Class _J> Fill Book! ■ L (r. c i Copyiightls 1 ? COPYRIGHT DEPOSIT. Digitized by the Internet Archive in 2011 with funding from The Library of Congress http://www.archive.org/details/animalcastrationOOIiau ANIMAL CASTRATION BY A. LIAUTARD, M.D., V.M. Professor of Anatomy, Operative Surgery and Sanitary Medicint to the American Veterinary College, New York; National Corresponding Member of the Societe Central e de Medecine Veterinaire, Paris; Honorary Fellow of the Royal College of Veterinary Surgeons, England; Member of the Societe Veterinaire d' Alsace-Lorraine ; Member of the Societe Vete- rinaire Pratique, Paris; Member of the American Veterinary Medical Association; Foreign Corresponding Member of the Academy of Belgium, etc., etc. WITH FIFTY-THREE PLATES EMBODIED IN THE TEXT NINTH EDITION, BE VISED AND ENLARGED NEW YORK WILLIAM R. JENKINS 851-853 Sixth Avenue LONDON BALLIERE, TINDALL & COX ' 1900 THE LIBRARY OF CONGRESS, One Copy Received MAY. 28 1902 COPVRKSHT ENTRY fcfo\s. I if- \C\ Is* CLASS ^ XXc. No. COPY 8. Copyright, 1884, l?02, by William R. Jenkins PRINTED BY THE OF WILLIAM R. JENKINS NE"W YORK TO HENBY BOULEY, Member of the Institute of Paris, This little practical work has been respectfully dedicated in testimony of the continued esteem and respectful remem- brance of one who was fortunate in being numbered among his "ormer students, by The Author. INTRODUCTION TO THE NEW EDITION. Since the first publication of my little work on Castration, many editions have been offered to the public and have received such kind reception that I have thought to revise and improve it in many points. In the new (ninth) edition, besides several minor additions, we have rewritten a few entirely and taken advantage of the progress that has been made in the castration of criptorchids and that of the small animals. We have also freely quoted from the writings of Professor Cadiot in changing the entire chapter on abdominal and inguinal cryptorchidy, and called upon the experience of some of our American confreres, Dr. T. B. Rodgers, of Wood- bury, N. J., and Prof. E. Ryder, of New York, from whom we have obtained the articles on spaying of swine and caponizing roosters. We take this opportunity to thank them for their kindness in writing those chapters. A few new illustrations have also been inserted showing the various steps of castration in ridglings. To our publishers, the old house of W. R. Jenkins, we tender our thanks for their efforts in allowing us to make the work worthy of the reception our friends may give to our new edition. The Author. March, 1902. INTRODUCTION TO THE FIRST EDITION. In presenting this concise treatise upon castration of the domestic animals, it is not intended to offer new modes of operation, but merely to collect together the various methods in use and leave the reader to appreciate them at their value. It is a work which, it is believed, has not yet been done in English veterinary literature, and on this account it is hoped will prove of interest and use to those engaged in that specialty of veterinary surgeiy. In gathering the material, advantage has been taken of several of the most recent works of French and German writers on the subject, and plates have been obtained from the original and excellent wood cuts of Zundel, and Peuch, and Toussaint. In presenting this volume to the indulgence of veterinari- ans, it is with pleasure that the author acknowledges and offers his sincere thanks to Dr. Holt for the great assistance tie has kindly given in revising the manuscript. The Author. -~ Y CONTENTS. PAGE Abdominal Cryptorchidy 77 Abscesses in Scrotal region Ill " " Pelvic cavity 147 Advantages of Castration in cows 130 Age at which Castration ought to be performed 8 Amaurosis 125 Anatomy of the male parts 15 " female" 131 Bistournage 58 Bistoury Cache 137 Castration of Cryptorchids u 58 Cats 68 Dogs 154 Fashion and convenience 5 " Females 128 -" Fowls 161 Necessity 4 " Small ruminants 148 " Swine 150 Champignon 112 Superficial 114 " Deep....r 115 Charlier's Instruments 135, 136 Method.. 135 " Scissors". 138 Clamps ....41, 42 " House 35 Classification of Methods 19 Colics 107 Combined Forceps of M. Beaufils 29 ix X CONTENTS. Comparative View of the Various Modes 125 Complications and their Treatment 106, 146 Conditions favorable to the operation 130 Constipation 148 Covered Operation 44 Crushing of the Testicular Ccrcl 57 Curved Clamps 11* Dangers of Operation Standing Up 13 Definition of Castration 3 Dogs I 54 Double Subcutaneous Torsion 58 Ecraseurs 32 Effects of Castration 5, 100, 130 Emphysema, subcutaneous 148 Excision 20 Farmer Miles 73 Firing 35 ' ' Forceps for Castration by 36 Fistula of the Scrotum 121 Forceps for Holding the Ovary 138 Fowls 161 Free Torsion 24 Gangrene • H° Hemorrhage 108, 147 Hernia of Castration 122 History of Castration 4 Hygiene and subsequent attention 104 Incision in the Vagina 139 Inguinal Cryptorchidy 97 Hernia 122 Ligature .. = .. 51 1 l Carrier. 119 j ' of the Cord and its envelopes 53 CONTENTS. XI Ligature of the Cord only 54 " of the Efferent Canal 55 " of the Spermatic Artery 55 Limited Torsion , 26 Linear Crushing 31 Method by the Clamps 39 " " Ecraseur 34 " Flanks 132 Methods, Classification of 19 Modes of Cicatrization 102 Modus operandi of Bistournage 59 « " " " 1st Step 60, 61 « " « " 2d " 62, 63 " " " »« 3d " 64, 65 « « " " 4th " 66 " " " Castration of Females 132 " " " Covered Operation 44 " " " Limited Torsion 28 " " " Uncovered Operation 47 Peritonitis 123, 147 Preparation of the Patient 9 Purposes of Castration 4 Removal of the Ovaries 140 Restraint, Modes of 10 Season most favorable 8 Scraping 21 Second Method of Castration 39 Securing the Animal Down 10 Softening of the Bags 60, 61 Standing Up Operation 10 " " Dangers of 13 Subcutaneous Twisting 58 Swelling of the Scrotal Region 109 Swine 150 Tearing and Torsion. 22 Xll CONTENTS. Tearing of the Clamps 107 Tetanus , 124 Thimble for Castration 138 Third Method of Castration 56 Torsion 23 above the Epididimis 24 below the Epididimis 25 Forceps 26, 27 Free 24 Limited.. 26 Uncovered Operation 47 Vaginal Speculum 136 137 ANIMAL CASTRATION. CHAPTEE I. DEFINITION — ITSVAEIOUS PURPOSES — AN OLD OPERATION — ITS HISTORY — CASTRATION OF NECESSITY — CASTRA- TION OF FASHION AND CONVENIENCE — ITS EFFECTS — UPON THE GENERAL ORGANISM — UPON SOME SPECIAL FUNCTION — UPON THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE ANIMAL — AGE AT WHICH IT OUGHT TO BE PERFORMED — SEA- SON MOST FAVORABLE — PREPARATION OF THE PATIENT — MODES OF RESTRAINT — CASTING — STANDING UP — ANATOMY OF THE PARTS. Of all the operations pertaining to the domain of Veterinary Surgery, without doubt the practitioner is most frequently called upon to perform — more es- pecially in breeding districts — that of castration, the destruction or removal of the essential organs of gen- eration in our domesticated animals. It is, however, 4 ANIMAL CASTRATION. not nearly so often resorted to for purely surgical reasons as for purposes closely related to questions of agricultural and industrial economy, by reason of its effect upon the individuals of the various species of animals subjected to it, in order to improve their value and increase their usefulness to mankind. And that this is its practical effect is no modern discovery. As far back in antiquity as seven centuries preceding the Christian era, it was known and practised upon various animals. Of this we may find ample histori- cal proof in the writings of Koman, Greek, and Ori- ental authors, where specific mention appears of the various methods employed, including the processes of excision, of crushing and of tearing. Even the castration of females was known to our less remote ancestors, the Danes having in the sixteenth century performed it on sheep, swine, cows, and even mares. The spaying of cows, however, seems to have been forgotten about the beginning of the present century, and it was not until the year 1831 that Thomas Winn, of Natchez (Louisiana"), and afterwards Levrat (of Lausanne), brought it to the attention of veterinari- ans, as a means for the improvement of the milky secretion in cows. The operation may be considered under two distinct heads. Under the first it is to be considered as one of necessity, as when performed with a therapeutic object in view ; as, for example, when it constitutes one of the last steps involved in the surgical treat- ment of strangulated hernia, or of diseased conditions of the testicles or ovaries, such as orchitis, epididy- ANIMAL CASTRATION. 5 mitis, sarcoceie, hydrocele, cyst, etc. In the other case it is resorted to for reasons of mere fashion and convenience, and has for its object the production of such a modification of the general organism as shall increase the adaptedness of the animals subjected to it to the uses to which they are applied ; when, of course, the economic becomes the paramount and ex- clusive reason for thus interfering with the obvious creative purpose. It is the operation as performed under this general heading that we shall now prin- cipally consider. In relation to this latter object it must be borne in mind that the operation is followed by certain pecu- liar effects, which may either manifest themselves upon the entire organism, or upon some special func- tions only. In the first instance it is quite evident that the primary and most obvious effect of the mu- tilation is to be discovered in the character and dis- position of the animal, which at once becomes in a double sense an " altered " creature, docile and sub- missive, and entirely willing to become the obedient and useful servant of his human master. But it is not alone that we find the vicious stallion, the un- controllable bull, the kicking jackass, the dangerous boar, and even the hysteric mare and cow transformed into the useful gelding, the quiet ox, the patient don- key, and the " fatherly " barrow, the quiet working mare and the productive cow, as the result of the change which the character — the nervous system, in fact — has undergone. Besides this, other marked changes are to be observed of a more distinctly 6 ANIMAL CASTRATION. physical character, such as a modification of the entire organism, manifested in the external symme- try, and the expressive physiognomy of the creature^ when deprived of its virility. The animal becomes more quiet, and its general form is modified. If altered at an early age, the skeleton will be arrested in its growth, and the mass of muscles attached to it will participate in the de- fective development ; the head will become elongated, the legs will continue to be lighter, and the body will show a corresponding lack of development. In other words, the male animal will tend to assume the characters of the female, in form and feature, the gelding, indeed, resembling the mare, not only in the ensemble of his appearance, but in his voice, which loses the resonance of the stallion's, and his physi- ognomy, which becomes milder and less expressive ; while his neck is lighter and his mane more scanty, with the hairs which compose it more fine and silky. A like tendency exists in other male animals to acquire a resemblance to the female as an effect of the operation of castration. The altered bull has a weak and feminine voice ; his head is narrower and elongated ; his horns become lengthened and more curved ; he has exchanged his wild and threatening aspect for a mild and gentle visage ; his neck also is lighter and his chest narrower ; his bony structure is less massive ; and he has, besides all the rest, ac- quired a quality of essential importance to mankind in a dietetic view, that of accumulating fat. This last phenomenon shows us that besides the other ANIMAL CASTRATION. 7 changes re ferred to, there is an important modifica- tion of the nutritive forces of the animal, or at least a change in the direction of their action. When thus deprived of his virile functions the animal ceases, in effect, to exist as one of a species, but maintains an essentially individual life, in which the assimilable nutriment which he absorbs, instead of being in part appropriated to the office of repro- duction of his kind, is all devoted to his own individ- ual conservation. In animals not used for draught purposes, or in other labor, when the food received is nearly always in excess of the amount required for the support of the organism, the result follows that the surplus of nutritive substances (found sometimes in great abundance) becomes stored in the connective tissue and intermuscular structure, and that in this way the flesh assumes superior and more nutritious qualities than that of the unaltered animal, while, at the same time, it loses the strong and peculiar odor frequently communicated to it by the presence of the testicular apparatus and secretion in the entire animal. This property of modification of function is proba- bly still better illustrated in the effect of the opera- tion upon cows, where we shall find not only the power of accumulation of fat increased by castration, but, above all, the milky secretion improved both in qual- ity and quantity, and also in the duration of the flow. ANIMAL CASTRATION. AGE. The question, " at what age can an entire animal be altered?" admits of a simple answer, to wit, "as soon as the testicles can be easily reached — as soon as they appear outside of the abdominal cavity, and are found in the inguinal canal." But although it can be performed at that epoch, or deferred to any period of after life, it must be remembered that it is easier and less dangerous in young than in older ani- mals, and that with the former it is a simple opera- tion, producing, ordinarily, no noticeable alteration in the other functions, and but rarely followed by accidents. A period between eighteen months and two years is generally preferred for horses, though, according to some authors, even a much earlier date may be chosen, some English veterinarians being accustomed to operate at as early a date as ten days from birth. It is immaterial, however, at what precise time the operation may be performed, since it is a conceded point that the earlier it is done the better. SEASON. TVhen it is possible to choose the season most fa- vorable for the operation, and for securing the best chances of recovery, the spring, or the early stages of the fall, are those to which the operator should give the preference, provided the atmospheric tem- perature is moderate and not susceptible to sudden variations. It is to be remembered that at some ANIMAL CASTRATION. ^ periods of the year, without any known or apparent cause, a tendency appears in wounds to take on gan- grenous or septicemic complications which are not so generally observed in the mild weather of spring and early fall. Another essential condition which surgeons will do well to take into consideration is the general health of the subject, as in all cases of surgi- cal interference, any diseased tendency already exist- ing (perhaps latent) in the patient, such as an ansemic condition, a gourmy predisposition, or typhoid sus- ceptibility are likely to give rise to the development of serious and perhaps fatal sequelae to an operation which, simple as it may be in itself, is nevertheless not without danger, or of possible complications of its own. PREPARATIONS. The preparations to which the animal is to be sub- jected previous to undergoing the operation are the L-ime as those which are required in other cases of surgical manipulation. Some portions of the prep- arations are, perhaps, of even greater importance, and may not, on any account, be overlooked, when we take into consideration the peculiar position in which the animal must frequently be secured in order effectually to control his movements. Hence, a low diet for twenty-four hours preceding that appointed for the operation, and an empty stomach at the time of castration, with a thorough washing of the sheath? are precautions which no surgeon entitled to the name will overlook or neglect, especially when a soli- 10 ANIMAL CASTRATION'. ped is to be subjected to the knife. It seems use- less at the present state of surgical practice to state that, even if the method of antiseptic castration is not applied, it is essential that the washing of the inguinal and scrotal regions as well as of the sheath should be thoroughly attended to, and that with anti- septic solutions. We shall discuss hereafter the indications in the case of the castration of large females. RESTRAINT. Two modes of restraint are employed in securing the animals during the manipulations for the re- moval of the testicles, one which is applied to all the various methods yet to be described, and the other applicable principally to the method of amputation of the cord by use of the e'craseur. In the former, the animal is thrown down and secured with one of his hind legs fixed in a position in which the inguinal region is fully exposed. In the latter he is allowed to remain in a standing posture, and is kept quiet by the application of a twitch upon his upper lip. As the first mode of securing the patient is the safest for all parties engaged in the undertaking, and from the further fact of its applicability in all methods of operating, we shall first consider it somewhat in detail. ANIMAL CASTltATION. 11 By veterinarians who employ the old method of casting with four hobbles, the animal, being properly prepared, is thrown upon whichever side corresponds with the operator's habit of manipulation, whether 12 ANIMAL CASTRATION. with the right hand or the left, and the leg opposite to that on which he is lying being released from the hobble, is carried forward upon the corresponding shoulder as far as it can safely be done. To effect this a loop of rope or platelonge is passed around the coronet, below the fetlock, the free end being carried forward over the dorsal border of the neck, under the neck, towards its anterior border, and is then carried back under the same hind leg, between the hinder extremities and over the hock, from the posterior border, where an assistant, stationed at the back of the animal, is ready to receive it. (Fig. 1.) By careful, gradual and steady pulling upon the rope the foot is brought forward upon the external surface of the shoulder, and there secured by two or three turns of the rope around the coronet. But it often occurs that in this position the inguinal region is not sufficiently exposed, and some of the steps of the operation may thus be rendered difficult, even when the surgeon has taken the precaution to pose the body of the patient and place him partly on his back, by means of bundles of straw pressed under the side upon which he lies. Many operators prefer the use of the double side line, with which, when the animal is thrown, both ANIMAL CASTRATION. 13 hind legs are brought forward together, and he is fixed squarely upon his back, and the inguinal region thus brought distinctly into view. The manipulation is thereby made easier for the surgeon, and, it is claimed, safer for the patient. The possibility of danger attending these methods has led many veterinarians in Europe, and in the United States as well, to prefer the operation with the animal in the standing posture. But it is to be considered that the same compli- cations may arise in all instances, with the exception of apprehended injury to the vertebral column, which, though possible, is almost unknown, in fact, at the usual age of the castrated animal. It is to be considered, likewise, that the animal on his feet is free to struggle as violently as he wishes, and is thus exposed to the risk of the pulling and lacera- tion of the spermatic cord, and a resulting pre- disposition to enlargements of that body and the formation of champignons. When it is considered, again, that by the traction of the cord the superior opening of the inguinal canal is necessarily dilated, and the formation of a hernia of castration is liable to take place, we submit the point to the intelligent judgment, whether, in the presence of these possibilities of extremely dangerous accidents, it does not become the duty of the veterinarian to prefer the mode of Fig. 2. 1. Testicular envelope. 2. Posterior serous septum. 2 J . White muscular fibres of Bouley. 3. Serous membrane —portion of the tunica vaginalis 3'. 3". Visceral layers of the tunica covering the cord and the testicles. 4. The testicle with its peritoneal covering. 5. The epididymis. 5'. Globus major. 5". Globus minor, the tail. 6. Deferent canal. 7. Spermatic blood vessels and nerves. ANIMAL CASTKATION. 15 securing his patient in the supine position, both in his own behalf and that of his employer. It is not uncommon, however, to see veterinarians resort also to the use of stocks, in which the animal is kept standing and can probably be secured in a better way. ANATOMY. We now pass rapidly in review the anatomical structure of the inguinal region and of the testicular organs. A knowledge of these is of course essential to a proper understanding of the description of the various modes of operation, and of some of their sequelae, upon which we shall soon enter. The testicular envelopes, passing from the surface inwards, are represented by the scrotum, the dartos, the cellular coat, the tunica erythroida, formed by the cremaster, and the fibrous and serous or vaginal sac (Fig. 2). The scrotum is a continuation of the skin, and forms a complete bag, common to both testicles, which it contains and covers ; the skin being here thin, vascular and nervous, usually black in color, almost hairless, and soft and unctuous to the touch. It is divided into two lateral halves by a raphce or median line. It is very elastic, and easily yields to the efforts of distention, to which it is subjected, and when stretched over the organs it contains, pre- sents a shining aspect, due to the sebaceous secretion which covers it. It easily contracts to its shrunken IB ANIMAL CASTRATION. condition, and may be closely drawn up into the In- guinal canal, when it assumes a thickly wrinkled surface. The second envelope, the dartos, is a prolongation of the tunica abdominalis, and is a yellow, fibrous structure, forming two distinct sacs resting upon each other, and lying on the inside of the scrotum, to which it is intimately adherent. In the lateral and superior parts the adhesions are looser, and in front it becomes continuous with the suspensory ligament of the sheath, which, like itself, forms a portion of the abdominal tunic. Under the dartos is a layer of very loose cellular tissue, the lamellae of which are so formed that it may be divided into several superimposed layers. This formation endows the testicle with great mobility in the dartoid sac ; and these layers may be easily separated with the finger from the external surface of the fibrous coat beneath, except posteriorly, where it forms a strong band which sometimes requires even the aid of an instrument to divide. The next envelope is represented by the tunica erythroida which is the cremaster muscle, and from the lumbar region extends itself downwards into the inguinal canal along the outside of the cord, and ter- minates towards the superior part of the testicle in fibres spreading only over its external face. This muscle, by its deep surface, rests upon the fibrous coat — another envelope of the testicle and of the cord — and to which it is closely adherent. To the power- ful contraction of this muscle is due the retraction ANIMAL CASTRATION. 17 of the testicle into the depth of the groin, which con- dition sometimes it is so difficult to overcome in the first stages of the operation. The fibrous testicular envelope which we have just seen giving attachment to the cremaster, is a thin membranous bag, elongated like the neck of a bottle around the spermatic cord, which it envelopes, and dilated below, in order to enclose the testicle. Lined internally by the serous coat, to which it intimately adheres, this last membrane is a cluplicature of the peritoneum, drawn downwards by the testicle when it descends from the abdominal cavity into the in- guinal canal. This serous envelope has, therefore, two coats, one lying on the inside of the fibrous tunic, and called the parietal, and that which covers the cord and the testicle and is known as the visceral. These two layers approximate towards the posterior border of the cord, and, as they unite, form a sort of fold, band, or septum which divides into two parts the posterior portion of the vaginal cavity, and becomes a means of solid adhesion between the tail of the epi- didymis and the bottom of the sac. The testicles, thus covered by the visceral layer of the serous coat, are suspended at the end of the sperm- atic cord, and surmounted upon their superior border by the epididymis, the first part of the deferent canal, which is folded upon itself, while at its posterior ex- tremity—the "tail," so called— it continues in a straight course, and conveys the product of the secre- tion of the testicles into the vesicuhe seminales, lodged in the pelvic cavity. 18 ANIMAL CASTKATION. The spermatic cord is formed anteriorly by the spermatic or great testicular artery, which forms, in that portion, a large number of nexuosities, caus- ing its length greatly to exceed that of the cord to which it belongs. It contains a network of veins, and lymphatic vessels in abundance, which are united to the curves of the artery by a somewhat loose cellular tissue. A large number of nervous branches, given off by the solar plexus, surrounds the whole. Between the lamellae of peritoneal structure which forms the posterior septum, and which unites the parietal with the visceral layer, there is found a band of grey muscular fibres — first discovered, I believe, by H. Bouley — which exerts a powerful agency in the retraction of the testicle towards the inguinal ring. Behind this muscle, and situated on the internal face of the septum, are found the deferent canal and the circumvolutions of the small testicular artery. Having thus considered the essential points of the anatomical structure of these organs, we shall next seek to enforce the importance of their careful study in reference to the intelligent and skilful performance of the important operation which we are discussing. CHAPTEE II. CLASSIFICATION OF THE METHODS — THREE CLASSES — FIRST, IMMEDIATE AMPUTATION — SECOND, AMPUTA- TION AFTER APPLICATION OF HEMOSTATIC MEANS UPON THE CORD — THIRD, WITHOUT AMPUTATION, BUT DESTRUCTION OF SECRETING POWER OF THE ORGAN — SIMPLE EXCISION — SCRAPING — TEARING AND TOR- SION — TORSION — FREE AND LIMITED — ABOVE OR BELOW THE EPIDIDYMIS — LINEAR CRUSHING — FIRING. The methods of performing the operation of cas- tration may be variously classified, though in each class a varying number of modes will come under our notice. The first class will include the operations by which, the envelopes having been cut through, the vaginal sac opened and the testicle exposed, the organ is separated by an immediate section of the cord. A number of different processes are included under this head, among which are those of scraping, of tear- ing, of torsion, of linear crushing, or by the ecraseur, and oi firing, or the actual cautery. (19) 20 ANIMAL CASTRATION, The second class lias also for its first or prelimi- nary step, that of the first, viz., the incision of the bags, the opening of the vaginal sac, and the expos- ure of the testicle. But instead of removing the or- gan by the division of the cord, we proceed as a second step, to the application of an apparatus de- signed to operate by producing compression along the length of the cord, and in this are included but two modes of operating, that by the ligature and that by the damps. The third class, according to our category, presents to our view two further operations, both of which are essentially bloodless and dispense with the in- cision of the bags, consisting of certain peculiar manipulations which insure the destruction of the testicular structure, and consequently of its secre ting- power. They comprehend the process of the crush- ing of the spermatic cord, and that of subcutaneous double twisting — the bistournage of the French. We now enter upon the consideration of each of the separate modes we have thus enumerated. SIMPLE EXCISION. This is claimed to be one of the oldest modes of operating, and though to a great extent discarded by practitioners of the present day, still finds its appli- cation in the treatment of the smaller animals. With larger patients, however, though still strongly recom- mended by some practitioners, it is not generally em- ployed on account of the profuse hemorrhage which necessarily follows the amputation of the cord. Still ANIMAL CASTRATION. 