ; that they were the nurseries of learn- 
 ing, at an early day, not only for the State of Tennes- 
 see, but for the South and West, and that there also was 
 established the first public school, and, possibly, the 
 first three west of the Alleghanies and in the Missis- 
 sippi valley. The series of letters, from which I have 
 made an extract in the course of the account given by 
 me of the city of Knoxville, are also from the pen of 
 Chancellor Temple* {See Appendix) 
 
 12. Religion. 
 
 The sphere of religion has in Tennessee not re- 
 mained beyon'd the influence of the industrial antago- 
 nisms which for years have alienated one section of 
 the country from the other, though in many cases 
 those who contended ngainst each other have been 
 brought near to each other in the furnace of afiliction. 
 In the same measure as the sense of a community of 
 interests becomes more and more extended, the way is 
 opened for that inward union of which the people stand 
 in need, and without which society hardly can be said 
 to exist. Much of the immigration which is now mov- 
 ing to the State is likely to advance the interests of 
 this union. Strangers to the differences which have 
 there existed for years, they are ready to meet all in a 
 spirit of Christian kindness. 
 
126 T!he l^ennessee Hand-Book, 
 
 The denominations represented in Tennessee are 
 Eoman Catholic, Episcopalian, Presbyterian, Metho- 
 dist, Lutheran, Eeformed and Baptist ; a portion of the 
 latter are Tunkers. Some of the Lutheran, Eeformed 
 and Baptist ministers preach in the German language. 
 
 13. Immigration and the Colored Population. 
 
 The colored population, according to the census of 
 1860, amounted to 283,019 ; of these about 22,000 only 
 lived in East Tennessee. It is partly owing "to this 
 fact that there is less temptation to idleness in East 
 Tennessee, and that the great majority of the colored 
 population are doing well. In Middle and West Ten- 
 nessee, a considerable portion of them are only par- 
 tially employed. They are passing through a tran- 
 sition period, and as it may take considerable time 
 before the relations between the employers and the 
 laborers "become settled in a manner satisfactory to 
 both, parties, the need of a good immigrant population 
 is deeply and generally felt. I know of no cases where 
 the colored peopl-e are in so disorganized a state as to 
 make it unsafe to live amongst them. There are por- 
 tions of the State where there is less of friendly feel- 
 ing between the white and the colored population than 
 in others, but they can be easily avoided. The influx 
 of a white population into the State is likely, in a few 
 years, to remove many of the dif&culties which now 
 surround this question, and to act as a healthy stimu- 
 lus on all classes of society.* 
 
 * While in charge of six of the upper counties of East Tennes- 
 .see as Agent of the Freedmen's Bureau, tlie freedmen made en- 
 couraging progress in morality and intelligence, the two main 
 pillars of Republican Government. 
 
Public Institutions — 'Titles — Government. 127 
 
 14. Library. , 
 
 The Tennessee State Library consists of 17; 000 
 volumes, in which there are included 3,000 duplicates. 
 12,000 of the 17,000 volumes are valuable. It is ex- 
 pected that provision will be made by the General 
 Assembly for the accommodation of readers. Books 
 are lent out, under the discretion of the librarian, to 
 those who are likely to be benefited by them. The 
 present librarian is Dr. A. Gattinger, a gentleman 
 distinguished as a physician as well as for his devotion 
 to the science of botany. 
 
 15. Public Institutions. 
 
 There is in the city of Knoxville the Institution for 
 the Deaf and Dumb, and near the city of Nashville the 
 Institution for the Blind, and the Hospital for the 
 Insane. In the city itself is, the Penitentiary. 
 
 16. Titles. 
 
 As there are many cases where sections of land have 
 been fraudulently entered more than once, it is abso- 
 lutely necessary that those who purchase land should 
 take legal advice before they close the bargain. 
 
 17. Government. 
 
 Tennessee has a republican form of government, 
 similar to that of the other States of the Union. Like 
 the general' government at Washington, it is divided 
 into three departments, legislative, executive, and 
 judicial. 
 
 The Legislative consists of a Senate and House of 
 Eepresentatives, the members of which are elected 
 every two years by the people. ' 
 
1-28 ^he 'Tennessee Hand-Book. 
 
 The Executive Department consists of a Governor, 
 Secretary of State, Treasurer, Comptroller, and Attor- 
 ney-General. The Governor is elected by the people 
 for a term of two years ; the Secretary of State by the 
 joint ballot of the Senate and House of Kepresentatives 
 for two years, and the other two executive of&cers in 
 the same manner for two years. 
 
 The Judicial power is vested in the Supreme Court, 
 and such inferior courts as the Legislature may from 
 time to time establish. The Supreme Court consists 
 of three Judges, who reside in the three divisions of 
 the State. The Inferior Courts, so called, are Courts 
 of Chancery, Circuit Courts, County Courts, Justices' 
 Courts. 
 
 The Constitution of the State secures to every in- 
 habitant equal protection before the law, and to the 
 citizen by naturalization, equal rights and immunities 
 with the citizen of native birth. European immigrants 
 who have lived one year in the United States, and 
 more than one year in the State of Tennessee, have 
 the right of elective franchise, provided such persons 
 have previously declared their intention to become 
 citizens of the United States. 
 
 18. The General Assembly and the State Board of 
 Immigration. 
 
 To appreciate the action of the General Assembly in 
 creating the State Board of Immigration, a brief retro- 
 spect may not be out of place. Before the war. Con- 
 gress had deemed the subject of immigration worthy 
 of their attention. They had passed an Act for the 
 protection of immigrant vessels, and to secure the 
 
T!he State Board of Immigration. 129 
 
 enforcement of tbese, anotlier wliicli antliorized the 
 President of the United States to appoint a Commis- 
 sioner of Immigration in connection with the State 
 Department. By the same Act, there was placed in 
 the city of New York a United States officer — the 
 Superintendent of Immigration — who was to see to it 
 that the Acts above mentioned were faithfully executed. 
 The State of New York had also created a Board of 
 Commissioners ; they had established an office in 
 Castle Garden, in the city of New York, for the pur- 
 pose, partly, of attending to the wants of those who 
 wished to employ immigrants. Among the various 
 benevolent societies in the city of New York, the 
 Presidents of which are ex-officio members of the 
 Board of Commissioners, the disinterested and influen- 
 tial character of the German Society had acquired 
 a well-deserved high reputation. The information 
 obtained from these various sources served to stimulate 
 a desire on the part of the Southern States to obtain a 
 share of this immigrant population. 
 
 Missouri, in the spring of 1865, entered on a course 
 of action so wise and energetic, that thousands of 
 imraigrants have come to that State, and have greatly 
 increased her wealth and her prosperity. Virginia 
 has sent two agents to Europe, and has appointed two 
 others for her home work. West Yirginia has taken 
 measures to hold out inducements to foreign immigra- 
 tion. The Chamber of Commerce of Little Eock, in 
 Arkansas, has offered its hearty co-operation to the 
 Immigrant Aid Society of that city, in inducing immi- 
 grants to settle in that State. Alabama is circulating 
 an account of her resources, and South Carolina has 
 
I JO 'l^he 'Tennessee Hand-Book. 
 
 appropriated §10,000, and bj a systematic course of 
 action lias already obtained a considerable number of 
 immigrants. His Excellency the Governor of this 
 State and many prominent men in difierent parts of it. 
 Lave for a long time felt that Tennessee would be 
 highly benefited by having a portion of the current 
 of immigration directed to her borders. Private efforts 
 to attain this object were 'made in various parts of the 
 StatC; with considerable success. But still the need 
 was felt of a movement on the part of the State, by the 
 means of which all these individual efforts would be 
 seconded and made more efiicient. This want, in ac- 
 cordance with the recommendation of his Excellency 
 the Governor, has been supplied by the General 
 Assembly, by the creation of a State Board. Having 
 been elected Commissioner of Immigration by that 
 Board, I beg leave to present to the reader, together 
 with a copy of the Act referred to, a copy of the cir- 
 cular addressed by the Board to the people of the 
 North and _of Europe, and a brief statement which, 
 under the direction of the State Board, I have ad- 
 dressed to leading men in every county of the State. 
 In the same measure as I receive special information 
 with regard to the resources of the State, I shall cir- 
 culate it as widely as possible. 
 
