A NEW
MEDICAL DICTIONARY.
INDEX OF TABLES.
PAGE
Abbreviations used in General Medicine, . vii
Abbreviations used in Electro-therapeu-
tics, ix
Abbreviations used in Ophthalmology, . . ix
Abbreviations, sundry, ix
Prefixes and Suffixes used in Medical
Terms, x
Arteries, 53
Bacilli, 65
Ganglia, 169
Leucomaines, 237
Micrococci, 263
Muscles, 280
Nerves, 299
Plexuses, 350
Ptomaines, 367
Spectacle-lenses, numbering of, 408
Thermometers, comparison of, 437
Tumors, 447
Wave-lengths of Light, 464
Weights and Measures, 465
Weights and Measures — comparative
scales 467
Mineral Springs of the U. S., 473
Vital Statistics, 506
ANEW
Medical Dictionary
INCLUDING ALL THE WORDS AND PHRASES USED IN
MEDICINE, WITH THEIR PROPER PRONUNCIA-
TION AND DEFINITIONS.
BASED ON RECENT MEDICAL LITERATURE.
/ BY
GEORGE M. GOULD, B.A., M.D,
OPHTHALMIC SURGEON TO THE PHILADELPHIA HOSPITAL AND CLINICAL CHIEF
OPHTHALMOLOGICAL DEPARTMENT, GERMAN HOSPITAL,
PHILADELPHIA.
WITH ELABORATE TABLES OF THE BACILLI, MICROCOCCI, LEUCOMAINES, PTOMAINES,
ETC.; OF THE ARTERIES, GANGLIA, MUSCLES, NERVES AND PLEXUSES; OF
WEIGHTS AND MEASURES, THERMOMETERS, ETC.; AND APPENDICES
CONTAINING CLASSIFIED TABLES WITH ANALYSES, OF THE
WATERS OF THE MINERAL SPRINGS OF THE U. S.,
AND TABLES OF VITAL STATISTICS.
PHILADELPHIA:
P. BLAKISTON, SON & CO.,
1012 Walnut Street.
1890.
Copyrighted, 1890, by P. Blakiston, Son & Co.
WM. F. FELL & CO.,
Electrotypers and Printers,
1220-24 sansom street, philadelphia.
PREFACE.
Throughout the preparation of this Dictionary my work has been shaped
to meet the following distinct purposes : —
i. To include those New Words and Phrases created during the past
ten years — a period rich in coinages — which appeared destined to continuous
usage. There are certainly thousands of these ; and in their compilation I
have especially endeavored to cover the latest results in the study of Bacteri-
ology, Ptomaines and Leucomai'nes, Electro-therapeutics, Physiology, Path-
ology, and in the various special branches of medicine, such as Ophthalmology,
Otology, Laryngology, Gynaecology, Antiseptic Surgery, etc.
2. To frame all Definitions by the direct aid of New, Standard and
Authoritative Text-Books, instead of making a patchwork of mechanical
copyings from older vocabularies.
3. To omit Obsolete Words not pertinent to medicine, except in a remote
or factitious sense, while neglecting nothing of positive value.
4. To make a volume that will answer the needs of the medical student
and busy practitioner by its compactness and logicalness of arrange-
ment, its CONCISENESS OF DEFINITIONS, its ELIMINATION OF THE USELESS, and
its convenience of size and price. It would not have been half the labor
to make a volume double or treble the size of this one.
I have to express my appreciation of the services rendered the work
by Professor Jacques W. Redway, in the compilation of the departments of
Chemistry, Materia Medica and Physical Science; by Professor A. P. Brubaker,
with continuous advice and help ; by Dr. Judson Daland, in unreservedly giving
the results of long study and labor concerning the mineral springs of the
United States ; by Professor J. W. Holland, Dr. J. M. Keating, Professor Henry
Leffmann and others.
GEORGE M. GOULD.
ng South Seventeenth St., Philadelphia.
February, i8go.
ABBREVIATIONS.
I. ABBREVIATIONS USED IN GENERAL MEDICINE.
aa ana Of each.
Abdom Abdomen The belly.
Abs. feb Absente febre When fever is absent.
Abstr Abstractum Abstract.
Ad Adde Add.
Ad lib Ad libitum To the desired amount.
Admov Admoveatur Let it be applied.
Ad pond, om Ad pondus omnium To the weight of the whole.
Alt. dieb Alterius diebus Every other day.
Alt. hor Alterius horis Every other hour.
Alv. adstrict Alvo adstricta The bowels being confined.
Alv. deject Alvi dejectiones The evacuations.
Aq Aqua Water.
Aq. bull Aqua bulliens Boiling water.
Aq. dest Aqua destillata . . Distilled water.
Aq. ferv Aqua fervens Hot water.
Aq. font Aqua fontis Spring water.
Aq. mar Aqua marina Ocean water.
B. A., or B. S Balneum arenae Sand bath.
Bals Balsamum Balsam.
Bib Bibe Drink.
Bis ind Bis in dies Twice daily.
Bol Bolus A large pill.
Bull Bulliat Let it boil.
B. v Balneum vaporis Vapor bath.
C Congius, Centigrade A gallon ; centigrade.
c.c Cubic centimeter.
Cap Capiat Let him take.
Cm Cras mane . To-morrow morning.
cm Centimeter.
C. m. s Cras mane sumendus To be taken to-morrow morning.
C n Cras nocte To-morrow night.
Cochl Cochleare Spoonful.
Cochl. ampl " amplum A tablespoonful.
" infant " infantis A teaspoonful.
" mag " magnum A tablespoonful
" med " medium A dessertspoonful.
"■ parv " parvum A teaspoonful.
Col Cola Strain.
Colat Colatus Strained.
Comp Compositus Compound.
Cong. Congius A gallon.
Contin Continuatur Let it be continued.
Cont. rem Continuetur remedium . . . . Let the medicine be continued.
Coq Coque Boil.
Cort • . . Cortex Bark.
Crast Crastinus For to-morrow.
Cuj . . Cujus Of which.
Cyath Cyathus A glassful.
D Dosis A dose.
Decub Decubitus Lying down.
Ded.ind De die in diem From day to day.
Destill Destilla Distill.
Det Detur Let it be given.
Dieb. alt . Diebus alterius On alternate days.
" tert " tertius Every third day.
Dil Dilue Let it be dissolved.
Dilut Dilutus Dilute.
Dim Dimidius One-half.
Dist Distilla Distill.
Div Divide Divide.
D. in p. seq Divide in partes aequales . . . Divide into equal parts.
Donee alv. sol. fuerit. . . Donee alvus soluta fuerit . . . Until the bowels be open.
D. P Directione propria ..... . With a proper direction.
vii
viii ABBREVIATIONS.
Ejusd Ejusdem Of the same.
Enem Enema Enema.
Ext Extractum ... Extract.
Exhib Exhibeatur Let it be given.
F Fahrenheit Fahrenheit.
Feb. dur Febre durante The fever continuing.
F. ; Ft Fac, Fiat Make.
Filt Filtra Filter.
Fid Fluidus Fluid.
Flor Flores Flowers.
F. m Fiat mistura Make a mixture.
Fol Foliae Leaves.
F. p Fiat potio Make a potion.
F. pil Fiat pilulae Make pills.
F. s. a Fiat secundum artem Prepare skillfully.
Gr Granum Grain.
Gtt Guttae Drops.
Guttat Guttatim By drops.
Hor. decub Hora decubitus At bed time
H. s Hora somni At bed time.
Inj Injectio An injection.
Liq Liquor Liquor.
M Misce Mix.
Mac Macera Macerate.
Mass. pil Massa pilularum Pill mass.
Mod. prescript Modo praescripto In the manner directed.
Mor. sol More solito In the usual way.
Muc Mucilago Mucilage.
No Numero Number.
Noct Nocte By night.
O „ . . . Octarius A pint.
Ol Oleum Oil.
Ol. res Oleoresina Oleoresin.
Ol. oliv Oleum olivae Olive oil.
O. m Omni mane Every morning.
Omn. bih Omni bihora Every two hours.
Omn. hor Omni hora Every hour.
Omn. noct Omni nocte Every night.
Oz Uncia Ounce.
Part aeq Partes aequales Equal parts.
P. B Pharmacopeia Britannica . . . British Pharmacopeia.
P. G " Germanica . . German Pharmacopeia.
Pil Pilula • . . Pill.
Pond Pondere By weight.
Pot Potassa Potassa.
Ppt Preparata . Prepared.
P. rat. aetat Pro rata aetatis In proportion to age.
P. r. n Pro re nata When required.
Pulv Pulvis . . Powder.
Q. 1 Quantum libet According as required.
Q. p " placeat At will.
Q. s " sufficit A sufficient quantity.
I* Recipe Take.
Rad Radix Root.
R Reaumur Reaumur.
Rect Rectificatus Rectified.
Rep Repetatur Let it be repeated.
Sp. Gr Specific gravity.
S Signa Label.
Sig Signetur Let it be labeled.