21 it is conceded that this hemorrhage, as in many cases of the clean, transverse section of arterial blood vessels, will cease spontaneously by the contraction of the vessels on themselves, and the formation of a clot at the divided end, as well as in the surrounding cellular tissue. However, there is a possibility of the continuance of the hemorrhage for some length of time, and the bad effects of excessive depletion are not to be overlooked, especially in an animal whose general constitution has from any cause suffered im- pairment. If there is any one of the various modes of operating in which the standing position is allow- able, this, in our opinion, is the one, the steps of the process being so few and so short, and admitting such simplicity and rapidity. These con- sist in making a free opening in the bag, reaching with a single stroke of the knife into the vaginal cavity; grasping the testicle and pulling it gently downwards ; and cutting the cord right across, from the front backwards, above the epididymis, the cord returning of itself into the vaginal sac — the division being made, of course, on both sides. The animal is then kept quiet in his stall and left alone until the hemorrhage subsides. SCRAPING. This operation, which is said to have originated in India, is but a modification of the preceding. In- stead, however, of using a sharp edged instrument to divide the cord, the surgeon, on the contrary, em- ploys a dull knife, with which the coats of the artery 22 ANIMAL CASTRATION. and portions of the cord are scraped until the sepa- ration takes place. They are thus placed in good condition for their temporary closure. This method is probably attended with a diminished amount of hemorrhage, and if carefully performed, it may be entirely absent, the clot dosing the artery, and the condition of the lacerated threads of the vessel acting favorably, as well, in preventing it. The manipula- tions are similar to those accompanying the simple excision, though it is better and more safely effected when the animal is on his back. The testicles being exposed by the incision through the envelopes, the posterior septum of the cord is cut through by a transverse section, and the scraping of the anterior fasciculus of the cord then performed, by a slow movement from above downwards, along a certain extent, in order to effect a solution of continuity by a sort of wearing through the tissues. This opera- tion is slow and requires a careful hand for its execu- tion. But as it may in some cases be followed by severe hemorrhage, it cannot, for that reason, be recommended for large animals, for solipecls espe- cially. TEARING AND TORSION. These two modes of operation may, to a great ex- tent, be considered as identical. Indeed, the mode of torsion may be said to have arisen principally as a modification of that of tearing, which is the older. In tearing, the cord was subjected to a certain amount of torsion by the hand, and then torn apart at a given ANIMAL CASTKATION. 23 point in its length ; while in the process of simple tor- sion, as properly performed, we obtain a division of the cord by twisting it with instruments, which enables the operator to effect the separation at a definitely determined spot. Tearing differs, then, from torsion only in the fact that after giving several twists to the cord in order to gather its fibres into a more compact mass, and to diminish the resistance of the more superficial layers, it is divided in its continuity by a violent traction upon its fibres in the direction of its length. In this process, especially applied to ruminants, the testicle being exposed, the operator secures the cord firmly with the thumb and index finger of one hand, to prevent the traction from taking effect too far upwards when being made by the other hand, after the cord has been twisted a few times on itself. TORSION. In this method of castration the cord is twisted with sufficient force to cause it to break of itself at the point of the greatest violence. Its design is to accomplish the removal of the testicle without drag- ging or excessive traction upon the cord, and thus to avoid the hemorrhage following the torsion of the spermatic artery, as a mode of hemostasis sufficient to prevent the flow of blood attendant upon the rup- ture of the cord. The operation may be performed either above or below the epididymis, or may con- sist simply in the torsion of the artery alone. At first the hands only were called upon to act in the 24 ANIMAL CASTRATION. manipulations, and the operation was from this cause known as free torsion, until about fifty years ago, when instruments were introduced into general practice, and gave rise to the plan of limited torsion. FREE TORSION. Free torsion, or that in which the hands alone are employed in the operation, may be performed, as before stated, either above or below the epididymis. Above the Epididymis. — The first is one of the oldest modes of castration known; one which must have been practiced contemporaneously with the use- of clamps, or in the first age of surgery. The first steps of the operation required for the exposure of the testicles are the same as have already been detailed. When this is accomplished the steps of torsion and rupture are then performed in the following manner : The operator, grasping the testicle, carefully draws out the spermatic cord, and with a pointed bistoury makes a transverse incision, above the tail of the epididymis, through the posterior septum of the cord, involving what we know as the white muscle of Bouley, the efferent canal, and the small testicular artery. He then seizes the anterior fasciculus of the cord between the thumb and index finger of the left hand, squeezing it as tightly as possible, and having with the other hand secured the cord at a short dis- tance below the point where the left hand has already been placed, performs the torsion by a rotatory movement given to the testicle itself, the motion having for its result the twisting and tearing of the ANIMAL CASTRATION. 2& cord when long enough continued to overcome the tenacity of its fibres. Fifteen or twenty turns of the organ will usually be found sufficient to effect the rupture. A considerable degree of strength in the fingers is required in this movement, and for this reason the torsion may take effect further up than may be desired, and beyond the point designed, which may result in an unnecessary amount of irri- tation and injury. When the torsion has gone so far that the rupture of the cord has been effected, the stump is released, and retracts in the inguinal canal to a certain height limited by the presence of the posterior septum, which holds it in place, and to a great extent prevents its return through the superior orifice of the inguinal canal. Below the Epididymis. — This, the fourth step of the operation, consists in the separation of the testicle from the epididymis and the torsion of one upon the other. The testicle being exposed, the operator, taking hold of its appendix, the epididymis, with the left hand, and of the gland with the right, their cellu- lar serous attachment is divided by the thumbs from the posterior to the anterior extremity, from the tail to the head of the twisted efferent canal. If this cannot be done with the hand, the convex bistoury must be called into action. This accomplished, the head of the epididymis" is firmly secured with the fingers of the left hand, and the right hand, left free, gives to the testicle the number of rotatory motions necessary to separate it from its excretory canal — that is, from eight to ten. When the testicle is thus 26 ANIMAL CASTRATION. severed, the stump of the end, with the epididymis, is pushed back into the vaginal sac, where it is con- fined by the application of a suture upon the middle of the edge of the scrotal wound. LIMITED TORSION. Limited Torsion Above the Epididymis. — As we have seen, this is the operation by which the division of the spermatic cord is effected by torsion made upon a given point in its length, and limited by the use of special instruments. We have already called attention to the difficulty Fig. 3. A B C FIXING FORCEPS FOR TORSION. A.— Eenault and Delafond pattern. B. — Perier. C— Reynal, ANIMAL CASTKATTOft. 27 of the operation of free torsion, which requires a great deal of strength, and which, besides, may be accompanied by a serious inflammatory condition of the parts, through rough manipulations of the cord. It is for this reason that this mode of procedure must have been reserved for small animals, as, if performed upon the larger kinds, it can only be by men whose muscular force is sufficient to enable them to overcome and bring into subjection the struggling subjects of their operations. It was in 1883 that two French veterinarians, Renault and Delafond, of the Alfort school, intro- duced the use of instruments in the operation, as an improvement upon the manual methods and their effects on the sequelae, though it is said to have been Fig. 4. MOVING FORCEPS FOR CASTRATION BY TORSION. tlenault and Delafond pattern. Reynal pattern. 2S ANIMAL CASTRATION. already practiced in Germany as far back as the last century. The instruments employed are two forceps of peculiar construction, and which were more or less modified, one of which (fixing forceps, Fig. 3,) is to be applied upon a fixed point of the cord, where it is suffered to remain, and the other (moving forceps, Fig. 4,) is employed to accomplish the rotation of the testicle and the lower end of the cord. Those of Renault and Delafond or of Reynal are now in gen- eral use. Those of Beaufils (Fig. 5) are, we believe, too complicated for general use. Modus Operandi. — In the first step of the opera- tion, the ordinary manipulations of the division of the envelopes, the opening of the sac and exposure of the testicle being accomplished, and the envelopes being carefully pushed upwards, the torsion and ex- cision of the cord are effected in the following man- ner : The entire cord is embraced by the fixing forceps (see Fig. 6), or only its anterior fasciculus if the poste- rior septum has been cut, as in the process by free torsion above the epididymis. An assistant, seizing it from before backwards between its open branches and strongly closing them, holds it firmly, without pulling upon the cord. The operator then grasps the cord with the moving forceps above the testicle, and a little below the point held by the assistant, leaving a small space between the instruments, and closing his own tightly, begins the movement of tor- sion, which he directs from left to right. For this he sometimes requires both hands, one of them keep- ing the instrument in place, while the other continues* 30 ANIMAL CASTRATION. the rotation as described. Ten or fifteen turns of the forceps are usually sufficient to complete the rupture of the cord, the artery, owing to its facility of elonga- tion, being the last part to give way. The testicle ANIMAL CASTRATION. 31 then separates, being held in the branches of the moving forceps ; the fixing forceps are removed, and the cord is drawn upwards into the vaginal sac. It is important in this operation to caution the assist- ant against drawing on the cord during the struggles of the animal, consequent upon the pain caused by the first application of the instruments, and the pressure upon the parts when held between their inflexible iron jaws ; but on the contrary, to maintain it as closely as possible against the inguinal region. This process of castration is one of the most rapid of all the forms of operating. The only hemorrhage likely to occur is merely that of the small testicular artery, if it should happen to be divided when the torsion is confined to the front portion of the cord. Beloiv the Epididymis. — This process differs from the preceding only in the fact that instead of holding the cord between the fingers, it is held by the fixed forceps, the use of the moving instrument being ren- dered unnecessary by the slightness of the adhesion of the seminal gland to its appendix. LINEAR CRUSHING. The originator of the use of that peculiar instru- ment, the ecraseur (Fig. 7), so valuable an adjunct in the operation of castration, is Mr. H. Bouley, who brought it into use at a date as early as the year 1857. It is not, therefore, an American inven- tion, as has sometimes been claimed. The function of this instrument is to effect the division of living parts without hemorrhage. The original ecraseur 32 ANIMAL CASTRATION. of Chassaignac has received many modifications, all of which, however, operate npon the same principle. Fig. various kcs-bs of bcbasbdbs. While those represented in Fig. 7 are nsed by a greater nnmber of veterinarians, there are others which count many advocates and have given them ANIMAL CASTEATION. 33 gTeat satisfaction, such as those represented in Fig. 7a. The essential design of all is to produce a general constriction of the blood vessels, by which their in- ternal and middle coats being first divided, may con- tract within the cavity of the vessel in such a manner as to close their cavity and form a sort of stopper to Fig. la. the artery, while the external cellular covering, the last to undergo division, is so stretched, under the action of the instrument, and so closely adapts itself by its ends, that insufflation through the free ends of the vessels fails to remove the closing arrange- ment of the two coats first divided. Modus Operandi. — The operation is comparatively 34 ANIMAL CASTEATION. a Tery simple one. The testicle being exposed, as in all the other methods, the chain of the instrument is so placed around the cord that the pressure takes place upon the greater mass of tissue, in order that it may continue the longer ; which being done, the lever of the instrument is brought into action, and the constriction caused by the chain slowly kept up until the definite division of the tissue is accom- plished. The essential condition of success in the operation, having in view the desired hemostatic effect, is to act slowly. According to Prof. Bouley, an interval of several seconds should be suffered to elapse after each rotation of the wheel which moves the chain. If the tissues are divided too rapidly, the section of the artery is apt to be too clean, and a hemorrhage is likely to be the result. This objec- tion, however, though made by one of the highest authorities in veterinary surgery, does not seem to be justified by the results obtained by American opera- tors, most of whom both recommend and practice its execution as rapidly as possible; and according to their own statements a serious hemorrhage is seldom encountered. The fact that it has been observed in any case, however, confirms the wisdom of the recom- mendation of Prof. Bouley, and as most of our Ameri- can confreres prefer the operation with the animal in the standing posture, the reason of their neglect of the prudent and more truly surgical process can be readily appreciated. To avoid the hemorrhage Dr. House invented a clamp which he applied upon the cord previous to the amputation with the ecraseur ANIMAL CASTRATION, oD (Fig. 8). This mode of castration has not been ven extensively practiced by European practitioners iv* to late years. But since the visit that Dr. House* made in Europe, when he was called in many in- stances to exhibit his modus operandi, it seems to have been accepted in the general practice of quite a number of veterinarians. However, the essential Fig. 8 HOUSE CLAMPS. necessity of safety which so protracts its performance will probably prevent its admission by the majority of practitioners. FIRING. This mode of castration consists in the application to the cut end of the testicular cord — previously 3o AN DIAL CASTRATION. divided with the bistoury, or by the cautery— as a means of hemostasis, of an iron heated to a Fig. 9. SINGLE FOECEPS FOE CASTRATION BY FIRING. DOUBLE FOECEPS FOR CASTE ATION BY FIEING. white heat — the actual cautery. This is claimed to be one of the oldest modes of operating, Vegetius ANIMAL CASTRATION. 37 and Absyrtus describing it as a common process of castration. It is much in favor in England, and in some parts of Germany, though less practiced in some other parts of Europe. The instruments es- sentially needed for the operation of castration by firing are two ; the first, a peculiar forceps for hold- ing the cord and securing it ivhile the application of the cautery is being made ; and the second, the iron or cautery itself. These forceps, or nippers, are either single or double (Fig. 9), and may be made either of wood or of iron, and more or less modified in form, according to the fancies of the different operators. But they all work on the same principle, and effect the same object. With the single forceps but one cord can be treated at a time, but with the double instrument both cords may be secured at once, and may be divided and cauterized at one step. In this way the possibility of disturbing the eschar caused by the cauterization of one cord while manipulating the second, is quite obviated. When the testicles, either or both, have been ex- posed, the mass of the cord is fixed between the jaws of the forceps, from before backwards, at about one inch above the tail of the epididymis, and firmly se- cured. This may be effected either by tying it tightly with a string wound about the handles, or by means of a spring crank with which some instru- ments are furnished. The testicle is then amputated, either by a stroke of the bistoury, or with the sharp edge of the cautery carried across and at a right 38 ANIMAL CASTRATION. angle with the direction of the cord. This done, the operator applies the broad portion of the iron over the entire surface of the stump of the spermatic cord., and cauterizes (or sears) the part thoroughly. It must be remembered that to insure the safety of tL& cauterization, the iron must be very hot. Otherwise^ when it is removed, if it has cooled off, it may ad- here to the carbonized surface, and the scab formed at the end of the blood vessel may accompany th* instrument. The application of pulverized rosin to the end of the cord, previous to the cauterization, it recommended by some practitioners. A verv proper precaution, and one on no &ceoun* to be omitted, is the protection of the surrounding parts from the radiating heat by covering them with wet cloths. TVhen the operation is completed, the forceps should be opened with great care, in order to ascer- tain whether all hemorrhage has ceased, and thd cord may be allowed to retract. If any oozing o; blood appears at the point of the operation, the caiv terization must be repeated at the point incL'cated. A free application of cold water, in the form of a douche, after the operation, will contribute to tLo formation of a clot in the cauterized artery. CHAPTER III METHODS OF THE SECOND CLASS — CLAMPS — COVERED AND UNCOVERED OPERATION — INSTRUMENTS — POUR VARIOUS STEPS — OBJECTION TO THIS METHOD — TIME TO REMOVE THE C LA MPS — LIGATURE — OF THE CORD AND ITS ENVELOPES — OF THE CORD ONLY — OF THE SPERMATIC ARTERY — OF THE EFFERENT CANAL — SUBCUTANEOUS OPERATION. Having completed the consideration of the various methods included in the first class, we propose next to examine those entering into the second, which embrace those in which certain means of pressure are applied and suffered to remain upon the cord previous to the amputation of the testicle. These are two in number, and consist of the process known as that of the clamps, and that which involves the use of the ligature. THE METHOD BY THE CLAMPS. This is an ancient mode of operating, having been transmitted to us through many ages. It has re- ceived the sanction of long practice, and, if not (39) 40 ANIMAL CASTRATION. absolutely superior to all others, is possessed of qualities and advantages which all who have em- ployed it will freely acknowledge. It is performed in two ways. One is the process of the covered, the other of the uncovered testicle. The covered operation is that in which only a portion of the testicular envelopes are divided, the scrotum and the dartos, the gland being left covered with the other envelopes. On the other hand, in the uncovered operation, all the enveloping membranes are divided, and the testicle is made to protrude outside of the vaginal sac. The first three steps of this mode of operating are understood to have been performed in the methods which we have already considered as generally preliminary in all cases, in order to obtain access to the cord. The instruments necessary to operate in this case are a very sharp convex bistoury, a pair of clamps, some strong twine, a castrating forceps and a pair of scissors, The clamps are wooden or metallic pincers, formed to embrace the cord and to be applied firmly upon it, in order to hold it securely, and to co nfin e the artery tightly enough to prevent the occurrence of hemorrhage. The form most ordinarily used, and probablv most convenient, is made of wood, and con- sists of two semi-cylindrical pieces (Fig. 10) joined at one end and resting together by a flat and sometimes grooved surface, and measuring about six inches in length. The material is a light but strong wood. They are rounded at the extremities, in order to avoid chafing the soft tissues. A groove at each end is de- ANIMAL CASTRATION. 41 signed to receive the twine, which is part of the ap- pliance. Before being nsed they are tightly tied together at one end, in such a manner that they Fig. 10. ORDINARY CLAMP. INTERNAL FACE OF CLAMPS. spring open if closed. This point is one of the first importance. It requires considerable exercise of strength to place them tightly enough on the cord they are to hold, but this firm juxtaposition, so ob- tained, facilitates their removal, when that is required. The groove which they carry on their flat surface is sometimes filled with some merely lubricating greasy substance, usually simple ointment, fresh lard, butter, or cream, though some veterinarians use a caustic paste. This last mode of proceeding is strongly opposed by some authorities, as likely to induce unnecessary inflammatory action,, through 42 ANIMAL CASTBATIOJf. the formation of a scab, which may require for its removal a process of sloughing, which may in some cases give rise to serious complications. As I have stated, the clamps are not always made of wood, and very many alterations and improvements, so called, Fig. 11. various shapes of clamps. Screwed Clamp. Spring Clamp of Brandt. Hinge Clamp, have been from time to time brought forward. In Fig. 11 a few of these clamps are presented. The oldest form is the simplest, and possesses the further ad- ANIMAL CASTRATION. 43 vantage of being always easy to be obtained, while the more complicated contrivances are not always easy of access. The castrating forceps (Fig. 12) are used for bring- Fig. 12. FORCEPS TO HOLD THE CLAMP TOGETHER. VISE FOR THE SAME. ing the clamps together while they hold the spermatic cord between their branches. There are several kinds of these, but in default of obtaining them readily, the operator may find an eligible substitute in the black- 4A ANIMAL CASTRATION. smith's nippers or the gasfitter's tongs. We have used this latter for a good many years, and have found it very well adapted to the purpose required, by the presence of its set of double curved and grooved jaws. The twine which it is necessary to use to keep the clamps closed when they have been brought into perfect contact with the castrating forceps, must be soft and strong. A piece of fishing line, previously waxed, will answer the purpose very well. In order to facilitate the traction which may be necessary to keep the clamps in place, it is a good precaution to attach the ends of the twine to small wooden handles to protect the hands from cutting by the string. It is well, also, to prepare a reserve of clamps and twine against accidents from breakage or the mislaying oi these articles. COVERED OPERATION. Modus Operandi. — The animal being thrown on either side, as already described, and kept as nearly as possible on his back by bundles of straw packed under him on the lower side, and the right hind leg secured in its proper position, and the instruments placed within easy reach, the sur- geon proceeds with the fourfold steps of the opera^ tion, consisting first, in the prehension of the left testicle, or lowest in position ; second, the incision through the envelopes ; third, the enucleation of the testicle ; and fourth, the application and constriction of the clamps. First step, — The operation must always begin with ANIMAL CASTRATION. 45 the prehension of the gland which corresponds with the side — the lower — upon which the animal is lying. This obviates any danger of interference by any little hemorrhage which might occur, and so facilitates the application of the clamps. Then, placing himself toward the back of the patient, the operator reaches over and grasps the lower testicle with both hands, bringing it downwards in snch a manner as to stretch the scrotum over its surface. This manipulation is not always of easy performance, the contraction of the cremaster muscle being sometimes so powerful that the gland successfully resists all the operator's efforts of traction. It is sometimes necessary to di- vert the attention of the animal, in order to facilitate this part of the process, by pricking him with a pin on the lips or about the anus, the effect of the new sensation being such that his opposition is withdrawn* and the contraction ceasing, he suffers passively the traction of the envelopes over the organ. Or, the same advantage may be obtained by the inhalation of a little ether or chloroform. Then grasping the cord with the left hand and bringing the organ well forward, the surgeon proceeds to the Second step, or that of the incision of the envelope. Holding the sharp convex bistoury in his right hand, he takes, with the thumb, a point oVappui upon the prominent organ, and carries it carefully over the surface of the scrotum in a direction parallel with the median raphe (described in the first chapter), and following the great curvature of the testicle, and be- ing careful with the first movement of the instru- 46 ANIMAL CASTRATION. merit to divide only the scrotal skin and the dartos, until the most superficial layers of the cellular tissue of the third testicular envelope are reached. The skin and the dartos being divided, the edges of the wound separate, and the testicle, still pressed down- wards and outwards with the left hand, protrudes more or less, still included, as it is, within its fibrous covering. A careful dissection, with a few light strokes of the bistoury, or laceration with the thumb nail of the hand, now suffices for the separation of the fibrous envelope from its external covering, an entire separation of both of which can thus be easily obtained by pressing the most external layer up- wards through the laceration of the cellular coat which unites them. Third step. — The operator now relieves himself of his instrument — not, we may venture to suggest, by placing it between his teeth, as some careless sur- geons are apt to do, but by handing it to an assistant — and, changing his position, places himself in front of the inguinal region, and facing it. He then pro- ceeds to the enucleation of the testicle, by separat- ing the adhesion which exists between the internal face of the dartos and the external surface of the cremaster muscle and of the fibrous tunic. The separation being completed, and the scrotum and dartos being carefully pushed upwards, the patient is now ready for the last step of the operation. Fourth step. — The testicle, well enucleated from its superficial envelopes, but still covered by the fibrous coat, and the vaginal sac still remaining intact, the ANIMAL CASTRATION. 47 operator, facing, as before, the inguinal region, pro- ceeds to the application of the clamps. The cutane- ous covering and the dartos being pushed well up- wards, the clamp is placed upon the cord above the epididymis, from before backwards, the assistant, armed with the castrating forceps, taking both of its branches between the jaws of that instrument, care- fully bringing them together, and closing them as tightly as possible. The instant of the pressure of the clamp upon the cord is marked by very severe pain, and the suffering animal is excited to powerful struggling. It is important that the assistant should be aware of this, and he should be forewarned to re- frain from pulling on the cord, and reminded, in order to avoid injury from this accident, to keep the clamps and the forceps steadily in contact with the inguinal canal. It is probably with a view to the avoidance of this possible injury that the use of a peculiarly constructed vise or forceps has been rec- ommended. The forceps being in place, and tightly confining the branches of the clamps, well adjusted, the operator now applies the twine, and after taking several turns around the grooves of che free ends of the clamps, secures it carefully with a double knot. The operation is then repeated on the right or up- permost testicle in the same manner, and with the same precautions. UNCOVERED OPERATION. The four steps of this operation are the same as those of the previous method, the first requiring the 48 ANIMAL CASTKATION. same manipulations and observing the same order, but the second involving some variations. In this the same careful dissection is dispensed with, and one free incision suffices, including all the various envelopes, in order to expose the testicle freely and at once. The incision is made with one free stroke of the bistoury extending from the posterior to the anterior extremity of the testicle, and dividing at once scrotum, dartos, and the fibrous and serous coats. Though this is to be done without hesitation, it is by no means necessary to adopt the practice of some operators, who not only divide the envelopes, but even make a large incision in the testicular structure itself, inflicting thus an unnecessary amount of pain from which the animal might, with a little care, have been spared. When the surgeon reaches the third step of the operation, and seizes the testicle with the right hand* in order to draw it downward and outside of the vaginal sac, he may encounter great resistance to his traction, from the powerful opposition of the white muscular tissue running along the posterior septum of the cord. He must then slowly and steadily draw the testicle down, and at a given moment, with a single stroke with a sharp pointed bistoury, divide the serous band of the posterior septum, cutting at once the muscular fibres, the efferent canal and the small testicular artery. This being effected, the re- sistance will terminate, and the testicle may be drawn down without further difficulty. The division of the septum is not always resorted to. Still, the ANIMAL CASTRATION. 