Class. Book. Ji^-% /. CopyrightN^ COPVTRIGHT DEPOSIT. New Normal History of the United States Condensed and Cornpre/ienswe Arranged in Chronological Order for Topical Recitation W. H. F. HENRY COMPILER OF THE "HIGH SCHOOL QUESTION BOOK, WITH ANSVVKRS" AUTHOR OF "how TO ORGANIZE AND CONDUCT A MEETING", ETC. REVISED EDITION HINDS, NOBLE & ELDREDGE, Publishers 31-33-35 West 15th Street - New York City LiB»«»V -.» 0ON6RFSS Twn iJon'es Rerf ived OCT 8 1904 CI.«SS «/XXc. No. COPY B En 2 COPYRIGHT BY J. E. SHERRILL COPYRIGHT, 1904, BY HINDS. NOBLE & ELDREDGE PREFACE. Every child in the United States should learn something of the history of his own country before leaving school. He should have imprinted on his mind a vivid outline of the story of his native land. To facilitate the attainment of this knowledge by the young, ib the design of this volume. The author flatters himself that he has herein condensed an authentic record of all the most important events concerning our Republic, so arranged as to attract and in- terest the student. By the Topical Headings, the various Tabula- tions and the Analytic Synopses, he has endeavored to make the work Objective. The causes and effects of events are clearly and distinctively given. The Histories which are usually adopted in our schools are seldom thoroughly learned by the pupil. The reason is obvious; they contain too many words and too little matter. They are verbose, chaffy, and ill-arranged ; they are neither topical, chronological, nor analytical ; in fact they are wanting in nearly every element necessary to constitute them good school books. So true is this, that teachers are compelled to epitomize and rearrange their con- tents to secure any degree of success in teaching them. The book is divided into four Parts, namely : Part I, embrac- ing the Period of Discovery and Exploration ; Part IT, including the Period of Settlement and Colonial History ; Part III, com- prising Revolutionary History ; and Part IV, giving the history of the National Period to the present time. At the close of each Part, and also at the end of lengthy Sections is given a Chrono- logical Recapitulation, which, with the Tables of Battles and the Analytic Synopses, will be found of especial value. No labor has been spared to verify the statements herein made. By carefully avoiding all sectional or partisan views, it claims to be a National tiistory, (5) 6 PREFACE. Since one of the uses of history in schools is to accustom the pupils to read with sufficient care to secure ideas, the Author would here suggest that the student, after careful study of a Topic, be required to give independent expression of the information ob- tained from the text. Reciting by rote will not develop the power of expression. Mere verbatim recitation may be well enough to cultivate the memory, but it is insufficient to develop the under- etanding. The pupils should not only recite by topics, but their attention fihould also be drawn to the facts singly by judicious questioning. Some " General Questions and Directions " are inserted in the book for review, but the ingenious teacher will also apply such others as he may deem appropriate to the text. This method, in connec- tion with topical recitation, can not fail to awaken an interest in the mind of the student, and lead him to a knowledge of the sub- ject that will prove satisfactory and permanent. The text is designed to inform the pupil ; the recitation should affijrd him an opportunity of expressing what he has learned, in his own style and words. " Develop the understanding, and the memory will take care of itself." For review exercises, the "Ana- lytic Synopses " may be written upon the blackboard, from which the pupils may recite without dictation by the teacher. The leading and most important events are made prominent in the text by black, or bold-faced type; the minor events, though given, are not necessarily to be urged upon the pupil's memory for retention. In foot-notes are given explanations, illustrations, minor events, eketches, etc., which enhance the interest of the narrative without unduly swelling the body of the text. In manuscript, this work was fully tested in the school-room, with marked success ; and with a desire to contribute his mite toward the profession of teaching, the Author was induced to oflTer it to the public — to stand or to fall by its own merits. In this Edition, the book has been carefully revised— mak- ing improvements, and bringing it down to the present year — and though some slight modification of the text has been made, yet the plan and arrangement of the whole remain unchanged. It is proper to add that the textual differences are not such as to interfere with the simultaneous use of both the old and new editions in the class. PREFACE. 7 The mechanical execution of the present Edition is much su- perior to that of the others. Also, instead of being printed solid, the lines are leaded, or spaced, thus making the page clearer and more attractive. The very favorable reception of his work among teachers and friends of education, induces the Author to believe that his efforts to produce a practical School History have not been in vain. W. H. F. Henry. A SUGGESTION TO TEACHERS. Since the geography and the history of a country should go hand in hand, the author would suggest the following method of using this work, adopted by many successful instructors: "At the commencement of the study let each pupil be required to draw an outline map of North America on paper, about 9 by 12 inches in size. This should contain only physical features, viz: coast-lines, mountains, lakes and rivers. As the pupils advance in the history, let them mark on their maps, day by day, the places discovered, the settlements, battles, political divisions, etc., with their dates. They will thus see the country growing afresh under their hand and eye, and the geography and history will be indissolubly linked. At the close of the term, their maps will show what they have done, and each name, with the dates, will recall the history which clua- tera around it." TABLE OF CONTENTS. PART I. Period of Discovery and Exploration. PAGB. Introduction 11 SECTION. I. Spanish Discoveries and Explorations 17 II. The French in America 30 III. English Discoveries 32 IV. Discoveries of the Dutch 37 V. E«view of Explorations and Extent of Possessions. — Re- view of Discoverers and Explorers — Chronology of Events Recorded in Part I — General Questions and Directions — Diagrams for Analysis— Geographical Re- view 39 PART II. Period of Settlement and Colonial History. I. History of Virginia,— Jamestown Colony 51 II. History of New England, — Plymouth Colony — Mas- sachusetts Bay Colony — Maine and New Hampshire — Connecticut — Rhode Island — General Questions and Directions • 60 III. The Middle Colonies, — New York — New Jersey — Penn- sylvania and Delaware — Maryland 73 IV. The Southkrn Colonies, — The Carolinas — Georgia — Dia- gram for Analysis — Causes and Objects of Colonization.. 80 V. Inter-Colonial Wars, — King William's War— Queen Anne's War — King George's War — The French and Indian War 85 VI. Progress of the Colonies and their Condition Previous to the Revolution — Recapitulation of Colonial Wars — Diagram for Analysis — Chronology of Events Recorded io Part II — General Questions and Directions 101 (8) TABLE OF CONTENTS. 9 PAUT III. The Revolationary Period. I. The Revolution — The Dawning — Events of 1775 — Events of 1776— Events of 1777— Events of 1778— Events of 1779— Events of 1780— Events of 1781— After the War..ll2 II. Eecapitulation, — Battles of the Revolution — Chronology of Events Recorded in Part III — The First Settlements — reviewed — General Questions and Directions — Dia- gram for An!»l.trf)is 159 PART IV. National Period. I. Our Government Washington's Administration— Adams's Administration — Jefferson's Administration — Madi- son's Administration — War of 1812, — Events of 1812 —Events of 1813— Events of 1814-15— Other Events of Madison's Administration — Recapitulation, — Battles of the Second War with England — Chronology of Events Recorded in Section I — General Questions and Directions — Diagram for Analysis 173 II. Monroe's Administration — John Quincy Adams's Adminis- tration — Jackson's Administration — Van Buren's Ad- ministration — Harrison and Tyler's Administration — Polk's Administration, — The Mexican War — Other Events — Recapitulation, — Battles of the Mexican War — Chronology of Events Recorded in Section II — Map Studies — Geographical Review — Diagram for Analysis — General Questions and Directions 223 III. Taylor and Fillmore's Administration — Pierce's Adminis- tration — Buchanan's Administration 272 TV Lincoln's Administration — The Great Civil War, — Events of 1861— Events of 1862— Events of 1863— The Closing Conflicts, 1864-65— Recapitulation, — Battles won by the Confederates— Battles won by the Federals — Indecisive Battles of the War — Chronology of Events Recorded in Sections III and IV— General Questions and Directions — Diagram for Analysis 288 V. Johnson's Administration — Grant's Administration — Hayes's Administration — Garfield's Administration —Assassination of President Garfield— Chester A. Arthur Inaugurated — Cleveland's Administration — Harrison's Administration— Cleveland's Second Ad- ministration—World's Columbian Exposition— Mc- Kinley's Administration— War with Spain— Annexa- tion of Hawaii— McKinley's Second Administration- Congress and Our New Territorial Possessions— Pan- American Exposition— Assassination of President 10 TABLE OF CONTENTS. McKinlcy — Tlieodore Roosevelt Iniiugurated — Free Cuba— The Philippine Islands— The Great Coal Strike — Isthmian Canal — Department of Commerce and Labor — Irrisjation I^aw 354 Recapitulation, — Chronology of Events, Recorded in Section Y — Origin of the Names of the States — leviewed — Popular Names of the States — Mottoes of the States — Admission of the States — reviewed — Eminent Amer- ican Inventors — Americans Eminent in Literature and Art— Conclusion 449 Appendix — Declaration of Independence — General Index 466 THE NORMAL HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES PART I. PERIOD OF DISCOVERY AND EXPLORATION. 1001—1680. INTRODUCTION. [Note to the Teacher.^ — On the teacher's naming the subject of a paragraph, the pupil should be expected to tell all he knows about it — in his own language as much as possible. At each reci- tation thus by topics, the pupil's knowledge of the facts should also be tested by questions and directions framed by the teacher. Never let a pupil memorize and recite a topic, nor answer a question in the languaye of the book — except where the topic is a tabulation. The text is designed /o inform the pupil; ihe recitation should at!ord him an opportunity of expressing what he has learned, in his own giyle and words. " Develop the understanding, and the memory will take care of itself." The teacher should frequently assign as a lesson several topics for composition writing. This will be not only an excellent language exerci.se, but will also tend to fix facts permanently in the mind.] 1. Location of the United States.— America— lying between the Atlaiitit; aiui Pacilic Oceana, west of (11) 12 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. Europe and Africa, and east of Asia — consists of two large continents : North America and South America, with a group of islands between, called the West Indies. These two continents are con- nected by the Isthmas of Panama (Pah-nah-mah,) or Darien. The United States forms the middle division of North America, and extends east and west from ocean to ocean, and from the 25th to the 49th degree of north latitude. The territory of Alaska is also a part of the United States. An AxriKNT Mound, 2. Ancient Remains. — In various portions of America, numerous remains of an ancient and civ- ilized race of people have been found, indicating that thousands of years ago, America was inhab- ited by a highly civilized community, that dwelt in towns and cities, had a regular form of govern- ment, and were skilled in the arts and sciences. These people left no written records of their his- tory ; hence, our knowledge of them is vague, and DISCOVERIES AND EXPLORATIONS. 13: acnved only from their relics. This unknown race flourished and passed away long before the Indians came to this continent ; therefore, the Indians could give no account of them. The evidences of the existence of this extinct race are still abundant in the ruins of temples and other buildings, and in the articles of copper and silver found buried beneath these ruins. Curious specimens of pottery of great antiquity have also been found ; and mounds of remarkable extent are seen in certain localities, the origin of which wa? unknown to the uncivilized Indians.* 3. Whence Came the Indians? — The history ot the Indians is likewise involved in myst^rf ---all we know of them being from tradition. ♦Many of these mounds were burial places, and others douhtles* •erved as foundations for watch-towers and signal stations ; some were used as places for worship and sacrifice. The shapes of these mounds were often to represent men and animals. Marietta, Ohio, was the site of one of the largest villages of the Mound Builders — the recuaina indicating thai at least 5,000 people must have resided Ikere. 14 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. They can tell us nothing of their origin or of their coming to this continent. We can only conjecture tliat they must have emigrated from Asia, by way of Bering's (heer-ings) Strait.* When found upon this continent, east of the Mississippi, by the first European settlers, they did not exceed 200,000 in number, there was an immense population. e ,5 ■? 5 z Specimen of Inbian Picture-Writing, f * This opinion is rendered the more probable by the fact, that the figure, complexion, dress, manners, customs, etc., of the na- tions of both continents, are strikingly similar. That they might have emigrated from the eastern continent is evident, since in latitude 66° the two continents are not moi-e than forty miles dis- tant from each other, and between them ati. two islands less than twenty miles distant from either shore. f By means of this picture-writing, some Indian guides in- formed tlieir comrades that fourteen whites and two Indians spent the night at a certain place. No. 1 of the sketch is the captain with a swoi'd ; No. 2, the secretary with a book; No. 3, the geologist, with a hammer; DISCOVERIES AND EXPLORATIONS. 15 4. Character of the Indians.* — They had little or no inventive genius; had no cities, no ships, no churches, no school-houses. They have been truly termed the " Red Men of the Forest." They had no regular forms of government, but were divided into hostile tribes, with a chief, or sachem, for ruler. They were constantly at war with one another, and their chief occupations were war and hunting— their weapons being simply the bow and arrow. The sole training of their boys was for war and the chase. The women performed all the labor and drudgery. The disposition of the Indian was morose, crafty, treacherous, and cruel ; and he accustomed himself to endure great fatigue and horrible tortures without sign of anguish. He believed in the existence of a Supreme Being and in a future state of happiness and immortality. The Indian of to-day, in all his characteristics, is the same as he was three hundred years ago. 5. Supposed Discovery of America. — Lief Erick- SON, a noted Icelandic captain, is supposed to have sailed westward from Greenland, in the year 1001, and, landing on the present coast of Labrador', explored the country as far south as Massachusetts. The Northmen, a hardy race of Norway ana Sweden, also claimed to have visited America abour this time. As there are no authentic records con- firming these discoveries, it is safe to suppose that Nos. 4, 5, 6, attendants; Nos. 7, 8, the guides, without hats; Nos. 9, 10, the white soldiers and their arms; Nos. 11, 12, what they ate in camp; Nos. 13, 14, 15 indicate they made three fires. * This description applies to the Indians embraced within the limits of the United States. IG HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. the continent was unknown to Europeans till the grand discovery of Columbus, in 1492.* 6. The Mariner's Compass. — This invaluable little instrument was invented about the year 1302, by an Italian. It is in appearance somewhat like a watch, having a magnetic needle, which always points toward the north, thus enabling seamen to trace their course on the broad ocean. Before this true friend of the mariner was known, the only guides the sailor had were the sun by day and the stars by night; but when these w^ere obscured by clouds, he could not, with certainty, find his way. Hence, the Compass gave a new impetus to navi- gation ; and by its friendly guidance, men ventured farther upon the unknown deep in quest of new lands. * About 1007 Thorfinn Carlsefne, a famous sea-king, recon- noiteied the bays and harbors of the New England coast. He is supposed to have made settlements and to have carried on trade with the natives. The Welsh also have laid claim to the discovery. According to their accounts; a daring sailor, named Madoc, about the year 1170, made a voyage to the we^st, discovering a " large and fair country." These, however, are mere traditions, and the supposed discovery appears to have slept in forgetfulness until aftei Columbus had es.>,ablished the existenciJ of a Western World. DISCOVERIES AND EXPLORATIONS. 17 SECTION I. SPANISH DISCOVERIES AND EXPLORATIONS. 1492—1565. 1. Colambus. — Christopher Columbus was born afc Genoa (Jen'o-ah), Italy, in 1435. When a boy he worked at his father's trade — that of wool-comber. During his youth he met with many adventures on the Mediterranean Sea; and at one time, in battle with the Venetians, his vessel was burned, but ho saved his life by swimming ashore. From the study of Astronomy he formed the opinion that the Earth is round like a ball, instead of flat, as almost all the people of his time believed. 2. Object of Commercial men. — The great desire of commercial men of Europe at this time was to find a nearer and less dangerous passage to the East Indies than was then known. From the East Indies many of the necessaries and luxuries of life were obtained. The route then followed was to sail on the Mediterranean Sea to the Isthmus of Suez, cross the isthmus on camels and horses, and, re-shipping their efi'ects, traverse the Red Sea and the stormy Indian Ocean. To find a better and more commodious route was therefore of great im- portance to the whole of Europe.* * The route around the southern extremity of Africa was not then known. This route — by the way of the Cape of Good Hope — was discovered in 1498, by Vasco DeGama, an enterprising Portu- guese navigator. 2 18 IlISTOKY OF THE UNITED STATES. The only man who proved himself competent to open up a new way to the Indies was Columhus. He believed that this goal could be reached by sailing directly westward across the Atlantic Ocean.* 3. Columbus Seeks Aid.— With this object in view €ul ambus applied first to the government of his native city, Genoa, for the means to make the ex- periment; but, believing him to be a mere dreamer, they refused to render him assistance. He next applied to the Court of Lisbon ; but after listening to his representations with seeming encourage- ment, the king secretly sent out an expedition in the hope of anticipating Columbus in his great undertaking. The commander of this enterprise was, however, incompetent for the attempt, and returned without accomplishing anything.f • To the inquisitive ami enterprising mind of Columbus, this subject was invested with the deepest interest and importance; and the more he reflected upon the figure of the earth, the stronger was his belief, not merely that a western passage to India was practica- ble, but also that whoever should navigate the Atlantic, by sailing due west, must meet with a large body of land, which might be an extension of the continent of India, designed to balance the lands lying in the eastern hemisphere. " In this latter opinion he was strengthened by various discoveries in the Atlantic: such as pieces of carved wood, trunks of huge pine-trees, etc., which had been noticed, after long westerly winds ; but especially by th« well-established fact that the bodies of two men had been cast upon one of the Azore islands, whose features differed from those of any known race of people." t Disgusted with this treachery, Columbus sent his brother Bar- tholomew to Henry VII., of England. Bartholomew was captured by pirate.s, and it was two years before he reached London. The DISCOVERIES AND EXPLORATIONS. 19 After many disappointments and much dela}', Columbus finally obtained an outfit from Ferdinand and Isabella, of Spain. Urged by a desire to spread the Catholic faith throughout the world, and to see Spain the mistress of lands in Asia, the noble Queen overcame the objections of Ferdinand. Said she, "I undertake the enterprise for my crown of Castile, and will, if necessary, pledge my jewels to raise the funds." But this sacrifice was prevented by the extraordinary exertions of her ministers. 4. The Outfit. — The outfit thus provided con- sisted of ninety men, provisions for one year, and three small vessels— the Nina (ne'-nah), the Pinta {•peen'-tah), and the Santa Maria [mah-re'-ah). 5. America Discovered. — Ilis heart bounding with hope, Columbus set sail in his little fleet from Palos (pah-los'), Spain, on the 3d of August, 1492. lie steered his course southward to the Canary Islands, ott* the coast of Africa ; and, after refitting his vessels and replenishing his supplies, struck out boldly to the west. Soon they were far out upon the (then) unkiiown deep— farther than any other navigators had dared to venture. For ages a ter- rible mj'stery had brooded over the might}' w\aters of the Atlantic; superstition lent additional horrors to the fears of adventurers. It was said that the Evil One hovered over the far-off billows of the ocean, enticing the venturesome to destruction, or English monarch approved h'lA plans, and would probably have become the patron of Columbns, had Columbus not, in the mean- time, found one in the sovereign of Spain. 20 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. else warding them off with an immense weird hand. No wonder, then, that the sailors of Columbus were inclined to mutitiy, seeing that they were going nearer and nearer to this dreaded apparition and believing that they would never see land again. But Columbus by his lirmness and eloquence allayed their fears. On the 12th of October (1492), they discovered land, which proved to be one of the Baharha {ba-hay' -mah) islands, a group of the West Indies, {Sec inap.) 6. The Landing. — When Columbus and his men had landed, they knelt upon the ground and gave thanks to God for his guidance. The devotional exercises of the Roman Catholic Church were per- formed, the royal banner of Spain was unfurled, and the new found land claimed for the monarchs of Castile and Leon. During these formal proceed- ings, the natives, who were different from any other people ever before seen, crowded around at a respectful distance, gazing with mingled astonish- ment and admiration upon all they saw. They believed the Spaniards to be Heavenly Beings that should be adored. 7. The Island. — The island thus discovered was called by the natives, Guanahani {r/ina-nah-hah'-nee), but Columbus named it San Salvador (sal- v a- dor e'), by which it is still known. Believing it to be a part of the East Indies, he named the inhabitants Indians. Leaving San Salvador, Columbus sailed southward, discovering the large island of Cuba. DISCOVERIES AND EXPLORATIONS. 21 8. Homeward. — After examining this island — enjoying its delightful climate, partaking of its luxurious vegetation, and making favorable impression upon the natives — Columbus started homeward (January, 1493.) On the passage, he encountered a terrible storm, in which his frail vessels were almost wrecked. During the preva- lence of the tempest, he wrote on parchment a short account of his discovery, sealed this securely in a cask, and threw it into the sea, trusting that should the ships go down, this might survive, and, perchance, notify the world of his success. His return home was hailed with great rejoicing, and the highest honors were heaped upon him, 9. Other Voyages of Columbus. — Columbus made three other voyages to America. On his second voyage (1493), he founded St. Domingo, on the island of Hispaniola (Ilayti), the first European settlement in the New World.* On his third voy- age (Aug. 10th, 1498), he discovered the continent, or main land, on the northeastern coast of South America. {See map.) At various times he was misrepresented by his enemies, who were envious of his justly earned fame.f He never knew, how- •When he next visited the island, however, he found that the men had all perished by the hands of the Indians, whose vengeance they had provoked by their folly and crimes. tOn Columbus's third voyage, his enemies, by false charges caused him to be sent home in chains ; but on investigation, he was honorably acquitted. The captain of the vessel in which he was, offered to release him from his chains; but Columbus replied, " I wear these fetters in obedience to the orders of their majesties, the rulers of Spain ; they shall find me as obedient to this as to 99 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. ever, that he had discovered a new world ; he thouglit that the new found land was a part of the East Indies. 10. Character of Columbus. — Columbus was re- markable for boldness, great firmness, and untir- ing perseverance. A student all his life, his mind was highly cultivated and stored with the learning of his time. His views regarding the earth were in advance of the day, and though he lived in an age of superstition, he seemed to have been free from absurdities. In person he was tall and commanding, and of pleasing address. lie died at Valladolid [val-ya-do-leed'), Spain, in 1506, at the age of 71. His remains now lie in the Cathedral of Havana, Cuba. "^ 11. Voyage of Vespucci. — The discovery of the New World created intense excitement throughout Europe. The wildest speculations were rife, and the popular mind was still more aroused, when, in 1499, Americo Vespucci ( ah-mah-ree'-go vas-poot'- chee), a Florentine, in the employ of Spain, visited the continent, explored the eastern coast, and, re- turning to Europe, published a glowing account of his explorations. In this account he ignored the claims of Columbus ; and, being wealthy and influ- their other injunctions; by their command I have been confined, and their command alone shall set me at liberty." When released, he hung his fetters in his chamber, and gave orders that they should be buried with him. * He desired the following inscription to be engraved on hi* t©mb; " To Castile and Leon, Columbus has given a new world.' DISCOVERIES AND EXPLORATIONS. 23 ential, his name was given to the land that should be called Columbia.* 12. Florida Discovered. — Florida was first visited in 1512 by Ponce De Leon {■pone' -thay day lay-own'), whose object in going thither was to discover a fountain whose waters were said to have the power to restore to old age the vigor of youth. The story of this rejuvenating fountain was a myth, invented by the Indians to allure adventurers into the marshes and dense forests of an unknown wilder- ness. In his search for the fabled waters, he en- countered the hostile natives, and was slain in battle. Florida was so called, because De Leon saw it first on Easter Sunday — Pasqua Florida (Jio- ree'-dah) — the Feast of Flowers. 13. Pacific Ocean Discovered. — A Spaniard named Balboa (6«^6o'-aA) discovered the Pacific Ocean, September 26th, 1513, while ascending the mount- ains of the Isthmus of Panama, f * Vespucci's account of this voyage, published in 1504, was the first printed announcement of the discovery of a western continent. t The Indians had informed Balboa that a great ocean lay to the south and west. His curiosity was excited, and, with a band of adventurers, he made a perilous march for twenty-five days, through dense woods and over craggy mountains. Heat and dis- ease had almost overcome the weary and discouraged party, when the Indian guides announced that from the top of the next moun- tain the great ocean could be seen. When most of the ascent had been made, Balboa ordered his men to halt, and toiled on to the summit alone. At the top he beheld the mighty Pacific, and, falling on his knees, thanked God for the discovery. He went down to the shore, and advancing with sword and buckler, till the water reached his waist, took possession of the ocean, " in the name of the King, his master, and vowed to defend it with his arms." 24 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. Magellan, a Spanish sailor, was the first European to sail upon the Pacilic (1519). On account of its calm and peaceful appearance when first traversed, he gave it the name Pacific. He was also the first that sailed around the world (1519-21).* Sir Francis Drake, an English navigator, made the voyage some years after. It was then regarded a great undertaking — requiring two or three years; but it is now accomplished in a few months. 14. Mexico and Cortez (Aor/c^'.)— Mexico was discovered by Grijalvah {c/re haid'-i'ah),\u 1518. It was conquered by Hernando Oortez in 1521. Cortez was a bold, unscrupulous Spaniard, whose object in coming to America was gold and adventure. He was a religious bigot, and thought it was serving God to kill or enslave all Indians that would not embrace Christianity. His course was an error of the age in which he lived. 15. Mont^^zuma and his Fate. — Cortez landed on the coast of Mexico in 1519; and, with an army of 600 men, began his invasion of the country. f The people of this realm were partly civilized, lived in towns and cities, had a regular form of government, *He sailed through the strait which bears his name. At the Philippine Ishmds, (south-east of Asia), in a contest with the natives, he was killed ; but one of his vessels reached Spain by way of the Cape of Good Hope, thus making the first voyage around the world. tHe had a fleet of only eleven small vessels ; and as fire-arms were not in general use, only thirteen of the men had muskets. He had only ten pieces of artillery and sixteen horses. The rest of the men were armed with crossbows, swords, and spears, but they were all clothed in armor. DISCOVERIES AND EXPLORATIONS. 2o and were apparently contented. They had made considerable advancement in the arts ; and though they had no written language, yet their picture- writing, or hieroglyphics, answered all their pur- The king of Mexico at this time was Montezuma {mon-tay-zoo'-mah). Ilis kingdom abounded in gold. Many utensils for domestic use, as well as ornaments of various kinds, were made of the precious metal. Montezuma ordered Cortez to leave the country, but the daring adventurer paid no heed to the command. Though resisted by many times his force, Cortez advanced to the capital, spreading dismay among the inhabitants, who regarded the Spaniards as a superior race of beings, clothed with immortality.* This belief was soon dispelled, however, when the first Spaniard was slain. Cortez fought many bloody battles with the people of this famous empire, in every one of which he was vic- torious, losing but few men. The Mexicans fought with furious desperation, but they could not with- stand the firearms and the horses of the Spaniards. The sound and the flash of muskets and cannon produced unbounded terror among them ; and the horses caused the utmost fright wherever they were ridden. It should be borne in mind that horses •A tradition existed among the Mexicans that a strange peoplfe from the east should conquer them. Montezuma appeared to resign himself to his fate and the force of circumstances ; and from the time of the invader's entry into Mexico, until the hour of his death, continued to treat Cortez with the utmost generosity, hospi- tality, and apparent confidence, and loaded him with gifts and honors. 26 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. were unknown in America till the Spaniards brought them from Europe.* Thus, a single Span- iard, well armed and mounted, could rout a whole host of the superstitious Mexicans. Montezuma was captured, and, while a prisoner, he was induced by the crafty Cortez to mount the walls of the city and beseech his subjects to desist from hostility against the Spaniards. Justly indig- nant at their monarch's timidity, the Mexicans hurled stones and arrows upon him, and he fell mortally wounded. 16. Guatiniozin. — Montezuma's successor was Guatimozin {gwah te-mo'-zin), a young nobleman, brave, but unfortunate. He was taken prisoner by Cortez ; and to cause him to reveal the place of the imperial treasures, he, with his principal officer of state, was prostrated on a bed of live coals. The chief officer in his agony looked toward his sove- reign, as if to ask permission to tell where the treasures were concealed. Guatimozin rebuked liim by exclaiming, " Am / on a bed of roses f This act of cruelty, however, failed of its object; and Guatimozin was afterward executed, on a charge of plotting an insurrection against his bar- barous conquerors. The death of their king and the terrible success of their enemy completely disheartened the Mexi- cans; and the Spaniards took possession of the country (1521). *The horse, ox, sheep, goat, domestic cat, hen, etc., were no' originally found in America, but were introduced by the Euro peans. DISCOVERIES AND EXPLORATIONS. 27 17. Last Days of Cortez. — Thus were an inno- cent and happy people despoiled of their natural rights and trampled upon by a remorseless adven- turer. Cortez did not, however, obtain the wealth and distinction his ambition craved; he died poor and in obscurity — despised and neglected by his king and country.* 18. De Ayllon. — In 1520 Vasquez de Ayllon {vas'- keih day ayle'-yon), a wealthy Spaniard, undertook an expedition to America; and, landing on the present coast of South Carolina, decoyed a number of the natives on board his fleet and steered for home, intending to sell them in Europe as slaves. Three of the vessels were wrecked, and most of the Indians were drowned. De Ayllon was honorably received by his government, and was sent on another kidnapping expedition ; but this was un- successful, resulting in De Ayllon's pecuniary ruin. Thus ended the first attempt to enslave the Indians, who, thenceforth, lost all confidence in Spanish honor. 19. Expedition of Narvaez. — In 1528 De Narvaez (day nar-vay'-eth), attempted to conquer Florida. He expected to find a rich empire, such as Cortez had found in Mexico; but his men, wandering through the dense forests, deceived by Indian guides, and defeated by the hostile natives, suti:ered *0n one, occasion, desiring an audience with the king, he was obliged to force his way through the crowd and place his foot on the step of the carriage before he could gain attention. " Who are you?" said the king. " I am a man," answered Cortez, "who has gained you more provinces than your father left you towns." 28 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. terribly. In endeavoring to return to the West Indies, four men escaped, who reached their home after several years of wandering and incredible hard- ship. 20. The Mississippi Discovered. — De Soto (day go'-to), a Spanish nobleman, with six hundred se- lected soldiers, came to America in 1539 ; * and, landing on the western coast of Florida, traveled north-westward across the country, fighting hostile Indians on the way, until his magnificently equipped army — consisting mostly of young and adventurous noblemen — was reduced to about four hundred. In 1541 he discovered, near the present western boundary of Tennessee, a large river which the Indians called the '^ Great Father of Waters." This was the Mississippi; and De Soto and his men were the first Europeans to behold it. While sailing down the river with the wreck of his army, De Soto died of a malignant fever, and was buried within its waters, "which have since been the tomb of thousands." 21. Enterprise of Melendez. — In 1565 the king of Spain- — the bigoted Philip II — sent Pedro Melen- dez (ma-len'-deth), " a soldier of ferocious disposition and criminal- practices," to colonize Florida. The real object of this expedition was to break up and destroy a colony of French Protestants, called Hu- guenots, who the year before had made a settlement *He had also on board his fleet three hundred horses, many hogs, and a number of bloodhounds — the latter intended to run down the Indians. DISCOVERIES AND EXPLORATIONS. 29 near the mouth of the St. John's river — territory claimed by Spain. 22. The Oldest Town.— Melendez, with his mea, landed on the northeastern shore, near the mouth of a small river, ou St. Augustine's {au-g US-teen's') day (2d of September). Here he laid the founda- tion of the town of St. Augustine (Sept. 1565) — the oldest settlement, by forty- two years, within the United States. 23. The Huguenots Murdered. — Melendez next turned his attention to the Huguenots, whom he found and attacked. The Huguenots put to sea in their vessels, but a furious siorm arose and dashed to pieces every ship in the fleet. Most of them, however, reached the shore. Here they were at- tacked by the forces of Melendez, and men, women and children were alike butchered — only a few escaping. It is here pertinent to say that a French soldier named De Gourges (goorg) revenged this massacre a short time after, by attacking the Span- ish colony at St. Augustine and hanging about thirty of the leaders to branches of trees.* ♦The inscription he placed over tliem was, "I do not this as unto Spaniards or mariners, but as unto traitors, robbers, and mur- derers." Melenuc-z, in his massacre of the Huguenots, had de- «iared tha. he killed them, " not as Frenchmen, but as Lutherans." 30 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. SECTION II. THE FRENCH IN AMERICA. 1524—1680. 1. Voyage of Verazzana. — The spirit of discovery and adventure was not confined to Spain alone, i'u 1524 a remarkable exploration of the j^orth Ameri- can coast was made by Verazzana (var-at-zah' -nah), an Italian, in employ of the French government. He explored the whole Atlantic shore from Florida to New Foundland, claiming the region in the name of the king of France, and calling it New France. Returning home, he published a map and an ac- count of his explorations, which were of value to future navigators. 2. The St. Lawrence Discovered. — In 1534 James Cartier {kar-te-ah'), sent out by the king of France, discovered and explored the Gulf and the River Si. Lawrence. He made another voyage to this region and attempted to found a c(jlony, but with no per- manent success. Not finding any gold here, the French did not at this time attach much value to their St. Lawrence possessions. 3. First Permanent French Colony. — Various at- tempts were made by the French to establish colo- nies in their possessions, viz., by Roberval, in 1539; by John Ribault (re'-6o),* in 1562; and by Laudon- * Eibault's expedition was under the auspices of Coligny {ko-kn^-ye), an admiral of France, and a leader of the Huguenots {hu'ge-nos) or French Protestants. He desired to found a colony DISCOVERIES AND EXPLORATIONS. 31 NIERE {lo don'-ne-air), in 1564; but their eftbrts were unsuccessful till in 1605,DeMonts {day-mong') and Champlain [sham-plane') brought a colony from France and settled on the western coast of Nova Scotia (sko'-she-ah), naming the settlement Port Royal. This was two years before Jamestown, Virginia, was founded — an account of which is given in the "English Settlements." 4. Champlain's Enterprise. — In 1608 Champlain founded Quebec {que-beck'), Canada; and in 1609 he explored the interior of that region, discovering lakes Huron and Champlain, giving his name to the latter. 5. Explorations of Marquette. — James Marquette (mar-ket'), a Jesuit missionary, full of zeal for the Catholic Church, explored the region of lakes Hu- ron and Michigan, at the head of a small company ; and in 1673 he discovered the Missouri river. He also explored the region now forming the State of Illinois. His chief object was to convert the In- dians to Christianity. 6. Explorations of La Salle. — The energetic mis- sionary La Salle {lah-saU) was the next to ex- plore the Mississippi and the lake region. In 1673- 80 he visited many of the localities about the. head waters of the Mississippi, giving the names which they now bear. To all of the region west of the in America as an asj'lum for his oppressed brethren, and also to advance the glory of France. He sent out another colony under Laudonniere, and it was this which Melendez broke up and mas- sacred. {See Spanish Discoveries and Explorations, Topics 21, 22, and 23. S2 HISTORY OP THE UNITED STATES. Mississippi he gave the name of Louisiana, in honor of his sovereign, Louis XIV. 7. The Jesuit Missionaries.— The "Society of Jesus," or Jesuits, was pledged to extend the Ro- man Catholic faith over the world, at whatever cost of personal sacrifice or suffering. The exploits of the Jesuit missionaries among the Indians are of thrilling interest. In their intense zeal for the conversion of the savages, they endured terrible privations, losing many of their number by ex- posure, starvation, and the scalping koife. SECTION III. ENGLISH DISCOVERIES. 1497—1607. L The Cabots. — The English were not behind other nations in enterprise and discovery. John Cabot and Sebastian his son were commissioned by Henry VII, king of England, to undertake voyages of discovery. The design of the English, unlike that of the Spaniards, was acquisition of territory and colonization. In 1497 John Cabot made hia first voyage in quest of new lands; and on June 24th discovered the main hind of North America on the coast of Labrador.* This was one year be- *The land first Reen, he named Prima Vista — first view— nup- posed to have been a part of Newfoundland. DISCOVERIES AND EXPLORATIONS. 33 fore Columbus discovered Soutli America, and two years before Vespucci visited the continent. Sebastian Cabot inherited his father's plans and reputation, "and to his father's genius added a greater genius of his own." In 1498 he com- manded an expedition in search of a north-west passage to India — a folly of the times. After various unsuccessful attempts to penetrate the ice of the frozen zone, he returned to England.* 2. Frobisher's Voyage.— In 1576 Martin Fro- BISHER, in three small vessels, sailed from England in search of the coveted north-west passage to Asia. One of his vessels was lost on the voyage, another, terrified at the prospect, returned home, but in the third the daring sailor pursued his course, attaining a higher latitude than any that had ever gone before him. lie discovered the group of islands that lies in the mouth of Hudson's Strait ; also a large island farther north, which he supposed to be the mainland of Asia. He next discovered and entered the strait which still bears his name, then sailed for England, carrying home with him one of the Esquimaux (es'-kee-mo) and a stone which was declared by the English refiners to contain gold. *The king of England — Henry VII, — though quick to appre' elate the value of Sebastian Cabot's discoveries, was slow to reward the discoverer. The Catholic king of Spain, after Henry's death, induced Cabot to take charge of the maritime affairs of that coun- try. While holding this high office, Cabot sent out many succes.s- ful voyages. In the meantime the spirit of discovery had revived in England, and in 1548 Edward VI. induced the now aged Sebas- 3 -34 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 3. Voyage of Sir Humphrey Gilbert.— After these explorations the English sent out several expedi- tions in search of a fabled land of gold, in the vicinity of Labrador, but this Eldorado proved to have been a story invented by the Esquimaux. The first attempt of the English to colonize America was made by the brave Sir Humphrey Gilbert, who, undnr authorit}' of Queen Elizabeth, endeavored to establish a new settlement at New Foundland (1583). The enterprise was unsuccess- ful. On the passage back to England, Gilbert's vessel was lost in a storm and all on board perished. The other vessel of the expedition reached home in safety. 4. Enterprise of Sir Walter Raleigh {raw'-lee). — This English nobleman, under the patronage of Queen Elizabeth, sent several expeditions to Amer- ica; and, in 1587, established a temporary settle- ment on the island of Roanoke {ro-an-oke'), ofi" the present coast of North Carolina.* Here the first white child of English parents in America was born. Her name was Virginia Dare. Raleigh called the lands he explored Virr/ima, in honor of Elizabeth, who was called the Virgin Queen. tian to return from Spain and become grand-pilot of England. He lived to be very old, but " tbe circumstances of his death have not been ascertained, and his place of burial is unknown." *In 1585 Raleigh fitted out a squadron and placed it in com* mand of Sik Richard Grenville, who left a colony at Roanoke. The following year the coloniRts were reduced to the utmost dis- tress for want of provisions, and on Sir Francis Drake's stopping DISCOVERIES AND EXPLORATIONS. 35 He was the first European to discover the use of tobacco, which was, until then, unknown in Europe. "f- He also introduced into the old country, the potato^ which, like tobacco, is a native product of Amer- ica.f 5. Fate of Ralei^ii. — Sir Walter Raleigh was pe- culiarly unfortunate. When James I. succeeded there, on his return from a successful expedition against the Span- iards in the West Indies, they all embarked with him for England. Another colony of fifteen, well provided with provisions, were left there; but they were never heard of after, having been mostiproba- bly murdered by the Indians. In 1587 a third colony of one hun- dred and fifty adventurers were sent by Sir Walter Raleigh, under Captain White. In consequence of the tlireatened invasion of England by the famous Spanish Armada, it was three years before Raleigh could send relief to the colony by Captain White, who when he arrived there, found not one to tell their fate; and fearing for himself, returned at once to England, leaving not a single Eng- lish settler on the shores of America. *For some time he preserved great secrecy in his habit of smoking, till the practice was discovered by a ridiculous accident. He was one day enjoying his pipe in solitude, forgetful that he had ordered his servant to attend him with a goblet of ale. The ser- vant suddenly entering the study and finding, as he thought, his master's brains on fire, and evaporating in smoke through his mouth, frantically dashed the ale in his face, then rushing out of the room he alarmed the family with an account of the frightful scene he had witnessed. tPotatoes, tobacco and some other plants were unknown 'to Europeans till found on this continent; but wheat, rye, oats, bar- ley, apples, pears, peaches, and many other grains and fruits, were brought here by the first settlers. The potato was introduced into Ireland from Virginia in 1565, by a trader named Hawkins. Sir Francis Drake carried it to England in 1585, though it at- tracted little notice till it was a third time imported from America by Sir Walter Raleigh ; yet it was fully a century before its merits as food really began to be understood, as at first it was held to be fit only for feeding swine and cattle. 36 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. Elizabeth to the throne of Enghmd, Raleigh was arrested for alleged conspiracy against the king and confined in prison for thirteen years, during which time he wrote a history of the world. He was tinally released; but afterward tried on the old charge and beheaded.* He was a gallant and cul- tivated man. 6, Bartholomew Gosnold. — In 1602 Baktholomew GosNOLD, by authority of the English government, was the next to explore the shores of North Amer- ica. He pursued a direct course across the Atlan- tic, instead of the circuitous route followed by hia predecessors. Hitherto, ships from the ports of England, France and Spain sailed first southward to the Canary Islands, thence to the West Indies, and from there northward to the coast-line of the •Raleigli was cheered in his confinement by the friendship ol Henry, Prince of Wales, who admired the splendid talents of Sir Walter, and used to say that "no king but his father would keep such a bird in a cage." Though released from prison, yet no formal par- don had been granted by the king, but Raleigh's friends thought it was not necessary to purchase one, since the king had appointed him to the command of an expedition to Guiana, with the power of life and death over those under him. This expedition was fitted out at the instigation of Raleigh, to go in search of a rich gold mine, ol -which he said he had obtained information in a former voyage; but nothing was efiected except the destroying of a Spanish town. The Spanish government complained of this act, and the king, who was desirous to keep on good terms with that government, resolved to sacrifice Raleigh to appease their resentment. He was first tried for misconduct in the late expedition, but was acquitted. The king then ordered the old sentence to be enforced. On the scaflTold Raleigh behaved with great manliness and dignity. He desired to see the ax, and feeling the edge of it, said to the sherifi^ "This is a sharp medicine, but a sure remedy for all evils." DISCOVERIES AND EXPLORATIONS. 37 continent. By departing from this long and cir- cuitous way and sailing directly across, Gosnold reached the coast of Maine in seven weeks. He discovered and explored Cape Cod, Nantucket, Martha's Vineyard [vin'-yanl), and the Elizabeth Islands, on the coast of Massachusetts. His main object was to found a colony, but none was suc- cessfully established. 7. Other Attempts to Colonize. — In 1603 Martin Pring sailed for America; and, exploring the re- gion of Gosnold's discoveries, loaded his vessel with sassafras, and returned home. The last voyage made by the English, prepara- tory to the actual establishment of a colony in America, was made by George Weymouth {way'- muth) in 1605. SECTION IV. DISCOVERIES OF THE DUTCH. 1609—1610. 1. Voyages of Henry Hudson. — In 1607 Sir Henry Hudson, an illustrious English nobleman, was em- ployed by a company of London merchants to at- tempt a discovery of a north-west passage to the Indies. He attained a higher point of latitude than was ever before reached, but the icebergs on the coast of Greenland and Spitzbergen (spiz-ber' jen), prevented his farther progress, and he was obliged to return to England, 38 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 2. Hudson in Employ of the Dutch. — At this time Holland was the foremost maritime nation of the world. His own government refusing him further aid, Hudson went to Amsterdam, Holland, and was at once furnished with the means by the Dutch East India Company to prosecute his proposed dis- covery of a north-west passage. He proceeded on his voyage in 1609 ; and in his unsuccessful efforts to open up the coveted passage, he discovered and ex- plored Manhattan island and the beantiful river which bears his name. After trading with the na- tives of the vicinity and enjoying the picturesque scenery, he steered for Holhind. 3. Hudson Again in English Employ. — The English merchants were now willing to grant assistance to Hudson. They were somewhat chagrined that he had been compelled to seek aid of Holland, and also envious of his discoveries in behalf of the Dutch. Strange to say, they claimed these discov- eries on the ground that Hudson was an English subject; also, on the strength of Cabot's discovery of the continent. These counter claims caused much trouble afterward. These merchants fur- nished him with an outfit, and in 1610 Hudson again attempted to find a north-west passage. 4. Fate of Hudson. — He discovered the large bay that bears his name ; and, while exploring it to find a north-west outlet, his ship was blocked up among the ice. His sailors became disheartened, and though spring, with its genial warmth had now come, they mutinied and cast him with hi^ son and seven others adi-ifr in ;i sn];ill l)oat. Noth- DISCOVERIES AND EXPLORATIONS. 39 ing more was ever heard of the unfortunate Hud- son and his companions. 5. New Netherland. — The Dutch possessions in America were called " New Netherland," and were valued by them chiefly on account of the fur trade. SECTION V. EXPLORATIONS AND POSSESSIONS— REVIEWED. 1. Extent of Spanish Explorations. — The Spaniards confined their explorations and settlements to the West Indies and the adjacent mainland ; and, in the present limits of the United States, made settle- ments only in Florida and New Mexico.* The Spaniards claimed possession of the West Indies, Yucatan (u-kay-tan'), Mexico, Florida, a large portion of the present Southern States, and the Pacific coast. They based their claim on the rights of discovery and exploration. Of all its for- mer extensive and valuable possessions in North and South America, nothing whatever now remains to Spain. 2. Extent of French Explorations.— The French kad explored the Great Lakes, the Mississippi and its shores from the Falls of St. Anthony to the Gulf; a large portion of the States now bordering *New Mexico was explored by Espejo (es-paif-ho), who, in 1582 founded Santa Fe (fay^), which is the second oldest town in the United States, 40 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. on those waters; and the Canadas and Aoadia — the latter now called Nova Scotia and New Bruns- wick. All of this region they styled " New France," and claimed possession of the same by right of ex- ploration. The English also laid claim to it bj'- virtue of previous discovery — by the Cabots, Hence the cause of future contention and war. 3. Extent of English Explorations.— The English had explored the Atlantic coast at various times, and claimed this vast territory, naming it Virginia. This was also claimed by the French, as " New France." {See Map.) 4. Extent of Dutch Explorations.— The Dutch laid claim to New Netherland, by virtue of Hudson's explorations. REVIEW OF DTSCOVERERS AND EXPLORERS. [Note to the Teacher. — Let each pupil memorize and recite the following tabulation; also have him write it in his blank book.] SPANISH. Columbus discovered America, October 12, 1492. Columbus discovered Cuba, November, 1492. Columbus discovered the Continent, August 10, 1498. Vespucci explored the Atlantic coast, 1499. De Leon discovered Florida, April 6, 1512. Balboa discovered the Pacific, September 26, 1513. Grijalvah discovered Mexico, 1518. De Ayllon explored coast of America, 1520. Magellan explored Western and Southern coast, 1519-21. DISCOVERERS AND EXPLORERS. 41 De Narvaez explored Florida and Gulf region, 1528. De Soto discovered the Mississippi, 1541. Meleiidez explored coast of Florida, 1565. ENGLISH. The Cabots discovered and explored the Continent, 1497. Martin Frobisher explored North-eastern coast, 1576. Sir Francis Drake* explored Western coast, 1578-80. Sir Humphrey Gilbert explored North-eastern coast, 1583. Sir Walter Raleigh explored Middle coast, 1587-89. Bartholomew Gosnold explored coast of New Eng- land, 1602. Pring and Weymouth explored coast of New Eng- land, 1603-5. Sir Henry Hudson discovered Hudson Bay, 1610. FRENCH. Verazzana explored Atlantic coast, 1524. James Cartier discovered Gulf and River of St. Law- rence, 1534. Ribault and Laudonniere explored Florida coast, 1562-64. Champlain and De Monts explored region of Great Lakes, 1605-8. Marquette and La Salle explored Mississippi Valley, 1673-80. DUTCH. Henry Hudson discovered Manhattan Island and Hudson River, 1609. *The English gained nothing by Drake's expedition ; his ob- ject was to enrich himself by preying upon Spanish merchant vessels, 42 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. DISCOVERIES AND EXPLORATIONS. 43 RECAPITULATION". CHRONOLOGY OF EVENTS RECORDED IN PART I. (period of discovery and expi,oration.) 1001, Lief Erickson's supposed discovery of America: 1170, Madoc's supposed discovery of America. 1302, The Mariner's Compass invented. 1435, Cliristoplier Columbus born in Genoa, Italy. 1492, Columbus started on his voyage of discovery, August 3d. 1492, Columbus discovered America, October 12th. 1493, Columbus started homeward, January. 1497, John Cabot discovered the Continent, Juno 24th. 1498, Columbus discovered the Continent, August 10th. 1499, Vespucci discovered the Continent. 1506, Columbus died at Valladolid, Spain, aged 71. 1512, Ponce De Leon discovered Florida, April 6th. 1513, Balboa discovered the Pacific, September 26th. 1518, Grijalvah discovered Mexico. 1519-21, Magellan sailed around the World. 1519, Cortez went to Mexico. 1520, De Ayllon explored the Middle coast of North America. 1521, Cortez completed the conquest of Mexico. 1524, Verazzana explored Atlantic shores of North America. 1528, De Narvaez explored Florida and the Gulf region. 1534, James Cartier discovered the Gulf of St. Law- rence. 44 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 1535, Cartier explored St. Lawrence River. 1539, De Soto made an expedition to America. 1541, De Soto discovered the Mississippi. 1562-64, Laudonniere colonized Florida, but is driven away. 1565, Melcndez founded St. Augustine, the oldest town in the United States. 1576, Martin Frobisher explored North-eastern coast, 1578-80, Sir Francis Drake explored Western coast. 1582, Santa Fe, second oldest town in the United States, founded. 1583, Sir Humphrey Gilbert attempted to colonize Newfoundland. 1587, Sir Walter Raleigh attempted to colonize Roanoke. 1587, Raleigh introduced tobacco and potatoes into Europe. 1587, Virginia Dare, the first white child of Eng- lish parents born in America. 1602, Bartholomew Gosnold attempted to colonize New England. 1603, Martin Pring attempted to colonize New" England. 16-05, George Weymouth attempted to colonize New England. 1605, Champlain founded the first French colony, at Port Royal. 1608, Champlain founded Quebec. 1609, Henry Hudson sought a North-west passage to India. 1609, Hudson discovoi'cd Manhattr.n Iclr.nd and Hudson River. DISCOVERIES AND EXPLORATIONS. 45 1610, Hudson discovered Hudson Br.y. 1673, Marquette explored the Ltississippi and lak region. 1673-80, La Salle explored the Mississippi and lake reunion. GENERAL QUESTIONS AND DIRECTIONS. 1. Under authority of what nations and sovereigns were discoT- cries and explorations made? 2. Name the Spanish discoveries and explorations; the English; the French; the Dutch. 3. How many years passed between the discovery of (Juanaliani and that of the Mississippi? 4. What claim was based upon the discovery of the Cabots? What claim upon the discovery of Columbus ? What coun- ter claims upon the discoveries of Hudson? Upon what did the French base their claims to America? 5. Name those portions of America claimed by the Spanish, the English, the French, and the Dutch, respectively. . 6. Why was America called the New Wwld ? 7. What is the modern name of Hispaniola? 8. What discovery was made in 1541? In 1534? In 1518? In 1513? In 1512? In 1499? In 1497? In 1 GOD? 9. What permanent settlements had been made in the New World to the year 1600? By wliat nation, and under what king? 10. Under what French sovereign were attempts made at coloniza- tion ? Under what English sovereign? 11. By what route were goods from the East Indies obtained? By what route are goods now usually obtained from there? What was the great object of Columbus's time? 12. What region did Columbus think he liad reached? lo. After whom ought this continent to have been uumed, and why? 14. V/hat navigator shortened the voyage aero: s the Atlantic? 15. Who said, " Am 7 on a bed of rostsf" iO. Are horses native to America? 17 What domestic animals were not originally found in America? 46 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 18. What plant and esculent vegetable were indigenous to Amer- ica ? 19. What grains and fruits were brought to America by the first settlers? 20. What claims to the discovery of America prior to that of Co- Inmhus? 21. What did Vasco de Gama discover, and when? 22. What, chiefly, led Columbus to believe that he could find land to the West? 23. Mention an incident showing the zeal which (Jueen Isabella manifested in the plans of Columbus. 24. When, by whom, and inider what circumstances was the first Huguenot colony massacred? 25. Tell what yon have learned of Montezuma. Of Guatimozin. 26. Whence came the Indians? What relics or remains of an an- cient race are still to be seen? 27. To what sovereigns did Columbus apply for aid to make hi.s first voyage? 28. What did De Leon expect to find in Florida? 29. Describe the expedition of De Soto. 30. Name the first colony in the New World. The first permanent one. The first permanent French colony. The first perma- nent P^nglish colony. 31. Wlio was the first white child born in America? 32. What did Columbus do when he first landed upon American soil? 33. What explorer was set adrift with his son and seven compan- ions in Hudson Bay? 34. What was the lost colony of America? 35. What did iVc!« jS/)am comprise? New France? New Nctherland? 36. What reply did Columbus make when the captain of the ves- sel in which he was taken home in chains, ofTered to remove his fetters ? 37. What inscription did Columbus desire to have engraved on his tomb? 38. What tradition existed among the Mexicans concerning the invasion of Cortez? 39. How were the soldiers of Cortez armed? How many had muskets? In what were they all clothed? 40. Recite the chronological table of events recorded in Part I. DISCOVERIES AND EXPLORATIONS. 47 ANALYTIC SYNOPSIS. GENERAL REVIEW OF PART I. [Note to the Teacher. — Every "Analytic Synopsis" should be written upon the blackboard, from which the pupils may recite — in review- without question or dictation by thetea:her, — telling all they have learned regarding each topic] r WEST INDIES GUANAHANI, CUBA, HAYTI, POKTO RICO. CONTINENT, JTORIDA COAST I MEEENDEZ, HUGUENOTS. ATLANTIC COAST f 1. SPANISH^ PACIFIC COAST, GULF COAST, PACIFIC OCEAN, (CONQUEST, MONTEZUMA, CiUATIMOZIN. [MISSISSIPPI RIVER. Discoveries and &)xploratious f ATLANTIC COAST, GULF & R. ST. LAWRENCE, o viiVl^rv J REGION OF GREAT LAKES, - *'^*'^^" -j COAST OF FLORIDA, I ACADIA, [MISSISSIPPI VALLEY. fTHE CONTINENT, I PACIFIC COAST, I NORTH-ATLANTIC COAST, 3. ENGLISH^ ROANOKE ISLAND, I COAST OF NEW ENGLAND, I MIDDLE-ATLANTIC COaST. [HUDSON BAY. 4. BUTCH f MANHATTAN, I HUDSON EIVEB. 48 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. ANAL YTIC SYNOPSIS— (Continued) II. Extent of 1. SPANISH 2. FRENCH ON THE CONTINENT, OF TPIE WEST INDIES. IN PRESENT UNITED STATES, CLAIMS. r IN PRESENl \ IN CANADA [ COUNTER C eedwell and the Mayflmcer ; but the Speedwell springing a leak, they were compelled to send her back. Crowding themselves into the Ihayftmvcr, they reached the inhospitable coast of New England after a long and stormy passage. 62 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 4. Their Hardships. — The Puritans suftered much from the severity of the climate. It must be borne in mind that New England, though in the latitude of Italy, has a much colder climate than that of England. The first winter (1620-1621) was espe- cially severe upon them, and many died before the return of spring. Though the Indians did not molest them at this time, yet the Puritans were uneasy about them. They elected Miles Standish, a brave young man, to lead in the event of attack. 5. Treaty with the Indians. — One day in early spring, an Indian visited the colony, saluting them in broken English, " Welcome, Englishmen." This was Sam'-o-set, who stated by signs that his chief, Mas-sa-so'-it, would visit them. Massasoit came, and a treaty was made that lasted for fifty years. 6. Progress of the Colony. — The progress of the colony was slow indeed. Their first harvest was a failure. A pint of corn was all they had at this their " starving time ;" yet, they were cheerful and praised God for his manifold blessings. At first they worked in common, as the settlers of James- town had done ; but this plan failed here as in Vir- ginia, and land was assigned to each settler. As a result, abundance ensued. They elected their own Governor and made their own laws. Ten years after coming to America they obtained from the Council for New England a grant of the land which they occupied. The colony was never a royal province. SETTLEMENT AND COLONIAL HISTORY. 63 MASSACHUSETTS BAY COLONY. 1. Settlement.— In 1629 John Endicott and five other persons obtained a grant of land about Mas- sachusetts Bay, also securing a roj^al charter, which gave them authority to make laws and govern the territory. Under this authority Governor Endicott induced many prominent Puritan families of Eng- land to flock to this land of liberty. They settled Salem, Charlestown, Dorchester, Watertown, and, in 1630, one thousand under Governor Winthrop, founded Boston. 2. Puritan Intolerance. — Though the Puritans came to America to avoid persecution, and claimed the right to worship as their consciences dictated, yet they were unwilling to grant the same liberty in their colony to others of diiFerent religious tenets. They banished from their settlements all persons that were not of the same belief as themselves. Among those thus exiled were Eooer Williams, an eloquent and pious yo.ing minister, and Mrs. Anne Hutchinson.* These found refuge among the In- dians. Williams, with his followers, settled upon land given him by a Karragansett chief, and named his settlement Providence. {See Rhode Island.) *Mrs. Hutchinson was a woman of genius, and desired the privilege of speaking at religious assemblies. Indignant at the re- fusal, she became the champion of her sex, and denounced the ministers as defrauding women of the gospel. She spoke much in public, advocated full freedom of conscience, and had many fol- lowers ; but her doctrines were regarded by the church as false and dangerous, and she, with the most determined of her adherents, 64 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 3. Their Persecution of Quakers. — The Quakers in particular were objects of dislike, and stringent lawa were passed forbidding them to settle in Puritan territory. The denomination of Friends, or Qua- kers, had arisen in England. The persecuting spirit of the Puritajis, as in the cases of Roger Wil- liams and Mrs. Hutchinson, did not deter the Qua- kers from coming to America. They thought the Puritan religion consisted too much in outward form and too little in inward purity. They believed that " a voice from a divine inward monitor " called them to go to Kew England to warn the Puritans of their errors. Though imprisoned, tortured, and banished, yet the Quakers returned, and boldly de- nounced the religion of the Puritans. Four of them were actually hanged, when the Puritans saw their error, and ceased their persecutions. 4. LegJil Voters Among the Puritans. — The rights of voting and holding office were confined to church members ; and the Bible was adopted as the only basis of law and rule of public action. 5. Eliot, The Indian Apostle. — In 1631 John Eliot came to America from England, and became the minister at lioxbury, Massachusetts. "With a view to reforming and Christianizing the Indians, he applied himself to the study of their language. He devoted the greater part of his life to the mission- was banished. Excommunicated from the church, she became an outcast. She went first to Rliode Island to Join the settlement which her followers had there made; thence she removed with her family to the present State of New York, where she met death in its most appalling form — that of an Indian midnight massacre. SETTLEMENT AND COLONIAL HISTORY. 65 ary work, translating the whole Bible into the In- dian language, and publishing several other works of a religious character. He taught the Indian women to spin, and the men to cultivate the soil. He also established simple forms of government for them. He has received the name of " The Indian Apostle." He died in 1690. 6. King Philip's War. — In 1675 a bloody war with the Indians of New England broke out. This is called "King Philip's War.'' Philip was a saga- cious and determined chief. He saw that unless the encroachments of the whites were checked, they would soon spread themselves all over the land and deprive the Indians of their "hunting grounds." He therefore stirred up the various tribes to war, and the conflict that followed was terrible. Villages were burned ; and men, women, and children slain. All New England was threat- ened with exetrmination ; but the several colonies combined against the savages and defeated them. Philip was driven to a swamp, where, in attempt- ing to escape, he was shot by a friendly Indian acting with the whites.* ^ *In 1660 Charles II. of England, who had been deposed, was restored to the throne, and he put to death many persons who had brought about the execution of his father — Charles I. One of the judges who had condemned his father was Goffe (goff), who, to escape the vengeance of the son, found refuge in New England. The king sent an order for his arrest, but the people refused to give him up. One of GofTe's hiding places was in the vicinity of Hadley, Mass., and during Philip's war, the Indians attacked the place, while the people were at church. Amidst the confusion and bewilderment of the people, a strange being, with long, white hair 5 66 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 7. Salem Witchcraft.