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ANT ADDRESS 
 
 KM BRACING A 
 
 Historical Sketch 
 
 OF XORFOLK ( OUNTY, 
 
 DELIVERED AT BERKLEY, .)(:LY4tii, 1876, BY REQUEST OF THE 
 
 BOARD OF SUPER Vir-ORS, BY 
 
 HON. LEGH E. W.ATTS, 
 
 •lUDOE OF THE COUNTY COURT OF NORFOLK COUNTY. 
 
 NORFOLK, iVA. 
 
 PBINTED AT TUB LANDMARK BOOK AND JOB OFFICE. 
 
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 A 
 
 AN ADDRESS 
 
 \ 
 
 EMBRACING A 
 
 Historical Sketch 
 
 OF NORFOLK COUNTY, Vcu , 
 
 DELIYEKEI) AT BERKLEY, JULY 4th, 1876, BY REQUEST OF THE 
 
 BOARD OF SUPERVISORS. BY 
 
 HON. LEGII R. WATTS, 
 
 JUDGE OF THE COUNTY COURT OF NORFOLK COUNTY. 
 
 ^? 
 
 NORFOLK, VA.: 
 
 PRINTED AT THE LANDMARK BOOK AND JOB OFFICE. 
 1876. 
 
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4- 
 
 
 HISTORICAL SKETCH 
 
 OF NORFOLK COUNTY. 
 
 Mr. P rest fir Nf. Ladies and GentJpmen : 
 
 I know of no more fitting and appropriate way of Qelebrating the 
 one hundredth anniversary of our National Independence than that 
 suggested hv His Excellency, the President of the United States, in 
 his Proclamation of May 25th, 1876, in pursuance of which we are 
 this day assembled. 
 
 If the Historical Sketches, which he recommends, are accurately and- 
 properly prepared, great and beneficial resul ts will ensue : for the accu- 
 mulation of so large a mass of reliable information and correct data 
 must prove a valuable acquisition to the historian not only of the re- 
 spective States, but also of the entire country. In the preparation 
 of this history, we should take a lively and patriotic interest — for 
 wlien it is impartially written, Virginia will be emblazoned on its 
 brightest page, and its most brilliant chapter will record the splendid 
 heroism and grand achievements of her sons ; and our own loved 
 •"tide- water" section will vie with her sister counties of the South- 
 west and the Piedmont, of the Valley and the mountains of West 
 Augusta, in the tlirilling interest of their revolutionary and later 
 history. 
 
 Appreciating, as [ do, these facts, I am profoundly impressed with 
 a consciousness of my inability to discharge in a satisfactory manner 
 the duty which the generous partiality of the Board of Supervisors 
 has assigned me, in the ceremonies of the day, and. I regret, very 
 much regret, that some one better qualified to do justice, alike to 
 the theme and the occasion, was not selected. 
 
 In endeavoring to perform the task thus imposed, I shall attempt 
 no oratorical display, nor seek to weave the flowers of fancy witli the 
 graces of elocution. Were I capable of such efforts, I do not think 
 the circumstances by which we are surrounded, or the times in which 
 we live, would justify them ; although as a people we have much to 
 he proud of, and mucli, very much, for which we should be devoutlv I " 
 
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 thaukiul. I know of nr thing to justify wild and exuberant con- 
 gratulation or self-satisfied enthusiasm ; while in the present condi- 
 tion of our country there is much to excite alarm, there is nothing 
 to encourage or confirm an infidel despair. The cause of constitu- 
 tional government and civil liberty is secure if the people of the en- 
 tire country, rising above party and party politics, section and sec- 
 tional prejudices, will devote this day to a calm and dispassionate 
 review of the first century of our existence as a nation. Let them 
 consider whether our national growth, development and prosperity 
 has been all that is claimed by the devotees of modern progress. 
 Let them ask themselves the question : Has our material advance- 
 ment made us a wiser, a more virtuous or a happier people ? These 
 reflections, if honestly indulged in, will give them pause, and cause 
 them to long for a return of the purer and better days of the Republic. 
 Before presenting a brief sketch of the '•History and Antiquities 
 of Norfolk County," I projDose gis'ing, by way of pre!. ode or intro- 
 duction, certain facts and incidents connected with the eaily dis- 
 covery and settlement of Virginia. This will be necessary to a full 
 appreciation of the diflficulties and privations experienced by those 
 hardy adventurers who first discovered the main continent of Amer- 
 ica among the -'polar bears, the rude savages, and the dismal cliifs 
 of Labrador," and their descendants, who extended their discoveries 
 and increased their settlements, until finally the boundaries of our 
 county were defined and the foundations of her twin daughters, the 
 cities of Norfolk and Portsmouth, were laid on the banks of our own 
 beautiful Elizabeth. 
 
 Though to Columbus belongs the glory of having made the 
 first actual discovery of the new world, yet to the celebrated 
 Venetian merchant, John Cabot, and to his more famous son, 
 Sebastian, are due the credit of being the first who actually 
 reached the main land. These distinguished navigators sailed in 
 1497, under the English flag, and with a patent from King Henry 
 VIII. , said to be the oldest State paper on American affairs extant 
 in England. In the June of that year they discovered the Island of 
 New Foundland, to which they gave the name "Prima Vista." 
 Changing their course northward they reached the main continent 
 amid the inhospitable regions of wintry Labrador. 
 