49 verdict of experience is strongly in favor of the meas- ure. The application of the clamps (Fig. 13) is Fig. 13. CASTRATION WITH UNCOVERED TESTICLE. effected in the same manner as in the covered opera- tion, but in this instance the clamp is placed higher on the cord. For this reason the assistant must be especially careful during the struggles of the patient when the clamps are tightened, the danger of inguinal hernia at this point being too serious to be overlooked. The clamps being in place, and properly secured, the testicles are either left in place and allowed to slough away, or are amputated a short distance be- low the clamps, as the case may be. The parts being carefully washed out, the animal is allowed to rise, and is returned to his stall. An objection frequently urged against this mode of operation is that it requires a second visit of the sur- geon when the time has arrived for the removal of the clamps. Estimating tlii« objection at its proper 50 ANIMAL CASTRATION. value, we consider that it is more than balanced by the advantages attendant upon this special mode of castration, and while we fully apjjreciate the difficulty and inconvenience to which the surgeon may be sub- jected by this second visit, we cannot approve of its omission, either from a surgical point of view or in that of the interests of the employers, in whose be- half all care and responsibility should be exercised, until the patient is at least enjoying a fair prospect of recovery. The- question now arises, at what time can the clamp be removed with safety ? It must be under- stood that there may sometimes be peculiar surgical conditions under which their removal is contra-indi- cated, and when they must be allowed to slough off without further interference on our part. But even in ordinary cases and under favorable circumstances, this time appears to vary. By some they are re- moved after thirty-six hours, while others allow them to remain for a period of four or five days. Taking a fair average, we are of opinion that it may be safely done on about the third day, and that at that period the closing of the artery is sufficiently assured to re- move all further pressure. If the clamps have been secured with twine, and especially if they were properly prepared previously to their application, the process of removal is a very simple one. The assistant, raising one of the patient's hind legs, the operator places himself directly be- hind the animal, and bending down, with a sharp sage-knife, cuts the twine where it has secured the ANIMAL CASTBATION. 51 posterior ends of the clamp. If it retains the springi- ness it ought to have possessed at the time of its original application, the branches readily spring open, and it falls to the ground. If this does not occur, or if they should be held by adhesions with some dried parts of the cords which have been press- ed between the branches of the clamps, they must be carefully separated by moving from below up- wards, when they will easily become detached. But this last manipulation must be very carefully per- formed, if we would escape a hemorrhage which might require serious measures to control. When clamps of another make are used, the process of re- moval will vary according to existing peculiarities in the construction of the instrument. The clamp hav- ing been removed from one side, the separation from the other will, of course, be managed in a similar manner. THE LIGATURE. This method of castration consists in the applica- tion of a circular ligature upon the entire cord, or a portion of it, for the purpose of completely clos- ing it, with the various parts entering into its forma- tion. It was in practice so long ago as 1734. The operation is divided into several varieties, viz., that of the cord with its envelopes ; that of the cord only, either by the covered or uncovered method ; that of the spermatic artery alone; that of the efferent canal ; and that by the subcutaneous process. The ligature used in these various modes of opera- 52 ANIMAL CASTRATION. tion is formed of waxed silk ; sometimes of strong twine, as fishing line, for example ; or, as more recently introduced in surgery in the removal of liv- ing growths and tumors, an elastic cord. Ligation of the cord and its envelopes. — This process is principally used upon small animals, although, since the elastic cord has been brought into use, a few attempts have been made to make it applicable to the larger kinds. The experiments, however, have been as yet so few, and the results so unsatis- factory, and in so many cases fatal, that it can scarcely be recommended, except for small subjects. The ap- plication of this is very simple. It consists, after securing the patient, in bringing the testicles as far down into the scrotum as may be thought needful, and after applying the ligature two or three times around the cord, a short distance above them (Fig. 14), slowly and steadily tightening it until a suf- ficient amount of force has been employed to close the calibre of the blood vessel and cut off the circu- lation from the parts situated below the point of li- gation. This mode of operating has, in our hands, proved very successful in small animals, and when the elastic ligature has been used. Mortification has taken place in a few days, the testicles slowly detach- ing themselves at the point of ligature, and when falling off leaving but a very small superficial, cuta- neous scab, and healing in a short time. Under this chapter we think well to mention a new mode of operation invented and even recently pat- ented in Europe and in the United States, by a ANIMAL CASTRATION. 53 French veterinarian, under the name of " Castration en masse.'* Instead of resorting to a ligature envel- oping the entire mass, bags and cord, a specially Fig. 14. CASTRATION BY LIGATION OF THE CORD AND ENVELOPES. 54 Animal castration. made clamp is applied, embracing both cords, tightly closed and left in place to slough. The author claims that when the clamp drops, only a small, simple granulating wound remains, which soon heals. Ligature of the cord only : covered operation. — The first three steps of the operation having been accom- plished, and the testicle enucleated, the ligature is placed around the cord, still covered by its fibrous envelopes and the cremaster muscle. A piece of twine or an elastic ligature may be employed for this purpose. In this operation the testicles are al- lowed to remain not less than twenty-four hours, be- fore amputation is performed, in order that if the pressure has been insufficient, and the parts should fail to exhibit symptoms of loss of vitality after that time, another ligature may be applied. Uncovered operation. — The only variation between *his method and the one last considered is found in the fact that in this, the testicle and cord being exposed as in the process of castration with the clamp, the ligature is applied either on the cord as a whole, or only on its anterior fasciculus. In this case the testicle is amputated immediately after the application of the ligature. But as there is a possi- bility of the slipping off of the ligature, great care must be taken lest the amputation be performed too near the point where the constriction is made. And again, as there is a possibility of the truncated cord being drawn too far up, even up into the abdominal cavity, it becomes a precaution of prudence, as rec- ommended by Mr. Bouley, to leave a sufficient length ANIMAL CASTRATION. 55 of the ligature hanging outside of the scrotal wound, and even to secure it on the edges of the skin. Ligation of the spermatic artery. — This is a mode of castration which, if we are not mistaken, was held in high estimation by certain practitioners in the city of Boston. It consists simply in the application of a ligature of silk to the spermatic artery. Tbe cord being exposed, and the posterior septum being divided, a curved needle armed with the ligature is made to pass around the whole mass of the anterior fasciculus, and the entire vascular cord is surrounded by the ligature and firmly tightened. The fact of the various and irregular flexuosities peculiar to the spermatic artery, with both ascending and descend- ing portions, explains the necessity of including the entire arterial mass under the ligature, since, if only >the simple cord of the artery were ligated, it might be an ascending portion only, and the amputation of the testicle might be followed by a troublesome hemorrhage from one of the descending loops. Ligation of the efferent canal and the subcutaneous li- gation of the cord. — These two modes of operating have not yet yielded sufficient evidence in the form of satisfactory results to be entitled to more than passing mention at the present time. We may say further, moreover, that among all the methods of castration by ligation, none of them have been sub- jected to a sufficient amount of practical test to be accepted as a process which will justify a strong rec- ommendation or unqualified approval. CHAPTEE IV. THIRD METHOD OF CASTRATION — CRUSHING OF THE TESTICULAR CORD — DOUBLE SUBCUTANEOUS TORSION— BISTOURNAGE— FOUR STEPS OF THE OPERATION— SYMPTOMS FOLLOWING— CASTRA- TION OF MALES OF SMALL ANIMALS— CASTRA- TION OF CRYPTORCHIDS— ABDOMINAL CRPTOR- CHIDY — INGUINAL CRYPTORCHIDY — MODUS OPERANDI — EFFECTS FOLLOWING THE OPERA- TION OF CASTRATION — MODE OF CICATRIZATION HYGIENIC AND SUBSEQUENT ATTENTIONS OR AFTER CARES. As I have before stated, the third method of cas- tration embraces the processes in which the testicu- lar envelopes are left intact, while it is the gland or cord which is submitted to the peculiar manipula- tions by which their structure, and therefore the secreting powers of the testicle, are so essentially modified. In treating of this method, two special operations present themselves for our consideration, to wit : the crushing of the testicular support, and the double subcutaneous twisting, or bistournage, of the French. These are employed principally in the (56) Animal castration. 57 castration of ruminants, though efforts have been made to apply the latter in the case of solipeds. The modes of operating which we have already de- scribed are, however, also applicable to the rumi- nants. CRUSHING OF THE TESTICULAR CORD. This consists in crushing the spermatic cord with fi hammer, the vessel continuing, meanwhile, to be covered with its envelopes. It was first described in the year 1826, and is most commonly practised in some French districts. The instruments used are two cylindrical pieces of wood, each about one yard in length and two inches in diameter ; and a hammer or mallet formed of hard and heavy wood. The ani- mal being properly secured in the standing position, the testicles being drawn well down into the bottom of the envelopes, the sticks are placed, one behind and one in front of the cord, close to the upper ex- tremity of the gland. When in that position they are moved in such a manner that instead of remain- ing, one in front of the other, one becomes so super- imposed upon the other that the spermatic cord be- comes twisted in the form of the letter S (Fig. 15). While held together in this position by an assistant, the operator, placing himself in front of one side of the hind quarter, with repeated blows of the hammer or mallet, crushes the cord at the point where it rests upon the wood which occupies the inferior position, of course guaging the force and frequency ct' the blows by the effect observed, until the crush- 58 ANIMAL CASTRATION. ing of tlie organ is satisfactorily accomplished. As a measure of caution, it will be well, upon the com- pletion of the process of crushing, to surround the cord with a ligature moderately tightened, in order to guard against the drawing up of the cord into the FiCx. 15. CASTRATION BY CRUSHING OF THE CORD. inguinal canal, an accident not likely to occur, how- ever, if the operation has been well performed. DOUBLE SUBCUTANEOUS TORSION; BISTOURNAGE. In this mode of operating, principally in vogue in the southern parts of France, the position of the testicle ANIMAL CASTRATIOJJ. 69 is so changed that its lower extremity is made to take the place of the upper, the cord is subjected to a certain decree of torsion, and then the testicle is restored to its normal position, to undergo a process of atrophy which destroys its power of secretion by a physiological action. The great length of the cord and the greater laxity of the cellular tissue situated between the dartos and the fibrous coat, render this operation much easier in the ruminants than in the solipeds. Simple in its manipulations, although still involving a certain degree of dexterity, and followed by comparatively no symptoms of reactive fever, the only instrument necessary for its performance is a piece of cord, twine, or rubber, sufficiently strong to secure the testicular envelopes when the gland has been subjected to the double displacement, and the cord to the torsion it has undergone. In this operation, no special preparation being demanded, the animal is usually treated on his feet. The late Mr. Serres, of the veterinary school of Toulouse, divides the operation into four steps, viz., first, the softening of the bags and separation of the 'dartos from the fibrous tissue; second, the displace- ment (dislocation) of the testicle; third, the torsion of the cord ; and fourth, the pushing up of the testicles into the inguinal region, with the application of the ligature to keep them in place. °The first step is the most difficult for the surgeon as well as the most painful to the horse, though the contrary is the fact where the subject is an ox. The operator, stationing himself behind the animal, 60 ANIMAL CASTRATION. grasps the testicles with both hands (Fig. 16) and quickly draws them down into the scrotum. Hold- FiG. 16(A). DOUBLE SUBCUTANEOUS TORSION IN CATTLE. Softening the bags — first position of the hands. ing them there with the right hand, with the left he raises the scrotum by the lower part, firmly pulling upon it downwards and slightly from before back- wards. The testicles are then moyed upward and downward in the sac, carrying with them the fibrous covering. During this time a peculiar crackling sound is heard, which is caused by the tearing apart of the fibres of the cellular tissue lying between the dartos and the fibrous coat. This laceration is some- times difficult to effect, especially in aged animals, in which case the up and down motion of the testicles will require a greater number of repetitions before the adhesions are torn. ANIMAL CASTRATION. 61 The second step consists in the displacement or dislocation of the testicle, which is accomplished in Fig. 16 (B). DOUBLE SUBCUTANEOUS TOBSION IN CATTLE, Softening of the bags — second position of the hands. the manner following: The testicles being pushed well upwards in the vaginal sac, one of them, the left, for example, is drawn well downwards with the left hand, which grasps the cord above the epididymis 62 ANIMAL CASTRATION. (Fig. 17), the thumb resting on the back of the cor A, and the remaining ringers in front of it, while the right hand,, placed in pronation, pinches the inferior Fig. 17. DOUBLE STBCTTAXEOrS TOKSION ES CATTX.B. Position of the Left hand at the beginning of the second stf>p. part of the scrotum. Maintaining these dispositions, the testicles are displaced by the simultaneous action of both hands, the left pushing the cord from above downwards and from before backwards, in such a manner as to depress as much as possible the supe- rior extremity of the gland, while with the fingers of the right hand, resting by their dorsal face against the posterior part of the testicle (Fig. 18), the inferior extremity of that organ is pushed upwards. With- out losing hold of the envelope, the movement of this hand gives way to these opposite and simultaneous pressures, that of the left hand tending to lower the ANIMAL CASTRATION. 63 head of the testicle, and that of the right elevating its tail, and the gland is being flexed upon the cord from which it is suspended, backwards and upwards. At the moment when the testicle forms an acute fcugle with the cord, the thumb of the left hand, rest- Fig. 18. DOUBLE SUBCUTANEOUS TORSION IN CATTLE. Second step. ing upon the cord, comes into action to aid in the displacement by making a point oV appui upon the inferior extremity of the organ, which now occupies the superior position, in such a manner that the spermatic gland is placed parallel with the cord. The manipulations are completed by pushing the testicles upwards towards the inguinal ring, to break 64 ANIMAL CASTRATION. up whatever adhesions of cellular tissue may re- main. This second step of the operation being com- pleted, the two organs are found to be so placed that they are parallel one with the other, the testicle be- ing posterior to the cord. The third step, or that of the torsion of the cord, now presents itself to our notW:- To effect this, the Fig. 19, DOUBLE SUBCUTANEOUS TOKSION IN CATTLE. Third step. Position of the hands when th'^ torsion is about being made. testicle must be firmly held at the bottom of the en- velopes (Fig. 19), the left hand placed forward upon the cord, and the right behind and upon the testicle. The operator then gives to the organ a twist with ANIMAL CASTRATION. 65 the right hand by a motion of rotation from left to right and from without .inwards, while with the other be draws upon the cord in the opposite direction. The result of this manipulation is to give to the gland half a turn around the cord (Fig. 20), which Fig. 20. DOUBLE SUBCUTANEOUS TORSION IN CATTLE. Third step. Position of the hands during the torsion, thus becomes displaced and takes a posterior position. By a change in the action of the hands, but a repeti- tion of the same movement, the right hand now act- ing on the cord, while the left is applied to the tes- ticle, the remaining portion of the motion of rotation is performed, and a complete torsion of the spermatic support accomplished. By repeating this action, of course as many turns of the cord as may be thought 66 ANIMAL CASTRATION. necessary, can be secured, two, however, being gen- erally found sufficient, although, in a few instances as many as four or five may be required. — never more than that. The length of the cord is the principal controlling circumstance. When these several steps have been conrpleted with one testicle, their repeti- tion is, of course, in order with the other. And when both have been treated, the consummation of the operation is called for by entering upon the fourth step, or that of the application of the ligature. To accomplish this both testicles are firmly seized Fig. 21. DOUBLE SUBCUTANEOUS TOESION IN CATTLE. Position of the testicles and ligature en masse of the bags when the operation is finished. ANIMAL CASTBATION. 67 with, both hands, and pressed upwards as far as pos- sible against the inguinal ring (Fig. 21). lb is neces- sary to be very careful to ascertain that they rest on the same level, in order to be secure against the possibility of untwisting. The ligature is then ap- plied by passing three or four turns of it around the scrotal envelopes, immediately below the testicles, with not more than a sufficient degree of tightness to assure it against slipping off. The symptoms which succeed the operation are not commonly of a very serious nature, and subside within a period of time varying from two to six hours. Following the operation an inflammatory swelling takes place in the bags, and after one or two days assumes large dimensions. The ligature can now be removed, and the animal left to himself, without further treatment, the testicles undergoing a slow process of atrophy readily recognized by their appearance and the position they always thereafter occupy in the vaginal sac. CASTEATION OF MALES OF SMALL ANIMALS. Boars are castrated between the age of six weeks and two months. When operated at this later age, their lard is more firm and consistent. Those that are kept for breeding are operated when two or three years old, and even kvfcer. The methods used are simple excision, sometimes made more complete with torsion. For old animals ligature or clamps are resorted to. The modus 68 ANIMAL CASTRATION. operandi is similar to those used for the other species of animals. Dogs are castrated by excision, torsion or ligature, according to the age. After the operation, it is said by some that the dog becomes lazy and has a great tendency to fatten : other operators deny these dis- advantages. Gats are operated by simple excision. The opera- tion makes them more domestic in their habits; they grow fat, their coat gets thicker and more silky; their dejections lose the strong and repulsive odor which makes tom-cats so disagreeable. Castration of Babbits gives excellent results : the animal gets on fat easily, his fur becomes thicker, his meat more tender and delicate. The operation is done by simple excision with scissors when the ani- mal is three months old. Hernia, often fatal, is a common occurrence, if too much traction is applied on the cord. The animal properly secured and the testicular region well exposed and disinfected, the testicles are uncovered by a simple incision and removed by torsion, tearing or simple excision. Hemorrhage may follow, but without serious results. I have seen one case of champignon follow- ing the amputation of the testicle by tearing. CASTRATION OF CRTPTORCHIDS. The abnormal development of animals in which the testicles have failed to make their appearance by descending through the inguiual canal into the bags, is quite commonly met with in solipeds, the ANIMAL CASTRATION. 69 animal being then known by the designation of ridglings or originals. The position assumed by the organ in relation to its normal situation being so altered that it may be found either partly engaged in the inguinal canal (Fig. 22), or only remaining close to its superior opening (Fig. 23), is one of these fnequalities constituting what is called inguinal cryptorchidy; another being when it remains floating in or adherent to some parts of the abdominal cavity— a condition known as abdominal cryptor- chidy (Fig. 24). Whether inguinal or abdominal, the ectopia is either single when one testicle only is abnormally situated (monorchidy), or again double when both organs are in abnormal condition ; this is cryptor- chidy proper and may be abdominal on one side and inguinal on the other. As this condition has usually a peculiar effect on the temper of the animal so affected, often rendering him unfit for general use, it necessitates, on that account, the act of castration, with some changes in the manipulations described for the ope- ration upon animals exempt from such an infirmity. In these cases the operation presents more difficul- ties, and is of a more serious character than the former, demanding on the part of the operator all the skill and knowledge which can be acquired from its frequent performance and extensive study. That the operation is one which is largely performed on the Continent there is no doubt, and many European operators have made for themselves an extensive reputation in connection with it. Among these the Fig. 22. testicle engaged in the inguinal ring. B— Testicle. C— Gubernaculum testis. D— Inguinal ring. (70) Fig. 2B. TESTICLE CLOSE TO THE RING. C— Internal portion of the gubernaculum testis. C — Its external portion. B— Testicle. D~ Inguinal ring. Fig. 24. TESTICLE FLOATING IN THE ABDOMEN. A — Peritoneal ligament attached to the lumbar region. B— Testicle. C — Gubernaculum testis. D — Inguinal ring. (73) ANIMAL CASTRATION. 73 names of Professor Degive, of the Brussels school, and Professor Cadiot, of Alfort, merit mention. But there is probably, on this Continent at least, no better accredited authority, in this branch of surgery, than a gentleman — a layman — of Illinois, known very widely as "Farmer Miles," who has for many years not only sustained an eminent repute in his specialty as a gelder, but, I believe, has devoted a large share of study especially to the castration of ridglings. He has not only traversed large portions of the United States in the practice of this interest- ing branch of veterinary surgery, but has likewise achieved much renown and appreciative criticism from foreign sources, having travelled extensively in various European countries, and earned much honor from those who have watched his methods and received ocular proof of his dexterity and success within the sphere of his special field of usefulness. CRYPTOKCHIDY IN HOESES. In most cases, the ectopia is unilateral. Hering and Franck, from a small number of cases recorded, have thought that it was more common on the right than on the left side; for Stockfelt, Mauri and Labat, they are about equally divided. By some others it is considered more frequent on the left than the right. Whatever is the kind of ectopia, the results are about the same in all cases. The testicle is arrested in its growth and keeps the character it had in foetal condition : small, flabby, soft, it is made of greyish 74 ANIMAL CASTKATTON. or rosy tissue, ordinarily containing no spermato- zoids. Sometimes it is rudimentary, atrophied, scarcely recognizable ; however, in some instances it has been seen with the dimensions of the ordinary testicle. Like all glands in abnormal position, the testicle in ectopia is subject to neoplastic degeneration. Sometimes it is very large, deformed by one or several cysts, whose contents vary; it may give to the hand the sensation of a double testicle, when one of these cysts has become pedunculated; exceptionally cartilaginous or bony little masses have been found in them ; sometimes sarcomatous or carcinomatous degeneration is presented, and the testicle assumes enormous dimensions. Quite frequently also the organ contains sclerostomas which have hollowed its walls. Generally the diagnosis of cryptorchidy is easy. The noisy manifestations of the animal thus affected and the absence of the mass formed by essential organs of males indicate the trouble. In exploring the inguinal region, if the horse is a ridgling, the testicle or the cicatrix of castration is absent. "With monorchids, one side shows the bag empty and without any mark, while on the other the testicle is there, or, if it has been removed, a cicatricial depres- sion situated near the median line is found. On the side of the ectopic gland, sometimes a linear, not depressed, cicatrix is found ; this comes from an incision made to deceive and to make believe that the animal has been castrated. But when the testicle has been excised, the cicatrix is almost ANIMAL CASTRATION. 75 always depressed, infundibuliform and contracted on its edges ; and besides this, by manipulations of the hand, near the inguinal ring and towards the median line, it is easy to feel the stump of the spermatic cord and trace it well up in the inguinal ring where it enters. When castration is shammed, these signs are missing ; there is only a superficial cicatrix or a small fibrous spot continuous deeply with one or several small brands of similar nature, running in different directions. In some doubtful cases, the following manner to examine is recom- mended : the hand, introduced in the rectum, is directed towards the superior inguinal ring ; as this spot is reached, the pulp of the fingers is laid over it and an assistant is asked to pull on the scrotum below the corresponding inferior inguinal ring by taking hold of the suspicious cicatrix or the parts surrounding it ; if the testicle has been removed, the cord will be felt sliding up and down with each pull of the assistant; if the horse has inguinal monor- chidy, the cord remains immovable. Cryptorchidy recognized, the question is whether it is inguinal or abdominal. If the former, the hand, with the fingers brought together in cone and pushed in the external inguinal ring and the inferior part of the canal, feels the testicle quite often through the scrotum and the dartos. Introduced in the rectum and feeling towards the prepubic region, the hand will, on the corresponding side, find the cord passing through the ring. When the horse is secured in decubital position and the hind leg, free from the hobble, has been carried in abduction, the testicle 76 ANIMAL CASTRATION. will sometimes appear bulging under the skin, near the inferior inguinal ring and showing a character- istic swelling which is not detected while the animal is standing. Abdominal cryptorchidy is recognized by the absence of the testicle in the inguinal canal, the non-existence of the vaginal sac or the small size of its superior opening and of the internal inguinal ring, and it will be principally made out by the intra-abdominal feel- ing of the organ. The researches to discover it may fail on account of its many varying situations and of its small size in many individuals. Degive recom- mends the exploration of the lateral wall of the abdomen on the ectopic side, through the rectum and over the lumbar region near the median line. To the touch the gland feels as a small, soft, ovoid and movable body. CASTRATION. The preparation of the subject demands only very simple attention. For six or eight days, he will be submitted to severe diet or fed exclusively on mashes, to which will be added daily small doses of sulfate of soda to stimulate intestinal actions. This is very important to facilitate the execution of intra- abdominal manipulations. When the intestines are empty, the testicle is almost always easily found. The animal will receive no food the day of the operation or even the day before. Previous to being cast, cold rectal injections and a short exercise ANIMAL CASTRATION. 