*— In 1692 a strange delu- sion arose in Massachusetts regarding witchcraft. It first appeared at Salem. At first only children were afiected. Thej' seemed at times to be greatly distressed without apparent cause. Older persons and beard, and bowed down with age, suddenly appeared ; and, leading the whites to the charge, soon routed the savages. The wondering people looked about for their deliverer, but he had dis- appeared. For a long time they believed that an angel had been sent for their deliverance. This "strange being" was Goffe the Regicide, who, from liis place of concealment, saw the Indians creeping upon the whites, and at once determined his course of ac- tion. *The practices of witches ; enchantments; intercourse with the devil. The most fatal effects of this delusion were produced at Salem. At first old women, only, were suspected of having leagued with the devil, to inflict upon the persons who complained, the various torments, which they asserted, they felt. A belief in •witchcraft was at that time (1692) universal. Sir Matthew Hale, one of the most enlightened judges of England, often tried and condemned per.sons accused of witchcraft. The manner in which those who were supposed to be afllicted with this malady were troubled, is thus described by Cotton Mather, the moat prominent minister of New England at that time, and who was active in the rooting out of this supposed crime: "Sometimes they were deaf, sometimes dumb, sometimes blind, and often all this at once. Their tongues woul.J be drawn down their throats, and then pulled out upon their chins to a prodigious length. Their mouths were forced open to such a wideness that their jaws went out of joint; and anon would clap together again with a force like that of a spring-lock; and the like would happen to their shoulder- blades, and their elbows, and their hand-wrists, and several of their joints. Sometimes they would be benumbed, and be drawn violently together, and presently stretched out and drawn back. They complained that they were cut with knives and struck with blows, and the points of the wounds were seen upon them." We can not believe that all this actually took place ; probably the per- sons were singularly affected, and the excited fancies of those who looked on, added the rest of the picture. SETTLEMENT AND COLONIAL HISTORY. 67 were afterwards afflicted, who finally declared themselves bewitched. Various persons were ac- cused of the crime; and the horrible superstition attained such influence that about twenty persons were tried, convicted, and executed. More than fifty were tortured or frightened into confessing themselves guilty, and many suffered imprison- ment. In a year or two, however, the delusion subsided, and the people returned to their senses. The memory of these transactions is a source of national sorrow and humiliation. MAINE AND NEW HAMPSHIRE. 1. Their Common History. — These two colonies were so intimately united with Massachusetts that they have almost a common history. The Council for New England granted the territory to Gorges and Mason in 1623. Gorges selected the country now forming Maine, and Mason the territory now called New Hampshire. Massachusetts, however, claimed the territory of Maine, and to secure it, bought it from the heirs of Gorges. It formed a part of Massachusetts till 1820, when it was sepa- rated into a distinct State. Mason settled New Hampshire at Dover in 1623, naming the territory in remembrance of the county of Hampshire, Eng- land, his former home. It was united to Massa- chusetts in 1644. HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. CONNECTICUT. 1. The First Settlement. — Connecticut {kon-net'-i- cut) was settled at Windsor in 1633, by emigrants from Massacluisetts. It derived its name from tlie Connecticut river, an Indian word, signifying *^Lovg Biijer." There were three colonies afterward established : (1). The New Htuen Colony, founded in 1638 by a INDIANS Making an Attack ux a Far.mhuuse. number of wealthy London families. The Bible was their only law, and only church members could vote. (2). The. Connecticut Colony proper, compris- ing Hartford, Wethersfield, and Windsor, in which alf freemen were allowed to vote— a right granted them by a written constitution framed by the peo- ple. (3). The Saybrook Colony, established in 1635 by Lords Say and Brook, which they afterward sold to the Connecticut Colony. SETTLEMENT AND COLONIAL HISTORY. 69 2. The Pequod Indians. — The settlers of the Con- necticut Colony were much annoyed by a tribe of Indians called Pequods. In 1637 Captain John Mason, with a company of men, went among them, burned their villages and destroyed almost the whole nation in one day.* 3. Union of the New England Colonies. — In 1643 the colonies of Plymouth, Massachusetts, Connec- ticut, and New Haven united for mutual protection under the title of the " United Colonies of New England." At this time these four colonies con- tained 20,000 inhabitants and fifty villages, f *Tlie Pequods (or Pequots) were a warlike tribe, and regarded the whites with distrust. These Indians having murdered, without provocation, a trader named Oldham, a party of the settlers under Endicott avenged the deed by destroying their wigwams and crops on Block Island, and crossing to the main land demanded from the Pequods damages for various injuries sustained at their hands and some of their children as hostages. These being refused, the whites laid waste part of their country. This kindled the flame of re- venge in the breasts of the Pequods, and they practiced all the wiles and cruelties of Indian warfare. Solitary houses were at- tacked ; men were shot down while working in the fields; women and children were murdered round the fireside. Assisted by a tribe of Indians at war with the Pequods, the settlers, with Captain Mason at their head, determined to subjugate or exterminate them. Mason's party attacked them in their village at night, but, though taken by surprise, the savages defended themselves with bravery. The battle was doubtful, when Mason decided to set fire to their wigwams. This decided the fate of the Pequods. The English and their red allies formed a circle round the burning huts and slew their enemies without mercy, as the fire drove them into sight. Others of the Pequods were afterward hunted down and either slain or sold into captivity, and the tribe ceased to exist. t To this union the colonies were strongly urged, by a sense of common danger from the Indians (a general combination of whonj 70 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 4. The Charter Oak.— In 1662 the Coniiocticut Colonies obtained a liberal charter, which granted them almost independence, and was the most fav- orable 3'et given to any colony. In 1687 the king of England became displeased with some of the acts of the colonies, and thinking they were enjoying too much liberty, sent Sir Ed- mund Andros to take away their charter. Now, the people did not wish to be deprived of this charter, and when they had assembled at evening by order of Andros to yield it up, the lights in the room were suddenly extinguished. When re- lighted, the charter, which had been lying upon a table, was nowhere to be found. The tyrant Andros was obliged to leave without the document. William Wadsworth had blown out the lights; and, seizing the charter, hid it in the hollow of an oak tree in the vicinity of Hartford. This tree was was expected), and by the claims and encroachments of the Dutch, at Manhattan, New York. By the articles of union each colony retained its distinct and separate government. No two colonies might be united into one, nor any colony be received into the con" federacy, without the consent of the whole. Each colony was to elect two commissioners, who should meet annually, and at other times, if necessary, and should determine " all afiairs of war and peace, of leagues, aids, charges, and numbers of men of war," etc. Upon notice that any colony was invaded, the rest were imme- diately to dispatch assistance. This union subsisted more than forty years, until the charters of the colonies were either taken away, or suspended, by James II. and his commissioners. The efTects of this union were very salutary. Several Indian tribes submitted to the English ; and the colonies also became formida- ble, by means of 5t, to the Dutch. This confederacy was also madt* subservient to the civil and religious improvement of the Indian* SETTLEMENT AND COLONIAL HISTORY. 71 ever after called the " Charter Oak." * Andres afterward (1689) tyrannized over the people of Boston, but was finally deposed ; and then the peo- ple of Connecticut brought forth their secreted charter, f From this time till the Revolution, New England remained a royal province. RHODE ISLAND. 1. Settlement. — Banished from Massachusetts by the intolerance of the Puritans, Roger Williams and his friends settled at the head of Narragansett Bay in 1636, naming the settlement Providence Plantation. Williams was very liberal toward all religious denominations, and many persons from Massachusetts settled in Rhode Island. Some of these in 1639 founded Newport, on the soutlieru part of the island of Rhodes (rodcs), in Narragan- sett Bay. This island was so named from its re- semblance to the Island of Rhodes in the Mediter- ranean Sea. 'Icncc the name Rhode Island. *"This celebrated tree continued to exist and to be regarded as one of the most interesting historical mementos of the country, till the year 1856, when it fell to the ground." ' t The appointment of Andros as governor-general was very displeasing to the Puritans. His acts were arbitrary and rigidly enforced. In civil matters as well as in those pertaining to wor- ship he violated the long established customs of the people. All marriage ceremonies not performed by a minister of the Church of England were pronounced illegal. It is said, however, that Gov- ernor Andros's private character was good, and his despotic act* were merely the carrying out of the policy of the king. 72 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 2. Rhode Island Obtains a Charter.— *In 1644 Wil- liams visited England as agent of the settlers, and secured a charter, which unitedthe two Plantations of Providence and Rhode Island. GENERAL QUESTIONS AND DIRECTIONS. l.[ Under what sovereign was tlie colonization of Virginia accom- plished? Chiefly by whom? 2. How long after the discovery of America was Jamestown founded ? How long after the founding of St. Augustine ? 3. Prepare and recite a Chronological Table of the dated events mentioned in Sections I and II, (history of Virginia and of New England.) 4. Name the colonies of New England organized between 1630 and 1643. Which of these formed a union in 1643? Whart was the object of this union? What were the effects of it? 5. What Indian chiefs are mentioned in these two sections? 6. What, principally, induced emigration to New England ? 7. What was the price of a negro slave when first brought to Vir- ginia colony ? 8. When and where did the first Legislature convene in America? 9. Wlio was the first white man to use tobacco? 10. Who was the "Indian Apo'^tie?" 11. What Puritan was a great Indian fighter ? 12. What was the origin of the names Cape Henry and Cape Charles ? *In 1648 Rhode Island petitioned to be admitted to the New England Confederacy, but was denied, unless she would be incor- porated with Plymouth and lose her separate existence. This she refused, and was consequently excluded. [Note to the Tkachek. — The pupil should write, from memory, the various lists, tables, etc., which he is directed to recite, and pre- serve them in a blank book. In recitation the blackboard may be used to exhibit his work.] SETTLEMENT AND COLONIAL HISTORY. 73 13. What was Pocahontas called in England? 14. Define a chdrtor. 15. What things were used as money in early colonial times? 16. Who, only, were legal voters among the Puritans? 17. Describe the strange delusion that rose in Massachusetts in 1692, 18. Describe the destruction of the Pequods. 19. Relate the story of the " Charter Oak." 20. When was the "starving time" in Virginia? 21. Wliat was the name of the vessel that brought the Puritans to America? SECTION III. THE MIDDLE COLONIES. NEW YORK. 1. Settlement. — As we have seen, the Dutch claimed Manhattan Island and the territory border- ing on the Hudson, by virtue of Hudson's discov- eries. They visited this region to traffic in furs with the Indians. The whole island of Manhattan, on which the city of New York now stands, was purchased by the Dutch of the Indians for about twenty-four dollars. In 1613 a Dutch colony under the patronage of the West India Company settled New Amsterdam, afterward called New York, and also Fort Orange (Albany) in 1615. The settlers were allowed to select and buy land of the Indians which should descend to their heirs forever.* (See ^'■Harrison and Tyler's Administration'' Topic 10.) 2. Troubles of the Colonists. — The Dutch colonists for more than twenty years were involved in In- * The proprietary lords of the early Dutch settlements of New York and New Jersey — called Patroons — were granted remarkable privileges, and clothed with almost princely powers. On condition 74 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. dian wars, and in difficulties with the Swedes on the Delaware and the English on the Connecticut. These disputes arose from the fact that the Dutch claimed the territory hetween the Delaware and Connecticut rivers. 3. Manhattan Taken by the English.— The Eng- lish coveted Manhattan; and in 1664 they besieged the Dutch settlements thereon. Peter Stityvesant (sti'-vesant), the last governor of the Dutch, had been somewhat of a tyrant over them, and was consequently disliked. When the English sum- moned them to surrender, the Dutch, remembering the tyranny of Stuyvesant, and believing that they might enjoy more freedom under English rule, re- fused to fight ; and the English under Nichols took possession without bloodshed. The name of the place was now changed from New Amsterdam to New York, in honor of the Duke of York, after- ward James II, of England. * 4. New York Under English Rule.— The Dutch colonists of New York did not enjoy the freedom under the English which they had anticipated. that they would bring a colony of fifty persons to America, they were permitted to select lands on any river bank, of prei^cribed di- mensions. Aided by subordinates appointed by themselves, these Patroons exercised absolute sway over the people of their colonies. No person could quit the Patroon\ service until the time of con- tract had expired, whether treated well or not ; and the only priv- ilege which these tenants enjoyed was an exemption from taxatiou for ten years. -'■■ In 1673 — nine years after the English occupation — Manhat' tan was re-taken by the Dutch ; hut this second Dutch rule lasted but fifteen months, when the whole of the New Netherl».nd« r»«^ ceded to England. SETTLEMENT AND COLONIAL HISl'ORY. 75 The tyrant Andros, who afterward oppressed the people of New England, was appointed governor, and he ruled with a rod of iron. He was so arbi- trary tliat his king recalled him. Captain Leisler {lie'-sler) next administered public affairs very prudently, but was opposed by the aris- tocracy ; and when superceded by Gov, Slaughter, he was arrested and tried for treason. His enemies made the Governor drunk, obtained his signature to the death warrant, and before he became sober Leisler was executed. From this time till the Kevolution, the history of New York is a record of struggles for political rights, which developed a spirit of liberty. 5. The Story of Captain Kidd. — Between the years 1696 and 1699 the Atlantic Ocean on the coast of America was infested by pirates. To break up their depredations on commerce, the English em- ployed a sea captain named Robert Kidd, to com- mand a vessel against them; but after getting out to sea, Kidd and his men decided to turn pirates themselves, and they became the most famous sea robbers ever known. Kidd roved the seas for a year or two, amassing great treasures, which it was said he hid somewhere on Long Island. Some per- sons have actually dug over many portions of the island in search for the hidden treasures, but the story of his secreted gold is now considered fabu- lous.* *Kid(J w:ia arrested in 1701 while boldly walking the streets of Boston. He was taken to Loudon for trial, was convicted, and exe- cuted for his crimes. 76 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. NEW JERSEY. 1< Settlement. — New Jersey was first permanently settled by the English at Elizabethtown in 1664, by a company from Long Island and New England. The Dutch claimed the territory and had before (1624) made a settlement at Bergen [her'-jen). The English proprietors divided their grant into West Jersey and East Jersey — the former afterward owned and settled by a company of Quakers, who founded Burlington. Other Quakers followed, and West Jersey became a Quaker colony. East Jersey was afterward sold to William Penn and eleven other Quakers. The two Jerseys were finally united under one Governor. In 1738 New Jersey was made a royal province. It derived its name from the island of Jersey in the English Channel. PENNSYLVANIA AND DELAWARE. 1. Delaware Settled. — In 1638 the Swedes, under the auspices of the king of Sweden, settled at a point near Wilmington, naming the lands New Sweden. The Dutch troubled this settlement and conquered it (1655), but it continued to prosper even after the English had annulled both Swedish and Dutch rule. 2. Pennsylvania Settled. — William Penn,* a phi- lanthro[)ic Quaker, obtained from the king of ♦William Penn was the first legislator whose friiiiinal code admitted the humane principle that the object of punishment is not merely to prevent crime, but also to reform the oflender. PeuJ" SETTLEMENT AND COLONIAL HISTORY. 77 England a grant of a large tract of land embracing the present States of Pennsylvania and Delaware^ the latter termed "the three lower counties on the Delaware." Penn's object in colonizing this tract was to found a refuge for his Quaker brethren, who were bitterly persecuted in England. In 1681 hej sent over about 2,000 Quaker settlers ; the next year he came himself, and was received by them with great cordiality. 3 Philadelphia Laid Out. — They settled on the present site of Philadelphia, which they called the " City of Brotherly Love.^' Penn named his land Sylvia^ which means woods, and it was afterward styled " Penn's Woods," or Pennsylvania. Al- though he had obtained this territory from the king of England, yet he considered the rights of the Indians and paid them for the land. A treaty, which was never broken, was made with them under a large elm tree. His treatment of them was al- ways just and generous. The result was that " not A drop of Quaker blood was ever shed hy an In- dian.*' Thus the colony prospered from the start. Penn's great law was that no person believing in (lied in 1718, leaving behind him the character of a truly pious and good man. He, with the others of his sect, was bitterly per- secuted in England. He was twice imprisoned by the government for his religious opinions, and many false accusations were brought against him; but he lived to see every suspicion wiped away from his reputation, and his life teaches us that the world fails not to honor a man of active kindness, liberality, honesty and truth. The Indians, conciliated by his kindness, remained for seventy years at peace with the inhabitants; and thus, until the French and Indian War, nothing occurred in Pennsylvania to interrupt her prosperity 78 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. "Almighty God " should be molested iu his reli- gious views. Unlike the Puritans, though perse- cuted themselves, the Quakers did not persecute others of different religious belief. * Pennsylvania and Delaware remained under ne governor till the Revolution. MARYLAND. 1. First Settlement.— In 1634 Lord Baltimore (Cecil Calvert) having obtained a grant of land from the king of England, came to America with 200 colonists, mostly Roman Catholics and men of standing. They established a colony at St. Marks, on Chesapeake Bay, naming the territory Mary- land, in honor of Henrietta Maria, queen of Charles I. Lord Baltimore's object was to estab- lish an asylum for the oppressed of all religious denominations. Christianity was the basis of the laws, but all sects were treated alike. Under such generous laws the colony increased and prospered. f * No part of America was settled more rapidly than Pennsyl- vania. The soil was fertile, the climate mild and agreeable, and deer and other wild animals were abundant. The government ar- ranged by Penn being just and liberal, gave perfect freedom to \every person to worship God in his own way. Thus at peace among themselves, the Indians being made their friends by justice and gentleness, the people of this colony afforded a striking con- trast to the less fortunate settlements in the north and east. At- tracted by these favorable circumstances, numerous emigrants flocked to Pennsylvania ; and in four years after Penn received the grant, the province contained twenty settlements, and the city i,f Philadelphia two thousand inhabitants. t The colony flourished, as well in consequence of its pleasant situation as the liberal policy of its government. These Catholics SETTLEMENT AND COLONIAL HISTORY. 79 2. Clayborne's Rebellion. — The sole enemy of the coloiiV was a man named Clayborne, who, with his associates, had established two independent trad- ing-posts within the territory granted to Lord Baltimore, and refused to acknowledge his au- thority. A rebellion ensued (1635) which resulted in the defeat of Clayborne, who fled to Virginia. He was thence sent to England for trial on the charge of treason, but was acquitted. 3. "Mason and Dixon's Line." — The disputed boundary between the Maryland and Pennsylvania colonies was finally settled (1762) by Mason and Dixon, two civil engineers, appointed by the Eng- lish government. The boundary thus established has since been called " Mason and Dixon's Line." 4. Religious Troubles. — The Protestants having gained power in the colony, assailed the Catholic faith and excluded Catholics from the Assembly (1655). The heirs of Baltimore were deprived of their rights; and Maryland became a royal prov- ince. In 1715, however, the Catholics were again restored to power, and thus Maryland remained till the llevolution. did not persecute those who differed from them in religious opin- ion. Lord Baltimore and Roger Williams seem to have discov- ered, about the same time, that every man has a right to worship God aa he pleases. 80 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES, SECTION IV. THE SO UTHERN COLONIES* THE CAROLINAS. 1. The Two Settlements. — The Carolinas were settled at Albemarle in 1663 by Lord Clarendon and several other English noblemen, who obtained from Charles 11. a grant of a vast tract south of Virginia, which was named Carolina in honor of the king, whose name in Latin is Carolus. Manj Huguenots, who made excellent citizens, settled in the Carolinas, and were always desirable. f There were two distinct settlements made; the other being the Carteret Colony — forming the pres- ent State of South Carolina, of which Charleston was the first settlement — made in 1670. In 1729 these two colonies were separated under the names of North Carolina and South Carolina. 2. The Laws of Locke. — The English philosopher, John Locke, constructed a code of laws called the * Virginia, an account of the settlement of which has been given, was a Southern colony. t"In Charleston alone there were at one time as many tm 26,000 Huguenots. They added whole streets to the city. Thftir severe morality, marked charity, elegant manners, and thrifty habits, made them a most desirable acquisition. They brought the mulberry and olive, and established magnificent plantations on the banks of the Cooper. They also introduced many choice varieties of pears, which still bear illustrious Huguenot names. Their de- Bcendants are eminently honorable, and have borne a proud part ia tfae establishment of our E«public." SETTLEMENT AND COLONIAL HISTORY. 81 •* Grand Model " for the government of these colo- nies ; but it was wholly unsuited to the wants of a wild and unsettled country, and was soon laid aside for something practicable.* GEORGIA. 1. First Settlement. — In 1733 Georgia — so called in honor of George II. — was settled at Savannah by a company of immigrants f brought thither by General James Oglethorpe {o'-gel-thorpe), an Eng- lish otHcer. At that time persons in debt and un- able to pay coulu be imprisoned if their creditors BO wished. Oglethorpe, who was a generous man, made this settlement a refuge for all such unfortu- nate debtors, as well as for the oppressed of all nations. J Georgia remained a royal province till the Revolution. 2. Wesley and Whitefield.— In 1736 John Wes- LEY,ttt the founder of Methodism, visited Georgia and established the Methodist Church in America. * The "Grand Model " divided the country into provinces o{ nearly half a million acres, " each to be governed by a landgrave, with a whole order of nobles under him. No settler was to vote unless he owned fifty or more acres of land ; the tillers of the soil were to be serfs, and beneath them were slaves." tThe first settlers of Georgia were of a mixed character- English, Scotch Highlanders, Germans, Jews, and Moravians. + For a long time the colony did not flourish. A war with the Spaniards in Florida cost them much time and many lives. ttt He was an instructor at the University of Oxford — being the leader of a set of pious young men, who were derisively called 6 82 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. Two years later be was followed by tbe eloquent divine, George Whitefield {lohW field) * who es- lablisbed an orpban asylum at Savannab. His stirrino; appeals aroused a deep interest in Chris- tianit}' througbout tbat region. CAUSES AND OBJECTS OF COLONIZATION. We have now briefly told the story of the settle- ment and colonization of the thirteen English Colo- nies. From the first feeble beginnings of these Colo- nies their history is full of interest and instruction. " The people who laid the foundations of civilization in America were nearly all refugees, exiles, wander- ers, pilgrims. They were urged across tbe ocean by a common impulse, and that impulse was tbe desire to escape from some form of oppression in tbe Old World. Sometimes it was the oppression of tbe Church, f sometimes of tbe State, sometimes "Methodists," from their methodical mode of living. In 1735, Oglethrope induced Wesley to go to Georgia as a missionary. While acting in -this capacity with his brother Charles and two Oxford friends, he became impressed with the Moravian mission- aries, the study of whose doctrines finally led him to establish the Methodist Church. ♦Whitefield was an associate of the Wesleys, and was the most remarkable preacher of his day. He always drew immense crowds to hear him preach. T Our country was largely peopled in its earlier days by refu- gees for religious faith. The Huguenots, the Puritans, the Quak- ers, the Presbyterians, the persecuted of every sect and creed, flocked to this " home of the free," SETTLEMENT AND COLONIAL HISTORY. 83 of society. In the wake of the emigrant ship there was always tyranny. Men loved freedom ; to find it they braved the perils of the deep, traversed the solitary forests of Maine, bnilt huts on the bleak shores of New England, entered the Hudson, ex- plored the Jerseys, found shelter in the Chesapeake, met starvation and death on the banks of the James, were buffeted by storms around the capes of Carolina, built towns by the estuaries of the great rivers, made roads through the pine woods, and carried the dwellings of men to the very margin of the fever-haunted swamps of the South. It is all one story — the story of the human race seeking for liberty." 84 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. ANALYTIC SYNOPSIS * GENERAL REVIEW OF SECTIONS I, II, III, IV. (PART II.) .. EASTERN, COLONIES Or NEW MIDDLE COLONIES 1. Massarhnsetts^ (with JIainc) 1. Plymouth Bay Colony ' N. Virginia, S. Virginia, Puritnn^, Hardships, . Indian Treat') Intolerance, Voters, Philip's War, Witclicrajt, [John Eliot. 3. N. Hampshire (with Vermont) 4. Rhode liilaud ■! '1. New Haven ( Pequod Indians^ Colony, 2. Conn. Colony, \ Union of N. E 3. Saybrook J Colonies, Colony. I Charier Oak. 1. Providence. .2. Newport. ' Dutch Colony, Manhattan Taken, I'nder English Rule, Robert Kidd. New Jersey 1. West Jersey, ■1. East Jersey. 4. Pennsylvania {IJiiSJ^^' 5. Maryland note to the teacher on page 47. Lord Baltimore, Claybourne's Rebellion, Mason and Dixon's Line, Religious Troubles. SETTLEMENT AND COLONIAL HISTORY. 85 ». SOUTHERN COLONIES 1. Tirglnla. 2. North Carolina 3. South Carolina 4. Georgia Jamestown, Character of Settlers, Government, John Smith, Second Charter, Pocahontas, Immigration, Starving Time, First Assembly, Wives for Colonists, Slaverv Introdnced, Bacon's Rebellion. ILord Clarendon, Albemarle Colony, Carteret Colony, Laws of Locke. ( Oglethorpe, t Wesley and Whitefield. Si I Causes and Objects of Colonization. [Note to the Teacher.— Require the pupil to prepare a chronological table of the dated events given in Part II.— Colonial History— to this point, and have him recite it.] SECTION V. INTER-COLONIAL WARS. KING WILLIAM'S WAR. 1689—1697. 1. The French in America. — At this time the French had several settlements in Canada, extend- ing along the River St. Lawrence, and inclndiiig Montreal {mon-tre-awV) and Quebec They had also several forts on Lake Champlain and Lake George. 2. The Cause of the War.— King William's Wak was a contest between Fi-ance and England. When James IL was forced to abdicate the throne, he fled to France. The king of that country lent him 86 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. an army to assist liim in his attempts to regain the throne. This led to a war between the two coun- tries which extended to their colonies in America. The war began in 1689 and closed in 1697 by the treaty of Ryswick (riz'-ivik). So far as the war in America was concerned, no territory exchanged hands. Its only eftiect was to bring sutfering and distress upon the colonists. 3. Port Royal Captured. — In 1690 an expedition fitted out by Massachusetts and commanded by Sir William Phipps captured Port Royal (now Annap- olis), J^[ova Scotia, securing a large amount of booty. A second expedition, also commanded by Phipps, for the conquest of Canada, proved a failure. These were the only important events of the contest in America. 4. Massacre at Selienectady. — The French secured the assistance of the Indians, who fell upon de- fenseless settlers, slaying them without regard to age, sex, or condition. In 1690 a body of French and Indians attacked and burned Schenectady {ske-7iek'-ta-(/y),'Ne\v York, at midnight, in mid-winter. The slumbering in- habitants were dragged from their beds, and such as escaped the tomahawk, the scalping- knife, and the flames were compelled to iind their way to Al- bany barefoot and almost destitute of clothing, through a deep snow. Many of them peris^^e^ from the intense cold of that fearful night. SETTLEMENT AND COLONIAL HISTORY. 87 Numerous acts of heroism during this war might be related, but these details must be sought in works for general reading.* •The cruelties practiced by the Indians during this war almost exceed belief. Towns were attacked at midnight, and in mid-winter; the people were often killed in their beds, and those whose lives were spared were torn from their homes, and obliged to endure sufTcrings worse than death. One of these attacks furnishes a reniarkaljle instance of courage in a feeble woman. "In March, 1697, a party of Indians attacked a house in Haverhill, Mass. Its owner, Mr. Dustan, was at work in a neighboring field, and before he could get liome the Indians had dragged his sick wife from her bed and dashed out the brains of her new-born infant. Mr. Dustan tried to defend his seven remain- ing children, bidding them run to the woods while he kept the In- dians off with his gun. The party that had taken Mrs. Dustan drove her and her nurse, almost overcome by fatigue and cold, several miles beyond Concord, N. H. Here they stopped for a time ; but Mrs. Duston, hearing that she was to be taken to a dis- tant village, resolved to escape or die. There was a boy in the family of her captor, who had been a prisoner for a year. This boy, at her request, asked his master the proper mode of striking a blow fio as to cause instant death. The Indian willingly gave the desired information, and also showed him how to take off a scalp. These instructions being communicated to Mrs. Dustan, shortly before dawn she silently awoke the boy and her nurse, and assigned their respective parts. The work was quickly done. Ten of the sleeping Indians were killed, one woman escaped, and a child was spared. After scalj)ing the savages, that she might prove her story on her return, Mrs. Dustan armed herself with gun and tomahawk, and started for the Merritnac with her companions. Having pro- cured a canoe, they descended the river, and were soon among their triends, who had mourned them as dead." 88 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. QUEEN ANNE'S WAR. 1Y02— 1713. 1. The Cause of the War — England, Holland, and Germany formed an alliance against France in 1701 to prevent the union of France and Spain, The war which followed is known in English his- tory by the name of ' ' The War of the Spanish Succession." In this country it was called Queen Anne's War, 2. New England Involved — As in King Wil- liam's War, the colonies of England and France were again involved — New England suffering the brunt of the contest. It began in 1702 and con- tinued till 1713 — eleven years. It was then ended by the treaty of Utrecht {u'trekt). The result of the war was that Acadia (Nova Scotia and New Bruns- wick) was ceded to England. 3. Sufferings of the Colonists — The French again employed the Indians to light the English colonists; and the savages practiced as usual all their diabolical acts of cruelty and rapine. Villages were burned, and such of the inhabitants as could not escape were butchered without mercy.* The * Deerfield, Mass. , was attacked by a party of Fi-ench and In. dians, at midnight in mid-winter. Tlie town was set on fire, forty- seven of the people were killed, and one hundred men, women and children were carried into captivity. Among these were a Mr. Williams and his wife and five children. They were forced to travel on foot through a deep snow. On the second day of their journey, Mrs. "Williams, who was in feeble health, was so much exhausted as to be unable to keep up with the rest. Her husband was not allowed to assist her, and being about to faint from weak- SETTLEMENT AND COLONIAL HISTORY. 89 ness and fatigue, one of the Indians killed her with his tomahawk. Seventeen others of the party were despatched by the savages be- fore they arrived at their destination in Canada. This story affords a fair example of the cruelties of this war. 90 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. colonists were in constant dread of attack and al- ways worked in the fields with their guns strapped to their backs, ready at any moment to defend themselves. Many heroic deeds were performed in defense of their homes and families. 4. Capture of Port Royal (second time). — Accord- ing to the treaty of Ryswick (King William's War) Port Royal was restored to the French ; but in 1710 (Queen Anne's War) it was again taken by the English. The name of the place was changed to Annapolis, in honor of the English Queen. KING GEORGE'S WAR 1744_1748. 1. Events of the War. — This was another war be- tween France and England — called in English his- tory, "• The War of the Austrian Succession " — which broke out in 1744 and continued till 1748 — involving the New England Colonies, as the two previous wars had done. June 17, 1745, the Colonial troops — almost un- aided by the English forces — captured the strongly fortified fort of Louisburg — " The Gibraltar of America" — on the island of Cape Breton (brit'-on) in the Gulf of St. Lawrence. This was the only important event of this war. The taking of this almost impregnable fortress was an event for col- onial boasting, and inspired that confidence which SETTLEMENT AND COLONIAL HISTORY. 91 did them good service in the War for Indepen- dence. 2. Peace. — Peace was made in 1748 by the treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle (akes-la-sha-pel') by which Eng- land gave back Louisburg to France. No decided results were produced by the war — the boundaries between the possessions of the two belligerent coun- tries were left undetermined; hence, the germ of a new war. FRENCH AND INDIAN WAR.* 1754—1763. 1. The Colonies Involved. — Again, in 1754, war broke out between France and England. As in the three previous wars between these belligerent nations, the colonies of necessity took an active part and suffered all the brunt of the contest. The plastic French had peculiar persuasive power over the Indians, who became the allies of France as in other wars. 2. Cause of the War. — Jealousy and envy on ac- count of their respective possessions in America were the chief causes of the war. The French had established a line of trading forts from the Great Lakes to the Gulf, and claimed the region of coun- try west of the Alleghanies and along the Ohio, by virtue of exploration and settlement. In 1718 they •Called also the " Seven Years' War." 92 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. had founded New Orleans. Marquette and La Salle, the two enthusiastic Jesuit missionaries, whom we have noticed in the "Explorations of the French," had explored the Valley of the Missis- sippi and the Lake Region. The English also claimed this territory by right of Cabot's discovery of the continent. Hence, the strife. 3. Washington's Journey Across the Alleghanies. — October 3l, 1753, Governor Dinwid'die, of Virginia, sent a message by George Washington, then a young man of twenty-one, to the French comman- der of these forts, asking their removal. Washington was born on the 22d of February, 1732, in Westmoreland County, Virginia.* His after greatness was promoted by his mother, who, by judicious training, instilled into his mind and heart sentiments of patriotism, strict integrity, and true nobility, thus eminently fitting him for his great career. With his message and credentials, and accom- panied by his guide, Washington performed his perilous journey through the wilderness and across the mountains. He delivered his message to the French commandant, St. Pierre [sang pe-are'), but soon observed that all negotiations were useless, *In 1752 the British Parliament, to correct an error occasioned hy the imperfect calendar then prevalent, and make the months correspond with the seasons, retrenched eleven days in September, ordering tiiat the 3d of that month should pass for the 14th. Hence, according to the old style, Washington was born on the 11th of February, which corresponds to the 2'2d, new style. Historians, in giving the dates of events prior to 1752,_have usually conformed them to the new style of chronology. SETTLEMENT AND COLONIAL HISTORY. 93 and returned to Governor Dinwiddie with an un satisfactory reply from St. Pierre.* His return through the wilderness, a distance o' four hundred miles, was full of danger. At one time he was fired upon by a lurking savage not ten paces oft', but the Indian, missing his mark, waf captured. 4. Battle of the Great Meadows. — The French having erected a fort on the present site of Pitts- burg which they called Du Quesne {doo-kane')^ Washington, at the head of a reconnoitering party, erected at a place called the Great Meadows a stockade, which he named Fort Necessity. A large force of French and Indians attacked him here, May, 1754, and after a sharp battle he was com- pelled to surrender with the honors of war. 5. Points to be Gained. — (1) Fort Du Quesne, being the key to the West, must be taken, to pro- tect the adjacent colonies from Indian attacks. (2) Louisburg and Nova Scotiaf controlled the New •St. Pierre replied that he had no authority to discuss treaties, that he acted under the authority of the Governor-general, Marquis Du Quesne. tA force of 2,000, commanded by Col. Monckton, found lit- tle difficulty in overcoming the French in Acadia (Nova Scotia). In June, 1755, the forts on the Bay of Fundy were surprised and captured. Other forts in this vicinity in possession of the French were taken, and the English soon held the whole country of Acadia. The French force in Acadia being subdued, a question arose, re- specting the disposal to be made of the inhabitants. Fearing that they might join the French in Canada, whom they had before fur- nished with intelligence, quarters, and provisions, it was determined to disperse them among the English colonies. This was a cruel 94 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. Founclland fisheries, and had New EngUind ex^ posed. (3) Crown Point and Ticonderoga (fi-con- day-ro'-gah) commanded the region of Lakes George and Champhiin — thus leaving New York, as well as New England, exposed to French expeditions. (4) Niagara was a point to gain on account of the trade in furs. (5) The strong fortification before Quebec controlled the navigation of the St. Law- rence. All these points were in possession of the French, and it was the object of the English to capture them, and the aim of the French to retain them. 6. Braddoek's Defeat. — The first expedition of the English was against Fort Du Quesne, July 9th, 1755. The combined forces of the English and outrage perpetrated upon the peaceful farmers who dwelt in rustic simplicity about Beau Bassin. The first movement was to demand an oath of allegiance to Great Britain, so framed that the French, as honest Catholics, could not lake it. The next step was to accuse them of treason, and to demand the surrender of all their firearms and boats. To these outrages the broken-hearted people submitted ; but having at first refused to take the oath, they were told that they must take the consequences. So the work of banishment began. The country about the isthmus was covered with peaceful hamlets These were now laid waste, and the people driven into the largei towns on the coa.st. Others were treacherously kidnapped, hurried on shipboard, and transported, some to every British colony in America. " Wives separated from their husbands in the confusion of embarking, and children from their parents, were carried of! to distant colonies, never again to see each other." Their property was confiscated, and what could not be appropriated was given to the flames. More than 3,000 Acadians were carried away and scattered, helpless, half starved, and dying, among the English colonies. " The history of civilized nations furnishes no parallel to this wanton and wicked destruction of an inoffensive colony." Longfellow's Evangeline is founded on this incident. SETTLEMENT AND COLONIAL HISTORY. 95 Americans were commanded by a pompons British officer, General Edavard Braddock — Washington acting as aid-de-camp {aid-da-kong'). " The General was a regular British officer, proud and conceited. Washington warned him of the dangers of savage warfare, but his suggestions were received with contempt. The column came within ten miles of the fort, marching along the Monongahela {mo-non-ga-hay'-lah) in regular array, drums beating and colors flying. Suddenly, in as- cending a little slope, with a deep ravine and thick underbrush on either side, they encountered the Indians lying in ambush. The terrible war-whoop resounded on every side. The British regulars huddled together, and, frightened, fired by pla- toons at random against rocks and trees. The Virginia troops alone sprang into the forest and fought the savages in Indian style. Washington seemed everywhere present. An Indian chief with his braves especially singled him out. Four balls passed through his clothes. Two horses were shot under him. Braddock was mortally wounded and borne from the field. At last, when the conti- nental troops were nearly all killed, the regulars turned and fled disgracefully, abandoning every- thing to the foe. Washington covered their flight and saved the wreck of the army from pursuit. * * In 1758 the French were obliged to evacuate Fort Dii Quesne. The place was now called Pittsburg, in honor of Sir Wil- UAM Pitt (Lord Chatham), who was at this time (1758) placed at the head of the administration. He breathed a new soul into the British councils, and revived the energies of the colonies, weak- ened and exhausted by a series of ill-contrived and unfortunate SETTLEMEXT AND COLONIAL HISTORY. 97 7. Battle of Lake George. — September 8, 1755, the French under Dieskau (de-is'-ko) were defeated by the provincial troops under General Lyman, at the battle of Lake George. The object of the bat- tle — the capture of Crown Point — was not attained. This victory, however, somewhat counteracted the depression caused by Braddock's disaster on the Monongahela, In this battle the brave Dieskau was severely wounded. A renegade French soldier, fighting with the English, found him leaning against a stump. Dieskau felt for his watch to reconcile his enemy, but the soldier thinking he was reaching for his pistol shot him dead. 8. Louisburg Captured. — In 1758 Generals Am- herst and Wolfe captured Louisburg after a severe bombardment, and took possession of the entire island. 9. Siege of Fort William Henry. — Montcalm, with a force of 8,000 men, laid siege to Fort William Henry, on the southern shore of Lake George. The fort was garrisoned be only 500 men under Colonel Monro. "^ After a brave resistance, Monro expeditions. He caused the tide of success to turn in favor of the British, who continued, with some few exceptions, to achieve one victory after another, until the whole of Canada surrendered to the arms of England. •There were, however, 1,700 additional troops within support- ing distance in the adjacent trenches. General "Webb was at Fort Edwaid, but fourteen miles distant, with an army of more than four thousand British regulars. Instead of advancing to the relief 98 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. was obliged to surrender, August 9, 1757. It was stipulated that the garrison should march out with the honors of war, and be secured from attack un- til they reached Fort Edward, fourteen miles dis- tant; but Montcalm's Indian allies, thirsting for blood, fell upon the defenseless troops, and butch- ered more than twenty of them. 10. Capture of Crowu Point and Ticondero^'^a.^ Four months before the evacuation of Fort Du Quesne (July 8, 1758), a thousand boats full of soldiers in glittering uniforms, with waving flags and martial music, in command of General Aber- crom'bie, sailed down the clear waters of Lake George to attack Ticonderoga. Before his artillery came up, the inefficient Abercrombie ordered an assault, and lay hid away in the rear while the battle raged in front. The result was the total rout of Abercrombie's army. One year after the disgraceful defeat of Aber- crombie, a large army of English under General Amherst compelled the French to evacuate both Ticonderoga and Crown Point. 11. Niagara Captured. — The French, at Niagara were forced to surrender to the English, July 25, 1759, after a siege desperately combatted.* of Fort William Henry, Webb held a council of war to determina if it were not better to retire to Albany, and sent a message to CoK onel Monro advising capitulation. The French pressed the seige for six days, when the ammunition of the garrison gave out, and they had to surrender. *Four days previous to this battle. Gen. Prideaux (p-e''-do), commander of the expedition against Niagara, was killed by the SETTLEMENT AND COLONIAL HISTORY. 99 12. Quebec Taken. — The next and last important event of this memorable war was the capture of Quebec by the English under the gallant General Wolfe, September 18, 1759. Quebec was a strongly fortified place in Canada, on the St. Lawrence, in command of the able French general Montcalm. The only way the English could gain access to it was to ascend from the river a high and almost per- pendicular rock. By great skill and exertion Gen. Wolfe got his army upon the " Plains of Abraham," and at daylight confronted the astonished French. Montcalm, though surprised, was prepared, and a desperate battle ensued. Both Wolfe and Mont- calm were slain. These brave generals died like heroes; Wolfe rejoicing in his dying breath that victory was his, and Montcalm thankful that he should not survive to see the surrender of Quebec* 13. Peace— Treaty of Paris.— The war closed by the treaty of Paris (1763). The French gave up all the territory east of the Mississippi, except two small islands south of Newfoundland. Spain ceded accidental bursting of a sliell. The command devolved on Sir WiLMAM Johnson, who successfully carried out the plans of hia unfortunate predecessor. *General James Wolfe entered the British army at the age of fifteen. He distinguished himself at the siege of Louisburg, and was selected to command the expedition against Quebec in the ca- pacity of major general. He had a kind and genial disposition, joined to great enthusiasm and an unconquerable spirit of daring Louis Joseph Montcalm was a French marquis, entering the army at the age of fourteen, and gained distinction in several European wars. In 1756 he was placed in command of the French troops in Canada, and was very successful. 100 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. Florida to England in exchange for Cuba.* The British possessions in America now extended from the Gulf of Mexico to the Polar Sea, and from the Mississippi to the Atlantic. 14. Pontiac's War. — After the close of the French and Indian War, and after the English had taken possession of the western forts formerly occupied by the French and Indians, the chief of the Otta- was, PoNTiAC, formed a confederation of the tribes against the forts thus taken. Had it not been for the timely warning given by a friendly Indian girl, all the British forts would have been captured. Eight of them were, however, surprised and taken. f Many families fled from their homes to avoid In- dian vengeance. Finally, the Indians disagreeing among themselves, Pontiac fled, and was stabbed by an Indian. This ended the war. 15. Results of the French and Indian War. — This war brought a heavy debt upon the English government; but the colonists suffered most. They had expended $16,000,000, only |5,000,000of which was repaid by England. Thirty thousand of their men had been lost, and they had suffered all the horrors of Indian cruelty. But they had also gained much. They had •Spanish Florida then comprised the present State A Florida and the southern portions of Alabama and Mississippi. tPontiac captured Fort Mackinaw by a stratagem. He pre- tended to be playing ball with his warriors outside the fort, and threw the ball over the enclosure. The Indians climbed over after it, and surprising the unprepared garrison, took the fort with great slaughter, SETTLEMENT AND COLONIAL HISTORY. 101 learned to fight, and to think and act independ- ently of the mother country. A love for liberty began to dawn. They were more united, and the haughty treatment by the British served to strengthen the bond. Many able and daring men were trained to tight who afterward humiliated the proud regu- lars of George III. SECTION VI. PROGRESS OF THE COLONIES AND THEIR CONDI- TION PREVIOUS TO THE REVOLUTION. 1. Immigration. — After the close of the French and Indian War immigrants arrived in great num- bers. Many from the old colonies went west over the Alleghanies and south to Florida. All the colonies increased rapidly, and at this time the population amounted to about 2,000,000. Boston and Philadelphia were the largest cities. 2. Religion. — Though nearly all the colonists professed Christianity, yet their religious belief differed greatly. In New England, the people were mostly Calvinistic in doctrine and Congregational in practice. In New York, the Dutch Reformed were prevalent. In Pennsylvania, Delaware, and New Jersey, the Quakers predominated. Marj'^- land, though founded by Catholics, soon had, like the other colonies, a majority of Protestants. In Virginia and South Carolina, the Church of Eng- land — the Episcopal — prevailed. The Huguenots 102 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES, -^French Protestants — were found in large num- bers in New York and the Carolinas. Methodism was founded in Georgia. Roger Williams estab- lished at Providence, Rhode Island, the first Bap- tist Church in America. 3. Mode of Life. — This was very simple. " The people wore home-spun clothes, and made their yarn from the wool of their own sheep. All per- sons were required by law to dress within their means. The roads were poor, and wheeled vehi- cles were scarce. The food was simple but abund- ant. The houses were mostly log cabins, with small windows, and chimneys made of sticks and clay plaster. The furniture was generally very simple and plain." 4. Trade and Commerce. — Although the trade of the colonies began to feel the restrictions imposed upon it by England, yet it steadily increased dur- ing this period. The colonies exported to England lumber of all sorts, hemp, flax, pitch, tar, oil, resin, copper ore, pig and bar iron, whale tins, tobacco, rice, fish, etc. 5. Agriculture and Manufacture. — Agriculture was the leading pursuit and chief dependence of the people. Farming utensils, household furniture, hats, shoes, paper, and many other articles were manufactured. 0. The First Newspaper. — The first newspaper published in America was the '^ Boston Weekly News Letter,''' started in 1704. It was in size not quite so large as a sheet of fo()l:^ca}). Thi^ was the first SETTLEMENT AND COLONIAL HISTORY. 103 firmly established newspaper, but fourteen years before this date one number of a newspaper had been published in Boston, which was instantly sup- pressed by the authorities, as being too liberal.* 7. Colleges. — Education. — Nine colleges had been established — namely : Harvard, William and Mary, Yale, Princeton, Columbia, Brown, Rutger's, Dart- mouth, and Hampden Sidney. These were all founded by the colonists. Harvard and Yale are yet among the best in the country ; the former was founded in 1638, by John Harvard; the latter in 1701, by Elihu Yale. Common, or free schools had already been estab- lished in New England; tlie Middle and Southern Colonies had their private schools. The Southern Colonies treated the subject of education differently from the Northern. In the North, one of the first objects of legislation was to provide for the educa- tion of all classes; in the South, the education of the higher classes only was an object of public at- tention, 8. Nature of Colonial Government. — The Colonies were at different times under different forms of government. These various kinds were: (1.) Commercial Corporation, as the London Company. (2.) Proprietary Government, as that of Pennsyl- vania, Delaware, and Maryland. * The first printing in America was done by one Day, in 1639. The proprietor of the press was a clergyman named Glover, who died on his passage to America. The first thing printed was the "Freeman's Oath" the second an almanac, and the third an edition of the Psalms. 104 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. (3.) Royal Government, as when the king of England appointed a governor to rule. New Hampshire, New York, New Jersey, Virginia, North Carolina, South Carolina, and Georgia were provisional or royal governments. (4.) Charter Government, as when the king gave the colonists a Charter, or written document grant- ing certain privileges and political rights. The Plymouth Colony was founded independent of kingly authority, a company, or a proprietor. Mas- sachusetts, lihode Island, and Connecticut were chartered Colonies. All the Colonies became Royal Provinces before the Revolution. RECAPITULATION OF COLONIAL WARS. The several wars in which the Colonies were in- volved previous to the Revolution were: First Indian War, in Virginia .... 1622 Second Indian War, in Virginia . . . 1644 Pequod Indian War, in New England 1637 Dutch War, in New York 1664 Philip's War, in New England .... 1675-76 King William's War — all the Colonies involved 1689-97 Queen Anne's War— all the Colonies involved 1702-13 King George's War — all the Colonies involved 1744-48 SETTLEMENT AND COLONIAL HISTORY. 105 French and Indian War — all the Colo- nies involved 1754-63 Pontiac's War — all the Colonies in- volved 1761-63 RECAPITULATION. CHRONOLOGY OF EVENTS RECORDED IN PART 11. (period of settlement and colonial history.) 1607. Jamestown, first permanent English Colony, founded. 1609. Second Charter granted Virginia, June 2d. 1610. " Starving Time " in Virginia. 1612. Third Charter granted Virginia, March 22d. 1613. Marriage of Rolfe and Pocahontas, April. 1613. New York settled by the Dutch. 1614. Captain Smith explored coast of New Eng- land. 1619. First Colonial Assembly convened at James- town, June 28th. 1619. Ninety young women came to America to be wives of the colonists. 1620. Negro slavery introduced into Virginia. 1620. Plymouth Colony founded by the Puritans, December 21st. 1622. First Indian massacre in Virginia, March. 1623. New Hampshire settled at Dover, by John Mason. 1624. Virginia made a Royal Province. 1624. New Jersey settled at Bergen by the Dutch, 106 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 1629. Massachusetts Bay Colony founded, March 4. 1630. Boston founded by Governor Winthrop, Sep- tember 17th. 1631. John Eliot, the "Indian Apostle" came to Massachusetts. 1633. Connecticut settled at Windsor. 1634. Maryland settled at St. Mary's, by Lord Bal- timore. 1635-36. Connecticut settled at Saybrook and Hart- ford. 1635. Clayborne's rebellion in Maryland and Vir- ginia. 1636. Rhode Island settled at Providence by Roger Williams. 1637. The Pequod Indians destroyed. 1638. New Haven founded, April 18th. 1638. Delaware settled at Wilmington, by Swedes, April. 1638. Harvard College founded at Cambridge, Mass. 1639. Newport, Rhode Island, founded. 1639. First Printing done in America. 1641. New Hampshire united to Massachusetts. 1643. New England Colonies formed a Uuion^ May 29th. 1644. Second Indian Massacre in Virginia, April. 1644. Charter granted to Rhode Island. 1655. New Sweden conquered by the Dutch. 1655. Protestants gained the power in Maryland. 1662. A Liberal Charter granted to Connecticut. 1663. The Carolinas first settled at Albemarle. 1664. Manhattan, or New Netherland taken by the English. i SETTLEMENT AND COLONIAL HISTORY. 107 1664. New Jersey settled by the English, at Eliza- bethtowu. 1670. South Carolina settled at Charleston. 1675. King Philip's War raged in Xew England. 1676. Bacon's Rebellion against Berkeley's op- pression. 1682. Penn settled Pennsylvania, at Philadelphia. 1687. Edmund Andros attempted to take the Con- necticut Charter. 1689. King William's War began. 1689. Andros's power broken and he recalled. 1690. Indian Massacre at Schenectady. 1690. Port Royal captured by Sir William Phipps. 1692. Witchcraft prevailed in Massachusetts. 1697. King William's War ended by treaty of Rys- wick. 1699. Robert Kidd, the pirate, flourished. 1701. Yale College founded by Elihu Yale. 1702. Queen Anne's War began. 1704. "Boston Weekly News Letter," first paper in America, published. 1710. Port Royal captured (second time) by English. 1713, Queen Anne's War ended by treaty of Utrecht. 1718. New Orleans founded by the French. 1729. The Carolinas separated. 1732. George Washington born in Virginia, Feb- ruary 22. 1733. Georgia settled by Oglethorpe at Savannah. 1736. John Wesley founded the Methodist Church in America. 1738. George Whitefield founded an Orphan Asy- lum at Savannah. 108 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 1744. King George's War began. 1745. Louisburg captured by Colonial troops, June 17. 1748. King George's War ended by treaty of Aix la Chapelle. 1753. Washington crossed the Alleghanies. 1754. French and Indian W^ar began. 1754. Battle of Great Meadows — Fort Necessity surrendered, 1755. Braddock's Army defeated on the Mononga- hela, July 9. 1755. French defeated by English at Lake George, September 8. 1757. Fort William Henry taken by the French, August 9. 1758. British under Abercrombie routed at Ticon- deroga, July 8. 1758. Louisburg captured by Amherst and Wolfe, July 26. 1758. Fort Du Quesne captured by English, No- vember 25. 1759. Ticonderoga and Crown Point evacuated by the French. 1759. Niagara taken by the English, July 25. 1759. Quebec captured by Wolfe, September 18. 1762. "Mason and Dixon's Line" drawn between Maryland and Pennsylvania. 1763. French and Indian War ended by treaty of Paris. 1763. Florida ceded to England in exchange for Cuba. 1761-63. Pontiac's War raged. SETTLEMENT AND COLONIAL HISTORY. 109 ANALYTIC SYNOPSIS * GENERAL REVIEW OF COLONIAL WARS. V. COLONIAL (1. Indian Wars, colonial f First Massacre, ( Second Massacre. NEW ENGLAND^ Peqiiod War, War. f Peqiiod \ Philip's GENERAL, (Pontiac's War. DUTCH WAR, (New York. KING WILLIAM'S WAR { Snectady. QUEEN ANNE'l r Cause, WAR < Sufferings, (Port Royal Taken. WAR. ♦See " Note to the Teacher " on page 47. 5urg . KING GEORGE'S WAR ^ Cause of We (Results. Cause, Port Royal Taken, Washington's Journey, Great Meadow, Braddock's Defeat, Louisburg again Taken, Battle of Lake George, Fort William Henry Taken, Crown Point and Ticouderoga, Niagara Taken, Quebec Taken, Treaty of Paris. Results of the War. GENERAL QUESTIONS AND DIRECTIONS. 1. iName, in Chronological order, the events from the settlement of Jamestown to the union of the New England Colonies. {See foregoing Table). Also, name the events from this uniou to the close of the French and Indian W:ir. 2. Prepare and recite a list of the Battles and Sieges of the Frciich and Indian War. 3. When, and by whom was the Mississippi Valley claimed for France? — Why was it named Louisiana f 110 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 4. What territory dill the English gain by Queen Anne's War ? Dill any territory exchange hands by King William's War? — Or by King George's War? 5. What were the boundaries of the British possessions in Amer- ica before the conquest of New France? Art^. — The St. Lawrence river and Acadia on the north ; the Atlantic on the east; French Florida (embracing the States of South Carolina and Georgia) on the south; and the Alleghany Mountains on the west. 6. What were the boundaries ot the British possessions; at the close of the French and Indian War — treaty of 1763? {See topic 13, French and Indian War.) 7. What comprised Spanish Florida? {See Note to topic 13, rrtnch and Indian War.) 8. When were the Alleghany Mountains the western boundary of the English Colonics? 9. When was the Mississippi river the western boundary of the United States ? 10. What do the French names in the Mississippi Valley indicate? 11. What do the names New York, New England, New Hampshire, Georgia, Carolina, etc., indicate? 12. What do the names San Salvador, Santa Cruz, Vera Cruz, etc., indicate? 13. What colony was founded as a home for the poor? 14. What colony took the Bible as its guide ? 15. What object did Penn, Baltimore, and Oglethorpe each have in founding a colony in the New World? 16. What war did the treaty of Ryswick close? — The treaty of Utrecht? — The treaty of Aix laChapelle? — The treaty of Paris (1763)? 17. What was the origin of the name New York? 18. What was the character of William Penn ? 19. Where is " Mason and Dixon's Line "? 20. Which colony was the most rapidly settled, and why? 21. What was the character of the Huguenots ? Of what classes were the settlers of Geoi-gia ? 22. What religious sects found refuge in America? 23. What were the causes and objects of colonization in America? 24. What is the oldest college in the United States? Where and when founded? SETTLEMENT AND COLONIAL HISTORY. Ill 25. What was the name of the first newspaper published in Amer- ica? 26. What woman killed ten Indians with a tomahawk? 27. Explain "■OldStyle^' and "New Slyle^^ of Chronology. 28. Describe the exile of the Acadians. 29. Name the several religious beliefs of the English Colonies, Describe their mode of life. 30. When and by whom was the first printing done in America v ♦y'iiat was the first thing printed? 31. By what two nations was Manhattan severally governed? 32. Whnt w:is the "Grand Model"? 33. What Indian massacre occurred during King William's War"' 34. How many times was Port Royal captcred ? 35. Name all the various forms of colonial government. 36. Name all the colonial wars. 112 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. PART III. THE REVOLUTIONARY PERIOD. FROM BEGINNING OF THE WAR TO ADOPTION OF CONSTTTUTIOW 1775—1787. SECTION I. THE DA WNINO. 1. Causes of the Revolution. — The American Colonies were settled principally by people from Great Britain. They were all included within the English patent, and claimed by the English Crown. They were styled " British Colonies in North Amer- ica," and remained in subjection to the English government till 1775. From the first settlement of this country the British authorities treated the inhabitants of these Colonies as a distinct and subordinate class of sub- jects, and considered their interests entirely subser- vient to the elevation and prosperity of the " mother country,"* and after the French and Indian War they began to exercise an undue authority and to interfere in their civil concerns in a manner that •excited the most serious alarm. *Thomas Paine's Common Senf^e, "addressed to the inhabitants of America," pubyished in the year 1776, which did much to bring about the declaration of independence, speaks thus of the " mother country:" "But Britain is tlie parent country, say some. Then tiie more shame upon lier conduct. Even brutes do not devour their young, nor savages make war upon their families; wherefore REVOLUTIONARY PERIOD, 113 The English government claimed the right of taxing the Colonies, — in order, partly, to pay the enormous debt contracted during the French and Indian "War, — although they allowed them no part in their legislative councils. The Colonies denied this right, and contended tliat " taxation and repre- sentation were inseparable," and that they could not be safe if their property could be taken from them without their consent. After various oppres- sive acts on the part of England, the Colonists re- solved to support their rights by force of arms. 2. Oppressive Acts. — The "Stamp Act," passed in 17G5,* requiring a heavy duty to be paid upon all legal documents, newspapers, pamphlets, etc.; the assertion, if true, turns to her reproach; but it happens not to be true, or only partly so, and the plirase parent or mother country hath been jesuitif^ajly adopted by the iving and his parasites, with a low, papistical design of gaining an unfair bias on the credulous weakness of our minds. Europe, and not England, is the parent country of America. The new world hath been the asylum for the persecuted lovers of civil and religious liberty from every part of Europe. Hither have they fled, not from the tender embraces of the mother, but from the cruelty of the monster ; and it is so far true of England, that the same tyranny which drove tiie first emi- grants from home, pursues their descendants still." * At the time this act was passed, Bknjamin Fkanklin, who was then in London, wrote to Charles Thompson, afterward sec- retary of the Continental Congress, "TAe sun of liberty is set; the Americans must light the lamps of industry and economy." To which. Mr. Thompson replied, " Be assured we shall light torches quite of another sort." Frightened by the hostile demonstrations of the Col- onists, the English government, the next year, repealed the "Stamp Act," but still declared its right to tax the Colonies. Soon new taxes were imposed on tea, glass, paper, etc. 8 114 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. the " Boston Port Bill," passed in 1774, effect- ually destroying the business of New England mercljants; and the "Mutiny Act," passea the same year, requiring the colonists to provide quar- ters and supplies for British troops stationed among them ; — were some of the obnoxious acts passed by Ihe British Parliament. * 3. The Boston Massacre. — The British regarded Boston as the nursery of the rebellion against the mother countr}^ To keep the people in subjection, General Gage with two regiments was sent there. They took possession of the State House, making it their quarters. Cannons were planted and tents pitched on Boston Common, and the soldiers con- ducted themselves with insolence toward the peo- ple. Frequent quarrels occurred between the citi- zens and these troops. On March 5,1770, a crowd of men and boys insulted the city guard. The troops resented by tiring upon the crowd, killing three and wounding two. Great excitement ensued. The whole town and surrounding country were aroused. To avoid the rage of the people, the soldiers were forced to take refuge in Castle Wil- li am. f * These oppressive measures were preceded by the " Naviga- tion Act," passed by Parliament in 1661, securing to English ship- ping the monopoly of the carrying trade of England; also by the issuing of " Writs of Assistance," in 1761, which were general search-warrants empowering custom-house officers to break open shins, stores, and private dwellings, in search of merchandise ou which it was suspected no duty had been paid. t During the summer of 1772, another event occurred which showed the temper of the times, and presented a fresh obstacle to a reconciliation between America and the mother country. A royal REVOLUTIONARY PERIOD. 