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© ILfl H T . UJ B 
 
 JOHN G. ZIMMERMAN 
 
 With the Life of the Author. 
 
 IN TWO PARTjS. ' 
 
 NEW-YORK: — C. WELLS 
 56, Gold street'. 
 
 ' 1840. 
 

 
CONTENTS. 
 
 PART L 
 
 CHAP. 
 
 Life of the author • 
 
 i. Introduction 
 
 n. Influence of solitude upon the mind, 
 nr. Influence of solitude upon the heart 
 iv. General advantages of retirement, 
 v. Advantages of solitude in exile. 
 
 15 
 19 
 60 
 109 
 134 
 
 vi. Advantages of solitude in old age and on the bed of death 133 
 
 PART II, 
 
 i. Introduction, 
 
 ii. Of the motives to solitude, 
 
 in. Disadvantages of solitude, 
 iv. Influence of solitude on the imagination, 
 v. Effects of solitude on a melancholy mind, 
 vi. Influence of solitude on the passions, - 
 
 vn. Of the danger of idleness in solitude, 
 viil Conclusion, ...... 
 
 149 
 157 
 185 
 200 
 216 
 235 
 274 
 279 
 
PREFACE 
 
 Weak and delicate minds may, perhaps, be alarmed 
 by the title of this work. The word solitude, may pos- 
 sibly engender melancholy ideas ; but they have only 
 to read a few pages to be undeceived. The author is 
 not one of those extravagant misanthropists who ex- 
 pect that men, formed by nature for the enjoyments of 
 society, and impelled continually towards it by a mul- 
 titude of powerful and invincible propensities, should 
 seek refuge in forests, and inhabit the dreary cave or 
 lonely cell ; he is a friend to the species, a rational phi- 
 losopher, and the virtuous citizen, who, encouraged by 
 the esteem of his sovereign, endeavors to enlighten the 
 minds of his fellow creatures upon a subject of infinite 
 importance to them, the attainment of true felicity. 
 
 No writer appears more completely convinced than 
 M. Zimmerman, that man is born for society, or feels 
 its duties with more refined sensibility. 
 
 It is the nature of human society, and its correspon- 
 dent duties, which he here undertakes to examine. 
 The important characters of father, husband, son, and 
 citizen, impose on man a variety of obligations, which 
 are always dear to virtuous minds, and establish be- 
 tween him, his country, his family, and his friends, re- 
 lations too necessary and attractive to be disregarded. 
 
 " What wonder, therefore, since th' endearing ties 
 
 Of passion link the universal kind 
 
 Of man so close ; what wonder if to search 
 
 This common nature through the various change 
 
 Of sex, of age, and fortune, and the frame 
 
 Of each peculiar, draw the busy mind 
 
 "With unresisted charms ? The spacious west, 
 
 And all the teeming regions of the south, 
 
 Hold not a quarry to the curious flight, 
 
 Of knowledge half so tempting or so fair, 
 
 As man to man." 
 
 1* 
 
6 PREFACE. 
 
 But it is not amidst tumultuous joys and noisy plea- 
 sures ; in the chimeras of ambition, or the illusions of 
 self-iove ; in the indulgence of feeling, or the gratifica- 
 tion of desire, that men must expect to feel the charms 
 of those mutual ties which link them so firmly to soci- 
 ety. It is not in such enjoyments that men can feel 
 the dignity of those duties, the performance of which 
 nature has rendered productive of so many pleasures, 
 or hope to taste that true felicity which results from an 
 independent mind and a contented heart : a felicity sel- 
 dom sought after, only because it is so little known, 
 but which every individual may find within his own 
 bosom. Who, alas! does not constantly experience 
 the necessity of entering into that sacred asylum, to 
 search for consolation under the real or imaginary 
 misfortunes of life, or to alleviate indeed more frequent- 
 ly the fatigue of its painful pleasures ? Yes, all men, 
 from the mercenary trader, who sinks under the anxie- 
 ty of his daily task, to the proud statesman, intoxicated 
 by the incense of popular applause, experience the de- 
 sire of terminating their arduous career. Every bosom 
 feels an anxiety for repose, and fondly wishes to steal 
 from the vortex of a busy and perturbed life, to enjoy 
 the tranquillity of solitude. 
 
 " Hackney'd in business, wearied at that oar 
 
 Which thousands, once chain'dfast to, quit no more, 
 
 But which, when life at ebb, runs weak and low, 
 
 All wish, or seem to wish, they could forego ; 
 
 The statesman, lawyer, merchant, man of trade. 
 
 Pant for the refuge of a peaceful shade 
 
 Where all his long anxieties forgot, 
 
 Amidst the charms of a sequester'd spot, 
 
 Or recollected only to gild o'er 
 
 And add a smile to what was sweet before, 
 
 He may possess the joys he thinks he sees, 
 
 Lay his old age upon the lap of case, 
 
 Improve the remnant of his wasted span, 
 
 And having liv'd a trifler, die a man." 
 
 It is under the peaceful shades of solitude that the 
 mind regenerates and acquires fresh force ; it is there 
 alone that the happy can enjoy the fulness of felicity, 
 or the miserable forget their wo ; it is there that the 
 bosom of sensibility experiences its most delicious 
 emotions ; it is there that creative genius frees itself 
 from the thraldom of society, and surrenders itself to 
 the impetuous rays of an ardent imagination. To this 
 desired goal all our ideas and desires perpetually tend. 
 
PREFACE. 7 
 
 R There is," says Dr. Johnson, " scarcely any writer, 
 who has not celebrated the happiness of rural privacy, 
 and delighted himself and his readers with the melody 
 of birds, the whisper of groves, and the murmurs of 
 rivulets ; nor any man eminent for extent of capacity, 
 or greatness of exploits, that has not left behind him 
 some memorials of lonely wisdom and silent dignity." 
 The original work from which the following pages 
 are selected, consists of four large volumes, which have 
 acquired the universal approbation of the German em- 
 pire, and obtained the suffrages of an empress celebra- 
 ted for the superior brilliancy of her mind, and who 
 has signified her approbation in the most flattering 
 manner. 
 On the 26th of January, 1785, a courier, dispatched 
 /'by the Russian envoy at Hamburg, presented M. Zim- 
 / merman with a small casket, in the name of her ma- 
 A jesty the empress of Russia. The casket contained a 
 ring set round with diamonds of an extraordinary size 
 and lustre ; and a gold medal bearing on one side the 
 portrait of the empress, and on the other the date of 
 the happy reformation of the Russian empire. This 
 present the empress accompanied. with a letter, written 
 with her own hand, containing these rpmarkable words : 
 —"To M. Zimmerman, counsellor of state, and physi- 
 cian to his Britannic majesty, to thank him for the ex- 
 cellent precepts he has given to mankind in his treatise 
 upon solitude." 
 
LIFE OF ZIMMERMAN 
 
 John George Zimmerman was born on the 8th day 
 of December, 1728, at Brugg, a small town in the can- 
 ton of Berne. 
 
 His father, John Zimmerman, was eminently distin- 
 guished as an able and eloquent member of the provin- 
 cial council. His mother, who was equally respected 
 and beloved for her good sense, easy manners, and 
 modest virtues, was the daughter of the celebrated 
 Pache, whose extraordinary learning and great abili- 
 ties, had contributed to advance him to a seat in the 
 parliament of Paris. 
 
 The father of Zimmerman undertook the arduous 
 task of superintending his education, and, by the assis- 
 tance of able preceptors, instructed him in the rudi- 
 ments of all the useful and ornamental sciences, until 
 he had attained the age of fourteen years, when he 
 sent him to the university of Berne, where, under 
 Kirchberger, the historian and professor of rhetoric, 
 and Altman, the celebrated Greek professor, he studi- 
 ed, for three years, philology and the belles lettres, 
 with unremitting assiduity and attention. 
 
 Having passed nearly five years at the university, he 
 began to think of applying the stores of information 
 he had acquired to the purposes of active life ; and af- 
 ter mentioning the subject cursorily to a few relations, 
 he immediately resolved to follow the practice of phy- 
 sic. The extraordinary fame of Haller, who had re- 
 cently been promoted by king George II. to a profes- 
 sorship in the university of Gottin^en, resounded at 
 this time throughout Europe : and Zimmerman deter- 
 mined to prosecute his studies in physic under the aus- 
 pices of this great and celebrated master. He was a4» 
 
10 THE LIFE OF 
 
 mitted into the university on the 12th of September, 
 1747, and obtained his degree on the 14th of August, 
 1751. To relax his mind from severer studies, he cul- 
 tivated a complete knowledge of the English language, 
 and became so great a proficient in the polite and ele- 
 gant literature of this country, that the British poets, 
 particularly Shakspeare, Pope, and Thomson, were as 
 familiar to him as his favorite authors, Homer and Vir- 
 gil. Every "moment, in short, of the four years he 
 passed at Gottingen, was employed in the improve- 
 ment of his mind ; and so early as the year 1751, he 
 produced a work in which he discovered the dawnmgs 
 of that extraordinary genius which afterwards spread 
 abroad with so much effulgence.* 
 
 During the early part of his residence at Berne, he 
 published many excellent essays on various subjects in 
 the Helvetic Journal ; particularly a work on the ta- 
 lents and erudition of Haller. This grateful tribute, 
 to the just merits of his friend and benefactor, he af- 
 terwards enlarged into a complete history of his life 
 and writings, as a scholar, a philosopher, a physician, 
 and a man. 
 
 The health of Haller, which had suffered greatly by 
 the severity of study, seemed to decline in proportion 
 as his fame increased ; and, obtaining permission to 
 leave Gottingen, he repaired to Berne, to try, by the 
 advice and assistance of Zimmerman, to restore, if 
 possible, his decayed constitution. The benefits he 
 experienced in a short time were so great, that he de- 
 termined to relinquish his professorship, and to pass 
 the remainder of his days in that city. In the family 
 of Haller, lived a young lady, nearly related to him, 
 whose maiden name was Mely, and whose husband, M. 
 Stek, had been sometime dead. Zimmerman became 
 deeply enamored of her charms : he offered her his 
 hand in marriage ; and they were united at the altar 
 in the bands of mutual affection. 
 
 Soon after his union with this amiable woman, the 
 situation of physician to the town of Brugg became 
 vacant, which he was invited by the inhabitants to fill; 
 and he accordingly relinquished the pleasures and ad- 
 vantages he enjoyed at Berne and ret rnedtoth place 
 of his nativity, with a view to settle himself there for 
 life. His time, however, was not so entirely engrossed 
 
 * Dissertatio Physiologica de irritaloilitate quam publice defendet. 
 Joh. Georgius Zimmerman. Goett. 4to. 1751, 
 
 
ZIMMERMAN II 
 
 by the duties of his profession, as to prevent him from 
 indulging - his mind in the pursuits of literature ; and 
 he read almost every work of reputed merit, whether 
 of physic, or moral philosophy, belles lettres, history, 
 voyages, or even novels and romances, which the va- 
 rious presses of Europe from time to time produced. 
 The novels and romances of England, in particular, 
 gave him great delight. 
 
 But the amusements which Brugg afforded were 
 extremely confined : and he fell into a state of nervous 
 langor, or rather into a peevish dejection of spirits, 
 neglecting society, and devoting himself almost en- 
 tirely to a retired and sedentary life. 
 
 Under these circumstances, this excellent and able 
 man passed fourteen years of an uneasy life ; but nei- 
 ther his increasing practice, the success of his literary 
 pursuits,* the exhortations of his friends, nor the en 
 deavors of his family, were able to remove the melan- 
 choly and discontent that preyed continually on his 
 mind. After some fruitless efforts to please him, he 
 was in the beginning of April, 1768, appointed by the 
 interest of Dr. Tissot, and baron Hockstettin, to the 
 post of principal physician to the king of Great Bri- 
 tain, at Hanover ; and he departed from Brugg, to take 
 possession of his new office, on the 4th of July, in the 
 same year. Here he was plunged into the deepest 
 affliction by the loss of his amiable wife, who after 
 many. f years of lingering sufferance, and pious resigna- 
 tion, expired in his arms, on the 23d of June, 1770; 
 
 * The following is a correct list of his writings, in the order in which 
 they appear to have been published : 
 
 1. Dissertatio Inatiguralis de Irritabilitate, 4to. Gottingen, 1751 
 
 2. The life of Professor Haller, 8vo. Zurich, 1755. 
 
 3. Thoughts on the earthquake which was felt on the 9th of De 
 
 cember, 1755, in Swisserland, 4to. 1756. 
 
 4. The Subversion of Lisbon, a Poem, 4to. 1776. 
 
 5. Meditations on Solitude, Svo. 1756. 
 
 6. Essay on National Pride, Svo. Zurich, 1764. 
 
 7. Treatise on Experience in Physic, Svo. Zurich, 1764. 
 S. Treatise on the Dysentery, Svo. Zurich, 1767. 
 
 9. Essay on Solitude, 4to. 1773. 
 
 10. Essay on Lavator's Phisiognomy. Hanover, 1778. 
 
 11. Essays, consisting of agreeable and instructive Tales, 8vo. 1779- 
 
 12. Conversations with the king of Prussia. 
 
 13. Treatise on Frederick the Great, 1788. 
 
 14. Select views of the Life, Reign and Character of Frederick the 
 
 Great. 
 \R. A variety of works published in the Helvetic Journal and in the 
 
 Journals of the Physiological Society at Zurich. 
 16. A Work on Zoology 
 
12 THELirE or 
 
 an event which he has described in the following work, 
 with eloquent tenderness and sensibility. His children 
 too, were to him additional causes of the keenest an- 
 guish and the deepest distress. His daughter had from 
 her earliest infancy, discovered symptoms of consump- 
 tion, so strong and inveterate as 'to defy all the powers 
 of medicine, and which, in the summer of 1781, de 
 stroyed her life. The character of this amiable girl r 
 and'the feelings of her afflicted father on this melan- 
 choly event, His own pen has very affectingly described 
 in the following M r ork. 
 
 But the state and condition of his son was still more 
 distressing to his feelings than even the death of his 
 beloved daughter. This unhappy youth, who, while 
 he was at the university, discovered the finest fancy 
 and the soundest understanding, either from a malig- 
 nant and inveterate species of scrofula, with which he 
 had been periodically tortured from his earliest infancy, 
 or from too close an application to study, fell very ear- 
 ly in life into a state of bodily infirmity and mental 
 lansror, which terminated in the month of December, 
 1777, in a total derangement of his faculties; and he 
 has now continued, in spite of every endeavor to re- 
 store him, a perfect idiot for more than twenty years. 
 
 The domestic comforts of Zimmerman were now 
 almost entirely destroyed; till at length, he fixed upon 
 the daughter of M. Berger, the king's physician at 
 Lunenbourg, and niece to baron de Berger, as a person 
 in every respect qualified to make him Sappy, and they 
 were united to each other in marriage about the begin- 
 ning of October, 1782. Zimmerman was nearly thirty 
 years older than his bride : but genius and good sense 
 are always young : and the similarity of their charac- 
 ters obliterated all recollection of disparity of age. 
 
 It was at this period that he composed his great and 
 favorite work on solitude, thirty years after the publi- 
 cation of his first essay on the subject. It consists of 
 four volumes in quarto : the two first of which were 
 published in 1784 ; and the remaining volumes in 1786. 
 "A work," says Tissot, "which will always be read 
 with as much profit as pleasure, as it contains the most 
 sublime conceptions, the greatest sagacity of observa- 
 tion, and extreme propriety of application, much abili- 
 ty in the choice of examples, and (what I cannot com- 
 mend too highly, because I can say nothing that does 
 him so much/honor, nor give him any praise that would 
 
ZIMB1ERMAN. 13 
 
 be more gratifying to his own heart) a constant anxie- 
 ty for the interest of religion, with the sacred and so- 
 lemn truths of which his mind was most devoutly im- 
 pressed." 
 
 The king of Prussia, while he was reviewing his 
 troops in Silesia, in the autumn of the year 1785, caught 
 a severe cold, which settled on his lungs and in the 
 course of nine months brought on symptoms of an ap- 
 proaching dropsy. Zimmerman, by two very flattering 
 letters of the 6th and 16th of June, 1786, was solicited 
 by his majesty to attend him, and he arrived at Potz- 
 dam on the 23d of the same month ; but he immedi- 
 ately discovered that his royal patient had but little 
 hopes of recovery ; and, after trying the effect of such 
 medicines as he thought most likely to afford relief, he 
 returned to Hanover on the 11th of July following.* 
 But it was not Frederick alone who discovered his abi- 
 lities. When in the year 1788, the melancholy state 
 of the king of England's health alarmed the affection 
 of his subjects, and produced an anxiety throughout 
 Europe for his recovery, the government of Hanover 
 dispatched Zimmerman to Holland, that he might be 
 nearer London, in case his presence there became ne- 
 cessary ; and he continued at the Hague until all dan- 
 ger was over. 
 
 Zimmerman was the first who had the courage to 
 unveil the dangerous principles of the new philoso- 
 phers, and to exhibit to the eyes of the German prin- 
 ces the risk they ran in neglecting to oppose the pro- 
 gress of so formidable a league. He convinced many 
 of them, and particularly the emperor Leopold II. that 
 the views of these illuminated conspirators were the 
 destruction of Christianity, and the subversion of all 
 regular government. These exertions, while they con- 
 tributed to lessen the danger which threatened his 
 adopted country, greatly impaired his health. 
 
 In the month of November, 1794, he was obliged to 
 have recourse to strong opiates to procure even a short 
 repose: his appetite decreased ; his strength failed him y 
 and he became so weak and emaciated, that, in Jan- 
 uary 1795, he was induced to visit a few particular pa 
 tients in his carriage, it was painful to him to write a 
 prescription, and he frequently fainted while ascend- 
 ing to the room. These symptoms were followed by 
 
 * The king only survived the departure of his physician five weeks 
 he died on the 11th of August, 17S5 
 
 2 
 
14 THE LIFE OF 
 
 
 a dizziness in his head, which obliged him to relin- 
 quish all business. At length the axis of his brain 
 gave way, and reduced him to such a state of mental 
 imbecility, that he was haunted continually by an idea 
 that the enemy was plundering his house, and that he 
 and his family were reduced to a state of misery and 
 want. His medical friends, particularly Dr. Wich- 
 man, by whom he was constantly attended, contribu- 
 ted their advice and assistance to restore him to health ; 
 and conceiving that a journey and a change of air were 
 the best remedies that could be applied, they sent him 
 to Eutin, in the duchy of Holstein, where he continued 
 three months, and about the month of June, 1795^ re- 
 turned to Hanover greatly recovered. But the fatal 
 dart had infixed itself too deeply to be entirely remov- 
 ed ; he soon afterwards relapsed into his former imbe- 
 cility, and barely existed in lingering sufferance for 
 many months, refusing to take any medicines, and 
 scarcely any food; continually harassed and distres- 
 sed by the cruel allusion of poverty, which again haun- 
 ted his imagination. At certain intervals his mind 
 seemed to recover only for the purpose of rendering 
 him sensible of his approaching dissolution; for he fre- 
 quently said to his physicians, "My death I perceive 
 will be slow and painful ;" and, about fourteen hours 
 before he died, he exclaimed, "Leave me to myself; 
 I am dying." At length his emaciated body and ex- 
 hausted mind sunk beneath the burden of mortality, 
 and he expired without a groan, on the 7th October, 
 1795, aged 66 years and ten months. 
 
SOLITUDE; 
 
 OR THE 
 
 INFLUENCE OF OCCASIONAL RETIREMENT 
 
 UPON THE 
 
 MIND AND HEART. 
 
 CHAPTER L 
 
 Introduction. 
 
 Solitude is that intellectual state in which the mind 
 voluntarily surrenders itself to its own reflections. 
 The philosopher, therefore, who withdraws his atten- 
 tion from every external object to the contemplation of 
 his own ideas, is not less solitary than he who aban- 
 dons society, and resigns himself entirely to the calm 
 enjoyments of lonely life. 
 
 The word " solitude" does not necessarily import a 
 total retreat from the world and its concerns: the dome 
 of domestic society, a rural village, or the library of a 
 learned friend, may respectively become the seat of soli- 
 tude, as well as the silent shade of some sequestered 
 spot far removed from all connection with mankind. 
 
 A person may be frequently solitary without being; 
 alone. The haughty baron, proud of his illustrious de- 
 scent, is solitary unless he is surrounded by his equals : 
 a profound reasoner is solitary at the tables of the wit- 
 ty and the gay. The mind may be as abstracted amidst 
 a numerous assembly ; as much withdrawn from every 
 surrounding object ; as retired and concentrated in it- 
 self; as solitary, in short, as a monk in his cloister, or a 
 hermit in his cave Solitude, indeed, may exist amidst 
 the tumultuous intercourse of an agitated city as well 
 as in the peaceful shades of rural retirement ; at Lon- 
 don and at Paris, as well as on the plains of Thebes and 
 the deserts of Nitria. 
 
 The mind, when withdrawn from external objects, 
 adopts, freely and etensively, the dictates of its own 
 ideas, and implicitly follows the taste, the temperament, 
 the inclination, and the genius, of its possessor. Saun- 
 tering through the cloisters of the Magdalen convent 
 
16 
 
 TRODTTCTION. 
 
 at Hidelshiem, I could not observe, without a smile, 
 an aviary of canary birds, which had been bred in the 
 cell of a female devotee. A gentleman of Brabant liv- 
 ed five-and-twenty years without ever going out of his 
 house, entertaining himself during that long period 
 with forming a magnificent cabinet of pictures and 
 paintings. Even unfortunate captives, who are doom- 
 ed to perpetual imprisonment, may soften the rigors of 
 their fate, by resigning themselves, as far as their situ- 
 ation will permit, to the ruling passion of their souls. 
 Michael Ducret, the Swiss philosopher, while he was 
 confined in the castle of Aarburg, in the canton of 
 Berne, in Swisserland, measured the height of the 
 Alps : and while the mind of baron Trenck, during his 
 imprisonment at Magdebourg, was with incessant 
 anxiety, fabricating projects to effect his escape, gen- 
 eral Walrave, the companion of his captivity, content- 
 edly passed his time in feeding chickens. 
 
 The human mind, in proportion as it is deprived of 
 external resources, sedulously labors to find within 
 itself the means of happiness, learns to rely with confi- 
 dence on its own exertions, and gains with greater 
 certainty the power of being happy. 
 
 A work, therefore, on the subject of solitude, appear- 
 ed to me likely to facilitate man in his search after true 
 felicity. 
 
 Unworthy, however, as the dissipation and pleasures 
 of the world appear to me to be, of the avidity with 
 which they are pursued, I equally disapprove of the 
 extravagant system winch inculcates a total derelic- 
 tion of society ; which will be found, when seriously 
 examined, to be equally romantic and impracticable. 
 To be able to live independent of all assistance, except 
 from our own power, is, I acknowledge, a noble effort 
 of the human mind ; but it is equally great and digni- 
 fied to learn the art of enjoying the comforts of socie- 
 ty with happiness to ourselves, and with utility to 
 others. 
 
 While, therefore, I exhort my readers to listen to the 
 advantages of occasional retirement, I warn them 
 against that dangerous excess into whieh some of the 
 disciples of this philosophy have fallen; an excess 
 equally repugnant to reason and religion. May I hap- 
 pily steer through all the dangers with which my sub- 
 ject is surrounded ; sacrifice nothing to prejudice; of- 
 fer no violation to truth ; and gain the approbation of 
 
INTRODUCTION, 17 
 
 the judicious and reflecting ! If affliction shall feel 
 one ray of comfort, or melancholy, released from a 
 portion of its horrors, raise its down cast head ; if I 
 shall convince the lover of rural life, thai all the finer 
 springs of pleasure dry up and decay in the intense joys 
 of crowded cities, and that the warmest emotions of 
 the heart become there cold and torpid ; if I shall 
 evince the superior pleasures of the country ; how ma- 
 ny resources rural life affords against the langors of 
 indolence; what purity of sentiment, what peaceful 
 repose, what exalted happiness, is inspired by verdant 
 meads, and the view of lively flocks quitting their rich 
 pastures to seek, with the declining sun, their evening 
 folds : how highly the romantic scenery of a wild and 
 striking country, interspersed with cottages, the habi- 
 tations of a happy, free, contented race of men, elevates 
 the soul; how far more interesting to the heart are 
 the joyful occupations of rural industry, than the dull 
 and tasteless entertainments of a dissipated city ; how 
 much more easily, in short, the most excruciating sor- 
 rows are pleasingly subdued on the fragrant border of 
 a peaceful stream, than in the midst of those treacher- 
 ous delights which occupy the courts of kings — all my 
 wishes will be accomplished, and my happiness com- 
 plete. 
 
 Retirement from the world may prove peculiarly 
 beneficial at two periods of life : in youth, to acquire 
 the rudiments of useful information, to lay the foun- 
 dation of the character intended to be pursued, and to 
 obtain that train of thought which is to guide us 
 through life ; in age, to cast a retrospective view on 
 the course we have run ; to reflect on the events we 
 have observed, the vicissitudes we have experienced; 
 to enjoy the flowers we have gathered on the way, and 
 to congratulate ourselves upon the tempests we nave 
 survived. Lord Bolingbroke, in his " Idea of a Patriot 
 King," says, there is not a more profound nor a finer 
 observation in all lord Bacon's works, than the follow- 
 ing : " We must choose betimes such virtuous objects 
 as are proportioned to the means we have of pursuing 
 them, and belong particularly to the stations we are 
 in, and the duties of those stations. We must deter- 
 mine and fix our minds in such manner upon them, 
 that the pursuit of them may become the business, and 
 the attainment of them the end of our whole lives. 
 Tims we shall imitate the great operations of nature, 
 2* 
 
18 INTRODUCTION. 
 
 and not the feeble, slow, and imperfect operations of 
 art. We must not proceed in forming the moral char- 
 acter, as a statuary proceeds in forming a statue, who 
 works sometimes on the face, sometimes on one part, 
 and sometimes on an other ; but we must proceed, and 
 it is in our power to proceed, as nature does in form- 
 ing a flower, or any other of her productions ; rudi- 
 menta partium omnium simul parit et producit : she 
 throws out altogether, and at once, the whole system 
 of every being, and the rudiments of all the parts." 
 
 It is, therefore, more especially to those youthful 
 minds, who still remain susceptible of virtuous impres- 
 sions, that I here pretend to point out the path which 
 leads to true felicity. And if you acknowledge that I 
 have enlightened your mind, corrected your manners, 
 and tranquillized your heart, I shall congratulate my- 
 self on the success of my design, and think my labors 
 richly rewarded. 
 
 Believe me, all ye amiable youths, from whose minds 
 the artifices and gayeties of the world have not yet ob- 
 literated the precepts of a virtuous education; who are 
 yet uninfected with its inglorious vanities ; who, still 
 ignorant of the tricks and blandishments of seduction, 
 have preserved the desire to perform some glorious 
 action, and retained the power to accomplish it; who, 
 in the midst of feasting, dancing, and assemblies, feel 
 an inclination to escape from their unsatisfactory de- 
 lights; solitude will afford you a safe asylum. Let 
 the voice of experience recommend you to cultivate a 
 fondness for domestic pleasures, to incite and fortify 
 your souls to noble deeds, to acquire that cool judg- 
 ment and intrepid spirit which enables you to form 
 correct estimates of the characters of mankind, and of 
 the pleasures of society. But to accomplish this high 
 end, you must turn your eyes from those trifling and 
 insignificant examples which a degenerated race of 
 men affords, and study the illustrious characters of the 
 ancient Greeks, the Romans, and the Modern English. 
 In what nation will you find more celebrated instan- 
 ces of human greatness ? What people possesses more 
 valor, courage, firmness, and knowledge; where do 
 the arts and sciences shine with greater splendor, or 
 with more useful effect? But do not deceive your- 
 selves by a belief that you will acquire the character of 
 an Englishman by wearing a cropped head of hair ; no. 
 you must pluck the roots of vice from your mind, de 
 
INFLUENCE OF SOLITUDE 19 
 
 stroy tlie seeds of weakness in your bosoms, and imi- 
 tate the great examples of heroic virtue which that na- 
 tion so frequently affords. It is an ardent love of lib- 
 erty, undaunted courage, deep penetration, elevated 
 sentiment, and well cultivated understanding, that 
 constitute the British character; and not their cropped 
 heads, half-boots, and round hats. It is virtue alone, 
 and not dress or titles, that can ennoble or adorn the 
 human character. Dress is an object too minute and 
 trifling wholly to occupy a rational mind ; and an il- 
 lustrious descent is only advantageous as it renders 
 the real merits of its immediate possessor more con- 
 spicuous. Never, however, lose sight of this impor- 
 tant truth, that no one can be truly great until he has 
 gained a knowledge of himself: a Knowledge which 
 can only be acquired by occasional retirement. 
 
 CHAPTER II. 
 
 The influence of solitude upon the mind. 
 
 The true value of liberty can only be conceived by 
 minds that are free : slaves remain indolently content- 
 ed in captivity. Men who have been long tossed upon 
 the troubled ocean of life, and have learned by severe 
 experience to entertain just notions of the world and 
 its concerns, to examine every object with unclouded 
 and impartial eyes, to walk erect in the strict and thor- 
 ny paths of virtue, and to find their happiness in the 
 reflections of an honest mind, alone are free. 
 
 The path of virtue, indeed, is devious, dark and drea- 
 ry ; but though it leads the traveller over hills of diffi- 
 culty, it at length brings him into the delightful and 
 extensive plains of permanent happiness and secure 
 repose. 
 
 The love of solitude, when cultivated in the morn 
 of life, elevates the mind to a noble independence ; but 
 to acquire the advantage which solitude is capable of 
 affording, the mind must not be impelled to it by me- 
 lancholy and discontent, but by a real distaste to the 
 idle pleasures of the world, a rational contempt for the 
 deceitful joys of life, and just apprehensions of being 
 cf rruoted and seduced by its insinuating and destruct- 
 ive gayeties. 
 
20 ON THE MtNO, 
 
 Many men have acquired and exercised in solitude 
 that transcendent greatness of mind which defies 
 events ; and, like the majestic cedar, which braves the 
 fury of the most violent tempest, have resisted, with 
 heroic courage, the severest storms of fate. 
 
 Solitude, indeed, sometimes renders the mind in a 
 slight degree arrogant and conceited ; but these effects 
 are easily removed by a judicious intercourse with man- 
 kind. Misanthropy, contempt of folly, and pride of spi- 
 rit, are, in noble minds, changed by the maturity of 
 age into dignity of character ; and that fear of the opi- 
 nion of the world which awed the weakness and inex- 
 perience of youth, is succeeded by firmness, and a high 
 disdain of those false notions by which it was dismay- 
 ed: the observations once so dreadful lose all their 
 stings ; the mind views objects not as they are, but as 
 they ought to be; and, feeling a contempt for vice, 
 rises into a noble enthusiasm for virtue, gaining from 
 the conflict a rational experience and a compassionate 
 feeling which never decay. 
 
 The science of the heart, indeed, with which youth 
 should be familiarized as early as possible, is too fre- 
 quently neglected. It removes the asperities and pol- 
 ishes the rough surfaces of the mind. This science is 
 founded on that noble philosophy which regulates the 
 characters of men ; and operating more by love than 
 by rigid precept, corrects the cold dictates of reason by 
 the warm feelings of the heart ; opens to view the dan- 
 gers to which they are exposed ; animates the dormant 
 faculties of the mind, and prompts them to the prac- 
 tice of all the virtues. 
 
 Dion was educated in all the turpitude and servility 
 of courts, accustomed to a life of softness and effemi- 
 nacy, and, what is still worse, tainted by ostentation, 
 luxury, and every species of vicious pleasure; but no 
 sooner did he listen to the divine Plato, and acquire 
 thereby a taste for that sublime philosophy which in- 
 culcates the practice of virtue, than his whole soul be- 
 came deeply enamored of its charms. The same love 
 of virtue with which Plato inspired the mind of Dion, 
 may be silently, and almost imperceptibly infused by 
 every tender mother into the mind of her child. Phi- 
 losophy, from the lips of a wise and sensible woman, 
 glides quietly, but with strong effect, into the mind 
 through the feelings of the heart. Who is not fond of 
 walking, even through the most roua-h and difficult 
 
 
ON THE PASSIONS. 21 
 
 paths, when conducted by the hand of love 7 What 
 species of instruction can be more successful than soft 
 lessons from a female tongue, dictated by a mind pro- 
 found in understanding, and elevated in sentiment, 
 where the heart feels all the affection that her precepts 
 inspire? Oh! may every mother, so endowed, be bless- 
 ed with a child who delights to listen in private to her 
 edifying observations ; who, with a book in his hand, 
 loves to seek among the rocks some sequestered spot 
 favorable to study ; who when walking with his dogs 
 and gun, frequently reclines under the friendly shade 
 of some majestic tree, and contemplates the great and 
 glorious characters which the pages of Plutarch pre- 
 sent to his view, instead of toiling through the thickest 
 of the surrounding woods hunting for game. 
 
 The wishes of a mother are accomplished when the 
 silence and solitude of the forests seize and animate 
 the mind of her loved child ; when he begins to feel 
 that he has seen sufficiently the pleasures of the world ; 
 when he begins to perceive that there are greater and 
 more valued characters than noblemen or esquires, 
 than ministers or kings ; characters who enjoy a more 
 elevated sense of pleasure than gaming tables and as- 
 semblies are capable of affording ; who seek, at every 
 interval of leisure, the shades of solitude with raptur- 
 ous delight; whose minds have been inspired with a 
 love of literature and philosophy from their earliest in- 
 fancy ; whose bosoms have glowed with a love of sci- 
 ence through every subsequent period of their lives ; 
 and who, amidst the greatest calamities, are capable ot 
 banishing, by a secret charm, the deepest melancholy 
 and most profound dejection. 
 
 The advantages of solitude to a mind that feels a 
 real disgust at the tiresome intercourses of society, are 
 inconceivable. Freed from the world, the veil which 
 obscured the intellect suddenly falls, the clouds which 
 dimmed the light of reason disappear, the painful bur- 
 den which oppressed the soul is alleviated ; we no lon- 
 ger wrestle with surrounding perils ; the apprehension 
 of danger vanishes ; the sense of misfortune becomes 
 softened ; the dispensations of Providence no longer 
 excite the murmur of discontent; and we enjoy the 
 delightful pleasures of a calm, serene and happy mind. 
 Patience and resignation follow and reside with aeon- 
 tented heart ; every corroding care flies away on the 
 wings of gayety ; and on every side agreeable and in- 
 
22 INTLUEXCE OF SOLITUDE. 
 
 teresting scenes present themselves to our view; ths 
 brilliant" sun sinking behind the lofty mountains ting- 
 ing their snow-crowned turrets with golden rays ; the 
 f3athered choir hastening to seek within their mossy 
 cells a soft, a silent, and secure repose ; the shrill crow- 
 ing of the amorous cock ; the solemn and stately march 
 of oxen returning from their daily toil, and the grace- 
 ful paces of the generous steed. But, amidst the vi- 
 cious pleasures of a great metropolis, where sense and 
 truth are constantly despised, and integrity and consci- 
 ence thrown aside as inconvenient and oppressive, the 
 fairest forms of faney are obscured, and the purest vir- 
 tues of the heart corrupted. 
 
 But the first and most incontestable advantage of 
 solitude is, that it accustoms the mind to think ; the 
 imagination becomes more vivid, and the memory 
 more faithful, while the sense remains undisturbed, 
 and no external object agitates the soul. Removed far 
 from the tiresome tumults of public society, where a 
 multitude of heterogeneous objects dance before our 
 eyes and fill the mind with incoherent notions, we 
 learn to fix our attention to a single subject, and to 
 contemplate that alone. An author, whose works I 
 could read with pleasure every hour of my life, says, 
 " It is the power of attention which, in a great measure 
 distinguishes the wise and great from the vulgar and 
 trifling herd of men. The latter are accustomed to 
 think, or rather to dream, without knowing the subject 
 of their thoughts. In their unconnected rovings they 
 pursue no end, they follow no track. Every thing floats 
 loose and disjointed on the surface of their minds, like 
 leaves scattered and blown about on the face of the 
 waters." 
 
 The habit of thinking with steadiness and attention 
 can only be acquired by avoiding the distraction which 
 a multiplicity of objects always create; by turning our 
 observation from external things, and seeking a situa- 
 tion in which our daily occupations are not perpetually 
 shifting their course, and changing their direction. 
 
 Idleness and inattention soon destroy all the advan- 
 tages of retirement ; for the most dangerous passions, 
 when the mind is not properly employed, rise into fer- 
 mentation, and produce a variety of eccentric ideas 
 and irregular desires. It is necessary, also, to elevate 
 our thoughts above the mean consideration of sensual 
 objects ; Ihe unincumbered mind then recalls all that 
 
ON THE PASSIONS, 23 
 
 it has read ; all that has pleased the eye or delighted 
 the ear ; and reflecting on every idea which either ob- 
 servation, experience, or discourse, has produced, gains 
 new information by every reflection, and conveys the 
 purest pleasures to the soul. The intellect contem- 
 plates all the former scenes of life ; views by anticipa- 
 tion those that are yet to come, and blends all ideas of 
 past and future in the actual enjoyment of the present 
 moment. To keep, however, the mental powers in 
 proper tone, it is necessary to direct our attention in- 
 variably toward some noble and interesting study. 
 
 It may, perhaps, excite a smile, when I assert, that 
 solitude is the only school in which the characters of 
 men can be properly developed; but it must be recol- 
 lected, that, although the materials of this study must 
 be amassed in society, it is in solitude alone that we 
 can apply them to their proper use. The world is the 
 great scene of our observations ; but to apply them with 
 propriety to their respective objects is exclusively the 
 work of solitude. It is admitted that a knowledge of 
 the nature of man is necessary to our happiness ; and 
 therefore I cannot conceive how it is possible to call 
 those characters malignant and misanthropic, who 
 while they continue in the world, endeavor to discover 
 even the faults, foibles and imperfections of human 
 kind. The pursuit of this species of knowledge, which 
 can only be gained by observation, is surely laudable, 
 and not deserving the obloquy that has been cast on it. 
 Do I, in my medical character, feel any malignity or 
 hatred to the species, when I study the nature, and ex- 
 plore the secret causes of those weaknesses and disor- 
 ders which are incidental to the human frame ? When 
 I examine the subject with the closest inspection, and 
 point out for the general benefit, I hope, of mankind, 
 as well as for my own satisfaction, all the frail and im- 
 perfect parts in the anatomy of the human body 1 
 
 But a difference is supposed to exist between the ob- 
 servations which we are permitted to make upon the 
 anatomy of the human body, and those which we as- 
 sume respecting the philosophy of the mind. The 
 physician, it is said, studies the maladies which are in- 
 cidental to the human frame, to apply such remedies 
 as particular occasion may require: but it is contended, 
 that the moralist has a different end in view. This dis- 
 tinction, however, is certainly without foundation. A 
 sensible and feeling philosopher views both the moral 
 
§4 INFLUENCE OF SOLITUDE 
 
 and physical defects of his fellow creatures with an 
 equal degree of regret. Why do moralists shun man- 
 kind, by retiring into solitude, if it be not to avoid the 
 contagion of those vices which they perceive so prev- 
 alent in the world, and which are not observed by those 
 who are in the habit of seeing them daily indulged 
 without censure or restraint? The mind, without 
 doubt feels a considerable degree of pleasure in detect- 
 ing the imperfections of human nature; and where 
 that detection may prove beneficial to mankind, with- 
 out doing an injury to any individual, to publish them 
 to the world, to point out their qualities, to place them, 
 by a luminous description before the eyes of men, is 
 in my idea, a pleasure so far from being mischievous, 
 that I rather think, and I trust I shall continue to think 
 so even in the hour of death, it is the only real mode 
 of discovering the machinations of the devil, and de- 
 stroying the effects of his work. Solitude, therefore, 
 as it tends to excite a disposition to think with effect, 
 to direct the attention to proper objects, to strengthen 
 observation, and to increase the natural sagacity of the 
 mind, is the school in which a true knowledge of the 
 human character is most likely to be acquired. 
 
 Bonnet, in an affecting passage of the preface to his 
 celebrated work on the Nature of the Soul, relates the 
 manner in which solitude rendered even his defect of 
 sight advantageous to him. "Solitude," says he, "ne- 
 cessarily leads the mind to meditation. The circum- 
 stances in which I have hitherto lived, joined to the 
 sorrows which have attended me for many years, and 
 from which I am not yet released, induced me to seek 
 in reflection those comforts which my unhappy condi- 
 tion rendered necessary ; and my mind is now become 
 my constant retreat : from the enjoyments it affords I 
 derive pleasures which, like potent charms, dispel all 
 my afflictions." At this period the virtuous Bonnet 
 was almost blind. Another excellent character, of a 
 different kind, who devotes his time to the education 
 of youth, Pfeffel, at Colmar, supports himself under the 
 affliction of total blindness in a manner equally noble 
 and affecting, by a lifeless solitary indeed, but by the 
 opportunities of frequent leisure which he employs in 
 the study of philosophy, the recreations of poetry, and 
 the exercises of humanity. There was formerly in 
 Japan a college of blind persons, who, in all probabili- 
 ty, were endued with quicker discernment than many 
 
UPON THE MIND. 25 
 
 members of more enlightened colleges. These sight- 
 less academicians devoted their time to the study of 
 history, poetry, and music. The most celebrated traits 
 in the annals of their country became the subject of 
 their muse ; and the harmony of their verses could 
 only be excelled by the melody of their music. In re- 
 flecting upon the idleness and dissipation in which a 
 number of solitary persons pass their time, we contem- 
 plate the conduct of these blind Japanese with the high- 
 est pleasure. The mind's eye opened and afforded 
 them ample compensation for the loss of the coporeal 
 organ. Light, life, and joy, flowed into their minds 
 through surrounding darkness, and blessed them with 
 high enjoyment of tranquil thought and innocent occu- 
 pation. 
 
 Solitude teaches us to think, and thoughts become the 
 principal spring of human actions ; for the actions of 
 men, it is truly said, are, nothing more than their 
 thoughts embodied, and brought into substantial exis- 
 tence. The mind, therefore, has only to examine with 
 candor and impartiality the idea which it feels the 
 greatest inclination to pursue, in order to penetrate and 
 expound the mystery of the human character; and he 
 who has not been accustomed to self-examination, will 
 upon such a scrutiny, frequently discover truths of ex- 
 treme importance to his happiness, which the mists 
 of worldly delusion had concealed totally from his 
 view. 
 
 Liberty and leisure are all that an active mind re- 
 quires in solitude. The moment such a character finds 
 itself alone, all the energies of his soul put themselves 
 into motion, and rise to a height incomparably greater 
 than they could have reached under the impulse of a 
 mind clogged and oppressed by the encumbrances of 
 society. ' Even plodding authors, who only endeavor to 
 improve the the thoughts of others, and aim not at 
 originality for themselves, derive such advantages from 
 solitude, as to render them contented with their hum- 
 ble labors ; but to superior minds, how exquisite are 
 the pleasures they feel when solitude inspires the idea 
 and facilitates the execution of works of virtue and 
 public benefit ! works which constantly irritate the pas- 
 sions of the foolish, and confound the guilty consciences 
 of the wicked. The exuberance of a fine fertile ima- 
 gination is chastened by the surrounding tranquility 
 of t olitude : all its diverging rays are concentrated to. 
 3 
 
28 INFLUENCE OF SOLITUDE 
 
 one certain point ; and the mind exalted to such pow- 
 erful energy, that whenever it is inclined to strike, the 
 blow becomes tremendous and irresistible. Conscious 
 of the extent and force of his powers, a character thus 
 collected cannot be dismayed by legions of adversaries ; 
 and he waits, with judicious circumspection, to render 
 sooner or later, complete justice to the enemies of vir- 
 tue. The profligacy of the world, where vice usurps 
 the seat of greatness, hypocrisy assumes the face of can- 
 dor, and prejudice overpowers the voice of truth, must, 
 indeed, sting his bosom with the keenest sensations of 
 mortification and regret ; but cast his philosophic eye 
 over the disordered scene, he will separate what ought 
 to be indulged from what ought not to be endured; 
 and by a happy, well-timed stroke of satire from his pen, 
 will destroy the bloom of vice, disappoint machinations 
 of hipocrisy, and expose the the fallacies on which pre- 
 judice is founded. 
 
 Truth unfolds her charms in solitude with superior 
 splendor. A great and good man ; Dr. Blair, of Edin- 
 burgh, says, " The great and the worthy, the pious 
 and the virtuous, have ever been addicted to serious re- 
 tirement. It is the characteristic of little and frivolous 
 minds to be wholly occupied with the vulgar objects 
 of life. These fill up their desires, and supply all the 
 entertainment which their coarse apprehensions can re- 
 lish. But a more refined and enlarged mind leaves 
 the world behind it, feels a call for higher pleasures, 
 and seeks them in retreat, The man of public spirit has 
 recourse to it in order to reform plans for general £rood ; 
 the man of genius in order to dwell on his favorite 
 themes ; the philosopher to pursue his discoveries : and 
 the saint to improve himself in grace." 
 
 Numa, the legislator of Rome, while he was onlv a 
 private individual, retired on the death of Tatia, his be- 
 loved wife, into the deep forests of Aricia and wander- 
 ed in solitary musings through the thickest groves and 
 most sequestered shades. Superstition imputed his lone- 
 ly propensity, not to disappointment, discontent, or ha- 
 tred to mankind, but to a higher cause : a wish silently 
 to communicate with some protecting deity. A rumor 
 was circulated that the goddess Egeria, captivated by 
 his virtues, had united herself to him in the sacred bonds 
 of love,and by enlightening his mind, and storing it with 
 superior wisdom, had led him to divine felicity. The 
 Druids also, who dwelt among the rocks, in the woods, 
 
UPON THE ;,uxd. 27 
 
 and in the most solitary places, are supposed to have 
 instructed the infant nobility of their respective nations 
 in wisdom and in eloquence, in the phenomena of na- 
 ture, in astronomy, in the precepts of religion, and the 
 mysteries of eternity. The profound wisdom thus be- 
 stowed on the characters of the Druids, although it 
 was, like the story of Numa, the mere effects of 
 imagination, discovers with what enthusiasm every 
 age and country have revered those venerable charac- 
 ters who in the silence of the groves, and in the tran- 
 quillity of solitude, have devoted their time and talents 
 to the improvement of the human mind, and the re- 
 formation of the species. 
 
 Genius frequently brings forth its finest fruit in soli- 
 tude, merely by the exertion of its own intrinsic pow- 
 ers, unaided by the patronage of the great, the adulation 
 of the multitude, or the hope of mercenary reward. 
 Flanders, amidst all the horrors of civil discord, produc- 
 ed painters as rich in fame as they were poor in circum- 
 stances. The celebrated Correggio had so seldom 
 been rewarded during his life, that the paltry payment 
 often pistoles of German coin, and which he was obli- 
 ged to travel as far as Parma, to recieve, created in his 
 mind a joy so excessive, that it caused his death. The 
 self-approbation of conscious merit was the only recom- 
 pense these great artists recieved ; they painted with 
 the hope of immortal fame ; and posterity has done 
 them justice. 
 
 Profound meditation in solitude and silence frequent- 
 ly exalts the mind above its natural tone, fires the im- 
 agination, and produces the most refined and sublime 
 conceptions. The soul then tastes the purest and most 
 refined delight, and almost loses the idea of existence 
 in the intellectual pleasure it recieves. The mind on 
 every motion darts through space into eternity ; and 
 raised, in his free enjoyment of its powers by its own 
 enthusiasm, strengthens itself in the habitude of con- 
 templating the noblest subjects, and of adopting the 
 most heroic pursuits. It was in a solitary retreat, 
 amidst the shades of a lofty mountain near Byrmont, 
 that the foundation of one of the most extraordinary 
 achievements of the present age was laid. The king 
 of Prussia, while on a visit to Spa, withdrew himself 
 from the company, and walked in silent solitude 
 amongst the most sequestered groves of this beautiful 
 mountain, then adorned in all the rude luxuriance of 
 
"28 INFLUENCE OF SOLITUDE 
 
 nature, and to this day distinguished by the appellation 
 of " The Royal Mountain* On this uninhabited 
 spot, since become the seat of dissipation, the youthful 
 monarchy it is said first formed the plan of conquering 
 Silesia. 
 
 Solitude teaches with the happiest effect the import- 
 ant value of time, of which the indolent, having no 
 conception, can form no estimate. A man who is ar- 
 dently bent on employment, who is anxious not to 
 live entirely in vain, never observes the rapid move- 
 ments of a stop watch, the true image of transitory 
 life, and most striking emblem of the flight of 
 time, without alarm and apprehension. Social in- 
 tercourse, when it tends to keep the mind and 
 heart in a proper tone, when it contributes to enlarge 
 the sphere of knowledge, or to banish corroding care, 
 cannot, indeed, be considered a sacrifice of time. 
 But where social intercourse, even when attended with 
 these happy effects engages all our attention, turns the 
 calmness of friendship into violence of love, transforms 
 hours into minutes, and drives away all ideas, except 
 those which the object of our affection inspires, year 
 after year will roll unimproved away. Time properly 
 employed never appears tedious ; on the contrary, to 
 him who is engaged in usefully discharging the duties 
 of his station, according to the best of his ability, it 
 is light, and pleasantly transitory. 
 
 A certain young prince, by the assistance of a num- 
 ber of domestics, seldom employs above five or six min- 
 utes in dressing. Of his carriage it would be incorrect 
 to say he goes in it ; for it fiies. His table is superb and 
 hospitable, but the pleasures of it are short and frugal. 
 Princes, indeed, seem disposed to do every thing with 
 rapidity. This royal youth who possesses extraordi- 
 nary talents, and uncommon dignity of character, 
 attends in his own person to every application, and af- 
 fords satisfaction and delight in every interview. His 
 domestic establishment engages his most scrupulous 
 attention ; and he employs seven hours every day with- 
 out exception, throughout the year, in reading the best 
 English, Italian, French, and German authors. It 
 may therefore be truly said, that this prince is well ac- 
 quainted with the value of time. 
 
 The hours which a man of the world throws idly 
 away, are in solitude disposed of with profitable pleas- 
 
 * Hoenigsberg. 
 
UPON THE MIND. 29 
 
 ure; and no pleasure can be more profitable than that 
 which results from the judicious use of time. Men 
 have many duties to perform : he, therefore, who wish- 
 es to discharge them honorably, will vigilantly sieze the 
 earliest opportunity, if he does not wish that any part of 
 the passing moments should be torn like a useless page 
 from the book of life. Useful employment stops tRe 
 career of time, and prolongs our existence. To think 
 and to work, is to live. t)ur ideas never flow with 
 more rapidity and abundance, or with greater gayety, 
 than in those hours which useful labor steals from idle- 
 ness and dissipation. To employ our time with eco- 
 nomy, we should frequently reflect how many hours es- 
 cape from us against our inclination. A celebrated 
 English author"says, " When we have deducted all 
 that is absorbed in sleep, all that is inevitably appro- 
 priated to the demands of nature, or irresistably en- 
 grossed by the tyranny of custom ; all that is passed in 
 regulating the superficial decorations of life, or is giv- 
 en up in the reciprocation of civility to the disposal of 
 others ; all that is torn from us by the violence of dis- 
 ease, or stolen imperceptibility away by lassitude and 
 langor ; we shall find that part of our duration very 
 small of which we can truly call ourselves masters, or 
 which we can spend wholly at our own choice. Many 
 of our hours are lost in a rotation of petty cares, in a 
 constant recurrence of the same employments, many of 
 our provisions for ease or happiness are always exhaust- 
 ed by the present day, and a great part of our existence 
 serves no other purpose than that of enabling us to en- 
 joy the rest. 
 
 Time is never more mispent than while we declaim 
 asrainst the want of it ; all our actions are then tinc- 
 tured with peevishness. The yoke of life is certainly the 
 least oppressive when we carry it with good humor ; 
 and in the shades of rural retirement, when we have 
 once acquired a resolution to pass our hours with 
 economy, sorrowful lamentations on the subject of 
 time mispent, and business neglected, never torture the 
 mind. 
 
 Solitude, indeed, may prove more dangerous than all 
 the dissipation of the world, if the mind be not properly 
 employed. Every man, from the monarch on the throne 
 to the peasant in the cottasre, should have a daily 
 task, which he should feel it his duty to perform with- 
 out delay. " C-arpe diem," savs Horace; and this re- 
 3* 
 
SO INFLUENCE OP SOLITUDE 
 
 commendation will extend with equal propriety to 
 every hour of our lives. 
 
 The voluptuous of every description, the votaries of 
 Bacchus and the sons of Anacreon, exhort us to drive 
 away corroding care, to promote incessant gaiety, and 
 to enjoy the fleeting hours as they pass ; and these pre- 
 cepts, when rightly understood, and properly applied, 
 are founded in strong sense and sound reason ; but 
 they must not be understood or applied in the way 
 these sensualists advise ; they must not be consumed 
 in drinking and debauchery; but employed in steadily 
 advancing toward the accomplishment of the task 
 which our respective duties require us to perform. 
 "If," says Petrarch, u you feel any inclination to serve 
 God, in which consists the highest felicities of our na- 
 ture; if you are disposed to elevate the mind by the 
 study of letters, which, next to religion, procures us 
 the truest pleasures; if by your sentiments and wri- 
 tings, you are anxious to leave behind you something 
 that will memorize your name with posterity ; stop the 
 rapid progress of time, and prolong the course of this 
 uncertain life— fly, ah ; fly, I beseech you, from the 
 enjoyment of the world, and pass the few remaining 
 days you have to live in.... Solitude. ." 
 
 Solitude refines the taste, by affording the mind 
 greater opportunities to call and select the beauties of 
 those objects which engage its attention. There it de- 
 pends entirely upon ourselves to make choice of those 
 employments which afford the highest pleasure ; to 
 read those writings, and to encourage those reflec- 
 tions which tend mostly to purify the mind, and store it 
 with the richest variety of images. The false notions 
 which we so easily acquire in the world, by relying up- 
 on the sentiments of others, instead of consulting our 
 own, are in solitude easily avoided. To be obliged 
 constantly to say, " I dare not think otherwise" is in- 
 supportable. Why, alas ! will not men strive to form 
 opinions of their own, rather than submit to be guided 
 by the arbitrary dictates of others ? If a work please 
 me, of what importance is it to me whether the beau 
 inonde approve of it or not ? — What information do I 
 receive from you, ye cold and miserable critics ?— Does 
 your approbation make me feel whatever is truly noble, 
 great and good, with higher relish or more refined 
 delight ?— How can I submit to the judgment of men 
 who always examine hastily, and generally determine 
 wrong 1 
 
UPON THE MIND. $1 
 
 Men of enlightened minds, who are capable of cor- 
 rectly distinguishing beauties from defects, whose 
 bosoms feel the highest pleasure from the works of 
 genius, and the severest pain from dullness and depra- 
 vity, while they admire with enthusiasm, condemn 
 with judgment and deliberation j and, retiring from 
 the vulgar herd, either alone or in the society of se- 
 lected friends, resign themselves to the delights of a 
 tranquil intercourse with the illustrious sages of an- 
 tiquity, and with those writers who have distinguished 
 and adorned succeeding times. 
 
 Solitude, by enlarging the sphere of its information, 
 by awakening a more lively curiosity, by relieving fa- 
 tigue, and by promoting application, renders the mind 
 more active, and multiplies the number of its ideas. A 
 man who is well acquainted with all these advantages, 
 has said, that, "by silent, solitary reflection, we exer- 
 cise and strengthen all the powers of the mind. The 
 many obstacles which render it difficult to pursue our 
 path disperse and retire, and we return to a busy, social 
 life, with more cheerfulness and content. The sphere 
 of our understanding becomes enlarged by reflection } 
 we have learned to survey more objects, and to behola 
 them more intellectually together ; we carry a clearer 
 sight, a juster judgment, and firmer principles with us 
 into the world in which we are to live and act ; and 
 are then more able, even in the midst of all its distrac- 
 tions, to preserve our attention, to think with accuracy, 
 to determine with judgment, in a degree proportioned 
 to the preparations we have made in the hours of re- 
 tirement." Alas ! in the ordinary commerce of the 
 world, the curiosity of a rational mind soon decays, 
 whilst in solitude it hourly augments. The researches 
 of a finite being necessarily proceed by slow degrees. 
 The mind links one proposition to another, joins expe- 
 rience with observation, and from the discovery of one 
 truth proceeds in search of others. The astronomers 
 who first observed the course of the planets, little 
 imagined how important their discoveries would prove 
 to the future interests and happiness of mankind. At- 
 tached by the spangled splendor of the firmament, and 
 observing that the stars nightly changed their course, 
 curiosity induced them to explore the cause of this 
 phenomenon, and led them to pursue the road of sci- 
 ence. It is thus that the soul, by silent activity, aug- 
 ments its powers ; and a contemplative mind advances 
 
32 INFLUENCE OF SOLITUDE 
 
 in knowledge in proportion as it investigates the vari- 
 ous causes, the immediate effects, and the remote con- 
 sequences of an established truth. Reason, indeed, by 
 impeding the wings of the imagination, renders her 
 flight less rapid, but it makes the object of attainment 
 more sure. Drawn aside by the charms of fancy, the 
 mind may construct new worlds : but they immediately 
 burst, like airy bubbles formed of soap and water ; 
 while reason examines the materials of its projected 
 fabric, and uses those only which are durable and 
 good. 
 
 "The great art to learn much," says Locke, " is to 
 undertake a little at a time." Dr. Johnson, the cele- 
 brated English writer, has very forcibly observed, that 
 " all the performances of human art, at which we look 
 with praise or wonder, are instances of the resistless 
 force of perseverance : it is by this that the quarry be- 
 comes a pyramid, and that distant countries are united 
 by canals. If a man was to compare the effect of a 
 single stroke with the pick-axe, or of one impression 
 of a spade, with the general design and last result, he 
 would be overwhelmed with the sense of their dispro- 
 portion ; yet those petty operations, incessantly contin- 
 ued, in time surmount the greatest difficulties ; and 
 mountains are levelled, and "oceans bounded by the 
 slender force of human beings. It is therefore of the 
 utmost importance that those who have any intention 
 of deviating from the beaten roads of life, and acquir- 
 ing a reputation superior to names hourly swept away 
 by time among the refuse of fame, should add to their 
 reason and their spirit the power of persisting in their 
 purposes ; acquire the art of sapping what they cannot 
 batter ; and the habit of vanquishing obstinate resist- 
 ance by obstinate attacks." 
 
 It is activity of mind that gives life to the most 
 dreary desert, converts the solitary cell into a social 
 world, gives immortal fame to genius, and produces 
 master-pieces of ingenuity to the artist. The mind 
 feels a pleasure in the exercise of its powers propor- 
 tioned to the difficulties it meets with, and the obsta- 
 cles it has to surmount. When Apelles was reproached 
 for having painted so few pictures, and for the inces- 
 sant anxiety with which he retouched his works, he 
 contented himself with this observation, " I paint for 
 posterity." 
 
 The inactivity of monastic solitude, the sterile tran- 
 
UPON THE MIND. 33 
 
 quillity of the cloister, are ill suited to those who, after 
 a serious preparation in retirement, and an assiduous 
 examination of their own powers, feel a capacity and 
 inclination to perform great and good actions for the 
 benefit of mankind. Princes cannot live the lives of 
 monks ; statesmen are no longer sought for in monas- 
 teries and convents ; generals are no longer chosen 
 from the members of the church. Petrarch, therefore, 
 very pertinently observes, " that solitude must not be 
 inactive, nor leisure uselessly employed. A character 
 indolent, slothful, languid, and detached from the af- 
 fairs of life, must infallibly become melancholy and 
 miserable. From such a being no good can be ex- 
 pected ; he cannot pursue any useful science, or possess 
 the faculties of a great man." 
 
 The rich and luxurious may claim an exclusive right 
 to those pleasures which are capable of being purchased 
 by pelf, in which the mind has no enjoyment, and which 
 only afford a temporary relief to langor, by steeping 
 the senses in forgetfulness ; but in the precious plea- 
 sures of intellect, so easily accessible by all mankind, 
 the great have no exclusive privilege ; for such enjoy- 
 ments are only to be procured by our own industry, by 
 serious reflection, profound thought, and deep research: 
 exertions which open hidden qualities to the mind, and 
 lead it to the knowledge of truth, and to the contem- 
 plation of our physical and moral nature. 
 
 A Swiss preacher has in a German pulpit said, " The 
 streams of mental pleasures, of which all men may 
 equally partake, flow from one to the other ; and that 
 of which we have most frequently tasted, loses neither 
 its flavor nor its virtues, but frequently acquires new 
 charms, and conveys additional pleasure the oftener it 
 is tasted. The subjects of these pleasures are as un- 
 bounded as the reign of truth, as extensive as the 
 world, as unlimited as the divine perfections. Incor- 
 poreal pleasures, therefore, are much more durable 
 than all others ; they neither disappear with the light 
 of the day, change with the external form of things, 
 nor descend with our bodies to the tomb ; but continue 
 with us while we exist ; accompany us under all the 
 vicissitudes not only of our natural life, but of that 
 which is to come ; secure us in the darkness of the 
 night, and compensate for all the miseries we are 
 doomed to suffer." 
 
 Great and exalted minds, therefore, have always, 
 
34 INFLUENCE OF SOLITUDE 
 
 even in the bustle of gaiety, or amidst the more agita- 
 ted career of high ambition, preserved a taste for intel- 
 lectual pleasures. Engaged in affairs of the most im- 
 portant consequence, notwithstanding the variety of 
 objects by which their attention was distracted, they 
 were still faithful to the muses, and fondly devoted 
 their minds to works of genius. They disregarded the 
 false notion, that reading and knowledge are useless 
 to great men ; and frequently condescended, without a 
 blush, to become writers themselves. 
 
 Philip of Macedon. having invited Dionysius the 
 younger to dine with liim at Corinth, attempted to de- 
 ride the father of his royal guest, because he had blend- 
 ed the characters of prince and poet, and had employed, 
 his leisure in writing odes and tragedies. " How could 
 the king find leisure," said Philip, " to write those tri- 
 fles ?" " In those hours," answered Dionysius, " which 
 you and I spend in drunkenness and debauchery." 
 
 Alexander who was passionately fond of reading and 
 whilst the world resounded with his victories, whilst 
 blood and carnage marked his progress, whilst he 
 dragged captive rhonarchs at his chariot wheels, and 
 marched with increasing ardor over smoking towns 
 and desolated provinces in search of new objects of 
 victory, felt during certain intervals, the langors of 
 unemployed time; and lamenting that Asia afforded 
 no books" to amuse his leisure, he wrote to Harpalus to 
 send him the works of Philistus, the tragedies of Eu- 
 ripides, Sophocles, iEschyliiSj and the dithyrambics of 
 'J halestes. 
 
 Brutus, the avenger of the violated liberties of Rome, 
 while serving in the army under Pompey, employed 
 among books all the moments he could spare from the 
 duties of his station: and was even thus employed du- 
 ring the awful night which preceded the celebrated 
 battle of Pharsalia, by which the fate of the empire was 
 decided. Oppressed by the excessive heat of the day, 
 and by the preparatory arrangement of the army, 
 which was encamped in the middle of summer on a 
 marshy plain, he sought relief from the bath, and re- 
 tired to his tent, where, whilst others were locked in 
 the arms of sleep, or contemplating the event of the 
 ensuing day, he employed himself until the morning- 
 dawned, in drawing a plan from the History of Poly- 
 1 his. 
 
 Cicero, who was more sensible of mental pleasures 
 
UPON THE MIND. 35 
 
 than any other character, says, in his oration for the 
 poet Archias, " Why should! he ashamed to acknow- 
 ledge pleasures like these, since for so many years the 
 enjoyment of them has never prevented me from reliev- 
 ing the wants of others, or deprived me of the courage 
 to attack vice and defend virtue? Who can justly 
 blame, who can censure me, if, while others are pursu- 
 ing the views of interest, gazing at festal shows and 
 idle ceremonies, exploring new pleasures, engaged in 
 midnight revels, in the distraction of gaming, the mad- 
 ness of intemperance, neither reposing the body, nor 
 recreating the mind, I spend the recollective hours in 
 a pleasing review of my past life, in dedicating my 
 nine to learning and the muses'?" 
 
 Pliny the elder, full of the same spirit devoted every 
 moment of his life to learning. A person read to Rim 
 during his meals; and he never travelled without a 
 book and a portable writing-desk by his side. He made 
 extracts from every work he read ; and scarcely con- 
 ceiving himself alive while his faculties were absorbed 
 in sleep, endeavored by his diligence, to double the du- 
 ration of his existence. 
 
 Pliny the younger, read upon all occasions, whether 
 riding, walking, or sitting, whenever a moment's lei- 
 sure afforded him the opportunity ; but he made it an 
 invariable rule to prefer the discharge of the duties of 
 his station to those occupations which he followed only 
 as amusement. It was this disposition which so strong- 
 ly inclined him to solitude and retirement. " Shall I 
 never," exclaimed he in moments of vexation, "break 
 the fetters by which I am restrained ? Are they indis- 
 soluble ? Alas ! I have no hope of being gratified • 
 everyday brings new torments. No sooner is one du- 
 ty performed than another succeeds. The chains of 
 business become every hour more weighty and exten- 
 sive." 
 
 The mind of Petrarch was always gloomy and de- 
 jected, except when he was reading, writing, or resign- 
 ed to the agreeable illusions of poetry, upon the banks 
 of some inspiring stream, among the romantic rocks 
 and mountains, or the flower-enamelled vallies of the 
 Alps. To avoid the loss of time during his travels, he 
 constantly wrote at every inn where he stopped for re- 
 freshment. One of his friends, the bishopof Cavaillon, 
 beinz alarmed lest the intense application with which 
 he studied at Vuucluse might totally ruin a constitution 
 
36 INFLUENCE OF SOLITUDE 
 
 already much impaired, requested of him one day the 
 key of his library. Petrarch immediately gave it him 
 without asking the reason of his request ; when the 
 e-ood bishop, instantly locking up his books and wri- 
 ting-desk, said, "Petrarch, I hereby interdict you from 
 the" use of pen, ink, and paper, for the space of ten 
 days." The sentence was severe ; but the offender sup- 
 pressed his feelings, and submitted to his fate. The 
 first day of his exile from his favorite pursuits was te- 
 dious, the second accompanied with incessant head- 
 ach, and the third brought on symptoms of an approach- 
 ing fever. The bishop, observing his indisposition, 
 kindly returned him the key, and restored him to his 
 health. 
 
 The late earl of Chatham, on his entering into the 
 world, was a cornet in a troop of horse dragoons. The 
 regiment was quartered in a small village in England. 
 The duties of his station were the first objects of his 
 attention ; but the moment these were discharged, he 
 retired into solitude during the remainder of the day, 
 and devoted his mind to the study of history. Subject 
 from his infancy to an hereditary gout, he endeavored 
 to eradicate it by regularity and abstinence ; and per- 
 haps it was the feeble state of his health which first led 
 him into retirement; but, however that may be, it was 
 certainly in retirement that he had laid the foundation 
 of that glory which he afterwards acquired. Charac- 
 ters of this description, it may be said, are no longer to 
 be found ; but in my opinion both the idea and asser- 
 tion would be erroneous. Was the earl of Chatham 
 inferior in greatness to a Roman ? And will his son, 
 who already, in the earliest stage of manhood, thunders 
 forth his eloquence in the senate, like Demosthenes, 
 and captivates like Pericles the hearts of all who hear 
 him: who is now, even in the flve-and-twentieth year 
 of his age, dreaded abroad, and beloved at home, as 
 prime minister of the British empire ; ever think r or 
 act under any circumstances with less greatness, than 
 his illustrious father? What men have been, maw may 
 always be. Europe now produces characters as great 
 as ever adorned a throne or commanded a field. Wis- 
 dom and virtue may exist, by proper cultivation, 
 as well in public as in private life; and become as per- 
 fect in a crowded palace as in a solitary cottage. 
 
 Solitude will ultimately render the mind superior to 
 all the vicissitudes and miseries of life.. The maa 
 
UPON fHE MINB. 3f 
 
 Whose bosom neither riches, nor luxury, 'nor grandeur 
 can render happy, may, with a book in his hand, forget 
 all his torments under the friendly shade of every tree* 
 and experience pleasures as infinite as they are varied, 
 as pure as they are lasting, as lively as they are unfa- 
 ding, and as compatible with every public duty as they 
 are contributory to private happiness. The highest 
 public duty, indeed^ is that of employing our faculties 
 for the benefit of mankind, and can no where be so ad^ 
 vantageously discharged as in solitude. To acquire a 
 true notion of men and things, and boldly to announce 
 our opinions to the world, is an indispensible obligation 
 on every individual. The press is the channel through 
 which writers diffuse the light of truth among the peo- 
 ple, and display its radiance to the eyes of the great. 
 Good writers inspire the mind with courage to think 
 for itself; and the free communication of sentiments 
 contributes to the improvement and imperfection of 
 human reason. It is this love of liberty that leads men 
 into solitude, Where they may throw off the chains by 
 which they are fettered in the world. It is this dispo- 
 sition to be free, that makes the man who thinks in so-* 
 litude, boldly speak a language which, in the corrupted 
 intercourse of society, he would not have dared openly 
 to hazard. Courage is the companion of solitude. The 
 man who does not fear to seek his comforts in the 
 peaceful shades of retirement, looks with firmness on 
 the pride and insolence of the great, and tears from the 
 face of despotism the mask by which it is concealed. 
 
 His mind, enriched by knowedge, may defy the 
 frowns of fortune, and see unmoved the various vicis- 
 situdes of life. When Demetrius had captured the city 
 of Megara.; and the property of the inhabitants had 
 been entirely pillaged by the soldiers, he recollected 
 that Stilpo,' a philosopher of great reputation, who 
 sought only the retirement and tranquility of a studious 
 life, was among the number. Having sent for him, 
 Demetrius asked him if he had lost any thing during 
 the pillage? " No," replied the philosopher, * my pro- 
 perty is safe, for it exists only in my mindP 
 
 Solitude encourages the disclosure of those senti- 
 ments and feelings which the manners of the world 
 compel us to conceal. The mind there unburthens it- 
 self with ease and freedom. The pen, indeed, is not 
 always taken up because we are alone ; but if we are 
 inclined to write, we ought to be alone. To cultivate 
 4 
 
38 INFLUENCE OF SOLITUDE 
 
 philosophy, or court the muse Math effect, the mind 
 must be free from all embarrassment. The incessant 
 cries of children, or the frequent intrusion of servants 
 with messages of ceremony and cards of compliment, 
 distract attention. An author, whether walking in the 
 open air, seated in his closet, reclined under the shade 
 of a spreading tree, or stretched upon a sofa, must be 
 free to follow all the impulses of his mind, and indulge 
 every bent and turn of his genius. To compose with 
 success, he must feel an irresistible inclination, and 
 be able to indulge his sentiments and emotions with- 
 out obstacle or restraint. There are, indeed, minds 
 possessed of a divine inspiration, which is capable of 
 subduing every difficulty, and bearing down all oppo- 
 sition : and an author should suspend his work until 
 he feels this secret call within his bosom, and watch 
 for those propitious moments when the mind pours 
 forth its ideas with energy, and the heart feels the sub 
 ject with increasing warmth ; for 
 
 K Nature's kindling breath 
 
 Must fire the ehosen genius : Nature's hand 
 Must string his nerves and imp his eagle wings 
 Impatient of the painful steep, to soar 
 High as the summit ; there to breath at large 
 Etherial air, with bards and sages old. 
 Immortal sons of praise.. ....." 
 
 Petrarch felt this sacred impulse when he tore him- 
 self from Avignon, the most vicious and corrupted 
 city of the age, to which the pope had recently trans- 
 ferred the papal chair ; and although still young, noble, 
 ardent, honored by his holiness, respected by princes, 
 courted by cardinals, he voluntarily quitted the splen- 
 did tumults of this brilliant court, and retired to the 
 celebrated solitude of Vaucluse, at the distance of six 
 leagues from Avignon, with only one servant to attend 
 him, and no other possession than an humble cottage 
 and its surrounding garden. Charmed with the natu- 
 ral beauties of this rural retreat, he adorned it with an 
 excellent library, and dwelt, for many years, in wise 
 tranquillity and rational repose, employing his leisure 
 in completing and polishing his works : and producing 
 more original compositions durins this period than at 
 any other of his life. But, although he here devoted 
 much time and attention to his writings, it was long 
 before he could be persuaded to make them public. 
 
TJPON THE MIND. 39 
 
 Virgil calls the leisure he enjoyed at Naples, ignoble 
 and obscure; but it was during this leisure that he 
 wrote the Georgics, the most perfect of all his works, 
 and which evince, in almost every line, that he wrote 
 for immortality. 
 
 The suffrage of posterity, indeed, is a noble expec- 
 tation, which every excellent and great writer cher- 
 ishes with enthusiasm. An inferior mind contents 
 itself with a more humble recompense, and sometimes 
 obtains its due reward. But writers both great and 
 good, must withdraw from the interruptions of socie- 
 ty, and seeking the silence of the groves, and the shades, 
 retire into their own minds: for every thing they per- 
 forin, all that they produce, is the effect of solitude. 
 To accomplish a work capable of existing through fu- 
 ture ages, or deserving the approbation of contempo- 
 rary sages, the love of solitude must entirely occupy 
 their souls; for there the mind reviews and arranges, 
 with the happiest effect, all the ideas and impressions 
 it has gained in its observations in the world : it is 
 there alone that the dart of satire can be truly sharpen- 
 ed against inveterate prejudices and infatuated opin- 
 ions ; it is there alone that the vices and follies of man- 
 kind present themselves accurately to the view of the 
 moralist, and excite his ardent endeavors to correct 
 and reform them. The hope of immortality is certain- 
 ly the highest with which a great writer can possibly 
 natter his mind ; but he must possess the comprehen- 
 sive genius of a Bacon : think with the acuteness of 
 Voltaire : compose with the ease and elegance of Ros- 
 seau ; and, like them, produce master-pieces worthy 
 of posterity in order to' obtain it. 
 
 The love of fame, as well in the cottage as on the 
 fhrbne, or in the camp, stimulates the mind to the ner- 
 formance of those actions which are most likely to 
 survive mortality and live beyond the grave, and which 
 vhen achieved, render the evening of life as brilliant 
 as its morning. " The praises (says Plutarch,) bestow- 
 ed upon great and exalted minds, only spur on and 
 rouse their emulation : like a rapid torrent, the glory 
 which they have already acquired, hurries them irre- 
 sistibly on to every thing that is great and noble.— 
 They never consider themselves sufficiently reward- 
 ed. Their present actions are only pledges of what 
 may be expected from them ; and they would blush 
 not to live faithful to their glory, and to render it still 
 more illustrious by the noblest actions r 
 
40 INFLUENCE OF SOLITUDE 
 
 The ear which would be deaf to servile adulation 
 and insipid compliment, will listen with pleasure to the 
 enthusiasm with which Cicero exclaims, "Why should 
 we dissemble what it is impossible for us to conceal 1 
 Why should we not be proud of confessing candidly 
 that we all aspire to fame ? The love of praise influ- 
 ences all mankind, and the greatest minds are the 
 most susceptible oi it. The philosophers who most 
 preach up a contempt for fame, prefix their names to 
 their works: and the very performances in which 
 they deny ostentation, are evident proofs of their vani- 
 ty and love of praise. Virtue requires no other reward 
 for all the toils and dangers to which she exposes her- 
 self than that of fame and glory. Take away this flat- 
 tering reward, and what would remain in the narrow 
 career of life to prompt her exertions ? If the mind 
 could not launch into the prospect of futurity, or the 
 operations of the soul were to be limited to the space 
 that bounds those of the body, she would not weak- 
 en herself by constant fatigues, nor weary herself with 
 continual watchings and anxieties; she would not 
 think even life itself worthy of a struggle : but there 
 lives m the breast of every good man a principle which 
 unceasingly prompts and inspirits him to the pursuit 
 of a fame beyond the present hour ; a fame not com- 
 mensurate to our mortal existence, but co-extensive 
 with the latest posterity. Can we, who every day- 
 expose ourselves to dangers for our country, and have 
 never passed one moment of our lives without anxie- 
 ty or trouble, meanly think that all consciousness shall 
 be buried with us in the grave ? If the greatest men 
 have been careful to preserve their busts and their 
 statues, those images, not of their minds, but of their 
 bodies, ought we not rather to transmit to posterity the 
 resemblance of our wisdom and virtue ? For my part, 
 at least, I acknowledge, that in all my actions I con- 
 ceived that I was disseminating and transmitting my 
 iame to the remotest corners and the latest ages of the 
 world. Whether, therefore, my consciousness of this 
 shall cease in the grave, or, as some have thought 
 shall survive as a property of the soul, is of little im- 
 portance. Of one thing I am certain, that at this in- 
 stant I feel from the reflection a flattering hope and 
 a delightful sensation." 
 
 This is the true enthusiasm with which preceptors 
 should inspire the bosoms of their young pupils. Who- 
 
t)N THE MIND. 41 
 
 ever shall be happy enough to light up this gene- 
 rous flame, and increase it by constant application, will 
 see the object of his care voluntarily relinquish the per- 
 nicious pleasures of youth, enter with virtuous dignity 
 on the stage of life, and add, by the performance of 
 the noblest actions, new lustre to science, and brighter 
 rays to glory. The desire of extending our fame by 
 noble deeds, and of increasing the good opinion of 
 mankind by a dignified conduct and real greatness of 
 soul, confers advantages which neither illustrious birth, 
 elevated rank, nor great fortune can bestow : and which, 
 even on the throne, are only to be acquired by a life of 
 exemplary virtue, and an anxious attention to the suf- 
 frages of posterity. 
 
 'There is no character, indeed, more likely to acquire 
 future fame than the satirist, who dares to point out 
 and condemn the follies, the prejudices, and the grow- 
 in.! vices of the age, in strong and nervous language. 
 Works of this description, however they may fail to 
 reform the prevailing manners of the times, will ope- 
 rate on succeeding generations, and extend their influ- 
 ence and reputation to the latest posterity. True great- 
 ness operates long after envy and malice have pursu- 
 ed the modest, merit which produced it to* the grave. 
 O, Lavater ! those base corrupted souls who only shine 
 a moment, and are forever extinguished, will be for- 
 gotten, while the memory of thy name is carefully che- 
 rished, and thy virtues fondly beloved : thy foibles will 
 t>e no longer remembered ; and the qualities which dis- 
 tinguished and adorned thy character will alone be re- 
 viewed. The rich variety of thy language, the judg- 
 ment with which thou hast boldly intended and crea- 
 ted new expressions, the nervous brevity of thy style, 
 and thy striking^ picture of human manners, will, as 
 the author of "The Characters of German Poets and 
 Prose writers" has predicted, extend the fame of thy 
 " Fragments upon Physiognomy" to the remotest pos- 
 teritv. The accusation that Lavater, who was capa- 
 ble of developing such sublime truths, and of creating 
 almost a new language, gave credit to the juggles of 
 Gesner, will then be forgot ; and he will enjoy the life 
 after death, which Cicero seemed to hope for with so 
 much enthusiasm. 
 
 Solitude, indeed, affords a pleasure to an author of 
 which no one can deprive him, and which far exceeds 
 all the honors of the world. He not only anticipates 
 4* 
 
42 INFLUENCE OF SOLITUDE 
 
 the effect his work will produce, but while it advances 
 towards completion, feels the delicious enjoyment of 
 those hours of serenity and composure which his la- 
 bors procure. What continued and tranquil delight 
 flows from this successive composition ! Sorrows fly 
 from this elegant occupation. O ! I would not ex- 
 change one single hour of such tranquillity and con- 
 tent, for all those flattering illusions of public fame 
 with which the mind of Tully was so incessantly in- 
 toxicated. A difficulty surmounted, a happy moment 
 seized, a proposition elucidated, a sentence neatly and 
 elegantly turned, or a thought happily expressed, are 
 salutary and healing balms, counter-poisons to melan- 
 choly, and belong exclusively to a wise and well-form- 
 ed solitude. 
 
 To enjoy himself without being dependant on the 
 aid of others, to devote to employments not perhaps en- 
 tirely useless, those hours which sorrow and chagrin 
 would otherwise steal from the sum of life is the great 
 advantage of an author ; and with this advantage alone 
 I am perfectly contented. 
 
 Solitude not only elevates the mind, but adds new 
 strength to its powers. The man who has not cour- 
 age to conquer the prejudices and despise the manners 
 of the world, whose greatest dread is the imputation 
 of singularity, who forms his opinion and regulates 
 his conduct upon the judgment and actions of others, 
 will certainly never possess sufficient strength of mind 
 to devote himself to voluntary solitude ; which, it has 
 been well observed, is as necessary to give a just, solid, 
 firm, and forcible tone to our thoughts, as an inter- 
 course with the world is to give them richness, bril- 
 liancy, and just appropriation. 
 
 The mind, employed on noble and interesting sub- 
 jects, disdains the indolence that stains the vacant 
 breast. Enjoying freedom and tranquillity, the soul 
 feels the extent of its energies with greater sensibility, 
 and displays powers which it was before unconscious 
 of possessing : the faculties sharpen ; the mind becomes 
 more clear, luminous, and extensive ; the perception 
 more distinct ; the whole intellectual system, in short, 
 exacts more from itself in the leisure of solitude than 
 in the bustle of the world. But to produce these happy 
 effects, solitude must not be reduced to a state of tran- 
 quil idleness and inactive ease, of mental numbness, or 
 sensual stupor ; it is not sufficient to be continually gar 
 
ON THE MIND. 43 
 
 zing out of a window with a vacant mind, or gravely 
 walking up and down the study in a ragged robe-de- 
 chanibre and worn-out slippers ; for the mere exterior 
 of tranquillity cannot elevate or increase the activity of 
 the soul, which must feel an eager desire to roam at 
 large, before it can gain that delightful liberty and lei- 
 sure, which at the same instant improves the understan- 
 ding and corrects the imagination. The mind, indeed, 
 is enabled, by the strength it acquires under the shades 
 of retirement, to attack prejudices, and combat errors, 
 with the unfailing prowess of the most athletic cham- 
 pion ; for the more it examines into the nature of things, 
 the closer it brings them to its view, and exposes, with 
 unerring clearness, all the latent properties they pos- 
 sess. An intrepid and reflecting mind, when retired 
 within itself, seizes with rapture on truth the moment 
 it is discovered ; looks round with a smile of pity and 
 contempt on those who despise its charms ; hears 
 without dismay the invectives which envy and malice 
 let loose against him; and nobly disdains the hue and 
 cry which the ignorant multitude raise against him, 
 the moment he elevates his hand to dart against them 
 one of the strongest and invincible truths ne has dis- 
 covered in his retreat. 
 