Sig. n. pr Signa nomine proprio .... Label with common name.
Sing Singulorum Of each.
Si non yal Si non valeat If it do not answer.
Si op. sit Si opus sit If requisite.
Solv Solve Dissolve.
Sp., or Spir Spiritus . . Spirit.
Ss Semi, semissis One-half.
St Stet Let it stand.
Sum Sumat Let him take.
Syr Syrupus Syrup.
T. d Ter in die Three times a day.
Tr. Tinct Tinctura Tincture.
Ung Unguentum Ointment.
Vesic Vesicatorum A blister.
TT1 Minimum Minim.
5 Drachma Drachm.
3 Scrupulum Scruple.
5 Uncia Ounce.
ABBREVIATIONS.
IX
ABBREVIATIONS USED IN ELECTROTHERAPEUTICS.
A., or An. Anode.
A. C. C. . Anodal Closure Contraction.
A. D. . . . Anodal Duration.
A. O. . . . Anodal Opening.
A. O. C. . Anodal Opening Contraction.
C Cathode.
C. C. . . Cathodal Closure.
C. C. C. . Cathodal Closure Contraction.
C. C C". . Various Degrees of Contraction.
C. O. C. . Cathodal Opening Contraction.
C. S. . . . Current Strength.
D Duration.
D Density.
De. R. . . Reaction of Degeneration.
E Electromotive Force.
K Kathode.
Kl._. . . . Klang (Sound).
Kathodal Closing.
Kathodal Closing Contraction.
Kathodal Contraction, Tonic.
Kathodal Duration (or Period of
Closure of Circuit).
Kathodal Duration Tetanus.
Milliampere.
Opening of Circuit.
Te. .... Tetanic Contraction.
R. . . . . Resistance.
Z Zuckung (Contraction).
+ Anode or Positive Pole.
— Kathode or Negative Pole.
> Greater than, as, K > A.
< Less than.
K.
c
K.
c.
C. .
K.
c.
T. .
K.
D
K.
D
T. .
Ma.
O.
III. ABBREVIATIONS USED
Ace. . . . Accommodation.
Ah Hyperopic Astigmatism.
Am. . . . Myopic Astigmatism.
As Astigmatism.
cm Centimeter.
Cyl. . . . Cylinder, Cylindrical Lens.
D Diopter.
E Emmetropia, Emmetropic.
F Formula.
H Hyperopia, Hyperopic.
L. E. . . . Left Eye.
M Myopia, Myopic.
IN OPHTHALMOLOGY.
mm.
O. D.
O. S.
p.p.
p. r.
R. E.
Sph.
V. .
+ ,— ,
00 . .
o . .
=
Millimeter.
. Right Eye.
Left Eye.
Punctum proximum, Near Point.
Punctum remotum, Far Point.
Right Eye.
Spherical, Spherical Lens.
Vision, Visual Acuity.
Plus, Minus, Equal to.
Infinity, 20 ft. distance.
Combined with.
Degree.
IV. SUNDRY ABBREVIATIONS.
Adj. .
Adv. .
Am. .
Arab.
A. S. .
Bot. .
Celt. .
Chem.
Colloq.
Comp.
Dim. .
e.g. .
Elec. .
Eng. .
Etym.
Fr. . .
Geog.
Geol.
Geom.
Ger. .
Gr. . .
Heb. .
Ichth.
It. . .
Adjective.
Lat. . . .
Adverb.
Masc. .
American.
Math. .
Arabic.
Med. . .
Anglo-Saxon.
Nat. Hist
Botany, Botanical.
Neg. . .
Celtic.
Obs. . .
Chemistry, Chemical.
Ophth. . .
Colloquial.
Path. . .
Compounded, Compound.
Phil. . . .
Diminutive.
Phys. . .
For example.
pi. . . .
Electricity.
priv. . .
English.
Pron. . .
Etymology, Etymological.
q.v.
Sax. . .
French.
Feminine.
Sing. . .
Geography, Geographical.
Sp. . . .
Geology, Geological.
Surg. . .
Geometry, Geometrical.
Unof. .
German.
v
Greek.
v. 1.
Hebrew.
V. t. . .
Ichthyology.
Zool. . .
Italian.
Latin.
Masculine.
Mathematics.
Medicine, Medical.
Natural History.
Negative.
Obsolete.
Ophthalmology, Ophthalmological.
Pathology, Pathological.
Philosophy, Philosophical.
Phvsiology, Physiological.
Plural.
Privative.
Pronounced, Pronunciation.
(Quod vide) which see.
Saxon.
Singular.
Spanish.
Surgery, Surgical.
Unofficial.
Verb.
Intransitive verb.
Transitive verb.
Zoology, Zoological.
PREFIXES AND SUFFIXES USED IN MEDICAL TERMS.
I. -PREFIXES.
A-, an-, called alpha privative (Gr. a, av, or ap.). The equivalent of our prefix, un-, or in-; denotes,
an absence or want of the thing or quality expressed by the principal, e.g., adynamia,
i obic, aphasia, apraxia, apyrexia, astigmatism, atony, etc. a, is used before consonants,
an, before vowels, and, rarely, am before bl, or br. (To be distinguished from ana, below. j
Amphi- (or amph-) (ap.0i) upon both sides, in two ways, as in amphiarthrosis, amphibia, etc.
Ana- v ava). Up, through again, e.g., anabolism, anasarca, anatomy, etc.
Anti- \,or ant- 1 1 aim). Against, opposed to, opposite of, as antaphrodisiac, antipyretic, antiseptic, etc.
Apo- (airo). Off, away, upon, e.g., aponeurosis, apoplexy, etc.
Dia- [Sia). Through. Examples: Diabetes, Diagnosis, Diaphragm, Diarrhosa, etc.
Dys- (<5v?). Difficult, defective, painful, e.g., Dyse?itery, Dyspticea, Dysuria.
Ec-, Ex-, Ecto- (sk, e£. 6kto?). Out, outside, away from. As in Ecchymoses, Ecdemic, Eclampsia,
Exostosis, Exanthema, Ectropion, Ectoderm.
En-, Em- ier, ep.). In, within. As in Embryo, Embolism, Endemic, etc.
Endo-, Ento- (ei^os, ei-ros). Within, internal, e.g., Endarteritis, Endoscope, Entoblast, Entoptic.
Entero- [ei-epoi'). The intestine. As in E?iterocele, Enterostomy, etc.
Epi- (e-t). Upon, over, above, e.g., Epiblast, Epicranium, Epistaxis, Epidemic, etc.
Extra- (Lat.). Outside, e. g., Extravasation, Extroversion.
Gastro- (yao-rqp). The stomach ; relation to the stomach, e.g., Gastrocele, Gastrocnemitis, Gas-
troenterosto?ny, etc.
Haema-, Haemato- or Hemo- (cup.<0. The Blood ; pertaining to the blood. See Hematomesis,
Hczmatoma, Hemorrhage, etc.
Hemi- (tj^i-tj/xio-vs). Half. As in Hemiachromatopsia, Hemicrania, Hemiplegia.
Hetera- (erepos). Different; opposite, e.g., Heteroinfection, Heterologous, Heteropathy.
Hydro-, Hydr- (vSup). Water; resembling or relating to water, dropsy, etc., as in Hydremia,
Hydragogue, Hydrate, Hydrocephalus, etc.
Hyper- (v?repi. Excess; exaggerated abnormality in amount, size, quality, etc. See Hyperes-
thesia, Hypermetropia, Hyperpyrexia, Hypertrophy, and others.
Hypo- (vt7o). Diminution as to degree, amount, size ; quality, etc., or that located under or beneath.
e. g., Hyposthcnia, Hypoblast, Hypochondriac , Hypodermic, Hypoglossal.
Hystera-, Hystero- (vcrrepa). The uterus or womb ; relation to the same, e.g., Hysterectomy,
Hystero-epilepsy, Hysteropexia, etc.
Im,- In- {In). Privative; negative, as Imperforate, Incarceration, Insane, Incontinence.
In- («-). In, within, upon, by ; as Incubation, Infarction, Infl 'animation, Inoculatioti, etc.
Infra- {Infra). Beneath, Below; e.g., Inframaxillary, Infrascapular.
Inter- {Inter). Between. See Intercellular, Intercostal, Intertrigo, and others.
Leuco- (Aeuxos). Whiteness, e.g., leuchemia, leucocyte, Leucamaines, leucorrhcea.
Lith-, Litho- (Ai0os). Pertaining to stone, calculus, or lithic acid. See lithemia, Lithiasis,
lithotripsy, etc.
Macro- (p.axpos). Largeness, Hypertrophy, as in Macroglossia, Macromelia.
Melano- (p.eAa?). Blackness, Pigmentation, e.g., Melancholia, Melano-sarcoma.
Meso- (pea-os). The middle. See Mesoblast, Mesocolon, etc.
Meta- {fj-erat. With, amidst, e.g., Metabolistn, Metatarsus.