 An Act to Encourage Immigration to Tennessee. 
 
 Section 1. Be it enacted hy the General Assembly of 
 'the State of Tennessee, That there shall be a Board of 
 Immigration created, consisting of five members, three 
 ol whom shall be appointed by the Governor. 
 
An Act to Encourage Immigration, 131 
 
 Sect. 2. The Governor and the Secretary of State 
 shall be ex-officio members of the Board, and it shall 
 be its duty to do all and every thing .which may and 
 will advance and encourage immigration to the State, 
 either from other States or from Europe. 
 
 Sect. 3. The Board shall cause to be published from 
 time to time, in such manner as it may deem proper 
 and advisable, pamphlets, essays, newspaper articles, 
 and advertisements, descriptions of the developed and 
 undeveloped resources of the State, agricultural and 
 mineral, and setting forth such other facts and infor- 
 mation as shall have a tendency to attract attention 
 and encourage immigration to the State. It shall also 
 have power to appoint an agent or agents for the 
 Northern or Eastern States, or for Europe, for the 
 purpose of advancing immigration; and such agent or 
 agents to act under the instructions of such Board of 
 Immigration, and shall receive such compensation for 
 their services as said Board shall allow, to be paid out 
 of any fund that may hereafter be created ; and the 
 said Board may do any act and employ or adopt any 
 agencies or appliances calculated or necessary to effect 
 the purposes designed by this Act. 
 
 Sect. 4. Meetings of the Board shall be held on the 
 first Monday in November, February, May and August, 
 at the Capitol, in Nashville, and at such other times 
 and places as a majority of the Board may direct. 
 
 Sect. 5. The Board at its first regular meeting shall 
 elect a Secretary and a Treasurer, said ofl&cers to be 
 elected from the members composing the Board. 
 
 Sect. 6. The Board of Immigration is further author- 
 ized and shall have power to open books and invite 
 
132 '^he 'Tennessee Hand-Book. 
 
 and solicit contributions and endowments of money, 
 from corporations, manufacturers, merchants and any 
 other persons, which money, when contributed, shall 
 be under the control of and be expended by the Board, 
 for the intents and purposes in the preceding section 
 stated. 
 
 Sect. 7. It shall be the duty of said Board to co- 
 operate with the Bureau of Immigration, at Washing- 
 ton City, and to make regular reports of its labors and 
 proceedings to the General Assembly of the State, 
 accompanied by such references, suggestiotis and 
 statistics as may furnish good and reliable data, and 
 proper basis for future legislation on the subject of 
 immigration. 
 
 Sect. 8. Be it further enacted, That the sum of one 
 thousand dollars annually is hereby appropriated out 
 of any moneys in the Treasury of the State, not other- 
 wise appropriated, for the use of the Board of Immi- 
 gration, to be expended by said Board in such manner 
 as they shall deem expedient and best to promote the 
 objects contemplated by this Act. 
 
 Address to the People of Tennessee. 
 
 The Act " To Encourage Immigration to Tennessee" 
 creates a State Board of Immigration. Of this board, 
 his Excellency, the Governor, and the Honorable Sec- 
 retary of State are members ex-of&cio. The other 
 three members as appointed by his Excellency, the 
 Governor, are the Hon. R. B. Cheatham, Dr. J. M. 
 Kerchival and Gen. John Eaton, Jr. They have elected 
 me, at their first meeting in December, as Commissioner 
 of Immigration, and in accordance with a resolution 
 
Address to the People of 'Tennessee, 133 
 
 passed at that meeting, I now beg leave to address tbe 
 people of this State for the purpose of briefly making 
 known to them the objects for which this Board has 
 been created, and of asking their co-operation. 
 
 In the second section of the Act referred to, it is 
 made the duty of the Board in general terms " to en- 
 courage immigration" either from the Northern or 
 Eastern States of the United States or from Europe. 
 
 In the third section of the same Act it is made the 
 duty of the Board to publish, or cause to be published, 
 pamphlets or articles, descriptive of the agricultural 
 and mineral resources of the StaJ:e, of its water-power, 
 timber, soil and climate, of its various railroad lines, 
 its adaption to stock-raising, grape culture, and of 
 whatever feature may be attractive to the immigrant. 
 
 In the fourth section, power is given them to appoint 
 an agent or agents either for the Northern and Eastern 
 States of the United States or for Europe, for the pur- 
 pose of advancing the interests of immigration. 
 
 To accomplish these objects, the sum of one thou- 
 sand dollars annually has been appropriated, and the 
 Board is authorized to open books and solicit contri- 
 butions and endowments of money from corporations, 
 manufacturers, merchants and all persons who are 
 directly or indirectly benefited by the increase of im- 
 migration. 
 
 In view of the duties thus imposed on the Board, 
 the two fields to which its attention is principally 
 directed are the* Eastern and Northern States of the 
 United States, and Europe. 
 
 As far as the Eastern and Northern States ai*e con- 
 cerned, a highly valuable class of immigrants is already 
 
 1 z 
 
134 ^^^ l^ennessee Hand-Book. 
 
 settling in tMs State. From information received from 
 these immigrants themselves, and from other sources; 
 it is evident that there is an impression generally pre- 
 vailing in the Eastern and Northern States of the 
 United States, and also in part of the Western, that 
 throughout this State there prevails a great want of 
 security of life and of property. Steps will be taken 
 without delay to have these misapprehensions removed. 
 
 As for the course to be pursued with reference to 
 immigration from Europe, the Board deem it of great 
 importance that an agent should be appointed in the 
 city of New York, and that every arrangement should 
 be made that is likely to extend his usefulness. 
 
 The Legislature has come to the aid of the Board, 
 as far as the duty is concerned, to publish information 
 concerning the resources of Tennessee, by purchasing 
 2,000 copies of the work on this subject, now in press. 
 
 While important results will be obtained by an 
 agent, placed in the city of New York, it is still of 
 vital importance to send, at ^s early a day as possible, 
 an agent to Europe, and more especially to Germany 
 and to Switzerland. This is the course pursued by 
 the various companies and associations who have been 
 eminently successful in transferring immigrants to 
 exactly such localities as they are especially interested 
 in. A similar course pursued by this State is likely 
 to produce similar results. 
 
 Whether with reference to the Northern and East- 
 tern States or to Europe, it is of great importance that 
 the agents employed should be furnished with minute 
 information concerning the various localities in this 
 State, which are likely to be attractive to immigrants. 
 
 i 
 
Address to the People of Tennessee, 135 
 
 In order to accomplish this, the Board proposes to ad- 
 dress leading men in every county of the State, in 
 order to submit to them a form of constitution which 
 may guide them in the organization of auxiliary 
 boards in each county respectively. 
 
 The Board has also been authorized to solicit funds 
 from those who are especially interested in the subject 
 of immigration. In Missouri the State placed $2,000 
 annually at the disposal of the State Board in 1865. 
 In two years that amount, by private contributions, 
 had been swelled to $10,000, and a large number of 
 families had been brought to the State of Missouri by 
 the agency of that Board. The Legislature of this 
 State, by placing $1,000 at the disposal of this Board, 
 and by expending another thousand for the purpose of 
 purchasing 2,000 copies of the " Tennessee Hand-Book," 
 has made a beginning similar to that of Missouri. Ad- 
 ditional funds are required in order to attain the 
 object for which this Board has been created, and 
 which have been briefly presented in this address, and 
 in accordance with the duty imposed on me by the 
 Board, I now respectfully appeal to all corporations, 
 manufacturing establishments, merchants and other in- • 
 dividuals who may directly or indirectly be interested 
 in the cause of immigration, and solicit from them 
 such contributions as they may be able and willing to 
 give, and which are to be expended by the Board for 
 the purposes stated in the act referred to. 
 