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^ 
 
 In the year 1578, Sir Humphrey Gilbert, a brother-in-law of Sir 
 Walter Raleigh, obtained letters })ateut authorizing him "to discover 
 and colonize remote heathen lands not possessed by any other Chris- 
 tian Prince.*' After repeated efforts, he procured a fleet of five ves- 
 sels, with which he set sail in 1583, from Plymouth ; of these, four 
 reached the coast of Xew Foundland in safety. Soon after his ar- 
 rival he became discouraged and disheartened by the loss of another 
 of his little fleet, and determined to return to England. On the 
 home voyage he embarked in the "'Squirrel." the smallest of his re- 
 maining vessels. After proceeding about three hundred leagues a 
 violent storm arose, and the little craft was nearly cast away. On 
 Monday, September 9th, at midnight, the light of the little ship dis- 
 appeared, and her gallant commander and hardy crew slept forever 
 in the deep. When last seen by those on the "Golden Hincl," Sir 
 Humphrey was seated quietly on deck with a book in his hand, and 
 as they approached within hailing distance, he was heard to exclaim : 
 "Be of good cheer, my friends, it is as near to Heaven by sea as by 
 land." 
 
 The disastrous termination of this expedition, and the mel- 
 ancholy fate of his heroic kinsman, did not alter the determination of 
 Raleigh to found a settlement in America. Being in high favor with 
 Elizabeth, he easily obtained unlimited letters patent, dated March 
 35th, 1584, and by the aid of friends soon procured two vessels, 
 which he placed under command of Amadas and Barlow. All things 
 being ready, they set sail from the Thames, and in order to avoid 
 the barren shoals and icebergs of the North, spread their sails to 
 the sweet South, and on the 2d of July found shoal water, and smelt 
 so sweet and strong a smell as if they haci been in "the midst of 
 some delicate garden abounding in all kinds of odoriferous flowers. " 
 This was the coast of sunny Florida. Directing their course to the 
 northward, they entered Oracoek Inlet, and landed on the Island of 
 Wocoken, in what is now Albemarle Sound. Here they found the 
 "valleys wooded with tall cedars, overrun with vines hung in grace- 
 ful festoons ; the grapes clustering in rich profusion on the ground 
 and trailing in the murmuring surges of the sea." In September 
 Amadas and Barlow returned home, and such was the glowing de- 
 scription given by them of tlie country that Elizabeth, charmed and 
 
 t^ 
 
deliglited with her new posssesions, gave it the name Virginia, in 
 commemoration of her state of life, being unmarried. 
 
 Raleigh, gratified and encouraged by these reports, was strength- 
 ened in his determination to found a permanent settlement in Vir- 
 ginia, and at once commenced actiA'e preparations to provide a fleet. 
 This he was enabled to do without difficulty from the enormous 
 revenue derived from his *''wine monopoly.'' In 1585 a fleet of seven 
 vessels, under command of his kinsman. Sir Richard Grenville — one 
 of the fellow heroes of Cervantes, at the famous battle of Lepanto — 
 was obtained for the expedition. Sir Ralph Lane was appointed 
 Governor of the colony, which consisted of many distinguished men. 
 Late in June the fleet anchored in Wocoken, but finding the situation 
 too much exposed, and in the stormy region of Cape Hatteras, they 
 proceeded through Oracock Inlet to the Island of Roanoke, which 
 they selected as the seat of the colony. After landing, Lane ex- 
 plored the coast and extended his discoveries as far as the town of 
 Chesapeahe, on Elizabeth river, near where Norfolk now stands. This 
 was the first discovery of our magnificent harbor and the noble bay 
 of the Chesapeake, and these discoveries were regarded as the most 
 important results which attended this effort to found a colony. Soon 
 after dissatisfaction and dissentions arose among the colonists, and 
 Lane determined to return to England. Thus ended the first actual 
 settlement of the Englisli in America. 
 
 These colonists, the exiles of a year, learned from the Indians the 
 use of a narcotic plant called by them uppoivoc, but to which they 
 gave the name toharco. Lane, upon his return to England, curried 
 some of it with him, and Sir Walter Raleigh soon yielded to its se- 
 ductive influence, and made its use fashionable at Court. On one 
 occasion he handed his pipe to Elizabeth, who, after one or two 
 whiffs, was made violently sick, and Sir Walter was charged with 
 having poisoned her. Her speedy recovery, however, disproved the 
 accusation, and the pipe was passed to her maids of honor, who were 
 required to smoke it out among them. On another occasion, a 
 country servant, entering Sir Walter's room with a tankard of ale, 
 found him intently engaged in reading and smoking. Being greatly 
 alarmed at the smoke which issued from his master's mouth, he 
 threw tlie ale in his face and rushed down stairs, declaring that Sir 
 Wtilter was on fire. i<^ / 
 
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 Notwithstanding these repeated faihires, Raleigli did not abandon 
 his design of founding a colony in Virginia, but in 1587 fitted out 
 another fleet of three vessels, and directed the colonists to establish 
 themselves as the "Governor and assistants of the City of Raleigh." 
 John White was nominated Governor, with eleven assistants, and 
 was ordered by Raleigh to plant the colony at the Town of Che sa- 
 peake, loitliln. the limits of the present Count ij of Norfolk. The sa- 
 gacity of Raleigh, who had never visited Virginia, was clearly demon- 
 strated in the selection of our broad and eligible harbor as the site 
 for the colony which was to bear his name, and indicates the deep 
 interest of the great Statesman ia the success of the eiforts to add 
 the "paradise of the new world" to the crown of that country u]ion 
 whose flag the sun never sets. 
 
 The expedition reached Roanoke Island in July, and at once pro- 
 ceeded to search for the handful of men left by Grenville, as a gar- 
 rison, but they found no vestige of life. "The tenements were de- 
 serted and overgrown with weeds, human bones lay bleaching in the 
 sun, the deer crouched in the untenanted houses." The miserable 
 men left in possession of the island had perished, but whether by 
 the tomahawk of the Indian or the cruel hand of disease, can never 
 be known. Failing in the searcli, instead of proceeding to the town 
 of Chesapeake, as Raleigh had directed, the colonists were forced, 
 by the avarice of Fernando, the naval commander, who preferred 
 the more lucrative traffic of the West Indies to exploring the coast, 
 to remain on the island, and there they founded the City of Raleigh, 
 where, on the 18th of August, Eleanor, daughter of the Governor, 
 and wife of Ananias Dare, one of the Councillors, gave birth to a 
 daughter, the first white child born in America : she was for that 
 reason christened Virginia Dare. 
 