Micro- (^Kcpos). Smallness. e.g., Micrococcus, Microglossia, Microscope.
Mon-, Mono- (/jlovos). Singleness. For example, Munamine, Monomania, Monorchis.
Multi- (multus). Number, many, e.g., Multilocular, Multiparous.
Myelo- (jLLveAos). Referring to the brain or spinal cord, as in Myeloid, Myelitis.
Myo- (p-vs). Pertaining to a muscle or muscularity. See Myocarditis , Myoma, Myopathia.
Neuro- {vevpov). Relating to a nerve or neurology. As, e.g., Neuralgia, Neurasthenia, Neuri-
lemma, Neuroglia.
Odonto- (oBovs). Of the teeth, as in Odontology, Odontalgia.
Oligo- (oAiyos). Fewness or lack of, as Oligocythemia.
Ophthalmo- {o<\>0a\no<;). Pertaining to the eye, as in Ophthalmia, Ophthalmoplegia.
Osteo- (oo-xeoi/). Referring to bone. See Osteoblast, Osteomyelitis, Osteoplastic.
Oxy- (o£us). Denoting the presence of oxygen, or acidity, as in Oxygen, Oxyhemoglobin.
Para- {rrapa). Through, near, by, by the side of, abnormality. Examples : Paracentesis, Paresthe-
sia, Parenchyma, Parotid.
Peri- (7T€pi). About, around. See, e. g., Pericardium, Perbneter, Perineum, Perineoplasty,
Periosteu?n.
Poly-, Pol- (ttoAvs). Many, much, e.g., Polycoria, Polygalactia, Polyuria.
Prae-, Pre- {Pre). Before, e.g., Precordia, Prepuce.
Pro- (-n-po). Before, down, as in Process, Procidentia, Prolapse, Proptosis.
Pseudo- (i^evSTjs). False, spurious, as in Pseudarthrosis, Pseudocyesis.
Pyo- (ttvov). Pertaining to pus, or purulency. e.g., Pyoge?iic, Pyosalpinx.
Pyr-, Pyro- (rrvp). Concerning fire or heat, or inflammation, e.g., Pyrogenous, Pyrexia.
Retro- (Retro). Backward, behind, e.g., Retrofex, Retroversion.
Sub- {Sub). Beneath, under; and also Partialty or Deficiency of, as, Subclavian, Subluxation.
Super- (Super). Above, upon ; excess of. e. g'., Supercilium, Superfecundation.
Supra- 'Supra). Above, upon, superior to, as Supraorbital, Supraspinatus.
Sym-, Syn- {io, to write). An instrument; a treatise or description, e.g., Sphygnio-
graph, Demography.
-itis (ins). An inflammation, as Gastritis, Otitis, etc.
-logy (Aoyo?, discourse). A treatise upon, as Bacteriology, Derniatology, Pathology.
-malacia (/uaAaKos, soft). Abnormal softness, as in osteo-malacia.
-mania (/utavia, madness). The chief word denotes the principal symptom of the mental affection :
e.g., Erotomania, Kleptomania, etc.
-odynia (oSvur], excessive pain). The principal word denotes the seat of great pain, as Coccyo-
dynia.
-oid (eiSo?, form). Similar in shape, etc., as inChoroid, Cuboid, Sphenoid, Xiphoid.
-oma (coma). A tumor. See Glioma, Sarcoma.
-opia (unjj). Pertaining to the eye or vision, as in Amblyopia, Myopia, etc.
-pathy (n-aflos). A condition of disease, and also a method of cure. As, e.g., Adenopathy, Psycho-
pathy, Homceopathy, Hydropathy.
-phobia (o/3o?, fear). Excessive fear or dread, as Agoraphobia, Photophobia.
-plasty (7rAaa-o-oo, to form). Surgical plastic operation upon a part, e.g., Blepharoplasty, Rhino-
plasty.
-rhaphy (pat^rj, a suture). A stitching or suturing of a part, as Enterorrhaphy , Perineorrhaphy .
-rhagia {p-qyvv^i, to burst forth). A hemorrhage or excessive discharge, e.g., Blennorrhagia,
Metrorrhagia.
-rhcea (peto, to flow). An excessive discharge or excretion, as in Blennorrhcea, Diarrhosa, Leucor-
rhcea.
-scopy (o-K07reto). An examination, as Ophthalmoscopy. The instrument by which the examina-
tion is made takes the termination scope, as in Laryngoscope.
-tomy (Tep-vto, to cut). Incision, e.g., Laparotomy, Tenotomy.
-uria (ovpeto, to urinate). Abnormalities of the urine or of urination. As Albuminuria, Polyuria.
CONCERNING PRONUNCIATION.
The syllable marked with a single acute accent, is the accented syllable.
Quantity of Vowels.
Accented vowels are usually long, except i followed by a consonant and i, as in inhibition,
imbibition, beneficial, etc.
Diphthongs are usually long, but in a few words, such as haemorrhage, which are often spelled
with a single vowel, the e is short.
In words ending in ite, the i is long,
In words ending in itis, the i of the penult is always long, as bronchitis, neuritis, etc.
Final i, o, and u are long; final e, unless silent, is long. It is marked with a grave accent if
sounded.
A vowel which is obscure in quantity has usually the long sound.
A vowel before two or more consonants, except as previously noted, is short.
The i in words ending in ine is short.
The vowel i at the end of an unaccented syllable is short.
When in one syllable a vowel is followed by a consonant, the vowel has the usual short English
sound, as in man, men, fm, not, staff, mystery, e.g., macula, pectoral, dzploe, lcbulus, suppurate,
sjystemic.
Quality of Vowels.
Final a has the Italian sound of a, as in father.
In words ending in dine, such as ptomaine, the a has the Italian sound.
, have the sound of/.
In Greek words th has the soft sound, as in thin.
The combination phth, #, has the sound of t at the beginning of a word.
Before e,i,y, ce, and ce, c has the sound of s, and.?-, ofj. e.g., cceliac, cephalic, gynecology,
ginglymus. In other cases c and g have the hard sound.
NEW DICTIONARY
Medical Words and Phrases.
A (a, av, or a/z, without). The Greek letter
alpha, called alpha privative, equivalent to
the prefix un or in. It denotes absence
or want of the thing or quality expressed
by the root of the word, a- is used before
consonant, and an- before vowel sounds ;
am is sometimes used before bl or be.
Also, the symbol of anode.
Aa [ava, of each). An abbreviation, writ-
ten aa, used in prescriptions to denote repe-
tition of the same quantity for each item.
Ab {ab, from). A Latin prefix signifying
from.
Abact'us Venter [abigere, to drive out).
An abortion procured by artificial means.
Abaptis'ton (a, not, ficnrTioToc;, immersed).
A trephine so shaped that penetration of
the brain is impossible.
Abarticula / tion [ab, from, articulatio,
joint). Same as diarthrosis, a term more
frequently used.
Aba / sia (a neg., fiaoiq, a step). Motor in-
co-ordination in walking. See Astasia.
Abbe's Apochromatic Lenses. See
Apochromatic Lenses.
Abbreviations. See List of Abbrevia-
tions, p. vii.
Abdo / men {abdere, to hide). The large
inferior cavity of the trunk, extending from
the pelvic cavity to the diaphragm, and
bounded in front and at the sides by the
lower ribs and abdominal muscles; behind
by the vertebral column, psoas and quadra-
tus lumborum muscles. It is artificially
divided into nine regions by two circular
2 17
lines, the upper parallel with the cartilages
of the ninth ribs, the lower with the iliac
crests, and by two lines from the cartilages
of the eighth rib to the center of Poupart's
ligament. The regions thus formed are,
above, the right hypochondriac, the epigas-
tric, and the left hypochondriac; secondly,
the right lumbar, umbilical, and left lum-
bar; and below, the right inguinal, the
hypogastric and the left inguinal. Pen-
dulous A. A relaxed and pendulous
condition of the abdominal walls.
Abdom / inal. Pertaining to or connected
with the abdomen. A. Aorta. Set Artery.
A. Ganglia. See Ganglia. A. Gesta-
tion. See Pregnancy, Extra-uterine. A.
Muscles, the Internal and External
Obliques, the Transversalis, Rectus, Pyra-
midalis, and Quadratus Lumborum. A.
Reflex, an involuntary contraction of the
abdominal muscles when the skin over the
abdomen is stimulated. A. Regions. See
Abdomen. A. Respiration, R. carried
on chiefly by the diaphragm and abdominal
muscles. A. Ring, External, a triangu-
lar opening in the fibres of the aponeurosis
of the external oblique muscle transmitting
the spermatic cord of the male and the
round ligament of the female. A. Ring,
Internal, an oval aperture in the fascia
transversalis which transmits the spermatic
cord of the male and the round ligament
of the female.
Abdominos'copy {abdomen, cuoirea), to
examine). Examination of the abdomen
ABDUCENS
13
ABORTION
for diagnostic purposes, by inspection, pal-
pation, measurement, percussion, etc.