 Solitude diminishes the variety of those troublesome 
 passions which disturb the tranquillity of the human 
 mind, by combining and forming a number of them in- 
 to one great desire ; for although it may certainly be- 
 come dangerous to the passions, it may also, thanks to -> 
 the dispensations of Providence ! produce very salu- -J 
 tary effects. If it disorder the mind, it is capable of ef- 
 fecting its cure. It extracts the various propensities 
 of the human heart, and unites them into one. By 
 this process we feel and learn not only the nature, but 
 the extent, of all the passions which rise up against us 
 like the angry waves of a disordered ocean, to over- 
 whelm us in the abyss ; but philosophy flies to our aid, 
 divides their force, and, if we do not yield to them an 
 easy victory, by neglecting all opposition to their at- 
 tacks, virtue and self-denial bring gigantic reinforce- 
 ments to our assistance, and ensure success. Virtue 
 and resolution, in short, are equal to every conflict, the 
 instant we learn that one passion is to be conquered by 
 another. 
 
 The mind, exalted by the high and dignified senti- 
 ments it acquires by lonely meditation, becomes proud 
 
44 IftFLUENGE OF SOLITUDE. 
 
 of its superiority, withdraws itself from every base 
 and ignoble object, and avoids, with heroic virtue, the 
 eifect of dangerous society. A noble mind observes the 
 sons of worldly pleasure mingling in scenes of riot and 
 debauchery without being seduced ; hears it in vain 
 echoed from every side, that incontinence is among the 
 first propensities of the human heart, and that every 
 young man of fashion and spirit must as necessarily 
 indulge his appetite for the fair sex, as the calls of hun- 
 ger or of sleep. Such -a mind perceives that libertinism 
 and dissipation not only enervate youth, and render the 
 feelings callous to the charms of virtue and principles 
 of honesty, but that it destroys every manly resolution, 
 renders the heart timid, decreases exertion, damps the 
 generous warmth and fine enthusiasm of the soul, and 
 m the end, totally annihilates all its powers. The youth, 
 therefore, who seriously wishes to sustain an honorable 
 character on the theatre of life, must forever renounce 
 the habits of indolence and luxury ; and when he no 
 longer impairs his intellectual faculties by debauchery, 
 or renders it necessary to attempt the renovation of his 
 languid and debilitated constitution by excess of wine 
 and luxurious living, he will soon be relieved from the 
 necessity of consuming whole mornings on horseback 
 in a vain search of that health from change of scene 
 which temperenee and exercise would immediately 
 bestow. 
 
 All men without exception, have something to learn ; 
 whatever may be the distinguished rank which they 
 hold in society, they can never be truly great but by 
 their personal merit. The more the faculties of the 
 mind are exercised in the tranquillity of retirement, the 
 more conspicuous they appear; and should the pleas- 
 ures of debauchery be the ruling- passion, learn, O young 
 man ! that nothing will so easily subdue it as an increas- 
 ing emulation in great and virtuous actions, a hatred of 
 idleness and frivolity, the study of the sciences, a fre- 
 quent communication with your own heart, and that 
 high and dignified spirit which views with disdain 
 every thing that is vile and contemptible. This gener- 
 ous and high disdain of vice, this fond and ardent love 
 of virtue, discloses itself in retirement with dignity and 
 greatness, where the passion of high achievement 
 operates with greater force than in any other situa- 
 tion. The same passion which carried Alexander 
 into Asia, confined Diogenes to his tub. Heraclius 
 
UPON THE MIND. 45 
 
 descended from his throne to devote his mind to the 
 search of truth. He who wishes to render his know- 
 ledge useful to mankind, must first study the world ; 
 not too intensely, or for any long- duration, or with any 
 fondness for its follies ; for the follies of the \v oriel 
 enervate and destroy the vigor of the mind. Cesar 
 tore himself from the embraces of Cleopatra, and be- 
 came the master of the world ; while Antony took her 
 as a mistress to his bosom, sunk indolently into her 
 arms, and by his effeminacy lost not only his life, but 
 the government of the Roman empire. 
 
 Solitude, indeed, inspires the mind with notions too 
 refined and exalted for the level of common life. But 
 a fondness for high conceptions, and a lively, ardent 
 disposition, discovers to the votaries of solitude, the 
 possibility of supporting themselves on heights which 
 would derange the intellects of ordinary men. Every 
 object that surrounds the solitary man enlarges the 
 faculties of his mind, improves the feelings of his heart, 
 elevates him above the condition of the species, and 
 inspires his soul with views of immortality. Every day 
 in the life of a man of the world seems as if he expect- 
 ed it would be the last of his existence. Solitude am- 
 ply compensates for every privation, while the devotee 
 of worldly pleasures conceives himself lost if he is de- 
 prived of visiting a fashionable assembly, of attending 
 a favorite club, of seeing a new play, of patronizing a 
 celebrated boxer, or of admiring some foreign novelty 
 which the hand-bills of the day have announced. 
 
 I could never read without feeling the warmest emo- 
 tions, the following passage of Plutarch ; " I live," says 
 he, " entirely upon history; and while I contemplate 
 the pictures it presents to my view, my mind enjoys a 
 a rich repast from the representation of great and vir- 
 tuous characters. If the actions of men produce some 
 instances of vice, corruption, and dishonesty ; I endea- 
 vor, nevertheless, to remove the impression, or to de- 
 feat its effect. My mind withdraws itself from the 
 scene, and free from every ignoble passion, I attach 
 myself to those high examples of virtue which are so 
 agreeable and satisfactory, and which accord so com- 
 pletely with the genuine feelings of our nature." 
 
 The soul, winged by these sublime images, flies from 
 the earth, mounts as it proceeds, and casts an eye of 
 disdain on those surrounding clouds which, as they 
 gravitate to the earth, would impede its flight. At a 
 
46 INFLUENCE OF SOLITUDE 
 
 certain height the faculties of the mind expand, and 
 the fibres of the heart dilate. It is, indeed, in the pow- 
 er o( every man to perform more than he undertakes ; 
 and ^therefore it is both wise and praiseworthy to at- 
 tempt every thing that is morally within our reach. 
 How many dormant ideas may be awakened by exer- 
 tion ! and then, what a variety of early impressions, 
 which were seemingly forgot, revive, and present 
 themselves to our pens ! We may always accomplish 
 more than we conceive, provided passion fans the 
 flame which the imagination has lighted ; for life is 
 insupportable when unanimated by the soft affections 
 of the heart. 
 
 Solitude leads the mind to those sources from 
 whence the grandest conceptions are most likely to 
 flow. But alas ! it is not in the power of every per- 
 son to seize the advantages solitude bestows. Were 
 every noble mind sensible of the extensive information, 
 of the lofty and sublime ideas, of the exquisitely fine 
 feelings which result from occasional retirement, they 
 would frequently quit the world, even in the earliest 
 periods of youth, to taste the sweets of solitude, and lay 
 the foundation for a wise old age. 
 
 In conducting the low and petty affairs of life, com- 
 mon sense is certainly a more useful quality than even 
 genius itself. Genius, indeed, or that fine enthusiasm 
 which carries the mind into its highest sphere, is clog- 
 ged and impeded in its ascent by the ordinary occupa- 
 tions of the world, and seldom regains its natural liber- 
 ty and pristine vigor except in solitude. Minds anxious 
 to reach the regions of philosophy and science have, 
 indeed, no other means of rescuing themselves from 
 the burden and thraldom of worldly affairs. Sickened 
 and disgusted with the ridicule and obloquy they ex- 
 perience from an ignorant and presumptuous multitude, 
 their faculties become, as it were, extinct, and mental 
 exertion dies away; for the desire of fame, that great 
 incentive to intellectual achievement, cannot long^exist 
 where merit is no longer rewarded by praise. But, re- 
 move such minds from the oppression of ignorance, of 
 e,nvy, of hatred, of malice; let them enjoy liberty and 
 leisure ; and with the assistance of pen, ink, and paper, 
 they will soon take an ample revenge, and their pro- 
 ductions excite the admiration of the world. How ma- 
 ny excellent understandings remain in obscurity, mere- 
 ly on account of the possessor being condemned to fol- 
 
uposf the mmt>, 47 
 
 low worldly employments, in which little or no use of 
 the mind is required, and which, for that reason, ought 
 to be exclusively bestowed on the ignorant and illite- 
 rate vulvar! But this circumstance can seldom hap- 
 pen in solitude, where the mental faculties, enjoying 
 their natural freedom, and roaming unconnned through 
 all parts and properties of nature, fix on those pursuits 
 most congenial to their powers, and most likely to car- 
 ry them into their proper sphere. 
 
 The unwelcome reception which solitary men fre- 
 quently meet with in the world, becomes, when prop- 
 erly considered, a source of enviable happiness ; for to 
 be universally beloved, would prove a great misfortune 
 to him who is meditating in tranquillity the perform- 
 ance of some great and important work: every one 
 would then be anxious to visit him, to solicit his visits 
 in return, and to press for his attendance on all parties. 
 Bat though philosophers are fortunately not in general 
 the most favored guests in fashionable societies, they 
 have the satisfaction to recollect, that it is not ordinary 
 or common characters against whom the public hatred 
 and disgust are excited. There is always something 
 great in that man against whom the world exclaims, at 
 whom every one throws a stone, and on whose charac- 
 ter all attempt to fix a thousand crimes, without being 
 able to prove one. The fate of a man of genius, who 
 lives retired and unknown, is certainly more enviable : 
 for he will then enjoy the pleasure of undisturbed re- 
 tirement; and naturally imagining the multitude to be 
 ignorant of his character, will not be surprised that 
 they should continually misinterpret and pervert both 
 his words and actions; or that the efforts of his friends 
 to undeceive the public with respect to his merit should 
 prove abortive. 
 
 Such was, in the mistaken view of the world, the 
 fate of the celebrated count Schaumbourg Lippe, better 
 known by the appellation of count de Buckebourg. 
 No character, throughout Germany, was ever more 
 traduced, or so little understood ; and yet he was wor- 
 thy of being enrolled among the highest names his age 
 or country ever produced. When I first became ac- 
 quainted with him, he lived in almost total privacy, 
 quite retired from the world, on a small paternal farm, 
 in the management of which consisted all his pleasure 
 and employment. His exterior appearance was I con- 
 fess, rather forbidding, and prevented superficial obser 
 
4$ INFLUENCE OF SQLlTtDE 
 
 vers from perceiving the extraordinary endowments) of 
 his brilliant and capacious mind. The count de Lacy, 
 formerly ambassador from the court of Madrid to Pe- 
 tersburgh, related to me during his residence at Hano- 
 ver, that he led the Spanish army against the Portu- 
 guese at the time they were commanded by the count 
 de Buckebourg ; and that when the officers discovered 
 him as they were reconnoitering the enemy with their 
 glasses, the singularity of his appearance struck them 
 so forcibly, that they immediately exclaimed, "Are 
 the Portuguese commanded by Don Quixote ?" The 
 ambassador, however, who possessed a liberal mind, 
 did justice in the highest terms, to the merit and good 
 conduct of Buckebourg in Portugal : and praised, with 
 enthusiastic admiration, the goodness of his mind, and 
 the greatness of his character. Viewed at a distance, 
 his appearance was certainly romantic; and his heroic 
 countenance, his flowing hair, his tall and meaere 
 figure, and particularly the extraordinary length of his 
 visage, might, in truth, recal some idea of the celebra- 
 ted knight of La Mancha ': but, on a closer view, both 
 his person and his manners dispelled the idea ; for his 
 features, full of fire and animation, announced the ele- 
 vation, sagacity, penetration, kindness, virtue, and se- 
 renity of his soul ; and the most sublime and heroic 
 sentiments were as familiar and natural to his mind, 
 as they were to the noblest characters of Greece and 
 Rome. 
 
 The count w T as born in London, and possessed a dis- 
 position as whimsical as it was extraordinary. The 
 anecdotes concerning him, which I heard from his re- 
 lation, a German prince, are perhaps not generally 
 known. Fond of contending with the English in every- 
 thing, he laid a wager that he would ride a horse from 
 London to Edinburg backwards, that is, with the 
 horse's head toward Edinburg, and the count's face 
 toward London ; and in this manner he actually rode 
 through several counties in England, he travelled 
 through the greater part of that kingdom on foot in 
 the disguise of a common beggar. Being informed 
 that part of the current of the Danube, above Regens- 
 berg, was so strong and rapid, that no one dared to 
 swim across it ; he made the attempt, and ventured 
 so far that he nearly lost his life. A great statesman 
 and profound philosopher at Hanover related to me, 
 that during the war in which the count commanded 
 
UPON THE MIND. 49 
 
 the artillery in the army of prince Ferdinand of Bruns- 
 wick against the French, he one day invited a number 
 of Hanoverian officers to dine with him in his tent. 
 While the company were in the highest state of festive 
 mirth and gayety, a succession of cannon balls passed 
 directly over the head of the tent. " The French can- 
 not be far off!" exclaimed the officers. " Oh ! I assure 
 you," replied the count, li they are not near us ;" and 
 he begged the gentlemen would make themselves per- 
 fectly easy, resume their seats, and finish their dinner. 
 Soon afterwards a cannon ball carried away the top of 
 the tent, when the officers again rose precipitately 
 from their seats, exclaiming, " The enemy are here 1" 
 " No, no," replied the count, " the enemy are not here; 
 therefore I must request, gentlemen, that you will 
 place yourselves at the table, and sit still, for you may 
 rely on my word." The firing recommenced and the 
 balls flew about in the same direction: the officers, 
 however, remained fixed to their seats; and while they 
 ate and drank in seeming tranquillity, whispered to each 
 other their surmises and conjectures on this singular 
 entertainment. At length the count, rising from his 
 seat addressed the company in these words : " gentle- 
 men, I was willing to convince you how well I can re- 
 ly upon the officers of my artillery. I ordered them to 
 fire, during the time we continued at dinner, at the 
 pinnacle of the tent ; and you have observed with what 
 punctuality they obeyed my orders." 
 
 Characteristic traits of a man anxious to innure him- 
 self and those about him to arduous and difficult ex- 
 ploits will not be useless or unentertaining to curious 
 and speculative minds. Being one day in company 
 with the count at fort Wilhelmstein, by the side of a 
 magazine of gunpowder, which he had placed in the 
 room immediately under that in which he slept, I observ- 
 ed to him, that I should not be able to sleep very content- 
 edly there during some of the hot nights of summer. The 
 count, however, convinced me, though I do not now 
 recollect by what means, that the greatest danger and 
 no danger, are one and the same thing. When I first 
 saw this extraordinary man, which was in the compa- 
 ny of two officers, the one English the other Portu- 
 guese, he entertained me for two hours upon the phy- 
 siology of Haller, whose works he knew by heart. The 
 ensuing morninghe insisted on my accompanying him 
 in a little boat, which he rowed himself, to fort Wilh elm - 
 5 
 
50 INFLUENCE OF SOLITUDE 
 
 stein, built tinder his direction in the middle of the 
 water, from plans, which he showed me of his own 
 drawing. One Sunday, on the great parade at Pyr- 
 mont, surrounded by a vast concourse of men and wo- 
 men occupied in music, dancing, and gallantries, he 
 entertained me during the course of two hours on the 
 same spot, and with as much serenity if we had been 
 alone, by detailing the various controversies respecting 
 the existence of God, pointing out their defective parts 
 and convincing me that he surpassed every writer in 
 his knowledge of the subject. To prevent my escaping 
 from this lecture, he held me fast the whole time by 
 one of the buttons of my coat. At his country seat at 
 Buckebourg, he showed me a large folio volume, in his 
 own hand-writing, upon " The Art of defending a 
 small town against a great force."' The work was com- 
 pletely finished and intended as a present to the king 
 of Portugal. There were many passages in it, which 
 the count did me the favor to read relating to Swisser- 
 land, a country and people which he considered as in- 
 vincible ; pointing out to me not only all the important 
 places they might occupy against an enemy, but dis- 
 covering passes before unknown, and through which 
 even a cat would scarce be able to crawl. I do not be- 
 lieve that any thing was ever writen of higher impor- 
 tance to the interests of my country than" this work ; 
 for it contains satisfactory answers to every objection 
 that ever has or can be made. My friend M. Moyse 
 Mendelsohm, to whom the count read the preface to 
 this work white he resided at Pyrmont, considered it 
 as a master-piece of fine style and sound reasoning ; 
 for the count, when he pleased, wrote the French lan- 
 guage with nearly as much elegance and purity as 
 Voltaire: while in the German he was labored, per- 
 plexed, and diffuse. I must, however, add this in his 
 his praise, that, on his return from Portugal, he stu- 
 died for many years under two of the mosracute mas- 
 ters in Germany: first, Abbt; and afterwards Herder. 
 Many persons who, from a closer intimacy and deeper 
 penetration, have had greater opportunities of obser- 
 ving the conduct and character of this truly great and 
 extraordinary man, relate of him a variety of anec- 
 dotes equally instructive and entertainm^. I shall 
 only add one observation more respecting liis charac- 
 ter, availing myself of the words of Shakspeare ; the 
 count Guilaume de Schaumbourg Lippe 
 
UPON THE MIND. 51 
 
 " carries no dagger. 
 
 He has a lean and hungry look ; 
 
 but he's not dangerous : 
 
 he reads much : 
 
 He is a great observer : and he looks 
 
 Quite thro' the deeds of men. He loves no plays 
 
 he hears no music ; 
 
 Seldom he smiles, and smiles in such a sort, 
 As if he mock'd himself, and scorn'd his spirit, 
 That could be mov'd to smile at any thing." 
 
 Such was the character, always misunderstood, of 
 this solitary man ; and such a character might fairly 
 indulge a contemptuous smile, on perceiving the mis- 
 taken sneers of an ignorant multitude. But what 
 must be the shame and confusion of the partial judges 
 of mankind, when they behold the monument which 
 the great Mendelsohm has raised to his memory; and. 
 the faithful history of his life and manners which a 
 young author is about to publish at Hanover; the pro- 
 found sentiments, the elegant style, the truth, and the 
 sincerity of which will be discovered and acknowledged 
 by impartial posterity ? 
 
 The men who, as I have frequently observed, are dis- 
 posed to ridicule this illustrious character on account 
 of his long visage^ his flowing hair, his enormous hat, 
 or his little sword, might be pardoned, if, like him, 
 they were philosophers or heroes. The mind of the 
 count, however, was too exalted to be moved by their 
 insulting taunts, and he never smiled upon the world, 
 or upon men, either with spleen or with contempt. 
 Feeling no hatred, indulging no misanthropy, his 
 looks beamed kindness on all around him ; and he en- 
 joyed with dignified composure the tranquillity of his 
 rural retreat in the middle of a thick forest, either alone 
 or in the company of a fond and virtuous wife, whose 
 death so sensibly afflicted even his firm and constant 
 mind, that it brought him almost to an untimely grave. 
 The people of Athens laughed at Themistoclee, and 
 openly reviled him even in the streets, because he was 
 ignorant of the manners of the world, the ton of good 
 company, and that accomplishment which is called 
 good breeding. He retorted, however, upon these ig- 
 norant railers with the keenest asperity: "It is true," 
 said he, " I never play upon the lute ; but I know how 
 to raise a small and inconsiderable city to greatness 
 and to glory." 
 
 ♦Solitude ' and philosophy may inspire sentiments 
 
52 INFLUENCE OF SOLITUDE 
 
 which appear ludicrous to the eye of worldly folly, 
 but they banish all light and insignificant ideas, and 
 prepare the mind for the grandest and most sublime 
 conceptions. Those who are in the habit of studying 
 great and exalted characters, of cultivating refined and 
 elevated sentiments, unavoidably contract a singulari- 
 ty of manners which may furnish ample materials for 
 ridicule. Romantic characters always view things dif- 
 ferently from what they really are or can be ; and the 
 habit of invariably contemplating the sublime and 
 beautiful, renders them, in the eyes of the weak and 
 wicked, insipid and unsupportable. Men of this dispo- 
 sition always acquire a high and dignified demeanor, 
 which shocks the feelings of the vulgar ; but it is not 
 on that account the less meritorious. Certain Indian 
 philosophers annually quitted their solitude to visit 
 the palace of their sovereign, where each of them, in 
 his turn, delivered his advice upon the government of 
 the state, and upon the changes and limitations which 
 might be made in the laws ; but he who three succes- 
 sive times communicated false or unimportant obser- 
 vations, lost for one year, the privilege of appearing in 
 the presence-chamber. This practice is well calculated 
 to prevent the mind from growing romantic : but there 
 are many philosophers of a different description, who 
 if they had the same opportunity, would not meet with 
 better success. 
 
 Plotinus requested the emperor Gallienus to confer 
 on him a small city in Campania, and the territory ap- 
 pendant to it, promising to retire to it with his friends 
 and followers, and to realise in the government of it 
 the Republic of Plato. It happened then, however, as 
 it frequently happens now in many courts, to philoso- 
 phers much less chimerical than Plotinus ; the states- 
 men laughed at the proposal, and told the emperor that 
 the philosopher was a fool, in whose mind even experi- 
 ence had produced no effect. 
 
 The history of the greatness and virtues of the an- 
 eients operate in solitude with the happiest effect. 
 Sparks of that bright flame which warmed the bosoms 
 of the great and good, frequently kindled unexpected 
 fires. A lady in the country, whose health was im- 
 paired by nervous affections, was advised to read with 
 attention the history of the Greek and Roman empires. 
 At the expiration of three months she wrote to me in 
 the following terms: "You have inspired my mind 
 
UPON THE MIND. 53 
 
 with a veneration for the virtues of the ancients. 
 What are the buzzing- race of the present day, when 
 compared with those noble characters ? History here- 
 tofore was not my favorite study : but now I live only 
 in its pages. While I read of the transactions of 
 Greece and Rome, I wish to become an actor in the 
 scenes. It has not only opened to me an inexhaustible 
 source of pleasure, but it has restored me to health. I 
 could not have believed that my library contained so 
 inestimable a treasure : my books will now prove more 
 valuable to me than all the fortune I possess ; in the 
 course of six months you will no longer be troubled 
 with my complaints. Plutarch is more delightful to 
 me than the charms of dress, the triumphs of coquetry, 
 or the sentimental effusions which lovers address to 
 those mistresses who are inclined to be all heart ; and 
 with whom satan plays tricks of love with the same 
 address as a dilletante plays tricks of music on the vio- 
 lin." This lady, who is really learned, no longer fills 
 her letters with the transactions of her kitchen and 
 poultry yard ; she has recovered her health ; and will 
 experience hereafter, I conjecture, as much pleasure 
 among her hens and chickens, as she did before from 
 the pages of Plutarch. 
 
 But although the immediate effects of such writings 
 cannot be constantly perceived, except in solitude, or m 
 the society of select friends, yet they may remotely be 
 productive of the happiest consequences. The mind of 
 a man of genius, during his solitary walks, is crowded 
 with a variety of ideas, which, on being disclosed, 
 would appear ridiculous to the common herd of man- 
 kind: a period, however, arrives, at which they lead 
 men to the performance of actions worthy of immor- 
 tality. The national songs composed by that ardent 
 genius Lavater, appeared at a moment when the re- 
 public was in a declining; state, and the temper of the 
 times unfavorable to their reception. The Schintzuach 
 society, by whose persuasion they had been written, 
 had given some offence to the French ambassador; 
 and from that time all the measures which the mem- 
 bers adopted were decried with the most factious viru- 
 lence in every quarter. Even the great Haller, who 
 had been refused admission, considering them as disci- 
 ples of Rousseau, whom he hated; and as enemies to 
 orthodoxy, which he loved ; pointed his epigrams 
 against them in every letter I received from him : and 
 5* 
 
54 INFLUENCE OF SOLITUDE "-" 
 
 the committee for the reformation of literature at Zurich 
 expressly prohibited the publication of these excellent 
 lvric compositions, on the curious pretence, that it was 
 dangerous and improper to stir up a dunghill. No poet 
 of Greece, however, ever wrote with more fire and 
 force in favor of his country than Lavater did in favor 
 of the liberties of Swisserland. I have heard children 
 chaunt these songs with patriotic enthusiasm ; and seen 
 the finest eyes filled with tears of rapture while their 
 ears listened to the singers. Joy glowed in the breasts 
 of the Swiss peasants to whom they were sung: their 
 muscles swelled, and the blood inflamed their cheeks. 
 Fathers have, within my own knowledge, carried their 
 infant children to the chapel of the celebrated William 
 Tell, to join in full chorus the song which Lavater 
 composed upon the merits of that great man. I have 
 myself made the rocks re-echo to my voice, by singing 
 these songs to the music which the feelings of my heart 
 composed for them while wandering over the fields, 
 and climbing among the famous mountains where 
 those heroes, the ancestors of our race, signalized them- 
 selves by their immortal valor. I fancied that I saw 
 them still armed with their knotted clubs, breaking to 
 pieces the crowned helmets of Germany ; and although 
 inferior in numbers, forcing the proud nobility to seek 
 their safety by a precipitate and ignominious flight. 
 These, it may be said, are romantic notions, and can 
 only please solitary and recluse men, who see things 
 differently from the rest of the world. But great ideas 
 sometimes now make their way in spite of the most ob- 
 stinate opposition, and operating, particularly in repub- 
 lics, by insensible degrees, sow the seeds of those prin- 
 ciples and true opinions, which, as they arrive to matu- 
 rity, prove so efficacious in times of political contest 
 and public commotion. 
 
 Solitude, therefore, by instilling high sentiments of 
 human nature, and heroic resolutions in defence of its 
 just priviliges, unites all the qualities which are neces- 
 sary to raise the soul and foitify the character, and 
 forms an ample shield against the shafts of envy, ha- 
 tred or malice. Resolved to think and to act, upon 
 every occasion in opposition to the sentiments of 
 narrow minds, the solitary man attends to ah the vari- 
 ous opinions he meets with, but is astonished at none. 
 Without -being ungrateful for the just and rational es- 
 teem his intimate friends bestow upon him ; remember- 
 
UPON THE MIND. 55 
 
 ing, too, that friends, always partial, and inclined to 
 judge too favorably, frequently, like enemies, suffer 
 their feelings to carry them too far ; he boldly calls upon 
 the public voice to announce his character to the world 
 at large : displays his just pretensions before this impar- 
 tial tribunal, and demands that justice which is due. 
 
 But solitude, although it exalts the sentiments, is 
 generally conceived to render the mind unfit for busi- 
 ness : this, however, is, in my opinion, a great mistake. 
 To avoid tottering through the walks of public duty, it 
 must be of great utility to have acquired a firm step, 
 by exercising the mind in solitude on those subjects 
 which are likely to occur in public life. The love of 
 truth is best preserved in solitude, and virtue there ac- 
 quires greater consistency : but I confess truth is not 
 always convenient in business nor the rigid exercise of 
 virtue propitious to wordly success. 
 
 The great and the good however, of every clime, re- 
 vere the simplicity of manners, and the singleness of 
 heart, which solitude produces. It was these inestima- 
 ble qualities which during the fury of the war between 
 England and France, obtained the philosophic Jean An- 
 dre de Luc the reception he met with at the court of Ver- 
 sailles ; and inspired the breast of the virtuous, the im- 
 mortal de Vergennes with the desire to reclaim, by the 
 mild precepts of a philosopher, the refractory citizens 
 of Geneva, which all his remonstrances, as prime min- 
 ister of France, had been unable to effect. De Luc, at 
 the request of Vergennes made the attempt, but failed 
 of success ; and France, as it is well known, was 
 obliged to send an army to subdue the Genevese. It 
 was upon his favorite mountains that this amiable phi- 
 losopher acquired that simplicity of manners, which he 
 still preserves amidst all the luxuries and seductions of 
 London; where he endures with firmness all the 
 wants, refuses all the indulgences, and subdues all the 
 desires of social life. While he resided at Hanover, I 
 only remarked one single instance of luxury in which 
 he indulged himself; when any thing vexed his mind, 
 he chewed a small morsel of sugar, of which he al- 
 ways carried a small supply in his pocket. 
 
 Solitude not only creates simplicity of manners, but 
 prepares and strengthens the faculties for the toils of 
 busy life. Fostered in the bosom of retirement, the 
 mind becomes more active in the world and its con- 
 cerns, and retires again into tranquillity to repose it- 
 
56 INFLUENCE OF SOLITUDE 
 
 self, and prepare for new conflicts. Pericles, Phocion, 
 and Epaminondas, laid the foundation of all their great- 
 ness in solitude, and acquired there rudiments, which 
 all the language of the schools cannot teach — the rudi- 
 ments of their future lives and actions. Pericles, while 
 preparing- his mind for any important object, never ap- 
 peared in public, but immediately refrained from feas- 
 ting, assemblies, and every species of entertainment ; 
 and during the whole time that he administered the af- 
 fairs of the republic, he only went once to sup with a 
 friend, and left him at an early hour. Phocion imme- 
 diately resigned himself to the study of philosophy : 
 not from the ostentatious motive of being called a wise 
 man, but to enable himself to conduct the business of 
 the state with greater resolution and effect. Epami- 
 nondas, who had passed his whole life in the delights 
 of literature, and in the improvement of his mind, as- 
 tonished the Thebans by the military skill and dex- 
 terity which he all at once displayed at the battles ot 
 Mantinea and Leuctra, in the first of which he rescued 
 his friend Pelopidas : but it was owing to the frugal 
 use he made of his time, to the attention with which he 
 devoted his mind to every pursuit he adopted, and to 
 that solitude which his relinquishment of every public 
 employment afforded him. His countrymen, however, 
 forced him to abandon his retreat, gave him the abso- 
 lute command of the army; and by his military skill, 
 he saved the republic. 
 
 Petrarch, also a character I never contemplate but 
 with increasing sensibility, formed his mind, and ren- 
 dered it capable of transacting the most complicated 
 political affairs, by the habit he acquired in solitude. 
 He was, indeed, what persons frequently become in so- 
 litude, choleric, satirical, and petulant : and has been 
 severely reproached with having drawn the manners of 
 his age with too harsh and sombrous a pencil, particu- 
 larly the scenes of infamy which were transacted at 
 the court of Avignon, under the pontificate of Clement 
 VI. ; but he was a perfect master of the human heart, 
 knew how to manage the passions with uncommon 
 dexterity, and to turn them directly to his purposes. 
 The abbe de Sades, the best historian of his life, says, 
 " he is scarcely known, except as a tender and elegant 
 poet, who loved with ardor, and sung, in all the har- 
 mony of verse, the charms of his mistress." But was 
 this in reality the whole of his character ?— Certainly 
 
UPON THE MIND. 57 
 
 not. Literature, long buried in the ruins of barbarity, 
 owes the highest obligations to his pen ; he rescued 
 some of the finest works of antiquity from dust and rot- 
 tenness; and many of those precious treasures of learn- 
 ing, which have since contributed to delight and in- 
 struct mankind, were discovered by his industry, cor- 
 rected by his learning and sagacitv, and multiplied in 
 accurate' copies at his expense. Me was the great re- 
 storer of elegant writing and true taste ; and by his 
 own compositions, equal to any that ancient Rome, pre- 
 vious to its subjugation, produced, purified the public 
 mind, reformed the manners of the age, and extirpated 
 the prejudices of the times. Pursuing his studies with 
 unremitting firmness to the hour of his death, his last 
 work surpassed all that had preceded it. But he was 
 not only a tender lover, an elegant poet, and a correct 
 and classical historian, but an able statesman also, to 
 whom the most celebrated sovereigns of his age con- 
 fided every difficult negotiation, and consulted in their 
 most important concerns. He possessed, in the four- 
 teenth century, a degree of fame, credit, and influ- 
 ence, which no man of the present day, however learn- 
 ed, has ever acquired. Three popes, an emperor, a so- 
 vereign of France, a king of Naples, a crowd of car- 
 dinals, the greatest princes, and the most illustrious 
 nobility of Italy, cultivated his friendship, and solici- 
 ted his correspondence. In the several capacities of 
 statesman, minister, and ambassador, he was employed 
 in transacting the greatest affairs, and by that means 
 was enabled to acquire and disclose the most useful 
 and important truths. These high advantages he 
 owed entirly to solitude, with the nature of which as 
 he was better acquainted than any other person, so he 
 cherished it with greater fondness, and resounded its 
 praise with higher energy ; and at length preferred his 
 leisure and liberty to all the enjoyments of the world. 
 Love, to which he had consecrated the prime of life, 
 appeared, indeed, for along time, to enervate his mind; 
 but suddenly abandoning the soft and effeminate style 
 in which he breathed his sighs at Laura's feet, he ad- 
 dressed kings, emperors, and popes, with manly bold- 
 ness, and with that confidence which splendid talents 
 and a high reputation always inspires. In an elegant 
 oration, worthy of Demosthenes and Cicero, he endea- 
 vored to compose the jarring interests of Italy ) and ex* 
 horted the contending powers to destroy with their 
 
58 
 
 INFLUENCE OF SOLITUDE 
 
 confederated arms, the barbarians, those common ene- 
 mies of their country, who were ravaging its very bo- 
 som, and preying on its vitals. The enterprises of Ri- 
 enzi, who seemed like an agent sent from heaven to 
 restore the decayed metropolis of the Roman empire 
 to its former splendor, were suggested, encouraged, di- 
 rected, and supported by his abilities. A timid empe- 
 ror was roused by his eloquence to invade Italy, and 
 induced to seize upon the reins of government, as suc- 
 cessor to the Cesars. The pope, by his advice, remov- 
 ed the holy chair, which had been transported to the 
 borders of the Rhine, and replaced it on the banks of 
 the Tiber ; and at a moment even when he confessed, 
 in one of his letters, that his mind was distracted with 
 vexation, his heart torn with love, and his whole soul 
 disgusted with men and measures. Pope Clement VI, 
 confided to his negotiation an affair of great difficulty 
 at the court of Naples, in which he succeeded to the 
 highest satisfaction of his employer. His residence at 
 courts, indeed, had rendered him ambitious, busy, and 
 enterprising; and he candidly acknowledged, that he 
 felt a pleasure on perceiving a hermit, accustomed to 
 dwell only in woods, and to saunter over plains, run- 
 ning through the magnificent palaces of cardinals with 
 a crowd of courtiers in his suite. When John Viscon- 
 ti, archbishop and prince of Milan, and sovereign of 
 Lombardy, who united the finest talents with ambition 
 so insatiable, that it threatened to swallow up all Italy, 
 had the happiness to fix Petrarch in his interests, by in- 
 ducing him to accept of a seat in his council, the friends 
 of the philosopher whispered one among another, 
 " This stern republican who breathed no sentiments 
 but those of liberty and independence ; this untamed 
 bull, who roared so loud at the slightest shadow of 
 the yoke ; who could endure no fetters but those of 
 love, and who even felt those too heavy : who has re- 
 fused the first offices at the court of Rome, because he 
 disdained to wear golden chains ; has at length sub- 
 mitted to be shackled by the tyrant of Italy ; and this 
 great apostle of solitude, who could no longer live ex- 
 cept in the tranquillity of the groves, now contentedly 
 resides amidst the tumults of Milan.'" " My friends,'' 
 replied Petrarch, "have reason to arraign my conduct. 
 Man has not a greater enemy than himself. I acted 
 against my taste and inclination. Alas ! through the 
 whole course of our lives, we do those things "which 
 
UPON THE MIND. 59 
 
 we ought not to have done, and leave undone what 
 most we wish to do." But Petrarch might have told 
 his friends, "I was willing to convince you how much 
 a mind, long exercised in solitude, can perform when 
 engaged in the business of the world ; how much a 
 previous retirement enables a man to transact the af- 
 fairs of public life with ease, firmness, dignity and 
 effect." 
 
 The courage which is necessary to combat the pre- 
 judices of the multitude, is only to be acquired by a con- 
 tempt of the frivolous transactions of the world, and, 
 of course is seldom possessed, except by solitary' men. 
 Worldly pursuits, so far from adding strengh to the 
 mind, only weaken it ; in like manner as any particu 
 lar enjoyment too frequently repeated, dulls the edge 
 of (he appetite for every pleasure. How often do the 
 best contrived and most excellent schemes fail, mere- 
 ly for want of sufficient courage to surmount the diffi- 
 culty which attend their execution !— How many hap- 
 py thoughts have been stifled in their birth, from an 
 apprehension that they were too bold to be indulged ! 
 
 An idea has prevailed, that truth can only be freely 
 and boldly spoken imder a republican form of govern- 
 ment ; but this idea is certainly without foundation. 
 It is true, that in aristocracies, as well as under a more 
 open form of government, where a single demagogue 
 unfortunately possesses the sovereign power, common 
 sense is too frequently construed into public offence. 
 Where this absurdity exists, the mind must be timid, 
 and the people in consequence deprived of their liberty. 
 Ina monarchy every offence is punished by the sword 
 of justice: but in a republic, punishments are inflicted 
 by prejudices, passions, and state necessity. The first 
 maxim which, under a republican form of government, 
 parents endeavor to instil into the minds of their chil- 
 dren, is, not to make enemies; and I remember, 
 when T was very young, replying to this sage counsel, 
 " My dear mother, do you not know that he who has 
 no enemies is a poor man ?" In a republic the cit- 
 izens are under the authority and jealous observation 
 cf a multitude of sovereigns ; while in a monarchy the 
 reigning prince is the only man whom his subjects are 
 bound to obey. The idea of living under the control 
 of a number of masters intimidates the mind ; whereas 
 love and confidence in one alone, raises the spirits and 
 renders the people happy. 
 
60 /NFLUEKCE OF SOLITUDE 
 
 But in all countries, and under every form of gov- 
 ernment, the rational man, who renounces the useless 
 conversation of the world, who lives a retired life, and 
 who, independently of all that he sees, of all that he 
 hears, forms his notions in tranquillity, by an inter- 
 course with the heroes of Greece, of Rome, and of 
 Great Britain, will acquire a steady and uniform cha- 
 racter, obtain a noble style of thinking, and rise supe- 
 rior to every vulgar prejudice. 
 
 These are the observations I had to make respecting* 
 the influence of occasional solitude upon the mind. 
 They disclose my real sentiments on this subject: 
 many of them, perhaps, undigested, and many more cer- 
 tainly not well expressed. But I shall console myself 
 for these defects, if this chapter affords only a glimpse 
 of those advantages, which, I am persuaded, a rational 
 solitude is capable of affording to the minds and man- 
 ners of men; and if that which follows shall excite a 
 lively sensation of the true, noble, and elevated plea- 
 sures retirement is capable of producing by a tranquil 
 and feeling contemplation of nature, and by an exqui- 
 site sensibility for every thing that is good and fair 
 
 CHAPTER III. 
 
 Influence of Solitude upon the Heart, 
 
 The highest happiness which is capable of being en- 
 joyed in this world, consists in peace of mind. . The 
 wise mortal who renounces the tumults of the world, 
 restrains his desires and inclinations, resigns himself 
 to the dispensations of his Creator, and looks with an 
 eye of pity on the frailties of his fellow creatures ; 
 whose greatest pleasure is to listen among the rocks to 
 the soft murmurs of a cascade ; to inhale, as he walks 
 along the plains, the refreshing breezes 01 the zephyrs ; 
 and to dwell in the surrounding woods, on the melodi- 
 ous accents of the aerial choristers ; may, by the sim- 
 ple feelings of his heart, obtain this invaluable blessing. 
 
 To taste the charms of retirement, it is not necessary 
 to divest the heart of its emotions. The world maybe 
 renounced without renouncing the enjoyment which 
 the tear of sensibility is capable of affording. But to 
 render the heart susceptible of this felicity, the mind 
 
UPON THE HEART. 61 
 
 must be able to admire with equal pleasure nature in 
 her sublimest beauties, and in the modest flower that 
 decks the vallies ; to enjoy at the same time that har- 
 monious combination of parts which expands the soul, 
 and those detached portions of the whole which pre- 
 sent the softest and most agreeable images to the 
 mind. Nor are these enjoyments exclusively reserved 
 for those strong and energetic bosoms whose sensations 
 are as lively as they are delicate, and in which, for that 
 reason, the good and the bad make the same impres- 
 sion : the purest happiness, the most enchanting tran- 
 quillity, are also granted to men of colder feelings, and 
 whose imaginations are less bold and lively ; but to 
 such characters the portraits must not be so highly col- 
 ored, nor the tints so sharp ; for as the bad strikes them 
 less, so also they are less susceptible of livelier impres- 
 sions. 
 
 The high enjoyments which the heart feels in soli- 
 tude are derived from the imagination. The touching 
 aspect of delightful nature, the variegated verdure of 
 the forests, the resounding echoes of an impetuous tor- 
 rent, the soft agitation of the foliage, the warblings of 
 the tenants of the groves, the beautiful scenery of a 
 rich and extensive country, and all those objects which 
 compose ai\ agreeable landscape, take such complete 
 possession of the soul, and so entirely absorb our facul- 
 ties, that the sentiments of the mind are by the charms 
 of the imagination instantly converted into sensations 
 of the heart, and the softest emotions give birth to the 
 most virtuous and worthy sentiments. But to enable 
 the imagination thus to render every object fascinating 
 and delightful, it must act with freedom, and dwell 
 amidst surrounding tranquillity. Oh ! how easy is it 
 to renounce noisy pleasures and tumultuous assemblies 
 for the enjoyment of that philosophic melancholy which 
 solitude inspires ! 
 
 Religious awe and rapturous delight are alternately 
 excited by the deep gloom of forests, by the tremendous 
 height of broken rocks, and by the multiplicity of ma- 
 jestic and sublime objects which are combined within 
 the site of a delightful and extensive prospect. The 
 most painful sensations immediately yield to the seri^ 
 ous, soft, and solitary reveries to which the surround- 
 ing tranquillity invites the mind; while the vast and 
 awful silence of nature exhibits the happy contrast be 
 tween simplicity and grandeur ; and as our feelings be 
 6 
 
62 INFLtTENCE OF SOLITUDE 
 
 come more exquisite, so our admiration becomes more 
 intense, and our pleasures more complete. 
 
 I had been for many years familiar with all that 
 nature is capable of producing in her sublimest works, 
 when 1 first saw a garden in the vicinity of Hanover^ 
 and another upon a much larger scale at Marienwer- 
 der, about three miles distant, cultivated in the English 
 style of rural ornament. I was not then apprized of 
 the extent of that art which sports with the most un- 
 grateful soil, and, by a new species of creation, converts 
 barren mountains into fertile fields and smiling land- 
 scapes. This magic art makes an astonishing impres- 
 sion on the mind, and captivates every heart, not insen- 
 sible to the delightful charms of cultivated nature. I 
 cannot recollect without shedding tears of gratitude 
 and joy, a single day of this early part of my residence 
 in Hanover, when, torn from the bosom of my coun- 
 try, from the embraces of my family, and from every 
 thing that I held dear in life, my mind, on entering the 
 little garden of my deceased friend, M. de Hinuber, 
 near Hanover, immediately revived, and I forgot, for 
 the moment, both my country and my grief. The 
 charm was new to me. I had no conception that it 
 was possible, upon so small a plot of ground, to intro- 
 duce at once the enchanting variety and the noble sim- 
 plicity of nature. But I was then convinced, that her 
 aspect alone is sufficient, at first view, to heal the woun- 
 ded feelings of the heart, to fill the bosom with the 
 highest luxury, and to create those sentiments in the 
 mind, which can, of all others, render life desirable. 
 
 This new re-union of art and nature, which was not 
 invented in China, but in England, is founded upon 
 a rational and refined taste for the beauties of nature, 
 confirmed by experience, and by the sentiments which 
 a chaste fancy reflects on a feeling heart. 
 
 But in the gardens I have before mentioned, every 
 point of view raises the soul to heaven, and affords the 
 mind sublime delight ; every bank presents a new and 
 varied scene, which fills the heart with joy : nor, while 
 I feel the sensation which such scenes inspire, will I 
 suffer my delight to be diminished by discussing whe- 
 ther the arrangement might have been made in a bet- 
 ter way, or permit the dull rules of cold and senseless 
 masters to destroy my pleasure. Scenes of serenity, 
 whether created by tasteful art, or by the cunning 
 hand of nature, always bestow, as a srift from the ima- 
 
 
UPON THE HEART. 63 
 
 filiation, tranquillity to the neart. While a soft silence 
 breathes around me, every object is pleasant to my 
 view ; rural scenery fixes my attention, and dissipates 
 the grief that lies heavy at my heart ; the loveliness of 
 solitude enchants me. and, subduing every vexation, 
 inspires my soul with benevolence, gratitude, and con- 
 tent. I return thanks to my Creator for endowing me 
 with an imagination, which, though it has frequently 
 caused the trouble of my life, occasionally leads me, in 
 the hour of my retirement, to some friendly rock, on 
 which I can climb, and contemplate with greater com- 
 posure the tempests I have escaped. 
 
 There are, indeed, many Anglicised gardens in Ger- 
 many, laid out so whimsically absurd, as to excite no 
 other emotions than those of laughter or disgust. How 
 extremely ridiculous is it to see a forest of poplars, 
 scarcely sufficient to supply a chamber stove with fuel 
 for a week ; mere molehills dignified with the name of 
 mountains : caves and aviaries, in which tame and 
 savage animals, birds and amphibious creatures, are at- 
 tempted to be represented in their native grandeur; 
 bridges, of various kinds, thrown across rivers, which 
 a couple of ducks would drink dry ; and wooden fishes 
 swimming in canals, which the pump every morning 
 supplies with water ! These unnatural beauties are in- 
 capable of affording any pleasure to the imagination. 
 
 A celebrated English writer has said, that " solitude, 
 on the first view of it, inspires the mind with terror, 
 because every thing that brings with it the idea of pri- 
 vation is terrific, and therefore sublime like space, 
 darkness, and silence." 
 
 The species of greatness which results from the idea 
 of infinity, can only be rendered delightful by being 
 viewed at a proper distance. The Alps/m Swisserland, 
 and particularly near the canton of Berne, appear in- 
 conceivably majestic ; but. on a near approach, they ex- 
 cite ideas certainly sublime, yet mingled with a degree 
 of terror. The eye, on beholding those immense and 
 enormous masses piled one upon the other, forming 
 one vast and uninterrupted chain of mountains, and 
 rearing their lofty summits to the skies, conveys to the 
 heart the most rapturous delight, while the succession 
 of soft and lively shades which they throw around the 
 scene, tempers the impression, and renders the view as 
 agreeable as it is sublime. On the contrary, no feeling 
 heart can on a close view, behold this prodigious wall 
 
84 mFLtfEXCE OF SOLITUDE 
 
 of rocks without experiencing involuntary trembling-. 
 The mind contemplates with affright their eternal 
 snows, their steep ascents, their dark caverns, the tor- 
 rents which precipitate themselves with deafening cla- 
 mor from their summits, the black forests of firs that 
 overhang their sides, and the enormous fragments of 
 rocks which time and tempests have torn away. How 
 my heart thrilled when I first climbed through a steep 
 and narrow track upon these sublime deserts, discover- 
 ing every step I made, new mountains rising over my 
 head., while upon the least stumble, death menaced me 
 in a thousand shapes below ! But the imagination im- 
 mediately kindles when you perceive yourself in the 
 midst of this grand scene of nature, and reflect from 
 these heights on the weakness of human power, and 
 the imbecility of the greatest monarchs ! 
 
 The history of Swisserland evinces, that the natives 
 of these mountains are not a degenerate race of men, 
 and that their sentiments are as generous as their feel- 
 ings are warm. Bold and spirited by nature, the liber- 
 ty they enjoy gives wings to their souls, and they tram- 
 ple tyrants and tyranny under their feet. Some of the 
 inhabitants of Swisserland, indeed, are not perfectly 
 free ; though Ihey all possess notions of liberty, love 
 their country, and return thanks to the Almighty for 
 that happy tranquillity which permits each individual 
 to live quietly under his vine, and enjoy the shade of 
 his fig-tree; but the most pure and genuine liberty is 
 always to be found among the inhabitants of these 
 stupendous mountains. 
 
 The Alps in Swisserland are inhabited by a race of 
 men sometimes unsocial, but always good and gene- 
 rous. The hardy and robust characters given to them 
 by the severity of their climate, is softened by pastoral 
 life. It is said by an English writer, that he who has 
 never heard a storm in the Alps, can form no idea of 
 the continuity of the lightning, the rolling and the burst 
 of the thunder which roars round the horizon of these 
 immense mountains; and the people never enjoying 
 better habitations than their own cabins, nor seeing any 
 other country than their own rocks, believe the uni- 
 verse to be an unfinished work, and a scene of unceas- 
 ing tempest. But the skies do not always lower; the 
 i'hunder does not incessantly roll, nor the lightnings 
 continually flash ; immediately after the most dreadful 
 tempests., the hemisphere clears itself by slow degrees, 
 
UPON THE HEART. 65 
 
 and becomes serene. The dispositions of the Swiss 
 follow the nature of their climate ; kindness succeeds 
 to violence, and generosity to the most brutal fury : 
 tli is may be easily proved, not only from the records of 
 history, but from recent facts. 
 
 General Redin, an inhabitant of the Alps, and a na- 
 tive of the canton of Schwitz, enlisted very early in 
 life into the Swiss Guards, and attained the rank of 
 lieutenant-general in that corps. His long residence 
 at Paris and Versailles, however, had not been able to 
 change his character; he still continued a true Swiss. 
 The new regulation made by the king of France, in the 
 year 1764, relating to this corps, gave great discontent 
 to the canton of Schwitz. The citizens, considering it 
 as an innovation extremely prejudicial to their ancient 
 privileges, threw all the odium of the measures on the 
 lieutenant-general, whose wife, at this period, resided 
 on his estate in the canton, where she endeavored to 
 raise a number of young recruits ; but the sound of the 
 French, drum had become so disgusting to the ears of 
 the citizens, that they beheld with indignation the white 
 cockade placed in the hats of the deluded peasants. 
 The magistrate apprehensive that this ferment mis-lit 
 ultimately cause an insurrection among the people, felt 
 it his duty to forbid madame de Redin to continue her 
 levies. The lady requested he would certify his prohi- 
 bition in writing ; but the magistrate not being dispo- 
 sed to carry matters to this extremity against the court 
 of France, she continued to beat up for the requested 
 number of recruits. The inhabitants of the canton, ir- 
 ritated by this bold defiance of the prohibition, sum- 
 moned a General Diet, and madame de Redin appeared 
 before the Assembly of Four Thousand. " The drum," 
 said she, " shall never cease to sound, until you give 
 me such a certificate as may justify my husband to the 
 French court for not completing the number of his 
 men." The Assembly accordingly granted her the re- 
 quired certificate, and enjoining her to procure the in- 
 terest and interposition of her husband with the court 
 in favor of her injured country, waited in anxious ex- 
 pectation that his negotiation would produce a favora- 
 ble issue. Unhappily the court of Versailles rejected 
 all solicitation on the subject, and by this means drove 
 the irritated and impatient inhabitants beyond the 
 bounds of restraint. The leading men of the canton 
 pretended that the new regulation endangered not only 
 6* 
 
66 INFLUENCE OP SOLITUDE 
 
 their civil liberties, but, what was dearer to them, their 
 religion. The general discontent was at length fo- 
 mented into popular fury. A General Diet was again 
 assembled, and it was publicly resolved not to furnish 
 the King of France in future with any troops. The 
 treaty of alliance concluded in the year 1713 was torn 
 from the public register, and general de Redin ordered 
 instantly to return from France with the soldiers under 
 his command, upon pain, if he refused, of being irrevo- 
 cably banished from the republic. The obedient gene- 
 ral obtained permission from the king to depart with 
 his regiment from France, and entering Schwitz, the 
 metropolis of the canton, at the head of his troops, with 
 drums beating and colors flying, marched immediate- 
 ly to the church, where he deposited his standards 
 upon the great altar, and falling on his knees, offered 
 up his thanks to God. Rising from the ground, and 
 turning to his affectionate soldiers, who were dissolved 
 in tears, he discharged their arrears of pay, gave them 
 their uniforms and accoutrements, and bid them forev- 
 er farewell. The fury of the populace, on perceiving 
 within their power the -man whom the whole country 
 considered as the perfidious abettor, and traitorous 
 adviser, of the new regulation, by which the court of 
 Versailles had given such a mortal blow to the liberties 
 of the country, greatly increased ; and he was ordered 
 to disclose before the General Assembly the origin of 
 that measure, and the means by which it had been car- 
 ried on, in order that they might learn their relative 
 situation with France, and ascertain the degree of pun- 
 ishment that was due to the offender. Redin, conscious 
 that, under the existing circumstances, eloquence would 
 make no impression on minds so prejudiced against 
 him, contented himself with cooly declaring, in a few 
 words, that the cause of framing a new regulation was 
 publicly known, and that he was as innocent upon the 
 subject as he was ignorant of the cause of his dismis- 
 sion. " The traitor then will not confess !" exclaimed 
 one of the most furious members : " Hang him on the 
 next tree— cut him to pieces." These menaces were 
 instantly repeated throughout the Assembly; and 
 while the injured soldier continued perfectly tranquil 
 and undismayed, a party of the people, more darin°f 
 than the rest, jumped upon the tribune, where he stood 
 surrounded by the judges. A young man, his godson, 
 was holding a parapluie over his head, to shelter him 
 
tHPON THE HEART. 6? 
 
 from the rain, which at this moment poured down in 
 incessant torrents, when one of the enraged multitude 
 immediately broke the parapluie in pieces with his 
 stick, exclaiming, "Let the traitor be uncovered!" 
 This exclamation conveyed a correspondent indigna- 
 tion into the bosom of the youth, who instantly replied, 
 " My god-father a betrayer of his country I Oh I I was 
 ignorant, I assure you, of the crime alleged against 
 him ; but since it is so, let him perish ! \Vhere Is the 
 rope % I will be first to put it round the traitor's neck !" 
 The magistrates instantly formed a circle round the 
 general, and with uplifted hands exhorted him to avert 
 the impending danger, by confessing that he had not 
 opposed the measures of France with sufficient zeal, 
 and to offer to the offended people his whole fortune as 
 an atonement for his neglect ; representing to him that 
 these were the only means of redeeming his liberty, 
 and perhaps his life. The undaunted soldier, with per- 
 fect tranquillity and composure, walked through the 
 surrounding circle to the side of the tribune, and while 
 the whole Assembly anxiously expected to hear an 
 ample confession of his guilt, made a sign of silence 
 with his hand: "Fellow-citizens," said he, "you are 
 not ignorant that I have been two-and-forty years in 
 the French establishment. You know, and many 
 among you, who w r ere with me in the service, can tes- 
 tify its truth, how often I have faced the enemy, ahd 
 the manner in which I conducted myself in battle. I 
 considered every engagement as the last day of my 
 life. But here I protest to you, in the presence of that 
 Almighty Being who knows all our hearts, who lis- 
 tens to all our words, and who will hereafter judge all 
 our actions, that I never appeared before an enemy with 
 a mind more pure, a conscience more tranquil, a heart 
 more innocent, than at present I possess ; and if it is 
 your pleasure to condemn me because I refuse to con- 
 fess a treachery of which I have not been guilty, I 
 am now ready to resign my life into your hands." 
 The dignified demeanor with which the general made 
 this declaration, and the air of truth which accompanied 
 his words, calmed the fury of the Assembly, and saved 
 his life. Both he and his wife, however, immediately 
 quitted the canton ; she entering into a convent at Uri, 
 and he retiring to a cavern among the rocks, where 
 he lived two years in solitude. Time, at length, sub- 
 
68 INFLUENCE OF SOLITUDE 
 
 dued the anger of the people, and softened the general's 
 sense of their injustice. He returned to the bosom of 
 his country, rewarded its ingratitude by the most sig- 
 nal services, and made every individual recollect and 
 acknowledge the integrity of their magnanimous coun- 
 tryman. To recompense him for the injuries and in- 
 justice he had suffered, they elected him bailli, or chief 
 officer of the canton ; and afforded him an almost sin- 
 gular instance of their constancy and affection, by suc- 
 cessively conferring on him three times this high and 
 important dignity. This is the characteristic disposi- 
 tion of the Swiss who inhabit the Alps: alternately 
 violent and mild: and experiencing, as the extremes 
 of a delighted or vexed imagination happen to prevail, 
 the same vicissitudes as their climate. The rude 
 scenes of of greatness which these stupendous moun- 
 tains and vast deserts afford, render the Swiss violent 
 in sentiment, and rough in manners ; while the tran- 
 quillity of their fields, and the smiling beauties of their 
 Tallies, soften their minds, and render their hearts kind 
 and benevolent. 
 
 English artists confess that the aspect of nature in 
 Swisserland is too sublime and majestic for the pencil 
 of art faithfully to reach ; but how exquisite must be 
 the enjoyments they feel upon those romantic hills, in 
 those delightful vallies, upon the charming borders of 
 those still and transparent lakes, where nature unfolds 
 her various charms, and appears in the highest pomp 
 and splendor ; where the majestic oaks, the deep em- 
 bowering elms, and dark green firs, which cover and 
 adorn these immense forests, are pleasingly intersper- 
 sed with myrtles, almond trees, jasmines, pomegran- 
 ates, and vines, which offer their humbler beauties to 
 the view, and variegate the scene ! Nature is in no 
 country of the globe more rich and various than in 
 Swisserland. It was the scenery around Zurich, and 
 the beauties of its adjoining lake, that first inspired the 
 Idylls of the immortal Gessner. 
 
 These sublime beauties, while they elevate and in- 
 flame the heart, give greater action and life to the ima- 
 gination than softer scenes ; in like manner as a fine 
 night affords a more august and solemn spectacle than 
 the mildest day. 
 
 In coming from Frescatj, by the borders of the small 
 lake of Nemi, which lies in a deep valley, so closely 
 sheltered by mountains and forest, that the winds are 
 
UPON THE HEART. 69 
 
 scarcely permitted to disturb its surface, it is impossi- 
 ble not to exclaim, with an English poet, that here— 
 
 *' Black melancholy sits, and round her throws 
 A death-like silence, and a dread repose : 
 Her gloomy presence saddens all the scene, 
 Shades every flower, and darkens every green ; 
 Deepens the murmurs of the falling floods, 
 And breathes a browner horror on the woods." 
 
 But how the soul expands, and every thought be- 
 comes serene and free, when, from the garden of the 
 Capuchins, near Albano, the eye suddenly discovers 
 the little melancholy lake, with Frescati arid all its ru- 
 ral vallies on one side: on the other, the handsome 
 city of Albano, the village and castle of Riccia and 
 Gensano, with their hills beautifully adorned with 
 clusters of the richest vines: below, the extensive 
 plains of Campania, in the middle of which Rome, 
 formerly the mistress of the world, raises its majestic 
 head ; and lastly, beyond all these objects, the hills of 
 Tivoli, the Appenines, and the Mediterranean sea ! 
 
 How often, on the approach of spring, has the mag- 
 nificent valley, where the ruins of the residence of 
 Rodolpho de Hapsburg rise upon the side of a hilL 
 crowned with woods of variegated verdure, afforded 
 me the purest and most ineffable delight! There the 
 rapid Aar descends in torrents from the lofty moun- 
 tains ; sometimes forming a vast basin in the vale ; at 
 others, precipitating through the narrow passages 
 across the rocks, winding its course majestically 
 through the middle of the vast and fertile plains : on 
 the other side the Ruffs, and, lower down, the Limmat, 
 bring their tributary streams, and peaceably unite them 
 with the waters of the Aar. In the middle of this rich 
 and verdant scene, I beheld the Royal Solitude, where 
 the remains of the emperor Albert I. repose in silence, 
 with those of many princes of the house of Austria, 
 counts, knights, and gentlemen, killed in battle by the 
 gallant Swiss. At a distance I discovered the valley 
 where lie the ruins of the celebrated city of Vindonis- 
 sa, upon which I have frequently sat, and reflected 
 upon the vanity of human greatness. Beyond this 
 magnificent country, ancient cables raise their lofty 
 beads upon the hills ! and the far distant horizon is 
 terminated by the sublime summits of the Alps. In 
 the mjikt of all this grand scenery, my eyes were in.' 
 
70 INFLUENCE OF SOLITUDE 
 
 stinctively cast down into the deep valley immediatelv 
 below me, and continually fixed upon the little village 
 where I first drew my breath. It is thus that the sub- 
 lime or beautiful operates differently on the heart ! the 
 one exciting fear and terror, the other creating only 
 soft and agreeable sensations ; but both tending to en- 
 large the sphere of the imagination, and enabling us 
 more completely to seek enjoyment within ourselves. 
 
 Pleasures of this description may, indeed be enjoyed, 
 without visiting the romantic solitudes of either Swis- 
 serland of Italy. There is no person who may not, 
 while he is quietly traversing the hills and dales, learn 
 to feel how much the aspect of nature may, by the as- 
 sistance of the imagination, affect the heart. A fine 
 view, the freshness of the air, an unclouded sky, and 
 the joys of the chase, give sensations of health, and 
 make every step seem too short. The privation of all 
 ideas of dependance, accompanied by domestic comfort, 
 useful employments, and innocent recreations, produce 
 a strength of thought, and fertility of imagination, 
 which present to theniind the most agreeable images, 
 and touch the heart with the most 3elightful sensa- 
 tions. It is certainly true, that a person possessed of a 
 fine imagination may be much happier in prison, than 
 he could possibly be without imagination amidst the 
 most magnificent scenery. But even to a mind de- 
 prived of this happy faculty, the lowest enjoyments of 
 rural life, even the common scenery of harvest time, is 
 capable of performing miracles on his heart. Alas ! 
 who has not experienced, in the hours of langor and 
 disgust, the powerful effects which a contemplation of 
 the~pleasures that surround the poorest peasant's cot is 
 capable of affording! How fondly the heart partici- 
 pates in all his homely joys! With what freedom, 
 cordiality, and kindness, we take him by the hand, and 
 listen to his innocent and artless tales !— How sudden- 
 ly do we feel an interest in all his little concerns ; an 
 interest "which, while it unveils, refines and meliorates 
 the latent inclinations of our hearts ! 
 
 The tranquillity of retired life, and the view of rural 
 scenes, frequently produce a quietude of disposition, 
 which, while it renders the noisy pleasures of the world 
 insipid, enables the heart to seek the charms of solitude 
 With increased delight. 
 
 The happy indolence peculiar to Italians, who, nder 
 the pleasures of a clear, unclouded sky, are always poor 
 
ttPON THE HEART. 7i 
 
 but never miserable, greatly augments the feelings of 
 the heart : the mildness of the climate^ the fertility of 
 their soil, their peaceful religion, and their contented 
 nature, compensate for every thing. Dr. Moore, an 
 English traveller, whose works afford me great delight^ 
 says, that " the Italians are the greatest loungers in the 
 world ; and while walking in the fields, or stretched in 
 the shade, seem to enjoy the serenity and genial 
 Warmth of their climate with a degree of luxurious in- 
 dulgence peculiar to themselves. Without ever run- 
 ning into the daring excesses of the English, or display- 
 ing the frisky vivacity of the French, or the stubborn 
 phlegm of the Germans, the Italian populace discover 
 a species of sedate sensibility to every source of enjoy- 
 ment, from which, perhaps, they derive a greater de- 
 gree of happiness than any of the others." 
 
 Relieved from every afflicting and tormenting object, 
 it is, perhaps, impossible for the mind not to resign it-* 
 self to agreeable chimeras and romantic sentiments : 
 but this situation notwithstanding these disadvantages, 
 has its fair side. Romantic speculations may lead the 
 mind into certain extravagancies and errors from 
 whence base and contemptible passions may be engen- 
 dered ; may habituate it to a light and frivolous style of 
 thinking; and, by preventing it from directing its fa- 
 culties to rational ends, may obscure the prospect of 
 true happiness ; for the soul cannot easily quit the illu- 
 sion on which it dwells with such fond delight ; the or- 
 dinary duties of life, with its more noble and substan- 
 tial pleasures, are perhaps thereby obstructed : but it is 
 very certain that romantic sentiments do not always 
 render the mind that possesses them unhappy. Who, 
 alas ! is so completely happy in reality as he frequently 
 has been in imagination ! 
 
 Rousseau, who, in the early part of his life, was ex- 
 tremely fond of romances, feeling his mind hurried 
 away by the love of those imaginary objects with which 
 that species of composition abounds, and perceiving 
 the facility with which they maybe enjoyed, withdrew 
 his attention from every thing about him, and by this 
 circumstance laid the foundation of that taste for soli- 
 tude which he preserved to an advanced period of his 
 life : a taste in appearance dictated by depression and 
 disgust, and attributed by him to the irresistible im- 
 pulse of an affectionate, fond, and tender heart, winch, 
 not being able to find in the regions oi philosophy ana 
 
72 INFLUENCE OF SOLITUDE 
 
 truth sentiments sufficiently warm and animated, was 
 constrained to seek its enjoyments in the sphere of 
 fiction. 
 
 But the imagination, may, in retirement, indulge its 
 wanderings to a certain degree without the risk of in- 
 hiring either the sentiments of the mind or the sensa- 
 tions of the heart. Oh ! if the friends of my youth in 
 Swisserland knew how frequently, during the silence 
 of the night, I pass with them those hours which are 
 allotted to sleep ; if they were apprized that neither 
 time nor absence can efface the remembrance of their 
 former kindness from my mind, and that this pleasing 
 recollection tends to dissipate my grief, and to cast the 
 veil of oblivion over my woes ; they would, perhaps, 
 also rejoice to find that I still live among them in ima- 
 gination, though I may be dead to them in reality. 
 
 The solitary man, whose heart is warmed with re- 
 finedand noble sentiments, cannot be unhappy.— -While 
 the stupid and vulgar bewail his fate, and conceive 
 him to be the victim of corroding care and loathed me- 
 lancholy, he frequently tastes the most delightful plea- 
 sure. The French entertained a notion that Rousseau 
 was a man of a gloomy and dejected disposition ; but he 
 was certainly not so for many years of his life, particu- 
 larly when he wrote to M. de Malesherbes, the chan- 
 cellor's son, in the following terms : " I cannot express 
 to you, Sir, how sensibly I am affected by perceiving 
 that you think me the most unhappy of mankind; for 
 as the public will, no doubt, entertain the same senti- 
 ment of me as you do, it is to me a source of real afflic- 
 tion !— Oh ! if my sentiments were really known, every 
 individual would endeavor to follow my example. 
 Peace would then reign throughout the world ; men 
 would no longer seek to destroy each other ; and wick- 
 edness, by removing the great incentives to it, no lon- 
 ger exist. But it may be asked, how I could find em- 
 ployment in solitude? — I answer, in my own mind; in 
 the whole universe ; in every thing that dies, in every 
 thing that can exist ; in all that the eye finds beautiful 
 in the real, or the imagination in the intellectual world. 
 I assembled about me every thing that is flattering to 
 the heart, and regulated my pleasures by the moderation 
 of my desires. No ! The most voluptuous have never ex- 
 perienced such refined delights; and I have always en- 
 joyed my chimeras much more than if they had been 
 realized." 
 
UPON THE HEART. 73 
 
 This is certainly the language of enthusiasm ; but, 
 ye stupid vulgar ! who would not prefer the warm fan- 
 cy of this amiable philosopher to your cold and creep- 
 ing understandings? — Who would not willingly re- 
 nounce your vague conversation, your deceitful felici- 
 ties, your boasted urbanity, your noisy assemblies, pue- 
 rile pastimes, and inveterate prejudices, for a quiet and 
 contented life in the bosom of a happy family ? — Who 
 would not rather seek in the silence of the woods, or 
 upon the daisied borders of a peaceful lake, those pure 
 and simple pleasures of nature, so delicious in recollec- 
 tion, and productive of joys so pure, so affecting, so dif- 
 ferent from your own ? 
 
 Eclogues, which are representatives of rural happi- 
 ness in its highest perfection, are also fictions ; but 
 they are fictions of the most pleasing and agreeable 
 kind. True felicity must be sought in retirement, 
 where the soul, disengaged from the torments of the 
 world, no longer feels those artificial desires which 
 render it unhappy both in prospect and fruition. Con- 
 tent with little, satisfied with all, surrounded by love 
 and innocence, we perceive in retirement, the golden 
 age, as described by the poets, revived ; while in the 
 world every one regrets its loss. The regret however, 
 is unjust ; for those enjoyments were not peculiar to 
 that happy period ; and each individual may, whenever 
 he pleases, form his own Arcadia. The beauties of a 
 crystal spring, a silent grove, a daisied meadow, chas- 
 ten the feelings of the heart, and afford at all times, to 
 those who have a taste for nature, a permanent and 
 pure delight. 
 
 The origin of poetry," says Pope, " is ascribed to 
 that age which succeeded the creation of the world : 
 as the keeping of flocks seems to have been the first 
 employment of mankind, the most ancient sort of poe- 
 try was pastoral. It is natural to imagine, that the lei- 
 sure of these ancient, shepherds admitting and inviting 
 some diversion, none was so proper to that solitary 
 and sedentary life as singing, and that in their songs 
 they took occasion to celebrate their own felicity. 
 From hence a poem was invented, and afterward im- 
 proved to a perfect image of that happy time, which, 
 by giving us an esteem for the virtues of a former age, 
 might recommend them to the present." 
 
 These agreeable though fictitious descriptions of the' 
 
 age of innocence and virtue, communicate joy and 
 
 7 
 
74 INFLUENCE OF SOLITUDE 
 
 gladness to our hearts ; and we bless the poet, who, in 
 the ecstacj of his felicity contributes to render others 
 as happy as himself. Sicily and Zurich have produced 
 two of these benefactors to mankind. The aspect of 
 nature never appears more charming, the bosom never 
 heaves with such sweet delight, the heart never beats 
 more pleasantly, the soul never feels more perfect hap- 
 piness than is produced by reading the Idylls of Theo- 
 critus and Gessner. 
 
 By these easy simple modes the beauties of nature are 
 made, by the assistance of the imagination, to operate 
 forcibly on the heart. The mind, indeed, drawn away 
 by these agreeable images, often resigns itself too easi- 
 ly to the illusions of romance ; but the ideas they create 
 generally amend the heart without injuring the under- 
 standing, and spread some of the sweetest flowers along 
 the most thorny paths of human life. 
 
 Leisure, the highest happiness upon earth, is seldom 
 enjoyed with perfect satisfaction, except in solitude. 
 Indolence and indifference do not always afford leisure : 
 for true leisure is frequently found in that interval of 
 relaxation which divides a painful duty from the agree- 
 able occupations of literature and philosophy. P. Scipio 
 was of this opinion when he said, that he was never less 
 idle when he had most leisure, and that he was never 
 less alone than when he was alone. Leisure is not to 
 be considered a state of intellectual torpidity, but a new 
 incentive to further activity ; it is sought by strong and 
 energetic minds, not as an end, but as a means of re- 
 storing lost activity ; for whoever seeks happiness in a 
 situation merely quiescent, seeks for a phantom that 
 will elude his grasp. Leisure will never be found in 
 mere rest; but will follow those who sieze the first im- 
 pulse to activity; in which, however, such employ- 
 ments as best suit the extent and nature of different ca- 
 pacities, must be preferred to those which promise com- 
 pensation without labor, and enjoyment without pain. 
 
 Thus rural retirement dries up those streams of dis- 
 content which flow so plentifully through public lite ; 
 changes most frequently the bitterest feeling into the 
 sweetest pleasures; and inspires an ecstacy and con- 
 tent unknown to the votaries of the world. The tran- 
 quillity of nature buries in oblivion the criminal incli- 
 nations of the heart; renders it blithe, tender, open, and 
 confident ; and, by wisely managing the passions, and 
 preventing an overheated imagination from fabricating 
 
tJPON THS HEART. *J5 
 
 fancied woes, strengthens in it every virtuous sensa* 
 tions. 
 
 In towns, the solitude which is necessary to pro- 
 duce this advantage cannot be conveniently practised. 
 It seems indeed, no very diffieult task for a man to re- 
 tire into his chamber, and by silent contemplation, to 
 raise his mind above the mean consideration of sen- 
 sual objects ; but few men have sufficient resolution to 
 perform it; for, within doors, matters of business eve- 
 ry moment occur, and interrupt the chainof reflection ; 
 and without, whether alone or in company, a variety of 
 accidents may occasionally happen, which will con- 
 found our vain wisdom, aggravate the painful feelings 
 of the heart, and weaken the finer powers of the 
 mind. 
 
 Rousseau was always miserable during his residence 
 at Paris. This extraordinary genius, it is true, wrote 
 his immortal works in that agitated metropolis ; but the 
 moment he quitted his study, and wandered through 
 the streets, his mind was bewildered by a variety of 
 heterogeneous sentiments, his recollection vanished ; 
 and this brilliant writer and profound philosopher, who 
 was so intimately acquainted with the most intricate 
 labyrinths of the human heart, was reduced to the con- 
 dition of a child. But in the country we issue from the 
 house in perfect safety, and feel increasing cheerful- 
 ness and satisfaction. Tired with meditation, the 
 rural recluse has only to open the doors of his study, 
 and enjoy his walk, while tranquillity attends his steps, 
 and new pleasures present themselves to his view on 
 every turn. Beloved by all around him, he extends 
 his hand with cordial affection to every man he meets. 
 Nothing occurs to vex and irritate his mind. He runs 
 no risk of being tortured by the supercilious behavior 
 of some haughty female proud of her descent, or of 
 enduring the arrogant egotism of an upstart peer : is 
 in no danger of being crushed beneath the rolling car- 
 riages of Indian nabobs : nor dares frontless vice, on 
 the authority of mouldy parchments, attack his proper- 
 ty, or presumptuous ignorance offer the least indignity 
 to his modest virtue. 
 
 A man. indeed, by avoiding the tumultuous inter- 
 course of* society, and deriving his comforts from 
 his own breast, may, even in Paris, or any other- 
 metropolis, avoid these unpleasant apprehensions, if 
 his nerves be firm, and his constitution strong: 
 
76 INFLUENCE OF SOLITUDE 
 
 for to a frame disjointed by nervous affections every 
 object is irritating, and every passion tremblingly alive. 
 The passions are the gales by which man must steer 
 his course through the troubled ocean of life; they fill 
 the sails which give motion to the soul; and when 
 they become turbulent and impetuous, the vessel is al- 
 ways in danger, and generally runs aground. The 
 petty cares and trifling vexations of life, however, give 
 but shortlived disturbance to a heart free from remorse. 
 Philosophy teaches us to forget past uneasiness, to for- 
 bear idle speculations of approaching felicity, and to 
 rest contented with present comforts, without refining 
 away our existing happiness by wishing that which is 
 really good to be still better. Every thing is much bet- 
 ter than we imagine. A mind too anxious in the ex- 
 fectation of happiness is seldom satisfied, and general- 
 y mixes with its highest fruition a certain portion of 
 discontent. The stream of content must flow from a 
 deliberate disposition in our minds to learn what is 
 good, and a determined resolution to seek for and 
 enjoy it, however small the portion may be. 
 
 The content, however, which men in general so con- 
 fidently expect to find in rural retirement, is not to be 
 acquired by viewing objects either with indiscriminate 
 admiration or supine indifference. He who without la- 
 bor, and without a system of conduct previously di- 
 gested and arranged, hopes for happiness in solitude, 
 will yawn with equal fatigue at his cottage in the coun- 
 try and his mansion in town ; while he who keeps 
 himself continually employed, may in the deepest soli- 
 tude, by the mere dint of labor, attain true tranquillity 
 and happiness. 
 
 Petrarch, in his solitude at Vaucluse, would have ex- 
 perienced this tranquillity, if his bosom had not been 
 disturbed by love ; for Jtie perfectly understood the art 
 of managing his time. "I rise," said he, " before the 
 sun, and on the approach of day wander contemplative- 
 ly along the fields, or retire to study. I read, I write, 
 I think, I vanquish indolence, banish sleep, avoid luxu- 
 ry, and forget sensuality. From morning till night I 
 climb the barren mountains, traverse the humid vallies, 
 seek the deepest caves, or walk, accompanied only by 
 my thoughts, along the banks of my river. I have 
 no society to distract my mind ; and men daily become 
 less anoying to me; for I place them either far before 
 or far behind me. I recollect what is past, and con 
 
UPON THE HEART. 77 
 
 template on what is to come. I have found an excel- 
 lent expedient to detach my mind from the world. I 
 cultivate a fondness for my place of residence, and I am 
 persuaded that I could be happy any where except at 
 Avignon, In ray retreat at Vaucluse, where I am at 
 present, I occasionally find Athens, Rome, or Flo- 
 rence, as the one or the other of those places happens 
 to please the prevailing disposition of my mind. Here 
 I enjoy all my friends, as well as those who have long 
 since entered the vale of death, and of whom I have no 
 knowledge, but what their works afford." 
 
 What character, however luxurious, ever felt the 
 same content at any splendid entertainment, as Rous- 
 seau experienced in his humble meal! ''I return 
 home," says he, " with tired feet, but with a contented 
 mind, and experience the calmest repose in resigning 
 myself to the impression of objects, without exercising 
 thought, indulging imagination, or doing any thing to 
 interrupt the peaceful felicity of my station. The table 
 is ready spread on my lawn, and furnished with re- 
 freshments. Surrounded by my small and happy fami- 
 ly, I eat my supper with healthy appetite, and without 
 any appearance of servitude or dependance to annoy 
 the love and kindness by which we are united. My 
 faithful dog is not a subservient slave, but a firm friend, 
 from whom, as we always feel the same inclination, I 
 never exact obedience. The gaiety of the mind through- 
 out the evening testifies that I live alone throughout 
 the day ; for, being seldom pleased with others, and 
 never, when visiters have disturbed me, with myself, I 
 sit, during the whole evening of the day when compa- 
 ny has interrupted me, either grumbling or in silence : 
 so at least my good housekeeper has remarked ; and 
 since she mentioned it, I have from my own obser- 
 vation found it universally true. Having thus made 
 my humble and cheerful meal, I take a few turns round 
 my little garden, or play some favorite air upon my 
 spinette, and experience upon my pillow a soft content, 
 more sweet, if possible, than even undisturbed re- 
 pose." 
 
 At the village of Richterswyl, situated a few 
 leagues from Zurich, and surrounded by every object 
 the most smiling, beautiful, and romantic that Swis- 
 serland presents, dwells a celebrated physician. His 
 soul, like the scenery of nature which surrounds him, 
 is tranquil and sublime. His habitation is the temple 
 
78 INFLUENCE OF SOLITUDE 
 
 of health, of friendship, and of every peaceful virtue. 
 The village rises on the borders of the lake, at a place 
 Where two projecting' points form a fine bay of nearly 
 half a league. On the opposite shores, the lake, which 
 is not quite a league in extent, is enclosed from the 
 north to the east by pleasant hills covered with vine- 
 yards, intermixed with fertile meadows, orchards, 
 fields, groves, and thickets, with little hamlets, church- 
 es, villas, and cottages scattered up and down the 
 scene. A wide and magnificent amphitheatre, which 
 no artist has yet attempted to paint, except in detached 
 scenes, opens itself from the east to the south. The 
 view towards the higher part of the lake, which on 
 this side is four leagues long, presents to the eye jut- 
 ting points of land, detached aytes, the little town of 
 Rappersehwyl, built on the side of a hill, and a bridge 
 which reaches from one side of the lake to the other. 
 Beyond the town the inexhaustible valley extends it- 
 self in a half circle to the sight ; and upon the fore- 
 ground rises a peak of land which swells as it extends 
 into beautiful hills. Behind them, at the distance of 
 about half a league, is a range of mountains covered 
 with trees and verdure, and interspersed with villages 
 and detached houses ; beyond which, at a still greater 
 distance, are discovered the fertile and majestic Alps, 
 twisted one among the other, and exhibiting, alternate- 
 ly, shades of the lightest and darkest azure : and in the 
 back ground high rocks, covered with eternal snows, 
 lift their towering heads, and touch the skies. On the 
 south side of this rich, enchanting, and incomparable 
 scene, the amphitheatre is extended by another range 
 of mountains reaching toward the west ; and at the 
 feet of these mountains, on the borders of the lake, lies 
 the village of Richterswyl, surrounded by rich fallows 
 and fertile pastures, and overhung by forests of firs. 
 The streets of the village, which in itself is extremely 
 clean, are nearly paved; and the houses, which are 
 mostly built of stone, are painted on the outside. 
 Pleasant walks are formed along the banks of the 
 lake, and lead quite round the town, through groves of 
 fruit-trees and shady forests, up to the very summit of 
 the hills. The traveller, struck with the sublime and 
 beautiful scenery that every where surrounds him, 
 stops to contemplate with eager curiosity the increas- 
 ing beauties which ravish his sight; and while his 
 bosom swells with excess of pleasure, his suspended 
 
UPON THE HEART. 79 
 
 breath bespeaks his fear of interrupting the fulness of 
 his delight. Every acre of this charming country is 
 in the highest state of cultivation and improvement. 
 Every hand is at work ; and men, women, and chil- 
 dren, of every age and of every description, are all use- 
 fully employed. 
 
 The two houses of the physician are each of them 
 surrounded by a garden ; and although situated in the 
 centre of the village, are as rurally sequestered as if 
 they had been built in the bosom of the country. 
 Through the gardens, and close beneath the chamber 
 of my valued friend, runs a pure and limpid stream, 
 on the opposite of which, at an agreeable distance, is 
 the high road ; where, almost daily, numbers of pil- 
 
 frims successively pass in their way to the hermitage, 
 'rom the windows of these houses, and from every 
 part of the gardens, you behold, toward the south, at 
 the distance of about a league, the majestic Ezelberg 
 rear its lofty head, which is concealed in forests of deep 
 green firs; while on its declivity hangs a neat little vil- 
 lage, with a handsome church, upon the steeple of which 
 the sun suspends his departing rays, and shows its career 
 is nearly finished. In the front is the lake of Zurich, 
 whose peaceful water is secured from the violence of 
 tempests, and whose transparent surface reflects the 
 beauties of its delightful banks. 
 