 Hermann" Bokum, 
 
 Commissioner of Immigration for the State of Tennessee. 
 
136 '^he 'Tennessee Hand-Book, 
 
 Form of Constitution. 
 
 The following form of constitution is submitted by 
 the Board as a guide in the organization of auxiliary 
 boards : 
 
 1. This Association shall be known as the " Immi- 
 grant. Association of the County of , for the pur- 
 pose of Encouraging Immigration to the State of Ten- 
 nessee." 
 
 2. This Association shall be organized by the elec- 
 tion of a President, Secretary and Treasurer, each of 
 whom shall be re-elected from year to year. 
 
 3. The object of this Association shall be to obtain, 
 as far as possible, minute and accurate information 
 concerning the resources of the county, by the circula- 
 tion of which the proper inducements may be held 
 out to immigrants. 
 
 4. This Association shall, from time to time, com- 
 municate such information to the State Board as will 
 enable that Board to circulate the information thus 
 communicated in this country and in Europe. 
 
 Questions to he addressed to Associations or Individuals 
 who are interested in the subject of Immigration. 
 
 1. "What is the surface of the county? 
 
 2. What is the formation — limestone ? 
 
 3. What rivers and creeks — what water-power ? 
 
 4. What grasses ? 
 .5. What grains? 
 
 6. How does tobacco succeed ? How cotton ? 
 
 7. What about roots ? 
 
^estions to be Addressed to Associations, i^l 
 
 8. What is the average product of the grains ? 
 
 9. Does fruit succeed well ? 
 
 10. How about the small fruits, such as strawberry? 
 
 11. Is grape culture likely to succeed ? 
 
 12. Is the county well adapted to stock-raising ? 
 
 13. Are there minerals in the county? 
 
 14. Is wood plenty ? What species ? 
 
 15. How many acres of land are there ? 
 
 16. How much in cultivation ? 
 
 17. What the price ? 
 
 18. Is there much land for sale ? 
 
 19. Describe the land, size of tracts, etc. 
 
 20. What wages of agricultural laborers ? 
 
 21. What number of laborers could find employ- 
 ment? 
 
 22. What schools are established ? 
 
 23. How many churches — what denominations rep- 
 resented ? 
 
 24. What papers — average circulation? 
 
 25. What population of county ? 
 
 26. What inducements would property-holders hold 
 out? 
 
 Address of the Board Organized by Law to Encourage Im- 
 migration to the State of Tennessee. 
 
 In addressing this circular to all who feel an interest 
 in the prosperity of the State of Tennessee, whether 
 they reside in Europe or in this country, the Board 
 desire, in the first place, to draw attention to a brief 
 description of the resources of the State. In doing so, 
 they will refer successively to East, Middle, and West 
 
138 ^he 'Tennessee Hand-Booh 
 
 Tennessee; the three sections into whidi the State is 
 divided. 
 
 East Tennessee abounds in mountains. On its 
 eastern boundary it embraces a portion of the Alle- 
 ghanies, on its western a portion of the Cumberland 
 mountains. The mountains are rich in a great variety 
 of minerals. It is also highly favored on account of 
 its rivers and streams. The Holston, or Tennessee, 
 runs through the centre of the valley of Bast Ten- 
 nessee ; and as many of its tributaries are descending 
 with great rapidity, they, in consequence of it, afford 
 an abundance of water-power. Protected by the 
 chains just referred to, and elevated nine hundred feet 
 above the ocean, the valley of East Tennessee is 
 favored with a delightful climate; the winters are 
 short, yet invigorating ; the heat of the summer is 
 moderated by the mountain breezes. The many 
 streams which flow into the Holston, or Tennessee, 
 have given the valley of East Tennessee a high repu- 
 tation for its breadstuffs and its live stock ; it abounds 
 in fruit, and from its mountain sides flow many per- 
 ennial springs. Eich in water-power, in timber, and 
 in breadstuffs, blessed with a pure and salubrious 
 atmosphere, and easily accessible by railroads, East 
 Tennessee affords many opportunities for the erection 
 of manufactories. The city of Knoxville, in its central 
 position, partakes largely of the spirit of enterprise for 
 which East Tennessee is distinguished. 
 
 Middle Tennessee includes a portion of the Cumber- 
 land mountains, and an elevated region extending to 
 the Tennessee river and to Kentucky ; by the latter, 
 
Address of the Board of Immigration. 139 
 
 a depressed section of the country is enclosed, which 
 has been called the "Basin." 
 
 Embracing a portion of the mountainous region, and 
 the richest limestone lands of the State, the resources 
 of Middle Tennessee are remarkable for their diversity, 
 not less than for their richness. In the regions of the 
 Cumberland mountains, and of the highlands, it vies 
 with the mineral wealth of East Tennessee, and with 
 its adaptation for grazing, and for the growing of fruit. 
 On account of the rapidity with which its rivers 
 descend from the table land, it furnishes many oppor- 
 tunities for the establishing of manufactories, while 
 the basin, above mentioned, is so fertile a region that 
 it has justly been called the "Garden of Tennessee." 
 The city of Nashville, the capital of the State, is 
 situated in this basin. 
 
 West Tennessee embraces a portion of the elevated 
 plateau which commences in Kentucky and terminates 
 in Mississippi. It is situated between the Tennessee 
 and Mississippi rivers, and has in general a mellow 
 and highly productive soil. It is surpassed, hoAvever, 
 in this respect by the cotton lands of the Mississippi 
 river, where for centuries the rai-j^s have washed down 
 the rich soil of the surrounding hills. These cotton 
 lands, in their turn, are likely to be surpassed when- 
 ever the luxuriant timber in the immediate vicinity, 
 on the Mississippi river, to some extent, at least, shall 
 be cleared away, and when the swamps of the Missis- 
 sippi shall be made productive. The commerce of 
 Memphis is greatly on the increase. It is situated on 
 the Mississippi, and, by its elevated position, is with- 
 out a rival for a long distance on either side, and on 
 
140 'The Tennessee Hand-Book. 
 
 either bank of the river. In consequence of the abo- 
 lition of slavery, the planters of West Tennessee are 
 likely to devote themselves to the planting of wheat 
 and corn, and to the raising of cattle, far more than 
 they have done. The climate of West Tennessee is 
 generally healthy ; it is only near the swamps of the 
 Mississippi that fevers prevail. 
 
 From the facts here presented, it is evident that 
 Tennessee presents advantages which deserve general 
 attention. Situated in the central part of the Union, 
 Tennessee is able to produce all the cereals that grow 
 in the North, and, with the exception of sugar cane, 
 all the agricultural products growing in the South. 
 Thanks to the mildness of its climate, to the very 
 large portion of the year during which it is capable of 
 production, to the extent of its railroad communica- 
 tions, and to its superior inland navigation, the people 
 of "Tennessee can take their products either North or 
 South, while in the one case the cold, and in the other 
 the heat, prevent their growth. 
 