 Difficulties again arising among the colonists, White determined to 
 return to England for assistance, and although he found Raleigli 
 absorbed in preparations to enable that country to successfully resist 
 the attack of the "Invincible Armada," he obtained, through his 
 assistance, two ships, with which he started for the relief of the in- 
 fant colony ; but instead of continuing his course he went in pursuit 
 of S]3anish prizes, and did not reach the long neglected settlement 
 for three years. Upon his arrival he found the Island deserted, but 
 
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 whether the colonists had perished or become amalgamated with 
 the Hatteras Indians, is still involved in donbt. Thns by cnpidity 
 and avarice, and the disregard of Raleigh's instructions, the first 
 plantation in Virginia, which had cost so much treasure, became ex- 
 / tinct. Such a termination might have been expected. The site, 
 
 whicli the disobedience of Fernando to Sir Walter's orders com- 
 pelled the colonists to choose, was most unfortunate, being difficult 
 of access and in the region of Cape Hatteras, whose name is synony- 
 mous with suffering, shipwjeck and death. How different the re- 
 sult might have been, had Raleigh's judicious instructions been 
 carried out, we can only conjecture. Notwithstanding these re- 
 peated failures, the English did not waiver in their determi- 
 nation to add A^rginia as a colony to the Crown of England, and the 
 period for the consummation of this long cherished desire at length 
 arrived, and a fleet with a number of English settlers appeared on 
 the bosom of the "Jloflwr of the Waters,'' as Chesapeake Bay was 
 called by the Indians. 
 
 In 1606 active measures were inaugurated to ''deduce a colony 
 into Virginia." In this enterprise Bartholomew Gosnold was prime 
 mover, and John Smith chief actor. These distinguished adventu- 
 rers obtained a charter from King James I., authorizing the estab- 
 lishment of two colonies in Virginia and other parts of America. 
 Under this, tlie first colonial eliarter of Virginia, two colonies were 
 formed. The First or Southern, and the Second or Northern Col- 
 ony. Eventually these names were drojiped and the name Virginia, 
 Avhich had been common to both, was approj^riated to the Southern 
 Colon}^, while the Northern was called New England. 
 
 Under this charter an expedition, consisting of three vessels, ag- 
 gregating only 160 tons burthen, was organized and set sail December 
 10th, 160C. On the 26th of the following April they reached Ches- 
 apeake Bay, where they were providentially driven by a violent storm. 
 The first land they came in sight of they called Cape Henry in honor 
 of the Prince of AYules, and the second Cape Charles, for the King's 
 second son, afterwards Charles II. In a few days a landing place 
 Avas selected, to which they gave the name "Point Comfort," 
 because it put them in good comfort after the storms and dan- 
 through which they had passed. While here, they were 
 

 H^ 
 
 visited by several of the natives, who received them kindly and 
 invited tliem to the village of Keconghtan, now Hampton. Smith 
 and his party, not being fully satisfied with the location, re-embarked 
 and sailed for a beautiful river which appeared in the distance, 
 which was called by the Indians Powhatan, but to which they gave 
 the name James. Ascending about fifty miles from its mouth they 
 landed, and selected a point, which they called Jamestoiuii, as the seat 
 of the colony. 
 
 Thus the first permanent settlement of the English in Virginia 
 was effected, May 13th, 1607. Smith did not long remain idle, but at 
 once commenced to explore the country, and during the latter part 
 of July he visited ChesapeaJce Bay, and the tmmi of that name on 
 EUzaheth rivei', six or seven miles from its mouth. At this settle- 
 ment he found three or four cultivated patches and a few houses, or 
 cabins, and from this visit we may date the first actual and perma- 
 nent settlement of our country. 
 
 In 161^9, upwards of one Iwodrod year^i before the Mayflower set 
 sail from England, Governor Yeardly summoned the first legislative 
 assembly that ever convened in America. It met at Jamestown 
 Friday, June 30th, and was composed of twenty-two Burgesses, 
 as the members who were elected by the various townships were 
 called. In 1.6^4 the colony was, for the first time, divided 
 into shires, or counties, eight being then designated. Norfolk was 
 not one of them, and her name does not appear in any of the old re- 
 cords of our State, until 1639-40, when the Grand Assembly enacted 
 an act, declaring "what shall be the bounds of Me of Wight, Upper 
 and Lower Norfolk Counties," and after this, the three counties 
 were regularly represented in the Grand Assembly. In 1642, Upper 
 Norfolk was divided into three parishes, "in order to the better en- 
 abling the inhabitants of the colony to the religious worship and 
 service of Almighty God." 
 
 In 1645, an act was passed changing the name of Upper Norfolk 
 County to Nansemond ; and in 1691, Lower Norfolk, being too large, 
 was divided into two coiinties, the part in which the Elizabeth river 
 ^ and its branches were contained, it was enacted, "should, from hence- 
 forth be called by the name of Norfolk ;" the other part was formed 
 into a new county and called Princess Anne. In 1705 Norfolk town 
 
was established, and in 1736 it was incorporated into a borongli, and 
 Sir Randolph Knight made Recorder ; it continued to be the county 
 seat until 1789, when the court-house was removed to Powder Point, 
 as this delightful village was then called. The first term of the court 
 was held November lOtli, in the house of Mrs. Shafer, which con- 
 tinued to be thus occupied, until the completion of the court-house 
 and jail, which were xised until 1801, when, upon the petition of the 
 citizens, the county seat was changed to Portsmouth, and Samuel 
 Hatton and others were ap^Dointed commissioners to sell the old 
 court-house, which still stands, a landmark of the past. 
 
