QUESTIONS ON Field Service Regulations UNITED STATES ARMY (KevlaeU Edition) BY CAPTAIN HOLLAND RUBOTTOM First Cavalry QUESTIONS ON Field Service Regulations OF THE UNITED STATES ARMY (REVISED EDITION BY CAPTAIN HOLLAND RUBOTTOM FIRST CAVALRY GENERAL AGENT: GEO. BANTA PUBLISHING COMPANY Menasha, Wisconsin 1917 \1^ Copyright 1917 By HoUond Buhottom i (ad JUN 27 1917 '01.4470204 PREFACE TO 1915 EDITION This little book, first published in 1911, has been revised (1915) in accordance with the latest (1914) edition of Field Service Regulatioks. It has been used very extensively by officers in preparing for examination, in the study of this subject in the service schools and garrison schools, as an aid for instructors and members of examining boards, and also merely for professional study. In its preparation no attempt has been made to "boil down" the subject by selecting a few important questions, for the Field SER\^CE Regulations, being authoritative, must be studied in its entirety. But this book of questions, being absolutely com/plete, brings out every point, so that nothing can escape the student's attention. Its arrangement, in conforming to the Field Service Regu- lations in its headings, sections, paragraphs, etc., renders it a very handy and useful little volume. The answers in the text are consequently very easily found, and, on account of these questions, are emphasized and impressed upon the memory in a way that would not be possible without them. The Appendix contains three sets of Examination Questions in Field Service Regulations which were used in the examination of officers for promotion in 1915. QUESTIONS ON FIELD SERVICE REGULATIONS Part I ORGANIZATION Article I LAND FORCES OF THE UNITED STATES 1. Of what do the land forces of the United States consist? Of what does the Army of the United States consist in peace? When may the militia be called into the service of the United States? How and when may the Army of the United States be further augmented? When may restrictions be removed as to raising and accepting volunteers of a particular arm or class? 2. Under what general heads are the land forces grouped? 3. The Mobile Army. — The mobile army is primarily organized for what purpose and requires what on this account? What unit is the basis of organization for the mobile army? What may be said as to the character of the organization and its independence? Into what larger unit may several divisions be grouped? WTiat are field army troops and to what are they attached? When and for what purpose are they organized into a separate brigade? For what purpose may infantry, cavalry or military police be attached? The number of troops so assigned depends on what? From what troops are they prefera- bly obtained? When may they be furnished to divisions? To a separate brigade? Of what is an army composed? When organized? 4. For what is a line of communications established? 5. The Coast Artillery. — What is its function? [6] COAST DEFENSE (J. The military preparations for the defense of a coast line include the construction of what (1) permanent and (2) semipermanent defensive works and (3) the organization of mobile troops for what purpose? (1) Permanent fortifications and submarine defenses are manned and operated by what troops? (2) Semipermanent fortifications and field works are manned by what troops? They are known as what? (3) These troops are known as what? Is their commander from the coast artillery or mobile army? His relations with the coast defense commander should be of what character? What disposition should be made of other large bodies of the mobile army with reference to the coast line? OVERSEA DEPARTMENTS 7. What troops are assigned for defensive purposes to oversea departments? How may those of the mobile army be used for coast defense? What is the duty of the department commander in this case ? TABLES OF ORGANIZATION 8. What do these tables include? Part II OPERATIONS Article I INFORMATION general principles 9. Military Information. — Under what two general heads may military information be considered? To what does each relate? [7] From what different sources may information in the field be obtained? How is knowledge of the terrain obtained? Where is information of the enemy and of the theater of operations sent? What action is taken thereon? When is an efficient secret service organized? 10. In what circumstances is it advisable to seize influential persons and to search their houses? It is important to examine what literature? What disposition is made of it? What is said as to the value of local maps? What is assumed that the enemy will do if reliable infor- mation concerning him is not obtainable? What should any person in the military service do upon receipt of information? What precaution should be taken to prevent the spread of information to the enemy? RECONNAISSANCE 11. What is meant by "reconnaissance?" When does reconnaissance begin and end? All tactical movements of troops should be based on information from what source? 12. By Aero 8qutiTS IX COMBAT 132. What is important in formation for combat, rather than extension, in the initial deployment? What is the ad- vantage of sufficient depth? What disadvantage is there in troops deployed and committed to action? What will the progress of the combat call for that is unforseen? How is this extension made possible? Why are some reserves held until the last? What is done with the reserves at the decisive moment? Frontages for deployment are based on what? Place of the artillery and cavalry at initial deployment? What alone [44] How do the frontages occupied compare with the number of battle units? How are the duration of combat and the need for the security of the flanks affected by the size of the command? What does each higher leader keep out? How does the front of a division deployed compare with that of a brigade? That of a field army with that of a division? When may a unit be given a frontage limited only by the requirements of fire efficiency? When is the same true of reserves? How are flanks protected if exposed? Frontages of units no larger than a brigade are prescribed where? How are frontages determined for larger units than a brigade? Divisions and Field Armies. — When is the maximum front- age of a division in its initial deployment from 1% to 2 miles? To what would a field army of three divisions be limited? If a more extended frontage be necessary, how are the dangers met? INTRENCHMENTS 133. On the defensive, strengthening of the position is limited to what? On the offensive where are intrenchments used? What is the best protection against losses by troops advancing to the attack? When are intrenchments used in the attack? USE OF MACHINE GUNS 134. What is their character as weapons? When are they used to best advantage? For how long a time is their use effective? When engaged, how much should they be used? On the offensive how are they used? How is the effect of the enemy's fire on machine guns lessened? [45] POST OF THE LEADER 135. On the march, when contact with the enemy is prob- able, what is the post of the leader of each column? During action, in forces no larger than a brigade, where is he? In divisions, how may he supervise the action? Where is his position in forces not larger than a division? In forces larger than a division, and in the division, when he cannot find a point of observation for proper supervision? Why? What must be the character of his communication with all parts of the battlefield? RESERVES 136. Why is an early deployment of troops for the firing line necessary? What is necessary besides rifle fire and artil- lery fire to drive trained infantry from a position? What line prepares the way for the assault? Fresh troops must be at hand for what purpose? On the defensive, troops must be held for what purpose? What is required when flanks are vulnerable? How long must some troops be kept out of the firing line? What is the importance of the reserve, on the offensive? On the defensive? All troops must be engaged when? 137. What is the leader's guide in fixing the strength of the reserve? On the offensive what fraction is held out at first, in units as large as a regiment? In the passive defense, what governs in fixing the si/e of the reserve? When the flanks are otherwise secured, how small a reserve may suffice? In the defense, when are strong reserves required? How much may thus be held for a reserve? In an attack by a division or larger force, what is the action of the brigade reserves? In the brigade on the outer flank of an enveloping movement, how may the reserve be [46] used at the last? In the defense, how is the brigade reserve used? 138. In Divisions. — In divisions, how is the division re- serve used? A decisive engagement will call for the use of what part of the reserves before a decision is reached? If any part of the reserve remains in hand when a retreat be- comes necessary, for what will it be used? 139. In Field Armies. — In field armies how may the size of the general reserve compare proportionally with that of a division acting alone? How should it not be used? What is its best use? 140. Artillery. — Is artillery suitable as a reserve? What is done with it, when the unit of which it forms a part is held as a reserve? Cavalry. — In M-hat does the value of cavalry as a reserve lie? What is the importance of the cavalry division to the leader of the field army? What is the objection to relying wholly upon cavalry for a reserve? What then is necessary? FLAX or ACTIOK 141. Upon what information and study is the plan of action based? After contact is gained what different courses of action may be decided upon? What kind of action must l)e the rule and when may it be departed from? What factors must be considered in arriving at the deci- sion? What will usually win? What courses of action may be adopted in doubtful cases? What is the objection to such a course? What is the mission of an army in war? Its im- portance ? [47] COMBAT ORDERS 142. What is the form of the initial combat orders of the division and of higher units? Troops may be put in motion in the desired direction by what form of orders? When used, what must be done as soon as possible? After the action has begun what will be the nature of the greater number of the orders given by the higher commanders? In units larger than a regiment how will such orders be delivered and recorded as far as practicable? What principles must be borne in mind in issuing combat orders? What must be the nature of combat orders as to decision and definiteness? Vague or ambiguous orders indicate what? What right have troops in this respect? 