77 will be given to promote defecation and empty the rectum. ABDOMINAL CRYPTORCHIDY. Four methods have been recommended for the operation, which allow the discovery of the testicle and its excision : 1st, through the flank ; 2d, in pas- sing through the abdominal wall at the lower part of the inguinal canal; 3rd, in pushing through this canal in its entire length ; 4th, through an incision made in the inferior abdominal wall, between the inguinal ring and the sheath. They are known as the old method, the Danish method, the Belgian and that of Gunther. We believe the modus operandi of Farmer Miles is very similar to that of Degive. CASTRATION THROUGH THE FLANK. This method consists in performing laparotomy on the superior part of the flank, bringing the testicle outwards with the hand introduced in the peritoneal cavity and removing it with the ecraseur or by simple amputation after ligature of the cord. This method is used but little, although by the application of the strictest antisepsy it has given excellent results in the hands of several German operators. It might be advantageously resorted to in double ectopia, when both testicles could be removed through one single incision. CASTRATION BY THE INGUINAL REGION. Anatomy. — The inguinal region is formed by the 78 AHQCAL CASTRATION. postero-lateral wall of the abdomen resting on the internal face of the thigh. Externally it is bound : on the inside by the prepubic region : on the outside by the stifle and the haunch ; in front by the inferior abdominal region ; behind by the flat of the thigh. Deeply, it is limited : inside, by the prepubic tendon of the abdominal muscles and the lateral margin of the pelvis ; upwards, by the sub-lumbar region ; out- wards, by the external angle of the ilium. In this region there is found normally in males a canal which receives the spermatic cord, the inguinal canal, which opens in the abdomen by a narrow ori- fice, the superior inguinal ring. Its lower opening or inferior inguinal ring is found in the fold of the groin, above the testicle (Fig. A). In ridglings, the inferior inguinal ring is felt almost as readily as in subjects whose testicles are down; but the canal which ought to continue it is wanting ; the inguinal space is completely rilled with connec- tive tissue. In inguinal and complete cryptorchidy, a blind canal has been made in the inguinal space by the testicle partly down, by the epididymis or the efferent duct ; this blind canal opens in the abdomen by a narrow orifice (the superior inguinal ring) and ends inferiorly in a cul-de-sac: its bottom is separated from the inferior inguinal ring by a coat of con- nective tissue of varying thickness. (Fig. B.) Considered in relation to the superposition of the layers that form it, the inguinal ring presents a con- dition similar to that of the abdominal walls; but the direction of the deep layers gives it a very pecu- ANIMAL CASTRATION 79 liar disposition. These layers, from outwards in- wards, are : 1st, the skin; 2nd, the dartos; 3rd, sub dartoic connective tissue; 4th, great oblique of the abdomen (aponeurotic portion); 5th, small oblique of Fig. A. Section of the walls of the left inguinal space, made according to a line passing from the inferior inguinal, ring to the external angle of the ilium. Internal portion : PA, skin; CD, dartos; FSD, subdartoic connective fascia; AGO, aponeurosis of the great oblique of the abdomen; LA, anterior border of the inferior inguinal ring; LP, posterior border of the same; II, inguinal canal; PO, small oblique muscle; AT, aponeurosis of the transverse muscle; P, peritoneum; ARC, crural arch; APC, crural aponeurosis; AI, external angle of the ilium; AVD, section of muscles covered by the crural arch, 80 ANIMAL CASTKATIONo the abdomen (muscles and aponeurosis); 6th, trans- Fig. B. X I ^%k*£ Prepubic and inguinal regions seen by their inferior face. — Figure showing on each side of the median line, the inferior inguinal ring and the entrance of the inguinal space. — CI, internal commisure of that ring; CE, the ex- ternal; LI, its internal border; LE, the external; PO, small oblique muscle of the abdomen; TA, common tendon of the abdominal muscles; CP, section of the penis; LM, median line. ANIMAL CASTRATION. 81 verse of the abdomen (aponeurosis); 7th, sub peri- toneal connective layer ; 8th, peritoneum. (Fig. C.) Fig. C. €£b W J^^ r Vertical and transverse section of the posterior abdominal region showing the superior insertion and disposition of the small oblique, seen by its internal face. The peri- toneum, sub-peritoneal coat and transverse muscle are removed.— PO, small oblique muscle; BPO, its posterior border; C, superior part of the cremaster; GD, great straight; AI, dotted line at the spot where, in operation for abdominal cryptorchidy (Belgian method), the hand is to reach the peritoneum; B, pelvis; V, bladder; R, section of the rectum. S'2 ANIMAL CASTRATION. Inguinal tract or space. — It is the space between the small oblique and the crural arch; oblique from up- wards downwards, outwards inwards and from for- wards backwards, it presents for consideration two walls, two commissures, one entrance, one bottom or summit. The anterior ivall or antero-internal is formed by the small oblique muscle, which is gradually dimin- ishing in thickness towards the median line and the internal commissure. The posterior or postero- external wall is formed by the crural arch, which is quite thick inferiorly and towards the external com- missure ; it is thin towards its superior border, which mingles with the lumbo-iliac aponeurosis. The external commissure, oblique downwards, back- wards and inwards, is formed by the union of the muscle with the crural arch. On its entire length, these two parts are adherent a little more than in the tract itself, but this is no better defined outwards ; this commissure can readily be forced through with the fingers and the muscle isolated over a wider surface from the aponeurosis which covers it. The internal commissure is formed by the same parts ' towards the inferior inguinal ring, by the union and weak adhesion of the aponeurosis of the small oblique to the arch ; higher up, by that of the pos- terior border of the muscle to the superior of the arch. Bent from upwards downwards and from out- wards inwards, following a line running from the ilial insertion of the small oblique to the prepubic tendon, this commissure is still less resisting than the ANIMAL CASTEATION. 83 external, and when the perforation of the inguinal space (Belgian method) is badly made, at the moment the ringers are pressing against it, it tears easily in its entire height. The entrance of the inguinal space is represented by the inferior or external inguinal ring. Oval in form, with its long diameter oblique backwards and in- wards, it is essentially formed by two fasciculi of fibres belonging to the great oblique muscle, which, contiguous first, become isolated from each other and form two curved edges surrounding the opening. This entrance has two borders, lips or pillars, and two angles or commissures. The antero-internal border is deeply lined by the small oblique, whose fibres reflect at this point, to become more horizontal. The postero-external border is formed exclusively by a portion of the aponeurosis of the great oblique, continued immediately upwards by the crural arch and downwards by the crural aponeurosis. The anterior or external commissure, more or less resisting according to subjects, is formed by the diverging fibres of the great oblique reinforced by a few arciform fibres. The posterior or internal com- missure corresponds to the tendon of the abdominal muscles and the anterior border of the pubis. The bottom or summit of the inguinal tract is formed by the union of the two commissures. It is bound by the line of insertion of the deep fibres of the small oblique on the ilial portion of the crural aponeurosis. The summit of the inguinal tract — that is to say, the region where the peritoneum is to 84 ANIMAL CASTRATION. be attacked in the Belgian method — is situated far above the point where normally the superior inguinal ring exists (Fig. C). While this last is but 8 or 10 centimeters from the median line, the summit of the inguinal tract is 15 to 20. DANISH METHOD. This method consists in entering the abdomen through the abdominal wall, in the vicinity of the inferior inguinal ring, or again through the small oblique at the entrance of the inguinal space and excising the testicle through that opening. Modified by Cadiot, he considers it as the best method. Securing of the Animal — Preparation — Instruments. — The animal is cast on the side opposite to that of the ectopia. The superior hind leg may be pulled forward and secured on the shoulder as in castration, or, better, be carried in abduction as in Fig. D. Most authors advocate the uce of anasthesia. Some consider it superfluous or even as having more objections than advantages. Without being indis- pensable, it is useful, especially in nervous animals. Asepsis of the operated field, of the operator and of the instruments are of absolute necessity. The sheath should be disinfected; the inguinal region soaped and carefully washed with phenic solution or one of sublimate or cresyl. The superior sections of the hind legs, more particularly the internal face of the thigh and the surroundings of the inguinal region, should be sprinkled with antiseptic liquid, so as to avoid soiling the wound with dust or hair. The ANIMAL CASTRATION. 85 foot of the displaced hind leg should be wrapped up Fig. D. '^ y Castration of cryptorch id.— First step : incision of the layers covering the inferior inguinal ring. 86 ANIMAL CASTRATION. with cloth dipped in antiseptic solution. The in- struments and objects necessary are : a convex bis- toury, few hemostatic forceps, a perforator, an ecraseur, cotton, gauze and needle with handle, silk and thread. Modus operandi. — It consists of five steps. First Step. — Incision of the Scrotum and Dartos, Dis- section of the Subdartoic Layer, The direction of the first incision is indicated by the great axis of the inguinal ring, whose outlines are readily detected. With the bistoury, the skin and dartos are divided from forward backward, 15 centimeters in length. The subdartoic connective fascia being reached, a narrow incision is made through it about opposite the center of the inguinal ring; through this incision the thumbs are introduced, with their dorsal face opposed, and by drawing them apart the opening is enlarged. The fascia can also be cut with the bistoury, layer by layer, in the same direction as the skin has been. In either way, the external inguinal ring is exposed and also the lower portion of the inguinal space of which it is the entrance. If there is much hemorrhage, it is arrested by ligatures or forceps. Lacerate the connective tissue in the lower part of the inguinal space ; introduce into it, towards the bottom and a little outwards, the extended medium and index fingers ; feel if the ectopia is inguinal or not. Second Step. — Perforation of the Abdominal Wall. This must be made on the anterior wall of the ANIMAL CASTRATION. 87 Fig. E. inguinal canal, through the muscular portion of the small oblique, near the posterior border and as far as possible from the median line. It is advantageous to enlarge the inferior inguinal ring by making outward an incision, 5 or 10 centimeters long, on its aponeu- rotic coat, so as to expose the re- gion where the small oblique has a thick layer. The abdominal wall may be perforated, with the index and medium fingers brought together or with a thin, blunt metallic per- forator (Fig. E). Towards the end of an inspiration from the animal, when the abdominal wall is raised, apply perpendicularly upon it, in the direction of the mus- cular fibres, the fingers or tho blade of the instrument and push them through it with sudden pressure. Generally, at the first effort, the muscle, aponeurosis and peritoneum are divided ; sometimes, however, the serous membrane resists and a second push is necessary to complete the perforation. If this has been properly executed, the solution of continuity is narrow and regular ; it is a simple slit by separation of the muscular fibres. Third Step* — Searching the Testicle. — Through this Perforatoi 88 ANIMAL CASTRATION. opening the index and medium fingers are intro- duced into the abdomen to explore the surrounding parts, where the testicle, epididymis or cord may be immediately found. Feeling backwards, the depres- sion is detected which exists on the level of the superior inguinal ring and also the serous band which from there goes to the suspensory ligament of the testicle, and which at its inferior border is reinforced by the gubernaculum cistis. If after a few moments of exploration nothing is discovered, an assistant is called to introduce his hand in the rectum, as far as the pre pubic region, to assist in the exploration by pushing towards the wound the organs that he successively feels. When the animal has been prepared by long diet, it is rare if by this manipulation the result is not reached and the testicle, epididymis or cord discovered. It will be better to take hold of the epididymis, bring it towards the incision and by careful pulling draw the testicle. In cases where digital exploration is insuf- ficient, the animal being chloroformed, the opening can be enlarged in the direction of the hip and of the muscular fibres, where the whole hand can be introduced in the abdomen ; thus made, the wound will be quite extensive in length, but if the first directions have been followed, there is but little danger of protrusion of the intestine. Sometimes the hand has to displace the organs that come in the way and must here and there feel the intestinal mass, among the circumvolutions where the testicle may be held back. Another way to reach the gland ANIMAL CASTIiATION. 89 Is to carry the hand towards the bladder, lake hold Fig. F, Castration of cryptorchid.— The inferior inguinal ring has been enlarged by incision of the external commisure. The third step is finished. PO, small oblique; CI, internal com- missure of the inguinal canal. of the efferent canal and trace it from backwards for- 90 ANIMAL CASTBATION. ward to the epididymis. Tlie gu- bernaculum may also serve as a guide, but it is harder to detect than the cord. In the very rare cases where the testicle is held by peritoneal ad- hesions, it must be loosened with the ringers. In those not less un- common, where, having undergone cystic dege Deration, it has acquired large dimensions, the testicle is drawn near the peritoneal open- ing, punctured with a fine trocar and then extracted. Fourth Step. — Ablation of the Tes- ticle. — Excise the organ slowly with the ecraseur, after placing an hemostatic clamp above the point of section. If there is dan- ger that the stump has been in- fected or soiled in any way, have it purified before returning it in the abdomen (Fig. F). Fifth Step. — Suture of the Mus- cular Wound. — If only a narrow perforation has been made through the small oblique, suture is not necessary ; still it is better to close it with a mounted curved needle Fig. G.-Needle for rpis. G). One or two stitches are applied. . the suture of the muscular wound. ANIMAL CASTRATION. 91 Dressing. — Wash the cutaneous wound, dust it with iodoform, sew it with three interrupted sutures. Drain tubes are used by some. Cadiot resorts to antiseptic gauze only. BELGIAN METHOD. Instruments. — A bistoury, an ecraseur, hemostatic forceps, cotton, gauze, needle and thread. The operation, well described by Degive, is made in four steps. First Step. — Incision of the Skin, Dartoic Coat and Connective Tissue Underneath. — This is done as in the preceding Danish method. Second Step. — Hollowing the Inguinal Tract and Per- foration of the Peritoneum. — This is the dangerous step of the operation. It can be executed with either hand, although it is better and safer to use that cor- responding to the side of the concealed testicle, the right hand for the right organ, the left for the other. With the fingers closed together, cone-like, the hand is carried towards the entrance of the tract, by the external ring, the cubital border of the hand resting on the pubic commissure and the extremity of the fingers in contact with the crural arch. The way the hand has to follow is all indicated : outwards and straight towards the lumbar region or slightly back of it. The external angle of the ilium being taken as guide, with "moderate force" the hand is jDushed in the canal, the fingers always on the crural arch ; progressing slowly with semi-rotatory motion, with slight opening of the fingers and avoiding injury to 92 AKOtAL CASTRATION. the internal commissure, the hand gradually goes up and finally, without difficulty, succeds in isolating the small oblique from the crural arch ; when it has reached the bottom of the canal, it separates the arch from the posterior border of the muscle ; then it reaches the peritoneum, through which it may detect the intestinal circumvolutions. What remains to do is to perforate the peritoneum. Generally it is done quite easily by a sudden push of the extremity of the index finger alone or with it the medium ; sometimes it has to be torn with the nails. If blood collects in the canal, it must be removed with aseptic pads. Snch are the manipulations of this delicate step ; when well done, they allow a peritoneal opening to be made high enough to avoid all danger of eventra- tion. When the hand has followed the proper way, it reaches the peritoneum not far from the lumbar region, near the terminal tendon of the small psoas and the external iliac artery, or more outwards, near the middle of the external border of the psoas iliacust it must reach it almost on a level with the superior insertion of the long adductor of the leg on the lumbo-iliac aponeurosis, close to the margin of the pelvis, between the tendons of the small psoas and the middle of the inferior face of the psoas iliacus ; the serous is perforated at such a height that the intestines have no tendency to escape. When the animal is up, the pressure made upon the abdominal has for effect to push the small oblique close to the crural arch, to reduce the size of the tunnel made in ANIMAL CASTEATION. 93 the inguinal space and to close hermetically the peritoneal opening. Third Step. — Searching and Exit of the Testicle. — The peritoneum being open on the proper place, the three middle fingers, or only the index and medium, are introduced in the opening and begin to explore. In most cases, the testicle is in front and below tho opening, not far from the ascending branch of tho ilium. Barely the gland itself is reached % more commonly it is the epididymis or the inferior border of the suspensory ligament. Whatever is found, it is drawn into the tract. In some horses, the searching of the gland is very difficult. Exploration is made with the ringers in all directions and nothing but the intestinal circumvolu- tions are found. Then the peritoneal opening must be enlarged to allow the introduction of the whole hand, which is successively carried towards the median line and the entrance of tho pelvis or passed over the abdominal wall from inwards outwards. During the struggles of the animal, great care must be taken not to push with the fist or forearm too hard on the internal border of the perforation, as the commissure might tear easily and the opening assume dangerous proportions. Disturbed by the intestinal circumvolu- tions that must be displaced or pushed back, the hand soon gets tired; a little rest must be taken, with the hand still kept in the abdomen, or some- times it may be carefully withrawn and the operation resumed after a little while. But, as in the Danish method, instead of carrying 94 ANIMAL CASTRATION. the tired hand in all directions, it is better when it is possible to resort to an assistant to explore by rectum the prepubic region and push the organ towards the hand of the operator. This help of the assistant has not been sufficiently resorted to, for in many instan- ces it would have saved the necessity of introducing the whole hand in the abdomen. When the testicle is small, it is always easy to push it through the peritoneal opening and draw it towards the inferior inguinal ring. If the epididymis is first entered into the canal, by pulling on it, the testicle will soon follow. Likewise, if it is the cord. There is some difficulty only when the gland is large. In this case, its entrance in the canal is not without danger ; if it is drawn only by simple pulling, the intestines might follow after it and pass through the widely open orifice. To avoid this accident, one must proceed as follows : while the hand is still three-quarter engaged in the abdomen, with its dorsal face gently raising the small oblique, the tes- ticle, being previously brought to the edges of the opening, is squeezed in the bottom of the hand by flexion of the fingers, while the body of the hand remains watching and stops the intestines. Once the gland in the canal, the fingers are spread open gently and carefully withdrawn, moving to- wards the crural arch; those manipulations have for results to allow the small oblique to come in contact with the crural arch and close the opening of the case. In case the great size of the testicle shoud be due ANIMAL CASTEATION. 95 to a cyst, it will be brought down or punctured as already described. Fourth Step. — Ablation. — This is done with the ecraseur, by torsion or by excision after ligature. Very generally the testicle can be drawn to the infe- rior inguinal ring; in some subjects the length of the cord is such that the testicle can be pulled down as low as the leg ; in others this section has to be made within the tract. The ecraseur is ordinarily used, the amputation being made slowly and a little above the epididymis. Dressing. — The wound is washed with antiseptic care and irrigated with solution of sublimate. When it is certain that the abdomen has been opened sufficiently high so that the inguinal tract is tightly closed at its apex, no dressing or suture need be applied. Simply cleaning the wound, irrigating with sublimate solution, dusting with iodoform, are only necessary. However, to avoid infection, a tem- porary cutaneous suture is indicated. If there is danger of intestinal protrusion, a plug of aseptic gauze is introduced in the inguinal canal, pushed not too high up to prevent the adaptation of the muscle with the crural arch ; and the cutaneous wound is closed with interrupted sutures. If some errors of manipulation have occurred during the operation, the plug of gauze left in for 24 or 30 hours may prevent complications. In either the Danish or Belgian method it is not prudent to operate a double case of cryptorchidy at one sitting. It is better to leave a space of fifteen 96 ANIMAL CASTRATION. days elapse between the two operations. However, some operators have operated on both sides on the same day. CASTRATION BY THE PREPUBIC REGION. In this method, the incision is made on the inferior wall of the abdomen a little in front of the pubis and of the inferior inguinal ring, near the sheath. In that region the abdominal wall, from 2 to 5 centimeters thick, according to size and condition of the subject, is formed by the skin, dartoic layers with adipose and connective tissues, abdominal tunic, great straight of the abdomen, aponeurosis of the two obliques and transverse muscles, the sub-peri- toneal aponeurosis and the peritoneum. The animal can be secured as in the other methods. But Gnnther says the dorsal position is the best. The prepubic region and the sheath are cleansed and disinfected. The skin is shaved. The animal is chloroformed if he is not placed in dorsal position. Modus operandi. — Four steps. First Step. — Incision of the Superficial and Perfora- tion of the Deep Layers of the Abdominal Wall. — An incision, involving the skin, subcutaneous connective tissue, abdominal tunic and superficial layer of the great straight, is made a little forward of the pubis, on the side of the sheath, 5 or 6 centimeters from the median line and 10 centimeters long. Then with the index and medium fingers the deep layers of the muscles, the aponeurosis, the fascia underneath and the peritoneum are perforated. ANIMAL CASTRATION. 9? Second Step. — Searching and Exit of the Testicle. — The hand, introduced through the wound, is carried towards the entrance of the pelvic cavity, where ordinarily it comes in contact with some part of the testicular apparatus, gland, epididymis, efferent canal or suspensory ligament. If one of these organs is not found, the hand is passed over the bladder, where it meets with the efferent canal, and by tracing it from backwards forwards it arrives at the epididymis or testicle. It is then brought out as in the other methods. Third Step. — Excision is made by section after ligature, torsion or the e'craseur. The stump is pushed back in the abdomen. Fourth Step. — The wound is closed by sutures, the edges of the straight muscle with silk first, the skin after. This method permits the removal of the two tes- ticles at one sitting in case of double cryptorchidy. Notwithstanding the high authority of Gunther, this method is not practised as those by the inguinal region. INGUINAL CRYPTORCHIDY. In the -majority of cases, the removal of the testicle in inguinal ectopia is not much more complicated than in ordinary castration. Securing and preliminary cares are similar to those used in abdominal cryptorchidy as done by Danish or Belgian methods. Modus operandi. — This is divided into five steps. 98 ANIMAL CASTRATION. First Step. — Incision of the Skin and Dartos icith Laceration of the Sub-JDartoic Connective Layer. — This is done as in cases of abdominal abnormality. Second Step. — Separation cf the Testicular Envelopes. — The inguinal ring being exposed, the entrance of the inguinal tract is obtained by tearing the connec- tive tissue as in the second step of abdominal crypt- orchidy ; in the tract a small ovoid mass formed by the testicle will be found. Isolate it with the fingers (index and medium) flexed in hook shape by tearing the connective tissues which attach it to the inguinal canal ; use of the bistoury is seldom necessary. In cases where the testicle is held way up, the manipulations are the same. Work carefully to avoid injuries to the small oblique and to the internal commissure. Third Step. — Incision of the Envelopjts. — If the tes- ticle is at the lower part of the tract, steady it in position and with the point of a bistoury open the envelopes covering it, in following the great axis of the testicle. If it is situated high up, take hold of it and pull it down near the inguinal ring to enable you to incise the envelopes. If it resists, grasp it with a strong force and drag it by force. Sometimes it is necessary to resort to the bistoury quite deeply. Fourth Step. — Amputation of the Testicle. — The cord being exposed, the amputation is made with the ecraseur or by torsion, in applying the instruments immediately above the epididymis. Silk ligature is sometimes applied firmly upon the cord and simple amputation made immediately below it. ANIMAL CASTRATION. 