 In 175;i Porstmouth was established as a town. William Graiv- 
 ford having dedicated a portion of his farm to that purpose. His 
 original plan contemplated one hundred and twenty lots. The old 
 homestead, or farm house, stood, the oldest bnilding in the city, until 
 about the year 1857, when it was torn down to give place to the 
 "Arcade," in which are now located Bidgood's harness establishment, 
 and the office of the Portsmouth Enterprise. 
 
 Notwithstanding the influence of the Established Church, reli- 
 gious toleration soon found a- foothold in Norfolk county, and as early 
 as 1690, or very soon thereafter, a Presbyterian Church was erected 
 on the banks of the ElizabetJi river, probably the first of the denomi- 
 nation in America. The congregation was organized by the Rev. 
 Mr, Makemie, "the father of the American Presbyterian Church." 
 who soon after moved to Accomac county, and obtained from the 
 Court a certificate of his qualification as a preacher, under the "tol- 
 eration act," the first of the kind known to be of record in Virginia. 
 
 We have now reached a period in the history of Norfolk County, 
 when she became the theatre of some of the most important and 
 thrilling events of the Revolution. This was a time of peculiar 
 hardship and privation to her people: for the rude hand of the in- 
 vader was laid heavily upon her. Norfolk, her most thriving city, 
 was given over to pillage and conflagration, and Portsmouth was, 
 for a long time, the headquarters of the army of invasion. 
 
 In 1775 Dunmore, the Royal Governor, being a fugitive from his 
 capitol, at Williamsburg, erected his standard at Portsmouth, and 
 issued a proclamation, commanding all subjects on their allegiance 
 to repair thereto. By this means he collected, in addition to the 
 
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 regular forces under liis command, a band of tories and runaway 
 negroes, with wliose assistance he was soon enabled to overrun and 
 occupy the entire county. In October he landed, under cover of his 
 gun-boats, a body of men in Norfolk and captured Holt's newspaper. 
 TJiis brilliant exploit was performed by an officer and twelve sol- 
 diers, aided by a man-of-war. The corporate authorities remon- 
 strated against this outrage, but without avail. Holt published in 
 the Williamsburg papers an eloquent philippic against Dunmore, 
 and announced his intention of establishing another jiaper to advo- 
 cate the same patriotic principles. 
 
 On the 7th of November Dunmore issued a second proclamation, 
 calling upon all persons capable of bearing arms to rally to his sup- 
 port, or else be considered traitors and rebels. He also offered free- 
 dom to all slaves who would join him. This threat and offer brought 
 to his aid a multitude of motley partizans. Being encouraged, he 
 proclaimed martial law, and determined to undertake an expedition 
 to Suffolk for the purpose of destroying the stores of the Virginia 
 troops deposited there. 
 
 Woodford, the commander of the Virginians, anticipating this 
 movement, and being warmly sustained by the State government, 
 sent a detachment, under command of Colonel Scott and Major Mar- 
 shall, to that town. Following with the main body of Virginians, he 
 arrived on the 25th, and at once determined to march upon Norfolk. 
 In the meantime Dunmore had intrenched himself in a strong posi- 
 tion, on the north side of the Elizabeth river, near Great Bridqe. 
 These works were well supplied with artillery, and garrisoned by two 
 hundred regulars and a large number of varlets of all colors. The 
 natural advantages of the position were very great, being a long 
 causeway flanked on either side by the swamp. Woodford, believing 
 this the only practicable way to Norfolk, determined to capture the 
 position, but being deficient in artillery, halted his forces within 
 cannon shot of the enemy and began to throw up intrenchments. 
 •For several days no important demonstration was made by either 
 army. When the preparations of the Virginians were completed, a 
 battle was. precipitated by an artful stratagem. A servant of Major 
 Marshall, the father of the great Chief Justice, was instucted to de- 
 sert to the enemy and give such information as would induce them 
 
 T 
 
to assume the offensive and assault the works thus hurriedly con- 
 structed. This he did, and represented to the English that the rebel 
 force consisted of only three hundred shirt men, as the Virginians, 
 who mostly wore hunting shirts, were contemptuously called. Dun- 
 more, elated by this information, dispatched two hundred regulars 
 and about three hundred blacks and tories, with orders to capture 
 the rebel works or die in the attempt. Tlie next morning, just as 
 the reveille was beating in the Virginia camp, the firing of guns an- 
 nounced the approach of the enemy. Woodford at once posted his 
 men for action, and prepared to meet the onslaught of the heroic 
 Fordyce, who was rapidly and gallantly advancing at the head of his 
 brave grenadiers. As they entered the narrow causeway, and ap- 
 proached to within fifteen paces of the works, the Virginians de- 
 livered with terrific effect their fire, which they had reserved until 
 that time. With devoted courage the brave Fordyce attempted to rally 
 his shattered and wavering columns. Standing erect in his saddle, 
 hat in hand, he exhorted them to press forward and "the day was 
 their own." Waving his sword, he fell within a few feet of our 
 works, pierced by many bullets — as noble a sacrifice as ever sanc- 
 tified an unholy cause or gave lustre to a cruel invasion. His body 
 was buried near the old church which formerly stood at the bridge. 
 Nature, more appreciative of true bravery than his own country, 
 which left him in an unmarked grave in a stranger land, erected his 
 monument : a graceful cedar, from whose branches the birds of the 
 forest sang peans to his bravery, and through whose foliage the 
 winds of Heaven sighed his requiem 
 
 The demoralization which followed his death gave an easy victory 
 to Woodford's forces. The rout of the British was complete and 
 their loss very heavy, including five officers. Of the grenadiers who 
 followed Fordyce, not one escaped. Thus terminated, in a decisive 
 victory, the battle of Great Bridge, which has been, not inaptly, 
 styled a "Bunker Hill" in miniature ; and here, upon the soil of 
 owY oivn count I/, was enacted tliejirst scene of Eevolutionary blood 
 shed in Virginia 
 