143. Armies. — In armies, combat orders will often be in what form? When may formal combat orders be issued? Of what general statement do such orders consist? The army commander acquaints the field army commanders of what matters and by what means? 144. Field Armies.— In field armies of what do combat orders consist? What matters have no place in them? 145. Divisions. — In divisions or in smaller forces made up of two or more arms of what will the combat orders consist? What matters are left to subordinate commanders? 146. Why may personal conferences between tlie higher commanders and their subordinates be advisable? Such con- ferences are not for what purpose? What is the responsibility of the higher commander in regard to his decision? 147. What may be the nature of the tasks given to divi- sions in field armies and brigades in divisions? In divisions, in what cases are the special troops assigned tasks in orders? [48] What do these orders provide in respect to ammunition supply and to the sanitary service? To the trains? 148. AVhat provision is made in combat orders for the protection of flanks and for local reconnaissance? Why not? When may the attention of a subordinate be directed to such matters in orders? 149. In what cases are commanders of subordinate units responsible for proper action in the absence of orders? When is a lack of initiative on the part of a subordinate commander inexcusable? DEVELOPMENT AKD DEPLOYMENT FOR ACTION 150. In armies what is the character of the objectives assigned to each field army and M'hen are they determined? What matters depend upon the objective? What is the, object in view? 151. What size forces will march in more than one column in the theater of operations? ^ What exception is made to this rule? When are divisions within supporting distance of each other? A\niat must be the intervals between divisions in field armies? 152. When an encounter witli the enemy is probable, what must be done with respect to reconnaissance and preparation for deployment? In what cases and how are single route columns shortened? How is this extension secured? When are these columns again broken up into smaller parallel columns and to what extent? 153. What precautions must be taken in this development for action? How soon does this development take place in divisions and smaller units? 154. Combats of armies or field armies are made up of what? In divisions what task is given to the brigades? To [49] what extent does the division commander retain control over the troops actually engaged in combat? What arm can imme- diately respond to demands for support by troops already engaged? How does the division commander use this arm? How are the reserves placed and maneuvered? 155. To what extent does the field army commander inter- fere in the leading of the divisions moving upon their objec- tives? What is the best weapon for this purpose? 156. After the initial deployment of the division for action, the subsequent troop leading of the brigade and smaller units follows what principles? 157. What is done with the cavalry when the infantry enters into the action? What should thereafter be the position of the former? How may its position be influenced by the strength of the enemy's cavalry? 158. In armies the cavalry divisions will usually remain under whose orders? 159. In field armies and in divisions whose function is the selection of the flank toward which their cavalry will fall back when obliged to uncover the front? Which flank should be selected? Throughout the entire action what is the duty of the cavalry? How is this best effected in field armies and divisions? May it be used to cover both flanks? THE SURPRISE 160. What principle is violated in being surprised? If forced into action suddenly and unprepared, what is usually the best line of conduct? What is important, if the enemy is still beyond close range? How is the artillery used? What is done if near enough for a charge? Lender what conditions is this principle especially applicable? What is the danger in attempting to retire at once? [50] When on the march or at rest what is the best means to guard against surprise? In action what is the best protection against surprise on the flanks or from the rear? THK RENCOKTRE 161. In the rencontre, where there is no surprise, success depends mainly upon what? To what kind of troops is the rencontre natural, presenting the fewest difficulties? When is quick decision on the part of the leader possible? How must he change his mental plans on the march? To whom does this principle apply? 162. What two courses are open to the commander of the advance guard? What effect will its action have on that of the entire force? What relation must it have to the plans .of the supreme commander? What information must the advance guard commander have of such plans? How should such infor- mation affect his action? What other factors may affect his decision? Effect of enemy's action? What may cause a faulty initial deployment? What must then be the action of the advance guard? How long must it hold its position? Its disposition then? The duty of the advanced detachments upon encountering the enemy? How is this task best accomplished? Effect of seizing and holding important supporting points? What is the value of the early use of the artillery? OFFENSIVE COMBAT The Attack 163. In forces how large is a simultaneous effective advance against the entire hostile front out of the question? Modern battles are made up of what? What is the nature of [51] the fronts held by field armies as regards uuiforinity of strength ? Where are decisive attacks made and what must be done to insure success? The attack thus develops into what two parts ? 164. What is the first requisite to success? When obtained and for how long? It depends mainly upon what? AVhen may it not be obtainable? What then is best? How is this accom- })lished? When may both flanks be enveloped and a frontal attack be made at the same time? What is the objection to enveloping both flanks without a frontal attack? P 165. With what size forces is the direct attack practicable as a whole? In the local combats of the smaller units what kind is usually practicable? 166. What significance have the tenns "frontal" and "enveloping" with reference to the relative positions of the contending forces? What does the enveloping attack usually become, so far as the brigade and smaller units involved are concerned? In what direction will all attacks ultimately be made ? 167. Why are i)reconcerted plans covering all phases of an attack objectionable? As to energy how do the frontal and the enveloping attacks at first compare? What part of the attacking line is later given added momentum and strength? How is this accomplished and for what purpose? What does the remainder of the force do? 168. Selection of Enemy's Flank to Ejivelop or Turn. — What kind of considerations govern in this selection? What tactical considerations apply? What strategical considerations? What other matters must be considered? Where tactical and strategical considerations conflict, which must govern? What is of i)rimary importance? [53] The Enveloping Attack 169. What are the advantages of envelopment? 170. What is the value of surprise to the success of an enveloping attack? The time that tlie enemy has to meet the attack may be reduced to a minimum how? What may the enemy be kept from knowing? Which side can readily extend its flank beyond the other's? Why? What is the danger of an attempt to meet such a move- ment? What is usually the better course? Turning Movement 171. In what size forces and in conjunction with Avhat kind of attacks may they be used? What should be the strength and composition of the holding and the turning forces and why? When only is the turning movement justifiable? The Holding Attack 172. What is its purpose? What is the governing idea involved? What is the time, amount and kind of fire action used and the general formation of the deplojnnent ? The strength of supports and reserves? How do holding attacks differ from delaying actions? What is eventually required of the holding force? Wliat care must be taken with the holding attack? ^\1iat advantage may the enemy gain from a pre- mature attack by this force? The Assault 173. When is fire action alone insufficient? What more is required? 174. In large forces are assaults local or general? In what size forces are combined assaults impracticable? In what [53] units may they be made and how are they timed? What is required of the other units? 175. At the outset what plans can the superior leader make concerning the assault and when can the point of the assault be definitely fixed? Therefore how must the different parts be handled and the reserves be placed? 176. Selection of Objective. — At the time for the assault how far advanced are all the firing lines? The selection of the objective and the time for the assault is determined by whom? In the absence of orders when are subordinate commanders not justified in pushing to the assault? 177. Who alone is in position to direct the different units so as to insure success? What is the danger if the assault is otherwise ordered or initiated? When only can assaults by small bodies of troops succeed? Otherwise what may be the result? What is the duty of the higher commanders during the fire fight and when do they send in the reserves? What is their duty as regards premature minor assaults? 178. Support by Fire. — By what fire is the assault sup- jiorted and where is it directed? What is the duty of the artillery during the assault? The Pursuit 179. Importance, — By what means only can the full fruits of victory and decisive results therefrom be obtained? What ends the campaign? Pursuit must be made when and how long continued? 