99 The wound is washed with sublimate solution, iodoform dusted over it and the edges brought to- gether by sutures. AFTER CARES— POST OPERATOR! PHENOMENA The animal, lightly blanketed or kept comfortably warm according to season, is turned loose in a box or kept tied up in his stall for 24 or 4S hours. On the next day already he may receive his ordinary diet. Sometimes half ration only is given for a few days. In tine weather he can be turned out. The hair of the tail ought to be braided and the tail tied on one side to the surcingle. When a dressing has been applied, it is generally removed the next day or the second day and the wound is treated antiseptically. If perfect asepsy has been realized, the traumatic inflammation remains moderate, there is little febrile reaction, cicatrization goes on almost without sup- puration : it is adhesive in the upper part of the inguinal canal or at the level of the perforation of the small oblique, according to the methods followed; in the lower part there are granulations. Still, cica- trization without pus or any febrile reaction has been obtained. If the animal is kept in the stable, it is proper towards the end of the first week to exercise him twice a day for 15 or 20 minutes. Work can be resumed towards the third week. In most cases recovery is completed in a month, LofC. lOO ANIMAL CASTRATION. CRYPTORCHIDY IN OTHER ANIMALS. Somewhat common in donkeys, this abnormal^ is rare in ruminants, swine and carnivora. It assumes the various forms met in horses. Cryptorchids of these various species are operated by one of the methods described above. With donkeys, the flank operation or the Danish method are the chosen modes ; with large ruminants, some operate by the flank, others prefer the inguinal methods ; with swine, incision is the proper way for many. It is evidently better to incise the median line as for spaying sows. EFFECTS FOLLOWING: THE OPERATION OF CASTRATION. These will vary more or less in extent and severity, according to the method employed in its perform- ance, and in any case they may be considered in two divisions : as primary or immediate, and secondary or consecutive. Amongst the first phenomena most commonly ob- served is, of course, a manifestation of pain, charac- terized by symptoms of colic, exhibited by the animal in a more or less marked degree, being the result of the unavoidable irritation arising from the manipula- tions practised upon the organs of generation, whose nerves rise from the sympathetic as well as from the cerebro-spinal nervous system; and from the pain excited in the spermatic cord by the pressure of the clamps, for example. These colicky pains, which are more severe under the bloodless method than in Animal castration. 101 those of the other mode, usually subside after the first hour following the operation, and as a rule require but little treatment more than that of the walking exercise. This sort of pain having subsided, the only further trouble likely to be noticed is the local trouble resulting from the lesion to which the testicular region has been subjected. Resulting from this local lesion, as well as from the rough manipulations attending the various steps of the different procedures, a peculiar stiffness will be observed in the motion of the animal. This may be referred either to the local pain proper, to the dragging to which the cord has been subjected, or to the presence of the clamps, which, resting closely in the groin, necessarily more or less impede the action of locomotion. Hemorrhage may also occur immediately after the operation, either while the patient is still on the ground or as soon as he regains his feet. This may be due either to the solution of continuity at the edges of the wound of the envelopes or may proceed from the small testicular or the spermatic artery. The first two causes of hemorrhage need not engage our attention, usually ceasing spontaneously, and never being attended with serious inconvenience. It is not so, however, in the case of hemorrhage pro- ceeding from the spermatic blood vessel proper, occurring after those methods of operating which dispense with the closing of the artery by artificial appliances, as is done with the clamp or the ligature, or which may be observed in castration by torsion, 102 ANIMAL CASTRATION. cauterization, the rise of the eeraseur. or especially by the process of simple excision. Though not nec- essarily fatal, the hemorrhage in these instances may require prompt and effectual interference by the surgeon for its suppression. It is not rare for castrated animals to become more or less tympanitic, a condition which may be due, more or less, to the introduction of atmospheric air into the abdominal cavity during the per- formance of the operation. This condition of things is usually remedied by the unaided action of natural causes. The secondary effects also vary according to the manipulations of the method which they follow. The development of reactive fever is an event which in many cases requires close watching, and while it is true that many castrated horses will manifest no subsequent illness, even to the extent of a slight elevation of temperature, others, on the contrary, show unmistakable signs of a general inflammatory condition, and this is the more marked and definite as the condition of the wound has been left in a more or less complicated state. The presence of the ligature or of a portion of the cord which has yet to complete the sloughing action, following the method by cauterization and by the clamps, are sufficient to encourage the inflammatory tendency. MODES OP CICATRIZATION. The cicatrization of the wound of castration takes place in two ways, While the upper part heals by ANIMAL CASTRATION. 103 adhesive inflammation at and above the point where the amputation has been performed, it is below that point in a process of cicatrization by the second in- tention, the parts filling up by the development of granulations, and being accused by an abundant suppurative process. The first fact observed is that the parts become more or less swollen. The swell- ing is at first limited to the edges of the wound, but increases and spreads to the scrotum,, then to the sheath, or even extends forwards and backwards to the perineal region. A flow of serosity will be ob- served almost immediately following the operation, at first thin and yellowish, but will, before the second or third day, become thicker and more purulent in character, so progressing that after that period it will become a laudable, creamy pus, in evidence of the process going forward towards the establishment of sound and healthy cicatrization. This cicatriza- tion will proceed until the healing is complete — that is, for a period varying between thirty and forty days — the swelling slowly subsiding from the moment when the suppuration becomes estab- lished. In relation to the considerations on the modes of cicatrization, we must bear in mind that these can be considerably modified if the practitioner resorts to careful measures of disinfection. Aseptic castra- tion has always been the subject of close attention by many and the results that have been obtained justify the conclusions that : the aseptic operation is a prac- tical success in clinic, that it would be a practical 104 ANIMAL CASTKATION. success in private practice ; that by aseptic methods the dangers of the operation are considerably reduced. (R. J. Stanclift, American Veterinary Re- vieiv, Yol. XXII, p. 249.) THE HYGIENE AND THE SUBSEQUENT ATTENTION. The moment the patient has risen from his bed and has been thoroughly cleansed from the blood that has soiled his legs, it becomes necessary, if the clamps have been used, to apply the necessary means to prevent their removal by the action of the tail. This is done by braiding the hair shortly, and sometimes tying it up on the side. Even when this is not necessary, from the clamps not having been used, it is better to have the tail tightened up short, in order, when the suppurative process is es- tablished, the more easily to preserve the cleanliness of that part of the body. It is recommended by some veterinarians, also, as soon as the animal is on his feet, to have him thoroughly rubbed and dried, lest, as is not uncommon, he should have perspired excessively during the operation. He may be warmly blanketed if he has been accustomed to a covering, or in any case, placed in a quiet stall and tied up. If quiet and unexcited, and exhibiting no immediate ill consequence of the operation, he may, after an interval, be allowed to go loose in a box stall. If there are any manifestations of pain, or colicky symptoms, walking exercise may be given. Quietness, protection from changes of the weather, Animal castkation. 105 moderate diet, varying according to his condition, are included in the only general instructions that can be given. The wound simply requires, to be kept clean. Washing with cool water and soap when the dis- charge is well established, will fulfil this indication. The closing of the edges of the wound is to be care- fully prevented by the introduction of the finger be- tween them, care being taken to avoid the laceration of any points where union has already taken place in the upper part of the wound. It is not an unusual thing to find even these sim- ple measures of caution overlooked by gelders, some of them even recommending that the animal should, immediately after the operation, be violently exer- cised — even put in harness and made to draw a wagon. It is true that a little and gentle exercise may be beneficial, with a view to the removal of the soreness and pain of the newly castrated animal ; it must be admitted even that Professor Bouley recom- mends slow exercise to be carried to the extent of fatiguing the animal. But when we take into con- sideration how seriously some animals, at least, are affected by the operation, and the serious complica- tions which may follow it — even laying aside the hu- manitarian view of the question — we must neces- sarily conclude that such directions and such a practice is in violation of all the laws of true surgery, and even if justified by the strongest statistics, is condemned if confronted by a single fatal case. CHAPTEK V. COMPLICATIONS AND TREATMENT OF THE OPERATION — COLICS — TEARING OF THE CLAMPS — HEMORRHAGE — SWELLING OF THE SCROTAL REGION — GANGRENE — ABSCESSES — CHAMPIGNON — EXTRA SCROTAL — INTRA SCROTAL — INTRA ABDOMINAL — VARIOUS TREATMENTS — FISTULA OF THE SCROTUM — INGUINAL HERNIA— PERITONITIS — TETANUS — AMAUROSIS— COM- PARATIVE VIEW OF THE VARIOUS MODES OF CASTRA- TION. COMPLICATIONS AND THEIR TREATMENT. Though the operation of castration is compara- tively simple in its various methods and is generally successful in its results, still it is not entirely free from accidents or complications. Indeed, among those likely to meet our notice, there are some of quite a serious character, which will develop them- selves independently of the skill and care with which the operation may have been performed or whatso- (106) ANIMAL CASTRATION. 107 ever attention may have been bestowed upon the patient. Among these may be enumerated colics, hemorrhage, swelling of the scrotum, gangrene, abscesses, champignon, fistula, hernia, peritonitis, tetanus, and amaurosis. COLICS. This, we have already seen, usually appears a short time after the completion of the operation, the suffering animal becoming uneasy, restless in his stall, pawing the ground with his fore feet, and sometimes lying down and rolling. As I have be- fore stated, these symptoms, as a rule, are of short duration, and subside without other treatment than a little walking exercise. It is rarely the case that they fail to yield to an anodyne, or a dose of chloral may be demanded before the symptoms are subdued. TEARING OF THE CLAMPS. When this accident occurs it is commonly at- tributable to the omission of a careless operator to secure the tail of the animal in such a man- ner as to prevent its interference with those im- pliments by its entanglement, and tearing them from the end of the cord, as a consequence. The result of this is the appearance of a hemorrhage from the spermatic artery, which can only be controlled by either a reapplication of the clamps to the end of the cord — if it can be thus secured — or by other means, which will be considered when we reach the 108 ANIMAL CASTRATION. subject of bleeding in general as connected with other causes. HEMORRHAGE May be primary or secondary. In the first in- stance it occurs in consequence of the insufficiency of the means of heniostasis applied to the end of the cord, as in the case cf the operation by simple excision, by cauterization, the too rapid crush- ing of the cord, torsion, or the accident before re- ferred to — when the clamps have been torn off and the cord lacerated about the point of their applica- tion. Secondary hemorrhage manifests itself after a longer interval following the operation. It may occur, for example, after the removal of the clamps, or when, during their removal, the mortified end of the cord is too much interfered with by the sharp end of the instrument used in cutting the string which confines them together, or from too forcibly pulling upon the cord itseK ; and in some instances without any assignable cause other than a diseased condition of the coats of the artery. This secondary hemorrhage is usually, by reason of the inflamma- tory condition of the blood vessels, of more threaten- ing aspect and more difficult to control than the primary variety. The treatment indicated varies. "When caused by the tearing of the clamps, or at the time of their removal, it may be checked by the re- application of the instrument. But if the cord is retracted within the inguinal canal and cannot be ANIMAL CASTRATION. 109 Trashed, and if it is already adherent to the surround- ing tissues, by granulations recently formed, the checking of the flow may be very difficult. In many cases the application of cold water, either in the shape of the cold douche over the part, or iced sponges, may prove sufficient. But in other cases the cavity of the wound must be packed with balls of oakum, wet either with water alone or any styptic agent, such as a solution of perchloride of iron, the whole being kept in place by a suspensory bandage, or if necessary, a few points of suture. These measures may be put in practice while the animal is on his feet ; but if they fail in their effect, the surgeon must at once proceed to cast his patient and ligate the artery — an operation of delicate exe- cution, and not always easy to perform, by reason of the deep seated position of the vessel. The use of the actual cautery has also been recommended, but even when successful there are many objections to this, one of which is the complication such an opera- tion may bring on by the introduction into the wound of a scab which must necessitate for its expulsion a serious amount of inflammatory action. As a rule, however, the operation of packing is all that is re- quired, the oakum being left undisturbed for twenty- four or even thirty-six hours. Its removal must be undertaken with great caution. SWELLING OF THE SCROTAL REGION. This, as we have seen, is an almost necessary consequence of the operation, the swelling making HO ANIMAL CASTRATION. its appearance a short time after the alteration is accomplished. It usually first affects the parts immediately around the edges of the wound, and spreads forwards and upwards in such a manner that the entire scrotum and sheath be- come the seat of it. It is somewhat warm, tense, and slightly painful. If there is no increase beyond these limits, there is no occasion for alarm, as by exercise, fomentations, and scarifications, with the administration of diuretics, it ordinarily subsides. But if it continues to increase, and extends upwards and backwards, involving the inside of the thighs and the perineum, loses its character of heat and soreness, to become cold and painless, crepitating under pressure, we must prepare to encounter the most severe of all complications, that of gangrene, requiring the most prompt and vigorous treatment, as we shall presently see. It may also happen that even while retaining the characterises of healthy oedema, it may assume such dimensions that the penis becomes so involved that phymosis and para- phymosis may supervene^ to add to the other com- plications. These, however, are not serious sequela?, as by proper care, with fomentations or scarifica- tions, and the use of a suspensory bandage, they may be readily overcome. GANGRENE. This accident may be looked for from the fourth to the eighth day, manifesting itself not only by the extent which the cedema of the scrotal ANIMAL CASTRATION. HI region assumes, and by its characteristics of cold- ness, loss of sensibility, and crepitant feeling, but by the foetid odor proceeding from the wound, and by a change in the character, or the disappearance of the suppuration, which is succeeded by a sanious, bloody and offensive discharge. To this series of symptoms are to be added a marked increase of the general disturbance, manifested by increased thirst, anorexia, foetid mouth, change of color in the mucous membrane to a livid hue, increase of pulse, with weakening, increased respiration, temperature at first elevated and then diminished, and after five or six days a final termination in the death of the patient. The progress of this complication is so rapid, and the chances of recovery are so few, that the necessity for prompt treatment becomes at once obvious. All the diseased and mortified parts must be removed at once, and means instantly employed to prevent the absorption of gangrenous matter. Friction with am- moniacal and turpentine liniments must be used over the swelling; the parts must be subjected to the actual cautery at white heat, and disinfecting agents of all kinds must be freely used, as chloride of lime, carbolic acid, and permanganate of potash, while in- ternal treatment must immediately be instituted by the administration of stimulants and antiseptics in the form of ammonia and phenic acid, or its preparations. ABSCESSES. When these are likely to result from a too rapid closure of the edges of the scrotal envelope, the 112 ANIMAL CASTEATION. premature union may be readily prevented, as we have before stated, by the careful introduction of the finger into the wound while it is still suppurating. But notwithstanding this precaution they will some- times occur as the result of the infiltration and accu- mulation of the suppurative matter. A free incision and proper attention to the cavity of the abscess, is all that this accident requires. A careful examina- tion of the parts will, however, reveal another cause for the formation of these abscesses. It is then against these causes that the therapeutic treatment must be directed. "We refer now to the complica- tion known as the formation of a CHAMPIGNON. This name is applied to an indurated condi- tion of the end of the cord, or in its thickness, of a tumefied character, varying in size and extent, and slow in its growth. It results from an excess of inflammatory action, attributable to the manipula- tions which become necessary during the perform- ance of the operation. The name " champignon " (or mushroom) is applied to it by the French, on ac- count of the pedunculated appearance which it some- times assumes, and which causes it to greatly resem* ble that fungus in its outward figure. It is also known as schirrous or indurated cord. The tumor is sometimes situated on the outside of the envelopes, when it is known as extra-scrotal, but more commonly it is found covered by the skin, in which case it is better known as intra-scrotal In this latter condi- ANIMAL CASTRATION. 113 tion it may be merely a growth at the end of the cord, becoming, as determined by its location, of an extra-inguinal character, or if the diseased process extends as far as the upper inguinal opening, or be- yond it, it becomes, and is so denominated,, intra- ab lominal. There is also an extra-intra-scrotal growth, when it is partly within and partly external to the scrotum. This tumor will vary greatly in size, being sometimes very small in dimensions, and at others having those of a man's fist. We have ourselves observed it equalling a child's head in size. The causes from which it originates are obscure,, and cannot be very well defined. Still, they may be arranged under the heading of any of the morbific causes which may excite an excess of inflammatory action at the end of the cord. Amongst these may be enumerated all violent tractions upon the cord at the time of the operation ; all unnecessary manipu- lations during the process of cicatrization, such as the too frequent introduction of the finger into the wound with destruction of the granulations already adherent to the cord, and the application of the ap- pliances for its division too low down upon it, leav- ing that organ hanging too much, and the retraction of the organ being insufficient to retain it in the in- guinal sac. Still, as a champignon may be developed in the absence of all these causes, it would seem that their growth may be attributed also to some specific idiosyncrasy in the animal affected, the true nature of which cannot be very accurately or easily under- stood. It is held, however, by certain German and 114 ANIMAL CASTKATION. Russian authors that exposure to cold exercises a great deal of influence in the development of this affection, and observation has largely established the fact of its greater prevalence during cold seasons. Symptoms of extra-scrotal champignon, — This is otherwise known in the terminology of some patholo- gists as true or superficial champignon. It develops itself at the cut extremity of the cord as a granulat- ing mass, of a red color, varying in size, its growth, nevertheless, allowing the cicatrization of the skin to progress in such a manner that it forms a point of attachment from which the tumor seems to proceed. This form of it is usually of little account, as it may easily be removed before it has attained to trouble- some dimensions. "When of considerable propor- tions, however, it may interfere materially with the act of locomotion by causing pain in the cord, upon which it drags more or less. It is not often or nec- essarily accompanied by constitutional disturbance, excepting in cases of excessive suppuration, which may sooner or later undermine the general health by exhausting the stamina of the patient. If instead of showing its greatest development on the surface of the scrotum, it occurs beneath it, a greater or less degree of swelling will appear on one or both sides of the inguinal region, the swelling be- ing somewhat hard, possibly the seat of one or more fistulous tracks resulting from abscesses which have at times opened, discharged, and closed ; the animal showing a certain amount of stiffness in the action of the hind legs. In this case we shall have to ANIMAL CASTRATION. 115 adapt our treatment to the deep champignon of Zundel, under one of its three forms of extra-inguinal, intra- inguinal, and intra-abdominal. . Under the first head we shall often discover, upon inquiring into the history of the case, that for a length of time, varying from months, perhaps, to years, the animal had been affected with a swelling which would gather, break, and slowly heal, leaving no mark as an apparent indication of a diseased con- dition, excepting that a certain degree of lameness would have been observed to be present. Upon ex- ploring the testicular region it would then be ob- served to be the seat of a tumor, either spherical or pysiform, seldom painful, and more or less adherent to the envelope that covered it. Above this the end may be felt free from diseased process, and this is the champignon in its chronic form. In this condi- tion it is not incompatible with the general health of the animal affected, and forms no hindrance to his usefulness. This condition of extra-inguinal growth will sometimes dissolve away by an abscess-forma- tion, and quite disappear. But if the induration of the spermatic cord extends to the upper portion, or that which is enclosed in the inguinal canal, in such a manner as to interfere with locomotion, the leg cor- responding with the diseased side being carried in abduction, with numerous fistulous tracks existing on the surface of the scrotum, the intensity of the symptoms varying with the extent of the diseased process, the condition of the cord will be easily dis- covered by an examination of the parts, and the 116 ANIMAL CASTRATION. presence of an intra-inguival champignon established. If, besides these symptoms, we discover by rectal examination that there is in front of and above the pnbes a tumor more or less ovoid, or giving the sensation of a cylindrical mass, of size varying to the touch — which is the diseased indurated cord — the case is judged at once to be one of intra-abdominal nature. At times the inflammation may extend to the sub-lumbar region, when the hand introduced into the rectum may discover in that locality an ovoid tumor or abscess which may be of great size. This form of champignon is incomparably the most serious of them all; an intense and presistent react- ive fever is always present, and this at length termi- nates together the life and suffering of the animal. The abscess may sometimes open externally, and in some cases it may accumulate within the thickness of the cord and form large collections ; or, again, it may find its way into the abdominal cavity, where it may excite a fatal peritonitis. This rapid examination of the various forms of deep champignon will enable us easily to realize the difficulty of the progress in the case. While the pedunculated form, exterior to the scrotum, is not, comparatively, a very serious matter, it becomes, on the contrary, a very grave occurrence when it assumes the characters of the intra-abdominal variety, and must in a majority of cases be recognized as an incu- rable disorder. Treatment. — While champignon is an affection in which surgical interference cannot usually be dis- ANIMAL CASTRATION. 117 pensed with, it is still essential that the surgeon should avoid being over hasty in determining in fa- vor of an operation, and he should give the case a very careful consideration before deciding upon his course. At first emollient applications, appropriate topical treatment, and a few points of cauterization, may be followed by a process of resolution. But in the event of their failure four modes of operation present themselves. These are, in their order, the application of the clamps; the ligature; the linear crushing or ecraseur ; and cauterization. When the case is one of the extra-scrotal variety, the applica- tion of a ligature around the base of the peduncle, or removal by ecraseur, will be the simplest mode of treatment, unless there should exist a tendency to infiltration of the cord, in which case the manipula- tions to be followed become the same as those which are adapted to that of the deep or intra-scrotal form. By the damps. — When the application of the clamps is resorted to, they may be similar to those used in Fig. 25. CURVED CLAMPS. ordinary castration, or may be curved in form (Fig. 25). The animal to be operated on is to be thrown on either side according to which cord is affected, 113 ANIMAL CASTRATION. and an incision made through the envelopes as nearly parallel with the median line of the body as the case permits,when the tumor and the cord are carefully dis- sected and separated from their adhesions. If the tumor is suspended from the end of the cord there will be no difficulty in applying the clamp above it and upon a healthy portion of the cord. But if the diseased process extends within the inguinal canal, there will be need of great caution in dissecting the cord up to the healthy structure. In doing this the safer mode will be for the operator to treat the ad- hesions with the ringers or the blunt end of the scissors, rather than to employ the sharp edge of the bistoury with the accompanying danger of causing hemorrhage. If, on the contrary, the cord is dis- eased to an extent that renders it difficult to reach a healthy portion, other modes of operation — as by the ligature — become the wiser and more practicable indication. When the clamps are used it is neces- sary to leave them in place for several days, and sometimes they are allowed to slough off, while the growth is usually suffered to remain for a few days after the operation. Ligature. — When this mode of procedure is adopted, the tumor having been dissected and the cord well freed from its adhesions with surrounding parts, and the ligature being applied, the tumor may either be amputated immediately or be left to slough off in its own time. The ligature may be either of twine, silk, or elastic cord. We have ourselves operated by this method in the successful removal of growths ANIMAL CASTRATION. 