Abdu'cens [ab, from, duco, to lead). A
term applied to certain muscles, or their
nerves, that draw the related part from the
median line of the body. Also, the sixth
pair of nerves supplying the external recti
of the eye. A. Oculi. See Muscle.
Abdu'cent. See Abducens.
Abduct / or. Same as Abducens, q. v. A.
Auris. See Muscle.
Aberrant [ab, erro, to wander). Deviating
from the normal or regular type, in ap-
pearance, structure, course, etc. e. g., aber-
rant duct of the testis or liver, aberrant
arteries, etc.
Aberration (ab, errd). Deviation from the
normal, especially mental derangement,
fcetal malformation, vicarious menstruation,
escape of the fluids of the body by any
unnatural channel. In optics, any imper-
fection of focalization or refraction of
a lens. A., Chromatic, the dispersion
arising from unequal refraction of light of
different parts of the spectrum. The violet
rays being more refrangible than the red
rays, are brought to a focus nearer the lens,
and the image is surrounded by a halo of
colors. A., Spherical, the excess of re-
fraction of the peripheral part of a convex
lens over the central area, producing an
imperfect focus and a blurred image.
A / bies. A genus of coniferous plants, in-
cluding the fir, hemlock and spruce.
Abiogen / esis (a neg., fitoQ, life, yiyvofiai,
to beget). The production of living by
non-living matter. The older term was
spontaneous generation. Other synonyms
of the word are generatio cequivoca,
generatio primaria, archigenesis, arche-
biosis, etc. The theory has been supported
by Pouchet, Haeckel, Huxley, Bastian
and others. Those opposed to the doctrine
are called panspermists or heterogenists.
The dispute is one of the most fundamental
in biology.
Abirritation {ab, irrito, to irritate). Di-
minished tissue irritability, synonymous
with asthenia.
Ablactation {ab, from, lacto, to give suck).
The end of the suckling period. The
weaning of a child.
Ablation {ablatio, removal). Removal
of a part of the body, as a tumor, by am-
putation, excision, etc.
Ableph'aion (a, fi?.e(j>apov, the eyelid).
Congenital absence of the eyelids.
Ab'luent (abluo, to wash away). Deter-
gent. That which cleanses or washes away.
Ablu/tion. Washing or cleansing the
body. Separation of chemical impurities
by washing.
Abnormal (ab, away from, norma, a law).
A term used to describe anything opposed
to the natural order or law, as A. Pigmen-
tation, any excess, deficiency or uncom-
mon distribution of the natural pigment
cells in the rete mucosum. Sometimes
caused artificially either by mechanical
means, such as tattooing, or by the reduc-
tion and deposition under the epidermis of
metallic salts administered as medicine,
such as nitrate of silver, etc.
Aboma / sum (ab, omasum, the paunch).
The fourth, or true stomach of ruminating
animals, called also the rennet, which is
used for coagulating milk.
Abort 7 (aborior, to pass away). To mis-
carry; to expel the foetus before it is
viable. Also, to prevent the full develop-
ment of a disease, as in abortive small-
pox or varioloid, in which the eruption is
limited to the vesicular stage.
Aborticide {abortus, a miscarriage, cado,
to kill). The killing of the unborn foetus.
Abortifa / cient (abortus, facio, to make).
A drug, or agent inducing the expulsion of
the foetus. Ergot, rue, cotton-root, digitalis,
etc., are examples. They act by causing
uterine contractions. See oxytocic and
ecbolic.
Abor / tion (abortus) . The expulsion of the
foetus before it is viable. By some authors
expulsion of the ovum during the first three
months is abortion; from this time to via-
bility, it is termed immature delivery, or
miscarriage, and from the period of viability
to that of maturity, pre?natu7'e delivery. A.,
Artificial, that produced intentionally. A.,
Criminal, when not demanded for thera-
peutic reasons. A., Embryonic, up to
the fourth month. A., External causes
of, those acting from without to pro-
duce A., as violence, pressure, injections,
etc. A., Fcetal, taking place subsequent
to the fourth month. A., Incomplete,
when the membranes or placenta is re-
tained. A., Inevitable, is when the em-
bryo or foetus is dead, or when there is an
extensive detachment or rupture of the
ovum. A., Internal Causes of, are
those due to abnormal conditions or dis-
eases of the mother. A., Missed, the
death of the foetus and not followed with-
in two weeks by its expulsion. A., Ovu-
lar, that occurring during the first three
weeks after conception. A., Paternal
and Maternal Causes of, those due to
ABOULOMANIA
19
ABSORBENTS
disease of the father or of the mother re-
spectively. A., Spontaneous, that not
induced by artificial means.
Abouloma'nia (a priv., ftovlij, w\\\, /uavia,
madness) . A disease of the mind charac-
terized by imperfect or lost will-power.
Abrach / ia (a priv., /fya^wv, the arm).
An armless monster.
Abra'sion {ab priv., rado, to rub). Excori-
ation of the cutaneous or mucous surface
by mechanical means. In dentistry ap-
plied to the destruction of the dentine and
enamel, or the cutting edges of the teeth,
whether by mechanical or chemical means.
A'brine. The chemical ferment or poison-
ous principle of jequirity, erroneously sup-
posed to be due to a specific microbe.
A'brus. Jequirity. The seeds of A. pre-
catorius, or wild liquorice. Properties are
thought to be due to the presence of cer-
tain ferments. Non-sterilized infusions
applied to the conjunctiva or to any mucous
surface induce violent purulent inflamma-
tion with growth of false membrane. It is
used in producing artificial conjunctivitis.
A. Infusum : semina iij, aqua dest. ^ss.
Macerate and add aq. ^ ss. All unofficial.
Ab / scess (abscessus, a departure or separa-
tion — of the matter). A pus formation
within some cavity of the body, the result
of localized inflammation. According to
location, abscesses are named Dorsal, Iliac,
Mammary, Ischio-rectal, Peri-typhlitic,Re-
tro-pharyngeal, Urethral, etc. A., Alve-
olar, abscess in the gum or alveolus. A.
of Brain, due to local injury, or to suppu-
rative inflammation near or distant, such,
especially, as diseases of the ear. The
symptoms are those of pressure, impaired
function of the part affected, meningitis,
headache, optic neuritis, etc. A., Bursal,
abscess in the bursa?, the most frequent
being in the bursa? patellae, commonly
called Housemaid'' s Knee. A., Chronic,
or Cold Abscess, one of slow and appa-
rently non-inflammatory development, usu-
ally about a bone, joint, or gland. A.,
Congestive, the pus appears at a point
distant from where it is formed. A., Con-
stitutional, due to some systemic disor-
der. A., Critical, occurring at some
critical period of an acute disease. A.,
Embolic, formed in the clot of an embol-
ism. A., Fecal, one developing in the
rectum or large intestine. A., Gangre-
nous, one attended with death of adjacent
parts. A., Lacunar, one in the lacunas of
the urethra. A., Metastatic. See Pye-
mia. A., Miliary. See Pycemia. A.,
Milk, or A., Mammary, one in the female
breast. A., Multiple. See Pycemia. A.,
Perforating, one perforating the cornea,
the lung or other containing wall. A.,
Phlegmonous, an acute A. A., Point-
ing of, the point where the abscess tends
to break through its external confining wall.
A., Psoas, one arising from disease of the
lumbar or lower dorsal vertebras, the pus
descending in the sheath of the psoas
muscle, and usually pointing beneath Pou-
part's ligament. A., Pyaemic. See Py-
emia. A., Residual, about the products
of some old result of inflammation. A.,
Stercoraceous. See Fecal A. A.,
Symptomatic, one indicative of some
other affection. A., Thecal, in the
sheaths of tendons.
Ab / scess Root. The root of Polei?ionium
reptans. Alterative, astringent and ex-
pectorant. Dose of fid. ex. ^ss-ij. Unof.
Abscis / sae (Fr. abscisse). The transverse
lines cutting vertical ones at right angles,
to show by a diagram the relations of two
series of facts, as, e. g., the number of
pulse-beats, or the temperature record in
given periods of time.
Abscission {ab, from, scindo, to cut off).
Removal of a part, as the prepuce, or a
fractured bone, by cutting. Applied par-
ticularly to a surgical operation upon a sta-
phylomatous cornea, in which the bulging
portion is excised, the parts brought to-
gether so that the posterior and chief part
of the globe forms a "stump" for an arti-
ficial eye.
Absinthe. See Absinthium.
Absinth / ism. A disease similar to alco-
holism, the result of the excessive use of
absinthe. It is characterized by general
muscular debility and mental disturbances,
which may proceed to convulsions, acute
mania, general softening of the brain, or
general paralysis.
Absinthium. Wormwood. The leaves of
Artemisia absinthium. Contains a vola-
tile oil and an intensely bitter principle,
Absinthin, C 16 H 20 O 4 , which is a narcotic
poison. A. increases cardiac action, pro-
duces tremor and epileptiform convulsions.
Dose gr. xx-xl. Absinthe, a French
liquor, is an alcoholic solution of the oil
exhibited with oils of anise, marjoram and
other aromatic oils.