 During the silence of the night, if you repair to the 
 chamber windows of this enchanting mansion, or 
 walk through its gardens, to taste the exhaling fra- 
 grance of the shrubs and flowers, while the moon, ris- 
 ing in unclouded majesty over the summit of the moun- 
 tains, reflects on the smooth surface of the water a 
 broad beam of light, you hear, during this awful sleep 
 of nature, the sound of the village clocks, echoing from 
 the opposite shores ; and, on the Richterswyl side, the 
 shrill proclamation of the watchmen, blended occa- 
 sionally with the barkings of the faithful house-dog. 
 At a distance you hear the boats gliding gently along 
 the stream, dividing the water with their oars, and per- 
 ceive them, as they cross the moon's translucent beam, 
 playing among the sparkling waves. 
 
 Riches and luxury are no where to be seen in the 
 happy habitation of this wise philanthropist. His chairs 
 are made of straw ; his tables are worked from the 
 wood of the country ; and the plates and dishes on 
 which he entertains his friends are all of earthen-ware. 
 
80 INFLUENCE OF SOLITUDE 
 
 Neatness and convenience reign throughout. Draw- 
 ings, paintings, and engravings, of which he has a 
 large well-chosen collection, are his sole expense. The 
 earliest beams of Aurora light the humble apartment 
 where this philosophic sage sleeps in undisturbed re- 
 pose, and awake him to new enjoyments every day. 
 As he rises from his bed, the cooing of the turtle-doves, 
 and the morning songs of various kinds of birds, who 
 make their nightly nests in an adjoining aviary, salute 
 his ears, and welcome his approach. The first hour of 
 the morning, and the last at night, are sacred to him- 
 self; but he devotes all the intermediate hours of every 
 day to a sick and afflicted multitude, who daily attend 
 him for advice and assistance. The benevolent exer- 
 cise of his professional skill, indeed, engrosses almost 
 every moment of his life, but it constitutes his highest 
 happiness and joy. The inhabitants of the mountains 
 of Swisserland, and of the vallies of the Alps, flock to 
 his house, and endeavor in vain to find language capa- 
 ble of expressing to him the grateful feelings of their 
 hearts for the favors they receive from him. Con- 
 vinced of his affection, satisfied of his medical skill, and 
 believing that the good doctor is equally well acquainted 
 with every subject, they listen with the deepest atten- 
 tion to his words, answer all his inquiries without the 
 least hesitation or reserve, treasure up his advice and 
 counsel with more solicitude than if they were grains 
 of gold, and depart from his presence with more regret, 
 comfort, hope, resignation, and virtuous feelings, than 
 if they had quitted their confessor at the hermitage. 
 It may perhaps be conceived, that after a day spent in 
 this manner, the happiness which this friend to man- 
 kind must feel cannot in any degree be increased. 
 But, when a simple, innocent, and ingenuous country 
 girl, whose mind has been almost distracted by the 
 fear of losing her beloved husband, enters his study, 
 and seizing him with transport by the hand, joyfully 
 exclaims, " Oh ! Sir, my dear husband, ill as he was 
 only two days since, is now quite recovered ! Oh ! my 
 dear Sir, how, how shall I thank you !" this philan- 
 thropic character feels that transcending felicity, which 
 ought to fill the bosom of a monarch in rendering hap- 
 piness to his people. 
 
 Of this description is the country of Swisserland, 
 where doctor Hotze, the ablest physician of the pres- 
 ent age, resides ; a physician and philosopher, whose 
 
UPON THE HEART. 81 
 
 variety of knowledge, profound judgment, and great 
 experience, have raised him to an equal eminence with 
 Trissot and Hirtzel, the dearest friends of my heart. 
 It is in this manner that he passes the hours of his life, 
 with uniformity and happiness. Surrounded, except 
 during the two hours I have already mentioned, by a 
 crowd of unfortunate fellow-creatures, who look up to 
 him for relief, his mind, active and full of vigor, never 
 knows repose ; but his labors are richly rewarded by the 
 high and refined felicity which fills his heart. Palaces, 
 alas ! seldom contain such characters. Individuals, 
 however, of every description may cultivate and enjoy 
 an equal degree of felicity, although they do not reside 
 among scenes so delightful as those which surround my 
 beloved Hotze at Richterswyl, as those of the convent 
 of Capuchins near Albano, or as those which surround 
 the rural retreat of my sovereign George III. at Wind- 
 sor. 
 
 Content can only be found in the tranquillity of the 
 neart ; and in solitude the bosom gladly opens to receive 
 the wished-for inmate, and to welcome its attendant 
 virtues. While nature smiles around us, decorated in 
 all its beauties, the heart expands to the cheering scene ; 
 every object appears in the most favorable and pleasing 
 point of view; our souls overflow with kind affections ; 
 the antipathies created by the ingratitude of the world 
 instantly vanish ; we even forget the vain, the wicked, 
 the profligate characters with whom we were mixed: 
 and being perfectly at peace with ourselves, we feel our- 
 selves at peace with all mankind. But in society the 
 rancorous contention which jarring interests daily 
 create, the heavy yoke which subordination is continu- 
 ally imposing, "the oppressor's wrong, the proud man's 
 contumely," and the shocks which reason and good 
 sense hourly receive from fools in power, and insolent 
 superiors, spread torrents of misery over human life, 
 embitter the happiness of their more worthy though 
 inferior fellow-creatures, poison all pleasure, break 
 through social order, spread thorns in the paths of 
 virtue, and render the world a vale of tears. 
 
 Blockheads in power are of all other characters, 
 the most baneful and injurious; they confound all 
 lust distinctions, mistake one quality for another ; de- 
 grade every person and thing to their own level ; and 
 in short, change white into black, and black into 
 white. 
 
82 INFLUENCE OF SOLITUDE 
 
 To escape from the persecution of such characters, 
 men even of fine talents and ingenious dispositions 
 must act like the fox of Saadi, of the Persian poet. A 
 person one day observing a fox running with uncom- 
 mon speed to earth, called out to him, " Reynard, 
 where are. you running in so great a hurry ! Have 
 you been doing any mischief, for which you are appre- 
 hensive of punishment ?"— " No, Sir," replied the fox 
 " my conscience is perfectly clear, and does not re- 
 proach me with any thing ; but I have just overheard, 
 the hunters wish that they had a camel' to hunt this 
 morning." — "Well, but how does that concern you? 
 you are not a camel." — " Oh, my good Sir," replied 
 the fox, " are you not aware that sagacious heads have 
 always enemies at their heels? and if any one should 
 point me out to those sportsmen, and cry, there runs a 
 camel, they would immediately seize me without ex- 
 amining whether I was really the kind of animal the 
 informer had described me to be." Reynard was cer- 
 tainly right in his conclusion ; for men are in general 
 wicked in proportion as they are ignorant or envious, 
 and the only means of eluding their mischievous in- 
 tentions is to keep out of their way. 
 
 The simplicity, regularity, and serenity which ac- 
 company retirement, moderate the warmest tempers, 
 guard the heart against the intrusion of inordinate de- 
 sires, and at length render it invulnerable to the shafts 
 of malice and detraction ; while the self-examination 
 it necessarily imposes, teaches us, by exhibiting to our 
 view our own defects, to do justice to the superior 
 merit of others. The delightful solitudes of Lausanne 
 exhibit every where captivating examples of domestic 
 felicity. The industrious citizen, after having faithful- 
 ly performed his daily task, is sure of experiencing, on 
 his return at evening to his wife and children, real 
 comfort and unalloyed content. The voice of slander, 
 the neglect of ingratitude, the contempt of superiors, 
 and all" the mortifications attendant upon worldly in- 
 tercourse, are forgot the moment he beholds his happy 
 family ready with open arms to receive him, and to 
 bestow upon their friend and benefactor the fond ca- 
 resses he so justly merits. With what exquisite de- 
 light his beating bosom feels their rapturous affection. 
 If his mind has been vexed by the crosses of life, the 
 ostentation of courts, the insolence of riches, the arro- 
 gance of power, or his temper irritated and soured bv 
 
UPON THE HEART. 83 
 
 the base practices of fraud, falsehood, or hypocrisy, he 
 no sooner mixes with those whom he cherishes and 
 supports, than a genial warmth reanimates his dejected 
 heart, the tenderest sentiments inspire his soul, and 
 the truth, the freedom, the probity, and the innocence 
 by which he is surrounded, tranquillize his mind, and 
 reconcile him to his humble lot. Oh ! observe him, all 
 ye who are placed in more elevated stations, whether 
 ye enjoy the confidence of statesmen, are the beloved 
 companions of the great, the admired favorites of the 
 fair, the envied leaders of the public taste, of high birth, 
 or of ample fortunes ; for if your rich and splendid 
 homes be the seats of jealousy and discord, and the 
 bosoms of your families strangers to that content which 
 the wise and virtuous feel within walls of clay, and 
 under roofs of humble thatch, you are, in comparison, 
 poor indeed. 
 
 Characters enervated by prosperity feel the smallest 
 inconvenience as a serious calamity, and, unable to 
 bear the touch of rude and violent hands, require to be 
 treated, like young and tender flowers, with delicacy, 
 and attention ; while those who have been educated in 
 the rough school of adversity, walk over the thorns of 
 life with a firm and intrepid step, and kick them from 
 the path with indifference and contempt. Superior to 
 the false opinions and prejudices of the world, they 
 bear with patient fortitude the blow of misfortune, disre- 
 gard all trifling injuries, and look down with proud 
 contempt on the malice of their enemies, and the infi- 
 delity of their friends. 
 
 The lofty zephyr, the transparent spring, the well- 
 stored river, the umbrageous forest, the cooling grotto, 
 and the daisied field, however, are not always necessa- 
 ry to enable us to despise or forget the consequences of 
 adversity. The man who firmly keeps his course, and 
 has courage to live according to his own taste and 
 inclinations, cannot be affected by the little crosses of 
 life, or by the obloquy or injustice of mankind. What 
 we do voluntarily always affords us more pleasure than 
 that which we do by compulsion. The restraints of 
 the world and the obligations of society, disgust libe- 
 ral minds, and deprive them, even in the midst of all 
 their splendor and fortune, of that content they seek so 
 anxiously to obtain. 
 
 Solitude, indeed, not only tranquillizes the heart, 
 renders it kind and virtuous, and raises it above the 
 
84 INFLUENCE OF SOLITUDE 
 
 malevolence of envy, wickedness, and conceited igno- 
 rance, but affords advantages still more valuable. Li- 
 berty, true liberty, flies from the tumultuous crowd, 
 and the forced connexions of the world. It has been 
 truly observed, that in solitude man recovers from the 
 distraction winch had torn him from himself; feels a 
 clear conception of what he once was, and may yet 
 become; explores the nature, and discovers the extent, 
 of his freeborn character : rejects every thing artificial ; 
 is guided by his own sentiments ; no longer dreads a 
 severe master or imperious tyrant ; and neither suffers 
 the constraints of business or the blandishments of 
 pleasure, to disturb his repose; but, breaking boldly 
 through the shackles of servile habit and arbitrary cus- 
 tom, thinks for himself with confidence and courage, 
 and improves the sensibility of his heart by the senti- 
 ments of his mind. 
 
 Madame de Stael considered it a great error, to ima- 
 gine that freedom and liberty could be indulged at 
 court, where the mind, even on the most trifling occa- 
 sions, is obliged to observe a multitude of ceremonies, 
 where it is impossible to speak one's thoughts, where 
 our sentiments must be adapted to those around us. 
 where every person assumes a control over us, ana 
 where we never have the smallest enjoyment of our- 
 selves. " To enjoy ourselves," says she, " we must seek 
 solitude. It was in the Bastile that I first became ac- 
 quainted with myself." 
 
 A courtier, fearful of every person around him, is con- 
 tinually upon the watch, and tormented incessantly by 
 Suspicion ; but while his heart is thus a prey to corro- 
 ding anxiety, he is obliged to appear contented and se- 
 rene, and, like the old tady, is always lighting one ta- 
 per to Michael the archangel, and another to the devil, 
 because he does not know for which of them he may 
 have most occasion. A man of a liberal, enlightened 
 mind, is as little calculated to perform the officeof mas- 
 ter of the ceremonies, or to conduct the etiquette of a 
 court, as a woman is to be a religieuse. 
 
 Liberty and leisure render a rational and active mind 
 indifferent to every other kind of happiness. It was 
 the love of liberty and solitude which rendered the 
 riches and honors of the world so odious to Petrarch. 
 Solicited at an advanced period of his life, to act as 
 secretary to several popes, under the tempting offer of 
 great emolument, he replied, "Riches whenacquired 
 
UPOft THE HEART. 85 
 
 at the expense of liberty, become the source of real 
 misery. A yoke formed of gold and silver is not less 
 sailing and restrictive than one made of wood or iron.'* 
 And he frankly told his friends and patrons, that to him 
 there was no quantity of wealth equal in value to his 
 ease and liberty : that, as he had despised riches at a 
 time when he was most in need of them, it would be 
 shameful in him to seek them now, when he could 
 more conveniently live without them : that every man 
 ought to apportion the provision for his journey accord- 
 ing to the distance he had to travel ; and that, having 
 almost reached the end of his course, he ought to think 
 more of his reception at the inn, than of his expenses 
 on the road. 
 
 Petrarch, disgusted by the vicious manners which 
 surrounded the papal chair, retired into solitude when 
 he was only three-and-twenty years of age, and in pos- 
 session of that exterior, both with respect to person 
 and dress, which forms so essential a part in the cha- 
 racter of an accomplished courtier. Nature had deco- 
 rated him with every pleasing attribute. His fine form 
 struck observers so forcibly, that they stopped as he 
 passed along to admire and point out his symmetry. 
 His eyes were bright and full of fire ; his lively counte- 
 nance proclaimed the vivacity of the mind ; the fresh- 
 est color glowed on his cheeks ; his features were un- 
 commonly expressive ; and his whole appearance was 
 manly, elegant, and noble. The natural disposition of 
 his heart, increased by the warm climate of Italy, the 
 fire of youth, the seductive charms of the various beau- 
 ties who resorted to the papal court, from every nation 
 of Europe, and especially the prevailing dissipation of 
 the age, attached him, very early in life, to the society 
 of women. The decoration of dress deeply engaged 
 his attention ; and the least spot or improper fold on 
 his garments, which were always of the lightest color, 
 seemed to give him real uneasiness. Every form which 
 appeared inelegant was carefully avoided, even in the 
 fashion of his shoes; which were so extremely tight, 
 and cramped him to such a degree, that he would soon 
 have been deprived of the use of his feet, if he had not 
 wisely recollected, that it was much better to displease 
 the eyes of the ladies than to make himself a cripple. 
 To prevent the dress of his hair from being discom- 
 posed, he protected it with anxiety from the rudeness 
 of the winds as he passed along the streets. Devoted, 
 8 
 
8b INFLUENCE OF SOLITUDE 
 
 however, as he was to the service of the sex, he mam" 
 tamed a rival fondness for literature, and an inviolable 
 attachment to moral sentiment ; and while he celebra- 
 ted the charms of his fair favorites in choice Italian, he 
 reserved his knowledge of the learned languages for 
 subjects more serious and important. Nor did he per- 
 mit the warmth of his constitution, or the sensibility of 
 his heart, great and exquisite as they were, to debauch 
 his mind, or betray him into the most trifling indiscre- 
 tion, without feeling the keenest compunction and re- 
 pentance. " I wish7" said he, " that I had a heart as 
 hard as adamant, rather than be so continually tor- 
 mented by such seducing passions." The heart of 
 this amiable young man, was, indeed, continually as- 
 sailed by the crowd of beauties that adorned the papal 
 court; and the power of their charms, and the facility 
 with which his situation enabled them to enjoy his 
 company, rendered him in some degree their captive ; 
 but, alarmed by the approaching torments and disquie- 
 tudes of love, he cautiously avoided their pleasing 
 snares, and continued, previous to the sight of his be- 
 loved Laura, to roam " free and unconqured through, 
 the wilds of love." 
 
 The practice of the civil law was at this period the 
 only road to eminence at Avignon ; but Petrarch de- 
 tested the venality of the profession ; and though he 
 practised at the bar, and gained many causes by his 
 eloquence, he afterwards reproached himself with it. 
 " In my youth," says he,. " I devoted myself to the 
 trade of selling words, or rather fabricating falsehoods ; 
 but that which we do against our own inclinations, is 
 seldom attended with success- my fondness was for 
 solitude, and therefore I attended the practice of the 
 bar with aversion and disgust." The secret conscious- 
 ness however, which he entertained of his own merit, 
 gave him all the confidence natural to youth ; and, fil- 
 ling his mind with that lofty spirit which begets the 
 presumption of being equal to the highest achieve- 
 ments, he relinquished the bar for the church; but 
 his inveterate hatred of the manners of the Episcopal 
 court, prevented his exertions, and retarded his promo- 
 tion. "I have no hope," said he, in the thirty-fifth 
 year of his age, " of making my fortune in the court of 
 the vicar of Jesus Christ ; to acomplish that, I must as- 
 siduously attend the palaces of the great, and practise 
 flattery, falsehood, and deceit." A task of this kind 
 
UPON THE HEART. 87 
 
 was too painful to his feelings to perform ; not be- 
 cause he either hated the society of men, or disliked 
 advancement, but because he detested the means he 
 must necessarily have used to gratify his ambition. 
 Glory was his warmest wish, and he ardently endeav- 
 ored to obtain it; not, indeed, by the ways in which it 
 is usually obtained, but by delighting to walk in the 
 most unfrequented paths, and of course, by retiring 
 from the world. The sacrifices he made to solitude 
 were great and important ; but his mind and his heart 
 were formed to enjoy the advantages it affords with a 
 superior degree of delight ; a happiness which resulted 
 to him from his hatred of a profligate court, and from 
 his love of liberty. 
 
 The love of liberty was the secret cause which gave 
 the mind of Rousseau so inveterate a disgust to socie- 
 ty, and became in solitude the spring of all his plea- 
 sures. His Letters to Malesherbes are as remarkable 
 for the discovery they make of his real disposition, as 
 his Confessions, which have been as much misunder- 
 stood as his character. " I mistook for a great length 
 of time," says he, in one of these letters, " the cause of 
 that invincible disgust which I always felt in my inter- 
 course with the world. I attributed it to the mortifica- 
 tion of not possessing that quick and ready talent 
 necessary to display in conversation the little know- 
 ledge I possessed ; and this reflected an idea, that I did 
 not hold that reputation in the opinion of mankind 
 which I conceived I merited. But although, after 
 scribbling many ridiculous things, and perceiving my- 
 self sought after by all the world, and honored with 
 much more consideration than even my own ridicu- 
 lous vanity would have led me to expect, I found that I 
 was in no danger of being taken for a fool ; yet, still 
 feeling the same disgust rather augmented than dimin- 
 ished, I concluded that it must arise from some other 
 cause, and that these were not the kind of enjoyments 
 which I must look for. What then, in fact, was the 
 cause of it ? It was no other than that invincible spirit 
 of liberty which nothing can overcome, and in compe- 
 tition with which, honor, fortune, and even fame itself, 
 are to me as nothing. It is certain that thjs spirit of 
 liberty is engendered less by pride than by indolence ; 
 but this indolence is incredible » it is alarmed at every 
 thing ; it renders the most trifling duties of eivil life 
 insupportable, To be obliged to speak a. word, to 
 
88 INFLUENCE OP SOLITUDE 
 
 write a letter, or to pay a visit, are to me, from the mo- 
 ment the obligation arises, the severest punishments. 
 This is the reason why, although the ordinary com- 
 merce of men is odious to me, the pleasures of private 
 friendship are so dear to my heart ; for in the indul- 
 gence of private friendships there are no duties to per- 
 form ; we have only to follow the feelings of the heart, 
 and all is done. This is the reason also why I have so 
 much dreaded to accept of favors; for every act of 
 kindness demands an acknowledgment, and I feel that 
 my heart is ungrateful only because gratitude becomes 
 a duty. The kind of happiness, in short, which pleases 
 me best, does not consist so much in doing what I wish, 
 as in avoiding that which is disagreeable to me. Active 
 life affords no temptations to me. I would much ra- 
 ther do nothing at all than that which I dislike; and I 
 have frequently thought that I should not have lived 
 very unhappily even in the Bastile, provided I was free 
 from any other constraint than that of merely residing 
 within the walls." 
 
 An English author asks, " Why are the inhabitants 
 of the rich plains of Lombardy, where nature pours her 
 gifts in such profusion, less opulent than those of the 
 mountains of Swisserland ? — Because freedom, whose 
 influence is more benign than sunshine and zephyrs ; 
 who covers the rugged rock with soil, drains the sickly 
 swamp, and clothes the brown heath in verdure ; who 
 dresses the laborer's face with smiles, and makes him 
 behold his increasing family with delight and exulta- 
 tion — Freedom, has abandoned the fertile fields of 
 Lombardy, and dwells among the mountains of Swis- 
 serland." This observation, though dressed in such 
 enthusiastic expressions, is literally true at Uri, Schwitz, 
 Underwalde, Zug, Glaris, and Appenzel ; for those who 
 have more than their wants require are rich ; and those 
 who are enabled to think, to speak, and to act as incli- 
 nation may dictate, are free. 
 
 Competency and liberty, therefore, are the true 
 sweeteners of life. That state of mind, so rarely pos- 
 sessed, in which a man can sincerely say, I have enough, 
 is the highest attainment of philosophy. Happiness 
 does not consist in having much, but in having suffi- 
 cient. This is the reason why kings and princes are 
 seldom happy ; for they always desire more than they 
 possess, and are urged incessantly to attempt more 
 than it is in their power to achieve. He who wants 
 
UPON THE HEART 89 
 
 little has always enough. " I am contented," says Pe- 
 trarch, in a letter to his friends, the cardinals Talley- 
 rand and Bologna : " I desire nothing- more ; I enjoy 
 every thing that is necessary to life. Cincinnatus, Cur- 
 tius, Fabricius, and Regulus, after having conquered 
 nations, and led kings in triumph, were not so rich as 
 I am. But I should always be poor if I were to open a 
 door to my passions. Luxury, ambition, avarice know 
 no bounds, and desire is an unfathomable abyss. I 
 have clothes to cover me ; victuals to support me; hor- 
 ses to carry me ; lands to lie down or walk upon while 
 I live, and to receive my remains when I die. What 
 more was any Roman emperor possessed of? — My body 
 is healthy ; and being engaged in toil, is less rebellious 
 against my mind. I have books of every kind, which 
 are to me inestimable treasures ; they fill my soul with 
 a voluptuous delight, untinctured with remorse. I 
 have friends whom I consider more precious than any 
 thing- 1 possess, provided their counsels do not tend to 
 abridge my liberty : and I know of no other enemies 
 than those which envy has raised against me." 
 
 Solitude not only restrains inordinate desires, but dis- 
 covers to mankind their real wants : and where a sim- 
 plicity of manners prevails, the real wants of men are 
 not only few, but easily satisfied ; for being ignorant 
 of those desires which luxury creates, they can have 
 no idea of indulging them. An old country curate, who 
 had all his life resided upon a lofty mountain near the 
 lake of Thun, in the canton of Berne, was one day 
 presented with a moor -cock. The good old man, 
 ignorant that such a bird existed, consulted with his 
 cook- maid in what manner this rarity was to be dispos- 
 ed of, and they both agreed to bury it in the garden. If 
 we were all, alas ! as ignorant of the delicious flavor of 
 moor-cocks, we might be all as happy and contented 
 as the simple pastor of the mountain near the lake of 
 Thun. 
 
 The man who confines his desires to his real wants, 
 is more wise, more rich, and more contented, than any 
 other mortal existing. The system upon which he acts 
 is, like his soul, replete with simplicity and true great- 
 ness ; and seeking his felicity in innocent obscurity and 
 peaceful retirement, he devotes his mind to the love of 
 truth, and finds his highest happiness in a contented 
 heart. 
 
 A calm and tranquil life renders the indulgence of 
 8* 
 
90 INFLUENCE OP SOLITUDE 
 
 sensual pleasures less dangerous. The theatre of sen- 
 suality exhibits scenes of waste and brutality, of noisy 
 mirth and tumultuous riot ; presents to observation 
 pernicious goblets, overloaded tables, lascivious dan- 
 cing, receptacles for disease, tombs with faded roses, 
 and all the dismal haunts of pain. But to him who re- 
 tires in detestation from such gross delights, the joys 
 of sense are of a more elevated kind : soft, sublime, 
 pure, permanent, and tranquil. 
 
 Petrarch one day inviting his friend, the cardinal 
 Colonna, to visit his retirement at Vaucluse, wrote to 
 him, " it you prefer the tranquillity of the country 
 to the noise of the town, come here and enjoy yourself. 
 Do not be alarmed by the simplicity of my table, or the 
 hardness of my beds. Kings themselves are frequently 
 disgusted by the luxury in which they live, and sigh 
 for comforts of a more homely kind. Change of scene 
 is always pleasing ; and pleasures, by occasional inter- 
 ruption, frequently become more lively. If, however, 
 you should not accord with these sentiments you 
 may bring with you the most exquisite viands, the 
 wines of Vesuvius, silver dishes, and every thing 
 else that the indulgence of your senses requires. Leave 
 the rest to me. I promise to provide you with a bed of 
 the finest turf, a cooling shade, the music of the night- 
 ingales, figs, raisins, water drawn from the freshest 
 springs ; and, in short, every thing that the hand of 
 Nature prepares for the lap of genuine pleasure." 
 
 Ah ! who would not willingly renounce those things 
 which only produce disquietude in the mind, for those 
 which render it contented ! The art of occasionally 
 diverting the imagination, taste, and passions, affords 
 new and unknown enjoyments to the mind and confers 
 pleasure without pain, and luxury without repentance. 
 The senses deadened by satiety, "revive to new enjoy- 
 ments. The lively twitter of the groves, and the mur- 
 mur of the brooks, yield a more delicious pleasure to 
 the ear than the music of the opera, or the compositions 
 of the ablest masters. The eye reposes more agreeably 
 on the concave firmament, on an expanse of wa- 
 ters, on mountains covered with rocks, than it 
 does on all the glare of balls and assemblies. In 
 short, the mind enjoys in solitude objects which 
 were before insupportable, and reclining on the bosom 
 of simplicity, easily renounces every vain delight. Pe- 
 trarch wrote from Vaucluse to one of his friends. "I 
 
UPON THE HEART. 91 
 
 have made war against my coporeal powers, for I find 
 they are my enemies. My eyes, which have rendered 
 me guilty of so many follies, are now confined to the 
 view of a single woman, old, black, and sunburnt. If 
 Helen, or Lucretia had possessed such a face, Troy 
 would never have been reduced to ashes, nor Tarquin 
 driven from the empire of the world. But, to com- 
 pensate these defects, she is faithful, submissive, and 
 industrious. She passes whole days in the fields, her 
 shrivelled skin defying the hottest rays of the sun. 
 My wardrobe still contains fine clothes, but I never 
 wear them ; and you would take me for a common la- 
 borer or a simple shepherd ; I, who formerly was so 
 anxious about my dress. But the reasons which then 
 prevailed, no longer exist : the fetters by which I was 
 enslaved are broken: the eyes which I was anxious 
 to please are shut ; and if they were still open, they 
 would not perhaps, now be able to maintain the same 
 empire over my heart." 
 
 Solitude, by stripping worldly objects of the false 
 splendor in which fancy arrays them, dispels all vain 
 ambition from the mind. Accustomed to rural delights 
 and indifferent to every other kind of pleasure, a wise 
 man no longer thinks high offices and worldly advance- 
 ment worthy of his desires. A noble Roman was 
 overwhelmed with tears on being obliged to accept of 
 the consulship, because it would deprive him for one 
 year of the opportunity of cultivating his fields. Cin- 
 cinnatus, who was called from the plough to the su- 
 preme command of the Roman legions, defeated the 
 enemies of his country, added to it new provinces, made 
 his triumphal entry into Rome, and at the expiration 
 of sixteen days returned to his plough. It is true, that 
 the inmate of an humble cottage, who is forced to earn 
 his daily bread by labor, and the owner of a spacious 
 mansion, for whom every luxury is provided, are not 
 held in equal estimation by mankind. But let the man 
 who has experienced both these situations, be asked 
 under which of them he felt the most content. The 
 cares and inquietudes of the palace are innumerably 
 greater than those of the cottage. In the former, dis- 
 content poisons every enjoyment; and its superfluity 
 is only misery in disguise. The princes of Germany 
 do not digest all the palatable poison which their cooks 
 prepare, so well as a peasant upon the heaths of Lim- 
 bourg digests his buck-wheat pie And those who 
 
92 INFLUENCE OF SOLITUDE 
 
 may differ from me in this opinion, will be forced to ac- 
 knowledge, that there is great truth in the reply which 
 a pretty French country girl, made to a young noble- 
 man, who solicited her to abandon her rustic taste, and 
 retire with him to Paris: "Ah! my lord, the further 
 we remove from ourselves, the greater is our distance 
 from happiness." 
 
 Solitude, by moderating the selfish desires of the 
 heart, and expelling ambition from the breast, becomes 
 a real asylum to the disappointed statesman or discard- 
 ed minister ; for it is not every public minister who can 
 retire, like Neckar, through the portals of everlasting 
 fame. Every person, indeed, without distinction, ought 
 to raise his grateful hands to heaven, on being dismis- 
 sed from the troubles of public life, to the calm repose 
 which the cultivation of his native fields, and the care 
 of his flocks and herds, afford. In France, however, 
 when a minister, who has incurred the displeasure of 
 his sovereign, is ordered to retire, and thereby enabled 
 to visit an estate which he has decorated in the high- 
 est style of rural elegance, this delightful retreat, alas! 
 being considered a place of exile, becomes intolerable 
 to his mind: he no longer fancies himself its master; 
 is incapable of relishing its enchanting beauties ; re- 
 pose flies from his pillow ; and turning with aversion 
 from every object, he dies at length, the victim of 
 spleen, petulance, and dejection. But in England it is 
 just the reverse. There a minister is congratulated on 
 retiring, like a man who has happily escaped from a 
 dangerous malady. He feels himself still surrounded 
 by many friends much more worthy than his adherents 
 while in power ; for while those were bound to him by 
 temporary considerations of interest, these are attached 
 to him by real and permanent esteem. Thanks, gene- 
 rous Britons ! for the examples you have given to us of 
 men sufficiently bold and independent to weigh events 
 in the scales of reason, and to guide themselves by the 
 intrinsic and real merits of each case : for notwith- 
 standing the freedom with which many Englishmen 
 have arraigned the dispensations of the Supreme Be- 
 ing ; notwithstanding the mockery and ridicule with 
 which they have so frequently insulted virtue, good 
 manners, and decorum ; there are many more among 
 them, who, especially at an advanced period of their 
 lives, perfectly understand the art of living by them- 
 selves ; and in their tranquil and delightful villas think 
 
UPON THE HEART. 93 
 
 with more dignity, and live with more real happiness, 
 than the haughtiest noble in the zenith of his power. 
 
 Of the ministers who retire from the administration 
 of public affairs, the majority finish their days in culti- 
 vating their gardens, in improving their estates, and, 
 like the excellent de la Roche, at Spire, certainly 
 possess more content with the shovel and the rake, 
 than they enjoyed in the most prosperous hours in their 
 administration. 
 
 It has, indeed, been said, that observations like these 
 are common to persons who, ignorant of the manners 
 of the world, and the characters of men, love to mora- 
 lize on, and recommend a contempt of, human great- 
 ness ; but that rural innocence, the pure and simple 
 pleasures of nature, and an uninterrupted repose, are 
 very seldom the companions of this boasted solitude. 
 Those who maintain this opinion, assert, that man, 
 though surrounded with difficulties, and obliged to em- 
 ploy every art and cunning to attain his ends, feels 
 with his success the pleasing power which attaches to 
 the character of master, and fondly indulges in the ex- 
 ercise of sovereignty. Enabled to create and to des- 
 troy, to plant and to root up, to make alterations when 
 and where he pleases, he may grub up a vineyard, and 
 plant an English grove on its site ; erect hills where 
 hills never were seen ; level eminences to the ground ; 
 compel the stream to flow as his inclination shall di- 
 rect ; force woods and shrubberies to grow where he 
 pleases ; graft or lop as it shall strike his fancy ; open 
 views and shut out boundaries ; construct ruins where 
 buildings never existed ; erect temples of which he 
 alone is the high priest ; and build hermitages in which 
 he may seclude himself at pleasure. It is said, howev- 
 er, that this is not a reward for the restraints he for- 
 merly experienced, but a natural inclination ; for that 
 a minister must be, from the habits of his life, fond 
 of command and sovereignty, whether he continues at 
 the head of an extensive empire, or directs the manage- 
 ment of a poultry yard. 
 
 It would most undoubtedly discover a great igno- 
 rance of the world, and of the nature of man, to con- 
 tend that it is necessary to renounce all the inclinations 
 of the human heart, iii order to enjoy the advantages 
 of solitude. That which nature has implanted in the 
 human breast must there remain. If, therefore a min- 
 ister, in his retirement, is not satiated with the exer- 
 
94 INFLUENCE OF SOLITUDE. 
 
 
 cise of power and authority, but still fondly wishes for 
 command, let him require obedience from his chickens, 
 provided such a gratification is essential to his happi- 
 ness and tends to suppress the desire of again exposing 
 himself to those tempests and shipwrecks which he can 
 only avoid in the safe harbor of rural life. An ex-minis- 
 ter must sooner or later, learn to despise the appearances 
 of human greatness, when he discovers that true-great- 
 ness frequently begins at that period of life which states- 
 men are apt to consider a dreary void ; that the regret 
 of being no longer able to do more good, is only ambi- 
 tion in disguise ; and that the inhabitants of the country, 
 in cultivating their cabbages and potatoes, are a hun- 
 dred times happier than the greatest minister. 
 
 Nothing contributes more to the advancement of 
 earthly felicity, than a reliance on those maxims which 
 teach us to do as much good as possible, and to cake 
 things just as we find them ; for it is certainly true that 
 no characters are so unhappy as those who are continu- 
 ally finding fault with every thing they see. My barber 
 at Hanover, while he was preparing to shave me. ex- 
 claimed, with a deep sigh, "It is terribly hot to day," 
 " You place heaven," said I to him, ' r in great diffi- 
 culties. For these nine months last past, you have 
 regularly told me every other day, It is terribly cold to 
 day." Cannot the Almighty, then any longer govern 
 the universe, without these gentlemen barbers finding 
 something to be disconted with ? " Is it not," I asked 
 him, " much better to take the seasons as they change, 
 and to receive with equal gratitude, from the hand of 
 God, the winter's cold, and the summer's warmth?" 
 "Oh! certainly," replied the barber. 
 
 Competency, and content, therefore, may in general, 
 be considered as the basis of earthly happiness ; and 
 solitude, in many instances, favors both the one and the 
 other. 
 
 Solitude not only refines the enjoyments of friendship, 
 but enables us to acquire friends from whom nothing 
 can alienate our souls, and to whose arms we never fly- 
 in vain, 
 
 The friends of Petrarch sometimes apologized to him 
 for their long absence. " It is impossible for us," said 
 they, " to follow your example ; the life you lead at 
 Vaucluse is contrary to human nature. In winter yoii 
 sjt like an owl jn the chimney corner* In summer 
 
IJBQSi THE HEART. 95 
 
 you are running incessantly about the fields." Pe- 
 trarch smiled at these observations. " These people," 
 said he, "consider the pleasures of the world as the 
 supreme good ; and cannot bear the idea of renouncing' 
 them. I have friends whose society is extremely 
 agreeable to me : they are of all ages, and of every 
 country. They have distinguished themselves both in 
 the cabinet and in the field, and obtained high honors 
 for their knowledge of the sciences. It is easy to gain 
 access to them, for they are always at my service; and 
 I admit them to my company, and dismiss them from 
 it whenever I please. They are never troublesome, but 
 immediately answer every question I ask them. Some 
 relate to me the events of past ages, while others reveal 
 to me the secrets of nature. Some teach me how to live, 
 and others how to die. Some, by their vivacity, drive 
 away ray cares, and exhilirate my spirits ; while others 
 give fortitude to my mind, and teach me the important 
 lesson how to restrain my desires, and to depend on 
 myself. They open to me, in short, the various ave- 
 nues of all the arts and sciences; and upon their infor- 
 mation I safely rely in all emergencies. In return for 
 all these services, they only ask me to accommodate 
 them with a convenient chamber in some corner of my 
 humble habitation, where they may repose in peace : 
 for these friends are more delighted with the tranquil- 
 lity of retirement, than with the tumults of society." 
 Love ! the most precious gift of heaven, 
 
 " The cordial drop Kcav'n in our cup has thrown, 
 To make the bitter load oflife go down," 
 
 appears to merit a distinguished rank among the ad- 
 vantages of solitude. 
 
 Love voluntarily unites itself with the aspect of 
 beautiful nature. The view of a pleasing landscape 
 makes the heartbeat with the tenderest emotions. The 
 lonely mountain and the silent grove increase the sus- 
 ceptibility of the female bosom, inspire the mind with 
 rapturous enthusiasm, and, sooner or later, draw aside 
 and subjugate the heart. 
 
 Women feel the pure and tranquil pleasures of rural 
 life with a higher sensibility than men. They enjoy 
 more exquisitely the beauties of a lonely walk, the 
 freshness of a shady forest, and admire with higher 
 
95 INFLUENCE OF SOLITUDE 
 
 ecstacy the charms of nature. Solitude is to them the 
 school of true philosophy. In England, at least, where 
 the face of the country is so beautiful, and where the 
 taste of its inhabitants is hourly adding- to it new em- 
 bellishments, the love of rural solitude is certainly 
 stronger in the women than the men. A nobleman 
 who employs the day in riding- over his estates or in 
 following the hounds, does not enjoy the pleasures of 
 rural life with the same delight as his lady, who devotes" 
 her time, in her romantic pleasure grounds, to needle 
 work, or to the reading of some instructive, interesting 
 work. In this happy country, indeed, where the people, 
 in general, love the enjoyments of the mind, the calm 
 of rural retirement is doubly valuable, and its delights 
 more exquisite. The learning which has of late years 
 so considerably increased among the ladies of Germany, 
 is certainly to be attributed to their love of retirement : 
 for, among those who pass their time in the country, 
 we find much more true wit and rational sentiment, 
 than among the beaux esprits of the metropolis. 
 
 Minds, indeed, apparently insensible in the atmos- 
 phere of a metropolis, unfold themselves with rapture 
 in the country. This is the reason why the return of 
 spring fills every tender breast with love. " What can 
 more resemble love," says a celebrated German philoso- 
 pher, " than the feeling with which my soul is inspired 
 at the sight of this magnificent valley, thus illuminated 
 by the setting sun !" Rousseau felt an inexpressible 
 delight on viewing the first appearances of spring : the 
 earliest blossoms of that charming season gave new life 
 and vigor to his mind ; the tenderest dispositions of his 
 heart were awakened and augmented by the soft ver- 
 dure it presented to his eyes; and the charms of his mis- 
 tress were assimilated with the beauties that surrounded 
 him on every side. The view of an extensive and pleas- 
 ing prospect softened his sorrows ; and he breathed his 
 sighs with exquisite delight amidst the rising flowers of 
 his garden, and the rich fruits of his orchard. 
 
 Lovers constantly seek the rural grove to indulge, in 
 the tranquillity of retirement, the uninterrupted contem- 
 plation of the beloved object which forms the sole hap- 
 piness of their lives. Of what importance to them are 
 all the transactions of the world, or, indeed, any thing 
 that does not tend to indulge the passion that fills their 
 hearts ? Silent groves, embowering glades, or the lone- 
 ly borders of murmuring streams, where they may free^ 
 
UPON THE HEART. 97 
 
 ly resign themselves to their fond reflections, are the 
 only confidants of their souls. A lovely shepherdess, 
 offeringherfostering bosom tothe infant she is nursing, 
 while at her side her well-beloved partner sits dividing 
 with her his morsel of hard black bread, is an hundred 
 times more happy than all the fops of the town: for 
 love inspires his mind, in the highest degree, with all 
 that is elevated, delightful and affecting in nature ; and 
 warms the coldest bosoms with the greatest sensibility 
 and the highest rapture. 
 
 Love's softest images spring up anew in solitude. 
 The remembrance of these emotions which the first 
 blush of conscious tenderness, the first gentle pres- 
 sure of the hand, the first dread of interruption, create, 
 recurs incessantly ! Time, it is said, extinguishes the 
 flame of love ; but solitude renews the fire, and calls 
 forth those agents which lie long concealed, and only 
 wait a favorable moment to display their powers. The 
 whole course of youthful feeling again beams forth ; 
 and the mind — delicious recollection ! — fondly retrac- 
 ing the first affection of the heart, fills the bosom with 
 an indelible sense of those high ecstacies which a con- 
 noisseur has said, with as much truth as energy, pro- 
 claim, for the first time, that happy discovery, that for- 
 tunate moment, when two lovers first perceive their 
 mutual fondness. 
 
 Herder mentions a certain cast of people in Asia, 
 whose mythology thus divided the felicities of eternity. 
 "That men, after death, were, in the celestial regions, 
 immediately the objects of female love during the course 
 of a thousand years ; first by tender looks, then by a 
 balmy kiss, and afterwards, by immediate alliance." 
 
 It was this noble and sublime species of affection 
 that Wieland, in the warmest moments of impassioned 
 youth felt for an amiable, sensible, and beautiful lady 
 of Zurich : for that extraordinary genius was perfectly 
 satisfied, that the metaphysical effects of love, begin 
 with the first sigh, and expire, to a certain degree, with 
 the first kiss. I one day asked this young lady when 
 it was that Wieland had saluted her for the first time ? 
 "Wieland," replied the amiable girl, "did not kiss my 
 hand for the first ti me until four years after our acquain- 
 tance commenced." 
 
 Young persons, in general, however, do not, like 
 Wieland, adopt the mystic refinements of love. Yield- 
 ing to the sentiments which the passion inspires, and 
 9 
 
 
98 INFLUENCE OF SOLITUDE 
 
 less aoquaintaned with its metaphysical nature, they 
 feel at an earlier age, in the tranquillity of solitude, 
 that irresistible impulse to the union of the sexes which 
 the God of nature has so strongly implanted in the 
 human breast. 
 
 A lady who resided in great retirement, at a romantic 
 cottage upon the banks of the lake of Geneva, had three 
 innocent and lovely daughters. The eldest was about 
 fourteen years of age, the youngest was about nine, 
 when they were presented with a tame bird, which hop- 
 ped and flew about the chamber the whole day, and 
 formed the sole amusement and pleasure of their lives. 
 Placing themselves on their knees, they offered, with 
 unwearied delight, their little favorite, pieces of biscuit 
 from their fingers, and endeavored, by every means, to 
 induce him to fly to, and nestle in, their bosoms ; but the 
 bird, the moment he had got the biscuit, with cunning 
 coyness eluded their hopes, and hopped away. The lit- 
 tle favorite at length died. A year after this event, 
 the youngest of the three sisters said to her mother, 
 " Oh, I remember that dear little bird ! I wish, mamma, 
 you could procure me such a one to play with." " Oh ! 
 no," replied her elder sister, " I should like to have a 
 little dog to play with better than any thing.. I could 
 catch a little dog, take him on my knee, hug him in my 
 arms. A bird affords me no pleasure; he perches a 
 little while on my finger, than flies away, and there is 
 no catching him again: but a little dog., oh! what 
 pleasure ..." 
 
 I shall never forget the poor religieuse in whose apart- 
 ment I found a breeding cage of canary birds, nor for- 
 give myself for having burst into a fit of laughter at the 
 discovery. It was, alas ! the suggestion of nature ; and 
 who can resist what nature suggests? This mystic 
 wandering of religious minds, this celestial epilepsy of 
 love, this premature effect of solitude T is only the fond 
 application of natural inclination raised superior to all 
 others. 
 
 Absence and tranquillity appear so favorable to the 
 indulgence of this pleasing passion, that lovers fre- 
 quently quit the beloved object, to reflect in solitude on 
 her charms. Who does not recollect ta have read, in 
 the Confessions of Rousseau, the story related by Ma- 
 dame de Luxembcrg, of a lover who quitted the pres- 
 ence of his mistress, only that he might have the pleas- 
 ure of writing to her. Rousseau replied to Madame de 
 
UPON THE HEART. 99 
 
 Luxemberg, that he wished he had been that man ; and 
 his wish was founded on a perfect knowledge of the 
 passion : for who has ever been in love, and does not 
 know that there are moments when the pen is capable 
 of expressing the fine feelings of the heart with much 
 greater effect than the voice, with its miserable organ 
 of speech ? The tongue, even in its happiest elocution, 
 is never so persuasive as the speaking eyes, when lovers 
 gaze with silent ecstacy on each other's charms. 
 
 Lovers not only express, but feel their passion with 
 higher ecstacy and happiness in solitude than in any 
 other situation. What fashionable lover ever painted 
 his passion for a lovely mistress with such laconic ten- 
 derness and effect, as the village chorister of Hanover 
 did on the death of a young and beautiful country girl 
 with whom he was enamored, when, after erecting 
 in the cemetry of the cathedral, a sepulchral stone to 
 her memory, he carved, in an artless manner, the figure 
 of a blooming rose on its front, and inscribed beneath 
 it these words : C>est ainsi qiCelle.fut. 
 
 It was at the feet of those rocks which overhung the 
 celebrated retreat at Vaucluse, that Petrarch composed 
 his finest sonnets to deplore the absence, or to complain 
 of the cruelty of his beloved Laura. The Italians are 
 of opinion, that when love inspired his muse, his poet- 
 ry soared far beyond that of any poet who ever wrote 
 before or since his time, either in the Greek, the Latin, 
 or the Tuscan languages. " Ah ! how soft and tender 
 is this language of the heart !" they exclaim. " Pe- 
 trarch alone was acquainted with its power: he has 
 added to the three graces a fourth — the grace of deli- 
 cacy." 
 
 Love, however, when indulged in rural solitude or 
 amidst the romantic scenery of an ancient castle, and, 
 assisted by the ardent imagination of impetuous youth, 
 frequently assumes a more bold and violent character. 
 Kcliirious enthusiasm, blended with a saturnine disposi- 
 tion,lbrms, in effervescent minds, a sublime and extra- 
 ordinary compound of the feelings of the heart. A 
 youthful lover of this description, when deprived of the 
 smiles of his mistress, takes his first declaration of love 
 from the text of the apocalypse and thinks his passion 
 an eternal melancholy ; but when he is inclined to 
 sharpen the dart within his breast, his inspired mind 
 views in the beloved object the fairest model of divine 
 perfection, 
 
 
100 INFLUENCE OF SOLITUDE 
 
 The lovers of this romantic cast, placed in some 
 ancient solitary castle, soar far beyond the common 
 tribe, and, as their ideas refine, their passions become 
 proportionably sublime. Surrounded by stupendous 
 rocks, and impressed by the awful stilness of the scene, 
 the beloved youth is considered not merely as an ami- 
 able and virtuous man, but as a god. The inspired 
 mind of the fond female fancies her bosom to be the 
 sanctuary of love, and conceives her affection for the 
 youthful idol of her heart to be an emanation from 
 heaven: a ray of the Divine Presence. Ordinary lov- 
 ers, without doubt, in spite of absence, unite their souls, 
 write by every post, seize all occasions to converse with, 
 or hear from, each other ; but our more sublime and 
 exalted female introduces into her romance of passion 
 every butterfly she meets with, and all the feathered 
 songsters of the groves ; and, except in the object of 
 her love, no longer sees any thing as it really is. 
 Reason and sense no longer guide : the refinements of 
 love direct all her movements ; she tears the world from 
 its poles, and the sun from its axis; and to prove that 
 all she does is right, establishes for herself and her lov- 
 er a new gospel, and a new system of morality. 
 
 A lover, separated, perhaps, forever, from a mistress 
 who has made the most important sacrifices to his hap- 
 piness ; who was his only consolation in affliction, his 
 only comfort in calamity ; whose kindness supported 
 his sinking fortitude ; who remained his faithful and 
 his only friend in dire adversity and domestic sorrow ; 
 seeks, as his sole resource, a slothful solitude. Nights 
 passed in sleepless agonies ; a distaste of life, a desire 
 of death, an abhorrence of all society, and a love of 
 dreary seclusion, drive him, day, after day, wandering, 
 as chance may direct, though the most solitary retire- 
 ments far from the hated traces of mankind. Were he, 
 however, to wander from the Elbe to the lake of Gene- 
 va ; were he to seek relief in the frozen confines of the 
 north, or the burning regions of the west, to the utmost 
 extremities of the earth or seas, he would still be like 
 the hind described by Virgil: 
 
 " Stung with the stroke and madding with the pain 
 She wildly flies from wood to wood in vain ; 
 Shoots o'er the Cretan lawn with many a hound, 
 The cleaving dart still rankling in the wound." 
 
 Petrarch, on returning to Vaucluse, felt with new and 
 increasing stings the passion which perturbed his breast. 
 
 
UPON THE HEART. 101 
 
 Immediately on his arrival at this sequestered spot, the 
 image of his beloved Laura incessantly haunted his 
 imagination. He beheld her at all times, in every place, 
 and under a thousand different forms. " Three times 
 in the middle of the night when every door was closed, 
 she appeared to me." says he, " at the feet of my bed, 
 with a steadfast look, as if confident of the power of her 
 charms. Fear spread a chilling dew over all my limbs. 
 My blood thrilled through my veins towards my heart. 
 If any one had then entered my apartment with a can- 
 dle, they would have beheld me as pale as death, with 
 every mark of terror on my face. Rising before the 
 break of day, with trembling limbs, from my disordered 
 bed, and hastily leaving my house, where every thing 
 created alarm, I climbed to the summit of the rocks, 
 and ran wildly through the woods, casting my eyes 
 incessantly on every side, to see if the form which had 
 haunted my repose, still pursued me, Alas ! I could 
 find no asylum. Places the most sequestered, where 
 I fondly nattered myself that I should be alone, pre- 
 sented her continually to my mind ; and I beheld her 
 sometimes issuing from the hollow trunk of a tree, 
 from the concealed source of a spring, or from the 
 dark cavity of a broken rock. Fear rendered me in- 
 sensible, and I neither know what I did, or where I 
 went." 
 
 The heart of Petrarch was frequently stimulated by 
 ideas of voluptuous pleasure, even among the rocks of 
 Vaueluse, where he sought an asylum from love and 
 Laura. He soon, however, banished sensuality from 
 his mind, and, by refining his passion, acquired that vi- 
 vacity and heavenly purity which breathes in every line 
 of those immortal lyrics he composed among the rocks. 
 But the city of Avignon, in which the object thus ten- 
 derly beloved resided, was not sufficiently distant from 
 the place of his retreat, and he visited it too frequently. 
 A passion indeed, like that which Petrarch felt, leaves 
 the bosom, even when uncormpted, totally incapable 
 of tranquillity. It is a violent fever of the soul, which 
 inflicts upon the body a complication of painful disor- 
 ders. Let lovers, therefore, while they possess some 
 control over the passion which fills their breasts, seat 
 themselves on the borders of a river, and reflect that 
 love, like the stream, sometimes precipitates itself with 
 violence down the rocks ; and sometimes flowing with 
 soft tranquillity along the plain, meanders through mea- 
 y 
 
102 INFLUENCE OF SOLITUDE 
 
 dows, and loses itself beneath the peaceful shades ot 
 solitary bowers. 
 
 The tranquillity of solitude, however, may, to a mind 
 disposed to resign itself with humility to ail the dis- 
 pensations of heaven, be found not disadvantageous to 
 the perturbations of love. A lover whom death has 
 bereaved of the dear object of his affection, seeks only 
 those places which his favorite inhabited; considers 
 every other as desert and forlorn ; and expects that death 
 alone is able to stop the torrent of his tears. Such an 
 indulgence of sorrow, however, cannot be called a res- 
 ignation to the will of God. A lover of this description 
 is attached solely to the irrecoverable object of his in- 
 creasing sorrows. His distracted mind fondly hopes 
 that she may still return ; he thinks he hears her soft 
 enchanting voice in every breeze ; he sees her lovely 
 form approaching, and opens his expecting arms to 
 clasp her once again to his still throbbing breast. But 
 he finds, alas ! his hopes are vain : the fancy-breath- 
 ing form eludes his grasp, and convinces him that the 
 delightful vision was only the light and love-formed 
 phantom of his sorrow-sickened mind. A sad remem- 
 brance of her departed spirit is the only comfort of his 
 iingering life: he flies to the tomb where her mortal 
 remains were deposited, plants roses round her shrine, 
 waters them with his tears, cultivates them with the 
 tenderest care, kisses them as emblems of her blushing 
 cheeks, and tastes, with sighing transports, their balmy 
 fragrance as the fancied odor of her ruby lips. 
 
 It must afford infinite pleasure to every philosophic 
 mind, to reflect on the victory which the virtuous Pe- 
 trarch gained over the passion that assailed his heart. 
 During his retreat into Italy from love and Laura, his 
 friends in France used every endeavor to induce him 
 to return. One of them wrote to him : — " What demon 
 possesses you ; — How could you quit a country in which 
 you indulged all the propensities of youth, and where 
 the graceful figure which you formerly adorned with 
 so much care, procured you such unbounded admira- 
 tion ? — How can you live thus exiled from Laura, whom 
 you love with so much tenderness, and whose heart is 
 so deeply afflicted by your absence ?" 
 
 Petrarch replied : ", Your anxiety is vain : I am re- 
 solved to continue where I am. I ride here safely at 
 anchor ; and all the hurricanes of eloquence shall never 
 drive me from it. How then can you expect to per- 
 
UPON THE HEART. 103 
 
 suade me to change this resolution, merely by placing 
 before my eyes the deviations of my youth which! 
 ought to forget ; by describing an illicit passion which 
 left me no other resource than a precipitate flight ; and 
 by extolling the meretricious advantages of a handsome 
 person, which too long occupied my attention. These 
 are follies I must no longer think of. I am now rapidly 
 approaching toward the last goal on the course of life. 
 Objects more serious and important now occupy my 
 thoughts. God forbid, that, listening to your flattering 
 observations, I should again throw myself into the 
 snares of love, again put on a yoke which so severely 
 galled me ! — The natural levity of youth apologizes, 
 in some degree, for the indiscretions it creates ; but I 
 should despise myself, if I could now be tempted to 
 revisit either the bower of love, or the theatre of ambi- 
 tion. Your suggestions, however, have produced a 
 proper effect ; for I consider them as the oblique cen- 
 sures of a friend upon my past misconduct. The so- 
 licitudes of the gay and busy world no longer disturb 
 my mind ; for my heart has tenaciously rooted all its 
 fibres in this delightful solitude, where I rove at large, 
 free and unconstrained, without inquietude or care. In 
 summer I repose upon the verdant turf beneath the 
 shade of some embowering tree, or saunter along the 
 enamelled boarders of a cool, refreshing stream. At 
 the approach of autumn I seek the woods, and join the 
 muses' train. This mode of life is surely preferable to 
 a life at court, where nothing but disgusting jealousies 
 and corroding cares exist. I have now, in short, no 
 wish, except that, when death relieves me both from 
 pleasure and from pain, I may recline my head upon 
 the bosom of a friend, whose eyes, while he performs 
 the last office of closing mine, will drop a deploring 
 tear upon my departing spirit, and convey my remains, 
 with friendly care, to a decent tomb in my native coun- 
 try." 
 
 These were the sentiments of the philosopher : but, 
 after a short interval the man returned once again to 
 the city of Avignon, and only visited his retreat at 
 Vaucluse occasionally. 
 
 Petrarch, however, by these continued endeavors to 
 subdue the violence of his passion, acquired a sublimi- 
 ty and richness of imagination, which distinguished 
 his character, and gave him an ascendency over the 
 age in which he lived, greater than any of the literati 
 
104 INFLUENCE OF SOLITUDE 
 
 have since attained. To use the expression of the 
 poet, he was capable of passing, with the happiest faci- 
 lity, 
 
 " From grave to gay, from lively to severe: 
 
 and was enabled, as occasion required, to conceive the 
 boldest enterprises, and to execute them with the most 
 heroic courage He who languished, sighed, and even 
 wept with unmanly softness, at the feet of his mistress, 
 breathing only the tender and affectionate language of 
 gentle love, no sooner turned his thoughts toward the 
 transactions of Rome, than he assumed a higher tone, 
 and not only wrote, but acted with all the strength and 
 spirit of the Augustan age. Monarchs have relinquish- 
 ed the calls of hunger, and the charms of rest, to in- 
 dulge the tender luxuries his love-lorn muse afforded. 
 But at a more advanced age he was no longer a sighing 
 minstrel, chaunting amorous versesto a relentless fair; 
 he was no longer an effeminate slave, that kissed the 
 chains of an imperious mistress, who treated him with 
 disdain : he became a zealous republican, who spread 
 by his writings the spirit of liberty throughout Italy, 
 and sounded a loud alarm against tyranny and tyrants. 
 Great as a statesman, profound and judicious as a pub- 
 lic minister, he was consulted in the most important 
 political transactions of Europe, and frequently employ- 
 ed in the most arduous and difficult negotiations. Zea- 
 lously active in the cause of humanity, he anxiously 
 endeavored, on occasions, to extinguish the torch of 
 discord. The greatest princes, conscious of his extraor- 
 dinary genius, solicited his company, and endeavored, 
 by listening to his precepts, to learn the noble art of 
 rendering their countries respectable, and their people 
 happy. 
 
 These traits of Petrarch's character clearly evince 
 that, oppressed as he was by the passion of love, he 
 derived great advantages from solitude. The retire- 
 ment at Vaucluse was not, as is commonly imagined, a 
 pretence to be nearer the person of Laura, for Laura re- 
 sided altogether at Avignon ; but ameans of avoiding the 
 frown of his mistress, and of flying from the contagion 
 of a corrupt court. Seated in his little garden, which 
 was situated at the foot of a lofty mountain, and sur- 
 rounded by a rapid stream, his soul rose superior to 
 the adversities of his fate. His disposition, indeed, was 
 naturally restless and unquiet; but in his tranquil mo- 
 
UPON THE HEART. 105 
 
 meats, a sound judgment, joined to an exquisite sensi- 
 bility, enabled him to enjoy the delights of solitude with 
 singular advantage ; and to find in his retreat at Van- 
 cluse, the temple of peace, the residence of calm repose, 
 and a safe harbor against all the tempests of the soul. 
 
 The flame of love, therefore, although it cannot be 
 entirely extinguished, may be greatly purified and re- 
 fined by solitude. Man indeed, ought not to extirpate 
 the passions which the God of nature has planted in 
 the human heart, but to direct them to their proper 
 ends. 
 
 To avoid such miseries as Petrarch endured, the 
 pleasures of retirement should be shared with some 
 amiable female, who, better than the cold precepts of 
 philosophy, will beguile or banish, by the charms of 
 conversation, all the cares and torments of life. 
 
 It has been said by a very sensible author, that " the 
 presence of one thinking being like ourselves, whose 
 bosom glows with sympathy, and whose affection we 
 possess7so far from destroying the advantages of soli- 
 tude, renders them more favorable. If, like me you 
 owe your happiness to the fond attention of a wife, you 
 will soon be induced, by her kindness, by her tender 
 and unreserved communication of every sentiment of 
 her mind, every feelinir of her heart, to forget the so- 
 ciety of the world ; and" your happiness will be as pleas- 
 ingly diversified, as the employments and vicissitudes 
 of your lives." 
 
 The orator who speaks so eloquently must have felt 
 with exquisite sensibility the pleasures he describes ; 
 " Here," says he, "every kind expression is remember- 
 ed ; the emotions of one heart correspond with those of 
 the other; every thought is treasured up; every tes- 
 timony of affection is returned ; the happy pair enjoy 
 in each other's company all the pleasures of the mind ; 
 and there is no felicity which does not communicate 
 itself to their hearts. To beings thus united by the 
 s'mcerest affection, and the closest friendship, every 
 thing that is said or done, every wish, and every event, 
 becomes mutually important. No jealous fears, no en- 
 vious stings, disturb their happiness ; faults are pointed 
 out with cautious tenderness and good nature; looks 
 bespeak the inclinations of the soul; every wish and 
 every desire is anticipated; every view and intention 
 assimilated ; and, the sentiments of one, conforming 
 to those of the other, each rejoices with cordiality at 
 the smallest advantage which the other acquires. 
 
106 INFLUENCE OF SOLITUDE 
 
 Thus it is that the solitude which we share with an 
 amiable object produces tranquillity, satisfaction, and 
 heartfelt joy ; and makes the humblest cottage a dwell- 
 ing place of the purest pleasure. . 
 
 Love, in the shades of retirement, while the mind 
 and the heart are in harmony with each other, inspires 
 the noblest sentiments ; raises the understanding to the 
 highest sphere of intellect: fills the bosom with increas- 
 ed benevolence ; destroys all the seeds of vice, and me- 
 liorates and extends all the virtues. By its delightful in- 
 fluence the attack of ill-humor is resisted; the violence 
 of our passions abated ;. the bitter cup of human afflic- 
 tion sweetened ; all the injuries of the world alleviated ; 
 and the sweetest flowers plentifully strewed along the 
 thorny oaths of life. Every unhappy sufferer, whether 
 the malady be of the body or the mind, derives from 
 this source extraordinary comfort and consolation. At 
 a time, alas ! when every thing displeased me, when 
 every object was disgusting, w T hen my sufferings had 
 destroyed all the energy and vigor of my soul, when 
 grief had shut from my streaming eyes the beauties of 
 nature, and rendered the whole universe a dreary tomb, 
 the kind attentions of a wife were capable of conveying 
 a secret charm, a silent consolation to my mind. Oh ! 
 nothing can render the bowers of retirement so serene 
 and comfortable, or can so sweetly soften all our woes, 
 as a conviction that woman is not indifferent to our 
 fate, 
 
 Solitude, it is true, will not completely heal every 
 wound which this imperious passion is capable of in- 
 flicting on the human heart ; but it teaches us to endure 
 our pains without wishing for relief, and enables us to 
 convert them into soft sorrow and plaintive grief. 
 
 Both sexes in early youth, but particularly females 
 from fifteen to eighteen years of age, who possess high 
 sensibilities, andT lively imaginations, generally feel 
 during the solitude of rural retirement, a soft and pleas- 
 ing melancholy, when their bosoms begin to heave with 
 the first propensities of love. They wander every 
 where in search of a beloved object, and sigh for one 
 alone, long before the heart is fixed in its affection, or 
 the mind conscious of its latent inclination. I have 
 frequently observed this disposition unaccompanied by 
 any symptpn of ill health. It is an original malady, 
 Pousseau felt its influence at Vevay, upon the borders 
 pf the lake of Geneva. ' My heart," says he, " rushed 
 
 
UPON THE HEART. 107 
 
 with ardor from ray bosom into a thousand innocent 
 felicities ; and melting- into tenderness, I sighed and 
 wept like a child. How frequently, stopping to indulge 
 my feelings, and seating myself on a piece of broken 
 rock, did I amuse myself with seeing my tears drop 
 into the stream !" 
 
 Retirement, however, is not eqtially favorable to 
 every species of affliction. Some bosoms are so ex- 
 quisitely alive to the sense of misfortune, that the in- 
 delible remembrance of the object of their affection 
 preys upon their minds: the reading of a single line 
 written by the hand they loved, freezes their blood ; 
 the very sight of the tomb which has swallowed up the 
 remains of all their soul held dear, is intolerable to 
 their eyes. On such beings, alas ! the heavens smile in 
 vain : to them the new-born flowers and the twittering- 
 groves, proclaiming the approach of spring and there- 1 
 generation of vegetable nature, bring no charms ; the 
 garden's variegated hues irritate their feelings ; and the 
 silent retreats, from which they once expected consoc- 
 iation, only increase their pains. Such refined and ex-* 
 quisite feelings, the offspring of warm and generous 
 passion, are real misfortunes ; and the malady they en- 
 gender requires to be treated with the mildest attention 
 and the tenderest care. 
 
 But to minds of softer temper solitude possesses many 
 powerful charms, although the losses they deplore are 
 equally great. Such characters feel, indeed, a sense of 
 their misfortune in its utmost possible extent, but they 
 soften its acuteness by yielding to the natural mildness 
 of their dispositions: they plant upon the fatal tomb 
 the weeping willow and the ephemeral rose ; they erect 
 mausolea ; compose funeral dirges ; and render the 
 very emblems of death, the means of consolation, 
 Their hearts are continually occupied by the idea of 
 those whom their eyes deplore ; and they exist under 
 the sensations of the truest and most sincere sorrow, in 
 a kind of middle state between earth and heaven. This 
 species of sorrow is of the happiest kind. Far be it from 
 me to suppose it in the least degree affected. But I 
 call such characters happy mourners; because, from, 
 the very frame and texture of their constitutions, grief 
 does not destroy the energy of their minds, but permits 
 them to find consolation in those things which, to minds 
 differently constructed, would create aversion. They 
 feel a heavenly joy in pursuing employments whici* 
 
108 INFLUENCE OF SOLITUDE 
 
 preserve the memory of those who are the subjects of 
 their sorrow. 
 
 Solitude will enable the heart to vanquish the most 
 painful sense of adversity, provided the mind will 
 generously lend its aid, and fix its attention to a differ- 
 ent object, f f men think there is any misfortune from 
 which they have no other resource than despair or death 
 they deceive themselves ; for despair is no resource. 
 Let such men retire to their studies, and there seriously 
 trace out a series of important and settled truths, and 
 their tears Will no longer fall ; but the weight of their 
 misfortunes will grow light, and sorrow fly from their 
 breasts. 
 
 Solitude, by encouraging the enjoyments of the heart, 
 by promoting domestic felicity, and by creating a taste 
 for rural scenery, subdues impatience, and drives away 
 ill-humor. Impatience is a stifled anger, which men si- 
 lently manifest by looks and gestures, and weak minds 
 ordinarily reveal by a shower of complaints. A grumbler 
 is never further from his proper sphere than when he is 
 in company ; solitude is his only asylum. Ill-humor is 
 an uneasy and insupportable condition, which the soul 
 frequently falls into when soured by a number of those 
 petty vexations which we daily experience in every step 
 of our progress through life ; but we need only to shut 
 the door against improper and disagreeable intrusions, 
 to avoid this scourge of happiness. 
 
 Vexations, indeed, of every kind, are much sooner 
 quieted in the silence of retirement than in the noise 
 of the world. A cheerful disposition, a placid temper, 
 and well-regulated passions, will prevent worldly vexa- 
 tions from interrupting our happiness. By these attain 
 ments, the deepest melancholy, and most settled un- 
 easiness of life, have been frequently banished from the 
 heart. U is true, that the progress in this case is much 
 more rapid in women than in men. The mind of a 
 lively female flies immediately to happiness, while that 
 of a melancholy man still creeps on with pain : the 
 yielding bosoms of the fair are easily elevated or de- 
 pressed. These effects, it is true, may be produced by 
 means less abstracted than solitude ; by any thing that 
 strikes the senses, and penetrates the heart. Men, on 
 the contrary, augment the disease, and fix it more firm- 
 ly in the bosom, by brooding over its cause and con- 
 sequences, and are obliged to apply the most efficacious 
 remedies, with unshaken constancy, to effect a cure j 
 
UPON THE HEART". 109 
 
 for feeble prescriptions are, in such cases, of no avail. 
 The only chance, indeed, of success, is by exerting eve- 
 ry endeavor to place the body under the regimen of 
 the mind. Vigorous minds frequently banish the most 
 inveterate evils, or form a powerful shield against all 
 the darts of fate, and, by braving every danger, drive 
 away those feelings by which others are irritated and 
 destroyed; they boldly turn 'their eyes from what 
 things are, to what they ought to be ; and with deter- 
 mined resolution support the bodies they are designed 
 to animate ; while weak minds surrender every thing 
 committed to their care. 
 
 The soul, however, always follows what is most 
 agreeable to its ruling passion. Worldly men general- 
 ly delight in gaming, feasting, and debauchery ; Avhile 
 those who are fond of solitude feel, from a conscious- 
 ness of its advantages, no enjoyments equal to those its 
 peaceful shades afford. 
 
 I now conclude my reflections upon the advantages 
 of Solitude to the Heart. May they give greater cur- 
 rency to useful sentiments, to consolatory truths, and 
 contribute in some degree to diffuse the enjoyment of a 
 happiness which is so much within our reach ! 
 
 CHAPTER IV. 
 
 The General Advantages of Retirement. 
 
 Retirement engages the affections of men whenever 
 it holds up a picture of tranquillity to their view. 
 
 The doleful and monotonous sound of the clock of a 
 sequestered monastery, the silence of nature in a still 
 night, the pure air on the summit of a high mountain, 
 the thick darkness of an aged forest, the sight of a tem- 
 ple fallen into ruins, inspire the soul with a soft melan- 
 choly, and banish all recollection of the world and its 
 concerns. 
 
 The man who cannot hold a friendly correspondence 
 with his own heart ; who derives no comfort from the 
 reflections of his mind ; who dreads the idea of medita- 
 tion, and is fearful of passing a single moment with 
 himself, looks with equal dread on solitude and on 
 death. He endeavors to enjoy all the voluptuousness 
 which the world affords : drains the pernicious cup of 
 10 
 
110 GENERAL ADVANTAGES, 
 
 pleasure to its dregs ; and, until the dreadful moment 
 approaches when he beholds his nerves shattered, and 
 ail the powers of his soul destroyed, has not the cour- 
 age to make the delayed confession. " I am tired of the 
 world and all its idle follies !" 
 
 The legions of fantastic fashions to which a man of 
 pleasure is obliged to sacrifice his time, impair the ra- 
 tional faculties of his mind, and destroy the native 
 energies of his soul. Forced continually to lend himself 
 to the performance, of a thousand little trifles a thou- 
 sand mean absurdities, he becomes by habit frivolous 
 and absurd. The face of things no longer wears its true 
 and genuine aspect. ; and his depraved taste loses all re- 
 lish for rational entertainment or substantial pleasure. 
 The infatuation seizes on his brain, and his corrupted 
 heart teems with idle fancies and vain imaginations. 
 
 The inevitable consequences of this ardent pursuit of 
 entertainments and diversions are langor and dissat- 
 isfaction. He has drained the cup of pleasure to the 
 last drop, who is at length obliged to confess that all 
 his hopes are fled ; who finds disappointment and dis- 
 gust mingled with every enjoyment ; who feels astonish- 
 ed at his own insensibility, and who no longer pos- 
 sesses the magic of the enchantress, imagination, to 
 gild and decorate the scene, calls in vain to his assis- 
 tance the daughters of sensuality and intemperance : 
 their caresses can no longer delight his dark and mel- 
 ancholy mind : the soft and syren song of luxury no 
 longer can dispel the cloud of discontent that hovers 
 round his head. 
 
 Behold that debilitated weak old man running after 
 pleasures he can no longer enjoy. The airs of gayety 
 which he affects render" him ridiculous ; his attempts 
 to shine expose him to derision ; his endeavors to dis- 
 play the wit and eloquence of youth betray "him mto 
 the garrulity of old age. His conversation, filled with 
 repetition and tiresome narrative, creates disgust, and. 
 only forces the smile of pity from the lips of his youth- 
 ful rivals. To the eye of wisdom, however, who ob- 
 served him through all the former periods of his life, 
 sparkling in the noisy circles of extravagance and vice, 
 his character always' appeared the same. 
 
 The wise man, in the midst of the most tumultuous 
 pleasures, frequently retires within himself, and silently 
 compares what he might do with what he is doing. Sur- 
 rounded by, and even when accidentally engaged in, the 
 
OS RETIREMENT, III 
 
 excesses of intoxication, he associates only with those 
 warm and generous souls whose highly elevated minds 
 are drawn toward each other by the most virtuous in- 
 clinations and sublime sentiments. The silent retreat 
 of the mind within itself, has more than once given 
 birth to enterprises of the greatest importance and 
 utility ; and it is not difficult to imagine, that some of 
 the most celebrated actions of mankind were first in- 
 spired among the sounds of music, or conceived amidst 
 the mazes of the dance. Sensible and elevated minds 
 never commune more closely with themselves than in 
 those places of public resort in which the low and vul- 
 gar, surrendering themselves to illusion and caprice, be- 
 come incapable of reflection, and blindly suffer them- 
 selves to be overwhelmed by the surrounding torrent 
 of folly and distraction. 
 
 The unceasing pursuit of sensual enjoyment is mere- 
 ly a mean used by the votaries of worldly pleasure, of 
 flying from themselves ; they seize with avidity upon 
 any object that promises to occupy the present hour 
 agreeably, and provide entertainment for the day that is 
 passing over their heads. To such characters the man 
 who can invent hour after hour new schemes of pleas- 
 ure and open day after day fresh sources of amuse- 
 ment, is a valuable companion indeed ; he is their best, 
 their only friend. Are then these lazy and luxurious vo- 
 taries of sensual pleasures destitute of those abilities 
 which might prevent this sacrifice of time, and, if pro- 
 perly exerted, afford them relief ? Certainly not. But, 
 having been continually led from object to object in the 
 pursuit of pleasure, the assistance of others has habit- 
 ually become the first want and greatest necessity of 
 their lives : they have insensibly lost all power of ac- 
 ting for themselves, and depend, for every object they 
 see, for every sensation they feel, for every sentiment 
 they entertain, on those by whom they are attended. 
 This is the reason why the rich, who are seldom ac- 
 quainted with any other pleasures than those of sense, 
 are, in general, the most miserable of mankind. 
 
 The nobility and courtiers of France think their en- 
 joyments appear vain and ridiculous only to those who 
 have not the opportunity of partaking in them ; but I 
 am of a different opinion. Returning one Sunday from 
 Trianon to Versailles, I perceived at a distance a number 
 of people assembled upon the terrace of the castle ; and 
 on a nearer approach, I beheld Louis XV. surrounded 
 
112 GENERAL ADVANTAGES 
 
 by his court, at the windows of his palace. A man 
 very richly dressed, with a large pair of branching ant- 
 lers fastened upon his head, whom they called the stag, 
 was pursued by about a dozen others who composed 
 the pack. The pursued and the pursuers leaped into 
 the great canal, scrambled out again, and ran wildly 
 round and round, amidst the acclamations of the assem- 
 bly, who loudly clapped their hands to testify their de- 
 light, and to encourage the diversion. "What can all 
 this mean?" said I to a French gentleman who stood 
 near me. " Sir," he replied, with a very serious coun- 
 tenance, "it is for the entertainment of the court. " The 
 most obscure and indigent individuals may certainly 
 be much happier than These masters of mankind with 
 their melancholy slaves and miserable entertainments. 
 
 Direful condition ! Is there then no occupation what- 
 soever, no useful employment, no rational recreation 
 sufficiently high and dignified for such characters?— 
 Are they reduced to the melancholy condition of not 
 being able to perform one good and virtuous action 
 during the intervals of suspended pleasure ? Can they 
 render no services to friendship, to their country, to 
 themselves ? Are there no poor and miserable beings 
 to whose bosom they might afford charitable comfort 
 and relief? Is it, in short, impossible for such charac- 
 ters in any way to improve themselves in wisdom or 
 in virtue ? 
 
 The powers of the human mind are of greater extent 
 than is generally imagined. He M r ho, either from taste 
 or necessity, exercises them frequently, soon finds 
 that the highest felicities of which our nature is ca- 
 pable, reside entirely within ourselves. The wants of 
 life are, for the greater part, merely artificial ; and al- 
 though sensual objects contribute most efficaciously to 
 our happiness and delight, it is not because they are 
 indispensably necessary for this purpose, but because 
 they have been rendered desirable by habit; and, from 
 the pleasures they produce, we flatter ourselves that 
 they are absolutely necessary to our felicity. If, howev- 
 er, we had fortitude to resist their charms, and courage 
 to seek our happiness in ourselves, we should frequent- 
 ly find in our own bosoms a greater variety of resour- 
 ces than all the objects of sense are capable of afford- 
 ing. 
 
 Amusements, indeed, may sometimes be found in 
 those places to which the sexes resort merely to see 
 and to be seen. The eye may be occasionally gratified by 
 
OF RETIREMENT. ■ ' 113 
 
 the sight of objects really agreeable ; the ear may listen 
 to observations truly flattering. Lively thoughts and 
 sensible remarks now and then prevail. Characters 
 equally amiable and interesting occasionally mix 
 among the group. We may form acquaintance with 
 men of distinguished merit, whom we should not oth- 
 erwise have had an oportunity of knowing ; and meet 
 with women of amiable qualities, and irreproachable 
 conduct, whose refined conversation ravishes the ear 
 with a delight equal to that with which their exquisite 
 beauty captivates the heart. But by what a number 
 of painful sensations must the chance of receiving these 
 pleasures be purchased ! Those whom reason or dis- 
 gust restrain from mixing in the idle dissipations of 
 life, cannot see without a sigh, the gay conceit, the airy 
 confidence, the blind arrogance, and the bold loquacity, 
 with which these votaries of worldly pleasure proclaim 
 a felicity whieh is almost invariably deceitful; nor 
 oberve without a sigh, the extravagant joy of so many 
 great men, and the absurd airs of so many gray-headed 
 children. 
 
 Honor, fame, and pleasure are conceived to accom- 
 pany an invitation to the board of luxury ; although 
 disease, with leaden sceptre, is known to preside ; and 
 reproach and calumny are indiscriminately cast upon 
 the purest characters. But he who fsels the least en- 
 ergy of mind, turns with aversion irom all society 
 which tends to weaken its effect; and finds the sim- 
 plest fare, enjoyed with freedom and content amidst a 
 happy and affectionate family, ten thousand times 
 more agreeable then the rarest dainty., and the lichest 
 wine, with a society where he must sit ceiemoniously 
 silent in compliment to some reputed wit, from whose 
 lips nothing but absurdities and nonsense proceed. 
 
 The spiritless and crowded societies of the world, 
 where a round of low and trifling amusements fills the 
 nour of entertainment, and where to display a pomp of 
 dress and levity of manners is the only ambition, 
 may afford some pleasure to those light and empty minds 
 who are impatient of the weight of idleness ; but the 
 wise man, who occasionally resorts to them in search 
 of rational conversation or temporary amusement, and 
 only finds a dull unvaried jargon, and a tiresome round 
 of compliments, will turn with aversion from these tem- 
 ples of false delight, and exclaim, in the language of 
 the poet, 
 
 10* 
 
114 GENERAL ADVANTAGE3 j 
 
 " I envy none their pageantry and show , 
 
 I envy none the gilding of their wo. 
 
 Give me, indulgent gods ! with mind serene, 
 
 And guiltless heart, to range the sylvan scene j 
 
 No splendid poverty, no smiling care, 
 
 Wo well-bred hate or servile grandeur there : 
 
 The pleasing objects useful thoughts suggest ; 
 
 The sense is ravish'd and the soul is blest : 
 
 On every thorn, delightful wisdom glows, 
 
 In every rill a sweet instruction flows." 
 
 True social pleasure is founded on unlimited confi- 
 dence, on an affectionate and reciprocal interchange of 
 sentiment and opinions. A tender, faithful, refined, 
 and rational friendship, renders the pleasures of the 
 world spiritless and disgusting. How joyfully do we 
 disencumber ourselves from t.he shackles of society, 
 for that close and sublime intercourse in which our in- 
 clinations are free, our feelings generous, our senti- 
 ments unbiassed ; where a mutuality of thought and 
 action, of pleasure and of pains uninterruptedly prevail ; 
 where the gentle hand of love conducts us along the 
 paths of truth and virtue ; where every thought is an- 
 ticipated before it escapes from the lips ; where advice, 
 consolation, and succor, are reciprocally given and re- 
 ceived in all the accidents and in all the misfortunes of 
 life ! The soul, touched by the charms of friendship, 
 springs from its apathy and dejection, and views the en- 
 livening beam of hope awakening it to activity. The 
 happy pair, casting a retrospective glance on the time 
 passed, mutually exclaim with the tenderest emotions, 
 " Oh the delights that we have already experienced ! — 
 Oh the joys that we have already felt !" If the tear of 
 affliction steal down the cheek of the one, the other 
 with affection wipes it tenderly away. The sorrows of 
 one are felt with equal sensibilityb y the other : and what 
 sorrow will not an intercourse of hearts so closely and 
 affectionately united, entirely subdue !— Day after day 
 they communicate to each other all they have seen, all 
 they have heard, all that they feel, and every thing that 
 they know. Time flies before them on his swiftest 
 pinions. They are never tired of each other's compa- 
 ny and conversation. The only misfortune they fear, the 
 greatest indeed they can possibly experience, is the 
 misfortune of being separated by occasional absence 
 or untimely death. 
 
 But human happiness is continually exposed to inter- 
 ruption. At the very moment alas ; when we vainly 
 think ourselves the most secure, fate, by a sudden blow, 
 
OF RETIREMENT. 115 
 
 strikes its unhappy victim even in our arms. All the 
 pleasure of life then seems forever extinguished, every 
 object alarms our mind, and every place seems desert 
 and forlorn. In vain are our arms extended to em- 
 brace our loved, though lost companion; in vain do we 
 invoke her return. Her well known step still seems to 
 beat upon the listening ear, and promise her approach; 
 but suspended sense returns, and the delusive sounds 
 are heard no more. A death-like silence reigns around, 
 and involves us in the shades of dreary solitude, un- 
 conscious of every thing but our bleeding hearts. 
 Wearied and dejected, we imagine ourselves no longer 
 capable of loving or of being beloved ; and life without 
 love, to the heart that has once felt its pleasures, is 
 more terrible than death. So sudden a transition from 
 the highest happiness to the deepest misery overpowers 
 the mind. No kind friend appears to assuage our suf- 
 ferings, or seems capable of forming an adequate idea 
 of our distress. The pangs, indeed, which such a loss 
 inflicts, cannot be conceived, unless they have been felt. 
 The only consolation of the unhappy sufferer is to live 
 in solitude, and his only wish to die alone. But it is 
 under circumstances like these that solitude enjoys its 
 greatest triumph, and the afflicted sufferer receives the 
 greatest benefits ; for there is no sorrow, however great, 
 no pang, however powerful, that it will not, when wise- 
 ly indulged, at first soften, and at length subdue. The 
 remedy which solitude "administers to a mind dis- 
 eased," is slow and gradual; for the art of living alone 
 requires much experience, is subject to so many casual- 
 ties, and depends so materially upon the temperament 
 of the patient, that it is necessary we should attain a 
 complete maturity before any great advantages can be 
 derived from it. But he who is able to throw off the 
 galling yoke of prejudice, and possesses a natural es- 
 teem and fondness for retirement, will not be embar- 
 rassed as to the choice he ought to make under such 
 circumstances. Indifferent to external objects, and 
 averse from the dissipations of the world, he will rely 
 on the powers of his mind, and will never be less alone 
 than when he is in the company of himself. 
 