115 4. The Tax on Tea Resisted.—" Learning of the rebellious feeling aroused in the Colonies by their course of taxation, the British Parliament, in May, 1773, passed a bill repealing the tax on all articles bxcept tea. The government no longer hoped to raise revenue; it was contending onl}^ for the right to tax the Colonies. To establish this right, the duty on tea was made only three pence ; the col- onists were really to get their tea cheaper than the English people. But the Americans saw through the plan and scorned the concession ; they would pay no taxes to the English Government.'' 5. The Boston Tea Party. — "It was agreed among the colonial merchants to import no tea; the Eng- lish merchants, however, resolved to send it at their own risks.* The first of the tea-ships arrived in schooner, the Gaspee, cruising near the coast of Rliode Island, kept annoying the inhabitants by taking their property, firing at mar- ket-boats, and illegally seizing the cargoes of such vessels as it overhauled. While thus in pursuit of a packet, the Gaspee ran aground. Taking advantage of the opportunity, a partj from Providence boarded the stranded vessel, and set fire to it, after putting (he crew ashore. WJien the knowledge of this proceeding came to the royal governor, he issued a proclamation offering five hundred pounds for the discovery of the offenders, and the royal pardon to those who would confess their guilt; but every effort to bring the perpetrators to punishment failed. *Associations were formed in all the Colonies under the title of Sons oj Liberty, whose object was, by every practicable means, to oppose the unjust and arbitrary course of the British government. Societies also were formed, the members of which resolved to forego all the luxuries of life rather thaii be indebted to the com- merce of England. 116 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. Boston, November 25, 1773, and a committee of the people notified the captain that they would not permit it to be landed. The captain would gladly have returned to England, but the Governor would uot allow him to leave. The patience of the peo- ple was worn out, and they proceeded to settle the business in their own way. On the night of De- cember 16th forty citizens disguised as Indians went to the vessel, took out the tea chests, 342 in number, and emptied the contents into Boston har- bor. At other places the people would not permit the tea to be landed." Great was the indignation of the English sover- eign when news of these proceedings reached him. To punish the Colonies the "Boston Port Bill" was passed, and General Gage was appointed Gov- ernor of Massachusetts. This aroused the people to greater resistance. 6. Friends in England. — A few wise and liberal members of the British Parliament opposed, from the first, these oppressive measures toward Ameri'^a» Among these noble men were Sir "William Pixf (Lord Chatham) and Colonel Barre. " You hav * no right to tax America. I rejoice that she has re- sisted," said Pitt. Barre denied, in a sarcastic speech, the assertion that the Colonies were nour- ished by English care. Their wise counsels, how- ever, availed nothing, but proud Britain, ere long, bitterly rued the day in which she disregarded the advice and warnings of these great men. 7. Patrick Henry. This undaunted patriot, the gifted orator of the Revolution, by his fearless and REVOLUTION AKY PEKIOD. 117 fiery denunciations of British tyranny, inspired Lis countrymen with a zealous love for liberty.* Henry was later one of the Anti-Federalist party, which opposed the adoption of the Constitution on the ground that it would take away too much power from tlie States. It was he who uttered the thrilling words "Give me liberty or give me death," which became a war-cry of the Revolution. Patrick Henry. * During the debate in the Virginia Assembly on the passage of resolutions protesting against the Stamp Act, Patrick Henry boldly asserted that the king of England had acted the part of a tyrant ; and alluding to the fate of other tyrants, he exclaimed: " Caesar had his Brutus, Charles I. his Cromwell, and George HI." — here pausing a moment till the cry of "Treason! Treason!" resound- ing from several parts of the house had ended — he added, "may profit by their example; if this be treason, make the most of it!" Patrick Henry was a man of high moral courage, and the cham- pion of the wronged and the oppressed. His speech before the Vir- ginia Assembly gained him the reputation of being "the greatest orator and political thinker of a land abounding with public 118 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 8. First Continental Congress. * — This was held at Philadelphia September 5, 1774. It consisted of talented and influential men from all the Colonies except Georgia. It issued a protest against stand- ing armies being kept in the Colonies without the consent of the people, and agreed to hold no inter- course with Great Britain. 9. Ripe for Liberty. — The bitter feeling toward their oppressors had now kindled a desire for free- dom. Companies of "Minute Men," ready at a moment's notice to resent open violence, were formed in all the Colonies. General Gage, com- mander of the British troops stationed at Boston, became alarmed, and seized ammunition wherever speakers and statesmen." He thenceforth became prominent in the political conventions and congresses of the Colonies. In 1776 he was elected the first republican Governor of Virginia. At the close of the war he was again chosen Governor. He afterwards filled other high positions. * This Congress displayed such wisdom, sagacity, and foresight, as to excite the admiration of the ablest statesmen of England. Sir William Pitt (Lord Chatham), in one of his brilliant speeches, re- marked of them : " History, my lords, has been my favorite study, and in the celebrated writings of antiquity, have I often admired the patriotism of Greece and Rome; but, my lords, I must declare and avow, that in the master states of the world, I know not the people, or senate, who, in such a complication of difficult circum- stances, can stand in preference to the delegates of America as- feembled in general congress at Philadelphia." Peyton Randolph was president, and Charles Thompson was secretary, of the First Continental Congress. The names of some of the honored mem- bers composing this congress are: Samuel Adams, John Adams, Roger Sherman, Silas Deane, John Jay, Thomas Jefferson, Richard Henry Lee, George Washington* Patrick Henhv, iiBWAUP RuTLEDGE, REVOLUTIONARY PERIOD. 119 he could find it. Only a spark was now needed to kindle a flame which the boasted power of England could not extinguish. EVENTS OF 1775. 1. Battle of Lexington. — On April 19, General Gage wishing to destroy some military stores of the Americans at Concord, Massachusetts, 18 miles north-west of Boston, sent a body of troops thither, under Major Pitcairn, for that purpose. At Lex- ington they met some " Minute Men " who opposed their progress. Pitcairn shouted: "Throw down your arms, you rebels, and disperse!" which they did not do; whereupon, the British troops fired upon them, killing several in the skirmish that en- sued. Reaching Concord, they destroyed nearly all the stores ; but on the way back they encountered the Americans, who now thoroughly aroused, gathered fj'om all parts of the surrounding country; and, attacking them from behind trees, fences, hedges, barns, etc., so harassed them that had not other British troops arrived, they would all have been picked ofl". As it was, they lost nearly 300 men in killed, wounded, and prisoners. The " red coats," as the British soldiers were styled, were exceed- ingly glad to get back to their quarters at Boston. 2. Effect of the Battle of Lexiugtou. — The news of this first battle of the Revolution spread rapidly over the country. The royal Governors were forced REVOLUTIONARY PERIOD. 121 to give up tlieir authority and leave the Colonies. This skirmish gave the Americans a rather con- temptible opinion of British valor, and intensified the animosity toward King George's troops. They now went to work in earnest. The long expected conflict which they had endeavored in vain to avoid was now upon them, and they determined to fight for life, home, and freedom. 3. Capture of Ticondero^a. — May 10th Colonels Ethan Allen* and Benedict Arnold, with a battal- ion of " Green Mountain Boys" — as the soldiers from Vermontf were called — captured Ticonderoga, a British fort on Lake Champlain. Allen and his " Boys" surprised the sentinels before daylight, and effecting an entrance, demanded the surrender of the fort " in the name of the Great Jehovah and the Continental Congress." *Ethan Allen was a brave and patriotic man, and his subse- quent career is worthy of mention. In the autumn of 1775 he attempted the capture of Montreal, Canada, but, after a desperate struggle, was made prisoner. He was sent to England, and during the voyage was confined, with thirty-four others, in a room but twenty feet square. His sufferings were horrible; but, though on the return voyage, a conspiracy was formed for killing the captain and taking possession of the vessel, he entertained no feelings of re- venge, and refused to take part in it, though on his way to a prison ship, with a full knowledge of the sufferings in store for him. He was finally exchanged, and became commander of the Vermont militia. TThis State — deriving its name from two French words, verd, green, and mont, mountain — " Green Mountain State " — was settled at Brattleboro in 1724, by people from Connecticut and Massachu- setts. At this time the territory was a part of New Hampshire, and was not, therefore, one of the original States, 122 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. Two days after, Crown Point was also taken. Thus, without the loss of a man, the daring pro- vincials had captured two of the British strong- holds. 4. Second Continental Congress. — This met at Philadelphia May 10th. It voted to raise 20,000 men, and prepared a petition to the king of Eng- land (George III.), which he refused to receive, thus iestroying all hope of reconciliation.* 5. Washington, Coiuniander-in -Chief. — The Ameri- cans at this time, though tired with a desire for liberty, and brave to fight for it, were untrained and undisciplined. The Second Continental Congress, on the 15th of June, unanimously elected George Washington commander-in-chief of the American army.f This high lionor was unexpected by him, but he was endowed by nature for che position ; and the sequel shows that the confidence of his countrymen was not misplaced. | *This Congress established the first line of post-ofBce communi- cation through the United States. Benjamin Franklin was appointed Postmaster General, with power to appoint 'as many deputies as he might deem proper and necessary, for the convey- ance of the mail from Maine to Georgia. tThe following were appointed major generals at the same time : Artemus Ward, of Massachusetts ; Colonel Lee, formerly a British officer; Philip Schuyler, of New York; Israel Put- Nam, of Connecticut ; and Horatio Gates was appointed adjutant general. X Washington, in consenting to enter upon the momentous du- ties assigned him, said : " But lest some unlucky event should happen unfavorable to my reputation, I beg it may be remembered, by every gentleman in the room, that I this day declare, with the REVOLUTIONARY PERIOD. 123 Washington went immediately to work ors^aniz- ing and drilling his men for systematic and efiective service. The army now consisted of 14,500 men possessing very little knowledge of military tactics. 6. Battle of Bunker Hill.— The British continued to send troops to America, and by May, they had about 10,000 soldiers to subdue the " rebels," as they now called the Americans. The Americans suspecting that the British in- tended to fortify Bunker Hill, near Charlestown, Mass., endeavored to anticipate the movement by throwing up breastworks thereon themselves ; but in the darkness, mistook the location, and fortified Breed's Hill instead. Colonel Prescott commanded the patriots in this work. * On the morning of utmost sincerity, I do not think myself eqnal to the command I am honored with. As to pay, I beg leave to assure the congress, that as no pecuniary consideration could have tempted me to ac- cept this arduous employment, at the expense of my domestic ease and happiness, I do not wish to make any profit from it. 1 will keep an exact account of my expenses. Those, I doubt not, they will discharge, and that is all I desire." * Israel Putnam directed the movements of the patriots on this occasion, Jointly with Col. Prescott. He was one of tlie heroes whose names are embalmed in the glories of Bunker Hill. His life was full of romantic adventures. At one time, when but a youth, he descended into a wolf's den, and shot her by the light of her own glaring eyes. While actively engaged in the French and Indian War, he saved a comrade's life, at the imminent peril of his own, escaping from his enemies with fourteen bullet holes in his blanket. At another time he was taken prisoner by a party of savages, who, after driving him for many miles under a heavy load, bound him to a stake, and prepared to burn him to death. Already had the flames scorched his skin, when a French officer burst through the crowd, scattered the brands, and saved his life. 124 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. June 17, the British seeing what the " rebels" were doing, sent well-disciplined troops to attack them, at the same time firing upon their works from shipping in the harbor. The British regulars un- der the command of General Howe, ascended the hill in perfect order, — the patriots patiently reserv- ing their lire till the British approached within pistol shot, when they made terrible havoc in their ranks. Twice were the British repulsed, and they would have been routed, had they not been largely re-enforced, and the ammunition of the patriots given out. At the third advance of the British, the Americans were obliged to abandon- their for- tifications; but, as they slowly retreated, they Again, he was surprised by the Indians just above the rapids in the Hudson. His only chance of escape hiy in threading the chan- nel of the boisterous passage. " With amazement his pursuers saw his boat leap into the seething waters, shoot through yawning whirlpools, dash past hidden rocks, and at last dart out into the placid waters far below." In February, 1779, Tryon, with 1500 men, ravaged the eastern part of Connecticut. At Horse Neck about 100 Americans under Putnam assembled to oppose him. Being closely pursued by the British dragoons, Putnam was com- pelled to spur his horse down a steep precipice, in which daring attempt he escaped unhurt, amid a shower of the enemy's bullets. Putnam had remarkable presence of mind. At Fort Edward the barracks caught fire; and separated from them only by a thin par- tition, was a magazine containing 300 barrels of gunpowder. "While the men all fled in alarm, he remained to pour water on the fl-ames, put out the tire, and saved the fort. When the news of the battle of Lexington reached him, he was plowing in the field. Leaving his plow standing in the furrow, without even changing his clothes, he hastened to the scene of strife. The British at- tempted to bribe him, but the true old patriot could not be bought by gold or honors. REVOLUTIONARY PERIOD. 125 fought the advancing troops witla clubs, stones, and the butts of their muskets. The British loss was heavy — more than 1,000 men in killed and wounded. Yet the Americana had much cause for sorrow. Their loss was about 425 — killed, wounded, and prisoners. Among those that fell was Gen. Joseph Warren, a young physi- cian much beloved by the people for his sterling worth. He fought in the ranks as a common sol- dier, and was shot by a British officer who knew him,* 7. Effect of this Battle.— The effect of this en- counter with the trained troops of king George was not discouraging to the patriots. They now be- lieved that they could whip the British in a fair fight, with plenty of arms and ammunition. The whole country was electrilied. Nearly every boy old enough to handle a musket enlisted in the army; and the gray-haired grandfather took the field against the oppressors of his country. 8. Invasion of Canada. — The Americans looked to Canada for aid, and Gen. James Montgomery and Colonel Benedict Arnold planned an expedition against the British post at Quebec. Montgomery led his army thither by way of Lake Champlain and the St. Lawrence river, capturing St. John's and Montreal on the way. Before Quebec he was joined by Arnold, who had led his men through * The American people have erected a noble monument 221 feet high, on Bunker Hill, in honor of the heroic patriots who per- ished in this memorable battle. 126 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. the wilderness of Maine, half-famished and half- clad.* Their united forces — amounting to less than one thousand men — besieged the city for three weeks without effect. On December 31st they de- cided to assault the works. A driving snow-storm was prevailing when they made the attack, and they fought at a great disadvantage. Montgoraeiy was killed and Arnold wounded. The Americans were repulsed with much loss, and Canada was left in possession of the British. EVENTS OF 1776. 1. Boston Evacnated.— On March 17th the British army under Howe which had occupied Boston since the beginning of the war, and had oppressed the people of that city by various vindictive acts and destroyed the business of the place by cutting off intercourse with the rest of the world, was compelled to evacuate by the generalship of Wash- ington, who had besieged it for some time. Wash- ington's army entered the next day amid great rejoicing.f • The route taken by Arnold was through an unexplored wil- derness ol three hundred miles. They had swamps and woods, mountains and precipices, alternately to surpass. Their provisions failed, and they were obliged to eat theii dogs, cartouch boxes, clothes, and shoes. Yet the courage and fortitude of these brave men continued unshaken. '• They were suffering in their country's cause, were toiling for wives and children, were contending for the rights and blessings of freedom." tDuring the occupation of Boston by the British army, provS- ■ions had been so scarce that a pound of fresh fish was twelv* REVOLUTIONARY PERIOD. 12? •2. The Hessians. — The English government hired 17,000 German troops called Hessians, to assist in conquering America. They were hired of the Lancgrave of Ilesse Cassel at $36 per head, the British government guaranteeing his dominions from attack during the absence of these hirelings. The Indians also were brought into their service, and many inhuman outrages were perpetrated by them with the sanction of British officers. 3. British Repulsed at Fort Moultrie.— On June 28 a British fleet in command of Admiral Parker and land forces under Sir Henry Clinton attacked Fort Moultrie, in Charleston Harbor, South Carolina, but were gallantly repulsed by its brave defenders. Sergeant Jasper, a bold soldier, jumped from the walls of the fort to recover a flag which had been shot off, and placed it again upon the rampart amid a perfect storm of bullets.* 4. Declaration of Independence.! — The Fourth of July is made memorable by the Americans in Con- gress assembled at Philadelphia declaring that pence (23 cents) ; a goose eight shillings and four pence ($1.92) ; a turkey twelve shillings and six pence ($2.84) ; a sheep cost thirty- five shillings ($8.05) ; apples thirty-three shillings and four pence ($7.67) per bushel; fire-wood forty-one shillings and eight pence ($9.59) per cord, and finally was not to be obtained at any price. •This undaunted hero was, however, killed in a subsequent battle, while performing a similar daring act. {See " Events of 1779," Topic 1.) tOn the 7th of June, 1776, Richard Henry Lee, of Virginia, ofiered a resolution in Congress declaring that "The United Colo- nies are, and oj a right oiu/hl to he, free and independent Staten." After a long debate the consideration of the resolution was postponed 128 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES.' "The United Colouies are, and ought to be^ Free aad Independent States." The immortal document in which this Declaration is made, was written by Thomas Jefferson.* It was hailed throughout the country with general rejoicing. Bells were rung, cannon fired, the schools had a holiday, and until the Ipt of July. On the 4th the resolution passed. "A signa- ture to the Declaration of Independence, without reference to gen- eral views, was, to each individual, a personal consideration of the most momentous import. It would be regarded in England as treason, and expose any man to the halter or the block. The sign- ers well knew the responsibility of their station; they well knew the fate which awaited themselves should their experiment fail. They came, therefore, to the question of a declaration of independ- ence like men who had counted the cost; prepared to rejoice, with- out any unholy triumph, should God smile upon the transaction ; prepared also, if defeat should follow, to lead in the way to mar- tyrdom. The only signature on the original document which exhibits indications of a trembling hand, is that of Stephen Hop- kins, who had been afflicted with the palsy. In this work of treason John Hancock led the way as president of the Congress, and by the force with which he wrote he seems to have determined that his name should never be erased. The pen with which these sig- natures were made has been preserved, and is now in the cabinet of the Massachusetts Historical Society. The longevity of these sign- ers of the Declaration is worthy of notice. They were fifty-six in number, and the average length of their lives was about sixty-five years. Four of the number attained to the age of ninety years and upwards ; fourteen exceeded eighty years, and twenty-three, as one in two and a half, reached three score years and ten." Charles Carroll, of CarroUton, who died in 1832 at the advanced age ot 96, was the last surviving signer of the Declaration of Independ- ence. •As a composition, the Declaration is undoubtedly Mr. Jeflfer son's. Though some changes were made in it on the suggestion of other members of Congress while it was under discussion, yet it is the production of his mind, " and the high honor of it belongs to him clearly and absolutely." REVOLUTIONARY PERIOD. 129 every patriot was glad. A feu', liowev^er, called 'Jories, gave it no welcome.* These were still loyal to King George, believing that the colonies were wrong in resisting the mother country. The pat- riots, in their expressions of joy, pulled down the leaden statue of George HI. in the Bowling Green at New York, and moulded it into bullets to be hurled against his sul)Jects.t 5. The Orisjiual Thiiti^eu States,— The Colonies, with a population ot' ueariy tliree millions, were DOW styled "The Thuteen United States of Amer- ica." (See map,) Tiieir names are : NEW ENGLAND STATES. Massachusetts, settled in 1620 New Hampshire, settled in 1623 Rhode Island, settled in 1638 Connecticut, settled in 1633 * The English party namea of Whig and Tory had been trans- ferred to this country, Tory, in England, signifies a friend and sapporter of the monarchical power, in the highest degree. The term miig was applied to those who were in favor of taking power from the crown, and giving it to the people. In America, these names had similar signification. The Whigs were those who favored the cause of liberty and were zealous in supporting the Colonies against the injustice of the British Parliament; the Toriee were the favorers of Great Britain. The Tories were not numerous; but t*'-ey generally belonged to what was called the higher class, in- eluding wealthy families, persons holding offices under the British government, and those connected with persons of rank in England, ] 'Jn the 2l8t of May, 1775 — more than a year previous to thia formal Declaration of Independence — the people of Charlotte, North Carolina, in convention assembled, declared themselves free from any allegiance to the British Crown, and resolved to defend the stand thus taken, with their lives and fortunes. 9 130 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. MIDDLE STATES. New York, settled in 1613 Maryland, settled in 1634 Delaware, settled in 1638 New Jersey, settled in 1664 Pennsylvania, settled in 1682 SOUTHERN STATES. Virginia, settled in 1607 North Carolina, settled in 1663 South Carolina, settled in 1670 Georgia, settled in 1733 6. "Pardons." — About this time General Howe, stationed with his army in the vicinity of New York, issued a proclamation offering pardon to all Americans that would lay down their arms and be- come loyal to England. This was treated wifh contempt. None responded to the " royal procla- mation." General Gage, at Boston the previous year, had issued a similar proclamation, exempting, iiowever, from its benefits the patriots Samuel Adams and John Hancock. None availed them- selves of this "royal clemency." 7. Battle of Lon^ Island. — After General Howe, with his army, had evacuated Boston, he went to ilalifax, and thence sailed for New York. Admiral riowe, his brother, with re-enforcements from Eng- land, and Clinton, from his defeat at Fort Moultrie, joined General Howe at New York. The British army was now 30,000 strong. Washington, antici- pating Howe's plans, gathered all his available forces at New York to protect that city. He had REVOLUTIONARY PERIOD. 131 only 7,000 men. The British army, in three divis- ions, advanced upon the city from Long Island, August 27. The Americans were attacked in front and rear and terribly beaten, 2,000 out of 5,000 engaged were lost in killed, wounded, and prison- ers.* Ilowe and Clinton delayed further attack, awaiting re-enforcements to capture the remnant of the American army. Had they not delayed, they might have done so; but during the night, under cover of a dense fog, the wary Washington eluded themf When morning came Howe found, to his dismay, that his prey had gone. 8. Battle of White Plains. — Influenced by his officers, Washington retreated to the northern part of New York island, and then to White Plains. Here a partial engagement to the disadvantage of the Americans took place on the 28th of October. 9. Washington's Retreat. — Leaving New York in possession of the British, Washington retreated with his army through New Jersey toward Phila- *The captives were confined in crowded, badly ventilated pris- ons. The sufferings of these poor victims were horrible. The saddest scenes, however, occurred on the prison ships — old hulks anchored in the waters around New York. The one most noted for the cruelty of its officers was the Jersey Prison Ship. " From theae loathsome places of confinement almost 11,000 bodies were carried out during the war and buried in the sand of the beach." tSecure of his prey, the British general had no suspicion of what was going on. A Tory discovering Washington's movement to escape, sent a negro to inform the British ; l)ut falling into the hands of the Hessians, who could not understand what he said, he was detained till his information was too late to be of value. 132 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. delphia, closely pursued by Cornwallis * with 6,000 men. This retreat, though causing much suffering to the ill-clad and ill shod patriots, was conducted in a masterly manner. Washington was thence called " the American Fabius." f He escaped the vigilance of Cornwallis, and crossing over iiitci Pennsylvania, quartered his troops along the Dela- ware (December). J 10. Captain Nathan Hale.— Captain Hale was sent by Washington to gain some information respect- ing the movements of the British on Long Island. He was captured by the enemy and executed as a spy, — his last words being, " I only regret that I have but one life to give to my country." || * All through the Revolution, Lord Cornwallis was a promi- nent commander. He opposed the course of the British ministry which led to the war, but when the conflict opened he took the field and was soon made a Major-general. After the war he tilled several public offices in England, with distinction. He was made a Marquis, became Viceroy of Ireland, and twice Governor-general of India. t Fabius was a Roman dictator, who led the armies of Rome against Hannibal, in the Second Punic war (218 B. C.) : his cau- tion and experience were such, that without hazarding a battle he continued to keep the troops of Hannibal in perpetual alarm, whilst his own remained in security ; on this account he was termed the buckler of Rome. t Frederic II. of Prussia, the greatest general of his age, said *,hat Washington's movements in New Jersey were the most bril- liant in the annals of war. Of the American soldiers he said, " I like those brave fellows, and can not help secretly hoping for their success. The British Parliament," said he, " have acted like au infuriated fool in the American business." II The services of a clergyman, and even the use of a Bible, were denied him; and letters which he had wriue»» to his motht-f and sisters were destroyed. REVOLUTIONARY PERIOD. 133 11. Effect of these Reverses. — These misfortunes to the Americans caused a depression which settled on the country like a pall. Many, more timid than patriotic, went over to the enemy, believing that American independence would prove a failure. The army was but poorly supplied with arms, many of the soldiers had no shoes; and, during Wash- ington's famous retreat, many left their blood- stained foot-prints on the frozen ground. The British were jubilant, and now awaited spring to "bag" the "fox," as they styled Washington. 12. Battle of Trenton. — To raise the spirits of his troops and to remove the despair that seemed to be settling upon the country, Washington determined to strike a bold and almost reckless blow. At Trenton, New Jersey, was stationed a regi- ment of Hessians under command of Col. Rahl. Ilowe with his army was comfortably quartered for the winter at New York. Believing that the Americans were now too weak for aggressive war- fare he settled himself contentedly, awaiting the return of spring to quash the " rebellion." On Christmas Eve Washington's army crossed the Delaware, now full of floating ice and swollen b}' the recent floods, in small boats during a driving storm of hail and snow. On Christmas morning the Hessians, who in fancied security had been rev- eling in wine and " Christmas cheer," were com- pletely surprised and routed. The Americans cap- tured nearly a thousand prisoners, besides many needed arms and valuable military stores. They lost but four men — two killed and two frozen to 1 34 HISTOKY OF THE UNITED STATES. death. This victory revived the drooping energies of the country, and many recruits joined the army. 13. Commissioners sent to France.— In Decem- ber Congress sent Benjamin 1'eanklin * Silas Benjamin Franklin. * Benjamin Franklin was born in Boston in 1706, and died in 1790. His schooling was very limited, but being apprenticed to his brother, a printer, he acquired a taste for reading and study. After learning his trade he went to Philadelphia and became the publisher of the "Pennsylvania Gazette" and the celebrated "Poor Richard's Almanac." His discovery of the identity of lightning with electricity made him famous. As agent of the Colonies he twice visited England. After his return from France as Minister Plenipotentiary, in 1785, he was made "President of the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania," holding the office for three years. He was also one of the framers of the Constitution. His essays on various philosophical subjects are valuable and popular. The most noted of his works is his "Autobiography," which has been published in nearly every written language. He founded EEVOLUTIONAKY PEKIOD. 135 Deane, and Aethuk Lee to France to seek assistance. France declined to help the Americans openly, for she was at peace with England ; but she assisted them privately. {See ''Events of 1778," Toj)iG 1.) EVENTS OF 1777. 1. Battle of Princeton — After the battle of Trenton, Washington re-crossed the Delaware, in order to secure his prisoners, and once more entered- IS'ew Jersey, encamping near Trenton. Hearing of Washington's movements, Howe or- dered Cornwallis to direct the military operations of that region. Cornwallis, who had arranged to return to England, thinking the war was about over, quickly moved against Washington, and on January 2d, en- camped near the American Army, intending to attack it in the morning. Washington was now in a critical situation, with a powerful army in front of him, while behind him was a river full of floating ice ; but during the night he, by a skillful maneuvre, not only rescued his army from almost certain destruction, but added glory to American arms. Leaving his camp- fires burning he silently withdrew his men, and lead- ing them by a circuitous route reached Princeton early on the morning of January 3d. The object of this maneuvre was to surprise and to capture some British the American Philosophical Society, and established the Univer- sity of Pennsylvania. "His life is a noble example of the results of industry and perseverance, and his death was the occasion of public mournimg." 136 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. ■^. troops en route to join Cornwallis, lodged for th^ night at Princeton. The surprise would have been complete, had not the Americans met a brigade of the enemy already on the march for Trenton. An engagement took place, in which the British were defeated, losing 100 killed and 300 prisoners, while the Americans losl but 30 men. Reaching Morristown he intrenched himself to await further developments. Thus the "American Fabius," with his plucky little army, outgeneraled Howe and Cornwallis, and taught those haughty Peers to fear and respect a foe whom they had pre- tended to despise. This was the last military move- ment during the winter. 2. Danbury, Conn., Burned. — In the spring of this year General Tryon, of New York, sent an expedition against Danbury, Connecticut. His troops went in vessels by the Sound, and landing April 26, marched to Danbury and destroyed the American stores collected there. On their way back to the Sound, the British were attacked by the militia and lost 300 men. Among the Americans killed was General Wooster, a veteran of the French and Indian War.* {See ''Events of 1779," Topic 2.) ♦General Wooster, though a man of seventy, fought with all the vigor of youth. General Arnold received the fire of a whole platoon at a distance of thirty yards, but escaped uninjured. Soon after Tryon's expedition Colonel Meigs retaliated by crossing from Connecticut and burning twelve British vessels and a large quan- tity of stores at Sag Harbor, near the eastern extremity of Long Island. He brought back ninety prisoners, without the loss of a single man. REVOLUTIONARY PERIOD. 137 3. The British Evacuate New Jersey.— In the spring Howe employed various plans to induce the Americans to quit their camp and risk an open battle ; but Washington, seeing the traj), preferred remaining in camp to risking defeat, and the British at length evacuated New Jersey. American Flag — "Stars and Stripes." 4. Our Flag.— "The Stars and Stripes"— the glorious flag of freedom — was adopted as the emblem of our nationality, June 14, 1777. The thirteen stripes, seven red and six white, alternating, repre- sent the Thirteen Original States, and an additional star is placed upon it for every new State. Forty- five stars now spangle its blue field. 5. Burgoyne's Army. — About this time General John Burgoyne, with a large army, composed of 138 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. British regulars, Hessians and Indians, came from Canada to destroy the American defenses in the north. They captured Ticonderoga, securing a large amount of military stores. 6. Battle of Beiiniiiffton. — Being in need of horses, oxen, and vehicles to transport his supplies taken at Ticonderoga, Burgoyne sent Col. Baum with 500 select men toward Bennington, Vermont, to pro- cure these things. Here this detachment of marau- ders was met on the 16th of August by 800 volun- teers, led by the gallant Gen. John Stark. "We must beat the red coats, my boys, or this day MoUie Stark is a widow," were the words of Stark, as the British formed for battle. A sharp conflict followed in which the Americans came off best. In the afternoon both sides were re-Quforced, and the battle was renewed with increased vigor. About 500 of the enemy were killed, and 600 taken pris- oners, while the Americans lost but 150 killed and wounded. Valuable munitions of war were also captured. * 7. Battle of The Brandy wine. — September 11th Cornwallis and Clinton attacked Washington at Chad's Ford on the Brandywine, near Philadelphia. The Americans under their gallant leaders per- formed prodigies of valor ; but being outnumbered * Tlie patriotism which actuated the Americans at this time is illustrated in the case of an old man who had five sons at the battle of Bennington. A neighbor who had just come from the field, told him that one of them had been unfortunate. "Has he pioved a coward or traitor?" anxiously asked the father. "Worse than that," was the answer; "he has fallen, but while fighting bravely." " Then," said the father, " I am satisfied." REVOLUTIONARY PERIOD. 139 by the enemy they were defeated. The British now took up their quarters at Philadelphia (Sep- tember 26th). 8. La Fayette. — In the battle of the Brandywine several patriotic foreigners were engaged, among whom was the Marquis de La Fayette {day lah fay-et'), a generous and liberty-loving young French nobleman, who left wealth and position in France to assist the Americans to gain their independence. lie rendered valuable aid to the patriot cause, equipping whole companies at his own expense. His name is honored and revered by every true lover of liberty.* {See Monroe's Adminisirationy Topic 10.) 9. Battle of Gerinantown.— The British main army was stationed at Germantown, a small village near Philadelphia. On October 4, Washington and his officers decided to hazard an attack. At first the Americans gained a decided advantage, but owing to a dense fog, the troops became panic-stricken and fled at the very moment of victory. Thus the British gained many important points in that re- • A number of foreign patriots volunteered their services to aid the cause of American independence. Among those that, dur- ing tlie war, rendered valuable services as officers were the German barons JoHN De Kalb and Frederick Steuben, the Poles Thaddeus Kosciusko and Count Casimir Pulaski, and especially the French Marquis De La Fayette. After the disastrous battle of Long Island, La Fayette was told of the despairing state of the country, then so poor that it could not provide him a conveyance. " Then," said La Fayette, " this is the moment when I can render the most essential service." He provided a vessel for himself. His arrival caused heartfelt joy. Washington received him as a son ; and Congress made him a major-general. 14-0 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 10. Death of Miss M'Crea. — About this time while Burgoyne's army was attempting to capture P^ort Edward, on the Hudson, occurred the meh\ncholy death of Miss M'Ckea, an American young hidy betrothed to a lo\'aIist ofHcer in Burgoyne's arm.y. She was captured by Indians near Fort Edward ; and while they were conveying her to the British camp, the Americans in the fort fired on iier cap- tors, and Miss M'Crea was killed. The story spread that she had been killed and scalped by the sav- ages. It greatly increased the hatred toward the British, and brought many volunteers to the Amer- ican camp. 11. Surrender of Bur^oyne. — Burgoyne, after his capture of Ticonderoga and Crown Point, continued his invasion of the North. The Americans gath- ered from the neighboring States to check his ad-- vance. Farmers left their iields and volunteered their services ; an army was rapidly collected and drilled. Burgoyne's position now became critical. lie had sent a detachment to take Fort Stanwix (now Home), New York, and to devastate that re- gion. Gen. Arnold, who had been sent by Gen. Schuyler {sky' ler) to the relief of Fort Stanwix, caused the British to beat a precipitate retreat, by an ingenious stratagem which made them believe that a large force was coming against them. * * "A half-witted Tory boy who had been taken prisoner, was promised liis freedom, if lie would spread the report among the British troops that a large body of Americans was elose at hand. The boy, having cut holes in his clolheR, ran breathless into the camj) of the besiegers, showing the bullet holes and describing bis narrow escape from the enemy. When asked their number, REVOLUTIONARY PERIOD. 141 Gen. Horatio Gates, whom Congress had ap- pointed to the command of the Northern Army in place of Schnvler, had now a Large army, fnll of enthusiasm, and impatient to drive out the invad- ers. At Saratoga the two armies engaged in bat- tles (September 19th and October 7th). The contest was desperate on both sides, but the Americans were the gainers. * Both armies then intrenched themselves for nearly two weeks. Burgoyne, des- pairing of receiving the re-enforcements he had expected, and hemmed in on all sides by the deter- mined Americans, was obliged to surrender his en- tire army of 6,000 men and all his munitions of war (October 17tli). During the ceremony of surren- dering, the mu^^icians in the American army played the tune of " Yankee Doodle. "f Benedict Arnold — whose subsequent treason is related elsewhere — performed many acts of heroism during the battles preceding the surrender, though he had been un- justly deprived of his command by Gates, who was doubtless envious of his reputation. I he mysteriously pointed upward to the leaves on the trees. The Indians and British were so frightened that they fled precipi- lately, leaving their tents and artillery behind them." *So close was the struggle that a single cannon was five times taken and retaken by the contending parties. Finally, the Amer- icans succeeded in retaining it; and wheeling it round upon the enemy, fired on them with their own ammunition. TThia national air was composed by a surgeon in the British army, in 1755, during the French and Indian War, to ridicule the uncoutii appearance which the provincial troops presented. JTliough deprived of his command, Arnold, who was impa- tiently watching the progress of the battle, could restrain himself 142 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 12. Clinton's Operations. — Gen. Clinton, in the meantime, Inid ascended the Hudson as far as forts Clinton and Montgomery and captured both forts; but instead of hastening to the assistance of Bur- goyne, he sent an expedition to devastate the coun- try. The British on the northern frontier, upon hearing of their disaster at Saratoga, abandoned Ticonderoga and other forts, and Clinton, after burning Kingston, returned to New York. 13. Effect of Burgoyne's Defeat. — This brilliant victory, so gallantly won, caused rejoicing through- out the country. Congress awarded a medal of honor to Gates, and a vote of thanks to the brave soldiers who did the fighting. The people were cheered in spite of the general financial depression of affairs. no longer. When General Frazer's division attacked the Ameri- can flank the}' were repelled by Morgan's corps, which then furi- ously charged the British right. " Hastily mounting his large brown horse, Arnold spurred toward the hottest of the fight. Gates, fearing that he would gain fresh laurels, sent Major Arm- strong after him with orders to return. But Arnold was already out of reach. He was received with shouts of exultation by the men whom he had before led to victory. With a desperation akin to madness, he charged Frazer's brigade, now rallying under its intrepid commander. Perceiving that Frazer was the soul of the British army, Morgan directed several of his riflemen to make him the special object of their aim. A ball soon struck the general's saddle ; another wounded his horse in the neck. Despite these warnings, he refused to retire, and in a few minutes fell, mortally wounded." Frazer's fall decided the battle. Arnold was at last overtaken by Major Armstrong, with Gates's order to return, but not till he had achieved a glorious victory, with little aid froai Gates, who had kept himself all day in the camp. REVOLUTIONARY PERIOD. 143 France, hearing of it, recognized the independ- ence of America, and sent troops the following spring to aid the cause. * 14. At Valley For^e. — Burgoyne's surrender closed the campaign of 1777. To the Northern Army it had brought success and victory; to the Southern Army, disaster and defeat. The Southern Army under Washington, during the winter of 1777-'78, quartered at Valley Forge, Pennsylvania. This winter was an unusually long and severe one, and the soldiers were poorly prepared to endure its hardships. They were only half clad, had few beds, and many had neither straw nor blankets to lie upon. Their provisions were also scanty, and the Govern- ment was too poor to help them. To add to the despondency, a cabal was formed against Washing- ton by Gates, Conway, and others envious of his fame.f Their object was to have him removed, and have Gates supersede him as commander-in- chief. The conspiracy failed, and its originators have received the condemnation of posterity. Had the British, instead of remaining in their * Holland acknowledged the independence of the United States in 1782 ; Sweden in February, 1783 ; Denmark in the same month , Spain in March ; Russia in July. t The most active agent of the plot was Gen. Conway. Even Congress so far gave way as to appoint this man inspector-general. "Washington, in the calmness of his righteous mind, turned not aside from his public duties, to notice his private enemies. But the people took his part; and, the more for this magnanimity. The army were so indignant, that at length, all who had been en- gaged in the plot, whatever had been their former services, were now afraid of their resentment, and kept out of the way." 144 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. comfortable quarters in Philadelphia and Kew York, attacked the Americans at this time, thej might have annihilated the entire army. 15. The English Attempt Reconciliation. — About this time, when affairs looked gloomy to the patri- ots, the British attempted to bribe some influential Americans. They made a proposal to Gen. Joseph Reed, offering him 10,000 guineas — about $50, 000 — and a lucrative office, if he would exert his influ- ence to reconcile America. The honest patriot spurned the offer with indignant pride, answering: "I am not worth purchasing; but such as I am, the King of England is not rich enough to buy me." 16. Articles of Confederation. — In November of this year Articles of Confederation for the gov- ernment of the States were adopted by Congress. These, however, in consequence of not being rati- fied by all the States till 1781, did not go into effect before that time. {See ''After the War," Topic 2.) 'EVENTS OF 1778. 1. A French Fleet Arrives. — In the spring the hearts of all were gladdened by the news that the efforts of the Commissioners, Franklin, Dean, and Lee, had been crowned with success, and that a fleet was on its way to help the cause of liberty. 2. Battle of Monmouth.— Gen. Clinton, now com- manding the British at New York, became alarmed by the approacli of the French fleet and ordered his forces to concentrate at that point. In the march REVOLUTIONARY PERIOD. 146 across New Jersey, they were closely followed by Washington's army, and compelled to make a stand at Monmouth, June 28. The day was excessively warm, and nearly as many soldiers of both sides died from heat and thirst as were slain by bullets. The field was stubbornly contested, but when night ended the battle neither party had gained a vic- tory. * 3. Conduct of Gen. Charles Lee. — Gen. Charles Lee, who commanded a division of the American army in this battle, retreated from some cause at the moment of victory; but his flying troops were rallied by Washington. Lee was sternly rebuked by the commander-in-chief, on the field, and was afterward removed from the array for apparent treachery before the enemy. He could have re- entered the service, but it seems he was deficient in patriotism. He was a brave and brilliant oflicer, but envious and impulsive. 4. Massacre at Wyoming. — On July 3d a band of Tories and Indians ravaged Wyoming Valley, Pennsylvania, burned the houses and murdered women, children, and old men. The Tories and Indians vied with one another in deeds of cruelty and horror. * Mary Pitcher, the wife of an American artillery-raan, while bringing wafer to her husband from a spring, saw him fall, and heard an order given for removing his gun. The heroic woman at once took her husband's place, and wixh great skill and courage performed his duties in a way that elicited the warmest admira- tion. Washington afterward appointed her a sergeant in the army, with half-pay through life. The soldiers gave her the name of " Major Molly." 10 146 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. A similar party under the notorious Butler and Brandt devastated the region of the Mohawk in the following November, and destroyed a thriving settlement at Cherry Valley. General Sullivan avenged these outrages by destroying forty Indian villages. * 5. Close of the Year's Campaign. — The French fleet attempted to drive the British out of Rhode Island, but a storm disabling the vessels, the commander was forced to abandon the undertaking, and sailed to the West Indies for the winter. The British in December attacked and captured Savannah, and reduced the whole of Georgia. EVENTS OF 1779. 1. Operations at the South.— In the spring of this year the British attempted to capture Charleston, South Carolina, but were scared off by the approach of American forces. In September the French fleet under the command of Count D'Estaing (des- tang') joined the American forces under Gen. Lin- coln f in an attack on Savannah, The assault was * The vengeance inflicted was fearful. As to Wyoming and Cherry Valley no mercy was shown but the hatchet; so from the Susquehanna to the Genesee, none but the firebrand. The whole region was swept as by a tornado ; and the terrible punishment was never forgotten. t General Lincoln, early in the war, sht)wed military ability, and gained rapid promotion. At White Plains he distinguished himself for bravery. After his capture at Charleston, he was per- mitted to go home on parole, though he was not exchanged for nearly a year. He afterward held important commands until the close of the war. REVOLUTIONARY PERIOD. 147 unsuccessful, and a thousand lives were lost. The noble Polish patriot Count Pulaski * was here mortally wounded. The gallant Sergeant Jasper, whose bravery has been mentioned, was killed in this engagement. The French fleet thus far, and, indeed, during the remainder of the war, rendered the Americans no eflicient help. 2. British Depredations.!— The British at the North contented themselves by sending out pre- datory parties. Many defenseless towns in Con- necticut were pillaged and burned by the notorious Tryon. {See "Events of 1777," Toj)ic 2.) 3. Capture of Stony Point. — Stony Point, a British fort on the Hudson, was captured July 15th by the brave Gen. Anthony Wayne — "Mad Anthony" — as he was styled. This was a daring and brilliant achievement and gave new lustre to American arms. 4. Capture of Paulus Hook. — On July 19th another brilliant exploit crowned the efforts of the patriots. *" Having lost his father and brotliers in the hopeless defence of his country, and being himself outlawed, he had come to fight for the freedom of America. At first he served as a volunteer. He fought valiantly at the battle of Brandywine. During the second year he commanded an independent corps of cavalry, lancers, and light-infantry, called ' Pulaski's Legion,' with which he did effectual service. He was buried in the Savannah River. The corner-stone of a monument raised to his memory in Savan- nah, was laid by La Fayette while visiting that city during his triumphal progress through the United States (1824)." t The British seemed to have aimed at little more than to dis- tress, plunder, and destroy, it having been, early in this year, adopted as a principle upon which to act, "to render the Colonies of as little avail as possible to their new connections," 148 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. The British post at Paulas Ilook in N'ew Jerse\% opposite the city of New York, was surprised at night by Major Lee, — " Light Horse Harry Lee," — and 150 of the garrison were made prisoners. 5. Paul Jones's Exploit. — Commodore Paul Jones, * in a daring exph)it on the English seas, September 23d, captured the Serapis, a powerful British man-of-war, after a brilliant engagement of two hours. His vessel was named Bon Homyne Richard {bo-nom! re-shar'). Siie was so much in- jured in the fight that after the victory Jones was obliged to destroy her and pursue his course in the captured vessel. This bloody sea-fight is one of the most cele- brated in American history, and it greatly humili- ated the boasted " Mistress of the Seas." EVENTS OF 1780. 1 Fall of Charleston. — Cornwallis attacked Charleston by sea and land, and after a terrible bombardment and a long siege. General Lincoln, the American commander, was forced to surrender (May 12th). 2. Partisan Patriots. — At this time valuable ser- vice to the cause of Independence was rendered by * John Paul Joues was a native of Scotland, and at the begin- ning of the war entered the naval service of the United States. His activity and prowess were shown in his capture of sixteen prizes in about six weeks. " Hurrying from point to point, wher- ever a prize was to be taken or a daring deed to be achieved, he Bcemed everywhere present and always invincible." REVOLUTIONARY PERIOD. 149 such men as Marion* and Sumter, who, with small bodies of sharp-shooters carried on a guerrilla war- fare, harassing the British in no small degree. They were not attached to the main army, but confined their operations to the defense of their homes. They were thoroughly imbued with a love for lib- erty, and endured many privations with heroic for- titude. These bold citizen soldiers were a terror to Tories and small detachments of British troops. 3. Battle of Camden. — General Gates, who had taken command of the Southern army, attacked Cornwallis at Camden, South Carolina, August 16th. The Americans were defeated. The result was that the British obtained possession of the State and ruled the situation in the South. The *Francis Marion was a descendant of the Huguenots of South Carolina, and had served in early life against the Cherokees. He was also at Fort Sullivan and Charleston. He was one of the most successful of the partisan leaders. He organized a mounted band of about twenty men and boys, some white and others black. As circumstances allowed, he increased their number from time to time, and achieved with their aid a series of minor though bril- liant victories. Their motley appearance and wretched apparel gained for them the name of '' the ragged regiment," and the proud Gates, who had just been appointed to the command of the south- ern department, would not receive them into the regular army, but sent them to the interior of Carolina. It is said that a British offi- cer, sent to negotiate concerning an exchange of prisoners, once (lined with Marion, who could afford only roasted potatoes for din- ner. On inquiry he ascertained that this was their usual fare; also that the patriot general and his men served without pay. Believing it useless to fight men cherishing such devotion to the cause of liberty, the officer afterward resigned his commission. 150 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. brave foreigner Baron DeKalb was killed iu thii battle* 4. Continental Money. — In 1775 Congress issued paper money with which to carry on the war. The value of this currency had now depreciated so much that $40 in bills were worth only $1 in specie.^ It therefore required a great deal of it to purchase the necessaries of life, and many persons refused to take it. In this crisis Robert Morris, a wealthy citizen of Philadelphia, came to the rescue of his country, and made himself bankrupt to aid the cause of freedom, f 5. Arnold's Treason. — In September the Ameri- can cause received a blow from an unexpected quarter. Benedict Arnold, who had heretofore been a gallant defender of his country, attempted to betray into the hands of the enemy the important post at West Point, of which he had purposely ob- tained charge. By extravagance and gambling he had involved himself greatly in debt, and to extricate himself had appropriated public money. For this he was *DeKalb was a German by birth, and had formerly served in the armies of the French. In consideration of his distinguished merit as an officer and soldier, a monument was erected to his memory at Camden, the corner-stone of which was laid by LaFay- ette. tThe women of the Revolutionary times also made noble efforts in the cause of liberty. They organized societies and made up large quantities of clothing with their own hands for the suffer- ing soldiers. The patriot ladies of Philadelphia especially were active in this respect. Many a needy and ragged soldier had cause to bless the generous women of the country. REVOLUTIONARY PERIOD. 151 tried and sentenced to be reprimanded by the com- mander-in-chief. Stung by the reproof, he deter- mined upon revenge. He arranged terms with the British general Clinton ; and Major Andre, an ac- complished young EngliRh officer, went inside the American lines to confei with Arnold. While re- turning from this secret conference, he was arrested as a spy by three American soldiers, who delivered him to their commander. Col. Jameson. In Andre's boots were found papers which revealed the con- templated treachery. Arnold, learning that his plans were frustrated, escaped to the British army.* Andre was tried and hanged. Ilis melancholy fate, from such a cause, was regretted by both friends and foes.f Arnold received for his treason $50,000 and a •"On the morning of Andre's arrest, Arnold expected Wash- ington at his quarters; but, as the latter did not come, he sat down to breakfast with his family. While there, a letter was placed in his hands, announcing Andre's capture. Calling his wife up-stairs, he told her that they must part at once, perhaps forever, and bade her a hasty adieu. Mrs, Arnold, who was unacquainted with her husband's treachery, dismayed at his words, fell fainting to the floor. Hastily kissing his infant boy, who lay asleep in the cradle, the traitor left the house by an unfrequented path, and es- capedo" t Andre was a brave, amiable and accomplished man. Gen. Clinton tried every means to effect his release. Washington pro- posed to exchange him for Arnold; but Clinton could not honor- ably violate his faith with the traitor. Andre showed no fear of death, but asked to be shot, instead of hanged. This last request could not be complied with, and he was hanged at Tappan, New Jersey, in October. 152 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. commission as Brigadier General in the British army He thereafter fought against the Americans.* 6. The Captors of Andre. — The names of the three honest patriots who arrested Andre were John Paulding, Isaac Van Wart, and David Williams. Andre offered a bribe of 10,000 guineas, if they would let him pass, but they refused. Congress re- warded them for their fidelity by giving each an appropriately inscribed medal and a pension for life. 7. Battle of King's Mountain.— After the battle of Camden, Corwallis moved into North Carolina and sent Col. Ferguson before him to rally the Tories in the mountainous region. Ferguson was attacked at King's Mountain, October 7, by Col. Campbell and a number of backwoods riflemen, and was slain with 150 of his men. Campbell's men were so incensed by the barbarities of Tories in Fergu- son's band that they hung a number of the prison- ers after the battle. EVENTS OF 1781. 1. Battle of the Cowpens.— On January 17th the British under Tarleton w.ere routed at the battle of "the cow-pens," North Carolina, by the dashing * Arnold wreaked his malice on America by devastating dif- ferent portions of the country. On his arrival in England, after the war, he was treated with universal contempt. In America his name was, and is, mentioned with detestation. Years afterward, the celebrated Talleyrand, intending to visit America, desired letters of introduction from Arnold, but received the reply, "1 was born in America; 1 lived there to the prime of my life; but, alasl 1 can call no man in America my friend." REVOLUTIONARY PERIOD. 153 General Morgan, with a loss of 600 men.* Morgan then started for Virginia, pursued by Cornwallis. 2. General Greene's Retreat. — General Greene, of whose army Morgan's force was a part, now joined Morgan and conducted the retreat.f Greene was a cautious and skillful general, and, though he gained but one battle, yet his successful retreats had all the effects of victory. For his prudence, wisdom, and valor, Congress awarded him high honors. *Tar]eton, who had been wounded by Colonel Washington in a personal encounter during this battle, sneeringly remarked while conversing with a witty American lady, " That Colonel Washing- ton is very illiterate; I am told that he can not write his name." " Ah, Colonel," replied she, "you should know better ; for you bear evidence that he can make his mark." At another time, when Tarle- ton expressed his desire to see Colonel Washington, the lady re- plied, " Had you looked behind you at Cowpens, you might have had that pleasure." tDuring this retreat Greene entered the town of Salisbury {mvh'-her-re) drenched with rain and overcome with fatigue. The hostess of the inn at which he put up, hearing him say that he was " hungry, alone, and pennyless," after preparing his dinner, brought him all the money she had, and insisted on his accepting it. Re- freshed here, the retreat was resumed, and 150 miles from the Cow- pens a junction with Morgan's forces was effected. Being yet too weak to face the enemy, the retreat was continued. Reaching the ford of the Dan ahead of Cornwallis, the American army crossed over in safety. Cornwallis here gave up the pursuit. In conduct- ing this memorable retreat, both Morgan and Greene displayed great ability. "The men bore their hardships with the most praiseworthy fortitude. Their clothing was wretched ; their shoes were completely worn out. During most of the march they had eaten but one meal a day, and had slept in the open air, there being no time to pitch their tents." Greene avoided a general action by constantly changing his position, but on the 15th of March, his army having been re-enforced, he offered battle to the 154 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 3. Arnold's Depredations. — The traitor Arnold, desiring to gratify his revenge, invaded Virginia during this year with an army of British and To- ries, burned Richmond and committed other out- rages. He also ravaged the vicinity of his former home in Connecticut. Washington, with the aid of an old soldier named Champe, planned the capture of Arnold's person ; but just as the effort was about to be successful, Arnold suddenly changed his quarters and the at- tempt failed. 4. Battle of Eutaw Springs. — On September 8th Greene defeated Cornwallis at the battle of Eutaw Springs, North Carolina. Cornwallis, with his array, now took his position at Yorktown, Virginia. 5. Surrender of Cornwallis. — The situation of the British army under Cornwallis at Yorktown soon became critical. Washington and his able generals besieged the place, and on October 19th, after a fierce cannonading, Cornwallis was obliged to sur- render his entire army of 7,000 men and all his munitions of war. The surrender is said to have been very imposing.* Cornwallis felt so humiliated enemy at Guilford Court House. The superior discipline of the British, however, prevailed, and Greene drew off his army in good order, though he was obliged to leave his artillery in the hands of the enemy. He now turned his course to South Carolina, and with the aid of Marion, Sumter, and other partisan leaders, nearly de- livered this State and Georgia from the British. *People from the surrounding country assembled by thousands to witness the humiliation of the proud British general and his ruthless army. The British came forth gayly dressed, but without flying colors, since th:it honor had been denied the American armj» REVOLUTIONARY PERIOD. 155 that he declined to deliver his sword in person, but sent it by one of his officers. 6. The End — Peace. — The surrender of Cornwal- lis effectually ended the War of the Kevolution. The British government saw the utter impossibility of subduing the " Rebels," and was thus forced to acknowledge the Independence of the " United States of America." England, therefore, ordered home her troops; and on the 3d of September, 1783, the definitive treaty of peace was signed at Paris. By the terms of the treaty the boundaries of the United States were fixed at the Great Lakes on the North, at Florida — ceded back to Spain — on the South, and the Mississippi river on the West. The news was received with unbounded joy all over the country. The American people were now " free and equal" before all the world. The army was disbanded and the war-worn soldiers returned to their homes. Washington, after bidding his of- ficers an affecting farewell, "retired to Mount Ver- non, followed by the thanksgiving of a grateful people."* on its surrender at Charleston. " The captive army approached, moving slowly in columns with grace and precision. Universal .silence was observed amidst the vast concourse, and the utmost de- cency prevailed. Every eye was now turned, searching for th British commander-in-chief, anxious to look at the man heretofore 80 much an object of dread. All were disappointed. CornwalHs, unable to bear up against the humiliation of marching at the head of his garrison, constituted General O'Hara his representative on the occasion." * Washington's words on this occasion were as follows : " With a heart full of love and gratitude, I now take leave of you. I most Vevoully wish tluit your latter days may be as prosperous and 156 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. AFTER THE WAR. 1. Condition of the Country. — The close of the war found the Government of the young nation in a weak condition. The treasury was empty, and the country involved in debt. Many of the sol- diers had not received their pay, and several acts of violence were committed by them, under unprin- cipled leaders. It was found that b3' the Articles OF Confederation, under which the United States had existed since 1781, Congress had no power to raise money and pay the debts incurred by the war. The individual States were therefore called upon for funds, but their efforts to raise money by direct taxation produced great opposition, especially in Massachusetts, where it grew into an open insur- rection, known as " Shay's Rebellion '' (1787). This, however, was soon suppressed. Many persons thought that the people were inca- pable of self-government, and proposed that Wash- ington should become king. This proposal he spurned with indignation. After much anxiety as to the stability of the in- fant Government and much bitter feeling from some sources, the wise counsels of Washington pre- vailed and the financial difficulties were amicably adjusted. happy as your former ones have been glorious and honorable, I can not come to each of you to take my leave, but shall be obliged to you if each will come and take me by the hand." Many of these strong men wept. Each in turn grasped the hand of the great commander, who, according to the custom of the times, kissed each brave officer in turn as he came to bid adieu. REVOLUTIONARY PERIOD. 157 2. Adoption of The Constitution. — During the Rev- olutionary War the States had adopted the Arti- cles OP Confederation (See '■^Events of 1171 " Topic 16), which were then suited to the condition of the country; but now, owing to a different order of aftairs, the best men of the land felt the necessity of a mor£ potent national government. Accord- ingly a convention was called at Philadelphia to revise the Articles of Confederation. This conven- tion, with Washington as president, was composed of men of talent and statesmanship. After much discussion and some opposition they adopted an entirely new Constitution (September 17, 1787). The Government was organized under it during the ensuing year, and in 1789 it went into fall operation. 