Absorb'ents (ab, sorbere, to suck). In
physiology, an organ or part which absorbs,
withdraws, or' takes up. A term applied
to the lacteals and lymphatics, q.v. In
materia medica, a name applied to a drug
ABSORPTION
20
ACCOMMODATION
or medicine which produces absorption or
. :on of diseased tissue. In surgery,
applied to substances which mechanically
op excreted matter, as
A. Glands. See L ymph-
Absorp'tion. Trie permeation or imbibi-
tion of one body by another. The process
whereby nourishment, medicines, morbid
produ; - metamorpl: - -
taken up by the lymphatic and venous sys-
tems. In ophthalmology the process by
which the lens is disintegrated and carried
lex the capsule has been ruptured.
A. Lines or Bands, the lines of the
spectrum, called Fraunhofer's lines; they
are dark lines caused by the arrestation or
absorption of the ethereal waves of certain
lengths and rapidities, mainly by vapors of
the sun's atmosphere.
Abste'mious \abs, from, temetum, wine).
Abstinence from wine. Temperance, or
moderation in matters of diet.
Abster'gent (abs, tergeo, to cleanse).
Cleansing, detergent. See Deterg
Abstinence \abs. tineo, to hold or keep).
Privation or self-denial in regard to food,
liquors, etc.
Abstract {abstraho, to draw from). A
preparation containing the soluble princi-
ples of the drug evaporated and mixed
with sugar of milk. It represents twice
the strength of the drug or its fluid extract.
Abstraction {abstraho). Blood-letting.
In pharmacy, the process of distillation.
Also, attention to one idea to the exclusion
of others. Generalization or classification
of the qualities common to the individuals
of a group.
Abstrac / tum. See Abstract.
Abu'lia (a priv., Sovat;, will). Loss or
defect of will power.
Aca'cia. Gum Arabic. A nearly white
transparent gum exuding from several
species of acacia. Soluble in water.
Used in manufacture of mucilage. Con-
;' rabin, C 12 H. 2: ,0 11 , identical in com-
position with cane sugar. A. Mucilago,
acacia 34, water 1 00 parts ; incompatible
with alcoholic tinctures. A. Syrup, muci-
lage 25, syrup, simp. 75. Used in vari-
ous mixtures, as a demulcent, and to sus-
pend insoluble powders.
Acard'ia [a neg., napSia, heart). A mon-
strosity without heart, developed simulta-
neously with a normal fcetus.
Aca / rus (a neg., necpo, to cut [because so
small]). The mite or tick, a parasite of
man and animals. A. Autumnalis, the
harvest-bug. A. Scabiei, the sarcoptes
. or itch parasite.
Accel'erans Nerve. A nerve from the
accelerans center in the medulla to the
heart, intermediating acceleration of its
rhythm.
Accelerator Urinae. A muscle of the
penis whose function is to expel the last
drops in urination, to expel the semen and
to assist erection. The sphincter vaginae
is its analogue in the female.
Accession [ad, to, ca:do, to draw). The
insult, beginning, or onset of a disease, or
of a stage of the same ; applied especially
to periodical diseases.
Accessory. A term applied to certain
muscles, ducts, nerves, arteries, etc., that
are often inconstant, but always auxiliary
in function, course, etc., to the principal.
A. of the Parotid, the sccia parotidis.
A. Willisii, the spinal accessory nerve,
named after the discoverer. A. Gland of
the Pancreas, Brunner's glands.
Accidental Hemorrhage. See Hemor-
rhage.
Acclimatization [ad, clima, climate).
The act of becoming accustomed to the
climate, soil, water, etc., of a country to
which a plant, animal, person or a people
have removed.
Accommodation of the Eye {accom-
modo, to adjust). That function of the
ciliary muscle and lens whereby objects at
different distances are clearly seen. It
depends upon the inherent elasticity of the
lens, which when the ciliary muscle of an
emmetropic eye is at rest, is adapted to the
proper focalization of parallel rays of light,
or of such rays as proceed from an infinite
distance, or from the horizon of the ob-
server. Objects nearer, to be clearly seen,
require a greater refracting power on the
part of the eye because the rays from such
objects are more divergent. This addi-
tional refracting power is gained by an
increased antero-posterior diameter of the
lens brought about by the contraction of
the ciliary muscle which occasions a
loosening of the suspensory ligament and
a thickening of the lens by its own elas-
ticity-. A., Absolute, the accommoda-
tion of either eye separately. A., Anom-
alies of, departures from the normal in
the action of the mechanism of accommo-
dation. A., Negative, the eye passive
or at rest. A., Paralysis of, paralysis of
the ciliary muscle. A. Phosphenes, the
peripheral light streak seen in the dark
after the act of accommodation. A.,
ACCRETION
21
ACHEILIA
Range of, the distance between the punc-
tum proximum, or nearest of distinct vis-
ion, and the punctwn remotissimum, or
most distant point.
Accretion {ad, to, c res cere, to increase). A
term denoting the manner by which crys-
talline and certain organic forms increase
their material substance. Also, the ad-
herence of parts that are normally sepa-
rate.
Accouchee (Fr. a,to, couche, a bed). A
woman delivered of a child.
Accouchement (ad,to, couche, abed). The
French term for labor, or delivery of a
child. The act of childbirth. A. Force,
rapid and forceful delivery with the hand
during severe hemorrhage.
Accoucheur. A man-midwife.
Accrementition {ad, crescere). A term
applied to growths in which increase takes
place by interstitial development from
blastema, and also by reproduction of
cells by fission.
Accoucheuse. A midwife.
A. C. E. Mixture. An anaesthetic mix-
ture, not so depressing as chloroform : al-
cohol, I part; chloroform, 2 parts; ether,
3 parts.
Acepha / lia (a neg., ne bile). Non-secre-
tion or non-excretion of bile.
AchoTous (a, x°^V, bile). Pertaining to
Acholia, q. v.
A / chor (a^wp, chaff, scurf, or dandruff).
Crusta lactea. A small pustule, followed
by a scab, upon the heads of infants.
Acho / rion (axup.) A name given to
several species of fungous (or fungoid)
organisms (possibly modified forms of
Penicilium glaucuni), found in the skin,
especially the hair-follicles. A. Kerato-
phagus, the form causing onycho?nycosis,
q. v. A. Lebertii, the parasite of tinea
tonsurans. A. Schonleinii, the species
occurring in ringworm or tinea favosi.
Achroi / a (a, without, xP ola > surface color).
Same as Achroma, q. v.
Achro / ma (a, ^pw«a, color). Absence of
color. Pallor. Paleness, from whatsoever
cause. A., Congenital. See Albinism.
Achromatic (a, xP u , ua )- Pertaining to
achroma; without color. A. Lens, one
whose dispersing power is exactly neutral-
ized by another lens having the same
curvature but of tcnequal refractive index.
See also Aberration.
Achro / matin. The substance in the nu-
cleus of a cell prior to division. So called
because not readily stained by coloring
agents. See Cell Body.
Achromatism (a, xpufia). Absence of
chromatic aberration.
AchromatopsTa (a, ^poua, oipic, eyesight).
Color-blindness, Daltonism, dyschroma-
topsia. See Blindness.
Achroddex / trin. A reducing dextrin
formed by the action of the diastatic fer-
ment of saliva upon starch or glycogen.
Achylo / sis (a neg., x v/x> £> juice). De-
ficient chylification.
Achymo / sis (a neg., x v H-°£> chyme). De-
ficient chymification.
Acic / ular {acus, a needle). Needle-like.
AcTd {acere, to be sour). A name loosely
applied to any substance having a sour
taste. A compound of an electro-negative
element with one or more atoms of hydro-
gen which can be replaced by electro-posi-
tive or basic atoms. Acids vary in their
terminations according to the quantity of
oxygen or other electro-negative they con-
tain. Those having the maximum of oxy-
gen end in -ic ; those of a lower degree in
-ous. "Where there are more than two com-
binations the preposition hyper- is prefixed
to the highest, and hypo- to the lowest.
Acids which end in -ic, as sulphunr acid,
form salts terminating in -ate ; those end-
ing in -ous form salts terminating in -ite.
Physiologically, acids in concentrated form
act as caustics; diluted and in medicinal
doses they check acid-producing and in-
crease alkaline secretions. A., Acetic,
an acid solution composed of 36 parts of
absolute acetic acid, C 2 H 4 2 , and 64 parts
w T ater. Has strong acid properties. Mis-
cible with water and alcohol. A., Acetic,
Glacial, the absolute acid in crystalline
form. A., Acetic, Dilute, contains 6 per
cent, of absolute acid. Dose gj-ij. An
impure form obtained by the destructive
distillation of wood is known as wood vine-
gar, or pyroligneous acid. A., Arse-
nious, and Arsenic. See Arsenic. A.,
Aromatic, a name applied to certain or-
ganic acids occurring in the balsams, resins
and other odoriferous principles. Also, in
pharmacy, a dilute mineral acid reinforced
by aromatic substances in order to modify
their flavor. A., Boric. See Boron. A.,
Butyric {butyrum, butter), an acid, C 4 H 8
O 2 , having a viscid appearance and rancid
smell. It is obtained commercially by the
fermentation of a mixture of sugar and
butter or cheese in the presence of an alka-
line carbonate, but occurs in various plants.