119 of very considerable size. So long as the upper por- tion of the cord, which retains its healthy structure, can be reached, the application of the ligature is at- tended with no difficulty, the manipulations required being similar to those which attend the removal of all growths by the process of ligation. But if the diseased process extends so far that the ligature cannot be applied at the proper point, as in the case of intra-inguinal champignon, it will be necessary to have resort to the ligature-carrier recommended by Serres (Fig. 26). In using this instrument the loop Fig. 26. LIGATURE-CARRIER. of the ligature being passed over the tumor around the cord, is carried into the inguinal canal as high up as possible, pressure being made by holding the instrument against the cord, while strong traction is made on the ends of the ligature, which is then se- cured by a knot upon a small stick placed across the opening of the instrument, with a view to the prevention of slipping. If an increase of pressure is found to be necessary, it can easily be obtained by tightening the ligature from day to day as required. If the size of the cord should be such as to prevent a proper application of a single ligature, it may be- come necessary to divide it in applying a double, 120 ANIMAL CASTRATION. triple, or multiple ligatures, in accordance with the rales for such ligating. In whatsoever manner the ligature maybe applied, even when it is of the elastic kind, the process of sloughing of the tissues is always a slow one. It is for this reason that we agree with Prof. Bouley in considering the treatment of champignon by the linear crushing very much to be preferred. Ecraseur. — The steps of the operation with this instrument are similar to those required in the other methods already considered. The champignon is iso- lated from its surrounding parts, the chain is placed on the cord above the base of the tumor, and the amputation is completed by a slow pressure upon the cord, which, crushing it by degrees, permits its immediate removal. It must be done slowly, occupy- ing from ten to twenty minutes for the complete separation of the champignon, according to the size of the tumor. The operation being finished, the parts are left in the condition of a simple wound, where no cause exists to interfere with its rapid cica- trization. Cauterization. — This is a mode of treatment which we have never had occasion to submit to trial, hav- ing always given the preference to the pi*ocess we have just referred to. It is recommended, however, by European authorities. Some of these advocate the "melting" process, or the introduction of sharp points deeply into the thickest parts of the enlarge- ment, while others advise a removal of a portion of the growth and deep cauterization afterwards. If ANIMAL CASTEATION. 12 1 cauterization can be advantageously employed, the best method, in our judgment, would be the process of amputation with Paccalin, or with the galvanic cautery. We may here, while referring to the appli- cation of electricity in this connection, appropriately refer to our own experience of a number of years ago, in treating an animal suffering with intra-scrotal champignon, by electrolysis, and succeeding after two applications, in obtaining the complete removal of the tumor. This method, however, consumes too much time to justify its employment in general prac- tice. * Treatment by Iodide of Potassium.— -There are cases where the development of the neoplasm is such that surgical interference cannot be considered; or again in cases where the champignon for various reasons will not allow the operation to be performed ; in such cases the internal administration of iodide of potas- sium can be resorted to. Many are the instances where it has brought recovery where any kind of relief could not be entertained by surgical interfer- ence. We have obtained several magnificent results with it, but although some European veterinarians are advocating it, others have but little faith in it. FISTULA OF THE SCROTUM. Being already aware of several causes of this com- plication of the operation of castration, we may readily appreciate the treatment they require. It must be remembered that in a majority of cases, the cause of this lesion is the presence of a foreign body in the wound, and that until it is removed, it is in vain to look for a cure. Prof. Bouley has reported 122 ANIMAL CASTRATION. a case in which the fistula was cine to the presence of a pair of clamps over which the skin had almost entirely cicatrized. INGUINAL HERNIA; HERNIA OF CASTRATION. By this is understood the protrusion of some por- tion of the contents of the abdominal cavity through the inguinal ring, either a portion of the omentum or of some part of the small intestines, creating either an epiplocele or an enterocele. This compli- cation may take place either during the operation, or shortly afterwards, or at the period of the removal \of the clamps. It proceeds from the violent strug- gling of the animal during the operation ; to the colics which are so apt to supervene ; to his position when placed in a stall of which the floor is too much inclined ; or it may result from some of the various modes of castration, as, for example, the uncovered operation. At times the two forms of hernia may pre- sent themselves together, constituting a case of entero-epiplocele. When the epiploan alone pro- trudes, it need not give rise to any unnecessary anxiety, as it may easily be either reduced and re- turned to its place, or ligated with the clamps, or torn apart. If, on the contrary, it is a portion of the small intestines which becomes involved, the first indication is to restore it to its place by the proper taxis without delay, which may be readily done, the animal being yet down and placed under an anesthetic, by the rectal taxis combined with the ANIMAL CASTRATION. 123 necessary inguinal manipulations. "When this has been accomplished the intestine is kept in place by the application of a clamp over the cord, upon which the fibrous coat of the cremaster has been carefully drawn. PERITONITIS. This complication, considered as one of the most frequent following castration, is also, beyond doubt, one of the most serious. It is generally the result of exjDosure to cold, especially when its occurrence ac- companies the suppurative fever. But it also de- velops itself in animals which have received the best hygienic care, its appearance being attributed to an excessive dragging of the o'ord, or to the extension of the local inflammation by continuity of tissues. It manifests itself generally between the second and third day following the operation, except when it becomes symptomatic, as of gangrene of the cord, when we have seen it making its appearance towards the tenth day. The symptoms of this traumatic peritonitis differ somewhat from those of the acute inflammatory type. According to Gourclon, "the animal is dull and refuses all food — the suppuration of the wound of the scrotum has ceased, the bags and surrounding parts become the seat of a warm, hard and painful swelling. The animal stands with his four legs brought close together, the back is stiff and arched, the flanks are cordy, the abdomen painful, the pulse hard, small and increased. As the disease progresses, 124 ANIMAL CASTRATION. the symptoms are more marked, the enlargement of the envelopes increases and is more diffuse, it ex- tends down to the abdomen, and even under the chest, passes along the thighs, is less varm, less hard, less painful, and pits under pressure. There are slight colics, the pulse gets smaller, intermittent, the respiration is increased, and the animal dies towards the fifth or sixth day." The treatment to be recommended varies accord- ing to different authors. While some prescribe de- pletive and sedative treatment, laxatives and diu- retics, many prefer tonics and stimulants. The Ger- mans claim great results from the use of tincture of arnica (in small doses) administered internally. The external treatment consists in sinapisms, warm fomentations, poultices, or fumigations under the abdomen. TETANUS. As with most cases of traumatic tetanus, this com- plication is generally fatal, and it is, without doubt, the most dangerous of all and marked by the greatest mortality. It is generally admitted that exposure to cold and dampness is one of the most prolific causes, especially in animals which, having but recently re- covered, are too soon put to work. The various modes of operation have also been considered to have some influence upon its development, though there is probably no ground upon which this theory can find a support. "Whether the nature of the soil ANIMAL CASTRATION. 125 of a district, or its atmospheric condition, may have any connection with it, is also a question. "We know that in some portions of Long Island, cases of tetanus are commonly met with, at some seasons of the year, after surgical operations of every kind. It may appear within a few days following the castration, or it may defer its visitation for a period of twenty clays, or longer. Tetanus is certainly a very frequent complication of castration, but since the prophylactic application of antitoxine injection inaugurated by Prof. Nocard previous to the performance of any surgical operation, the dangers of its appearance have almost entirely vanished. As to the treatment indicated for the tetanus of castration, it is that which is applied to all cases of that traumatic affection. AMAUROSIS. This disease may also be included among those classed as the sequelae of castration, having been known to follow cases where hemorrhage of the small testicular artery had occurred. Tonic treat- ment internally and local stimulating applications may sometimes relieve this complication, but it will generally be admitted to be incurable. COMPARATIVE VIEW OF THE VARIOUS MODES 0E CASTRATION. The process by simple excision, by reason of the hemorrhage which necessarily accompanies it, though 126 ANIMAL CASTRATION. not inevitably dangerous, must be excluded from the domain of general practice. That of scraping the cord has not, so far as our knowledge extends, been sufficiently tested, either in European or American practice, to justify its recom- mendation. The process of torsion below tlie epididymis is too much subject to the development of champignon, as well as that oifree torsion with the hands, to be ad- mitted by judicious operators, while the limited tor- sion is a method which has taken rank amongst safe operators, notwithstanding the enormous swelling of the parts by which it is commonly accompanied, and the necessity it involves of the introduction of the fingers into the wound to prevent its premature closing. The method by the ecraseur, though occupying a longer time in its completion than some others, has secured very favorable results, especially in the hands of American operators. The operation by cauterization is highly recom- mended by English veterinarians. We believe, con- trary to the statements of French authors, that it is not widely in use on this Continent. The objections urged against it are that the hemostatic effect upon the cord is less reliable than in the method by the clamps or the ligature ; that there is more or less danger of cauterizing the surrounding parts by the effect of the radiant heat from the cautery ; and that the swelling which follows the operation is always excessively great. Castration by the clamps is the best known and ANIMAL CASTRATION. 127 most extensively practised. It is easy and quick in its performance ; performs the most certain hemos- tasis upon the artery, and notwithstanding some slight objections, merits a preference over all others. The principal objection alleged against it is that it is attended with great pain to the suffering patient when the pressure of the instrument upon the soft tissues is first felt. This is a doubtful question, and if this excessive amount of pain really exists, it cer- tainly cannot be of long continuance, merely on ac- count of the effect produced by the clamps themselves. Of the various methods by ligature, that of the li- gation of the cord with its envelopes is applicable to small animals only. That upon the cord alone is liable to be followed by hemorrhage, or by the exces- sive retraction of the cord into the abdominal cavity, drawing the ligature with it. That of the efferent canal and of the cord by the subcutaneous mode are not admitted in general practice, while that of the artery alone has not been extensively performed on large animals, so far as we are informed, except by certain Massachusetts veterinarians. The castration by double subcutaneous twisting, when extensively applied to solipeds, will probably prove to be the safest mode of all, and least likely to be followed by complications. We are not informed as to the extent to which it has been practised in this country, even amongst ruminants. Aseptic Castration is no doubt the chosen method when it can be strictly applied. "With minute asepsy the results are most brilliant, and of 48 horses oper- ated by Plosz, 47 recovered without suppuration. CHAPTEE VL CASTRATION OF FEMALES OR OVARIOTOMY — HISTORY — INDICATIONS — EFFECTS UPON THE ORGANISM AND SPECIAL FUNCTIONS — ADVANTAGES IN COWS — CON- DITIONS FAVORABLE TO THE OPERATION — ANATOMY — MODUS OPERANDI — BY THE FLANKS — CHARLIER'S PROCESS — INSTRUMENTS — VARIOUS STEPS — DIVISION OF THE VAGINA — SEIZING THE OVARY — TWISTING IT OFF — COMPLICATIONS — HEMORRHAGE— PERITONITIS ABSCESS OF THE PELVIC CAVITY— CONSTIPATION — SUBCUTANEOUS EMPHTSEMA— CASTRATION OF THE SMALL ANIMALS — OF SWINE — OF SLUTS — OF FOWLS. As I have stated before, the revival of the opera- tion of castration upon large females is due to a Louisiana farmer, Thomas Winn, who, in the year 1831, castrated several of his cows. Without entering upon the history which includes a record of the failures and successes attendant upon the introduction of the operation, it may suffice to say that until the improvements made by Charlier in the manipulations involved in the operation, it encountered considerable opposition, and it is within (138) ANIMAL CASTRATION. 129 a comparatively recent period that it lias become established in the domains of veterinary surgery. The indications by which this operation commend itself to agriculturists, and others who find profit or pleasure in the use or ownership of these domestic animals, are several. Among them are the influence which it exercises upon the secretion of milk in cows, and upon the power of accumulating fat, and its ef- fects upon the character and temper of all the large females, in which relation it obviously acts as a therapeutic agent, in overcoming certain peculiar conditions by which they are distinguished. In re- spect to the effect of the operation of spaying the cow upon the milk secretion, it is a fact well estab- lished that it not only increases the amount and du- ration of the flow, but also improves the quality of that valuable fluid, the spayed cow not only continu- ing the production from eighteen to twenty-four months, but giving a product far richer in the elements of nutrition. This is shown by the en- hanced proportions of the cream, the caseine aud the sugar, which determine its richness and value, both economically and commercially, after alteration. But even this argument in favor of spaying the cow is rendered more weighty by the fact that besides its influence on the milky secretion, there is also that which is furnished by the consideration of its effect in augmenting the deposit of fat throughout the frame, for it is through this tendency that the flesh of the ani- mal becomes so greatly improved in its nutritive qual- ity as compared with that of the same species whep in 130 ANIMAL CASTftATION. the entire condition, becoming so noticably more ten- der, juicy and palatable, retaining more of the oily element, digesting more easily, and so, of course, ac- quiring a pecuniary value in the market not before possessed. These remarks apply to the dry equally with the milch cow, and leaving out the reference to the milk secretion, to the ox as well. With respect to the effect of the operation upon the character and disposition of the cow, these are easily illustrated in the movements of the nympho- maniac animal, which may be said to be constantly in a state of hysterical excitement. They seem to be in continual conditions of heat, running after and mounting other animals with which they may be in company, while never producing and giving no milk. They are always in a lean condition, and must re- main a pecuniary loss to the dairyman. This mani- festation of nymphomania is also met with in the mare, which, continually exhibiting signs of heat, becomes more or less dangerous on that account. In these cases the advantage of the operation of spay- ing cannot be overlooked. We have personal knowl- edge of several cases of this character, in which worthless and troublesome mares have been trans^ / formed into docile and valuable animals. CONDITIONS FAVOEABLE TO THE OPERATION. Charlier expresses the opinion that the best time, for the performance of the operation upon cows is from the sixth to the eighth year, or after they have had their second or third calf. If performed at an ANIMAL CASTRATION. 131 earlier period tlie great objection originally urged against castration, that its performance would tend to the diminution of the stock in numbers or "pop- ulation," might find more or less confirmation. But by an observance of this condition all danger of the "annihilation of stock would be obviated. The coav to be operated on ought to be in fair condition, not in heat or pregnant, and the time selected should be from forty to sixty days after calving. ANATOMY. The vagina is situated within the pelvic cavity, be- tween the rectum and the bladder. Its internal face presents numerous longitudinal folds, the purpose of which is to permit the free dilatation of the parts. At the bottom of the passage is situated the neck of the uterus, giving to the finger the sensation of a pro- jection, hard towards the cavity of the vagina, and in the centre of which is felt a closed opening, from which radiate the folds of the mucous membrane. The uterus (Figs. 27 and 28), continued forward to the neck, is situated in the abdominal cavity, occupying the sub-lumbar region, with its posterior extremity resting at the end of the pelvic cavity. It is somewhat pyriform in shape, and larger at its base, where it di- vides into two lateral halves, continued by the horns. The concave curvature of these horns look downward in the cow, but face upwards in the mare. In both they give attachment to the broad ligaments. These are folds of the peritoneum, more developed for- ward than behind, rising from the sub-lumbar re- 132 ANIMAL CASTRATION, i gion, and descending towards the uterus, to fix themselves upon the sides of the superior face of the body of this organ, and, as before stated, upon the curvature of the horns. Their anterior border is free, and gives support to the oviducts and the ovaries. Between the serous layers are found the utero-ovarian artery and veins, largely developed. The ovaries are situated on the internal face of the broad ligament, forming a small ovoid mass, which receives a special serous lamella, a sort of ligament, having between its layers a few grayish muscular fibres, which may be strong enough to offer serious resistance when the extirpation of the organ is at- tempted. MODUS OPERANDI. Ovariotomy or Spaying in Large Animals, There are two modes of operation. The original method was that of removal through the flanks, which, however, has fallen into disuse since the in- troduction of the process of Charlier, of removal through the vagina. This process is altogether to be preferred, as being safer, more consistent with scientific surgery, and in a word is the only one which it is proper to perform, so long as the capacity of the vagina permits the necessary manipulations to be performed METHOD BY THE FLANKS. Four steps are necessary to be followed in thiu Fro. 27= RIGHT OVARY OF THE COW WITH ITS ATTACHMENTSo ' U. — Right horn of the uterus. L. — Broad ligament. L' — Its anterior border. O. — Ovary. R. — Peritoneal fold where it is suspended. S. — Superior ovarian ligament. T. — Inferior ovarian ligament. A. — Ovarian artery. V. — Ovarian vein. I. — Oviduct. P.— Its pavilion. X. — Its superior or fimbriated opening. Z. — Its inferior opening* (133) LONGITrrrS'AL SECTION OF THE PELVIS OF THE MAKE SHOTTING THE POSITION AM) CONNECTION OF THE GENITAL ORGANS. 1 — Uterus. S — Horn of the uterus. 3 — Vagina. 4 — Blad- der. 5— Rectum. 7 8 — Vulva. 9— Ovary. 10— Oviduct. 11 — Kidney. 13 — Broad ligament. (134) ANIMAL CASTRATION. 135 method. The first is securing the animal. The cow is usually kept on her feet, pressed firmly against a wall, the legs secured with hobbles, and her head controlled, as much as possible, by a strong assist- ant. The second step is the incision of the flank. This is made on the left side, with a sharp, convex bistoury, in the middle of the superior portion of that region, dividing the skin and muscles vertically, care being taken that the incision is not carried too low down, in order to avoid the division of the cir- cumflex artery, which passes along in that vicinity. An opening is then made in the peritoneum, either with the knife or with the fingers, sufficiently large to permit the introduction of the fingers. In the third step of the operation, which comprehends the re- moval of the ovary, the surgeon introduces his hand into the abdomen, and turning it towards the pelvis, feels for the horns of the uterus. Upon finding these the ovaries are easily discovered. He care- fully draws them outwards, and their removal is ef- fected either with the ecraseur or the forceps of Charlier. The operation is concluded by the appli- cation of a quill suture, or by a double row of sutures and a dressing of iodoformed collodion. METHOD BY THE VAGINA. For this operation special instruments are re- quired. These consist of, first, a vaginal dilator (Fig. 29), or speculum, of peculiar and somewhat complicated construction, to be modified subse- Fig. 29.— charlier's vaginal speculum. (Closed.) (Open, ANIMAL CASTRATION. 137 Fig. 30. quently by another (Fig 30), of supe- rior form and easier of application, and now in general use ; second, a bistoury cache (Fig. 31 j, sliding on its handles, Fig. 3L BISTOURY CACHE which is a true embryotomy knife, mod- ified by Colin (Fig. 32) ; third, a pair of Fig. 32. colin's bistoury cache. J\\ M W long, sharp scissors (Fig. 33), with ^■^ guarded blades, curved on its flat sur- face ; fourth, a torsion forceps (Fig. 31), closed by a peculiar thread arrange- ment, moved by the handle ; and fifth, a steel thimble (Fig. 35), which has been modified by the instrument shown in Fig. 36, and which is used in applying the limited torsion on the broad ligaments. MODIFIED VAGINAL SPECULUM. Fig. 33. Fig. 34. FORCEPS FOR CASTRATION OF COWS. SCISSORS TO DIVIDE THE BROAD LIGAMENT. Fig. 35. — Thimbt.e for Castration. Fm. 36 — Covin's Nippers, to take the place of the thimble. U38) ANIMAL CASTRATION. 139 Preparation of the animal. — No general preparation is required, except one, which may be regarded as of local effect, but is not to be overlooked. This consists in the evacuation of the bowels by means of a rectal injection, in order that the arms of the surgeon may not become unnecessarily soiled during the opera- tion. The animal is secured on her feet by being placed in a narrow stall to prevent her from moving from side to side, the floor of the stall having an in- clination forwards, in order to prevent the pressure by gravitation of the intestinal mass towards the posterior parts of the abdomen. It is understood that antiseptic measures are here also indicated. Disinfection of the vulva, of the vagina, and thorough aseptic condition of the instru- ments, of the hand and arm of the operator. The operation is completed in two steps, of which the first is the incision of the vagina, and the second the extirpation of the ovaries. THE INCISION IN THE VAGINA. This is made in the following manner. The ope- rator introduces the speculum with his right hand, through the vulva, into the vaginal cavity, and care- fully passing in his left hand, well oiled, directs and introduces the little prolongation A of the speculum into the centre of the neck of the uterus, gently pressing upon it in order to keep it in place. In using the original dilator, the opening of the branches must be so regulated as to put the walls of the vagina upon the stretch. Or, if he uses the modified specu- lum, he pushes the instrument downwards and for- wards, and by this motion distends the upper wall 140 ANIMAL CASTRATION. * of the cavity, keeping the instrument in that position by a. hold of the left hand, which has been withdrawn from the vagina. He then arms himself with the bistoury cache, which he holds closed in his full hand and introduces with the right hand into the vagina. Carefully feeling the condition of the upper wall of this cavity, and assuring himself of its being well stretched, he rests his hand, still holding the bis- toury, upon the opening or " window " at the end of the speculum (Figs. 37 and 38), and by firmly pushing the blade (the sharp edge being turned backwards) out of its handle, pierces with it the vaginal walls, about two inches above the neck of the uterus, and with a motion from below upwards and from before back- wards, makes an incision on the median line, from three to three and a half inches in length. The in- troduction of the instrument must be made in such a manner that it will pass at once through the walls of the vagina proper, as well as through the perito- neal cap which it presents at its anterior portion. The incision being completed, the speculum is carefully withdrawn ; and if a slight hemorrhage should occur, the blood should be removed before the surgeon proceeds to the second step of the operation. REMOVAL OF THE OVARIES. Then, again introducing his hand into the vagina, and passing his finger through the opening made by the incision, he feels for the ovaries, which he finds floating at the extremity of their ligaments, towards the entrance of the pelvis, below, on each Fm. 37, -""" nos ot ' ws V.. seller's pn Incision of the vagina. Fig. 88. CASTRA7 on of cows. (Charlier's process), let step. Incision of the vagina. ANIMAL CASTRATION. 143 side, and at a short distance from the incision, be- tween the base of the uterine horns, near and inside of the free border of the ligaments, and a little above the anterior border of the pubis. Then, grasping the ovarian body, he draws it carefully into the vagina, through the incision, and introduces the long- scissors, with the guarded blade of which he divides the thick border of the broad ligament (Fig. 39), re- placing the ovaries into the abdomen without releas- ing his hold. The torsion forceps is then passed into the vagina and through the incision, and is made to take hold with its open jaws of the broad ligament (Fig. 40), above the ovary, and is firmly closed by the movement of the spiral crank of the handle (D). Both hands being now outside of the vaginal cavity, and the forceps being secured on the broad ligament, held by the right hand, the left thumb is protected by the thimble (E),and the hand once more inserted, to grasp the broad ligament above the point where the jaws of the torsion forceps are placed. In this position the torsion is made with the forceps, the twisting of the ligament being limited by the firm pressure made by the thimble on the thumb with the index finger, or by a pair of crushing pincers. After several turns of the instru- ment, the ovary is separated from its attachment, and may be brought out of the cavity, still held se- curely between the oval jaws of the torsion forceps. The same method is applicable to the ovaries of both sides. These rules are subject to more or less modification by indications which may occasionally Pig. 39. SCISSORS DIVIDING THE BROAD LIGAMENTS. (144) Fig. 40.— torsion of the ovary. A B— Forceps closed, B C— Forceps open, E— Thimble, 146 AXQIAL CASTRATION. present themselves, arising from the age of the animal or the structure or other conditions of the ovaries. This method of castration has been modified in many ways, both as to the forms of the instruments used, and the mode of using them, a majority of operators, at the present time even, discarding the dilator, and making the incision simply by stretch- ing the walls of the vagina and pushing against the neck of the uterus with the hand. The manner in which the removal of the ovaries is effected has also been subjected to many changes. For more than twenty years, during which we have been perform- ing the operation, we have been accustomed to use the ecraseur in the last step, and with excellent and satisfactory results. The subsequent attention required by the spayed cow is usually a very simple matter, and involves little beyond careful dieting, the patient recovering from the general effects upon the system usually in a few days. COWPLICATIONS. It may properly be said that there are no compli- cations likely to follow the process in the castration of cows, which may be denominated serious. In the statistics which record the mortality attending it> the fatal cases are represented at the very trifling rate of two per cent. A light colic may sometimes follow it, but it usually subsides without medical treatment. Still, however, spaying may at times be accompanied by accidents of a serious character, ANIMAL CASTRATION. 147 though these have considerably diminished in fre- quency since the introduction of the method of Charlier. One of these is HEMORRHAGE, which may occur when the torsion or the crushing of the artery has not been sufficiently complete. But though it is likely to give rise to peritonitis, it is not necessarily a fatal complication. We have ourselves known of cases of its occurrence in mares which had survived it a number of days, and when destroy- ed exhibited none of the lesions of that affection. PERITONITIS. "We have several times met with this sequel to the operation, especially in mares. But in these cases, as revealed by post mortem investigation, the disease seemed generally to have remained localized. Less common than prior to the practice of castration per vagina, it still is followed by fatal consequences when the entire peritoneum becomes diseased. Its appearance usually occurs from the third to the sixth day. There is suspension of the milky secre- tion, general dullness, chills, anorexia, suspension of rumination, rapid, small and thready pulse, some- times painful respiration, rapid loss of flesh, and speedily— death. The indications of treatment are similar to those which are applicable to peritonitis in the solipeds, but the prognosis is always serious. ABSCESS IN THE PELVIC CAVITY. This is a complication we have quite often en- countered. Besides the general symptoms, there ANIMAL CASTRATION. 