 It only remains to refer very briefly to the spirit 
 which animates the people of Tennessee. Heretofore 
 the State relied for its prosperity principally on a 
 partial development of its agricultural resources. A 
 new era has been ushered in. In consequence of the 
 changes which have occurred, the way is opened for 
 a harmonious development of all the resources of the 
 State. Many opportunities are afibrded for the pur- 
 chase of farms of any size, at moderate prices, and 
 many peculiar advantages are held out to mechanics, 
 manufacturers, and all others who in any way have it 
 in their power to aid in developing the resources of 
 
Address of the Board of Immigration, 141 
 
 the State. The unsettled condition of society con- 
 nected with the war, and the injuries it wrought to 
 our social condition, are passing away. It is acknowl- 
 edged among all classes of intelligent citizens, that 
 peace and prosperity depend upon the enforcement of 
 the laws. The courts are open, and the administration 
 of justice is assured in every county of the State. All 
 necessities and interests are inspiring our citizens wdth 
 greater industry and more careful attention to im- 
 provements in implements and methods of farming, 
 and in the introduction of manufactures and the en- 
 couragement of those who come among them, and who 
 desire to make their homes in Tennessee. To the 
 realization of a brighter future for the State, the school 
 law, which ha& been enacted, will also contribute. By 
 the means of this law, every child in the State is to 
 have free access to the schools. The Board, then, 
 have no hesitation in inviting every industrious im- 
 migrant to take up his abode in this State, in order to 
 take part in developing its resources, and in advancing 
 its prosperity. 
 
 W. G. BROWNLOW, 
 
 Governor, and ex-officio member of the Board. 
 
 A. J. FLETCHER, 
 
 Secretary of State, and ex-officio member of the Board. 
 
 HOK R. B. CHEATHAM, 
 JOHN EATON, JR., 
 
 State Superintendent of Public Instruction. 
 
 J. M. KERCHIYAL, M. D., 
 REY. HERMANN BOKUM, 
 
 Commissioners of the Board. 
 
142 ^he 'Twenties see Hand-Book, 
 
 19. statistical Summary for 1860. 
 
 Live Stock owned in the State, 
 
 Horses 290,8^2 
 
 Asses and Mules 126,345 
 
 Milcli Cows 249,514 
 
 Work Oxen 102,158 
 
 Other Cattle 413,000 
 
 Sheep..... 773,317 
 
 Swine ..2,347;821 
 
 .Yalned at $60,211,425. 
 
 Products of Animals, including Honey. 
 
 Butter, pounds 10,017,787 
 
 Cheese, pounds 135,575 
 
 Wool, pounds 1,405,236 
 
 Animals slaughtered 12,430,768 
 
 Honey 1,519,390 
 
 Cereal Crops in Bushels. 
 
 Wheat 5,459,268 
 
 Eje 257,989 
 
 Indian Corn ; 52,089,926 
 
 Oats 2,267,814 
 
 Barley 25,144 
 
 Buckwheat 14,481 
 
 Commercial Crops. 
 
 Rice, pounds 40,372 
 
 Tobacco 43,448,097 
 
 Cotton, bales 296,464 
 
 Hops..... : 1^581 
 
 Hemp'. 2,248 
 
 Flax 164,294 
 
Statistical Summary for 1 8 60. 1 43 
 
 Miscellaneous Crops. 
 
 Peas and Beans 54:7;803 
 
 Irish Potatoes 1,182,005 
 
 Sweet Potatoes 2,604,672 
 
 Wine, gallons 13,566 
 
 Hay, tons 143,449 
 
 Cloverseed, bushels... 8,572 
 
 Grass Seed, bushels « 42,113 
 
 Flax Seed, bushels 9,362 
 
 Maple Sugar, pounds 115,620 
 
 Maple Molasses, gallons 74,372 
 
 Sorghum Molasses, gallons 70,663 
 
 Statistics of General Industry, 
 
 Mining, manufactures, mechanic arts, fisheries, etc. 
 
 Kumber of Establishments 2,572 
 
 Capital invested ...$14,426,261 
 
 Cost of Raw Material 9,416,514 
 
 Number of Males, employed 11,582 
 
 Number of Females, employed.... 946 
 
 Annual Value of Products 17,987,225 
 
 Value of Principal Articles of Production. 
 
 Flour and Meal $4,124,812 
 
 Lumber, planed 88,000 
 
 Lumber, sawed 2,199,703 
 
 Leather , 1,142,246 
 
 Iron Castings .-... 162,115 
 
 Cotton Goods 698,122 
 
 Printing, book, job, and newspaper. 443,120 
 Iron, bar, boiler plate, etc 643,398 
 
144 ^^^ 'Tennessee Hand-Book, 
 
 Iron, pig $549,640 
 
 Coal 423,662 
 
 Copper Ore 404,000^ 
 
 Woollen Goods 8,100 
 
 Boots and Shoes.. 895,790 
 
 Spirits 227,353 
 
 Steam-Engines and Machinery 732,350 
 
 Illuminating Gas 63,800 
 
 Soap and Candies 44,000 
 
 Agricultural Implements *.... 117,260 
 
 Tahle of Improved and Unimproved Lands in the State 
 of Tennessee, and their Value. 
 
 Acres of Land Acres of Lard 
 Improved in Farraa. Unimproved in Farms. 
 
 Anderson 43,373 188,230 
 
 Bedford 184,768. 92,458 
 
 Benton 40,331 187,957 
 
 Bledsoe 33,830 93,812 
 
 Blount 99,866 199,8u0 
 
 Bradley 79,972 124,555 
 
 Campbell 33,789 100,556 
 
 Cannon 59,127 94,946 
 
 Carroll 95,827 180,432 
 
 Carter 33,624 81,132 
 
 Cheatham 88,758 110,855 
 
 Claiborne 64,469 182,705 
 
 Cocke 67,637 159,927 
 
 Coffee 56,100 107,481 
 
 Cumberland 13,921 164,005 
 
 Davidson 132,763 116,084' 
 
 Decatur 83,741 132,664 
 
 I 
 
"Table of Improved and Unimproved Lands, 145 
 
 Acres of Lan-i Acres of I.aiid 
 Improved in Farms. Unimproved in Farms. 
 
 DeKalb 50,424 122,453 
 
 Dickson..... 55,301 231,657 
 
 Dyer 45,152 98,375 
 
 Fayette 184,624 176,914 
 
 Fentress 34,846 280,626 
 
 Franklin 85,317 150,775 
 
 Gibson 121,509 ' 253,525 
 
 Giles 190,238 189,249 
 
 Grainger 79,108 124,067 
 
 Greene 150,854 193,049 
 
 Grundy 17,342 79,833 
 
 Hamilton 67,628 187,271 
 
 Hancock 37,409......... 79,709 
 
 Hardeman 111,888 217,892 
 
 Hardin 64,988......... 302,450 
 
 Hawkins 98,921. 195,629 
 
 Haywood 638,026.......... 214.484 
 
 Henderson 97,450. 239,144 
 
 Henry 118,299.......... 222,217 
 
 Hickman..., 51,867.......... 215,179 
 
 Humphreys 42,550.. 241,592 
 
 Jackson 64,478.. 118,792 
 
 Jefferson 111,405......... 148,321 
 
 Johnson 25,641.......... 77,252 
 
 Knox 114,390, ,.. 208,641 
 
 Lauderdale.. 38,539 117,825 
 
 Lawrence... 40,862 183,537 
 
 Lewis 9,773 54,934 
 
 Lincoln....... 203,640 192,643 
 
 Macon 45,441. 119,909 
 
 McMinn 108,339.... 169,109 
 
 18 
 
146 ^he 'Tennessee Hand-Booh 
 
 Acres of Land Acres of Land 
 
 Improved in FarmB. Unimproved in Farms. 
 