180. Initiation. — When the enemy is driven from his position, what troops initiate the pursuit locally? Supports and reserves still in hand are held for what purpose? When are such local reserves designated to follow the enemy and in what direction? What causes this local pursuit to be short lot] lived? What action is then taken and why? Who issues the necessary orders? Where the defeat of the enemy has been decisive wliat is the most effective method of ])ursuit? When is it necessary to assemble and reorganize the troops prior to the pursuit? In such a case by what troops is the pursuit inaugurated? What is the action of the other troops? 181. When the enemy commences his withdrawal before ills front lines have given away, what is the action of the troops committed to the attack? What is the action of the cavalry and horse artillery? Of the general reserves of the infantry and artillery that are still intact? 182. Under all circumstances what is the task of a pur- suing force? What must be the manner in which the duty is performed? What is the probal)ility of the enemy assuming a dangerous offensive? 183. Cavalry and Artillery. — When does the cavalrj^ take up the pursuit of a beaten enemy? AVhat troops pursue directly on the roads over which he is retreating? What is the action of the bulk of the mounted troops, cavalry and horse artillery? What is the relation of this force to the other troops? What are its metliods of action? Its mission? How far will the remaining artillery be sent? (c) Broad Front. — ^What method of pursuit brings the best results and why? What is done if the enemy takes up a position to hold part of the pursuing force? What is the advantage of several pursuing columns? In pursuing on a broad front, what must be guarded against? DEFENSIVE COMBAT The Passive Defense 184. How may a force accomplish its mission without combat? What is the object in this case? What determines [55] the position selected? Is the firing line strong- or weak? For Avhat are reserves used? How strong are sup]iorts and local reserves? 185. When is the ])ia-ely passive defense justified? What is the nature of its results? The Defense Seeking a Favorable Decision 186. What is the importance of this form of the defense? When may a force whose intentions are offensive be forced to assume the defensive, (1) voluntarily, and (2) involuntarily? What is its conduct in either case? 187. When does the crisis of this form of the defensive come and what does it mark? M'^ho decides the right moment at which this change should be made? By what means does he effect it? What must be the comparative strength of the supports and reserves? Of the firing line and wh}^? What field of fire is essential? What olistacles are objectionable? The Counter Attack 188. When is it determined at which part of the enemy's line the counter attack will be launched? How will weakness in parts of his line be disclosed, how accentuated or developed? Why may this attack be made at his strongest point? Who determines the time and place for making it? What force is then used entire or in part? By whom and for what purpose may local counter attacks be made? To what are they limited? 189. What two different methods may be used in the counter attack? How^ may the fighting line be used to give it the impulse? 190. How and when are artillery and machine gun fire used to aid the counter attack? What is the objection to using this fire too soon and how may the enemy meet the attack? [56] Cavalry in Defensive Combat 191. How does the importance of cavalry in defensive combat compare with it in the offensive? What must be its relation to the infantry? Its location and action? What of its opportunities for mounted action? Its cooperation is limited to what part of the battle? What effect may its action have in bringing about the counter attack? What must be the relation of the cavalry commander to the superior leader and of the cavalry to the general reserve? What are the means available to the superior leader to change successfully from the defensive to the offensive? Defensive Positions 192. When may a defensive position be taken up and strengthened? 193. Requisites. — What are the requisites of a defensive position? Obstacles in front must lie such as not to interfere with what? Except in what case? 194. Division and Occupation. — How is the front of a position divided and assigned? The subunits provide what? To what extent is the position prepared for defense? What is the governing consideration in its selection and strengthening? Positions for what other arm are selected and prepared and when occupied? What is done with the artillery in the mean- time? What artillery firing must such positions afford? In what way can artillery best serve the needs of the defense? 195. Position of Genera! Reserve. — What should be its position? When is it held in a central position? When may it be advisable to divide the general reserve and hold it in two or more positions widely apart? 196. Advanced Positions and Posts. — Why is the occupa- tion by a strong force of any position in advance of the main [57] position objectionable? Why may it be necessary to occupy such positions and how strong should the force be that is detailed for the purpose? What is the principle that governs? How do these principles apply to advanced posts? 197. Supporting Points. — What is the rule as to uniformity of strength of a defensive line? How will certain naturally strong points be used? They should be selected with what in view? Where are such points especially desirable? Where should they be located with reference to the main position? Positions in readiness 198. For what purpose may troops be placed in a position in readiness for action? Such a position may be preliminary to what? If for the purpose of taking the offensive what is required as to a defensive position? How are the troops developed for action? If for defensive purposes, what action is taken as to defensive positions? In what case should a line or supporting point be occupied and strengthened at once? What troops will be assigned to it without delay? 199. What will be done with the remainder of the infantry? With the artillery? How will reconnaissance be made? 200. Requisites. — What are the requisites of a position in readiness? WithdravHil from Action L 201. What skill in troop leading does withdrawal from -action require? How long is a leader not justified in with- drawing from the field of battle? What is the principle in holding out reserves for the sole purpose of covering a possible retreat? When defeat is certain how are the reserves used? What may be the result if no troops are available to cover the [58] withdrawal? In the absence of reserves what troops are used for this purpose? What other arms may be thus used unspar- ingly? How used? 202. Order of }¥ilhdraioal. — It is desirable to withdraw what troops first? The terrain may dictate the withdrawal of what troops and why? Covering Positions 303. What is the most important requisite in retreat? What should be the location of the first covering position occu- pied? In what direction will defeated line usually be forced to retreat? How does this fact affect the location of the covering positions? What facilities must they aflford the occupying force? What force occupies the selected position, if at hand? What fire effect is desirable? How is this gained? What of the strength of supports and reserves for this line? How may machine guns be used effectively? What of the field of fire at short ranges ? What is the position of the artil- lery and why? 204. Successive Covering Positions. — For what purpose may successive covering positions be taken up? AVhat prin- ciples apply to these positions? In short their occupation is for what purpose? Assembly Positions 305. In what formation do troops actively engaged usually fall back for several miles? What is the principle as to the distance in rear to where disorganized troops are re-formed? Duty of reserves in this connection? Of the smaller units? 206. Who selects the assembly position and when? Plans for what other matters? [59] The Retreat 307. AVIiat is tlic effect of a long- eontimied holding of .successive covering positions? What must he done to reduce their numher to a inininuini? 308. Preparation of Plan. — What plans for retreat should the leader previously make? Duty of the higher staff officers in this connection? Lines of retreat are selected with what in view? With reference to our other forces? What action by the enemy must be thwarted? What plans are made as to covering positions? 209. Assignment of Roads. — What assignment of roads is made? What units provide for their own protection and how? 210. Preliminary Measures. — When the engagement has been decisive, in what form are the orders for retreat? When is the combined order issued? What is done with the trains? With those troops that have been but slightly engaged? What are the last troops to withdraw and when are they brought into order of march? 311. Rear Guard.- — W^hat must be the first care of the leader? What troops are best adapted for this duty? What cavalry and artillery are assigned to it? What is the strength of the infantry assigned to it? As to composition how does the rear guard differ from the advance guard? How is it commanded? 313. Conduct. — The conduct must be governed by what consideration? Wlien does a rear guard fail in its mission? When does it accomplish its mission? What negative measures may be used? To what extent may its commander destroy? 313. In what general formation must the rear guard fall back and why? W^hen may flank detachments be necessary? What must be the relative position of the different columns of a rear guard? When may good })Ositions be disregarded? To [60] what extent must the march of tlie main body be expedited? What can be thus avoided? What points must be secured? When and how may strong flank positions be occupied? How must hostile cavalry detachments on the flanks be kept at a distance and how will our cavalry be used? 214. What troops may have to suffer the heaviest losses? 