 Our forces, encouraged by this most providential victory, deter 
 mined to follow it up by a rapid advance on Norfolk. Dunmore, 
 demoralized by his defeat^ hastily abandoned the fortifications of that 
 
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 town and retreated to his vessels. Woodford, reinforced by Colonel 
 Howe's command of North Carolinians, entered and took possession 
 of the city on the 14th day of December, together with the guns 
 abandoned by the enemy, and at once opened his batteries on the 
 British fleet. Dunmore, greatly exasperated, determined to visit a 
 severe retribution upon the patriots of Norfolk, and notified them, by 
 flag of truce, that unless they would furnish him the provisions ne- 
 cessary for the troops and cease firing on his vessels, he would bom- 
 bard the town. This demand met with a prompt and patriotic re- 
 fusal ; and on the morning of January 1st, 1776, a body of men were 
 landed at the county dock, under cover of a man-of-war, and the town 
 fired. The flames spread with great rajaidity, and the utmost efforts 
 of the Virginians to arrest their progress were unavailing. For three 
 days the conflagration raged, and only ceased when four-fifths of the 
 beautiful town was in ashes Soon after Colonel Howe, by order of 
 the Committee of Safety, fired the remaining houses to prevent the 
 British occupying it as a permanent post. The sufi'eriugs of the 
 citizens were heartrending ; six thousand people were rendered 
 homeless, and property estimated at £300,000 sterling was destroyed 
 On the 6th of February, Colonel Howe, who had superceded Wood- 
 ford in command, evacuated Norfolk and fell back to Suffolk, leaving 
 a detachment of troops at Great Bridge. 
 
 Time wore on ; the war dragged its slow length along, but nothing 
 of interest occurred in our immediate vicinity until May, 1779, when 
 Sir George Collier anchored in Hampton Eoads, and General 
 Matthews took possession of Portsmouth and established his head- 
 quarters in the town. On the 11th Fort Nelson, now the United 
 States Naval Hospital, was abandoned by the garrison, who retreated 
 to the Dismal Swamp, and was occupied by the enemy. Matthews 
 extended his outpost to Gosport, where he captured more than one 
 hundred vessels. 
 
 On the 20th of October, 1780, l^rigadier General Leslie landed at 
 Portsmouth with a force of 3,000 men, and at once commenced to 
 fortify the town. His foraging i)arties committed many depreda- 
 tions on the surrounding country and along the coast, capturing a 
 large amo^^nt of property and many small ships. 
 
 About this time an incident occurred almost rivalling in dramatic 
 
 r 
 
4^ ^^;l^ 
 
 / 
 
 V 
 
 interest, if not in its tragic clenonemeiit, the capture of Major Andre. 
 A stranger, of suspicions appearance, was observed endeavoring to 
 cross the lines from Portsmouth to North Carolina, where Lord 
 Cornwallis was encamped. When arrested by the Virginia troops it 
 was proposed to search him. To this he readily assented, but was 
 observed at the same instant to put something, ostensibly a quid of 
 tobacco, in his mouth ; when made to disgorge, it was found to be a 
 letter, written on fine silk paper, and rolled in gold foil. It read as 
 follows : 
 
 To Lord Cornwallis, My Lord, : — I have been here near a week establishing a 
 post. I wrote to you to Charleston, and by another messenger by land. I can- 
 not hear with certainty where you are. I wait your orders. The bearer is to be 
 handsomely rewarded if he brings me any note or mark from your Lordship. 
 
 Portsmouth, Va., ]}foveinber 'ith, 1780. A. L. 
 
 During the next year the British government determined to in- 
 vade Virginia in order to humble the pride of her citizens, who were 
 a stiff-necked and rebellious people. For this f)urpose Sir Henry 
 Clinton, in December, 1780, ordered Benedict Artiold, with a body 
 of troops, to i^roceed to that State. The traitor, with a fleet of fifty 
 sail, arrived in Chesapeake Bay, and from thence proceeded to Rich- 
 mond, the infant capital, and after spending some time in pillaging 
 and devastating the surrounding country, returned to Portsmovth 
 and there fixed his headquarters. Soon after he inaugurated a sys- 
 tem of i^redatory warfare upon the people of the county. One of 
 his raiding or foraging parties were attacked on the road near Gi'eat 
 Bridge by the Virginia troops, and after a short skirmish, in which 
 the officer in command was killed, their wagons were captured. 
 
 While Arnold was thus ensconced like a vulture at Portsmouth, 
 Washington determined, if possible, to effect his capture, and sent a 
 French "74," commanded by Monsieur D'Tilley, to the Chesapeake, 
 with orders to attack that city. After a threatening demonstration 
 she returned to Rhode Island. D'Tilley supposing her too large to 
 operate successfully, her crew thus lost the opportunity of gaining 
 not only a brilliant naval victory, but also of capturing the wretched 
 traitor, for whose head Governor Jefferson had offered a reward of 
 5,000 guineas. Arnold, becoming seriously alarmed for his personal 
 safety, was reinforced by General Phillips, who, uniting their re 
 
 »^ ]^^u^^ • ,^Y ^ 
 
F ^^~ % 
 
 spective commands, determined upon an invasion of tlie surround- 
 ing country. Ilis death, which occurred near Petersburg, of bilious 
 fever, caused the expedition to be abandoned. Arnold succeeding 
 to the command of the army, addressed a letter to La Fayette, which 
 was forwarded by a flag of truce. Upon opening it, and seeing the 
 name of the traitor signed thereto, he returned it unread, declining to 
 hold any communication with so despicable a character. 
 