 MclSTairy 81,686 265,805 
 
 Madison 160,401 206,772 
 
 Marion 85,120 192,240 
 
 Marshall 116,887 100,477 
 
 Maury 208,347 256,575 
 
 Meigs 87,816 79,460 
 
 Monroe 109,722 288,968 
 
 Montgomery 129,283 199,991 
 
 Morgan 17,702 390,196 
 
 Oberton... 60,498 185,038 
 
 Overton 73,436 183,983 
 
 Perry 28,510 115,018 
 
 Polk 29,182 92,361 
 
 Putnam 49,303 171,536 
 
 Ehea 82,416 87,476 
 
 Koane 95,944,.......; 270,814 
 
 Robertson 128,443 156,925 
 
 Eutberford 184,468......... 219,758 
 
 Scott 18,409......... 140,140 
 
 Sevier 60,938 187,568 
 
 Sequatcbee 16,255 84,294 
 
 Sbelby 134.430... 180,767 
 
 Smitb 118,085 104,185 
 
 Steward 41,956 185,589 
 
 Sullivan 94,168 133,235 
 
 Sumner 140,582 157,857 
 
 Tipton 65,570 135,778 
 
 Union 84,940........ 82,756 
 
 Yan Buren 16,395 108,150 
 
 Warren 73,537 206,078 
 
 Wasbington 118,752 223,855 
 
Prices in Knoxruille — Grape Culture. i^j 
 
 Acres of Land Acres of Land 
 
 Improved in Farms. Unimproved in Farmg. 
 
 Wayne 52,638 214,868 
 
 Weakley 79,915 157,500 
 
 White 61,817 108,887 
 
 Williamson 172,246 191,030 
 
 Wilson 214,884 120,471 
 
 Total 6,795,337 ....13,873,828 
 
 Cash value of farms, $271,358,985. 
 
 20. Prices in Kuoxville, in January, 1868. 
 
 . Wheat $2.00 
 
 Flonr 6.50 
 
 Cloverseed, per bushel 8.00 
 
 Apples, per bushel, green 1.35 to $1.75 
 
 " per pound, dried 6 to 7 cents 
 
 Bacon, country hog, round.... 12 to 18 " 
 
 Shotes, gross $5.00 to $6.00 
 
 Beef, gross, per pound 2 to 3 cents 
 
 Lard, in firkins 13 to 15 '' 
 
 Corn, loose in wagons 60 " 
 
 Corn, white, per bushel 60 to 65 " 
 
 Corn Meal, per bushel 75 to 80 " 
 
 Eggs.. 15 to 20 " 
 
 Chickens 25 to 30 " 
 
 21'. Grape Culture. 
 
 *'The mountainous regions of Tennessee, Georgia, 
 Arkansas, Texas and Alabama may perhaps rival and 
 even surpass us in the future, but their inhabitants at 
 the present are not of a clay of which grape-growers 
 
148. '^he l^ennessee Hand-Book, 
 
 are formed." SucL are the not very complimentary 
 terms in wMcli George Husman, a prominent wine- 
 grower of Missouri, closes bis excellent work on tlie 
 native grape, and the manufacturing of native wine. 
 How far these words are founded on fact the experience 
 of a few years is likely to show. I am disposed to 
 think that the great change which has taken place in 
 the economic condition of the people of Tennessee, 
 and the mental activity which is one of the results of 
 that change, are likely to disprove the prognostics of 
 Mr. Ilusman. I am the more disposed to express this 
 opinion since, in the course of my late travels, I have 
 met, in every section of the State, with gentlemen of 
 commanding influence who not only make the subject 
 of grape culture a careful study, but who also apply 
 their knowledge to experiments of more or less magni- 
 tude. 
 
 The culture of the grape is highly profitable. The 
 fruit sells at from ten to fifteen cents per pound, and 
 on railroads and steamboats can be readily sent to 
 distant markets. Early in the year the vines have to 
 be pruned in order to keep the sap within certain 
 limits, and thus improve the character of the fruit. 
 The branches thus cut off meet with a ready sale. If 
 any cuttings remain unsold, they may be put into the 
 ground, and at the expiration of a year they are roots 
 which, if not needed by the owners, are generally in 
 great demand. The sale of the wine made from the 
 grape varies in accordance with its quality, but, with 
 few exceptions, is highly remunerative. Mr. Husman 
 states that one-third of an acre of the Concord grape, 
 planted five years before, had produced in cuttings, 
 
Grape Culture, 149 
 
 plants, layers and wine, the round sum of ten thousand 
 dollars. 
 
 Tennessee is highly adapted* to the culture of the 
 grape. The climate of West Tennessee is rather moist, 
 but there the Scuppermong and Delaware are known 
 to succeed, and other species of grape will, no doubt, 
 grow well there if fairly tried. 
 
 The grape can often be cultivated in portions of 
 land which do not admit of being cultivated in any 
 other way, and in such cases a means of income is 
 opened to the owner of the land which does not inter- 
 fere with any of the other products of his farm. 
 
 In regions where the peach crop readily suffers 
 from late frosts, the grape also suffers, but even then 
 a good year may make up abundantly for two or three 
 which are not good. I planted in 1856 a vineyard in 
 a low valley five miles from Knoxville. I lost two 
 vintages in succession by frosts in April ; in the third 
 year the vines bore so well that they made up for the 
 losses of the two preceding years. The banks of 
 rivers and hills of considerable elevation, where the 
 peach crop generally succeeds, are most favorable for 
 the culture of the grape. 
 
 Much of the labor required in the vineyard is so 
 light that it can be done by women and children as a 
 source of amusement and delight. The culture of the 
 grape requires therefore less hard labor than other 
 agricultuml pursuits, and can be successfully carried 
 on at less expense. 
 
 The culture of the grape and the making of native 
 wine, are favorable to the cause of temperance. Where 
 this mild wine is made and habitually drank, the 
 
150 "J^he 'Tennessee Hand-Book, 
 
 people are more temperate than they are in countries 
 where this is not the case. Those who are in perfect 
 health do not need even so mild a stimulant as is fur- 
 nished by these native wines ; but as a large portion of 
 the people of the United States are accustomed to 
 strong beverages, which act most injuriously on the 
 mind, as well as on the body, it would be a great 
 blessing if they could be induced to substitute for 
 them mild and pure wines, which do not make the 
 producers or those who purchase them intemperate; 
 but which; on the contrary, make them far more sober 
 and peaceful than those who import wines, or who 
 make their intoxicating drinks by the means of the 
 still. 
 
 In cases of debility, the native wine occupies a place 
 which cannot be filled by any other medicine. 
 
 For the table of the Lord's Supper, now supplied 
 generally with the most nauseous article, the wine- 
 growers will supply a pure wine, and the church edi- 
 fice which is now filled on such occasions with an 
 atmosphere familiar to those who are accustomed to 
 the bar-room, will be pervaded by the grateful aroma 
 of the native grape. 
 
 There is no reason why any one should be deterred 
 from cultivating the grape, on account of his not being 
 familiar with the subject. How to make a beginning 
 he can be taught by those who sell him the cuttings or 
 roots, in a few minutes, and then he has a whole year 
 at his command before he is called upon to take the 
 next step. 
 
 As the wine-grower, after having planted his vines, 
 has to wait till in the third year he begins to obtain 
 
^he 'Treatment of Immigrants, 151 
 
 returns for Ms outlay, it would be advisable that those 
 who have but little capital at their command should 
 continue to depend for their support on their usual 
 crops until their vineyards are fairly established. 
 
 The grape vine winding gracefully around the cot- 
 tage or the farm-house, surrounds it with an element of 
 beauty and of taste of which our rural districts greatly 
 stand in need. 
 
 22. The Treatment of Immigrants. 
 
 There was a time when there were those in Tennes- 
 see, as in other Southern States, who imagined that 
 immigrants could be satisfied with the food and the 
 quarters slaves used to receive; but that time has 
 passed. The laborers lately obtained through the in- 
 strumentality of Commissioner Kapp, at Castle Garden 
 in the city of New York, are well treated. A just 
 and generous course pursued towards the immigrants, 
 is the only sure way of securing them in large numbers 
 and in the shortest possible time. 
 