215. What is the relative position of divisions retreating on parallel roads? How is the cavalry division best employed? Delaying Actions 216. Delaying actions are divided into what two classes? 217. In the first case what is the comparative strength of the firing line, supports and reserves? What is required as to field of fire? As to terrain? What is done as sooa as the enemy comes within assaulting distance? 218. In the second case what kind of fire is important? How does this diff^er from the preceding case as to field of fire at short ranges? How long must artillery and machine guns remain in action? 219. In all cases of delaying actions what is required as to field of fire? Why? Extent of firing line? Position of supports and reserves? Use of obstacles? Of defiles? XIGHT COMBAT 220. Why do night operations increase in importance? For what purposes must troops make use of darkness? For what other purpose may night operations be necessary? The Offensive 221. Why are night attacks objectionable and when are they resorted to? How are they considered for poor troops and inefficient leaders? Why is chance the important factor? [61] 223. In what cases may a night attack appear advisable? 223. What is the practicability of making such attack simultaneously along the entire front of a division or field army? How large a force may make such attack against one definite objective in the enemy's line? What is required for each regiment and battalion? If along a more extended front than that of a brigade, how is it made? 224. By whose order or consent only are they made? What must be done by daylight? What knoM^edge is necessary for the subordinate commanders? The cooperation of other troops is provided by whom? The Defensive 225. What aflford the best protection against night attacks? What is done when the approach of the enemy is evident? When is fire opened? On what must the principle reliance in repelling attack be placed? How are the reserves used? Night Advance 226. For what other purpose may an advance be made at night? Preliminary to such a movement what reconnaissance should be made? How long before daylight should the new position be occupied? BIVOUAC ON THE BATTLEFIELD 227. In combats between armies or field armies how much time may elapse before a decision is reached? What effect has this condition upon the troops? What provision should be made to lessen this effect? Shelter and comfort must be subordinated to what? 228. What prevents forces in contact from obtaining rest at night? When may they rest? [62] 229. May the firing line be relieved at night? In bivouac at night how will the firing line differ from the other troops? What means for security are provided? How may sentry posts be strengthened? How are the flanks and rear protected? Artillery positions? What is forbidden within range and ob- servation of the enemy? 230. What is often done at the approach of dawn by the offensive? By the defensive? What is necessary to prepare for such action on the part of the enemy? arEASURES TO BE TAKEX AFTER THE BATTLE 231. If the enemy is defeated and in retreat, for what must the leader plan? What is his next care? What other matters are then attended to? If defeated and obliged to retreat what is done with the wounded? Article VI SHELTER GENERAL PRINCIPLES 232. Regarding shelter what is necessary to maintain the efficiency of a command? In time of peace how are troops in the field generally sheltered? How often are tents pitched on marches? In time of peace when may public buildings be used for sheltering troops? When only may private buildings be entered? In time of war when and for what purpose may public buildings be used? When may seizure be resorted to? In enemy's territory what buildings may be used? Why is the use of private buildings not favored? When any buildings are to be taken for shelter, who should be consulted? How are families considered? [63] 233. When are troops said to be in camp? When in bivouac? When in cantonment? How are cantonments often developed? When are they advantageous? 234. What is billeting?* 235. The allowance of tentagc to be carried on the march is prescribed where? The allowance at other times? SHELTER IN THE SERVICE OF THE INTERIOR 236. In mobilization and concentration camps how are troops sheltered and cared for? What is said as to the size of such camps or cantonments? What conditions should be fulfilled: 1. As to the character and size of the ground to be occupied? 2. As to water supply? 3. As to railroad facilities? 4. As to roads? When should arrangements for the accommodation of the troops be made? Camps are laid out with what considerations in view? liOcation of each headquarters? What are the various details of the preparation? AVhat is the location of the general headquarters? It is connected with wire commu- nication with what other headquarters? Location of depots, storehouses and hospitals? How are trains placed with respect to the troops? What individuals, troops, or trains should not be attached to the permanent camp personnel? Whose function is it to *What protection is afforded by tlie Constitution ot cnc -Jn-fcd States for owners of private building? ' [64] operate depots, hospitals, camp telephone and telegraph lines, etc.? For what must the troops temporarily present be con- stantly ready? SHELTER IK THE THEATER OF OPERATIONS 237. What considerations generally control the location of the camp? In actual field operations tentage is limited to what? In certain instances what may be used for additional shelter? What action is taken in case of a halt of considerable duration? What other kinds of shelter is then made use of? 238. Selection of Site. — In war can troops often find desir- able camping places? How much weight is given to sanitary considerations ? When may a camp site be selected with great care? ' What may be the effect on the troops of unsanitary camp sites? What staff officer should assist in the selection of a camp site? What conditions govern in the selection of camp sites: 1. As to the ground to be occupied? 2. As .to water supply? 3. As to roads? 4. As to supplies? What kind of soil and ground surface is the best? How are banks of rivers considered? What should be the character of the ground in hot weather ? In cold weather? What places are undesirable for sanitary reasons? Why are marshy ground and stagnant water objectionable? What is the objection to ground near the foot of a hill? What other conditions are unfavorable? The camp site of one unit should be selected with what in view regarding roads and other units? 165J How often should camp sites be changed? Why? 239. Form and Dimensions of Camps. — The forms of the camp should be such as to facilitate what? The form will depend upon what? When must a camp be contracted? When may it be more expanded in area? Where are the different forms, dimensions, etc., prescribed? 240. Establishing the Camp. — Camp is established pursuant to what order? For what two principal matters does this order proAide? In camps of large commands what are the largest units that are encamped intact? Who selects the camping ground? How is the work of selection and assignment of the camps of the various units jierformed? He arranges for what important matters con- cerning the use of water? W^hat duties are performed by troops going into camp concerning enforcement of orders as to proper use of water supply; the camp guard; animals of mounted troops; tents; kitchens and supplies; latrines and pits; ditches? In the presence of the enemy what must be provided for? What provision is made for communication with the outpost? 241. BiJletinc/. — AVho makes the arrangements for billet- ing? With whom does he confer and how is the assignment of quarters made? Is this kind of shelter always sufficient, and if not what is done? What facilities for the comfort of the troops may villages and farms afford? In that case where is it advan- tageous to camp or bivouac? 242. Bivouacs. — Under what different conditions may troops bivouac from necessity and from choice? How are they considered from a tactical point of view? From a sanitary point of view? What principles govern in the selection of [66] sites? What should be the character of the ground? For what arm are light woods desirable and why? What is a convenient method of resting for the artillery? Shelter During Battle 243. Where do men and officers rest during a lull in an engagement or when hostilities are suspended for the night? Reserves required to be in instant readiness? ^\^at shelter may be permitted after outposts are established? Shelter During Sieges 244. The camp or cantonment of the besieger's main body is at what distance from the enemy's works and why? What amount of troops is required for outpost duty and why? Where do they go when that duty is completed? To what is the most careful attention paid and why? 245. Care of Troops. — What is the effect on troops of lack of sufficient rest? What measures are taken by commanders to secure rest for troops? What rules must be enforced as strictly as possible? What measures are taken to prevent men lying on the damp ground; in temporary camps; in cold weather? If troops are to remain in camp for some time what is done with underbrush? What for the comfort of the animals? What is the character of guard and other routine duties in standing camps? How is the dut}'^ of watering, feeding and grooming performed? How is the duty of camp police performed? What is the duty in regard to airing bedding and clothing? Where are arms and equipments kept? Horse equipments? In the cavalry? In the artillery? [67] What care must be taken in regard to water supply? When several commands are encamped along the same stream ulio regulates this matter? In small streams how may the water supply be increased? In small springs, and how is surface drainage kept off? What is done with water when there is doubt as to its purity? 