3. The Two Political Parties. — In some sections the new Constitution met with the most determined opposition. Two political parties came into exist- ence — the Federalists, and Anti-Federalists, or Kepublicans ; the former favored the Constitution, and advocated a centralized government; the lat- ter advocated the doctrine of State Sovereignty, and opposed a central government. The leaders of the Federal party were Alexander Hamilton,* James Madison, and John Jay. Thomas Jefferson was the great head of the Anti-Federal, or Repub- lican party. * Hamilton was the ablest advocate of a centralized govern- ment. In conjunction with Madison and Jay, he wrote a series of " profound and luminous " articles in favor of the adoption of the CoDstitutioD. 158 HISTOHY OP THE UNITEI) STATES. 4. Westward, Ho ! — During and immediately after the war emigration to the West from the Eastern and Middle States set in. Many from Virginia and North Carolina also sought homes farther west, particularly in the " Territory South of the Ohio," since known as Kentucky and Tennessee. {See Map of Territorial Growth). 5. The Northwest Territory. — This comprised the great tract north of the Ohio aud east of the Mis- sissippi, out of which have been carved the States of Ohio, Indiana, Illinois, Michigan, and Wisconsin. The bill for the erection of the Northwest Territory passed the Continental Congress in 1787. [See Map of Territorial Growth.) While it was pending, Mr. Jefferson introduced and had carried an amendment forever excluding slavery from that extensive re- gion. A territorial government was here first in- troduced into the American system. 6. A Territory Defined. — A Territory is a district, which, for the want at first of a sufficient population, is not admitted into the Union as an independent State. It may become a State when it can send one Representative to Congress. Every ten years a census of the whole United States is taken, and the number of inhabitants required to send one Kepresentative to Congress is then determined for the succeeding ten years. The quotient arising from dividing the whole number of population of the United States by the number of Representa- tives in the House will entitle a State to one Rep- resentative in Congress; and to become a State, a REVOLUTIONARY PERIOD. 159 Territory must have at least one Representative. {See National Period, ''Government,'' Topic i.) The Governor and other chief officers are ap- pointed by the President, by and with the advice and consent of the Senate. Each organized Terri- tory is represented in Congress by a delegate, who may debate, but can not vote. More than half the States were at first organized as Territories.* SECTION II. RECAPITULATION OF THE BATTLES OF THE REVO- L UTION. The principal battles and captures of the Revo- lutionary War, tabulated in chronological order, were : 1775. 1. Battle of Lexington, April 19 — Americans victorious. British commander, Pitcairn ; Ameri- cans, none. 2. Capture of Ticonderoga, May 10 — Americans victorious. American commander, Allen ; British, DeLaplace. 3. Battle of Bunker Hill, June 17 — Americans defeated. American commander, Prescott ; British, Howe. 4. Attack on Quebec, December 31 — Americans * The Territories of the United States at present (1904), are: Alaska, Arizona, Hawaii, Indian Territory, New Mexico, and Oklahoma. Other political divisions are District of Columbia and the Insular Possessions: The Philippines, Porto Rico, and Guam. 160 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES, defeated. American coniinaiiders, Montgomery and Arnold; British, Carleton, 1776. 1. Boston Evacuated, March 17, by the British. American commander, Washington ; British, Howe; 2. Bombardment of Fort Moultrie, June 28 — British repulsed. American commander, Moultrie; British, Clinton. 3. Battle of Long Island, August 27 — Ameri- cans defeated. American commander, Washington ; British, Howe and Clinton. 4. Battle of White Plains, October 28— Ameri- cans defeated. American commander, Washington ; British, Howe. 5. Battle of Trenton, December 25 — Americans victorious. American commander, Washington ; Hessians, Rahl. 1777. 1. Battle of Princeton, January 3 — Americans victorious. American commander, Washington ; British, Cornwallis. 2. Battle of Bennington, August 16 — Americans victorious. American commander, Stark; British, Baum. 3. Battle of the Brandywine, September 11 — Americans defeated. American commander, Wash^ ington ; British, Cornwallis and Clinton. 4. Battle of Germantown, October 4 — Ameri- cans defeated. American commander, Washington; British, Howe. 5. First Battle of Saratoga, September 19— Amer- REVOLUTIONARY PERIOD. 161 loans victorious. American commander, Gates ; British, Burgoyne. 6. Second Battle of Saratoga, October 7 — Amer- icans victorious. American commander, Gates; British, Burgoyne. 1778. 1. Battle of Monmouth, June 28 — Neither army victorious. American commander, Washington ; British, Clintou. 2. Massacre at Wyoming, July 3 — by Tories and Indians, Butler and Brandt conducted the slaugh- ter. 3. Massacre at Cherry Valley, N'ovember 17 — Tories and Indians. Butler and Brandt conducted the slaughter. 4. Savannah Captured, December 29, by the Brit- ibh. American commander, Robert Howe; British, Gen. Campbell. 1779. 1. Capture of Stony Point, July 25, by the Amer- icans. American commander, Wayne; British, Col. Johnson. 2. Capture of Paulus Hook, July 19, by Amer- icans. American commander, Maj. Lee; British, Sutherland. 3. Attack on Savannah, September — Americans repulsed. American commander, Lincoln ; British, Prevost. 4. Paul Jones's Naval Battle, September 23 — mericans victorious. A: Jones; British, Pearson. 11 162 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 1780. 1. Capture of Charleston, May 12 — by the Brit- ish, American commander, Lincohi ; British, Corn- wallis. 2. Battle of Camden, August 16 — Americans defeated. American commander. Gates; British,, Corn wall is. 3. Battle of King's Mountain, October 7 — Ameri- cans victorious. American commander, Colonel Campbell ; British, Ferguson. 1781. 1. Battle of the Cowpens, January 17 — Ameri- cans victorious. American commander, Morgan ; British, Tarleton. 2. Battle of Eutaw Springs, September 8 — Americans victorious. American commander, Greene; British, Cornwallis. 3. Siege of Yorktown, Surrender of Cornwallis, October 19 — American commander, Washington ; British, Cornwallis. RECAPITULATIOK CHRONOLOGY OF EVENTS RECORDED IN PART III (the revolutionary period.) 1765. "The Stamp Act" passed by Parliament. 1766. "The Stamp Act" repealed by Parliament. 1770. " Boston Massacre " took place, March 5th. 1772. The Gaspee destroyed. REVOLUTIONARY PERIOD. 163 1773. Tax on Tea resisted at Boston. 1774. " Boston Port Bill" passed by Parliament. 1774. "Mntin}^ Act" passed by Parliament. 1774. First Continental Congress at Philadelphia, September 5th. 1775. Battle of Lexington, fonght April 19th. 1775. North Carolina declared her independence, May 2d. 1775. Ticonderoga captured by Ethan Allen, May 10th. 1775. Second Continental Congress, at Philadelphia, May 10th. 1775. Washington elected Commander-in-chief, June 15th. 1775. Battle of Bunker Hill, fought June 17th. 1775. Montgomery and Arnold repulsed in Canada, December 31st. 1776. Boston Evacuated, March 17th. 1776. British repulsed at Fort Moultrie, June 28th. 1776. Declaration of ladependence formally pro- claimed, July 4th. 1776. Pardons offered by the British Government, July. 1776. Battle of Long Island, Americans defeated, August 27th. 1776. Battle of White Plains, Americans defeated, October 28th. 1776. Washington made a famous retreat through Jersey, November. 1776. Hessians defeated at Trenton, December 25th. 1777. British defeated at Princeton, January 3d. 1777. New Jersey evacuated by the British, (spring). 164 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 1777. "Stars and Stripes" adopted as national flag, June 14th. 1777. Bennington — British defeated, August 16th, 1777. Brandywine — Americans defeated, Septem- ber 11th. 1777. Germantown — Ame-ricans defeated, Oct. 4tli. 1777. Saratoga — Burgoyne defeated, September 19th and October 7th. 1777. Saratoga — Burgoyne surrendered, Oct. 17th. 1777. Articles of Confederation adopted, November. 1777-78. Washington's Army wintered at Valley Forge. 1778. American Independence recognized byFrance. 1778. French fleet arrives to aid America, (spring). 1778. Monmouth — neither army victorious, June 28th. 1778. Massacre at Wyoming by Tories and Indi- ans, July 3d. 1778. Massacre at Cherry Valley by Tories and In- dians, November. 1778. Savannah captured by British, December 29th 1779. Americans and French repulsed at Charles ton, (spring). 1779. Stony Point captured by Anthony Wayne, July 15th. 1779. Paulus Hook captured by Americans, July 19th. 1779. Paul Jones captured the Serapis, Sept. 23d. 1779. Americans and French repulsed at Savannah, September. 1780. Charleston taken by Cornwallis, May 12th. 1780. Camden — Americans defeated, August 16th. REVOLUTIONARY PERIOD. 165 1780. King's Mountain — British defeated, October 7th. 1780. Benedict Arnold became a traitor, October 7th. 1781. Cowpens — British defeated, January 17th. 1781, Eutaw Springs — British defeated, September 8th. 1781. Articles of Confederation ratified by the States. 1781. Arnold burned Kichmond, Va., and overran Connecticut. 1781. Yorktown — Cornwallis surrendered, October 19th. 1783. Treaty of Peace signed at Paris, September 3d. 1783. Florida ceded back to Spain (treaty of Paris). 1787. Constitution framed and adopted, September 17th. 1787. Shay's Rebellion occurred in Massachusetts. 1787. Northwest Territory organized. 1789. The Constitution went into full operation. 1789. Federal and Republican parties organized. Note to the Teacher. — Require the pupils to make separate tables of the following: American commanders mentioned in the Revolutionary War; British commanders; battles gained by the Americans; battles gained by the British; and to recite them. 166 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. THE FIRST SETTLEMENTS— REVIEWED.'' The names of the various settlements established at the close of the Revolution (1783), recapitula- ted, are : State. Town. By Whom. Date. Florida Si. Augustine Spanish 1565 (New Mexico) Sanla Fe Spanish 1582 Roanoke Island English (tempor'y) 1587 Virginia Jamestown English. ...May 7, 1607 New York -Fort Manhattan Dutch 1613 New York Albany Dutch 1615 Massachusetts Plymouth English. ...Dec. 21, 1620 Massachusetts Boston English. ..Sept. 17, 1630 New Hampshire Portsmouth English 1623 Maine Saco English 1623 New Jersey Bergen Dutch 1624 New Jersey Elizahethtovm English...., 1664 Connecticut Windsor English 1633 Connecticut Hartford English 1633 Connecticut New Haven English 1638 Maryland St. Manfs English 1634 Delaware Wilmington Swedes and Finns, 1638 Rhode Island Providence English 1636 Ehode Island Newport English 1639 North Carolina Edenton English 1650 North Carolina Albemarle English 1663 Michigan St. Mary's French 1668 South Carolina Charleston English 1670 Pennsylvania Philadelphia English 1682 Arkansas Helena French 1685 Kansas.. French about 1685 Illinois Kaskaskia French 1688 Texas San Antonio Spanish 1692 Louisiana Biloxi French 1699 Louisiana New Orleans French 1718 Alabama Mobile French 1702 Mississippi St. Peter's French 1703 Vermont Brattleboro English 1724 REVOLUTIONARY PERIOD. 167 State. Town. By Whom. Date. Indiana Vincennes..... French 1730 GEORGtA Savannah English 1733 Wisconsin Green Bay French 1745 Missouri St. Genevieve French 1755 Missouri St. Louis French 1764 Tennessee Fort Loudon English 1756 Tennessee Nashville.... English 1765 Kentucky Harrodsbury English. ...June 16, 1774 Kentucky Louisville English 1778 Kentucky Lexington English... April 17,1779 *Let the teacher require the pupils to recite the Table after the following model : Florida .settled at St. Augustine, by the Spanish, in 1565. New Mexico settled at Santa Fe, etc., etc. GENERAL QUESTIONS AND DIRECTIONS 1. Recite the list of battles and captures of the Revolutionary War. 2. What led the French to aid the Americans? 3. What induced the Hessians to join the British? 4. What part did the Indians take in the struggle? 5. Who were the Tories? Who were the Whigs? 6. Did the war extend west of the Alleghanies ? 7. What is a royal government? 8. What were the boundaries of the United States at the close of the Revolution? 9. To what nation did Canada belong? — Florida? — Louisiana? — Tennes.see and Kentucky formed what? (See Map.) 10. In what battle was ^'Mollie Stark" the watchword? 11. In what battle did Washington bitterly rebuke a general of- ficer, and himself rally the troops to battle? 12. What tea party is celebrated in history? 13. When did a fog save the American Army? 14. Who said " I only regret that I have but one life to give to my country ?" 15. What naval commander captured his antagonist as his own vessel wae sinking? 168 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 16. What battle was fought and gained without a commanding officer? 17. Who drafted the Declaration of Independence ? 18. Was Washington ever wounded in battle? 19. What army retreated at the moment of victory, because the fog was so dense that it could not see how successful it was? 20. Name some celebrated foreigners who fought for us. 21. What rendered Valley Forge memorable ? 22. Who were the "Green Mountain Boys?" 23. What States are named after a king or queen? 24. What celebrated battle did Gen. Gates have the credit of win- ning? Who really deserved the credit? 25. Who said, " Surrender, in the name of the Great Jehovah and the Continental Congress?" 26. What battle was fought on a Christmas morning? 27. What British general surrendered his whole army to the Amer- icans on October 17th, 1777 ? 28. Write a list of the American Generals mentioned in the Revo- lutionary War; also a list of the British Generals. 29. How many signers to the Declaration of Independence? 30. What signer of the Declaration had the palsy? 31. Who signed the Declaration first? 32. How are the States of the Union represented on our flag? 33. Who was " Light Horse Harry?" 34. Name the General who shot a wolf in her den by the light of her own eyes, and relate the circumstance. 35. In what name did Ethan Allen demand the surrender of Ti- conderoga ? 36. What reward did Arnold, as traitor, receive ? 37. Who was " Mad Anthony ? " 38. How many chests of tea were thrown overboard in Boston Har- bor? 39. Who was Secretary of the first Continental Congress? Who was President ? 40. When was the name United Colonies changed to United States of America? 41. Who were the " Sons of Liberty ? " 42. Relate what occurred in the Virginia Assembly, concerning Patrick Henry. REVOLUTIONARY PERIOD. 169 43. Name some of the honored members composing the First Con- tinental Congress. 44. Who established the first line of post-office communication through the United States? 45. Relate some of Israel Putnam's adventures. 46. Name some noted foreigners who fought with us in the Revo lutionary War. 47. What General justly deserves the honor of bringing about the defeat of Burgoyne ? 48. Relate the anecdote of Molly Pitcher. 49. Who commanded " the ragged regiment ? " 60. Mention some of the efforts made by the women of Revolution- ary times. 51. Describe the surrender of Cornwallis. 62. What was the '^ Navigalioji Act?" What were the " Writs of Assistance ? " 53. Who was the first commander-in-chief of the American army? 54. What was the first of the original States settled, and which the last? 55. Name some " pai-tisan patriots." 170 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. ANALYTIC SYNOPSIS. GENERAL BE VIEW OF PART III. Causes, Oppressive Acts, The Boston Massacre, The Tax on Tea Resisted, The Gas|)ee Affair. The Boston Tea Party, Sons of Liberty, Friends in England, First Continental Congress, Ripe for Liberty, Second Continental Congress, Washington, Commander-in-chief, The Hessians, Declaration of Independence, Original Thirteen States, Pardons, Washington's Retreat through IST. J., Captain Nathan Hale, Commissioners sent to France, Flag of the United States, Articles of Confederation, LaFayette, At Valley Forge, English Attempt at Reconciliation, REVOLUTION. Conduct of Gen. Charles Lee, Partisan Patriots, Continental Money, Arnold's Treason, The Captors of Andre, End of the War — Peace, Condition of Country after the War, Adoption of the Constitution, The First Two Political Parties, Emigration Westward, The Northwest Territory, ^^ Territory Defined. VI PERIOD OF THE H H O H SO o REVOLUTIONARY PERIOD. 17J ANALYTIC SYNOPSIS. PERIOD OF THE REVOLUTION— Continued. f Lexington — effect, 177^ J Capture of Ticonderoga, *''^ I -Banker Hill— effect, (^Battle before Quebec. ( Evacuation of Boston, I Bombardment of Fort Moultrie, 1776 ^;|_C2n»/<^ ^^fe#':- ~-^S?''"i'^ ^^^^ker O ^^^^^^^k "^"^p W^^ yj-^ ^^^>J^^\\ jSi'yy^ f — ^^^^^dUTS' \ \ vfy j^ 0*' /^s^yi|L1> 1 1 / ^ ""^-^i^Sw > \^,.W;Cj, ^"^^■^^^Eioa _^^^^^^^S^- •Wts — r= NATIONAL PERIOD. 197 and brilliant success of the American navy.* On the 13th of August the first naval victory of the war was achieved — the United States sloop of war Essex, Captain Porter, falling in with and captur- hig the British sloop of war Alert, after an action of eight minutes. This engagement took place off the Grand Bank of Newfoundland. On the 19th of August the United States frigate Constitution, Captain Isaac Hull (nephew of Gen. Wm. Hull), captured the British frigate Guerriere {gare-e-are'), Captain Dacres, off the Coast of Mas- sachusetts. On the ISth of October the United States sloop of war Wasp, Captain Jones, captured the British brig Frolic ofi' the coast of North Carolina.f On the 25th of the same month the frigate Uni- ted States, Captain Decatur, captured the British frigate Macedonian off the Azores. | *The condition of the navy was better than that of the army. The situation of the United States as a maratime and commercial nation, had kept it provided with seamen. The recent contest with Tripoli had given to the officers and men some experience in war. The navy, however, was small. Ten frigates, ten sloops and one hundred and sixty-five gunboats were all the public naval force which America could oppose to the thousand ships of (Jreat Britain." tAs the American sailors leaped on board the enemy's vessel, they were surprised to find no person on deck except three officers and the seaman at the wheel. The deck was slippery with blood, and presented a scene of havoc and ruin. JWhen Captain Garden, commander of the Macedonian, ten- dered his sword to Captain Decatur — who was as distinguished for courtesy as courage — the latter replied that lie could not tliink of taking the sword of an officer who hnd defended himself so gal- lantly, but would be happy to grasp his hand. In this action an 198 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. Oil December 29th the Constitution, Capt. Bain- bridge, made another capture — of the British frig- ate Java, off' BraziL Burini^ the same year the American privateers captured nearly 300 British vessels, many of them strongly manned. These brilliant victories humbled the proud " Mistress of the Seas," — so called — and crowned the American navy with glory and fame. Great enthusiasm was aroused and confidence restored. Volunteer corps were formed. Madison was re- elected, thus stamping his war policy with popular approval. EVENTS OF 1813.* 1 Battle of Frenchto^vn — "The Raisin."— The campaign of 1813 began unfavorably to the Amer- icans. On January 22d the Americans under General act of generosity and benevolence on the part of our brave tars de- serves to be recorded. " The carpenter, who was unfortunately killed in the conflict with the Macedonian,\\ii(\ left three small chil- dren to the care of a worthless mother. When the circumstance became known to the brave seamen they made a contribution among themselves to the amount of $800, and placed it in safe hands, to be appropriated to the education and maintenance of the orphans." « For the year's campaign, three armies were raised : " (1) the Army of the Centre, under General Dearborn, on the Niagara River; (2) the Army of the North, under General Hampton, along Lake Champlain; and (3) the Army of the West, under General Harrison, of Tippecanoe fame. All three were ultimately to in- vade Canada. General Proctor was the British general, and Te cumseh had command of his Indian allies." NATIONAL PERIOD. 199 Winchester routed the enemy at Frenchtown on the Raisin river, in Michigan. Shortly after, Win- chester's army was attacked by an army of 1,500 British and Indians from Maiden {maul'-den), Can- ada, under General Proctor. After a desperate struggle the Americans surrendered on condition that their lives and personal property should be safe. ^"0 sooner, however, had they given up their arms than the savages fell upon them, tomahawk- ing and scalping the defenseless victims. The treacherous British General did not interfere to prevent these barbarities.* 2. Capture of the Peacock. — On the 23d of Janu- ary — the day following the memorable action at the Raisin — an engagement took place between the Hornet, Capt. James Lawrence, and the British sloop of war Peacock, Capt. Peake, off the coast of South America. The action lasted but fifteen min- utes, when the Peacock struck her colors. 3. Capture of York.— On April 27th the Ameri- cans, led by General Albert Pike, attacked and took York, now Toronto, then tho capital of Upper Canada (Ontario). The gallant Pike and 200 of his brave men were killed at the moment of vic- tory, by the blowing up of the enemy's magazine which had been ignited by a slow match lighted *The soldiers thus massacred were mostly volunteers from prominent families in Kentucky; many of them young men of fortune and property, with numerous friends and relatives. " The remains of these brave youth lay on the ground, beat by the storms of heaven, and exposed to the beasts of tlie forest, until the ensu- ing autumn, when their friends and relations ventured to gather up their bleaching bones, and consigned them to the tomb." 200 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. just before the fort was abandoned. This post was, however, evacuated in May, 4. Siege of Fort Meigs. — The British under the notorious Proctor besieged the Americans under General Harrison, at Fort Meigs, Ohio, May 1st; but finding the place gallantly defended, Proctor jaised the siege and retreated to Maiden. 5. Heroic Defense of Fort Stephenson. — August 2d, Proctor with 500 British regulars and 800 Indians, attacked Fort Stephenson, Ohio. This was garri- soned by only 150 men under Major Croghan, a young man of twenty-one. The fort was so gal- lantly defended and such havoc made in the ene- my's ranks that they were compelled to retire with considerable loss. Croghan and his heroic little band received the plaudits of their admiring coun» trymen.* 6. Fort George and Sackett's Harbor. — May 27tK the Americans under Gen. Dearborn captured Fort George, on the Niagara river, Canada, a British post defended by Col. St. "Vincent. In the raean- * Croghan had but one cannon — a six-pounder; but, by firing it from different points, he made the enemy believe that he was well provided with artillery. A column of 350 of the British at- tempted to storm the fort at the north-west angle, where the broken appearance of the wall invited attack. Having loaded his piece heavily with slugs and grape shot, Croghan placed it in an embra- sure carefully concealed from the enemy. While the ditch was filled with the approaching enemy, eager to scale the wall now but thirty feet distant, a sheet of flame burst from the masked cannon. The execution was fearful ; the ditch was filled with dead and dy- ing; and a galling fire of musketry from the fort completed the rout of the enemy. NATIONAL PERIOD. 201 time, Sir James Yeo learning that Dearborn had sailed from Sackett's Harbor, immediately made an assault on that place, May 29th, but was gallantly repulsed by Gen. Brown, a fine officer.* 7, Loss of the Chesapeake.— Capt. Broke, com- mander of the British frigate Shannon, challenged Capt. James Lawrence of the American frigate Chesapeake to a naval battle. Lawrence accepted the challenge, though his vessel was undergoing repairs, and many of the crew that had not been discharged were somewhat mutinous on account of not having received their pay for former services. The engagement, occurring June Ist, in Boston Harbor, was bloody and disastrous to the Chesa- peake, nearly all her men being cut down. Capt. Lawrence was mortally wounded, and in his expir- ing moments exclaimed : " Don't give up the ship ! " The British boarded her, and they, not the Ameri- cans, lowered her colors. 8. Slaughter at Fort Minims. — August 30th the Creek Indians, incited by the vigilant Tecumseh, fell upon the defenseless garrison of Fort Mimms, m\ the Alabama river, slaughtering the women and children.. This horrid butchery was avenged March 27th, 1814, by Gen. Andrew Jackson, who marched into the Creek country, and in a desperate battle at a place called Horse Shoe Bend defeated them with great slaughter. The remnant were glad to sue for peace. * Throughout the war, Gen. Brown was distinguished for great bravery and military skill, receiving from Congress a gold medal and a vote of thanks. Before the close of the war he attained the /-ses) was its western boundary, while the United States re- garded the Rio Grande as its true and proper limit. These contending claims, conpled with delin- quencies on the part of Mexico, led to a war, which resulted in the conquest of a large portion of Mex- ico. The war began in May, 1846, and ended in February, 1848. 4. Battle of Palo Alto.— Gen. Zachary Taylor, who had gained distinction in the Seminole War. was dispatched (1845) with a small force of Dnite(? States troops to the frontier, near the Rio Grande. Here he remained till the spring of 1846. On May 8th, he marched to Palo Alto (pah'-lo-ahl'-to), where he found an army of 6,000 men drawn up directly in his road. A battle ensued, lasting five hours, which resulted in the complete rout of the Mexi- cans with a loss of about 400 men ; while the Amer- ican loss was but 9 killed and 44 wounded. 5. Battle of Resaea de la Palraa. — The next day May 9th, the Mexicans were again defeated at the battle of Resaea de la Palma (ray sah'-kah day lah fahl'-mah). The gallant Captain May with a com- pany of dragoons charged and took a Mexican battery during this engagement. 6. Etfect of These Victories.— The news of these eno:agements reach i no- Washington, Congress for- mally declared war. May 11th, 1846. Volunteers by thousands olierod their services, and the greatest NATIONAL PERIOD. 253 enthusiasm prevailed. "The traditional splendor of the ancient halls of the Montezumas kindled a chivalrous spirit that characterized the days of old." 7. Captnre of Monterey.— September 23d, (1846), the American army under General Taylor captured the famous city of Moutere\ (wow- tay-ray') near the Sierra Madre {see-er'-rah mah'-dray) Moun tai ns. The fighting raged in the streets and witliiii the houses, and was of tlie fiercest character. rAYi.or.'s Campaign, 1816-1S17. 8 California and New Mexico Conquered. — In July, 1846, the inliabitants of Calit'oniiu revolted, and under the leadership of Colonel John C, FREM0JfT,=*' who was then on an exploring tour for the Govern- ment, (from the success he achieved in which he was *To Johc Oharles Fremont we are indebted for the early ex- ploration and survey of the vast phuns of the West. A fine mathematician and civil engineer, he was appointed (1842) by the government to explore the unknown region of the Rocky Moun- tains. Being successful in this undertaking, he was again sent out with a superior outfit. For some years he was thus employed crossing the continent many times, often suffering the most extreme dangers from cold and hunger and in encounters with Indians. He was commissioned by President Taylor to run the boundary line between Mexico and the United States. In 1850 he became Senator from the newly admitted State of California. He was an unsuccessful candidate for the Presidency in 1856. He served a« mnjor general in the civil war, and in 1878 he was appointed Got- ernor of Arizona Territory. 254 HiSTOKY OF THE UNITED STATES. styled the ' ' Patli-finder of tlie Rocky Mountains, ' ') became independent of Mexico. Acting in concert with Commodore Stockton, Fremont took possession of the country and held it till it was ceded to the United States after the war. In August, 1S96, General Stephen Kearney {kar'- General Winfield Scott. ney), with an army of about 1000 volunteers, made a march of 900 miles from Leavenworth to Santa Fe, and subdued the country now called New Mexico. The inhabitants submitted to the invaders without resistance. General Kearney then set out for Cali- fornia, which had been his ultimate destination from the first, but learning that Fremont was already in possession, he sent the greater part of his army, under Colonel Doniphan, to join General Wool at Saltillo. On his way Colonel Doniphan fought two successful battles against greatly superior forces. 9. Battle of Buena Vista.— In the fall of 1846 NATIONAL PERIOD. 255 General Winficld Scott''' was appointed to the com- mand of the United States array in Mexico, with instructions to carry the war directly to the City of Mexico. To further his plans, he drew from Taylor's army a large portion of his force and sev- eral of his best officers, leaving him a comparatively small command with which to face the enemy. Taylor — "Old Rough and Ready," as he was styled . — was equal to the emergency, and on February 23d, 1847, joined battle with the Mexican army under Santa Anna, at Buena Vista {bway'-nah vees'- tah). The Mexican force was four times as large as the American. The contest was sanguinary and furious. Two thousand Mexicans were left dead upon the field, while tho Amei'iean loss was 800 killed and wounded. Santa Anna was '^efeated. 10. Capture of San Juan de Ulloa. — On March 9th, 1847, the strong Mexi- can fortress of San Juan de Ulloa {ool-yo'-ah) at Vera Cruz — considered impregna- ble — was besieged by Gen- eral Scott. On the 27th, af- ter a heavy bombardment trom land and water, the city and castle capitulated, yield- ing up 5,000 prisoners, GOO cannon, and 10,000 st-^nd of small arms. * Winfield Scott was born in Virginia in 1786. He graduated at William and Mary College, and then took up the profession of law. This, however, he abandoned in 1808 to enter the army. As a recognition of his brilliant and distinguished services in the 256 Hisrokf OF the united states. 11. Battle of Cerro Gordo.— April ISth, 1847, Scott gained another si^^nal victory over Santa Anna, at Cerro Gordo. Santa Anna was forced to seek personal safety on the back of a mule. 3,000 prisoners were taken, and the Mexican army in that quarter was utterly routed. The Americans i)st but 63 killed. 12. Two Victories iu Cae Day. — ^August 20th, 1847, a division of Scott's army, under General P. F. Smith, captured Contreras {kon tray'-ras), a strongly fortified hill where 8,000 Mexicans were intrenched. On the same day, the battle of Cherubusco (JwO' roo-boos'-ko) was fought. Here Scott gained an- other brilliant victory over Santa Anna, who had again taken the field with 27,000 Mexicans. 13. Capture of the City of Mexico.— After the sig- nal victories just mentioned. General Scott pro- posed an armistice, which was accepted by Santa Anna, but who violated the terms by strengthening his fortifications. Learning this, Scott at once re- sumed hostilities. On September 8th, 1847, the field works surrounding Molino del Key [wo-lee'-no dale-ray') were captured with great slaughter to the Mexicans. On the 13th the strong castle of Chapultep»c War of 1812, where he was the hero of Lundy's Lane, he was pro- moted to be brigadier and brevet major-general in 1814. He was made Commander-in-chief of the army in 1841, He was sent into the Mexican War, where he achieved many notable victories. In 1853 he received the presidential nomination, but was defeated. He was one of the most renowned of American generals, exhibit- ing great tact and judgment. He retired from the army in Octo- ber, 1861, on full pay and rank, and died in 1866. NATIONAL PERIOD. 257 (chah-pool'-tay-pek) was taken, and Santa Anna with his army fled from the city. On the next day, the 14th, the American Army triumpliantly entered the city and unfurled the " Stars and Stripes" above the halls of the Moutezumas. The Mexican war was ended. 14. Results of the War.— February 2d, 1848, the treaty ©f peace was couclnded, and on July 4th it was proclaimed to the world. In this treaty, the Mexicans agreed to consider the Rio Gratide as the western boundary of the disputed territory, and to cede to the United States the provinces of New Mexico and California, which embraced also the present State of Nevada {nay-vah'dah) and the ter- ritories of Utah and Arizona, for the sum of $15,000,000. {See Map showing the several Mexican Cessions.) OTHER EVENTS OF POLK'S ADMINISTRATION. 15. The Smithsonian Institution On the 10th of August, 1840, Congress approved an act estabHshing the Smithsonian Institute, at Washing- ton. James Smithson, an eminent English chemist and philanthropist, had left a bequest to the United States of $515,000 for the establishment at Washing- ton of an institution "for the increase and diffusion of knowledge among men. ' ' The amount first received was $515,169, and the "residuary legacy" was $26,210.63, making the total received from the 258 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. bequest $541,379.63. Subsequent acts of Congress, as well as other bequests, have increased the fund. The act establishing the institution provided that it be administered by a Board of Kegents, composed of the Chief Justice of the Supreme Court, three Senators, £#^< The Smithsonian Institution. appointed by the Vice-President, three Kepresenta- tives, appointed by the Speaker of tlie House, and six citizens, chosen by Congress ; and that buildings should be provided suitable to contain a museum of natural history, a cabinet of minerals, a chemical NATIONAL PERIOD. 259 laboratory, a gallery of art, and a library. Professor Joseph Henry* of Princeton College was chosen Secretary of the Institution, and the plan of organi- zation was successfully carried out. "The result has been the establishment in the United States of one of the most beneficent institutions known in the history of mankind." 16. Northern Boundary of the United States — Dur- ing the first part of Polk's Administr;ition the northern boundary of the United States was a dis- puted question, which almost brought about hos- tilities with England. In June, 1846, a treaty was *This celebrated American scientist and natural philosopher was born in 1797, and died in 1879. He is said to have invented the first machine moved by the agency of electro-magnetism. In 1832 he was appointed Professor of Natural Philosophy at Princeton College, and in 1846 he became Secretary of the Smithsonian In- stitute, which responsible position he held till his death. His inter- pretation of that bequest, so as to facilitate original scientific researches and publish the results obtained — thus promoting objects of general instead of local interest — has received the approval of the leading men of the age. Under his editorship, the institution published some twenty volumes of "Contributions to Knowledge," containing the results of original investigations in various branches of natural history, meteorology, physics, geology, archeology and astronomy; besides nearly a dozen volumes of "Miscellaneous Collections," consisting of works to facilitate the study of different branches of natural history, meteorology, etc., and annual volumes of "Reports." It may be said that the present system of weather reports owes its practicability to the thorough system of observa- tions long before inaugurated by Prof. Henry. The system of international exchanges, whereby the reports of several thousand scientific societies and institutions in Europe and America are mutually interchanged through a single channel,, also owes its de^ velopment to his fostering care. 260 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. made with Great Britain by which the northern boundary was fixed at 49° of latitude and the Strait of San Juan de Fuca [sahn waiin day foo'-kah), in- stead of 54° 40' as demanded by the Democratic party.* {See Grant's Administration, Topic 13, for final disposition of this question.) 17. Discovery of Gold in California. — In February, 1848, gold was d.iscovered in California, on the farm of Captain Sutter. Similar discoveries were soon made in other places in the neighborhood. The excitement was great; people abandoned their reg- ular business, forsook their farms, and shut up their houses to seek the precious metal. Men from all parts of the Union, and indeed, the world, flocked to this land of gold. The city of San Francisco sprang up as if by magic, and the Territory in- creased rapidly in population. 18. Another New State. — During the last half of Polk's term Wisconsin was admitted as the 30th State, May 29, 1848. It was settled in 1745 at Green Bay by thfl French. This was the fifth and last State admitted from the Northwest Territory. {See Map of Terrv torial Growth). It derived its name from its prin «3ipal river, and signifies "the gathering ef th* waters." »In 1842 similar trouble existed regarding the northeasteru boundary, particularly those parts of Maine and New Brunsv'Vk which bordered on the disputed line. It was finally settled ^'V treaty August 20, 1842. NATIONAL PERIOD. 261 EECAPITULATION ^F THE BATTLES AND CAPTURES DURING THE MEXICAN WAR. The principal battles and captures of the Mexi- can War,* tabulated in chronological order, were: 1846. 1. Battle of Palo Alto, May 8th, — Americans vic- torious. American commander, General Taylor; Mexican, General Arista. 2. Battle of Resaca de la Palma, May 9th, — Americans victorious. American commander, Tay- lor; Mexican, La Vega. 3. Conquest of California, July, — by Colonel J. C. Fremont. 4. Conquest of New Mexico, August, — by Gen. Stephen Kearney. 5. Capture of Monterey, September 24th, — by the Americans. American commander, Taylor; Mexican, Ampudia. 1847. 1. Battle of Buena Vista, February 23d, — Ameri- cans victorious. American commander, Taylor; M'^-xican, Santa Anna. 2, Capture of San Juan de IJlloa, March 27th, by Americans under General Scott. 8. Battle of Cerro Gordo, April 18th, — Americans victorious. American commander, Scott; Mexican, Santa Anna. 4. Battle of Contreras, August 20th, — Americans ''The Americans gained every battle. 262 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. victorious. American commander, General Smith ; Mexican, General Valencia. 5. Battle of Churubusco, August 20th, — Ameri- cans victorious. American commander, Scott; Mexican, Santa Anna. 6. Battle of Molino del Key, September 8th, — Americans victorious. American commander. Gen. Worth; Mexican, Santa Anna. 7. Battle of Chapultepec, September 13th, — Americans victorious. American commander, Gen; Pillow; Mexican, Santa Anna. 8. Capture of the City of Mexico, September 14th, — American army under Scott triumphantly entered the city. RECAPITULATION. CHRONOLOGY OF EVENTS RECORDED IN SECTION II. (national period.) 1816. American Colonization Society founded, De- cember. 1817. James Monroe inaugurated fifth President, March 4th. 1817. Erie Canal begun. 1817. Mississippi admitted as the 20th State, De- cember 10th. 1818. Seminoles defeated by Gen. Jackson, March. 1818. Illinois admitted as the 21st State, Decem- ber 3d. 1819. Florida ceded to the United States by Spain» February 22d. NATIONAL PERIOD. 263 1819. Alabama admitted as the 22d State, Decem- ber 14th. 1820. Maine admitted as the 23d State, March 15th. 1820. Monroe re-elected, November. 1821. Missouri Compromise passed, March 3d. 1821. Missouri admitted as the 24th State, August 10th. 1821. Mexico declared her independence of Spain. 1824. LaFayette visited United States. 1825. Erie Canal finished. 1825. John Quincy Adams inaugurated 6th Pres- ^ ident, March 4th. 1826. John Adams and Thomas Jefferson, ex-Pres- idents, died, July 4th. 1826. William Morgan, Free Mason, mysteriously disposed of. 1827. First Steam Hailway in America constructed. 1828. High Protective Tariff Act passed by Cor gress. 1829. Andrew Jackson inaugurated 7th President, March 4th. 1830. Sect of Mormons founded by Joseph Smith. 1831. James Monroe, ex-President, died, July 4th. 1832. Charles Carroll, of Carrollton, died. 1832. Philip Freneau, Revolutionary poet, died. 1832. Asiatic Cholera first visited the United States, 1832. New Tariff' passed by Congress. 1832. Black Hawk's War quashed by Gen. Scott, August 2d. 1833. Clay's Compromise, preventing civil war, passed March 3(1. 1833. John Randolph, of Roanoke died, May 24th. 264 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 1833. Jackson re-elected President, November. 1883. The President removed public funds from the Bank of the United States. 1834. Indian Territor}' set apart for the Cherokee and other Indians- 1834. Texans declared their independence of Mexico. 7835. Texan War began — Mexicans defeated at Gonzales. 1835. Texans captured the Alamo. 1835. John Marshall, Chief Justice United States Supreme Court, died. 1835. Second Seminole War began. 1835. Great Fire in New York City, December 16th. 1836. Mexicans retook the Alamo and slaughtered the garrison, March 16th. 1836. General Houston defeated Santa Anna at San Jacinto, April 21st. 1836. Arkansas admitted as the twenty-fifth State, June 15th. 1836. James Madison, ex-President, died. 1837. Michigan admitted as the twentj^-sixth State, January 26th. 1837. Independence of Texas acknowledged by the United States. 1837. Van Buren inaugurated eighth President, March 4th. 1837. The Patriot War in Canada suppressed. 1837. The Cherokees removed to Indian Territory. 1837. Great Financial Panic in the United States. 1837. Prof. Morse received a patent for his Mag- netic Telegraph. NATIONAL PERIOD. 265 1840. Sub-treasury Bill passed. 1841. Harrison inaugurated 9th President, March 4th. 1841. Harrison died, April 4th. 1841. Tyler became tenth President, April 4th. 1841. Sub-treasury Bill repealed. 1841. Second Seminole War ended. 1842. Northeastern Boundary of IT. S. settled. 1842. Wilkes's Exploring Party returned. 1842. Dorr's Rebellion occurred in Rhode Island. 1843. Elias Howe invented the Sewing Machine. 1843. Noah Webster, lexicographer, died May 28th. 1844. Magnetic Telegraph first operated, May 29th. 1844. Mormons driven from Illinois, Smith killed, July 17th. 1844. Anti-Rent difficulties in New York. 1845. Florida admitted as the 27th State, March 3d. 1845. Polk inaugurated 11th President, March 4th. 1845. Texas admitted as the 28th State, December 27th. 1846. Smithsonian Institution established at Wash- ington City. 1846. Mexican War inaugurated by battle of Palo Alto, May 8th. 1846. Mexicans defeated at Resaca de la Palma, May 9th. 1846. Declaration of War with Mexico, May 11th. 1846. Northern Boundary of United States fixed at 49°, June. 1846. California conquered by Fremont, July. 1846. New Mexico conquered by Kearney, August. 1846. Monterey captured by Gen. Taylor, Septem- ber 24th. 266 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 1846. Iowa admitted as the 29tli State, December 29th. 1847. Taylor defeated Santa Anna at Buena Vista, February 23d. 1847. Gen. Scott captured San Juan de UUoa, March 27th. 1847. Mexicans defeated at Cerro Gordo, April 18th. 1847. Contreras captured, August 20th. 1847. Scott defeated Santa Anna at Churubusco, August 20th. 1847. Molino del Key captured, September 8th. 1847. Chapultepec taken, September 13th. 1847. City of Mexico taken and entered by IT. S. Army, September 14th. 1848. Peace made between U. S. and Mexico, Feb- ruary 2d. 1848. Gold discovered in California, February. 1848. John Quincy Adams, ex-President, died, Feb- ruary 23d. 1848. Wisconsin admitted as the 30th State, May 29th. 1848. President Polk proclaimed peace with Mex- ico, July 4th. GENERAL QUESTIONS AND DIRECTIONS. Recite the foregoing chronological table, to the annexation of Texas. — To the close of the Mexican War. Write and recite a list of the States admitted to the Union, from the adoption of the Constitution to the close of 1848. Write and recite a list of the names of the Presidents from Washington to Polk, giving the date at which each began his administration. Kecite the list of the battles of the Mexican War, with their NATIONAL PERIOD. 267 5. What States were formed out of the Northwest Territory ?^Out of the Mississippi Territory ? — Out of the Territory South of the Ohio? 6. How were the limits of the United States extended in 1819? In 1803? — In 1845? — How much territory has been added to the country since 1802? 7. What was the extent of Louisiana at the close of the Revolu- tionary War? — What bounds the present State of Louisiana? 8. What circumstance led to the rapid settlement of California? 9. How does the region west of the Mississippi compare in size with the region east? 10. What Presidents have been elected by the House of Represen- tatives? 11. Which three ex-Presidents died on the 4th of July? 12. Who said " I would rather be right than be President?" 13. Who was "Rough and Ready?" 14. Who was the "Hero of Tippecanoe?" 15. On what issue was Polk elected President? 16. How did Harrison gain his popularity? — Taylor? 17. In what Indian war did Lincoln and Davis serve? 18. What President was called " Old Hickory ? " 19. When was the first steamboat? — The first railroad? — The first magnetic telegraph? 20. When was the Erie Canal opened ? 21. What is a "protective tariff?" 22. What is the "Monroe Doctrine?" 23. What President introduced rotation in office? 24. Who are the Mormons? 25. Wliy was tariff advocated in New England and free trade in the South ? 26. What State was once a separate Republic? 27. At what places have the Mormons established themselves' 28. What did the United States pay for Texas? 29. Why is Wall street, in New York city, so called? 30. What was the Patriot Warf 31. What was the Sub-Treamry Bill? 32. What was the National Bank Bill* 33. Who were the Anti-Renters f 34. In what war did the Americans gain every battle? 35. Who established the Smithsonian Institute? J6. What is meant by the President's " veto ? " 268 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. ANALYTIC SYNOPSIS. GENERAL REVIEW OF SECTION 11 (national period. X. ETENTS FROM 1815 TO 1841. 1. Monroe's Administration. 2. J. Q. Adams's Administration. 3. Jaclison's Administration. f Politics, Immigration, Colonization Society, I Erie Canal, I The Seminoles, 1 Monroe Doctrine, Cession of Florida, LaFayette's Visit, I States Admitted — Settlement, L Missouri Compromise. High Protective Tariff, Free Masonry, Death of J. Adams and Jefferson, I The First Eailroad. f Asiatic Cholera, Black Hawk's War, The Nullifiers, Cherokee Removal, f Cause, I Battles. I Great Fire in New York City, I Seminole War, I Bank of the United States, I Great Men who Died, I States Admitted— Settlement. Texan War, 4. Van Buren 3n's f Th \ Fi: ion. I Th The " Patriot War," inancial Panic of 1837, Administration. I The Sub-Treasury Bill. NATIONAL PERIOD. 269 ANALYTIC SYNOPSIS. XL EVENTS FROM 1841 TO 1848. (continued.) C Death of Harrison, I National Bank Bill, I Wilkes's Expedition, 5. Harrison and Tyler's | The Mormons, ■{ The Sewing Machine, Administration. Magnetic Telegraph, j Dorr's Rebellion, I States Admitted— Settled, [ Anti-Rent Difficulties. 6. Polk's MEXICAN (Smithsonian Institute, Gold Discovered in California, Northern Boundary of U. S., [Wisconsin Admitted. Causes of the War, Battle of Palo Alto, WAR. 1846 Administration. J Battle of Resaca de la Palma, J Conquest of California, j Conquest of New Mexico, [Capture of Monterey. Battle of Buena Vista, Capture of San Juan de Ulloa Battle of Cerro Gordo, j Battle of Contreras, 1847-! Battle of Churubusco, Battle of Molino del Rey, Battle of Chapultepec, Capture of the City of MexioOf Results of the War- 270 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. b SI t- ^ ^ a *' . . *^ c = § M ="-'^n3-;:^ :H.t;a™^o 5*^=^SS w I ';3^lii 11^^.-11 ^^^r^ W I l-:5S2i :S^-^^«^.J. gS^l^tS ^ ts '^^"i: li-^^^i li^s. ^ ^ tU:^ t%ir^^ so|i: -^ "^ y, S ^ \ ««Q^'^«a) -s»rli:i2^ >>/ S ^^ o) ~ 2 — !- '^ CD Ct, -2 ^ C"-" '^ a* 2 ::'=-^ I - ." 5i o S >,£ a g7 I 2 • 'I' ^ i^ a bo i iH (M CO'* ic 50 i> 00 Oi o i— ( c^ eo 272 HISTOKY OK THE UNITED STATES. SECTION III. FROM THE CLOSE OF THE M EX WAX WAR TO TEE BEGlJSIJSIJSa OF THE GREAT CI VIL WAR. 1848—1861. TAYLOR AND FILLMORE'S ADMINISTRATION. 1849—1853. 1. Election and Inaugnration. — The candidates for the Presidency in the fall of 1848 were Martin Van Buren, Free-S(»iler — a party advocating the prohibition of slavery in all territory acquired by treaty (principles embodied in the Wihnot Pro- viso);* General Lewis Cass, Democrat, and General Zacliary Taylor, "Whig. General Taylor, whose brilliant services in the Mexican War had won him fame and the nation's gratitude, was elected. On March 5,t 1849, he was inangu rated twelfth Presi- dent, with Millard Fillmore as Vice-President. 2, Zacliary Taylor was born in Virginia in 1784, and passed his youth amid the dangers and privations of frontier life in Kentucky, where his father had moved during liis infancy. His education was slight, as his opportunities were few ; but he had a keen desire for knowledge, and was a careful student, especially of history. lie was brought up a farmer, but gave up this vocation for a military life, having, in 1808, received a commission in the arraj^ from Presi- dent Jefferson. He was engaged in the War of 1812. * This proviso was introduced into Congress in 1846 by David WiLMOT {wil'-mo), of Pennsylvania. •j- See Hayes's Administration, note to Topic 3 NATIONAL PERIOD, 273 and subsequently served in the Seminole and Mexican wars. During his Administration the Department OF THE Interior was created. He was a man of sterling character, and his popularity was shown in the title of ' ' Eough and Eeady ' ' by which he was familiarly known. Zachary Taylor. 3. Death of President Taylor. — Like Harrison, Taylor died while Chief Magistrate of the nation. His death occurred July 9th, 1850 — one year and a little over four months after his inauguration. His death at the time was regarded as a national misfor- tune. The whole country deeply mourned his demise, public business was suspended, and eulogies were pro- nounced by leading statesmen of all parties. Millard Fillmore, the Yice-President, became President, making the thirteenth. 274 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 4. Millard Fillmore was born in 1800. He was a poor boy and early began to earn bis living. Until he was fonrteen be worked on a farm, obtaining what little schooling he conld. Then he was apprenticed to a trade, but he still managed to find time for study. He commenced the stndy of law at the age of nine- teen, and rapidly rose to distinction. He served in Millard Fillmore. Congress, and stood high in the confidence of the "Whigs. His kindliness and courtesy won him popu- larity, but he lacked the qualities for success in politics, and he retired from them hi 1852. He died in 1874. 5. Admission of California. — The application of California for admission as a free State caused intense excitement throughout the country. As a part of this territory was south of the dividing line established by the "Missouri Compromise," the Southern Senators declared that the prohibi- NATIONAL PERIOD. 275 tion of shivery there was in violation of that act. A dissolution of the Union seemed imminent. At this critical period Henry Clay, ever the friend of the Union, prevented secession by his famous " Omnibus Bill," passed September 9th, 1850, by wliich the slavery question was settled for the time. California was therefore admitted as a free State September 9th, 1850, making the thirty-first of the Union. This State was settled at San Diego {de- ay'-go) by the Spaniards in 1776. It derived its name from a character in an old Spanish romance. 6. The Omnibus Bill. — The provisions of this bill were : (1). California was admitted as a free State; (2). The boundary line between Texas and !N'ew Mexico was fixed four degrees east of Santa Fe; (3). Utah and New Mexico were erected into ter- ritorial governments, free to introduce slav- ery or to prohibit it, as the people should decide ; (4). The barter of slaves was abolished in the Dis- trict of Columbia; (5). And the " Fugitive Slave Law " was passed, providing for the capture and delivery to their masters of runaway negroes who had escaped from the South to the North. The Anti-Slavery Party, or "Abolitionists" were violently opposed to the "fugitive slave law," and sometimes violated its provisions. 276 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 7. Death of John C. Calhoun.— During the agi- tation of the slavery question just mentioned, one of its greatest advocates died — John C. Calhoun.* His death occurred at Washington, March 31st, 1850. He was the great champion of southern interests, JouN C. Calhoun. and in his death the Senate lost one of its most pow- erful orators. S. Cuhan "FiHhnsters/'f — During the first jsart * John C. Calhoun was born in South Carolina in 1782. He graduated at Yale and then studied law. He early developed unusual powers, and in 1811 entered Congress as a Representative, where he ardently supported the war with Great Britain. Under Monroe he was Secretary of War. He resigned from the Vice- Presidency in 1832 on account of differences with Jackson, and entered the Senate, where he became leader of the "States Rights" party. Under Tyler he was for two years Secretary of State, but re-entered the Senate in 1845, and was leader of the Southern Democrats till his death. f A name given to mere lawless adventurers, either on sea or land, banded together for predatory excursions. NATIONAL PERIOD. 277 of Taylor's Administration some adv^enturous per- sons in the United States attempted to assist the Cubans to gain their independence of Spain. (The inhabitants of Cuba had long been endeavoring to gain liberty.) Though President Taylor had issued a proclamation warning all persons against inter- fering with the affairs of this island, yet in 1851, one Lopez with a company of 480 men eluded the vigilance of the U. S. authorities, and invaded Cuba. The Spaniards were apprised of his arrival and proceeded against him with a large force. Lopez and his companions were captured ; and, with a number of them, he was executed at Ha- vana.* {See also Pierce's Administration, Topic 6; and Grant's Administration, Topic 17.) 9. Louis Kossuth. — Austria and Russia having united against Hungrary and overthrown her liber- ties, the Hungarian patriot, Louis Kossuth, made a tour of the United States, during the summer of 1852, to plead the cause of his native land before the American people, and to obtain private aid for his oppressed countrymen. He was everywhere * England and Fraace, judging from the attempts of these fili- busters, became anxious lest the United States should desire to annex Cuba to her domain. They therefore proposed a " tripar- tite treaty," by which each power should disclaim all intention of seizing upon that island, and guarantee its possession to Spain. Edward Everett, Secretary of State, in a masterly reply, re- jected the proposal, and set forth the Monroe doctrine in the strongest terms, declaring that, "while the United States had no intention of violating her good faith toward Spain, she did not recognize in any European power the right of interfering in ques- tions that were purely American," 278 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. received with expressions of sympathy and good-will, but the long-established policy of the United States forbade any interference in behalf of the Hungarian patriots. 10. Decease of Two Great Men.— On June 28, 1852, Henry Clay died at his post in Washington. Henry Clay. He had earned the title of "Peacemaker" by his successful efforts in connection with the Compromise Acts of 1829 and 1833, and, just before his death, with the Omnibus Bill. He was one of America's purest patriots, and though a Southerner and a slave- holder, did not desire the extension of slavery. His most earnest efforts M'ere to strengthen the bonds of union and promote the prosperity of the country. His cordial ways and magnetic speeches fascinated his hearers and created a strong personal attachment for the man as well as admiration for the statesman. NATIONAL PERIOD. 279 Daniel Webster t'lid Calliouu and Clay were the three most eloquent of all the talented men in public life, were confessedly pre-eminent, and gained from tlieir contemporaries the appellation of the American Triumvirate, died, at his home in Marshfield, Massa- chusetts, on October 2'ith, 1852, Perhaps it is not Daniel Webster. too much to say that Webster's powers of oratory were even greater than those of either of his tM'o competitors, and his giant intellect and magnificent results of his diplomacy entitle him to be named the greatest orator and statesman of his age. * Daniel Webster was one of America's greatest statesman and jnrists. At tlie age of nineteen he graduated from Dartmoutli College with high honors. In 1805 he was admitted to the bar in Boston. In 1812 he was elected to Congress, and was a prominent member of the House for two successive terms. As a lawyer, he attained the reputation of the greatest pleader of his time. In 280 HISTORY OF THK UNITED STATES. PIERCE'S ADIIINISTRATION. 1853—1857. 1. His Election and Inauguration. — Franklin PiEKCE, elected by the Democrats over General Win- field Scott, Whig, and John P. Hale, Freesoiler, was inaugurated fourteenth President, March 4th, 1853, with William E, King, as Yice-President. Franklin Pierce. 2. Franklin Pierce, the son of a New Hamp- shire farmer who became a distinguished officer of the Eevolution, was born at Hillsboro, N. H., in 1804. 1823 he was again elected to the House of Representatives, and was twice re-elected, but afterward was transferred to the Senate, being the most conspicuous member of that body. He was Secre- tary of State under Harrison and Tyler, and again under Fill- more, managing the foreign affairs of the nation with consum- mate skill. In 1845 he was returned to the Senate, in which capacity he continued till he entered Fillmore's Cabinet. NATIONAL PEKIOD. 281 He graduated at Bowdoin College, and soon after became a lawyer. He was a member of the State Legislature, and was in Congress from 1833 to 1842. A volunteer in the Mexican war, he rose to be a brig- adier-general. After being President, he spent some years abroad. He died in Concord, N. H., in 1869. 3. The Gadsden PnrchaS'e. — During Pierce's Ad- ministration trouble arose with Mexico in regard to the boundary line between the two countries. * This was owing to the inaccuracies of the maps. The difficulty was, however, settled by the United States paying Mexico $10,000,000. This transac- tion is known as the "Gadsden Purchase," by which the United States acquired 27,000 square * About the same time, a diplomatic question arose with Aus- tria, known as the Martin Koszla Affair. Martin Koszta had been a leader in the Hungarian revolt against Austria, and after its suppression, he took refuge in the United States, formally declar- ing his intention of becoming an American citizen. Having occa- sion to visit Smyrna, on the Mediterranean coast, he placed him- self under the protection of the U. S. consul, but was seized by some bandits, and carried on board an Austrian ship to answer for his previous conduct. Thereupon Captain Ingraham, command- ing the American sloop of war St. Louis, loaded his guns, pointed them at the Austrian vessel, and was about to make hot work, when an agreement was made that Koszta should be put in charge of the French government until his nationality should be decided. A correspondence ensued, which resulted in the release of Koszta and his return to the United States. "The correspondence was one of the ablest on record and extended, before its termination, to almost every question affecting naturalization and citizenship, and indeed to many other important topics of international law." The discussion of the question was carried on between the Austrian minister at Washington and William L. Marcy, the American Secretary of State. 282 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. miles of territory south of the Gila (Ae'-^rtA) riven {See Map.) 4. The Crystal Palace.— July 14, 1853, the Crys- tal Palace, or "World's Fair at New York was opened by President Pierce, It was made exclu- sively of iron and glass ; and contained the choicest products of foreign and domestic labor. It was visited by many thousands from all parts of the Union, and had a good effect in stimulating indus- trial pursuits. This glassy palace was afterwards burned — probably by an incendiary. 5. Arctic Explorations. — In 1845 Sir John Frank- lin, a brave English seaman, undertook a voyage of discovery to the extreme North, believing that he could find a passage through an open polar sea into the Pacific; but no tidings ever came from the daring sailor. Several expeditions were sent out in search, but they met with no success. Henry Grinnell, a wealthy merchant of New York, at his own expense, dispatched a vessel to find the lost explorers; but the effort was fruitless. Again, in 1853, our Government equipped a new Arctic squad- ron, in command of Dr. Elisha Kent Kane; but the expedition, though rich in scientific results, discovered nothing of the unfortunate Franklin and his crew. 6. Walker's Filibustering Expeditious.— In 1853 General William Walker, an audacious and un- scrupulous adventurer, in violation of the laws of the United States, escaped vith a band of fiUibus- ters from the port of San Francisco, and made a descent on Mexican territory in Lower California. NATIONAL PERIOD. 283 He attempted to raise a revolt there, but his com- pany was dispersed and himself made prisoner. He was tried by the authorities of San Francisco and acquitted. He again raised a baud of followers, and in 1855 entered Central America, where, being joined by a regiment of revolutionary natives, he fought and gained several battles. He became' so powerful that he was elected President of Nicarau- gua. He met with varying fortunes; was three times made prisoner, but escaping, found followers in the United States and continued his scheming. Finally he was overpowered and his whole band captured. He was tried by a court martial at Truxillo (^roo-Aee^'-?/o), Honduras (Central America), condemned and shot. {See also ^'Taylor and Fill- more' s Administration^'' Topic 8; '•^Grant's Adminis- tration^" Topic 17.) 7. Treaty with Japan. — In March, 1854, an im- portant treaty was made with Japan, by which that nation agreed to open two of her ports of entry to the United States. {See also ^'■Buchanan's Adminis- tration," Topic 6.) 8. The Kansas-Nebraska Bill. — In 1853 Stephen A.Douglas* introduced the famous " Kansas-Ne- * Stephen Arnold Douglas commenced the practice of law in 1834, at Jacksonville, 111., showing such ahility that, at the age of twenty-two, he was chosen Attorney-General of the State. Six years later, he was appointed Secretary of State, ai\d also a Judge on the Supreme Bench of Illinois. In 1843 he was elected to Con- gress by the Democrats, and was twice re elected. He was pro- moted to the Senate in 1847, being a leader in that body for the remainder of his life. He was a great jurist, a powerful debater, and an eloquent speaker. He was opposed to the Civil War, strongly denouncing the doctrine of secession. ^84 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. braska Bill," organizing the Territories of Kansas and Nebraska, and giving the inhabitants of each Territory the right to decide for themselv-es whether it should be admitted free or slave, This doctrine was called "squatter sovereignty." As it was a repudiation of the Missouri Compromise, it caused violent and intense feeling. It became a law in 1854. It brought about a "border warfare" be- tween the pro-slavery and anti-slavery men. Civil war ensued in Kansas. Men advocating admission with slaver}', and others equally determined that there should be no slavery, went to Kansas to en- force their respective views. For years the Terri- tory was distracted by internal strife^ many persons were murdered, and other lawless acts of violence were committed by both of these belligerent par- ties. BUCHANAN'S ADMINISTRATION. 1857—1861. 1. Election and Inauguration. — In 1853 the Know- ISTothings," or "Americans," entertaining the prin- ciple that America should be ruled by Americans and opposing the influence of foreigners, came into existence. The party was, however, short-lived. The Free-Soil Democrats organized a new party styled "Republicans."* The Democrats were in favor of letting slavery extend wherever it found its way by the voice of the people. In the election *TIie old Republicans (Anti-Federalists) were those opposed to the Federalists. {See pagel57, Topic 3.) NATIONAL PEEIOD. 285 of 1856 the Know-Kothings supported ex-President Fillmore; the Kepublicans, John C. Fremont; and the Democrats, James Buchanan. Buchanan was elected with John C. Breckinridge as Vice-President. The inauguration took place March 4, 1857. A few months after Buchanan's inauguration, a disastrous revulsion took place in the mercantile James Buchanan. world. Banks suspended, factories closed, many merchants failed, and a general panic prevailed. It was some months before business revived and the country recovered its wonted prosperity. 2. James Buchanan.— Buchanan, the "bachelor President," was sixty-six years old when he was called to the executive chair. Much was hoped from his election, as he avowed the object of his adminis- tration to be " to destroy any sectional party, whether North or South, and to restore, if possible, that national fraternal feeling between the different States 28G HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. that had existed during the early days of the Rej)iib- lic. " But sectional jealousy was too strong to avert a fearful contest. 3. Trouble with the Mormons.— The Mormons, of Utah, had for several years defied the autlior- ity of the United States, acknowledging no Governor but Brigham Young. They had also been otherwise defiant, and the Government was compelled to send troops to humble them (1857). At first the Mor- mons prepared to resist ; but afterward wisely accepted offers of pardon. {See also Tyler'' s AdTriinistratwn^ Tojnc 8.) 4. The " Dred Scott Decision."— The Supreme Court of the United States, in 1857, through Chief Justice Taney, declared that slave-owners might take tlieir slaves into any State in the Union without for- feiting authority over them. "Scott and his wife were slaves belonging to a surgeon in the United States army. They were taken into and resided in Illinois and at Fort Snelling, in territory where, by the ordinance of 1787, slavery was forever prohibited. Afterward, they were car- ried into Missouri, where they and their children were held as slaves. Some time later the husband was whipped and brought suit for damages in an action for assault and battery. He claimed freedom on the ground that, by the act of his master, he had been taken into free territory." The decision of the Court against them created intense excitement through- out the ^orth. 5. John Brown's Raid.— October 16, 1859, Jonif NATIONAL PERIOD. 287 Brown,* with a company of twenty-one men, be- lieving he would be justified in taking the law into his own hands, seized upon the United States Arsenal at Harper's Ferry, Virginia, and proclaimed freedom to all the slaves in that vicinity. United States troops arrested him and his band after some resistance, and he, with six of his associates, was tried, convicted of treason, and hanged. This act of Brown was regarded by the South as indicative of Northern sentiment, and the most intense ani- mosity was aroused. This was the forerunner of the Great Civil War. 6. Japanese Visitors. — The summer of 1860 was signalized by the arrival of a magnificent embassy from the empire of Japan. It consisted of seventy- one persons, who were regarded with great interest and entertained as the guests of the nation. After delivering the treaty which they had brought from their government, and shrewdly examining the many inventions and improvements which they now saw for the first time, they returned to their own land with many specimens of American in- genuity and industry. 7. Three Free States Admitted.— During Buchan- an's Administration — Minnesota was admitted as the thirty-second State, May 11, 1858. Oregon was admitted as the thirty-third State February 14, 1859. *John Brown and his foiir grown sons became prominent in Kansas in their armed opposition to the pro-slavery element. " His invasion of Virginia Avith so small a number of followers would seem to indicate his insanity at the time." 288 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. Kansas was admitted as the thirty-tourth State January 29, 1861. 