 Men of genius are frequently condemned to employ- 
 ments as disagreeable to the turn and temper of their 
 minds, as the most nauseous medicine must be to an 
 empty stomach. Confined to toil on a dry and disgust- 
 ing subject, fixed to a particular spot, and harrassed by 
 subordinate duties, they relinquish all expectation of 
 
116 GENERAL ADVANTAGES 
 
 tranquillity on this side the grave. Deprived of enjoy* 
 ing the common pleasures of nature, every object in- 
 creases their disgust. " It is not for us," they exclaim, 
 " that the youthful zephyrs call forth the budding fo- 
 liage with their caressing breath ; that the feathered 
 choir chant in enlivening strains their rural songs; that 
 the verdant meadows are decked with fragrant flow- 
 ers." But set these complainers free, give them liberty 
 and leisure to think for themselves, and the enthusiasm 
 of their minds will soon regenerate, and soar into the 
 highest regions of intellectual happiness, with the bold 
 wing and penetrating eye of the bird of Jove. 
 
 Ifsolitude be capable of dissipating the afflictions of 
 persons thus circumstanced, what may not be expected 
 from its influence on those who are enabled to retire, 
 at pleasure, to its friendly shades, and who have no 
 other wish than to enjoy pure air and domestic felicity ! 
 When Antisthenes was asked what advantages philo- 
 sophy had afforded him, he answered, " It has taught 
 Trie to subdue myself.'''' Pope says, he never laid his 
 head upon his pillow, without acknowledging that the 
 most important lesson of life is to learn the art of being 
 happy within ourselves. And it seems to me that we 
 shall all find what Pope looked for, when home is our 
 content, and every thing about us, even to the dog and 
 the cat, partakes of our affection. 
 
 Health is certainly essential to happiness, and yet 
 there are circumstances and situations, under which 
 the privation of it may be attended with tranquillity. 
 
 How frequently have I returned thanks to God, when 
 indisposition has prevented me from going abroad, and 
 enabled me to recruit my weakened powers in solitude 
 and silence ! Obliged to drag through the streets of 
 the metropolis day after day during a number of years, 
 feeble in constitution, weak in limbs; susceptible, on 
 feeling the smallest cold, to the same sensation as if 
 knives were separating the flesh from the bone; con- 
 tinually surrounded, in the course of my profession, 
 with the most afflicting sorrows; it is not surprising 
 that I should thank the Almighty with tears of grati- 
 tude, on experiencing even the relief which a confine- 
 ment by indisposition procured. A physician, if he pos- 
 sesses sensibility, must, in his anxiety to relieve the suf- 
 ferings of others, frequently forget his own. But, alas ! 
 how frequently must he feel all the horrors of his situ- 
 ation, when he is summoned to attend patients whose 
 maladies are beyond the reach of medicine ! Under 
 
OF fiETIREMENT. 117 
 
 such circumstances, the indisposition which excuses 
 my attendance, and leaves me the powers of thought, 
 affords me comparatively a sweet repose; and, provi- 
 ded I am not disturbed by the polite interruptions of 
 ceremonious visiters, J enjoy a pleasing solitude. One 
 single day passed undisturbed at home in literary lei- 
 sure, affords to the mind more real pleasure than all 
 the circles of fashionable entertainment are able to 
 bestow. 
 
 The fear of being alone is no longer felt either by 
 the young or old, whenever the mind has acquired the 
 power of employing itself in some useful or agreeable 
 study. Ill humor may be banished by adopting a regu- 
 lar course of reading. Books, indeed, cannot be in- 
 spected without producing a beneficial effect, provided 
 we always read with a pen or pencil in our hand, and 
 note down the new ideas that may occur, or the obser- 
 vations which confirm the knowledge we before pos- 
 sessed ; for reading becomes not only useless, but fa- 
 tiguing, unless we apply the information it affords 
 either to our own characters, or to those of other men. 
 This habit, however, may be easily acquired; and then 
 books become one of the most safe and certain anti- 
 dotes to lassitude and discontent. By this means a 
 man becomes his own companion, and finds his best 
 and most cheerful friend in his own heart. 
 
 Pleasures of this kind certainly surpass in a great 
 degree all those which result merely from the indul- 
 gence of the senses. The pleasures of the mind, gene- 
 rally speaking, signify sublime meditation, the pro- 
 found deductions of reason, and the brilliant effusions 
 of the imagination; but there are also others, for the 
 perfect enjoyment of which, neither extensive know- 
 ledge nor extraordinary talents are necessary. Such 
 are the pleasures which result from active labor; 
 pleasures equally within the reach of the ignorant and 
 learned, and not less exquisite than those which result 
 from the mind. Manual exertions, therefore, ought 
 never to be despised. I am acquainted with gentlemen 
 who understand the mechanism of their watches, who 
 are able to work as painters, locksmiths, carpenters, 
 and who are not only possessed of the tools and im- 
 plements of every trade, but know how to use them. 
 Such men never feel the least disquietude from the 
 want of society, and are in general the happiest cha^ 
 racters in existence. 
 
 Mental pleasures are within the reach of all personj 
 
> IS GENERAL ADVANTAGES 
 
 who, free, tranquil, and affectionate, are contented 
 with themselves, and at peace with their fellow-crea- 
 tures. The mind contemplates the pranks of school, 
 the sprightly aberrations of our boyish days, the wan- 
 ton stories of early youth, our plays and pastimes, and 
 all the little hopes and fears of infancy, with fond 
 delight. Oh! with what approving smiles and soft 
 regret, the aged cast their eyes upon those happy times 
 when youthful inclination prompted all their actions, 
 when every enterprise was undertaken with lively 
 vigor, and executed with undaunted courage; when 
 difficulties were sought merely for the purpose of 
 surmounting them ! Let us compare what we were 
 formerly with what we are at present; or rather, by 
 giving our thoughts a freer range, reflect on the 
 various events we~have experienced or observed; upon 
 the means that the Almighty employs to raise or sink 
 the prosperity of empires; upon the rapid progress 
 made, even in our time, in every art and science; 
 upon the diffusion of useful knowledge, and the de- 
 struction of dangerous prejudices; upon the empire 
 which barbarism and superstition have gained, not- 
 withstanding the exertions of genius and reason to 
 prevent them; upon the sublime power of the human 
 mind and its inefficient productions ; and languor will 
 instantly disappear, and tranquillity, peace, and good 
 humor prevail. 
 
 Thus advantage may in solitude be attained and 
 relished at every period of our lives ; at the most 
 advanced age, as well as during the vigor of youth. 
 He who to an unbroken constitution joins a free and 
 contented mind, and assiduously cultivates the powers 
 of his understanding, will, if his heart be innocent, at 
 all times enjoy the purest and most unalterable plea- 
 sures. Employment animates all the functions of the 
 soul, and calls forth their highest energies. It is the 
 secret consciousness which every person of a lively 
 imagination possesses, of the powers of the mind, and. 
 the dignity they are capable of attaining, that creates 
 the noble anxiety and ardor, which carries their efforts 
 to the sublimest heights. But if, either by duty or 
 situation, we maintain too close an intercourse with 
 society, if we are obliged, in spite of inclination, to 
 submit to frivolous and fatiguing dissipations, it is only 
 by quitting the tumult, and entering into silent medi- 
 tation, that we feel that effervescence, that desire to 
 Weak from bondage, to fly from past errors, and avoid, 
 ju future every noisy and tumultuous pleasure, 
 
6t fctftmEMENT'. IW 
 
 The mind never feels with more energy and satisfac- 
 tion that it lives, that it is rational, great, active, free, 
 and immortal, than during those moments in which it 
 excludes idle and impertinent intruders. 
 
 Of all the vexations of life, there are none so insup- 
 portable, as those insipid visits, those annoying partia- 
 lities, which occupy the time of frivolous and fashiona- 
 ble characters, " My thoughts," says Rousseau, " will 
 only come when they please, and not when I choose :" 
 and therefore the intrusions of strangers, or of mere 
 acquaintances, were always extremely odious to him. 
 It was for this reason alone that this extraordinary 
 character, who seldom experienced an hour of tran- 
 quillity, felt such indignation against the importunate 
 civilities and empty compliments of common conversa- 
 tion, whilst he enjoyed the rational intercourse of sen- 
 sible and well-informed minds with the highest delight. 
 How frequently are the brightest beams of intellect 
 obscured by associating with low and little minds! 
 How frequently do the soundest understandings be- 
 come frivolous, by keeping frivolous company ! For, 
 although these bright beams are immediate emanations 
 from the Deity on the mind of man, they must be ma- 
 tured by meditation and reflection, before they can 
 give elevation to genius, and consistency to character. 
 
 Virtues to which the mind cannot rise even when 
 assisted by the most advantageous intercourse, are fre- 
 quently the fruits of solitude. Deprived for ever of the 
 company and conversation of those whom we love and 
 esteem, we endeavor to charm the uneasy void by 
 every effort in our power ; but while love and friend- 
 ship lead us by the hand, and cherish us by their care, 
 we lean incessantly on their bosoms, and remain inert. 
 Solitude, were it for this reason alone, is indispensably 
 necessary to the human character ; for when men are 
 enabled to depend on themselves alone, the soul, tossed 
 about by the tempest of life, acquires new vigor ; learns 
 to bear with constancy, or avoid with address, those 
 dangerous rocks on which vulgar minds are inevitably 
 wrecked ; and discovers continually new resources, by 
 which the mind resists, with stoic courage, the rigors 
 of its fate. 
 
 Weak minds always conceive it most safe to adopt the 
 sentiments of the multitude. They never venture to 
 express an opinion upon any subject until the majority 
 have decided ; and blindly follow the sentiments of the 
 many> whether upon men or things, without troubling 
 
120 GENERAL ADVANTAGES 
 
 themselves to inquire who are right, or on which side 
 truth preponderates, A love of equity and truth, indeed, 
 is seldom found, except in those who have no dread of 
 solitude. Men of dissipation never protect the weak, 
 or avenge the oppressed. If the various and powerful 
 hosts of knaves and fools are your enemies ; if you have 
 been injured in your property by injustice, or traduced 
 m your fame by calumny, you must not fly for protec- 
 tion and redress to men of light and dissipated charac- 
 ters ; for they are merely the organs of error, and the 
 conduit pipes of prejudice. 
 
 The knowledge of ourselves is in solitude more easi- 
 ly and effectually acquired than in any other situation ; 
 for we there live in habits of the strictest intimacy with 
 our own bosoms. It is certainly possible for men to be 
 deliberate and wise, even amidst all the tumultuous 
 folly of the world, especially if their principles be well 
 fixed before they enter on the stage of life ; but integri- 
 ty is undoubtedly more easily preserved in the innocent 
 simpheity of solitude, than in the corrupted intercourses 
 of society. In the world how many men please only by 
 their vices ! How many profligate villains, and unprin- 
 cipled adventurers of insinuating manners, are well 
 received only because they have learnt the art of ad- 
 ministering to the follies, the weaknesses, and the vices 
 of others! The mind, intoxicated with the fumes of 
 that incense which artful flattery is continually offering 
 to it, is rendered incapable of justly appreciating the 
 characters of men. On the contrary, we truly discover 
 in the silence of solitude, the inward complexion of the 
 heart ; and learn not only what the characters of men 
 are, but what in truth and nature they ought to be. 
 
 How many new and useful discoveries may be made 
 by occasionally forcing ourselves from the vortex of 
 the world, and retiring to the calm enjoyments of study 
 and reflection! To accomplish this end, it is only ne- 
 cessary to commence seriously with our hearts, and to 
 examine our actions with impartiality. The worldly- 
 minded man, indeed, has reason to avoid this self-exa- 
 mination, for the result would in all probability be 
 painful to his feelings ; as he who only judges of himself 
 by the flattering opinions which others may have ex- 
 pressed of his character, will, in such a scrutiny, be- 
 hold with surprise that he is the miserable slave of 
 habit and public opinion ; submitting himself with scru- 
 pulous exactness, and the best possible grace, to the 
 tyranny of fashion and established ceremony » never 
 
OF RETIREMENT. 12l 
 
 venturing to oppose their influence, however ridiculous 
 and absurd it may be ; and obsequiously following- the 
 example of others, without daring to resist pursuits 
 which every one seems so highly to approve. He will 
 perceive, that almost all his thoughts and actions are 
 engendered by a base fear of himself, or arise from a 
 servile complaisance to others ; that he only seeks to 
 flatter the vanities, and indulge the caprices of his su- 
 periors, and becomes the contemptible minister of these 
 men, without daring to offer them the smallest contra- 
 diction, or hazard an opinion that is likely to give them 
 the least displeasure. Whoever, with calm considera- 
 tion, views this terrifying picture, will feel, in the silent 
 emotions of his heart, the necessity of occasionally re- 
 tiring into solitude, and seeking society with men of 
 nobler sentiments and purer principles. 
 
 Let every one, therefore, who wishes to think with 
 dignity, or live with ease, seek the retreats of solitude, 
 and enter into a friendly intercourse with his own heart. 
 How small a portion of true philosophy, with an en- 
 lightened understanding, will render it humble and 
 compliant! But in thelnists of prejudice, dazzled by 
 the intellectual glimmer of false lights, every one mis- 
 takes the true path, and seeks for happiness in the 
 shades of darkness, and in the labyrinths of obscurity. 
 The habits of retirement and tranquillity can alone 
 enable us to make a just estimate of men and things, 
 and it is by renouncing all the prepossessions which 
 the corruptions of society have implanted in the mind, 
 that we make the first advances toward the restoration 
 of reason, and the attainment of felicity. 
 
 We have hitherto only pointed out one class of the 
 general advantages which may be derived from ra- 
 tional solitude, but there are many others which apply 
 still more closely to men's business and bosoms. Who, 
 alas ! is there that has not experienced its comforting 
 influence in the keenest adversities of life ? Who is 
 there that does not seek relief from its friendly shades 
 in the langors of convalescence, in the pangs of afflic- 
 tion, and even in that distressful moment when death 
 deprives us of those whose company was the charm 
 and solace of our lives? Happy are they who know 
 the advantages of a religious retirement, of that holy 
 rest in which the virtues rivet themselves more closely 
 to the soul, and in which every man, when he is on 
 the bed of death, devoutly wishes he had lived. 
 
 But these advantages become more conspicuous, 
 
122 GENERAL ADVANTAGES 
 
 when we compare the manner of thinking- which em- 
 ploys the mind of a solitary philosopher with that of a 
 worldly sensualist; the tiresome tumultuous life of the 
 one, with the ease and tranquillity of the other; the 
 horrors which disturb the death bed of vice, with the 
 calm sigh which accompanies the expiring soul of vir- 
 tue. This is the awful moment in which we feel how 
 important it is to commune morally with ourselves, 
 and religiously with our Creator ; to enable us to bear 
 the sufferings of life with dignity, and the pains of 
 death with ease. 
 
 The sick, the sorrowful, and the discontented, may 
 find equal relief in solitude ; it administers a balm to 
 their tortured souls, heals the deep and painful wounds 
 they have received, and in time restores them to their 
 pristine health and-vigor. The deceitful shrine in which 
 the intoxication of sensuality involved health and happi- 
 ness disappears, and they behold, in the place of imagi- 
 nary joys, those objects only which afford real pleasure. 
 Prosperity arrays every object in the most glowing and 
 delightful colors ; but to adversity every thing appears 
 black and dismal. Nor are the errors of these contrary 
 extremes discovered until the moment when the cur- 
 tain drops, and dissipates the illusion: the deceitful 
 dream continues until the imagination is silenced. 
 The unhappy then perceive that the Almighty was 
 watching over them, even when they conceived them- 
 selves entirely abandoned : the happy then discover 
 the vanity of those pleasures and amusements to which 
 they surrendered themselves so implicitly during the 
 intoxication of the world, and reflect seriously upon 
 their misconduct ; upon their present state and future 
 destiny; and upon the modes most likely to conduct 
 them to true felicity. How miserable should we be, 
 were the Divine Providence to grant us every thing we 
 desire ! At the very instant when we conceive all the 
 happiness of our lives annihilated, God, perhaps, is per- 
 forming something extraordinary in our favor. Cer- 
 tain it is, that patience and perseverance will, in soli- 
 tude, convert the deepest sorrow into tranquillity and 
 joy. Those objects which, at a distance, appear menac- 
 ing, lose, on a nearer approach, their disagreeable as- 
 pect, and, in the event, frequently produce the most 
 agreeable pleasures. He who tries every expedient, 
 who boldly opposes himself to every difficulty,, who 
 steadily resists every obstacle, who neglects no exertion 
 within his power, and relies with confidence on the as 
 
OE RETIREMENT. 123 
 
 sistance of G-od, extracts from affliction both its poison 
 and its sting, and deprives misfortune of its victory. 
 
 Sorrow, misfortune, and sickness, soon render soli- 
 tude easy and familiar to our minds. How willingly 
 do we renounce the world, and become indifferent to 
 all its pleasures, when the insidious eloquence of the 
 passions is silenced, and our powers are debilitated by 
 vexation or ill health ! It is then we perceive the weak- 
 ness of those succors which the world affords. How 
 many useful truths, alas ! has the bed of sickness and 
 sorrow instilled even into the minds of kings and 
 princes! truths which, in the hour of health, they 
 would have been unable to learn amidst the deceitful 
 counsels of their pretended friends. The time, indeed, 
 in which a valetudinarian is capable of employing his 
 powers with facility and success, in a manner confor- 
 mable to his designs, is short, and runs rapidly away. 
 Those only who enjoy robust health can exclaim, 
 u Time is my own ;" for he who labors under continual 
 sickness and suffering, and whose avocations depend 
 on the public necessity or caprice, can never say that 
 he has one moment to himself. He must 'watch the 
 fleeting hours as they pass, and seize an interval of lei- 
 sure when and where he can. Necessity, as well as rea- 
 son, convinces him that he must, in spite of his daily suf- 
 ferings, his wearied body, or his harassed mind, firmly 
 resist his accumulating troubles ; and, if he would 
 save himself from becoming the victim of dejection, 
 he must manfully combat the difficulties by which he 
 is attacked. The more we enervate ourselves, the 
 more we become the prey of ill health ; but determined 
 courage, and obstinate resistance, frequently renovate 
 our powers; and he who, in the calm of solitude, vigo- 
 rously wrestles with misfortune, is, in the event, sure 
 of gaining the victory. 
 
 The influence of the mind upon the body is a conso- 
 latory truth to those who are subject to constitutional 
 complaints. Supported by this reflection, the efforts of 
 reason continue unsubdued ; the influence of religion 
 maintains its empire; and the lamentable truth, that 
 men of the finest sensibility, and most cultivated un- 
 derstanding, frequently possess less fortitude under af- 
 fliction than the most vulgar of mankind, remains un- 
 known. Campanella, incredible as it may seem, suf- 
 fered by the indulgence of melancholy reflections, a 
 species of mental torture more painful than any bodily 
 torture could have produced. I can, however, from 
 
l£i GENERAL ADVANTAGES 
 
 my own experience, assert, that, even in the extremity 
 of distress, every object which diverts the attention, 
 softens the evils we endure, and frequently drives them 
 entirely away. By diverting the attention, many cele- 
 brated philosophers have been able not only to preserve 
 a tranquil mind in the midst of the most poignant suf- 
 ferings, but have even increased the strength of their 
 intellectual faculties, in spite of their corporeal pains. 
 Rousseau composed the greater part of his immortal 
 works under the continual pressure of sickness and 
 sorrow. Gellert, who, by his mild, agreeable, and in- 
 structive writings, has become the preceptor of Germa- 
 ny, certainly found, in this interesting occupation, the 
 secret remedy against melancholy. Mendelsohm, at 
 an age far advanced in life, and not, in general, sub- 
 ject to dejection, was for a long time oppressed by an 
 almost inconceivable derangement of the nervous sys- 
 tem ; but, by submitting with patience and docility to 
 his sufferings, he still maintains all the noble and high 
 advantages of youth. Garve, who was for several 
 years unable to read, to write, or even to think, has 
 since produced his treatise upon Cicero, in which this 
 profound writer, so circumspect in all his expressions 
 that he appears hurt if any improper word escapes his 
 pen, thanks the Almighty, with a sort of rapture, for 
 the weakness of his constitution, because it had taught 
 him the extraordinary influence which the powers of 
 the mind have over those of the body. 
 
 Solitude is not merely desirable, but absolutely neces- 
 sary, to those characters who possess sensibilities too 
 quick, and imaginations too ardent, to live quietly in 
 the world, and who are incessantly inveighing against 
 men and things. Those who suffer their minds to be 
 subdued by circumstances which would scarcely pro- 
 duce an emotion in other bosoms : who complain of 
 the severity of their misfortunes oil occasions which 
 others would not feel ; who are dispirited by every oc- 
 currence which does not produce immediate satisfac- 
 tion and pleasure ; who are incessantly tormented by 
 the illusion of fancy ; who are unhinged and dejected 
 the moment prosperity is out of their view ; who repine 
 at what they possess, from an ignorance of what they 
 really want ; whose minds are for ever veering from 
 one vain wish to another; who are alarmed at every 
 thing, and enjoy nothing; are not formed for society, 
 and, if solitude have no power to heal their wounded 
 spirits, are certainly incurable, 
 
-OF RETIREMENT. 125 
 
 Men who in other respects possess rational minds 
 and pious dispositions, frequently fall into low spirits 
 and despair ; but it is in general almost entirely their 
 own fault. If it proceed, as is generally the case, from 
 unfounded fears ; if they love to torment themselves 
 and others on every trivial disappointment or slight in- 
 disposition ; if they constantly resort to medicine for 
 that relief which reason alone can bestow; if they 
 fondly indulge, instead of repressing, these idle fancies ; 
 if, after having endured the most excruciating pains 
 with patience, and supported the greatest misfortunes 
 with fortitude, they neither can nor will learn to bear 
 the puncture of the smallest pin, or those trifling ad- 
 versities to which human life is unavoidably subject; 
 they can only attribute their unhappy condition to their 
 own misconduct ; and, although they might, by no 
 very irksome effort of their understandings, look with 
 an eye of composure and tranquillity on the multiplied 
 and fatal fires issuing from the dreadful cannon's 
 mouth, will continue shamefully subdued by the idle 
 apprehensions of being fired at by pop-guns. 
 
 All these qualities of the soul, fortitude, firmness, and 
 stoic inflexibility, are much sooner acquired by silent 
 meditation than amidst the noisy intercourse of man- 
 kind, where innumerable difficulties continually oppose 
 us ; where ceremony, servility, flattery, and fear, con- 
 taminate our dispositions ; where every occurrence 
 opposes our endeavors; and where, for this reason, 
 men of the weakest minds, and the most contracted 
 notions, become more active and popular, gain more 
 attention, and are better received, than men of feeling 
 hearts and liberal understandings. 
 
 The mind, in short, fortifies itself with impregnable 
 strength in the bowers of solitary retirement against 
 every species of suffering and affliction. The frivolous 
 attachments which, in the world, divert the soul from 
 its proper objects, and drive it wandering, as chance 
 may direct, into an eccentric void, die away. Content- 
 ed, from experience, with the little which nature re- 
 quires, rejecting every superfluous desire, and having 
 acquired a complete knowledge of ourselves, the visi- 
 tations of the Almighty, when he chastises us with af- 
 fliction, humbles our presumptuous pride, disappoints 
 our vain conceits, restrains the violence of our passions, 
 and makes us sensible of our inanity and weakness, are 
 received with composure and felt without surprise. 
 How many important truths do we here learn, of which 
 
126 GENERAL ADVANTAGES 
 
 the worldly minded man has no idea ! Casting the eye 
 of calm reflection on ourselves, and on the objects 
 around us, how resigned we become to the lot of hu- 
 manity ! How different every object appears ! The 
 heart expands to every noble sentiment ; the bloom of 
 conscious virtue brightens on the cheek : the mind 
 teems with sublime conceptions ; and, boldly taking 
 the right path, we at length reach the bowers of inno- 
 cence, and the plains of peace. 
 
 On the death of a beloved friend, we constantly feel 
 a strong desire to withdraw from society; but our 
 worldly acquaintances unite in general to destroy this 
 laudable inclination. Conceiving it improper to men- 
 tion the subject of our grief, our companions, cold and 
 indifferent to the event, surround us, and think their 
 duties sufficiently discharged by paying the tributary 
 visit, and amusing us with the current topics of the 
 town. Such idle pleasantries cannot convey a balm of 
 comfort into the wounded heart. 
 
 When I, alas ! within two years after my arrival in 
 Germany, lost the lovely idol of my heart, the amiable 
 companion of my former days, I exclaimed a thousand 
 times to my surrounding friends, Oh ! leave me to my- 
 self I Herdeparted spirit still hovers round me : the 
 tender recollection of her society, the afflicting remem- 
 brance of her sufferings on my account, are always 
 present to my mind. What mildness and affability! 
 Her death was as calm and resigned as her life was 
 pure and virtuous. During five long months, the lin- 
 gering pangs of dissolution hung continually around 
 lier. One day, as she reclined upon her pillow, while 
 I read to her " The Death of Christ," by Rammler, 
 she cast her eyes over the page, and silently pointed 
 out to me the following passage ; " My breath grows 
 weak, my days are shortened, my heart is full of afflic- 
 tion, and my soul prepares to take its flight." Alas ! 
 when I recall all those circumstances to my mind, and 
 recollect how impossible it was for me to abandon the 
 world at that moment of anguish and distress, when I 
 carried the seeds of death within ray bosom ; when I 
 had neither fortitude to bear my afriictions, nor cou- 
 rage to resist, them, while I was yet pursued by malice, 
 and traduced by calumny; I can easily conceive, in 
 such a situation, that my exclamation might be, leave 
 'me to myself. To a heart thus torn by too rigorous a 
 destiny from the bosom that was opened for its recep- 
 
OF RETIREMENT. 127 
 
 tion ; from a bosom in which it fondly dwelt ; from an 
 object that it dearly loved, detached from every object, 
 at a loss where to fix its affections or communicate its 
 feelings, solitude alone can administer comfort. 
 
 Solitude, when it has ripened and preserved the ten- 
 der and humane feelings of the heart, and created in 
 the mind a salutary distrust of our vain reason and 
 boasted abilities, may be considered to have brought 
 us nearer to God. Humility is the first lesson we learn 
 from reflection, and self distrust the first proof we give 
 of having obtained a knowledge of ourselves. When, 
 in attending the duties of my profession, I behold, on 
 the bed of sickness, the efforts of the soul to oppose its 
 impending dissolution, and discover, by the increasing 
 torments of the patient, the rapid advances of death ; 
 when I see the unhappy sufferer extend his cold and 
 trembling hands to thank the Almighty for the smallest 
 mitigation of his pains ; when I hear his utterance 
 choked by intermingled groans, and view the tender 
 looks, the silent anguish of his attending friends; all 
 my fortitude abandons me; my heart bleeds; and I 
 tear myself from the sorrowful scene, only to pour my 
 tears more freely over the lamentable lot of humanity, to 
 regret the ineflicacy of those medical powers which I 
 am supposed only to have sought with so much anxiety 
 as a mean of prolonging my own miserable existence, 
 
 " When in this vale of years I backward look, 
 And miss such numbers, nunrbers too of such, 
 Firmer in health, and greener in their age, 
 And stricter an their guard, and fitter far 
 To play life's subtle game, I scarce believe 
 I still survive : and am I fond of life 
 Who scarce can think it possible I live ? 
 Alive by miracle ! If I am still alive, 
 Who long have buried what gives life to live." 
 
 The wisdom that teaches us to avoid the snares of 
 the world, is not to be acquired by the incessant pur- 
 suit of entertainments ; by flying, without reflection, 
 from one party to another ; by continual conversation 
 on low and trifling subjects; by undertaking every 
 thing and doing nothing. "He who would acquire 
 true wisdom," says a celebrated philosopher, "must 
 learn to live in solitude." An uninterrupted course of 
 dissipation stifles every virtuous sentiment. The do- 
 minion of reason is lost amidst the intoxications of 
 pleasure ; its voice is no longer heard ; its authority is 
 
128 GENERAL ADVANTAGES 
 
 no longer obeyed ; the mind no longer strives to sur- 
 mount temptations ; but instead of shunning the perils 
 which the passions scatter in our way, we run eagerly 
 to find them. The idea of God, and the precepts of his 
 holy religion, are never so little remembered as in the 
 ordinary intercourses of society. Engaged in a multi- 
 plicity of absurd pursuits, entranced in the delirium of 
 gayety, inflamed by the continual ebriety which raises 
 the passions and stimulates the desires, every connex- 
 ion between God and man is dissolved ; the bright and 
 noble faculty of reason obscured ; and even the great 
 and important duties of religion, the only source of 
 true felicity, totally obliterated from the mind, or re- 
 membered only with levity and indifference. On the 
 contrary, he who, entering into a serious self-examina- 
 tion, elevates his thoughts in silence toward his God : 
 who consults the theatre of nature, the spangled 
 firmament of heaven, the meadows enamelled with 
 flowers, the stupendous mountains, and the silent 
 groves, as the temples of the Divinity ; who directs the 
 emotions of his heart to the great Author and Conduc- 
 tor of every thing ; who has his enlightened providence 
 continually before his eyes, must, most assuredly, have 
 already lived in pious solitude and religious retirement. 
 The pious disposition which a zealous devotion to 
 God engenders in solitude, may, it is true, in certain 
 characters, and under particular circumstances, dege- 
 nerate into the gloom of superstition, or rise into the 
 phrenzy of fanaticism; but these excesses soon abate; 
 and, compared with that fatal supineness which extin- 
 guishes every virtue, are really advantageous. The 
 sophistry of the passions is silent during the serious 
 hours of self-examination, and the perturbations we 
 feel on the discovery of our errors and defects, is con- 
 verted by the light of a pure and rational faith, into 
 happy ease and perfect tranquillity. The fanatic enthu- 
 siast presents himself before the Almighty much oftener 
 than the supercilious wit who derides an holy religion, 
 and calls piety a weakness. Philosophy and morality 
 become in solitude the handmaids of religion, and join 
 their powers to conduct us into the bowers of eternal 
 peace. They teach us to examine our hearts, and ex- 
 hort us to guard against the dangers of fanaticism. 
 But if virtue cannot be instilled into the soul without 
 convulsive efforts, they also admonish us not to be in- 
 timidated by the apprehension of danger. It is not in 
 the moment of joy, when we turn our eyes from God 
 
OF RETIREMENT. 129 
 
 and our thoughts from eternity, that we experience 
 those salutary fervors of the soul, which even religion, 
 with all her powers, cannot produce so soon as a men- 
 tal affliction or a corporeal malady. The celebrated 
 M. Grave, one of the greatest phi]osophers of Germa- 
 ny, exclaimed to Dr. Spalding and myself, " I am in- 
 debted to my malady for haying led me to make a 
 closer scrutiny and more accurate observation on my 
 own character." 
 
 In the last moments of life, it is certain that we all 
 wish we had passed our days in greater privacy and 
 solitude, in stricter intimacy with ourselves, and in 
 closer communion with God. Pressed by the recol- 
 lection of our errors, we then clearly perceive that 
 they were occasioned by not having shunned the snares 
 of the world, and by not having watched with sufficient 
 care over the inclinations of our hearts. Oppose the 
 sentiments of a solitary man, who has passed his life 
 in pious conference with God, to those which occupy 
 a worldly mind, forgetful of its Creator, and sacrificing 
 its dearest interests to the enjoyment of the moment: 
 compare the character of a wise man, who reflects in 
 silence on the importance of eternity, with that of a 
 fashionable being, who consumes all his time at 
 ridottos, balls, and assemblies ; and we shall then per- 
 ceive that solitude, dignified retirement, select friend- 
 ships, and rational society, can alone afford true plea- 
 sure, and give us what all the vain enjoyments of the 
 world will never bestow, consolation in death, and 
 hope of everlasting life. But the bed of death discov- 
 ers most clearly the difference between the just man, 
 who has quietly passed his days in religious contempla- 
 tion, and the man of the world, whose thoughts have 
 only been employed to feed his passions and gratify his 
 desires. A life passed amidst the tumultuous dissipa- 
 tions of the world, even when unsullied by the com- 
 mission of any positive crime, concludes, alas! very 
 differently from that which has been spent in thebow- 
 °r c of ar »lit.ude, adorned by innocence, and rewarded by 
 virtue. 
 
 But, as example teacnes m^~ ofl&wiydly than prcoopt, 
 and curiosity is more alive to recent facts man remote 
 illustrations, I shall here relate the history of a man ol 
 family and fashion, who a few years since shot himself 
 in London; from which it will appear, that men pos- 
 sessed even of the best feelings of the heart, may be 
 
130 GENERAL ADVANTAGES 
 
 rendered extremely miserable, by suffering their prin- 
 ciples to be corrupted by the practice of the world. 
 
 The honorable Mr. Damer, the eldest son of Lord 
 Milton, was five and thirty years of age when he put 
 a period to his existence by means perfectly correspon- 
 dent to the principles in which he had lived. He was 
 married to a rich lady, the daughter-in-law of General 
 Conway. Nature had endowed him with extraordi- 
 nary talents ; but a most infatuated fondness for exces- 
 sive dissipation obscured the brightest faculties of his 
 mind, and perverted many of the excellent qualities of 
 the heart. His houses, his carriages, his horses, and 
 his liveries, surpassed in splendor and magnificence 
 every thing sumptuous and costly even in the superb 
 and extravagant metropolis of Great Britain. The 
 fortune he possessed was great; but the variety of lav- 
 ish expenditures in which he engaged exceeded his in- 
 come, and he was reduced at length to the necessity of 
 borrowing money. He raised, in different ways, near 
 forty thousand pounds, the greater part of which he 
 employed with improvident generosity in relieving 
 the distresses of his less opulent companions ; for his 
 heart overflowed with tenderness and compassion ; but 
 this exquisite sensibility, which was ever alive to the 
 misfortunes of others, was at length awakened to his 
 own embarrassed situation; and his mind driven by 
 the seeming irretrievable condition of his affairs, to the 
 utmost verge of despair. Retiring to a common bro- 
 thel, he sent for four women of the town, and passed 
 several hours in their company with apparent good 
 spirits and unencumbered gayety; but, when the 
 dead of night arrived, he requested of them, with visi- 
 ble dejection, to retire; and immediately afterward 
 drawing from his pocket a pistol, which he had carried 
 about him the whole afternoon, blew out his brains. It 
 appeared that he had passed the evening with these 
 women in the same maimer as he had been used to pass 
 many others with different women of the same de- 
 scription, without demanding favours which they 
 would most willingly have granted, an <* e** 2 J ^siring, 
 in return for the monev ho L—AoJicd on them, the dis- 
 sipati^" of their aiscourse, or at most, the ceremony 
 of a salute, to divert the sorrow that preyed upon his 
 tortured mind. But the gratitude he felt for the tempo- 
 rary oblivion which these intercourses afforded, some- 
 times ripened into feelings of the warmest friendship. 
 A celebrated actress of the London theatre, whose con- 
 
Or RETIREMENT. 131 
 
 versations had already drained him of considerable 
 sums of money, requested of him, only three days be 
 fore his death, to send her five and twenty guineas. 
 At that moment he had only ten guineas about him; 
 but he sent her, with an apology for his inability to 
 comply immediately with her request, all he had, and 
 soon afterward borrowed the remainder of the money, 
 and sent it to her without delay. This unhappy young 
 man, shortly before the fatal catastrophe, had written 
 to his father, and disclosed to him the distressed situa- 
 tion he was in ; and the very night on which he termi- 
 nated his existence, his affectionate parent, the good 
 Lord Milton, arrived in London, for the purpose of dis- 
 charging all the debts, and arranging the affairs of his 
 unhappy son. Thus lived and died this destitute and 
 dissipated man ! How different from that life which 
 the innocent live, or that death which the virtuous die ! 
 I hope I may be permitted in this place to relate the 
 story of a young lady whose memory I am extremely 
 anxious to preserve ; for I can with great truth say of 
 her, as Petrarch said of his beloved Laura, "the world 
 was unacquainted with the excellence of her charac- 
 ter: for she was only known to those w r hom she has 
 left behind to bewail her loss." Solitude was all the 
 world she knew; for her only pleasures were those 
 which a retired and virtuous life affords. Submitting 
 with pious resignation to the dispensations of heaven, 
 her weak frame sustained, with steady fortitude, every 
 affliction of mortality. Mild, good, and tender, she en- 
 dured her sufferings without a murmur or sigh ; and 
 although naturally timid and reserved, disclosed the 
 feelings of her soul with all the warmth of filial enthu- 
 siasm. Of this description was the superior character 
 of whom I now write ; a character who convinced me, 
 by her fortitude under the severest misfortunes, how 
 much strength solitude is capable of conveying to the 
 mind even of the feeblest being. Diffident of her own 
 powers, she listened to the precepts of a fond parent, 
 and relied with perfect confidence on the goodness of 
 God. Taught by my experience, submitting to my 
 judgment, she entertained for me the most ardent af- 
 fection; and convinced me, not by professions, but 
 by actions, of her sincerity. Willingly would I 
 have sacrificed my life to have saved her ; and I am 
 satisfied that she would as willingly have given 
 up her own for me. I had no pleasure but in pleasing 
 her, and my endeavors for that purpose were most 
 
132 GENERAL ADVANTAGES 
 
 gratefully returned. A rose was my favorite flower, 
 and she presented one to me almost daily during the 
 season. I received it from her hand with the highest 
 delight, and cherished it as the richest treasure. A 
 malady of almost a singular kind, a haemorrhage in the 
 lungs, suddenly deprived me of the comfort of this be- 
 loved child, and tore her from my protecting arms. 
 From the knowledge I had of her constitution, I im- 
 mediately perceived that the disorder was mortal. 
 How frequently during that fatal day did my wounded, 
 bleeding heart, bend me on my knees before God to 
 supplicate for her recovery. But I concealed my feel- 
 ings from her observation. Although sensible of her 
 danger, she never discovered the least apprehension 
 of its approach. Smiles played around her pallid 
 cheeks whenever I entered or quitted the room ; and 
 when worn down by the fatal distemper, a prey to the 
 most corroding grief, a victim to the sharpest and most 
 intolerable pains, she made no complaint; but mildly 
 answered all my questions by some short sentence, 
 without entering into any detail. Her decay and impen- 
 ding dissolution became obvious to the eye; but to the 
 last moment of her life, her countenance preserved a 
 serenity correspondent to the purity of her mind, and 
 the affectionate tenderness of her heart. Thus I be- 
 held my dear and only daughter, at the age of five and 
 twenty, after a lingering suffering of nine long, long 
 months, expire in my arms. So long and so severe an 
 attack was not necessary to the conquest: she had 
 been the submissive victim of ill health from her ear 
 liest infancy ; her appetite was almost gone when we 
 left Swisserland : a residence which she quitted with 
 her usual sweetness of temper, and without discover- 
 ing the smallest regret : although a young man, as 
 handsome in his person as he was amiable in the quali- 
 ties of his mind, the object of her first, her only affection, 
 a few weeks afterward put a period to his existence. 
 During the few happy days we passed at Hanover, 
 where she rendered herself universally respected and 
 beloved, she amused herself by composing religious 
 prayers, which were afterward found among her pa- 
 pers, and in which she implores death to afford her a 
 speedy relief from her pains. During the same period 
 she wrote also many letters, always affecting, and fre- 
 quently sublime. They were couched in expressions 
 of the same desire speedily to reunite her soul with 
 the Author of her days. The last words that my dear, 
 
 
OF RETIREMENT. 133 
 
 my beloved child uttered, amidst the most painful ago- 
 nies, were these — " To-day I shall taste the joys of 
 heaven !" 
 
 How unworthy of this bright example should we be. 
 if, after having seen the severest sufferings sustained 
 by a female in the earliest period of life, and of the 
 weakest constitution, we permitted our minds to be de- 
 jected by misfortunes which courage might enable us 
 to surmount ! A female who under the anguish of in- 
 expressible torments, never permitted a sigh or com- 
 plaint to escape from her lips, but submitted^ with silent 
 resignation to the will of heaven, in hope of meeting 
 with reward hereafter. She was ever active, invariably 
 mild, and always compassionate to the miseries of 
 others. But ice, who have before our eyes the sublime 
 instructions which a character thus virtuous and noble 
 has here given us ; we, who like her, aspire to a seat 
 in the mansions of the blessed, refuse the smallest sa- 
 crifice, make no endeavor to stem with courage the 
 torrent of adversity, or to acquire that degree of pa- 
 tience and resignation, which a strict examination of 
 our own hearts, and silent communion with God, would 
 certainly afford. 
 
 Sensible and unfortunate beings ! The slight misfor- 
 tunes by which you are now oppressed, and driven to 
 despair (for slight, indeed, they are, when compared 
 with mine.) will ultimately raise your minds above the 
 low considerations of the world, and give a strength to 
 your power which you now conceive^to be impossible. 
 You now think yourselves sunk into the deepest abyss 
 of suffering and sorrow ; but the time will soon arrive 
 when you will perceive yourselves in that happy state 
 in which the mind verges from earth and fixes its at- 
 tention on heaven. You will then enjoy a calm repose, 
 be susceptible of pleasures equally substantial and sub- 
 lime, and possess in lieu of tumultuous anxieties for 
 life, the serene and comfortable hope of immortality. 
 Blessed, supremely blessed, is he who knows the value 
 of retirement and tranquillity, who is capable of enjoy- 
 ing the silence of the groves, and all the pleasures of 
 rural solitude. The soul then tastes celestial delight 
 even under the deepest impressions of sorrow and de- 
 jection ; regains its strength, collects new courage, and 
 acts with perfect freedom. The eye then looks with 
 fortitude on the transient sufferings of disease; the 
 mind no longer feels the dread of being alone ; and we 
 learn to cultivate, during the remainder of our lives, a 
 bed of roses round even the tomb of death. 
 12 
 
134 ADVANTAGES 01* 
 
 CHAPTER V. 
 
 Advantages of solitude in exile. 
 
 The advantages of solitude are not confined to rank* 
 or fortune, or to circumstances. Fragrant breezes* 
 magnificent forests, richly tinted meadows, and that 
 endless variety of beautiful objects which the birth of 
 spring spreads over the face of nature, enchant not 
 only philosophers, kings, and heroes, but ravish the 
 mind of the meanest spectator with exquisite delight. 
 An English author has very justly observed, that " it 
 is not necessary that he who looks with pleasure on 
 the color of a flower, should study the principles of ve- 
 getation ; or that the Ptolemaic and Copernican sys- 
 tems should be compared, before the light of the sun 
 can gladden, or its warmth invigorate. Novelty in 
 itself is a source of gratification ; and Milton justly 
 observes, that to him who has been long pent up in 
 cities, no rural object can be presented which will not 
 delight or refresh some of his senses." 
 
 Exiles themselves frequently experience the advan- 
 tages and enjoyments of solitude. Instead of the 
 world from which they are banished, they form, in the 
 tranquillity of retirement, a new world for themselves ; 
 forget the false joys and fictitious pleasures which they 
 followed in the zenith of greatness, habituate their 
 minds to others of a nobler kind, more worthy the 
 attention of rational beings ; and to pass their days 
 with tranquillity, invent a variety oi innocent feli- 
 cities, which are only thought of at a distance from so^ 
 ciety, far removed from all consolation, far from their 
 country, their families, and their friends. 
 
 But exiles, if they wish to insure happiness in retire- 
 ment, must, like other men, fix their minds upon some 
 one object, and adopt the pursuit of it in such a way as 
 to revive their buried hopes, or to excite the prospect 
 of approaching pleasure. 
 
 Maurice, prince of Isenbourg, distinguished himself 
 by his courage during a service of twenty years under 
 Ferdinand, duke of Brunswick, and Marshal Broglio, 
 and in the war between the Russians and the Turks. 
 Health and repose were sacrificed to the gratification 
 of his ambition and love of glory. During his service 
 in the Russian army, he fell under the displeasure of 
 the empress, and was sent into exile. The calamitous 
 
SOLITUDE IN EXILE. 135 
 
 condition to which persons exiled by this government 
 are reduced is well known; but this philosophic prince 
 contrived to render even a Russian banishment agree- 
 able. While oppressed both in body and mind by the pain- 
 ful reflections which his situation at first created, and 
 reduced by his anxieties to a mere skeleton, he acci- 
 dentally met with the little essay written by Lord Bo- 
 lingbroke on the subject of Exile. He read it several 
 times, and, '• in proportion to the number of times I 
 read," said the prince, in the preface to the elegant and 
 nervous translation he made of this work, " 1 felt all 
 my sorrows and disquietudes vanish." 
 
 This essay by Lord Bolingbrokeupon exile, is a mas- 
 terpiece of stoic philosophy and fine writing. He there 
 boldly examines all the adversities of life. " Let us," 
 says he, " set all our past and present afflictions at once 
 before our eyes : let us resolve to overcome them in- 
 stead of flying from them, or wearing out the sense of 
 them with long and ignominious patience. Instead of 
 palliating remedies, let us use the incision knife and 
 the caustic, search the wound to the bottom, and work 
 an immediate and radical cure." 
 
 Perpetual banishment, like uninterrupted solitude, 
 certainly strengthens the powers of the mind, and ena- 
 bles the* sufferer to collect sufficient force to support his 
 misfortunes. Solitude, indeed, becomes an easy situa- 
 tion to those exiles who are inclined to indulge the 
 pleasing sympathies of the heart ; for they then expe- 
 rience pleasures that were before unknown, and from 
 that moment forget those they tasted in the more flour- 
 ishing and prosperous conditions of life. 
 
 Brutus, when he visited the banished Marcellus in his 
 retreat at Mitylene, found him enjoying the highest fe- 
 licities of which human nature is susceptible, and de- 
 voting his time, as before his banishment, to the study 
 of every useful science Deeply impressed by the ex- 
 ample this unexpected scene afforded, he felt, on his re- 
 turn, that it was Brutus who was exiled, and not Mar- 
 cellus whom he left behind. Quintus Metellus Numi- 
 dicus had experienced the like fate a few years before. 
 While the Roman people, under the guidance of Marius 
 were laying the foundation of that tyranny which Cesar 
 afterward completed, Metellus, singly, in the midst 
 of an alarmed senate, and surrounded by an en- 
 raged populace, refused to take the oath imposed by 
 the pernicious laws of the tribune Saturnius ; and his 
 intrepid conduct was converted, by the voice of fac- 
 
336 ADVANTAGES OP 
 
 tion, into a high crime against the state; for which he 
 was dragged from his senatorial seat by the licentious 
 rabble, exposed to the indignity of a public impeach- 
 ment, and sentenced to perpetual exile. The more 
 virtuous citizens, however, took arms in his defence, 
 and generously resolved rather to perish than behold 
 their country unjustly deprived of so much merit: but 
 this magnanimous Roman, whom no persuasion could 
 induce to do wrong, declined to increase the confusion 
 of the commonwealth by encouraging resistance, con- 
 ceiving it a duty he owed to the laws, not to suffer any 
 sedition to take place on his account. Contenting him- 
 self with protesting his innocence, and sincerely la- 
 menting the public phrenzy, he exclaimed, as Plato 
 had done before during the distractions of the Athe- 
 nian commonwealth, "If the times should mend, I 
 shall recover my station ; if not, it is a happiness to be 
 absent from Rome ;" and departed without regret into 
 exile, fully convinced of its advantages to a mind inca- 
 pable of finding repose except on foreign shores, and 
 which at Rome must have been incessantly tortured 
 by the hourly sight of a sickly state and an expiring 
 republic. 
 
 Rutilius also, feeling the same contempt for the sen- 
 timents and manners of the age, voluntarily withdrew 
 himself from the corrupted metropolis of the republic. 
 Asia had been defended by his integrity and courage 
 against the ruinous and oppressive extortion of the 
 publicans. These noble and spirited exertions, which 
 he was prompted to make not only from his high sense 
 of justice, but in the honourable 'discharge of the par- 
 ticular duties of his office, drew on him the indigna- 
 tion of the equestrian order, and excited the animosity 
 of the faction which supported the interests of Marius. 
 They induced the viie and infamous Apiciusto become 
 the instrument of his destruction. He was accused of 
 corruption ; and as the authors and abettors of this false 
 accusation sat as judges on his trial, Rutilius, the most 
 innocent and virtuous citizen of the republic, was of 
 course condemned • for, indeed, he scarcely conde- 
 scended 'o defend the cause. Seeking an asylum in 
 the east, this trulv respectable Roman, whose merits 
 were not only overlooked, but traduced, by his un- 
 grateful country, was every where received with pro- 
 found veneration and unqualified applause. He had 
 however, before the term of his exile expired, an op- 
 portunity of exhibiting the just contempt he felt foi 
 
SOLITUDE IN EXILE. . 137 
 
 the treatment he had received ; for when Sylla earnest- 
 ly solicited him to return to Rome, he not only refused 
 to comply with his request, but removed his residence 
 to a greater distance from his infatuated country. 
 
 Cicero, however, who possessed in an eminent, de- 
 gree all the resources and sentiments which are neces- 
 sary to render solitude pleasant and advantageous, is a 
 memorable exception to these instances of happy and 
 contented exiles. Tins eloquent patriot, who had been 
 publicly proclaimed, " the saviour of his country," 
 who had pursued his measures with undaunted perseve- 
 rance, in defiance of the open menaces of a desperate fac- 
 tion, and the concealed daggers of hired assassins, sunk 
 into dejection and dismay under a sentence of exile. The 
 strength of his constitution had long been impaired by 
 incessant anxiety and fatigue ; and the terrors of ban- 
 ishment so oppressed his mind, that he lost all his pow- 
 ers, and became, from the deep melancholy into which 
 it plunged him, totally incapable of adopting just sen- 
 timents, or pursuing spirited measures. By this weak 
 and unmanly conduct he disgraced an event by which 
 Providence intended to render his glory complete. 
 Undetermined where to go, or what to do, he lamented, 
 with effeminate sighs and childish tears, that he could 
 now no longer enjoy the luxuries of his fortune, the 
 splendor of his rank, or the charms of his popularity. 
 Weeping over the ruins of his magnificent mansion, 
 which Clodius levelled with the ground, and groaning 
 for the absence of his wife, Terentia, whom he soon 
 afterward repudiated, he suffered the deepest melan- 
 choly to seize upon his mind: became a pr^y to the 
 most inveterate grief; complained with bitter anguish 
 of wants, which, if supplied, would have afforded him 
 no enjoyment- and acted, in short, so ridiculously, that 
 both his friends and his enemies concluded that adver- 
 sity had deranged his mind. Cesar beheld with se- 
 cret and malignant pleasure, the man who had refused 
 to act as his lieutenant, suffering under the scourge of 
 Clodius. Pompey hoped that all sense of Ms ingrati- 
 tude would be effaced by the contempt and derision to 
 which a benefactor, whom he had shamefully aban- 
 doned, thus meanly exposed his character. Atticus 
 himself, whose mind was bent on magnificence and 
 money, and who, by his temporizing talents, endeavor- 
 ed to preserve the friendship of all parties, without en- 
 listing in any, blushed for the unmanly conduct of Ci- 
 cpro : and in the censorial style of Cato, instead of his 
 12* 
 
138 ADVANTAGES OF SOLITUDE 
 
 own plausible dialect, severely reproached him for con 
 tinning so meanly attached to his former fortunes-. 
 Solitude had no influence over a mind so weak and de- 
 pressed as to turn the worst side of every subject to its 
 view. He died, however, with greater heroism than 
 he lived ; " approach, old soldier !" cried he, from his 
 litter, to Popilius Lcenas, his former client and present 
 murderer, "and, if you have the courage, take my 
 life." 
 
 " These instances," says Lord Bolingbroke, " show 
 that as change of place, simply considered, can render 
 no man unhappy ; so the other evils which are objected 
 to exile, either cannot happen to wise and virtuous 
 men, or, if they do happen to them, cannot render 
 them miserable. Stones are hard, and cakes of ice are 
 cold, and all who feel them feel alike ; but the good or 
 the bad events which fortune brings upon us. are felt 
 according to the qualities that we/~not they, possess. 
 They are in themselves indifferent and common acci- 
 dents, and they acquire strength by nothing but our 
 vice or our weakness. Fortune can dispense neither 
 felicity nor infelicity, unless we co-operate with her. 
 Few men who are unhappy under the loss of an estate, 
 would be happy in the possession of it; and those who 
 deserve to enjoy the advantages which exile takes 
 away, will not be unhappy when they are deprived of 
 them." 
 
 An exile, however, cannot hope to see his days glide 
 quietly away in rural delights and philosophic repose, 
 except he has conscientiously discharged those duties 
 which he owed to the world, and given that example 
 of rectitude to future ages which every character ex- 
 hibits who is as great after his fall as he was at the 
 most brilliant period of his prosperity. 
 
 CHAPTER VI. 
 
 Advantages of solitude in old age ; and on the bed of death. 
 
 The decline of life, and particularly the condition 
 of old age, derive from solitude the purest sources of 
 uninterrupted enjoyment. Old age when considered 
 as a period of comparative quietude and repose, as a 
 serious and contemplative interval betweeen a transi- 
 tory existence and an approaching immortality, is, per- 
 
IN OLD AGE. 139 
 
 haps, the most agreeable condition of human life: a 
 condition to which solitude affords a secure harbor 
 against those shattering tempests to which the frail 
 bark of man is continually exposed in the short but 
 dangerous voyage of the world ; a harbor from whence 
 he may securely view the rocks and quicksands which 
 threatened his destruction, and which he has happily 
 escaped. 
 
 Men are by nature disposed to investigate the various 
 properties of distant objects before they think of con- 
 templating their own characters ; like modern travel- 
 lers who visit foreign countries before they are ac- 
 quainted with their own. But prudence will exhort 
 the young, and experience teach the aged, to conduct 
 themselves on very different principles : and both the 
 one and the other will find that solitude and self-ex- 
 amination are the beginning and the end of true wis- 
 dom. 
 
 Oh ! lost to virtue, lost to manly thought, 
 Lost to the noble sallies of the soul ! 
 Who think in solitude to be alone. 
 Communion sweet ; communion large and high. 
 Our reason, guardian angel, and our God : 
 The nearest these when others most remote ; 
 And all, ere Jong, shall be remote but these. 
 
 The levity of youth, by this communion large and 
 high, will be repressed, and the depression which some- 
 times accompanies old age entirely removed. An un- 
 ceasing succession of gay hopes, fond desires, ardent 
 wishes, high delights, and unfounded fancies, form 
 the character of our early years: but those which 
 follow are marked with melancholy and increa- 
 sing sorrows. A mind, however that is invigo- 
 rated by observation and experience, remains daunt- 
 less and unmoved, amidst both the prosperities 
 and adversities of life. He who is no longer forced to 
 exert his powers, and who at an early period of his 
 life has well studied the manners of men, will com- 
 plain very little of the ingratitude with which his 
 favors and anxieties have been requited. All he asks 
 is, that the world will let him alone: and having a 
 thorough knowledge not only of his own character, 
 but of mankind, he is enabled to enjoy the comforts of 
 repose. 
 
 It is finely remarked by a celebrated German, that 
 there are political as well as religious Carthusians, and 
 

 140 ADVANTAGES OF SOLITUDE 
 
 that both orders are sometimes composed of most ex- 
 cellent and pious characters. " It is," says this admi- 
 rable writer, " in the deepest and most sequestered re- 
 cesses of forests that we meet with the peaceful sage, 
 the calm observer, the friend of truth, and the lover of 
 his country, who renders himself beloved by his wis- 
 dom, revered for his knowledge, respected for his vera- 
 city, and adored for his benevolence; whose confi- 
 dence and friendship every one is anxious to gain ; 
 and who excites admiration by the eloquence of his 
 conversation, and esteem by the virtue of his ac- 
 tions, while he raises wonder by the obscurity of his 
 name, and the mode of his existence. The giddy mul- 
 titude solicit him to relinquish his solitude, and seat 
 himself on the throne : but they perceive inscribed on 
 his forehead, beaming with sacred fire, odi profanum 
 vulgus et arceo ; and instead of being his seducers, 
 become his disciples." But, alas ! this extraordinary 
 character, whom 1 saw some years ago in Weteravia, 
 who inspired me with filial reverence and affection, 
 and whose animated countenance announced the supe- 
 rior wisdom and happy tranquillity of his mind, is now 
 no more. There did not perhaps at that time exist in 
 any court a more profound statesman: he was intimate- 
 ly acquainted with all, and corresponded personally 
 with some of the most celebrated sovereigns of Europe. 
 I never met with an observer who penetrated with 
 such quick and accurate sagacity into the minds and 
 characters of men, who formed such true opinions of 
 the world, or criticised with such discerning accuracy 
 the actions of those who were playing important parts 
 on its various theatres. There never was a mind more 
 free, more enlarged, more powerful, or more engaging^ 
 or an eye more lively and inquisitive. He was the man, 
 of all others, in whose company I could have lived with' 
 the highest pleasure, and died with the greatest comfort. 
 The rural habitation in which he lived, was simple in 
 its structure, and modest in its attire ; the surrounding 
 grounds and gardens laid out in the happy simplicity 
 of nature ; and his fare healthy and frugal. I never 
 felt a charm more powerful than that which filled my 
 bosom while I contemplated the happy solitude of the 
 venerable Baron de Schautenbach at Weteravia. 
 
 Rousseau, feeling his end approach, also passed the 
 few remaining years of an uneasy life in solitude. It 
 was during old age that he composed the best and 
 greater part of hislidmirable works ; but, although he 
 
IN OLD AGE. 141 
 
 employed his time with judicious activity, his feelings 
 had been too deeply wounded by the persecutions of 
 the world, to enable him to find complete tranquillity in. 
 the bowers of retirement. Unhappily he continued ig- 
 norant of the danger of his situation, until the vexa- 
 tions of his mind, the disorders of his body, and his 
 unpardonable neglect of health, had rendered his re- 
 covery impossible. It was not until he had been many 
 years tormented by physicians, and racked by a painful 
 malady, that he took up his pen ; and his years increa- 
 sed only to increase the visible effect of his mental and 
 corporeal afflictions, which at length became so acute, 
 that he frequently raved wildly or fainted away under 
 the excess of his pains. 
 
 It is observed by one of our refined critics, that " all 
 Rousseau wrote during his old age is the effect of mad- 
 ness." "Yes," replied his fair friend, with greater 
 truth, "but he raved so pleasantly, that we are delight- 
 ed to run mad with him." 
 
 The mind becomes more disposed to seek its "guar- 
 dian angel and its God," the nearer it approaches the 
 confines of mortality. When the ardent fire of youth 
 is extinguished, and the meridian heat of life's short 
 day subsides into the soft tranquillity and refreshing 
 quietude of its evening, we feel the important necessi- 
 ty of devoting some few hours to pious meditation be- 
 fore we close our eyes in endless night; and the very 
 idea of being able to possess this interval of holy lei- 
 sure, and to hold this sacred communion with God, re- 
 creates the mind, like the approach of spring after a 
 dull, a dreary, ana a distressing winter. 
 
 Petrarch scarcely perceived the approaches of old 
 age. By constant activity he contrived to render re- 
 tirement always happy, and year after year rolled un- 
 perceived away in pleasures and tranquillity. Seated 
 in a verdant arbor in the vicinity of a Carthusian mo- 
 nastery, about three miles from Milan, he wrote to his 
 friend Settimo with a simplicity of heart unknown in 
 modern times. "Like a wearied traveller, I increase 
 my pace in proportion as I approach the end of my 
 journey, I pass my days and nights in reading and 
 writing; these agreeable occupations alternately re- 
 lieve each other, and are the only sources from whence 
 I derive my pleasures. I lie awake and think, and di- 
 vert my mind by every means in my power ; and my 
 ardor increases as new difficulties arise. Novelties in- 
 cite, and obstacles sharpen, my resistance. The labors 
 
J42 
 
 ADVANTAGES OF SOLITUDE 
 
 I endure are certain, for my hand is tired of holding 
 my pen : but whether I shall reap the harvest of my 
 toils I cannot tell. I am anxious to transmit my name 
 to posterity : but if I am disappointed in this wish I am 
 satisfied the age in which I live, or at least my friends, 
 will know me, and this fame will satisfy me. My 
 health is so good, my constitution so robust, and my 
 temperament so warm, that neither the advance of years 
 nor the most serious occupation, have power to con- 
 quer the rebellious enemy by which I am incessantly 
 attacked. I should certainly become its victim, as I have 
 frequently been, if Providence did not protect me. On 
 the approach of spring, I take up arms against the flesh, 
 and am even at this moment struggling for my liberty 
 against this dangerous enemy." 
 
 A rural retreat, however lonely or obscure, contri- 
 butes to increase the fame of those great and noble 
 characters who relinquish the world at an advanced 
 period of their lives, and pass the remainder of their 
 days in solitude : their lustre beams from their retire- 
 ment with brighter rays than those which shone 
 around them in their earliest days, and on the theatre o f 
 their glory. "It is in solitude, in exile, and on the 
 bed of death," says Pope, " that the noblest characters 
 of antiquity shone with the greatest splendor; it was 
 then they performed the greatest services ; for it was 
 during those periods that they became useful examples." 
 And Rousseau appears to have entertained the same 
 opinion : " It is noble," says he, " to exhibit to the eyes 
 of men an example of the life they ought to lead. The 
 man who, when age or ill health has deprived him of 
 activity, dares to resound from his retreat the voice of 
 truth, and to announce to mankind the folly of those 
 opinions which render them miserable, is a public be- 
 nefactor. I should be of much less use to my country- 
 men, were I to live among them, than I can possibly be 
 in my retreat. Of what importance can it be, whether 
 I live in one place or in another, provided I discharge 
 my duties properly ?" 
 
 A certain young lady of Germany, however, was of 
 opinion that Rousseau was not entitled to praise. She 
 maintained that he was a dangerous corrupter of the 
 youthful mind, and that he had very improperly dis- 
 charged his duties, by discovering in his Confessions 
 the moral defects and vicious inclinations of his heart. 
 ■' Such a work written by a man of virtue,* 1 said she, 
 H would render him an object of abhorrence : but Rous- 
 
IN OLD AGE. 143 
 
 £eau, whose writings are circulated to captivate the 
 wicked, proves, by his story of the Ruban Yole, that he 
 possesses a heart of the blackest dye. It is evident, 
 from many passages in that publication, that it wag 
 vanity alone which guided his pen ; and from many 
 others, that he felt himself conscious he was disclosing 
 falsehoods. There is nothing, in short, throughout 
 the work that bears the stamp of truth 5 and all it in- 
 forms us of is, that Madame de Warens was the origi- 
 nal from which he drew the character of Julia. These 
 unjustly celebrated Confessions contain, generally 
 speaking, a great many fine words, and but very few 
 good thoughts. If, instead of rejecting every opportu- 
 nity of advancing himself in life, he had engaged in 
 some industrious profession, he might have been more 
 Useful to the world than he has been by the publication 
 of his dangerous writings." 
 
 This incomparable criticism upon Rousseau merits 
 preservation : for, in my opinion, it is the only one of 
 its kind. The Confessions of Rousseau is a work 
 certainly not proper for the eye of youth ; but to me it 
 appears one of the most remarkable philosophic publi- 
 cations that the present age has produced. The "fine 
 style and enchanting colors in which it is written are 
 its least merits. The most distant posterity will read 
 it with rapture, without inquiring what age the vene- 
 rable author had attained when he gave to the world 
 this last proof of his sincerity. 
 
 Age, however advanced, is capable of enjoying real 
 pleasure. A virtuous old man passes his days with 
 serene gayety, and receives, in the happiness he feels 
 from the benedictions of all around him, a rich reward 
 for the rectitude and integrity of his past life; for the 
 mind reviews with joyful satisfaction its honorable and 
 self-approving transactions : nor does the near prospect 
 of the tomb give fearful emotion to his undismayed 
 and steady soul. 
 
 The empress Maria Theresa has caused her own 
 mausoleum to be erected, and frequently, accompanied 
 by her family, visits with serenity and composure, a 
 monumental depository, the idea of which conveys 
 such painful apprehension to almost every mind. 
 Pointing it out to the observation of her children, 
 " Ought we to be proud or arrogant," says she, " when 
 we here behold the tomb in which, after a few years, 
 the poor remains of royalty must quietly repose?" 
 
 There are few men capable of thinking with so 
 
144 ADVANTAGES OF SOLITUDE 
 
 much, sublimity. Every one, however, is capable of 
 retiring, at least occasionally, from the corruptions of 
 the world ; and if, during this calm retreat, they shall 
 happily learn to estimate their past days with propriety, 
 and to live the remainder in private virtue and public 
 utility, the tomb will lose its menacing aspect, and 
 death appear like the calm evening of a fine and well 
 spent day. 
 
 " Blest be that hand divine, which gently laid 
 My heart at rest beneath this humble shed. 
 The world's a stately bark on dang'rous seas, 
 With pleasure seen, but boarded at our peril ; 
 Here, on a single plank, thrown safe ashore, 
 I hear the tumult of the distant throng, 
 As that of seas remote, or dying storms ; 
 And meditate on scenes more silent still ; 
 Pursue my theme, and fight the fear of death. 
 Here, like a shepherd gazing from his hut, 
 Touching his reed, or leaning on his staff, 
 Eager ambition's fiery chase I see ; 
 I see the circling hunt of noisy men 
 Burst law's enclosure, leap the mounds of right, 
 Pursuing and pursued, each other's prey, 
 As wolves for rapine ; as the fox for wiles ; 
 Till death, that mighty hunter, earths them all." 
 
 When Addison perceived that he was given over by 
 his physicians, and felt his end approaching, he sent 
 for Lord Warwick, a young man of very irregular life 
 and loose opinions, whom he had diligently, but vainly 
 endeavored to reclaim, but who by no means wanted 
 respect for the person of his preceptor, and was sensi- 
 ble of the loss he was about to sustain. When he en- 
 tered the chamber of his dying friend, Addison, who 
 was extremely feeble, and whose life at that moment 
 hung quivering on his lips, observed a profound si- 
 lence. The youth, after a long and awful pause, at 
 length said, in low and trembling accents, " Sir, you 
 desired to see me : signify your commands, and be as 
 sured I will execute them with religious fidelity." 
 Addison took him by the hand, and with his expiring 
 breath replied, " observe with what tranquillity a Chris- 
 tian can die." Such is the consolation which springs 
 from a due sense of the principles, and a proper prac- 
 tice of the precepts of our holy religion : such is the 
 hi^h reward a life of simplicity and innocence bestows. 
 
 He who during the retirement of the day seriously 
 studies, and during the silence of the night piously 
 contemplates the august doctrines of revelation, will 
 
IN OLD AGE. 145 
 
 be convinced of their power by experiencing- their ef- 
 fect. He will review with composure his past errors 
 in society, perceive with satisfaction his present com- 
 fort in solitude, and aspire with hope to future happi- 
 ness in heaven. He will think with the freedom of a 
 philosopher, live with the piety of a Christian, and re- 
 nounce with ease the poisonous pleasures of society 
 from a conviction that they weaken the energies of his 
 mind, and prevent his heart from raising itself toward 
 his God. Disgusted with the vanities and follies of 
 public life, he will retire into privacy, and contemplate 
 the importance of eternity. Even if he be still obliged 
 occasionally to venture on the stormy sea of busy life, 
 he will avoid with greater skill and prudence the rocks 
 and sands by which he is surrounded, and steer with 
 greater certainty and effect from the tempests which 
 most threaten his destruction ; rejoicing less at the 
 pleasant course which a favorable wind and clear sky 
 may afford him, than at his having happily eluded 
 such a multitude of dangers. 
 
 The hours consecrated to God in solitude, are not 
 only the most important, but when we are habituated 
 to this holy communion, the happiest of our lives. 
 Every time we silently elevate our thoughts toward 
 the great Author of our being, we recur to a contem- 
 plation of ourselves : and being rendered sensible of 
 our nearer approach, not only in idea, but in reality, to 
 the seat of eternal felicity, we retire, without regret, 
 from the noisy multitude of the world. A philosophic 
 view and complete knowledge of the nature of the spe- 
 cies creep by degrees upon the mind : we scrutinize 
 our characters with greater severity ; feel with redou- 
 bled force the necessity of a reformation ; and reflect 
 with substantial effect on the glorious end for which 
 we were created. Conscious that human actions are 
 acceptable to the Almighty mind only in proportion as 
 they are prompted by motives of the purest virtue, men 
 ought benevolently to suppose that every good work 
 springs from an untainted source and is performed 
 merely for the benefit of mankind ; but human actions 
 are exposed to the influence of a variety of secondary 
 causes, and cannot always be the pure production of 
 an unbiassed heart. Good works, however, from 
 whatever motive they arise, always convey a certain 
 satisfaction and complacency to the mind. But when 
 the real merit of the performer is to be actually inves- 
 tigated, the inquiry must always be, whether the mind 
 13 
 
l46 ADVANTAGES OF SOLITUDE 
 
 wag not actuated by sinister views, by the hope of gra- 
 tifying a momentary passion, by the feelings of self 
 love, rather than by the sympathies of brotherly affec- 
 tion: and these subtle and important questions are 
 certainly discussed with closer scrutiny, and the mo- 
 tives of the heart explored and developed with greater 
 sincerity, during those hours when we are alone before 
 God than in any other situation. 
 
 Firm and untainted virtue, indeed, cannot be so 
 easily and efficaciously acquired, as by practising the 
 precepts of Christianity in the bowers of solitude. Re- 
 ligion refines our moral sentiments, disengages the 
 heart from every vain desire, renders it tranquil under 
 misfortunes, humble in the presence of God, and steady 
 in the society of men. A life passed in the practice of 
 every virtue, affords us a rich reward for all the hours 
 we have consecrated to its duties, and enables us in the 
 silence of solitude to raise our pure hands and chaste 
 hearts in pious adoration to our Almighty Father ! 
 
 How "low, flat, stale, and unprofitable, seem all the 
 uses of this world," when the mind, boldly soaring be- 
 yond this lower sphere, indulges the idea that the plea- 
 sures which result from a life of innocence and virtue 
 may be faintly analogous to the felicities of heaven ! 
 At least, I trust we may be permitted unoffendingly to 
 conceive,, according to our worldly apprehensions, that 
 a free and unbounded liberty of thought and action, a 
 high admiration of the universal system of nature, a 
 participation of the divine essence, a perfect commu- 
 nion of friendship, and a pure interchange of love, may 
 be a portion of the enjoyments we hope to experience 
 in those regions of. peace and happiness where no im- 
 pure or improper sentiment can taint the mind. But 
 notions like these, although they agreeably flatter our 
 imaginations, shed at present but a glimmering light 
 upon this awful subject, and must continue, like dreams 
 and visions of the mind, until the clouds and thick dark- 
 ness which surrounded the tomb of mortality no longer 
 obscure the bright glories of everlasting life ; until the 
 veil shall be rent asunder, and the Eternal shall reveal 
 those things which no eye hath seen, no ear has heard, 
 and, which passeth all understanding. For I acknow- 
 ledge, with awful reverence and silent submission, that 
 the knowledge of eternity is to the human intellect 
 like that which the color of crimson appeared to be in 
 the mind of a blind man, who compared it to the sound 
 of a trumpet. I cannot, however, conceive, that a no- 
 
IN OLD AGE. 147 
 
 tion more comfortable can be entertained, than that 
 eternity promises a constant and uninterrupted tran- 
 quillity ; although I am perfectly conscious that it is im- 
 possible to form an adequate idea of the nature of that 
 enjoyment which is produced by happiness without 
 end. An everlasting tranquillity is, in my imagination, 
 the highest possible felicity, because I know of no feli- 
 city upon earth higher than that which a peaceful mind 
 and contented heart afford. 
 
 Since, therefore, internal and external tranquillity is, 
 upon earth, an incontestable commencement of beati- 
 tude, it may be extremely useful to believe, that a ra- 
 tional and qualified seclusion from the tumults of the 
 world, may so highly rectify the faculties of the human 
 soul, as to enable us to acquire in " blissful solitude" 
 the elements of that happiness we expect to enjoy in 
 the world to come. 
 
 He is the happy man, whose life e'en now, 
 
 Shows somewhat of that happier life to come : 
 
 Who, doom'd to an obscure but tranquil state, 
 
 Is pleas'd with it, and, were he free to choose 
 
 Would make his fate his choice : whom peace, the fruit 
 
 Of virtue, and whom virtue, fruit of faith, 
 
 Prepare for happiness ; bespeak him one 
 
 Content, indeed, to sojourn while he must 
 
 Below the skies, but having there his home, 
 
 The world o'erlooks him in her busy search 
 
 Of objects more illustrious in her view ; 
 
 And occupied as earnestly as she ; , 
 
 Though more sublimely, he o'erlooks the world. 
 
 She scorns his pleasures, for she knows them not ; 
 
 He seeks not hers, for he has proved them vain. 
 
 He cannot skim the ground like such rare birds 
 
 Pursuing gilded flies, and such he deems 
 
 Her honors, her emoluments, her joys. 
 
 Therefore in contemplation is his bliss, 
 
 Whose power is such, that whom she lifts from earth 
 
 She makes familiar with a heaven unseen, 
 
 And shows him glories yet to be reveal'd. 
 
 END OF PART I. 
 
SOLITUDE. 
 
 PART II. 
 
 THE PERNICIOUS INFLUENCE OF A TOTAL SECLUSION FROM 
 SOCIETY UPON THE MIND AND THE HEART, 
 
 CHAPTER I. 
 
 Introduction. 
 
 Solitude, in its strict and literal acceptation, is 
 equally unfriendly to the happiness, and foreign to the 
 nature of mankind. An inclination to exercise the fa- 
 culty of speech, to interchange the sentiments of the 
 mind, to indulge the affections of the heart, and to re- 
 ceive themselves, while they bestow on others, a kind 
 assistance and support, drives men, by an ever active, 
 and almost irresistible impulse, from solitude to socie- 
 ty: and teaches them that the highest temporal felicity 
 they are capable of enjoying, must be sought for in a 
 suitable union of the sexes, and in a friendly inter- 
 course with their fellow creatures. The profoundest 
 deductions of reason, the highest flights of fancy, the 
 finest sensibilities of the heart, the happiest discoveries 
 of science, and the most valuable productions of art, 
 are feebly felt, and imperfectly enjoyed, in the cold and 
 cheerless regions of solitude. It is not to the senseless 
 rock, or to the passing gale, that we can satisfactorily 
 communicate our pleasures and our pains. The heavy 
 sighs which incessantly transpire from the vacant bo- 
 soms of the solitary hermit and the surly misanthropist, 
 indicate the absence of those high delights which ever 
 accompany congenial sentiment and mutual affection. 
 The soul sinks under a situation in which there are no 
 kindred bosoms to participate its joys, and sympathise 
 in its sorrows ; and feels, strongly feels, that the bene- 
 ficent Creator has so framed and moulded the temper 
 of our minds, that society is the earliest impulse and 
 the most powerful inclination of our hearts. 
 13* 
 
150 INTRODUCTION. 
 
 Society, however, although it is thus pointed out to 
 us, as it were by the finger of the Almighty, as the 
 means of reaching our highest possible state of earthly 
 felicity, is so pregnant with dangers, that it depends 
 entirely on ourselves, whether the indulgence of this 
 instinctive propensity shall be productive of happiness 
 or misery. 
 
 The pleasures of society, like pleasures of every other 
 kind, must, to be pure and permanent, be temperate 
 and discreet. While passion animates, and sensibility 
 cherishes, reason must direct, and virtue be the object 
 of our course. Those who search for happiness in a 
 vague, desultory, and indiscriminate intercourse with 
 the world ; who imagine the palace of pleasure to be 
 surrounded by the gay, unthinking, and volatile part of 
 the species ; who conceive that trie rays of all human 
 delight beam from places of public festivity and resort ; 
 
 " Who all their joys in mean profusion waste, 
 Without reflection, management, or taste ; 
 Careless of all that virtue gives to please ; 
 For thought too active, and too mad for ease j 
 Who give each appetite too loos« a rein, 
 Push all enjoyment to the verge of pain ; 
 Impetuous follow where the passions call, 
 And live in rapture or not live at all j 1 ' 
 
 Will, instead of lasting and satisfactory fruition, meet 
 only with sorrowfal disappointment. This mode of 
 seeking society is not a rational indulgence of that na- 
 tural passion which heaven, in its benevolence to man, 
 has planted in the human heart : but merely a facti- 
 tious desire, an habitual pruriency, produced by rest- 
 less leisure, and encouraged by vanity and dissipation. 
 Social happiness, true and essential social happiness, 
 resides only in the bosom of love and in the arms of 
 friendship, and can only be really enjoyed by conge- 
 nial hearts and kindred minds, in the domestic bowers 
 of privacy and retirement. Affectionate intercourse pro- 
 duces an inexhaustible fund of delight. It is the peren- 
 nial sunshine of the mind. With what extreme anx- 
 iety do we all endeavor to find an amiable being with 
 whom we may form a tender tie and close attachement, 
 who may inspire us with unfading bliss, and receive 
 increase of happiness from our endearments and atten- 
 tion ! How greatly do such connexions increase the 
 kind and benevolent dispositions of the heart ! and 
 how greatly do such dispositions, while they lead the 
 
INTRODUCTION.. 151 
 
 mind to the enjoyment of domestic happiness, awaken 
 all the virtues, and call forth the best and strongest 
 energies of the soul ! Deprived of the chaste and en- 
 dearing sympathies of love and friendship, the species 
 sink into gross sensuality or mute indifference, neglect 
 the improvement of their faculties, and renounce all 
 anxiety to please ; but incited by these propensities, the 
 sexes mutually exert their powers, cultivate their ta- 
 lents, call every intellectual energy into action ; and, 
 by endeavoring to promote each other's happiness, 
 mutually secure their own. 
 
 Adverse circumstances, however, frequently prevent 
 well disposed characters, not only from making the 
 election which their hearts would prompt, and their 
 understandings approve, but force them into alliances 
 which both reason and sensibility reject. It is from 
 the disappointments of love or of ambition that the 
 sexes are generally repelled from society to solitude. 
 The affection, the tenderness, the sensibility of the 
 heart, are but too often torn and outraged by the cru- 
 elty and malevolence of an unfeeling world, in which 
 vice bears on its audacious front the mask of virtue, 
 and betrays innocence into the snares of unsuspected 
 guilt. The victims, however, whether of love or of 
 ambition, who retire from society to recruit their de- 
 pressed spirits, and repair their disordered minds, can- 
 not, without injustice, be stigmatized as misanthro- 
 pists, or arraigned as anti-social characters. All relish 
 for scenes of social happiness may be lost by an ex- 
 treme and over ardent passion for the enjoyments of 
 them ; but it is only those who seek retirement from 
 an aversion to the company of their fellow creatures, 
 that can be said to have renounced, or be destitute of, 
 the common sympathies of nature. 
 
 The present age, however, is not likely to produce 
 many such unnatural characters, for the manners of 
 the whole world, and particularly of Europe, were 
 never, perhaps, more disposed to company. The rage 
 for public entertainments seems to have infected all 
 the classes of society. The pleasures of private life 
 seem to be held in universal detestation and contempt; 
 opprobrious epithets, defame the humble enjoyments of 
 domestic love, and those whose hours are not consum- 
 ed in unmeaning visits, or unsocial parties, are regard- 
 ed as censors of the common conduct of the world, or 
 as enemies to their fellow creatures ;' but although 
 mankind appear so extremely social, they certainly 
 
152 INTRODUCTION. 
 
 were never less friendly and affectionate. Neither 
 rank, nor sex, nor age, is free from this pernicious ha- 
 bit. Infants, before they can well lisp the rudiments of 
 speech, are initiated into the idle ceremonies and pa- 
 rade of company : and can scarcely meet their parents 
 or their playmates without being obliged to perform a 
 punctilious salutation. Formal card parties, and petty 
 treats, engross the time that should be devoted to 
 healthful exercise and manly recreation. The man- 
 ners of the metropolis are imitated with inferior splen- 
 dor, but with greater absurdity, in the country ; every 
 village has its routs and its assemblies, in which the 
 curled darlings of the place blaze forth in feathered 
 lustre and awkward magnificence; and while the 
 charming simplicity of one sex is destroyed by affecta- 
 tion, the honest virtues of the other by dissolute gallan- 
 try, and the passions of both inflamed by vicious and 
 indecent mirth, the grave elders of the districts are try- 
 ing their tempers and impoverishing their purses at 
 sixpenny whist and cassino. 
 
 The spirit of dissipation has reached even the va- 
 grant tribe. The Gypsies of Germany suspend their 
 predatory excursions, and on one previously-appointed 
 evening in every week, assemble to enjoy their guilty 
 spoils in the fames of strong waters and tobacco. The 
 place of rendezvous is generally the vicinity of a mill, 
 the proprietor of which, by affording to these wander- 
 ing tribes an undisturbed asylum, not only secures 
 his property from their depredations, but, by the idle 
 tales with which they contrive to amuse his ear, re- 
 specting the characters and conduct of his neighbors, 
 furnishes himself with new subjects of conversation 
 for his next evening coterie. 
 
 Minds that derive all their pleasure from the levity 
 and mirth of promiscuous company, are seldom able 
 to contribute, in any high degree, to their own amuse- 
 ment. Characters like these search every place for en- 
 tertainment, except their own bosoms and the bosoms 
 of their surrounding families, where by proper cultiva- 
 tion, real happiness, the happiness arising from love 
 and friendship, is alone capable of being found. 
 