246. Where are latrines located and how many are re- quired? What precaution must be taken as to the drainage or overflow from latrines? What is the character of trenches in camps for one night only? In more permanent camps? What provision is made to keep flies from the deposits? How are urinal troughs arranged? What is done each day? When nearly filled what is done? Before the march is resumed what is the duty in regard to all latrine and kitchen pits? In permanent camps or cantonments what may be used for urinal purposes at night? When emptied? Part III ADMINISTRATION Article I GENERAL 247. In time of war the activities of the military establish- ment embrace what? 248. The service of the interior is carried on by whom? 249. The service of the theater of operations is carried on by whom? The theater of operations is divided into what two zones ? The service of the interior functions when; that of the theater of operations when? [68] Articij: II THE SERVICE OF THE INTERIOR GENERAL 250. What is the function of the service of the interior in time of war? This service is carried on by whom? By whom and through whom are their respective operations directed and coordinated? 251. Bureau Chiefs. — What are their functions? With reference to the Secretary of War and the Chief of Staff. To the plans of the field forces? General depots of supply, general hospitals, arsenals, etc.? Supplies and materiel? Estimates? 252. Department Commander. — What are his functions with reference to: recruitment, training, and equipment? Movement of troops? Physical examinations and prophylactic treatments? State of preparedness of his troops? Defense? BIOBII.IZATIOX AXD CONCENTRATION 253. Mobilization Camps. — What is a mobilization camp? Where will the mobilization of the regular army be eflPected? How recruited? W^here will the mobilization of the organized militia and volunteers be effected? Where are the general instructions relative to mobilization published ? Department commanders are responsible for what three matters relative to the supply of troops leaving mobilization points? [69] 954. Concentration Camps. — What is a concentration camp? The command of troops at a concentration camp lies with what oflficer? The commander deals directly with whom? In case exception to these rules is to be made, or when in doubt, how should the matter be settled? 255. Concentration Camp at a Port of Embarkation. — In what case will the responsibility for camp sites and facilities and the necessary supplies devolve upon the commanding officer of the port of embarkation? What arrangements are made to assist in making the detailed arrangements? In case no per- manent staff is provided at the port of embarkation, who will make all provision for receiving, camping and supplying the troops? How are the necessary- supplies obtained? 256, Concentration at a Point near the Scene of Intended Operations. — In this case who will make provision for receiving, camping and supplying the troops? In case no such additional personnel is provided, who tlien will make the preliminary arrangements? 357. Duties of the Commander of the Port Of Embarka- tion. — What are his duties with reference to: (a) Camps? (b) Supplies until arrival at a port of debarkation? (c) Supplies at oversea base to last how long? (d) Detraining and embarkation? (e) Transports? (f) Shipping? (g) Administrative groups assigned to the port of em- barkation? [70] What are his relations with the commander of the troops at the camp? What are the duties of the former in regard to the em- barkation? Those of the latter? These schedules will be made after consultation with whom? If opposition to the landing is expected, the plans will be governed by what requirements? In case of disagreement, whose decision will be final? Whose, when no opposition is expected ? What must be the relations between the two? 258. Oversea Departments. — What is the function of the department commander with reference to the oversea depart- ment? What regulations are vested in the commander of an oversea department? '' Article III THE SERVICE OF THE THEATER OF OPERATIONS GENERAL 259. What are the functions of the War Department with reference to the commander of tlie field forces? What are the functions of the commander of the field forces ? Of the commander of the line of communications and to whom is he responsible? HEADQUARTERS AKD STAFFS 260. What units have headquarters and staffs? The head- quarters of what units have no administrative functions? What headquarters has temporary administrative functions and what is therefore assigned to it temporarily? With what questions [Tl] does the commander of an army concern himself solely? What does he leave to his subordinate commanders? What staffs is he assigned? The staff functions of units larger than a brigade may be divided into what two groups? What does the second include? 261. The General Staff. — What relations should exist be- tween the commander and his chief of staff? What are the duties of the latter with regard to the operations of troops and the administrative and technical services under the orders of the commander? What provision is made for his assistance? What work is assigned .to each assistant? The work of the first or combat section consists of what? Of the second or administrative section? Of the third or intelligence section? 262. Technical and Administrative Staff. — This includes what? What kind of duties do they perform? When and in what commands are their functions advisory? Upon the dis- continuance of such conditions what are their duties? What is the objection to separating such staff officers from the division to which they are assigned? What is their function toward the division commander and toward tlie personnel of their respective corps? 263. The Commander of the Line of Communications. — To whom does he report directly? W^hat is the mission of the tactical units assigned to this command ? Of what should the commander of the field forces be relieved and for what purpose? When is a line of communications not organized? In this case what principles apply to administration and supply? [72]. Article IV THE ZONE OF THE ADVANCE GENERAL 264. M^hat is the importance of tlie division as an ad- ministrative unit? What trains are regularly attached to the division alone? For what purposes may field army troops be assigned to divisions? What eifect has this on the divisional trains? When such troops are organized into a separate brigade their administration and supply follow what principles? In this case what trains are organized and assigned? 265. What is the fundamental pfinciple of military ad- ministration? How should the lmi)etus in all these matters be given ? How are normal routine requirements provided? To what supplies has this particular application? 266. Whose function is it to keep the divisions connected with the base? How may the distance from the line of communications to the division vary? 267. What must be the mobility of the administrative services of a division? To what transportation are they limited? What supplies for the sick and wounded does the sanitary train carry? 268. How is the division relieved from the care of its sick and wounded and of the material which it is not equipped to carry? 269. The different forces involved are considered as operating in what zone? The same principles apply when operating where? 173] TRASrSPORTATIOX 270. What is the function of the various trains? To meet these requirements demands what? What is required of these officers? 271. How much impedimenta is allowed and what is done with the remainder? 272. What is the responsibility of organization commanders in this connection? Of train commanders and guards with reference to persons riding? 273. In what part of the road are trains halted? 274. Trains. — Transportation attached to organizations is grouped under what two heads? Besides these what belong to the advance section of the line of communications? 275. Combat Trains. — What do they include? What vehicles are attached for technical use? What is the position of combat trains? From what troops may they be separated? 276. FieAd Trains. — What do they include? Where are wagons of sutlers, correspondents, etc., placed? What is done with the headquarters wagons of brigades and divisions? Field trains are assigned to what units and are how divided ? What arrangement is made for the baggage of each organi- zation? 277. When an organization is operating independently, under whose control are the field trains? When not operating independently? When grouped with the division train? When are they again at the disposition of the organization? Where are the trains during combat and why? When and how are troops given access to their baggage? Where do the ration vehicles go when unloaded? What is done with the baggage sections on the following morning? [74.] 278. Ammunition, Supply, Sanitary, and Engineer Trains. — What does the ammunition train include? The supply train? What may be attached to it? The sanitary train includes what? The engineer train? 279. Ammiinition, Supply, Sanitary, and Engineer Columns. — To what do these columns belong and to what are they attached? For what purpose are they? 280. Commander of trains. — A commander of trains and the necessary assistants and troops are assigned to what units? What are his duties? 281. When the trains of more than one division march on the same road, who decides questions of precedence in their movement and camping? 282. When combat is imminent, what action is taken with reference to the ammunition, sanitary, and engineer trains? After the period of combat what is done with them? 283. When troops are in camp, out of the presence of the enemy, under whose control may the ammunition, supply, sanitary, and engineer trains be placed? SUPPLY SERVICE 284. To what is the zone of activity of a division limited, when operating for some time in a country devoid of local resources? The distance at which a division can maintain contact with the line of communications depends on what? In a country having local resources to what extent can the radius of supply be increased? . 285. Re/Uling Point.