8. Settlement of These States. — Minnesota was settled at Fort Suelling in 1819. It derived its name from the Minnesota river — an Indian word signifying " Cloudy Water." St. Paul was founded in 1846 by emigrants from the Eastern States. Oregon was settled at Fort Astoria in 1811 by the American Fur Company, of which John Jacob AsTOR* was a prominent member. It derived its name from the Spanish word — oregano — the name of a plant abundant on the coast. The exact date of the settlement of Kansas is unknown, but is supposed to have been about 1685. It derived its name from an Indian word meaning " Smoky Water." SECTION lY. LINCOLN'S ADMINISTRATION— THE GREAT CIVIL WAR. 1861—1865. 1. Election of 1860. — The Crisis. — Four candidates were nominated for the Presidency in 1860. The Republicans supported Abraham Lincoln; one ® John Jacob Astor was born near Heidelberg, Germany. At the age of sixteen, he went to London to work for his brother, a maker of musical instruments. " He worked at that trade until the close of the American Kevolution, when he started for Balti- more with some musical instruments, which he proposed to sell on commission. During the passage he became acquainted with a fur trader, who revealed the profit to be made in furs ; and Astor, acting on this, exchanged his instruments for furs on his arrival, and thus began a business, whicii, before long, assumed colossal proportions. NATIONAL PERIOD. 289 wing of the Democracy voted for Stephen A, Dong- las — the other for John C. Breckinridge; tlie "Con- stitutional Unionists, ' ' a new party, whose motto was "The Union, the Constitution, and the Enforcement of the Laws," nominated John Bell, of Tennessee, Abraham Lincoln was elected, with Hannibal Hamlin as Yice-President. Abraham Lincoln. 2. Abraham Lincoln was born in Kentucky in 1809. "When he was seven years old the family moved to Indiana, and fourteen years after, to Illinois. A log cabin was his home, and toil and pi-ivation his lot in boyhood. He had but twelve months of school- ing, but his strenuous efforts to educate himself ended in his becoming one of the greatest of American states- men. Although as a lawyer he was at the head of his profession in his own State, he was little known in public until he became President. He was sev- 290 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. era! times elected to the Legislature of Illinois, aiici was also elected to Congress, becoming one of the leaders of the Republican party in that body. lie had great patience, firmness, honesty, and magna- nimity. 3. EflFect of Lincoln's Election. — The election of iincoln fanned to a blaze the slumbering sparks of feivil war. The Southern statesmen claimed that he had been elected by a party opposed to the in- terests of the South, and especially pledged to the overthrow of slavery. A State Convention was held at Charleston, South Carolina, on December 20th, 1860, which declared that '•Hhe union before existing between South Carolina and other States, un- der the name of the United States of America loas dis- soked" By the 1st of February, 1861, six other States — Mississippi, Florida, Alabama, Georgia, Louisiana, and Texas — passed ordinances of seces- sion. The separated States formed a union under the title of The Confederate States op America. Jefferson Davis of Mississippi was chosen Presi- dent, and Alexander IL Stephens of Georgia, Vice-President. 4. Jefferson Davis. — He was born in Kentucky in 1808, and was educated at the Military Acad- emy at West Point. He did gallant service in the Seminole and Mexican Wars, and was afterward United States Senator from Mississippi. He was Secretary of War during Pierce's Administration. 5. Remote Causes of the Civil War. — The question of slavery — as the intelligent student will observe — was agitated from the time the Federal Consti- NATIONAL PERIOD. 291 tution was adopted till the war freed the slaves. It was the prime cause of the great coniiict. The sectional difference between the North and the South had its source in the different construc- tion put upon the Constitution by the people of the two sections, and in the difference of climate, which greatly modilied the character and habits of the people; also, while the agricultural pursuits and staple products of the South made slave labor profitable, the mechatiical pursuits and the more varied products of the North made it unprofitable.''^ These antagonisms — settled lirst by the Missouri Compromise of 1820; re-opened by the tariff of 1828 ; calmed by Clay's Compromise tariff; intensi- fied by the annexation of Texas, and the consequent w^ar with Mexico ; irritated by the Wilmot Proviso ; lulled for a time by the Omnibus Compromise (1850); awakened anew by the "squatter sover- eignty" policy of 1853; made furious by the agi- tation in Kansas; run riot by the Dred Scott de- cision ; the attempted execution of the Fugitive Slave Law ; and the John Brown raid — had now reached a climax where the only remedy w^as "War. 6. Mistaken Ideas of Both Sections. — Both the North and the South misunderstood each other. The people of the South believed that the Northern people were so engaged in pecuniary greed and so * There were also other causes of alienation. A feeling of jealousy and suspicion existed, arising from the little intercourse between the two extremes. The publication of sectional books — generally filled with ridicule and falsehood — whose popularity depended on the animosity between the two sections, did much to embitter the sectional hatred. 292 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. weakened by habits of luxury, that they could send to the field mercenary soldiers only, whom the pat- riotic Southerners could easily beat. Cotton being the great staple of the South, they thouglit Eng- land and France were so dependent upon them for that article, that their government would he recog- nized and defended by those trans-atlantic powers. On the other hand, the people of the North did not believe that the South would dare to fight to up- hold slavery, since it had 4,000,000 slaves exposed to the chances of war. They thought the action of the Southerners was all bluster, and hence paid little heed to the threat of dissolving the Union. Both sadly learned their mistake only too late. 7. Preparations for War. — The North, believing there would not be any war of much consequence, and fearing to precipitate matters, remained in- active; while, on the contrary, the South made vigorous preparations to carry out their expressed determination. United States forts, arsenals, mints, custom-houses, and ships, located in the Southern States, were seized. Companies and regiments were organized in all the towns and cities, and were drilled in the art of war. General P. G. T. Beauregard (bo'-ra-gard),^ an able tactician, was appointed commander-in-chief of the Confederate army. *General Beauregard, one of the most efficient generals of the South, was educated at West Point. He did gallant service in the Mexican war, first as captain and afterward as major. After tbat war he was engaged in the improvement of harbors and rivers, a»d the erection of defenses on the Gulf of Mexico. He also after- ward had charge of the construction ot the custom-house and other public works at New Orleans. At the opening of the Civil War NATIONAL PERIOD. 293 8. The "Star of the West."— On January 9th, ^1861,) the steamer Stai' oj the West, carrying troops and supplies to Fort Sumter, a United States fort in Charleston harbor, commanded by Major Ander- son, was tired upon and driven back. 9. The Situation. — This decided action alarmed the North and roused it from the lethargy into which it had fallen. President Buchanan did nothing to avert tlie impending conflict. His Cabi- net largely sympathized with the Secessionists. The regular army was small, and widely scattered. The navy had been sent to distant ports. Mean- while, all was energy and activity in the seceded States. Officers in the United States army and navy were daily resigning and joining the Confederacy. There were, however, many Union sympathizers in the South, and they were greatly abhorred by their Southern neighbors. Lincoln being advised that an attempt would be made to assassinate him, traveled to Washington secretly and in disguise. He was inaugurated March 4th, 1861, guarded by loyal troops. The day after Lincoln's inauguration commis- sioners arrived from the Confederate Congress to open negotiations and to settle questions arising from secession. The Government refused to recog- nize the right of secession ; and throughout the whole conflict regarded the revolted States as a part of the Union, though in arms and unrepre- sented in Congress. he immediately entered the Confederate army as brigadier general, attaining during the war tho highest rank. 29J: HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. EVENTS OF 1861. 1. The Beginning. Capture of Fort Sumter. — Fort Sumter in Charleston Harbor, garrisoned by sev- enty-nine U. S. soldiers in command of Major Robert Anderson, Fort Pickens, near Pensacola, Florida, which had been saved by the forethought and bravery of Lieut. Slemmer, and the two forts at Taylor and Jefferson, at the extreme south of Florida, were all that was left to the government in the seceded States, NATIONAL PERIOD. 295 On April 11 til, General Beauregard, who was in command of the Confederate troops at Charleston, having learned that supplies were being sent to Fort Sumter, summoned Major Anderson to surrender. This demand being refused, fire was opened on the fort the next day (April 12th) from all the Confed- erate forts and batteries. * The first shot of the Civil "War was fired at twenty minutes past four o'clock in the morning by Edmund Ruffin, of Virginia. 296 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. After a heavy bombardment of a day and a half, Maj. Anderson was obliged to evacuate on the 14th — the fort having been set on fire by hot shot. The garrison was allowed the honors of war. No lives were lost on either side. 2. Effects of Sumter's Fall.— The news of the cap- ture of Fort Sumter electrified the whole country. The South became a unit, and the ]N'orth, now fully aroused to the realities of the situation, prepared vigorously for war. On April 15th President Lin- coln issued a requisition for 75,000 troops. 300,000 volunteers answered the call. The war spirit per- vaded every part of the country. Lincoln's procla- mation was followed two days after by one from Davis, ofltering " letters of marque " and reprisal to all persons who in private armed vessels would prey upon the commerce of the North. This was followed, April 19th, by another proclamation from Lincoln, declaring the ports of the seceded States in a state of blockade. 3. First Blood of the War.— The first blood of the war was spilled in the streets of Baltimore, April 19th, when a regiment of Massachusetts militia, on its way to the defense of the threatened capital, was fired upon and several men were killed. 4. Four Other States Secede.— Upon the fall of Sumter four more States passed ordinances of secession, namely: Virginia, April 17th; Arkan- sas, May 8th ; North Carolina, May 20th ; and Tennessee, June 8th. Thus making eleven States ip the Confederacy out of fifteen slave States. NATIONAL PERIOD. 297 Strong efforts were made to induce Missouri to leave tlie Union, but without success. Kentucky declared her intention of maintaining an "armed neutrality." Delaware and Maryland evinced no disposition to link their fortunes with the Southern cause. Confederate Flag — "Stars axd Bars." 5. The Rival Flags.— The Confederate flag— the " Stars and Bars " — was conspicuously displayed everywhere in the South; the "Stars and Stripes," everywhere in the North. 6. Harper's Ferry Seized.— The Confederates seized the U. S. Armory at Harper's Ferry and the Navy Yard at Norfolk, Ya. Richmond, Ya., be- came the Capital of the new republic. Neither the North nor the South thought tlie war would last more than ninety days; but how they were deceived. 298 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 7. The Seceded States. — The eleven States that formed the Southern Confederacy were : South Carolma seceded December 26th, 1860. Mississippi seceded January 9th, 1861. Alabama seceded January 11th, 1861. Florida seceded January 11th, 1861. Georgia seceded January 19th, 1861. Louisiana seceded January 26th, 1861. Texas seceded February 1st, 1861. NATIONAL PERIOD. 299 Virginia seceded April ITtli, 18G1, Arkansas seceded May 8th, 1861. North Carolina seceded May 20th, 1861. Tennessee seceded June 8th, 18G1. 8. Operations in Yirginia.— On May 24th, Ar- lington Heights and the city of Alexandria, opposite Washington, on the other side of the Potomac, were seized and occupied hy the Union forces, thus pro- tecting the Capital from danger of immediate attack 300 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES, Fortress Monroe, a strong fortification in southeastern Virginia, near the entrance to Chesapeake Bay, had been garrisoned by 15,000 Union men under the command of General B. F. Butler. On the lOtli of June these troops, while making an expedition against Big Bethel, fired into each other by mistake, and when they attacked the Confederate defenses, they were repulsed with heavy loss. 9. West Virginia. — Soon after the secession of Virginia the people of the northwestern part of the State, who were Unionists, desired a separation from the other section. The General Government favored the movement, and the Southerners at- tempted to prevent it. It was, however, erected into a distinct State under the name of West Vir- ginia, and on June oOtli, 1863, it was admitted as the 35th State. 10. Battle of Bull Run.— Bull Run, at Manassas Junction, on the railroad between Richmond and Washington, about thirty miles from the latter city, was the scene of the first great battle of the Civil War. Twenty thousand Confederate troops, under command of Beauregard, had collected at this point to defend Richmond, their capital. Gen, Joseph E. Johnston,* with 8,000 men, was at Winchester, fifty miles distant. The commander of the Union forces in and about Washington was Gen. Irwin •Gen. Joseph E. Johnston probably did more for *,he Confed- erate cause than any general, except Lee. He had acquired ex- tensive experience in the wars against the Florida Indians, and in the Mexican War, gaining promotion for his gallantry. NATIONAL PERIOD. 301 Harper's F^^dtoJ 1 t oTreaerick ^'^'^^ ^ McDowell, who had some 40,000 vohmteers. On Sunday, July 21st, the Federal forces, under the general leadership of the c o m m a n d e r-i n- chief, Lieut. Gen. Scott, opened the attack,sanguine of victory. T h o u - sands of spectators from Washington and vicinity were within sight, in carriages and Manassas Junction and Vicinity, 1 861 . other vehicles, to witness — as they believed — a Union victory. At first the Confederates lost ground, when the reserve under the command of Gen. T. J. Jackson, afterward called "Stone- wall,"* came into action, and the aspect of the bat- tle was somewhat changed. The fight was now hotly contested by both sides. The Confederates were being worsted, when Johnston's command from Winchester, led by Gen. Kirby Smith, appeared, and attacking the Federal troops on the right flank, the tide of battle was turned. The Federal soldiers were thrown into confusion, and panic-stricken, scattered in hasty retreat back to Washington, ut- ^"■'^'^ '° * In rallying the retreating Confederates, General Bee shouted : "See, there's Jackson standing like a atom-wall!" Hence the 302 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. terly routed. The total loss of the Confederates in killed, wounded, and missing was about 2,000; that of the Federals was 3,000 and a large number of can- non and muskets. Stonewall Jackson. 11. Effect of the Battle of Bull Bun. — This disastrous defeat of the Federal army depressed the * Thomas J. (Stonewall) Jackson was born in Virginia in 1824. He was a graduate of the class of 1846 of West Point, and was one of the fighters in the Mexican War. For a time he taught at the Virginia Military Institute at Lexington. On the outbreak of the Civil War, he was appointed brigadier-general in the Confederate army, of which he was one of the most distin- guished officers. He was successful, in many important engage- ments in 1862, defeating Union forces at Cedar Mountain, seizing Harper's Ferry, commanding one wing at Antietam, and being an important factor at Fredericksburg. After making the de- ciding move at Chancellorsville in May, 1863, he was shot, by mistake, by one of his own men. He won a victory for the Con- federate cause, but the loss of his military genius was a great price to pay for it. NATIONAL PEEIOD. 303 North and encouraged the South. The depression of the North was followed by a firmer determination that the Union should not be destroyed. Both sec- tions were convinced that the war would be lona: George B. McClellan. and bloody. The North saw that her soldiers must be trained — that brave volunteers without military * George B. McClellan was born in Philadelphia in 1826, and graduated in the same class with Stonewall Jackson at West Point (1846). He also took active service in the Mexican War, and was sent afterward to Europe to study military methods from an expert standpoint. As a result of this study he wrote "Armies of Europe." In 1861 he was appointed Commander of the Army of the Potomac ; he succeeded Winfield Scott as commanding general, but was shortly after limited again to the "Army of the Potomac." On November 7th, 1863, he was placed on waiting orders. He resigned from the army in 1864, and became Lin- coln's opponent in the Presidential campaign of that year. In 1878 he'was made Governor of New Jersey, which office he held four years. He died in 1885. 304 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. discipline would not suffice to fight Americans such as the Southerners were. Gen. George B. McClel- LAN,* an able military organizer, was placed in command of the Army of the Potomac, and under his discipline the Union volunteers were drilled to do ro.ore effective service. This army numbered 150,000 men. Congress soon voted 500,000 men and $500,000,000 to prosecute the war. 12. Battle of Ball's Bluff.— On October 21st a de- tachment of 6,000 Union soldiers was defeated at the battle of Ball's Bluff, Virginia, by a Confeder- ate force of 1,700 men under General Evans. Colonel Baker, United States Senator from Oregon, was among the killed. 13. The Blockade. — President Lincoln had de- clared the ports south of Maryland to be in a state of blockade. Vessels were stationed at all the points of entry, and kept such a vigilant watch that the South was nearly cut off from intercourse with the rest of the world. The Union Navy rapidly increased in number and strength. Power- ful gunboats were constructed which were the dread of the South. *The aged General Scott, who had been placed in command of the Union armies, soon after resigned, and McClellan became «ommander-in-chief. General McClellan had graduated at West Point with high honors. He distinguished himself in the Mexi- can War, being breveted first lieutenant and also captain. He was a skillful engineer, and in 1855 was appointed by the Govern- ment to visit the seat of the Crimean War. His report on the " Organization of European Armies and Operations in the Crimea," wa.s published on his return. He also wrote other works on mili- tary tactics. In 1864 he was an unsuccessful candidate for the Presidency. In 1878 he was elected Governor of Now Jersey. NATIONAL PERIOD. 305 The Confederates had no regular navy, but their daring privateers did thern good service. The naval operations during the first year of the war, were the capture by the Federals of Hatteras Inlet, North Carolina, and the defenses at Port Royal Harbor, South Carolina. 14. Battles of Belmont and Wilson's Creek.— The Confederates strove hard to force Missouri out of the Union, but the Federals kept her in. The re- sult of this contention was that the State suffered from incursions of both armies. August 10th 5,000 Federals under General Lyon attacked a Confeder- ate force of 8,000 men under Generals McCulloch and Price, at Wilson's Creek, near Springfield, Missouri. The Federals were defeated and Gen. Lyon was killed. November 7th a force of Union troops attacked a detachment of Confederates stationed at Belmont, Mo., on the Mississippi. At first the Confederates were worsted, but being re-enforced from the Ken- tucky side of the river, the Union troops were re- pulsed with heavy loss. The Confederate Army was, in time, forced to abandon the State. 15. Confederate Commissioners Captured. — The Con- federate Government sent two Commissioners — J. Slidell and J. M. Mason — to England and France to solicit recognition and aid. On their passage thither in November, they were intercepted by Capt. Charles Wilkes, U. S.Navy, who took them from the British steamer Trent. The British au- 20 306 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. thorities resented the action and threatened to declare war against the Federals. The Federal. Government disavowed the course of Wilkes, and the Commissioners were permitted to proceed to their destination. The South fully expected that England and France would recognize their inde- pendence, but those powers never saw fit to do so, though their sympathies were with the Southern cause. 16. Affairs at the Close of 1861.— The condition of the Federals at the close of the first year of the war was more promising than at the opening. The Confederates had generally been successful in the various encounters that took place. The minor battles of the year in which the Union forces were successful were: Philippi, Va., June 3 ; Boone- ville. Mo., June 17 ; Rich Mountain, Va., July 11 ; Carrick's Ford, Va., July 14 ; Carnifex Ferry, Va., September 10 ; Dranesville, Va., December 20. Business had revived and systematic preparations for the contest were made. The Federal Army had been increased to 660,000 men, trained for efit'ective service. Ample provision for carrying on the war had been voted by Congress, and affairs were managed with forethought and tact. ' On the other hand, the Confederates, though hampered by the blockade, heroically endured many privations for their cause, and cherished a resolute determination to gain their independence. They exhibited wonderful firmness, fortitude, and availability, in consideration of their limited re- sources and the overwhelming odds against thena. NATIONAL PERIOD. 307 EVENTS OF 1862. 1. Campaign of 1862.— The year's campaign, on the part of the North, had three main objects: (1) The opening of the Mississippi ; (2) the more thorough blockade of the Southern ports; and (3) the capture of Richmond. The Memphis and Chattanooga railroad, with a branch to Richmond and one to Charleston, was the only direct line from the Mississippi eastward that the Confederates had. To retain possession of this road, by which they obtained nearly all their supplies and men from beyond the Mississippi and above Vicksburg, they constructed a chain of forts from Columbus on the Mississippi to Bowling Green, Kentucky, and also north of the road. These forts were under the command of Gen. Albert Sidney Johnston* with 60,000 men. Fort Henry on the Tennessee and Fort Donelson on the Cumberland were the most important points of defense. 2. Battle of Mill Spring. — The first important movements of the year were in Kentucky. Early in January Col. Garfield! drove out a Confeder- ate force under Col. Humphrey Marshall, from the eastern part of the State; and on the 19th the •Albert Sidney Johnston was a graduate of West Point, and afterward served in the Black Hawk War. He also attained chief command of the Texan forces; and in the Mexican War, served as a volunteer. f James A. Garfield, who became President of the United States in 1881. 308 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. Federals under Gkn. Geo. II. Thomas* gained a victory at Mill Spring, over Generals Crittenden and ZoLLicoFFER, the latter being killed in the action. 3. Capture of Forts Henry and Donelson. — A fleet of gun-boats under Commodore A. H. FooTE,f and an army of 17,000 men, under Gen. Ulysses S. Grant, reduced Fort Henry, February 6th. | On the 14th, Grant, with 15,000 men, in conjunction with Foote's gun-boats, attacked Fort Donelson, but was repulsed with heavy loss. On the 15th 10,000 Confederates made a sortie and attempted to force their way through the Union lines, intend- ing to escape to Nashville. They were driven back ♦George Henry Thomas graduated at West Point in 1840: served in the Seminole and Mexican Wars ; and performed an im- portant part in the Civil War. His stand at Chickamauga (See Events of 1863, Topic 8) is accounted one of the most heroic eventf of the war. He died in 1870. tAndrew Hull Foote entered the Navy in 1822. In 1861 he was made flag officer of the Western naval fleet, and had charge of the construction of the gun-boats to be used. He died in 1863, when about to take command of the South Atlantic Squadron. Hs was a man of great moral and physical courage, and gained th» respect and admiration of the entire Navy. tOn February 8th, the Federals, under Gen. Ambrose E, BuKNSiDE and Commodore Goldsborough, entered Hatteras Inlet, and, after encountering a severe storm and a brave resistance, cap- tured Roanoke Island (memorable as the site of Sir Walter Ra. leigh's colony) and 3,000 men. Goldsborough's fleet in other ex- peditions to various points along the Atlantic coast, destroyed several Confederate vessels, and seized variable stores and ord- nance. March 14th, Burnside, supported b" gun-boats, took pos- eession of Newbern, N. C; and on the '2;5th or April they captured Beaufort (bu^-fai-t), and reduced Fcr<. W.ttt^?6'i^*'<« "^3^ ^^ ^ ^:i:r^^ i 1 ^^^^'^^ 1 * Vo"'^* 1? ^%.f ^^^J ^ f ' ^iiS*"* ]^^ ?° /* ^^^¥''" M f,,^yc; t* ^♦4w^ "T 1 '"- ' 5 B 1" " Opekations in Virginia, 1S64 akd 1865. name. Lee retreated, and, on the night of the 18th. crossed the Potomac into Virginia. 18. Emaneipation Proclamation. — On the 22nd of September, President Lincoln issued his celebrated " Emancipation Proclamation." It declared that " on the first day of January, 1863, all persons held as slaves within any State or designated part of a State, the people whereot shall be in rebellion Sl8 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. against the United States, shall be then, thencefor- ward and forever free." {See also "-JEcents of 1863," Topic 2.) 19. Confederate Invasion of Kentucky. — Deter- mined not to give up Kentncky peaceably, the Confederates invaded the State in two corps ; one under Gen. Kirby Smith; the other under Gen. Braxton Bragg. * August 30th Smith's array routed the Federals at Richmond — the latter losing heavily. Lexington and Frankfort were both taken. Cincinnati was saved from capture only by the extraordinary exertions of Gen. Lew, Wallace. Bragg's army advancing from Chattanooga cap- tured at Mumfordsville, September 17th, a Federal division of 4,500 men. lie then continued his march toward Louisville ; and would have taken that city had his rear not been closely pressed by General D. C. Buell, who, by forced marches from Tennessee, was rapidly overtaking him, and com- pelled him to turn back. Buell received re-enforce- ments from the North, swelling his army to 100,- 000. The ' Confederates retreated to Perry ville, Ky., where, October 8th, Bragg was overtaken, and a severe battle was fought.f The Confeder- * General Bragg was educated at West Point, and served in the Mexican War, receiving special promotion for gallantry. On the death of Albert Sidney Johnston at Shiloh, he succeeded to the command. After the battle of Perryville he was relieved of the command, and placed under arrest by the Confederate authorities, but was almost immediately released, and restored to his former rank. He was a great favorite of the Confederate President. Af- ter the war he was appointed chief-engineer in the improvements in Mobile Bay. tin the darkness, P.ragg retreated and finally escaped with his plunder, which tilled a wagon train forty miles long. NATIONAL PERIOD. ^ 319 ates then continued their retreat to East Tennessee, taking with them nearly 4,000 wagons laden with the spoils of the campaign. 20. Battle of Fredericksburg.— The Federal Gov- ernment was dissatisfied with the slow movements of McClellan, and, soon after the battle of Antie- tam. General Burnside* was appointed to super- sede him. On December 13th Burnside with 100,- 000 men stormed the Confederate position in the rear of Fredericksburg, Va. Lee's army, 80,000 strong, were stronglj^ intrenched on the hills and bluii's back of the city. The carnage was terrible and ended only with the darkness of night. Col- umn after column of Federal troops charged the works, but were each time repulsed, being mowed down by thousands — losing over 12,000 in killed, wounded, and missing, while the total Confederate loss was one-third that number. 21. Battles of luka and Corinth. — Many of Grant's troops having been sent north to assist Buell, the Confederates, under Generals Price and Van Dorn, took advantage of the opportunity, and endeavored to re-gain Corinth. Thinking that he could cap- ture Price and then get back to Corinth before Van Dorn could reach it, Grant ordered Roseerans to move upon luka. On September 19th, Rose- erans worsted Price at the latter place ; and on October 4th, he repulsed a fierce attack on Corinth made by the combined forces of Van Dorn and Price. •General Ambrose E. Burnside received a military education at West Point, and after the Civil War, was made Governor of Bhode Island. 320 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 22. Battle of Murfreesborough. — Gen. Bragg on his retirement from Kentucky collected his forces, 35,000 strong, at Murfreesborough, Tenn. Here lie was attacked by General Rosecrans {rose' -kranz) with an army of 47,000 men. The battles which followed, December 31st, and January 1st and 2nd, 1863, were fierce, and bravely fought. Several divisions of the Union army under Thomas and Hazen, respectively, did gallant service. The first battle (December 3l8t) was won by the Confeder- ates, but the last two days' fight resulted in the discomfiture of Bragg's army, which retreated southward. 23. First Attempt to take Vicksburg. — Vicksburg was now the only strong point of the Confederates on the Mississippi •. and toward the close of this year (1862) Generals Grant and Sherman* under- took to conquer it. Grant made a depot for pro- visions and munitions of war at Holly Springs, Miss. His design was, however, foiled by General Van Dorn, who captured the depot at Holly Springs and destroyed the army supplies there, the value of which was more than $4,000,000. Sherman, un- aware of Grant's misfortune, proceeded to carry out his part of the plan, and, in December, landed on the Yazoo River and made an attack on the Confed- erate fortifications on Haines's Bluff, thirteen miles north of Vicksburg, but was repulsed with great loss. Grant and Sherman now became convinced that Vicksburg could not be taken by direct assault, and decided to abandon the undertaking for the time. {See also ''Events o/1863," To^ic 1.) NATIONAL PERIOD. 321 William Tecumseli Sherman was born in Oliio, in 1820, and graduated from West Point at tlie age of twenty. After serring in the Seminole and Mexi- can Wars, lie resigned from the army to go into busi- ness. In 1853 he engaged in banking in San Fran- cisco and New York. Afterward he practised law William T. Sherman. . in Kansas, and in 1860 he became superintendent of the "Louisiana State Seminary of Learning and Military Academy" at Alexandria. While residing at St. Louis in 1861, he was appointed colonel in the regular army, commanding a division at Bull Run. Grant attributed the Union success at Sbiluh to the skill of Sherman. When Grant went to Washington as lieutenant-general Sherman was put in command in the West. He fought his way to Atlanta, which he took, and then made his famous "march to the sea," In 1869 he succeeded Grant as General of the army; in 1883 he retired, and died in 1891. 322 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 24. "Greenbacks."' — The war was carried on by means of paper mone}- called " greenbacks." These were first issued in this year (1862). At this time all the banks in the United States had suspended specie payments. As the war went on gold began to command a premium ; that is, greenbacks began lo depreciate in value. In 1864 gold rose as high MS 280; that is, ^1 gold was worth $2.80 in green- backs. The Confederates also carried on the war by means of paper money, which, however, became almost worthless before the close of the war. 25. The Sioux War. — During the latter part of this year (1862) the Sioux (soo) Indians perpetrated horrible massacres in Minnesota, Iowa, and Daco- tah. Hundreds of whites Avere killed, and many families driven from their homes. They were finally subdued b}^ Gen. Sibley, who pursued them for a month and captured 500 of them. Thirty- nine were hung on one scaffold in Minnesota, De- '3ember 20th. {See also Grant's Administration, Topic 22.) EVENTS OF 1863. 1. The Fall of Vicksburg. * — In April Grant and Sherman determined again to attempt the conquest +f Vicksburg. The object was to open the Missis- » General Sherman, to occupy liis army till Grant could get his forces down from Memphis for this second attack, concerted with Admiral Porter a plan for capturing Arkansas Post, the key to the valley of the Arkansas River. The plan was carried out by Gen. McClernand, and Arkansas Post with its garrison of 5,000 men was captured, January 11th. Several other posts were a\aQ taken at this time. NATIONAL PERIOD. 323 sippi, which the Confederates commanded atVicks- burg, Grand Gulf, and Port Hudson. After several attempts to get in the rear of Vicks- hurg and destroy the naval forces of the Confederates on Yazoo river, Grant on May 1st caused the Confederates to evacuate their strong position at Grand Gulf. Be- tween the 12th and 17th of May the vicksburg and vicinity, ises. Union troops gained a succession of victories at liay- mond, Jackson, Champion Hills and Big Black liiver Bridge — at the two places last named defeating Gen. Pemberton, who had sallied from Vicksburg with 25,000 men to attack their rear. This force was driven back. Two assaults having failed it was resolved to reduce the city by siege. The Federal guns kept up an incessant bombardment. The garrison held out as long as possible, but their brave endurance was vain. Provisions became scarce; even the flesh of mules began to fail. At last, having no other resource, Pemberton, on July 4th, was obliged to surrender his whole garrison, over 30,000 men, and a great quantity of war ma- terial. July 8th Port Hudson, with 6,200 men, surrendered to General Banks. The Mississippi was thus opened to the Gulf, and the Federals held 824 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. undisputed sway of this great tlioroug^bfare. The capture of Vicksburg was a heavy blow to the Confederacy. 2. The Colored Troops.— General Banks's army at Port Hudson consisted in part of colored sol- diers. More than 50,000 negroes enlisted in the Federal service during 1863, and twice that .number the next year. They were partly from the North- ern States, and partly freedmen emancipated under Lincoln's Proclamation, which took efi'ect January 1st, 1863. {See ''Ecents of 1862," Topic 18.) The Emancipation Proclamation met with much oppo- sition in the North, and was distasteful to many in the Union army. Numerous officers resigned and thousands of privates deserted, claiming that they did not fight the South to free the negro. The Southern soldiers entertained the most intense hatred toward these colored troops, and proclaimed death to white officers who would command them. 3. Battle of Cliancellorsville.— On the 2nd and 3rd of May General Hooker,* who had succeeded Burnside in command of the Army of the Poto- mac, engaged in battle with Lee and Jackson at Chancellorsville, Va., ten miles from Fredericks- burg. Hooker's army consisted of 120,000 men; the Confederates had about half that number. This was a great battle, and the Union army was thor- oughly beaten, their loss being 17,000 men ; that of •Joseph Hooker, a graduate of West Point, did his first ser- vice in the Seminole War. In the Mexican War he gained dis- tinction and promotion. He was noted for his personal bravery, and was called " Fighting Joe," NATIONAL PERIOD. 325 the Confederates, 13,000.* In this battle the fa- mous Confederate general, " Stonewall " Jackson was accidentally shot by his own men.f His death was a severe loss to the Southern Army. He was a truly noble man — pure-minded, magnanimous, and of unflinching courage. 4. Lee's Second Invasion of the North— Battle of Gettysburg. — On the 26th of June the victorious army invaded Maryland — marching through the State into Pennsylvania. The whole North be^ came alarmed. Gen. G. G. Meade, :j; who had suc- ceeded Hooker in command of the Union army, marched to intercept the bold invader; and at Gettysburg, Penn., July 1st, 2d, and 3d, the two armies engaged in terrible battle — the greatest and most important of the whole war. The fury of the conflict was indescribable. The field was lit- *General Stoneman's cavalry, co-operating with Hooker's movement, made a raid into Virginia, severing Confederate com- munication in every direction. A detachment of them, under Cblonel KiLPATRiCK, penetrated within two miles of Richmond, and reached the Union lines at Gloucester {(jloo^ -sler) , opposite Yorktown, in safety. tin the evening, after his successful onslaught upon the flank vf the Union line, while riding back to camp from a reconnoissance at the front, he was fired upon by his own men, who mistook his es- cort for Federal cavalry. X George Gordon Meade was a graduate of West Point, and served with distinction in the Seminole and Mexican Wars. For his gallant services in the latter, the citizens of Philadelphia pre- Bented him with a sword. He was in the greatest conflicts of the Civil War, and for his hard-won victory at Gettysburg he received the thanks of Congress. He was the recipient of many honors after the war. His death occurred in 1872, and the people of Philadelphia subacribed $100,000 for his family. 326 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. erally heaped with slain. Both sides fought with iierce determination, but the Confederates were finally overcome. The loss was very heavy on both sides. Lee was forced to retrace his steps to Battle of Gettysburg, July 1, 2, 3, 1863. Virginia. This great battle proved that the subju- gation of the seceded States was only a matter of time, but would require superior resources and overwhelming numbers. 5. The Conscription Act.— In consequence of the of a conscription iict by Congress in March NATIONAL PERIOD. 327 by which the President was authorized to recruit the army, if necessary, by a draft, a serious riot oc- curred in New York City on July 13th. Excited mobs burned two blocks of houses containing the offices of provost (prov'-ust) marshals, who were proceeding with the draft; also the Colored Half^ Orphan Asylum and other buildings. For three days a reign of terror prevailed. Thieves and malefactors of every grade joined the rioters, and the most fiendish outrages were perpetrated. More than 400 persons — mostly rioters — were killed, and over 12,000,000 worth of property destroyed. By the 16th of July, however, the disturbance was quelled. 6. John Morgan's Raid. — In July Gen. John H. Morgan with 2,000 Confederates made a rapid raid through Kentucky into Indiana. The inhabitants of Indiana along his route turned out to defend themselves, but could not check the invaders. The raiders also traversed southern Ohio, helping them- selves to fresh horses and provisions, destroying property and burning bridges. They were at last overtaken and most of them captured, July 21st, by a Union force under Gen. Hobson, who had fol- lowed close in their rear all the way from Ken- tucky. Morgan, himself, with the remnant of his men, was taken on the 26th near New Lisbon, Ohio. He was confined in the penitentiary at Col- umbus ; but four months after, he escaped, and reached Richmond in safety. 7. Attack on Charleston. — On April 7th, a naval attack was made on the fortifications of Charleston HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. harbor, by a strong force of iron-clads in command of Admiral Dupont ; but the attempt was a disas- trous failure. After this a land force under Gen. Q. A. GiLMORE was sent to co-operate with the fleet. Their combined forces, by regular siege ap- proaches and a terrible bombardment, captured Fort Wagner (September 7) and crumbled the thick walls of Fort Sumter (August 17-24). A destruc- tive bombardment had also been opened on the city of Charleston (distant about four miles from the Union batteries), which was mostly abandoned by its inhabitants. 8. Battle of (hickamau^a.*— On September 19th the Confederates under Bragg and Longstreet attack- ed the Union forces under Rosecrans and Thomas, near Chickamauga Creek, Ga. The battle raged furi- ously that day and the next. A por- tion of the Union army was thrown into confusion and fled to Chattanoo- ga ; but General Battle of Chickamauga, Sept. 19, 20, isti.S. ThomaS " 1 i k C a lion at bay, repulsed the terrible assaults of the Confederates." His men, exhausted, fell * An Indian word meaning " River of Death." NATIONAL PERIOD. 329 bacii. Rosecrans, defeated and driven from the field, concentrated his forces at Chattanooga, where they were besieged for two months by Gen. Bragg. Their supplies were cut off" and they were threat- ened with starvation. 9. Battle of Chattanooga. — Gen. Grant was now Lookout Mountain and Missionary Ridge, Nov. 23-25, 1S63. appointed to succeed Rosecrans, and he hastened to Chattanooga with 80,000 men to relieve the be- sieged army there. The Confederates under Bragg numbered about 60,000 and held positions of great strength, extending from the summit of Missionary Ridge to that of Lookout Mountain. In the mean- time Gen. Hooker had arrived with two corps from 330 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. the A.rmy of the Potomac, opened Tennessee river, and brought relief to the besieged. Gen. Sherman also arrived to re-enforce Grant; and on the night of November 28rd he occupied the northern end of Missionary Ridge. Hooker on the 24th took pos- session of Lookout Mountain. Descending the eastern slope next morning at break of day, Hooker swept across Chattanooga Valley ; Sherman made a vigorous advance upon Bragg, who thrust for- ward all his available troops to check him. Grant from an elevated position saw that the critical mo- ment had come, and directed Thomas to take the rifle-pits at the foot of Missionary Ridge. * The Federals won the day, and Bragg retreated south- ward, t The Confederate Government removed Bragg, giving his command to General J. E. John- ston. This was the last military movement ot the year. *The orders were, after taking the rifle pits, to halt and re- form ; " but the men forgot it all, carried the works at the base and then swept on up the ascent. Grant caught the inspiration, and ordered a grand charge along the whole front. Up they went, over rocks and chasms, all lines broken, the flags far ahead, each sur- rounded by a group of the bravest. Without firing a shot, and heedless of the tempest hurled upon them they surmounted the crest, captured the guns, and turned them on the retreating Confeder- ates. That night the Union camp fires, glistening along the heights about Chattanooga, proclaimed the success of this the most bril- liant of Grant's achievements and the most picturesque of all the battles of the war." t After this battle Sherman was sent to the relief of Knoxville, where Burnside had been besieged by a detachment of Bragg** army under Longtreet, NATIONAL PERIOD. 331 THE CLOSING CONFLICTS. 1864—1865. 1. (jtiafliJIade Lieutenant-General. — Muich 3d, 1864, Gerant was made Lieutenant-General, in command of all the Union armies. This high rank had been borne by only two men — George Washington and Winfield Scott. The various armies were now to act in concert; before, they had operated inde- pendently. It was now decided that the strength of the Confederates lay in the armies of Lee in Virginia and of Johnston in Georgia. Grant was to attack Lee; Sherman was to engage with John- ston; and both were to keep at work till the end was accomplished. 2. Banks's Expedition. — Early in this year Banks made an expedition to the Red River region, and on March 13th captured Fort De Russey, in Louisi- ana. At Sabine {sah-een') Cross Roads, Louisiana, the Confederates routed a part of his army, April 8th, but at Pleasant Hill, a few miles distant, re-en- forcements coming to his relief, he rallied his flying troops and repulsed the Confederates, April 9th. He then returned to New Orleans. His expedition was barren of good results, and he was soon re- lieved of the command. ( 3. General Forrest's Raid. — So many troops had been sent to join Banks's Red River expedition that West Tennessee and Kentucky were left ex- posed to the Confederates. General Forrest cap- tured Union City, Tenn., March 24th ; occupied Hickman, Ky., and advanced upon Paducah, March 25th, where, notwithstanding a bombardment of S32 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. the city by gun-boats at tbe river, and opposition by Federal soldiers occupying the fort in the vicin- ity, he obtained ample supplies for his men and horses, — the object of his entrance into the city. lie next went against Fort Pillow, Tenn., on the Mississippi, April 12th, which he captured by storm. His men, maddened by the sight of negro troops with which it was garrisoned, gave no quar- ter, and an indiscriminate slaughter followed. 4. Battle of the Wilderness. — Grant, at the head of the Army of the Potomac 140,000 strong, en- gaged with the Confederate army of 60,000 under Lee, at a place called the Wilderness, near Chan- cellorsville, Va., May 5th-6th. This was a tangled thicket of pines and cedars. The battle was a hand to hand encounter with musketry — the dense woods preventing the use of artillery or cavalry. Neither party gained any advantage. 5. Battle of Spottsylvania. — After the battle of the Wilderness Grant marched his army toward Spottsylvania Court House, Va., a few miles south- ward. He was headed off by Lee; and here from the 8th to the 12th of May — five days — a continuous battle was fought* resulting in no advantage to either army.f * During the terrible chnrges made on the Union line by the Confederates, a tree that stood between the two contending armies was literally hewn down by bullets, presenting the ap{)earance be- fore it fell of an inverted cone placed upon an upright one, or of the picture of an hour-glass. The tree was white oak, and from twelve to eighteen inches in diameter. t On the 11th of May — the day before the termination of this battle — Grant sent to Washington these resolute words: " I pro- pose to fight it out OD 'h'lf- line, if it takes all summer." NATIONAL PERIOD. 333 6. Battle of Cold Harbor.— After this, Grant at- tempted to tiaiiK: Lee's army, but Lee perceiving the design, intrenched his army at Cold Harbor (Va). Here, on June 3rd, a murderous battle took place. "Twenty minutes after the iirst shot was fired, fully ten thousand Union men were stretched writhing on the sod, or still and calm in death, while the Confederate loss was a little over one thousand." The battle was discontinued by the Federal soldiers' refusing to prolong the slaughter. 7. The Alabama and the Kearsarge. — The Confed- erate privateer Alabama, an English-built vessel, had been roaming the seas, pillaging and burning U. S. merchant ships ; but in 1864 her career was terminated. She was commanded by Captain Semmes* and manned mostly by British seamen. She had captured sixty-six U. S. vessels. After a short contest, June 15th, she was sunk by the Kear- sarge (keer'-sarj), Capt. Winslow, off the coast of France. {See also ^' Grant's Administration " Topic 6.) 8. Capture of Atlanta. — In May, Sherman, in ac- cordance with preconcerted arrangements, pro- ceeded to attempt the capture of Atlanta, Georgia. In a desperate battle at Dalton — May 13th, 14th — he forced the Confederates, under Johnston, to retreat. During the retreat — the Federals pursu- ing — battles were fought at Dallas, May 28th ; at Lost Mountain, June 15th, 16th, 17th; and at Kenesaw Mountain, June 18th and July 3d. The * Raphael Semmes — styled the " Paul Jones of the Civil War" — gained his first experience in the Mexican War, serving on both ship and shore. 334 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. advance of the Union army was thus delayed, and on July 10th the Confederates took refuge within their strong fortifications before Atlanta. John- ston, whose policy in thus retreating was loudly condemned by the Confederate Congress, was su- perseded by General Hood, who made three furious attacks upon the Union army before Atlanta (July 20th, 22d, 28th), but was repulsed with much loss. Sherman now commenced a siege of the city. By skillful maneuvering he compelled Hood to evacu- ate, September 2nd. Thus the Confederates were losing their strongholds, one by one, and the pros- pects of the South began to wane rapidly. 9. General Early's Raid. — Hoping to draw off Grant from the siege of Richmond, Lee sent Gen. Early to menace Washington. At Monocacy River Early defeated General Wallace and then appeared before Fort Stevens, one of the defenses of Wash- ington (July 10th). He was, however, forced to retreat across the Potomac, whence he sent a body of cavalry to burn Chambersburg, Pa. At Win- chester and Fisher's Hill Sheridan* defeated Early, * Philip H. Sheridan was born in New York of Irish parent- age in 1831. He graduated at West Point in 1853, and in 1863 was given a cavalry command. He distinguished himself by his gallant fighting at Chickamauga and Chattanooga, and in 1864 Grant gave him command of a cavalry corps. His campaign in the Shenandoah Valley and his turning defeat into victory by his famous ride from Winchester to renew the lost battle of Cedar Creek, gave him a high place among American generals. After the Civil War he was stationed in New Orleans in military com- mand, and later was transferred to the field of opei'ations against the hostile Indians in the far West. In 1869 he became lieu- tenant-general, and in 1883 succeeded to Sherman as general-in- chief. He died in 1888. J NATIONAL PERIOD. 835 destroying half his army. Being reinforced soon after, Early returned during Sheridan's temporary absence, surprised his army at Cedar Creek (October 19th) and drove it in confusion. At this critical moment, Sheridan, who had heard the cannonading during his absence at Winchester — thirteen miles Philip H. Sheridan. away — arrived on the field in hot haste. Eiding down the lines he shouted : ' ' Turn, boys, turn ; we're going back." His flying troops rallied with his presence and drove back the Confederates with great loss. Sheridan thus practically destroyed Early's army and closed the Valley of the ShenaVidoah to the Confederates against any further attempts to threaten Washington. 10. Entrance of Mobile Bay. — On August 5th, 1864, Admiral Farragut, in command of a powerful squadron, bore down upon the defenses to Mobile Bay — Forts Morgan and Gaines. The ba}'- itself d^t' HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. was def(inded by a Confederate fleet, among which was the iron-clad ram Tennessee. Farragut's fleet in an honr fought their way past the forts, and en- gaged the Confederate fleet beyond. After a des- perate resistance, tlie Tennessee was taken, and the other vessels either captured or put to flight. The i'orts were soon after reduced, and the harbor closed against blockade runners. The immediate defenses and the city of Mobile were taken by the Federals under Gen. E. R. S. Canby, in the spring of 1865. 11. Nevada Admitted to the Uniou. — October 31st (1864) Nevada was admitted as the thirty-sixth State. Its name is Spanish, signifying "snow- covered." It wa^ settled in 1848, at Carson City. It is rich in minerals, and vahiable mines have been opened, yielding the precious metals. 12. Sherman's March to the Sea. — After burning the city of Atlanta Sherman started (November 16th) with 60,000 men on his "march to the sea." On his route he destroyed the Georgia Central and Augusta railroads — his troops foraging on the country as they passed. December 13th he took Fort McAllister, Ga., and afterwards captured Sa- vannah.* His army in five weeks had marched 300 miles to the ocean, desolating the country throughout his route. 13. Foi't Fisher Taken. — This fort commanded the entrance to the harbor at Wilmington, N. C, — •Just before Christinas, Sherman sent the following dispatch to President Lincoln : " I beg to present you, as a Christmas gift, the city of Savannah, with 150 guns and plenty of ammunitiou, and also about 25,000 bales of cotton." NATIONAL PERIOD. 337 the last sea-port held by the Confederates. In December (1864) a powerful fleet under Admiral Porter,* and land forces under Gen. Butler under- took its capture. After a heavy bombardment by the fleet without serious injury to the fort, and a partial landing of the troops, it was decided im- practicable to attempt its capture by assault, and the army and navy withdrew. In January General Terry, with the assistance of the fleet, undertook its capture, and on the 15th of that month (1865), Fort Fisher was taken by storm. 14. The Postal Money Order System. — In Novem- ber, 1864, Congress passed an act establishing the Postal Money Order System in the United States. The design of the measure was to secure a safe and convenient method of transferring small sums of money through the mails. " The money order is divided into two parts — the oi^der proper and the advice. From the order, which is received and transmitted by the purchaser, the name of the payee is omitted. In the advice, which is sent by the post-master of the issuing oflfice to the post- master of the paying ofiice, the name of the payee is inserted. The advice and the order receive the same stamp and number, and being transmitted sep- * David Dixon Porter, when but fourteen years of age, entered the service of Mexico in her war with Spain. After the close of that war he entered tlie United States Navy, serving in the Medi- terranean squadron. Regained fresh laurels in the Mexican War. After the Civil War — having been made Vice-Admiral — he had charge of the naval school at Annapolis. In 1870, on the death of Farragut, he became Admiral of the Navy of the United States. 22 838 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. arately, constitute an almost perfect check against loss, robbery, and fraud." The largest sum that may be transmitted in one order is fifty dollars, though larger amounts may be sent in separate or- ders. 1 5. Liucoln Re-elected. — At the Presidential elec- tion in the autumn of 1864 two candidates were presented — President Lincoln for a second term by the Republicans, and Gen. Geo. B. McClellan by the Democrats. Lincoln was re elected by a large majority, with Andrew Johnson, of Tennessee, as Vice-President. The eleven seceded States took no part in the election. 16. Battle of Nashville.— After evacuating At- lanta, Hood proceeded to Tennessee, and at Nash- ville (December 15th and 16th) attacked the Fed- erals under Thomas. In a terrible two days' battle the Confederates were demoralized and forced to retreat across the Tennessee. The rash Hood was now relieved of his command, and the more effi- cient Johnston re-instated. 17. Fall of Petersburg and Richmond* —The End.— Sherman, after raiding through Georgia, passed through South Carolina and North Carolina, deso- lating the country as he marched, and fighting severe battles with the armies of Bragg and John- *In the spring of 1864, Gen. B. F. Butler, from Fortress Mon- roe, landed a strong force on the south side of the James River, at the mouth of the Appomattox, threatening at once Petersburg and Richmond. He was prevented from taking Petersburg by a force under Beauregard, on its way from Carolina to join Lee; and after a good deal of hard figliting he intrenched himself strongly, and was afterward joined by Grant's army. NATIONAL PERIOD. 339 ston. " Grant's plans to capture Petersburg and Richmond were now perfected.* On April 2nd, 1865, an attack was made along the whole line in front of Petersburg, and was everywhere success- ful. On the afternoon of that day (Sunday) Jef- ferson Davis, while at church, received a telegram from Lee to the effect that his army had been driven from its intrenchments, and that both Peters- burg and Richmond must be abandoned without delay. The evacuation was hastily accomplished that same night. On the next day Grant moved into Petersburg, and a few hours afterward General Weitzel {wite'-zel) took possession of Richmond. The coveted goal of the Army of the Potomac for four long years was now attained." Lee, with the remnant of his brave but unfortu- nate army, attempted to escape, but, hemmed about on all sides by the overwhelming Union army, he accepted the generous terms of surrender proposed by Grant, and on April 9th, 1865,f the Army of Virginia laid down their arms, "and turned home- ward, no longer Confederate soldiers, but American *Expeditions were sent out to cut the railroads bj which Petersburg received supplies, and assaults were made on the Con- federate lines on both sides of the .James. July 30th, 1864, a mine was exploded under one of the forts in the defences of the city, de- stroying 200 men; but nothing was gained by this, as the Confed- erates repulsed the assault made through the breach, with terrible loss to the Union army. tOn April 7th Grant sent a note to Lee, urging him to surren- der to save the useless shedding of blood. On the next day Lee answered by saying that he thought neither the time nor the emer- gency liad arrived that made necessary the surrender of the Army vA Northern Virginia. 340 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. citizens." The Great Civil "War was Ended. The other Confederate armies, at otlier points, surren- dered soon after. Jefferson Davis fled southward, hoping to escape, but was captured near Irwinsville, Georgia, May lltli, and imprisoned in Fort Monroe. After two years' confinement, he was liberated on Robert E. Lee. bail, and his cause, after remaining untried for a yeai and a half, was finally dismissed. 18. Robert E. Lee, a son of " Liglit-horse Harry Lee," of Eevolutionary fame, was born in Virginia in 1807, and graduated at West Point in 1S29. He was Scott's chief engineer in the Mexicaj. War, where he rendered distinguished service. He was for a time commandant at West Point. In April, 1861, he en- tered the Confederate army as general, and thus w^as able to manifest his great military genius, both in organization and in action, and in strategy as well. J or three years he baffled every attempt to take Rich- NATIONAL PERIOD. 841 mond, which fell only with the Confederate Gov- ernment. His deep piety, truth, sincerity and honesty won the hearts of all. At the time of his death (October 12th, 1870,) he was President of Washington and Lee University, in Virginia. RECAPITULATION". 1. Battles Won by the Confederates. * — In the great Civil War the Confederates were successful in the following: (1). Fort Sumter, S.C...... April 14, 1861. (2). Big Bethel.Va., , June 10, " (3). Bull Run, Va., July 21, " (4). Wilson's Creek, Mo., .August 10, " (5). Ball's Bluff; Va., October 21, " (6). Belmont, Mo., November 7, " (7). Winchester, Va., June 7, 1862. (8). Cross Ke3's, Va., June 8, " (9). Port Republic, Va., June 9, " (JO). Gaines's Mill,Va., June 27, " (11). Cedar Mountain, Va., August 9, " (21). Second BnU Run,Va., August 29, " (13). Richmond, Ky August 30, " (14). Chantilly, Va., August 31, " (15). Harper's Ferry, Va., September 15, " (16). Mumfordsville, Ky., September 17, " (17). Fredericksburg, Va., December 13, " (18). Haines's Bluff, Va., December 29, " (19). Chancellorsville, Va., May 2-3, 1863. (20). Chickamauga, Ga., September 19-20, *" (21). Fort Pillow, Tenn.., April 12,1864. (22). Sabine Cross Roads, La., April 28, " *The principal battles only, which are mentioned in this work, are here tabulated. 342 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. (23). Cold Harbor, Va June 3, 1804. (24). Great Kenesaw Mountain, Ga July 3, " (25). Monocacy River, Md July 9, " 2. Battles Won by the Federals.— In the Great Civil War the Federals were successful in the fol- lowing : {V. Philippi, Va., June 3, 1861. (2). Booneville, Mo., June 17, " (3). Rich Mountain, Va., July 11, " (4). Carrick's Ford, Va., Jnly 14, " (5). Carnifex Ferry, Va., September 10, " (6). Dranesville, Va., December 20, " - (7). Mill Spring, Ky., January 19,1862. (8). Fort Henry, Tenn., Februarys, " (9). Fort Donelson, Tenn., February 16, " (10). Pea Ridge, Ark., March 6, " (11). Merrimac and Monitor,Ya,., March 9, " (12). Shiloh, Tenn., April 6-7, " (13). New Orleans, La., April 28, " (14). Williamsburg, Va., May 5, " (15). Mechanicsville,Va, June 26, " (16). Malvern Hill, Va., July 1, " (17). South Mount.un, Md., September 14, " (18). Murfrecsboro, Tenn., December 31, " (19). Battles before Vicksburg, May 12-17, 1863. (20). Vicksburg, July 4, " (21). Gettysburg, Pa., July 1-3, " (22). Chattanooga, Tenn., November 2.3-24, " (23). Pleasant Hill, La., April 9,1864. (24). Dalton, Ga., May 13, " (25). Dallas, Ga., May 28, " (26). Alabama and Kearsarcje, June 15, " (27). Lost Mountain, Ga., June 15-17, " (284. Forts Morgan and Gaines, Ala., August 5, " (29). Atlanta,Ga., September 2, " (30). Cedar Creek, Va., October 19, " (31). Fort McAllister, Ga., December 13, " (32). Nashville, Tenn., December 15-16 " (33). Fort P'i.sher, N. C, January 15, " (34). Petersburg and Richmond, Va., April 2-3, 186^ NATIONAL PERIOD, 343 3. Indecisive Battles of the' War. — In the great Civil War, the battles in which neither party was victorions, v^'cre the following: (1). F:iir Oaks, Va., May 31, 1862. (2). Savage Station, Va., June 29, " (3). Frazier's Farm, Va., June 30, " (4). Antietam, Md., September 17, " (5). Perryville, Ky., Octobers, " (6). Wilderness, Va., May 5-6, 1864. (7). Spottsylvania,Va., May 8-12, " RECAPITULATION". CHRONOLOGY OF EVENTS RECORDED IN SECTIONS III AND IV. (national period.) 1849. Zachary Taylor inaugurated twelfth Presi- dent, March 5th. 1850. John C. Calhoun died at Washington, March 31st. 1850. President Taylor died, July 9th. 1850. Millard Fillmore, Vice-President, became thirteenth President, July 9th. 1850. California admitted as the thirty-tirst State, September 9th. 1850. The Omnibus Bill passed by Congress, Sep- tember 18th. 1851. Lopez and his filibustering companions exe- cuted at Havana. 1852. Henry Clay died at Washington, June 28th. 1852. Louis Kossuth made a tour of United States. 1852. Daniel Webster died at Marshfield, Mass., October 24th. 344 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 1853. Franklin Pierce inaugurated fourteenth Pres- ident, March ^th. 1853. The Crystal Palace opened at New York, July 14th. 1853. The "Gadsden Purchase" effected. 1853. The Martin Koszta affair settled. 1853. " Know-Nothing " Party organized. 1853, Arctic Expedition sent in search ot Sir John Franklin. 1854. Treaty of Commerce made with Japan, March. 1854. The Kansas-Nebraska Bill passed. 1857. James Buchanan inaugurated fifteenth Pres- ident, March 4. 1857. Mormons gave trouble, but were subdued. 1857. The"Dred Scott" decision made by Judge Taney. 1858. Minnesota admitted as the thirty-second State, May 11th. 1859. The John Brown Raid excited the country, October 16th. 1859. Oregon admitted as the thirty-third State, February 14th. 1860. Walker's Filibustering expeditions broken up and himself shot. 1860. Japanese Embassy visited the United States (summer). 1860. Abraham Lincoln elected sixteenth Presi- dent. 1860. South Carolina in State Convention passed ordinance of secession, December 20th. 1861, Steamer " Star of the West " fired upon, Jan- uary 9th. NATIONAL PERIOD. 345 1861. Mississippi passed ordinance of secession, January 9th. 1861. Alabama and Florida passed ordinances of secession, January 11th. 1861. Georgia passed ordinance of secession, Janu- ary 19th. 1861. Louisiana passed ordinance of secession, Jan- uary 26th. 1861. Kansas admitted as the 34th State, January 29th. 1861. Texas passed ordinance of secession, Febru- ary 1st. 1861. Abraham Lincoln inaugurated, March 4th. 1861. Fort Sumter evacuated by Maj. Anderson, April 14th. 1861. Lincoln called for 75,000 volunteers, April 15th. 1861. Virginia passed ordinance of secession, April 17th. 1861. First blood of the Civil War shed at Balti- more, April 19th. 1861. Arkansas passed ordinance of secession. May 8th. 1861. North Carolina passed ordinance of secession, May 20th. 1861. Tennessee passed ordinance of secession, June 8th. 1861. Philippi, Va., June 3rd — Federals victorious. 1861. Big Bethel, Va,, June 10th — Confederates vic- torious. 1861. Booneville, Mo., June 17th — Federals victo- rious. 346 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 1861. Rich Mountain, Va., July 11th —Federals victorious. 1861. Carrick's Ford, Va., July 14th— Federals vic- torious. 1861. Bull Run, Va., July 21st— Confederates vic- torious. 1861. Wilson's Creek, Mo., August 10th— Confed- erates victorious. 1861. Carnifex Ferry, Va., September 10th— Fed- erals victorious. 1861. Ball's Bluft", Va., October 21st— Confederates victorious. 1861. Confederate Commissioners taken from the TV'e??^, November. 1861. Belmont, Mo., November 7th — Confederates victorious. 1861. Dranesville, Va., December 20th— Federal victorious. 1862. Mill Spring, Ky., January 19th— Federals victorious. 1862. Fort Henry captured by the Federals, Feb- ruary 6th. 1862. Fort Donelson captured by the Federals, February 16th. 1862. Pea Ridge, Mo., March 6th and 7th— Fed- erals victorious. 1862. The Merrimac destroyed the Union ships, Oumherlaiui and Congress, March 8th. 1862. The Monitor triumphs over tlie Merrimac, March 9th. 1862. Shiloh, Tenn., April 6th-7th— Federals vie torious. NATIONAL PEhxOD. 347 1862. New Orleans captured by the Federals, April 24th. 1862. Yorktowii taken by the Federals, May 4th.. 1862. Williamsburg, Va., May 5th— Federals vic- torious. 1862. Fair Oaks, Va., May 31st— neither army victorious. 1862. Cross Keys, Va., June 8th — Confederates victorious. 1862. Port Republic, Va., June 9th — Confederates victorious. 1862. Mechanicsville, Va., June 26th— Federals victorious. 1862. Gaines's Mill, Va., June 27th— Confederates victorious. 1862. Savage Station, Va., June 29th — neither army victorious. 1862. Ifrazier's Farm, Va., June 30th— neither army victorious. 1862 Malvern, Va., July 1st — Federals victorious. 1862. Cedar Mountain, Va., August 6th— Confed- erates victorious. 18S2. Second Bull Run, Va., August 29th— Con- federates victorious. 1862. Chantilly, Va., September 2nd — Confederates victorious. 1862. South Mountain, Md., September 14th— Fed- erals victorious. 1862. Harper's Ferry captured by the Confederates, September 14th. 1862. Antietam, Md., September 17th — neither army victorious 848 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 1862. Emancipation Proclamation issued, Septem< ber 22ud. 1862. Richmond, Ky., August 30th — Confederates victorious. 1862. Mumfordsville, Ky., September 17th — Con^ federates victorious. 1862. luka and Corinth, September 19th and Octo- ber 4th — Confederates victorious. 1862. Perry ville, Ky., October 8th — neither army victorious. 1862. Fredericksburg, Va., December 13th — Con- federates victorious. 1862. Murfreesboro, Tenn., December 31st— Fed- erals victorious. 1862. Haines's Bluff, Miss., December — Confeder- ates victorious. 1862. " Greenbacks " first issued. 1862. Sioux Indians defeated. 1863. Emancipation Proclamation went into effect, January 1st. 1863. Confederates evacuated Grand Gulf, Miss., May 1st. 1863. Confederates defeated in battles before VickS' burg, May 12th and 17th. 1863. Chancellorsville, Va., May 2nd and 3rd— Con. federates victorious. 1863. Lee invaded Maryland, June 26th. 1863. West Virginia admitted as the 35th State, June 30th. 1863. Gettysburg, Pa., July 2nd and 3rd— Federals victorious. 1863. Vicksburg taken by Grant, July 4th. NATIONAL PERIOD. 349 t863. Port Hudson taken by the Federals, July 8th. 1863. Conscription Riot in New York City, July 13th and 16th. 1863. Morgan raided through Kentucky into In- diana and Ohio, July. 1863. Fort Sumter reduced to ruins, August. 1863. Charleston bombarded — Fort Wagner taken, September 7th. 1863. Chickamauga, September 19th and 20th — Confederates victorious. 1863. Chattanooga, Tenn., Nov. 23d and 24th— Fed- erals victorious. 1864. Grant made Lieutenant-General, March 3d. 1864. Fort Deliussy, La., captured by the Federals, March 13th. 1864. Union City, Tenn., captured by Forrest, March 24th. 1864. Hickman, Ky., occupied by Forrest, March 24th. 1864. Forrest raided Paducah, Ky., March 25th. 1864. Sabine Cross Roads, La., April 8th — Confed- erates victorious. 1864. Pleasant Hill, La., April 9th— Federals vic- torious. 1864. Fort Pillow stormed and taken by Forrest, April 12th. 1864. The Wilderness, Va., May 5th and 6th— neither array victorious. 1864. Spottsylvania, Va., May 8th and 12th— nei- ther army victorious. 1864. Dulton, Ga., May 13th and 14th— Federals victorious. 350 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 1864. Dallas, Ga., May 28th— Federals victorious 1864. Cold Harbor, Va., June 3rd — Confederates victorious. 