Combined with glycerine as glyceryl buty-
rate it is essentially butter. The ether de-
rived from butyric acid is the natural flavor
of the pineapple. A., Carbolic, pkenylic
alcohol, or phenol, an alcoholic product of
the distillation of coal-tar having the com-
position C 6 H 6 0. It occurs in pinkish
acicular crystals, highly soluble in water,
alcohol, ether, glycerine, and oil. It is a
powerful antiseptic and germicide, and a
violent poison. Internally it is useful in
nausea and phthisis. Dose gr. ^- A.,
Carb., Glycerite, contains acid I, gly-
cerine 4 parts. A., Carb., Solutions, vary
from I to 5 per cent, in water. A., Carb.,
ACID
23
ACID
Unguent, contains acid 10, ointment
90 parts. A., Chromic, Cr6 3 , used as
an escharotic for the destruction of syphi-
litic warts and similar growths. A solu-
tion of I : 40 is used as an antiseptic wash
for putrid sores and wounds. See Potas-
sium.. A., Citric. See Limon. A., Flu-
oric, HF, gaseous and soluble in water.
The dilute acid, I : 200, is used as an in-
ternal remedy in goitre. Dose TT^xx-xxx.
A., Formic [formica, an ant), an organic
acid, CH 2 2 , and the first of a series
formed by the oxidation of alcohols. It is
secreted naturally by the ant, and is also
thought to be identical with the venom of
the bee. A., Gallic, HC 7 H 5 5 , an acid
prepared from nutgalls. Similar in pro-
perties to tannic acid, q. v. Occurs in fine
acicular crystals. Astringent and disin-
fectant. Useful in night sweats, diabetes
and chronic diarrhoea. A., Gallic, Un-
guent, benzoated lard 90, gallic acid
10. A., Pyrogallic (unofficial), obtained
from gallic acid by heating the latter.
Recommended locally in phagedenic chan-
cres. A., Hydrobromic, HBr, the dilute
acid, which is the chief form used, consists
of 10 per cent, acid and 90 per cent, water.
A good solvent for quinine. Useful in
hysteria, congestive headaches and neural-
gia. Is recommended as a substitute for
potassium and sodium bromides. Dose
mjcx-gij. A., Hydrochloric, Muriatic
Acid, HC1, a liquid consisting of 32 per
cent, of HC1 gas in 68 per cent, of water.
Colorless, pungent and intensely acid. Val-
uable as an aid to digestion. A., Hydro-
chlor., Dilute, a 10 per cent, solution of
absolute acid in water. Dose tt\nj-x. A.,
Hydrocyanic, Dilute, Prussic Acid,
HCN, a liquid consisting of 2 per cent, of
the acid with 98 per cent, of water and
alcohol. Prussic acid is found in the bitter
almond, the leaves of the peach, and in
the cherry laurel, from the leaves of which
it is distilled. It is the most violent poison
known, death from complete asphyxia
being almost instantaneous. Valuable for
its sedative and antispasmodic effects in
vomiting, whooping-cough, and spasmodic
affections. Dose H\j-v. The following
preparations are employed : Aqua Lauro-
cerasi, water distilled from the leaves of
the cherry laurel. Dose rr\v-xxx, with
caution. ScheeWs Dilute Hydrocyanic
Acid, in 4 or 5 per cent, solution ; danger-
ous. Amygdala amara, oil of bitter al-
mond; used in cosmetics. A., Lactic,
HC 3 H 5 3 , a liquid containing 25 per cent.
of absolute acid in 75 per cent, of water.
Produced in the fermentation of milk.
Generally found impure from subsequent
fermentation except when freshly made.
Useful in aiding digestion, in diabetes, and
as a solvent of false membrane in diph-
theria. Dose gss-^ss. A., Muriatic.
See Acid Hydrochloric. A., Nitric, HN0 3 ,
a liquid consisting of about 64 per cent,
absolute acid in 31 per cent, of water.
The pure acid is colorless, fuming, and
highly caustic. A very powerful escharotic,
used in cauterization of chancres and
phagedenic ulcers. A., Nit., Dilute, con-
tains 10 per cent, absolute acid. Dose
TT\,iij-xv, well diluted. A., Nitro-hydro-
chloric, Aqua Regia, a golden yellow,
fuming mixture of 4 parts nitric and 15 of
hydrochloric acid. A ready solvent of
gold. Valuable in affections of the liver.
Dose TTLv-xx, very dilute. A., Oleic,
HC 18 H 33 2 , a constituent acid present in
many fats and oils. Obtained in the manu-
facture of stearine candles. Soluble in
alcohol, benzol and the essential oils; in-
soluble in water. Saponifies when heated
with alkaline bases. A., Osmic, the
oxide of osmium, one of the rarer elements.
Has been recommended for hypodermatic
use in sciatica, strumous glands, and can-
cer. A., Oxalic, a colorless crystalline
solid, C 2 H 2 4 , obtained by treating sawdust
with caustic soda and potash. In ]/ 2 gr.
doses a depressant to respiratory centers.
In large doses a violent poison. Unof. A.,
Phosphoric, Orthophosphoric Acid, H 3 -
P0 4 , contains 50 per cent, aa acid and
water. Of value in strumous affections,
and thought to be serviceable in dissolving
phosphatic deposits. Has none of the
effects derived from free phosphorus or
the hypophosphites. A., Phosphor., Dil.,
contains 10 per cent, of absolute acid.
Dose TT\v-xxx. See Sodium, Potassium,
Calcium, etc. A., Picric, Carbazotic Acid,
C 6 H 3 (N0 2 ) 3 0, obtained by the action
of nitric on carbolic acid. A saturated
solution is of some value as a wash in ery-
sipelas. An excellent test for albumen and
sugar in urine. Dose gr. v-xv. A., Pyro-
gallic. See A., Gallic. A., Sulphu-
ric, Oil of Vitriol, H 2 S0 4 , a heavy, oily,
corrosive acid, consisting of not less than
96 per cent, sulphuric anhydride and 10
per cent, of water. Of value in lead poi-
soning. Sometimes used as a caustic. A.,
Sulph., Dilute, contains 10 per cent.
strong acid to 90 of water. Dose TT^x-xv,
well diluted. A., Sulph., Aromatic, con-
ACID- ALBUMIN
24
ACOLOGY
tain? 20 per cent, acid, diluted with alcohol
and flavored with cinnamon and ginger.
Dose m^v-xv. A., Sulphurous, H 2 S0 3 ,
a colorless acid containing about 3^ per
cent, of sulphurous anhydride in 96 j4 per
cent, of water. The gas (S0 2 ) is a very
valuable disinfectant. The acid is used as
a spray or lotion in diphtheria, stomatitis,
and as a wash for indolent and syphilitic
ulcers. The various hyposulphites are
mainly valuable in that they decompose
and give off sulphur dioxide. Dose V\\-
3J. See, also, Sodium, Potassium, and
Magnesium. A., Tannic, Tannin, C M -
H 10 O 9 , an astringent acid obtained from
nutgalls, occurring in yellowish, scaly
crystals. Soluble in water and alcohol.
Internally it is an antidote in poisoning by
alkaloids and tartar emetic, and in hemor-
rhoids and catarrh of mucous membrane.
Useful mainly as an astringent lotion in
many skin diseases. Dose gr. j-xx. A.,
Tan., Unguent, a 10 per cent, ointment
of the acid incorporated with benzoated
lard. A., Tan., Troches, each contain
1 gr. of tannic acid. A., Tan., Sup-
positories, 1 part of tannin to 20 of butter
of cacao. A., Tan., Glycerite, I part
tannin in 4 of glycerine. A., Tartaric,
H 2 C 4 H 4 6 , the acid principle of the grape
and many other fruits. Obtained in color-
less, transparent crystals ; chiefly employed
in refrigerant drinks and in baking powders ;
20 grains neutralize 27 of potassium dicar-
bonate, 22 of sodium dicar Donate and 15 j^
of ammonium carbonate. Dose gr. x-xxx.
Acid-AFbumin. A derived albumin. A
proteid, having been acted upon or dis-
solved in the stronger acids, and yielding
an acid reaction.
Acidim'etry (acidus, acid, /nerpov, a
measure). Determination of the free acid
in a solution, by an acidimeter, or by
chemical reactions.
Acid Phenyl Sulphate. A solution of
3 grammes of phenol in 20 c.c. of strong
sulphuric acid. Used for the detection of
nitrates in water.
Ac / idum. See Acid.
Acine / sia (a, without, Kuvriaiq, motion). A
name used to denote loss of motion in
any or all parts of the body. Also, the
interval between consecutive throbs of the
heart. • See also Diastole.