148 are those of a local character, which are detected by- rectal examination, by which discovery is made of the presence of a tumor on one side or the other of the vagina, varying in size, fluctuating, and easily identified. This abscess may be opened in the cavity of the vagina, and should be attended to as soon as discovery is made of the fluctuating charac- ter of the growth, without waiting for the process of natural resolution. SUBCUTANEOUS EMPHYSEMA. Emphysema of the subcutaneous connective tissue is said to be a common sequel to the flank operation. Its appearance need not excite any special uneasi- ness, as its termination is usually by spontaneous disappearance. It is an accident we have never en- countered in our practice. CONSTIPATION. This complication, which is often met with in mares, is to be carefully looked for, and must be relieved by laxative food and rectal injections. It is due to the pain which accompanies defecation while the wound of the vagina is healing, and which the animal tries to avoid by keeping the rectum full. CASTRATION OF THE SMALL ANIMALS. SMALL RUMINANTS. For these subjects, two modes of operation are to be principally recommended. The first is the double subcutaneous torsion; the other the liga- Fig. 41, GENITAL ORGANS OF A YOUNG SOW. (Median and anteroposterior section). 1 — Ovary. 2 — Horn of the uterus. 3 — Body of the uterus. 4 — Rectum. 5 — Vagina. 6 — Bladder. 7 — Kidney. 9 — Intestines. 10 — Stump of one of the horns of the uterus. (14?) ' 150 ANIMAL CASTRATION. hire en masse of the cord and its envelopes. Hav- ing already considered these operations, a passing reference will suffice here. FOR SWINE. Iii sows, it must be remembered that the horns of the uterus are very long and flexuous (Fig. 41), and that the very small ovaries are situated on the inside of the broad ligaments, which are very large, and allow the horns to float freely amongst the cir- cumvolutions of the intestines. Ordinarily it is when the animal is about two months old that she is spayed, although sometimes it is later. She must be prepared by a full diet of 24 hours. Fig. 42. BISTOURY FOR THE CASTRATION OF SOW. ( Division of the flank). The operation can be performed through the flank, but more commonly by the median line. By the Flank. — The animal must be prepared by being secured upon the right side in order to ex- pose the left flank. The incision is made with a knife of peculiar form (Fig. 42), the coarse bristles having been previously closely clipped off. Care ANIMAL CASTRATION. 151 should be taken to carry the left leg in extension backwards, in such a manner that the edges of the various tissues divided shall not meet each other ■when the operation is completed. The incision may be made either vertically, horizontally, or obliquely. When vertical, it should be immediately below the lumbar vertebra next to the last rib ; if horizontal, it should be parallel with the vertebral column. The vertical incision should be preferred, because it brings the ovaries within easy reach of the fingers. It should be from two to three inches in length, and should be made by a single stroke of the knife, and without dividing the peritoneum, which should, after- wards, be either torn with the finger or carefully cut while raised with the forceps. To find the ovaries the operator introduces the index finger of the right hand between the vertebral column and the intes- tines, and explores the lumbar region. Upon finding the ovarian sac, he presses it against the abdominal wall and causes it to slide by pushing towards the opening through which it is extruded and grasped. While it is held there the left horn is carefully drawn out after it, until arriving at the bifurcation of the horns at the uterus, the right horn also is brought out and the ovary on that side secured. Both glands being now outside, they are torn or scraped off from their attachment, and the horns are returned to the abdomen. While this process is readily applicable to young sows, and requires a certain amount of practice to be performed expertly and with success, it is slightly 152 ANIMAL CASTRATION. modified when applied to older animals. In thai case the two horns must not be exposed outside to- gether, but each must be returned when the removal of the ovary connected with it has been effected. The simple tearing of the ovaries is not always sufficient, and maybe sometimes followed by serious hemorrhage. The scraping and the torsion are safer, and in some instances the ligature has been applied. The incision is closed with the interrupted or, which is preferable, the continued suture. No special after- treatment is required beyond low diet for a few days, with a little extra attention to cleanliness. The operation may at times be rendered difficult by exceptional and accidental conditions, as, for ex- ample, the shortness of the fingers of the operator. This difficulty, however, can be overcome by placing a bundle of straw or other substance under the right flank, which, by raising the body, displaces the in- testines upwards and crowds the ovary towards the left flank. It may also happen, as sometimes with old sows, that the ovary has become the seat of large cysts, or that its size is increased in consequence of patho- logical changes in its structure. In the first case, the cyst may be punctured and emptied with a trocar before attempting the obliteration of the organ. In the second, the opening into the abdomen must be enlarged sufficiently to permit the exit of the extra bulk. If through inadvertence the operation has been begun while the animal is in a state of pregnancy, 154 ANIMAL CASTRATION. the proceeding must be discontinued, the patient kept quiet and the matter indefinitely postponed. By the Median Line. — The animal is kept on its back, with the hind quarters raised. The region being prepared, the skin is incised and then the muscular aponeurotic coat underneath in the space inclosed between the three back pairs of teats, the peritoneum is perforated with the fingers. Introduc- ing the index finger in the abdomen, it readily feels the horns and the ovaries, which are pulled out- wards and removed. The wound is closed by strong suture. For Prof. Cadiot the flank operation is the best, but we certainly advocate that by the method of laparotomy, and for more complete details refer our readers to the same operation in bitches (see p. 155.) DOGS. In the female, when, as is sometimes supposed, it becomes a preventive measure in respect to hydro- phobia — though if it be so, it can only be from the fact that a castrated bitch will usually remain at home while others are running abroad in heat, and thus be more exposed to contagion — the operation i s only justifiable in the case of house dogs, domestic pets, in order to obviate the annoyance caused to their owners by their demonstrations while in heat. In the bitch the broad ligaments are very long (Fig. 43), extending as far as the hypochondriac region, where they divide into an external layer, which reaches to the last rib, while the other extends to ANIMAL CASTtlATlON. 15$ the sub-lumbar region behind the diaphragm. The broad ligaments diminish in height as they run for- ward in such a way that the anterior border of the external layer where the ovary is found, shorter in its median part, gives a certain amount of fixity to the anterior extremity of the horns which it keeps elevated in each hypochondriac region ; on that ac- count both horns cannot be at one time brought through the incision, and it becomes generally neces- sary in the bitch to operate on each side. As in sows, the operation can be done by the flank or through the linea alba. Prof. Cadiot prefers the first, although it requires two incisions. Prepared by a full diet of 24 hours, the animal is secured in lateral position on a table. Anaesthesia is not neces- sary. The skin of the flank is shaved and disinfected, a cutaneous incision is made near the last rib, the muscles perforated with the fingers and the abdom- inal cavity entered. Introducing the index finger into it, feeling for the kidney, the ovary is found back of it, drawn outside and removed by torsion or exci- sion after ligature. The cutaneous wound is closed by suture. The operation by laparotomy is certainly to be preferred. Dr. P. B. Rogers, of Newbury, N. J., describes it as follows : OOPHORECTOMY OF THE BITCH. Selection of Time for the Operation.— The best time is as soon as possible after the animal is five or six Fig. 44. GENITAL ORGAN OF THE ROOSTER. 1.- -Testicle. 2a 2d. — Deferent canals. 3. — Ureters. 4. — Cloacum. 5. — Posterior aorta. 7. —Posterior vena cava. 8, 9, 10. — Three last ribs. 11.— Pelvic bones. ANIMAL CASTBATION. 157 months old, and before the first period of heat ; the uterus is then sufficiently developed to allow the skilled finger to recognize it, and the uterine appen- dages are free from fat. Selection of Subject — The operation should be avoided when the bitch is in heat and when the mam- mary glands are active ; decided obesity also may render the operation difficult and the results un- promising. Preparation for the Operation, — Solid food is to be withheld for 24 to 36 hours prior to operating. Anaesthesia.— The writer does not use or recom- mend the use of general anaesthesia. If it is insisted on, the operator must in his turn insist on the employment of a confrere to attend to the exhibition of the anaesthetic. Ether is to be preferred and if given very slowly and with discre- tion will be much less liable to cause after intoxica- tion and vomiting than if the drug is pushed. It should be suspended as soon as the ligated uterus is returned to the peritoneal cavity as the effect will persist long enough to allow closure of the wound. Means of Restraint. — The nose is enclosed in a loop of stout twine and the ends tied behind the ears. The front legs are tied together at the middle of the arm. One assistant controls the fore extremities and head, another the hind legs, the animal being placed in a position of dorsal decubitus. Instruments required. —Scissors (curved), a bistoury, a nicking-knife, a uterine sound, curved needles, silver wire (about 28) and silk thread. 158 ANIMAL CASTRATION. Preparation of the Seat of Incision. — Wash with soap and carbolized water, and shave a sufficient sur- rounding area to avoid hair getting into the incision or becoming entangled in the ligature. Seat of the Operation. — Midway between the last pair of teats. This seat is preferred because the recti at this point are thick and offer a decided mechanical obstacle to the occurrence of hernia after the operation, although the ovaries are more readily reached by making the incision an inch or so farther forward. The Operation. — With the bistoury make an incision through the skin, on the median line ; it should be about li inches in length, just sufficient to admit one finger freely. Then with the nicking-knife held in the " pen " position cut boldly through (between) the recti and peritoneum at one sweep of the knife ; when the peritoneum is incised, as shown by the resistance to the pressure of the knife ceasing, turn the heel of the knife down and complete the mus- cular incision, being careful that it is the same length as the incision in the skin. Pass the uterine sound, keeping it on the superior wall of the vagina (the skilled operator soon learns to do without the sound). Pass one finger into the wound and feel for the sound, bring out the uterus, and, holding one horn taut, pass the finger along it until the ovary is felt suspended in the broad ligament. Break down gently the adhesions of this last to the sub-lumbar region and bring out the ovary and its appendages. Repeat the process on the other horn. Ligate both ANIMAL CASTRATION. 159 horns together about midway between the ovary and the body of the uterus, and remove the ligated por- tion, being careful to leave sufficient stump to prevent the ligature slipping. Wash off the parts with ster- ilized water and return them to the abdominal cavity. Pass a silver suture midway of the incision, being careful to include the peritoneum on both sides and taking a good hold of the muscle. Keep the finger beneath the wire until the stitch is completed to avoid including any of the abdominal contents in the ligature. On each side of this suture, equidistant from it and the anterior and posterior extremities of the incision, pass wire sutures into the muscle but not going through it, including of course the skin. If more sutures are thought necessary, they should be sutures of co-aptation, and include the skin only. Wash off any remaining blood and dust the parts with a dry antiseptic. After Treatment. — Kemove the sutures on the fifth day after the operation, and keep the patient on a diet of milk and water until the sutures are removed. Mortality. — The death rate should not be more than 1 per cent. Fatal results are usually due to periton- itis or to intestinal obstruction through the character of the early adhesions formed. It now remains to consider the rationale of the above procedure, which it will be observed is directed toward a minimum of disturbance of the parts in- volved. The horns are ligated together so as to have one 160 ANIMAL CASTRATION. raw surface to form adhesions instead of two. The short incision, because we know that the fatality in operations involving the peritoneal cavity is in ratio with the length of the incision. The sound is recom- mended to avoid undue handling of the abdominal contents in the effort to locate the uterus. Lastly, silver wire is preferred as a suture, because " stitch abscess " is absent when it is used while silk often makes a veritable capillary drainage from the ab- dominal cavity and thus allows microbic injection from without. The ligature of the horns may be either encysted or absorbed (we have seen both conditions in bitches re-operated on for professional friends). Blood left in the abdomen will be promptly absorbed if the wound is well closed. There are twolate complications of canine oophor- ectomy which merit a passing notice. One is a gradually increasing intestinal obstruction due to the ligated horns forming an intestinal adhesion which grows more and more acutely angular as the uterus pulls on the gut as it (the uterus) becomes atrophied. The remedy is abdominal incision and breaking up of the adhesions (we have operated on such cases successfully). The other is interesting from a physiological stand- point. Occasionally a properly spayed bitch will suffer at intervals from vaginal hemorrhage ; some- times it is a mere stain, sometimes blood discharged in clots points to rupture of the vessels of the vaginal mucosa. It is not attended by heat and appears to be ANIMAL CASTRATION 161 an effort of nature to return in some degree to sexual life. CATS. In female cats, the operation is performed similar to that of spaying sows. As cats are more apt to bite or claw the wounds than dogs, the parts should be protected by bandage until the wounds have healed. CASTRATION OF FOWLS. The effect of this operation upon the quality of the flesh and the power of accumulating fat, in the domestic fowl is a fact too familiar to those who have learned to appreciate the exquisite juicy qualtity of the meat of the capon to need any comment at our hands. The operation upon these animals is one of considerable difficulty and requires skill and experi- ence to perform with nicety and success. In birds the testicles are situated in the abdomi- nal cavity, immediately behind the lungs, under the vertebral column and in front of the kidneys (Fig. 44). They correspond exactly to the articulation of the last three ribs with the spinal column, where they lie close together and in contact with the blood vessels which separate them from the kidneys. They are held in position by the peritoneum spread above them, and by minute blood vessels, branches of the aorta or of the vena cava. In the operation the fowl is placed on his side, the tail being towards the operator, with the hind 162 ANIMAL CASTRATION. leg carried backwards, in order to expose the flank of the side selected for the incision. The first step of the operation consists in plucking the feathers from a sufficient extent of surface, and making an incision a little behind the lateral internal processes of the sternum, from within outwards, and from before backwards, and slightly oblique, through the skin and the thin muscles of the abdomen, and when reaching the peritoneum carefully opening it with a puncture, having it raised with a pair of forceps. The second step, or that which involves the extirpa- tion of the gland, is performed by the introduction of the index finger of the right hand into the abdo- men, passing it above the intestinal mass and turn- ing towards the dorsal region near the articulation of the last two ribs, where the testicles are felt, prominent at the sub-lumbar region. Then, with the fingers half flexed, the adhesions of the organ are broken off, and the organ, held in the bend of the finger, is brought outside. The second testicle is removed by the same process. If the testicles should slip from the grasp of the finger, the accident is of little account, as they will graft themselves upon the walls of the abdomen, and in time disappear by resolution. The operation is concluded by the closing of the wound by stitches of interrupted suture, and the healing usually takes place by first intention. The operation is performed in the hen in the same manner as with the male bird, the ovaries being found in the lumbar region, from which they are re- ANIMAL CASTRATION. 163 Fig. 45. moved by the same manipulations that are employed in caponizing. Young fowls, about in their third month, are usually selected as the victims of this epicurean barbarity. Prof. J. E. Eyder, of the American Veterinary College, kindly contributes his method of operation as follows : Instruments. — Straight or convex bistoury, spread- er forceps, extracting for- ceps, two cotton cords (three feet long and a quarter of an inch in dia- meter) arranged with a running loop at one end and a pound or pound and a half weight attached to the other, depending on the size of the cockerel. The operating table should be the usual height and about 18 inches wide; or a barrel upside down ans- wers the same purpose. Age to operate in order to obtain the best results— viz., reduced mortality, increased size, a greater development of hackles around the neck and an arrest of comb development— as soon as the sex can be dis- tinguished. Before operating, diet the chicks; alight diet for CAPONIZING INSTRUMENTS. 164 ANIMAL CASTRATION. the first twelve and nothing during the last twelve hours — twenty-four hours all told. After Treatment — Soft and easily digested food for three or four days. Operation. — Place the chick on the operating table, laying him upon his right side ; pass the run- ning loop of one cord around both legs and allow the weight to hang down over the side of the table ; pass the running loop of the second cord around both wings close to the body, allowing the weight to hang over the opposite side of the table. The chick is now held motionless and the operating region ex- posed. With the left hand push forward the long feathers of the breast, and with the right hand pluck the few feathers covering the last two ribs. Still holding the feathers with the left hand, make an incision between the last two ribs, from the verte- bra downwards toward the sternal cartilage ; make this incision about one and one-half inches long, and, if necessary, cut through the sternal cartilage. Introduce the spreading forceps between the ribs, and spread them apart sufficiently to allow the in- troduction of the extracting forceps. Carefully cut through the peritoneum, and the testicles are exposed one on each side of the vertebra just anterior to the kidneys. Introduce the extracting forceps and grasp the lower testicle and remove it, cutting the cord as high as possible, after which remove the upper testicle in the same way (I select the lower testicle first, for if ANIMAL CASTRATION. 165 you operate on the upper first the hemorrhage will hide the lower one.) Remove spreaders, the ribs contract together, which closes the wound, no sutures required. The only complication I have met is hemorrhage which usually is of no consequence. Mortality about one per cent. A good operator can do from 25 to 35 an hour. The great difficulty in caponizing, even with those who are proficient in the operation, is the develop- ment of "slips," which is caused by crushing the testicle and not removing it clean, allowing the cord, a part of the testicular envelopes and in some cases a small amount of the glandular tissue to remain; this constitutes a " slip." A "slip" will grow a comb as large as an ordinary bird, will not develope the characteristic hackles around the neck and will copulate as readily and frequently as any other, and frequently are capable of reproduction, and their flesh does not have the characteristic flavor of the capon. To obviate this I have had my extracting forceps made with a scissors-edge in front as marked in the above cut; these divide the cord cleanly and do not tear or rupture the envelopes as the other forceps will ; there is no more danger of a fatal hemorrhage and the proportion of " slips " is reduced to a mini- mum. WILLIAM R. JENKINS' Veterinary Books 1902 (*) Single asterisk designates New Books. (**) Double asterisk designates Recent Publications. ANDERSON. "Vice in the Horse" and other papers on Horses and Hiding. By E. L. Anderson. Demy, 8vo, cloth 2 00 — " How to Ride and School a Horse." With a System of Horse Gymnastics. By Edward L. Anderson. Cr. Svo 1 00 ARMSTEAD. "The Artistic Anatomy of the Horse." A brief description of the various Anatomical Struc- tures which may be distinguished during Life through the Skin, By Hugh W. Armstead, M.D., F.K.C.S. With illustrations from drawings by the author. Cloth oblong, 12* x 10 3 75 BACH. " How to Judge a Horse." A concise treatise as to its Qualities and Soundness ; Including Bits and Bitting, Saddles and Saddling, Stable Drainage, Driv- ing One Horse, a Pair, Four-in-hand, or Tandem, etc. By Captain F. W. Bach. 12mo, cloth, fully illustrated, $1 00; paper 00 Veterinary Catalogue of William R. Jenkins (*)BANHAM. "Anatomical and Physiological Model of the Horse." Half life size. Composed of super- posed plates, colored to nature, showing internal organs, muscles, skeleton, etc., mounted on strong boards, with explanatory text. By George A. Banham, F.K.C.Y.S. Size of Model 38x41 in... 10 00 — "Tables of Veterinary Posology and Therapeutics," with weights, measures, etc. By George A. Banham, F.R.C.V.S. 12mo, cloth 100 BAUCHEB. "Method of Horsemanship." Including the Breaking and Training of Horses 1 00 (*)BELL. "The Veterinarian's Call Book (Perpetual)." By Roscoe R. Bell, D.V.S., editor of the American Veterinary Review. Revised for 1902, A visiting list, that can be commenced at any time and used until full, containing much useful informa- tion for the student and the busy practitioner. Among contents are items concerning : Veterinary Drugs; Poisons; Solubility of Drugs; Composition of Milk, Bile, Blood, Gastric Juice, Urine, Saliva ; Respi- ration; Dentition; Temperature, etc., etc. Bound in flexible leather, with flap and pocket 1 25 (**)BBADLEY. " Outlines of Veterinary Anatomy." By O.Charnock Bradley, Member of the Royal Col- lege of Veterinary Surgeons ; Professor of Anatomy in the New Veterinary College, Edinburgh. The author presents the most important facts of veterinary anatomy in as condensed a form as possible, consistent with lucidity. 12mo. Complete in three parts. Part I. : The Limbs (cloth) 1 25 . Part II. : The Trunk (paper) 1 25 Part III. : The Head and Neck (paper) 1 25 The Set complete 3 50 851-853 Sixth Avenue (cor. 48£/i St.), New York. CADIOT. "Roaring in Horses." Its Pathology and Treatment. This work represents the latest develop- ment in operative methods for the alleviation of roaring. Each step is most clearly defined by excellent full-page illustrations. By P. J. Cadiot, Professor at the Veterinary School, Alfort. Trans. Thos. J. Watt Dollar, M.R.C.V.S., etc. Cloth 75 — " Exercises in Equine Surgery." By P. J. Cadiot. Translated by Prof. A. W. Bitting, M.D.,V.S. ; edited by Prof.. A. Liautard, M.D.V.S. 8vo, cloth, illus- trated , 2 50 (*)— " A Treatise on Veterinany Therapeutics of the Domestic Animals." By P.J. Cadiot and J. Alvary. Translated by Prof. A. Liautard, M,D.,V.S. 2 Parts ready. Part I, Vol. I, 8vo, 93 pages, 45 illustrations 1 00 Part II, Vol., I, 8vo, 96 pages. 1 00 (Part III, in preparation, to be ready March, 1902. (*)— "Clinical Veterinary Medicine and Surgery." By P. J. Cadiot. Translated, edited, and supplemented with 49 new articles and 31 illustrations by Jno. A. W. Dollar, M.E.C.V.S. Royal 8vo, 619 pages, 94 black and white illustrations 5 25 See also "Dollar." (*)CHAPMAN. "Manual of the Pathological Treatment of Lameness in the Horse," treated solely by mechanical means. By George T. Chapman. 8vo, cloth, 124 pages 2 00 CHAUVEAU. "The Comparative Anatomy of the Domesticated Animals." By A. Chauveau. New edition, translated, enlarged and entirely revised by Geo. Fleming, F.R.C.V.S. 8vo, cloth, 585 illus...6 25 Veterinary Catalogue of William R. Jenkins CLARKE. "Chart of the Feet and Teeth of Fossil Horses." By W. H. Clarke .25 CLEMENT. " Veterinary Post Mortem Examina- tions," By A. W. Clement, V.S. Records of autopsies, to be of any value, should accurately represent the appearances of the tissues and organs so that a diagnosis might be made by the reader were not the examiners' conclusions stated. To make the pathological conditions clear to the reader, some definite system of dissection is necessary. The absence in the English language, of any. guide in making autopsies upon the lower animals, induced Dr. Clement to write this book, trusting that it would prove of practical value to the profession. 12mo, cloth, illustrated 75 CLEAVELAND. "Pronouncing Medical Lexicon." Pocket edition. Cloth 75 COURTENAY. "Manual of Veterinary Medicine and Surgery." By Edward Courtenay, V. S. Crown, 8vo } cloth 2 75 COX. "Horses : In Accident and Disease." The sketches introduced embrace various attitudes which have been observed, such as in choking; the disorders and accidents occurring to the stomach and intestines ; affection of the brain ; and some special forms of lame- ness, etc. By J. Roalfe Cox, F.R.C.V.S. 8vo, cloth, fully illustrated 1 50 CURTIS. "Horses, Cattle, Sheep and Swine." The origin, history, improvement, description, characteris- tics, merits, objections, etc. By Geo. W. Curtis, M.S.A. Superbly illustrated. Cloth, $2 00; half Sheep, $2.75 ; half morocco , 3 §0 851-853 Sixth Avenue (cor. mh St.), New York. (**)DALBT3IPLE. "Veterinary Obstetrics." A compen- dium for the use of advanced students and Practi- tioners. By W. H. Dalrymple, M. B. C. V. S., principal of the Department of Veterinary Science in the Louisiana State University and A. & M. College; Veterinarian to the Louisiana State Bureau of Agriculture, and Agricultural Experiment Stations ; Member of the United States Veterinary Medical Associations, etc. 8vo, cloth, illus 2 50 DALZIEL. " The Fox Terrier." Illustrated. (Monographs on British Dogs) . By Hugh Dalziel 1 00 — " The St. Bernard." Illustrated 1 00 — "The Diseases of Dogs." Their Pathology, Diagnosis and Treatment, with a dictionary of Canine Materia Medica. By Hugh Dalziel. 12mo, cloth 80 — "Diseases of Horses." 12mo, cloth 100 — "Breaking and Training Dogs." Being concise directions for the proper education of dogs, both for the field and for companions. Second edi- tion, revised and enlarged. Part I, by Pathfinder; Part II, by Hugh Dalziel. 12mo, cloth, illus 2 60 — " The Collie." Its History, Points, and Breeding. By Hugh Dalziel. Illustrated, 8vo, cloth 1 00 — "The Greyhound." 8vo, cloth, illus 1 00 DANA. "Tables in Comparative Physiology." By Prof. C. L. Dana, M.D 25 DANCE. "Veterinary Tablet." Folded in cloth case. The tablet of A. A. Dance is a synopsis of the diseases of horses, cattle and dogs, with the causes, symptoms and cures v . 75 DAY. "The Race-horse in Training." By Wm. Day, 8vo 3 50 Veterinary Catalogue of William R. Jenkhis {*)DE BRUIN. " BoTine Obstetrics." By M. G. De Bruin, Instructor of Obstetrics at the State Veterinary School in Utrecht. Translated by W. E. A. Wyman, Professor of Veterinary Science at Clemson A. & M. College, and Veterinarian to the South Carolina Experiment Station. 8vo, cloth, 382 pages, 77 illustrations 5 00 Synopsis of the Essential Features of the Work 1. Authorized translation. 2. The only obstetrical work which is up to date. 3. Written by Europe's leading authority on the subject. 4. Written by a man who has practiced the art a lifetime. 