1864, The Alabama sunk by the Kearsarge, June 15 th. 1864. Lost Mountain, Ga., June 15th and 17th — Federals victorious. 1864. Great Kenesau Mountain, Ga., July 3d — ■ Confederates victorious. 1864. Before Atlanta, Ga., July 20th, 22d and 28th — Federals victorious. 1864. Mine exploded in front of Petersburg, Va., July 30th. 1864. Farragut entered Mobile Bay and defeated Confederate fleet, August 5th. 1864. Atlanta captured by the Federals, September 2nd — Confederates evacuate. 1864. Winchester and Fisher's Hill, Va., Septem- ber 19th and 22d — Confederates victorious. 1864. Cedar Creek, Va., October 19th— Federals victorious. 1864. Nevada admitted as the thirty-sixth State, October 31st. 1864. Postal Money Order System established, No- vember 1st. 1864. Sherman began his " March to the sea," No- vember 16th. 1864. Lincoln re-elected, November. 1864. Sherman took Fort McAllister, Ga., Decem- ber 16th. 1864. Savannah, Ga., taken by Sherman, Decem- ber. NATIONAL PERIOD. 351 1864. Nashville, Tenn., December 15th and 16th— Federals victorious. 1865. Fort Fisher taken, January 15th. 1865. Federals successful in battles before Rich- mond, April 1st. 1865. Petersburg and Richmond evacuated April 2nd and 3rd. 1865. Lee's army surrendered to Grant, April 9th — War Ended. 1865. The other Confederate armies surrendered, April — May. 1865. Jefferson Davis captured, May 11th. GENERAL QUESTIONS AND DIRECTIONS 1. Name, in chronological order, the events from the inaugura- tion of Taylor to the election of Lincoln. {See Chronological Table.) 2. Name, in order, the events of the Civil War from the inaugu- ration of Lincoln to the capture of New Orleans. {See Table.) 3. Name, in order, the events from the capture of New Orleans to the admission of West Virginia. {See Table.) 4. Name, in order, the events from the admission of West Vir- ginia to the close of the Civil War. {See Table.) 5. What trees are celebrated in our history ? How many attacks have been made on Quebec? How many expeditions have been made into Canada? How many times has FortTicon- deroga been taken? 6. What were the principles of the Federals? — Of the Republic- ans, or Anti-Federals? — Of the Whigs?— Of the Democrats ? Of the Free-So i lers ? — Of the Know-Nothings, or Ameri- cans? — Of the New Republicans? From what party did the latter spring? 7. Name the Generals who were, severally, placed in command of the Union Armies. 352 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 8. What naval battles were fought during the Civil War? 9. Why was "Stonewall " Jackson so called? 10. What was the first battle of iron ships? U. When was slavery abolished in the United States? 12. Who fired the first gun in the Civil War? 13. What were the provisions of the Omnibus Bill? 14. What was the " tripartite treaty ? " 15. What was the " Martin Koszta affair?" 16. What was the " Yankee Cheesebox ? " 17. What name signifies the " River of Death?" 18. In what battle was a tree hewn down by bullets? 19. Who said, " I propose to fight it out on this line, if it takes all summer?" 20. What Christmas present did Sherman present to Lincoln? 21. What great man was a son of " Light Horse Harry Lee?" 22. By what other name was the iron-clad Merrimae known? 23. What was the Emancipation Proclamation? 24. Explain the Postal Money Order System. NATIONAL PERIOD 353 ANALYTIC SYNOPSIS. GENERAL REVIEW OF SECTIONS III AND IV. XII EVENTS FROM 1848 TO 1865. 1. Taylor and Fillmore' Administration. 2. Pierce's Administration. 3. Buchanan's Administration. 4. LINCOLN'S ADMINISTRATION. Death of Taylor, Admission of California, The Omnibus Bill, Cuban Filibusters, Louis Kossuth. The Gadsden Purchase;, Martin Koszta Affair, The Crystal Palace, Treaty with Japan, Arctic Explorations, Kansas-Nebraska Bill, Walker's Expedition. Trouble with the Mormons, Dred Scott Decision, John Brown's Raid, Japanese Visitors, States Admitted, Settlement of these States. Eflfect of his Election, Causes of the Civil War, Mistaken Ideas, Preparations for War, The " Star of the West," The Situation, Fall of Fort Sumter, The Seceded States, West Virginia, The Blockade, Emancipation Proclamation, Greenbacks, The Sioux War (1862), The Colored Troops, The Conscription Act, Nevada Admitted, Postal Money Order System In Virginia, In Missouri, In South Carolina, In North Carolina, In Mississippi. In Maryland, In Georgia, In Arkansas, In Tennessee, In Kentucky, In Louisiana, In Alabama, In Pennsylvani*, Naval Battles. 23 354 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES SECTION V. FROM THE CLOSE OF THE CIVIL WAR TO THE PRESENT TIME. 1865—1897. JOHNSON'S ADMINISTRATION. 1865—1869. 1. Assassination of President Lincoln. — On the night of April 14th, 1865, wliile sitting in a private box of a theatre in Washington, President Lincoln was assassinated by John Wilkes Booth, who sprang to the box occupied by the President and shot him in the head. Booth then escaped by a back way and fled. lie was afterward found, and, refusing to give himself up, was killed. His ac- complices were said to have been Harrold, Payne, Atzerott, Arnold, Mudd, McLaughlin, and Mrs. Surratt ; the first three and Mrs. Surratt were tried, convicted, and hanged ; the others were con- demned to imprisonment for life on the Dry Tor- tugas Islands (south of Florida), but were after- ward liberated. Attempts were also made to assassinate William H. Seward,* Secretary of State, but they failed, though he was severely stabbed. * William Henry Seward, after graduating at Union College, commenced the practice of law. Taking an active part in politics, he was elected to the (New York) State Senate before he was thirty. He was afterward successively Governor of New York, Senator in Congress, and Secretary of State. In the latter position, he was distinguished for keen, far-seeing judgment, and prompt, decisive action. He was a man of great fortitude, perseverance, and cour- NATIONAL PERIOD. 355 The tragic fate of Lincoln caused the profoundest grief all over the North, and was deeply regretted in the South. Many houses were draped in black and many citizens wore the badge of mourning. 2. Lincolu's Successor. — The melancholy death of Lincoln did not in the least disorganize the Gov- Andrew Johnson. ernment; within three hours thereafter (April 15th) Andrew Johnson, Vice-President, quietly assumed the duties of the Presidency. Andrew Johnson was a Southern Democrat, born in North Carolina in 1808. He was a self-made man, a tailor by trade, and he learned to read and write when seventeen years old. At the age of twenty he settled in Greenville, Tennessee, where he soon rose age. The declining years of his life were spent in a trip around the world, which was followed by the publication of a book of his travels. He died in 1872. 356 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. to eminence. He went to Congress in 1S43, and ten years later was Governor of Tennessee. In 1S57 be became United States Senator, and was, in 1861, tbe only Soutbern Senator wbo refused to resign wben tbe otbers witlidrew from Congress. Tbis brongbt bim into favor witb tbe Kepublicans, and resulted in bis being made Vice-President. He returned to Tennes- see after tbe end of bis Presidency, and was sent to tbe State Senate sbortly before bis deatb in 1875. 3. Tost of the Civil War.— The Nortb had about 1,500,000 soldiers to take part in effective service; the South, about 600,000. Each side lost about 300,000 men, who fell in battle and perished from disease or from their wounds. Adding to this num- ber 400,000 crippled and disabled for life by sick- ness, gives a grand total of 1,000,000 men destroyed on both sides, during tbe four years of civil strife. The national debt at tbe close of the war was about ^2,500,000,000.* The sum of $200,000,000 was paid in bounties, and $100,000,000 was given to soldiers' widows or other heirs. If to this be added the sums paid by States, counties, cities, and towns, for raising local levies, we make tbe whole amount of money paid out for the war more than $4,000,000,000. This vast debt has been gradually diminishing, and the enormous resources of tbe country will eventually pay it off. * When the Government needs money in any emergency, as in time of war, it borrows it from the people, issuing, as security, bonds bearing interest, payable in gold at stated times. The amount thus borrowed constitutes the National Debt. The net amount of the National Debt, April 1, 1904, was $1,870,540,869.44. NATIONAL PERIOD. 357 The Confederate War debt was never paid, as that Government was overthrown. 4. The Soldiers Turn Citizens.— After the armies were disbanded the soldiers of both sections, having bravely done their terrible work, returned to the people from whom they came and gladly resumed the vocations of peace. The statesmen of Europe had predicted that riots and other evils would arise "when so many soldiers, familiar with scenes of violence and blood, were freed from military re- straint." This, however, did not prove so. Within eighteen months all the vast armies of both sec- tions were disbanded and transported to their homes. 5. Benevolence Abroad.: — The horrors of the civil contest were much abated in the Federal Army by \he humane and benevolent acts of the Sanitary AND Christian Commissions furnished by the I^orth. Their object was to provide comfort for the sick land wounded, and to distribute reading matter, re- ligious and secular, among the soldiers. They fur- nished also many delicacies and needed articles not provided by the army. " Homes," " Lodges," and "Feeding Stations" for the homeless and hungry were established. Also homes for soldiers' wives and children who were, from any cause, in destitute circumstances. $4,500,000 were raised and ex- pended for benevolent work in camp, field and hos- pital. The Southern people were not behind the North- ern in their care and tenderness; but witli their limited means they were unable to accomplish as 358 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. much in this respect as the wealthy and more popu- lous North. They did all in their power, however, to mitigate the horrors of the war. 6. The Freedmen's Bureau Bill.— In March, 1865. Congress passed an act known as the Freedmen's Bureau Bill. The bill had for its object the su[)er vision and relief of freedmen (colored people) declared free by Lincoln's proclamation, and loyal refugees. A second bill amending and continuing in force the first, though vetoed by the President, was passed in July, 1866. 7. Amnesty Proclamation. — Under an amnesty proclamation issued by the President, May 29th, 1865, pardon was offered to all who had taken part in the secession movement, except those embraced in certain specified classes, on condition of their taking an oath of allegiance to the United States; and, on application, it was afterward extended to many individuals belonging to the classes excepted. On the 4th of July, 1868, full pardon and amnesty were granted by the President unconditionally to all who were not at that time under indictment for treason; and on the 25th of December, 1868, they were extended to all without exception. 8. The Thirteenth Amendment to the Constitution. — This amendment abolishing slavery was ratified by the States; and on December 18th, 1865, it was duly adopted as a part of the Constitution. 9. The Civil Rights Bill. —The Civil Rights Bill, adopted for the protection of the freedmen, was passed by Congress, April 9th. 1866, over President NATIONAL PERIOD. 359 Johnson's veto. It gives equal rights to all, re- gardless of race or color. 10. The Fenians.— In June, 1866, the Fenians, a secret society of Irishmen, who were banded to- gether for the purpose of wresting Ireland from British rule and establishing its independence, in- vaded Canada, crossing the frontier from Buffalo and Vermont. After some skirmishing they were driven back. President Johnson issued a procla- mation warning all against the enterprise as a violation of neutrality ; and the vigorous measures of General Meade, who was sent to the frontier with a force, put a stop to the movement. 11. The Atlantic Telegraphic Cable. — In 1858 an enterprising company of capitalists laid a tele- graphic cable in the Atlantic Ocean extending from Trinity Bay, Newfoundland, to Valentia {oa-len'- she-a) Bay, Ireland — a distance of 1640 miles. This cable ceased to work, however, on the very day it was completed. Cyrus W, Field,* to whom the success of the enterprise is due, revived the com- pany, and a new cable was made. In July, 1865, the Great Eastern commenced laying this cable, but * Cyrus W. Field received but a common school education. By industry and enterprise lie arose from a clerkship to the he. d of a large mercantile establishment in New York. After traveling in South America, he aided to establish a telegraph line across Newfoundland. While engaged in this work he conceived the idea of extending a line across the ocean. Since the completion of his Atlantic Cables, Mr. Field endeavored to organize a company to lay a submarine eabfe across the Pacific, from San Francisco to Japan, but did not succeed in his undertaking. 360 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. in mid-ocean it parted and sank to the bottom. The severed cable was grappled and raised, the broken ends joined, and the cable was finally laid. This not proving sufficient for the transmission of all the messages across the Atlantic, Mr. Field raised a new compati}' with a capital of $3,000,000, and made a third cable. This was successfully laid, June, 1866. There are to-day a number of telegraphic cables in operation across the Atlantic, connecting with other cables, which enable ns to communicate with nations in nearly all parts of the world. 12. Nebraska Adiiiitted. — Nebraska was admitted as the 37th State, on March 1st, 1867. The name signifies "water-valley." It was formerly a part of Kansas, and was settled about the same time. 13. Tenure-of-Offlce Bill.— In March, 1867, a bill to regulate tiie tenure of certain civil offices was passed over the President's veto. By this bill it declared that persons holding, or appointed to, any civil office, b}' and with tlie advice and consent of the Senate, shall be entitled to hold such office until a successor shall have been, in like manner, ap- pointed and diily qualified. This is known as the Tenure- of -Office Bill. 14. Purchase of Alaska.— In April, 1867, the Uni- ted States purchased from the Russian Government an extensive region forming the northwestern part of North America, called Russian America, but now styled Alaska. [See Map of Territorial Growth.) It is a large peninsula, consisting of nearly 500,000 square miles, and is chiefly valuable for its harbori? NATIONAL PERIOD, 361 on the Pacific coast, its furs, its fisheries, and its min- erals. The sum of $7,200,000 was paid for it. With this Territory the whole area of the United States at that time was 3,604,000 square miles, 15. Mexico and France. — During the Civil War Napoleon III., emperor of France, desiring to ob- tain a foothold in America, took advantage of the opportunity and sent an army to aid the Imperial- ists of Mexico in subduing the Liberals, who were struggling for liberty. The Liberals were defeated, and Maximilian, archduke of Austria, was chosen emperor. This course on the part of France being an infringement of the " Monroe Doctrine,"* the United States Government protested against the measure, but while absorbed in the civil contest, was unable to enforce the principle. When our Government was relieved from the pressure of in- >ernal war, it turned its attention to the Mexicans liopelessly striving for freedom. The United States denianded of Napoleon the recall of the French troops from Mexican territory. Deprived of for- eign aid, Maximilian was defeated; and, falling into the hands of tlie Liberals, he was shot June 19th, 1867. This ended the dream of French do- minion on this continent. 16. Impeachment Trial of President Johnson. — Owing to dift'erences in political views, the conflict between the President and Congress became more and more violent. In 1867 Congress passed, over the President's veto, a reconstructicm act defining ^he conditions upon which seceded States might •See Topic 9, " Monroe's Administration," 362 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. return to the Union, and placing them un.er mil- itary government until these conditions were com- plied with. The difficulties were aggravated hy the attempt of the President in February, 1868, to remove Mr. Stanton, the Secretary of War, from his position. The majority in Congress deemed this a violation of the Tenure-of-Office-Bill, passed shortly before, which made the consent of the Senate necessary to such removals. Great political excitement pre- vailed throughout the country; and on the 24th of February, 1868, the House of Representatives resolved to impeach the President of" high crimes and misdemeanors." He was accordingly tried by the Senate sitting as a Court of Impeachment, the Chief Justice of the Supreme Court acting as Pres- ident. After a tedious trial he was acquitted, May 23d, 1868. 17. Seceded States Readmitted.— On June 24th, 1868, after a long and bitter struggle between Con- gress and the President, regarding the reconstruc- tion policy, Georgia, Florida, Alabama, Louisiana, North Carolina, South Carolina, and Arkansas were re-admitted, their Senators and Representatives having been absent from their seats in Congress over seven years. Tennessee was re-admitted a short time before. Before the close of the year, the rest of the seceded States came back ; " and, as be- fore the war, the motto, E Pluribus Unum, appro- priately inscribed the American banner and shield." 18. Fourteenth Amendment.— This addition to the Constitution was adopted July 28th, 1868. By its NATIONAL PERIOD. 363 provisions equal civil rights to all, regardless of race or color, are guaranteed, and representation in each State is based oni the number of legal voters. 19. Indian War. — The Indians of the Southwest had been carrying on a depredating warfare since 1865. General Sherman, commanding the Depart- ment of the West, sent a force to suppress them. In 1868 Black Kettle and a large body of his warriors were surprised and slain by a charge of Custer's cavalry, and hostilities ceased. 20. Treaty With China.— In 1868 an important treaty with the "Celestial Empire" was ratified by the United States, by which liberty of conscience is guaranteed to citizens of the United States in China, and permission to attend all public educa- tional institutions, without being subjected to any religious or political test, is extencyi w Chi..'=>se residents in the United States. GRANT'S ADMINISTRATION 1869—1877. 1. Election and Inauguration. — In the autumn of 1868 General U. S. Grant, of Illinois, was nomina- ted for the Presidency by the Republicans, with Schuyler Colfax, of Indiana, for Vice President; Horatio Seymour, of New York, with Gen. Francis P. Blair, Jr., of Missouri, was nominated by the Democrats. Grant and Colfax were elected,* and on the 4th of March, 1869, they were duly inaugu- rated. *Three States did not vote, viz : Mississippi, Texas and Vir- ginia. 364 HISTORY OF i'HE UNITED STATES. 2. Ulysses S. Grant was born in Ohio in 1822, and while a youth followed for a time his father's trade — that of a tanner. At the age of seventeen he secured an appointment to West Point, where he graduated in 1843. A short time after, the Mexican War broke out, in which he conducted himself with TJlvsses S. Grant. gallantry, receiving special mention and promotion. After the war he resigned and engaged in business, but was not very successful. In the Civil War, which he entered as Colonel of an Illinois regiment, he was one of the most conspicuous figures, winning many great battles, and finally closing the struggle by compelling the surrender of Lee's army. After the conclusion of his Presidency he traveled around the world, and everywhere received great honors. By NATIONAL PERIOD. 365 the failure of his bankers, to whom he entrusted the management of his business affairs, he lost the mod- est fortune which he had accumulated in the service of the Government, and was compelled to sell the swords which had been presented to him, as well as many other important souvenirs of the war. These are now preserved in the Smithsonian Institution. Before his death he completed his Memoirs, which possess great merit, though written during the long and painful malady which, in 1885, ended in death. 3. The Pacific Railroad.— The Pucilic Kaihoud, 3,000 miles long (with Jts connections), and extend- ing from Boston to San Francisco, was completed and opened on the 10th of May, 1869.* It thus connects the Atlantic with the Pacific, and the traveler can cross the continent in one week. Thousands of p'cneers have gone from the popu- lous East to the Western wilds to develop fresh sources of industry and wealth. Communication is thus held with the great Empire of China, from which silks, teas, and spices are obtained. "Amer- ican ingenuity has made a route to India — the great desire of olden navigators." 4. Fifteenth Amendment. — This was formally an- nounced as a part of the Constitution, March 30th, 1870. It gives the right of sufirage to all, irre- spective of " race, color, or previous condition of servitude." 5. The Census of 1870. f — The lirst census of the * The Pacific Railroad, proper, is but 1,900 miles long — extend- ing from San Francisco, California, to Omaha, Nebraska. t A census is an enumeration of inhabitants, their ages, wealth, etc., authorized by Government, and taken every ten years. 366 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. NATIONAL PERIOD. 367 United States v-as taken in 1790. The population of the country was then nearly 4,000,000. In 1870 the ninth census was completed. " It was a work of vast importauce, and the results presented were of the most encouraging character. Notwithstand- ing the ravages of war, the last decade had been a period of wonderful growth and progress. During that time the population had increased from 31,- 443,000 to 38,587,000 souls.* The national debt, though enormous, had fallen olf. The products of the country had grown to a vast aggregate; even the cotton crop of the South was regaining much of its former importance. American manufacturers were competing with those of England in the mar- kets of the world. The Union \iw embraced thirty-seven States and eleven Territories — includ- ing the Indian Territory and Alaska. From the narrow limits of the thirteen original colonies, with their 421,000 square miles of territory, the national domain had spread to the vast area of 3,604,000 square miles, — equal to nearly 2,000,000,000 acres. Few things, indeed, have been more marvelous than the territorial growth of the United States. The purchase of Louisiana more than doubled the geographical area of the nation ; the several Mexi- can acquisitions were only second in importance; while the recent Russian oession alone was greater in extent than the original thirteen States." (See Map showing the Territorial growth oj the United States.) *The last census — that of 1900 — shows a population of over 76,000.000. See page 437. 368 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 6. The Alabama Difficulty.— During the Civil War the Alabama and other Confederate cruisers — fitted out in England and manned mostly by English sailors — committed serious depredations on the commerce of the Union. {See also "■Closing Con- flicts," Topic!.) The refusal of the British Govern- ment to pay the damages thus done, produced much bitter feeling and even threatened war. The diffi- culty was finally (1872) amicably adjusted, England awarding damages to the amount of $16,250,000. War was thus happily averted by peaceful arbitra- tion. 7. San Domingo. — In 1871 the Kepublic of San Domingo, comprising a large part of the island of Hayti (hay'-tee),^ West Indies, applied for admission to the United States. A commission sent by Presi- dent Grant visited the island, examined into its affairs, and gave a favorable report. The question of annexation was debated in Congress, but it met with such violent opposition that the application w^as rejected. 8. Great Fire in Chicago. — On Sunday, October 8th, 1871, a fire was discovered in a small stable on the west side of Chicago, and, nnder a very high wind from the southwest it spread very rapidly northwardly and eastwardly. In less than thirty- six hours it swept over 2,125 acres, destroying most of the busniess portion of the city, and much ofj the residence portion also. There were burned 1,600 stores, 28 hotels, 60 churches and about 14,800 other buildings. The value of property destroyed was: Buildings, $53,000,000; stocks and machinery, *Ils lormer name was Hispaniola (ees-pan-yo'-lah). NATIONAL PERIOD, 369 $84,000,000; liousehold goods and effects, $58,000- 000; total, $195,000,000. There were about 250 lives lost and 98,000 people were rendered homeless. {See also '■'■ Jackson'^s Administration^'''^ Topic 8.) 9. Grant Re-elected. — In the Presidential cam- paign of 1872 the Liberal Kepublicans nominated Horace Greeley. Horace Greeley, of New York, who was endorsed by the Democrats also. The Republicans renomi- nated Grant, who was elected, with Henry Wilson as Vice-President. Horace Greeley was born in New Hampshire in 1811. When a child he was remarkably precocious. He could read when only two years old, ' ' and at the age of seven had read all the books upon which he could lay his hands within a radius of seven miles from his father's farm-house." He was apprenticed to a printer, and in 1830 worked in a newspaper office in 370 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. Vermont, but wages being low, he went to New York, having, when he arrived, but ten dollars and a bundle of clothing. After several failures at jour- nalism, he established the "New York Tribune," which he continued to edit until his death, and which in his hands became a powerful organ. He liad been a Whig and then became a Republican. He always earnestly advocated a protective policy. Greeley died November 29th, 1872. His death was largely due to the excitement and anxiety attendant upon the Presi- dential campaign he had just passed tlu'ough. 10. Great Fire in Boston. — On November 9th, 1872, a very destructive fire occurred in Boston. It w^as not checked till the following day. Sixty-five acres in the very heart of the business portion of the city were burned over. There were 776 build- ings destroyed and fourteen lives lost. Loss on buildings was estimated at $13,590,000; on con- tents, $60,000,000 ; total, $73,590,000. {See ''Jack- son's Administration,'' Topic 8.) 11. The Credit Mobllier of America. — This was a joint stock company, organized in 1863 for the purpose of facilitating the construction ot public works. In 1867 another company, which had un- dertaken to build the Pacific Railroad, purchased the charter of the Credit Mobilier (cray'-de mo-beel- yare'), and the capital was increased to $3,750,000. "Owing to the profitableness of the work in which the company was engaged, the stock rose rapidly in value and enormous dividends were paid to the NATIONAL PERIOD. 371 shareholders. In 1872 a lawsuit in Pennsylvania developed the startling fact that much of the stock of the Credit Mobilier was owned by members of Congress. A suspicion that those members had voted corruptly in the legislation affecting the Pa- cific Railroad at o'lce seized the public mind and led to a Congressional investigation in which many scandalous transactions were brought to light, and the faith of the people in the integrity of their servants greatly shaken." 12. Visit of the Grand Duke Alexis.— Alexis, Grand Duke of Russia, visited the United States in 1872, and was grandly entertained. lie was much es- teemed by all that came in contact with him. He expressed his liking for our people and institutions. 13. The North-western Boundary Settled. — By the terms of the treaty of 1846* it was stipulated that the North-western boundary line, running west- M^a-rd along the forty-ninth paj-allel of latitude, should extend to the middle of the channel which separates the continent from Vancouver's Island, and thence soutlierly through the middle of said channel and of Fuca's Straits to the Pacific. But a dispute arose as to " the middle of said channel," for there were several channels. The British gov- ernment claimed the Straits of Rosario to be the true line intended by the treaty, while the United States would have the Canal de llaro. The mat- ter thus stood till October, 1872, when it was refer- red for settlement to the arbitration of William I., Emperor of Germany. That monarch heard the •See " Polk's Administration," Topic 16. 372 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. cause, decided in fuvor of the United States, and the Canal de Haro became the international boundary. 14. The Modoc War.— In the spring of 1872 the Modoc Indians, occupying the southern shores of Lake Klamath, Oregon, were ordered by the Gov- ernment to remove to a new reservation. These Indians, who had been greatly mistreated by for- mer United States agents, refused to go; and in the following November a body of troops was sent to force them into compliance. The Modocs re- sisted, kept up the war during the winter, and then retreated into an almost inaccessible volcanic re- gion called the "lava-beds." Here in the spring of 1873 the Indians were surrounded, but not subdued. A conference was held between them and a Peace Commission. The treacherous Modocs, whose chief was Captain Jack, rose upon the members of the commission and murdered Gen. Canby and Dr. Thomas in cold blood. The Modocs were then be- sieged in their strongholds. On June 1st, 1873, they were compelled to surrender. Captain Jack and several other chiefs were tried by court-martial and hanged in October. 15. The Great Financial Panic of 1873.— In the autumn of 1873 occurred one of the most disastrous financial panics known in the history of the United States. The alarm was given by the failure of the great banking-house of Jay Cooke & Company of Philadelphia. Other failures followed in rapid suc- cession. Business everywhere was paralyzed, and many months elapsed before confidence was suf- ficiently restored to enable merchants and bankers NATIONAL PERIOD. 373 to resume the usual transactions of trade. The causes of this monetary panic were a wild spirit of speculation, and fluctuation in the volume and value of the national currency.* {See " Van Bu- ren's Administration " Topic 4:; also note to Topic 1, ^'Buchanan's Administration.") 16. The Year of Epidemics.— The year 1873 was remarkable for the prevalence of Cholera, Small Pox, Epizootic (ep-e-zo-ot'-ic) Distemper, and Yellow Fever, which swept thousands into eternity. The Epizootic distemper atiected horses principally. 17. Troubles with Spain. — The steamer Virginius, a vessel owned by citizens of the United States, conveying filibusters to aid the Cubans, was cap- tured by the Spanish authorities in the fall of 1873, and all her crew except eighteen, were shot in Cuba. The Spaniards entertained some ill-feeling toward the United States because of this apparent interference in the affairs of the island, but the course of the filibusters was disavowed, and Spain was satisfied. 18. Troubles iu Louisiana. — During the years 1873 and 1874 difficulties prevailed in Louisiana* which threatened the peace of the country. There were two rival governors — William P. Kellogg, Kepub- lican, and John McEnery, Democrat; and rival legislatures were elected. For a while the State was in a condition bordering on anarchy. A large party opposed to the administration of Kellogg, whom the Federal Government sustained, rose lu arms and took possession of the State House. Ke'l- * Tliis great monetary disturbance checked for a. time the progress of I'/ie Northern Pacific Railroad, begun in 1870, 874 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. logg appealed to the President for help. The op- posing party were ordered to disperse, and United States troops were sent to New Orleans to enforce the order. {See '^Hayes's Administration," Topic 4, for account of farther troubles in this State.) 19. King Kalakaua's Visit.— The year 1875 was distinguished by a visit to the United States of Kalakaua {kah-lah-kah'-oo-ah), king of the Sand- wich Islands, Pacific Ocean, lie came to learn something of our Government, national character, public institutions, etc. He was hospitably enter- tained, and returned home well pleased and bene- fited. 20. Colorado Admitted. — Colorado — the " Centen- nial State'' — was admitted as the thirty-eighth State, August 1st, 1876. Its name is of Spanish origin — of doubtful meaning. It was settled in 1852 by some gold miners. It has since rapidly increased in population and importance. 21. Demise of Some Eminent Men. — Grant's Ad- ministration was noted also for the number of pub- lic men who died. Edwin M. Stanton, Secretary of War under Lincoln, died in 1869. Gen. Robert E. Lee, President of Washington and Lee Univer- sity, Gen. Geo. H. Thomas, and Admiral Farragut passed away in 1870. William H. Seward, Prof. Morse, Horace Greeley, and Gen. Meade were called from their earthly labors in 1872. Chief Justice Chase died in 1873; and in 1874, Senator Charles Sumner expired. Ex-President Andrew Johnson, John C. Breckinridge, and Vice-President Henry Wilson died in 1875. NATIONAL PERIOD. 375 22. The Custer Slaughter. — During the last year of President Grant's Administration the country was disturbed by a war with the Sioux Indians. Being dissatisfied with a previous treaty, tliese Indians de- layed ^to occupy the reservation wliich had been set apart for them ; and taking advantage of the discov- ery of gold among the Black Hills — territory partly George A. Custer.* situated within the reservation, and which had been invaded by gold hunters — the Sioux likewise disre- garded the limits of the reserved district, and roamed at large through Wyoming and Montana Territories, * George A. Custer was born in Ohio in 1839, and graduated at West Point in 1861. He did gallant service in the Civil War, particularly in the Shenandoah Valley, and in the pursuit of Lee's army which ended in his surrender at Appomattox. In 1863 he was made brigadier-general of volunteers, and in 1865 was brevetted brigadier-general of the regular army. 376 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. burning houses, stealing horses, and murdering who- ever opposed them. In 1876 the Government undertook to drive them upon their reservation. A large force of soldiers, under Generals Terry and Crook, was sent against them, and found the Sioux, led by their noted chief, Sitting Bull, near the Big Horn Mountains and Eiver, in the region of the Upper Yellowstone. In July, General George A. Custer, with a detachment of 250 cavalry, without waiting for support, charged into the Indian encampment. The Sioux numbered 2,000, and Custer's little band, after a desperate resistance, was overpowered by superior force. Of the details of the struggle very little is known. Every man in the detachment, including Custer himself, was killed — not a man survived to tell the tale. Custer and his men were horribly mutilated. Information of the slaughter was afterward received from friendly In- dians, who learned the particulars from Sioux warriors. In November of the same year the Sioux were defeated at a pass in the Big Horn Mountains ; but Sitting Bull and his tribe succeeded in escaping to British America. The remaining bands of hostile Indians were afterward subdued. {See also '-''Events 0/1862," To^nc^^.) The story of the Custer slaughter recalls to mind the account of Major Dade's massacre during the Seminole war in Florida, in 1835, related in the his- tory of the Seminoles. {Topic 9, Jackson^ s Admin- istration.) 23. Centennial Exhibition. — 1876, the great NATIONAL PERIOD. 377 Centennial — the hundredth 3'ear of our existence as an independent nation — was celebrated at Phihi- delphia by the grandest Exposition the world ever saw. Specimens of about all the country had pro- duced, invented, or manufactured during the past hundred years were there exhibited. Thousands of things, curious, unique and wonderful were to be seen. Representatives from almost every nation and country of the earth were there to witness the gigantic progress our Republic had made during that time, and also to place on exhibition produc- tions of their own skill and ingenuity. The im- mense buildings to accommodate the Centennial Exhibition were in course of erection two years before the opening of the "great show." The Exposition opened on the 10th of May and closed on the 10th of November — a period of six months. Visitors from all parts of the Union and of the world thronged the Exhibition Buildings and Grounds. The average daily attendance was 100,000 persons. On the 4th of July — the greatest day — upward of 275,000 people assembled to hear the reading of the Declaration of Independence from the original document, and to hear the oration of Hon. William M. EvARTS, the orator of the day. 24. Visit of Dom Pedro.— The year 1876 is also signalized by the visit to this country of Dom Pedro, Emperor of Brazil, South America. He visited all the places of note, attended the Great Centennial, studied our Government, and made a favorable im- pression. He returned to his empire highly gratified with his visit. 878 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES- HA YES'S A DMINISTRA TION. 1877—1881. 1. Presidential Election of 1876. — The l>emocrat8 nominated Samuel J. Tilden, of Kew York, and Thomas A. Hendricks, of Indiana, The Repubh- cans nominated Rutherford B. Hayes, of Ohio, and William A. Wheeler, of New York. A third — the Independent Greenback — party also appeared, and presented as candidates Peter Cooper, of New York, and Samuel F. Gary, of Ohio. The canvass was an exciting one, each party striv- ing hard to win. Owing to some irregularities in Louisiana, South Garolina, and Florida, the election was contested, and during the suspense of inves- tigation the whole country was excited. 2. The Electoral Tribunal. — To adjust the election difficulties, it was finally decided to leave the select- ion of a J^resident to the arbitration of an Electoral Tribunal, consisting of five members of the Senate, three of whom to be Republicans, and two. Demo- crats; five members of the House, three to be Democrats, and two. Republicans, and four Judges of the Supreme Gourt, who were to select a fifth as referee, thus making fifteen in the Tribunal. After examining the election returns from all the States, the Tribunal, in February, 1877, decided in favor of Hayes and Wheeler, who were accord- ingly inaugurated, March 5th, 1877.* *The 4th of March is the customary time of inauguration; but »vhen this date falls upon Sunday, the President is inaugurated on the 5th. It thus happened with Hayes's inauguration ; with Washington's (second term); with Monroe's (second term); and with Taylor's (1849) ; and the same will again oQCur in 1905. NATIONAL PERIOD. 379 Two political questions principally agitated the country in this campaign : First, the Southern policy of the Government; one side claiming that negroes and Eepublicans in the South were prevented by force and intimidation from voting, and that it was necessary to have the presence of United States troops Rutherford B. PIayes. to preserve their rights and enforce the laws. The other side held that the use of troops was unconstitu- tional, the intimidation imaginary, and the presence of soldiers insulting to the States. The second ques- tion was of Civil Service Reform. {See jyage 380) 3. Rutherford B. Hayes.— President Hayes was born in Ohio in 1822. lie led his class at Kenyon College, graduated at Cambridge Law School, and acquired a fine legal practice at the bar of Cincinnati. In that city he held his first official position, that of city solicitor, in 1858. During the war, he served as 380 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. majcir uiiCier Rosecrans in West Virginia, and con- tinued in that field during the campaigns of 1862-3, gaining the brevet rank of major-general by his bravery. In the fall of 1864 he was elected to Con- gress from Cincinnati; and was re-elected in 1866, but resigned a year later to accept the nomination for Governor. In that canvass he defeated his op- ponent ; and two years later, he won the office again. In 1872 he was again a candidate for Con- gress, but was defeated. In 1875 he was nomi- nated for governor for the third time; and his suc- cess resulted in his candidacy, upon the Republican ticket, for the Presidency. 4. More Trouble in Louisiana. — In 1876-7 political troubles again afflicted Louisiana. Packard, Repub- lican, and NicnoLLS, Democrat, both claimed the governorship — the former being sustained by the General Government, the latter by the people. The Nicholls government was finally triumphant, and peace and good order were restored. {See also Topic 18, ^^ Grant's Administration.'") 5. Troubles in South Carolina. — In this year (1877) similar troubles existed in South Carolina — Hamp- ton, Democrat, and Chamberlain, Republican, con- tending for gubernatorial honors and responsibility. The former was the choice of the people, but the latter was sustained, for a while, by the opposing party in power. Hampton's authority was finally recognized, and good government was triumphant. 6. €ivil Service Reform. — President Andrew Jack- son inaugurated the custom — since prevalent — of removing from ottice political opponents and in- NATIONAL PERIOD. 381 stalling men of congenial politics. This course has not always secured public officers adapted to the work required of them, and has also led to corrup- tion, since many appointments have been made as payment for political services. President Hayes was pledged to regulate both his appointments and dismissals by questions of personal worth. 7. Railroad " Strikers."— The latter part of July (1877) was noted for numerous '-'■ strikes " of railroad employes. In various portions of Pennsylvania, especially at Pittsburgh, they revolted en masse, joined by roughs, rioters, and other disorderly per- sons, and destroyed millions of dollars worth of property — chiefly railroad property. The militia was called out to quell them; and after considera- ble bloodshed order was restored. Similar occurrences took place in other large cities of the country, — at New York, St. Louis, Philadelphia, Chicago, and Baltimore, — and mil- lions of railroad property were destroyed, and many lives lost. The rioters were finally put down by the militia. It is due the strikers to state that the destruction of property was mainly perpetrated by the roughs and like bad characters, who joined the strikers for the purpose of robbery. The cause of these disturbances was the reduc- tion of wages made by railroad companies, induced by a reduction of freight rates — the result of com- petition among the difl^erent roads. 8. War with Indians of Idaho. — In the spring of this year (1877) a war broke out with the Nez Perces Indians of Idaho. In 1854 the Government 382 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES, purchased a part of their territory, large reserva- tions being made in portions of Idaho and Oregon; but some of the chiefs refused to ratify the compact and remained at large. The Indians committing their usual depredations, Gen. Howard was sent against them with a small force. The Indians, led by their noted chieftain, Joseph, eluded the United States troops by Heeing in various directions, thus avoiding battle. For several months the pursuit was continued without overtaking them. In the fall Gen. Howard, joined by Col. Miles, drove them across the Missouri River and surrounded them near Bear Paw Mountains. Here, on October 4th, they were attacked by the forces of Col. Miles, A hard battle was fought and the Indians were nearly all killed or taken prisoners, a few only escaping, 9. The Murphy Temperance Movement. — The win- ter of 1877-78 was signalized by a great temperance wave that moved over the country, doing much good. This reformatory movement was started by Francis Murphy, a reclaimed inebriate. "Murphy Meetings" were held in almost every city and vil- lage. Thousands of men — moderate drinkers and inebriates — were induced to wear the " blue badge," the emblem of soberness. Temperance orators spread the cause everywhere ; the greatest enthu- siasm prevailed ; men addicted to the immoderate use of intoxicating liquors would at these meetings tell of their personal experience with strong drink, and of its blighting effects. The results of this movement (though not a permanent organization) were of much benefit to thousands of people. NATIONAL PERIOD. 6o6 10. The Blaud Silver Bill.— In 1873 Congress demonetized silver, and made gold the sole standard of our currency. Opj^ositiou to this measure gradu- ally arose, and in December, 1877, a bill was intro- duced in Congress making silver a legal tender in payment of all debts. This measure, after having been amended, was passed February 2 1st, 1878. 11. Death of William Cullen Bryant.— On the 12th of June, 1878, at the ^^^ advanced age of eighty- p; four, died William Cul- f LEN Bryant, America's | greatest poet and journal- ist. ' ' For more than sixty f years his name had been known and honored wher- ever the English language is spoken. His life had been an inspiration, and the brightest light of Amer- ican literature was extin- guished in his death." William Cullen Bryant. 12. The Yellow Fever Epidemic.— During the summer and fall of this year (1878) the Yellow Fever raged terribly through the South, especially in the cities of New Orleans, Memphis, Mobile, Savannah, and others, and extended even to some of the North- ern cities. Strict quarantine regulations and systems of disinfection were established in nearly all the cities. Money and supplies were sent to the South from all parts of the country. Business was ahnost wholly 384 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. suspended in the stricken places, and trade of all kinds was exceedingly dull. Thousands of refu- gees sought safety in Higlit from their homes. Fully 14,000 persons fell victims to the devastating plague, the virulence of which ceased only on the appear- ance of heavy frosts. Again, in the summer of 1879, the city of Mem- phis was sorely afflicted with the same dreadful malady. Thousands of her citizens sought safety in flight to other regions, returning only when frost destroyed the fever germ. {See also " Washington's Administration" Topic 6.) 13. Gen. Grant's Tour.— In May, 1877, Gen. U. S. Grant, ex-President, started with his escort from Philadelphia on a tour around the world. He vis- ited all the principal countries, and was grandly entertained wherever he went, as a guest and repre- sentative from a great and free Republic. Through him the United States received the greatest honors and respect from all the nations of the earth. Re- turning in September, 1879 — after an absence of more than two years — he landed at San Francisco, California, where his arrival was celebrated by a grand procession and public ceremony. He also received immense ovations in many of the large cities of the country — being honored as no other public man of the United States was ever honored. He afterward visited Cuba and Mexico. 14. The Chinese Question. — The Chinese immigra- tion to this country now numbers over 119,050 of whom upward of 45,753 are in California. Under the direction of contractors they come to America NATIONAL PERIOD. 38S| in large companies, seeking employment at very low wages, in the mines, factories, market garden- ing, and domestic service. It has been feared by some that the relation of these "heathen" with the contractors may abridge personal liberty, and that the prestiice of hosts of such immigrants may prove injurious to the morals of the community. In 1879 President Hayes vetoed a bill passed br Congress, which had for its object the prohibition of further inmiigration from China. This veto met with public approval. 15. Ne^iD Exodus. — Induced by misrepresenta- tions of politicians, and by a desire and hope of bettering their circumstances, many negroes of the South in 1879 removed to some of the Northern States. At home, their condition is that of agri- cultural laborers, with plent}^ of work and moder- ate pay, though, on the whole, they are probably as comfortably placed as white laborers on farms at the North. As a rule, they have little plats of land about their cabins to till for their own benefit It is much to be questioned whether the agitators, who sought and are still seeking to make them dis- contented with the present state of affairs, are not really doing them much harm by exposing them to the severity of competition in the labor market, of which they have hitherto had no idea. 16. The Ute Indians.— In the fall of 1879 trouble arose \v^ith the Ute Indians, occupying a portion of •Colorado. The provocation of hostilities was the seizure of a tract of farm land by the national agent, Mr. Meeker. The fracas is unworthy of the 24 386 HISTORY OP THE UNITED STATES. name of war, as its cliief features were the massa- cre of ilie whites of tlie Agency, the seizure of the women, and several skirmishes with small forces of regular troops. Further troubles were averted by the interference of Chief Ouray, whereby the cap- tives were released, and a promise given of surren- dering the hostile Indians. The Utes were after- ward removed to another reservation. 17. Tin Tenth Census. — In 1830 was completed the tenth census of the United States. The results presented were of the most encouraging character. The last decade had been a period of great pros- perity. The ninth census (1870)* showed the popu- lation of the country to be 38,587,000; that of 1880 gave a total of 50,152,866 souls, being an increase of thirty per cent. Of the large cities, there were ten with a population of over 2i}0,000, and ten hav- ing over 100,000. New York iiad over 1,200,000 inhabitants; Philadelphia, about 850,000; Brook- lyn, over 560,000; Chicago, over 500,000; Boston, 360,000; St. Louis, over 350,000; Baltimore, 330,000! The American Union now consists of thirty-eight States and eleven Territories,! with Alaska and the Indian Territory, aggregating 3,604,000 square miles of land. The v^diolo area or" the United States and Territories, including water surface ot Jakes and rivers, is equal to nearly 4,000,000 square miles. In 1880 the immigration to this country was greater than in any previous year. *See Topic 5, \yngb 3(55. tSee note to Topic 6, on page 159. NATIONAL PERIOD. 387 GARFIELD AND ARTHUR'S ADMINISTRATION. 1881—1885. 1. Election and Inanimation. — In the Presiden- tial campaign of 1880, the Republicans nominated James A. Garfield, of Ohio, for President, with Chester A. Arthur for Vice-President. The Demo- crats presented as candidates General Winfield S. Hancock, of New York, and William II. English. The Greenbacks nominated James B. Weaver and B. J. Chambers. Garfield and Artiiur were elected. Of the 369 Electoral votes, Gartield received 214 and Hancock 155. The Electoral vote of Georgia was cast irregularly, on the second Wednesday ot December, instead of the first Wednesday, as re- quired by act of Congress. In the count of the Electoral vote, February 9, 1881, Congress declared Hancock to have received 155 votes if Georgia were counted, and 144 votes if not counted ; that in either case, Garfield had received a majority of the votes, and was duly elected. On March 4, 1881, he was inaugurated twentieth President amidst the grandest civic and military display that the capital has ever witnessed. 2. James A. Garfield. — He was born in Ohio in 1831. He was the youngest of four children, dependent upon a widowed mother. While a boy he attended the district school during the winter moiiths. As soon as he was old enough he aided his mother by working at the carpenter's trade. Afterward he went as teamster or boatman on the canal. He also 388 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. taught school, attending an academy alternately until his twenty-second year, when he entered Williams College, in Massachusetts. Here, after two years of study, he graduated with high honors, after which he where he was made James A. Garfield. teacher of Latin and Greek in the Eclectic Institute, and soon after president of the same. Adopting the profession of law, he took an active part in politics. In 1859 he represented two counties in the Ohio Legislature, where he soon took a high position as a well-read politician and an eloquent and witty debater. On the breaking out of the Civil War, Mr. Garfield at once identified himself with the interests of the North, and held almost every position in the army from lieutenant to general. During the war he was elected to Congress. His sterling good sense and fine abilities made him very popular, and he was re-elected NATIONAL PERIOD. 389 by a large majority. He was devoted to hard work and close study, and possessed great breadth of thought and soundness of judgment. 3. Assassination of President Garfield. — On the mornmg of July 2d, as the President, with a number of his friends, was at the railroad depot, in Washington City, awaiting the departure of the train for Long Branch he was tired upon and mor- tally wounded by a fanatical crank, named Charles Guiteau {gilj to). The assassin was immediately arrested and taken to prison. This infamous and fiendish attempt to strike down the head of the Govermnent was not the prompting of any political conspiracy, but solely the individual act of a fanatic, who claimed to have been inspired of God ' ' to re- move the President." The announcement of the deed was in less than an hour flashed over the wires to all sections of the Union, and produced intense excitement — similar to that of the assassination of President Lincoln, in 1865. Occurring during a time of peaceful sectional feeling and of unprece- dented prosperity, the event was wholly unexpected and devoid of political motive. Expressions of sym- pathy and of horror at the dastardly act were tele- graphed from all parts of the country, and from all the principal nations of the world. For eleven weeks the President lingered amid the fluctuating hopes and fears of the whole nation. All were intensely interested in the one absorbing topic of the wounded President's condition as re- ported hourly in the published bulletins. Though, 390 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. his correct and strictly temjDerate liabits of life led tlie people to be sanguine of his recovery, yet medical skill was powerless, and on the 19th of SejDtember, at Long Branch, he died.* The entire country M'as draped in the garb of mourning, for the whole peo- ple had learned to love the President for his many noble qualities of head and heart, and to regard him as a true patriot. The day after his death, Vice- President Aethub assumed the Presidency according to custom. 4. Trial and Execution of Gruiteau, the As- sassin. — The murderer of the President was granted a full, fair, and impartial trial, in conformity to the laws of a great and dignified Republic, and in January, 1882, after a thorough investigation as to his sanity, consuming fifty-three days, he was pronounced guilty and sentenced to be hung. A number of experts testified with unanimity that he was sane, and there- fore legally responsible for the shooting of the Presi- dent. On June 30th (1882), the assassin was hanged in the corridor of the United States jail, in Wash- ington city.* An autopsy of Guiteau's brain revealed no manifest disease or evidence of insanity. His body was buried within the jail inclosure, that it might be beyond the reach alike of vengeance or speculation or silly cu- riosity. Guiteau found an unwept sepulture in an unmarked grave. * About two weeks previous to the President's death, liis physicians advised his removal to the sea-shore at Long Branch, in order to escape the malarial air at Washington. His I'cmains were taken to Cleveland, Ohio, for burial. NATIONAL PERIOD. 391 5. Arthur becomes President.— The Govern- ment cannot wisely be left without a head for a single day. At midnight on the 19th of September (less than two hours after President Garfield died) the Cabiner — then at Long Branch — telegraphed Vice- President Arthur to take the oath of the Chief Magis- Chester a. Arthur. tracy. This he very properly did in his own house, before a local judge, in the city of Kew York. On the 21st of September, in the Capitol at Washington, he was again sworn in with the usual ceremonies. The new President requested the Cabinet to hold over until Congress should meet. There was a feeling of depression throughout the country, for the idea was almost universal that the nation had met with an irreparable loss in the death of Garfield. But President Arthur developed fine intellectual qualities, good judgment, and firmness, wud proved himself worthy to occupy the great office. 392 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 6. Chester A. Arthur. — He was born at Fairfield, Vermont, October 5, 1830. Graduating from Union College, Scbenectady, New York, in 1848, he stud- ied law, and, after teaching in an academy in Ver- mont, he was admitted to the bar in the city of New York (1853). In 1861 he was made Quarter- master-General of the New York State Militia. In 1871 he was appointed by General Grant to be Col- lector of the Port of New York — one of the most lucrative offices in the gift of the Government — which he held until 1878. In 1879 he was elected chairman of the Republican State Committee of New York, and had much to do with the success of the campaign. Mr. Arthur was married in 1859 to Miss Hern- don, who died in January, 1881. Vice-President Arthur, during the long illness of President Gar- field, and at the time of his death, deported himself so well that he won the good opinion of nearly all classes of the people. 7. Action of the XLVIIth Congress. — On December 5, 1881, the First (regular) Session of the Forty- seventh Congress opened. President Arthur's first annual message to Congress gave general satisfac- tion. The Senate confirmed his nominations of Frederick T. Frelinghuysen, of New Jersey, as Secretary of State ; J. Bancroft Davis as Assistant Secretary of State; Benjamin H. Brewster, of Pennsylvania, as Attorney General ; Timothy O. Howe, of "Wisconsin, as Postmaster-General ; Hor- ace Gray, as Justice of the United States Supreme Court. NATIONAL PERIOD. 6^6 At this session Congress gave $15,000 to the widow of President Lincoln, and increased her pension to $5000 ; and assigned a pension of $5000 to Mrs. Garfield. The salary of President Garfield, for one year ($50,000), was directed to be paid to Mrs. Garfield. 8. The Mormon Question Revived. — Ever since the settlement of the Mormons in Utah, polygamy has been one of the vexed questions in American poli- tics. The Mormons are the only sect in Christian countries in which this custom is still practiced. But, thus far, laws passed for the suppression of polygamy have proved unavailing ; troops have been sent to crush it out — battles have been fought and won — but without decided results; United States Courts have been powerless where juries could not be found to convict. 9. Edmunds' Anti-Polygamy Bill.— In February, 1882, Senator Edmunds' bill against polygamy was debated in Congress. Speeches for and against the bill were made by prominent Congressmen. After amendment and re-arrangement of its sections, the bill passed both Houses of Congress, and received President Arthur's signature, March 23, 1882.* 10. Proposed Congress of American Nations. — This question, sanctioned by President Garfield during * By many statesmen, it is thought that the best remedy for the troublesome Mormon question would be to take away from Utah its present Territorial Government and govern it by Com- missioners, as the District of Columbia is governed (see page 182) ; then to enforee the anti-polygamy laws and such other laws as Congress should prescribe. 394 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. his brief administration, was again considered in 1882. This was for a Congress of all the Republics of America to assemble at Washington under the patronage of this Government, for the purpose of agreeing on such a basis of arbitration for interna- tional troubles as would obviate all necessity or possibility of war in the Western Hemisphere. Its object also was to promote trade and to form alli- ances suitable to a new and advanced application of the Monroe Doctrine (page 227). The new doc- trine might thrive and acquire great popularity under an administration friendly to it, but Presi- dent Arthur intimated his hostility when first sug- gested to him. The debates in Congress have also been adverse to the question, though it has some warm supporters who may revive it under more favorable auspices. 11. The Star Ronte Scandal.— " Star Routes," or " Star Service," include all the postal routes other than those by railway and steamboat on which the service is performed by contract.* These routes, which were authorized by act of Congress to fur- ther extend the mail facilities and promote the more rapid transmission of the mails, proved to be very popular in the West and South-west. It was alleged that a "ring" was formed, headed by General Brady, one of the-Assistant Postmasters General under General Key, "by which routes were established with the sole view of defrauding ■'■' The term arises from the fact that the printed contract forms are headed with three groups of stars to distinguish tliem from other contracts. NATIONAL PERIOD, 395 the Government — that false bonds were given, and enormous and fraudulent sums paid for little or no service." At the time of the assassination of President Garfield this scandal was at its height. Preparations were made for the prosecution of all charged with the fraud. President Arthur, upon his succession, insisted upon a full prosecution. In March, 1882, the Grand Jury at Washington pre- sented indictments for conspiracy in connection with the Star Route mail service against Brady, Dorsey, and others. The Star Eoute service still continues, the Post- office Department under tlie law having sent out several thousand notifications since to contractors, officially accepting their proposals, and some of these contractors are the same named in the in- dictment mentioned. 12. The Chinese Question A^ain. — The agitation of the prohibition of Chinese itnmigration in California an(i other States and Territories on the Pacific slope had, within the previous nine years, been very great. {See Hayes'' s Administration^ page 384.) There had been some violence and bloodshed. Dennis Kearney led the Workingmen's Party in San Francisco, and Kalloch, an agitator, was elected Mayor. In the Legislature, on the vote for a con- stitutional amendment, it was found that not only the laboring classes, but also nearly all classes in California were opposed to the Chinese, and to their further immigration. The constitutional amendment did not, however, meet the sanction of the higher courts. In 1881-82 a new and more 396 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. radical measure was introduced, prcdiibiting immi- gration to Chinese or coolie laborers for twenty years. After an elaborate debate, the bill passed both Houses of Congress, March 23, 1882. 13. Pendleton's Civil Service Reform Bill.— In Jan- uary, 1883, President Arthur signed the Pendleton Civil Service Reform Bill. This was the most notable law passed in the closing session of the XLVIIth Congress. The basic principles of the bill are fixed tenure in minor places, competitive examinations, and non-partisan selections. (See also Hayes's Administration, jpage 380.) 14. Reduction of Postage. — A law reducing post- age on first-class matter was approved March 3, 1883. It provided that on and after October 1, 1883, all sealed first-class matter which heretofore required three cents for each half ounce or fraction thereof, shall be charged at the rate of two cents for each half ounce or fraction thereof.* 15. The Fitz-Jolin Porter Case. — During the first session of the XLVIIIth Congress, in the early part of 1884, the Fitz-John Porter Bill— reinstating General Porter to his rank in the army — was passed. *In 1885, the rate of letter postage was fixed at two cents for each ounce of weight ; and the postage on newspapers and otlier regular periodicals entered as second-class matter, was reduced to one cent for each pound, instead of two cents per pound as for- merly. This went into effect July 1, 1885. Provision was also made for a special mail delivery of letters, by messengers, within the free-delivery limits of free-delivery offices, and within one mile of the post-office, in towns of 4000 inhabitants, that do not enjoy the free-delivery system. A special ten-cent stamp is re- quired for this special delivery. This went into effect October 1. NATIONAL PERIOD. 397 The case was briefly this : At the time of the sec- ond battle of Bull Run — during the Civil War — General Porter was in command of the Fifth Corps of the Army of the Potomac, under General Pope, and was ordered to advance to the attack, but for some reason he failed to obey the order. For this oflense he was tried by Court Martial, sentenced to be cashiered, and " forever disqualified from hold- ing any ofiice of trust or profit under the Govern- ment of the United States." This verdict was a subject of much controversy. It was alleged that there was sufficient reason for his failure to carry out the command of his superior officer. A bill was presented to Congress from time to time, ask- ing for the reinstatemant of Porter. Congress at last, in March, 1884, passed the bill, but it was ve- toed by President Arthur. The House, however, on July 2d, passed it over his veto, and in 1886 Porter was restored to his army rank. 16. Bismarck and the Lasker Resolutions. — In Jan uary, 1884, Edward Lasker, an eminent German statesman, died at Washington, and Congress passed resolutions of condolence, intended as an expression of sympathy and amity toward Ger- many, the country Lasker officially represented. Through Mr. Sargent, American Minister at Ber- lin, the resolutions were delivered to the German Government. Prince Bismarck, as Chancellor, at the head of the German Reichstag, or Parliament, declined to receive or recognize the resolutions, in- timating that their import was interference with the political affairs of Germany. This course of 398 HISTORY OP THE UNITED STATES. the head of the German Reichstag was regarded in the United States as discourteous, if not insulting; but a compliment to the late Herr Lasker was, it seems, a rebuke to Bismarck, for Lasker was personally and politically the opposer of the German Prince. Hence the rejection of the resolutions. 17. The Morrison Tariff Bill Defeated.— In May; 1884, the Morrison Tariff Bill, which had been undeF discussion in Congress, was defeated. The purpose of the bill was "to reduce all unnecessary taxation," and for ''economical administration of the Government." 18. Civil Government for Alaska. — In May, 1884, Congress passed a bill giving to Alaska a Civil Gov- ernment. The bill provides that the Territory shall constitute a Civil and Judicial District, the temporary seat being at Sitka. The Governor is authorized to enforce all laws enacted for the District, and to be, ex officio, commander-in-chief of the militia, with power to call it out, when necessary, to the due execu- tion of law. The general laws of the State of Oregon are declared to be the laws of the District, so far as the same may be applicable. 19. Presidential Nominations, 1884. — In the Presi- dential campaign of 1884 the tariff was the principal issue, although civil service reform exerted a large in- fluence. The National Anti-Monopolists met in Chi- cago, May 14, and nominated Benjamin F. Butler, of Massachusetts, as their candidate for the Presidency in the ensuing November election. Butler was also nominated by the National Greenback Labor Conven- tion, which met at Indianapolis, May 28th. NATIONAL PERIOD. 399 The National Republican Convention met at Chi- cago, June 3d, and nominated James G. Blaine, of Maine, for President, and John A. Logan, of Illinois, for Vice-President. At the National Convention of the American Pro- hibition party, held at Chicago, June 20th, F. C. Pomeroy, of Kansas, was nominated for President, and J. A. Conant, of Connecticut, for Vice-President. These candidates were afterwards withdrawn in favor of the Prohibition Convention held at Pittsburgh, in July, which nominated John P. St. John, of Kansas, and William Daniel, of Maryland. The Democratic National Convention met at Chi- cago, July 8-11, and nominated Grover Cleveland, of New York, for President, and Thomas A. Hendricks, of Indiana, for Vice-President. 20. Presidential Election of 1884.— The Presiden- tial canvass of 1884 was conducted with more than usual interest and demonstration by the people. Though the rivalry of parties ran high, yet there was little disorder. Partisan conflict, though unrelenting, was, in the main, good humored, and intolerance had no place. The November election resulted in a Democratic victory. Democratic electors were chosen by all the Southern States, and by New York, Indiana, Con- necticut, Delaware, Maryland and New Jersey ; all the other States chose Republican electors. The election of Cleveland was announced by an electoral vote of 219 to 182 for Blaine. The campaign was marked by enthusiastic demon- strations and celebrations by both the leading parties in all the large cities of the country. 