 23. Immigrant Routes of Travel. 
 
 " The best route from New York to all points west 
 and southwest which can be employed for the trans- 
 portation of immigrants is perhaps that via Norfolk. 
 There is substantially a daily line of steamers between 
 New York and Norfolk, connecting thence continuously 
 by rail with the railways of Tennessee. It has been 
 agreed to transport immigrants at the rate of two 
 cents per mile, estimating the distance between New 
 York and Norfolk at 160 miles. At New York an 
 
152 27?^ 'Tennessee Hand-Book, 
 
 agent, C. E. Evans, Esq., 187 GreenwicTi St., is author- 
 ized to issue tickets at that rate."* 
 
 Those who arrive at Baltimore may go to Parkers- 
 burg, 383 miles, by rail, and then by steam to Nashville 
 by the Ohio and Cumberland rivers ; if the latter has 
 not sufficient depth, they can enter the Tennessee river 
 at Paducah, go by steam to Johnsonsville and then 75 
 miles by rail to Nashville. 
 
 23. Now is the Time to Buy. 
 
 There are various reasons why, for a year or two, 
 there will be special opportunities in Tennessee for the 
 purchase of land at exceedingly low prices. Owners 
 of large tracts, after having lost their slaves, cannot 
 work their lands profitably without hiring a very 
 large amount of labor, and they therefore are com- 
 pelled to offer a portion of their land for sale ; farms; 
 mortgaged before or during the war, have to be dis- 
 posed of at sheriff's sales ; others offer their lands for 
 sale because from various reasons they have become 
 dissatisfied, and still others want to find a purchaser 
 because they have neglected to work their lands faith- 
 fully, and want to go in search of some other tract 
 where for a time at least they can pursue the same ex- 
 haustive process with apparent impunity ; and in still 
 other cases the railroad enterprises now set on foot 
 will make lands valuable which are now offered at 
 very cheap rates. 
 
 * From a letter of the President of the Virginia and Tennessee 
 Railroad Company, oflace at Lynchburg, Va. 
 
Immigration and the Press, 153 
 
 24. Immigration and the Press. 
 
 I gratefully acknowledge the kindness with w^hicli 
 the Press of the State of Tennessee has seconded my 
 efforts in behalf of immigration. 
 
 The intimate relations which for years have existed 
 between the editors of the Knoxville Whig, the Nash- 
 ville Press and Times, the Joneshoro' Flag and the 
 Memphis Post and myself have made the interest they 
 have manifested in my labors peculiarly gratifying. 
 
 I am indebted for important suggestions to the 
 publications of Professor Waterhouse and the Hon. 
 Fredrick Miinch, of Missouri, and to that of the Com- 
 missioner for South Carolina. 
 
 By C. C. Giers, Esq., Jesse French, Esq., and Captain 
 Heydt, superintendent of the Capitol, I have been 
 greatly aided in my labors. 
 
 25. An Invitation. 
 A contemporary* in referring to the central position 
 of Tennessee, to its being surrounded by several of 
 the largest States of the Union, and to its being shaped 
 like some festive table, refers to the rich resources 
 which are now beneath that table, and to the magnifi- 
 cent feast that will be offered to the surrounding States 
 whenever they are taken from under the table and 
 placed upon it. I have pointed out some of these re- 
 sources ; let those now especially who have waited for 
 this information, not delay, but come and aid us in 
 patting these resources to their proper uses. 
 
 * Henry Watterson, Esq., political editor of the Republican 
 Banner^ in an interesting and humorous description of an excur- 
 sion to the Sewanee coal mines. 
 
154 ^he "Tennessee Hand-Booh 
 
 Correction. 
 
 The following statement by W. W. Powell, Esq., of 
 Cumberland county, corrects the view presented on 
 page 63 concerning the water-power of that county : 
 
 " So far as regards the streams in this county, there 
 is not one which can be relied upon to propel much 
 machinery throughout the year ; there are, however, 
 some two or three which afford power to a very limited 
 extent during all the year. Kearly all of our larger 
 streams become so nearly dry, particularly in a severe 
 drought, as to scarcely afford running water. I regret 
 that these statements are necessarily at variance with 
 those which are made by Major Falconner in his rail- 
 road report. I think the Major had not seen our 
 streams in the dry season of the year, and therefore 
 was himself deceived. As regards the small streams, a 
 majority of them become at times dry^ at least so 
 nearly so as not to afford running water. And so far 
 as I can gather information from old residents of the 
 Cumberland mountain, the same facts as regards water 
 in this county are true of all the other counties. Of 
 course this evil will increase as the county becomes 
 settled and cleared of its forests ; but nature, in this 
 case, while taking our surface water, compensates in 
 part by placing in great abundance a large supply so 
 near the surface that I doubt whether a tract of 100 
 acres can be found in this county where a liberal 
 supply cannot be found at a depth less than ten feet, 
 and in many cases less than six feet. I mean not only 
 a liberal but a living supply We have many springs 
 which have never yet been known to become dry." 
 
APPENDIX. 
 
 A YINDICATIOK OF OUE CEEDIT ABEOAD. 
 
 Tlie following extracts are part of a statement made 
 by Judge Watson, Agent of the State of Tennessee, 
 while on a visit to the city of New York :* 
 
 The important question for the bondholders now is, what 
 security have I for the payment of the principal and interest of 
 my bond ? The State debt proper is only about $4,000,000. The 
 railroads and all their rolling stock are mortgaged to the State to 
 secure the payment of bonds loaned. This mortgage, as bond- 
 holders must know, enures to their benefit. For the payment of 
 $29,000,000 of bonds, which will be the entire amount of bonds 
 issued to the roads, including those that may be issued under the 
 recent Act of the Legislature, the bondholders have, as security, 
 roads which, when completed, will be nearly two thousand miles 
 in leugth, and which will have cost and which will be worth fully 
 $70,000,000. In addition to that, they have the whole resources 
 of the State solemnly pledged to them. And what are the tax- 
 able resources of the State ? On the 19th of December last, there 
 were due the State for taxes $1,108,900. As all the real and 
 personal estate of the taxpayer is responsible for his taxes, a 
 large proportion of the above amount must certainly be paid. 
 The present tax law, under which the taxes of 1868 will be levied, 
 increases the tax fully fifty per cent. The receipts from all 
 sources the past year, exclusive of interest paid by railroads, 
 were '.^1,517,472. Add fifty per cent, to this, will make $2,276,209: 
 To this should also be added' what may be collected from back 
 
 * Copied from an issue of the Kepublican Banner. 
 
 (155) 
 
156 l!he Tennessee Hand-Book, 
 
 taxes. The expenditure of the State last year, exclusive of 
 interest, was $939,404. Of this amount at least $344,670 were 
 extraordinary expenses, and will not be incurred this year. This 
 would make the State expenditures this year $654,433, which, 
 deducted from her tax receipts, $2,276,208, would leave $1,621,775, 
 a surplus amply sufficient to make up all possible short-comings 
 of railroads in paying their interest, and leaving also a very large 
 amount to be appropriated to the aid of her common schools, a 
 system which she is just inaugurating, combining the best 
 features of the systems of the Northern States. 
 
 The army expenditures were larger in Tennessee than in any 
 other State, and these expenditures enriched its citizens. The 
 city of Nashville certainly came out of the war largely increased 
 in population, and greatly advanced in wealth. Every thing was 
 bought and sold for cash, consequently no debt was contracted 
 at home or abroad, and, as evidence of this, we have no stop 
 laws, and no serious attempt to pass any ; and we appeal to the 
 merchants of New York as an evidence of the fact, that no mer- 
 chants in any State pay more promptly than the merchants of 
 Tenbessee. Her black -labor being formerly owned in small 
 numbers, and many of them working side by side with their 
 masters, labor is much less demoralized than in the more southern 
 States, as is demonstrated by the abundance of the present crop. 
 Her crops of wheat the last year were fair, and farmers obtained 
 for it from $2 to $2.50 per bushel, a price wholly unprecedented 
 in Tennessee. Her corn crop was a full one, and its surplus is 
 now finding its way over the railways of New York to this city. 
 Her crops of cotton have not been as large for years. Nashville 
 has already received a larger number of bales than the average 
 of entire years prior to this, and she will certainly receive an 
 amount this year more than double her annual receipt before the 
 war. Clarksville, about sixty miles below here, on the Cumber- 
 land river, was one of the largest interior tobacco markets in 
 the Union before the war ; the past year her receipts of tobacco 
 in dollars and cents were greater than they have ever been at 
 any former period. "^ 
 
 In addition to her present productive wealth, she has vast 
 resources yet untouched. She has valuable pine timber, larger 
 
Appendix, 157 
 
 forests of cedar than any State in the Union. She has scattered 
 all over her every kind of timber used in building in the mechanic 
 arts, except rosewood and mahogany. She has beneath her soil 
 every variety of minerals used in the mechanic arts, and all of it 
 rich in quality and abundant in quantity, and she has a climate 
 and soil capable of producing successfully every article of raw 
 material used in manufacturing. 
 