— V^'hat is a refilling point? What may be its nature and location? [75] 286. Distributing Point. — What is a distributing point? How may the replenishment be made from the line of communi- cations? What is done to prevent ration vehicles from having to march too far? In a retreat how may supplies be distributed? 287. Rendezvous Point. — What is a rendezvous point? Where may they be advantageously placed? 288. By whom are distributing points fixed in divisions? By whom are these and refilling points fixed in larger com- mands? In the first instance for what is the division commander responsible? In the second instance what notifications are sent by the commander? 289. Source of Supply. — What are the two sources of supply for troops in campaign? How much use is made of the former? When does its use become imperative? How are supplies obtained when the theater of operations is in the home country? When in hostile territory? What fundamental principle applies? 290. Requisitions. — What are the two methods of making requisitions? When are they resorted to and how enforced? What is done in case of unauthorized seizure of property? The right to requisition food supplies implies the right to do what? How is the owner reimbursed? By what method are the better results obtained? If payment is not made on delivery, what is done? By whom -are these receipts redeemed? What treatment should be accorded the inhabitants? When may severity be necessary? What may be the effect of leniency and negligence at the wrong time? L76] 291. What is done with food supplies gathered by the independent cavalry or advance guard in excess of their needs or the needs of troops in rear? 292. How much reliance can be placed on requisitions? When an army halts or moves slowly, recourse must be had to what for supplies? 293. The Ration. — At mobilization and concentration camps what system of subsistence is used? During the period of hostilities? 294. What kind of ration is issued when possible? Its ap})roximate weight? 295. What is the reserve ration? Its weight? 296. What is the field ration? Of what does it consist? 297. What diflference may be found in the rations supplied to troops of and near the line of communications and to those at a distance? On what is the allowance of transportation for field rations with the division based? What discretion is al- lowed commanders of mobilization and concentration camps with reference to prescribing the ration? 298. Where is the forage ration prescribed? 299. What changes in the forage ration are often made in the field? How are wheat and rye prepared? Amount of these and of corn unshelled? What changes in the allowance may be made? When? 300. What forage is carried on the march and when is grazing resorted to? The allowance of transportation of the forage ration with a division is based on what? 301. Disposition of Rations. — What are the proportions and methods of carrying .rations in the diiferent arms of a division? Of grain? Of their distribution between men and [77] vehicles of the ration section and of their replenishment from the supply train or column? 303. In campaign what rations and forage are carried? (a) On each man? By civil employees? For each draft animal? On each vehicle? When are reserve rations consumed? By whose order? What is the duty of every officer of the command in this connection ? When are reserve rations replaced if consumed ? * In addition what is carried by each man? On the horses of the cavalry and field artillery? (b) In the ration section of the field train: for each man and animal? In the rolling kitchen? How does this affect the ration section? For what is the one day's reserve ration intended? AVhat is the character of the two remaining days' field rations? (c) In Supply Train: Of an infantry division? Of a cavalry division? How is independent cavalry largely supplied, when in front or on the flanks of an army? Why? What are used, when possible, in its supply? 303. Operations of the Snpphf Service. — ^When and where are rations and grain issued to troops from the ration section of the supply train? For what meals does this issue provide and where are the noonday meal and feed carried? In the presence of the enemy what method is used if equipped with rolling kitchens? When not in the presence of the enemy and on the march? *Wliat comijonent of the ration must be frequently renewed and why? [78] When and where are the empty vehicles of the ration section refilled? When and how are the rolling kitchens refilled? 304. What are the two diiferent methods of using the supply train? When operating as a connecting link, how is it divided? 305. The service of supply is under whose orders? What do these orders prescribe in regard to refilling empty vehicles of the ration sections? Of what is the commander of trains advised? What directions does he then give? 30G, When supply columns are operated by the line of communications, what action does the division commander take regarding distribution of supplies? 307. W^hat orders are issued relative to changes in posi- tion of the distributing points? As to position of refilling and rendezvous points? 308. Of what does the division quartermaster keep the chief of staff" informed? What function has he in regard to obtaining supplies? What disposition is made of such supplies, transport, or animals procured? How are orders prepared relative to resupply of ration vehicles and places for refilling, rendezvous and distributing points? 309. Under whose immediate command is the quarter- master in charge of the supply train? What command and responsibility has he? 310. Fresh Beef. — How often should troops be supplied with fresh beef? How may this supply be effected? If cattle are driven with the supply train, by whom are they slaughtered and how turned over to the field trains? How is frozen meat taken to the distributing points? [79] 3J1. Fresh or Field Bread. — How often is it issued to troops? How is it baked? Where is fresh bread issued? How is field bread issued and transported? 312. Sales Stores. — How far to the front are sales stores supplied? In this respect what will be the effect of troops going into permanent camp or cantonment? How may com- batant troops occasionally be thus supplied? AMMUNITIOISr SERVICE 313. How does the supplying of ammunition differ from that of rations and grain: As to source of supply? As to quantity and time of replenishment? 314. The organization and operation of the ammunition service is the duty of what arm? Under whose orders is the commander of the ammunition train after being released from the control of the commander of trains? 315. Ammunition carried on the man and on the caissons of the firing batteries is how replaced? How are the combat trains refilled? 316. What is the duty of all commanders in regard to economy and resupply of ammunition? What is the importance of keeping troops in action sup- plied with ammunition? 317. What is the function of the organization commander in regard to the combat train assigned to his organization? Of battalion commanders? Where are the principles laid down in regard to this supply? 318. Ammunition Distributing Station. — What is an am- munition distributing station? * * In the field artillery, where may the caissons of the firing liattery be sent? [80] JvimunHwii Refimiuj Po/n/.— What is an ammunition re- filling point? Ammmution liendezvous Poiwi.— What is an ammunition rendezvous point? 319. The division ammunition service is directed by whom and includes what? What is the organization of the ammunition train? 320. What is the function of tiie ammunition train? Of the ammunition column, in principle? What is the eifect on the ammunition train? If no ammunition column be operated, how is this work performed? In this case who establishes and maintains dis- tributing stations? 321. For each division how are the positions of the am- munition-refilling point and the rendezvous point fixed? They are communicated to whom? 322. In case of attack on the enemy in position or of the occupation of a defensive position, by whose orders are the positions of the ammunition-distributing stations fixed and the troops notified? In case of a rencontre engagement what is done with the ammunition train? The point to which it goes is about how far from the line of T3attle? What arrangements does the commander of the ammunition train make with the different brigade commanders? If a battle has commenced, what is the action of Lhe commander of trains? 323. WTiat is done with the ammunition train during the earlier stages of the engagement and why? Its action as soon as the probable course of the engagement becomes known? What is done as fast as the vehicles of the first company or battalion are emptied? Of the second company or battalion? [81] 334. Where is the headquarters of the commander of the ammunition train during a battle? What is his action with regard to division headquarters? That of each commander of a section of the ammunition train establishing a distributing station with the headquarters of the unit it supplies? How many ammunition-distributing stations are operated for each brigade? 325. After an engagement what replacement of ammuni- tion is made? What suppl}'^ is first replaced? Next? 326. What information is given the division artillery commander? By whom is it furnished during action? At all other times? 327. Ammunition-train commanders will comply with what demands for ammunition from troops of other com- mands? This applies especially to the needs of what arm? 328. How are the positions of the ammunition train and its different sections marked? SANITARY SERVICE 329. In general, what are the functions of the sanitary service relative to: (a) The prevention of the depletion of the fighting forces? (b) The care and removal of sick and wounded? (c) Equipment? What individual records are kept and for what purpose? 330. Into what two general groups may the personnel of the sanitary service in the zone of the advance be classified? Under whose orders does each function? For what purpose may those of the first class be temporarily detached? 