 The wearied pleasurist, sinking unBer the weight 
 that preys upon his spirits, flies to scenes of public gay- 
 ety or private splendor, in fond but vain expectation 
 that they will dispelhis discontent, and recreate his mind; 
 but he finds, alas ! that the fancied asylum affords him 
 no rest. The ever-craving appetite for pastime grows 
 
INTRODUCTION. 153 
 
 by what it feeds on ; and the worm, which devoured 
 his delight amidst his sylvan scenery of solitude, still 
 accompanies him to crowded halls of elegance and fes- 
 tivity. While he eagerly embraces every object that 
 promises to supply the dreadful vacancy of his mind, 
 he exhausts his remaining strength; enlarges the wound 
 he is so anxiously endeavoring to heal ; and by too ea- 
 gerly grasping at the phantom pleasure, loses, perhaps 
 for ever, the substantial power of being happy. 
 
 Men whose minds are capable of higher enjoyments 
 always feel these perturbed sensations, when deluded 
 into a fashionable party, they find nothing to excite cu- 
 riosity, or interest their feelings ! and where they are 
 pestered by the frivolous importunities of those for 
 whom they cannot entertain either friendship or esteem. 
 How, indeed, is it possible for a sensible mind to feel 
 the. slightest approbation, when a coxcomb enamored 
 of his own eloquence, and swoln with the pride of self- 
 conceited merit, tires by his loquacious nonsense, all 
 around him? 
 
 The great Leibnitz was observed by his servant fre- 
 quently to take notes while he sat at church ; and the 
 domestic very rationally conceived that he was making 
 observations on the subject of the sermon: but it is 
 more consistent with the character of this philosopher 
 to conclude, that he was indulging the powers of his 
 own capacious and excursive mind, when those of the 
 preacher ceased to interest him. Thus it happens, that 
 while the multitude are driven from solitude to society, 
 by being tired of themselves, there are some, and those 
 not a few, who seek refuge in rational retirement from 
 the frivolous dissipation of company. 
 
 An indolent mind is as irksome to itself as it is in- 
 tolerable to others ; but an active mind feels inexhaus- 
 tible resources in its own power. The first is forced to 
 fly from itself for enjoyment, while the other calmly 
 resigns itself to its own suggestions, and always meets 
 with the happiness it has vainly sought for in its com- 
 munion with the world. 
 
 To rouse the soul from that lethargy into which its 
 powers are so apt to drop from the tediousness of life, 
 it is necessary to apply a stimulus both to the head and 
 to the heart. Something must be contrived to strike 
 the senses and interest the mind. But it is much more 
 difficult to convey pleasure to others, than to receive it 
 ourselves ; and while the many wait in anxious hope of 
 being entertained, thev find but faw who are capable 
 
154 in'Hroddction. 
 
 of entertaining-. Disappointment increases the eager- 
 ness of desire ; and the uneasy multitude rush to places 
 of public resort, endeavoring, by noise and bustle, fes- 
 tive gratification, elegant decoration, rich dresses, splen- 
 did illuminations, sportive dances, and sprightly music, 
 to awaken the dormant faculties, and agitate the stag- 
 nant sensibilities of the soul. These scenes may be con- 
 sidered the machineries of pleasure; they produce a tem- 
 porary effect, without requiring much effort or co-ope- 
 ration to obtain it ; while those higher delights, of 
 which retirement is capable, cannot be truly enjoyed 
 without a certain degree of intellectual exertion. There 
 are, indeed, many minds so totally corrupted by the 
 unceasing pursuits of these vain and empty pleasures, 
 that they are utterly incapable of relishing intellectual 
 delight ; which, as it affords an enjoyment totally un- 
 connected with, and independent of, common society, 
 requires a disposition and capacity which common com- 
 pany can never bestow. Retirement, therefore, and. 
 its attendant enjoyments, are of a nature too refined 
 for the gross and vulgar capacities of the multitude, 
 who are more disposed to gratify their intelleclual in- 
 dolence, by receiving a species of entertainment which 
 does not require from them the exertion of thought, 
 than to enjoy pleasures of a nobler kind, which can only 
 be procured by a rational restraint of the passions, and 
 a proper exercise of the powers of the mind. Violent, 
 and tumultuous impressions can alone gratify such 
 characters, whose pleasures like those of the slothful 
 Sybarites, only indicate the pain they undergo in striv- 
 ing to be happy. 
 
 Men, eager for the enjoyment of worldly pleasures, 
 seldom attain the object they pursue. Dissatisfied with 
 the enjoyments of the moment, they long for absent 
 delight, which seems to promise a more poignant gra- 
 tification. Their joys are like those of Tantalus, always 
 in view, but never within reach. The activity of such 
 characters lead to no beneficial end ; they are perpetually 
 in motion, without making any progress : they spur oh 
 " the lazy foot of time," and then complain of the rapi- 
 dity of its flight, only because they have made no good 
 use of its presence : they " take no note of time but by 
 its loss ;" and year follows year, only to increase their 
 uneasiness. If the bright beam of Aurora wake them 
 from their perturbed repose, it is only to create new 
 anxiety how they are to drag through the passing day. 
 The change of season produces no change in their 
 
INTRODUCTION. 155 
 
 wearied dispositions ; and every hour comes and goes 
 with equal indifference and discontent. 
 
 The pleasures of society, however, although they are 
 attended with such unhappy effects, and pernicious 
 consequences, to men of weak heaas and corrupted 
 hearts, who only follow them for the purpose of indulg- 
 ing the follies, and gratifying the vices, to which they 
 have given birth, are yet capable of affording to the 
 wise and the virtuous, a high, rational, sublime, and 
 satisfactory enjoyment. The world is the only theatre 
 upon which great and noble actions can be performed, 
 or the heights of moral and intellectual excellence use- 
 fully attained. The society of the wise and good, ex- 
 clusive of the pleasing relaxation it affords from the 
 anxieties of business, and the cares of life, conveys 
 valuable information to the mind, and virtuous feelings 
 to the breast. There experience imparts its wisdom in 
 a manner equally engaging and impressive ; the facul- 
 ties are improved, and knowledge increased. Youth 
 and age reciprocally contribute to the happiness of 
 each other. Such a society, while it adds firmness to 
 the character, gives fashion to the manners ; and opens 
 immediately to the view the delightful models of wis- 
 dom and integrity. It is only in such society that man 
 can rationally hope to exercise, with any prospect of 
 success, the latent principle, which continually prompts 
 him to pursue the high felicity of which he feels his 
 nature capable, and of which the Creator has permitted 
 him to form a faint idea. 
 
 " In every human heart there lies reclined 
 Some atom pregnant with ethereal mind ; 
 Some plastic power, some intellectual ray, 
 Some genial sunbeam from the source of day ; 
 Something that warms, and restless to aspire, 
 Wakes the young heart, and sets the soul on fire ; 
 And bids us all our inborn powers employ 
 To catch the phantom of ideal joy.' 
 
 Sorrow frequently drives its unhappy victims from 
 solitude into the vortex of society as a means of relief; 
 for solitude is terrible to those whose minds are torn 
 with anguish for the loss of some dear friend, whom 
 death has, perhaps, taken untimely from their arms ; 
 and who would willingly renounce all worldly joys to 
 hear one accent of that beloved voice, which used, in 
 calm retirement, to fill his ear with harmony, and his 
 heart with rapture. 
 
158 INTRODUCTION. 
 
 Solitude also is terrible to those whose felicity is 
 founded on popular applause; who have acquired a de- 
 gree of fame by intrigue, and actions of counterfeited 
 virtue; and who suffer the most excruciating anxiety 
 to preserve their spurious fame. Conscious of the 
 fraudulent means by which they acquire possession of 
 it, and of the weak foundation on which it is built, it 
 appears continually to totter, and always ready to over- 
 whelm them in its ruins. Their attention is sedulously 
 called to every quarter ; and, in order to prop up the 
 unsubstantial fabric, they bend with mean submission 
 to the pride of power ; flatter the vanity, and accommo- 
 date themselves to the vices of the great ; censure the 
 genius that provokes their jealousy ; ridicule the virtue 
 that shames the conduct of their patrons ; submit to all 
 the follies of the age ; take advantage of its errors ; 
 cherish its prejudices ; applaud its superstition, and de- 
 fend its vices. The fashionable circles may, perhaps, 
 welcome such characters as their best supporters and 
 highest ornaments ; but to them the calm and tranquil 
 pleasures of retirement are dreary and disgusting. 
 
 To all those, indeed, whom vice has betrayed into 
 guilt, and whose bosoms are stung by the adders of re- 
 morse, solitude is doubly terrible ; and they fly from 
 its shades to scenes of worldly pleasure, in the hope of 
 being able to silence the keen reproaches of violated 
 conscience in the tumults of society. Vain attempt ! 
 
 Solitude, indeed, as well as religion, has been repre- 
 sented in such dismal, disagreeable colors, by those 
 who were incapable of tasting its sweets, and enjoying 
 its advantages, that many dismiss it totally from all 
 their schemes of happiness, and fly to it only to allevi- 
 ate the bitterness of some momentary passion, or tem- 
 porary adversity, or to hide the blushes of approaching 
 shame. But there are advantages to be derived from 
 solitude, even under such circumstances, by those who 
 are otherwise incapable of enjoying them. Those who 
 know the most delightful comforts, and satisfactory 
 enjoyments, of which a well regulated solitude is pro- 
 ductive, like those who are acquainted with the solid 
 benefits to be derived from religion, will seek retire- 
 ment, in the hours of prosperity and content, as the 
 only means by which they can be enjoyed in true per- 
 fection. The tranquillity of its shades will give rich- 
 ness to their joys ; its uninterrupted quietude will enable 
 them to expatiate on the fullness of their felicity ; and 
 they will turn their eyes with soft compassion on the 
 
 
OF THE MOTIVES 157 
 
 miseries of the world, when compared with the bless- 
 ings they enjoy. 
 
 Strongly, therefore, as the social principle operates in 
 our breast ; and necessary as it is, when properly regu- 
 lated, to the improvement of our minds, the refinement 
 of our manners, and the melioration of our hearts ; yet 
 some portion of our time ought to be devoted to ra- 
 tional retirement : and we must not conclude that those 
 who occasionally abstain from the tumultuous plea- 
 sures, and promiscuous enjoyments of the world, are 
 morose characters, or of peevish dispositions: nor stig- 
 matize those who appear to prefer the calm delights of 
 solitude to the tumultuous pleasures of the world, as 
 unnatural and anti-social. 
 
 "Whoever thinks, must see that man was made 
 To face the storm, not languish in the shade : 
 Action's his sphere, and for that sphere design'd, 
 Eternal pleasures open on his mind. 
 For this fair hope leads on th' impassion'd soul 
 Through life's wild lah'rinths to her distant goal 
 Paints in each dream, to fan the genial flan 
 The pomp of riches, and the pride of fame 
 Or fondly gives reflection's cooler eye 
 In solitude, an image of a future sky." 
 
 CHAPTER II. 
 
 Of the motives to solitude. 
 
 The motives which induce men to exchange tine tu- 
 multuous joys of society, for the calm and temperate 
 pleasures of solitude, are various and accidental ; but 
 whatever may be the finaf cause of such an exchange, 
 it is generally founded on an inclination to escape from 
 some present or impending constraint; to shake off the 
 shackles of the world ; to taste the sweets of soft re- 
 pose; to enjoy the free and undisturbed exertion of the 
 intellectual faculties ; or to perform, beyond the reach 
 of ridicule, the important duties of religion. But the 
 busy pursuits of worldly minded men prevent the great- 
 er part of the species from feeling these motives, and, 
 of course, from tasting the sweets of unmolested exist- 
 ence. Their pleasures are pursued in paths which lead 
 to very different goals : and the real, constant, and un- 
 affected lover of retirement is a character so rarely 
 found 5 that it seems to prove the truth of lord Veru- 
 14 
 
158 OF THE MOTIVES 
 
 lam's observation, that he who is really attached to sol- 
 itude, must be either more or less than man ; and cer- 
 tain it is, that, while the wise and virtuous discover in 
 retirement an uncommon and transcending brightness 
 of character, the vicious and the ignorant are buried 
 under its weight, and sink even beneath their ordinary 
 level. Retirement gives additional firmness to the 
 principles of those who seek it from a noble love of in- 
 dependence, but loosens the feeble consistency of those 
 who only seek it from novelty and caprice. 
 
 To render solitude serviceable, the powers of the 
 mind, and the sensibilities of the heart, must be co- 
 equal, and reciprocally regulate each other ; weakness 
 of intellect, when joined with quick feelings, hurries 
 its possessor into all the tumult of worldly pleasure ; 
 and when mingled with torpid insensibility, impels him 
 to the cloister. Extremes, both in solitude and in so- 
 ciety, are equally baneful. 
 
 A strong sense of shame, the keen compunctions of 
 conscience, a deep regret for past follies, the mortifica- 
 tion arising from disappointed hopes, and the dejection 
 which accompanies disordered health, sometimes so 
 affect the spirits, and destroy the energies of the mind, 
 that the soul shrinks back upon itself at the very ap- 
 proach of company, and withdraws to the shades of 
 solitude, only to brood and languish in obscurity. The 
 inclination to retire, in cases of this description, arises 
 from a fear of meeting the reproaches or disregard of 
 an unpitying and unreflecting world, and not from that 
 erect spirit which disposes the mind to self enjoyment. 
 
 The disgust arising from satiety of worldly pleasures, 
 frequently induces a temporary desire for solitude. 
 The dark and gloomy nature, indeed, of this disposi- 
 tion, is such as neither the splendors of a throne, nor 
 the light of philosophy, are able to irradiate and dispel. 
 The austere and petulant Heraclitus abandoned all the 
 pleasures and comforts of society, in the vain hope 01 
 being able to gratify his discontented mind, by indulg- 
 ing an antipathy against his fellow creatures ; flying 
 from their presence he retired, like his predecessor 
 Timon, to a high mountain, where he lived for many 
 years among the beasts of the desert, on the rude pro- 
 duce of the earth, regardless of all the comforts a civi- 
 lized society is capable of bestowing. Such a temper 
 of mind proceeds from a sickened intellect and disor- 
 dered sensibility, and-indicates the loss of that fine, but 
 firm sense of pleasure, from which alone all real e» 
 
TO SOLITUDE. 159 
 
 joyment must spring. He who having tasted all that 
 can delight the senses, warm the heart, and satisfy the 
 mind, secretly sighs over the vanity of his enjoyments, 
 and beholds all the cheering objects of life with indif- 
 ference, is, indeed, a melancholy example of the sad 
 effects which result from an intemperate pursuit of 
 worldly pleasures. Such a man may, perhaps, abandon 
 society, for it is no longer capable of affording him de- 
 light; but he will be debarred from all rational soli- 
 tude, because he is incapable of enjoying it, and a re- 
 fuge to the brute creation seems his only resource. I 
 have, indeed, observed even noblemen and princes in 
 the midst of abundance, and surrounded by all the 
 splendor that successful ambition, high state, vast 
 riches, and varying pleasures can confer, sinking the 
 sad victims of satiety; disgusted with their glories; 
 and dissatisfied with all those enjoyments which are 
 supposed to give a higher relish to the soul ; but they 
 had happily enriched their minds with notions far su- 
 perior to all those which flow from the corrupted 
 scenes of vitiated pleasures ; and they found, in soli- 
 tude, a soft and tranquil pillow, which invited their 
 perturbed minds, and at length lulled their feelings 
 into calm repose. These characters were betrayed for a 
 time by the circumstances which surrounded their ex- 
 alted stations into an excess of enjoyment ; but they 
 were able to relish the simple occupations, and to en- 
 joy the tranquil amusements of retirement, with as 
 much satisfaction as they had formerly pursued the 
 political intrigues of the cabinet, the hostile glories of 
 the field, or the softer indulgences of peaceful luxury; 
 and were thereby rendered capable of deriving comfort 
 and consolation from that source which seems only to 
 heighten and exasperate the miseries of those whose 
 minds are totally absorbed in the dissipations of life. 
 
 The motives, indeed, which lead men either to tem- 
 porary retirement, or absolute solitude, are innumera- 
 bly various. Minds delicately susceptible to the im- 
 pressions of virtue, frequently avoid society, only to 
 avoid the pain they feel in observing the vices and fol- 
 lies of the world. Minds active andvigorous, frequent- 
 ly retire to avoid the clogs and incumbrances by which 
 the tumults and engagements of society distract and 
 impede the free and full enjoyment of their faculties 
 The basis, indeed, of every inclination to solitude is 
 the love of liberty, either mental or corporeal; a free 
 (lorn from all constraint and interruption : but the form 
 
160 OF THE MOTIVES 
 
 in which the inclination displays itself, varies accord- 
 ing to the character and circumstances of the indi- 
 vidual. 
 
 Men who are engaged in pursuits foreign to the 
 natural inclination of their minds, sigh continually for 
 retirement, as the only means of recruiting their fa- 
 tigued spirits, and procuring a comfortable repose. 
 Scenes of tranquillity can alone afford them any idea 
 of enjoyment. A refined sense of duty, indeed, fre- 
 quently induces noble minds to sacrifice all personal 
 pleasures to the great interests of the public, or the pri- 
 vate benefits of their fellow creatures ; and they resist 
 every opposing obstacle with courage, and bear every 
 adversity with fortitude, under those cheering senti- 
 ments, and proud delights, which result from the pur- 
 suits of active charity and benevolence, even though 
 their career be thwarted by those whose advantages 
 they design to promote. The exhilarating idea of 
 being instrumental in affording relief to suffering hu- 
 manity, reconciles every difficulty, however great: 
 prompts to new exertions, however fruitless ; and sus- 
 tains them in those arduous conflicts, in which all who 
 aspire to promote the interest, and improve the happi- 
 ness of mankind, must occasionally engage, especially 
 when opposed by the pride and profligacy of the rich 
 and great, and the obstinacy and caprice of the igno- 
 rant and unfeeling. But the most virtuous and steady 
 minds cannot always bear up against " a sea of trou- 
 bles, or by opposing, end them :" and, depressed by 
 temporary adversities, will arraign the cruelty of their 
 condition, and sigh for the shades of peace and tran- 
 quillity. How transcendent must be the enjoyment of 
 a great and good minister who, after having anxiously 
 attended to the important business of the state, and dis- 
 engaged himself from the necessary but irksome occu- 
 pation of official. detail, refreshes his mind in the calm 
 of some delightful retreat, with works of taste, and 
 thoughts of fancy and imagination ! A change, indeed, 
 both of scene and sentiment, is absolutely necessary, 
 not only in the serious and important employments, but 
 even in the common occupations and idle amusements 
 of life. Pleasure springs fiom contrast. The most 
 charming object loses a portion of its power to delight, 
 by being continually beheld. Alternate society and so- 
 litude are necessary to the full enjoyment of both the 
 pleasures of the world and the delights of retirement. 
 It is, however, asserted that the celebrated Pascal, 
 
TO SOUTUUE. 161 
 
 whose life was far from being inactive, that quietude is 
 a beam of the original purity of our nature, and that 
 the height of human happiness is in solitude and tran- 
 quillity. Tranquillity, indeed, is the wish of all : the 
 good, while pursuing the track of virtue ; the great 
 while following the star of glory ; and the little, while 
 creeping in the styes of dissipation, sigh for tranquillity 
 and make it the great object which they ultimately 
 hope to attain. How anxiously does the sailor, on the 
 high and giddy mast, when rolling through tempestu- 
 ous seas, cast his eyes over the foaming billows, and 
 anticipate the calm security he hopes to enjoy when he 
 reaches the wished for shore ! Even kings grow weary 
 of their splendid slavery, and nobles sicken under in- 
 creasing dignities. All, in short, feel less delight in the 
 actual enjoyment of worldly pursuits, however great 
 and honorable they may be, than in the idea of their 
 being able to relinquish them and retire to 
 
 " some calm sequestered spot ; 
 
 The world forgetting, by the world forgot." 
 
 The restless and ambitious Pyrrhus hoped that ease 
 and tranquillity would be the ultimate reward of his en- 
 terprising conquests. Frederic the great, discovered, 
 perhaps unintentionally, how pleasing and satisfactory 
 the idea of tranquillity was to his mind, when imme- 
 diately after he had gained a glorious and important 
 victory, he exclaimed on the field of battle, " Oh that 
 my anxieties may now be ended !" The emperor Jo- 
 seph also displayed the predominancy of his passion for 
 tranquillity and retirement, when on asking the famous 
 German pedestrian, Baron Grothaus, what countries he 
 next intended to traverse, was told a long number in 
 rapid succession. "And what then?" continued the 
 emperor. " Why then," replied the baron, " I intend 
 to retire to the place of my nativity, and enjoy myself 
 in rural quietude, and the cultivation of my patrimonial 
 farm." "Ah, my good friend," exclaimed the emperor, 
 " if you will trust the voice of sad experience, you had 
 better neglect the walk, and retire before it is too late, 
 to the quietude and tranquillity you propose." 
 
 Publius Scipio, surnamed Africanus, during the time 
 that he was invested with the highest offices of Rome, 
 and immediately engaged in the most important con- 
 cerns of tl' Q empire, withdrew whenever an opportu- 
 nity occurred, from public observation, to peaceful pri- 
 
162' OF THE MOTIVES 
 
 vacy ; and though not devoted, like Tully, to the ele- 
 gant occupations of literature and philosophy, declared 
 that " he was never less alone than when alone." He 
 was, says Plutarch, incomparably the first both in vir- 
 tue and power, of the Romans of his time ; but in his 
 highest tide of fortune, he voluntarily abandoned the 
 scene of his glory, and calmly retired to his beautiful 
 villa in the midst of a romantic forest, near Liturnum, 
 where he closed, in philosophic tranquillity, the last 
 years of a long and splendid life, 
 
 Cicero, in the plenitude of his power, at a time when 
 his influence over the minds of his fellow citizens was 
 at its height, retired, with the retiring liberties of his 
 country, to his Tusculum villa, to deplore the approach- 
 ing fate of his beloved city, and to ease, in soothing 
 solitude, the anguish of his heart. 
 
 Horace, also, the gay and elegant favorite of the 
 great Augustus, even in the meridian rays of royal fa- 
 vor, renounced the smiles of greatness, and all the se- 
 ductive blandishments of an imperial court, to enjoy 
 his happy muse among the romantic wilds of his se- 
 questered villa of Tibur, near the lake Albunea. 
 
 But there are few characters who have passed the 
 concluding scenes of life with more real dignity than 
 the emperor Dioclesian. In the twenty-first year of 
 his reign, though he had never practised the lessons of 
 philosophy either in the attainment or the use of su- 
 preme power, and although his reign had flowed with 
 a tide of uninterrupted success, he executed his memo- 
 rable resolution of abdicating the empire, and gave the 
 world the first example of a resignation which has not 
 been very frequently imitated by succeeding monarchs. 
 Dioclesian was at this period only fifty-nine years of 
 age, and in the full possession of his mental faculties ; 
 but he had vanquished all his enemies, and executed 
 all his designs ; and his active life, his wars, his jour- 
 neys, the cares of royalty, and his application to busi- 
 ness having impaired his constitution, and brought on 
 the infirmities of a premature old age, he resolved to 
 pass the remainder of his days in honorable repose ; to 
 place his glory beyond the reach of fortune, and to re- 
 linquish the theatre of the world to his younger and 
 more active associates. The ceremony of his abdica- 
 tion was performed in a spacious plain, about three 
 miles from Nicomedia. The emperor ascended a lofty 
 throne, and, in a speech full of reason and dignity, 
 declared his intention both to the people and to the sol- 
 
TO SOLITUDE. 163 
 
 diers, who were assembled on this extraordinary occa- 
 sion. As soon as he had divested himseli of the pur- 
 ple, he withdrew from the gazing multitude ; and tra- 
 versing the city in a covered chariot, proceeded without 
 delay to the favorite retirement which he had chosen in 
 his native country of Dalmatia. The emperor, who, 
 from a servile origin, had raised himself to the throne, 
 passed the last nine years of his life in a private condi- 
 tion at Salona. Reason had dictated, and content 
 seems to have accompanied, his retreat, in which he 
 enjoyed for a long time the respect of those princes to 
 whom he had resigned the possession of the world. It 
 is seldom that minds long exercised in business have 
 formed any habits of conversing with themselves, 
 and in the loss of power, they principally regret the 
 want of occupation. The amusements of letters and 
 of devotion, which afford so many resources in solitude, 
 were incapable of fixing the attention of Dioclesian : 
 but he had preserved, or, at least, he soon recovered, a 
 taste for the most innocent as well as natural pleasures; 
 and his leisure hours were sufficiently employed in 
 building, planting, and gardening. His answer to 
 Maxim ian is deservedly celebrated^ He was solicited 
 by that restless old man to resume the reins of govern- 
 ment and the imperial purple. He rejected the temp- 
 tation with a smile of pity, calmly observing, that if he 
 could show Maximian the cabbages he had planted at 
 Salona, he should be no longer urged to relinquish the 
 enjoyment of happiness for the pursuit of power. In 
 his conversations witli his friends he frequently ac- 
 knowledged, that of ail the arts the most difficult was 
 that of reigning ; and he expressed himself on that 
 favorite topic with a degree of warmth which could be 
 the result only of experience. " How often," was he ac- 
 customed to say, " is it the interest of four or five mi- 
 nisters to combine together to deceive the sovereign ! 
 Secluded from mankind by his exalted dignity, the 
 truth is concealed from his knowledge : he can only 
 see with their eyes ; he hears nothing but their misrepre- 
 sentations. He confers the most important offices upon 
 vice and weakness, and disgraces the most virtuous 
 and deserving among his subjects ; and by such infa- 
 mous acts the best and wisest princes are sold to the 
 venal corruption of their courtiers." A just estimate 
 of greatness, and the assurance of immortal fame, im- 
 prove our relish for the pleasures of retirement. 
 Zenobia, the celebrated queen of Palmyra and the 
 
164 OF THE MOTIVES 
 
 east ; a female whose superior genius broke through 
 the servile indolence imposed on her sex by the climate 
 and manners of Asia, the most lovely as well as the 
 most heroic of her sex. who spread the terror of her 
 arms over Arabia, Armenia, and Persia, and kept even 
 the legions of the Roman empire in awe, was, after the 
 two great battles of Antiochand Emesa, at length sub- 
 dued, and made the illustrious captive of the emperor 
 Aurelian ; but the conqueror, respecting the sex. the 
 beauty, the courage and endowments of the Syrian 
 queen, not only preserved her life, but presented her 
 with an elegant villa at Tiburor Tivoli, about twenty 
 miles from Rome ; where, in happy tranquillity, she 
 fed the greatness of her soul with the noble images of 
 Homer, and the exalted precepts of Plato ; supported 
 the adversity of her fortunes with fortitude and resig- 
 nation ; and learnt that the anxieties attendant on am- 
 bition are happily exchanged for the enjoyments of 
 ease and the comforts of philosophy. 
 
 Charles V. resigned the government of the empire 
 to his brother the king of the Romans ; and transfer- 
 red all claims of obedience and allegiance to him from 
 the Germanic body, in order that he might no longer 
 be detained from that retreat for which he long had 
 languished. In passing, some years before, from Val- 
 ladolid to Placentia, in the Province of Estremadura, 
 lie was struck with the delightful situation of the 
 monastery of St. Justus, belonging to the order of St. 
 Jerome, not many miles distant from the town ; and ob- 
 served to some of his attendants, that this was a spot 
 to which Dioclesian might have retired with pleasure. 
 The impression remained upon his mind, and he de- 
 termined to make it the place of his own retreat. It 
 was seated in a vale of no great extent, watered by a 
 small brook, and surrounded by rising grounds covered 
 with lofty trees ; and from the nature of the soil, as 
 well as the temperature of the climate, was esteemed 
 the most healthful and delicious situation in Spain. 
 Some months before his resignation, he had sent an 
 architect thither to add a new apartment to the monas- 
 tery for his accommodation ; but he gave strict orders 
 that the style of the buildL.g should be such as suited 
 his present station rather than his former dignity. It 
 consisted only of six rooms ; four of them in the form 
 of friar's cells, with naked walls ; the other two, each 
 twenty feet square, were hung with brown cloth, and 
 furnished in the most simple manner ; they were all oil 
 
TO SOLITUDE. 165 
 
 a level with the ground, with a door on one side into a 
 garden of which Charles himself had given the plan, 
 and had filled it with various plants, which he intehded 
 to cultivate with his own hands. On the other side 
 they communicated with the chapel of the monastery, 
 in which he was to perform his devotions. In this 
 humble retreat, hardly sufficient for the comfortable 
 accommodation of a private gentleman, did Charles 
 enter with twelve domestics only, and buried in solitude 
 and silence his grandeur, his ambition, and all those 
 vast projects which, during almost half a century, had 
 alarmed and agitated Europe ; filling every kingdom in 
 it by turns with the terror of his arms, and the dread 
 of being subdued by his power. 
 
 These instances of resignation and retirement, to 
 which many others might have been added, sufficient- 
 ly prove that a desire to live in free leisure, indepen- 
 dent of the restraints of society, is one of the most 
 powerful affections of the human mind ; and that soli- 
 tude, judiciously and rationally employed, amply com- 
 pensates all that is sacrificed for the purpose of enjoy- 
 ing it 
 
 But there are many other resources from whence 
 an anti-social disposition may arise, which merits con- 
 sideration. That terrible malady, the hypocondria, 
 frequently renders the unhappy sufferer not only 
 averse to society in general, but even fearful of meet- 
 ing a human being ; and the still more dreadful malady 
 a wounded heart, increases our antipathy to mankind. 
 The fear of unfounded calumny also sometimes drives 
 weak and dejected minds into the imaginary shelter of 
 obscurity ; and even strong and honest characters, prone 
 to disclose their real sentiments, are disgusted at the 
 world from a consciousness of its being unable to listen 
 temperately to the voice of truth. The obstinacy with 
 which mankind persist in habitual errors, and the vio- 
 lence with which they indulge inveterate passions, a 
 deep regret for their follies, and the horror which their 
 vices create, drives us frequently from their presence. 
 The love of science, a fondness foiAhe arts, and an at- 
 tachment to the immortal works of genius, induce, I 
 trust, not a few to neglect all anxiety to learn the com- 
 mon news of the day, and keep them in some calm, 
 sequestered retreat far from the unmeaning manners 
 of the noisy world, improving the genuine feelings of 
 their hearts, and storing their minds with the principles 
 of true philosophy, There are others, though! fear they 
 
166 OF THE MOTIVES 
 
 are few, who, impressed by a strong sense of the du- 
 ties of religion, and feeling how incompatible with 
 their practice are most, if not all, the factitious joys of 
 social life, retire from the corrupted scene, to contem- 
 plate, in sacred privacy, the attributes of a Being unal- 
 terably pure, and infinitely good; to impress upon their 
 minds so strong a sense of the importance of obedience 
 to the divine will, of the value of the reward promised 
 to virtue, and the terrors of the punishment denounced 
 against crimes, as may overbear all temptations which 
 temporal hope or fear can bring in their way, and ena- 
 ble them to bid equal defiance to joy and sorrow; to 
 turn away at one time from the allurements of ambi- 
 tion, and press forward at another against the threats 
 of calamity. 
 
 The dejection occasioned by the hypochondria ren- 
 ders the mind not only averse from, but wholly inca- 
 pable of, any pleasure, and induces the unhappy suffer- 
 er to seek a solitude by which it is increased. The in- 
 fluence of this dreadful malady is so powerful, that it 
 destroys all hope of remedy, and prevents those exer- 
 tions, by which alone, we are told it can be cured. 
 
 To cure the mind's wrong bias — spleen. 
 Some recommend the bowling-green j 
 Some, hilly walks; all, exercise; 
 Fling but a stone, the giant dies ; 
 Laugh, and be well. Monkies have been 
 Extreme good doctors for the spleen ; 
 And kittens, if the humor hit, 
 Have harlequined away the fit. 
 
 But, alas ! the heart shuts itself against every pleas- 
 ing sensation, and the mind dismisses every cheering 
 sentiment. Joy opens in vain its festal arms to receive 
 him; and he shuns embraces, whose light and mirthful 
 air would only serve to increase the melancholy of his 
 dreary and distempered mind. Even the tender, affec- 
 tionate offices of friendship, in endeavoring to sooth 
 and divert his mind by lively conversation and social 
 intercourse, appear officious and ill-timed. His spirits 
 are quite dejected; his faculties become torpid ; and his 
 sense of enjoyment is annihilated. The charming air 
 which breathes to us the sweetest fragrance, and most 
 invigorating delights,, feels to him like a pestilent con* 
 gregation of vapors. 
 
 His pensive spirit takes the lonely grove 
 Efjghtly he visits all the sylvan scenes, 
 
TO SOLITUDE. 167 
 
 Where, far remote, a melancholy moon 
 
 Raising her head, seVene and shorn of beams, 
 
 Throws here and there the glimmerings through the trees, 
 
 To make more awful darkness. 
 
 Conscious that his frame is totally unstrung-, and that 
 his pulse is incapable of beating in any pleasant unison 
 with the feelings of his healthful friends, he withers 
 into sorrowful decay. Every object around him ap- 
 pears to be at enmity with his feelings, and comes 
 shapeless and discolored to his disordered, eyes. The 
 gentle voice of pity grates his ears with harsh and hol- 
 low sounds, and seems to reproach him with insulting 
 tones. Stricken by his dreadful malady, the lamenta- 
 ble effects of which a cruel and unfeeling world so of- 
 ten ridicule and despise, and constantly tearing open 
 the wound it has occasioned, the afflicted spirit flies 
 from every scene of social joy and animating pleasure, 
 seeks as a sole resource, to hide its sorrows in solitary 
 seclusion, and awaits, in lingering sufferance, the stroke 
 of death. 
 
 The erroneous opinions, perverse dispositions, and 
 inveterate prejudices of the world, are sometimes the 
 causes which induce men to retire from society, and 
 seek in solitude the enjoyments of innocence and truth. 
 Careless of a commerce with those for whom they can 
 entertain no esteem, their minds naturally incline to- 
 ward those scenes in which their fancy paints the fair- 
 est form of felicity. He, indeed, whose free and inde- 
 pendent spirit is resolved to permit his mind to think for 
 itself; who disdains to form his feelings, and to fashion 
 his opinions, upon the capricious notions of the world ; 
 who is too candid to expect that others should be guid- 
 ed by his notions, and sufficiently firm not to obey im- 
 plicitly the hasty notions of others ; who seeks to cul- 
 tivate the just and manly feelings of the heart, and 
 to pursue truth in the paths of science, must detach 
 himself from the degenerate crowd, and seek his en- 
 joyments in retirement. For to those who love to 
 consult their own ideas, to form opinions upon their 
 own reasonings and discernment, and to express only 
 such sentiments as they really feel, a society whose 
 judgments are borrowed, whose literature is only spe- 
 cious, and whose principles are unfounded, must not 
 only be irksomely insipid, but morally dangerous. The 
 firm and noble minded disdain to bow their necks to 
 the slavish yoke of vulgar prejudice, and appeal, in 
 support of their opinions, to the higher tribunal of sense 
 and reason, from the partial and ill-formed sentences of 
 
168 OF THE MOTIVES 
 
 conceited critics, who, destitute themselves of any 
 sterling merit, endeavor to depreciate the value of that 
 coin whose weight, and purity render it current, and to 
 substitute their own base and varnished compositions 
 in its stead. Those self-created who proudly place 
 themselves in the professor's chair, look with an envi- 
 ous and malignant eye on all the works of genius, taste, 
 and sense ; and as their interests are intimately blended 
 with the destruction of every sublime and elegant pro- 
 duction, their cries are' raised against them the moment 
 they appear. To blast the fame of merit is their chief 
 object and their highest joy: and their lives are indus- 
 triously employed to stifle the discoveries, to impede 
 the advancement, to condemn the excellency, and to- 
 per vert the meaning of their more ingenious contem- 
 poraries. Like loathsome toads, they grovel on the 
 ground, and, as they move along, emit a nasty slime r 
 or frothy venom, on the sweetest shrubs and fairest 
 flowers of the fields. 
 
 From the society of such characters^ who seem to 
 consider the noble productions of superior intellect 
 the fine and vigorous flights of fancy, the brilliant, effu- 
 sions of a sublime imagination, and the refined feelings 
 of the heart, as fancied conceits or wild deliriums,, 
 those who examine them by a better standard than 
 that of fashion or common taste, fly with delight. 
 
 The reign of envy, however, although it is perpetual 
 as to the existence of the passion, is only transitory as 
 to the objects of its tyranny ; and the merit which has 
 fallen the victim of its rage, is frequently raised hy the 
 hand of truth, and placed on the throne of public ap- 
 plause. A production of genius, however the ears of 
 its author were deafened, during his life, by the cla- 
 mors of calumny, and hisses of ignorance, is reviewed 
 with impartiality when he dies, and revived by the ac- 
 clamations of ingenuous applause. The reproach 
 which the life of a great and good man is continually 
 casting on his mean and degenerate contemporaries, is 
 silenced by his death. He is remembered only in the 
 character of his works ; and his fame increases with 
 the successive generations, which his sentiments and 
 opinions contribute to enlighten and adorn. 
 
 The history of the celebrated English philosopher, 
 David Hume, affords, perhaps, a stronger instance of 
 the dangers to which wit and learning are exposed 
 from the malicious shafts of envy, ignorance, and into- 
 lerance, than that of any other author. The tax in- 
 
TO SOLITUDE. 16i> 
 
 deed, is common to authors of every description, but 
 it frequently falls the heaviest on the highest heads. 
 This profound philosopher and elegant historian, pos- 
 sessed a mild temper ; a lively, social disposition ; a 
 high sense of friendship, and incorruptible integrity. 
 His manners, indeed, appeared, at first sight, cold and 
 repulsive ; for he had sacrificed little to the graces : but 
 his mind was invariably cheerful, and his affections un- 
 commonly warm and generous : and neither his ardent 
 desire of fame, nor the gross and unfounded calumnies 
 of his enemies, were capable of disturbing the happy 
 tranquillity of his heart. His life was passed in the 
 constant exercise of humanity and benevolence ; and 
 even those who had been seduced, by the jealous and 
 vindictive artifices of others, wantonly to attack his 
 fame and character with obloquy and reproach, expe- 
 rienced his kindness, and acknowledged his virtues. 
 He would never indeed confess that his friends had 
 ever had occasion to vindicate any one circumstance of 
 his character or conduct, or that he had ever been at- 
 tacked either by the baleful tooth of envy, or the rage 
 of civil or religious faction. His company, indeed, was 
 equally agreeable to all classes of society ; and 
 young and old, rich and poor, listened with pleasure to 
 his conversation, and quitted his company with regret ; 
 for although he was deeply learned, and his discourses 
 replete with sagacity and science, he had the happy art 
 of delivering his sentiments upon all subjects without 
 the appearance of ostentation, or in any way offending 
 the feelings of his hearers. 
 
 The interests of religion are said to have suffered by 
 the abuse of his talents ; but the precepts of Christiani- 
 ty were never more powerfully recommended, than by 
 the integrity of his morals, and the purity of his life. 
 His benign and gentle spirit, attached to virtue, and 
 averse from every species of vice, essentially promoted 
 the practice of piety, and the duties of a religious mind ; 
 and did not, as is always the case with the zeal of per- 
 secution and martyrdom, tear away the very founda- 
 tion of that fabric which it pretends to support. The 
 excellency, indeed, both of the head and the heart of 
 this great and good man, enabled him not only to en- 
 joy himself with perfect felicity, but to contribute to 
 the improvement, and increase the happiness of man- 
 kind. This is the opinion now generally entertained 
 of the character of Hume; but far different were the 
 sentiments of his contemporaries upon this subject. It 
 1j 
 
1?0 OF THE MOTIVES 
 
 was neither in a barbarous country, or in an unenlight- 
 ened age, that he lived ; but. although the land was 
 free, the people philosophical, and the spirit of the 
 times provoked the minds of learned men to metaphy- 
 sical inquiry, the fame of Hume was wrecked upon his 
 moral and religious writings. He was charged with 
 being a sceptic ; but from the propagation of certain 
 doctrines, and the freedom of inquiry which had then 
 gone forth, it is impossible to attribute his disappoint- 
 ments to this cause. A kind of natural prejudice, in- 
 deed, prevailed in England at this period against the 
 Scots; but as he did not experience much favor from 
 his own countrymen, no conclusion can be fairly 
 drawn from this circumstance; and the extraordinary 
 History of his Literary Transactions, a work written 
 by himself, cannot be perused without an equal degree 
 of surprise and concern. The contemptuous repulses 
 which his several compositions received from the pub- 
 lic, appear incredible ; but the facts he relates are un- 
 doubtedly authentic ; and while they raise a sorrowful 
 regret for the fate of Hume in particular, they most 
 unhappily tend to diminish the ardor of the student, 
 who contemplates the various dangers to which his 
 desire of fame may be exposed, and may, perhaps, in- 
 duce him to quit the pursuit of an object' 1 ' so hard to 
 gain, so easy to be lost." 
 
 The melancholy history of the literary career of the 
 celebrated Hume, as appears from the short, sketch he 
 made of his own life, while he calmly waited, under 
 an incurable disorder, the moment of approaching dis 
 solution ; a work which proclaims the mildness, the 
 modesty, and the resignation of his temper, as clearly 
 as his other works demonstrate the power and extent 
 of his mind. The history, indeed, of every man who 
 attempts to destroy the reigning prejudices, or correct 
 the prevailing errors, of his age and country, is nearly 
 the same. He who has the happiness to see objects of 
 any description with greater perspicuity than his con- 
 temporaries, and presumes to disseminate his superior 
 knowledge, by the unreserved publication of his opi 
 nions, sets himself up as a common mark for the shafts 
 of envy and resentment to pierce, and seldom escapes 
 from being charged with wicked designs against the 
 interests of mankind. A writer, whatever his charac- 
 ter, station, or talents may be, will find that he has a 
 host of malevolent inferiors ready to sieze every oppor 
 tuiiity of gratifying their humbled pride, by attempting 
 
" TO SOLITUDE. 171 
 
 to level his superior merits, and subdue his rising' fame. 
 Even the compassionate few, who are ever ready to 
 furnish food to the hungry, clothing to the naked, and 
 consolation to the afflicted, seldom feel any other sen- 
 sation than that of jealousy on beholding the wreath 01 
 merit placed on the brow of a deserving rival. The 
 Ephesians, with republican pride, being "unable to en- 
 dure the reproach which they felt from the pre- 
 eminency of any individual, banished to some other 
 state, the citizen who presumed to excel the generality 
 of his countrymen. It would be, in some'measure, 
 adopting this egregious and tyrannical folly, were I to 
 exhort the man whose merits transcend those who are 
 his equals in rank, or station, to break off all inter- 
 course and connexion with them ; but 1 am certain 
 that he might, by an occasional retirement, elude the 
 effects of Their envy, and avoid those provocations to 
 which, by his superiority, he will otherwise be continu- 
 ally exposed. 
 
 To treat the frailties of our fellow creatures with 
 tenderness, to correct their errors with kindness, to 
 view even their vices with pity, and to induce, by every 
 friendly attention, a mutual complacency and good 
 will, is not only an important moral duty, but a means 
 of increasing the sum of earthly happiness. It is, in- 
 deed, difficult to prevent an honest mind from bursting 
 forth with generous indignation against those artful 
 hypocrites who, by specious and plausible practices, 
 obtain the false character of being wise and good, and 
 obtrude their flimsy and heterodox opinions upon the 
 unthinking world, as the fair and genuine sentiments 
 of truth and virtue. The anger which arises in a ge- 
 nerous and ardent mind, on hearing a noble action 
 calumniated, or a useful work illiberally attacked, is 
 not easily restrained ; but such feelings should be 
 checked and regulated with a greater degree of cau- 
 tion than even if they were less virtuous and praise- 
 worthy ; for, if they are indulged with frequency, their 
 natural violence may weakenlhe common charities or 
 the mind, and convert its very goodness and love of 
 virtue into a mournful misanthropy, or virulent detes- 
 tation of mankind. 
 
 Let. not the man, whose exalted mind, improved by 
 study and observation, surveys with a discriminating 
 eye the moral depravities and mental weaknesses of hu- 
 man nature, submit to treat his envious inferiors with 
 inveterate anger, and undistinguishing revenge. Their 
 
172 OF THE MOTIVES 
 
 envy as a tribute of approbation to his greatness. Lei 
 him look with the gentle eye of pity upon those who 
 err rather from the wicked suggestions of others, than 
 from tlie malevolence of their own hearts : let him not 
 confound the weak and innocent reptile with the scor- 
 pion and the viper ; let him listen, without emotion, to 
 the malignant barking and envious hissings that every 
 where attend the footsteps of transcendent merit ; let 
 him disregard, with philosophic dignity, the senseless 
 clamors of those noisy adversaries who are blinded by 
 prejudice, and deaf to the arguments of sense and rea- 
 son : let him rather, by a mild and forbearing temper, 
 endeavor to make some impression on their hearts ; and. 
 if he should find their bosoms susceptible, he may hope 
 in time to convince them of their errors, and, without 
 violence or compulsion, bring back their deluded un- 
 derstandings to a sense of truth, and the practice of 
 virtue ; but, if experience convince him that every en- 
 deavor to reform them is fruitless and vain, let him— 
 
 Neglect the grumblers of an envious age, 
 Vapid in spleen, or brisk in frothy rage ; 
 Critics, who, ere they understand, defame ; 
 And seeming friends who only do not blame , 
 And puppet prattlers, whose unconscious throat 
 Transmits what the pert witling prompts by rote: 
 Let him neglect this blind and babbling crowd, 
 To enjoy the favor of the wise and good. 
 
 Slander, however, by fixing her talons on the most 
 virtuous characters, generally defeats her own malice, 
 and proclaims their merit. It may, indeed, tend to di- 
 minish their inclination for general society, and to ren- 
 der them, in some degree, apprehensive of the danger 
 of even well deserved fame. "Durable fame," says 
 Petrarch, " is only to be derived from the practice of 
 virtue, and from such works as are worthy of descend- 
 ing from generation to generation. As to praters, 
 gowned gentlemen, that walk in their silks, glitter in 
 their jewels, and are pointed at by the people, all their 
 bravery and pomp, their show of knowledge, and their 
 thundering speeches, last only with their lungs, and 
 then vanish into thin smoke; for the acquisition of 
 wealth, and the desires of ambition, are no witnesses 
 of true desert. I think I shall have fame after my 
 death ; and that is a fame from which no profit is de- 
 rived ; but, on the contrary, frequently injures, while 
 slive, the person who is to enjoy it when dead. What 
 
 
TO SOLITUDE. 173 
 
 procured the destruction of Cicero, Demosthenes, and 
 Zeno, but foul and haggard envy of their fame ? What 
 brought the chosen men of the great ship Argos to 
 Colchis, but the fame of that king's riches ? For what 
 else was signified by the Golden Fleece, but the riches 
 seized by these marauders, destitute of true riches, 
 and who were clad w ith fleeces not their own ?" Many, 
 indeed, whose merits have cast a radiance around their 
 characters, have hidden its splendors with the shades 
 of retirement to avoid giving uneasiness to envy ; and, 
 by being deprived of that warm and aspiring tribute of 
 applause which they had gloriously and justly earned, 
 have, in some instances at least, indulged too keen a 
 sense of the depravity of mankind. Solon, after hav- 
 ing in vain exhorted the Athenians to resist the tyranny 
 of Pisistratus. and save the liberties of that country, on 
 which he had conferred Such distinguished services, 
 returned to his own house, and placing his weapons at 
 the street door, exclaimed, as a last effort, " / have done 
 all in my power to suve my country and defend its 
 laws!" and then retired from the tumults of public life, 
 to weep in silence over the servility of the Athenians, 
 and the fate of Athens. History affords many illustri- 
 ous instances, both ancient and modern, of the like 
 kind : for there never was a statesman, who possessed 
 a great mind and manly feelings, that did not, even 
 during the plentitude of his power, occasionally wish 
 to escape from the incorrigible vices which prevail in 
 courts, to the enjoyment of the more innocent plea- 
 sures and humble virtues which surround the cottage. 
 Such exalted characters cannot observe, without the 
 highest disgust, and keenest indignation, the virtues of 
 the best, and the services of tlie bravest men of the 
 nation, blasted by the envious breath of brainless place- 
 men, or the insidious insinuations of female favorites, 
 whose whole time is employed in caressing their mon- 
 kies and paroquets, or in aspersing the merits of those 
 who boldly seek their fortune by the open and manly 
 road of true desert, and not by the deep, dark, and 
 crooked paths of flattery and intrigue. Can such a 
 man behold the double dealing ancTdeceitful artifices 
 by which the excellency of princes is corrupted, their 
 imaginations dazzled, their discernment blinded, and 
 their minds led astray without feeling uncommon in- 
 dignation? Certainly not. But however acutely his 
 bosom may feel, or tongue express his sense of such 
 prevailing practices, he must still be forced to see, 
 15* 
 
174 OF THE MOTIVES 
 
 with even a more contemptuous and painful sensation, 
 that envious rage and jealous asperity, which burst from 
 the cringing crowd of mean and abject courtiers, on 
 hearing the monarch, in the grateful feelings of his 
 heart, applaud the eminent and faithful services of 
 some gallant officer. Dion was the principal states- 
 man at the court of Dionysius, and the deliverer of 
 Sicily. When the younger Dionysius succeeded to the 
 throne of his father, Dion, in the first council that he 
 held, spoke with so much propriety on the existing 
 state of affairs, and on the measures which ought to 
 be taken, that the surrounding courtiers appeared to be 
 mere children in comparison. By the freedom of his 
 counsels he exposed, in a strong light, the slavish 
 principles of those who, through a timorous disinge- 
 nuity, advised such measures as they thought would 
 please their prince, rather than such as might advance 
 his interest. But what alarmed them most, were the 
 steps he proposed to take with regard to the impending 
 war with Carthage; for he offered either to go in per- 
 son to Carthage, and settle an honorable peace with 
 the Carthagenians, or, if war should be inevitable, to 
 fit out and maintain fifty gallies at his own expense. 
 Dionysius was pleased with the magnificence of his 
 spirit ; but his courtiers felt that it made them appear 
 little ; and agreeing that, at all events, Dion was to be 
 crushed, they spared for that purpose no calumny that 
 malice could suggest. They represented to the king 
 that this favorite certainly meant to make himself mas- 
 ter by sea, and by that means to obtain the kingdom 
 for his sister's children. There was, moreover, another 
 and obvious cause of their hatred to him, in the reserve 
 of his manners, and the sobriety of his life. They led 
 the young and ill-educated king through every species 
 of debauchery, and were the shameless panders of his 
 wrong directed passions. Their enmity to Dion, who 
 had no taste for luxurious enjoyments, was a thing of 
 course ; and as he refused to partake with them in 
 their vices, they resolved to strip him of his virtues ; to 
 which they gave the name of such vices as are sup- 
 posed to resemble them. His gravity of manners they 
 called pride ; his freedom of speech, insolence ; his de- 
 clining to join in their licentiousness, contempt. It is 
 true, there was a natural haughtiness in his deportment 
 and an asperity that was unsociable, and difficult of ac- 
 cess ; so that it was not to be wondered at if he found 
 no ready admission to the ears of a young king, alrea-, 
 
TO SOLITUDE. 175 
 
 dy spoiled by flattery. Willing to impute the irregula- 
 rities of Dionysius to ignorance and bad education, 
 Dion endeavored to engage him in a course of liberal 
 studies, and to give him a taste for those sciences which 
 have a tendency to moral improvement. But in this 
 wise and virtuous resolution he was opposed by all the 
 artifices of court intrigue. 
 
 Men, in proportion as their minds are dignified with 
 noble sentiments, and their hearts susceptible of refined 
 sensibility, feel a justifiable aversion to the society of 
 such characters, and shrink from the scenes they fre- 
 quent; but they should cautiously guard against the 
 intrusions of that austerity and moroseness with which 
 such a conduct is but too apt to inspire the most bene- 
 volent minds. Disgusted by the vices and follies of 
 the age. the mind becomes insensibly impressed with 
 a hatred toward the species, and loses, by degrees, that 
 mild and humane temper which is so indispensably ne- 
 cessary to the enjoyment of social happiness. Even he 
 who merely observes the weak or vicious frailties of 
 his fellow creatures with an intention to study philoso- 
 phically the nature and disposition of man, cannot 
 avoid remembering their defects with severity, and 
 viewing the character he contemplates with contempt, 
 especially if he happens to be the object of their arti- 
 fices, and the dupe of their villanies. Contempt is close- 
 ly allied with hatred ; and hatred of mankind will cor- 
 rupt, in time, the fairest mind : it tinges, by degrees, 
 every object with the bile of misanthropy ; perverts the 
 judgment ; and at length looks indiscriminately with 
 an evil eye on the good and bad, engenders suspicion, 
 fear, jealousy, revenge, and all the black catalogue of 
 unworthy and malignant passions : and when these 
 dreadful enemies have extirpated every generous sen- 
 timent from the breast, the unhappy victim abhors so- 
 ciety^ disclaims his species, sighs, like St. Hyacinth, for 
 some distant and secluded island, and with savage bar- 
 barity, defends the inviolability of its boundaries by 
 the cruel repulsion, and, perhaps, the death of those 
 unhappy mortals whom misfortune may drive, hapless 
 and unpitied, to its inhospitable shores. 
 
 But if misanthropy be capable of producing such 
 direful effects on well disposed minds, how shocking 
 must be the character whose disposition, naturally ran- 
 corous, is heightened and inflamed by an habitual ha- 
 tred and malignancy toward his fellow creatures ! In 
 Swisserland, I once beheld a monster of this descri£>- 
 
17Q OF THE MOTIVES. 
 
 tion ; I was compelled to visit him by the duties of my 
 profession ; but 1 shudder while I recollect the enormi- 
 ty of his character. His body was almost as deformed 
 as his mind. Enmity was seated on his distorted brow. 
 Scales of livid incrustation, the joint produce of his 
 corrupted body and distempered mind, covered his 
 face. His horrid figure made me fancy that I saw 
 Medusa's serpents wreathing their baleful folds among 
 the black and matted locks of his dishevelled hair ; 
 while his red and fiery eyes glared like malignant me- 
 teors through the obscurity of his impending eye-brows. 
 Mischief was his sole delight, his greatest luxury, and 
 his highest joy. To sow discord among his neighbors, 
 and to tear open the closing wounds of misery, was 
 his only occupation. His residence was the resort of 
 the disorderly, the receptacle of the vicious, and the 
 asylum of the guilty. Collecting around him the tur- 
 bulent and discontented of every description, he be- 
 came the patron of injustice, the protector of villany, 
 the perpetrator of malice, the inventer of fraud, the 
 propagator of calumny, and the zealous champion of 
 cruelty and revenge; directing, with malignant aim, 
 the barbed shafts of his adherents equally against the 
 comforts of private peace and the blessings of public 
 tranquillity. The bent and inclination of his nature 
 had been so aggravated and confirmed by the "multi- 
 plying villanies of his life," that it was impossible for 
 him to refrain one moment from the practice of them, 
 without feeling uneasiness and discontent; and he 
 never appeared perfectly happy, but when new oppor- 
 tunities occurred to glut his infernal soul with the 
 spectacle of human miseries. 
 
 The Timon of Lucian was in some measure excusa- 
 ble for his excessive hatred to mankind, by the unparal- 
 lelled wrongs they had heaped upon him. The inexo- 
 rable antipathy he entertained against the species had 
 been provoked by injuries almost too great for the 
 common fortitude of humanity to endure. His probity 
 humanity, and charity to the poor, had been the ruin 
 of him ; or rather his own folly, easiness of disposition, 
 and want of judgment in his choice of friends. He 
 never discovered that he was giving away his all to 
 "wolves and ravens. Whilst these vultures were prey- 
 ing on his liver, he thought them his best friends, and 
 that they fed upon him out of pure love and affection. 
 After they had gnawed him all round, ate his bones 
 bare, and whilst there was any marrow in them, suck- 
 
 
TO SOLITUDE. 177 
 
 ed it carefully out, they left him cut down to the roots 
 and withered ; and so far from relieving him, or assist- 
 ing him in their turns, would not so much as know or 
 look upon him. This made him turn a common labor- 
 er ; and, dressed in his skin garment, he tilled the earth 
 for hire : ashamed to show himself in the city, and 
 venting his rage against the ingratitude of those who, 
 enriched, as they had been by him now proudly pass- 
 ed along without noticing him. But although such a 
 character is not to be despised or neglected, no provo- 
 cation, however great can justify the violent and exces- 
 sive invectives which he profanely bellowed forth from 
 the bottom of Hymettus; " this spot of earth shall be 
 my only habitation while I live ; and when I am dead, 
 my sepulchre. From this time forth, it is my fixed re- 
 solution to have no commerce or connexion with man- 
 kind ; but to despise them, and avoid it. I will pay no 
 regard to acquaintance, friendship, pity or compassion. 
 To pity the distressed, or to relieve the indigent, I 
 shall consider as a weakness, nay, as a crime ; my life, 
 like that of the beasts of the field, shall be spent in soli- 
 tude; and Timon alone shall be Timon's friend. I 
 will treat all beside as enemies and betrayers. To con- 
 verse with them were profanation ! to herd with them 
 impiety. Accursed be the day that brings them to my 
 sight ! I will look upon men, in short, as no more 
 than so many statues of brass or stone ; will make no 
 truce, have no connexion with them. My retreat shall 
 be the boundary to separate us for ever. Relations, 
 friends, and country, are empty names, respected by 
 fools alone. Let Timon only be rich and despise all 
 the world beside. Abhorring idle praise, and odious 
 flattery, he shall be delighted with himself alone. 
 Alone shall he sacrifice to the gods, feast alone, be 
 his own neighbor, and his own companion. I am de- 
 termined to be alone for life ; and when I die, to place 
 the crown upon my own head. The fairest name I 
 would be distinguished by is that of a misanthrope. 
 I would be known and marked out by my asperity of 
 manners ; by moroseness, cruelty, anger, and inhu- 
 manity. Were I to see a man perishing in the flames, 
 and imploring me to extinguish them, I would throw 
 pitch or oil into the fire to increase it ; or, if the winter 
 flood should overwhelm another, who, with out-stretch- 
 ed hands should beg me to assist him, I would plunge 
 him still deeper in the stream, that he might never rise 
 again. Thus shall I be revenged of mankind. This 
 
178 OF THE MOTIVES 
 
 is Timon's law, and this hath Timon ratified. I should 
 be glad, however, that all might know how I abound 
 in riches, because that 1 know will make them misera- 
 ble.-' 
 
 The moral to be drawn from this dialogue of the ce- 
 lebrated Grecian philosopher, is the extreme danger to 
 which the best and most benevolent characters may be 
 exposed, by an indiscreet and unchecked indulgence of 
 those painful feelings with which the baseness and in- 
 gratitude of the world are apt to wound the heart. 
 There are, however, those who, without having re- 
 ceived ill treatment from the world, foster in their bo- 
 soms a splenetic animosity against society, and secretly 
 exult in* the miseries and misfortunes of their fellow 
 creatures. Indulging themselves in the indolent habits 
 of vice and vanity, and feeling a mortification in being 
 disappointed of those rewards which virtuous industry 
 can alone bestow, they seek a gloomy solitude to hide 
 them from those lights which equally discover the 
 errors of vice and the rectitude of virtue. Unable to 
 attain glory for themselves, and incapable of enduring 
 the lustre of it in others, they creep into discontented 
 retirement, from which they only emerge to envy the 
 satisfaction which accompanies real merit, to calumni- 
 ate the character to which it belongs ; and, like satan, 
 on the view of paradise, to " see undelizhted all de- 
 light." 
 
 There are, however, a class of a very different de- 
 scription, who, unoppressed by moody melancholy, un- 
 tinctured by petulance or spleen, free from resentment, 
 and replete with every generous thought and manly 
 sentiment, calmly and contentedly retire from society, 
 to enjoy, uninterruptedly, a happy communion with 
 those high and enlightened minds, who have adorned 
 by their actions the~page of history, enlarged by their 
 talents the powers of The human mind, and increased 
 by their virtues the happiness of mankind. 
 
 Retirement, however solitary it may be, when enter- 
 ed into with such a temper of mind, instead of creating 
 or encouraging any hatred toward the species, raises our 
 ideas of the possible dignity of human nature; disposes 
 our hearts to feel, and our hands to relieve, the misfor- 
 tunes and necessities of our fellow creatures ; calls to 
 our minds what high capacious powers lie folded tip. in 
 man ; and giving to every part of creation its finest 
 forms, and richest colors/ exhibits to our admiration 
 its brightest glories and highest perfections, and n- 
 
 
TO SOLITUDE. 179 
 
 duces us to transplant the charm which exists in our 
 own bosoms into the bosoms of others. 
 
 The spacious west, 
 
 And all the teeming regions of the south, 
 
 Hold not a quarry, to the curious flight 
 
 Of knowledge, half so tempting, or so fair, 
 
 As man to man : nor only where the smiles 
 
 Of love invite ; nor only where the applause 
 
 Of cordial honor turns the attentive eye 
 
 On virtue's graceful deeds ; for since the course 
 
 Of things external acts in different ways 
 
 On human apprehension, as the hand 
 
 Of nature tempered to a different frame 
 
 Peculiar minds, so haply where the powers 
 
 Of fancy neither lessen nor enlarge 
 
 The images of things, but paint, in all 
 
 Their genuine hues," the features which they wear 
 
 In nature, there opinions will be true, 
 
 And action right 
 
 A rational solitude, while it corrects the passions, im- 
 proves the benevolent dispositions of the heart, increases 
 the energies of the mind, and draws forth its latent 
 powers. The Athenian orator, Callistratus, was to 
 plead in the cause which the city of Oropus had de- 
 pending ; and the expectation of the public was greatly- 
 raised, both by the powers of the orator, which were 
 then in the highest repute, and the importance of the 
 trial. Demosthenes, hearing the governors and tutors 
 agree among themselves to attend the trial, with much 
 importunity prevailed on his master to take him to hear 
 the pleaders. The master having some acquaintance 
 with the officer who opened the court, got his young 
 pupil a seat where he could hear the orators without 
 b^ing seen. Callistratus had great success, and his 
 abilities were extremely admired. Demosthenes was 
 fired with the spirit of emulation. When he saw with 
 what distinction the orator was conducted home, and 
 complimented by the people, he was struck still more 
 with the power of that commanding eloquence which 
 would carry all before it. From this time, therefore, 
 he bade adieu to the other studies and exercises in 
 which boys are engaged, and applied himself with great 
 assiduity to declaiming, in hope of being one day num- 
 bered among the orators. Satyrus, the player who was 
 an acquaintance of his, and to whom he lamented, 
 after having been for some time called to the bar, "that 
 though he had almost sacrificed his health to his stu- 
 dies, he could gain no favor with the people," promised 
 
180 OF THE MOTIVES 
 
 to provide him with a remedy, if he would repeat some 
 speech in Euripides or Sophocles. When Demosthenes 
 had finished his recitation, Satyrus pronounced the 
 same speech ; and he did it with such propriety of ac- 
 tion, and so much in character, that it appeared to the 
 orator quite a different passage ; and Demosthenes now 
 understanding how much grace and dignity of action 
 adds to the best oration, quitted the practice of compo- 
 sition, and, building a subterraneous study repaired 
 thither, for two or three months together, to form his 
 action, and exercise his voice; ana', by this means 
 formed that strong, impassioned, and irresistible elo- 
 quence, which rendered him the glory of Athens, and 
 the admiration of the world. Most of the exalted he- 
 roes, both of Greece and Rome, who devoted their at- 
 tention to arts and to arms, acquired their chief excel- 
 lency in their respective pursuits, by retiring from 
 public observation, and cultivating their talents in the 
 silence of solitude. St. Jerome, the most learned of 
 all the Latin fathers, and son of the celebrated Euse- 
 bius, retired from the persecution of religious fury into 
 an obscure and dreary desert in Syria, where he attain- 
 ed that rich, animated, and sublime style of eloquence, 
 which afterward so essentially contributed to support 
 the rising church, and to enlighten while it dazzled the 
 Christian world. The Druids, or ministers of religion 
 among the ancient Gauls, Britons, and Germans, re- 
 tired, in the intervals of their sacred functions, into 
 awful forests and consecrated groves, where they pass- 
 ed their time in useful study and pious prayers ; and 
 while they acquired a complete knowledge of astrolo- 
 gy, geometry, natural philosophy, politics, geography, 
 morals, and religion, rendered themselves happy and 
 revered, and produced, by the wise instruction they 
 were capable of affording to others, but particularly to 
 youth, whose education they superintended, a bright 
 succession of priests, legislators, counsellors, judges, 
 physicians, philosophers, and tutors, to the respective 
 nations in which they resided. 
 
 The modern Julian, the justly celebrated Frederic, 
 king of Prussia, derives the highest advantages from 
 his disguised retirement at Sans Souci, where he con- 
 trives the means of hurling inevitable destruction 
 against the enemies of his country ; listens to and relieves 
 with all the anxiety of a tender parent, the complaints 
 and injuries of his meanest subjects ; and recreates his 
 excursive mind, by revising and correcting his immor- 
 
fO SOLITUDE. 181 
 
 tal works for the admiration of posterity. Philosophy, 
 poetry, and politics, are the successive objects of his 
 attention ; and while he extends his views, and 
 strengthens his understanding, by the study of ancient 
 wisdom, he meliorates his heart by the delightful offer- 
 ings of the muses, and increases the public Strength by 
 the wise and economical management of his resources. 
 An awful silence, interrupted only by gentle airs with 
 which it is refreshed, pervades this delightful retreat 
 It was during the twilight of an autumnal evening that 
 I visited this solemn scene. As I approached the 
 apartment of this philosophic hero, I discovered him 
 sitting, " nobly pensive," near a small table, from which 
 shone the feeble rays of a common taper. ' No jealous 
 sentinels, or ceremonious chamberlain, impeded my 
 progress by scrutinizing inquiries of suspicion and 
 mistrust ; and I walked free and unchecked, except by 
 respect and veneration, through the humble unostenta- 
 tious retreat of this extraordinary man. All charac- 
 ters, however high and illustrious they may be, who 
 wish to attain a comprehensive view of things, and to 
 shine in the highest spheres of virtue, must learn the 
 rudiments of glory under the discipline of occasional 
 retirement. 
 
 Solitude is frequently sought from an inclination to 
 extend the knowledge of our talents and characters to 
 those with whom we have no opportunity of being im- 
 mediately acquainted ; by preparing with greater care, 
 and closer application, for the inspection of our con- 
 temporaries, works worthy of the fame we are so anx- 
 ious to acquire : but it seldom happens, alas ! that those 
 whose labors are most pregnant with instruction and 
 delight, have received, from the age or country in 
 which they lived, or even from the companions with 
 whom they associated, the tribute of kindness or ap- 
 plause that is justly due to their merits. The work 
 which is stigmatized and traduced by the eiivy, igno^ 
 ranee, or local prejudices of a country, for whose de- 
 light and instruction it was particularly intended, fre- 
 quently receives from the generous suffrages of impar- 
 tial and unprejudiced strangers, the highest tribute of 
 applause. Even those pretended friends, under whose 
 auspices it was at first undertaken, upon whose advice 
 it proceeded, and upon whose judgment it was at 
 length published, no sooner hear its praises resounded 
 from distant quarters, than they permit the poisoned 
 shafts of calumny to fly unaverted around the imsus- 
 16 
 
182 OF THE MOTIVES 
 
 pectins' author, and warrant, by their silence, or assist, 
 by their sneers, every insidious insinuation against his 
 motives or his principles. This species of malevolence 
 has been feelingly painted by the celebrated Petrarch. 
 " No sooner had my fame," says he, " risen above the 
 level of that which my contemporaries had acquired, 
 than every tongue babbled, and every pen was bran- 
 dished against me : those who had before appeared to 
 be my dearest friends, instantly became my deadliest 
 enemies : the shafts of envy were industriously direct- 
 ed against me from every quarter : the critics, to whom 
 my poetry had before been much more familiar than 
 their psalms or their prayers, seized, with malignant 
 delight, every opportunity of traducing my morals ; 
 and those with whom I had been most intimate, were 
 the most eager to injure my character, and destroy my 
 fame." The student, however, ought not to be dis- 
 couraged by this instance of envy and ingratitude. 
 He who, conscious of his merit, learns to depend only 
 on himself for support, will forget the injustice of the 
 world, and draw his comfort and satisfaction from 
 more infallible sources : like the truly benevolent and 
 great, he will confer his favors on the public without 
 the expectation of a return ; and look with perfect in- 
 difference upon all the efforts his treacherous friends, 
 or open enemies, are capable of using. He will, like 
 Petrarch, appeal to posterity for his reward ; and the 
 justice and generosity of future ages will preserve his 
 fame to succeeding generations, heightened and adorn- 
 ed in proportion as it has been contemporaneously mu- 
 tilated and depressed. 
 
 The genius of many noble minded authors, particu- 
 larly in Germany, are obscured and blighted by the 
 thick and baneful fogs with which ignorance and envy 
 overwhelm their works. Unable to withstand the in- 
 cessant opposition they meet with, the powers of the 
 mind grow feeble and relaxed ; and many a fair design 
 and virtuous pursuit is quitted in despair. How fre- 
 quently does the desponding mind exclaim, "I feel my 
 powers influenced by the affections of the heart. I am 
 certainly incapable of doing to any individual an inten- 
 tional injury, and I seek with anxiety every opportu- 
 nity of doing good ; but, alas ! my motives are pervert- 
 ed, my designs misrepresented, my endeavors counter- 
 acted, my very person ridiculed, and my character 
 defamed." There are, indeed, those whose courage 
 and fortitude no opposition can damp, and no adversity 
 
TO SOLITUDE. 28B 
 
 subdue; whose firm and steady minds proceed with 
 determined resolution to accomplish their designs in 
 defiance of all resistance; and whose bright talents 
 drive away the clouds of surrounding dulness, like fogs 
 before the sun. Wieland, the happy Wieland, the 
 adopted child of every muse, the favorite pupil of the 
 graces, formed the powers of his extraordinary mind 
 in a lonely and obscure retreat, the little village of 
 Biberach, in the circle of Suabia, and thereby laid the 
 foundation for that indisputable glory he has since at- 
 tained. In solitude and silence he enriched his mind 
 with all the stores that art and science could produce, 
 and enabled himself to delight and instruct mankind^ 
 by adorning the sober mien of philosophy, and the lively 
 smiles of wit, with the true spirit and irresistible 
 charms of poetry. Retirement is the true parent of 
 the great and good, and the kind nurse of nature's 
 powers. It is to occasional retirement that politics 
 owe the ablest statesmen, and philosophy the most ce- 
 lebrated sages. Did Aristotle, the peripatetic chief, 
 compose his profound systems in the tumultuous court 
 of Philip, or were the "sublime theories of his master 
 conceived, among the noisy feasts of the tyrant Diony- 
 sius? No. The celebrated groves of the Academy, 
 and the shades of Atarnya, bear witness of the impor- 
 tant advantages which, in the opinion of both Plato and 
 Aristotle, learning may derive from a rational retire- 
 ment. These great men, like all others who preceded 
 or have followed them, found in the ease and quietude 
 of retirement the best means of forming their minds 
 and extending their discoveries. The celebrated Leib- 
 nitz, to whom the world is deeply indebted, passed a 
 great part of every year at an humble, quiet, retired, 
 and beautiful villa which he possessed in the vicinity 
 of Hanover. 
 
 To this catalogue of causes, conducing to a love of 
 solitude, or hatred of society, we may add religion and 
 fanaticism. The benign genius of religion leads the 
 mind to a love of retirement from motives the highest, 
 the most noble, and most really interesting, that can 
 possibly be conceived, and produces the most perfect 
 state of human happiness, by instilling into the heart 
 the most virtuous propensities, and inspiring the mind 
 with its finest energies : but fanaticism must ever be 
 unhappy: for it proceeds from a subversion of nature 
 Hself, is formed on a perversion of reason, and a viola- 
 tion of truth : it is the vice of low and little under- 
 
1 84 OF THE MOTIVES, &Q, 
 
 standings, is produced by an ignorance of human na- 
 ture, a misapprehension of the Deity, and cannot be 
 practised without renunciation of real virtue. The? 
 passion of retirement, which a sense of religion en- 
 forces, rises in proportion as the heart is pure, and the 
 mind correct; but the disposition to solitude, which fa- 
 naticism creates, arises from a wild enthusiastic notion 
 of inspiration, and increases in proportion as the heart 
 is corrupt, and the mind deranged. Religion is the 
 offspring of truth and love, and the parent of benevo- 
 lence, hope, and joy : but the monster fanaticism is the 
 child of discontent, and her followers are fear and sor- 
 row. Religion is not confined to cells and closets, nor 
 restrained to sullen retirement ; these are the gloomy 
 retreats of fanaticism, by which she endeavors to break 
 those chains of benevolence and social affection that 
 link the welfare of every individual with that of the 
 whole. The greatest honor we can pay to the Author of 
 our being, is such a cheerful behavior as discovers a 
 mind satisfied with his dispensations. But this temper 
 of mind is most likely to be attained by a rational re- 
 tirement from the cares and pleasures of the world. 
 
 The disposition to solitude, however, of whatever 
 kind or complexion it may be, is greatly influenced by 
 the temper and constitution of the body, as well as by 
 the frame and turn of the mind. The action of those 
 causes proceeds, perhaps,^by slow and insensible de- 
 grees, and varies in its form and manner in each indi- 
 vidual ; but though gradual or multiform, it at length 
 reaches its point, and confirms the subject of it in habits 
 of rational retreat, or unnatural solitude. 
 
 The motives which conduce to a love of solitude 
 might, without doubt, be assigned to other causes - y but 
 a discussion of all the refined operations to which the 
 mind may be exposed, and its bent and inclination de- 
 termined, by the two great powers of sensation and re- 
 flection, wrould be more curious than useful. Relin- 
 quishing all inquiry into the primary or remote causes 
 of human action, to those who are fond of the useless 
 subtilties of metaphysics, and confining our researches 
 to those final or immediate causes which produce this 
 disposition to enjoy the benefits of rational retirement, 
 or encounter the mischiefs of irrational solitude, we 
 shall proceed to show the mischiefs which may result 
 from the one, in order that they may be contrasted 
 with the advantages which, in the first part, we have 
 already shown may be derived from the other. 
 
OISADVANTAGES OF SOLITUDE. 185 
 
 CHAPTER III, 
 
 The disadvantages of solitude. 
 
 The retirement which is not the result of cool and 
 deliberate reason, so far from improving the feelings of 
 the heart, or strengthening the powers of the mind, 
 generally renders men less able to discharge the duties 
 and endure the burdens of life. The wisest and best 
 formed system of retirement is, indeed, surrounded 
 with a variety of dangers, which are not, without the 
 greatest care and caution, easily avoided. But in every 
 species of total solitude, the perils are not only innu- 
 merable, but almost irresistible. It would, however, 
 be erroneous to impute all the defects which may 
 characterize such a recluse merely to the loneliness of 
 his situation. There are original defects implanted by 
 the hand of nature in every constitution, which no spe- 
 cies of retirement and discipline can totally eradicate : 
 there are certain vices, the seeds of which are so inhe- 
 rent, that no care, however great, can totally destroy. 
 The advantages or disadvantages arising from retire- 
 ment, will always be proportionate to the degrees of 
 virtue and vice which prevail in the character of the 
 recluse. It is certain that an occasional retreat from 
 the business of the world will greatly improve the vir- 
 tues, and increase the happiness, of him on whom 
 nature has bestowed a sound understanding and a sen- 
 sible heart \ but when the heart is corrupt, the under- 
 standing weak, the imagination flighty, and the dispo- 
 sition depraved, solitude only tends to increase the evil 
 and to render the character more rank and vicious ; 
 for whatever be the culture, the produce will unavoid- 
 ably partake of the quality of the seeds and the nature 
 of the soil ; and solitude, by allowing a weak and wick- 
 ed mind leisure to brood over its own suggestions, re- 
 creates and rears the mischief it was intended to pre ■ 
 vent. 
 
 "... Where solitude, sad nurse of care, ' 
 To sickly musing gives the pensive mind, 
 There madness enters : and the dim-eyed fiend, 
 Lorn melancholy, night and day provokes 
 Her own eternal wound. The sun grows pale ; 
 A mournful visionary light o'erspreads 
 The cheerful face of nature ; earth becomes 
 A dreary desert ; and the heavens frown above. 
 The various shapes of cursed illusion rise ; 
 
 16* 
 
186 THE DISADVANTAGES 
 
 Wliate'er the wretched fear, creating fear 
 Forms out of nothing ; and with monsters Seems 
 Unknown m hell. The postrate soul beneath 
 A load of huge imagination heaves : 
 And all the horrors that the guilty feel, 
 With anxious flutterings wake the guilty breast, 
 From other cares absolved, the busy mind 
 Finds in itself a theme to pore upon ; 
 And finds it miserable, or makes it so." 
 
 To enable the mind, however, to form an accurate 
 judgment of the probable consequences of solitude, it 
 is, perhaps, necessary to have seen instances both of 
 its- advantageous and detrimental effects. The conse- 
 quences vary with the subject on which it operates j 
 and the same species of solitude which to one charac- 
 ter would be injurious, will prove to another of the 
 highest benefit and advantage. The same person, in- 
 deed, may at different periods, as his disposition changes, 
 experience, under similar circumstances of retirement, 
 very different effects. Certain, however, it is, that an 
 occasional retreat from the tumultuous intercourses 
 of society, or a judicious and well arranged retirement, 
 cannot be prejudicial. To have pointed out the train 
 of virtues it is capable of producing, and to have been 
 silent upon the black catalogue of vices that may re* 
 suit from extreme seclusion, would have been the more 
 pleasing task ; but I have undertaken to draw the 
 character of solitude impartially, and must therefore 
 point out its possible defects. 
 
 Man in a sate of solitary indolence and inactivity, 
 sinks by degrees like stagnant water into impurity 
 and corruption. The body suffers with the mind's de- 
 cay. It is more fatal than excess of action. It is a 
 malady that renders every hope of recovery vain and 
 visionary. To sink from action into rest, is only indulge 
 ing the common course of nature ; but to rise from long 
 continued indolence to voluntary activity, is extreme-? 
 ly difficult, and almost impracticable. A celebrated 
 poet has finely described this class of unhappy beings 
 in the following lines ; 
 
 " Then look'd, and saw a lazy lolling sort, 
 Unseen at church, at senate, or at court, 
 Of ever listless loiterers, that attend 
 No cause, no trust, no duty, and no friend. 
 Thee, too, my Paridel ! she mark'd thee there, 
 Stretch'd on the rack of a too easy chair, 
 And heard the everlasting yawn confess 
 The pains and penalties of idleness.'' 
 
OF SOLITUDE. 18? 
 
 To preserve the proper strength, both of the body 
 and the mind, labor must be regularly and seasona- 
 bly mingled with rest. Each of them require their 
 suited exercise and relaxations. Philosophers, who 
 aim at the attainment of every superior excellency, do 
 not indulge themselves in ease, and securely and indo- 
 lently wait for the cruelties 01 fortune to attack them 
 in their retirement ; but, for fear she should surprise 
 them in the state of inexperienced and raw soldiers, 
 undisciplined for the battle they sally out to meet her, 
 and put themselves into regular training, and even 
 upon the proof of hardships. Those only who observe 
 a proper interchange of exercise and rest, can expect 
 to enjoy health of body, or cheerfulness of mind. It 
 is the only means by which the economy of the hu- 
 man frame can be regularly preserved. 
 
 He, therefore, who does not possess sufficient activi- 
 ty to keep the body and mind in proper exercise ; he 
 who is unacquainted with the art of varying his amuse- 
 ments, of changing the subjects of his contemplation, 
 and of finding within himself all the materials of en- 
 joyment, will soon feel solitude not only burdensome, 
 but insupportable. To such a character, solitude will 
 not only be disagreeable, but dangerous ; for the mo- 
 ment the temporary passion which draws him from 
 society has subsided, he will sink into languor and in- 
 difference; and this temper is always unfavorable to 
 moral sentiment. The world, perhaps, with all its dis- 
 advantages, is less likely to be injurious to such a man, 
 than the calm and silent shades of unenjoyed retire- 
 ment. 
 
 Solitude also, particularly when carried to an ex- 
 treme, is apt to render the character of the recluse rigid, 
 austere, and inflexible, and of course, unsuited to the 
 enjoyments of society. The notions he contracts are 
 as singular and abstracted as his situation : he adheres 
 to them with inflexible pertinacity : his mind moves 
 only in the accustomed track : he cherishes his precon- 
 ceived errors and prejudices with fond attachment, and 
 despises those whose sentiments are contrary to his 
 own. A promiscuous intercourse with society has the 
 effect of rendering the mind docile, and his judgment of 
 men and things correct : for in the world every subject 
 is closely examined, every question critically discussed ; 
 and, while the spirit of controversy and opposition elicits 
 trutn,the mind isled into atrainof rational investigation, 
 and its powers strengthened and enlarged ; but the 
 
188 'mE DISADVANTAGES 
 
 mind of the recluse being uninterruptedly confined to 
 its own course of reasoning, -and to the habit of view- 
 ing objects on one side, it is unable to appreciate the 
 respective weights which different arguments may de- 
 serve, or to judge in doubtful cases, on which side, 
 truth is most likely to be found. A commixture of 
 different opinions, on any particular subject, provokes 
 a free and liberal discussion of it, an advantage which 
 the prepossession engendered by solitude uniformly 
 prevents. 
 
 Solitude, while it establishes a dangerous confidence 
 in the powers and opinions of its votaries, not only 
 fastens on the characters the errors and imperfections 
 it has produced and fostered, but recommends them 
 strongly to their esteem. How frequently do we ob- 
 serve, even in persons of rank and fortune, who reside 
 continually on their own estates, a haughty manner 
 and arbitrary disposition, totally incompatible with that 
 candid conduct, that open minded behavior, that conde- 
 scending urbanity, that free spirit, which mark the 
 character of the polite and liberal minded gentleman, 
 and render him the veneration and delight of all 
 around him ! " Obstinacy and pride," says Plato. " are 
 the inevitable consequences of a solitary life ;" and the 
 frequency of the fact certainly justifies the observation. 
 Retired, secluded characters, having no opportunity of 
 encountering the opinions of others, or of listening to 
 any other judgment than their own, establish a species 
 of tyranny over their understandings, and check that 
 free excursion of the intellect which the discovery of 
 truth requires. They reject, with disdain, the close in- 
 vestigations of logic, and repel all attempts to examine 
 their arguments, and expose their fallacies. Their pre- 
 conceived opinions, which they dignify with the appel- 
 lation of settled truths, and mistake for indisputable 
 axioms, have infixed themselves so deeply in their 
 minds that they cannot endure the idea of their being 
 rooted out or removed : and they are fearful of submit- 
 ting them to the test of controversy, only because they 
 were originally received without due examination, 
 and have been confirmed by the implicit consent and 
 approbation of their inferiors and dependants. 
 