 And yet with all these vast resources, with her sound pecu- 
 niary condition, her admirable system of railroads almost com- 
 pleted, and her mercantile and financial honor untarnished, it is 
 evident, from the price of her bonds, that fears exist that she 
 will falter in paying the interest on her debt. Why should Ten- 
 nessee be distrusted ? Before the close of the past year she 
 placed her money with her legal agent in this city, amply suffi- 
 cient to pay every dollar of her January interest. 
 
 EXTEACT FEOM THE ADDEESS OF THE HOK 
 O. P. TEMPLE. 
 
 The very foundations of society in East Tennessee were laid 
 in education and morality. In the year 1780,. or 1781, while 
 this was still a wilderness, and a part of North Carolina a re- 
 mote and ultra-montane province, as it were, the Rev. Samuel 
 Doak established an academy of learning at Salem, in Washing- 
 ton county, called M artin Academy, in honor of Governor Martin, 
 of North Carolina, where he continued to teach with remarkable 
 success for nearly forty years. On the eighth day of July, 1795, 
 this academy was raised to the rank of a college, under the 
 name of Washington College, "in honor of the illustrious Presi- 
 dent of the United States," by an " Act of the Governor, Legis- 
 lative Council, and House of Representatives of the territory of 
 the United States of America south of the river Ohio." This 
 academy was the first public institution of learning west of the 
 Alleghanies or the Blue Ridge, and the first in the great Mis- 
 sissippi valley, unless, indeed, there may have been one at that 
 time in the then foreign territory of Louisiana. It was situated 
 near the beautiful NoUychucky river, which flowed down from 
 
 14 
 
158 ^he 'Tennessee Hand-BooL 
 
 the Blue Eidge and the Smoky mountains, and swept on to the 
 Tennessee. It was near the house of General John Sevier, after- 
 wards Governor Sevier, a name ever dear to Tennesseans. It 
 was located in the midst of a dense grove of primeval oaks, tall 
 and wide-spreading, fit companions of the brave and great spirit 
 of him who first moved among them. 
 
 For the Rev. Samuel Doak was no ignorant adventurer who 
 thus came into the wilderness to plant the standard of learning 
 and religion. He was one of the brave, great men who go in 
 advance of civilization and blaze out the paths and hew out the 
 channels, along which meaner spirits afterwards follow. A 
 graduate of Princeton College, under the presidency of Dr. 
 Witherspoon, he was one of the ripest scholars of his day. 
 Possessed of great power of intellect, and of an iron will, which 
 nothing could move but duty, his success and inflaence among 
 a new people were wonderful in moulding and shaping their 
 opinions. Perhaps no man in the Southwest has ever exercised 
 more influence, if so much, in his day and generation, as did this 
 scholar and Christian divine. 
 
 Dr. Samuel Doak was a patriot, as well as a scholar. It is re- 
 ported by tradition that when Colonels Sevier and Shelby were 
 calling on the hardy mountain men of Washington and Sullivan 
 counties to go with them to meet the daring British partisan 
 leader, Major Ferguson, who was then advancing into Western 
 North Carolina, this brave teacher and divine called his students 
 around him, made them a spirited speech, and urged all who 
 were a))le to go with their brave neighbors to the relief of their 
 kinsmen on the other side of the mountains. This incident, if 
 true, proves that Dr. Doak was teaching in Washington county 
 as early as 1780, for the battle of King's mountain was fought 
 and won in October of that year. 
 
 Washington College soon became very popular and widely 
 known. Students flocked to this self-sustaining, unendowed 
 institution from Southwest Yirginia, from North and South 
 Carolina, Georgia, Kentucky, and Tennessee. The character of 
 the institution may be judged by the character and success of 
 its alumni. • 
 
 About twenty-five years ago, it was stated in some publication 
 
Appendix, 159 
 
 of that day, that at that time there were twenty-eight governors, 
 ex-governors, members of Congress, and judges who had received 
 their education at Washington College. It was stated by the 
 late John Blair, of Jonesboro', who was a graduate of this college, 
 that at one time, during his membership in Congress, there were 
 thirteen members of that body who were educated at this college. 
 
 Among the distinguished divines who were educated there, may 
 be mentioned Dr. John "W. Doak, James Witherspoon, Gideon 
 Blackburn, James Gallaher, Samuel K. Nelson, Dr. John Y. 
 Bovell, Dr. David Nelson, the gifted author of the " Cause and 
 Cure of Infidelity," and, lastly, that brilliant and accomplished 
 scholar and rhetorician, Dr. A. A. Doak, a grandson of Dr. 
 Samuel Doak. Such an array of clerical talent can be presented 
 by but few institutions, even in the older States. Their influ- 
 ence, with that of other alumni of this college, helped to give 
 tone to public sentiment throughout this State, and was widely 
 felt throughout the adjoining States. 
 
 In 1818, Dr. John W. Doak became president, and in 1821 he 
 was succeeded by Dr. John Y. Bovell, both of whom were emi- 
 nent scholars and divines. 
 
 The character of the first board of trustees was in keeping 
 with that of the first president. Among them may be mentioned 
 Governor John Sevier, Judge Joseph Anderson, Gideon Black- 
 burn, Hon. John Ehea, Hon. William Cocke, Landon Carter, 
 and Governor Archibald Roane. 
 
 Greenville College, situated in Greene county, about twenty 
 miles southwest from Washington College, was chartered by the 
 territorial Legislature on the third day of September, 1794, about 
 ten months before Washington College. The Eev. Hezekiah 
 Balch was its first president, as well as its founder, as appears 
 by the act of its incorporation. From a part of his farm, lying 
 three miles south of Greenville, he gave the land for its use, on 
 which it was located. 
 
 Dr. Balch was also a graduate of Princeton, and while very 
 young he moved from Maryland, his native State, to Mechlen- 
 burg county. North Carolina; and at a very early day he settled 
 tit Greenville, and was the pastor of Mount Bethel Church, 
 (Presbyterian,) until he conceived the idea of building up a col- 
 
i6o ^he 'Tennessee Hand-Book. 
 
 lege there. He was a man of mucli force and originality of 
 mind, and possessed great energy and resolution. 
 