331. Sanitation. — What officers and men must have a knowledge of sanitation and why? [82] What sanitary responsibility have all commanders? What are the general duties of a sanitary inspector? 332. First-Aid Packet. — By whom are they carried? What do the sanitary detachments with organizations carry? The combat train what sanitary equipment? 333. Regimental Aid Station. — When and by whom is it established and for what purpose? By whom is its position fixed and where? Of what does it generally consist and for what must it be prepared? What is done with the wounded who are able to walk? Those unable to walk? Where is its equipment carried? By whom is it operated? 334. Dressing Station. — ^When, where, by whom, jmd for what }Hirpose are they established? By whom may these bearers be assisted? How are the wounded disposed of? How does the equipment compare with that of the regimental aid station? What does it provide? By what is the equipment and personnel supplied? 335. Ambulance Companies. — Where do they establish dressing stations? What are their functions? 336. Field Hospital Companies. — They form a part of what train? When and where are they set up? What are the re- quirements of their position? When are they not set up? When only ic. canvas pitched? What is the extent of their equipment? 337. Evacuation Points. — What does the sanitary column of the line of communications include? What other means may be used for the evacuation of the sick and wounded from the division? What are evacuating points? How are their positions fixed and to whom communicated? 338. Station for Slightly Wounded. — When and for what purpose are they established? In what orders is its position fixed? Bv whom is it operated? How marked? [83] 339. The Sanitary Train. — Of what is it composeO? By whom is it commanded? Is operated in accordance with what orders? 340. Service in CamjJs. — Who equips and operates infir- maries in camp? What class of cases are cared for and what is done with other cases? Who is in charge and what assistance is he authorized to call for? Who remains at the infirmary in charge of the equipment? What other provision may be made for the care of the sick and wounded? 341. Service on the March. — When out of the presence of the enemy, what disposition is made of the ambulances? Of a field hospital? 342. Of ambulance companies during marches in the presence of the enemy? What dispersion may be advisable? What disposition is made when combat is imminent? 343. What is done with a man falling out from sickness or injury? What does the medical officer in the rear do with the pass? If a man is unable to walk, what is done? If able to walk? If ordered to wait for the sanitary train? What is done with the arms, personal equipment, and clothing of soldiers who fall out? The horse, saber and horse equipment of a mounted soldier? 344. Service in Combat. — What is done by the wounded in the absence of medical assistance? Otherwise their care devolves upon what troops and in this connection what is for- bidden combatants? 345. In action how long does the sanitary personnel of an organization remain with it? Where will they treat the wounded and how long will they pause? What may be estab- lished later in the combat? [84] 346. When combat is imminent, what provision is made for the slightly wounded? What are they given to show their authority for going to this station? 347. The evacuation of the wounded from regimental aid stations and of those left by organizations advancing devolves upon M'hom? When and by whose orders are the positions of dressing stations fixed? In this case the division commander advises the commander of the sanitary train of what? 348. In the case of a rencontre engagement, what work is left to the judgment of the commander of the sanitary trains and his subordinates? What units does he send forward and for what purpose? What ambulance companies are used for this work, under certain conditions? What is done with the re- maining ambulance companies? With the other field hospitals? What preparations are made by the commanders of these ambulance companies sent forward? When do they establish dressing stations and what is their work? What are the duties of the commander of the sanitary train during battle? 349. Search for Wounded. — After an engagement, what action is taken by commanders in regard to the wounded? The dead? 350. When, to whom, -^nd for what purpose are indentifi- cation tags supplied? What is done with the tags on the dead? On the bodies of the enemy's dead? 351. Retreat. — In a retreat, what is done with the sick and wounded that cannot be moved? 352. American National Red Cross Association. — How, where, and to what extent are the services of this association, its equipment and personnel utilized? 353. Badge of Neutrality. — What is the emblem of neu- trality? What persons wear this emblem and in what forip? In addition what does a person not uniformed carry? IB5] Sanitaiy formations and establishments display what em- blems? At night how are their positions marked? ENGINEER TRAIN 354. To what unit is an engineer train attached and what does it carry? 355. Its organization and operation is the duty of what corps? By whom is it commanded? Is operated in accordance with whose instructions? 356. The engineer column attached to the advance section of the line of communications carries what equipment? To what units may it be assigned temporarily? When so assigne(i, what control over it has the commander of the line of communications? If assigned to field army headquarters, it operates under whose orders? If assigned to a division, it forms part of what? When no longer required in the zone of the advance, what is done with it? Article V THE ZONE OF THE LINE OF COMMUNICATIONS general 357. For what is a line of communications established? How will two or more important forces operating from a single base be commanded? How many lines of communica- tions will be operated? How many advance sections? 358. When is a line of communications not organized? Administration and supply follow what principles? 359. What is the mission of the tactical units and adminis- trative groups assigned to a line of communications? 360. The location of the base is fixed by what orders? The personnel for the line of communications comprises what [86] and is sent ahead by the commander for what purpose? Where is this personnel obtained? 3G1. The zone of the line of communications includes what territory? The activities of its personnel extend how far? For what purpose is this line advanced from time to time? 362. Command. — What troops, etc., are under control of the commander of the line of communications? He is respon- sible for what? 363. Administration and Control. — For administration and control what is the organization of the line of communica- tions? Who are the technical advisers of the commander of the line of communications? 364. Staff officers of organizations in the service of de- fense have what responsibilities relative to the supply, sanitary, and telegraph service? 365. Persons under War Department orders or with authority to join the field forces arriving at the base come under whose orders? Service of Defense 366. Troops on duty under the commander of the line of communications are charged with the defense and protec- tion of what? How is this territory divided and for what is the commander of each district responsible? What control have they over movements along the line of communications, of personnel, animals, and materiel? In case of imminent danger from the enemy, what is their duty? What report is made at once? What is forbidden in regard to troops, am- munition, or supplies going to the front? [87] 367. When armored trains are used, their crews form a part of what and are under whose orders? When only will railway traffic be thus interfered with? SUPPLY, SAKITARY, AND TELEGRAPH SERVICE 368. W^ith reference to these matters, what is the responsi- bility of tlie commander of the line of communications? With reference to the reserve of supplies on hand? What reports does he make to the war department in this respect? What requisitions are forwarded? What measures are taken in regard to malingerers or the slightly injured? 369. For the purposes of control and coordination of the supply, sanitary and telegraph service, how is a line of com- munications divided? Who is in charge of each? When may an intermediate section be required? Where is an advance section required? 370. To what do the operations of a base or intermediate section extend? Each section provides for the supply of what troops? When is formal accountability terminated and is re- placed by what? In this respect for what are commanders and staff officers responsible? 371. If there are no military railroads, what means of transportation are provided and by whom? What then is the function of intermediate sections? 372. Where do the personnel of the supply, sanitary, and telegraph service report? Where are the advance and inter- mediate sections organized? When? 373. Base Section. — The assistant chief of staff with this section is charged with what work? He is informed of what, transmits this information to whom, and issues what orders? [88] 374. What is his duty in regard to requisitions? 375. Supplies shipped to the base are consigned to whom? 376. Advance Section. — The assistant chief of staif with this section is charged witli what work? The operation of these groups extends to what? What is the function of the signal advance group? 377. AVhat colunons are attached to the advance section? The strength and composition of these columns depends upon what? 378. The position of the advance depot is fixed by whom? Where is the headquarters of the advance section and what arrangements do the commanders in advance make with the assistant chief of staff? How is the advance depot situated with reference to rail- road facilities and the field forces? What is required as to amount of supplies to be kept on hand here and why? How are the positions of refilling, rendezvous, and evacua- tion points fixed? 