5. Written by a man who, on account of his eminence as bovine practitioner and teacher of obstetrics, was selected by Prof. Dr. Frohner and Prof. Dr. Bayer (Berlin and Vienna), to discuss bovine obstetrics, both practically and scientifically. 6. The only work containing a thorough differential diag- nosis of ante and post partum diseases. 7. The only work doing justice to modern obstetrical surgery and therapeutics. 8. Written by a man whose practical suggestions revolu- tionized the teaching of veterinary obstetrics even in the great schools of Em-ope. 9. The only work dealing fully with the now no longer obscure contagious and infectious diseases of calves. 10. Absolutely original and no compilation. 11. The only work dealing fully with the difficult problem of teaching obstetrics in the colleges. 12. The only work where the practical part is not over- shadowed by theory. ... A veterinarian, particularly if his location brings him in contact with obstetrical practice, who makes any pretence toward being scientific and in possession of modern knowledge upon this subject, will not be without this excellent work, as it is really a very valuable treatise. It contains nearly 400 pages, numerous illustrations', and is put together in Jenkins" best style. — Prof. Boscoe B. Bell, in the American Veterinary Review, Dec, 1901. In translating into English Professor De Bruin's excellent text- book on Bovine Obstetrics, Dr. Wyman has laid British and American veterinary surgeons and students under a debt of gratitude. The work represents the happy medium between the booklets which are adapted for cramming purposes by the student, and the ponderous tomes which, although useful to the teacher, are not exactly suited to the requirements of the everyday practitioner ... It contains seventy-seven excellent illustrations . . . Both translator and pu- blisher have done their work in a way that deserves praise, and Ave can strongly recommend the work to veterinary students and practi- tioners.— The Journal of Comparative Pathology and Therapeutics, December, 1901. See also " Wyman, 851-853 Sixth Avenue (cor. 48£7i St.), New York. (*) DOLLAR. "A Surgical Operating Table for the Horse." By Jno. A. W. Dollar, M.R.C.V.S 90 (*)_ "Clinical Veterinary Medicine and Surgery," By P. J. Cadiot. Translated, edited, and supplemented with 49 new articles and 34 illustrations by Jno. A. W. Dollar, M.R.C.V.S. Royal 8vo, 619 pages, 94 black and white illustrations 5 25 . . . This work, containing as it does the ripe exper- ience of the author, who may be considered one of the foremost surgeons and clinicians of the day, contains a vast amount of exact scientific information of the utmost value to the busy workaday practitioner, while for the student of either human or comparative medicine, no better book could be placed in their hands, that will give them a clear insight into the many intricate problems with which they are daily confronted. . . .—American Veterinary Review, New York, August, 1901. (*)- "A Hand-book of Horse-Shoeing," with introductory chapters on the anatomy and physiology of the horse's foot. By Jno. A. W. Dollar, M.R.C.V.S., translator and editor of Moller's " Veterinary Sur- gery," "An Atlas of Veterinary Surgical Operations," etc. ; with the collaboration of Albert Wheatley, F.R.C.V.S. 8vo, cloth, 433 pp., 406 illustrations . .4.75 DUN. " Veterinary Medicines." By Finlay Dun, V.S. New revised and enlarged English edition. 8vo, cloth. 3 75 DWYER. '* Seats and Saddles." Bits and Bitting, Draught and Harness and the Prevention and Cure of Restiveness in Horses. By Francis Dwyer. Illus- trated. 1 vol., 12mo, cloth, gilt 1 50 FLEMING. "Veterinary Obstetrics." Including the Accidents and Diseases incident to Pregnancy, Parturi- tion, and the early Age in Domesticated Animals. By Geo. Fleming, F.R.C.V.S. With 212 illustrations. New edition revised, 226 illustrations, 758 pages. ..6 25 773 pages, 8vo, cloth (old edition) 3 50 Veterinary Catalogue of William R. Jenkins FLEMING. "Operative Veterinary Surgery" Part I, by Dr. Geo. Fleming, M.R.C.V.S. This valuable work, the most practical treatise yet issued on the subject in the English language, is devoted to the common operations of Veterinary Surgery; and the concise descriptions and directions of the text are illus- trated with numerous wood engravings. 8vo,cloth.2 75 {Second volume in preparation, to be ready March, 1902). — "Tuberculosis." From a Sanitary and Pathological Point of View. By Geo. Fleming, F.R.C.V.S 25 — " The Contagious Diseases of Animals." Their influence on the wealth and health of nations. 12mo, paper 25 — " Human and Animal Variola?." A Study in Comparative Pathology. Paper 25 — "Animal Plagues." Their History, Nature, and Prevention. By George Fleming, F. E. C. V. S., etc. First Series. 8vo, cloth, $6.00; Second Series. 8vo, cloth 3 00 — " Roaring in Horses." By Dr. George Fleming, F.R.C.V.S. A treatise on this peculiar disorder of the Horse, indicating its method of treatment and curability. 8vo, cloth, with col. plates 1 50 FLEMING-NEUMANN. "Parasites and Parasitic Diseases of the Domesticated Animals." A work which the students of human or veterinary medi- cine, the sanitarian, agriculturist or breeder or rearer of animals, may refer for full information regarding the external and internal Parasites — vegetable and animal — which attack various species of Domestic Animals. A Treatise by L. G. Neumann, Professor at the National Veterinary School of Toulouse. Translated and edited by George Fleming, C. B., L.L. D.,F.B.C.V.S. 873 pages, 365 illustrations, cloth.7 50 851-853 Sixth Avenue (cor. ±8th St.), New York. GRESSWELL. "The Diseases and Disorders of the Ox." By George Gresswell, B.A. With Notes by James B. Gresswell. Crown, 8vo, cloth, illus — 3 50 — " Diseases and Disorders of the Horse." By Albert, James B. and George Gresswell. Crown, 8vo, illus.,clotb.l 75 — "Veterinary Pharmacology and Therapeutics." By James B. Gresswell, F.E.C.V.S. 16mo, cloth . . .1 5u — " The Bovine Prescriber." For the use of Veterina- rians and Veterinary Students. By James B. and Albert Gresswell, M.E.C. V.S Cloth .75 — "The Equine Hospital Prescriber." For the use of Veter- inary Practitioners and Students. By Drs. James B. and Albert Gresswell, M.E.C. V.S. Cloth 75 — "Veterinary Pharmacopeia, Materia Medica and Therapeutics." By George and Charles Gresswell, with descriptions and physiological actions of medi- cines. By Albert Gresswell. Crown, 8vo, cloth. .2 75 — Manual of "The Theory and Practice of Equine Medicine." By James B. Gresswell, F.E.C.V.S., and Albert Gresswell, M.E.C.V.S., second edition, enlarged, 8vo, cloth. , 2 75 GOTTHEIL. "A Manual of General Histology." By Wm, S. Gottheil, M.D., Professor of Pathology in the American Veterinary College, New York; etc., etc. Histology is the basis of the physician's art, as Anatomy is the foundation of the surgeon's science. Only by knowing the processes of life can we under- stand the changes of disease and the action of remedies ; as the architect must know his building materials, so must the practitioner of medicine know the intimate structure of the body. To present this knowledge in an accessible and simple form has been the author's task. 8to. s cloth, 148 pages, fully illustrated. . . 1 00 10 Veterinary Catalogue of William R. Jenkins HASSL O CII. ' ' A Conipend of Veterinary Materia Medica and Therapeutics." By Dr. A. C. Hassloch, V.S., Lecturer on Materia Medica and Therapeutics, and Professor of Veterinary Dentistry at the New York College of Veterinary Surgeons and School of Compa- rative Medicine, N. Y. 12mo, cloth, 225 pages . . 1 50 HEATLEY. " The Stock Owner's Guide." A handy Medi- cal Treatise for every man who owns an ox or cow. By George S. Heatley, M.K.C.V. 12mo, cloth. . .1 25 — "The Horse Owner's Safeguard." A handy Medical Guide for every Horse Owner. 12mo, cloth 1 50 — " Practical Veterinary Remedies." 12mo, cloth 1 00 HILL, "The Management and Diseases of the Dog." Containing full instructions for Breeding, Bearing and Kenneling Dogs. Their Different Diseases. How to detect and how to cure them. Their Medicines, and the doses in which they can be safely administered. By J. Woodroffe Hill, F.R.C.V.S. 12mo, cloth, extra fully illustrated 2 00 (*)- "The Diseases of the Cat." By J. Woodroffe Hill, F.R. C.V.S. 12mo, cloth, illustrated 1 25 Written from the experience of many years' prac- tice and close pathological research into the maladies to which our domesticated feline friends are liable— a subject which it must be admitted has not found not prominence in veterinary literature to which it is undoubtedly entitled. HINEBAUCH. "Veterinary Dental Surgery." For the use of Students, Practitioners and Stockmen. 12mo, cloth, illustrated 2 00 Sheep 2 75 851-853 Sixth Avenue (cor. 4Sth St.), New York. 11 HO ABE. "A Manual of Veterinary Therapeutics and Pharmacology." By E. Wallis Hoare, F.R.C.V>\ 12mo, cloth, 560 pages 2 75 "Deserves a good place in the libraries of all veterina- rians. * * * Cannot help but be of the greatest assist- ance to the young veterinarian and the every day busy practitioner."— American Veterinary Beview. (*)HOBDA Y. " Canine and Feline Surgery." By Frederick T. G. Hobday, F.E.C.V.S., Professor in Charge of the Free Out-Patients' Clinique at the Royal Veterinary College, London, The work contains 76 illustrations in the text. Demy 8vo, 152 pp., full-bound cloth .2 00 (**) HUNTING. The Art of Horse -shoeing. A manual for Farriers. By William Hunting, F.R.C.V.S., edi- tor of the Veterinary Record, ex-president of the Royal College of Veterinary Surgeons. 8vo, cloth, with nearly 100 illustrations 1 CO {*)JENKINS. " Model of the Horse." 10 CO (See Banham). (**)KOBEBT. "Practical Toxicology for Physicians and Students." By Professor Dr. Rudolph Kobert, Medical Director of Dr. Brehmer's Sanitarium for Pulmonary Diseases at Goerbersdorf in Silesia (Prus- sia), late Director of the Pharmacological Institute., Dorpat, Russia. Translated and edited by L. H. Friedburg, Ph.D. Authorized Edition. 8vo, cloth .2 50 KOCH. "Etiology of Tuberculosis." By Dr. R. Koch. Translated by T. Saure. 8vo, cloth 1 00 12 Veterinary Catalogue of William R. Jenkins KEATING, "A New Unabridged Pronouncing Diction- ary of Medicine." By John M. Keating, M.D., LL.D., Henry Hamilton and others. A voluminous and exhaustive hand-book of Medical and scientific terminology with Phonetic Pronunciation, Accentu- ation, Etymology, etc. With an appendix containing important tables of Bacilli, Microcci Leucomaines, Ptomaines ; Drugs and Materials used in Antiseptic Surgery ; Poisons and their antidotes ; Weights and Measures; Themometer Scales; New Officinal and Unofficinal Drugs, etc., etc. 8vo, 818 pages 5 00 LAMBERT. "The Germ Theory of Disease." Bearing upon the health and welfare of man and the domesticated animals. By James Lambert, F.E.C.V.S. 8vo. paper 25 LAW. "Farmers' Veterinary Adviser." A Guide to the Prevention and Treatment of Disease in Domestic Animals. By Prof. James Law. Ulus., 8vo, cloth. S 00 DLEGGE. "Cattle Tuberculosis." A Practical Guide to the Farmer, Butcher and Meat Inspector. By T.M. Legge, M.A„ M.D., D.P.H., Secretary of the Boyal Commission on Tuberculosis, 1896-98; author of " Public Health in European Capitals," and " Harold Sessions, F.R.C.V.S." Cloth 1 00 LIA UTARD. " Manual of Operative Veterinary Surgery " By A. Liautard, M. D., V.M., Principal and Professor of Anatomy, Surgery, Sanitary Medicine and Juris- prudence in the American Veterinary College; Chevalier du Merite Agricole de France, Honorary Fellow of the Royal College of Veterinary Surgeons (London), etc., etc. 8vo, cloth, 786 pages and nearly 600 illustrations 6 00 851-853 Sixth Avenue (cor. 48th St.), New York. 13 LIAUTABD. "Median Neurotomy in the Treatment of Chronic Tendinitis and Periostosis of the Fetlock." By C. Pellerin, late Kepetitor of Clinic and Surgery to the Alfort Veterinary School. Translated with addi- tional facts relating to it, by Prof. A. Liautard, M.D., V.M. Having rendered good results when ^performed by himself, the author believes the operation, which consists in dividing the cubito-plantar nerve and in excising a portion of the peripherical end, the means of improving the conditions, and consequently the values of many apparently doomed animals. Agricul- ture in particular will be benefited. The work is divided into two parts. The first covers the study of Median Neurotomy itself ; the second, the exact relations of the facts as observed by the author. 8vo., boards. 1 00 (*)_ "Animal Castration." A concise and practical Treatise on the Castration of the Domestic Animals. The only work on the subject in the English language. Illustrated with 52 cuts. A new revised and enlarged edition, 1902. 12mo, cloth 2 00 — "Vade Mecum of Equine Anatomy." By A. Liautard, M.D.V.S. Dean of the American Veterinary College. 12mo. cloth. New edition, with illustrations . . .2 00 — " Translation of Zundel on the Horse's Foot." Cloth . . 2 00 — " How to Tell the Age of the Domestic Animal." Bj Dr. A. Liautard, M.D., V.S. Profusely illustrated. 12mo, cloth 50 — "On the Lameness of Horses." By A. Liautard, M.D.,V.S 2 50 See also "Cadiotfs Surgery " (*)— "A Treatise on Veterinary Therapeutics of the Domestic Animals," (See Cadiot.) 14 Veterinary Catalogue of William R. Jenkins LONG, "Book of the Pig." Its selection, Breeding, Feeding and Management. 8vo, cloth 4 25 {**)LOWE. " Breeding Racehorses by the Figure System." Compiled by the late C. Bruce Lowe. Edited by William Allison, " The Special Commis- sioner," London Sportsman, Hon. Secretary Sporting League, and Manager of the International Horse Agency and Exchange. With numerous fine illustra- tions of celebrated horses. Quarto, cloth 7 50 LUDLOW. " Science in the Stable "5 or How a Horse can be Kept in Perfect Health and be Used Without Shoes, in Harness or under the Saddle. With the Reason Why, Second American Edition. Enlarged and Exemplified. By Jacob E. Ludlow, M.D. Late Staff Surgeon, U. S. Army. Paper, 166 pages 50 LUPTON. "Horses: Sound and Unsound," with Law relating to Sales and Warranty. By J. Irvine Lupton, F.R.C.V.S. 8vo, cloth, illustrated 1 25 — " The Horse." As he Was, as he Is, and as he Ought to Be. By J. I. Lupton, F.R.C.V.S. Illus., Crown, 8vo. .1 40 MAGNER. " Facts for Horse Owners." By D. Magner. Upwards of 1,000 pages, illustrated with 900 engrav- ings. 8vo, leather binding ... 7 50 MAYSEW. "The Illustrated Horse Doctor." An accurate and detailed account of the Various Diseases to which the Equine Race is subject ; together with the latest mode of Treatment, and all the Requisite Pre- scriptions written in plain English. By E. Edward Mayhew, M.R.C.V.S. Illustrated. Entirely new edition, 8vo, cloth — 2 75 851-853 Sixth Avenue (cor. 48th St.), New York. 15 McBBIDE. "Anatomical Outlines of the Horse." 12mo, cloth. Reduced to 1 50 McCOMBIE. "Cattle and Cattle Breeders." Cloth l 00 M'FADYEAN. "Anatomy of the Horse." A Dis- section Guide. By J. M. M'Fadyean, M.R.C.V.S. 8vo, cloth 5 50 This book is intended for Veterinary students, and offers to them in its 48 full-page colored plates numer- ous other engravings and excellent text, the most valuable and practical aid in the study of Veterinary Anatomy, especially in the dissecting room. — " Comparative Anatomy of the Domesticated Animals." By J. M'Fadyean. Profusely illustrated, and to be issued in two parts. Part I— Osteology, ready. Paper, 2.50; cloth. . . .2.75 (Part II in preparation.) MILLS. "How to Keep a Dog in the City." By Wesley Mills, M.D., V.S. It tells how to choose, manage, house, feed, educate the pup, how to keep him clean and teach him cleanliness. Paper 25 MOSSELMAN-L1ENA TJX. " Veterinary Microbio- logy." By Professors Mosselman and Lienaux, Nat. Veterinary College, Cureghem, Belgium. Trans- lated and edited by R. R. Dinwiddie, Professor of Veterinary Science, College of Agriculture, Arkansas State University. 12mo, cloth, 342 pages 2 00 MOBETON. " On Horse-breaking." 12mo, cl , . . 50 16 Veterinary Catalogue of William R. Jenkins MOLLER. "Operative Veterinary Surgery." By Tro fea- sor Dr. H. Moller, Berlin. Translated and edited from the 2nd edition, enlarged and improved, by John A. W. Dollar, M.K.C.S. Prof. Moller's work presents the most recent and complete exposition of the Principles and Practice of Veterinary Surgery, and is the standard text-book on the subject throughout Germany. Many subjects ignored in previous treatises on Veterinary Surgery here receive full consideration, while the better known are presented under new and suggestive aspects. As Prof. Moller's work represents not only his own opinions and practice, but those of the best Veterinary Surgeons of various countries, the trans- lation cannot fail to be of signal service to American and British Veterinarians and to Students of Veter- inary and Comparative Surgery. 1 vol., 8vo. 722 pages, 142 illustrations 5 25 NOCARD. " The Animal Tuberculoses, and their Relation to Human Tuberculosis." By Ed. Nocard, Prof, of the Alfort Veterinary College. Translated by H. Scurfield, M.D. Ed., Ph. Camb. 12mo, cloth, 143 pages 1 00 Perhaps the chief interest to doctors of human medicine in Professor Nocard's book lies in the demonstration of the small part played by heredity, and the great part played by contagion in the propa- gation of bovine tuberculosis. It seems not unreason- able to suppose that the same is the case for human tuberculosis, and that, if the children of tuberculosis parents were protected from infection by cohabitation or ingestion, the importance of heredity as a cause of the disease, or even of the predisposition to it, would dwindle away into insignificance. PEGLER. "The Book of the Goat." 12mo, cloth, 1 75 851-853 Sixth Avenue (cor. i8th St.), New York. 1? PELLERIN. "Median Neurotomy in the Treatment of Chronic Tendinitis and Periostosis'of the Fetlock." By C. Pellerin, late repetitor of Clinic and Surgery to the Alfort Veterinary School. Translated, with Addi- tional Facts Kelating to It, by Prof. A. Liautard, M.D., V.M. 8vo, boards, illustrated 1 00 See also " Liautard." PETERS. " A Tuberculous Herd— Test Tfith Tuber- culin." By Austin Peters, M. E. C. V. S., Chief Inspector of Cattle for the New York State Board of Health during the winter of 1892-93. Pamphlet. ... 25 (*) PFEIFFER - WILLIAMS. " A Course of Surgical Operations for Veterinary Students and Practi- tioners." By W. Pfeiffer, Assistant in the Surgical Clinic of the Veterinary High School in Berlin, and W. L. Williams, V.S., Professor of Surgery in the New York State Veterinary College, Cornell Univer- sity, Ithaca, N. Y. With 42 illustrations, 12mo, cloth 1 25 A concise description of the more common major surgical operations, designed as a laboratory guide in surgical exercises for veterinary students and as a ready reference for practitioners in surgical opera- tions. Based upon a translation of Dr. Pfeiffer's " Operations-Cursus," embodying the experience of Dr. Pfeiffer and Prof. Dr. Frohner in the Berlin Veterinary School. With numerous annotations there have been added many of the newer, largely distinc- tively American, operations. REYNOLD. "Breeding and Management of Draught Horses," 8vo, cloth .,-. , 140 18 Veterinary Catalogue of William R. Jenkins JROBEBGE. " The Foot of the Horse," or Lameness and all Diseases of the Feet traced to an Unbalanced Foot Bone, prevented or cured by balancing the foot. By David Roberge. 8vo, cloth 5 00 (**)SEWELL. « The Examination of Horses as to Sound- ness and Selection as to Purchase." By Edward Sewell, M.R.C.V.S.L. 8vo, paper 1 50 It is a great advantage to the business man to know something of the elements of law, and nobody ought either to buy or own a horse who does not know something about the animal. That something this book gives, and gives in a thoroughly excellent way Our Animal Friends, November, 1898. SMITH. "A Manual of Veterinary Physiology." By Veterinary Captain F. Smith, M.R.C.V.S. Author of "A Manual of Veterinary Hygiene." Throughout this manual the object has been to con- dense the information as much as possible. The broad facts of the sciences are stated so as to render them of use to the student and practitioner. In this second edition— rewritten— the whole of the Nervous System has been revised, a new chapter dealing with the Development of the Ovum has been added together with many additional facts and illustrations. About one hundred additional pages are given. Second edition, revised and enlarged, with additional illus- trations. i 3 75 — "Manual of Veterinary Hygiene." 2nd edition, revised. Crown, 8vo, cloth 3 25 (**) STRANGE WAY. "Veterinary Anatomy." Edited by I. Vaughan, F.L.S., M.R.C.V.S. New edition revised, with several hundred illustrations. 8vo s cloth 5 00 851-853 Sixth Avenue (cor. 4Sth St.), New York. 19 *)SUSSDORF. " Large Colored Wall Diagrams." By Prof. Sussdorf, M.D. (of Gottingen). Text translated by Prof. W. Owen Williams, of the New Veterinary College, Edinburgh. Size, 44 inches by 30 inches. 1.— Horse. 4.— Ox. 2.— Mare. 5.— Boar and Sow. 3.— Cow. 6.— Dog and Bitch. Showing the position of the viscera in the large cavities of the body. Price, unmounted 1 75 each " mounted on linen, with roller. . . 3 50 " (**)V AN MATER. " A Text Book of Veterinary Oph- thalmology." By George G. Van Mater, M.D., D.V.S., Professor of Ophthalmology in the American Veterinary College ; Oculist and Aurist to St. Martha's Sanitarium and Dispensary; Consulting Eye and Ear Surgeon to the Twenty-sixth Ward Dispensary ; Eye and Ear Surgeon, Brooklyn Eastern District Dispen- sary, etc. Illustrated by one chromo lithograph plate and seventy-one engravings. 8vo cloth 3 00 VETERINARY DIAGRAMS in Tabular Form. Size, 28£ in. x 22 inches. Price per set of five 4 75 No. 1. "The External Form and Elementary Ana- tomy of the Horse." Eight colored illustratioDs — 1. External regions ; 2. Skeleton ; 3. Muscles (Superior Layer) ; 4. Muscles (Deep Layer) ; 5. Eespiratory Ap- paratus ; 6. Digestive Apparatus ; 7. Circulatory Ap- paratus ; 8. Nerve Apparatus ; with letter-press descrip- tion 1 25 20 Veterinary Catalogue of William R. Jenkins VETERINARY DIAGRAMS.— Continued. No. 2. "The Age of Domestic Animals." Forty-two figures illustrating the structure of the teeth, indicat- ing the Age of the Horse, Ox, Sheep, and Dog, with full description 75 No. 3. "The Unsoundness and Defects of the Horse." Fifty figures illustrating— 1. The Defects of Confor- mation; 2. Defects of Position ; 3. Infirmities or Signs of Disease ; 4. Unsoundnesses ; 5. Defects of the Foot ; with full description 75 No. 4. "The Shoeing of the Horse, Mule and Ox." Fifty figures descriptive of the Anatomy and Physio- logy of the Foot and of Horse-shoeing 75 No. 5. "The Elementary Anatomy, Points, and But- cher's Joints of the Ox." Ten colored illustrations — 1. Skeleton; 2. Nervous System; 3. Digestive System (Eight Side) ; 4. Eespiratory System ; 5. Points of a Fat Ox ; 6. Muscular System ; 7. Vascular System ; 8. Digestive System (Left Side) ; 9. Butcher's Sections of a Calf; 10. Butcher's Sections of an Ox ; with full description . . 1 25 WALLEY. "Four Bovine Scourges." (Pleuro-Pneumonia, Foot and Mouth Disease, Cattle Plague and Tubercle.) With an Appendix on the Inspection of Live Animals and Meat. Illustrated, 4to, cloth 6 40 851-853 Sixth Avenue {cor. 4Sth St.), New York 21 WALLET. "A Practical Guide to Meat Inspection." By Thomas Walley, M.R.C.V.S., formerly principal of the Edinburgh Royal (Dick) Veterinary College ; Pro- fessor of Veterinary Medicine and Surgery, etc. Fourth Edition, 1902, thoroughly revised and enlarged by Stewart Stockman, M.R.O.V.S., Professor of Pathology, Lecturer on Hygiene and Meat Inspection at Dick Veteiinary College, Edinburgh. 12mo, cloth, with 45 colored illus., 295 pages 3 00 ' An experience of over 30 years in his profession and a long official connection (some sixteen years) with Edinburgh Abattoirs have enabled the author to gather a large store of information on the subject, which he has embodied in his book. Dr. Walley's opi- nions are regarded as the highest authority on Meat Inspection. WILLIAMS. "Principles and Practice of Veterinary Medicine." New author's edition, entirely revised and illustrated with numerous plain and colored plates. By W. Williams, M.R.C.V.S. 8vo., eloth 6 00 — "Principles and Practice of Veterinary Surgery." New author's edition, entirely revised and illustrated with numerous plain and colored plates. By W. Williams, M.R.C.V.S. 8vo, eloth 6 00 (*) WILLIAMS - PFEIFFER. " A Course of Surgical Operations for Veterinary Students and Practi- tioners." By W. Pfeiffer and W. L. Williams, V.S. With 42 illustrations, 12mo, cloth 1 25 See also "IJeiffer- Williams" 22 Veterinary Catalogue of William R. Jenkins THE MOST COMPLETE, PROGRESSIVE AND SCIENTIFIC BOOK ON THE SUBJECT IN THE ENGLISH LANGUAGE (*) WINSL O W. "Veterinary Materia Medica and Therapeu- tics." By Kenelm Winslow, B.A.S., M.D.V., M.D.,. (Harv.); Assistant Professor of Therapeutics in the Veterinary School of Harvard University ; Fellow of the Massachusetts Medical Society ; Surgeon to the Newton Hospital, etc. Second Edition Revised, 1902. 8vo, cloth, 750 pages 6 00 Your letter received and I am pleased to know that we are to have an American Materia Medica.— J". H. Wattles, Sr., M.D., D.V.S., The Western Veterinary College, Kansas City, Mo. March 19th, 1901. . . . Am delighted with it. It is remarkably correct, complete and up to date and is bound to supersede any other work on the same subject heretofore before the pro- fession. No practitioner's library is complete without it and it will be indispensable for students, as it does away with the necessity of their having a number of collateral books on the subject. It will be adopted as the text book in the Chicago Veter- inary College.— Dr. E. L. Quitman, Chicago Veterinary College. June 25th, 1901. . . . The book is of admirable merit and full of valuable information from beginning to end, very explicit, rich and interesting, and should be in the hands of every student as well as practitioner of the art of Veterinary Medicine. — Thurston Miller, M.D., Professor of Materia Medica, Thera- peutics and Chemistry, San Francisco Veterinary College. July 8th, 1901. ... I have found the book very satisfactory as a reference book to be used in connection with lectures. . . —Dr. W. A. Lanclacre, College of Pharmacy, Ohio State University. August 6th, 1901. 851=853 Sixth Avenue (cor. mh St.), New York 23 I consider it the only work on materia medica and thera- peutics suitable to the American veterinary practitioner. It deserves a wide distribution among veterinarians. I have recommended it to my students.— John J. Repp, V.M.D., Iowa State College, Ames, Iowa, Oct. 29th, 1901. This latest work on veterinary materia medica is a hand- somely bound and printed book . . . and we can recom- mend it as an advantageous addition to any veterinary library, but much more a book for the practitioner of experience.— The Veterinary Journal, October, 1901 . The field of veterinary materia medica has never been filled to the extent that the importance of the subject demanded, and, while all other branches of veterinary science have had numerous contributions from American authors, that of medicine and therapeutics has never received the compliment of a presumptuous text-book, veterinary posology being about the extent of the efforts put forth. The excellent work by Finlay Dun has been our only guide, and it would be a rather reckless assertion to claim that this treatise was well adapted to the needs of the present generation of American veterinarians. In Eng- land, it may be a satisfying compendium of therapeutics, but in the live, bustling up-to-date profession of the Western Hemisphere, it is many years to the rear, and the time is well at hand when we should have text-books adapted to American methods and conditions ... It is destined to supersede Dun's "Veterinary Medicines" in all English-speaking schools. . . Already the text-book of Dr. Winslow has been adopted in many of the colleges of this country, and it is safe to predict that it will receive the endorsement of practitioners wherever it is introduced. —American Veterinary Review, November, 1901. 21 Veterinary Catalogue of William R. Jenkins. C*)WYMAN. "The Clinical Diagnosis of Lameness in the Horse." By W. E. A. Wyman, V.S., Prof, of Veterinary Science, Clemson A. & M. College, and Veterinarian to the South Carolina Experiment Sta- tion. 8vo, cloth, illustrated , 2 50 (*) —"Bovine Obstetrics." By M. G. De Bruin, Instructor of Obstetrics at the State Veterinary School in Utrecht. Translated by W. E. A. Wyman, M.D.V., V.S., Professor of Veterinary Science, Clemson A. & M. College, and Veterinarian to the South Carolina Experiment Station. 8vo, cloth, 382 pages, 77 illustrations 5 00 See also " De Bruin." — " Tibio- peroneal Neurectomy for the Kelief of Spavin Lameness. By W. E. A. Wyman, M.D.V., V.S. (In preparation.) ZUNDEL. "The Horse's Foot and Its Diseases." By A. Zundel, Principal Veterinarian of Alsace Lorraine. Translated by Dr. A. Liautard, V.S. 12mo, cloth illustrated 2 00 ZUILL. "Typhoid Fever; or Contagious Influenza in the Horse." By Prof. W. L. Zuill, M.D.,D.V.S. Pamphlet , 25 Our Boohs are for sale by all booksellers, or will be sent prepaid for the prices here quoted, WILLIAH R. JENKINS, 851 and 853 Sixth Avenue, NEW YORK, ^Y 28 190?