 Cornwallis determined to concentrate a part of his army at Ports- 
 mouth, and ordered Leslie with his forces to proceed to that place. 
 At this time permission was given Arnold to visit New York, "where 
 business of consequence demanded his attention." This was done, 
 because the British officers found it irksome to serve under him, and 
 Cornwallis frankly stated to La Fayette his contempt for his character. 
 
 The forces at Portsmouth were further augmented, by the arrival 
 of Lord Cornwallis, who crossed the James and reached the town 
 July 9th, where he remained until taking post at Yorktown. Sir 
 Henry Clinton, expecting a grand attack by the Continental forces 
 upon New York, ordered Cornwallis to take position at Portsmouth 
 or Williamsburg, so as to facilitate the transportation of the troops 
 to that city should it become necessary. Cornwallis selected York- 
 town as the most eligible position, and there, within four months, 
 the closing drama of the Revolution was enacted. 
 
 With the return of peace came prosperity, and our county and sec- 
 tion rapidly recovered from the effects of the war. Norfolk was re- 
 built and was soon in the enjoyment of a large commerce, which 
 continued to increase until the war 1812, Avhen our harbor became 
 the scene of a brilliant naval engagement. In June, 1813, a large 
 and powerful British fleet arrived in Hampton Roads, and com- 
 menced active preparations to attack Norfolk, Portsmouth and the 
 Gosport Navy Yard. The plan was a simultaneous demonstration 
 by sea and land, on Craney Island, which commanded the ajjproach 
 to these places. A British force of about 5,000 men was landed on 
 Pig Point, at the mouth of Nansemond river, with orders to ad- 
 vance and attack tlie Island on the west side, Avhere the river Avas 
 fordable, while the gun-boats from the fleet engaged the water bat- 
 teries. 
 ' The forces upon the Island to resist the combined assault were iT 
 
 P- - ^ 
 
T 
 
 V 
 
 16 
 
 commanded by Colonel Bea,tty, and consisted of his regiment, the 
 Winchester Battalion, Faulkner's Battalion of regulars, connected 
 with which was ex-Governor Joe Johnson, the Portsmouth Artil- 
 lery, and a detachment of marines and sailors, from the United 
 States steamer "Constellation," under command of Lieutenant, after- 
 wards Admiral, Shubrick. The armament was small, consisting 
 only of the four six-pounders of the Portsmouth Artillery, and one 
 or two pieces from the Constellation. 
 
 The gun-boats, under command of Admiral Cockburn, came nobly 
 up to the work and bravely withstood the fire of our little guns. 
 Your gallant and well remembered citizen, Captain Arthur Emmer- 
 son, commanded the Portsmouth Artillery, which acted during the 
 engagement as an independent command, and to him belongs the 
 honor of sighting and firing the gun Avhich struck the Admiral's gun- 
 boat, the "Centipede," and carried away a leg of lier coxswain. Ad- 
 miral Cockburn narrowly escaped the fate of his gun-boat, which was 
 captured, and was only rescued from his perilous position by the ac- 
 tivity with which the other boats came to his relief. The "Cen- 
 tipede" was brought to Portsmouth as a prize of war. The enemy 
 then retreated, but the firing did not cease until the gallant Win- 
 chester Eiflemen, anxious to give them a parting shot, had pursued 
 them neck deep in the river. The first instance of a charge by Vir- 
 ginia infantry on gun-boats. 
 
 The credit of firing this decisive shot was claimed by Lieutenant 
 Shubrick, but the proof afforded by an examination of the injury 
 inflicted on the "Centipede," demonstrated that it was fired from 
 one of the guns of the Portsmouth Artillery, which Avcre so admira- 
 bly handled by our county man, Captain Arthur Emmersoii, "the 
 true hero of Craney Island.'" 
 
 The next day, at sunrise, our little gunboats attacked the British 
 frigate "Junon," and would in all probability have disabled her but 
 for the timely arrival of a "74," which opened a broad side, and com- 
 pelled the Virginia navy to retreat. 
 
 The force landed at Pig's Pomt became so much demoralized 
 from the number of desertions that they were sent back to the fleet, 
 without making any demonstration : though some historians claim 
 that an engagement did take place, in which the enemy were re- 
 
 k^ — — £ 
 
i^ ^ ^ — ^"^ 
 
 pulsed witli lieiivy loss. The same autlio^ity estimates the entire loss 
 of the enemy in this engagement at two hundred men and tliree gun- 
 boats. As at Great Bridge, our loss was inconsiderable. A quaker, 
 Avhose conscientious convictions forbade his fighting, Avas assigned to 
 duty at the magazine tent, and while carelessly smoking, a spark 
 from his pipe ignited some powder and he was blown to pieces. 
 
 After this no serious demonstration was made by the enemy ; the 
 ample preparations for their reception no doubt deterred them from 
 further etfort. General R. B. Taylor, who commanded the depart- 
 ment, had an ample force to guard the approaches to Norfolk, and 
 his Lieutenant, Colouel Freeman, with the garrison at Fort Nelson, 
 kept vigil on the Portsmouth side. 
 
 I must now pass rapidly on, omitting many incidents of interest 
 and importance, only pausing to mention the admirable public school 
 system, organized in 1845, and continued up to the beginning of the 
 late war. As indicating the warm interest of the people of our 
 county in the cause of popular education, I point with pleasure to 
 the revival of these schools, and esteeem it a source of profound con- 
 gratulation ; that amid the wreck and ruin following the termina- 
 tion of that struggle, our citizens found the time and means to re- 
 establish them, and under the management of our competent and 
 energetic Superintendent, they are fast regaining their former eflfi- 
 ciency. The commencement exercises of '' Churchland Academy,'^ 
 an institution founded more than a quarter of a century airo. which 
 occurred on the 29th ulto., were of a highly interesting character, 
 and indicated the success of the institution and the ability which 
 characterizes its management. Fostered and encouraged as it should 
 be, by all our citizens, it will not only become a feeder for our loved 
 University and the other Colleges of the State, but an honor and 
 credit to our county. 
 