379. What determines the allowance of transportation for division trains? Where is transportation obtained for other classes of supplies, for the evacuation of the sick and wounded, and for special engineer equipment? SERVICE OF MILITARY RAILWAYS 380. When is such service organized? The construction, operation and maintenance of these railways is whose duty? What function has this service in regard to captured rail- ways? The construction of new railways? By whom is it controlled and directed, and with what staff is he provided? He is a member of whose staff and is responsible to that commander for what? From whom does he take orders and what is his duty in regard thereto? [89] What is forbidden niilltary officers not attached to this service? 381. Of what does the military controlling staff consist? What is their duty? If two or more military railway lines exist, who is placed in charge of each, and to whom and for what is he made responsible? For what is the director of railways responsible in this case? If a single line is long enough to subdivide into divisions, who is in charge of each? He is responsible to whom and for svhat? What distribution is made of railway staff officers, each responsible to whom and for what? How is the work of reconstruction at the railhead per- formed? The officer in charge is under whom and responsible for what? Such sections are assigned to what? 382. The staff of civilian assistants consists of what? Who are used for the operation, maintenance, and construction of military railways? When are officers and soldiers used? These civilians are responsible for what? 383. What are the relations between these civilians? The military staff are under whose orders? What is the relation of each member to the senior civilian of his department or sub- division? What control has he over the actual working of the road? By whom can his decisions be overruled? 384. The military railway supply depots, are operated and maintained by whom? CHANNELS OF CORRESPONDENCE 385. The commander of the li. of C. has what independ- ence in correspondence? [90] How are such communications signed? To what subjects are they confined? The system of supply and evacuation of sick and wounded are fixed by whom? The commander of the L. of C. and tho assistant chief of staff of each advance section communicate directly with what commanders on what matters? How does this rule apply to the latter commanders? Article VI TRANSPORTATION BY RAIL 38G, Troops may be moved by rail over what kinds of railways? When will the former condition obtain? The latter condition? TRAVEL ON COMMERCIAL RAILWAYS 387. What is required by law of carriers in time of war or threatened war? 388. What is the function of the Quartermaster Corps in this respect? 389. What is required of orders covering such move- ments, and at what rate is transportation furnished? With day coaches for over 24 hours? 390. How are trains divided and assigned for organiza- tions with animals, equipment, and materiel? What is prefer- able as to speed and size of trains? What is required as to passengers if a train is divided? As to separating troops from their animals? 391. In shipping supplies to mobilization or concentra- tion camps, what is required as to marking cars? 392. Preparation of Cars. — What is the duty of the officer charged with supplying transportation upon receipt of orders [911 for the movement of troops by rail? As to property to be shipped, loading facilities, etc.? As to inspection of cars? Stock cars? Passenger cars? Marking and assignment of cars? 393. Loading and Entraining. — By whom and bj^ whose orders is the loading done? When and how may heavy prop- erty be loaded? How are artillery and other carriages made secure? How should the arrival of the troops at the station be timed? If the camp, bivouac or barracks is within a mile when are the men required to fall in? What is then done? After loading the property what is done? What is the method of entering the cars and what is the duty of the company com- mander as to the distribution of his men? Where are non- commissioned officers placed? As to arms and equipments what are required by troops traveling by train? What do mounted troops use instead of haversacks? What arms are necessary for guard duty? What disposition may be made of the arms and equipments not used ? How is the equipment of mounted troops loaded? Their horses? For short journeys? How is the loading done in the field artillery? How are animals loaded? If likely to unload at places without facilities, what should be carried? What should be the manner of loading animals into cars? How closely should they be packed? W^hat is done with the halters? Where should the gentlest animals be placed? [92J 394. The time required for loading depends upon what? What should it be for the different arms going into the field or changing station therein? 395. What should be the. manner of loading, entraining, detraining, feeding and watering, and exercising men and horses ? 396. Conduct of Troops. — What is said as to delays? Who is the intermediary between the troops and the rail- road personnel? To whom are complaints by him made? Who is responsible in each car for cleanliness and what nuisances are forbidden? For what purpose may sentinels be placed at each door? How should the men be exercised? ^ In what cars is smoking forbidden? 397. What arrangements are made for messing? What is the duty of officers in regard to messing? Of the mess officer? 398. Under what conditions is it unnecessary to unload animals for exercise or recuperation? 399. What forage is not carried in stock cars and why? What is the ration? 400. When men are allowed to leave the train what warn- ing is given before the train starts and when? 401. Detraining and Unloading. — What is the best time for troops to arrive at destination? When are the troops notified? Who are the first to leave the cars? What are the duties of the commander upon arrival? What inspection of the cars is made after arrival, when and by whom and what report i'^ rendered? [93J When and with what equipment do the troops march to the camp and who attends to the property? If the camp is dis- tant how is the property unloaded? What do cavalry troops do with their equipment upon arrival? What is done with their horses? What is the method of unloading animals? If the camp is near the station when do the troops march to it? Otherwise what is done? How does artillery unload? 402. When may it be necessary to unload in the open country? In such cases what unloading facilities should be carried? Lacking these facilities what may be done? TRAVEL ON MILITARY RAILWAYS 403. Method of Reqmsitwnmatrol, or an}^ recon- noitering body, fully cover? Pars. 23, 24. 3. Describe in full the establishing of an outpost from the time of receipt of the halt order of the commander. Par. 76. 4. What conditions should be fulfilled in the establish- ment of mobilization and concentration camps? Par. 236. 5. How are rations and forage carried in campaign? Par. 302. 6. What is a field order? What is its object? What is contained in the subdivisions of the body of a field order? Pars. 85-93. 7. Why are night marches undertaken? Mention favor- able and unfavorable conditions. What precautions are neces- [100] sary? In a mixed column where does the cavalry generally march at night? Par. 114. 8. What is a convoy, as applied to land operations? Par. 115. What times are most favorable for the attack of a convoy? Par. 119. 9. What is an advance guard? W^hat are its duties, strength and composition? Pars. 40, 41. 10. If you are the officer charged with supplying trans- portation for the movement of troops by rail, what do you do on receipt of orders for the movement? Par. 392. PRACTICAL The command (eight troops of cavalry) will camp tonight in the grounds of the Del Monte Hotel. The enemy's cavalry has been reported at Nashua with patrols as far as Lapis. You will take your troop and establish an outpost on the line of the west bank of the Laguna del Rey from the bay to and including the Monterey — Del Monte Heights road. Sample Examination in Field Service Regulations Second Lieutenant's Promotion to First Lieutenancy 1 Par. 1. Of what do the land forces of the United States consist? Under what general heads are the land forces grouped ? 2 Par. 13. What are the chief duties of Cavalry in the theater of operations? [101] 3 Pars. 32, 33, 35. What is the diflference between a "mes- sage" and a "report"? What is a war diary? Par. 36. Name the ways in which information is trans- mitted. 5 Par. 37. In camp and on the march, by what detachments is security obtained? 6 Par. 40. What is an advance guard, its duties and strength? 7 Par. 44. What distribution of troops does an advance guard order generally prescribe? 8 Par. 67. What do you understand by an "outguard"? For convenience how are they classified? 9 Par. 82. What are the hours of special danger and when siiould an outpost be relieved? 10 Par. 83. Discuss Examining posts. [102] PRACTICAL PROBLEM^ FIELD SERVICE REGULATIONS Your platoon has been scouting in Monterey and Salinas Counties which are hostile. At 5 p. M. your patrols have assembled at Moss Beach and you decide to spend the night there. Make necessary outpost dispositions. Examination in Field Service Regulations Second Lieutenant's Promotion to First Lieutenancy 1. Under what two heads is military information con- sidered; of what does each consist and what is the nature of each? P. 9. 2. What is reconnaissance; when is it made; what infoi'ma- tion is especially obtained in that way? P. 11. 3. What is divisional cavalry and what are its duties? P. 15. 4. What are the necessary qualifications of a good patrol leader? P. 25. 5. What is a message; a report; what are the essentials of each? P. 32, 33. 6. What is the system of scales and contour intervals used in military maps and when is each used? P. 34. 7. What is an advance guard and what are its duties? P. 40. 8. What are the outguards of an outpost? Define each. P. 67, 79. 9. What are the prime essentials of field orders; what terms are used therein, and what avoided? P. 89, 10. What is the body of an order and what does each part contain? P. 93. Each question has a value of ten.