Acin'iform {acinus, a grape). Grape-like.
Acinus {pi. acini). The smallest lobules
of conglomerate glands; the saccules of
compound racemose glands; the lobules
of the liver, etc.
Acleitocard / ia {axAeiros, unclosed, mpdia,
the heart). A term applied to the imper-
fect closure of the foramen ovale, a foetal
opening between the auricles of the heart,
which prevents perfect aeration of the
blood. It is thought to be connected
with the disease variously known as
cyanapathy, " Blue Disease," " Blue Jaun-
dice," etc.
Ac'me {aKfiTj, a point). The critical stage
of a disease; the crisis. The highest
point or degree of anything.
Ac / ne. Varus. A general term used to
designate lesions arising from pustular
inflammation about the sebaceous glands
and hair follicles. The forms commonly
distinguished are A. Rosacea, A. Vari-
oliformis, and A. Vulgaris. A. Ade-
noid, a disseminated form of A. Vul-
garis, q. v. A. Adolescentum. See
Acne Vulgaris. A. Albida. See Mili-
um. A. Atrophica. See Acne Varioli-
formis. A. Disseminata. See Acne
Vulgaris. A. Erythematosa. See
Acne Rosacea. A. Frontalis. See
Acne Varioliformis. A. Hypertrophica,
Whiskey Nose, an extreme development
of A. Rosacea, q. v. A. Keloid. See
Dermatitis Papillaris Capillitii. A.
Keratosa, a form of A. Vulgaris, dis-
tinguished by a horny plug in the hair fol-
licle. A. Rhinophyma, an extreme
development of Acne Rosacea, q. v. A.
Rosacea, a chronic congestion of the
skin and subcutaneous tissue of the face,
attended with seborrhoea, and resulting in
permanent vascular dilatation. May hyper-
trophy the tip and sides of the nose
{A. hypertrophica, "whiskey nose"), or
expand it into a pendulous tumor (A.
rhinophyma). A. Sebacea. See Sebor-
rhoea. A. Varioliforme. See Mollus-
cum Contagiosum. A. Varioliformis
(not to be confused with A. Varioli-
forme). A pustular eruption confined
mainly to the face and scalp, which
leaves pitted scars. The papules and
pustules are indurated and grouped. A.
Vulgaris, stone pock ; an inflam-
mation of the sebaceous glands, arising
from, obstructed or retained secretion.
Occurs mainly in children or youth.
May be indurated, punctate or pustular
in form.
Acce / lius (a priv., ndi?ua, the belly).
Without a belly ; applied to those ex-
tremely emaciated.
AcoUogy (a hoc, remedy, / oyoc, a dis-
course). The science of remedies.
ACOMIA
25
ACTION
Aco / mia (anfiog, bald). Baldness. A
general term applied to the deficiency of
hair, arising from any cause.
Aconite, or A / conite.
Acon / itum. The root of Aconitum na-
pellus. Possesses a bitter, pungent taste.
Produces numbness and persistent tingling
in the tongue and lips. Violently poison-
ous. Exerts great depression of the heart,
respiration, circulation and nerves. The
active principle is Aconitine. Highly bene-
ficial in fevers, acute throat affections and
inflammation of the respiratory organs.
Dose gr. ss-ij. A. Abstractum, has
double the strength of the powdered drug
or its fluid ext. Dose gr. %-y A. Ex-
tractum. Dose gr.
A. Ext.
Fluid., has a strength of one drop to the
grain of powdered drug. Dose TTL^-ij.
A. Tinct., contains, aconite 40, tartaric
acid 0.4, alcohol 100 parts. Dose Ttb^-ij.
The following are unofficial : Aconitia
(aconitine), an amorphous solid. Dose gr.
27o~5 1 o- AconitincB, Oleatum, a 2 per cent,
solution of aconitine in oleic acid. Napel-
lina. Dose gr. \~\ . St. Jacob's Oil, a
weak aconite liniment.
Acor'mus [a, nop/uog, the trunk). A mon-
ster without a trunk or body.
Ac / orus. See Catamus.
Acou / meter, or Acouom / eter (aaovu, to
hear, fterpov, a measure). An instrument
for measuring the acuteness of hearing.
Acous / tic. Relating to the ear or sense
of hearing. A. Tetanus, the rapidity of
the induction shocks in a frog's nerve-muscle
preparation, as measured by the pitch of a
vibrating rod. A. Nerve, portio mollis
of the seventh pair. See Nerves.
Acoustics. The science of sound.
Acquired Movements. Those brought
under the influence of the will only after
conscious and attentive effort and practice,
in distinction from reacquired movements,
those reinstated in their former proficiency
after injury to the motor regions of the
brain.
Acra / nia (a priv., upaviov, the skull). A
monster with partial or complete absence
of the cranium.
Acrature / sis (aKpareta, without strength,
ovpTjaig, micturition). Inability to mictu-
rate from atony of the bladder.
Acrodyn / ia (anpog, an extremity, odwrj,
pain). A disease closely allied to pellagra
and ergotism ; attended with acute hyper-
aesthesia of the palms and soles, troubles
of motility, disordered nutrition of the skin
and mucous membranes, followed by an
erythematous eruption, with excess of dark
brown pigmentation. Thought to be caused
by diseased grain.
Acro / leine (acer, sharp, oleum, oil). Acrylic
Aldehyde. A highly volatile liquid hav-
ing the composition C 3 H 4 ; derived from
the decomposition or the destructive dis-
tillation of glycerine.
Acromegalia (anpog, /j.eya?.og, large). Ab-
normal development of the extremities.
Acro / mion (attpov, a summit, Dfiog, the
shoulder). The triangular-shaped process
at the summit of the scapula, which forms
the attachment of the deltoid muscle.
Acrompha'lus (atcpov, ofio{3og, fear). Dread
of a current of air. A symptom of hydro-
phobia and hysteria.
A'eroscope (ar/p, gkotteu, to observe). An
instrument for the examination of air
dust. Also, an instrument for estimating
the purity of the air.
Aerotherapeu'tics. A mode of treating
disease by varying the pressure or the
composition of the air breathed.
Aerteriver'sion (aqp, rrjpecj, to hold, verto,
to turn). A method of arresting haemor-
rhage by everting the cut end of an artery,
invaginating the vessel in itself and fixing
the parts by a needle.
iEs'culin. A glucoside in the bark of the
horse chestnut having the composition
C 21 H 24 13 .
i^s / thesin (ato^rjatg, sensibility). A name
given by Thudichum to an anhydrous
compound of sphyngosin and neurostearic
ether occurring in brain-tissue.
.^Esthesiom'eter. An instrument for
measuring tactile sensibility.
^sthesod / ic (atadrjatg, odog, path). Re-
lating to the gray substance of the cord
that conducts sensory impressions to the
brain. Kinesodic parts conduct the motor
impulses from the centers to the muscles.
^stua / rium (cestus, heat). A vapor-bath.
Also a stove designed to apply warm, dry
air to all parts of the body at the same
time.
M'ther. See Ether.
^tioFogy. See Etiology.
Affection (officio, to affect). A synonym
of disease.
Afferent (ad, to, fero, to carry to). A term
applied to vessels, nerves, etc., that con-
vey their contents or impulses from the
periphery to the center. An efferent
nerve, impulse or current is in the reverse
direction.
Affinity (affinis, akin to). Relationship;
a synonym of attraction. A., Chemical,
the force exerted at inappreciable dis-
tances, and between definite and invari-
able weights of two or more combining
substances, whereby bodies of dissimilar
nature unite to form new compounds.
Contradistinguished from cohesion, which
is an attraction between molecules. A.,
Elective, the preference of one sub-
stance for another rather than for a third
or fourth.
Af 'flux (affliw, to flow toward). The flow
of the blood or other liquid to a particular
part.
Affu'sion (off undo, to pour upon). Pour-
ing water upon a substance to cleanse it,
or upon the body in fevers to reduce tem-
perature and calm nervous symptoms.
African Lethargy. A " sleeping sick-
ness " affecting negroes of the West
African coast. Increasing somnolence is
the characteristic symptom. Very fatal.
Death after emaciation follows in from
three to six months. The cause is un-
known, and- post-mortem examination has
revealed only hyperaemia of the arachnoid.
No treatment avails.
After-birth. The popular designation of
the placenta, cord and membranes, some-
times called the secundines.
AFTER-IMAGES
29
AGRYPNIA.
After-images. Continued retinal im-
pressions after the stimulus of the light or
image has ceased to act. A positive after-
image is a simple prolongation of the sen-
sation; a negative after-image is the ap-
pearance of the image in complementary
colors. After-sensations may be also ex-
perienced with other senses.
After-pains. See Pains.
After-sensation. A sensation lasting
longer than the stimulus producing it.
Agalactia (a, yaXa, milk). Failure or
insufficiency of the mother's milk after
childbirth.