 Solitude also, even the solitude which poets and phi- 
 losophers have so feelingly described as blissful- and 
 beneficial, has frequently proved injurious to its delight- 
 ed votaries. Men of letters are, in general, too inat- 
 tentive to those easy and captivating manners which 
 
OP SOLITUDE. 189 
 
 give such high spirit to the address, and splendid deco- 
 ration to the characters, of well bred men. They sel- 
 dom qualify the awkwardness of scholastic habits by a 
 free and intimate intercourse either with the world or 
 with each other ; but being secluded from society, and 
 engaged in abstracted pursuits, adopt a pedantic phra- 
 seology, an unaccommodating address, formal notions, 
 and a partial attachment to their recondite pursuits. 
 The common topics of conversation, and usual enter- 
 tainment of company, they treat with high, but unjus- 
 tifiable disdain; and, blinded by fogs of pride, and ideal 
 superiority, are rendered incapable of discerning their 
 errors. 
 
 The correction of this disposition in authors has been 
 thought of so much importance to the interests of mo- 
 rals, and to the manners of the rising generation, that 
 scholars in general have been exhorted, in the highest 
 strains of eloquence, by one of the most powerful 
 preachers of Germany, from the pulpit of the politest 
 city in the empire, to guard with unceasing vigilance 
 against those defects which are so apt to mingle with 
 the habits of the profession, and which tend to sully 
 the brightness of their characters. The orator invokes 
 them to shake off that distant demeanor, that unso- 
 cial reserve, that supercilious behavior and almost 
 express contempt, from which few of them are 
 free, and which most of them practise when in 
 unlettered company ; and to treat their fellow citi- 
 zens, however inferior they may be in erudition and 
 scholastic knowledge, with affability and attention ; to 
 listen to their conversation with politeness ; to regard 
 their errors with lenity; to view their failings with 
 compassion, and their defects with liberality ; to lead 
 them into the paths of truth and science by mild per- 
 suasion, to lure them to knowledge by gentle means, 
 and, by reducing their conversation and subjects of dis- 
 course to a level with the unlettered understandings of 
 their auditors, to please the heart while they instruct the 
 mind. 
 
 Good sense and learning may esteem obtain , 
 
 Humor and wit a laugh, if rightly ta'en : 
 
 Fair virtue admiration may impart; 
 
 But 'tis good nature only wins the heart : 
 
 Jt moulds the body to an easy grace, 
 
 And brightens every feature of the face : 
 
 It smooths th' unpolish'd tongue with eloquence. 
 
 And adds persuasion to the finest sense. 
 
190 THE DISADVANTAGES 
 
 Learning and good sense, indeed, to whatever de- 
 gree they may be possessed, can only render the pos- 
 sessor happy in proportion as he employs them to in- 
 crease the happiness of others. To effect this, he must 
 occasionally endure the jokes of dullness without petu- 
 lance, and listen with complacency to the observations 
 of ignorance, but, above all, he must carefully avoid 
 all inclination to exhibit his own superiority, and to 
 shine at the expense of others. 
 
 Learning and wisdom, indeed, however they may be 
 confounded by arrogant and self-conceited scholars, 
 are in no respects synonymous terms ; but, on the con- 
 trary, are not unfrequently quite at variance with each 
 other. The high admiration which scholars are too 
 apt to entertain of the excellency of their own talents, 
 and the vast importance they generally ascribe to their 
 own characters and merit, instead of producing that 
 sound judgment upon men and things which consti- 
 tutes true wisdom, only engenders an effervescence in 
 the imagination, the effect of which is in general, the 
 most frothy folly. Many of those who thus pride 
 themselves on the pursuits of literature, having nothing 
 to boast of but an indefatigable attention to some idle 
 and unprofitable study; a study which, perhaps only 
 tends to contract the feelings of the heart, and impo- 
 verish the powers of the mind. True wisdom and 
 genuine virtue are the produce of those enlarged views 
 which arise from a general and comprehensive know- 
 ledge both of books and men : but scholars, who con- 
 fine their attention entirely to books, and feel no in- 
 terest or concern for the world, despise every object 
 that does not lie within the range of their respective 
 studies. By poring over obsolete works, they ac- 
 quire sentiments quite foreign to the manners of the 
 age in which we live ; form opinions as ridiculous as 
 they are unfashionable; fabricate systems incompre- 
 hensible to the rest of mankind ; and maintain argu- 
 ments so offensive and absurd, that whenever they ven- 
 ture to display their acquirements in society, they are, 
 like the bird of night, hooted back with derision into 
 their daily obscurity. Many studious characters are so 
 puffed up by arrogance, presumption, self-conceit, and 
 vanity, that they can scarcely speak upon any subject 
 without hurting the feelings of their friends and giving 
 cause of triumph to their enemies. The counsel and 
 instruction they affect to give is so mixed with osten- 
 tatious pedantry, that they destroy the very end they 
 
OF SOLITUDE. 191 
 
 wish to promote: and, instead of acquiring honorable 
 approbation, cover themselves with merited disgrace. 
 Plato, the illustrious chief of the academic set of Athe- 
 nian philosophers was so totally free from this vice of 
 inferior minds, that it was impossible to discover in him 
 by ordinary and casual conversation, that sublime ima- 
 gination and almost divine intellect, which rendered 
 him the idol of his age, and the admiration of suc- 
 ceeding generations. On his return from Syracuse, to 
 which place he had been invited by Dionysius the 
 younger, he visited Olympia, to be present at the per- 
 formance of the Olympic games ; and he was placed 
 on the seat appropriated to foreigners of the highest 
 distinction, but to whom he was not personally known. 
 Some of them were so pleased with the ease, polite- 
 ness, wisdom, and vivacity of his conversation, that 
 they accompanied him to Athens, and, on their arrival 
 in that city, requested him to procure them an inter- 
 view with Plato. But how pleasing and satisfactory 
 was their surprise, when, on his replying with a smile, 
 " / am the person whom you wish to see," they disco- 
 vered that this affable and entertaining companion, with 
 whom they had travelled without discerning his excel- 
 lency, was the most learned and profound philosopher 
 at that time existing in the world ! The studious and 
 retired life of this extraordinary character had not de- 
 creased his urbanity and politenesss, nor deprived him 
 of the exercise of those easy and seducing manners 
 which so entirely engage the affection and win the 
 heart. He wisely prevented seclusion from robbing 
 him of that amenity and unassuming ease so necessary 
 to the enjoyment of society. Like those two eminent 
 philosophers of the present day, the wise Mendelsohm, 
 and the amiable Garve, he derived from solitude all 
 the benefits it is capable of conferring, without suffer- 
 ing any of those injuries which it too frequently inflicts 
 on less powerful minds. 
 
 Culpable, however, as studious characters in general 
 are, by neglecting to cultivate that social address, and 
 to observe^ that civility of manners, and urbane atten- 
 tion, which an intercourse not only with the world, but 
 even with private society, so indispensably requires, 
 certain it is, that men of fashion expect from them a 
 more refined good breeding, and a nicer attention to 
 the forms of politeness, than all their endeavors can 
 produce. The fashionable world, indeed, are blamable 
 for their constant attempts to deride the awkwardness 
 
292 THE DISADVANTAGES 
 
 of their more erudite and abstracted companions. The 
 severity witfi which they treat the defective manners 
 of a scholastic visiter, is a violation of the first rules of 
 true politeness, which consists entirely of a happy com- 
 bination of good sense and good nature, both of which 
 dictate a different conduct, and induce rather a friendly 
 concealment than a triumphant exposure of such ve- 
 nial failings. The inexperienced scholastic is entitled 
 to indulgence, for he cannot be expected nicely to prac- 
 tice customs which he has had no opportunity to learn. 
 To the eye of polished life, his austerity, his reserve, his 
 mistakes', his indecorums, may, perhaps, appear ridicu- 
 lous ; but to expose him to derision on this subject is 
 destructive to the general interests of society, inas- 
 much as it tends to repress and damp endeavors to 
 please. How is it possible that men who devote the 
 greater portion of their time to the solitary and abstract- 
 ed pursuits of literature, can possess that promptitude 
 of thought, that variety of expression, those easy man- 
 ners, and that varying humor, which prevail so agree- 
 ably in mixed society^ and which can only be acquired 
 by a constant intercourse with the world ? It was not 
 only cruel, but unjust, of the Swedish courtiers to di- 
 vert themseJves with the confusion and embarrass- 
 ments into which Miebom and Naude, two celebrated 
 writers on the music and dances of the ancients were 
 thrown, when the celebrated Christina desired the one 
 to sing and the other to dance in public, for the enter- 
 tainment of the court. Still less excusable were those 
 imps of fashion in France, who exposed the celebrated 
 mathematician, Nicole, to the derision of a large com- 
 pany, for the misapplication of a word. A fashionable 
 female at Paris, having heard that Nicole, who had 
 then lately written a profound and highly approved 
 treatise on the doctrine of curves, was greatly celebrated 
 in all the circles of science, and affecting to be thought 
 the patroness and intimate of all persons of distinguish- 
 ed merit, sent him such an invitation to one of her par^ 
 ties that he could not refuse to accept of. The abstract- 
 ed geometrician, who had never before been present 
 at an assembly of the kind, received the civilities of 
 his fair hostess, and her illustrious friends, with all the 
 awkwardness and confusion which such a scene must 
 naturally create. After passing an uncomfortable even- 
 ing, in answering the observations of those who ad- 
 dressed him, in which he experienced much greater 
 difficulties than he would have found in solving the 
 
or SOLITUDE.- 190 
 
 most intricate problem, he prepared to take his leave, 
 and pouring out a profusion of declarations to the lady 
 of the house, of the grateful sense he entertained of 
 the high honor she had conferred on him, by her gene- 
 rous invitation, distinguishing attention, polite regard, 
 and extraordinary civility, rose to the climax of his 
 compliments, by assuring her, that the lovely little eyes 
 of his fair entertainer had made an impression which 
 never could be 'erased from his breast, and immediately 
 departed. But a kind friend, who was accompanying 
 him home, whispering in his ear, as they were passing 
 Ihe stairs, that he had paid the lady a very ill compli- 
 ment, by telling her that her eyes were little, for that 
 little eyes were universally understood by the whole 
 sex to be a great defect. Nicole, mortified to an ex- 
 treme by the mistake he had thus innocently made, 
 and resolving to apologize to the lady whom he con- 
 ceived he had offended, returned abruptly to the com- 
 pany, and entreated her with great humility, to pardon 
 the error into which his confusion had betrayed him 
 of imputing any thing like littleness to so high, so ele- 
 gant, so distinguished a character, declaring that he 
 had never beheld such fine large eyes, such fine large 
 lips, such fine large hands, or so fine and large a per- 
 son altogether, in the whole course of his life ! 
 
 The professional pursuits of students confine them, 
 during the early periods of life, to retirement and se- 
 clusion, and prevent them in general, from attempting 
 to mix in the society of the world until age, or profes- 
 sional habits, have rendered them unfit for this scene. 
 Discouraged by the neglect they experience, and by 
 the ridicule to which they are exposed, on their first 
 introduction into active life, from persevering in their 
 attempts to shake off the uncouth manner they have ac- 
 quired, they immediately shrink from the displeasing 
 prospect into their original obscurity, in despair of 
 ever attaining the talents necessary" to render them 
 agreeable to the elegant and gay. There are, indeed, 
 some men, who, on attempting to change the calm 
 and rational enjoyments of a retired and studious life, 
 for the more lively and loquacious pleasures of public 
 society, perceive the manners and maxims of the world 
 so repugnant to their principles, and so disagreeable to 
 their taste and inclinations, that they instantly abandon 
 society, and, renouncing all future attempts to enter into 
 its vortex, calmly and contentedly return to their be- 
 loved retreat under an idea that it is wrong for persons 
 
194 THE DISADVANTAGES 
 
 of sucft different dispositions to intermix or invade the 
 provinces of each other. There are also many studi- 
 ous characters who avoid society, under an idea that 
 they have transferred their whole minds into their own 
 compositions ; that they have exhausted all that they 
 possessed of either instruction or entertainment; 
 and that they would, like empty bottles, or squeezed 
 oranges, be thrown aside with disregard, and, perhaps* 
 w r ith contempt, as persons no longer capable of con 
 tributing to companionable pleasures. But there are 
 others of sounder sense and better judgment, who 
 gladly relinquish the noisy assemblies of public life, 
 and joyfully retire to the sweet and tranquil scenes of 
 rural solitude, because they seldom meet among the can- 
 didates for public approbation, a single individual capa- 
 ble of enjoying a just thought, or making a rational re- 
 flection; but, on the contrary? have to encounter a host 
 of vain, frivolous pretenders to wit and learning, who 
 herd together, like the anarchs of insurrection, to op- 
 pose with noise and violence, the progress of truth and 
 the exertions of reason. 
 
 Sentiments like these too frequently banish from the 
 circles of society characters of useful knowledge and 
 of distinguished genius, and from whose endowments 
 mankind might receive both instruction and delight. 
 The loss, in such a case, to the individual is, perhaps, 
 trifling : his comforts may possibly be increased by his 
 seclusion ; but the interests of truth and good sense 
 are thereby considerably injured : for the mind of man, 
 however powerful and informed it may be in itself, can- 
 not empkw its energies and acquisitions with the same 
 advantage and effect, as when it is whetted by a colli- 
 sion with other minds, and polished by the manners of 
 the world. An acquaintance with the living charac- 
 ters and manners of the world, teaches the mind to di- 
 rect its powers to their proper and most useful points: 
 exhibits the means and furnishes the instruments, by 
 which the best exertions of virtue can attain her ends ; 
 gives morals their brightest color, taste its highest re- 
 finement, and truth its fairest objects. The wisest and 
 best philosophers have acknowledged the obligations 
 they were under to society for thelnowledge they ac- 
 quired in its extensive, though dangerous school, and 
 have strongly recommended the study of mankind, 
 by viewing all the various classes with a discriminating 
 eye, as the best means of becoming acquainted with the 
 beauties of virtue, and the deformities of vice, and, of 
 
OP SOLITUDE. 195 
 
 course, as the best means of discovering the true road 
 to earthly happiness ; for — 
 
 Virtue, immortal virtue ! bom to please, 
 The child of nature and the source of ease, 
 Bids every bliss on human life attend ; 
 To every rank a kind and faithful friend ; 
 Inspirits nature 'midst the scenes of toil, 
 Smooths languor's cheek, and bids fell want recoil : 
 Shines from the mitre with unsullied rays, 
 Glares on the crest, and gives the star to blaze ; 
 Supports distinction, spreads ambition's wings, 
 Forms saints of queens, and demi-gods of kings; 
 O'er grief, oppression, envy, scorn, prevails, 
 And makes a cottage greater than Versailles. 
 
 A free, open, unconstrained intercourse with man- 
 kind, has also the advantage of reconciling us to the 
 peculiarities of others, and of teaching us the impor- 
 tant lesson how to accommodate our minds and man- 
 ners to such principles, opinions, and dispositions, as 
 may differ from our own. The learned and enlighten- 
 ed cannot maintain an intercourse with the illiterate, 
 without exercising an extraordinary degree of patience, 
 conceding many points which appear unnatural, and 
 forbearing to feel those little vexations so adherent to 
 characters who have lived in retirement. The philoso- 
 pher, in order to teach virtue to the world with any 
 hope of success, must humor its vices to a certain de- 
 
 free, and sometimes even adopt the follies he intends to 
 estroy. To inculcate wisdom, it is necessary to follow 
 the examples of Socrates and Wieland, and, separating 
 from morals all that is harsh, repulsive, and anti-social, 
 adopt only the kind and complacent tenets of the sci- 
 ence. A German author of the present day, whom I glory 
 to call both my countryman and my friend, observes, 
 with the sagacity and discrimination of a critic, in his 
 " Remarks on the Writings and Genius of Franklin," 
 that the compositions of that great and extraordinary 
 character are totally free from that pomp of style and 
 parade of erudition, which so frequently disfigure the 
 writings of other authors, and defeat their intended ef- 
 fect. The pen of Franklin renders the most abstract 
 principles easy and familiar. He conveys his instruc- 
 tions in pleasing narrations, lively adventures, or hu- 
 morous observations; and while his manner wins upon 
 the heart, by the friendly interest he appears to take in 
 the concerns of mankind, his matter instils into the 
 mind the soundest principles of morals and good policy* 
 
198 THE DISADVANTAGES 
 
 He makes fancy the handmaid to reason in her re- 
 searches into science, and penetrates the understanding 
 through the medium of the affections. A secret charm 
 pervades every part of his works. He rivets the atten- 
 tion by the strength of his observations, and relieves it 
 by the variety of pleasing images with which he em- 
 bellishes his subject. The perspicuity of his style, and 
 the equally easy and eloquent turn of his periods, 
 give life and energy to his thoughts ; and, while the 
 reader feels his heart bounding with delight, he finds 
 his mind impregnated with instruction. These high 
 advantages resulted entirely from his having studied 
 the world, and gained an accurate knowledge of man- 
 kind. An author, indeed, may acquire an extraordinary 
 fund of knowledge in solitude; but it is in society 
 alone that he can learn how to render it useful. Before 
 he can instruct the world, he must be enabled to view 
 its fooleries and vices with calm inspection ; to contem- 
 plate them without anger, as the unavoidable conse- 
 quences of human infirmity; to treat them with ten- 
 derness; and to avoid exasperating the feelings of 
 those whose depravity he is attempting to correct. Amo- 
 ral censor whose disposition is kind and benevolent, never 
 suffers his superior virtue, knowledge, or talents, how- 
 ever great they may be, to offend the feelings of others ; 
 but, like Socrates, he will appear as if he were receiv- 
 ing himself the instruction he is imparting. It is a fine 
 observation of the celebrated Goethe, that kindness is 
 the golden chain by which society is bound together : 
 those who have had the happiness to converse with 
 that extraordinary man, must have perceived the anx- 
 iety with which he endeavors to temper the strength 
 of his genius by the mildness and amenity of his con- 
 versation. 
 
 Men of letters, however awkward the habits of se- 
 clusion may have rendered them, would, I am con- 
 vinced, be, in general, if not always, treated with great 
 politeness and attention, if they would be careful to 
 treat others with the common candor which humanity 
 requires, and with that indulgence and affability which 
 true liberality of sentiment will ever dictate ; but how 
 few, alas ! are there who, by complacency and conde- 
 scension, entitle themselves to the kindness and civili- 
 ty of which they stand so much in need, and so arro- 
 gantly expect ! How is it possible for those who are 
 vigilantly anxious to depress the rising merit of others, 
 ever to gain their friendship or esteem 1 Friendship 
 can only be acquired by an open, sincere, liberal, and. 
 
 
OP SOLITUDE. 197 
 
 manlv conduct ; but he whose breast is filled with envy 
 and jealousy, who cautiously examines, before he 
 speaks, every sentiment and feeling, lest his tongue 
 should betray the meanness of his heart, and the po- 
 verty of his mind ; who seizes every light indiscretion, 
 or trifling error, that many inadvertently escape from 
 his companions ; who silently repines at every excel- 
 lency, both moral and intellectual, which they may dis- 
 cover j who, even when surrounded by those who wish 
 him well, continues with guarded circumspection, and 
 suspicious caution, to weigh the motives of their ac- 
 tions and conversation, as if he were surrounded by 
 the bitterest enemies, must be utterly incapable of es- 
 teeming others, or being esteemed himself; and to sup- 
 pose that the generous flame of friendship, that holy 
 fire which, under the deepest adversity, so comfortably 
 warms and cheers the heart, can ever spring up from 
 such cold materials, and ashy embers, would be extra- 
 vagant and ridiculous. 
 
 The delight which the heart experiences in pouring 
 forth the fulness of its feelings, with, honest confidence, 
 into the bosom of a faithful friend, is permanent and 
 unbounded. The pleasures which spring from the ac- 
 quisition of fame, whether resulting from the generous 
 voice of an approving public, or extorted from the re- 
 luctant tongues of envious rivals and contemporaries, 
 will bear no comparison with those which thrill through 
 the exulting bosom of him who can justly exclaim, 
 " To the heart of this unhappy man I have given re- 
 turning hopes, and made him look forward with confi- 
 dence to the enjoyment of peace ; to his wounded spirit 
 I have imparted the balm of comfort and tranquillity; 
 and from the bleeding bosom of my friend have driven 
 despair !" But to perform such offices as these, it is in- 
 dispensably necessary that we should have recommend- 
 ed ourselves to the confidence, and have gained the 
 affections of those we intend to berve. This great and 
 necessary property, however, those who live secluded 
 lives very seldom possess : but, much as they may in 
 general disdain to practise this high virtue, it is ne- 
 cessary that they should know that it tends more to 
 ennoble the sentiments of the mind, and to raise the 
 feelings of the heart, than their most successful re- 
 searches to discover something before unheard of in the 
 regions of science, and which they pursue with as much 
 avidity as if truth were liable to decay, unless sustain ■ 
 ed by the aid of novelty. 
 
 17* 
 
198 THE DISADVANTAGES 
 
 It is justly and beautifully said by one of the apocry- 
 phal writers, that a faithful friend is the medicine of 
 life. A variety of occasions happen, when to pour 
 forth the heart to one whom we love and trust, is the 
 chief comfort, perhaps the only relief we can enjoy. 
 Miserable is he who, shut up within the narrow inclo-. 
 sure of selfish interest, has no person to whom he can 
 at all times, with full confidence, expand his soul. But 
 he who can only feel an affection for such as listen con- 
 tinually to the suggestions of vanity, as applaud indis- 
 criminately the imaginary prodigies of his wit, or never 
 contradict the egotism of his opinions, is totally unfit 
 for friendship, and utterly unworthy of respect. It is 
 men of learning and of retired habits, who are most 
 likely to adopt this disengaging disposition. There are, 
 I am sorry to say it, many men, distinguished in the 
 paths of science, who affect to possess the most refined 
 sensibility, and whose tongues are continually proclaim- 
 ing the virtues of benevolence, but who, when they are 
 called upon to practise those virtues in behalf of some 
 distressed companion, turn a deaf ear to the appeal, 
 form some poor excuse for not interfering, and, if press- 
 ed to come forward with some promised assistance, 
 deny to afford it, because the unhappy sufferer has ne- 
 glected to approve of some extravagant conjecture, or to 
 adopt, all the visionary notions and Utopian systems 
 they may have framed. He who neglects to perform 
 the common charities of life, because his idle vanity 
 may have been offended by the neglect or indifference 
 of his companions, wi'll never find, and cannot become, 
 a real friend. There is also an inferior order of fops 
 in literature, (if any order can be inferior to that which 
 I have last described,) who carry with them, wherever 
 they go, a collection of their latest compositions, and 
 by importunately reading them to every one they meet, 
 and expecting an unreserved approbation of their merits, 
 render themselves so unpleasantly troublesome on all 
 occasions that, instead of conciliating the least regard 
 or esteem, their very approach is dreaded as much as a 
 pestilence or a famine. Every man of real genius will 
 shun this false ambition of gratifying vanity by forced 
 applause; because he will immediately perceive, that 
 instead of gaining the hearts of his auditors, he only 
 exposes himself to the ridicule, and loses all chance of 
 their esteem. 
 
 The disadvantages, however, which studious charac- 
 ters have been described to experience from habits of 
 
or SOLITUDE. 199 
 
 solitary seclusion, and by neglecting the manners of 
 society, must not be indiscriminately applied. It is the 
 morose and surly pedant, who sits silently in his soli- 
 tary study, and endeavors to enforce a character 
 for genius in opposition to nature, who adopts the 
 mean and unworthy arts of jealousy, suspicion, and 
 dishonest praise. Far different the calm, happy, and 
 honorable life of him who, devoted to the cultivation 
 of a strong understanding, and the improvement of a 
 feeling heart, is enabled, by his application and genius, 
 to direct the taste of the age by his liberality of spirit, 
 to look on his equals without jealousy, and his superiors 
 with admiration ; and, by his benevolence, to feel for 
 the multitude he instructs, indulgence and affection ; 
 who, relying on the real greatness of his temper, makes 
 no attempt to increase his importance by low raillery or 
 unfounded satire ; whose firm temper never sinks into 
 supine indolence, or grovelling melancholy ; who only 
 considers his profession as the means of meliorating 
 mankind ; who perseveres in the cause of truth with 
 cheerful rectitude, and virtuous dignity ; whose intel- 
 lectual resources satisfactorily supply the absence of 
 society ; whose capacious mind enables him to increase 
 his stores of useful knowledge ; whose discriminating 
 powers enable him to elucidate the subject he explores- 
 who feels as great a delight in promoting the beneficial 
 discoveries of others, as in executing his own ; and 
 who regards his professional contemporaries, not as 
 jealous rivals, but as generous friends, striving to emu- 
 late each other in the noble pursuits of science, and in 
 the laudable task of endeavoring to improve the morals 
 of mankind. 
 
 Characters of this description, equally venerable and 
 happy, are numerous in Europe, both within and with- 
 out the shades of academic bowers, and afford examples 
 which, notwithstanding the tribe of errors and absur- 
 dities solitude occasionally engenders, should induce 
 men of worldly pleasures to repress the antipathies 
 they are in general inclined to feel against persons of 
 studious and retired lives. 
 
200 INFLUENCE OF SOLITUDE 
 
 CHAPTER IV. 
 
 The influence of solitude on the imagination. 
 
 The powers of imagination are great ; and the effects 
 produced by them, under certain circumstances, upon 
 the minds of men of warm and sensible tempers, extra- 
 ordinary and surprising. Multitudes have been induced 
 by perturbed imaginations, to abandon the gay and 
 cheerful haunts of men, and to seek, in dreary desola- 
 tion, comfort and repose. To such extremes has this 
 faculty, when distorted, hurried its unhappy subjects, 
 that they have endured the severest mortification, de- 
 nied themselves the common benefits of nature, ex- 
 posed themselves to the keenest edge of winter's cold, 
 and the most scorching rays of summer's heat, and in- 
 dulged their distempered fancies in the wildest chime- 
 ras. These dreadful effects appear, on a first view, to 
 be owing to some supernatural cause, and they agitate 
 our senses, and confuse the understanding, as pheno- 
 mena beyond the comprehension of reason: but the 
 wonder vanishes when the cause is coolly and careful- 
 ly explored ; and the extravagances are traced up to 
 their real source, and natural organization of man. 
 The wild ideas of the hermit Anthony, who, in his 
 gloomy retreat, fancied that Beelzebub appeared to him 
 in the form of a beautiful female to torture his senses, 
 and disturb his repose, originated in his natural cha- 
 racter and disposition. His distempered fancy conjured 
 up a fiend, which, in fact, existed in his unsubdued pas- 
 sions and incontinent desires. 
 
 From the enchanting cup 
 
 Which fancy holds to all, the unwary thirst 
 Of youth oft swallows a Circaean draught, 
 That sheds a baleful tincture o'er the eye 
 Of reason, till no longer he discerns, 
 And only lives to err : then revel forth 
 A furious band, that spurn him from the throne, 
 And all is uproar. Hence the fevered heart 
 Pants with delirious hope for tinsel charms. 
 
 Solitude excites and strengthens the powers of the 
 imagination to an uncommon degree, and thereby en- 
 feebles the effect of the controlling powers of reason. 
 The office of the latter faculty of the mind is, to exa- 
 mine with nice discernment and scrupulous attention, to 
 compare the several properties of thoughts and things 
 
ON THE IMAGINATION. 201 
 
 with each other, and to acquire, by cool and deliberate 
 investigation, correct ideas of their combinations and 
 effects. The exercise of their power suspends the ve- 
 hemence of action, and abates the ardor of desire ; but 
 fancy performs her airy excursions upon light and va- 
 grant wings, and flying around her objects without ex- 
 amination, embraces every pleasing image with in- 
 creasing delight. Judgment separates and associates 
 the ideas the mind has gained by sensation and reflec- 
 tion, and by determining their agreement or disagree- 
 ment, searches after truth through the medium of pro- 
 bability ; but the imagination employs itself in raising 
 unsubstantial images, and portraying the form of 
 things unknown in nature, and foreign to truth. It has, 
 indeed, like memory, the power of reviving in the mind 
 the ideas which, after having been imprinted there, have 
 disappeared : but it differs from that faculty by altering, 
 enlarging, diversifying, and frequently distorting, the 
 subjects of its power. 
 
 It bodies forth the form of things unknown, 
 And gives to airy nothings 
 A local habitation and a name. 
 
 But the irregular and wild desires which seize upon 
 the mind through the avenues of an untamed fancy 
 and disordered imagination, are not exclusively the 
 produce of solitude. The choice of wisdom or folly is 
 offered to us in all places, and under every circum- 
 stance ; but the mind of man is unhappily prone to that 
 which is least worthy of it. 1 shall therefore endeavor 
 to show, by some general observations, in what in- 
 stances solitude is most likely to create those flights of 
 imagination which mislead the mind, and corrupt the 
 heart. 
 
 Imagination is said to be the simple apprehension of 
 corporeal objects when they are absent ; which absence 
 of the object it contemplates, distinguishes this faculty 
 from sensation, and has occasioned some metaphy- 
 sicians to call it recorded sensation. Upon the due re- 
 gulation, and proper management, of this great and 
 extraordinary power of the mind, depends, in a great 
 measure, the happiness or misery of life. It ought to 
 consist of a happy combination of those ideas we re- 
 ceive through the organs of bodily sense, and those 
 which we derive fromlhe faculties of moral perception ; 
 but it too frequently consists of a capricious and ill- 
 
202 INFLUENCE OF SOLITUDE 
 
 iormed mixture of heterogeneous images, which 
 though true in themselves, are false in the way they 
 are applied. Thus a person, the circulation of whose 
 blood in any particular member is suddenly stopped, 
 imagines that needles are pricking the disordered part. 
 The sensation in this case is real, but the conclusion 
 from it is fallacious. So in every mental illusion, ima- 
 gination, when she first begins to exercise her powers, 
 seizes on some fact, of the real nature of which the 
 mind has but an obscure idea, and, for want of tracing 
 it through all its connexions and dependences, misleads 
 reason into the darkest paths of error. The wild con- 
 jectures, and extravagant opinions which have issued 
 from this source are innumerable. The imagination 
 receives every impulse with eagerness, while the pas- 
 sions crowd around her splendid throne, obedient to 
 her dictates. They act, indeed, reciprocally on each 
 other. The imagination pours a concourse of contrary 
 ideas into the mind, and easily disregards, or reconciles 
 their incongruities. The voice of the calm inquirer, 
 reason, is incapable of being heard amidst the tumult ; 
 and the favorite image is animated and enlarged by the 
 glowing fire of the passions. No power remains to 
 control or regulate, much less to subdue, this mental 
 ray, which inflames the whole soul, and exalts it into 
 the fervor of enthusiasm, hurries it into the extrava- 
 gance of superstition : or precipitates it into the furious 
 frenzies of fanaticism. 
 
 The powerful tumult reigns in every part, 
 Pants in the breast, and swells the rising heart. 
 
 Enthusiasm is that ecstacy of the mind, that lively 
 transport of the soul, which is excited by the pursuit 
 or contemplation of some great and noble object, the 
 novelty of which awakens attention, the truth of which 
 fixes the understanding, and the grandeur of which, by 
 firing the fancy, engages the aid of every passion, and 
 prompts the mind to the highest undertakings. A just 
 and rightly formed enthusiasm is founded in reason, 
 and supported by nature, and carries the mind above 
 its ordinary level, into the unexplored regions of art 
 and science. The rational enthusiast, indeed, rises to 
 an elevation so far above the distinct view of vulgar 
 eyes, that common understandings are apt to treat him 
 either with blind admiration, or cool contempt, only be- 
 cause they are incapable of comprehending his real 
 
ON THE IMAGINATION. 203 
 
 character ; and while some bow to him as an extraor- 
 dinary genius, others rail at him as an unhappy lunatic. 
 The powers of enthusiasm, however, when founded 
 upon proper principles, so strengthen and invigorate 
 the faculties of the mind, as to enable it to resist danger 
 undismayed, and to surmount difficulties that appear 
 irresistible. Those, indeed, who have possessed them- 
 selves of this power to any extraordinary degree, have 
 been considered as inspired, and their great achieve- 
 ments conceived to have been directed by councils, 
 and sustained by energies of a divine or super-mundane 
 nature. Certain it is, that we owe to the spirit of en- 
 thusiasm whatever is great in art, sublime in science, 
 or noble in the human character : and the elegant and 
 philosophic Lord Shaftsbury, while he ridicules the 
 absurdities of this wonderfully powerful and extensive 
 quality, admits that it is impossible to forbear ascribing 
 to it whatever is greatly performed by heroes, states- 
 men, poets, orators, and even philosophers themselves : 
 and who that is not contented to wallow in the mire 
 of gross sensuality, would not quit the noisy scenes of 
 tumultuous dissipation, and repair with joy and glad- 
 ness to solitary shades, to the bower of tranquillity, and 
 the fountain of peace, to majestic forests, and to ver- 
 dant groves, to acquire this necessary ingredient to 
 perfect excellence ? Who would not willingly pierce 
 the pensive gloom, or dwell among the brighter glories 
 of the golden age, to acquire by a warm and glowing, 
 but correct and chaste contemplation of the beautiful 
 and sublime works of nature, these ravishing sensa- 
 tions, and gain this noble fervor of the imagination ? 
 A proper study of the works of nature amidst the ro- 
 mantic scenery of sylvan solitude, is certainly the most 
 likely means of inspiring the mind with true enthu- 
 siasm, and leading genius to her most exalted heights ; 
 but the attempt is dangerous. There are few men in 
 whose minds airy notions do not sometimes tyrannize. 
 " To indulge the power of fiction," says a celebrated 
 writer, "and send imagination out upon the wing, is 
 often the sport of those who delight too much in silent 
 speculation. When we are alone, we are not always 
 busy ; the labor of excogitation is too violent to last 
 long ; the ardor of inquiry will sometimes give way to 
 idleness or satiety. He who has nothing external that 
 can divert him, must find pleasure in his own thoughts, 
 and must conceive himself what he is not ; for who is 
 pleased with what he is ? He then expatiates in bound- 
 
204 INFLUENCE OF SOLITUDE" 
 
 less futurity, and culls from all imaginable conditions? 
 that which for the present moment lie should most de- 
 sire, amuses his desires with impossible enjoyments, 
 and confers upon his pride unattainable dominion. 
 The mind dances from scene to scene, unites all plea- 
 sures in all combinations, riots in delights which nature 
 and fortune, with all their bounty, cannot bestow. In 
 time some particular train of ideas fixes the attention ;. 
 all other intellectual gratifications are rejected; the- 
 mind in weariness or leisure, recurs constantly to the- 
 favorite conception, and feasts on the luscious falsehood 
 whenever she is offended with the bitterness of truths 
 By degrees the reign of fancy is confirmed ; she grows 
 first imperious, and in time despotic : then fictions be- 
 gin to operate as realities, false opinions fasten on the 
 mind, and life passes in dreams of rapture or of anguish,- 
 This is one of the dangers of solitude. 
 
 These observations lead us to consider the character 
 of the fanatical visionary, who feels, like the happy en- 
 thusiast, the same agitation of passion, and the same 
 inflammation of mind ; but as the feelings of one are. 
 founded upon knowledge, truth, and nature, so the feel- 
 ings of the other are the result of ignorance and error, 
 and all the glittering meteors of his' brain the effects of 
 imposture and deception. Of this species of enthusiasm 
 Mr. Locke gives the following description : " In all ages 
 men in whom melancholy has mixed with devotion, or 
 whose conceit of themselves has raised them into an 
 opinion of a greater familiarity with God, and a nearer 
 admittance to his favors, than is afforded to others, 
 have often flattered themselves with a persuasion of an 
 immediate intercourse with the Deity, and frequent 
 communication with his divine spirit. Their minds 
 being thus prepared, whatever groundless opinion 
 comes to settle itself strongly upontheir fancies, is an 
 illumination from the Spirit of God, and whatever odd 
 action they find in themselves a strong inclination ta 
 do, that impulse is concluded to be a call or direction 
 from heaven, and must be obeyed ; it is a commission 
 from above, and they cannot err in executing it. This 
 species of enthusiasm, though arising from the conceit 
 of a warm and overweeningbrain, works, when it once 
 gets footing, more powerfully on the persuasions and 
 actions of men than either reason, revelation, or both- 
 together ; men being forwardly obedient to all the im- 
 pulses they receive from themselves." The fantastic- 
 images, indeed, which the wildnessof his imagination- 
 
ON THE IMAGINATION. 205 
 
 creates, subdues his reason, and destroys the best affec- 
 tions of his heart, while his passions take the part of 
 their furious assailants, and render him the victim of 
 his visionary conceptions. It is not, however, from 
 sources of fanatical devotion, or irrational solitude, that 
 this vicious species of enthusiasm alone arises. The fol- 
 lies of faquiers, the extravagance of orgaists, the ab- 
 surdities of hermits, and the mummery of monks, are 
 not more enthusiastically injurious to the true interests 
 of mankind, or more pregnant with all the calamitous 
 effects of this baleful vice, than those unprincipled sys- 
 tems of politics and morals which have been of late 
 years obtruded on the world, and in which good sense 
 is sacrificed, and true science disgraced. 
 
 The growth of fanaticism, whether moral, political, 
 religious, or scientific, is not confined exclusively to 
 any age or country; the seeds of it have been but 
 too plentifully sown in all the regions of the earth ; and 
 it is almost equally baneful and injurious in whatever 
 soil they spring. Every bold, turbulent, and intriguing 
 spirit, who has sufficient artifice to inflame the passions 
 of the inconstant multitude, the moment he calls the 
 demon of fanatacism to his aid, becomes troublesome, 
 and frequently dangerous, to the government under 
 which he lives. Even the affectation of this powerful 
 but pernicious quality, is able to produce fermentations, 
 highly detrimental to the peace of society. In the very 
 metropolis of Great Britain, and among the enlightened 
 inhabitants of that kingdom, Lord George Gordon, in 
 the present age, was enabled, by assuming the hypocri- 
 tical appearance of piety, and standing forth as a cham- 
 pion of a religious sect, to convulse the nation, and en- 
 danger its safety. In the twenty-first year of the reign 
 of his Britanic Majesty, the present powerful and illus- 
 trious King George III. an act of parliament was pass- 
 ed to relieve the Roman Catholics residing in England 
 from the penalties and disabilities which had been im- 
 posed on them at the revolution. An extension of the 
 same relief to the Catholics of Scotland was also said 
 to be intended by parliament. The report spread an 
 immediate alarm throughout the country ; societies 
 were formed for the defence of the Protestant faith ; 
 committees appointed, books dispersed, and, in short, 
 every method taken to inflame the zeal of the people. 
 These attempts being totally neglected by government, 
 and but feebly resisted by the more liberal minded in 
 the country, produced all their effects. A furious spirit 
 18 
 
206 INFLUENCE OF SOLITUDE 
 
 of bigotry and persecution soon showed itself, and 
 broke out into the most outrageous acts of violence 
 against the Papists at Edinburgh, Glasgow, and else- 
 where ; but as government did not think it advisable to 
 repress this spirit' by force, the just and benevolent in- 
 tentions of the legislature were laid aside. The suc- 
 cessful resistance of the zealots in Scotland to any re- 
 laxation of the penal laws against the Papists, seems 
 to have given the first rise to the Protestant As^ 
 sociation in England; for about the same time bills 
 were dispersed, '"and advertisements inserted in the 
 newspapers, inviting those who wished well to the 
 cause to unite under that title ; and Lord George Gor- 
 don, who had been active at the head of the malcon- 
 tents in Scotland, was chosen their President. The 
 ferment was suffered to increase during a course of se 
 veral years. His lordship was a member of the senate, 
 and his extraordinary conduct in the house, and fre- 
 quent interruption he gave to the business of parlia- 
 ment, as well as the unaccountable manner in which 
 lie continually brought, in and treated matters relative 
 to religion and the "danger of popery, and the caprice 
 with which he divided the house upon questions where- 
 in he stood nearly or entirely alone, were passed over, 
 along with other singularities in his dress and manners, 
 rather as subjects of pleasantry than of serious notice 
 or reprehension. On Monday, the 29th of May, 1780, 
 a meeting was held at Coachmaker's Hall, pursuant to 
 a public "advertisement, in order to consider of the 
 mode of presenting a petition to the House of Com- 
 mons. Lord George Gordon took the chair ; and, after 
 a long inflammatory harangue, in which he endeavor- 
 ed to persuade his hearers of the rapid and alarming 
 progress that popery was making in the kingdom, he 
 proceeded to observe, that the only way to stop it, was 
 going in a firm, manly, and resolute manner to the 
 house and showing their representatives that they 
 were determined to preserve their religious freedom 
 with their lives ; that, for his part, he would run all 
 hazards with the people ; and if the people were too 
 lukewarm to run all hazards with him. when their con- 
 science and their country called them forth, they might 
 get another president, for that he would tell them can- 
 didly, he was not a lukewarm man himself; and that, 
 if they meant to spend their time in mock debate, and 
 idle opposition, they might get another leader. This 
 speech was received with the loudest applause, and his 
 
O'N THE IMAGINATION. 207 
 
 lordship then moved the following resolution : " That 
 the whole body of the Protestant Association do attend 
 in St. George's Fie]ds, on Friday next, at ten o'clock 
 in the morning;, to accompany their president to the 
 House of Commons at the delivery of the Protestant 
 petition ;" which was carried unanimously. His Lord- 
 ship then informed them, that if less than twenty 
 thousand of his fellow citizens attended him on that 
 day, he would not present their petition. Accordingly, 
 on Friday, the 2d day of June, 1780, at ten in the fore- 
 noon, several thousands assembled at the place appoint- 
 ed, marshalling- themselves in ranks, and waiting- for 
 their leader, who arrived about an hour after vvard, 
 and they all proceeded to the houses of parliament. 
 Here they began to exercise the most arbitrary power 
 over both lords and commons, by obliging almost all 
 the members to put blue cockades on their hats, and 
 call out " no popery !" Some they compelled to take 
 oaths to vote for the repeal of this obnoxious act ; 
 others they insulted in the most indecent and insolent 
 manner. They took possession of all the avenues up 
 to the very door of both houses of parliament, which 
 they twice attempted to force open, and committed 
 many outrages on the persons of the members. Nor 
 were they dispersed, or the remaining members able to 
 leave their seats, until a military force arrived. The 
 houses were adjourned to the 19th of June. But so 
 dreadful a spectacle of calamity and horror was never 
 known in any age or country, as that which the me- 
 tropolis of England exhibited on the evening and the 
 day which succeeded this seditious congregation. 
 These astonishing effects produced by the real or pre- 
 tended fanaticism of a simple individual, sufficiently 
 display the power of this dangerous quality, when art- 
 fully employed to inflame the passions of the unthink- 
 ing multitude. But it is worthy of observation, that 
 while this incendiary sustained among his followers 
 the character of a pious patriot, of a man without the 
 smallest spot or blemish, of being, in short, the most 
 virtuous guardian of the established religion of the 
 country, he regularly indulged his holy fervors, and 
 sanctified appearances, every evening, in the company 
 of common prostitutes, or professed wantons. 
 
 The fire of fanaticism is, indeed, so subtilely power- 
 ful, that it is capable of inflaming the coldest mind. 
 The mildest and the most rational dispositions have been 
 occasionally injured by its heat. The rapidity of its 
 
208 INFLUENCE OF SOLITUDE 
 
 progress certainly depends, in a great degree, on the 
 nature of the materials on which it acts ; but, like every 
 dangerous conflagration, its first appearances should be 
 watched, and every means taken to extinguish its 
 flames. The extinction is, perhaps, most happily and 
 readily effected by those counteractions which the com- 
 mon occupations, and daily duties of life produce on 
 the mind, when judiciously opposed to this flagrant 
 evil. Of the advantages, at least, of this resource, a 
 circumstance in the history of the late Dr. Fothergill 
 affords a remarkable example. This celebrated physi- 
 cian possessed the greatest tranquillity of mind, and 
 had obtained so complete a dominion over his passions, 
 that he declared to a friend, recently before his death, 
 that he could not recollect a single instance, during 
 the whole course of his life, in which they had been 
 improperly disturbed. This temper, which perfectly 
 suited to the character of the religion he professed, the 
 tenets of which he strictly practised, he maintained on 
 all occasions ; nor was there any tiling in his general 
 conduct or manner that betrayed to his most familiar 
 friends the least propensity toward enthusiasm; and 
 yet, distant as the suspicion must be, under these cir- 
 cumstances, that he should ever be under the influence 
 of superstition, it is well known, that while he was a 
 student at Edinburgh, where he was distinguished for 
 the mildness of his manners and the regularity of his 
 conduct, he one day, in an eccentric sally of fanaticism 
 ran, almost entirely naked through the streets of that 
 city, warning all its inhabitants of the impending wrath 
 of heaven ; and exhorting them in the most solemn 
 manner, to avert the approaching danger, by humbly 
 imploring the mercy of the offended Deity ; but this re- 
 ligious paroxysm was of short duration. He was at 
 this time in habits of intimacy with the great charac- 
 ters who then filled the professional chairs of the uni- 
 versity, and ardently engaged in the pursuits of study ; 
 and the exercises which his daily tasks required, to- 
 gether with the company and conversation of these 
 rational, well-informed, and thinking men, preserved 
 his reason, and soon restored him to the full and free 
 enjoyment of those faculties, from which both science 
 and humanity afterward derived so many benefits. 
 
 The conduct of St. Francis, commonly" called the 
 holy Francis of Assisi, was in some degree similar; 
 excepting that the madness of this fanatic continued 
 throughout his life, while the delirium of Fothergill 
 
ON THE IMAGINATION. 209 
 
 lasted but a day. This saint was born at Assisi, in the 
 province of Umbria, in the year 1182. His real name 
 of baptism was John; but, on account of the facility 
 with which he acquired the French language, so neces- 
 sary at that time in Italy, especially for the business for 
 which he was intended, he was called Francis. He is 
 said to have beeirborn witti the figure of a cross on his 
 right shoulder, and to have dreamt that he was design- 
 ed by heaven to promote the interests of that holy sign. 
 His disposition was naturally mild, his comprehension 
 quick, his feelings acute, his manners easy, his imagi- 
 nation vivid, and his passions inordinately warm. A 
 careless and unrestrained indulgence of the propensi- 
 ties of youth had led him into a variety of vicious habits 
 and libertine extravagances, until the solitude to which 
 a fit of sickness confined him, brought him to a recol- 
 lection, and forced him to reflect upon the dangerous 
 tendency of his past misconduct. His mind started 
 with horror at the dreadful scene his retrospection pre- 
 sented to his view; and he resolved to quit the compa- 
 ny of his former associates, to reform the profligacy of 
 his life, to restore his character, and to save, by peni- 
 tence and prayer, his guilty soul. These serious reflec- 
 tions wrought so powerfully on his dejected mind, that 
 he fell into an extravagant kind of devotion, more re- 
 sembling madness than religion. Fixing on a passage 
 in St. Matthew, in which our Saviour desires his apos- 
 tles to provide neither gold nor silver, nor brass in their 
 purses; nor scrip for t fie ir journey ; neither two coats, 
 neither shoes, nor yet staves, he was led to consider a 
 voluntary and absolute poverty as the essence of the 
 gospel, and to prescribe this poverty as a sacred rule, 
 both to himself and to the few who followed him. He 
 accordingly wandered through the streets of Assisi, in 
 garments that scarcely concealed his nakedness, in or- 
 der, as he said, to inure himself to the taunts and ridi- 
 cule of his former companions, whom he now called 
 the children of sin, and followers of satan. The father 
 of the young saint, supposing, from these extravagan- 
 ces, that the sickness under which he had so long la- 
 bored had disordered his intellects, prepared to provide 
 him with some proper place of confinement, until time 
 or medical regimen should restore him to his right 
 senses; but the saint, having been informed of his fa- 
 ther's friendly intention, declined his parental care, and 
 quitting his house, sought a sanctuary in the palace of 
 the bishop of Assisi. The diocesan immediately sent 
 18* 
 
210 INFLUENCE OF SOLITUDE 
 
 to the father of the fugitive, and, after hearing him 
 upon the subject of his right to provide for the safety of 
 his son, he turned calmly to the son and desired him to 
 reply. The son immediately tore off the tattered gar- 
 ments which he then wore, and casting them with 
 scorn and indignation at the feet of his astonished pa- 
 rent exclaimed, " there, take back all your property. 
 You were, indeed, 'my earthly father ; but henceforth I 
 disclaim you ; for I own no father but him who is in 
 heaven. The bishop, either really or affectedly delight- 
 ed with this unnatural rant of the young enthusiast, 
 threw his own mantle over the saint, and exhorted him 
 to persevere in his holy resolution, and to cherish with 
 increasing ardor, the divine inspiration of his pious 
 mind. The frantic youth, animated by the warm ap- 
 probation of tne bishop proceeded in his religious 
 course, and abandoning the city, retired into the deepest 
 gloom of an adjacent forest, to indulge the fervors of 
 that false enthusiasm which had overpowered his brain. 
 In this retreat a second vision confirmed him in his 
 holy office ; and being encouraged by pope Innocent 
 III, and Honorius, he established, in the year 1209, the 
 Order of Saint Francis. If this ridiculous enthusiast 
 had corrected the extravagances of his overheated 
 imagination, by a cool and temperate exercise of his 
 reason, by studying, like the celebrated physician we 
 have just mentioned, some liberal science, he might, 
 with the talents he possessed, have become a really 
 useful member of society. But these wild shoots, if 
 suffered to grow to any height, cannot afterward be 
 easily eradicated: tmd even Fothergill, if he had lived 
 like Francis, in an age of superstitious delusion, and had 
 been encouraged to believe the truth of his fanatic con- 
 ceptions, his temporary frenzy might have continued 
 through life ; and his character, instead of being re- 
 vered as a promoter of an useful science, have been 
 held up by an ignorant multitude to the contempt and 
 ridicule of posterity. 
 
 The vacancy of solitude, by leaving the mind to its 
 own ideas, encourages to a great excess these wild and 
 eccentric sallies of the imagination. He who has an 
 opportunity to indulge, without interruption or restraint 
 the delightful musings of an excursive fancy, will soon 
 lose all relish for every other pleasure, and neglect 
 every employment which tends to interrupt the gratifi- 
 cation of such an enchanting though dangerous pro- 
 pensity. During the quietude of a sequestered life, 
 
 
ON THE IMAGINATION. 2ll 
 
 imagination usurps the throne of reason, and all the 
 feeble faculties of the mind obey her dictates, until her 
 voice becomes despotic. If the high powers be exer- 
 cised on the agreeable appearances~of nature, and the 
 various entertainments, poetry, painting, music, or any 
 of the elegant arts, are capable of affording, 
 
 .... Then the inexpressive strain 
 Diffuses its enchantment ; fancy dreams 
 Of sacred fountains,- and elysiaa groves, 
 And vales of bliss ; the intellectual Power 
 Bends from his awful throne a wandering ear, 
 And smiles ; the passions, gently smoothed awa7, 
 Sink to divine repose, and love and joy 
 Alone are waking. 
 
 But if the mind, as in the solitude of monastic seclu- 
 sion, fixes its attention on ascetic subjects, and fires 
 the fancy with unnatural legends, the soul, instead of 
 sinking to divine repose, feels a morbid melancholy 
 and discontented torpor, which extinguishes all ra- 
 tional reflection, and engenders the most fantastic 
 visions. 
 
 Men even of strong natural understandings, highly 
 improved by education, have, in some instances, not 
 been able to resist the fatal effects of intense applica- 
 tion, and long continued solitude. The learned Mola- 
 nus, having, during a course of many years, detached 
 his mind from all objects of sense, neglected all season- 
 able and salutary devotion, and giving an uncontrolled 
 license to his imagination fancied, in the latter part of 
 his life, that he was a barley corn; and although he 
 received his friends with great courtesy and politeness, 
 and conversed upon subjects both of science and devo- 
 tion with great ease and ingenuity, he could never af- 
 terward be persuaded to stir from home, lest, as he ex- 
 pressed his apprehension, he should be picked up in the 
 street, and swallowed by a fowl 
 
 The female mind is still more subject to these delu- 
 sions of disordered fancy ; for, as their feelings are 
 more exquisite, their passions warmer, and their ima- 
 ginations more active than those of the other sex, soli- 
 tude, when carried to excess, affects them in a much 
 greater degree. Their bosoms are much more suscep- 
 tible to the injurious influence of seclusion, to the con- 
 tagion of example, and to the dangers of illusion. 
 This may, perhaps, in some degree, account for the si- 
 milarity of disposition which prevails in cloisters, and 
 
212 INFLUENCE OF SOLITUDE 
 
 
 other institutions which confine women entirely to the 
 company of each other. The force of example and 
 habit is, indeed, in such retreats, surprisingly powerful, 
 A French medical writer, of great merit, and undoubt- 
 ed veracity, relates, that in a convent of nuns, where 
 the sisterhood was unusually numerous, one of those 
 secluded fair ones was seized with a strange impulse 
 to mew like a cat ; that several others of thenuns in a 
 short time followed her example i and that at length 
 this unaccountable propensity became general through- 
 out the convent ; the whole sisterhood joined, at stated 
 periods, in the practice of mewing, and continued it 
 for several hours. But of all the extraordinary fancies 
 recorded of the sex, none can exceed that which Car- 
 dan relates to have happened in one of the convents of 
 Germany, during the fifteenth century. One of the 
 nuns, who had long been secluded from the sight of 
 man, was seized with the strange propensity to bite all 
 her companions ; and extraordinary as it may seem, 
 this disposition spread until the wiiole house was infect- 
 ed with the same fury. The account, indeed, states, 
 that this mania extended even beyond the walls of the 
 convent, and that the disease w 7 as conveyed to such a 
 degree from cloister to cloister, throughout Germany, 
 Holland, and Italy, that the practice at length prevailed 
 in every female convent in Europe. 
 
 The instances of the pernicious influence of a total 
 dereliction of society, may possibly appear to the un- 
 derstandings of the present generation extravagant and 
 incredible ; but they are certainly true ; and many 
 others of a similar nature might be adduced from the 
 most authentic histories of The times. The spec ies, 
 when prevented from enjoying a free intercourse and 
 rational society with each' other, almost change their 
 nature; and the mind, feeding continually on the me- 
 lancholy musings of the imagination, in the cold and 
 cheerless regions of solitude, engenders humors of the 
 most eccentric cast. Excluded from those social com- 
 munications which nature enjoins, with the means of 
 gratifying the understanding, amusing the senses, or in- 
 teresting the affections, fancy roves at large into unknown 
 spheres, and endeavors to find in ideal forms entertain- 
 ment and delight. Angelic visions, infernal phantoms, 
 amazing prodigies, the delusions of alchemy, the fren- 
 zies of philosophy, and the madness of metaphysics, 
 fill the disordered brain. The intellect fastens 'upon 
 
GN THE IMAGINATION. 213 
 
 some absurd idea, and fosters it with the fondest affec- 
 tion, until its increasing magnitude subdues the re- 
 maining powers of sense and reason. The slightest 
 retrospect into the conduct of the solitary professors 
 of every religious system, proves the lamentable dan- 
 gers to which they expose their mental faculties, by ex- 
 cluding themselves from the intercourse of rational so- 
 ciety. From the prolific womb of solitude sprung all- 
 the mysterious ravings and senseless doctrines of the 
 New Platonists. The same cause devoted the monks 
 and anchorites of the Christian church to folly and fa- 
 naticism. Fakirs, Bramins, and every other tribe of 
 religious enthusiasts, originated from the same source. 
 By abandoning the pleasures of society, and renouncing 
 the feelings oi nature, they sacrificed reason upon the 
 altar of superstition, and supplied its place with ecsta- 
 tic fancies, and melancholy musings. There is nothing 
 more evident, than that our holy religion, in its origi- 
 nal constitution, was set so far apart from all refined 
 speculations, that it seemed in a manner diametrically 
 opposite to them. The great founder of Christianity 
 gave one simple rule of life to all men ; but his disci- 
 ples, anxious to indulge the natural vanity of the hu- 
 man mind, and misled, in some degree, by the false 
 philosophy which at that period overspread the heathen 
 world, introduced various doctrines of salvation, and 
 new schemes of faith. Bigotry, a species of supersti- 
 tion never known before, took place in men's affections, 
 and armed them with new jealousies against each 
 other: barbarous terms and idioms were every day in- 
 vented; monstrous definitions imposed, and hostilities, 
 the fiercest imaginable, exercised on each other by the 
 contending parties. Fanaticism, with all the train of 
 visions, prophecies, dreams, charms, miracles, and ex- 
 orcises, succeeded ; and spiritual feats, of the most ab- 
 surd and ridiculous nature, were performed in monas- 
 teries, or up and down, by their mendicant or itinerant 
 priests and ghostly missionaries. Solitude impressed 
 the principles upon which these extravagances were 
 founded, with uncommon force on the imagination ; 
 and the mind, working itself into holy fervors and in- 
 spirations, give birth to new extravagances. The 
 causes which operated on the minds of men to produce 
 such ridiculous effects, acted with double force on the 
 ardent temper, warm imagination, and excessive sensi- 
 bility of the female world. That which was mere 
 fantasy with the one sex, became frenzy with the 
 
214 INFLUENCE OP SOLITUDE 
 
 other. Women, indeed t are, according- to the opinion 
 of Plato, the nurses of fanaticism \ and their favorite 
 theme is that which has been dignified by the appella- 
 tion of a sublime passion for poetry : an ardent, refined 
 love of heaven ; but which, in fact, is only the natural 
 effects of the heart, swollen intumescentiy by an un- 
 reined, prolific, and too ardent imagination. Instances 
 of this kind are discoverable in all the accounts that 
 have been published of the holy fervors of these 
 penitents, particularly in those of Catharine of Si- 
 enna, of Joan of Cambray, of Angelina of Foligny, of 
 Matilda of Saxony, of Maria of the Incarnation, of 
 Mary Magdalen of Pazzio, of Gertrude of Saxony, and 
 many others. The celebrated Armelle, who was born 
 in the year 1606, at Campenac, in the diocess of St. 
 Malo, and who died at Vannes in the year 1671, possess- 
 ed great personal beauty, a quick and lively mind, and 
 an uncommon tenderness of heart. Her parents, who 
 were honest and industrious villagers, placed her as a 
 menial servant in the house of a neighboring gentleman, 
 with whom she lived for five and thirty years in the 
 practice of the most exemplary piety and extraordinary 
 virtue, at least, according to the accounts which he gave 
 from time to time of her conduct. During the time 
 she resided with this gentleman, his groom, finding the 
 kitchen door fastened, had the curiosity to peep through 
 the key-hole, where he discovered the pious maid, in a 
 paroxysm of divine ecstacy, performing the humble 
 office of spitting a capon. The agitation of this holy 
 spirit so affected the mind of the astonished youth, 
 that, it is said by the Ursuline sister who has written 
 the life of this great luminary of French sanctity, un- 
 der the title of The school for the love of God, he be- 
 came immediately enamored with the beauties of reli- 
 gion, and renouncing the pomps and vanities of the 
 world, entered into a monastery, at the same time that 
 his holy companion thought proper to withdraw from 
 future observation into the convent of Vannes, where 
 she devoted the remainder of her life, and died, as it is 
 reported, in an excess of divine love. The youthful 
 days of Armelle had been passed in almost total solitude ; 
 for her occupation at the house in which she was placed 
 by her parents, was confined entirely to the kitchen, and 
 she had scarcely any other intercourse than with its fur- 
 niture. It appears,"however, from the history of her life* 
 that she was from her childhood excessively fond of 
 reciting an ave or paternoster ; and while occupied in 
 
ON THE IMAGINATION. 215 
 
 tending the flocks, her original employment, amused 
 herself in telling her rosary ; " by which means," says 
 the Ursuline sister, "she made, even in her pastoral 
 state of simplicity and ignorance, such great advances 
 in divine love that, the first moment she was allowed 
 to pay her adoration to the crucifix the fervency of 
 her pious passion burst forth with such ecstacy, that 
 she eagerly snatched the holy object to her arms, and 
 embraced it with a transport so warmly affectionate, 
 that streams of tenderness rushed from her eyes." 
 
 It is truly said by a celebrated English writer, to be 
 "of the utmost importance to guard againt extremes 
 of every kind in religion. We must beware lest by 
 seeking to avoid one rock we split upon another. It 
 has been long the subject of remark, that superstition 
 and enthusiasm are two capital sources of delusion : 
 superstition, on the one hand, attaching men with im- 
 moderate zeal to the ritual and external points of reli- 
 gion ; and enthusiasm, on the other, directing their 
 whole attention to internal emotions and mystical com- 
 munications with the spiritual world ; while neither 
 the one nor the other had paid sufficient regard to the 
 great moral duties of the Christain life. But running 
 with intemperate eagerness from these two great 
 abuses of religion, men have neglected to observe that 
 there are extremes opposite to each of them, into which 
 they are in hazard of precipitating themselves. Thus 
 the horror of superstition has sometimes reached so 
 far as to produce contempt for all external institutions ; 
 as if it were possible for religion to subsist in the world 
 without forms of worship, or public acknowledgment 
 of God. It has also happened, that some, who, in the 
 main are well affected to the cause of goodness, observ- 
 ing that persons of a devout turn have at times been 
 carried away by warm affections into unjustifiable ex- 
 cesses, have thence hastily concluded that all devotion 
 was akin to enthusiasm ; and separating religion totally 
 from the heart and affections, have reduced it to a fri- 
 gid observance of what they call the rules of virtue." 
 These extremes are to be carefully avoided. True de- 
 votion is rational and well founded; and consists in 
 the lively exercise of that affection which we owe to 
 the Supreme Being, comprehending several emotions 
 of the heart, which all terminate in the same great 
 object. 
 
 These are among the evils which an irrational soli- 
 tude is capable of producing upon an unrestrained and 
 
216 EFFECTS OF SOLITUDE 
 
 misdirected imagination ; but I do not mean to contend 
 indiscriminately, that solitude is generally to be consi- 
 dered as dangerous to the free indulgence of this de- 
 lightful faculty of the mind. Solitude, well chosen, 
 and rationally pursued, is so far from being either the 
 open enemy, or the treacherous friend of a firm and 
 fine imagination, that it ripens its earliest shoots, 
 strengthens their growth, and contributes to the pro- 
 duction of its richest and most valuable fruits. To him 
 who has acquired the happy art of enjoying in solitude 
 the charms of nature, and of indulging the powers of 
 fancy without impairing the faculty" of reason 
 
 . . . Whate'er adorns 
 The princely dome, the column, and the arch, 
 The breathing marble, and the sculptured gold, 
 Beyond the proud possessor's narrow claim, 
 His happy breast enjoys. For him the spring 
 Distils her dews, and from the silken gem 
 Its lucid leaves unfolds : for him the hand 
 Of autumn tinges every fertile branch 
 With blooming gold, and blushes like the morn. 
 Each passing hour sheds tribute from her wings 5 
 And still new beauties meet his lonely walk, 
 And loves unfelt attract him. Not a breeze 
 Flies o'er the meadow ; not a cloud imbibes 
 The setting sun's effulgence ; not a strain 
 From all the tenants of the warbling shade 
 Ascends, but whence his bosom can partake 
 Fresh pleasure, unreproved. Nor thence partake 
 Fresh pleasure only : for the attentive mind, 
 By this harmonious action on her powers, 
 Becomes herself harmonious. 
 
 CHAPTER V. 
 
 The effects of solitude on a melancholy mind. 
 
 A disposition to enjoy the silence of sequestered soli- 
 tude, and a glowing distaste of the noisy tumults of 
 public life, are the earliest and most general symptoms 
 of approaching melancholy. The heart, on which fe 
 licity was used to sit enthroned, becomes senseless to 
 the touch of pleasure; the airy wing of high delight 
 sinks prostrate to the earth on broken pinions: and 
 care and anxiety, chagrin, and regret, load the mind 
 with distempering ideas, and render it cheerless and 
 forlorn. The dawning sun, and heaven lighted day, 
 give no pleasure to the sickened senses of the unhappy 
 
ON A MELANCHOLY MIND. 217 
 
 sufferer. His only pleasure is to " commune with his 
 own griefs ;" and for this purpose he seeks some gloomy 
 glen, 
 
 " Where bitter boding melancholy reigns' 
 
 O'er heavy sighs and care disordered thoughts.' 1 
 
 But a mind thus disposed, however it may for a time 1 
 console its sorrows, by retiring from the world, thereby 
 becomes more weak and helpless. Solitude in such 
 cases, increases the disorder, while it softens its effects; 
 To eradicate the seeds of this dreadful malady, the 
 imagination should be impressed with some new, con- 
 trary, and more powerful bias than that which sways 
 the mind, which can only be turned from its course of 
 thought by shifting the object of its reflection, and giv- 
 ing entrance to new desires. A melancholy mind 
 therefore, should be weaned by degrees from its dispo- 
 sition to solitude, should be agreeably interrupted in 
 its musings, and be induced to relish the varying plea- 
 sures of the world. But, above all, those scenes and 
 subjects which have any connexion, however remotely, 
 with the cause of the complaint, must be cautiously 
 avoided. The seeds of this dreadful malady are, in 
 general, very deeply planted in the constitution of the 
 patient, however accidental the circumstances may be 
 when relieved from its oppression, is, if left to itself, 
 always in danger of relapsing into its former habit. 
 This circumstance alone is sufficient to show how un- 
 friendly solitude must be to the cure of this complaint. 
 I£ indeed, the patient be so far gone as to leave no hope 
 ot recovery ; if his desponding heart be incapable of 
 any new impression ; if his mind forgoes all custom of 
 mirth; if he refuse to partake of any healthful exercise 
 or agreeable recreation: and the soul sinks day after 
 day into deeper dejection, and threatens nature with 
 madness or with death, solitude is the only resource.- 
 When melancholy seizes, to a certain degree, the mind 
 of an Englishman, it almost uniformly leads him to put 
 a period to his existence ; while the worst effect it pro- 
 duces on a Frenchman, is to induce him to turn Car- 
 thusian. Such dissimilar effects., proceeding from the 
 operation of the same cause, in different persons, can 
 only be accounted for from the greater opportunities 
 which there is in France than in England to hide the 
 sorrows of the mind from the inspection of the world. 
 An English hypochondriac would, perhaps, seldom de-- 
 
218 EFFECTS OF SOLITUDE, 
 
 stroy himself, if there were in England any monastic 
 institution to which he could fly from the eye of pub- 
 lic observation. 
 
 The mind, in proportion as it loses its proper tone, 
 and natural elasticity, decreases in its attachments to 
 society, and wishes to recede from the world and its 
 concerns. There is no disorder of the mind, among 
 all the various causes by which it may be affected, that 
 destroys its force and activity so entirely as melan- 
 choly. It unties, as it were, all the relations, both phy- 
 sical and moral, of which society, in its most perfect 
 state, consists, and sets the soul free from all sense of 
 obligation. The private link which unites the species 
 is destroyed ; all inclination to the common intercourse 
 of life is lost ; and the only remaining disposition is for 
 solitude. It is for this reason that melancholy persons 
 are continually advised to frequent the theatres, mas- 
 querades, operas, balls, and other places of public diver- 
 sion ; to amuse themselves at home with cards, dice, 
 or other games ; or to infuse from the eyes of female 
 beauty new life into their drooping souls. Certain it 
 is, that great advantages may be derived by detaching 
 the mind from those objects by which it is tortured 
 and consumed ; but to run indiscriminately, and with 
 injudicious eagerness, into the pursuit of pleasures, 
 without any predisposition to enjoy them, may rather 
 tend to augment than diminish the disease. 
 
 The eye of melancholy views every object on its 
 darkest and most unfavorable side, and apprehends 
 disastrous consequences from every occurrence. These 
 gloomy perceptions, which increase as the feelings be- 
 come more indolent, and the constitution more morbid, 
 bring on habitual uneasiness and chagrin upon the 
 mind, and render every injury, however small and tri- 
 fling it may be, irksome and insupportable. A settled 
 dejection ensues; and the miserable patient avoids 
 every scene in which his musings may be liable to in- 
 terruption; the few enjoyments he is yet capable of 
 feeling in any degree impeded ; or which may call 
 upon him to make the slightest exertion ; and by with- 
 drawing himself from society into solitude, neglects 
 the exercises and recreations by which his disease 
 might be relieved. Instead of endeavoring to enlight- 
 en the dark gloom which involves his mind, and sub- 
 dues his soul, by regarding with a favorable eye all 
 that gives a true value and high relish to men of sound 
 minds and lively dispositions, he fondly follows the 
 
ON A MELANCHOLY MIND. 219 
 
 phantom which misleads him, and thereby sinks him- 
 self more deeply into the moody fanes of irremediable 
 melancholy : and if the bright rays of life and happi- 
 ness penetrate by chance into the obscurity of his re- 
 treat instead of feeling any satisfaction from the per- 
 ception of cheerfulness and content, he quarrels with 
 the possessor of them, and converts their enjoyments 
 into subjects of grievance, in order to torment himself. 
 Unfavorable, however, as a dreary and disconsolate 
 solitude certainly is to the recovery of a mind labour- 
 ing under this grievous affliction, it is far preferable to 
 the society of licentious companions, and to wild scenes 
 of inebriating dissipation. Worldly pleasures, and sen- 
 sual gratifications of every description, when intempe- 
 rately pursued, only drive a melancholy mind into a 
 more abject state of dejection. It is from rational re- 
 creation, and temperate pleasures alone, that an afflict- 
 ed mind can receive amusement and delight. The only 
 scenes by which the mudded current of his mind can 
 be cleared, or his stagnated system of pleasure refresh- 
 ed, must be calm, cheerful, and temperate, not gay. 
 Melancholy is of a sedate and pensive character, and 
 flies from whatever is hurrying and tumultuous. How 
 frequently do men of contemplative dispositions con- 
 ceive a distaste for the world, only because they have 
 unthinkingly engaged so ardently in the pursuits of 
 pleasure, or of business, that they have been prevented 
 for a length of time, from collecting their scattered 
 ideas, and indulging their natural habits of reflection ! 
 But in striving to reclaim a melancholy mind, it is ne- 
 cessary to attend to the feelings of the heart, as well as 
 the peculiar temper of the mind. A gloomy, disturbed, 
 unquiet mind, is highly irritated, and its disease of 
 course increased, by the company and conversation of 
 those whose senseless bosoms are incapable of feeling 
 the griefs it endures, or the complaints it utters. This, 
 indeed, is another cause which drives melancholy per- 
 sons from society into solitude ; for how few are there 
 whose tenderness leads them to sympathize with a 
 brother in distress, or to contribute a kind aid to eradi- 
 cate the thorns which rankle in his heart ! Robust 
 characters, in whose bosoms nature has planted the im- 
 penetrable shield of unvarying health, as well as those 
 whose minds are engrossed by thecharms of uninterrupt- 
 ed prosperity, can form no idea of the secret but severe 
 nironies which shake the system of valetudinary mew. 
 nor feel any compassion for the tortures which accon> 
 
2Z0 EFFECTS OF SOLITUDE 
 
 pany a wounded and afflicted spirit, until the convulsive 
 frame proclaims the dreadful malady, or increasing 
 melancholy sacrifices its victim on the altar of self-de- 
 struction. The gay associates of the unfeeling world 
 view a companion suffering under the worst of nature's 
 evils, with cold indifference, or affected concern ; or. 
 in the career of pleasure, overlook the miseries he feels 
 until they hear that exhausted wo has induced him to 
 brave the anger of the Almighty, and to rush from 
 mortal misery, uncalled, into the awful presence of his 
 Creator. Dreadful state ! The secrecy and silence, in- 
 deed, with which persons of this description conceal 
 the pangs that torture their minds, is among the most 
 dangerous symptoms of the disease. It is not, indeed, 
 easy to hide from the anxious and attentive eye of real 
 friendship the feelings of the heart ; but to the careless 
 and indifferent multitude of common acquaintances, 
 the countenance may wear the appearance not only of 
 composure, but even of gayety, while the soul is in- 
 wardly suffering the keenestanguish of unutterable wo. 
 The celebrated Carlini, a French actor of great merit, 
 and in high reputation with the public, for the life, 
 whim, frolic, and vivacity with which he nightly en- 
 tertained the Parisian audiences, applied to a physician 
 to whom he was not personally known, for advice, and 
 represented to him that he was subject to attacks of the 
 deepest melancholy. The physician advised him to 
 amuse his mind by scenes of pleasure, and particularly 
 directed him to frequent the Italian Comedy; "for," 
 continued he, "your distemper must be rooted, indeed, 
 if the acting of the lively Carlini does not remove it." 
 "Alas' 5 ' exclaimed the unhappy patient, "I am the 
 very Carlini whom you recommend me to see ; and 
 while I am capable of filling Paris with mirth and 
 laughter, I am myself the dejected victim of melancho- 
 ly and chagrin." 
 
 Painful as it may be to a person who is laboring un- 
 der the oppression of melancholy, to associate with 
 those who are incapable of sympathizing with his feet 
 ings. or who neglect to compassionate his sufferings, 
 yet he should not fly from the presence of men into 
 solitude; for solitude will unavoidably aggravate and 
 augment his distress inasmuch as it tends to encourage 
 thai musing and soliloquy to which melancholy is in- 
 variably prone. It is the most dangerous resource to 
 which he can fly ; for, while it seems to promise the 
 fairest hope of relief, it betrays the confidence reposed 
 
ON A MELANCHOLY MIND. 221 
 
 in it; and instead of shielding its votary from that con- 
 flict which disturbs his repose, it renders him defence- 
 less, and delivers him unarmed to his bitterest enemy. 
 
 The boldest spirits and firmest nerves cannot with- 
 stand the inroads of melancholy merely by thoir own 
 strength. It damps the courage of the most enterpri- 
 sing mind, and makes him who was before upon all occa- 
 sions, fearless and unavved, shrink even from the pre- 
 sence of his fellow creatures. Company of every de- 
 scription becomes displeasing to him ; he dreads the 
 idea of visiting ; and if he is induced to quit the domes- 
 tic solitude into which he retires, it is only when the 
 glorious, but to him offensive, light of heaven is con- 
 cealed in congenial darkness; and the shades of night 
 hide him from the observation of man. An invitation 
 to social entertainment alarms his mind ; the visit even 
 of a friend becomes painful to his feelings ; and he de- 
 tests every thing which lightens the gloom in which 
 he wishes to live, or which tends to disturb his privacy, 
 or remove him from his retreat. 
 
 Rousseau, toward the latter part of his life, abandoned 
 all intercourse witli society under a notion, which was the 
 effect of his melancholy disposition, that the world had 
 conceived an unconquerable antipathy against him: 
 and that his former friends, particularly Hume, and 
 some philosophers in France, not only had entered into 
 confederacy to destroy his glory and repose, but to take 
 away his life. On departing from England, he passed 
 through Amiens, where he met with Gresset, who in- 
 terrogated him about his misfortunes, and the contro- 
 versies in which he had been engaged ; but Rousseau 
 only answered, "You have got the art of making a 
 parrot speak, but you are not yet possessed of the secret 
 of giving language to a bear:" and when the magis- 
 trates of the city wished to confer on him some marks 
 of their esteem, he refused all their offers, and consi- 
 dered these flattering civilities like the insults which 
 were lavished in the same form on the celebrated San- 
 cho in the island of Barataria. To such extent, indeed, 
 did his disordered imagination carry him, that he 
 thought one part of the people looked upon him like 
 La arillo de Tormes, who being fixed to the bottom of 
 a tub, with only his head out of water, was carried 
 from one town to another to amuse the vulgar. His 
 bad health, a strong and melancholy imagination, a 
 too nice sensibility, a jealous disposition, joined with 
 philosophic vanity, and his uncommon devotion to soli 
 A J 
 
222 EFFECTS OF SOLITUDH 
 
 tude, tended to "prepossess him with those wrong- and 
 whimsical ideas. But it must be confessed that the op- 
 position he met with from different ranks of persons, 
 at several periods of his life, was extremely severe. 
 He was driven at one time from France, in which he 
 had before been distinguished by his writings, and 
 highly honored. At another time he was chased from 
 Geneva, the place of his nativity, and of his warmest 
 affection. He was exiled from Berne with disgrace ; 
 expelled, with some appearance of injustice, from 
 Neufchatel; and even banished from his tranquil soli- 
 tude on the borders of the lake of Bienne. His dispo- 
 sition therefore to avoid society, must not be entirely 
 attributed to his melancholy disposition; nor his love 
 of solitude to a misanthropic mind. Every acute and 
 scientific observer of the life and character of this ex- 
 traordinary man will immediately perceive that the 
 seeds of that melancholy disposition, and fretful tem- 
 
 Eer, which through life destroyed his repose, were sown 
 y nature in his constitution. He confesses indeed, to 
 use his own words, that " a proud misanthrophy, and pe- 
 culiar contempt for the riches and pleasures of the 
 world, constituted the chief traits of his character." 
 This proud spirit and contemptuous mind were mixed 
 with an extreme sensibility of heart, and an excessive 
 indolence of disposition ; and his body, which was na^ 
 turally feeble, suffered, from ill health, the keenest ago- 
 nies, and most excruciating disorders, to which the m> 
 man frame is incident. Persecution also had levelled 
 the most pointed and severely barbed shafts against 
 him ; and he was forced to endure, amidst the pangs 
 of poverty, and the sorrows of sickness, all that envy, 
 hatred, and malice, could inflict. It has been said, that 
 the persecutions he experienced were not so much 
 excited by the new dogmas, or eccentric paradoxes, 
 which, both on politics^and religion, pervade all his 
 writings, as by the refinement of his extraordinary 
 talents, the wonderful splendor of his eloquence, and 
 the increasing extent of his fame. His adversaries cer- 
 tainly pursued him, not only with bigotry and intole* 
 ranee, but with an inconsistency which revealed, in a 
 great degree, the secret motives by which they were 
 actuated ; for they condemned, with the sharpest viru- 
 lence, the freedom of his religious tenets, even in places 
 where the religious creed of Voltaire was held in the 
 highest admiration, and where atheism had collected 
 the most learned advocates, and displayed the very 
 
ON A MELANCHOLY- MIND. 223 
 
 standard of infidelity and disbelief. Harrassed by the 
 frowns of fortune, and pursued with unrelenting enmi- 
 ty by men whose sympathy and kindness he had anx- 
 iously endeavored to obtain, it is scarcely surprising 
 that the cheerfulness of his disposition, and the kind- 
 ness of his heart, should be subdued by those senti- 
 ments of aversion and antipathy which he fancied 
 most of his intimates entertained against him : and 
 the invectives from the pen of his former friend and 
 confidant, Voltaire, together with many others that 
 might be adduced, particularly the ]etter whicfi was 
 fabricated in the name of the king of Prussia, for the 
 purpose of exposing him to ridicule, prove that his sus- 
 picions on the subject were not unfounded. The voice, 
 indeed of mankind, seems ready to exclaim that this 
 eccentric philosopher was not only a misanthrope, but 
 a madman ; but those who are charitably disposed, 
 will recollect that he was a martyr to ill health ; that 
 nature had bestowed upon him a discontented mind ; 
 that his nerves were in a continued state of irritation ; 
 and that to preserve equanimity of temper when goad- 
 ed by the shafts of calumny and malice, requires such 
 an extraordinary degree of fortitude and passive cou- 
 rage as few individuals are found to possess. His faults 
 are remembered, while the wonderful bloom and un- 
 common vigor of his genius, are forgotten or concealed. 
 The production from which his merits are in general 
 estimated, is that which is called " The Confessions:" 
 a work written under the pressure of calamity, in sick- 
 ness and in sorrow ; amidst fears, distresses, and suffer- 
 ings ; when the infirmities which accompany old age, 
 and the debility which attends continued ill health, had 
 injured the tone of his mind, overpowered his reason, 
 and perverted his feelings to such a degree, as to create 
 an almost total transformation of the character of the 
 man, and deprive him of his identity : but this degrad- 
 ing work ought, in candor, to be considered as a deplo- 
 rable instance of the weakness of human nature, and 
 how unable it is to support its own dignity when at- 
 tacked by the adversities of fortune, and the malice of 
 mankind. The greatness of Rousseau ought to be 
 erected on a different basis : for his earliest works are 
 certainly sufficient to support the extent of his fame as 
 an author, however they may, on particular subjects, ex- 
 pose his integrity as a man. 
 
 The anxieties which a vehemence of imagination, 
 and a tender texture of the nervous system at all times 
 
224 EFFECTS OF SOLITUDE 
 
 produce, are highly injurious to the faculties of the 
 mind; and, when accompanied by sickness or by sor- 
 row, wear out the intellect in proportion to its vigor 
 and activity. To use the popular metaphor upon this 
 subject, " The sword becomes too sharp for the scab- 
 bard ;" and the body and the mind are thereby exposed 
 to mutual destruction. 
 
 Religious melancholy is, of all other descriptions of 
 this dreadful disease, most heightened and aggravated 
 by solitude. The dreadful idea of having irretrievably 
 lost the divine favor, and of being an object unworthy 
 of the intercession of our Saviour, incessantly haunts 
 the mind, laboring under religious despondency; and 
 the imagination being left, in solitude, entirely to its 
 own workings, increases the horrors which such 
 thoughts must unavoidably inspire. 
 
 Her lash Tisiphone that moment shakes , 
 The mind she scourges with a thousand snakes, 
 And to her aid, with many a thundering yell ; 
 Calls her dire sisters from the gulf of hell ! 
 