 About the year 1805, the Bev. Charles Coffin, D. D., a graduate 
 of Harvard University, came out, by invitation of Dr. Balch, into 
 East Tennessee, and soon thereafter became president of Green- 
 ville College. He v^as a ripe scholar, and especially in helles 
 lettres and as a linguist. Full of ardor and zeal in behalf of 
 education, he soon returned to the North to solicit aid for this 
 rising institution ; and during his trip he succeeded in securing, 
 mostly in Massachusetts, a complete set of chemical and astro- 
 nomical apparatus, and about six thousand volumes of books. 
 Most of these books are still in the college library at Green- 
 ville, and rare and curious old books they are. In the writings 
 of President Jefferson, the fact is mentioned that the Eev. 
 Charles Coffin had called on him, and had an interview in refer- 
 ence to this 'college, and the cause of education in the Southwest. 
 From this time this college entered on a career of great pros- 
 perity, which* continued until about the year 1838. During the 
 presidency of Drs. Balch and Coffin, many men of talents, and of 
 subsequent distinction, were educated there. The alumni of this 
 college, like those of Washington, became scattered over the 
 South and West, and have filled many of the highest offices of 
 the States and of the nation, from Senators in Congress down to 
 that of members of the Legislature. To name them would re- 
 quire too much space ; but the names of the Jarnigans, the An- 
 dersons, the Leas, Judge Reese, Judge McKinney, Judges 
 Lucky, Dillahunty, and the Caruthers, Speaker John White of 
 Kentucky, and Governor Francis Pickens of South Carolina, 
 are familiar to the public. At one time during the presidency 
 of Dr. Balch, there were one hundred students at this college. 
 
 Blount College, situated at Knoxville, (now East Tennessee 
 University,) was also incorporated in September, 1794, by the 
 same territorial Legislature that incorporated Greenville Col- 
 lege. But whether before or after Greenville College, does not 
 clearly appear, as there is no date to the act, as published. The 
 Rev. Samuel Carrick was the first president of this college. 
 About the year 1828, Dr. Coffin became president, and under 
 his administration the University (for such it had now become) 
 
Appendix. i6l 
 
 flourished in a -remarkable degree. For upwards of seventy 
 years this institution has dptie her share in educating the youth 
 of the Southwest ; and she too, like her sisters Washington and 
 Greenville Colleges, has sent out hundreds of alumni, who have 
 adorned the bench, the bar, the pulpit, and the legislative halls 
 of the country. To-day this university is in a prosperous con- 
 dition, with a liberal endowment, with an able corps of profes- 
 sors, and with a large number of promising young men as stu- 
 dents. 
 
 Dr. Doak, Dr. Balch, and Dr. Coffin, and the Eev. Samuel 
 Carrick, the four great pioneers of education in the Southwest, 
 were all Presbyterian clergymen. 
 
 Thus have I attempted to make good my declaration in the out- 
 set, that in East Tennessee the foundations of society were laid in 
 education and morality ; that here were the nurseries of learning 
 at an early day, not only for this State, but for the Southwest; 
 and that here was established the first public school, and possibly 
 the first three west of the Alleghanies, and in the Mississippi 
 valley. , 
 
 COERESPONDENCE WITH ASSOCIATIONS 
 AND INDIVIDUALS. 
 
 Immediately after my receiving the appointment of Commis- 
 sioner, I had to leave for the North. The following associations 
 are now in correspondence with the State Board. On my return, 
 I hope to visit every part of the State, and to encourage the 
 forming of similar organizations : 
 
 East Tennessee Association, Hon. S. I. W. Lucky, President ; 
 
 C. Seymour, Esq., Secretary. 
 
 Hon. 0. P. Temple, Hon. J. W. North, Eev. T. W. Humes, 
 
 D. D., and Messrs. McGufiy and Seymour have been appointed 
 to prepare a pamphlet giving the resources of East Tennessee 
 in detail. 
 
 Washington County Association, Hon. S. I. W. Lucky, Presi- 
 dent, and Henry Kelly, Esq., Secretary. Committees are pre- 
 paring a map of the county, and detailed statements. 
 
1 62 ^he Tennessee Hand- Book, 
 
 Bradley County Association, P. M. Craigmiles, Esq., President, 
 and R. G. Cross, Esq., Secretary. 
 
 The Nashville Association, Hon. W. T. Prosser, President, 
 and R. H. Thornberg, Esq., Secretary. 
 
 Many interesting statements concerning their respective coun- 
 ties have been received from individuals, and shall be faith- 
 fully attended to. 
 
Appendix, 1 6^ 
 
 THE CEEDIT OF THE STATE ONCE MOEE. 
 
 The pamphlet from which I have published an extract on page 
 155 did not reach me in time for the notice which it deserves, 
 and which I propose now to give it. 
 
 The main object of the writer is to meet the insinuation that 
 the State has been guilty of aiding worthless roads. 
 
 The Edgefield and Kentucky Kailroad, running to the Ken- 
 tucky and Tennessee State line, now ends in the woods, and its 
 interest has not been paid. The Kentucky road which was to 
 meet it had not been completed before the war. The work on 
 the Henderson and Nashville road is now rapidly pushed for- 
 ward ; let it connect with the Edgefield and Kentucky Eailroad 
 at the State line, and there will be almost an airline established 
 between Nashville and Chicago, and the immense bituminous 
 coalfields of Kentucky will be made accessible to Nashville. 
 The completion of the road referred to will also greatly benefit 
 the Memphis and Ohio, and the Memphis, Clarksville and Louis- 
 ville roads, and secure the payment of the interest hereafter. 
 
 The Nashville and Northwestern has but very recently been 
 completed to the Mississippi, meeting on the opposite side the 
 Iron Mountain Eailroad, being built from St. Louis to the western 
 bank of the river. The means being furnished for its equipment, 
 and the building a branch connecting it with roads leading to 
 New Orleans and to Memphis, it has a future before it which 
 certainly must enable it to pay its interest. 
 
 The Knoxville and Kentucky road has paid its interest. It 
 runs from Knoxville through the rich coalfields of East Ten- 
 nessee, and is intended to meet at the Kentucky State line the 
 Lebanon branch of the Louisville and Nashville Railroad. It is 
 now supplying Knoxville with coal, and transporting it to distant 
 points in Georgia, (and now also to Memphis.) The coal traffic 
 alone should pay the interest of its debt. 
 
 Of the Knoxville and Charleston Railroad, nearly seventeen 
 miles are completed; when finished that distance and equipped, 
 it will owe the State $325,000. This road is to meet a road 
 being built from Charleston in a direct line to Knoxville. 
 
1 64 , Appendix, 
 
 The Nashville and Pacific Eailroad does not receive aid until 
 its stockholders grade thirty miles of the road, and have it ready 
 for the iron. This road is to run from Nashville to Knoxville. 
 Its completion and the completion of the short branch of the 
 NashviHe and Northwestern Railroad, above mentioned, will 
 furnish almost an airline of railroad from Norfolk and Virginia 
 through Nashville and Memphis to Little Rock. No one can 
 doubt that this road in a few years will be extended to the 
 Pacific. This road will run through the richest agricultural 
 part of the United States, and will be free from ice and snow, 
 and the shortest route from the Atlantic to the Pacific, New 
 York will yet see the day when her shortest and best highway to 
 the Pacific will be through the State of Tennessee and over her 
 projected Nashville and Pacific Road ! . 
 
 Other roads not here mentioned (with the exception of two 
 small branch roads) have always paid their interest. 
 
 After this description of the railroads of Tennessee, and a 
 brief reference to the position which their completion will secure 
 for Knoxville and Nashville and Memphis, the writer very justly 
 asks whether Tennessee has not shown her wisdom in pledging 
 herself to such a system of roads. The important questions 
 which concern the bondholder more especially, the writer has 
 answered ; his answer is found in the extract from his pamphlet 
 on page 163. 
 
 The Cincinnati and Cumberland Gap Railroad is now running 
 twenty-five miles, with the grading completed twenty-five miles 
 further, at which point it meets, at the North Carolina line, a 
 road now building from Asheville. These two roads, when com- 
 pleted, will give East Tennessee direct connection with the sea- 
 board in the Southern Atlantic States, and thus render her 
 system of railroads complete, and bring the products of her rich 
 valleys to the nearest and best markets both North and South. 
 
 I am gratified in finding that the conviction which the Hon. S. 
 Watson exprv5sses, that the State of Tennessee will be faithful to 
 her obligations, is shared by many of the prominent capitalists 
 in the North ; they base their hopes on the past financial conduct 
 of the State. 
 
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