400 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. CLEVELAND'S ADMINISTRATION. 1885-1889. 1. Cleveland Inaugurated. — On March 4, 1885, Clevelaud* was inaugurated as the twenty-second Presi- dent. Though the election results bring about a change of executive administration, yet the two great political parties are so nearly balanced that one stands guard over the other, and no great change in any vital question of public policy is likely soon to be brought about. *(Trover Cleveland.— President-elect Cleveland was born in the town of Essex, New Jersey, May 18, 1837. His educa- tional advantages embraced attendance at the common schools and an academy at Clinton, Oneida County, New York. After leaving school he served as clerk in a New York City elee- mosynary institution for a brief season, and then removed to Buffalo, N. Y., where he studied law. In 1859 he was ad- mitted to the bar, passing most creditably a rigid examina- tion. After four years of thorough study and legal experience, he was appointed Assistant District Attorney for the county of Erie, which position he filled for three years. In 1865 he W3S nominated by the Democratic County Convention for Dis- trict Attorney, but was defeated. In 1870 he was elected Sheriff of Erie county, and at the close of that service became a member of the law firm of Bass, Cleveland & Bissell, at once commanding a very lucrative practice. In 1881, Mr. Cleveland was elected Mayor of Buffalo, and, before the ex- piration of his term, was chosen Governor of the Empire State. As Governor of New York, he won the good opinion of the great mass of worthy citizens, irrespective of party, and opposed all venal, hasty, or extravagant legislation. Mr. Cleveland at that time was a bachelor; a man of large stature, and vigorous constitution, and possessed of a nervous, lymphatic temperament, a light complexion, and brown hair, with slight baldness (see p. 407). NATIONAL PERIOD. 401 2, Cleveland's Cabinet. — On March 5th, 1885, President Cleveland nominated as members of his Cabinet the following : Secretary of State, Thomas F. Bayard, of Delaware; Secretary of the Treasury, Daniel Manning, of Xew York; Secretary of War, William C. Endicott, of Massachusetts ; Secretary of Grovee Clevelaxd.* the Navy, William C. Whitney, of Xew York ; Sec- retary of the Interior, L. Q. C. Lamar, of Mississippi; Postmaster-General, William F. Vilas of Wisconsin ; Attorney-General, Augustus H. Garland, of Ar- kansas. In 1887 Daniel Manning resigned on account of ill health, and was succeeded Ijy Charles F. Fairchild as Secretary of the Treasury. * Since Cleveland's second term of office he has lived in a beau- tiful home in Princeton. New Jersey, spending the summers at "Gray Gables," Buzzard's Bay. Mass. He keeps out of public affairs as much as possible, and often enjoys fishing excursions, of which he is very fond. Ilis opinion is often sought by public men, and his utterances are given serious consideration. 402 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 3. Death of General Grant.— On the 23d of July, 1885, after a lingering illness from cancer of the throat, General Ulysses S. Grant died at Mt. McGregor, N. Y., whither he had been conveyed by advice of his physicians. During his affliction the whole country was in sympathy with him, and the daily bulletins of his condition were read by all the people. Memorial services in honor of the dead hero were largely ob- served throughout the country, every city, and nearly every township and village, holding services of some sort. The princij)al nations of Europe, also, observed his demise with appropriate ceremonies. His body being embalmed, lay in state till the 8th of August, when it was consigned to the tomb at Riverside Park, New York, the burial site chosen by his family. His funeral was the grandest pageant ever witnessed in the United States. The obsequies of General Grant far surpassed anything ever seen in New York, and the scenes and incidents will long be remembered. The day was also appropriately cele- brated throughout the country, and in England and other countries of Europe. 4. The Post-oflftce Appropriation Bill.— The Post- office Appropriation Bill, as passed by Congress, went into effect July 1, 1885. It provided for three changes in the postal laws, the first two of which were of great importance. The postage on letters was changed from two cents a half-ounce to two cents an ounce, and on newspapers and periodicals sent from the office of pub- lication, from two cents a pound to one cent a pound. The bill also provided that all cities of 4,000 inhabi- tants and upward shall be furnished with a quick- HISTORY OF THE TNITED STATES. Grant's Tomb. NATIONAL PERIOD. 403 delivery system, for which the postage charged shall be ten cents an ounce. 5. Natural Gas. — Natural Gas, obtained from veins in the earth by wells similar to petroleum wells, became extensively used in and about Pittsburgh, Pa., for il- lumination and fuel. It was successfully substituted for coke and coal i u many of the iron foundries and factories of that region. This gas has also been successfully sought and utilized in New York. Ohio, Indiana and other States. 6. Knights of Labor. — About the beginning of 1886 there came into prominence a new and extensive work- ingmen^s organization, called the ''Knights of Labor.'' It differed from the old trades-unions in that it con- tained laborers engaged in different occupations. It grew rapidly and soon enrolled a very large member- ship. Its officers were vested with autocratic power, and they could easily order strikes by merely sending a "walking delegate" to notify the men to stop work. The organization inaugurated several mammoth strikes, the most important of which begun on March 7, on the Missouri Pacific railway system, which operates 6,000 miles of railroad in the Southwest. It grew out of the dismissal of a few men from the com- pany's employ. In a single day 5,000 workmen vol- untarily quit work, thereby throwing out of employ- ment 3,000 or 4,000 more. The company filled many of the places in a few days, and was able to continue operations, but it was crippled and embarrassed for several weeks. There were many other strikes and "lockouts" throughout the country, among which may be men- 404 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. tioned that of the street-car drivers in New York and Brooklyn, railroad employes on the Lake Shore road, operatives in McCormick's reaper works and union stock-yards of Chicago, carpet-weavers in Philadel- phia, shoe-makers in Lynn and various other towns in Massachusetts and throughout the country. 7. The Haymarket Riot. — These strikes, growing out of labor troubles, led to many riots and other acts of violence, in which property and lives were de- stroyed. The culminating point was reached, how- ever, on the evening of May 4, in what is known as the *' Haymarket Riot" — near tlie corner of Desplaines and Randolph streets, in Chicago — in which seven policemen were killed and sixty others wounded by the explosion of a bomb thrown in their midst by some person or persons in the mob. 8. The Chicago Anarchists. — For a time after the ''Haymarket Riot," the country was excited to fever heat over the threatened reign of Anarchy; but the prompt action of the Chicago officials soon allayed the fears of the country at large and dealt a death blow to Anarchy in America. Although Rudolph Schnau- belt, tiie man supposed to have thrown the bomb, suc- ceeded in making his escape, yet eight of the chief conspirators were caught, tried and convicted. Seven — August Spies, Samuel Fielden, A. R. Parsons, August Fischer, Michael Schwab, George Engel and Louis Lingg — were sentenced to death; and one — Oscar Neebe — was sentenced to fifteen years* impris- onment. Of the seven sentenced to hang, one — Louis Lingg — committed suicide; two — Samuel Fielden and Michael Schwab — were commuted to imprisonment NATIONAL. PERIOD. 405 for life; and four — August Spies, A. R. Parsons, Au- gust Fischer and George Engel — were executed, No- vember 11, 1887. 9. The "Boycott." — The conviction and execution of the Auarchists had a summary effect on riotous demonstrations in strikes, and led the "Knights of Labor" to institute a peculiar phase of warfare called the ^'boycott," by which the "Knights" sought to pro- hibit any traffic whatever with employers with whom they had any disagreement. 10. The Bartholdi Statue.— October 25, 1886, the statue of "Liberty Enlightening the World" was un- veiled on a small island in New York harbor. It was designed and executed by the sculptor, Auguste Bartholdi, and presented by France to the United States. The figure itself is 157J feet iu height, and it rests upon a pedestal 147J feet above sea level. 11. Cyclone in Texas. — A destructive cyclone passed along the Texas coast, 1886, causing the loss of forty- four lives and $5,300,000 worth of property. 12. Earthquake in South Atlantic States. — On the evening of August 31, 1886, occurred the most terrific earthquake known in this country for many years. The shock was felt principally in the South Atlantic States, Charleston being almost destroyed by it. 13. The Presidential Succession Bill. — The Presi- dential Succession Bill, passed by Congress, 1886, provided that, in case of the death or disability of the President, and the vacancy of the Vice-President's office — through death or other cause — the chief mag- istrate's office shall be filled by a member of the Cabi- 406 HISTORY OP^ THE UNITED STATES. net, the Secretary of State being first in the order of succession, then the Secretary of the Treasury, and so on through the Cabinet. 14. The Chatsworth Horror.— On August 11, 1887, occurred one of the most distressing railroad accidents known in this country for years. An excursion train was wrecked near Chatsworth, 111., by running into a burning trestle, in which over 100 lives were lost and nearly 200 others injured. 15. The Dynamite Gun. — An important invention was made this year by Lieutenant Edmund L. Za- linski, which promises to be a revolution in modern warfare. It is called the "dynamite gun," and is operated by compressed air, throwing a dynamite bomb which is exploded by the concussion caused by striking any object. It was officially tested, Septem- ber 20th, and is believed to be capable of destroying the heaviest iron-clad ship at a distance of more than a mile. 16. Deaths of Prominent Men. — Besides the death of the distinguished hero, General Grant, this admin- istration has witnessed the death of an unusually large number of our most distinguished statesmen. Some of the principal ones are General George B. McClel- lan, October 29, 1885 ; Vice-President Thomas A. Hendricks, November 25, 1885 ; General Winfield S. Hancock, February 9, 1886; David Davis, June 26, 1886; Samuel J. Tilden, August 4, 1886; Ex-Presi- dent Chester A. Arthur, November 18, 1886 ; Charles Francis Adams, November 21, 1886 ; John A.Logan, December 26, 1886 ; Henry Ward Beecher, March 8, HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. The Bartholdi Statue. NATIONAL PERIOD. 407 1887 ; William A. Wheeler, June 4, 1887 ; Chief Jus- tice Morrison R. Waite, March 23, 1888 ; and Roscoe Conkling, April 18, 1888. 17. Interstate Commerce Law. — In 1887 was under- taken for the first time the federal regulation of rail- roads, by the enactment of the Interstate Commerce Law. A commission was appointed to enforce its pro- visions, the most important of which was the prohi- bition of lower rates for long distance transportations of freight and passengers than for short distance. 18. The President's Marriage and Tour. — President Cleveland and Miss Frances Folsom, of Buffalo, N. Y., were married at the White House, June 2, 1886. This was the first occasion of the marriage of a Presi- dent at the White House. In October of the follow- ing year the distinguished couple made an extended tour of the West and South, meeting with hearty re- ceptions in all the principal cities of their route. 19. The Fisheries Question.— The New England fishermen who plied their trade along the Nova Scotian and neighboring coasts were greatly annoyed during the season of 1886, and a part of 1887, by the pursuit and seizure of their craft by Canadian authorities,and the imposition of heavy fines for the alleged violation of Canadian revenue and other laws. The question was finally submitted for arbitration to a commission appointed by the United States, Great Britain and Canada, which body met at Washington in November, 1887, and settled the controversy. 20. Action of the XLIXth and Lth Congresses. — Other acts not previously noted were the Oleomar- 408 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. garine law, placing a tax of two cents per pound on domestic manufactured substances known as oleomar- garine, butterine, etc., and a tax of fifteen cents per pound on imported substances of like character, and that all packages containing this substance must be so stamped, and not sold as genuine butter; an act requiring special instruction as to the nature of alco- holic drinks upon the human system, to be taught in the military and naval academies, and in the public schools of the District of Columbia and the Territories ; an act elevating the Bureau of Agriculture to the rank of a Cabinet office. By this the Cabinet offices were increased in number from seven to eight. 21. Presidential Nominations, 1888. — The Presiden- tial campaign of 1888 turned again on the question of the tariff. The National Equal Rights Convention met at Des Moines, May 15, and nominated Belva A. Lockwood, President, and Alfred H. Love, Vice- President. The Union Labor National Convention nominated A. J. Streeter for President, and Charles E. Cuning- ham for Vice-President. The United Labor Convention nominated Robert H. Cowdrey for President, and W. H. T. Wakefield for Vice-President. The National Prohibition Convention nominated Clinton B.Fiske for President, and John A. Brooks for Vice-President. The Democratic National Convention nominated Grover Cleveland for President, and Allen G. Thur- man for Vice-President. The Republican National Convention nominated NATIONAL. PERIOD. 409 Benjamin Harrison for President, and Levi P. Morton for Vice-President. 22. Presidential Election of 1888.— In the Presi- dential canvass of 1888, the main issue between the two great parties was the method of reducing the sur- plus revenue. The Democrats favored a radical reduction, while the Republicans opposed any reduc- tion that would interfere with the protective interests of the country. Party lines were tightly drawn, and it was the most hotly contested election since 1860. Magnificent ovations and demonstrations were made by both parties all over the country. The November election resulted in a sweeping victory for the Repub- licans, Harrison carrying all of the Northern States except New Jersey and Connecticut. HARRISON'S ADMINISTRATION. 1889—1893. 1. Harrison Inaugurated. — On March 4, 1889, Ben- jamin Harrison was inaugurated twenty-third Presi- dent, witnessed by a great concourse of people from all parts of the country.* *Benjamin Harrison. — President Harrison was born at North Bend, Ohio, August 20, 1833. He comes of a historic family that has furnished several distinguished men; his grandfather, William Henry Harrison, won renown as a soldier and statesman, and was the ninth President of the United States, dying in office. President Harrison was educated at Miami University, Oxford, Ohio. On quitting College he com- menced the study of law in Cincinnati, and in 1854 located in Indianapolis, Indiana, and opened a law office. He rose rapidly in his chosen profession, and in 1860 was elected Reporter of the Supreme Court. At the breaking out of the 410 HISTORY OP THE UNITED STATES. 2. Harrison's Cabinet. — The President cliose tlie following as his Cabinet : Secretary of State, James G. Blaine, of Maine ; Secretary of the Treasury, Wm. "Windoin, of Minnesota; Secretary of War, Redfield Proctor, of Vermont ; Secretary of the Navy, B. F. Tracy, of New York ; Attorney-General, W. H. H. Benjamin Harrison. Miller, of Indiana; Postmaster-General, John Wana- maker, of Pennsylvania; Secretary of the Interior, John W. Noble, of Missouri ; Secretary of Agricul- ture, J. M. Rusk, of Wisconsin. war he raised a regiment, the Seventieth Indiana, and was com- missioned its Colonel. He won high honors as a soldier, and for his -bravery and good generalship at the battles of Resaea and Peach Tree Creek was made brigadier-general. He served throughout the war, making a gallant record as a general, and then resumed the practice of law. In 1881 he was elected United States Senator. His six years' service in the Senate gave him a national reputation as one of the ablest men, best lawyers and strongest debaters in that body. At the expiration of his sena- torial term, he again resumed the practice of law. He died at his home in Indianapolis in March, 1901. NATIONAL PERIOD. 411 Two centennials of historical interest to Americans mark the time of this Administration. April 30th, 1889, was the hundredth anniversary of Washington's inauguration, and the year 1892 completed the fourth century since the discovery of A merica. 3. Opening of Oklahoma. — At exactly noon April 22, 1889, the new Territory, organized as Oklahoma, was thrown open to settlement by proclamation of the President. Over 40,000 settlers poured over the boun • daries and rushed in fierce rivalry into the Territory to seize desirable homesteads. No stranger scene was ever witnessed in this or any laud. 4. The Conemaugh Disaster.— May 31, 1889, the most appalling catastrophe ever known in this country occurred ia the valley of the Conemaugh river in Pennsylvania. This was the bursting of the walls of the dam confining the waters of the reservoir known as Conemaugh Lake, and the destruction by the rush of waters down the entire valley of eight towns and villages, besides innumerable farm houses, causing an enormous loss of life and property. 5. The New States. — This administration will be long remembered for the new States admitted. On November 2, 1889, the President signed the bill which added four new stars to our national flag. While with one moment^s writing the States were admitted to- gether, yet they have been numbered thus: Washing- ton, 39th; South Dakota, 40th ,♦ North Dakota, 41st; Montana, 42d; Idaho (July 3, 1890), 43d; Wyoming (July 10, 1890), 44th.* *Washington is the most populous of the new States ad- mitted. Tts territorial government was established in 1853. Its growth at first was slow, but of late years has been rapid, 412 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. Til Wyoming, women are allowed equal suffrage,, guaranteed by a written constitution. South Dakota has a written constitution prohibiting the sale and manufacture of intoxicating drinks — the first of this kind in existence. South Dakota sends two repre- sentatives to Congress, the other States one each. 6. The New South. — The advance made in what is termed the ''New South" has been so rapid that few people, especially at the North, realize it. Vast re- gions that a few years ago were devastated by war now have thriving farms, paying manufactories, and populous cities. Chattanooga, a great railroad center, already has about 50,000 residents, and engages in almost every form of staple manufacture. One may and the State now numbers over 518,103. Its many natnral ad- vantages, — rich soil, location, climate, etc., fit it for the prosecu- tion of many industries. The Dakotas were divided at the time of admission into North Dakota and South Dakota. This great agricultural re- gion was formed into the Territory of Dakota in 1861. It was originally part of the great Louisiana purchase, and until 1868 included what is now a part of the State of Wyoming. Popu- lation of North Dakota, 319,148. Of South Dakota, 401,570. Montana was organized as a territory in 1864. It was a part of the Louisiana purchase and was explored by Lewis and Clark ill 1804-5. The principal industries are mining and stock-raising. Population, 243,329. Idaho was originally a part of Oregon, but was organized as a separate territory in 1863. The principal industries are agricul- ture, grazing, and mining. Population, 161,722. Wyoming was organized as a territory in 1868 from portions of Dakota, Idaho, and Utah. Its chief industries are mining and grazing. It has very fine pine timber and some valuable land. Population, 92,531. NATIONAL PERIOD. 413 now journey in a Pullman car to the very summit of Lookout mountain, where once rival armies contended above the clouds. The obstructions to large vessels have recently been removed from the Tennessee river; this will be of vast benefit to Chattanooga. Agri- culturally, northern Georgia and Alabama have made wonderful strides. There are many important and growing towns, such as Nashville, Knoxville, Hunts- ville, Decatur, Sheffield, Tuscumbia, and Florence. Memphis has recovered from the effects of yellow fever and now has great traffic along the river front, fine business streets, and charming suburbs, and a population of 70,000. Birmingham is a rapidly grow- ing city in the midst of a region of iron and coal de- posits. Mobile is a busy place to which comes down a great freightage from the Tombigbee and the Ala- bama rivers, which is shipped to New Orleans and other places. "We might mention other points, but these are sufficient to show the wonderful business activity of the "New South." 7. Alaska's Government. — Among the bills in- troduced in the United States Senate was one pro- viding for a temporary government in Alaska. It provides for the appointment, by the President, of a Governor, Secretary of State, United States Attorney and Marshal, the election of a legislative council of seven members, of a lower house with thirteen mem- bers, of various courts, and for the election of a delegate to Congress. A census bulletin has just been issued which gives the population as 21,929. Of these the whites number 4,500; the Chinese, 2,125, and the remainder is composed of half- 414 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. breeds, Esquimaux, etc. The exercise of the voting privilege will be found quite difficult, as iu certain districts of the Territory, having an era of over 60,000 square miles, the voters will not exceed 600. Some districts have only one and two voters each. 8. Reciprocity with Brazil. — An agreement has been reached with Bi-azil for reciprocity between that coun- try and the United States in consideration of the ad- mission into the United States of sugars, molasses, coffee, and hides, free of duty. The government of Brazil has authorized the admission into that country, after April 1, 1891, in a similar manner, the following articles : wheat, wheat flour, corn, corn meal, starch, rye, buckwheat, barley, potatoes, beans, peas, hay, oats, pork (salted), fish (salted, dried, and pickled), cotton seed oil, coal, rosin, agricultural implements, mining tools, railway material, etc. Brazil has reduced the duty twenty-five per cent, on numerous other articles, including lard, butter, cheese, canned goods, cotton clothing, manufactured leather, rubber articles, and several others. 9. The Sioux War. — During the latter part of the year 1890, a terrible Indian outbreak took place in the Pine Ridge Agency, in South Dakota. It was known as the Messiah craze. While waiting for their Messiah the Indians were to show their devotion by dancing continuously for five days and nights. Under the leadership of the wily chief. Sitting Bull, the Indians arrayed themselves iu war paint and stocked themselves with anmuiuition. This condition of things alarmed the Government, and General Miles was di- NATIONJLIi PERIOD. 415 rected to end the " Ghost dances." Several bloody engagements took place, the most important of which was the battle of Wounded Knee, in which 30 soldiers and 250 Indians were slain. During the war Sitting Bull and several other chiefs lost their lives, and Captain George D. Wallace and Lieutenant James D. Mann were killed. The Indians were finally subdued by the last of January, 1891. 10. Eleventh Census. — The census taken in 1890 showed the population of the United States, including Alaska, to be 63,000,000 in round numbers. The center of population for the present census year is located at a point in Decatur County, Indiana, a little west of south from Greensburg. As a sequel to the Eleventh Census Congress passed a new apportion- ment act providing for a new basis of representation. The House of Representatives for the next ten years was to consist of 356 members, 11. Work of the List and Llld Congresses. — The most important work of the 51st Congress, which closed March 4, 1891, was the passage of the McKin- ley Tariff Bill. Other acts are the dependent Pen- sion Bill, the Anti-Trust Act, Meat Inspection Bill, Original Package Act, the Act Restricting Immigra- tion, Direct Tax Fund, an act increasing the treas- urer's monthly purchase of silver to 4,500,000 ounces, the Copyright Bill, the Anti-Lottery Bill, the Postal Subsidy Act, and the measure creating nine Courts of Appeals and nine additional U. S. Circuit Judges, having for its purpose the relief of the over-burdened U. S. Supreme Court. Besides these it enacted a 416 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. large number of laws of lesser importance. It has been styled the " Billion Dollar Congress " because of its appropriations. The most important measures passed during the session of the 52d Congress, which expired March 4, 1893, were: (1) An act establishing a national sys- tem of quarantine for the purpose of protecting this country from an invasion of cholera; (2) An act to facilitate the enforcement of the immigration and con- tract labor laws; (3) An act to compel all interstate railroads to adopt automatic car-couplers and brakes; (4) Granting additional aid to the World's Fair. 12. Trouble with Italy.— March 14, 1891, eleven Sicilians were lynched in New Orleans for the murder of the Chief of Police in New Orleans, which had occurred some months previous. They had been tried in the courts, and after the case was decided it was claimed that some of the guilty ones had not been convicted. Thereupon a mob, led on by prominent citizens, broke into the jail and shot to death eleven of tlie Sicilians. The board of trade and other bodies approved the proceedings. It was thought for awhile that tiie aifair would cause international trouble, as two of the mob's victims were unnaturalized, and hence citizens of Italy. There was considerable correspond- ence between Italian and United States officials over the matter. 13. The President's Tour. — Beginning April 14, 1891, President Harrison began a 9,000 mile tour of the South and West. He received a warm welcome by the people everywhere, and congratulations and speech-making were the order of the day. The trip NATIONAL PERIOD. 417 was one long to be remembered by both the President and the people. 14. A Century of Invention. — A remarkable centen- nial had just occurred — that of the United States pat- ent system. Never in the history of the world has there been such activity of inventive genius as during the last century. The principal inventions comprise the application of electricity — the telegraph, the elec- tric light, the telephone, the phonograph; the applica- tion of steam ; the innumerable novelties and improve- ments in machinery ; the invention of sewing machines and type-writers and reapers; the development of the printing press; the multiplication of mechanical and agricultural tools; the perfection of the conveniences of railway travel and traffic ; and the advance in vari- ous manufactures and in other appliances of civiliza- tion. The chief names are those of Evans, Fulton, Morse, Henry, Bigelow, Whitney, Howe, Edison, Bell, Hoe, Ericsson, McCormick, Colt and Remington. 15. Deaths of Prominent Men. — Besides the death of Gen. W. T. Sherman, which occurred Feb. 14, 1891, many other prominent men have passed away : * *1889. Allen Thorndike Rice, editor North American Review and Minister to Russia, May 16; Jefferson Davis, ex-President Southern Confederacy, Dec. 6. 1890. Senator Jas. B. Beck, of Kentucky, May 3; Samuel J. Ran- dall, April 13; Gen. John C. Fremont, first Republican party candidate for the Presidency in 1856, July 13; Eugene Schuyler, author and U. S. Consul-General at Cairo, Egypt, July 18; Judge Samuel F. Miller, Oct. 3; Sitting Bull, the famous Sioux Chief, killed Dec. 15; Major-General Alfred 418 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 16*. Presidential Nominations, 1892. — The presiden- tial campaign of 1892 was remarkable in its freedom from the noise and excitement incident to such times of party strife. There were four parties in the field, as follows : The National Republican Convention nominated Benjamin Harrison for President and Whitelaw Reid for Vice-President. The National Democratic Convention nominated Grover Cleveland for President and Adlai E. Steven- son for Vice-President. Howe Terry, Dec. 16; August Belmont, one of the greatest bankers of the world, Nov. 25; George Bancroft, the noted historian, Oct. 3 ; Gen. Francis Elias Spinner, ex-Treasurer of the U. S., Dec. 31. 1891. Wm. Windom, Secretary of the Treasury, Jan. 29; Admiral David D. Porter, Feb. 13 ; Lawrence Barrett, the widely-known Shakespearean actor, March 20; Dr. Howard Crosby, one of the most noted Presbyterian divines, March 29 ; P. T. Barnum, April 7 ; Alphonso Taft, May 21 ; Rear- Admiral Samuel P. Carter, May 26; Benson J. Lossing, June 3; J. K. Emmett, June 15; Hannibal Hamlin, July 4; James Russell Lowell, Aug. 12; Wm. J. Florence, Nov. 19; Senator Preston B. Plumb, Dec. 20. On March 23 there occurred, in Washington, the funeral of Gen. Joseph E. Johnston, the noted Confederate leader. He died of heart disease, aggravated by a cold received while attending Gen. Sherman's funeral. Gen. Johnston was known in the national capital, and liked by all. 1892. Justice Joseph P. Bradley, Jan. 22; Dr. Noah Porter, March 4; Walt Wnitman, March 26; Cyrus W. Field, July 12; John G. Whittier, Sept. 6; Caroline Scott Harrison, wife of Presi- dent Harrison, in the White House at Washington, Oct. 25. Was buried at Indianapolis the 28th. NATIONAL PERIOD. 419 The National Prohibition Convention nominated John Bidwell for President and J. B. Cranfill for Vice- President. The National People's Party nominated James B. Weaver for President and James G. Field for Vice- President. The issues were the tariff, the money and labor questions, and prohibition. The election was almost a political revolution, ex- President Cleveland being elected by a majority of 382,956 popular, and 132 electoral votes. The Popu- lists also polled a very large vote. CLEVELAND'S SECOND ADMINISTRATION. 1893—1897. 1. Cleveland Inaugnrated. — On the 4th of March, 1893, Grover Cleveland took the oath of office of President the second time, and as the twenty-fourth President. (For biographical sketch see p. 400.) 2. Cleveland's Cabinet. — The President chose the following Cabinet: Secretary of State, Walter Q. Gresham, of Illinois; Secretary of Treasury, John G. Carlisle, of Kentucky; Secretary of War, Daniel S. Lamont, of New York ; Secretary of Navy, Hilary A. Herbert, of Alabama; Secretary of Interior, Hoke Smith, of Georgia ; Postmaster-General, Wilson S. Bis- sell, of New York ; Attorney-General, Richard Olney, of Massachusetts ; Secretary of Agriculture, J. Sterling Morton, of Nebraska. On the death of Secretary Gresham, which occurred May 28, 1895, Attorney-General Olney was chosen to 420 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. fill the vacancy. Mr. Olney's transfer to the depart- ment of State necessitated the selection of a new in- cumbent of the portfolio of Attorney-General. The President's choice fell upon Judge Judson Harmon, of Ohio, who took the oath of office June 11, 1895. 3. The World's Columbian Exposition. — The four hundredth anniversary of the discovery of America by Columbus was celebrated by a naval parade of all nations in N^ew York Harbor, Oct. 12, 1892, and by the World's Fair in Chicago, the grounds and build- ings of which were dedicated by appropriate cere- monies Oct 21, 1892, but were not opened for exhi- bition unti May 1, 1893. This exposition far ex- ceeded all ot^er expositions and world's fairs in the she and architectural beauty of its buildings and landscape gardening, in the number and character of its exhibits in all lines of art and industry and in the multitude of its visitors. There were upon the grounc's one hundred and fifty buildings so artistically arrange! as to produce an eflfect unrivaled by any previous exposition. 1 he cost of the fair proper was twenty-five and one-halt million dollars; adding to this the appropriation ji the general government, the difierent states and foreign nations, the total cost ex- ceeded forty millions. There were over twenty-one million paid admissions from May 1st to Oct. 30th. There was considerable discussion concerning Sunday- closing, but the people settled the question by refus- ing to attend in sufficient numbers on that day to pay expenses, although the gates were open. 4. The Great Financial Panic. — In the sp.ing and summer of 1893 the country experienced an unex- NATIONAIi PERIOD. 421 pected and remarkable panic. Trade in general be- came greatly depressed, credits were largely with- drawn, the money market became stringent to an ex- tent almost hitherto unknown, many banks and com- mercial institutions failed, factories and mills closed down, throwing thousands out of employment and producing impoverishment and distress in all parts of the country, and an era of " hard times " set in. The panic was largely attributed to the operations of what is known as the " Sherman Law," by which the gov- ernment was compelled to purchase four and one-half million ounces of silver every month. President Cleveland sharing also in this eentiraent called an extra session of Congress to meet early in August for the purpose of repealing the purchasing clause of the "Sherman Law." This appeared to give some relief in the way of restoring confidence in the East, but the West was displeased and " hard times'' continued. 5. The Opening of the Cherokee Strip. — On Sept. 16, 1893, 6,000,000 acres of land known as the Chero- kee outlet, in the Indian Territory, were opened for settlement. The usual rush incident to such openings took place, fully 90,000 having gathered at the boun- dary and registered applications for claims, and when the signal was given to enter the stampede was so severe that eight persons were killed and many in- jured. 6. The Pollman Boycott.— In July, 1894, the Ameri- can Railway Union, an organization of railway em- ployes, ordered a general strike on all roads running Pullman cars, resulting in a boycott of the parlor cars and a great conflict between capital and labor. The 422 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. strike extended from Ohio to CalifoiDia, many riots occurred, railroad tracks were torn up in Chicago and cars, freight and property were destroyed. Twenty railroads were "tied up" and about forty thousand employes quit work. The strike became so serious that the President finally sent United States troops to quell the riot. The strike, however, was unsuccessful, and the leaders were fined for obstructing the U. S- mail and inter-state commerce and sentenced to fine and imprisonment. 7. The Political Revolution of 1894.— The state elec- tions of 1894 brought another political revolution, changing the House of Representatives elected in 1892, from 219 Democrats and 127 Republicans to 100 Democrats and 245 Republicans. 8. The Revival of the "Monroe Doctrine."—The dispute between England and Venezuela over the boundary line between the latter and British Guiana, led the Administration to take a bold stand in the defense of the "Monroe Doctrine," which was being disregarded by England. A commission was ap- pointed to investigate the matter, which resulted in the signing of the " Treaty of Arbitration " by Eng- land and the President. The Senate, however, re- fused to ratify the Treaty. 9. Tariff, Income Tax and Bond Issues. — In accord- ance with the principles advocated by President Cleveland and the Democratic party, it became the duty of the Administration to revise the tariff laws. After much debate the Wilson Bill became a law. This law contained as one of its provisions a tax on NATIONAL, PERIOD. 423 all incomes in excess of $5,000. But the U. S. Su- preme Court decided that it was a direct tax and therefore unconstitutional. As a result of this decis- ion the Wilson Bill did not produce sufficient revenue to meet the expenses of the Government, and it be- came necessary to issue bonds to the value of $112,- 000,000. By the issue of bonds and the shortage in revenue the public debt was largely increased. 10. Our New Ships of War.— Within the last few years our Navy has been practically reorganized, and a number of magnificent war ships built and equipped. Many of the vessels in the Navy were simply old, worn-out wooden ships, and it was resolved to replace them with a number of first-class steel vessels. There is now a squadron of war steamers given the names of different cities and States, as the Chicago, Atlanta* Boston, Yorktown, Minneapolis, Oregon, Indiana? Iowa, Columbia, etc. 11. Action of the Lllld and LIVth Congresses.— The 53d Congress was called in extraordinary session Aug. 7,1893. It was a period of exceptional importance in national legislation, the principal measures being: 1. The repeal of the purchasing clause of the Sher- man act by which the monthly purchase of 4,500,000 ounces of silver ceased ; but not until a long and stubbornly contested battle had been waged for 70 days by the friends of silver. 2. An amendment to the Geary Chinese exclusion act of 1892, requiring all resident Chinese to register or leave the country within six months. The most important acts of the regular session were the repeal of the Federal Elec- tion Law, the passage of the famous Wilson Tariff 424 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. Bill with Income Tax Law ; a bill to further suppress lotteries, and au amendment to the Copyright Law. The 54th Congress, which assembled Dec. 2, 1895, revised the Tariff Law, passed the Bond Bills, created the Venezuela Commission, prohibited prize fighting in the District of Columbia and the territories, ap- pointed the Alaska Boundary Commission, the Re- moval of Confederate Disabilities, etc. 12. Admission of Utah.* — January 4, 1896, Presi- dent Cleveland proclaimed the admission of Utah as the 45th State. 13. A Distinguished Visitor. — August 28, 1896, the Chinese Envoy, Li Hung Chang, arrived at New York, on a tour of this country. He was received with distinguished honor in New York, Washington and the various cities through which he passed cross- ing the continent. He departed from this country pleased with his visit and very favorably disposed to- wards its people and institutions. 14. Deaths of Prominent Men. — Besides the deaths of Ex-Pres. R. B. Hayes, Jan. 17, James G. Blaine, *Utah was formed from a jiart of the Mexican purchase of 1848. Was made a territory by the compromise of 1850. First settlement made by the Mormons as early as 1847, and its his- tory has been a history of this people. Its admission to the Union was greatly delayed because of fear of polygamy. It is specially provided as the first requisite of its admission that polygamous marriages shall be forever prohibited. Its chief industries are mining and agriculture. The population is about a quarter of a million. HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 425 Jan. 27, Gen. Peter G. T. Beauregard, Feb. 20, 1893, many distinguished persons have passed away.* 15. Presidential Campaign, 1896. — The Prohibition Party held its Seventh National Convention in Pitts- burg in May, and nominated Joshua Levering, of Mary- land, for President, and Hale Johnson, of Illinois, for Vice-President. The usual platform opposing the *In 1893. Phillips Brooks, Jan. 23d; Benj. F. Butler, Jan. 11th; Lucy Larcom, April 17th; L. Q. C. Lamar, Jan. 23d; Andrew P. Peabody, March 10th ; Edwin Booth, June 7th ; Leland B. Stanford, June 20th; Justice Samuel Blatchford, July 7th. In 1894. Geo. William Childs, Feb. 3d ; David Dudley Field, April 13th; William Walter Phelps, June 20th; William Dwight Whitney, April 22d; Celia Thaxter, Aug. 26th; Oliver Wen- dell Holmes, Oct. 7th; Dr. John Lord, Dec. 15th; Dr. James McCosh, Nov. 16th; Gen. Josiah Porter, Dec. 14th; Dr. W. G. T. Shedd, Nov. 17th ; Prof. David Swing, Oct. 3d ; Robt. C. Winthrop, Nov. 16th. In 1895. Adam Badeau, March 19th ; Dr. John A. Broadus, March 16th; Dr. A. J. Gordon, Feb. 2d; Isaac Pusey Gray, Feb. 14th ; John L. Stevens, Feb. 8th ; James Dwight Dana, April 14th; W. Jennings Demorest, April 9th; Walter Q. Gresham, May 28th; Julius Hawley Seelye, May 12th; Howell E. Jack- son, Aug. 8th; Dr. Geo. F. Root, Aug. 6th; Eugene Field, Nov. 4th; Gen. Wm. Mahone, Oct. 8th ; Dr. Samuel F. Smith, Nov. 16th; Allen G. Thurman, Dec. 12th; Frederick Douglass, Feb. 20th. In 1896. Henry C. Bowen, Feb. 24th; Wm. H. English, Feb. 7th; John Gibbon, Feb. 6th; Edgar Wilson ("Bill") Nye, Feb. 22d; Mrs. Harriet B. Stowe, July 1st. In 1897. Mrs. Henry Ward Beecher, March 8th; Gen. Alfred Pleas- anton, Feb. 17th; Gen. Francis A. Walker, Jan. 5th; Albert Sidney Willis, Jan. 6th. 426 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. liquor traffic was proposed by the majority, but a minority introduced and advocated a free coinage plank, which was rejected. The minority, known as broad-gauge, amounting to nearly one-half the con- vention, withdrew and formed the National (Prohibi- tion) Party, and nominated Charles E. Bentley, of Nebraska, for President, and J. H. Southgate, of N. C, for Vice-President. The Eleventh National Republican Convention met in St. Louis, June 16th, and nominated William McKinley for President and Garrett A. Hobart for Vice-President. The Democratic Party held its Seventeenth National Convention in Chicago, July 17th, and nominated William Jennings Bryan for President and Arthur Sewall for Vice-President. The People's Party met in its Second National Con- vention at St. Louis, July 22d, and nominated the Democratic candidate, Mr. Bryan, for President, and Thos. E. Watson for Vice-President. The National Silver Party met at the same time and place, and en- dorsed the full Democratic ticket — both Bryan and Sewall. The National (Gold) Democratic Convention met in Indianapolis, Sept. 3d, and nominated John M. Palmer for President and Simon B. Buckner for Vice- President. The Socialistic Labor Party held its convention in New York, July 4th, and nominated Thos. I. Match^tt for President and Matthew Maguire for Vice-Presi- dent. The campaign was the most remarkable and hotly- NATIONAL PERIOD. 427 contested one in the history of the nation. Both the old parties — Democratic and Republican — were seri- ously divided over the financial question. Old issues were largely buried, and the great battle was fought upon thequestionof the national currency. The Demo- crats favored the free and unlimited coinage of silver at the ratio of 16 to 1,* and the immediate establish- ment of a bimetallic standard. The Republicans favored the maintenance of the existing gold standard, at least until International Bimetallism might be effected. The result was the largest popular vote, by nearly two millions, ever cast in the country, and McKinley's election by a plurality of 630,745 popular votes and 96 electoral votes over Bryan. McKINLEY'S ADMINISTRATION. 1897—1901. 1. McKinley Inangurated. — On March 4, 1897, Wm. McKinleyf was inaugurated 25th President of the United States in the presence of an immense as- semblage. *Meaning of 16 to 1. — The present silver dollar weighs as much as sixteen gold dollars. The silver dollar weighs 412)^ grains; the gold dollar, 25 8-10 grains. The free coinage of gold and silver at the ratio of 16 to 1 means that whoever brings to the mint 4121-2 grains of silver or 25 8-10 grains of gold shall receive a dollar for it. tWm. McKinley was born in Niles, Ohio, Jan. 29, 1843; re- ceived his education in the public schools, with a short acade- mic course. He also taught school awhile at $25.00 per month. At the age of 18 he entered the army, served 4 years and 1 month, and came out at 22 with the commission of captain and a brevet-major. He studied law and was admitted to the bar in 1867; was made county prosecuting attorney in 428 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 2. McKinley's Cabinet. — President McKinley chose the following as his Cabinet officers : Secretary of State, John Sherman, of Ohio ; Secretary of the Treasury, Lyman J, Gage, of Illinois; Secretary of War, Russell A. Alger, of Michigan; Attorney-Gen- eral, Joseph McKenna, of California; Postmaster- O ' ' William McKinley. General, James A. Gary, of Maryland ; Secretary of the Navy, John D. Long, of Massachusetts ; Secretary of the Interior, Cornelius N. Bliss, of New York; Secretary of Agriculture, James Wilson, of Iowa. This Administration was fortunate in a great revi- val of business prosperity. Exports were larger than ever, and the balance of trade much in our favor. 1869; was elected to Congress in 1876, where he served with distinction about fourteen years, and as chairman of the Ways and Means Committee secured the passage of the McKinley Tariff Bill in 1890, which made him the recognized champion of American manufacturing interests, and opened his way to the Presidency. From 1891 to 1895 he was Governor of Ohio. NATIONAL PERIOD. 429 3. Extra Session of Congress. — The President issued an immediate call for an extra session of Congress, which convened on the 15th of March, 1897, and addressed itself at once to the reform of the tariff law, passing what is known as the Ding- ley Bill, with reciprocity provisions, for the pur- pose of increasing the revenue of the Government, extending protection to American industries and equalizing the trade of the United States with foreign countries exporting certain articles to this country. 4. Alaska Gold Find. — During the past few years the mining of gold in Alaska had been car- ried on to a limited extent and reports of the existence of gold in considerable quantities have reached this country. But recently larger impor- tations and the reports of vast fields containing gold and awaiting development have created great excitement throughout the country. Various companies are being organized looking to the de- velopment of the districts along the Yukon and other rivers and streams, and the work of opening this territory for mining purposes promises at this time to be one of great importance. WAB WITH SPAIN. 5. Causes of the War. — For 70 or 80 years, the rule of Spain in Cuba had been such as to cause distress and uprisings among the inhabitants of 430 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. that island which have always been a cause of ooncern to the United States. And during the recent uprising of the Cubans against the Spanish Government, came a time when American sym- pathy could no longer be held in bounds — when the appeals of so near a neighbor for help and relief from oppression could no longer be endured by a strong free people. The more immediate oc- currences leading to a crisis were the cruel policy of concentration by which the peasantry were driven from their homes and concentrated in villages to starve ; continual reports of suffering without prospect of cessation; speeches of repre- sentative men who went to Cuba to investigate ; the arrest and imprisonment of United States citi- zens suspected of sympathizing with insurgents ; failure of the plan of "Autonomy" or "Home Rule" to improve conditions; and the sinking, on Feb. 15, 1898, of the battleship "Maine," while on a friendly visit in the Havana harbor, by which 206 of her brave crew perished. 6. Demand of the United States. — April 21st, following these events, President McKinley de- manded of Spain in the name of this nation the removal of her troops and relinquishment of her claim upon Cuba. Spain refused even to receive the demand. 7. Preparations for War. — Preparations on a large scale were immediately entered into to en- force the demand made of Spain. The regular NATIONAL PERIOD. 431 army, and militia of all the states were called out, followed by calls for 200,000 volunteers. The navy was strengthened. Admiral Sampson and Commodore Schley were put in command of fleets, and the former sent to enforce the blockade of Cuba which had been proclaimed. 8. Battle of Manila Harbor. — Commodore Dewey, with important ships of the United States navy, was in Asiatic waters. He received orders to destroy the Spanish fleet, then in the same seas, which he did in about three hours' time, May 1st, in Manila harbor off the Philippine Islands, leaving no vestige of the Spanish fleet and without the loss to himself of any life or ship — a naval victory unparalleled in history. Men and stores were at once dispatched to Commodore Dewey, now given the rank of Admiral, and Gen. Merritt was placed in charge of the islands as Governor-General. 9. Expedition Against Santiago de Cuba. — Early in June 15,000 men under Maj. Gen. Shafter were sent to invade Cuba. Landing some distance east of the city, the army attacked the outposts of Santiago de Cuba, an important seaport city of Santiago de Cuba Province. The Spanish soldiery were forced within the city lim- its, and the United States army succeeded in throwing its line around the city. 10. Battle of July 3d.— The Spanish Admiral, Cervera, crossed the Atlantic, and with seven ves- 432 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. sels entered Santiago harbor through a narrow channel where the fleet lay shut in from the sea by high hills, but closely guarded at the opening of the channel by American war ships of Admiral Sampson's fleet. When the city was surrounded by Americans, the Spanish authorities became alarmed for the fleet, and it was ordered to put to sea. As one by one the Spanish vessels passed through the narrow channel and entered the sea, they were attacked and destroyed by the Ameri- cans, and the 4th of July saw Spain w4th practi- cally no navy. 11. Santiago de Cuba Capitulates. — On July 16th, dismayed at the destruction of the fleet, threatened with attack from both land and sea, Gen. Toral surrendered the city, most of the province and about 25,000 Spanish soldiers to the United States forces, on condition that the soldiers be carried to Spain at the expense of the United States. 12. Close of the War. — Immediately after the surrender of Santiago Gen. Miles was sent to re- duce Spanish authority in the island of Porto Rico. In the midst of this campaign, Spain sued for peace, by which she relinquished all rule and authority in America. 13. Issues of the War. — By the terms of the Protocol, and, later, the action of the Peace Com- mission, composed of members appointed by both Spain and the United States, which met in Paris, NATIONAL PERIOD. 433 France, Oct. 1, 1898, Spain relinquished all title to Cuba and Porto Rico, and ceded the Philip- pine Islands to the United States, in consideration of the payment of $20,000,000, by this Govern- ment. Within a short time Spain had withdrawn her armies from these islands and American sov- ereignty had been declared over all, including the island of Guam, the largest of the Ladrone 'Islands, which had also been under the dominion of Spain. The jurisdiction of the United States over Cuba differs from that exercised in the other islands, in that it is temporary, pending the establishment of a government by its people. 14. Annexation of Hawaii. — For three-quarters of a century the subject of the absorption of the Hawaiian Islands by the United States has at dif- ferent times been under discussion, a considera- tion of the subject rising from "the vital interest of the United States in the independent life of the islands and their intimate commercial dependence on this country." After the establishment in 1893 of a provisional government by Ameri- cans in Hawaii, the matter of annexation had been persistently urged upon the United States, by that government. But as it was a question fraught with serious considerations, and new to the mass of our people, it would probably have been left undecided for some time, had not questions arising out of the Spanish War seemed to make immediate action advisable. 434 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. Therefore, on July 6, 1898, the cession of the islands by their government was accepted and rat- ified by the United States, and they became part of its territory.* * The island of Cuba lies directly in front of the broad en- trance to the Gulf of Mexico, distant 130 miles from the coast of Florida. It is a tropical island, having a wet and dry season each year. The soil is of remarkable richness and practically inexhaustible. Discovered by Columbus in 1492, it was at first known by several names, but finally retained the name of Cuba, the designation by which it was known among the natives at the time of discovery. Since 1808 Cuba had been ruled by Governor-Captains-General, appointed by the Spanish government, who were given almost absolute power. Porto Rico, the smallest of four islands known as The Greater Antilles, lies a little south of Cuba, distant from New York about 1,350 miles. It was discovered by Columbus on his second voyage in 1493. The present population is about 800,000. More than 300,000 of the inhabitants are negroes. The Philippine Islands lie east of the Indo-China peninsula, separated from it by the China Sea. The nearest island is 600 miles distant from the coast of Asia. They form a great archipelago a thousand miles in length and 640 miles at its point of greatest width. Its area, including the land surface and the water locked between the islands is estimated to be about 200,000 square miles. The number of these islands is variously estimated at from 408 to 2,000, many of them being only rocky or barren islets. Considerably over half of the land surface is included in the two large islands of Luzon and Mindanao; Luzon, in the north, being 480 miles in length, with an area equal to that of Ohio, and Mindanao in the south, very irregular in form, and about the size of Indi- ana. This archipelago contains more islands than any other in the world. Thej' are so closely packed together that they may be regarded as a single island broken up and inter- sected by innumerable narrow passages of water. They were NATIONAL PERIOD. 435 On April 30, 1900, President McKinley signed the Hawaiian Civil Government Bill, and on May 4th, following, he appointed Sanford B. Dole, formerly president of the Hawaiian Republic, to be Governor of Hawaii, and Henry E. Cooper, formerly minister of foreign affairs for Hawaii, to be Secretary of Hawaii. 15. Work of the LV Congress. — The LV Congress, which expired March 4, 1898, forms an epoch in American history, ranking in impor- tance with the epochs of the Revolution and the Civil War. It declared war against a foreign enemy, ratified the treaty terminating that war, and grappled with many of the problems growing out of the war. It provided a great volunteer discovered by Magellan 29 years after the discovery of America, in his first voyage across the Pacific. Having been sent out by the King of Spain, all the lands he discovered were claimed as Spanish possessions. The Hawaiian Islands lie in the Pacific Ocean, 2,100 miles southwest of San Francisco. They constitute a group, eight in number, of which Hawaii is the largest. They extend northwestwardly from Hawaii to a distance of 400 miles. There are, besides these inhabited islands, some small rocky islets uninhabited. The total area of those which are inhab- ited is 6,545 square miles. The especial commercial value of these islands to the United States is owing to the fact that they are but little removed from the usual routes from San Francisco to China and Japan, and are almost on the direct line of travel between the Pacific coast of the United States and the ports of Mew Zealand and Australia. The Hawaiian Islands were discovered by Captain Cook, an English navigator, in 1778. They were called the Sandwich Islands, in honor of his patron, the Earl of Sandwich. 436 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. army, enlarged the regular army, and expanded the navy to meet war emergencies and new condi- tions. It revised the tariff by enacting the Ding- ley law and the War Revenue act. It provided an issue of bonds ; the war loan, $50,000,000; an- nexed Hawaii, enacted a National Bankruptcy law; appropriated $20,000,000 to pay Spain for the Philippines ; reorganized the personnel of the navy ; created the rank of Admiral for Rear- Admiral Dewey; provided for the taking of the 12th Census, in 1900; and various appropriation bills, amounting to the grand total of $1,566,890,- 016.28 ; and, in addition, appropriations were authorized for future congresses, under the con- tinuing contract system, for battleships, river and harbor improvements, and public buildings, amounting to $70,000,000. 16. The Crisis in tlie Orient. — For many months the situation in China had been one of extreme gravity, which drew the anxious consid- eration of the world. An insurrection known as the "Boxer" troubles had broken out in various places in the Empire, notably at Tien-Tsin, and Peking, which alarmed the civilized world, so terrible and far-reaching were its consequences. Many missionaries and legations were in great peril. The United States acted promptly with the powers in putting down the insurrection, and res- cuing Minister Conger and other Americans long imperiled in Peking. Many American mission- NATIONAL PERIOD, 437 aries lost their lives and much American property was destroyed. Great numbers of the Chinese Christians, when offered their lives if they would declare their disbelief in Jesus Christ, deliberately chose death. 17. The Twelfth Census.— The total population of the United States for 1900 was 76,205,220, of which 74,627,907 were contained in the forty-five States representing approximately tlie population to be used for apportionment purposes. There was a total of 134,158 Indians not taxed. The total popu- lation in 1890, w'ith which the aggregate popula- tion of the present census should be compared was 63,069,756. Taking the 1890 population as a basis, there was a gain in population of 13,225,464 during the previous ten years, representing an increase of nearly 21 per cent. 18. Presidential Campaign, 1900. — Two divis- ions of the People's Party held conventions. The regular organization met at Sioux Falls, S. D , May 9, and nominated William J. Bryan for Pres- ident, and Charles A. Towne for Vice-President. Mr. Towne finally withdrew in favor of Mr. Stevenson. The other division and Anti-Fusion element met at Cincinnati, Ohio, May 9, and nominated Wharton Barker for President and Ignatius Donnelly for Vice-President. The national convention of the Social Demo- cratic Party was held in Indianapolis, Indiana, March 9. It nominated Eugene V. Debs for President, and Job Harriman for Vice-President. The Socialistic Labor Party held its conventiou 438 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. ill New York City, June 2-8. It nominated for President, Joseph F. Maloney, and for Vice-Pres- ident, Valentine Remmel. The Republican National Convention convened in Philadelphia, June 19th, and nominated William McKinley for President, and Theodore Roosevelt for Vice-President. The Democratic National Convention held its sessions in Kansas City, Mo., beginning July 4th. It nominated William Jennings Bryan for President, and Adlai E. Stevenson for Vice-Presi- dent. The National Convention of the Prohibition Party was held in Chicago, Illinois, June 27 and 28, and nominated John G. Woolley for President, and Henry B. Metcalf for Vice-President. On Sept. 5th about 100 volunteer delegates from several States met in New York as repre- sentatives of the "National" Party and nominated for President, Donelson Caffery, and for Vice- President, Archibald M. Howe. The principal issues of the campaign were the money question, trusts and imperialism. The result of the election was a surprise to both par- ties. It was generally expected that the contest would be close. But the victory was overwhelm- ingly for the Republican Party. Out of 447 elec- toral votes McKinley received 292, and Bryan 155, a majority for the Republican candidate of 137. McKinley's popular majority was consider- ably larger than in 1896 when it was 601,854. NATIONAL PERIOD. 439 KcKINLETS AND ROOSEVELT S ADMINISTRATION. 1901- Congress and Our New Territorial Possessions. — Our power and jurisdiction over the islands which we acquired as a result of the war with Spain was a question of the utmost importance which was passed upon by the United States Supreme Court late in the spring of 1901. A case involving this question having come before the court, it handed down a decision that Congress has full power, under the Con- stitution, to enact such legislation as may seem to it advisable in governing our new territorial acquisitions. In the meantime Congress had delegated to the Pres- ident the authority to accord the control of Cuba to the people of Cuba on certain conditions. Of these conditions the two most important were, iirst, that the Cubans should maintain their independence, and second, that the right of the United States must always be conceded, to adopt any necessary measures to pre- serve the independence of Cuba and to protect the life, the property, and the individual liberty of the people in that island. To these conditions the repre- sentatives of the Cuban people hi due time accorded their acceptance. The people in some of the provinces in the Philip- pines being opposed to our domination, carried on an open insurrection during 1899 and 1901, but in the spring of the latter year Aguinaldo, their most impor- tant leader, was captured and was induced to take the 440 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. oath of allegiance to the United States. In an address to his countrymen lie advised them that to resist our authority longer would be useless. Since that time, though fighting of a more or less desultory character has continued, we have succeeded in establishing civil government to a considerable extent in the islands and and have opened many public schools there. The results seem encouraging and point to a permanent peace. The Pan- American Exposition ; The Assassin- ation of President McKinley.— In the spring of 1901 the Pan-American Exposition was opened at Buffalo, New York. It was unlike any other expo- sition ever held in this country for the reason that it was especially designed to indicate the progress made by the nations of North, South, and Central America in agriculture, manufactures, and the arts. Its sole object was to unite all the nations of the American Continent in closer commercial intercourse for their mutual benefit. President McKinley attended the exposition in September and made his kst speech on that occasion. On September 6th, the President gave a public reception at the exposition. Whife holding this reception, he was treacherously shot by a man who came forward to shake hands with him. The assas- sin was an avowed anarchist and his object was to destroy the government by assassinating the Presi- dent. The wickedness of this crime was equaled only by its folly — for our history proves that the murder of the Chief Magistrate of the American NATIONAL PERIOD. 441 Republic cannot overthrow the Republic itself. Mr. McKinley died about a week later (September 14th). The funeral was held at Canton, Ohio (September 19th), and the day was solemnly observed generally throughout the Union. 3. Theodore Roosevelt, the Vice-President, now became President under the provisions of the Con- stitution. He was born in New York City, October 27, 1858. He graduated at Harvard in 1880, and then had a long and varied experience in public life. He served two terms in the State Legislature, was a U. S. Civil Service Commissioner, and President of the Board of Police Commissioners of New York City. In 1897 as Assistant Secretary of the Navy he did good work in promoting the efficiency of our sea forces. When the war with Spain broke out he vol- unteered for active service, and took part in the battle of San Juan as lieutenant-colonel of the famous regi- ment of " Rough Riders. " After the war he became Governor of his native State, and then Yice-President. Roosevelt is a man of great physical as well as mental energy, and is distinguished for his independent char- acter and high political ideals, and in a marked degree has the "courage of his convictions." He is also favorably known as an author, especially in the field of American history. Mr. Roosevelt adopted generally McKinley 's policy and retained his Cabinet without change. 4. Events of His Administration — Free Cuba. On May 29th, 1902, the United States withdrew the last of its troops from Cuba, which assumed complete 442 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. «?W^«-'5Tv'-f-7?,? \;;V, SJ^"' '^. 4 Theodore Roosevelt. NATIONAL PERIOD. 443 control of its own government. In March, 1903, a reciprocity treaty with Cuba was approved by Con- gress and went into operation. 5. The Philippine Islands. — In July, 1902, Con- gress passed a bill establishing a plan of civil govern- ment for the Philippines. This bill provided for a legislature of two Houses, one consisting of the Philip- pine Commission and the other to be an assembly elected by the I'iKpinos. The civil governor, vice- governor, members of the Philippine Commission, and heads of the executive departments are appointed by the President with the consent of the Senate. A large measure of local self-government has been established, and a free-school system put in operation, by which already 200,000 Filipino children are being educated. 6. The Great Coal Strike.— In 1902 the United Mine Workers in the anthracite coal mines of Penn- sylvania asked for an increase of wages and shorter hours and, their demands being refused, inaugurated a strike (May, 1902) which involved 147,000 men and lasted five months, practically closing the mines. So great w^as the distress from the consequent coal famine in the following winter that President Roosevelt sug- gested that the differences be submitted to the arbitra- tion of a commission, appointed by him, and that work in the mines be resumed at once, as before, to sup- ply the urgent needs of the suffering people, but that in the meantime the miners sliould be entitled to any increase of wages or other pecuniary advantage that the commission might award them, to be paid when 444 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES, the decison was announced. This plan was agl'eed to and the strike ended. As a partial relief Congress suspended the duty on imported coal for one year. 7. Isthmian Canal. — By treaty with Great Britain, the Clayton-Buhver treaty was revoked, and the right was given to the United States to build an Isthmian Canal, and to manage and protect it, but all nations were to be entitled to use it both in peace and in war. At first it was proposed to adopt the Nicaragua route, but when the Panama Canal Company offered to sell its franchise and property to the United States for $4:0,000,000, the greater advantages of this route caused its selection, and Congress authorized the Presi- dent to make the purchase and to acquire from Colum- bia certain territorial rights along the waterway. In 1903 Columbia by treaty gave the United States permanent control of a six-mile strip across the Isth- mus of Panama for $10,000,000 and an annual rental of $250,000. 8. Department of Commerce and Labor. — An act of Congress passed in February, 1902, added to the President's Cabinet a Secretary of Commerce and Labor to preside over the Department of Commerce and Labor. The duty of this new department is to foster, promote and develop foreign and domestic commerce, the mining, manufacturing, shipping and fishing industries, the labor interests, and the trans- portation facilities of the United States. 9. Other Acts of Congress. — Laws regulating trusts were passed. A civil government was provided for the Philippines and $3,000,000 dollars were NATIONAL PERIOI). 445 voted for the relief of tlie inhabitants who were suf- fering from scanty harvests. Congress also passed a new Immigration act under which anarchists are for- bidden to enter the United States, and enacted an Irrigation law for reclaiming desert lands in certain parts of the country west of the Mississippi, and also renewed the Chinese Exclusion Act. 4-i6 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. ANALYTIC SYNOPSIS. GENERAL REVIEW OF SECTION V. XIII. EVENTS FROM 1865 TO 1881, 1. Johnson's Administration. 2. Grant's Administration. 