 These mutual tortures, even when heightened by 
 the gloominess of solitude, are frequently still further 
 increased by the mischievous doctrines of bigoted 
 priests, who by mistaking the effects of nervous de- 
 rangement, or theological errors, for the compunctious 
 visitings of a guilty mind, establish and mature, by the 
 injudicious application of scriptural texts, and precepts 
 of casuistry, the very disease which they thus ignorant- 
 ly and presumptuously endeavor to remove. The 
 wound, thus tainted by the most virulent and corrosive 
 of the intellectual poisons, becomes extremely difficult 
 to cure. The pure and uncontaminated tenets of the 
 Christian faith furnishes, perhaps, the surest antidotes ; 
 and when these balms of true comfort are infused by 
 such enlightened and discerning minds as Luther, Til- 
 lotson, and Clark, the most rational hope may be enter- 
 tained of a speedy recovery. The writings of those 
 holy teachers confirm the truth of the observation, 
 that the deleterious gloom of superstition assumes a 
 a darker aspect in the shades of retirement, and they 
 uniformly exhort the unhappy victims of this religious 
 error to avoid solitude as the most certain enemy of 
 this dreadful infirmity. 
 
 Solitude, however, is not the only soil in which this 
 noxious weed springs up, spreading around its baleful 
 glooms ; it sometimes appears with deeply rooted vio« 
 
ON A MELANCHOLY MIND. 225 
 
 lence in minds unused to retirement of every kind. In 
 the course of my practice as a physician, I was called 
 upon to attend a young lady, whose natural disposition 
 had been extremely cheerful, until a severe fit of sick- 
 ness damped her spirits, and rendered her averse to all 
 those lively pleasures which fascinate the youthful 
 mind. The debility of her frame, and the change of 
 her temper were not sufficiently attended to in the early 
 stages of her convalescence. The anxiety of her mind 
 was visible in the altered features of her face ; and she 
 was frequently heard to express a melancholy regret 
 that she had consumed so many hours in the frivolous, 
 though innocent, amusements of the age. Time in- 
 creased, by almost imperceptible degrees, these symp- 
 toms of approaching melancholy ; and at length exhi- 
 bited themselves by penitential lamentations of the sin 
 she had committed with respect to the most trifling 
 actions of her life, and in which no shadow of of- 
 fence could possibly be found. At the time I was called 
 in, this superstitious melancholy was attended with 
 certain indications of mental derangement. The dis- 
 temper clearly originated in the indisposition of the 
 body, and the gloomy apprehensions which disease and 
 pain, had introduced into the mind, during a period of 
 many months. This once lively, handsome, but now 
 almost insane female, was daily attacked with such vio- 
 lent paroxysms of her complaint, that she lost all sense 
 of her situation, and exclaimed, in horrid distraction 
 and deep despair, that her perdition was already accom- 
 plished, and that the fiends were waiting to receive her 
 soul, and plunge it into the bitterest torments of hell. 
 Her constitution, however, still fortunately retained suf- 
 ficient strength to enable me, by the power of medicine, 
 gradually to change its temperament, and to, reduce 
 the violence of the fever which had been long preying 
 upon her life. Her mind became more calm in propor- 
 tion as her nerves recovered their former tone ; and 
 when her intellectual powers were in a condition to 
 be acted on with effect, I successfully counteracted the 
 baleful effects of superstition by the Avholesome infu- 
 sion of real religion, and restored by degrees, a lovely, 
 young, and virtuous woman, to her family and herself. 
 Another instance of a similar nature occurred very 
 recently, in which the patient experienced all those 
 symptoms, which prognosticate the approach of reli- 
 gious melancholy, and the completion of whose sorrow 
 and despondency would quickly have been effected, if 
 
228 EFFECTS OF SOLITUDE 
 
 good fortune had not deprived her of the advice of an 
 ignorant and bigoted priest, to whom her friends, when 
 I was called in, had resolved to apply. This young 
 lady, whose mind remained pure and uncorrupted 
 amidst all the luxuries and dissipations which usually 
 accompany illustrious birth and elevated station, pos- 
 sessed by nature great tranquillity of disposition, and 
 lived with quietude and content, far retired from the 
 pleasures of the world. I had been long acquainted 
 with her family, and entertained for them the warmest 
 esteem. The dangerous condition of her health gave 
 me great anxiety and concern; for whenever she "was 
 left one moment to herself, and even in company, 
 whenever she closed her eyes, a thousand horrid spec- 
 tres presented themselves to her disordered mind, and 
 seemed ready to devour her from every corner of the 
 apartment. I inquired whether these imaginary spec- 
 tres made any impression upon the affections of her 
 heart : but she answered in the negative, and described 
 the horrors which she felt from the supposed fierceness 
 of their eyes, and the threatening gesticulations of 
 their bodies. 1 endeavored to compose her by assuring 
 her that they were the creatures of fancy, the wild chi- 
 meras of a weakened brain; that her long course of 
 ill health had affected her mind ; and that when a pro- 
 per course of medicine, dietic regimen, and gentle ex- 
 ercise, had restored her strength, these dreadful appear- 
 ances would give way to the most delightful visions. 
 The course I pursued succeeded in. a short time be- 
 yond my most sanguinary expectations, and I raised 
 her languid powers to health and happiness. But if she 
 had confided the anxieties of her mind 10 her confes- 
 sor, instead of her physician, the holy father would, in 
 all probability, have ascribed her gloomy apprehensions 
 to the machinations of the devil, and have used nothing 
 but pure spiritual antidotes to destroy them, which 
 would have increased the melancholy, and possibly 
 have thrown her into the darkest abyss of madness and 
 despair. 
 
 This grievous malady, indeed, is not the exclusive 
 offspring of mistaken piety and religious zeal ; for it 
 frequently invades minds powerful by nature, improved 
 by science, and assisted by rational society. Health, 
 learning, conversation, highly advantageous as they un- 
 questionably are to the powers both of the body and 
 the mind, have, in particular instances, been found in- 
 capable of resisting the influence of intense speculation, 
 
ON A MELANCHOLY MIND. 227 
 
 an atrabilarius constitution, and a superstitious habit. 
 I have already mentioned the thick cloud of melancho- 
 ly which obscured the latter days of the great and just- 
 ly celebrated Haller, which were passed under the op- 
 pression of a religious despondency, that robbed him 
 not only of all enjoyment, but almost of life itself. 
 During the long period of four years, immediately an- 
 tecedent to his death, he lived (if such a state could be 
 called existence) in continual misery ; except, indeed, 
 at those short intervals when the returning powers of 
 his mind enabled him, by the employment of his pen, to 
 experience a temporary relief. A long course of ill 
 health had forced him into an excessive use of opium, 
 and by taking gradually increased quantities of that 
 inspissated juice, he kept himself continually fluctuating 
 between a state of mind naturally elevated and deeply 
 dejected ; for the first effects of this powerful drug are 
 like those of a strong stimulating cordial, but they are 
 soon succeeded by universal langour, or irresistable pro- 
 pensity to sleep, attended with dreams of the most agi- 
 tated and enthusiastic nature. I was myself an eye- 
 witness of the dreary melancholy into which this great 
 and good man was plunged about two years before the 
 kind, but cold, and though friendly, yet unwelcome 
 hand of death, released him from his pains. The so- 
 ciety, which, during that time, he was most solici- 
 tous to obtain, was that of priests and ecclesiastics of 
 every description: he was uneasy when they 
 were not with him: nor was he always happy in his 
 choice of these spiritual comforters ; for though, at 
 times, he was attended by some of the most enlightened 
 and orthodox divines of the age and country in which 
 he lived, he was at others surrounded by those whom 
 nothing but the reduced and abject state of his facul- 
 ties would have suffered him to endure. But during 
 even this terrible subversion of his intellectual powers, 
 his love of glory still survived in its original radiance, 
 and defied all the terrors both of hell and earth to 
 destroy or diminish their force. Haller had embraced 
 very deep and serious notions of the importance of 
 Christianity to the salvation of the soul, and the re- 
 demption of mankind, which, by the ardency of his tem- 
 per, and the saturnine disposition of his mind, were 
 carried into a mistaken zeal and apprehension ; and, 
 instead of affording the comfort and consolation its te- 
 nets and principles are so eminently calculated to in- 
 spire, aggravated his feelings and destroyed his repose. 
 
228 EFFECTS OF SOLITUDE 
 
 In a letter which he wrote a few days before his death* 
 to his great and good friend, the celebrated Heyne, of 
 Gottingen, in which he announces the deep sense he 
 entertained from his great age and multiplied infirmi- 
 ties, of his impending dissolution, he expressed his firm 
 belief of revelation, and his faith in the mercy of God, 
 and the intercession of Jesus Christ ; but hints his 
 fears lest the manifold sins, and the various errors and 
 transgressions which the natural frailty of man must 
 have accumulated during a course of seventy years, 
 should have rendered his soul too guilty to expect the 
 promised mercy to repentant sinners, and earnestly re- 
 quests of him to inquire of his acquaintance Less, the 
 virtuous divine of that place, whether he could not fur- 
 nish him with some pious work that might tend to de- 
 crease the terrors he felt from the idea of approaching 
 death, and relieve his tortured spirit from the ap- 
 prehension of eternal punishment. The sentiments 
 which occupied the mind of this pious philosopher 
 when the dreaded hour actually arrived, whether it 
 was comforted by the bright rays of hope, or dismayed 
 into total eclipse by the dark clouds of despair, those 
 who surrounded his dying couch have not communi- 
 cated to the world. Death, while it released both his 
 body and his mind from the painful infirmities and de- 
 lusions under which they had so long and so severely 
 suffered, left his fame, which, while living, he had 
 valued much dearer than his life, exposed to the cruel 
 shafts of slander and malevolence. A young noble- 
 man of the canton of Berne, either moved by his own 
 malice, or made an instrument of the malice of others,- 
 asserted in a letter, which was for a long time publicly 
 exhibited in the university of Gottingen, that Haller 
 had in his last moments denied his belief of the truth 
 of Christianity. But those by whom he was then sur- 
 rounded, betray, by the propagation of this falsehood, 
 the fears they entertain of the firm support which his 
 approbation would have given to that pure and pious 
 system of religion, which they, it is well known, 
 are so disposed to destroy. For certain it is, that Hal- 
 ler never doubted any of the attributes of the Deity, 
 except his mercy; and this doubt was not the offspring 
 of infidelity, but a crude abortion of that morbid melan- 
 choly which, during his latter days, settled so severely 
 on his distempered mind. The same dread which he 
 entertained of death, has been felt with equal if not 
 greater horror, by minds as powerful and less supersti- 
 
ON A MELANCHOLY MIND. 229 
 
 tious. He candidly confessed the important and ab- 
 struse point upon which he had not been able to satisfy 
 himself. His high sense of virtue made even his own 
 almost exemplary and unblemished life appear, in his 
 too refined speculations, grossly vicious. Mercy, he 
 knew, must unavoidably, be correlative with justice ; 
 and he unfortunately conceived that no repentance, 
 however sincere, could so purify the sinful, and, as he 
 imagined, deplorable corruption of his soul, as to ren- 
 der it worthy of divine grace. So utterly had the 
 melancholy dejection of his mind deprived him of a 
 just sense of his character, and perfect knowledge of 
 the nature of the Almighty. The mournful propensity 
 of this great man must, if he had passed his days either 
 in pious abstinence, or irrational solitude, have hurried 
 him rapidly into irrecoverable frenzy ; but Haller en- 
 joyed the patronage of the great, the conversation of 
 the learned, the company of the polite ; and he not only 
 suspended the effects of his malady, and of the medi- 
 cines by which he attempted to relieve it, by these ad- 
 vantages, but by the sciences, which he so dearly loved 
 and so successfully cultivated. The horrible evil, how- 
 ever, bowed him down in spite of all his efforts, and 
 Earticularly oppressed him whenever he relaxed from 
 is literary pursuits, or consulted his ghostly comforters 
 on the lost condition of his soul. 
 
 Solitude, to a mind laboring under these erroneous 
 notions of religion, operates like a rack, by which the 
 imagination inflicts the severest tortures on the soul. 
 A native of Geneva, a young man of very elegant man- 
 ners, and a highly cultivated mind, some time since 
 consulted me upon the subject of a nervous complaint, 
 which I immediately discovered to be the consequence 
 of a mistaken zeal for religion, a disposition naturally 
 sedentary, and a habit which is too frequently indulged 
 in solitude by unthinking youth. These circumstances 
 had already made the most dreadful inroads both on 
 his body and his mind. His emaciated frame was daily 
 enfeebled by his paralyzed intellects, and he at length 
 fell into a settled melancholy, which continued four 
 years to defy the power of medicine, and finally de- 
 stroyed his nervous system. A strong conviction of 
 the heinous sin into which the blindness of his passion 
 and evil example, had led him, at length flashed sud- 
 denly on his mind, and he felt, with the keenest 
 compunctions of a wounded conscience, how impious 
 he must appear to the all-seeing eye of the great 
 20 
 
230 EFFECTS OF SOLITUDE 
 
 Creator. Consternation and dismay seized his gmliy 
 mind ; and the sense of virtue and religion, which he 
 was naturally disposed to entertain, served only to in- 
 crease his horror and distraction. He would have 
 sought a refuge from the arrows of remorse under the 
 protecting shields of penitence and prayer, but a scru- 
 pulous apprehension interposed the idea that it would 
 be profanation in so guilty a sinner to exercise the of- 
 fices of a pure and holy religion. He at length, however, 
 proceeded to confession ; but recollecting, after every 
 disclosure, that he had still omitted many of his trans- 
 gressions, additional horror seized upon his mind and 
 tortured his feelings on the irrecoverable condition of 
 his guilty soul. At intervals, indeed, he was able to 
 perceive that the perturbations of his mind were the 
 produce of his disorganized frame and disordered 
 spirit ; and he endeavored to recruit the one by air and 
 exercise, and to dissipate the other by scenes of festivi- 
 ty and mirth : but his disorder had fixed his fibres too 
 deeply in his constitution to be eradicated by such slight 
 and temporary remedies. From the inefficacious anti- 
 dotes of social pleasure and worldly dissipation, he 
 was induced to try the calm and sedentary effects of 
 solitary study ; but his faculties were incapable of tast- 
 ing the refined and elegant occupations of learning and 
 the muse; his powers of reasoning were destroyed; 
 his sensibilities, excepting on the subject of his com- 
 plaint, were dried up ; and neither the sober investiga- 
 tions of science, nor the more lively charms of poetry, 
 were capable of affording him the least consolation. 
 Into so abject a state, indeed, did his intellectual facul- 
 ties at length fall, that he had not, during one period, 
 sufficent ability to compute the change due to him 
 from any piece of coin in the common transactions of 
 life ; and he confessed that he had been frequently 
 tempted, by the deepness of his distress, to release both 
 his body and his mind from their cruel sufferings, and 
 "to shake impatiently his great affliction off " by self 
 destruction ; but the idea of heaping new punishment 
 on his soul, by the perpetration of this additional crime, 
 continually interposed, and saved him from the guilty 
 deed. During this state of mental derangement, he 
 fortunately met with a liberal minded and rational di- 
 vine, who, free from the errors of priestcraft, and pos- 
 sessed of a profound knowledge of the virtues of reli- 
 gion and the structure of the human mind, undertook 
 the ardous but humane and truly philosophic task, of 
 
 
ON A MELANCHOLY MIND. 231 
 
 endeavoring to bring back his mind to a rational sense 
 of its guilt, and to a firm hope of pardon through the 
 intercession of our Saviour. Religion, that sweet and 
 certain comforter of human woes, at length effected a 
 partial recovery, and restored him to a degree of tran- 
 quillity and repose ; but he still continued to suffer, for 
 years afterward, so great a misery from the shattered 
 condition of his nerves, that he could not even com- 
 pose a letter upon the most trifling and indifferent sub- 
 ject without the greatest labor and pain. As his feel- 
 ings had never been hurt by any sense of injury re- 
 ceived from mankind, he entertained no antipathy to 
 his species ; but as he was conscious that his reduced 
 state of health prevented him from keeping up any ra- 
 tional or pleasing intercourse with them, he felt a sort 
 of abhorrence to society, and refused, even when ad- 
 vised by his physicians and intimate friends, to mingle 
 in its pleasures, or engage in its concerns. The propo- 
 sal, indeed, appeared as extravagant and absurd to his 
 feelings, as if a man, almost choking under the convul- 
 sion of a confirmed asthma, had been told that it was 
 only necessary for him to breathe freely in order to ac- 
 quire perfect ease. This deplorable state of health in- 
 duced him to consult several Italian and English phy- 
 sicians ; and being advised to try the effects of a sea 
 voyage, he set sail for Riga, where he safely arrived ; 
 but, after a residence of sfx months, found himself un- 
 altered, and precisely in the same dreadful condition in 
 which he had set sail. On his return, I was called in 
 to his assistance. There were at this period but very 
 few of those gloomy and noxious vapors of superstition 
 which had so tormented his mind, remaining ; but his 
 body, and particularly his nervous system, was still 
 racked with agonizing pains. I had the good fortune 
 to afford him great relief: and when attimes his suffer- 
 ings were suspended, and. his spirits enlivened by pleas- 
 ing conversation, he was certainly one of the most en- 
 taming men, both as to the vivacity of his wit, the 
 shrewdness of his observations, "the powers of his rea- 
 soning, and the solidity of his judgment, that I had 
 ever known. 
 
 These instances clearly evince how dangerous soli- 
 tude may prove to minds predisposed, by accident or 
 nature, to indulge a misdirected imagination, either 
 upon the common subjects of life, or upon the more 
 important and affecting topic of religion ; but it must 
 not be concluded from the observations I have already 
 
232 EFFECTS OF SOLITUDE 
 
 made, that a rational retirement from the vices, the 
 vanities, and the vexations of the world, is equally un- 
 friendly, under all circumstances, to a sickly mind. 
 The cool and quiet repose which seclusion affords, is 
 frequently the most advantageous remedy which can 
 be adopted for the recovery of a disturbed imagination. 
 It would indeed be the height of absurdity to recom- 
 mend to a person suffering under a derangement of 
 the nervous system, the diversions and dissipations of 
 public life, when it is known, by sad experience, as well 
 as by daily observation, that the least hurry disorders 
 their frame, and the gentlest intercourse palpitates 
 their hearts, and shakes their brains, almost to distrac- 
 tion. The healthy and robust can have no idea how 
 violent the slightest touch vibrates through the trem- 
 bling nerves of the dejected valetudinarian. The gay 
 and healthy, therefore, seldom sympathize with the sor- 
 rowful and the sick. This, indeed, is one reason why 
 those who, having lost the firm and vigorous tone of 
 mind which is so essentially necessary in the inter- 
 courses of the world, generally abandon society, and 
 seek in the softness of solitude a solace for their cares 
 and anxieties ; for there they frequently find a kind 
 asylum, where the soul rests free from disturbance, and 
 in time appeases the violence of its emotions : for " the 
 foster nurse of nature is repose." Experience, alas ! 
 sad experience, has but too well qualified me to treat ol 
 this subject. In the fond expectation of being able to 
 re-establish my nervous system, and to regain that 
 health which I had broken down, and almost destroyed 
 by intense application, I repaired to the Circle of West- 
 phalia, in order to taste the waters of Pyrmont, and to 
 divert the melancholy of my mind by the company 
 which resorts to that celebrated spring: but, alas! I 
 was unable to enjoy the lively scene; and I walked 
 through multitudes of the great, the elegant, and the 
 gay, in painful stupor, scarcely recognizing the features 
 of my friends, and fearful of being noticed by those 
 who knew me. The charms of wit, and the splendors 
 of youthful beauty, were to me as unalluring as age 
 and ugliness, when joined to the deformities of vice, 
 and the fatiguing prate of senseless folly. During thjs 
 miserable impotence of soul, and while I vainly sought 
 a temporary relief of my own calamity, I was hourly 
 assailed by a crowd of wretched souls, who implored 
 me to afford them my professional aid, to alleviate those 
 pains which time, alas ! had fixed in their constitutions 
 
ON A MELANCHOLY MIND. 233 
 
 and which depended more on the management and re- 
 formation of their own minds, than on the powers of 
 medicine to cure. For — 
 
 I could not minister to a mind diseased, 
 Pluck from the memory a rooted sorrow, 
 Raze out the written troubles of the brain, 
 And, with a sweet oblivious antidote, 
 Cleanse the stuff'd bosom of that perilous stuff 
 Which weighed upon the heart. 
 
 To avoid these painful importunities, I flew from the 
 tasteless scenes with abrupt and angry violence ; and 
 confining myself to the solitude of my apartments, pass- 
 ed the lingering day in dreary dejection, musing on the 
 melanchoJy group from which I had just escaped. But 
 my home did not long afford me an asylum. I was on 
 the ensuing day assailed by a host of hypochondriacs, 
 attended by their respective advisers, who, while my 
 own nervous malady was raging at its full height, stun- 
 ned me with the various details of their imaginary 
 woes, and excruciated me the whole day with their un- 
 founded ails and tormenting lamentations. The friend- 
 ly approach of night at length relieved me from their 
 importunities; but my spirits had been exhausted, my 
 feelings so vexed, my patience so tried, and the sensi- 
 bilities of my mind so aggravated, by the persecution I 
 had endured, that — 
 
 " Tir'd nature's sweet restorer, balmly sleep," 
 
 fled from my eyes ; and I lay restless upon my couch, 
 alive only to my miseries, in a state of anguish more 
 insupportable than my bitterest enemies would, I hope, 
 have inflicted on me. About noon, on the ensuing day, 
 while I was endeavoring to procure on the sofa a short 
 repose, the princess Orlow, accompanied by two other 
 very agreeable Russian ladies, whose company and 
 conversation it was both my pride and my pleasure fre- 
 quently to enjoy, suddenly entered my apartment, to 
 inquire after my health, of the state of which they had 
 received an account only a few hours before; but such 
 was the petulance of temper into which my disordered 
 mind had betrayed me, that I immediately rose, and 
 with uncivil vehemence, requested they would not dis- 
 turb me. The fair intruders instantly left the room. 
 About an hour afterward, and while I was reflecting 
 on the impropriety of my conduct, the prince himself 
 20* 
 
234 EFFECTS OF SOLITUDE 
 
 honored me with a visit. He placed himself on a chair 
 close by the couch on which 1 lay, and, with that kind 
 affection which belongs to his character, inquired, with 
 the tenderest and most sympathizing- concern, into the 
 cause of my disorder. There was a charm in his kind- 
 ness and attention that softened, in some degree, the 
 violence of my pains. He continued his visit for some 
 time ; and when he was about to leave me, after pre- 
 mising that I knew him too well to suspect that super- 
 stition had any influence in his mind, said, "Let me 
 advise you, whenever you find yourself in so waspish 
 and petulant a mood, as you must have been in when 
 you turned the princess and her companions out of the 
 room, to endeavor to check the violence of your tem- 
 per ; and I think you will find it an excellent expedient 
 for this purpose, if, while any friend is kindly inquiring 
 after your health, however averse you may be at the 
 moment to such an inquiry, instead of driving him so 
 uncivilly away, you would employ yourself in a silent 
 mental repetition of the Lord's prayer: it might prove 
 very salutary, and would certainly be much more satisfac- 
 tory to your mind." No advice could be better imagined 
 than this was to divert the emotions of impatience, by 
 creating in the mind new objects of attention, and turn- 
 ing the raging current of distempered thought into a 
 more pure and peaceful channel. Experience, indeed, 
 has enabled me to announce the efficacy and virtue of 
 this expedient. I have frequently, by the practice of it, 
 defeated the fury of petulant passions, and completely 
 subdued many of those absurdities which vex and tease 
 us in the hours of grief and during the sorrows of sick- 
 ness. Others also to whom I have recommended it, 
 have experienced from it similar effects. The prince, 
 " my guide, philosopher, and friend," a few weeks after 
 he had given me this wise and salutary advice, consult- 
 ed me respecting the difficulty he frequently labored 
 under in suppressing the violence of those transports of 
 affection which he bore toward his young and amiable 
 consort, and which, in a previous conversation on phi- 
 losophic subjects, I had seriously exhorted him to check, 
 under a conviction, that a steady flame is more perma- 
 nent and pure than a raging fire. He asked me with 
 some concern what expedient I could recommend to 
 him as most likely to control those emotions which 
 happy lovers are so anxious to indulge. " My dear 
 friend," I replied, " there is no expedient can surpass 
 your own j and whenever the intemperance of passion 
 
ON A MELANCHOLY MIND. 235 
 
 is in danger of subverting the dictates of reason, repeat 
 the Lord's prayer, and I have no doubt you will foil its 
 fury." 
 
 When the mind is thus enabled to check and regu- 
 late the effects of the passions, and bring back the tem- 
 per to its proper tone and rational basis, the serenity 
 and calmness of solitude assists the achievement, and 
 completes the victory. It is then so far from infusing 
 into the mind the virulent passions we have before de- 
 scribed, that it affords a soft and pleasing balm to the 
 soul ; and instead of being its greatest enemy, becomes 
 its highest blessing and its warmest friend. 
 
 Solitude, indeed, as I have already observed, is far 
 from betraying well-regulated minds either into the 
 miseries of melancholy, or the danger of eccentricism. 
 It raises a healthy and vigorous imagination to its no- 
 blest production, elevates it when dejected, calms it 
 when disturbed, and restores it, when partially disor- 
 dered, to its natural tone. It is as in every other mat- 
 ter, whether physical or moral, the abuse of solitude 
 which renders it dangerous ; like every powerful medi- 
 cine, it is attended, when misapplied, with most mis- 
 chievous consequences: but when properly administer- 
 ed^ is pleasant in its taste, and highly salutary in its 
 effects. He who knows how to enjoy it can 
 
 truly tell 
 
 To live in solitude is with truth to dwell; 
 
 Where gay content with healthy temperance meets, 
 
 And learning intermixes all its sweets ; 
 
 Where friendship, elegance, and arts unite 
 
 To make the hours glide social, easy, bright : 
 
 He tastes the converse of the purest mind : 
 
 Though mild, yet manly : and though plain, refined ; 
 
 And through the moral world expatiates wide 
 
 Truth as his end, and virtue as his guide. 
 
 CHAPTER VI. 
 
 The influence of solitude on the passions. 
 
 The passions lose in solitude a certain portion of 
 that regulating weight by which in society they are 
 guided and controled ; the counteracting effects pro- 
 duced by variety, the restraints imposed by the obliga- 
 tions of civility, and the checks which arise from the 
 calls of humanity, occur much less frequently in retire- 
 
236 INFLUENCE OF SOLITUDE 
 
 ment than amidst the multifarious transactions of a 
 busy world. The desires and sensibilities of the heart 
 having- no real objects on which their vibrations can 
 pendulate, are stimulated and increased by the powers 
 of imagination. All the propensities of the soul, in- 
 deed, experience a degree of restlessness and vehe- 
 mence greater than they ever feel while diverted by the 
 pleasures, subdued by the surrounding distresses, and 
 engaged by the business of active and social life. 
 
 The calm which seems to accompany the mind in its 
 retreat is deceitful ; the passions are secretly at work 
 within the heart; the imagination is continually heap- 
 ing fuel on the latent fire, and at length the laboring- 
 desire bursts forth, and glows with volcanic heat and 
 fury. The temporary inactivity and inertness which 
 retirement seems to impose, may check, but cannot sub- 
 due the energies of spirit. The high pride and lofty 
 ideas of great and independent minds may be, for a 
 while, lulled into repose ; but the moment the feelings 
 of such a character are awakened by indignity or out- 
 rage, its anger springs like an elastic body drawn from 
 its centre, and pierces with vigorous severity the object 
 that provoked it. The perils of solitude, indeed, al- 
 ways increase in proportion as the sensibilities, imagi- 
 nations, and passions of its votaries are quick, excur- 
 sive, and violent. The man may be the inmate of a 
 cottage, but the same passions 'and inclinations still 
 lodge within his heart: Ms mansion may be changed, 
 but their residence is the same ; and though they ap- 
 pear to be silent and undisturbed, they are secretly in- 
 fluencing all the propensities of his heart. Whatever 
 be the cause of his retirement, whether it be a sense of 
 undeserved misfortune, the ingratitude of supposed 
 friends, the pangs of despised love, or the disappoint- 
 ment of ambition, memory prevents the wound from 
 healing, and stings the soul with indignation and re- 
 sentment. The image of departed pleasures haunts 
 the mind, and robs it of its wished tranquillity. The 
 ruling passion still subsists ; it fixes itself more strong- 
 ly on the fancy ; moves with greater agitation ; and be- 
 comes, in retirement, in proportion as it is inclined to 
 vice or virtue, either a horrid and tormenting spectre, in- 
 flicting apprehension and dismay, or a delightful and sup- 
 porting angel, irradiating the countenance with smiles 
 of joy, and filling the heart with peace and gladness. 
 
 Blest is the man, as far as earth can bless, 
 Whose measur'd passions reach no wild excess j 
 
ON THE PASSIONS. 237 
 
 Who, urged by nature's voice, her gifts enjoys. 
 Nor other means than nature's force employs. 
 While warm with youth the sprightly current flows, 
 Each vivid sense with vigorous rapture glows ; 
 And when he droops beneath the hand of age, 
 No vicious habit stings with fruitless rage ; 
 Gradual his strength and gay sensations cease, 
 While joys tumultuous sink in silent peace. 
 
 The extraordinary power which the passions assume, 
 and the improper channel in which they are apt to flow 
 in retired situations, is conspicuous from the greater 
 acrimony with which they are in general tainted in 
 small villages than in large towns. It is true, indeed, 
 that they do not always explode in such situations with 
 the open and daring violence which they exhibit in the 
 metropolis ; but lie buried as it were, and mouldering 
 in the bosom with a more malignant flame. To those 
 who only observe the listlessness and languor which 
 distinguish the characters of those who reside in small 
 provincial towns, the slow and uniform rotation of 
 amusements which fills up the leisure of their lives ; 
 the confused wildness of their cares ; the poor subter- 
 fuges to which they are continually resorting, in order 
 to avoid the clouds of discontent that impend in angry 
 darkness, over their heads : the lagging current of their 
 drooping spirits; the miserable poverty of their intel- 
 lectual powers ; the eagerness with which they strive 
 to raise a card party ; the transports they enjoy on the 
 prospect of any new diversion or occasional exhibition ; 
 the haste with which they run toward any sudden, un- 
 expected noise that interrupts the deep silence of their 
 situation ; and the patient industry with which, from 
 day to day, they watch each other's conduct, and circu- 
 late reports of every action of each other's lives, will 
 scarcely imagine that any virulence of passion can dis- 
 turb the bosoms of persons who live in so quiet and 
 seemingly composed a state. But the unoccupied time 
 and barren minds of such characters cause the faintest 
 emotions, and most common desires, to act with all 
 the violence of high and untamed passions. The low- 
 est diversions, a cock fighting, or a pony race, make 
 the bosom of a country 'squire beat with the highest 
 rapture ; while the inability to attend the monthly ball 
 fills the minds of his wife and daughter with the keen- 
 est anguish. Circumstances, which scarcely make any 
 impression on those who reside in the metropolis, plunge 
 every description of residents in a country village into 
 
238 INFLUENCE OF SOLITUDE 
 
 all the extravagances of joy, or the dejection of sorrow ; 
 from the peer to the peasant, from the duchess to the 
 dairy maid, all is rapture and convulsion. Competition 
 is carried on for the humble honors and petty interests 
 of a sequestered town, or miserable hamlet, with as 
 much heat and rancor, as it is for the highest dignities 
 and greatest emoluments of the state. Upon many oc- 
 casions, indeed, ambition, envy, revenge, and all the 
 disorderly and malignant, passions, are felt and exer- 
 cised with a greater degree of violence and obstinacy 
 amidst the little contentions of claybuilt cottages, than 
 ever prevailed amidst the highest commotions of courts. 
 Plutarch relates that when Caesar, after his appoint- 
 ment to the government of Spain, came to a little town, 
 as he was passing the Alps, his friends, by way of mirth, 
 took occasion to say, " Can there here be any disputes 
 for offices, any contentions for precedency, or such envy 
 and ambition as we behold among the great in all the 
 transactions of imperial Rome?" The idea betrayed 
 their ignorance of human nature ; while the celebrated 
 reply of their great commander, that he would rather 
 be the first man in this little town, than the second even 
 in the imperial city, spoke the language, not of an in- 
 dividual, but of the species; and instructed them that 
 there is no place, however insignificant, in which the 
 same passions do not proportionately prevail. The 
 humble competitors for village honors, however low 
 and subordinate they may be, feel as great anxiety for 
 pre-eminence, as much jealousy of rivals, and as violent 
 envy against superiors, as agitate the bosoms of the 
 most ambitious statesmen in contending for the highest 
 prize of glory, of riches, or of power. The manner, 
 perhaps, in which these inferior candidates exert their 
 passions may be less artful, and the objects of them 
 less noble, but they are certainly not less virulent. 
 " Having," says Euphelia, who had quitted London, to 
 enjoy the quietude and happiness of a rural village, 
 "been driven by the mere necessity of escaping from 
 absolute inactivity, to make myself more acquainted 
 with the affairs and happiness of this place, I am now 
 no longer a stranger to rural conversation and employ- 
 ments; but am far from discerning in them more inno- 
 cence or wisdom than in the sentiments or conduct of 
 those with whom I have passed more cheerful and 
 more fashionable hours. It is common to reproach the 
 tea table and the park, with giving opportunities and 
 encouragement to scandal, I cannot wholly clear them 
 
ON THE PASSIONS. 239 
 
 from the charge, but must, however,- observe, in favor 
 of the modisbTprattlers, that if not by principle, we are 
 at least by accident, less guilty of defamation than the 
 country ladies. For, having greater numbers to ob- 
 serve and censure, we are commonly content to charge 
 them only with their own faults or follies, and seldom 
 give way to malevolence, but such as arises from injury 
 or affront, real or imaginary, offered to ourselves. But 
 in those distant provinces, where the same families in- 
 habit the same houses from age to age, they transmit 
 and recount the faults of a whole succession. I have 
 been informed how every estate in the neighborhood 
 was originally got, and find, if I may credit the ac- 
 counts given me, that there is not a single acre in the 
 hands of the right owner. I have been told of intrigues 
 between beaus and toasts, that have been now three 
 centuries in their quiet graves ; and am often entertain- 
 ed with traditional scandal on persons of whose names 
 there would have been no remembrance, had they not 
 committed somewhat that might disgrace their descen- 
 dants. If once there happens a quarrel between the 
 principal persons of two families, the malignity is con- 
 tinued without end ; and it is common for old maids to 
 fall out about some election in which their grandfathers 
 were competitors. Thus malice and hatred descend 
 here with an inheritance; and it is necessary to be well 
 versed in history, that the various factions of the coun- 
 try may be understood. You cannot expect to be on 
 good terms with families who are resolved to love no- 
 thing in common; and in selecting your intimates, 
 you are, perhaps, to consider which party you most 
 favor in the barons' wars." 
 
 Resentments and enmities burn with a much more 
 furious flame among the thinly-scattered inhabitants 
 of a petty village, than amidst the ever varying con- 
 course of a great metropolis. The objects by which 
 the passions are set on fire are hidden from our view 
 by the tumults which prevail in a crowded city, and 
 the bosom willingly loses the pains which such emo- 
 tions excite when the causes which occasioned them 
 are forgot: but in country villages, the thorns by which 
 the feelings have been hurt are continually before our 
 eyes, and preserve on every approach toward them, a 
 remembrance of the injuries sustained. An extreme 
 devout and highly religious lady, who resided in a re- 
 tired hamlet in Swisserland, once told me, in a convei- 
 sation on this subject, that she had completely suppress- 
 
240 INFLUENCE OF SOLITUDE 
 
 ed all indignation against the envy, the hatred, and 
 the malice of her surrounding neighbors; for that she 
 found they were so deeply dyed in sin, that a rational 
 remonstrance was lost upon them ; and that the only 
 vexation she felt from a sense of their wretchedness 
 arose from the idea that her soul would at the last day 
 be obliged to keep company with such incorrigible 
 wretches. 
 
 The inhabitants of the country, indeed, both of the 
 lower and middling classes, cannot be expected to pos- 
 sess characters of a very respectable kind, when we 
 look at the conduct of those who set them the example. 
 A country magistrate, who has certainly great oppor- 
 tunities of forming the manners and morals of the dis- 
 trict over which he presides, is in general puffed up 
 with high and extravagant conceptions of the supe- 
 riority of his wisdom, and the extent of his power ; 
 and raising his idea of the greatness of his character 
 in an inverse proportion to his notions of the insignifi- 
 cance and littleness of those around him, he sits en- 
 throned with fancied pre-eminence, the disdainful ty- 
 rant, rather than the kind protector of his neighbors. 
 Deprived of all liberal and instructive society, confined 
 in their knowledge both of men and things, the slaves 
 of prejudice and the pupils of folly ; with contracted 
 hearts and degraded faculties the inhabitants of a 
 country village feel all the base and ignoble passions, 
 sordid . rapacity, mean envy, and insulting ostentation 
 more forcibly than they are felt either in the enlarged 
 society of the metropolis, or even in the confined cir- 
 cle of the monastery. 
 
 The social virtues, indeed, are almost totally excluded 
 from cloisters, as well as from every other kind of soli- 
 tary institution : for when the habits, interests, and 
 pleasures of the species are pent up by any means within 
 a narrow compass, mutual jealousies and exasperations 
 must prevail; every trifling immunity, petty privilege, 
 and paltry distinction, becomes an object of the most 
 violent contention; and increasing animosities at 
 length reach to such a degree of virulence, that the 
 pious flock is converted into a herd of famished wolves, 
 eager to worry and devour each other. 
 
 The laws of every convent strictly enjoin the holy 
 sisterhood to live in "Christian charity and sincere affec- 
 tion with each other. I have, however, when attend- 
 ing these fair recluses in my professional character, 
 observed many of them with wrinkles, that seemed 
 
ON THE PASSIONS. 241 
 
 rattier the effect of angry perturbation, than oi 
 peaceful age, with aspects formed rather by envy, 
 hatred, malice, and all uncharitableness, than by 
 mild benevolence and singleness of heart. But 
 I should do injustice if I did not declare, that I 
 have seen some few who were strangers to such un- 
 worthy passions; whose countenances were unin- 
 dented by their effects : and whose beauty and comeli- 
 ness still shone in their native lustre and simplicity. 
 It was, indeed, painful to reflect upon the sufferings 
 which these lovely innocents must endure, until the 
 thoughts of their lost hopes, defeated happiness, and 
 unmerited wrongs, should have changed the milky 
 kindness of their virtuous dispositions into the gall-like 
 bitterness of vexation and despair; until the bright- 
 ness of their charming features should be darkened by 
 the clouds of discontent, which their continued impri- 
 sonment would create ; and until their cheerful and 
 easy tempers should be perverted by the corrosions of 
 those vindictive passions which the jealous furies, with 
 whom they were immured, and to whom they formed 
 so striking a contrast, must in time so cruelly inflict. 
 These lovely mourners, on entering the walls oi a con- 
 vent, are obliged to submit to the tyranny of an envi- 
 ous superior, or the jealousy of the older inmates, 
 whose angry passions arise in proportion as they per- 
 ceive others less miserable than themselves ; and re- 
 tiring, at the stated periods, from their joint persecu- 
 tion, they find that the gloomy solitude to which they 
 have flown, only tends to aggravate and widen the 
 wound it was expected to cure. It is, indeed, almost 
 impossible for any female, however amiable, to pre- 
 serve in the joyless gloom of conventual solitude the 
 cheering sympathies of nature. A retrospect of her 
 past life most probably exhibits to her tortured fancy, 
 superstition stinging with scorpion like severity her 
 pious mind ; love sacrificed on the altar of family pride ; 
 or fortune ruined by the avarice of a perfidious guar- 
 dian ; while the future presents to her view the dreary 
 prospect of an eternal and melancholy separation from 
 all the enjoyments of society, and a continual exposure 
 to the petulance and ill humorof the dissatisfied sister- 
 hood. What disposition, however mild and gentle by 
 nature, can preserve itself amidst such confluent dan- 
 gers? How is it possible to prevent the most amiable 
 tenderness of heart, the most lively and sensible mind 
 from becoming, under such circumstances, a prey to 
 21 
 
242 INFLUENCE OF SOLITUDE 
 
 the bitterness of affliction and malevolence ? Those 
 who have had an opportunity to observe the operation 
 of the passions on the habits, humors, and dispositions 
 of recluse females, have perceived with horror the 
 cruel and unrelenting fury with which they goad the 
 soul, and with what ah imperious and irresistible voice 
 they command obedience to their inclination. 
 
 The passion of love, in particular, acts with much 
 greater force upon the mind that endeavors to escape 
 from its effects by retirement, than it does when it is 
 either resisted or indulged. 
 
 Retirement, under such circumstances, is a childish 
 expedient: it is expecting to achieve that, by means of 
 a fearful flight, which it is frequently too- much for the 
 courage and the constancy of heroes to subdue. Re- 
 tirement is the very nest and harbor of this powerful 
 passion. How many abandon the gay and jovial cir- 
 cles of the world, renounce even the most calm and 
 satisfactory delights of friendship, and quit, Avithout a 
 sigh, the most delicious and highest seasoned pleasures 
 of society, to seek in retirement the superior joys of 
 love ! a passion in whose high and tender delights the 
 insolence of power, the treachery of friendship, and 
 the most vindictive malice, is immediately forgot. It is 
 a passion, when pure, that can never experience the 
 least decay; no course of time, no change of place, no 
 alteration of circumstances,- can erase or lessen the 
 ideas of that bliss which it has once imprinted on the 
 heart. Its characters are indelible. Solitude, in its 
 most charming state, and surrounded by its amplest 
 powers, affords no resource against its anxieties, its 
 jealous fears, its tender alarms, its soft sorrows, or its 
 inspiringly tumultuous joys. The bosom that is once 
 deeply wounded by the barbed dart of real love, seldom 
 recovers its tranquillity, but enjoys, if happy, the high- 
 est of human delights ; and if miserable, the deepest 
 of human torments. But, although the love-sick shep- 
 herd fills the lonely vallies, and^ the verdant groves, 
 with the softest sighs, or severest sorrows, and the 
 cells of the monasteries and convents resound with 
 heavy groans and deep-toned curses against the malig- 
 nity of this passion, solitude may perhaps, for a while 
 suspend, if it cannot extinguish "its fury. Of the truth 
 of this observation, the history of those unfortunate, 
 but real lovers, Abelard and Eloisa, furnishes a memo- 
 rable instance.' 
 
 In the twelfth century, and while Louis the Gross 
 
 
ON THE PASSIONS. 243 
 
 filled the throne of France, was born in the retired 
 village of Palais, in Brittany, the celebrated Peter Abe- 
 lard. Nature had lavished the highest perfections both 
 on his person and his mind : a liberal education im- 
 proved to their utmost possible extent the gifts of na- 
 ture; and he became in a few years the most learned, 
 elegant, and polite gentleman of his age and country. 
 Philosophy and divinity were his favorite studies: and 
 lest the affairs of the world should prevent him from 
 becoming a proficient in them, he surrendered his birth- 
 right to his younger brethren, and travelled to Paris, 
 in order to cultivate his mind under that great professor, 
 William des Champeaux. The eminence he attained as 
 a professor, while it procured him the esteem of the ra- 
 tional and discerning, excited the envy of his rivals. But. 
 beside his uncommon merit as a scholar, he possessed 
 a greatness of soul which nothing could subdue. He 
 looked upon riches and grandeur with contempt ; and 
 his only ambition was to render his name famous 
 among learned men, and to acquire the reputation of 
 the greatest doctor of his age. But when he had at- 
 tained his seven and twentieth year of age, all his phi- 
 losophy could not guard him against the shafts of love. 
 Not far from the place where Abelard read his lectures, 
 lived a canon of the church of Notre Dame, named 
 Fulbert, whose niece, the clebrated Eloisa, had been 
 educated under his own eye with the greatest care and 
 attention. Her person was well proportioned, her fea- 
 tures regular, her eyes sparkling, her lips vermilion 
 and well formed, her complexion animated, her air fine, 
 and her aspect sweet and agreeable. She possessed a 
 surprising quickness of wit. an incredible memory, and 
 a considerable share of learning, joined with great hu- 
 mility and tenderness of disposition: and all these ac- 
 complishments were attended with something so grace- 
 ful and moving, that it was impossible for "those who 
 saw her not to love her. The eye of Abelard was 
 charmed, and his whole soul intoxicated in the passion 
 of love, the moment he beheld and conversed with 
 this extraordinary woman ; and he laid aside all other 
 engagements to attend to his passion. He was deaf 
 to the calls both reason and philosophy, and thought of 
 nothing but her company and conversation. An oppor- 
 tunity, fortunate for his love, but fatal to his happiness, 
 soon occurred. Fulbert, whose affection for his niece 
 was unbounded, willing to improve to the highest de- 
 gree the excellency of those talents which nature had 
 
244 INFLUENCE OF SOLITUDE 
 
 so bountifully bestowed on her, engaged Abelard as 
 her preceptor, and received him in that character into 
 his house. A mutual passion strongly infused itself 
 into the hearts of both pupil and preceptor. She con- 
 sented to become his mistress, but, for a long time, re- 
 fused to become his wife. The secret, of their loves 
 could not remain long concealed from the eyes of Ful- 
 bert, and the lover was dismissed from his house: but 
 Eloisa flew with rapture to his arms, and was placed 
 under the protection of his sister, where she remained ; 
 until, from the cruel vengeance which her uncle exer- 
 cised on the unfortunate Abelard, she was induced at 
 his request to enter into the convent of Argenteuil, and 
 he into the monastery of St. Gildas. In this cloister, 
 the base of which was washed by the waves of a sea 
 less turbulent than the passions which disturbed his 
 soul, the unfortunate Abelard, endeavored by the exer- 
 cises of religion and study, to obliterate all remem- 
 brance of his love; but his virtue was too feeble for the 
 great attempt. A course of many years, however, had 
 passed in penitence and mortification, without any com- 
 munication between them, and further time might pos- 
 sibly have calmed in a still greater degree the violence 
 of their feelings ; but a letter which Abelard wrote to 
 his friend Philintus, in order to comfort him under 
 some affliction which had befallen him, in which he 
 related his affection for Eloisa with great tenderness, 
 fell into her hands, and induced her to breakthrough 
 the silence which had so long prevailed, by writing 
 to him a letter, the contents of which revived in his 
 mind all the former furies of his passion. Time, ab- 
 sence, solitude, and prayer, had in no degree diminished 
 the amiable tenderness of the still lovely Eloisa, or aug- 
 mented the fortitude of the unfortunate Abelard. The 
 composing influence of religion seems to have made 
 an earlier impression upon his feelings than it did upon 
 those of Eloisa; but he continually counteracted its ef- 
 fects, by comparing his former felicity with his present 
 torments; and he answered Eloisa's letter, not as a 
 moral preceptor, or holy confessor, but as a still fond 
 and adoring lover ; as a man whose wounded feelings 
 were in some degree alleviated by a recollection of His 
 former joys; and who could only console the sorrows 
 of his mistress, by avowing an equal tenderness, and 
 confessing the anguish with which their separation 
 rent his soul. The walls of Paraclete resounded his 
 gjghs less frequently, and re-echoed less fervently with 
 
ON THE PASSIONS. 245 
 
 his sorrows, than those of St. Gildas ; for his continued 
 solitude, so far from affording- him relief, had adminis- 
 tered an aggravating medicine to his disease ; and af- 
 forded that vulture, grief, greater leisure to tear and 
 prey upon his disordered heart. " Religion, 1 ' says he, 
 " commands me to pursue virtue since 1 have nothing 
 to hope for from love ; but love still asserts its dominion 
 in my fancy, and entertains itself with past pleasures • 
 memory supplies the place of a mistress. Piety and 
 duty are not always the fruits of retirement. Even 
 in deserts, when the dew of heaven tails not on us, 
 we love what we ought no longer to love. The pas- 
 sions, stirred up by solitude, fill those regions of death 
 and silence ; and it is very seldom that what ought to 
 be is truly followed there, and that God only is loved 
 and served." 
 
 The letters of Eloisa were soft, gentle, and endear- 
 ing ; but they breathed the warmest language of ten- 
 derness and unconquerable passion. "I have your 
 picture," says she, "in my room. I never pass by it 
 without stopping to look at it ; and yet when you were 
 present with me, I scarce even cast my eyes upon it. 
 If a picture, which is but a mute representation of an ob- 
 ject, can give such pleasure, what cannot letters inspire ? 
 Letters have souls ; they have in them all that force 
 which expresses the transports of the heart : they have 
 all the fire of our passions ; they can raise them as 
 much as if the persons themselves were present; they 
 have all the softness and delicacy of speech, and some- 
 times a boldness of expression even beyond it. We 
 may write to each other; so innocent a pleasure is not 
 forbidden us. Let us not lose, through negligence, the 
 only happiness which is left to us, and the only one 
 perhaps, which the malice of our enemies can never 
 ravish from us. I shall read that, you are my husband, 
 and you shall see me address you as a wife. In spite 
 of all your misfortunes, you may be what you please in 
 your letters. Letters were first invented for comfort- 
 ing such solitary wretches as myself. Having lost the 
 pleasure of seeing you, I shall compensate this loss by 
 the satisfaction I shall find in your writings : there I 
 shall read your most secret thoughts: I shall carry 
 them always about me ; I shall kiss them every mo- 
 ment. If you can be capable of jealousy, let it be for 
 the fond curiosity I shall bestow on your letters, and 
 envy only the happiness of those rivals. That writing 
 may be no trouble to you, write always to me carelessly 
 21* 
 
246 INFLUENCE OF SOLITUDE 
 
 and without study: I had rather read the dictates of 
 the heart than of the brain. I cannot live, if you do 
 not tell me you always love me. You cannot but re- 
 member, (for what do not lovers remember?) with 
 what pleasure I have passed whole days in hearing you 
 discourse ; how, when you was absent, I shut myself up 
 from every one to write to you ; how uneasy I was till 
 my letter had come to your hands ; what artful manage- 
 ment was required to engage confidants. This detail, 
 perhaps, surprises you, and you are in pain for what 
 will follow : but I am no longer ashamed that my pas- 
 sion has had no bounds for you; for I have done 
 more than all this: I have hated myself that I might 
 iove you. I came hither to ruin myself in a perpetual 
 imprisonment, that I might make you live quiet and 
 easy. Nothing but virtue, joined to a love perfectly 
 disengaged from the commerce of the senses, could 
 have produced such effects. Vice never inspires any 
 thing like this. How did I deceive myself with the 
 hopes that you would be wholly mine when I took the 
 veil, and engaged myself to live for ever under your 
 laws ! For, in being professed, I vowed no more than 
 to be yours only ; and I obliged myself voluntarily to 
 a confinement in which you denied to place me. Death 
 only can make me leave the place where you have fixed 
 me; and then too my ashes shall rest here, and wait 
 for yours, in order to show my obedience and devoted- 
 ness to you to the latest moment possible." 
 
 Abelard, while he strove, in his reply, to adhere to the 
 dictates of reason, betrayed the lurking tenderness of 
 his heart. " Deliver yourself, Eloisa," says he, " from 
 the shameful remains of a passion which has taken too 
 deep root. Remember that the least thought for any 
 other than God is an adultery. If you could see me 
 here, pale, meagre, melancholy, surrounded by a band 
 of persecuting monks, who feel my reputation for 
 learning as a reproach of their stupidity and ignorance, 
 my emaciated figure as a slander on their gross and 
 sensual corpulency, and my prayers as an example for 
 their reformation, what would you say to the unman- 
 ly sighs, and unavailing tears, by which they are de- 
 ceived ? Alas ! I am bowed down by the oppressive 
 weight of love, rather than contrition for past offences. 
 Oh, my Eloisa, pity me, and endeavor to free my labor- 
 ing soul from its captivity ! If your vocation be, as 
 you say, my wish, deprive me not of the merit of it 
 by your continual inquietudes: tell me that you will 
 
ON THE PASSIONS. 247 
 
 honor the habit which covers you by an inward retire- 
 ment. Fear God that you may be delivered from your 
 frailties. Love him, if you would advance" in virtue. 
 Be not uneasy in the cloister, for it is the dwelling of 
 saints ; embrace your bands, they are the chains of 
 Jesus, and he will lighten them, and bear with you, if 
 you bear them with humility and repentance. -Consider 
 me no more, I entreat you, as a founder, or as a person 
 in any way deserving your esteem ; for your encomiums 
 do but ill agree with' the multiplying weakness of my 
 heart. I am a miserable sinner, prostrate before my 
 Judge; and when the ravs of grace break on my 
 troubled soul, I press the earth with my lips, and min- 
 gle my sighs and tears in the dust. Couldest thou sur- 
 vey thy wretched lover thus lost and forlorn, thou 
 wouldest no longer solicit his affection. The tenderness 
 of thy heart would not permit thee to interpose an 
 earthly passion, which can only tend to deprive him of 
 all hopes of heavenly grace and future comfort. Thou 
 wouldest not wish to be the object of sighs and tears, 
 which ought to be directed to God alone. Canst thou, 
 my Eloisa, become the confederate of my evil genius, 
 and be the instrument to promote sin's yet unfinished 
 conquest ? What, alas ! couldest thou not achieve with 
 a heart, the weaknesses of which you so well know 1 
 But, oh ! let me conjure you, by all the sacred ties, to 
 forget for ever the wretched Abelard, and ihereby con- 
 tribute to his salvation. Let me entreat you by our for- 
 mer joys, and by our now common misfortunes, not to 
 abet my destruction. The highest affection you can 
 now show me, is to hide your tenderness from my view 
 and to renounce me for ever. Oh, Eloisa ! be devoted 
 to God alone ; for I here release you from all engage- 
 ments to me." 
 
 The conflict between love and religion tore the soul 
 of Eloisa with pangs far more violent and destructive. 
 There is scarcely a line of her reply to Abelard, that 
 does not show the dangerous influence which solitude 
 had given to the concealed, but unsmothered, passion 
 that glowed within her breast. "Veiled as I am," she 
 exclaims, "behold in what a disorder you have plunged 
 me ! How difficult it is to tight always for duty against 
 inclination ! I know the obligation which this sacred veil 
 has imposed on me ; but feel mo-re strongly the power 
 which a long and habitual p-assion has gained over my 
 heart. I am the victim of almighty love : my passion 
 troubles my mind, and disorders my senses. My soul 
 
248 INFLUENCE OF SOLITUDE 
 
 is sometimes influenced by the sentiments of piety 
 which my reflections inspire, but the next moment I 
 yield myself up to the tenderness of my feelings, and 
 to the suggestions of my affection. My imagination 
 riots with wild excursion in the scenes of past delights. 
 I disclose to you one moment what I would not have 
 told you a moment before, I resolve no longer to love 
 you ; I consider the solemnity of the vow I have made, 
 and the awfulness of the veil I have taken j but there 
 arises, unexpectedly, from the bottom of my heart, a 
 passion which triumphs over all these notions, and, 
 while it darkens my reason, destroys my devotion. 
 You reign in all the close and inward retreats of my 
 soul ; and I know not how nor where to attack you 
 with any prospect of success. When I endeavor to 
 break the chains which bind me so closely to you, I 
 only deceive myself, and all my efforts serve only to 
 confirm my captivity, and to rivet our hearts more 
 firmly to each other. Oh ! for pity's sake, comply with 
 my request ; and endeavor by this means, to make me 
 renounce my desires, by showing me the obligation 
 I am under to renounce you. If you are still a lover, 
 or a father, oh ! help a mistress, and give comfort, to 
 the distraction of an afflicted child. Surely these dear 
 and tender names will excite the emotion either of pity 
 or of love. Gratify my request; only continue to write 
 to me, and I shall continue to perform the hard duties 
 of my station without profaning that character which 
 my love fur you induced me to assume. Under your 
 advice and admonition I shall willingly humble myself, 
 and submit with penitence and resignation to the won- 
 derful providence of God, who does all things for our 
 sanctification ; who, by his grace purifies all that, is vi- 
 cious and corrupt m our natures; and, by the incon- 
 ceivable riches of his mercy, draws us to himself against 
 our wishes, and bv degrees opens our eyes to discern 
 the greatness of that bounty which at first we are in- 
 capable of understanding. Virtue is too amiable not to 
 be embraced when you reveal her charms, and vice too 
 hideous not to be avoided when you show her defor- 
 mities. When you are pleased, every thing seems 
 lovely to me. Nothing is frightful or' difficult when 
 you are by. I am only weak when I am alone, and un- 
 supported by you; and therefore it depends on you 
 alone that I may be such as you desire. Oh ! that you 
 had not so powerful an influence over all my soul ! I* 
 is your fears, surely, that make you thus deaf to my 
 
ON THE PASSIONS. 249 
 
 entreaties, and negligent of my desires : but what is 
 there for you to fear ? When we lived happily together 
 you might have doubted whether it was pleasure or af- 
 fection that united me to you ; but the place from which 
 I now indite my lamentations must have removed that 
 idea, if it ever could find a place in your mind. Even 
 within these gloomy walls, my heart springs toward 
 you with more affection than it felt, if possible, in the 
 gay and glittering world. Had pleasure been my 
 guide, the world would have been the theatre of my 
 joys. Two and twenty years only of my life had worn 
 away, when the lover on whom my soul doated was 
 cruelly torn from my arms ; and at that age female 
 charms are not generally despised ; but, instead of seek- 
 ing to indulge the pleasures of youth, your Eloisa, 
 when deprived of thee, renounced the world, suppress- 
 ed the emotions of sense, at a time when the pulses 
 beat with the warmest ardor, and buried herself within 
 the cold and cheerless region of the cloister. To you 
 she consecrated the flower of her charms ; to you sh ; 
 now devotes the poor remains of faded beauty ; and 
 dedicates to heaven and to you, her tedious days and 
 widowed nights in solitude and sorrow." 
 
 The passion, alas! which Eloisa thus fondly nourish- 
 ed in her bosom, like an adder, to goad and sting her 
 peace of mind, was very little of a spiritual nature; 
 and the walls of Paraclete only re-echoed more fervent 
 sighs than she had before breathed, and witnessed a 
 more abundant flow of tears than she had shed in the 
 cells of Argenteuil, over the memory of departed joys 
 with her beloved Abelard. Her letters, indeed, show 
 with what toilsome but ineffectual anxiety she endea- 
 vored to chasten her mind, and support her fainting 
 virtue, as well by her own reasoning and reflection, as 
 by his counsels and exhortations ; but the passion had 
 tenaciously rooted itself at the very bottom of her 
 heart ; and it was not until the close of life that she 
 was able to repress the transports of her imagination, 
 and subdue the wild sallies of her fond and fertile 
 fancy. Personally separated from each other, she in- 
 dulged a notion that her love could not be otherwise 
 than pure and spiritual ; but there are many parts of 
 letters which show how much she was deceived by this 
 idea ; for in all the fancied chastity of their tender and, 
 too ardent loves, 
 
 " Back thro' the pleasing maze of sense she ran, 
 " And fell within the slave of love and man." 
 
250 INFLUENCE OF SOLITUDE 
 
 The wild and extravagant excesses to which the (an-* 
 cy and the feelings of Eioisa were carried, was not oc-* 
 casioned merely by the warm impulses of unchecked 
 nature ; but were forced, to the injury of virtue, and 
 the distraction of reason, by the rank hot bed of monas- 
 tic solitude. The story of these celebrated lovers* 
 When calmly examined, and properly understood, 
 proves how dangerous it is to recede entirely from the 
 pleasures and occupations of social life, and how deeply 
 the imagination may be corrupted, and the passions in- 
 flamed, during a splenetic and ill-prepared retirement 
 from the world. The frenzies which follow disappoint- 
 ed love, are of all others the most likely to settle into 
 habits of the deepest melancholy. The finest sensibi- 
 lities of the heart, the purest tenderness of the soul, 
 when joined with a warm constitution, and an ardent 
 imagination, experience from Interruption and control 
 the highest possible state of exasperation. Solitude 
 confirms the feelings such a situation creates ; and the 
 passions and inclinations of a person laboring under 
 such impressions are more likely to be corrupted and 
 inflamed by the leisure of retirement, than they would 
 be even by engaging in all the lazy opulence and wan- 
 ton plenty of a debauched metropolis. 
 
 The affection which Petrarch entertained for Laura 
 was refined, elevated, and virtuous, and differed, in al- 
 most every ingredient of it, from the luxurious fond- 
 ness of the unfortunate Eioisa; but circumstances se- 
 parated him from the beloved object; and he labored 
 during many years of his life, under the oppression of 
 that grievous' melancholy which disappointment uni- 
 formly inflicts. He first beheld her as she was going 
 to the church of the monastery of St. Claire. She 
 w r as dressed in green, and her gown was embroidered 
 with violets. Her face, her air, her gait, appeared some- 
 thing more than mortal. He person was delicate, her 
 eyes'tender and sparkling, and her eyebrows black as 
 ebony. Golden locks waved over her shoulders whiter 
 than snow, and the ringlets were woven by the fingers 
 of love. Her neck was well formed, and her complex- 
 ion animated by the tints of nature, which art vainly 
 attempts to imitate. When she opened her mouth, 
 you perceived the beauty of pearls, and the sweetness 
 of roses. She was full of graces. Nothing was so soft 
 as her looks, so modest as her carriage, so touching as 
 the sound of her voice. An air of gayety and tender- 
 ness breathed around her; but so pure and happily tent- 
 
ON THE PASSIONS. 251 
 
 pered, as to inspire every beholder with the sentiments 
 of virtue; for she was chaste as the spangled dewdrop 
 on the thorn. Such was the description given of this 
 divine creature by her enslaved lover. But, unfortu- 
 nately for his happiness, she was at this time married 
 to Hugues de Sade, whose family was originally of 
 Avignon, and held the first offices there. Notwith- 
 standing the sufferings he underwent from the natural 
 agitation of an affection so tender as that which now 
 engrossed his soul, he owns that Laura behaved to 
 him with kindness so long as he concealed his passion; 
 but when she discovered that he was captivated with 
 her charms, she treated him with great severity ; avoid- 
 ing every place it was likely he "would frequent, and 
 concealing her face under a large veil whenever they 
 accidentally met. The whole soul of Petrarch was 
 overthrown by this disastrous passion ; and he felt all 
 the visitation of unfortunate love as grievously as if 
 it had been founded upon less virtuous principles. He 
 endeavored to calm and tranquillize the troubles of his 
 breast by retiring to the celebrated solitude of Vaucluse, 
 a place in which nature delighted to appear under a 
 form the most singular and romantic; "But, alas!" 
 says he, "I knew not what I was doing. The 
 resource was ill suited to the safety I sought. Soli- 
 tude was incapable of mitigating the severity of 
 my sorrows. The griefs that hung around my 
 heart, consumed me like a devouring flame. I had 
 no means of flying from their attacks. I was alone, 
 without consolation, and in the deepest distress, with- 
 out even the counsel of a friend to assist me. Melan- 
 choly and despair shot their poisoned arrows against 
 my defenceless breast, and I filled the, unsoothing and 
 romantic vale with my sighs and lamentations. The 
 muse indeed, conveyed my sufferings to the world; 
 but while the poet was praised, the unhappy lover re- 
 mained unpitied and forlorn." 
 
 The love which inspired the lays of Petrarch was a 
 pure and perfect passion ol the heart ; and his suffer- 
 ings were rendered peculiarly poignant by a melan- 
 choly sense of the impossibility of ever being united 
 with the object of it; but the love of Abelard and 
 Eloisa was a furious heat of wild desire. This pas- 
 sion flows clear or muddied, peaceful or violent, in pro- 
 portion to the sources from which it springs. When 
 it arises from pure and unpolluted sources, its stream 
 is clear, peaceful, and surrounded with delights : but 
 
253 INFLUENCE OF SOLITUDE 
 
 when its source is foul, and its course improperly di- 
 rected, it foams and rages, overswells its banks, and de- 
 stroys the scenes which nature intended it to fertilize 
 and adorn. The different effects produced by the dif- 
 ferent kinds of this powerful passion, have, on observing 
 how differently the character of the same person ap- 
 pears when influenced by the one or the other of them, 
 given rise to an idea that the human species are possess- 
 ed of two souls ; the one leading to vice, and the other 
 conducting to virtue. A celebrated philosopher has il- 
 lustrated this notion by the following story: 
 
 A virtuous young prince, of an heroic soul, capable 
 of love and friendship, made war upon a tyrant, who 
 was in every respect his reverse. It was the happiness 
 of our prince to be as great a conqueror by his clemen- 
 cy and bounty, as by his arms and military virtue. 
 Already he had won over to his party several potentates 
 and princes, who had before been subject to the tyrant. 
 Among those who still adhered to the enemy there was 
 a prince, who, having all the advantages of person and 
 merit, had lately been made happy in the possession and 
 mutual love of the most beautiful princess in the world. 
 It happened that the occasion of the war called the new 
 married prince to a distance from his beloved princess. 
 He left her secure as he thought, in a strong castle, far 
 within the country ; but, in his absence, the place was 
 taken by surprise, and the princess brought a captive to 
 the quarters of the heroic prince. There was in the 
 camp a young nobleman the favorite of the prince; one 
 who had been educated with him, and was still treated 
 by him with perfect familiarity. Him he immediately 
 sent for, and with strict injunctions, committed the 
 captive princess to his charge ; resolving she should be 
 treated with that respect which was due to her rank 
 and merit. It was the same young lord who had dis- 
 covered her disguised among the prisoners, and learnt 
 her story ; the particulars of which he now related to 
 the prince. He spoke in ecstacy on this occasion ; tell- 
 ing the prince how beautiful she appeared even in the 
 midst of sorrow ; and though disguised under the 
 meanest habit, yet how distinguished by her air and 
 manner from every other beauty of her sex. But what 
 appeared strange to our young nobleman was, that the 
 prince, during this whole relation, discovered not the 
 least intention of seeing the lady, or satisfying that cu- 
 riosity which seemed so natural on such an occasion. 
 He pressed him, but without success. " Not see her, 
 
ON THE PASSIONS. 253 
 
 sir!* 5 said he wondering, "when she is so much hand- 
 somer than any woman you have yet seen!" "For 
 that very reason," replied the prince, " I would rather 
 decline the interview ; for should I, upon this bare re- 
 port of her beauty, be so charmed as to make the first 
 visit at this urgent time of business, I may Upon sight, 
 with better reason, be induced, perhaps, to visit her 
 when I am more at leisure ; and so again and again, 
 until at last I may have no leisure left for my affairs." 
 " Would you, sir, persuade me then," said the young 
 nobleman, smiling, "that a fair face can have such 
 power as to force the will itself, and constrain a man 
 in any respect to act contrary to what he thinks becom- 
 ing him ? Are we to hearken to the poets, in what 
 they tell us of that incendiary love and his irresistible 
 flames ? A real flame, we see, burns all alike ; but 
 that imaginary one of beauty hurts only those that are 
 consenting. It affects no otherwise than as we our- 
 selves are pleased to allow it. In many cases we ab- 
 solutely command it, as when relation and consan- 
 guinity are in the nearest degree. Authority and law 
 we see can master it ; but it would be vain, as well as 
 unjust, for any law to intermeddle or prescribe, was 
 not the case voluntary, and our will entirely free." 
 " How comes it then," replied the prince, "that if we 
 are thus masters of our choice, and free at first to ad- 
 mire and love where we approve, we cannot afterward 
 as well cease to love whenever we see cause? This lat- 
 ter liberty you will hardly defend ; for I doubt not you 
 have heard of many who, though they were used to set 
 the highest value on liberty before they loved, yet, 
 afterward, were necessitated to serve in the most ab- 
 iect manner, finding themselves constrained, and bound 
 by a stronger chain than any of iron or of adamant." 
 "Such wretches," replied the youth, "I have often 
 heard complain, who, if you will believe them, are 
 wretched indeed, without means or power to help 
 themselves. You may hear them in the same manner 
 complain grievously of life itself; but though there are 
 doors enough at which to go out of life, they find it 
 convenient to keep still where they are. They are the 
 very same pretenders who, through this plea of irresis- 
 tible necessity, make bold with what is another's, and 
 attempt, unlawful beds ; but the law, I perceive, makes 
 bold with them in its turn, as with other invaders of 
 property. Neither is it your custom, sir, to pardon such 
 offences. So that beauty itself, you must allow, is ij* 
 22 
 
254 INFLUENCE OF SOLITUDE 
 
 nocent and harmless, and cannot compel any one to do 
 amiss. The debauched compel themselves, and unjust- 
 ly charge their guilt on love. They who are honest 
 and just can admire and love whatever is beautiful, 
 without offering at any thing beyond what is allowed. 
 How then is it possible, sir, that one of your virtue 
 should be in pain on any such account, or fear such a 
 temptation ? You see, sir, I am sound and whole after 
 having beheld the princess. I have conversed with 
 her ; 1 have admired her in the highest degree ; yet I 
 am myself still, and in my duty, and shall be ever in the 
 same manner at your command." " It is well," replied 
 the prince ; " keep yourself so : be ever the same man, 
 and look to your fair charge carefully, as becomes you ; 
 for it may so happen, in the present situation of the 
 war that this beautiful captive may stand us in good 
 stead." The young nobleman then departed to execute 
 his commission ; and immediately took such care of 
 the captive princess that she seemed as perfectly obeyed, 
 and had every thing which belonged to her in as great 
 splendor as in her own principality, and in the height 
 of her fortune. He found her in every respect deserv- 
 ing, and saw in her a generosity of soul exceeding 
 even her other charms. His studies to oblige her and 
 to soften her distress, made her, in return, desirous to ex- 
 press her gratitude. He soon discovered the feelings 
 of her mind ; for she showed, on every occasion, a real 
 concern for his interest ; and when he happened to fall 
 ill, she took such tender care of him herself, and by 
 her servants, that he seemed to owe his recovery en- 
 tirely to her friendship. From these beginnings, insen- 
 sibly, and by natural degrees, as may easily be conceived, 
 the youth fell desperately in love. At first he offered 
 not to make the least mention of his passion to the 
 princess, for he scarce dared believe it himself. But 
 time, and the increasing ardor of his passion, subdued 
 his fears, and she received his declaration with an un- 
 affected trouble, and real concern. She reasoned with 
 him as a friend, and endeavored to persuade him to sub- 
 due so improper and extravagant a flame. But in a short 
 time he became outrageous, and talked to her of force. 
 The princess was alarmed by his audacity, and imme- 
 diately sent to the prince to implore his protection. 
 The prince received the information with the appear- 
 ance of more than ordinary attention ; sent instantly 
 for one of his first ministers, and directed him to re- 
 turn with the princess' domestic, and tell the young no- 
 
ON THE PASSIONS. 255 
 
 bleman that force was not to be used to such a lady • 
 but that he might use persuasion, if he thought it was 
 proper so to do. The minister, who was of course the 
 inveterate enemy of his prince's favorite, aggravated 
 the message, inveighed publicly against the young no- 
 bleman for the grossness of his misconduct, and even 
 reproached him to his face with having been a traitor 
 to the confidence of his prince, and a disgrace to his 
 nation. The minister, in short, conveyed the message 
 of his master in such virulent and angry terms, that 
 the youth looked on his case as desperate ; fell into the 
 deepest melancholy ; and prepared himself for that fate 
 which he was conscious he well deserved. While he 
 was thus impressed with a sense of his misconduct, 
 and the danger to which it had exposed him, the prince 
 commanded him to attend a private audience. The 
 youth entered the closet of the prince covered with the 
 deepest confusion. "I find," said he, "that I am now 
 become dreadful to you indeed, since you can neither 
 see me without shame, nor imagine me to be without 
 resentment. But away with all these thoughts from 
 this time forward ! I know how much you have suffer- 
 ed on this occasion. I know the power of love ; and 
 am no otherwise safe myself, than by keeping out of 
 the way of beauty. I alone am to blame; for it was I 
 who unhappily matched you with that unequal adver- 
 sary ; who gave you that impracticable task ; who impo- 
 sed on yoifthat hard adventure, which no one yet was 
 ever strong enough to accomplish." " In this, sir, as in 
 all else." replied the youth, " you express that goodness 
 which is so natural to you. "You have compassion, 
 and can allow for human frailties ; but the rest of man- 
 kind will never cease to upbraid me: nor shall I ever be 
 forgiven, even were I able ever to forgive myself. I am 
 reproached by my nearest friends ; and I must be odi- 
 ous to all mankind wherever I am known. The least 
 punishment I can think due to me is banishment for 
 ever from your presence ; for I am no longer worthy 
 of being called your friend." "You must not think of 
 banishing yourself for ever," replied the prince: "but 
 trust me, if you will retire only for a while, I shall so 
 order matters, that you shall return with the applause 
 even of those who are now your enemies, when they 
 find what a considerable service you shall have render- 
 ed both to them and me." Such a hint was sufficient 
 to revive the spirits of the despairing youth. He was 
 transported to think that his misfortunes could be turned 
 
256 INFLUENCE OF SOLITUDE 
 
 in any way to the advantage of his prince. He entered 
 with joy into the scheme his royal friend had contrived 
 for the purpose of restoring him to his former fame 
 and happiness, and appeared eager to depart and exe- 
 cute the directions that were given to him. " Can you 
 then," said the prince, " resolve to quit the charming 
 princess'?' 5 "O, sir," replied the youth, with tears in 
 nis eyes, "I am now well satisfied that I have in reality 
 within me two distinct separate souls. This lesson of 
 philosophy I have learnt from that villanous sophister 
 love ; for it is impossible to believe that, having one 
 and the same soul, it should be actually both good and 
 bad : passionate for virtue and vice, desirous of con- 
 traries. No; there must of necessity be two ; and when 
 the good soul prevails, we are happy ; but when the bad 
 prevails, we are miserable. Such was my case. Lately 
 the ill soul was wholly master, and I was miserable : 
 but now the good prevails, by your assistance, and I 
 am plainly a new creature, with quite another appre- 
 hension, another reason, and another will." 
 
 He who would be master of his appetites, must not 
 only avoid temptation, but vigilantly restrain the earli- 
 est shoots of fancy, and destroy the first blooms of a 
 warm imagination. It is the very nature of confidence 
 to be always in danger, To permit the mind to riot in 
 scenes of fancied delights, under an idea that reason 
 will be able to extinguish the flames of desire, is to 
 nurse and foster the sensual appetites, which, when 
 guided by the cool and temperate voice of nature alone, 
 are seldom raised to an improper height. The natural 
 current of the blood, even in the warmest constitutions, 
 and under the most torrid zone, would keep an even, 
 temperate course, were it not accelerated by such incen- 
 tives. Youth indeed despises this species of reasoning, 
 and imputes it to the sickness of satiety,, or the coldness 
 of old age. I have, however, in general, observed, 
 that those who seek these incitements to what they im- 
 properly call love, possess a ray less eye, a hollow cheek, 
 a palsied hand, a pallid countenance ; and these symp- 
 toms of faded splendour and withered strength, un- 
 questionably prove that they have not consulted nature 
 in their gay pursuits ; for nature has not planted any 
 propensities in the human frame which lead it to early 
 ruin, or premature decay. The blame which is so un- 
 justly thrown upon temperament and constitution, be- 
 longs to the indulgence of false and clamorous pas* 
 
ON THE PASSIONS. 257 
 
 sions, those which sensual fancies, and lascivious ideas 
 have raised to the destruction of chastity and health. 
 
 Monastic institutions produce, in this respect, incalcu* 
 lable mischiefs. The sexes, whom these religious pri- 
 sons seclude from the free and unconfined intercourses 
 of society, suffer their imaginations to riot without re- 
 straint or discipline, in proportion to the violence irn^ 
 posed on their actions. A thousand boyish fancies, 
 eager appetites and warm desires, are perpetually play- 
 ing truant, and the chastity of the soul is corrupted. 
 To effect the conquest of the passion of love, it is ab- 
 solutely necessary that the evil suggestions of the ima- 
 gination should be first silenced ; and he who succeeds 
 in quelling the insurrections of that turbulent inmate, 
 or in quieting its commotions, achieves an enterprise at 
 once difficult and glorious. The holy Jerome checked 
 the progress of many disorderly passions which he 
 found rising in his breast ; but the passion of love re- 
 sisted all his opposition, and followed him, with in- 
 creasing fury, even into the frightful cavern to which 
 he retired to implore, in humble prayer and solitary ab- 
 straction, the mercies of his God. The solitude, how- 
 ever remote, to which the demon of sensuality is ad- 
 mitted, is soon crowded with legions of tormenting 
 fiends. John, the anchorite of the deserts of Thebais, 
 wisely addressed his solitary brethren, " If there be any 
 among you who in his pride, conceives that he has en- 
 tirely renounced the devil and all his works, he should 
 learn that it is not sufficient to have done this merely 
 by his lips, by having resigned his worldly dignities, 
 and by dividing his possessions among the poor ; for, 
 unless he has also abandoned his sensual appetites, his 
 salvation cannot be secure. It is only by purifying our 
 bosoms from the pernicious influence of this master pas- 
 sion, that we can ever hope to counteract the machina- 
 tions of satan, and to guard our hearts from his dan- 
 gerous practices. Sin always introduces itself under 
 the guidance of some guilty passion; some fond de- 
 sire ; some pleasing inclination, which we willingly in- 
 dulge, and by that means suffer the enemy of peace to 
 establish his unruly dominion in our souls. Then tr-an- 
 quillitv and real happiness quit their abode in our hearts, 
 and all is uproar and anarchy within. This must be 
 the fate of all who permit an evil spirit to seat itself on 
 the throne of their hearts, and to scatter around the 
 poisonous seeds of wild desire and vicious inclinations." 
 But love once indulged in bright and rapturous fancies, 
 22* 
 
258 INFLUENCE OF SOLITUDE 
 
 fills the mind with such high and transporting ideas ot 
 supreme bliss, that the powers of reason are seldom, if 
 ever, capable of making head against its fascinations. 
 The hermit and the monk, who, from the nature of 
 their situations, cannot taste its real charms, ought, if 
 it were for that reason alone, to stifle at their birth the 
 earliest emotions of this inspiring passion ; for the in- 
 dulgence of it must prove fatal to the virtue, and of 
 course destructive to the peace of every recluse. The 
 impossibility that such characters can listen with any 
 propriety to the dictates of this delightful passion, shows 
 m the strongest manner the impolicy and absurdity of 
 those institutions, on the members of which celibacy is 
 enjoined. The happiness of every individual, as well 
 as the civil and religious interests of society, are best 
 promoted by inducing the endearments of sense to im- 
 prove the sympathies, tenderness, and affections of the 
 human heart. But these blessings are denied to the 
 solitary fanatic, who is condemned to endure the sup- 
 pression of his passions, and prevented from indulging 
 without endangering his principles, both the desires of 
 sense, and the dreams of fancy. Be cannot form that 
 delightful union of the sexes, where sentiments of ad- 
 miration are increased by prospects of personal advan- 
 tage ; where private enjoyment arises from a sense of 
 mutual merit ; and the warmest beams of love are 
 tempered by the refreshing gales of friendship. The 
 grosser parts of this innate and glowing passion can 
 alone occupy his fancy ; and the sentiments it instils, 
 instead of refining his desires, and meliorating his af- 
 fections, tend, through the operation of his soul and cor- 
 rupted imagination, to render his appetites still more 
 depraved. He is as ignorant of its benefits as he is of 
 its chaste and dignified pleasures; and totally unac- 
 quainted with its fine sensibilities, and varied emotions, 
 his bosom burns with the most violent rage ; his mind 
 wallows in images of sensuality; and his temper frets 
 itself, by unjustlv accusing the tempter as the author 
 of his misery. If the luxurious cogitations of such a 
 character were dissipated by the pleasures and pursuits 
 of busy life; if the violence of his passions were check- 
 ed by laborious exercises; and if habits of rational 
 study enabled him to vary the uniformity of retire- 
 ment, and to substitute the excursions of mental cu- 
 riosity, and moral reflections, instead of that perpetual 
 recurrence of animal desire by which he is infected, 
 the danger we have described would certainly be re* 
 
 
ON THE PASSIONS. 259 
 
 dueed; but without such aids, his self-denials, his 
 penitence, his prayers, and all the austere disci- 
 pline of the monkish and ascetic school, will be inef- 
 fectual. Celibacy, indeed, instead of assisting, as their 
 disciples mistakingiy conceive, to clear the soul from 
 its earthly impurities, and to raise it to divine bright- 
 ness and sublimity, drags it down to the basest appe- 
 tites and lowest desires. But matrimony, or that suita- 
 able and appropriate union of the sexes which prevails 
 under different circumstances, according to the manner 
 and custom of different societies, leads, when properly 
 formed, to the highest goal of human bliss. 
 
 The mischievous effects which the celibacy and soli- 
 tude of monastic institutions produce on that passion 
 which arises so spontaneously between the sexes in the 
 human heart, will appear unavoidable, when it is con- 
 sidered how absurdly the founders of these religious 
 retreats have frequently endeavored to guard against 
 the danger. The partitions which divide virtues from 
 their opposite vices are so slender and conjoined, that 
 we scarcely reach the limits of the one before we enter 
 to a certain degree, the confines of the other. How ri- 
 diculous, therefore, is it to conceive, that frequent me- 
 ditation on forbidden pleasures, should be at all likely 
 to eradicate impure ideas from the mind. And yet 
 the Egyptian monastics were enjoined to have 
 these rules constantly in their contemplation : first, 
 that their bosoms must remain unagitated by the 
 thoughts of love ; that they should never permit their 
 fancies to loiter on voluptuous images ; that female 
 beauty, in its fairest form, and most glowing charms, 
 should be incapable of exciting in their hearts the least 
 sensation ; and that, even during the hours of sleep, 
 their minds should continue untainted by such impure 
 affections. The chastity of these solitary beings was, 
 on some occasions, actually tried by experiment ; but 
 the consequences which resulted from such irrational dis- 
 cipline, were directly the reverse of those it was intended 
 to produce. The imagination was vitiated, and the in- 
 clination rendered so corrupt, that neither the examples 
 nor the precepts of the more enlightened ages were 
 able to correct their manners, or reclaim them from 
 the machinations of the unclean spirit. Number- 
 less indeed, and horrid, are the instances recorded by 
 Ruffinus, and other writers, of the perversions of all 
 sense and reason, of all delicacy and refinement, of all 
 virtue and true holiness, which prevailed in the ascetic 
 
260 INFLUENCE OP SOLITUDE 
 
 solitudes of every description, while the nuptial state 
 was held incompatible with the duties of religion, and 
 the sexes separated from each other, that they might 
 more piously, and with less interruption, follow its dic- 
 tates. Some of the fathers of the church denned fe- 
 male celibacy to be the only means of living a chaste 
 and godly life amidst the impurities of a sinful world, 
 and regaining, during the perdition of gross mortality, 
 the resemblance of the soul's celestial origin. The 
 holy, happy tie of matrimony they considered as a cloak 
 to the indulgence of impure desires, and launched their 
 anathemas against it as an hateful institution. Even 
 the eloquent and pious Chrysostom says, "that a double 
 purpose was intended to be attained by the institution 
 of marriage, viz. the propagation of the species, and 
 the gratification of sexual affection ; but that, as popula- 
 tion had sufficiently covered the face of the earth, the 
 first had become no longer necessary ; and that it was 
 the duty of the sexes rather to conquer their affections 
 by abstinence and prayer, than indulge them under so 
 thin a disguise." The human soul, he admits, must, 
 in a state of celibacy, subsist under a perpetual warfare 
 and the faculties be in continual ferment ; but contends, 
 that piety exists in proportion to the difficulties which 
 the sufferer surmounts. The holy fathers seem, from 
 the whole strain of their exhortations and reasonings, to 
 have considered female chastity in a very serious point 
 of view ; and there can be no doubt but. that it is the 
 brightest jewel and most becoming ornament of the 
 sex ; but these reverend teachers were so blinded by 
 their zeal, that they lost all sight of nature, and mis- 
 takingly conceived that the Great Creator had planted 
 affections in our hearts, and oassions in our breasts, 
 only to try our tempers in suppressing their turbulence, 
 rather than promote our happiness, and to answer the 
 ends of his creation, by a sober and rational indulgence 
 of them. 
 