 We have now reached the dark days of 18G1, when a continent 
 was riven by the "wild blast of secession and the earthquake shock of 
 civil war." Of the merits or demerits of that unfortunate struffo-le, 
 it is not my purpose to speak; no good could result from such a 
 discussion. Peace is the supreme need of our country, and the pa- 
 1 1 triotic heart everywhere longs for reconciliation. It is best that the 1 1 
 
 /r^ ^K_ 
 
#"■ ~^^ ^ 
 
 if 
 
 dead past should bury its dead, and that the mantle of charity and 
 
 • forgetfulness should be thrown over all the incidents connected with 
 that terrible contest, and that nothing should be remembered ex- 
 cept the valor, the virtue, the fidelity to duty of those wlio 
 offered themselves a holocaust to their country's need. Their 
 memory should ever be cherished as a part of our priceless heri- 
 tage, and their virtues should be commemorated in enduring marble 
 and colossal bronze. • 
 
 1 shall not attempt a detailed account of the part Norfolk 
 County sustained in that conflict ; it is fresh in the minds and mem- 
 ories of you all. From the first to the last she was true and un- 
 swerving in her fidelity and loyalty to the Queen Mother, Virginia, 
 who claimed her highest allegiance ; and on every battle field, from 
 Seven Pines to Appomattox, her sons stood shoulder to shoulder, 
 with their compatriots of the "Army of Northern Virginia," and fol- 
 lowed with unshrinking fortitude and devotion tlie tattered banners 
 of immortal Lee ; until, amid the gloom of that disastrous April 
 day, they laid down their well used arms in final surrender, and 
 "with the consciousness of duty faithfully performed," gave their 
 royal pledge of submission to the result, and returned to their impover- 
 ished homes. The fidelity with which they have maintained this 
 pledge is worthy of all praise ; the assiduity and industry with which 
 they have applied themselves to the honest labor of repairing their 
 grievous losses, is worthy of the highest commendation, and to their 
 conduct the present condition of our county is largely due — a con- 
 dition which is as satisfactory as her past is glorious, and gives as- 
 surance of a future radiant with hope and promise. 
 
 Nature has done much for us, and it only requires energy and en- 
 terprise to utilize these advantages and turn them to good account. 
 With a climate of unsurpassed salubrity and healthfulness, a soil of 
 unrivalled fertility and productiveness, a location unsurpassed by 
 any on the Atlantic coast, why should we not attain a position of 
 great commercial prosperity and importance? Our magnificent 
 harbor and other advantages have attracted the attention and 
 awakened the interest of statesmen of all ages, from the days of Sir 
 Walter Raleigh, who was the first to appreciate them, down to the 
 time of our loved and lamented scientist, the immortal Maury, and 
 
 443^« ^(^i^sy 
 
#" ^ "^ 
 
 ill 
 
 they must sooner or later command recognition from intelligent em- 
 igrants who will then pour in upon us the wealth of their honest in- 
 dustry and untiring energy. 
 
 But, to bring about these results, ioe nnist loorlc, remembering, 
 there can be no success wWioiit labor. We must denumd honest 
 government and low taxation, Avhich is its consequence. We must 
 have impartial laws faithfully and fearlessly administered, and be 
 ever ready Avith warm hearts and open hands to welcome, heartily 
 welcome all who come to cast their destiny and make common cause 
 with us. Emigration and capital are the great needs of our county, 
 and every inducement should be offered to secure them. The world 
 should know not only our natural advantages of soil, climate and 
 location, but also the economy of living and the lowrate of taxation, 
 which will suffice to meet all the legitmate requirements of our 
 county government. With taxable iwoperty valued 'at about 
 14,000,000, our county debt of all hinds ivill not aggreqate $10,000, 
 or less than one-tenth the value of real estate and other property 
 oioned by the county. Our population, which is rapidly increasing, 
 now exceeds, including the cities of Norfolk and Portsmouth, that 
 of any county in the State, Henrico and Richmond city alone cx- 
 cej)ted. 
 
 We must also learn the lessons of adversity and profit by 
 the teachings of experience. The times are sadly out of joint, and 
 bad men seem to have the mastery ; corruption, with hideous visage, 
 stalks abroad, and with an infection as dangerous as it is wide- 
 spread, permeates the high places of our country ; and if we would 
 attain the position and prosperity to Avhich our advantages entitle 
 us, Ave must remember as a fundamental maxim, thcd honesty is tlui 
 prerequisite of all permanent success, whether it be State or indi- 
 vidual, and set our faces sternly and resolutely Vi^dSw^i public repu- 
 dicdion in cdl its forms, and private dishonesty in cdl its multitudi- 
 nous disguises. We should stamp with the seal of disapprobation 
 corruption in office and all betrayals of public trust. Social posi- 
 tions and political influence should afford no protection to the pub- 
 lic plunderer or thieving official. Again, if we would mend our for- 
 tunes and repair our losses, Ave must shun the extravagances, the 
 tinsel glare and glitter, that is now so fashionable, and settle down 
 
 .*k . ■ jm 
 
 r 
 
20 ^^^ 
 
 f 
 
 V 
 
 ^ 
 
 to earnest work, determinod to H -e wifJiiii our inrompff ;url jivoid 
 the maflstrom of debt and interest which has engulfed so many in rnin. 
 We must return to the purity and simplicity of life v.n^nin the 
 olden times made home happy and men contented. 
 