3. Hayes's Administration. Amnesty Proclamation, The Thirteenth Amendment, The Civil Rights Bill, The Fenians, The Atlantic Cable, The Freedmen's Bureau Bill, Nebraska Admitted, Purchase of Alaska, Mexico and France, The Tenure of Office Bill, Impeachment Trial, Treaty with China, Seceded States Re-admitted, Fourteenth Amendment, Indian War. The Pacific Railroad, Fifteenth Amendment, The Census of 1870, The Alabama Difficulty, Great Fire in Chicago, San Domingo, Great Fire in Boston, North-western Boundary, Tlie Modoc War, C'nMlil Mol.ilier, Tlic Financial Panic of 1873, The Year of Epidemics, Troubles with Spain, Visit of Alexis, Troubles in Louisiana, Kalakaua's Visit, The (;uster Slaughter, Colorado Admitted, The Centenidal Exhibition, Visit of Dom Pedro. The Electoral Tribunal, Troubles in Louisiana, Troubles in South Carolina, Civil Service Reform, Railroad Strikers, War with Indians of Idaho, Murphy Temperance Movement, The Bland Silver Bill, Yellow Fever Epidemic, General Grant's Tour, The Chinese Question, Negro Exodus, Ute Indian Troubles, The Census of 1880. NATIONAL PERIOD. U7 GENERAL REVIEW OF SECTION V (Continued). EVENTS FROM 1881 TO 1902. 4. Garfield's Administration. 5. Cleveland's Administration. Administration. Election and Inauguration, James A. Gaifleld, Assassination of President Garfield. Trial and Execution of Guiteau, the Assassin, Artiiur becomes President, Chester A. Artliur, Action of tlie XLVIIth Congress, The Mormon (Question Revived, Edmund's Anti-Polygamy Bill, Proposed Congress of American Na- tions, The Star Route Scandal, The Chinese Question again, Pendleton's Civil Service Reform Bill, Reduction of Postage, • The Fitz-John Porter Case, Bismarcli and the Lasker Resolutions, The Morrison Tariff Bill defeated, Civil Government for Alaska, Presidential Nominations, 1884, Presidential Election of 1884. Cleveland Inaugurated, Cleveland's Cabinet, Death of General Grant, The Post-Offlce Appropriation Bill, Natural Gas, Knights of Labor. The Haj'market Riot, The Chicago Anarchists, The " Boycott," The Bartholdi Statue, Cyclone in Texas, Earthquake in South Atlantic States, The Presidential Succession Bill, The Chatsworth Horror, The Dynamite Gun, Deaths of Prominent Men, Interstate Commerce Law, The President's Marriage and Tour, The Fisheries Question, Action of the XLIXth and Lth Con- Harrison Inaugurated, Hai-rison's Cabinet, Opening of Oklahoma. The Conemaugh Disaster, The New States, The New South, Alaska's Government, Reciprocity with Brazil, The Sioux War, Eleventh Census, Work of the List and Llld Congresses, Trouble with Italy, The President's Tour, A Century of Invention, Deaths of Prominent Men, Presidential Nominations, 1892. 448 HISTOKY OF THE UNITED STATES. GENERAL REVIEW OF SECTION V {Concluded). EVENTS FROM 1881 7. Cleveland's Administration. TO 1904. 8. McKinley's Administration. 9. McKinley's Roosevelt's Administration. Cleveland Inaugurated, Cleveland''s Cabinet, The World's Columbian Exposition, The Great Financial Panic, The Opening of the Cherokee Strip, The Pullman Boycott. The Political Revolution of 1894, The Revival of the " Monroe Doctrine," Tariff, Income Tax and Bond Issues, Our New Ships of War, Action of the Lllld and LIVth Con- gresses, Admission of Utah, A Distinguished Visitor, Deaths of Prominent Men, Presidential Campaign, 1896. McKinley Inaugurated, McKinley's Cabinet, Extra Session of Congress, Alaska Gold Find, War with Spain, Causes of the War, Demand of the United States, Preparations for War,' Battle of Manila Harbor, Expedition against Santiago de Cuba, Battle of July 3d, Santiago de Cuba Capitulates, Close of the War, Issues of the War, Annexation of Hawaii, Work of the LVth Congress, The Crisis in the Orient, The Twelfth Census, . Presidential Campaign, 1900. ' Election and Inauguration. Congress and Our New Territorial Poa- The Pan-American Exposition. .\s8as8iuation of President McKinley. Death of President (Sept. 14th). Vice-President Theodore Roosevelt be comes President, Louisiana Put chase Exposition. Annexation of the Philippines, Porto Rico, and Guam. Cuban Republic established. Venezuelan Question. Alaskan Boundary settled. Purchase of Panama Canal. NATIONAL PERIOD. 449 RECAPITULATION. CHRONOLOGY OF EVENTS RECORDED IN SECTION V. (national period.) 1865. Freedmen's Bureau Bill passed, March. 1865. President Lincoln assassinated by John Wilkes Booth, April 14th. 1865. Andrew Johnson, Vice-President, became President, April 15th. 1865. Amnesty Prockimation issued by President Johnson, May 29th. 1865. Thirteenth Amendment passed by Congress, December 18th. 1866. Civil Rights Bill passed by Congress, April 9. 1866. Atlantic Cable successfully laid, June. 186 " Fenians invaded Canada, but were suppressed by the United States, June. 1867. Freedmen's Bureau Bill amended and con- tinued, July. 1867. Nebraska admitted as the thirty-seventh State, March 1st. 1867. Tenure-of-Office Bill passed, March. 1867. Alaska purchased by the United States, April. 1867. Maximilian shot by the Liberals in Mexico, June 16th. 1867. Reconstruction Act passed over the Presi- dent's veto. 1868. Impeachment Trial of President Johnson ended in his acquittal, March 23d. 1868. All the Seceded States re-admitted. 450 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 1868. Full Pardon and Amnesty granted to all without exception, July 4th. 1868. Fourteenth Amendment passed by Congress, July 28th. 1868. Indian War suppressed in the southwest. 1868. Important Treaty made with China, 1869. Grant inaugurated eighteenth President, March 4th. 1869. Pacific Railroad completed and opened, May 10th. 1869. Edwin M. Stanton died, December. 1870. Fifteenth Amendment adopted, March 30th. 1870. The 9th census taken— population 38,587,000. 1870. Robert E. Lee, General George H. Thomas, and Admiral Farragut died. 1871. San Domingo applied for admission, but was refused. 1871. Great Fire destroyed a large portion of Chi- cago, October 8th and 9th. 1872. William H. Seward, Prof. Morse, Horace Greeley, and General Meade died. 1872. Credit Mobilier affair investigated. 1872. The Alabama difficulty settled. 1872. Alexis, Grand Duke of Russia, visited the United States. 1872. Northwestern Boundary settled, October. 1872. A great fire broke out in Boston, November 9th. 1872. Grant re-elected President, November. 1873. Great Financial Panic in the United States. 1873. Modoc Indians subdued, June. 1873. Cholera, Small Pox, Epizootic, and Yellow Fever, in the United States. NATIONAL PERIOD. 451 1873. Cuban Filibusters of the Virginius executed in Cuba. 1873. Chief-Justice Chase died. 1873-74. Kellogg-McEnery Troubles aflaicted Lou- isiana. 1874. Senator Charles Sumner died. 1875. Andrew Johnson, John C. Breckinridge, and Henry Wilson died. 1875. Kalakaua, king of the Sandwich Islands vis- ited the United States. 1876. Great Centennial Exhibition opened at Phil- adelphia, May 10th. 1876. Colorado admitted as the thirty-eighth State, August Ist. 1876. General Custer's command slaughtered by the Sioux, July. 1876. Dom Pedro, Emperor of Brazil, visited the United States. 1876. Great Centennial Exhibition closed, Novem- ber 10th. 1876. Sioux defeated in the Big Horn Mountains, November. 1876. Presidential Election contested, November and December. 1877. Nicholls-Packard troubles afflicted Louisiana. 1877. Electoral Tribunal awarded the Presidency to Hayes and Wheeler, February. 1877. Hayes and Wheeler inaugurated, March 5th. 1877. General Grant started on his tour around the world. May 1st. 1877. Hampton-Chamberlain trouble afflicted South Carolina. 452 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 1877. Railroad Employes strike for higher wages. 1877. War with the Nez Perces Indians, of Idaho. 1877-78. Murphy Temperance Movement flour- ished. 1878. Electric Light first applied by Edison. 1878. Bland Silver Bill passed by Congress, Febru- ary 21st. 1878. Yellow Fever Epidemic raged in the South, summer and fall. 1878. "William Cullen Bryant, poet and journalist, died, June 12. 1879. Yellow Fever again afflicted the South, espe- cially the city of Memphis, summer. 1879. General Grant returned from his tour around the world, September. 1879. President Hayes vetoed the Chinese Immi- gration Bill. 1879. Negro Exodus from some of the Southern States to the North, autumn. 1879. Ute Indians subdued, autumn. 1880. The Tenth Census taken, June. 1880. Presidential Election, James A. Garfield, Re- publican, elected twentieth President. 1881. Garfield inaugurated by grand civic and mili- tary display, March 4th. 1881. President Garfield assassinated (July 2d) by Charles Guiteau. 1881. Death of President Garfield (September 19tli). Vice-President Chester A. Arthur takes oath less than two hours after. 1881. First (regular) Session of the Forty-seventh Congress opened (December 5, 1881). NATIONAL PERIOD. 453 1882. The Mormon Question. Anti-Polygamy Bill. 1882. Proposed Congress of American Nations. 1882. The Star Koute Scandal. 1882. Bill passed prohibiting emigration of Chinese. 1883. Pendleton Civil Service Reform Bill. 1883. Bill passed for Reduction of Postage. 1884. The Fitz-Jolm Porter Case. 1884. Bismarck and the Lasker Resolutions. 1884. Morrison Tariff Bill Defeated. 1884. Bill for a Civil Government to Alaska passed. 1884. Presidential Nominations. Election. 1885. Grover Cleveland inaugurated. 1885. Death of General Grant. 1885. Post-office Appropriation Bill (July 1st). 1886. Strikes throughout the country. Haymarket Riot. The Chicago Anarchist troubles, 1886. The Presidential Succession Bill passed. 1887. Federal Regulation of Railroads by the enact- ment of the Interstate Commerce State Law. ] 887. The Fisheries Question. 1888. Presidential Nominations. Election. 1889. Benjamin Harrison Inaugurated. 1889. Opening of Oklahoma. 1889. North Dakota, South Dakota, Montana, and AVashington admitted. 1890. Reciprocity with Brazil. Eleventh Census. 1890. Idaho and Wyoming admitted, 1892. Presidential Nominations. Election. 1893. Grover Cleveland inaugurated. 1893. World's Columbian Exposition (May 1st). 1893. Financial Panic. Opening of Cherokee Strip. 454 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 1894. Kevival of the "Monroe Doctrine." 1894. Wilson Bill becomes a law. 1896. Utah admitted. Presidential Campaign. 189Y. William McKinlej inaugurated. 1897. Dinglej Bill passed. 1898. Destruction of our battle-ship "Maine" in Havana Harbor (February 15th). 1898. Spain refuses to relinquish claims upon Cuba. 1898. War. Battle of Manila Harbor (May 1st). 1898. Expedition against Santiago de Cuba (June). 1898. Spanish Fleet destroyed at Santiago. 1898. Santiago de Cuba capitulates (July 16th). 1898. Peace Commission meets at Paris (Oct. 1st). 1898. Annexation of Hawaii, the Philippines, Porto Pico, and Guam. 1900. Twelfth Census. Presidential Election. 1901. Congress and our Kew Territorial Possessions. 1901. The Pan-American Exposition. 1901. President McKinley shot by assassin Sept. 6th ; died Sept. 14. 1901. Theodore Roosevelt inaugurated. 1902. First President of Cuba inaugurated. 1903. Venezuela Question. 1904. Alaskan boundary settled. 1904. Purchase of the Panama Canal. ORIGIN OF THE NAMES OF THE STATES— REVIEWED. The various States derived their names as follows : Maine means the main-land. New Hampshire, from the county of Hampshire, England. Vermont, from two French words, verd and mont, meaning 'Green Mountains." NATIONAL PERIOD. 455 Massachusetts, from an Indian word meaning " The ■place oj great hills." Rhode Island, from the Island of Rhodes, in the Mediterranean eea, Connecticut, from an Indian word signifying "Long River." New York, in honor of the Duke of York, Enghind. New Jersey, in honor of the governor of Jersey Island, coast of France. Delaware, in honor of Lord Delaware. Pennsylvania, from Penn and sylvia, meaning "Penn's Woods." Maryland, in honor of Queen Henrietta Maria. Virginia, in honor of Elizabeth, the "Virgin Queen." North Carolina, "I In honor of Charles II. of England. South Carolina, / Charles, in Latin, is Carolus. Georgia, in honor of George II. of England. Florida, a Spanish word, meaning "Blooming." Alabama, an Indian word, meaning "Here we Rest." Mississippi, an Indian word, meaning "Great Father of Waters." Louisiana, in honor of Louis XIV. of France. Texas, origin donbtful, but supposed to be a Mexican word. Arkansas, from the name of a tribe of Indians. Missouri, an Indian word, meaning "Mtiddy Waters." Tennessee, an Indian word, meaning "River with a Great Bend." Kentucky, an Indian word, meaning" Dark and Bloody Ground." Indiana, an Indian word, meaning "Indian Ground." Illinois, an Indian word, meaning "River of Men." Ohio, an Indian word, meaning "Beautiful River." Michigan, an Indian word, meaning ''Great Lakes." Wisconsin, an Indian word, meaning "Gathering of Waters." Iowa, an Indian word, meaning "Drowsy 0«es." Minnesota, an Indian word, meaning "Cloudy Water." Kansas, an Indian word, meaning "Smoky Water." Nebraska, an Indian word, meaning " Water Valley." Nevada, a Spanish word, meaning "Snow Covered." California, n character in an old Spanish romance. West Virginia, from Virginia proper. Oregon, from the Spanish Oregano, wild marjoram. Colorado, a Spanish word of doubtful meaning. 450 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. POPULAR NAMES OF THE STATES. The popular names of the States of the American Union are as follows : Maine — The " Pine Tree " State, the " Border " State. New Hampshire— the "Granite" State. Vermont —the " Green Mountain " State. Massachusetts— the " Bay " State. Rhode Island—" Little Rhody." Connecticut— the " Land of Steady Habits," the " Nutmeg-" State. New York — the " Empire " State. New Jersey— the "Clam" State. Delaware — the " Blue Hen's Chicken," the " Diamond " State. Pennsylvania — the " Keystone " State. Maryland — the " Oyster " State. Virginia — the " Old Dominion." North Carolina — the " Old North " State, the " Turpentine *' State. South Carolina — the '' Palmetto " State. Georgia— the " Buzzard " State. Florida — the " Peninsula " State. Alabama — the " Lizard " State. Mississippi— the " Bayou " State. Louisiana — the " Creole" State. Texas— the " Lone Star " State. Arkansas — the " Bear " State. Missouri — the " Pike " State. Tennessee— the " Big Bender " State. Kentucky— the " Corn-Cracker," the " Blue Grass " State. Indiana — the " Hoosier " State. Illinois — the "Sucker," the "Prairie" State. Ohio— the " Buckeye" State. Michigan— the " Wolverine," the " Lake " State. Wisconsin — the " Badger " State. Iowa — the " Hawkeye " State. Minnesota — the "Gopher" State. Kansas — the " Garden of the West." Nebraska— the " Bug Eating " State. NATIONAL PERIOD. 45' Nkvada — the "Mining" State. California— the "Golden" State. West Vikginia— part of the " Old Dominion." Oregon— the " State of Hard Cases." Colorado — the " Centennial " State, the " Silver " State. MOTTOES OF THE STATES. United States — E Plunhus Unum, " Out of Many, one." Alabama — Has no motto. Arkansas — Regnant populi, " The people rule." California— £'Mre/;a, "I have found it." Colorado — Nil sine numine, " Nothing can be done without tivine aid." Connecticut — Qui transtulil suhtinel, "He who brought us ovei sustains us." Delaware — " Liberty and Independence." Florida — " In God we trust." Georgia — " Wisdom, Justice, and Moderation." Illinois — " State Sovereignty, National Union." Indiana — Has no motto. Iowa - "Our liberties we prize, our rights we will maintain." Kansas — Adastra per aspera, " To the stars through difficulties." Kentucky — " United we stand, divided we fall." Louisiana — " Justice, Union, and Confidence." Maine— Diw^o, "I direct." Maryland — Cresdte et muUiplicamhii, " Increase and multiply." Massachusetts — Ense petit placidam sub libertaie quietem, " By the sword she seeks placid rest in liberty," or " Conquers a peace." Michigan — Tuebor, and. Si quveris peninsulam. amcenam circum- s/)i"ce, " I will defend"; "If you seek a pleasant peninsula, look around you." Minnesota— L'E^otfe da Nord, " The Star of the North." Missouri — Salus populi suprema lex esto, " Let the welfare of tho people be the supreme law." Mississippi— Has no motto. Nebraska—" Equality before the law." New Hampshire — Has no motto. New Jersey — " Liberty and Independence." 458 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. New York — Excelsior, " Higher." North Carolina — Has no motto. Nevada — Volens et polens, " Willing and Able." Ohio — Imperium in imperio, "An empire in an empire." Oregon — Alis volal propriis, "She flies with her own wings.' Pennsylvania—" Virtue, Liberty and Independence." Rhode Island—" Hope." South Carolina — Animis opibusque parati, " Ready in will and deed." i, Tennessee — "Agriculture, Commerce." ■ Texas— Has no motto. Vermont— " Freedom and Unity." Virginia — Sic semper tyrannis, " So always with tyrants." West Virginia — Montani semper liberi, " Mountaineers are al ways freemen." Wisconsin — " Forward." ADMISSION OF THE STATES— REVIEWED. Besides the Thirteen Original States: Vermont was admitted as the 14th State, March 4, 1791. Kentucky was admitted as the 15th State, June 1, 1792. Tennessee was admitted as the 16th State, .June 1, 1796. Ohio was admitted as the 17th State, February 19, 1803. Louisiana was admitted as the 18th State, April 8, 1812. Indiana was admitted as the 19th State, December 11, 1816. Mississippi was admitted as the 20th State, December 10, 1817 Illinois was admitted as the 21st State, December 3, 1818. Alabama was admitted at the 22d State, December 14, 1819. Maine was admitted as the 23d State, March lo, 1820. Missouri was admitted as the 24th State, August 10, 1821. Arkansas was admitted as the 25th State, June 15, 1836. Michigan was admitted as the 26th State, January 26, 1837. Florida was admitted as the 27th State, March 3, 1845. Texas was admitted as the 28th State, December 27, 1845. Iowa was admitted as the 29th State, December 28, 1846. Wisconsin was admitted as the 30th State, May 29, 1848. California was admitted as the 31st Slate, September 9, 1850 Minnesota was admitted as the 32d State, May 11, 1868. NATIONAL PERIOD, 459 Oregon was admitted as the 38rd State, February 14, ]859. Kansas was admitted as the 84th State, January 29, 1861. West Virginia was admitted as the 35th State, June 30, 1863 Nevada was admitted as the 36th State, Ootober 31, 1864. Nebraska was admitted as the 37th State, March ],'l867.* Colorado was admitted as the 38th State, August l', 1876. North Dakota was admitted as the 39th State, Nov. 2, 1889. South Dakota was admitted as the 40th State, Nov. 2, 1889.' Montana was admitted as the 41st State, Nov. 8, 1889. Washington was admitted as the 42d State, Nov. 11, 1889. Idaho was admitted as the 43d State, July 3, 1890. Wyoming was admitted as the 44th State, July 11, 1890. Utah was admitted as the 45th State, January 4, 1896. EMINENT AMERICAN INVENTORS. The following are the names of some of the most eminent inventors of the United States, with the year in which the inventions were successfully applied : Benjamin Franklin, inventor of the Lighlinmg-rod 1752 John Fitch first applied steam power to navigation 1787 Eli Whitney, inventor of the Cotton Gin I793 Thomas Blanchard, inventor of the Tuck Machine 1806 Robert Fulton, inventor of the Steamboat , 1807 Jethro Wood, inventor of the Modem cast-iron Plow 1819 Ross Winans, inventor of the R. R. Passenger Car 1828 Samuel F. B. jMorse, inventor of the Electric Telegraph 1837 Charles Goodyear, inventor of Vulcanized Rubber...- 1839 Elias Howe, inventor of the Sewing Machine 1843 Thomas H. Barlow, inventor of the Planetarium 1845 Cyrus H. McCormick, inventor of the Harvesting Machine 1845 James Lyall, inventor of the Positive-motion Loom 1868 James B. Eads, originator and constructor of the great steel bridge over the Mississippi at St, Louis... 1867 and of the jetties below New Orlean.s 1876/ Prof. Graham Bell, inventor of the Telephone 1877 Thomas A. Edison, / In^e"tor of the Talking Phonograph 1877 t- Electric Light 1878 T. W. Tobin, the inventor of the Sine-Pendulum 1878 400 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. AMERICANS EMINENT IN LITERATURE AND ART. The following are the names of some Americana distinguished in literature and art: Benjamin Franklin, literary, political, and scientific writer. Jonathan Edwards, metaphysician. Noah Webster and Joseph E. Worcester, lexicographers. Bowditch, Rittenhouse, Loomis, and Davies, mathematicians, Louis Agassiz, Alex. Wilson, and the Audubon.s, naturalists. Irving, novelist, historian, and biographer. Cooper, Brown, Hawthorne, Feniiiiore, and Arthur, novelists. Prescott, Bancroft, Motley, Headley, Sparks, Lossing, and Hil- dreth, historians. Freneau, Bryant, Longfellow, Willis, Lowell, Emerson, Holmes, Whittier, Halleck, Poe, and Dana, poets. Powers, Greenough, Hart, Story, and Harriet Hosmer, aoulptors. Copley, West, Stuart, Trumbull, Vanderlyn. Allaton, Peale; and Sully, painters. W^illiam Cullen Bryant, Horace Greeley, James Gordon Ben- nett, Sr., and George D. Prentice, journalists. Webster, Clay, Hayne, Everett, Calhoun, Prentiss, and Sumner, orators. Charles F. Browne, P. B. Shillaber, H. W. Shaw, Samuel L. Clemens, and D. R. Locke, humorists. GENERAL QUESTIONS AND DIRECTIONS. What States were admitted during Washington's Administra tion? — During Jefierson's Administration? — Madison's Ad- ministration ? — Monroe's? — Jackson's? — Tyler's? — Polk's? — Fillmore's ? — Buchanan's ? — Lincoln's ? — Johnston's ? — Grant's ? — Harrison's ? — Cleveland's ? Name the Adminis- trations during which no States were admitted. Name all the Presidents of the United States, in the order of their succession. How many and which of them served two terms each? Which of them died while in office? Bj whom were they, respectively, succeeded in office? y\TI01^AL PERIOD. 4C1 3 Wlinl addition was mnde to the Union during Jefferson's Ad- ministration? — What during Madison's? — What during Monroe's?— What during Jackson's?— What during Tyler'6? —During Polk's?— During Fillmore's?— During Bucbair- an's? — During Lincoln's? — During Johnson's? — During Grant's ? — During McKinley's ? 4. What three ex-President« died on the 4th of July ? 5. What territory has the United States acquired by purchase ? — By conquest? — By annexation? 6. What Vice-Presidents were afterwards elected Presidents? 7. Which is the longer, the Atlantic Cable or the Pacific Rail- road ? 8. What father and son were Presidents? 9. In whose Administration was the largest number of States ad- mitted to the Union? 10. What five ex-Presidents died in the decade between 1860 and 1870? 11. How long did each ol the five great wars last : (1) the French and Indian War; (2) the Revolutionary War; (3) the War of 1812; (4) the Mexican War; and (5) the Civil War? 12. State the cause or causes of each of these wars. 13. Name the principal battles of each. 14. Name the Presidents and Vice-Presidents in chronological order. 15 How many Presidents were Virginians? — How many wera Ohioans? State to what party each President belonged. On what issue was Polk elected President? 16. WMiat States were named from mountain ranges ? — How many and what States were named from their principal nvers? 17. How did Harrison gain his popularity ?— Taylor ? 18. For how many years has tJie United States been involved in war? 19. What President was impeached ? 20. What President vetoed the measures of the party which electe-140 141-152 Arnold's treason 150 Arnold's depredations 154 Art, Americans in 404 Arthur, T. S 404 Arthur, Chester A 387 Articles of Confederation..l44-156-157 Asiatic cholera 234—373 Assembly, first»colonial 56 Assistance, writs of (note) 114 Associate Justices 175 Astor, John Jacob (note) 288 Astoria (Oregon) founded 288 Atlanta, capture of ...,„ 333 Atlanta burned 336 Atlantic, route across the 36 Atlantic, mystery about the 19 Atlantic Cable, telegraphic ^. 359 Atlantic Cables, number of 360 Attornev-O'cneral, office of« 174 Austin, Stephen F 236 Azore Islands, the 18 (note) 197 (i) INDEX. Bacon's Rebellion 57 Biihama Islands 20 Bainbridge, Captain 198 Baird, Professor (note) 259 Baker. Colonel 304 Balboa 2;i Ball's Bluff, battle of 304 Baltimore, Lord 78 Baltimore, battle of 204—205 Baltimore monument '205 Bancroft (historian) 404 Bank, First National 209 Bank of the United States 209— 2:?9 Bank bill, national 'iU; Banks, General 314-816—323-331 Banner, Star Spangled 137—205 Baptist Church, first 106 Barbary pirates 189 Barclay, Commodore 202 Barlow, Thomas H 403 Barlow, Joel '210 Barre, Colonel 116 Barron, Commodore (note) 189 Battles of Colonial Wars(reviewed) 104 Battles of Revolution (reviewed).. 1.59 Battles of War of 1812 (reviewed).. 210 Battles of Mexican VVar(reviewcd) 261 Battles of Civil War (reviewed).... 341 Baum, Colonel 138 Beaufort, N. C, captured 308 Beauregard, General 292—300—309 Bee, General (note) 301 Beh rings Strait 14 Bell, John '289 Bell, Prof. Graham 403 Belmont, battle of 305 Bennet, Jas. Gordon (Journalist).. 404 Bennington, battle of 138 Bergen, N. J., settled 76 Berkeley, Governor 58 Big Bethel, battle of 300 Big Black River Bridge, battle of 323 Biloxi, Miss., settled „ 229 Black Hawk War 234 Black Kettle (chief).. 363 Blair, General F. P 363 Blanchard, Thomas 403 Bland Silver Bill, the 383 Blennerhassett Island (note) 190 Blockade, the 304 Blythe, Captain (note) 202 Bonaparte, Napoleon (note), 185— 18S-194 Bon Homme Richard 148 Boone, Daniel (note) 183 Booneville, battle of„ .306 Booth, John Wilkes 354 Boston founded 63 Boston News Letter 102 Boston Port Bill 114 Boston Massacre 114 Boston Common 114 Boston Tea Party 115 Boston, siege of 126 Boston evacuated 126 Boston, great fire in 370 Boundarv of U. S. (1783) 155 Boundary of U. S. (179.5) ISO Boundary of U. S. (184'2) (note) 260 Boundary of U. S. (1847) 259 Boundary of U. S. (1872) 371 Bowditch (mathematician) 404 Bowie, James (note) 237 Bowling Green, N. Y 129 Boxer and Enterprise, the 202 Braddock's Defeat 94 Bragg, Gen'l ....318-3'20— .328— 329— 330 Brandt and Butler 146 Brand v wine, battle of 138 Brattleboro', Vt., settled (note) ... 121 Breckinridge, John C 285 (note) 289—374 Breed's Hill fortified 123 Broke, Captain 201 Brown College founded 103 Brown, General 201— '204 Brown, Charles Brockden (novel- ist) 210-404 Brown, C. F. (humorist) 404 Brown's raid, John '286 Bryant, Wm. Cullen .383 Buccaneers, the (note) 223 Buchanan, James 285 Buckuer, General S. B 309 Buell, General 318 Buena Vi.sta, Battle of 254 Bull Run, first battle of 300 Bull Run, second battle of 316 Bunker Hill, battle of 12.3—125 Bunker Hill monument (note) 125 Burgoyne, John H 137— 1;{8 Burgoyne's surrender 140 Burgoyne's surrender, effects of.. 142 Burliimton, Iowa, .settled 250 Burnside, Gen. (note) .30^—319 Burr, Aaron 187—190 Burrows, Lieut 202 Butler and Brandt 146 Butler, General B. F, 30r'— 337 Cabal, the Conway 143 Cabinet, President's 175 Cabinet, Washington's 177 Cable, Atlantic telegraphic 359 Cables, number of (note) .%0 Cabot, John and Sebastian 12 Calhoun, John C •223—231—232—2/6 California settled '27? California admitted../. 274 California conquered 253 California, gold found in 260 California, origin of name 275 Calvert, Cecil 78 (;amden, battle of 149 Campbell, Colonel 152 Canada ceded to England 100 (/'anada invaded by Americans.... 125 Canby, General 33&— 373 Canal, the Erie 226 ('anal de Haro 371 Canary Islands 19—36 Cape Breton captured 90 (.'apitol building burned 204 (harden. Captain (note) 197 Carnifex Fcrrv, battle of 306 ("arolinas settled 80 ('arolinas separated 80 CaroUuas, origin of name,.......~. 80 INDEX Caroline (steamer) 243 Carrick's Ford, battle of 306 Carroll, Charles (note) 128—240 Uary, Samuel F 378 Carson City, Nevada, settled 336 Cass, (Jeneral Lewis 272 Castle William 114 Carteret Colony 80 Cartier, James 30 Catholics 78—79 Cedar Creek, battle of 334 Cedar Mountain, battleof 316 Census of 1870 365 Census of 1880 386 Centennial Exhibition 376—377 Cerro Gordo, battle of 256 Chad's Ford, battle of 138 Chamberlain, Governor 380 Chambers, B. J 387 Chambersburg, Va., burned 334 Champe, Sergeant 154 Champlain, enterprise of 31 Champlain, battle on lake 205 Champion Hill, battle of 323 Chancellorsville, battle of 324 Channing, William E 210 Chantilly, battle of • 316 Chapultepec, battle of 266 Charles II., of England (note). ..6.5— 80 Charleston, S. C, founded 80 Charleston Convention 290 Charleston, siege of (1780) 148 (Jharleston, attack on 327 Charleston, fall of (186.5) 328 Charter defined (note) 54 (Charter government 104 Charter Oak, the 70 Chase, Chief-Justice 374 Chatham, Lord 95—116 Chattanooga, battle of 329 Cherokees, removal of the 2a5 Cherry Valley, massacre of 146 Chesapeake, "frigate (note) 194 Chesapeake, capture of the 201 Chicago, great fire in 368 Chickamauga, battle of 328 Chief- Justice, office of 175 China, treaty with .363 Chinese question, the 384 Chippewa, battle of 204 Cholera, Asiatic 234-.373 Christiati CJommissions 3.57 Chrysler's Field, battle„of (note).. 204 Churubu.sco, battle of 256 Cincinnati founded 190 Circuit Court 176 Circumnavigation of the globe.... 24 Civil Rights Bill 3.58 Civil Service Reform- 380 Civil War, causes of 290 Civil War ended 340 Civil War, cost of the 3,56 Civil War, buttles (reviewed) .341 Clarenden, Lord 80 Clay, Henry. ...226— 228— 231-23.5— 251 -27.5—278 Clavborne's Rebellion 79 Clemens, Samuel (humorist) 401 Clermont, the 192 Clinton, George 394 Clinton, Sir Henry...l27-138-142-144 —151 Cold Harbor, battleof 333 Colfax, Schuyler 363 Coligny, Bishop (note) 30 Colleges in America (1763) 103 Colonial Government 103 Colonial habits and customs 102 Colonial Assembly, first 56 Colonial Wars (reviewed) 104 Colonization Society, the 225 Colonization, causes and objects of 82 Colonies, the thirteen English 50 (Colorado settled 374 Colorado admitted 374 Colorado, origin of name 374 Colored troops, the 324 Columbia (America) 22 Columbia College founded 103 Columbia, District of 181 Cohimbia River explored 191 Columbus, Christopher 17—18—19 —20—21—22 (Columbus. Bartholomew (note)... 18 Columbus, Kv., taken 309 Commerce (1763) 102 Commercial corporations . 103 Commercial men, objects of 17 Compass, Mariner's 16 Compromise, the Missouri 227—274 Compromise of 1833 2;i5 Compromise, the Omnibus 275 Concord, Mass., battleof 119 Confederation, Articles of 144 —156-157 Confederate flag 297 Confederate invasion of Ky 318 (Confederate States, the 290 Confederate privateers 306—333 Confederates, determination of... 306 t;onfederacy. Southern 298 Congress, first Continental 118 (Congress, second Continental 122 Congress, representation in. ..158— 174 Congress, the two Houses of 174 Congress, when it meets 174 (Congress, the frigate 311 Connecticut settled 68 Connecticut, origin of name 68 Conspiracy of Burr 190 Conspiracy of Pontiac 100 Conscription Act, the 326 Constitution adopted 1,57 Constitution first written 56 Constitution (the frigate) 197—198 Constitutional Unionists 289 Continent discovered, the 21—32 Continental Congress 118—122 Continental money 150 (."ontreras, capture of 256 ("onvention, Hartford 206 Convention, Charleston 290 Conwiy Cabal, the 143 Cookt and (Company, Jay 372 (hooper, Peter 378 (Jooj)er (novelist) 404 Copley (painter) 404 IV INDEX. Corinth yielded 310 Corinth, battle of 319 Cornwallis, Lord 132-l:i5— 131^:— 148 -149-152—153—155 , Cornwallis. surrender of 154 ("orporation, commercial 10'> j Corlez, Fernando 24—25—26—27 Cotton-Gin invented l!S2 (Council for New England 60 Court, the Supreme 175 Courts, Inferior 175 Cowpens, battle of the 152 Credit Mobilier, the 370 Creek Indians, the 201 ("ritteuden. General 30S ("roekett, Davy 237 Croghan, Major 200 Crook, General 376 Cross Kevs, battle of 314 Crown Point 98—122 Crystal Palace, the 2S2 Cuba ■20—22—276—282 Cuban Filibusters 276—282 Cumberland, the ship 311 Curtis, General 310 Custer Massacre, the 375—376 D ACRES, C'aptain, Dade's Massacre Dakota, territory of (note) Dale, Sir Thomas Dallas, battle of Dalton, battle of Dana (poet) Danbury, Conn., burned Dark and Bloody Ground, the (note) .". Darieu, isthmus of Dartmouth College founded... Davis, Jeflerson 239— 'J Day, first printer in America, (note) Dean, Silas Dearborn, General Debt, the national Decatur. Commodore-. ..189— 197- Declaration of Independence Declaration of Independence. signers of (note) Declaration of Rights (note) Delaware, Lord Delaware settled Delaware, origin of name Democrats 180— -•2:5— -224— 229- — 250— 280— 2.84- 285— 369— 378- Detroit founded Detroit surrendered De Ayllon D'Estaing, Count De Gourge.s De Kalb, Baron 139 (note) De Leon, Ponce De Monts De Narvaez De Russv, fort De Soto Dieskau J>iawiddie, Governor Discoverers and Explorers (re- viewed) 40 District of Columbia 181 Domestic animals introduced (note) 26 Dom Pedro II., visit of 377 Donelson, fort 307—308 Dorr's Rebellion 247 Douglas, Stephen A. (note)....283— 289 Downie, Commodore 205 Drake, Sir Francis 24 (note) 34 (note) 35 Drauesville. battle of 306 Dred Scott Decision, the 286 Duke of York 74 Du Quesne. fort 93—94—95 Dupont. .\dmiral 328 Dnstan. Mrs. (note) 87 Dutch discoveries 37 — 41 Dutch explorations, extent of 40 Dnuh introduce negro slavery... 56 Dutch East India Company 3« Dutch West India Companv 73 Dutch War 74 Eads, James B 403 Early's raid. General 'S:U East India Company, Dutch :i8 East Indies, route to tiie 17 Edison, Thomas A 403 Education (1763) 103 Edward, fort (note) 97—140 Edward YI (note) 33 Edwards, Jonathan 404 Election, Presidential, time of holding (note) 175 Electors, Presidential 175 Electoral Tribunal, the 378 Electric Lamp invented 403 Eliot, .John 64 Elizjibelh, Queen 34 Emancipation Proclamation. . 317— ^324 Embargo Act 207 Emerson (poet) 404 Emigration westward (1783) 158 Endicott. John 63 (note) 69 England, second war with, results 207 English discoveries 32 English explorers (reviewed) 41 Enslish possessions, extent of 40 English, William H 387 Enterprise and Boxer 202 Epidemics, year of 373 Epizootic distemper 373 Erickson. Lief 15 Ericson, Captain John (note) 312 Erie, battle on lake 202 Erie Canal 226 Esquimaux, the 33—34 Espejo (note) 39 Essex, sloop of war 197 Eutaw Springs, battle of 154 Evans, General 304 Evarts. William H 377 Everett. Edward 404 Executive Power, the 174 Exhibition, Centennial 376—377 Exodus, negro 385 Explorations, Arctic 282 INDEX. Exploring Expedition, Wilkes's .. 247 Exploring Expedition of Lewis and Clarke 191 Explorations and discoveries (re- viewed) 39—40 Fabius, the American 132—136 Fabius, the Roman (note) 132 P'air Oaks, battle of 314 Fair, the World's 282 Farragut, Commodore D. G...310— 335 —374 Federal Republic, a 173 Federal Republic, branches of a.. 274 Federalist Party, tlie 157—180 Fenians, the 359 Ferdinand and Isabella 19 Ferguson, Colonel 152 Field, Cyrus W 359 Filibusters, Cuban 276—282—373 Fillmore, Millard 272—274—285 Financial Affairs (1789). 177 Financial Panic (1837) 243 Financial Panic (1857) (note) 285 Financial Panic (1873) 372 Fire arms among Mexicans, effect of 25 Fire in Boston, great 370 Fire in Chicago, great 368 Fire in New York 238 First American newspaper 102 First Indian War 57 First college in America 103 First Continental Congress 118 First English settlement 50 First law-making body in Amer- ica '. 56 First settlement in America 29 First steamboat in America 192 First steamboat on western wa- ters 192 First steamer to cross Atlantic (note) 192 First steam locomotive in Amer- ica 232 First national bank in America.... 209 First telegraph 248 First written constitution in America 56 First shot in Civil War (note) 290 Yisher, fort, taken 336 Fisher's Hill, battle of 334 Fitch, John (note) 192 Flag, the National 1S7 Flag, the Confederate 297 Flags, the rival 297 Florida discovered 23 Florida settled 29 Florida, origin of name 23 Florida ceded to England 99 Florida ceded back to Spain 1.55 Florida ceded to United States 226 Florida admitted 2.50 Foote.Commodore A. H..308(note) 309 Foreign Relations (1796) 180 Forrest's raid 331 Fort Staiiwix 110 Fort Edward 97—140 Fort Moultrie, British repulsed at 127 Fort Loudon, Tenn., settled 183 Fort Orange settled 73 Fort Necessity taken 93 Fort Sumter 293—294—295 Fort Meigs, siege of 200 Fort George, battle of 200 Fort Stephenson, attack on 200 Fort Mimms, massacre at 201 Fort McHenry, bombardment of.. 205 Fort Snelling settled 288 P'ort Astoria settled 288 Fort Monroe 299 Fort Henry 307— 31'8 FortDonelson 307— 3US Fort McAllister taken 33G Fort Macon (note) 30» Fort Pillow (note) 309—310—332 Fort Fisher taken 336 Fort Morgan taken 335 Fort Gaines taken 335 Fort Ticonderoga 94—98—121—138 Fort Stevens, attack on 334 Fort Pickens 294 Fort Maiden 199—200 FortDe Russy 331 Fort Wagner captured 328 France, difficulties with 185—361 France, Americans seek aid of.... 135 Franklin, Benj....(note) 113 (note) 122 (note) 134 Franklin, Sir John 282 Frazer, General (note) 142 Frazier's Farm, battle of 315 Fredericksburg, battle of 319 Frederic II. of Prussia (note) 132 Free Schools (1763) 103 Free-Soil Party 272—281—284 Free Trade and Sailors' Rights.... 207 Free-Masonry introduced 232 Freedmen's Bureau Bill .358 Fremont, John C. (note).253— 285— 314 French in America 30—85 French colony, first 30 French explorers (reviewed) 4i French possessions, extent of 39 French Revolution 180 French and Indian War 91—100 French and Indian War, results of 100 French fleet, the 144—146 Frenchtown, battle of 198 Freneau, Philip 209—240 Friends, or Quakers 64—76 Frobisher, Martin 33 Frolic, brig 197 Fugitive .Slave Law 27.5 Fulton, Robert 192 Gadsden Purchase, the 281 Gage, General 114—116-118-130 Gaines, Fort, taken 335 Gaines's Mill, battle 315 Garfield, James A....307— 387— 388— 389 Garfield, attempted assas-si nation of 389 Gaspee affair, the (note) 115 Gates, General 141-149 (Jcnet, Mr. (note) iVo George, Fort 20U •VI INDEX. George, battle of lake 97 Georgia settled 81 Georgia, kind of settlers (note).... 81 Georgia, origin of the name 81 George III , King 81-122—129 Germantown, battle of 139 Gerry, Elbridge.r 394 Getty.sburg, battle of 325 Ghent, treaty of 206 Gibbs, General 207 Gibraltar of America 90 Gila River, the 281 Gilbert, Sir Humphrey 34 Gillmore, General 328 Goffe, the regicide (note) 65 Gold discovered in California 260 Goldsborough, Commodore (note) 308 Gonzales, battle of 236 Good Hope, cape, discovered (note) 17 Goodyear, Charles 403 Gorges settled Maine 67 Gosnold's voyage 36 Government, Colonial 103 Government, Royal 104 Government, Charter 104 Government, Proprietary 103 Government, Commercial 103 Government of United States 173 Government of United States or- ganized 157 Government of District of Colum- bia 182 GovernraentSeatsof UnitedStates 181 Government of the Territories . .... 159 Grains, edible, introduced (note) 35 Grand model, Locke'3 80 Grand Gulf evacuated 323 Grant, General 308—309—310—319 —320—321—322—323^329—331—332 —339—363—369—384 Great Eastern, the 359 Great Meadows, battle of 93 Greeley, Horace 369 Green Mountain Boys 121 Greenback Party, the 387 Greenbacks first issued 322 Green Bay, Wis., settled 260 Greenongh (sculptor) 404 Grenville, Sir Richard (note) 34 Grijalvah 34 Grinnell, Henry 282 Ground, Dark and Bloody, the, (note) 183 Guanahani, discovery of 20 Guatimozin 26 Guerriere, frigate 197 Guiteau, Charles J 389 Haines's Bluff, battle of 321 Hale, Captain Nathan 132 Hale, John P 281 Hale, Sir Matthew (note) 66 Halleck (historian) 404 Halleck, General 316 Hamilton, Alexander 157—177—190 Hamilton-Burr duel 190 Hamlin, Hannibal 2S0 Hampden-Sidney college 103 Hampton, General Wade 380 Hancock, John (note) ....128—130 Hancock, General W. S 313—387 Hanover Court House 315 Harmar, General 178 Harper's Ferry seized 297—317 Harrison, General...l94— 200— 203— 241 —244 Harrison's Victory 203 Harrison's Landing 315 Harrodsburg, Ky., settled..... 183 Hart (sculptor) 404 Hartford Convention 206 Hartford founded 68 Harvard College founded 103 Harvesting machine invented 403 Hatteras Inlet 305—308 Hawkins, trader (note) 35 Hawthorne (novelist) 404 Hayes, Rutherford B 378—379—385 Hazen, General 320 Headley (historian) 404 Helena, Arkansas, settled 241 Hendricks, Thomas A 378 Henrietta, Maria 78 Henry, Patrick : 116—117 Henry, Professor Joseph (note) ... 259 Henry, capture of fort 308 Henrv, William, fort, massacre of 97 Henry VII. of England (note)... 18— 32 —(note)— 33 Hessians, the 127—133—138 Hickman, Kentucky, occupied.... 331 Hieroglvphics, Mexican 25 Hildreth (historian) 404 Kill, General 315 Historians (American) 404 Historical Society, Mass. (note).... 128 Hobson, General 327 Holly Springs seized .320 Holmes, O. W 404 Hood, General 334—338 Hook, Paulus, capture of 147 Hooker, General 324—325—329 Hopkins, Stephen (note) 128 Hornet, capture of the 199 Horse Shoe Bend, battle of 201 Horses introduced into America (note) 28 Hosmer, Harriet (sculptor) 404 House of Representatives 174 Houston, General Sam 2.37 Howard, General 382 Howe, General 124—126—130—135 —137 Howe, Elias 247 Howe, Admiral „ 130 Hudson, Henry 37—38 Hudson River and Bay discov- ered 38 Huguenots, the 28—29 (note) .30 (note) 80 Hull's surrender. General Wm.... 195 Hull, Captain Isaac 197 Humorists, American 404 Hutchinson, Mrs. Ann 63 Iceland , Idaho Territory Idaho, Indian War with . INDEX. Illinois settled 227 Illinois admitted 227 Illinois, origin of name 227 Immigration (1763) 101 Immigration (1815-1848) 225 Immigration (1880) 386 Impeachment Trial, the 361 Impressment of seamen 194 Inauguration, Presidential (note) 378 Independence, Declaration of 127 Independence in North Carolina (note) 129 Independence recognized by for- eign powers (note) 143 Independent Greenback Party 387 Indiana settled 209 Indiana admitted 209 Indiana, origin of name 209 Indians, whence they came 13 Indians, occupations of the 15 Indians, character of the 15 Indians, government of the 15 Indian, origin of the name 20 Indian boys, how trained 15 Indians of Northwest Territory... 178 Indian weapons used 15 Indians, the Creek 201 Indians in Revolution ;.. 127 Indians, the Cherokee 235 Indians, the Seminole 226—238 Indians, the Pequod 69 Indians, the Ute 385 Indians, the Sioux 322—363 Indians, the Nez Perces ,381 Indians, kidnappers of the 27 Indian War, first (1622) 57 Indian War, second (1644) 57 Indian War, Pequod 69 Indian War, Philip's 65 Indian War, French and Indian... 91 —100 Indian War (1763), Pontiac's 100 Indian War (1791) 178 Indian War (1811) 194 Indian War (1837) 238 Indian War 1862) 322 Indian War (1868) 363 Indian War (1872) 372 Indian War (1876) 375 Indian War (1877) 381 Indian War (1879) 385 Indian Territory 235 Indian Policy 191 India Company, East 38 India Company, West 73 India Rubber, vulcanized 403 Indies, route to the East 17 Ingraham, Captain (note) 281 Institution, Smithsonian 257 Inter-Colonial Wars 85—88—90—91 Interior, office of Secretary of the 174 —272 International exchange (note) 259 Intolerance, religious 63—79 Inventions and Inventors, Amer- ican 403 Iowa settled 250 Iowa admitted 250 Iowa, origin of.name 250 Irving, Washington 404. Isabella and Ferdinand 19 Island No. 10 309 Isthmus of Panama or Darien...l2 — 23 Isthmus of Suez 17—23 luka, battle of 319 Jack, Captain 372 Jackson, Andrew 201—207—226—232 —233-235—239 Jackson "Stonewall " 301—314—325 —315—316—317 Jackson, battle at 323 James I. of England 51 James II. of England 74—85 Jamestown, settlement of 50 Jamestown, government of 52 Jamestown settlers, character of.. 51 Jamestown, immigration at 53 Jamestown, second charter of 54 Jamestown, third charter of 55 Jamestown, first assembly at 56 Jamestown wives for settlers ,56 Jamestown at present (note) 50 Jameson, Colonel 151 Japan, treaty with 283—287 Japanese visitors 287 Jasper, Sergeant 127—147 Java, frigate 198 Jay, John 157—180 Jefferson, Thomas (note) 128—157 —158—177—184—187—188—232 Jefferson, author of the Declara- tion (note) 128 Jersey Prison Ship (note) 131 Jensey, settlement of 76 Jesuit Missionaries 32—92 Jesus, Society of 32 Jetties, the Mississippi 403 Johnson, Colonel R. M 203—242 Johnson, Sir William (note) 99 Johnson, Andrew...338— 355— 359— 361 —374 Johnson, impeachment trial of... 361 Johnston, General J. E...300— 314— 330 —334 Johnston, General A. S...307— 309— 310 Joint High Commission 361 Jones, Captain 197 Jones. Paul 148 Joseph (chief) ,382 Joy, John (note)... 118 Journalists, American 404 Judicial Power, the 175 Justice, office of Chief 175 Justices, Associate 175 Kalakaua's, King, visit 374 Kane, Elisha Kent 282 Kansas .settled 288 Kansas admitted 288 Kansas, origin of name 288 Kansas, civil war in 284 Kuusas-Ncbraska Hill 283 Kiiskiiskia, 111., sctllcd 227 Kcanicv, (icncral SIciilicn 254 KcniMuxc iinil Alabama 333 Kellogg, WilliiimP « 373 Keaesaw Mountain, battle of 333 INDEX. Kentucky settled 183 Kentucky admitted 183 Kentucky, origin of name 183 Key, Francis S '205 Kidd, Robert, Captain 75 Kilv)atrick, Colonel (note) 325 King Philip's War 65 King William's War 85 King (ieorge's War 90 King's Mountain, battle of 152 King, William R 281—394 Know-Nothing Party, the 284 Knox, General 177 Knoxville, Tenn., settled 184 Knoxville, Tenn., battle of (note) 330 Kosciusko, Thaddeus (note) 139 Kossuth, Louis '277 Koszta, Martin (note) 281 Labrador Discovered 32 La Fayette, Marquis de 139—226 La Insurgente, ship (note) 186 La Salle, explorations of 31—92 La Vengeance frigate (note) l.M'i Lake George, battle of 97 Lake Erie, battle on 202 Lake Champlain, battle on '205 Laudouniere 30 Lawrence, Captain James 199 — 201 Lee, Arthur 135 Lee, General Charles 145 Lee, Major 148 Lee, " Light Horse Harry" 148 Lee, Richard Henry (note) 127 Lee, General R. E...314— 315— 316— 317 31 9—325—332—333—334—339—340 Lee's Invasion of Maryland 317 Legislative power, the 174 Leisler, Captain 75 Leopard, the ship (note) 194 Lewis and Clark's expeaition 191 Lexington, Ky., settled 183 Lexington, battle of 119 Liberia colonized 226 Liberty, Sons of (note) 115 Lightning-rod invented (note) 113 Lincoln, General 146—148 Lincoln, Abraham 239-288—289 290—293—296—304—338—354 Lincoln, ertect of his election 290 Lincoln re-elected 338 Lincoln assassinated 354 Literature, Americans in 404 Little Belt, the sloop 195 Little Turtle (chief) (note) 178 Locke, laws of SO Locke, D. R. (humorist) 404 London Company, the 51 — 54 Longfellow, Henry W. (poet) 404 Long Island, battle of 130 Long Island, effect of the battle.. 133 Longstreet. General .315—328 Lookout Mountain, battle of .329 Loom, positive motion invented. 403 Lopez, filibuster 277 Ixisslng (historian) 401 liOSt Mountain, battle of.. 33:! Loudon (Tenn.) Fort, settled 184 Louis XIV. of France 32 i Louisiana, Territory of 188 Louisiana purchased 188 Louisiana, extent of 189—209 Louisiana settled 209 Louisiana admitted 209 Louisiana, origin of name 32 — 209 Louisiana, troubles in 37.3—380 Louisville, Ky., founded 183 Lowell (poet) 404 Lundy's Lane, battle of 204 Lyall, James 403 Lyman, General 97 Lyon, General 305 Macedonian, frigate 197 Mackinaw, fort, taken 100—196 Macon, fort, Uken 308 Madison, James 157—193—198—241 Madison re-elected 198 Madoc (note) 16 Magellan, voyage of 24 Magnetic Telegraph '248—359 Maine scitled 67—227 Maine admitted 227 .Maine, jiavt of Massachusetts 67 Maine, origin of name 227 Maiden, fort 199-200 Malvern Hill, battle of 315 Manassas Junction, battle of 300 Manhattan discovered 38 Manhattan purchased 73 Manhattan settled 73 Manhattan taken by English 74 Mode of Life (1763) 102 Manufactures (1763) K)2 Marcv, William L. (note) 281 Marietta, Ohio, .settled 190 Mariner's Compass 16 Marion, General Francis 149 Marquette, explorations of 31—92 Marshall, John 210—241 Marshall. Colonel Humphrey 307 Maryland settled 78 Maryland, origin of name 78 Maryland, religious trouble in 79 Mason, Captain John 69 Mason, J. M 305 Mason and Dixon's Line 79 Mason and Gorges 67 Masonry, Free, introduced 232 Massasoit, treaty with 62 Massachusetts Bay Colony 63 Massachusetts, towns of 63 Massachusetts, royal charter of 63 Massachusetts, religious intoler- ance ill 63 Massachusetts joins the New Eng- land Union 69 Massacre at Fort William Henry.. 97 Massacre, the Boston 114 Massacre, the Wyoming 145 Massacre at Cherry Valley 146 Massacre at Schenectadv 86 Massacre at Fort Minims 201 .Massacre at the Raisin 199 Massacre at Mier 238 Massacre of Dade's men 2.39 Massacre of Custer's men 376 Mather, Cotton (note) 66 INDEX. % traximilian shot 301 May, Captain 252 Mayflower, the (iO McAllister, fort, taken 336 McClellan, General 303-304—332 —31 4—315—317—3 1 9—338 McClernanrt, General (note) .322 McOrea, Miss 140 Mc(.'ormick. Cvrus H 403 McCullough, General 305-310 McDonough, Commodore 205 McDonough's victory 205 McDow.'ll, General 300—301—314 MiEiHiv, John 373 McHcnrv, fort 205 Melntosh 310 Meade, General 325—359—374 Meadows, battle of Great 93 Mechanicsville, battle of 315 Meigs, Colonel (note), 136 Meigs, siege of fort 200 Meeker, Mr. (Indian agent) 385 Meleiidez, enterprise of 28 Melendez and the Huguenots 29 Merrimac and Monitor 311 Merrimac (Virginia) blown up 313 Methodist Church, first in Amer- ica 81 Mexico discovered 24 Mexico and Cortez 24 Mexico and France 361 Mexico, capture of City of 256 Mexican IndepemUiuc 236 Mexican War, causes 251 Mexican War, results 257 Mexican War, battles (reviewed). 257 Mexicans, ancient traditions of the (note) 25 Mexico, treaty with 257 Michigan settled 241 Michigan admitted 241 Michigan, origin of name 241 Mier, prisoners of 238 Miles, Colonel 382 Miller, Colonel (note) 204 Mill Spring, battle of 307 Mimms, massacre at fort 201 Minnesota settled 2.ss Minnesota admitted 287 Minnesota, origin of name 288 Minute Men 118—119 Missionaries, Jesuit 32—92 Missionary Ridge, battle of 329 Mississippi River discovered 28 Mississippi Valley, the 92 Mississippi, free navigation of (note) , 80 Mississippi settled 227 Mississippi admitted 2'_'6 Mississippi, origin of name 227 Mississippi Territory 226 Missouri River discovered 31 Missouri settled 227 Missouri admitted 227 Missouri, origin of name 227 Missouri Compromise 227 Mobile founded 227 Mobile Bay entered by Unionists 335 Modoc War, the 37-^ Mohawk Valley ravaged 145 Molino del Rey, battle of 256 Moncktou, Colonel (note) 93 Money, Contineutal 150 MoneV, equivalents (note) 56 Money matters (1833) 239 Money Order System, postal 337 Monitor, the iron-clad (note) 312 Monmouth, battle of 144 Monocacv, (battle at) 334 Monio. Colonel 97 Monroe, James 22:?— 240 IMonroe Doctrine 226 Monroe, Fortress 299 Montana Territory 159 Montcalm, General 97—99 Monterey, capture of 253 Montezuma and his fate 24 Montgomery, General 125 JMontreal founded 85 Montreal captured 125 Morgan, Gen'l Daniel (note)..142— 153 Morgan, raid of John 327 Morgan, William 232 Morgan, fort taken 335 Mormons, the 247—286 Mormon High Priest, present, (note) 286 Morris, Robert 150 Morristown, winter at 136 Morse, Prof. S. F. B 248—374 Mother Country, the term (note).. 112 Motlev (historian) 404 Mottoes of the States 401 Moultrie, repulse at fort 127 Mound Builders 12 (note) 13 Mount Vernon 155—176 Mumfordsville, Ky., battle of 318 Murfrecsboro, liattles of 320 Murphv. Francis 382 Mur])liv Tciniicrancc Movement.. 382 Mutiny Act, the 114 Names of the States, origin of, (reviewed) 398 ■ Napoleon Bonaparte 185 (note) 188 —194 Napoleon HI 361 Narvaez, expedition of 27 Nashville, Tenn., founded 184 Nashville, battle of 338 National Bank Bill, the 246 National Bank, Fir.st 209 National Debt, the 356 Naturalists, American 404 Naval Battles of Revolution 1.59 Naval Battles of War of 1812 210 Naval Rattles of Civil War 341 N'avi','alion Act, the (note) 114 Kiivv Ishuul 243 Navy of the riiilcd States (note). 197 Navy-yanl at Norfolk burned 313 Navy, otHcc of Secretary of the... 174 Navy, the I'nion 304 Navy, the Confederate 305 Nel)raska .settled 360 Nebraska admitted 360 Nebraska, origin of name 860 INDEX. Neoessltj', Fort 93 Negro slavery introduced 56 Negro slaves, emancipation of.... 317 —324 Negro slave trade abolished 192 Negro exodus 385 Negro troops 324 Neutrality, armed 297 Nevada settled 336 Nevada admitted. 336 Nevada, origin of name 336 New Amsterdam 73 New Brunswick 40—88 New England settled 60 New England, origin of name (note) .55 New England Union, the 69 New Prance .30—40 New Hampshire settled 67 New Hampshire, origin of name. 67 New Haven Colony, the 68 New Jersey settled 76 New Jersey, origin of name 76 New Jersey evacuated 137 New Mexico settled (note) 39 New Mexico conquered 254 New Netherland 39 New Orleans founded 209 New Orleans, battle of 20a New Orleans, fall of ,310 New Spain 39—42 New Sweden 7ft New York settled 7.3 New York, origin of name 7.'? New York under the Dutch 73 New York under the English 7J New York, great fire in 2.'i3 Newborn, N. C, taken (note) 308 Newfoundland .so Newport, Christopher 51—54 Newport, R. I., founded 71 Newspaper, first in America 102 New Style of Chronology (note)... 92 Nez Perces Indian War 381 Niagara captured 98 Niagara, frigate 203 Nicholls, Governor of Louisiana.. 380 Nichols, Governor of New York... 74 Nina, the ship 19 Norfolk abandoned (note) 311—313 Northern Pacific Railroad (note).. 373 North Carolina settled.... 80 North Carolina, origin of name... 80 Northmen, the 15 Northwestern boundary settled... 371 Northwest passage attempted. ..33— .37 —282 Northwest Territory, the 158 Northwest Territory, Indians of... 178 Nova Scotia 40—88—93 Novelists, American 404 Nullifiers of S. G 234 Oak, Ciiaptkr, the 70 | Oceola (cliicf) Ogeltliorpo, (ienoral O'Hara, Ccncral (note). Ohio settled Ohio admitted 81 155 190 190 Ohio, origin of name 190 Old style chronology (note) 92 Omnibus Bill, the 275 Opechancanough (chief) 57 Orators (American) 404 Oregon settled 288 Oregon admitted 287 Oregon, origin of name 288 Original States 120 Ottawa, chief of the 100 Ouray (chief) 386 Outfit of Columbus 19 Pacific Ocean Discovered 23 Pacific, origin of name 24 Pacific Railroad, Union , 365. Pacific Railroad, Northern 373 Packard, Governor 380 Paducah, Ky., battle at 331 Paine's "Common Sense" (note).. 112 Painters (American) 404 Pakenham, General 207 Palo Alto, battle of 252 Palos, the port of 19 Panama, Isthmus of 12—23 Pav^.icof 18.37, financial 243 Panic of 1857, financial (note) 285 Panic of 1873, financial 372 Pardons spurned 130 Paris, treaty of (1763) 99 Paris, treaty of (1783) 155 Parker, Admiral... 127 Party .strife 231 Partisan patriots 148 Patriot War, the 242 Patroons, the (note) ...7,3—249 Paulding, John 152 Paul Jones's exploit 148 Paulus Hook captured 147 Peacock, capture of the 199 Peake, Captain 199 Peale (painter) .-... 418 Pea Ridge, battle of 310 Pemberton, General 323 Penn, W-illiam 76 Pennsylvania settled 76 Pennsylvania, origin of name 76 Pennsylvania Gazette, the (note).. 134 Peqnods, the 69 Perry, Oliver H. (note) 202 Perrv's Victory 202 Perrvville. battle of 318 Petersburg, fall of 338 Peter.sl)urg, mine explosion at (note) 339 Philadelphia settled 77 Pliili]. II. of Spain 28 Pliilippi, battle of 306 Philip's War, King 65 Pliilosophieal Society, American (note) 135 Phipps, Sir William 86 Phonogrnnh invented, the 417 /'ick.'iis, lort 294 riiiiiic w ntiim, Indian '25 I'h-iv,-. Fruiiklia 280-281 Pike, (lenvral 199-310 Pilgrim Fathers, the... Pillow, fort (note) INDEX. xi Pliickney, Charles C. (note). ..186— 187 Pinta, the ship 19 Pirates 75— (note) 180—189 Pitcairn, Major 119 Pitcher, Molly (note) 145 Pitt, William (note) 95-11(1 Pittshurg. site of 95 Pittsburg Landing, battle of 309 Plains of Abraham 99 Planetarium invented 417 Plattsburg, battle of 206 Pleasant Hill, battle of 3;?1 Plots against Washington 143 Plow, cast-iron, invented 417 Plymouth Company 51—60 Plymouth settled 60 Plymouth Rock 61 Plymouth Colony, progress of 62 Pocahontas 52—53—57 Poe, E. A. (poet) 418 Poets (American) 404 Politics (1789) Politics (1820) 157 224 Polk, James K 250 Ponce de Leon Pontlac's War 100 Pope, General (note)... ..309-316-317 Popular names of the States ,. 400 Population of United States in 1880 386 Porter, Admiral .337 Porter. Captain 197 Port Bill, Bo.ston 114 Port Hudson, surrender of .323 I Port Republic, battle of 314 Port Royal founded 31 Port Royal captured 80— 90 Port Royal Harbor 305 Portsmouth, N. II., settled 67 Postal Monev Order System... ...... 337 Post offices, first line of (ncite) l'J2 Postmaste' «ieneral, office of 171 Potato found in America, the :',:< Potomac, Army of the... 304—312—315 —317- 324—330—332—339 Powers (sculptor) 404 Powhattan (chief) 52— .57 Prentice, George D. (journalist)... 418 Prentiss (orator) 418 Prescott, ('olonel 123 Prescott (historian).... 418 President, frigate 195 Presidential elections, time of (note) 175 Presidential electors 175 Presidential inaugurations (note) 378 Presidential veto, the (note) 239 Presidents, how elected 175 President's salary, the (note) 175 Presidents, facts concerning the.. .393 Prevost, General 205 Price, General .....305—319 Prideaux, General (note) 98 Prima Vista (note) 32 Princeton College founded 163 Princeton, battle ol 1:1.) pring, Martin T" JPrinring Press in America, first, (note) 103 Prison-ships, the Jersey (note) 131 Privatee.s, American (1812) 198 Privateers, Coiuederate 306—333 Proclamation, Lincoln's 317—358 Proctor, General 199—200—203 Proprietary government 103 ProtectiveTariff(note)...178— 229— 231 Providence, R. 1., settled 63 Pulaski, Count 139—147 Puritan Intolerance.. 63 Puritan laws ....64—65 Puritans, character of the...60— 61— 62 Putnam, General Israel (note) 123 Putnam, Ruins 190 Quakers Setti-e Pennsylvania.. 76 Quakers in New Jersey.......... 76 Quakers, persecution of 64 Quakers, character of the 64 Quebec founded 31 Quebec taken by Wolfe 99 Queen Anne's war 88 Queen Elizabeth 34 Queenstown Heights, battle of.... 196 Rahl, Colonel 133 Railroad, the first in America 232 Railroad, the Union Pacific 365 Railroad, Memphis and Chatta- iicHiW, taken 307—310 ItailrcKKl, the N(n-thern Pacific, (note) 37a Railroad, the Baltimore and Ohio 232 Railroad Riots „ 381 Railroad Passenger car invented. 417 Raisin, battle at the 198 Raleigh, Sir Walter, 34-35— (note) 36 Randolph, Edmund 177 Randolph, John 240 Randolph, Peyton (note) 118 Raymond, battle of 323 Reiiellion, Bacon's 57 Re))enion, Claybome's 79 Fiebellion, Dorr's 247 Rebellion, Shays's 156 Rebellion, the Great 290 Rebellion, the Whi.sky 179 Reroncili.ition attempted (1776)... 144 Recniistructidn Pulicv 361—362 l;ed M.-M ,— :'.JS Ross, (ieueral -'iM Rotation iu otlice introduceil. . ■-■:'.::— ;mi Routes across til e Atlantic' :)tj Royal Government 1U4 Rubber, vulcanized, invented 417 Ruffin, Edmund (note) 2i)a Rush, Benjamin (note) 179 Russian America purchased 360 Rutger's Collese founded 103 Rutledge, Edward (note) 118 Ryswick, treaty of , 86 Sabine Cross Roads, battle of... 331 Sackett's Harbor, battle of 200 Saco, Maine, settled........ 227 Salt Lake City, Utah... 247 Samoset (chief) turcd by liritish 146 Savannah taken l.iy Uniduists :;:;(■> Saybrook colony t;s Schenectady, m'a.ssaere at sii Schuyler, General 1 lo Scott, General..204— 234— 255— 280— :!i 1 1 Sculptors (American) 40l Sea King, a 16 Secession 290— 2',i!) Seceded States, the 29.S Seceded States re-admitted 362 Second Continental Congress 122 Second War with England 194—207 Secretary, offices of 174 Sectional books, effect of (note)... 291 Sedition and Alien Laws 186 Seminolcs, the 226—238 Semmes, Cantain Raphael 333 Senate, the tJnited States 174 Serapis captured, the 148 Seven Days' Battles, the 315 Seven Pines, battle of 314 Seward, William H :»4— 374 Sewing machine invented 247 Sixmour, Horatio 363 Sliaiiiidii, capture of the 201 Sliaw, II. W 404 Shay's Rebellion 156 Shenandoah Vallcv, the 314 Sheridan, General Phil 334—3:% Sherman, Roger (note) n8 Sherman, General W. T..320— 321— 322 -330-333-334—336-338—363 Shillaber, P. B 418 Shiloh, battle of 309 Sihlcv. (Jeneral 322 Silver r.ill. the liland 383 si.aix War (isHj) 322 Sioux War (1m;,S) 363 Sioux Massacre, the 375 Sine-peiidulnm invented.... 417 Sitting Bull (chief) 376 Slavery introduced ,56 Slave trade abolished , 192 Slaves in United States emanci- pated 317—324 Slave I^aw, Fugitive 275 Slavery question, the 178 Slommer, Lieutenant 294 Slidell. J 305 Sloutrhter, Governor 75 SmalM'ox 373 Smith, Captain John 52—53—54—55 Sniitli, (Jeneral Kirby .301— .318 Smith, (JeneralP. F 256 Smitli, .Joseph 248 Smithson, James 257 Smithsonian Institution, the 257 Snelling, fort, settled 288 Society, Colonization, the 225 Sons of Liberty (note) 115 South America discovered 21 South Carolina settled 80 South Carolina, origin of name... 80 South Carolina, troubles in 380 South Carolina, nullifiers of 234 SotJth Mountain, battle of 317 Southern Confederacy, the 298 Southwest pa.ssage discovered 24 South-West Territory 158—184 Sjiaiii, trouble with 373 Spain, treaty with (1819) 226 Spanisli exi>lorations (reviewed).. 39 Siiaiiisii iiosvessions, extent of 39 S|,arks iliistorian) 418 Speenlaiions ill money 240 Si)cedwidl, the ship (note) 61 SiMittsvlvania, battle of 332 Sciuatt'er Sovereigntv 284 Stamp Act, the 13 Stamp Act, the repealed (note).... 13 Standish, Miles 62 Stanton, Edwin M 362—374 Stanwix, fort 140 Star of the West, steamer 293 Star Spangled Banner 137—205—297 Stars and Bars the 297 Stark, General John 1.38 Stark, Mollie V-^ Starving time in Virginia „. 54 INDEX. State, each a Republic, 173 State, office of Secretary of..... 174 State Rights 194 States, admission of the, (reviewed) 402 States, mottoes of the , 401 States, the Original 13.... 129 States, origin of names of, (reviewed) 398 States, United, location of 11 States, the seceded 298 States seceded, re-admitted 362 States, popular names of the 400 St. Augustine settled 29 St. Clair, General Arthur 178 St. Genevieve, Mo., settled 227 St. Lawrence discovered 30 St. Johns, Canada, captured 12,') St. Louis founded 227 St. Mary's, Mich., settled 241 St. Paul, Minn., founded 288 St. Pierre 92 St. Vincent, Colonel 200 Steamboat,first on western waters 192 Steamboats invented 192 Stephens, Alexander H... 284—290 Stephenson, defense of fort 200 Steuben, Baron (note) 139 Stevens, attack on fort 334 Stillwater, battles of 140 Stonewall Jackson 301—314—315 316—317-325 Stoneman, General (note)... 325 Stony Point, capture of 147 Story (sculptor) 418 Stuyvesant, Peter 74 Htyle, old and new (note) 92 Submarine telegraphs (note) 359—360 ^iub-treasury Bill, the 243 Suez. Isthmus of 17 — 23 Suffrage, rights of 365 Sullivan, General 146 Sully (painter) 418 Sumner. Charles. 374 Sumter, General 149 Sumtw, Fort 293—294—295-296 Supreme Court, the 175 Surratt, Mrs 354 Sutter, Captain 260 Swedes in America....... 76 Tack Machine invented 417 Talleyrand (note) 152 Taney, Chief Justice 286 Tariff, high protective (note) ...... 178 229—231 Tarleton, Colonel ..152 (note) 153 Taylor, General Zachary„ .252—253 255—272 Taylor, death of 273 Tftvlor, Mormon High Priest (note) 286 Taxing the Colonies ..........113—115 Tea, tax on tea resisted... 115 Tea Party, Boston 115 Tecumseh (chief) 194—201—203 Telegraph, the magnetic 248 Telegraph cable, Atlantic 3.59 Telegraph, submarine 369—360 Telegraph, number of 360 Telegraph mile* of wire in U. S... 249 Telephone invented, the 403 Temperance movement, the 382 Tennessee settled.... 183 Tennessee admitted 184 Tennessee, origin of name 184 Tennessee ram captured 336 Tenure-of-office-Bill 360—362 Territories, United States, the present (note) 159 Territories, United States, how governed 159 Territory defined 1.58 Territory, the Northwest 158 Territory, the Southwest ..158—184 Territory, the Mississippi 226 Territory, the Louisiana 188 Territory, the Indian 235 Terry, General .337—376 Texas settled 250 Texas admitted 250 Texas, origin of name 250 Texan War, the 236—237 Thames, battle of the 203 Thomas and Canby killed 372 Thomas, General George H... 308— 320 328-338—374 Thompson, Charles (note) 113—118 Ticonderoga, fort..... ..94—98—121—138 Tilden, Samuel J 378 Tippecanoe, battle of 194 Tobacco found in America 35 Tobin, T. W 403 Tompkins, Daniel D 223 Tories and Whigs (note) 129 Tories 129—146—152 Tour round the world, Grant's.... 384 Trade and Commerce (1763) 102 Treason of Arnold 150 Treasury, office of Secretarv of 174 Treasury Bill, sub, the ". 243 Treaty of Ryswick.. 86 Treaty of Utrecht 88 Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle 91 Treaty of Paris (1763) 99 Treaty of Paris (1783) 155 Treaty with Indians ol Northwest 178 Treaty, Jay's 180 Treaty with Algiers (note) ..„ 181 Treaty with Spain (1819) 226 Treaty of Ghent (1815)............,,.... 206 Treaty with Mexico 257 Treaty of San Juan de Fuca.. 26o Treaty, the Tripartite (note)......... 277 Treatv with Japan..... 283- 287 Treaty with China 363 Tribunal, Electoral 378 Trent affair, the 305 Trenton, battle of 133 Tripartite treaty (note)..... 277 Tripoli, war with 189 Troops, the colored 324 Trumbull (painter) 418 Tr\ixton, Captain (note) 186 Tryon, General 13G-147 Turtle, Little (chief) 178 Tyler, John .244—246 INDEX. Union City, Ky,. taken 331 Union, the New England 69 United States, location of 11 United States in 1783.. 155 United States after Revolution. 156 United States, Territories of (note) 159 United States Government 173 United States flag 137 United States, bank of. 209—239 United States, frigate 197 United States, boundaries of 11 United States, north-eastern boundary of (note) 260 United States, north-western boundary of 371 University of Oxford (note) 81 University of Pennsylvania (note) 135 University of Washington and Lee 341 Ute Indians, the 385 Utrecht, treaty of 88 Valley Forge, at 143 Vallev of the Mississippi... 92 Van Buren, Martin... 241—272 Van Couver's Island 371 Vanderlyn (painter) 418 Van Dorn, General 319—320 Van Wart, Isaac. 152 Vasco de Gama (note) 17 Vera Cruz 255 Verazzani, voyage of 30 Vermont settled (note) 121—183 Vermont admitted 183 Vermont, origin of name 183 Vespucci, voyage of 22 Veto, Presidential (note)_ 239 Vice- Presidency, the 174 Vice-Presidents, about 394 Vice-Presidents, ex officio (note). 175 Vicksburg, first attempt to take... 320 Vicksburg taken 322 Vincennes, Ind., settled 209 Virginia Dare, first born in Amer- ica 34 Virginia settled 50 Virginia, origin of name 34—40 Virginia, starving time in 54 Virginia, second charter of 54 Virginia, third charter of .55 Virginia a royal province 57 Virginia, North and South 60 Virginia. West, admitted 300 Virginia, the iron-clad (note) 311 Virginia, Army of... 314—339 Virgin Queen, the... .34 Virginius, the steamer 373 Wadsworth, William 70 Wallace, (ieneral Lew...., 318—334 Wall street. New York, origin of name (note) 238 Walker's expedition 282 War, first Indian 57 War, second Indian 57 War, Pequods 69 War, King Philip's 65 War, inter-colonial 85—90—88—91 War, King William's 85 War, King George's.,......, ~.-. 90 War, Queen Anne's 88 War, French and Indian.... 91—100 War, Pontiac's..... 100 War, Revolutionary 112 War, with Tripoli 189 War, Indian (1791) 178 War, Indian (1811) 194 War of 1812, causes 194 War of 1812, results 207 War, battles of (reviewed) 210 War with Algiers 208 War, the Texan .....236—237 War, the Seminole 226—238 War, the Creek 201 War, Black Hawk, the 234 War, Patriot, the 242 War, Mexican, causes 251 War, Mexican, results 257 War, Mexican, battles (reviewed) 261 War, Civil, causes , 290 War, Civil ended 340 War, Sioux (1862) 322 War, Sioux (1868)..,. 363 War, Sioux (1876) 375 War, cost of Civil 356 War, Civil, battles (reviewed) 341 War, Modoc, the 372 War, NezPerces, the 381 War, Ute, tfhe 385 War, office of Secretary of 174 Wars, Colonial (reviewed) 104 Ward, Artemus (note) 122 Warren, General Joseph 125 Washington, birth of 92 Washington, journey of 92 Washington, commander-in-chief 122 Washington at siege of Boston 126 Washington at Long Island 130 Washington, famous retreat of 131 Washington at White Plains 131 Washington at Princeton 135 Washington at Trenton 133 Washington at Morristown 136 Washington at Brandywine 138 Washington at Germantown 139 Washington at Valley Forge 143 Washington monument 205 Washington proposed as King 156 Washington, President 176 Washington, retirement of 181 Washington, farewell address of.. 181 Washington's death, character of. 181 Washington, Colonel (note) 153 Washington City taken... 204 Washington and Lee University .. 341 Washington Territory 159 Wasp, sloop 197 Wayne, General Anthony 147—178 —179 Weather reports, system of (note) 259 Weaver, James B 387 Webb, General (note) 97 Webster, Noah 210 Webster, Daniel 245—246—278-279 Weitzel, General....... 239 Wesley, John 81 Welsh in America, the (note) 16 West India Company 73 West Indies, location of.«. }3 INDEX. XV WestPemt o 150 I West Virginia 300 Westward emigration .....K8-225 West (sculptor) 418 Wevmouth, George 37 Wheat and other grains introduc- ed (note) 35 Wheeler, William A 3/8 Whigs and Tories (note)..,.. 129 Whig Party, the 229-232-245-250 White, Capt., of Roanoke (note)... 35 Whitefleld, George 81 Whiskv Insurrection. 179 White Plains, battle of 131 Whitney, Eli 182 Whittier (poet) 418 Wilderness, battle of the 332 Wilkes, Captain Charles. 247—305 Wilkes's Expedition 247 Wilkinson, General (note) 190 —(note) 203 William and Mary, college of 103 William Henry, fort.. 97 Williams Roger ....63-/1 Williams, David 152 Williams, Mr. (note) 88 Williamsburg, battle of 313 Willis, N. P. (poet) 418 Wilmington, Del., founded /6 Wilmot Proviso, the , 272 Wilson's Creek, battle of... 305 Wilson. Henry.-. 370-374 Wilson, Alexander (naturalist).... 418 Winans, Ross 403 Winthrop, Governor 63 Winchester, battle of 314-334 Winslow, Captain......... 333 Wirt William .....210-223 Wisconsin settled 260 Wisconsin admitted 200 Wisconsin, origin of name 260 Witchcraft, Salem 66 Wives for Colonists 56 Wolfe, General 97—99 Women of the Revolution (note) 150 Wood, Jethro 403 Wooster, General.. 136 Worcester, Joseph E 418 Writs of assistance (note) 114 Wyoming, massacre at 145 Wyoming Territory (note) 1.59 Yale College founded 103 Yale, Elihu... 103 Yankee Doodle, origin of (note).. 141 Yellow Fever 179—373—383-384 Yeo, Sir James 20i York, capture of. 199 York, Duke of 74 Yorktown, siege of (1781) 154 Yorktown, siege of (1862) 312 Young, Brigham ,. 286 ZOLLICOFFEK, GENERAL ......~....... S06 OCT 8 19C4 LIBRARY OF CONGRESS illMI'iilli 010 546 379