 But nature will not be argued out of her rights; and 
 these absurd doctrines introduced into every monastic 
 institution throughout Europe a private intercourse, hos- 
 tile, from its evil example to the interests both of mo- 
 rality and religion. The nuns of the convent of 
 Argenteuil, who chose Eloisa for their Abbess, were 
 in all probability, influenced in their choice by the re- 
 collections of her former frailty, and their knowledge 
 of the present ruling passion of her heart; they meant 
 to provide the abbey with a superior who, if she were 
 
ON THE PASSIONS. 261 
 
 not inclined to promote, would feel no disposition to 
 interrupt their intrigues. The fact certainly was, that 
 during- the time Eloisa presided over the convent, the 
 conduct of the nuns was so extremely licentious, that 
 Sugger, abbot of St. Dennis, complained of their irre 
 gularities to Pope Honorious, in such a manner as to 
 induce his holiness to give the abbot possession of it; 
 and he immediately expelled the negligent prioress and 
 her intriguing sisters, and established in their place a 
 monastery of his own order. Strong suspicions may, 
 perhaps, prevail against the virtue and integrity of 
 Eloisa's character, from the dissoluteness which exist- 
 ed in this society ; but she was certainly not included 
 by name in the articles of accusation which the abbot 
 of St. Dennis transmitted upon this subject to the court, 
 of Rome ; and there is every reason to believe that 
 these irregularities were carefully concealed from her 
 knowledge. When this lovely victim was presented 
 with the veil, some persons who pitied her youth, and 
 admired her beauty, represented to her the cruel sacri- 
 fice she would mate of herself by accepting it: but she 
 immediately exclaimed, in the words of Cornelia, after 
 the death of Pompey the great— 
 
 " Oh my loved lord .' our fatal marriage draws 
 On thee this doom, and I the guilty cause : 
 Then while thou go'st th' extremes of fate to prove, 
 I'll share that fate, and expiate thus my love !" 
 
 and accepted the fatal present with a constancy not to 
 have been expected in a woman who had so high a 
 taste for pleasures which she might still enjoy. It will 
 therefore, be easily conceived, that her distress, on be- 
 ing ignominiously expelled from this retreat, was ex- 
 ceedingly severe. She applied to Abelard to procure her 
 some permanent asylum, where she might have the op- 
 portunity of estranging herself from all earthly weak- 
 nesses and passions ; and he, by the permission of the 
 bishop of Troyes, resigned to her the house and the 
 chapel of Paraclete, with its appendages, where she set- 
 tled with a few sisters, and became herself the foundress 
 of a nunnery. Of this monastery she continued the 
 superior until she died ; and whatever her conduct was 
 among the licentious nuns of Argenteuil, she lived so 
 regular in this her new and last retreat, and conducted 
 herself with such exemplary prudence, zeal, and piety, 
 that all her former failings were forgot, her character 
 
252 INFLUENCE OF SOLITUDE 
 
 adored by all who knew her, and her monastery m a 
 short time enriched with so great a variety of dona- 
 tions, that she was celebrated as the ablest cultivator of 
 the virtues of forgiveness and christain charity then 
 existing. The bishop of the district behaved to her as 
 if she had been his own daughter ; the neighboring 
 priors and abbots treated her with all the tenderness 
 and attention of a real sister: and those who were dis- 
 tressed and poor, revered her as their mother. But all 
 her cares, and all her virtues, could not protect her 
 against the returning weakness of her heart. " Soli- 
 tude," says she, "is insupportable to a mind that is ill 
 at ease ; its troubles increase in the midst of silence, 
 and retirement heightens them. Since I have been 
 shut up within these walls, I have done nothing but 
 weep for our misfortunes : this cloister has resounded 
 with my cries, and like a wretch condemned to eternal 
 slavery, I have worn out my days in grief and sighing." 
 The useful regulations imposed by the wisdom of 
 St. Benedict upon the votaries of monastic retirement, 
 were soon neglected. Abstinence and prayer were suc- 
 ceeded by luxury and impiety. The revenues of the 
 several orders had, by the increased value of property, 
 become so great, that they were expended in purchasing 
 a remission of those duties which their founders had en- 
 joined. The admission of the poor laity relieved the ini- 
 tiated members from the toil of cultivating the demesne 
 lands, and produced a system of indolence and laziness. 
 They exchanged their long fast and unsavory diet, for fre- 
 quent feasts, and the richest repasts ; substituted indolent 
 pride for laborious humility ; and lost entirely their ori- 
 ginal piety and virtue. Abelard, indeed, and some few 
 other abbots of the tenth century, endeavored to re- 
 store the ancient discipline, but they were reviled and 
 persecuted with the most vindictive malice by their 
 contemporaries. The duke of Brittany, in order 
 to secure Abelard from the rage with which he was 
 pursued, for exercising qualities which ought to have 
 procured him admiration and esteem, gave him the 
 convent of St. Gildas, as an asylum from their hatred. 
 The high character which this monastery compara- 
 tively enjoyed for regularity and good order, excited a 
 hope that he might there find rest from his vexations, 
 and consolation'for his griefs. But instead of finding 
 it the seat of wisdom and piety, and the mansion of 
 tranquillity, he discovered the most dissolute manners 
 and abandoned conduct prevailing in every part of the 
 
ON THE PASSTONS. 263 
 
 convent His mild and rational attempts to reclaim 
 thes^ disorderly brethren, were so far from producing 
 the desired effect upon their minds, that it only pro- 
 voked their rage, and gave new edge to their malice. 
 Foiled in their endeavors, by conspiracy and calumny, 
 to dispossess him of his situation, they attempted, seve- 
 ral times at their common repasts, to infuse poison into 
 his victuals : and at length, dreadful to relate ! actually 
 administered, in the sacramental cup, the poisoned 
 chalice to his lips, but which he was miraculously pre- 
 vented from tasting. It is, indeed, impossible to read 
 the description he nas given of his dreadful situation 
 in this wild and savage community, without shuddering 
 at the idea how much an irrational solitude tends to 
 corrupt the manners and deprave the heart. " I live," 
 says he, in his letter to Philintus, " in a barbarous coun- 
 try, the language of which I do not understand. I 
 have no conversation but with the rudest people. My 
 walks are on the inaccessible shore of a sea which is 
 perpetually stormy. My monks are only known by 
 their dissoluteness, and living without any rule or 
 order. Ah ! Philintus, were you to see my habitation, 
 vou would rather think it a slaughter house than a 
 convent. The doors and walks are without any or- 
 nament except the heads of wild boars, the antlers of 
 Stags, the feet of foxes and the hides of other animals, 
 which are nailed up against them. The cells are hung 
 with the skins of victims destroyed in the chase. The 
 monks have not so much as a bell to wake them, and 
 are only roused from their drowsiness by the howling 
 of dogs and the croaking of ravens. Nothing disturbs 
 their laziness or languor but the rude noises of hunting: 
 and their only alternatives are riot and rest. But l 
 should return my thanks to heaven if that were their 
 only fault. I endeavor in vain to recall them to their 
 duty ; they all combine against me ; and I only expose 
 myself to continual vexations and dangers. I imagine 
 I see every moment a naked sword hanging over' my 
 head. Sometimes they surround me, and load me with 
 the vilest abuse ; and even when they abandon me, I 
 am still left to my own dreadful tormenting thoughts." 
 This single example would be sufficient to prove the 
 extraordinary dominion which solitude has over the 
 human mind. It is, indeed, unless it be managed 
 with great good sense, the complete nursery of mis- 
 chief. The mind is without those numerous incentives 
 to action which are continually occurring in the busy 
 
£64 INFLUENCE OF SOLiTUOB 
 
 world ; and nothing can contribute to produce irregu- 
 lar and disorderly passions more than the want of some 
 pursuit by which the heart is interested and the mind 
 employed. The minds of idle persons are always rest- 
 less; their hearts never at perfect ease; their spirits 
 continually on the fret ; and their passions goaded to 
 the most unwarrantable excess. 
 
 Idleness, even in social life, inflicts the severest tor- 
 ments on the soul ; destroys the repose of individuals ; 
 and, when general, frequently endangers the safe- 
 ty of the state. Timotheus, an Egyptian monk, sur- 
 named the Cat, a short time after the Eutychian Con- 
 troversy, in the year 457, felt an ambition to fill the 
 episcopal and patriarchal chair. The splenetic restless- 
 ness which prevailed among the monks in their several 
 monastic solitudes, seemed to present to his observing 
 eve proper instruments for the execution of his scheme. 
 He was conscious, from his profound knowledge of the 
 human character, that if men who had so long remain- 
 ed in uneasy and dissatisfied indolence, could be pro- 
 voked to activity, their zeal would be as turbulent as 
 their former life had been lazy and supine; and that 
 their dispositions might be easily turned to the accom- 
 plishment of his wishes. The better to effect his pur- 
 pose, he clothed himself in a white garment, crept si- 
 lently in the dead of night to the cells of his com- 
 panions, and, through a tube, which concealed his voice 
 while it magnified the sound of it, hailed every monk 
 by his name. The sound seemed to convey the voice 
 of heaven to the superstitious ears of the awakened 
 auditors ; and the sagacious and enterprising trumpeter 
 did not fail to announce himself as an ambassador of 
 heaven, sent in the name of the Almighty to command 
 the monks to assemble immediately, to consult on the 
 most likely mode of deposing the Nestorian heretic 
 Proterus, and of raising the favored and orthodox Ti- 
 motheus to the episcopal throne. The idea of being 
 thus elected to execute this pious rebellion, roused all 
 the sleeping powers of these solitary and hitherto idle 
 fanatics ; they rose tumultously at the sacred signal ; 
 proclaimed him as a heaven elected patriarch ; solicited 
 him with friendly violence, not to refuse the promised 
 boon ; and burning with all the ardor of expected suc- 
 cess, inarched, in a few days under the banner of the 
 imposter, to Alexandria, where they inspired the mem- 
 bers of other monasteries with theii own delusion, and 
 created throughout Egypt the wildest and most tre- 
 
 
ON THE PASSIONS. 265 
 
 mendous commotions. The populace caught the reli- 
 gious frenzy, and joined in vast numbers the monastic 
 rout. Assisted by this desperate rabble, Timotheus 
 proceeded to the principal church of Alexandria, where 
 he was, by a preconcerted arrangement, pompously re- 
 ceived by two deposed bishops, and ordained the me- 
 tropolitan of the whole Egyptian territory. Proterus 
 was astonished at this sudden irruption, and hurled his 
 anathemas with great art and dexterity against the im- 
 pious audacity of the obscure monastic who had thus 
 dared to depart from the humility of his station, and to 
 invade with his indolent brethren, the rights of sove- 
 reignty ; but being well aware of the fury with which 
 this description of men generally act when they are 
 once set in motion, and being informed of the vast 
 multitude by which they had been joined, he 
 thought it prudent to quit his palace, and to re- 
 tire to the sacred shelter of the church of St. Quiri- 
 nus. Heathens and barbarians had heretofore respect- 
 ed this venerable sanctuary ; but, upon the present oc- 
 casion, it was incapable of giving safety to its aged re- 
 fugee. The furious troops of the holy imposter burst 
 with irresistible violence through the walls of this 
 consecrated edifice, and with their daggers drank the 
 blood of the innocent pontiff, even upon' that altar, the 
 very sight of which ought to have paralyzed the hand 
 of guilt. His surrounding and numerous friends, par- 
 ticularly six ecclesiastics of great eminence, learning, 
 and piety, shared the fate of their unhappy master, and 
 were found, when the dreadful massacre was over 
 clinging with fondness, in the arms of death, round his 
 mansrled body. But it was necessary for the murderers 
 to calumniate the purity of that life which they had 
 thus violently and injuriously destroyed. They accord- 
 ingly dragged the corpse of this virtuous patriarch to 
 the most public part of the city, and, after the grossest 
 abuse of his character, and most scandalous misrepre- 
 sentation of his conduct, hung it on an elevated cross, 
 and exposed it to the brutal insults of the misguided 
 and deluded populace. To complete this unmanly out- 
 rage, they at length committed the torn and mangled 
 remains of this excellent prelate to the flames, and 
 hurled his ashes, amidst the most opprobrious and in- 
 sulting: epithets, into the darkened air; exclaiming 
 with horrid imprecations, that the mortal part of such 
 a wretch was not entitled to the right of sepulchre, 
 or even the tears of friends. So furious and undaunt- 
 23 
 
266 INFLUENCE OF SOLITUDE 
 
 ed, indeed, were all the oriental monks, when oiie^ 
 roused from their monastic lethargy, that even the sol- 
 diers of the Greek emperors cautiously avoided meeting 
 them in the field. The fury by which they were ac- 
 tuated was so blind, that the pious Chrysosfom, the 
 warmest and most zealous advocate for monastic in- 
 stitutions, trembled at his approach. This celebrated 
 father of the church was born in the year 344, of one 
 of the first families of the city of Antioch, and added 
 new lustre to thei r fame by his virtues and his eloquence. 
 Having finished his studies with wonderful success,, 
 under Libanus, the greatest rhetorician of the age, he 
 devoted himself to the study of the law ; but religion 
 having planted itself deeply in his mind, he quitted all 
 secular concerns, and retired into solitude among the 
 mountains in the vicinity of the city, where, in the 
 dreary caves, he devoted two entire years to penitence 
 and prayer. Ill health, however, obliged him to return 
 to Antioch; he began to preach the Word, and was 
 soon followed by a host of disciples. The life of this 
 excellent pastor was an example to his whole flock. 
 He endeavored to drive away the wolves from the folds, 
 and sent missionaries even into Scythia, to convert its 
 inhabitants to Christianity. These missions, and his 
 various charities, required either considerable revenues 
 or the most rigid economy ; and the holy patriarch was 
 contented to live in the extremest poverty, that he 
 might have the better opportunity of relieving the suf- 
 ferings of his fellow creatures. The character and 
 conduct of this virtuous pontiff soon gained him the 
 heartsof his people, and he set himself earnestly to reform 
 the many abuses which at this time prevailed at Con- 
 stantinople. The severity and vehemence, however, 
 with which he declaimed against the pride, the luxury, 
 and the rapacity of the great ; the zeal with which he 
 endeavored to reform the vices and misconduct of the 
 clergy ; and the eagerness he discovered for the con- 
 version of heretics, created him a multitude of enemies; 
 and Eutropius, the favorite of the Emperor Arcadius; 
 Gainas, the tyrant to whom he had refused protection 
 for the Arians ; Theophilus, of Alexandria, the patron 
 of the Origenists; and the disciples of Arius, whom he 
 banished from Constantinople, entered into a conspiracy 
 against him; and an occasion soon happened, which gave 
 them the opportunity of taking ample vengeance. The 
 intrepid preacher, convinced that while he declaimed 
 against vice in general, the peculiar- vices which pre 
 
On the passions. 267 
 
 vailed in the court of the Empress Eudoxia, and the 
 personal misconduct of the Empress herself, called 
 aloud for his severest animadversions, he took every 
 opportunity of exposing them to the public abhorrence. 
 The resentment of the court encouraged the discontent 
 of the clergy and monks of Constantinople, who had 
 been very severely disciplined by the zeal of the arch- 
 bishop. He had condemned from the pulpit the domes- 
 tic females of the clergy of Constantinople, who, under 
 the name of servants or sisters, afforded a perpetual 
 occasion either of sin or scandal. The silent and soli- 
 tary ascetics, who had secluded themselves from the 
 world, were entitled to the warmest appprobation of 
 Clirysostom ; but he despised and stigmatized, as the 
 disgrace of their holy profession, the crowd of degene- 
 rate monks, who from some unworthy motives of plea- 
 sure or profit, so frequently infested the streets of the 
 metropolis. To the voice of persuasion, the archbishop 
 was obliged to add the lesson of authority ; and in his 
 visitation through the Asiatic provinces, he deposed 
 thirteen bishops of Lydia and Phrygia; and declared 
 that a deep corruption of simo'ny and licentiousness 
 had infected the whole episcopal order. These bishops 
 also entered into the confederacy above mentioned, 
 and the excellent Chrysostom was studiously repre- 
 sented as the intolerable tyrant of the eastern church. 
 This ecclesiastical conspiracy was managed by the 
 archbishop of Alexandria, who, by the invitation of 
 Eudoxia, landed at Constantinople with a stout body of 
 Egyptian mariners, to encounter the populace, and a 
 train of dependant bishops, to secure, by their voices, a 
 majority of a synod. The synod was convened in the 
 suburbs of Chalcedon, and was called the Oak; in 
 which Chrysostom, was accused of treason against the 
 empress ; rudely arrested, and driven into exile : from 
 whence, however, he was in two days recalled ; but, 
 upon a repetition of his imputed offences, was again 
 banished to the remote and desolate town of Cucusus 
 among the ridges of mount Taurus, in the Lesser Ar- 
 menia. On his way to this place, he was detained by 
 sickness at Cesarea, and at length confined to his bed. 
 The bishop of Cesarea, who had long entertained a 
 secret enmity against him, unmoved by his fallen for- 
 tunes and helpless state, stirred up the lazy monks of 
 the surrounding monasteries to vengeance against him, 
 The fury with which they issued from their respective 
 cells was incredible ; like the sleeping powder of th$ 
 
268 INFLUENCE OF SOLITUDE 
 
 present age, they burst into immediate conflagration 
 and explosion at the touch of that hand by which they 
 were fired, and directing their heated animosity against 
 the dying Chrysostom, surrounded his house and 
 threatened, that' if he did not immediately depart, they 
 would involve it in flames, and bury him in its ruins. 
 The soldiers of the garrison were called out to protect 
 the life of this virtuous ecclesiastic; and, on their arri- 
 val at the scene of action, very courteously requested 
 the enraged monks to be quiet and depart ; but the re- 
 quest was treated with contempt and defiance ; and it 
 was by the humane resolution of Chrysostom himself 
 that this tumult was quelled; for, rather than the blood 
 of his fellow creatures should be shed on his account, 
 he desired a litter might be procured, into which, in 
 his almost expiring state, he was roughly laid, and, by 
 his departure from the city, escaped the lury which thus 
 assailed his life. It is evident, from these facts, that the 
 irrational solitude of monastic institutions, particularly 
 that which prevailed in the early ages of Christianity 
 in the eastern parts of the converted world, instead of 
 rendering the votaries* of it mild, complacent and hu- 
 mane, filled their minds with the wildest notions, and 
 the most uncharitable and acrimonious passions, and 
 fostered in their hearts the most dangerous and de- 
 structive vices. It is truly said, by a very elegant writer 
 and profound observer of men and manners, that 
 monastic institutions unavoidably contract and fetter 
 the human mind ; that the partial attachment of a monk 
 to the interest of his order, which is often incompatible 
 with that of other citizens, the habit of implicit obedi- 
 ence to the will of a superior, together with the fre- 
 quent return of the wearisome and frivolous duties of 
 the cloister, debase his faculties, and extinguish that 
 generosity of sentiment and spirit which qualifies men 
 for thinking and feeling justly, with respect to what is 
 proper in life and conduct; and that father Paul of 
 Venice was, perhaps, the only person educated in a 
 cloister, that ever was altogether superior to its preju- 
 dices, or who viewed the transactions of men, and rea- 
 soned concerning the interests of society, with the en- 
 larged sentiments of a philosopher, with the discernment 
 of a man conversant in affairs, and with the liberality 
 of a gentleman. Depraved, however, as this order of 
 men has ever been, it was to their prayers and masses 
 that all the princes and potentates of more than half 
 the discovered regions of the earth confided their salva,- 
 
ON THE PASSIONS. 269 
 
 lion, and expected from their intercession, divine favor 
 from the fountain of all goodness and truth. But the 
 fears which these artful and intriguing ecclesiastics 
 raised in the weak or guilty minds of their contempo- 
 raries, instead of being quieted by the conciliatory and 
 comforting doctrines of the gospel of Christ, were con- 
 verted to the purposes of their own sordid avarice, and 
 made subservient to the enjoyment of their vices, and 
 the advancement of their power. They inculcated the 
 notion, that the surest passport to eternal bliss was to 
 overwhelm them with riches, and to indulge them with 
 extraordinary privileges ; and every haughty noble, or 
 despotic sovereign, who was anxious to gratify his own 
 wanton pleasures, and capricious vices, at the expense 
 of his people's prosperity and happiness, endeavored to 
 reconcile himself to his offended God, by bribing these 
 ambitious and greedy monastics to grant them absolu- 
 tion for their deepest crimes. Their history exhibits, 
 in full view, the melancholy truth, that their hearts 
 were corrupted by the worst passions that disgrace hu- 
 manity, and that the discipline of the convent was sel- 
 dom productive of a single virtue. Enthusiasts, indeed, 
 of every description, whose sentiments and feelings 
 are continually at war with the dictates of nature, and 
 who renounce all the pleasing sympathies, gentle endear- 
 ments, kind connexions, and rational enjoyments of 
 life, are not likely to entertain any great anxiety for the 
 interest or happiness of others, or to feel the least com- 
 miseration for their sorrows. Occupied by sordid and 
 selfish pursuits, they must hate and despise a society, to 
 the lively enjoyments of which they look back with 
 such keen regret. When the mind, alas ! has numbed 
 its sense of social joys, and become a stranger to 
 the delightful charms of sweet domestic love ; when 
 all affection for the worJd and its concerns has been 
 studiously expelled from the bosom, and no kind feel- 
 ing or social inclination suffered to fill the vacant heart; 
 when man has separated himself from his species, and 
 has not united his soul with his Creator, he has lost all 
 power of being happy himself, or of communicating 
 happiness to others. 
 
 The bishop exceeded the inferior clergy in every kind 
 of profligacy, as much as in opulence and power ; and, 
 of course, their superintending and visitorial authority 
 was not exerted to lessen or restrain the prevalence of 
 those vices which their evil example contributed so 
 greatly to increase. Time and chance sometimes pro- 
 23* 
 
270 INFLUENCE OF SOLITUDE 
 
 duce extraordinary events; and if a really pious, vigi- 
 lant, ajid austere prelate arose amidst the general disso- 
 luteness of the age, his single effort to reclaim these so- 
 litary ecclesiastics was seldom attended with success. 
 These fathers, indeed, frequently scrutinized with great 
 minuteness into the practices of the convents ; and as 
 they were not so able to detect the guilt of incontinen- 
 cy, as some philosophers of the present age pretend to 
 be, by the lines and features of the face, they proceeded 
 upon evidence less delicate, perhaps, but certainly more 
 demonstrative and unerring. 
 
 The celebrated Boccace has, by his witty and inge- 
 nious tales, very severely satirized the licentiousness 
 and immorality which prevailed during his time in the 
 Italian monasteries ; but, by exposing the scandalous 
 lives, and lashing the vices, of the monks, nuns, and 
 other orders of the Catholic clergy, he has been decried 
 as a contemner of religion, and as an enemy to true 
 piety. Contemporary historians have also delivered the 
 most disgusting accounts of their intemperance and 
 debauchery. The frailty, indeed, of the female monas- 
 tics was even an article of regular taxation ; and the 
 holy father did not disdain to fill his coffers with the 
 price of their impurities. The frail nun, whether she 
 had become immured within a convent, or still resided 
 without its walls, might redeem her lost honor, and be 
 reinstated in her former dignity and virtue, for a few 
 ducats. This scandalous traffic was carried to an ex- 
 tent that soon destroyed all sense of morality, and 
 heightened the hue of vice. Ambrosius, bishop of Ca- 
 madoli, a prelate of extraordinary virtue, visited various 
 convents in his diocess, but, on inspecting their proceed- 
 ings, he found no traces of virtue, or even of decency 
 remaining in any one of them ; nor was he able, with 
 all the sagacity he exercised on the subject, to reinfuse 
 the smallest particle of these qualities into the degene- 
 rated minds of the sisterhood. 
 
 The reform of the nunneries was the first step that 
 distinguished the government of Sextus IV. after he 
 ascended the papaHhrone, at the close of the fifteenth 
 century. Bossus, a celebrated canon, of the strictest 
 principles, and most inflexible disposition, was the agent 
 selected by his holiness for this arduous achievement. 
 The Genoese convents, where the nuns lived in open 
 defiance of all the rules of decency and precepts of re- 
 ligion, were the first objects of his attention. The 
 orations which he publicly uttered from the pulpit, as 
 
ON THE PASSIONS. 271 
 
 well as the private lectures and exhortations which he 
 delivered to the nuns from the confessional chair, were 
 fine models, not only of his zeal and probity, but of his 
 literature and eloquence. They breathed, in the most 
 impressive manner, the true spirit of Christian purity ; 
 but his glowing representations of the bright beauties 
 of virtue, and the dark deformities of vice made little 
 impression upon their corrupt hearts. Despising tha 
 open calumnies of the envious, and the secret hostilities 
 of the guilty, he proceeded, in spite of all discourage- 
 ment and opposition, in his highly honorable pursuit ; 
 and at length, by his wisdom and assiduity, beheld the 
 fairest prospects of success daily opening to his view. 
 The rays of hope, however, had scarcely beamed upon 
 his endeavors, when they were immediately overcloud- 
 ed by disappointment. The arm of magistracy, which 
 he had wisely called upmi to aid the accomplishment of 
 his design, was enervated by the venality of its hand ; 
 and the incorrigible objects of his solicitude having 
 freed themselves by bribery from the terror of the civil 
 power, contemned the reformer's denunciation of eter- 
 nal vengeance hereafter, and relapsed into their former 
 licentiousness and depravity. A few, indeed, among 
 the great number of nuns who inhabited these guilty 
 convents, were converted by the force of his eloquent 
 remonstrances, and became afterward highly exem- 
 plary by the virtue and piety of their lives ;lmtthe rest 
 abandoned themselves to their impious courses ; and 
 though more vigorous methods were, in a short time, 
 adopted against the refractory monastics, they set all 
 attempts to reform them at defiance. The modes, per- 
 haps, in which their vices were indulged, changed with 
 the character of the age ; and as manners grew more 
 refined, the gross and shameful indulgences of the 
 monks and nuns were changed into a more elegant and 
 decent style of enjoyment. Fashion might render them 
 more prudent and reserved in their intrigues; but their 
 
 {mssions were not less vicious, nor their dispositions 
 ess corrupt. 
 
 The disorderly manners of these solitary devotees 
 were among the principal causes that produced the re- 
 formation. There is a point beyond which even de- 
 pravity cannot go in corrupting the manners of the age. 
 The number and power of the monastics, or, as they 
 were at that time called, the regular clergy, was cer- 
 tainly great, and their resistance to the approaches of 
 reformation obstinate j but the temper of the times had 
 
272 INFLUENCE OF SOLITUDE 
 
 changed, and the glorious and beneficial event was at 
 length accomplished. The Catholics viewed the dis- 
 memberment of their church as a fatal stroke to their 
 interest and power; but it has since been confessed, by 
 every candid and rational member of this communion 
 to be an event which has contributed to advance morals 
 to a higher degree of perfection than they had ever be- 
 fore attained since the introduction of Christianity, and 
 to restore the discipline of the church to some portion 
 of its original purity. 
 
 The pure spirit of the gospel of Christ breathes forth 
 a holy religion, founded on meekness, charity, kindness, 
 and brotherly love ; but fanaticism, when joined to a 
 systematic and irrational solitude, only produces the 
 rank and poisonous fruits we have already described. 
 The trivial, querulous, and intolerant superstitions, 
 which, during so many ages,«eclipsed the reason and 
 morals of mankind, and obscured, in clouds of lust 
 and cruelty, the bright rays of evangelical truth, were 
 the sad effects of irrational solitude" The best affec- 
 tions of nature were perverted or suppressed ; all the 
 gentle offices of humanity were neglected ; moral sen- 
 timents despised ; and the angel voice of piety unheard, 
 or converted into the violent vociferations of hatred, 
 and the cries of persecution. The loud clangors of 
 pretended orthodoxy resounded with sanguinary hosti- 
 lities from shore to shore ; the earth was~deluged with 
 the blood of those who dared to deny, or even to doubt 
 the absurd and idle dogmas which the monks every 
 where invented : and their horrid barbarities were at- 
 tempted to be justified by propagating the notion that 
 severity with heretics was the only mode of preserving 
 the true faith. Oh ! how blind is human folly ! How 
 obdurate are hearts vitiated by pride ! How can that 
 be the true faith which tears asunder every social tie ; 
 annihilates all the feelings of nature ; places cruelty and 
 horror on the throne of humanity and love, and scat- 
 ters ferocious fury and insatiable hatred through the 
 paths of life? But we may now indulge a pleasing 
 hope, that the period is at hand, when the sacred temple 
 of religion, purified by the labors of learned and truly 
 pious men, from the foul stains with which fanaticism 
 and ambition have so long defaced it, shall be restored 
 to its own divine simplicity ; and only the voice of gen- 
 tleness, of love, of peace of virtue, and of goodness, be 
 heard within its walls. Then will every Christian be 
 truly taught the only means by which his days may be 
 
O.N THE PASSIONS. 273 
 
 useful and his life happy; and Catholics, Lutherans, 
 Calvinists, Protestants, and every really religious class 
 of men, will unite in acts of sincere benevolence and 
 universal peace. No austere, gloomy, and dispiriting 
 duties: no irrational penances and unnatural mortifica- 
 tion, will be enjoined; no intolerant cruelties be inflict- 
 ed ; no unsocial institutions established; no rites of 
 solitary selfishness be required ; but reason and religion 
 in divine perfection, will reassume their reign ; and un- 
 affected and sincere devotion will occupy every mind ; 
 the Almighty will be worshipped in spirit and in truth: 
 and we shall be convinced that "the wicked are like 
 the troubled sea when it cannot rest; but that the work 
 of righteousness is peace, and the effect of righteous- 
 ness, quietude and assurance for ever." To effect this, 
 a rational retirement from the tumults of the world 
 will be occasionally necessary, in order to commune 
 with our own hearts, and be still, and to dispose our 
 minds to such a train of thinking, as shall prepareus, 
 when the giddy whirl of life is finished for the society 
 of more exalted spirits. 
 
 Oh ! would mankind but make fair truth their guide, 
 
 And force the helm from prejudice and pride, 
 
 Were once these maxims fix'd, that God's our friend, 
 
 Virtue our good, end happiness our end, 
 
 How soon must reason o'er the world prevail, 
 
 And error, fraud and superstition fail ! 
 
 None would hereafter, then, with groundless fear, 
 
 Describe th' Almighty cruel and severe; 
 
 Predestinating some, without pretence, 
 
 To heaven ; and some to hell, for no offence ; 
 
 Inflicting endless pains for transient crimes, 
 
 And favoring sects or nations, men or times. 
 
 To please him, none would foolishly forbear, 
 
 Or food, or rest, or itch in shirts of hair : 
 
 Or deem it merit to believe, or teach, 
 
 What reason contradicts or cannot reach. 
 
 None would fierce zeal for piety mistake, 
 
 Or malice, for whatever tenet's sake ; 
 
 Or think salvation to one sect connn'd, 
 
 And heaven too narrow to contain mankind. 
 
 No more would brutal rage disturb our peace, 
 
 But envy, hatred, war, and discord cease ; 
 
 Our own and others' good each hour employ, 
 
 And all things smile with universal joy ; 
 
 Fair virtue then, with pure religion join'd, 
 
 Would regulate and bless the human mind, 
 
 And man be what his Maker first design'd. 
 
0,74 DANGER OF IDLENESS 
 
 CHAPTER VII. 
 
 Of the danger of idleness in solitude. 
 
 Idleness is truly said to be the root of all evil ; and 
 solitude certainly encourages in the generality of its vo- 
 taries this baneful disposition. Nature has so framed 
 the character of man, that his happiness essentially de- 
 pends on his passions being properly interested, his 
 imagination busied, and his faculties employed; but 
 these engagements are seldom found in the vacant 
 scenes and tedious hours of retirement from the world, 
 except by those who have acquired the great and happy 
 art of furnishing their own amusements; an art which, 
 as we have already shown, can never be learnt in the 
 irrational solitude of caves and cells. 
 
 The idleness which solitude is so apt to induce, is 
 dangerous in proportion to the natural strength, activity, 
 and spirit of the mind ; for it is observed, that the high- 
 est characters are frequently goaded by that restless- 
 ness which accompanies leisure, to acts of the wildest 
 outrage and greatest enormity. The ancient legisla- 
 tors were so conscious that indolence, whether indulged 
 in solitude or in society, is the nurse of civil commo- 
 tion, and the chief instigator of moral turpitude, that 
 they wisely framed their laws to prevent its existence. 
 Solon, observing that the city was filled with persons 
 who assembled from all parts on account of the great 
 security in which the people lived in Attica, that the 
 country withal was poor "and barren, and being con- 
 scious that merchants, who traffic by sea, do not use to 
 transport their goods where they can have nothing in 
 exchange, turned the attention of the citizens to manu- 
 factures ; and for this purpose made a law, that he who 
 was three times convicted of idleness, should be deem- 
 ed infamous ; that no son should be obliged to main- 
 tain his father if he had not taught him a trade; 
 that trade should be accounted honorable ; and that the 
 council of the Areopagus should examine into every 
 man's means of living, and chastise the idle with the 
 greatest severity. Draco conceived it so necessary to 
 prevent the prevalence of a vice to which man is by 
 nature prone, and which is so destructive to his charac- 
 ter, and ruinous to his maimers, that he punished idle- 
 ness with death. The tyrant Pisistratus, as Theophras- 
 lus relates, was so convinced of the importance of pre- 
 
tti SOLITUDE 215 
 
 venting idleness among- his subjects, that he made a 
 law against it, which produced at once industry in the 
 country, and tranquillity iri the city. Pericles, who, in 
 order to relieve Athens from a number of lazy Citizens, 
 whose lives were neither employed in virtuous actions, 
 nor guarded from guilt by habits of industry, planted 
 colonies in Chersonesus, Naxos, Andros, Thrace, and. 
 even in Italy, and sent them thither ; for this sagacious 
 statesman saw the danger of indulging this growing 
 vice, and wisely took precautions to prevent it. Nothing- 
 indeed, contributes more essentially to the tranquillity 
 of a nation, and to the peaceful demeanor of its inhabi- 
 tants, than those artificial wants which luxury intro- 
 duces ; for, by creating a demand for the fashionable 
 articles, they engage the attention, and employ the 
 hands of a multitude of manufacturers and artificers, 
 who, if they were left in that restless indolence which 
 the want of work creates, would certainly be unhappy 
 themselves, and in all probability would be fomenting 
 mischief in the minds of others. To suspend only for 
 one week, the vast multitudes that are employed in the 
 several mechanical trades and manufactories in Great 
 Britain, would be to run the risk of involving the me- 
 tropolis of that great, flourishing, and powerful country, 
 once more in flames ; for it would be converting the 
 populace into an aptly disposed train of combustible 
 matter, which being kindled by the least spark of acci- 
 dental enthusiasm, by the heat of political faction, or, 
 indeed, by their own internal fermentation, would ex- 
 plode into the most flagrant enormities. Nature, it is 
 said, abhors a vacuum ; and this old peripatetic princi- 
 ple may be properly applied to the intellect, which will 
 embrace any thing, however absurd or criminal, rather 
 than be wholly without an object. The same author 
 also observes, that every man may date the predomi- 
 nance of those desires that disturb his life, and con- 
 taminate his conscience, from some unhappy hour when 
 too much leisure exposed him to their incursions ; for 
 that he has lived with little observation, either on him- 
 self or others, wh© does not know that to be idle is to 
 be vicious. "Many writers of eminence in physic," 
 continues this eminent writer, whose works not only 
 disclose his general acquaintance with life and manners, 
 but a profound knowledge of human nature, "have 
 laid out their diligence upon the consideration of those 
 distempers to which men are exposed by particular 
 states of life ; and very learned treatises have been pro- 
 
27Q DANGER OF IDLENESS 
 
 duced upon the maladies of the camp, the sea, and th© 
 mines. There are, indeed, few employments which a 
 man accustomed to academical inquiries and medical 
 refinements, would not find reason for declining, as 
 dangerous to health, did not his learning or experience 
 inform him, that almost every occupation, however in- 
 convenient or formidable, is happier and safer than a 
 life of sloth. The necessity of action is not only de- 
 monstrable from the fabric of the body, but evident 
 from observation of the universal practice of mankind j 
 who for the preservation of health in those whose rank 
 or wealth exempts them from the necessity of lucra- 
 tive labors, have invented sports and diversions, though 
 not of equal use to the world with manual trades, yet 
 of equal fatigue to those who practice them, and differ- 
 ing only from the drudgery of the husbandman or 
 manufacturer, as they are acts of choice, and therefore 
 performed without the painful sense of compulsion. 
 The huntsman rises early, pursues his game through 
 all the dangers and obstructions of the chase, swims 
 rivers, and scales precipices, till he returns home, no 
 less harassed than the soldier, and has, perhaps, some- 
 times incurred as great hazard of wounds and death ; 
 yet he has no motive to excite his ardor ; he is neither 
 subject to the command of a general, nor dreads the 
 penalties of neglect or disobedience: he has neither 
 profits nor honors to expect from his perils and con- 
 quests : but acts with the hope of mural or civic gar- 
 lands, and must content himself with the praise of his 
 tenants and companions. But such is the constitution 
 of man, that labor is its own reward; nor will any ex- 
 ternal incitements be requisite, if it be considered how 
 much happiness is gained, and how much misery 
 escaped, by frequent and violent agitation of the body. 
 Ease is the most that can be hoped from a sedentary 
 and inactive habit ; but ease is a mere neutral state, be- 
 tween pain and pleasure. The dance of spirits, the 
 bound of vigor, readiness of enterprise, and defiance of fa- 
 tigue, are reserved for him th at braces his nerves, and har- 
 dens his fibres.; that keeps his limbs pliant with motion ; 
 and, by frequent exposure fortifies his frame against the 
 common accidents of cold and heat. With ease, how- 
 ever, if it could be secured, many would be content ; 
 but nothing terrestrial can be kept at a stand. Ease, if 
 it is not rising into pleasure, will be settling into pain ; 
 and whatever hopes the dreams of speculation may- 
 suggest, of observing the proportion between retirement 
 
tH SOLITUDE,, 27 1 
 
 and labor, and keeping the body in a healthy state by 
 supplies exactly equal to its weight, we know that, is 
 effect, the vital powers, unexcited by motion, grow gra- 
 dually languid, decay, and die. It is necessary to that 
 perfection of which our present state is capable, that 
 the mind and body should both be kept in action • that 
 neither the faculties of the one nor the other should be 
 suffered to grow lax or torpid for want of use ; that 
 neither health can be purchased by voluntary submis- 
 sion to ignorance, nor knowledge cultivated at the ex- 
 pense of that health, which must enable it either to 
 give pleasure to its possessor, or assistance to others. 
 It is too frequently the pride of students, to despise 
 those amusements which give to the rest of mankind 
 strength of limbs and cheerfulness of heart. Solitude 
 and contemplation are, indeed, seldom consistent with 
 such skill in common exercises or sports, as is necessa- 
 ry to make them practised with delight; and no man is 
 willing to do that of which the necessity is not press- 
 ing, when he knows that his awkwardness but makes 
 him ridiculous. I have always admired the wisdom of 
 those by whom our female education was instituted, 
 for having contrived that all women, of whatever con- 
 dition, should be taught some arts of manufacture, by 
 which the vacuities of recluse and domestic leisure 
 may be filled up. These arts are more necessary, as 
 the weakness of their sex, and the general system of 
 life, debar ladies from many enjoyments, which, by di- 
 versifying the circumstances of men, preserve them 
 from being cankered by the rust of their own thoughts. 
 I know not how much of the virtue and happiness of 
 the world may be the consequence of this judicious re- 
 gulation. Perhaps the most powerful fancy might be / 
 unable to figure the confusion and slaughter that would V 
 be produced by so many piercing eyes and vivid under- 
 standings, turned loose upon mankind, with no other 
 business than to sparkle and intrigue, to perplex and 
 destroy. For my own part, whenever chance brings 
 within my observation a knot of misses busy at their 
 needles, I consider myself as in the school of virtue ; 
 and though I have no extraordinary skill in plain work, 
 or embroidery, look upon their operations with as much 
 satisfaction as their governess, because I regard them 
 as providing a security against, the most dangerous en- 
 snarers of the soul, by enabling them to exclude idle- 
 ness from their solitary moments, and with idleness, 
 her attendant train of passions, fancies, chimeras, fears, 
 24 
 
278 DANGER OF IDLENESS &6i 
 
 sorrows, and desires. Ovid and Cervantes will inform 
 them that love fcftis no power but on those whom he 
 catches unemployed : and Hector, in the Iliad, when 
 he sees Andromache overwhelmed with tears, sends 
 her for consolation to the loom and the distaff. Certain 
 it is, that wild wishes, and vain imaginations, never 
 take such firm possession of the mind, as when it is 
 found empty and unemployed." 
 
 Idleness, indeed, Was the spreading root from which 
 all the vices and crimes of the oriental nuns so luxuri- 
 antly branched. Few of them had any taste for science, 
 or were enabled by the habits either of reflection, or 
 industry to charm away the tediousness of solitude, or 
 to relieve that weariness which must necessarily ac- 
 company their abstracted situation. The talents with 
 which nature had endowed them were uncultivated ; 
 the glimmering lights of reason were obscured by a 
 blind and headlong zeal ; and their temper soured by 
 the circumstances of their forlorn conditions. Certain 
 it is, that the only means of avoiding unhappiness and 
 misery in solitude, and perhaps in society also, is to 
 keep the mind continually engaged in, or occupied by, 
 some laudable pursuit. The earliest professors of a 
 life of solitude, although they removed themselves 
 far from the haunts of men, among " caverns deep and 
 deserts idle," where nature denied her sons the most 
 common of her blessings, employed themselves in en- 
 deavoring to cultivate the rude and barren soil during 
 those intervals in which they were not occupied in the 
 ordinary labors of religion ; and even those whose ex- 
 traordinary sanctity confined them the whole day in 
 their cells, found the necessity of filling up their leisure, 
 by exercising the manual arts for which they were re- 
 spectively suited. The rules, indeed, which were ori-^ 
 ginally established in most of the convents, ordained 
 that the time and attention of a monk should never be 
 for a moment vacant or unemployed : but this excellent 
 precept was soon rendered obsolete ; and the sad con- 
 sequences which resulted from its non-observance, we 
 have already, in some degree, described. 
 
CONCLUSION. 279 
 
 CHAPTER VIII. 
 
 Conclusion. 
 
 The anxiety with which I have endeavored to de- 
 scribe the advantages and the disadvantages which, 
 under particular circumstances, and in particular situa- 
 tions, are likely to be experienced by those who devote 
 themselves to solitary retirement, may perhaps, occa- 
 sion me to be viewed by some as its romantic panegy- 
 rist, and by others as its uncandid censor. I shall 
 therefore endeavor, in this concluding chapter, to pre- 
 vent a misconstruction of my opinion, by explicitly de- 
 claring the inferences which ought, in fairness, to be 
 drawn from what I have said. 
 
 The advocates for a life of uninterrupted society will, 
 in all probability, accuse me of being a morose and 
 gloomy philosopher ; an inveterate enemy to social in- 
 tercourse; who, by recommending a melancholy and 
 sullen seclusion, and interdicting mankind from enjoy- 
 ing the pleasures of life, would sour their tempers, sub- 
 due their affections, annihilate the best feelings of the 
 heart, pervert the noble faculty of reason, and thereby 
 once more plunge the world into that dark abyss of bar- 
 barism, from which it has been so happily rescued by 
 the establishment and civilization of society. 
 
 The advocates for a life of continual solitude will 
 most probably, on the other hand, accuse me of a de- 
 sign to deprive the species of one of the most pleasing 
 and satisfactory delights, by exciting an unjust antipa- 
 thy, raising an unfounded alarm, depreciating the uses, 
 and aggravating the abuses, of solitude ; and by these 
 means endeavoring to encourage that spirit of licen- 
 tiousness and dissipation which so strongly mark 
 the degeneracy, and tend to promote the vices of 
 the age. 
 
 The respective advocates for these opinions, however, 
 equally mistake the intent and view I had in composing 
 this treatise. I do sincerely assure them, that it was 
 very far from my intention to cause a relaxation of the 
 exercise of any of the civil duties of life; to impair in 
 any degree, the social dispositions of the human heart ; 
 to lessen any inclination to rational retirement : or to 
 prevent the beneficent practice of self-communion^ 
 which solitude is best calculated to promote. The fine 
 and generous philanthropy of that mind which, enter- 
 
280 CONCLUSION. 
 
 iaining notions of universal benevolence, seeks to feel 
 a love lor, and to promote the good of, the whole hu- 
 man race, can never be injured by an attachment to 
 domestic pleasures, or by cultivating the soft and gen- 
 tle affections which are only to be found in the small 
 circles of private life, and can never be truly enjoyed, 
 except in the bosom of love, or the arms of friendship : 
 nor will an occasional and rational retirement from 
 the tumults of the world lessen any of the noble sym- 
 pathies of the human heart: but on the contrary, by 
 enlarging those ideas and feelings which have sprung 
 from the connexions and dependencies which its votary 
 may have formed with individuals, and by generaliz- 
 ing his particular interests and concerns, may enable 
 him to extend the social principle and increase the cir- 
 cle of his benevolence. 
 
 God loves from whole to parts ; but human soul 
 Must rise from individual to whole. 
 Self love but serves the virtuous mind to wake, 
 As the small pebble stirs the peaceful lake ; 
 The centre moF'd, a circle straight succeeds; 
 Another still, and still another spreads ; 
 Friend, parent, neighbor, first it will embrace ; 
 His country next : and next, all human race. 
 
 The chief design of this work was, to exhibit the ne- 
 cessity of combining the uses of solitude with those of 
 society ; to show, in the strongest light, the advantages 
 they may mutually derive from each other ; to convince 
 mankind of the danger of running into either extreme ; 
 to teach the advocate for uninterrupted society, how 
 highly all the social virtues may be improved, and its 
 vices easily abandoned, by habits of solitary abstrac- 
 tion ; and the advocate for continual solitude, how 
 much that indocility and arrogance of character which 
 is contracted by a total absence from the world, may 
 be corrected by the urbanity of society, and by the 
 company and conversation of the learned and polite. 
 
 Petrarch, while in the prime of life, and amidst the 
 happiest exertions of his extraordinary genius, quitted 
 all the seducing charms of society, and retired from 
 love and Avignon, to indulge his mind in literary pur- 
 suits, and to relieve his heart from the unfortunate pas- 
 sion by which it was enthralled. No situation, he con- 
 ceived, was so favorable for these purposes as the high- 
 ly romantic and delightful solitude of Vaucluse. It was 
 situated within view of the Mediterranean sea, in a lit- 
 tle valley, inclosed by a semicircular barrier of rocks ? 
 
 
CONCLUSION. 281 
 
 on a plain as beautiful as the vale of Terape. The 
 rocks were high, bold, and grotesque ; and the valley 
 was divided by a river, along the banks of which were 
 meadows and pastures of a perpetual verdure. A path 
 on the left side of the river, led, by gentle windings, to 
 the head of this vast amphitheatre. At the foot of the 
 highest rock, and directly in front of the valley, was a 
 prodigious cavern, hollowed by the hand of nature, from 
 whence arose a spring almost as celebrated as that of 
 Helicon. The gloom of the cavern, which was accessi- 
 ble when the waters were low, was tremendous. It 
 consisted of two excavations ; the one forming an arch 
 of sixty feet high ; and the other, which was within, of 
 thirty feet. In the centre of this subterraneous rock 
 was an oval basin, of one hundred and eight feet dia- 
 meter, into which that copious stream which forms the 
 river Sorgia rises silently, without even a jet or bubble. 
 The depth of this basin has eluded all attempts to fa- 
 thom it. In this charming retreat, while he vainly en- 
 deavored, during a period of twenty years, to forget, he 
 enabled himself to endure the absence of his beJoved 
 Laura, and to compare, with the highest satisfaction, 
 the pure pleasures of rural retirement with the false 
 joys of a vicious and corrupted court, the manners and 
 principles of which, indeed, he had always had good 
 sense enough to discover and despise. But this soli- 
 tude, with all its charms, could not at length prevent 
 him from returning to the more splendid and busy 
 scenes of public life. The advantages he had derived 
 from a retreat of twenty years, would, he conceived, 
 enable him to mix with the world without the danger 
 of being corrupted by its vices; and after reasoning 
 with himself for some time in this way, he suddenly 
 abandoned the peaceful privacy of Vaucluse, and preci- 
 pitated himself into the gayest and most active scenes 
 of a luxurious city. The inhabitants of Avignon were 
 amazed to behold the hermit of Vaucluse, the tender 
 fugitive from love, the philosophic contemner of society, 
 who could scarcely exist, except in the midst of roman- 
 tic rocks and flowery forests, shining all at once the 
 bright star of the fashionable hemisphere, and the 
 choice spirit of every private and public entertainment. 
 
 Wer'e sadly ignorant, when we hope to find 
 In shades a med'cine for a troubled mind ; 
 Wan grief will haunt us wheresoe'er we go, 
 Sigh in the breeze, and in the streamlet flow: 
 There pale inaction pines his life away, 
 And satiate, curses the return of day ; 
 24* 
 
28% CONCLUSION. 
 
 There love, insatiate, ragas wild with pain, 
 Endures the blast, or plunges in the main • 
 There superstition broods o'er all her fears 
 And yells of demons in the zephyr hears 
 He who a hermit is resolv'd to dwell, 
 And bids a social life a long farewell, 
 Is impious 
 
 It has already been observed, upon the authority of a 
 very accurate and profound observer of nature, that a 
 very extraordinary temperament of mind and constitu- 
 tion of body are required to sustain, with tranquillity 
 and endurance, the various fatigues of continued soli- 
 tude ; and certain it is, that a human creature who is 
 constantly pent up in seclusion, must, if he be not of a 
 very exalted character, soon become melancholy and 
 miserable. Happiness, like every other valuable quality, 
 cannot be completely possessed, without encountering 
 many dangers, and conquering many difficulties. The 
 prize is great, but the task is arduous. A healthy body, 
 and vigorous mind, are as essentially necessary to the 
 enterprise, as equal courage and fortitude are to its suc- 
 cess. The bold adventurer, who, destitute of these re- 
 sources, quits the bays and harbors of society, shallow, 
 rocky, and dangerous, as they undoubtedly are, and 
 commits himself to the wild and expansive sea of soli- 
 tude, will sink into its deep and disastrous bed without 
 a hold to save him from destruction. The few instan- 
 ces we have already given, to which many more might 
 easily be added, furnish unequivocal testimony of the 
 truth of this grand precept, it is not good for man to be 
 alone: which was given by the great Author of nature, 
 and imprinted in characters sufficiently legible on the 
 human heart. 
 
 God never made a solitary man : 
 
 'T would jar the concord of his general plan. 
 
 Should man through nature solitary roam, 
 
 His will his sovereign, every where his home, 
 
 What force would guard him from the lion's jaw ? 
 
 What swiftness save him from the panther's paw ? 
 
 Or should fate lead him to some safer shore, 
 
 Where panthers never prowl, nor lions roar', 
 
 Where liberal nature all her charms bestows, 
 
 Suns shine, birds sing, flowers bloom, and water flows, 
 
 Still discontented, though such glories shone 
 
 He'd sigh and murmur to be there alone. 
 
 Content cannot be procured, except by social inter- 
 course, or a judicious communion with those whom 
 congenial tastes, and similar talent and dispositions, 
 
'CONCLUSION. 283 
 
 point out for our companions. The civilization of man, 
 from whence the species derive such happy consequen- 
 ces, results entirely from a proper management of the 
 social principles ; even the source of his support, the 
 melioration of the otherwise rude and unprofitable 
 earth, can only be attained by social combination. How 
 erroneous a notion, therefore, must the minds of those 
 men have formed of " their being's end and aim,'* and 
 how strong must their antipathies to the species be, who 
 like a certain celebrated French hermit, would choose 
 a station among the craters of Vesuvius, as a place which 
 afforded them greater security than the society of man- 
 kind J The idea of being able to produce our own hap- 
 piness from the stores of amusement and delight which 
 we ourselves may possess, independently of all com- 
 munication with, or assistance from others, is certainly 
 extremely flattering to the natural pride of man ; but 
 even if this were possible, and that a solitary enthusiast 
 could work up his feelings to a higher and more lasting 
 degree of felicity, than an active inhabitant of the world, 
 amid all its seducing vices and enchanting follies, is ca- 
 pable of enjoying, it would not follow that society is not 
 the province of all those whom peculiar circumstances 
 have not unfitted for its duties and enjoyments. It is, 
 indeed, a false and deceitful notion, that a purer stream 
 of happiness is to be found in the delightful bowers of 
 solitude than in the busy walks of men. Neither of 
 Ihese stations enjoy exclusively this envied stream: for 
 it flows along the vale of peace, which lies between the 
 two extremes ; and those who follow it with a steady 
 pace, without deviating too widely from its brink on 
 either side, will reach its source, and taste it at its 
 spring. But devious, to a certain degree, must be the 
 walk; for the enjoyments of life are best attained by 
 being 1 varied with judgment and discretion. The finest 
 joys grow nauseous to the taste when the cup of plea- 
 sure is drained to its dregs. The highest delight loses 
 its attraction by too frequent recurrence. It is only by 
 a proper mixture and combination of the pleasures of 
 soeiety with those of solitude, of the gay and lively re- 
 creations of the world with the serene and tranquil sa- 
 tisfactions of retirement, that we can enjoy each in its 
 highest relish. Life is intolerable without society ; and 
 society loses half its charms by being too eagerly and 
 constantly pursued. Society, indeed, by bringing men 
 of congenial minds and similar dispositions together, 
 uniting them by a community of pursuits, and a reci- 
 
284 CONCLUSION. 
 
 procal sympathy of interests, may greatly assist the 
 cause of truth and virtue, by advancing: the means of 
 human knowledge and multiplying the ties of human 
 affections ; and so far as the festive board, the lively 
 dance, the brilliant coterie, and other elegant and fa- 
 shionable pastimes, contribute to these ends, they are 
 truly valuable, and deserve, not only encouragement, 
 but approbation. On this principle, the various clubs 
 which are formed by artizans, and other inferior orders 
 in society, ought to be respected. The mind, in order 
 to preserve its useful activity and proper tone, must be 
 occasionally relaxed, which cannot be so beneficially 
 effected as by means of associations founded on the 
 pursuit of common pleasure. A friendly meeting, or a 
 social entertainment, exhilarates the spirits, exercises 
 the faculties of the mind ; calls forth the feelings of the 
 heart, and creates, when properly formed and indulged, 
 a reciprocity of kindness, confidence, and esteem. It 
 softens the severity of virtue, while it strengthens and 
 enforces its effects. I therefore sincerely exhort my 
 disciples not to absent themselves morosely from public 
 places, nor to avoid the social throng ; which cannot 
 fail to afford to judicious, rational, and feeling minds, 
 many subjects both of amusement and instruction. It 
 is true, that we cannot relish the pleasures, and taste 
 the advantages of society, without being able to give a 
 patient hearing to the tongue of folly, to excuseerror, 
 to bear with infirmity, to view mediocrity of talents 
 without scorn, and illiberality of sentiment without re- 
 tort ; to indulge frivolity of behavior, and even to for- 
 give rudeness of manners : but the performance of 
 these conditions meets with its own reward ; for it is 
 scarcely credible, how very much our own tempers and 
 dispositions are meliorated, and our understandings im- 
 proved, by bearing with the different tempers, and hu- 
 moring the perverse dispositions of others; we experi- 
 ence by such a conduct the high delight of pleasing 
 others, and the great advantage of improving our^- 
 selves. 
 
 Delightful, however, as social pleasures naturally are 
 to the human mind ; necessary as they certainly are, 
 under proper regulations, to the preservation of the 
 spirits ; and beneficial as they may undoubtedly be ren- 
 dered, by judicious choice and wise reflection,"it is not 
 every person who withdraws himself from the highlv 
 colored scenes of public life, to the shades of privacy 
 and retirement, that deserves the imputation generally 
 
CONCLUSION. 285 
 
 cast on such characters, of being- inclined to sullenness 
 and misanthropy.. There are many who seek the re- 
 treats of solitude, for the very purpose of rendering 
 their efforts more useful to society ; many who relin- 
 quish the endearments of private friendship, and the 
 applauses of public approbation, only the more nobly to 
 deserve them ; and many, whose souls are so bitterly 
 tormented by the anguish of misfortune, and the sick- 
 ness of sorrow, that they find no relief from society, and 
 reeede from its scenes to avoid giving disturbance to 
 that gayety which they are incapable of enjoying, and 
 to prevent their fractious feelings from molesting any 
 but themselves. There are others who retire from the 
 world to pursue objects the most glorious to the indivi- 
 dual, and most useful to mankind ; the attainment of 
 which can only be hoped for from the advantages which 
 solitude affords. Glowing with a sublime and gene- 
 rous spirit, they sacrifice the joys of life, the charms of 
 society, and even the advantages of health, to show 
 their attachment to the species ; and, immured from 
 the sight of this world, toil, with indefatigable industry, 
 for its benefit, without expecting any other reward than 
 the satisfaction resulting from the sense of having pro- 
 moted the interest, and advanced the happiness of their 
 fellow creatures. So also. 
 
 Safe reflection, bent with years; 
 Conscious virtue, void of tears ; 
 Muflled silence, wood-nymph shy; 
 Meditation's piercing -eye ; 
 Halcyon peace on moss reclin'd ; 
 Retrospect, that sears the mind; 
 Rapt, earth-gazing reverie; 
 Blushing, artless modesty ; 
 Health, that snuffs -the morning air; 
 Full-eyd truth, with bosom bare; 
 Inspiration, nature's child, 
 Seek the solitary wild. 
 
 The state of the mind, if properly consulted, will dis- 
 cover whether solitude may be safely indulged. The 
 bosom that, amidst the gay delights and luxurious plea- 
 sures of the world, feels a rising discontent and unea- 
 siness, may try the retreats of solitude without danger : 
 and if, after a certain period, an attachment to its mild 
 ;and tranquil scenes continues, and 1he heart enjoys tha* 
 quietude "and content which it before so vainly wished 
 to experience, society may be advantageously relin- 
 quished. The patient may, under such circumstances 
 safely indulge the natural inclinations of the mind, and 
 
286 CONCLUSION. 
 
 gratify the habitual feelings of his heart : he may then 
 exclaim in the language of the poet, 
 
 " Oh ! snatch me swift from those tumultuous scenes, 
 
 To lonely groves and sweetly verdant greens, 
 
 To where religion, peace, and comfort dwell, 
 
 And cheer with heavenly rays the lonely cell : 
 
 To where no ruffling winds, no raging seas, 
 
 Disturb the mind amidst its pensive case : 
 
 Each passion calm ; where mild affections shine, 
 
 The soul-enjoying quietude divine : 
 
 Unknown in private or ir> public strife, 
 
 Soft sailing down the placid stream of life : 
 
 Aw'd by no terrors, by no cares perplex'd j 
 
 My life a gentle passage to the next." 
 
 But when that delightful tranquillity of mind, which 
 an excess of social pleasure has impaired or destroyed, 
 is not restored to its original purity by the uninterrupt- 
 ed quietude of seclusion, it may fairly be concluded, 
 that there is some natural and constitutional defect, 
 that defeats the remedy, and prevents the soul from 
 tasting that serenity which is so essential to the enjoy- 
 ment of human happiness. Under such circumstances 
 it is dangerous to indulge the pleasures of solitude; the 
 sufferer should fly back to society ; cultivate the duties 
 of active life, and solicit, with temperate indulgence, 
 its more agreeable enjoyments. For, although the 
 pleasures aud occupations of the world cannot eradi- 
 cate this species of intellectual disease, they may, by 
 being judiciously followed, suspend its progress, and 
 alleviate its pangs. That case must always be despe- 
 rate, when the antidote is too weak to reach the poison, 
 or to counteract its operation. A pious resignation to 
 his fate can alone afford relief. 
 
 " Oh .' as it pleases thee, thou Power Supreme, 
 To drive my bark thro' life's more rapid stream, 
 If lowering storms my destin'd course attend, 
 And ocean rage 'til this black voyage shall end, 
 Let ocean rage, and storms indignant roar, 
 I bow submissive and resign'd adore : 
 Resign'd ado-re, in various changes tri'd j 
 Thy own lov'd Son my anchor and my guide: 
 Resign'd adore, whate'erthy will decree; 
 My faith in Jesus, and my hope in Thee ; 
 And humbly wait 'til, through a sea of woes, 
 I reach the wish'd-for harhor of repose." 
 
 There are, however, circumstances under which it is 
 absolutely necessary to retire from the world, in order 
 to avoid the recurrence of sentiments and feelings that 
 
conclusion. 287 
 
 are'pregnant with unhappiness. To a mind that feels 
 unconquerable disgust of the manners and maxims of 
 a world which it cannot reform; to a heart that turns 
 with horror from the various sights the world exhibits 
 of human wo, which he is incapable of relieving ; to a 
 bosom that is stung by the various vices which he can- 
 not prevent or restrain, and which are hourly practised 
 among the sons of men, retirement becomes an obliga- 
 tion which the justice that every good man owes to his 
 own felicity demands. The impulse of solitude may in 
 such cases be conscientiously indulged, in the firmest 
 confidence of its rectitude. It is a retreat necessary to 
 the preservation, not only of happiness but of virtue ; 
 and the world itself may be benefited by its effects. Re- 
 moved from the sad scenes of inactivity, wretchedness, 
 and guilt, the tender feelings of pity are regulated with 
 composure; the mind views its own operations with 
 nicer discrimination ; the high sense of virtue is ren- 
 dered less indignant ; and the hatred against vice more 
 temperate and discerning. The violent emotions which 
 created the disgusting pain gently subside ; and as our 
 reflections on the condition of human nature prevail, 
 the soul feels how incumbent it is to endeavor to bear 
 with the follies, to alleviate the miseries, and to reform 
 the vices of mankind ; while the leisure and quietude 
 which solitude affords, enables a man, who has thus re- 
 tired, to point out the most likely means of accomplish- 
 ing the ends which his lonely meditation, and philan- 
 thropic feelings, have generally inspired, 
 
 " With aspect mild, and elevated eye, 
 
 Behold him seated on a mount serene, 
 
 Above the fogs of sense, and passion's storm. 
 
 All the black cares and tumults of this life, 
 
 Like harmless thunder breaking at his feet, 
 
 Excite his pity, nor impair his peace. 
 
 Earth's genuine sons, the sceptred and the slave» 
 
 A mingled mob ! a wandering herd ! he sees, 
 
 Bewilder'din the vale ; in all unlike, 
 
 His full reverse in all ! What higher praise 
 
 What stronger demonstration of the right? 
 
 Himself too much he prizes to be proud, 
 
 And nothing thinks so great in man as man. 
 
 Too dear he holds man's interest to neglect 
 
 Another's welfare, or his right invade. 
 
 Wrong he sustains with temper, looks on heav'n, 
 
 Nor stoops to think his injurer his foe ; 
 
 But looks with gentle pity round, to find 
 
 How he can best relieve another's wo, 
 
 Or hush the vicious passions into peace." 
 
288 CONCLUSION 
 
 Those who have passed their lives in the domestic 
 privacies of retirement; who have been only used to 
 the soft and gentle offices of friendship, and to the ten- 
 der endearments of love ; who have formed their notion 
 of virtue from those bright images which the purity 
 of religion, the perfection of moral sentiments, and the 
 feelings of an affectionate heart, have planted in their 
 minds, are too apt to yield to the abhorrence and dis-' 
 gust they must unavoidably feel on a first view of the 
 artificial manners and unblushing vices of the world. 
 Issuing from the calm retreats of simplicity and inno- 
 cence, and fondly hoping to meet with more enlarged 
 perfection in the world, their amiable, just and benevo- 
 lent dispositions are shocked at the sour severities, the 
 sordid selfishness, the gross injustice, the base artifices, 
 and the inhuman cruelties, which deform the fairest 
 features of social life, and disgrace the best famed fab- 
 ric of human polity. Revolting, however, as this dis- 
 appointment must certainly be, and greviously as the 
 feelings of such characters be wounded on their enter- 
 ing the world, it is a cowardly desertion of their duty 
 to shrink from the task, and withdraw their services 
 from their fellow creatures. Constituted as society is, 
 human happiness, and the improvement of the species, 
 materially depend upon the active concurrence of every 
 individual in the general scheme of nature ; and the 
 man who withholds his assistance to promote the pub- 
 lic good, loosens or destroys a link in that chain of 
 things, by which the whole is intended to be kept to- 
 gether and preserved. The doctrine, therefore cannot 
 be too forcibly inculcated, that is indispensably incum- 
 bent on every individual so to accommodate himself to 
 the manners of his contemporaries, and the temper of 
 the times, that he may have an opportunity of promo- 
 ting the happiness of others, while he increases, his 
 own ; of extending the scale of human knowledge by 
 his social industry ; of relieving distress by his bounty ; 
 and of exhibiting the deformities of vice, and the beau- 
 ties of virtue, both by his precept and example. And 
 this sacred obligation, by which every good man feels 
 himself so firmly bound to promote the welfare and 
 happiness of his fellow creatures, of course enjoins him 
 to shun, with equal perseverance, the giddy multitude 
 in their pursuits of lawless pleasure, and to avoid the 
 thoughtless votaries, and baneful orgies, of wit, intem- 
 perance, and sensual debauchery. This is best effected 
 by every individual forming a rational scheme of do- 
 
CONCLUSION. 289 
 
 mestic enjoyment, and engaging in some useful occu- 
 pation, in which neither the frivolous pursuits of the 
 vainly busy, the ostentatious parade of the richly proud, 
 the faithless pleasures of the unthinking gay, the insa- 
 tiable anxieties of avarice, nor the distracting com- 
 punctions of vice, shall form any part ; but in which, 
 with a few amiable and faithful friends, he shall pass 
 the intervals of virtuous industry, or charitable exer- 
 tion, in the bosom of a fond and cheerful family, whose 
 mutual endearments and affections will confer on each 
 other the highest happiness human nature is capable 
 of enjoying. 
 
 Active in indolence, abroad who roam 
 In quest of happiness, which dwells at home, 
 With vain pursuits fatigued, at length will find 
 Its real dwelling is a virtuous mind. 
 
 Retirement, however, when it is not inconsistent 
 with our duties to society, or injurious to those family 
 interests which it is one of our principal foundations 
 of happiness to promote, is capable of producing the 
 most beneficial effects on our minds. The self-com- 
 munion which must accompany a wise and rational 
 solitude, not only fosters and confirms our virtuous in- 
 clinations, but detects and expels those latent vices 
 which have secretly crept into and corrupted the heart. 
 It induces a habit of contemplation, which invigorates 
 the faculties of the soul ; raises them to the highest 
 energies, and directs them to purposes more elevated 
 and noble than it was possible for them, amidst the 
 business and pleasures of public life, to attain. It 
 tends, indeed, to unfold the powers of the mind to so 
 great an extent, that we are ashamed of having thought 
 that our talents were confined within the limits we had 
 prescribed, and blush at the ignorance and cowardice 
 by which we were deceived. The activity of genius 
 is unlimited, and the measure of its effects depends en- 
 tirely upon a steady exertion of its powers. A coura- 
 geous and persevering industry is capable of surmount- 
 ing every difficulty, and of performing the highest 
 achievements. A sense of intellectual weakness so 
 far from being indulged, ought to be combated with 
 25 
 
290 CONCLUSION. 
 
 fortitude and resolution, until it is completely destroy- 
 ed. The human mind, like a noble tree, extends its 
 branches widely round, and raises them to the skies, 
 in proportion as the soil on which it grows is more 
 or less cultivated and manured : but not being fixed 
 to any certain spot, its growth may be improved 
 to any size, by transplanting it to the soil in which it 
 most delights to dwell. By that firm reliance on its 
 natural strength, that indefatigable exertion cf its im- 
 proved powers, that steady observance of its success- 
 ful operations, that warm and active zeal for excel- 
 lence to which it is invited by the advantages, and en- 
 couraged by the opportunities, which seclusion affords, 
 it will ascend from one stage of improvement to an- 
 other, from acquisition to acquisition ; and, by a grad- 
 ual and steady progress, reach a comprehensive eleva- 
 tion, as great and surprising as it was once thought 
 visionary and unattainable. To these sublime and 
 noble effects of human intellect, solitude is the sincer- 
 est guide and most powerful auxiliary ; and he who 
 aspires to mental and moral excellence, whose soul is 
 anxious to become both great and good, will, of course, 
 seek its inspiring shades. 
 
 Solitude, indeed, under any circumstances, can only 
 become injurious by being carried to excess, or by 
 being misapplied ; and what is there that will not, by 
 being abused, or misapplied, be rendered equally inju- 
 rious ? The highest advantages society is capable of 
 conferring, the loftiest flights of fancy, the best affec- 
 tions of the heart, the greatest strength of body, the 
 happiest activity of the mind, the elements of fire and 
 water, the blessings of liberty, and, in short, all the 
 excellent gifts of Providence, as well as all the ingen- 
 ious contrivances of man, may, by these means be 
 perverted, their uses destroyed, their ends and objects 
 defeated, and their operations and effects rendered ex- 
 tensively mischievous and detrimental. 
 
 The general disadvantages which solitude is cer- 
 tainly capable of producing, cannot be lessened by con- 
 ceding to its adversaries, that it is, when sought under 
 unfavorable circumstances, inauspicious to human hap- 
 
CONCLUSION. 291 
 
 plness. It would be overstepping the sacred bounda- 
 ries of truth, and violating the rights of candor, not to 
 admit that irrational solitude frequently overclouds the 
 reason, contracts the understanding, vitiates the man- 
 ners, inflames the passions, corrupts the imagination, 
 sours the temper, and debases the whole character of 
 its votaries. Nor is it necessary to deny, that many of 
 them instead of employing the delightful leisure which 
 retirement affords, to hush the jarring passions, to 
 chastise the fancy, to elevate and adorn the mind, and 
 to reform and meliorate the heart, have been too often 
 occupied in the most frivolous pursuits, and in the in- 
 dulgence of the most sordid and criminal desires. 
 
 But these instances in which the pure and peaceful 
 retreats of solitude have been tainted and disturbed by 
 the vicious and turbulent desires of the world, only 
 demonstrate the infirm, corrupt, and imperfect nature 
 of the species, and not in the smallest degree, depre- 
 ciate the value of those high advantages which result 
 from occasional and well regulated solitude. 
 
 It is said, by a celebrated German writer, in a poeti- 
 cal personification of solitude, that she holds in one 
 hand a cup of bliss, in which she presents unceasing 
 sweets to the lips of the happy ; and in the other 
 grasps" an envenomed dagger, which she plants with 
 increasing tortures in the bosom of the wretched ; but 
 this must be considered as the language of the muse, 
 and mere flight of poetic fancy ; except, indeed, so far 
 as it tends to enforce the idea, that virtue will always 
 be happy, and vice forever miserable ; for retirement, 
 while it pours the balm of comfort into the aching bo- 
 som of the unfortunate, and offers a cordial, cheering 
 as nectar, to the drooping spirits of the wise and vir- 
 tuous, only operates as a corrosive, agonizing poison, 
 on the constitutions of the weak and vicious. 
 
 It is a gross mistake, to suppose that the pleasures 
 of social life are incompatible with the benefits to be 
 derived from solitude. They may not only be inter- 
 mingled with, but made mutually to aid and augment 
 each other. Solitude may surely be enjoyed without 
 undergoing an exile from the world ; and society may 
 
292 CONCLUSION, 
 
 be freely mixed with, without absolutely renouncing 
 the pleasures of retirement. The circumstances of 
 life, indeed, call loudly on every mind to interchange 
 the pursuits of activity and scenes of quietude and re- 
 pose- The alliance of solitude and society is neces- 
 sary to the perfection not only of the intellectual charac- 
 ter, but to the corporeal constitution of man. To con- 
 clude that the duties of life must necessarily be neg- 
 lected by devoting a portion of our time to solitude, is 
 much more erroneous than to conclude that those du 
 ties are not always fulfilled amidst the pleasures o* bu- 
 siness of society. 
 
 Daily observation proves most clearly, that many of 
 the charms, and some of the benefits, of rural retreat, 
 may be enjoyed without retiring to any very consider- 
 able distance from the metropolis, the seat of social 
 joys and interested activity. Petrarch, during his res- 
 idence in the city of Parma, though extremely flattered 
 by the friendship shown him, was glad to steal from 
 public life as often as he could, and to indulge the 
 high delight he naturally felt in wandering through 
 the fields and woods which surrounded the metropolis. 
 One day, led by his love of exercise, he passed the 
 river of Lenza, which is three miles from Parma, and 
 found himself in the territory of Rhegio, in a forest 
 which is called Sylva Plana, or Low Wood : though 
 it is situated upon a hill, from whence are discovered 
 the Alps, and all Cisalpine Gaul. Aged oaks, whose 
 heads seemed to touch the clouds, sheltered the ave- 
 nues of the forest from the rays of the sun : while the 
 fresh breezes which descended from the neighboring 
 mountains, and the little rivulets which brawled along 
 its skirts, tempered the meridian heats of the day, and 
 preserved to the earth, even in the greatest droughts, 
 a soft verdure, enamelled with the finest flowers. 
 Birds of every kind warbled forth their rural songs 
 from the thick coverts, while deer, and every animal 
 of the chase, sported through the purlieus. In the 
 middle of this beautiful forest nature had formed a 
 romantic theatre, which, from its enchanting decora- 
 tions, she seemed to have designed for the residence 
 
CONCLUSION. 293 
 
 of the muses. The charms of this delightful retreat 
 struck the mind of Petrarch with a sort of inspiration, 
 and revived so strongly his original taste for solitude 
 that on his return to Parma, he endeavored to procure 
 some spot near the environs of the city, to which lie 
 might occasionally retire from the fatigues of his arch- 
 deaconry, and indulge his mind in the blessings of in- 
 nocence, and the delights of rural repose. The indus- 
 try of his inquiries soon furnished him with a small 
 cottage, exactly suited to his wishes, situated at the 
 end of the city, near the abbey of St. Anthony. To 
 this place he fondly and frequently retired, whenever 
 he could escape from the duties of his church, and the 
 invitations of his friends. The superiority of his tal- 
 ents had at this time attracted the attention and ap- 
 plause of mankind ; and his engaging manners secu- 
 red to him the respect and esteem of the nobles of 
 Parma, who besieged him with the most friendly and 
 flattering importunities to partake of their daily parties 
 of pleasure. Petrarch, however, had formed notions 
 of happiness very foreign to those which result from 
 the society of luxurious lords or fashionable females, 
 to whom, in general poetry afforded no delight, nor 
 philosophy instruction ; and the companions to whom 
 he could afford neither amusement nor information, 
 were not likely to afford him much satisfaction. The 
 quiet and simple pleasures of retirement were more 
 delightful to his mind than all the elegances and splen- 
 dors of Parma; but this partiality to retirement did 
 not induce him to renounce the rational society which 
 a few select friends, with whom he had closely con- 
 nected himself, was occasionally capable of affording 
 him. " So conveniently," says he, " is this delightful 
 cottage situated, that I enjoy all the advantages of 
 rural retirement, and yet retain within my reach all 
 the pleasures with which this gay and elegant city 
 abounds. The society of a few select friends recreates 
 jny mind whenever it is distracted by the anxieties of 
 study, or stagnated by the stilness of solitude ; and 
 when I am satiated with the pleasures of the town, I 
 fly with rapture to the sweet repose, and to all the in- 
 25* 
 
294 CONCLUSION. 
 
 teresting and endearing occupations of this charming 
 retreat. Oh ! may the kindness of fortune Jong in- 
 dulge me in the enjoyment of this neutral state ; this 
 happy alternation of rural tranquillity and convivial 
 solace ! a state of felicity to which neither the ancho- 
 rites of .Egypt, nor the philosophers of Greece, ever 
 attained. In this humble abode, let me quietly pass 
 the remainder of my days, unseduced by the charms 
 of greatness, and uninterrupted by the pleasures of the 
 world. Fly, all ye vain delusions and fantastic dreams, 
 from this cottage of content, and seek your native ter- 
 ritories, the palaces of princes, and the altars of am- 
 bition !" The voice of wisdom and virtue calls aloud 
 on every man to adopt the scheme of happiness which 
 Petrarch so successfully practised. By thus dividing 
 our time between the busy cares and innocent amuse- 
 ments of public life, and the studious and tranquil 
 pleasures of retirement, between the gay pursuits of 
 personal gratifications, and the more noble and eleva- 
 ted exercises of intellect, we may avoid the dangers 
 of contracting, on the one hand, a passion for light 
 and frivolous dissipation, and on the other a joyless 
 disposition to misanthropic severity ; and may shun 
 the most, if not all the evil consequences which either 
 solitude or society is capable of producing, which when 
 indulged irrationally, or indiscreetly, in general prove 
 the Scylla or Charybdis of our lives. 
 
 These are the observations which it has occurred to 
 me to make upon the advantages or disadvantages 
 with which those important means of human happiness 
 are respectively pregnant. I can truly say, that I have 
 felt, whenever the cares of life, and the duties of my 
 profession, have allowed me leisure to retire, the most 
 sublime and satisfactory enjoyment from solitude ; and 
 I sincerely wish that every one who is disposed to 
 taste it, may receive the same comfort and pleasure 
 from its charms. But I exhort them, while they enjoy 
 the sacred blessings of repose, not to neglect the social 
 virtues, the consolations of friendship, or the endear- 
 ments of love; but so manage the wants of nature, and 
 arrange the business and concerns of life, as to find an 
 
CONCLUSION. 295 
 
 adequate portion of leisure for the noble duties of re- 
 tirement, as well as for company and conversation of 
 the world. May they in short, enjoy the admiration 
 and esteem of their friends, and a complacent appro- 
 bation of their own conduct, without losing that relish 
 for the pleasures of rational retirement, by which alone 
 these high advantages are most likely to be gained. 
 
 To love all mankind, and to promote, to the utmost 
 of our power, the happiness of all those with whom 
 we are more intimately connected, is the highest in- 
 junction both of morality and religion. But this im- 
 portant duty certainly does not require that we should 
 surrender ourselves with servile obedience, or abject 
 submission, to any one, however superior he may be, 
 either in talents, in station, or in merit. On the con- 
 trary, it is the duty of every one, not only to cultivate 
 the inclination, but to reserve the power of retiring oc- 
 casionally from the world, without indulging a dispo- 
 sition to renounce its society or contemn its manners. 
 
 While we assert, with manly resolution, the inde- 
 pendent spirit of human nature, our happiness may be 
 considerably augmented, by extracting from the multi- 
 tudinous affairs of the world, the various enjoyments 
 and wise instructions it is capable of affording. So- 
 ciety is the school of wisdom, and solitude the temple 
 of virtue. In the one Ave learn the art of living with 
 comfort among our fellow creatures, and in the other, 
 of living with quietude by ourselves. A total retreat 
 from the world would place us aside from that part 
 which Providence chiefly intended us to act; but with- 
 out occasional retreat it is certain that we must act 
 that part very ill. There will be neither consistency 
 in the -conduct, nor dignity in the character, of one 
 who sets apart no share of his time for meditation and 
 reflection. "In the heat and bustle of life," says an 
 eloquent preacher, " while passion is every moment 
 throwing false colors on the objects around us, nothing 
 can be viewed in a just light. If you wish that rea- 
 son should exert her native power, you must step aside 
 from the crowd into the cold and silent shade. It is 
 thus that with sober and steady eye she examines what 
 
296 CONCLUSION. 
 
 is good or ill, what is wise or foolish, in human con- 
 duct : she looks back on the past ; she looks forward 
 to a future : and forms plans not for the present mo- 
 ment only, but for the whole life. How should that 
 man discharge any part of his duty aright, who never 
 suffers his passions to cool ? And how should his 
 passions cool, who is engaged, without interruption, in 
 the tumults of the world 1 This incessant stir may 
 be called the perpetual drunkenness of life. It raises 
 that eager fermentation of spirit, which will be ever 
 sending forth the dangerous fumes of rashness and 
 folly. Whereas he who mingles rational retreat with 
 worldly affairs, remains calm and master of himself. 
 He is not whirled round, and rendered giddy by the 
 agitation of the world: but from that sacred retirement,, 
 in which he has been conversant among higher ob- 
 jects, comes forth into the world with manly tranquil- 
 lity, fortified by principles which he has formed, and 
 prepared for whatever may befal." 
 
 Sweet solitude r when life's gay hoars are past, 
 Howe'er we range, in thee we fix at last. 
 Tossed through tempestuous seas, the voyage o'er, 
 Pale we look back and bless the friendly shore. 
 Our own strict judges, our past life we scan 
 And ask if glory hath enlarged the span ; 
 If bright the prospect we the grave defy, 
 Trust future ages, and contented die. 
 
 THE END. 
 
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