 These results we can achieve. The people of our entire country 
 are anxious for reform, and it only requires, to bring it about, a states- 
 man of enlarged mind and comprehensive intellect ; one who will 
 subordinate party to country, and labor only for the glory, the pros- 
 perity and the stability of the American Union. A patriot whose 
 highest ambition will be achieved and whose noblest aspirations will 
 bo realized in the restoi'ation of peace to a distracted country, and 
 prosperity and plenty to a panic-stricken land ; one who, solving the 
 financial problems of the day, Avill restore confidence, re-establish 
 credit, and cause the work-shops, the factories and the commercial 
 marts of our entire country to teem with renewed life and vigor. 
 
 " God give us men — a time like this demands. 
 Strong minds, great hearts, true faith, and ready hands : 
 Men whom the lust of office does not kill ; 
 Men whom tlie spoils of office cannot niy ; 
 Men who have opinions and a will ; 
 Men who have honor, m n who will not lie ; 
 Men who can stand before a demagogue, 
 And damn his treacherous flatteries without winking ! 
 Tall men, sun-crowned, who live above the fog, 
 In public duty and in private thinking ; 
 For while the/ rabble mtlieir thumb worn creeds, 
 Their large professions and tlieir little deeds, 
 Mingle in selfish strife, lo ! Freedom weeps. 
 Wrong rules the land and waiting justice sleeps." 
 
 Such men we have, and the popular demtind that they be brought 
 to the front indicates that the heart of the masses of our country 
 favor purity and reform in the administration of public affairs. I 
 repeat, both in our State and county, we have men capable, effi- 
 cient, and in every way worthy our highest honors. Men whom 
 modern degeneracy has not reached. Virginia and Virginians have 
 not deteriorated, the halo of immortality, with which the fame and 
 character of Washixgton encircled her queenly brow, was not ob- 
 scured nor was its glory dimmed when Robert E. Lee, the peerless 
 |.^^^ Christian soldier, consecrated his stainless sword and dedicated his 
 
 m^ ^ 
 
 A 
 
 r 
 
^ ^~ ^ 
 
 incomparable genius to her defence. Nor were the shirt men, who 
 followed Woodford, more patriotic, more self-sacrificing, more de- 
 voted to duty, than those of you and your sons, who, under the leader- 
 ship of your gifted and lamented Niemeyer, your chivalrous and 
 hn'mlitlij Stewart, and ^-oixv Baijanl-like Etheridge, withstood, with 
 a heroism sublime in its invincibility, the magnificent charges of 
 that grand corps of the "Army of the Potomac" when hurled, in 
 deadly fury against them, by the splendid genius of the patriot 
 soldier, Winfield Scott Hancock. 
 
 No, my countrymen have not degenerated : they only need to be 
 aroused to the supreme necessities of the hour, and to learn what can 
 be accomplished by tireless industry and well directed enterprise; and 
 for an illustration of what can thus be achieved, I need only point 
 you to this beautiful village which has given us, this day, a centen- 
 nial welcome, and an evidence of its open-handed, generous hospi- 
 tality ; for, so long as she continues to grow and prosper — and God 
 grant she may do so till the end of time — she will stand a monument 
 to the energy, the enterprise, and the liberality of the honored citi- 
 zen whose nafne she bears. 
 
 But, while urging this persistent application to duty and to busi- 
 ness, I would warn you to beware of the materialistic tendency of 
 the age, and to guard against "the barbarisms that lurk in the lap 
 of our boasted civilization. " Do not become so engrossed in the accu- 
 mulation of wealth as to lose sight of the true end and aim of life. 
 Wealth is only desirable for the benefits it enables its possessor to 
 confer, and the wealthy man is an acquisition to society only in 
 proportion to the good he does to his fellow men and the community. 
 Do not become so absorbed in business as to forget home and its 
 refining influences, for from thence must come your purest pleasures 
 and sweetest consolations. And, oh ! ladies, in this work give to 
 your husbands, fathers and brothers your loving sympathy and 
 co-operation. Guard them in the day of temptation, and ever 
 exert the power of your influence for good ; add to this influence 
 the force of example, and choose for your great exemplars those 
 Virginia matrons, in whose character all the attributes of true 
 womanhood were so conspicuously and beautifully blended. Ladies, 
 I point you with reverential pride to Martha, the mother^ Wash- 
 \ 5:N INGTON, and Mary, the wife of Lee. ^"-I-X ^ J 
 
 ^ 
 
Hi 
 
 
 ^i "^ 
 
 And now, my countrymen, we stand upon the tlireshold of another 
 century. Let us forget that we have been enemies, and remember 
 only the ancient friendship and tha former love. The Union is re- 
 stored. Let us ask only that ti1a2i.be a Constitutional Union of 
 free, equal and independent States; that no star on the blue of 
 yonder flag, shall differ from another star thereon in glory, but that 
 all may shine with an equal splendor. For such a Union we most 
 devoutly pray, and reiterate the pledge of one hundred years ago — 
 to defend it "with our lives, our fortunes, and our pacred honor." 
 
 " Thou, too, sail on, O, Ship of State ! 
 Sail on, O Union, strong and great ! 
 Humanity with all its fears, 
 With all the hopes of future years, 
 Is hanging breathless on thy fate ! 
 We know what master laid thy keel, 
 W^hat workman wrought thy ribs of steel. 
 Who made each mast, and sail and rope. 
 What anvils rang, what hammers beat, 
 In what a forge and what a heat. 
 Were shaped the anchors of thy hope ! 
 Fear not each sudden sound and shock, 
 'Tis of the wave, and not the rock ; 
 'Tis but the flapping of the sail. 
 And not a rent made by the gale ! 
 In spite of rock and tempest roar, 
 In spite of false lights on the shore. 
 Sail on, nor fear to breast the sea. 
 Our hearts, our hopes, are all with thee. 
 Our hearts, our hopes, our prayers, our tears. 
 Our faith triumphant o'er our fears. 
 Are all with thee, are all with thee." 
 
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