Agamogen / esis (aya/uog, without mar-
riage, yeveccg, generation). Reproduction
without fecundation, as, e.g., by gemma-
tion. See Parthenogenesis.
A / gar-a / gar. A Ceylon moss. A kind of
glue made from certain mosses, used in
medicine to make suppositories, and in
bacteriological studies to make a solution
in which micro-organisms are bred or kept.
See Gelose.
Agar / icine. The active principle of Agar-
icus albus. It has proved useful in the
night sweats of phthisis, where atropia has
failed. Dose gr. ^"tV Unof.
Agar / icus. A genus of the family of
Agaricini or mushroom. The edible va-
riety, A. Campestris, is characterized
by a brownish color, which does not
change when cut, and an agreeable taste.
A. Albus, Purging Agaric, unof., a fun-
gus parasitic upon the European larch;
contains an alkaloid agaricin and agaric
acid. Used as a drastic purgative, valuable
in night sweats. Dose gr. xxx-^j. A.
Cheirurgorum, a parasitic fungus for-
merly used for moxa, q. v. Soaked in so-
lution of potassium nitrate it forms spunk.
A. Muscarius, a poisonous mushroom,
containing an alkaloid mziscarine, q. v.,
a powerful cardiac depressant. Dose of
the alkaloid gr. ^-ij. Muscarine nitrate,
used hypodermically. Dose gr. t X q— f.
Age. A period of life. The age of
infancy, up to the third year ; of child-
hood, from 3 to 12; of adolescence, from
about 12 to 25; of maturity, from 25 to
50 ; of decline or senility, from 50 to
death. The word is sometimes used to de-
note the last period alone. Other divi-
sions may be made, as, e. g., those of em-
bryonic life, of immaturity, of maturity,
of sterility, etc.
Agenesia [a, yeveatg, generation). A
term somewhat loosely used to designate
abnormal or imperfect development. Also
impotence and sterility. In botany, the
asexual development of the flower.
Agens Morbi. See Morbi.
A'gent {ago, to act, to do). A substance
or force that by its action effects changes
in the human body.
Ageifsia [a, yevacg, taste). Abolition of
the sense of taste.
Agglutination (agglutino, to glue upon
or to). A joining together; applied to the
healing of wounds; it is called imme-
diate, if by the first intention ; mediate, if
through the inteiposition of some sub-
stance in the lips of the wound.
Agghftinatives. Substances with adhe-
sive properties, fitted to retain the edges
of wounds in apposition. Such are caout-
chouc, collodion, etc.
AglobuTia (a negative, and globulus, a
globule). A decrease in the quantity of
red blood corpuscles, with corresponding
increase of serum.
Aglos / sia (a priv., y/lwaaa, the tongue).
Congenital absence of tongue.
Ag / minate Glands. See Glands, Pey-
er's.
Ag / nail. Hangnail.
Agna'thia (a priv., yvadog, a jaw). Ab-
sence or defective development of the
jaws.
-ago / ga, -agogues (ayoyog, one who
leads). A suffix, denoting agents that
drive out other substances, as emmena-
gogues, lithagogues, etc.
Agoraphobia (ayopa, a market-place,
(poj3og, fear). A symptom of mental dis-
ease characterized by a morbid fear of
open places or spaces.
-agra (ay pa, a seizure). A Greek word
added as a suffix to various roots to denote
seizure, severe pain ; as podagra, etc.
Agram/matism (a, ypafifir], a word). A
phenomenon of aphasia consisting in the
inability to form words grammatically, or
the suppression of certain words of a
phrase.
Agrapb/ia (a neg., ypacpu, to write). In-
ability to express ideas by writing. In
some cases not a single letter can be
formed; in others, words, and a number
of words, without meaning, can be written.
See Aphasia.
A'gria (ayptog, wild). A certain pustular
eruption.
Ag / rimony. The root of Agrimonia eu-
patoria. A mild astringent. Dose of fid.
ext. .^ss-ij. Unof.
Agryp'nia (aypioq, restless, vrrvog, sleep).
Loss of sleep, sleeplessness, insomnia, q. v.
AGUE
30
ALBUMIN
A'gue (acutus, sharp, acute, Fr. aigu).
Malarial or intermittent fever, character-
ized by paroxysms or stages of chill, fever,
and sweating at regularly recurring times,
and followed by an interval or intermission
whose length determines the epithet, quo-
tidian, tertian, etc. In some cases there is
a double paroxysm, and hence called,
double quotidian, double tertian, etc. In
dumb ague the paroxysms are masked.
Splenic enlargement follows ague, and is
called A. -cake. A. -drop, a solution of
the arseniate of potash, and for which
Fowler's solution is substituted.
Ailan / thus. The bark of A. glandulosa,
commonly known as Tree of Heaven.
Properties due to an oleoresin and a vola-
tile oil. A nauseant and drastic purgative,
constituting an excellent anthelmintic
against tape-worm. A., Ext. fid., dose
Tt\x-3j. A., Tinct., dose TT^x-^ij.
Ain'hum (negro word, meaning to saw).
A disease in Guinea and Hindostan, pe-
culiar to negroes, in which the little toes
are slowly and spontaneously amputated
at about the digito-plantar fold. The pro-
cess is very slow, does not affect other toes
or parts, is unaccompanied by any consti-
tutional symptoms, and its cause is un-
known. Sometimes attacks the great toe.
Air (aep, from aco to blow or breathe).
The chief part of the atmosphere. At-
mospheric air consists of a mixture of 77
parts by weight, or 79.19 by volume, of
nitrogen, and 23 parts by weight or 20.81
by volume of oxygen, with 3.7 to 6.2 parts
by volume of C0 2 in 10,000 parts. 100
cubic inches weigh 30,935 grains. The
pressure of the air at sea-level is about 14^
lbs. upon the sq. in. A., Complemental,
is that that can still be inhaled after an
ordinary inspiration. A., Reserve or
Supplemental, that that can still be ex-
haled after an ordinary expiration. A.,
Residual, that which remains in the lungs
after the most complete expiration possible.
A., Tidal, that taken in and given out at
each respiration. A. Vesicles, the
rounded terminations of the bronchial
tubes, the alveoli. See Atmosphere.
Air-space. A space in tissue filled with
air or other gases arising from the separa-
tion, rupture, or absorption of cells.
Ajo / wan. Bishop's Weed. The fruit of
A. Carum. Carminative and antiseptic.
Has been recommended in colic, diarrhoea,
etc. Dose of the fid. ext. TTLx-xxx.
Akanthsesthe / sia (amvda, a thorn, ataBrj-
c/.r, sensation). A form of paresthesia or
perverted sensation in which there is a
feeling as of a sharp point.
Akatapha'sia (a, without, Kara(f>aivo) } to
declare). Inability to utter or to form a
complete sentence, arising from a syntactic
disturbance of speech.
Akin / esis (a neg, uvea), to set in motion).
Absence or imperfection of movement.
Applied to the heart's diastole.
Akroposthi / tis (atcpoc, point, rroadia, fore-
skin). Inflammation of the foreskin. See
Balanitis.
Akyanops / ia. See Blindness.
Al. The Arabic definite article, the. Pre-
fixed to many words to designate preemi-
nence, etc., as alkali, alcohol. In chemi-
cal nomenclature it is used as a suffix to
denote similarity to or derivation from an
aldehyd, as chloral, butyral, etc.
ATae (pi. of a/a, a wing). Applied to
various wing-shaped parts or appendages.
A. Auris, the pinna of the ear. A. Nasi,
the lateral cartilages of the nose. A.
Vespertilionis, the broad ligaments of
the uterus. A. Vulvae, the labia of the
pudendum. Applied also to the armpits,
parts of the sphenoid, vomer, etc.
AlaTia (a neg., laleu, to talk). Impaired
or lost articulation from paralysis of the
muscles of speech.
ATar (ala, wing). Winglike. A. Liga-
ments, lateral synovial folds of the liga-
ment of the knee-joint. A. Odontoid
Ligaments, lateral ligaments of the
odontoid process. Alaria ossa, lateral
processes of the sphenoid bone. Alares
musculi, the pterygoid muscles.
Albicans (albico, to grow white), white.
Applied to the corpora albicantia at the
base of the brain.
Albinism {albus, white). Congenital
leucoderma, congenital leucopathia, con-
genital achroma. The congenital absence
or abnormal deficiency of pigment in the
skin and other tissues. May be complete
or partial. In complete albinism, there is
a total absence of pigmentation in hair,
skin, iris and choroid coat.
Albugin / ea (albus). White, or whitish.
A. Oculi, the sclerotic coat of the eye.
A. Ovarii, and testis, the tunica albu-
ginea of the ovary and testicle.
Albumim / etQT[a/bumin,fierpov, measure).
An instrument for the quantitative estima-
tion of albumin in urine.
Al'bumin (albus, white). A proteid sub-
stance, the chief constituent of the body.
Its molecule is highly complex and varies
widely within certain limits in different
ALBUMINATE
31
ALE
organs and conditions. It contains the
following percentages : Carbon 52.7 to
54.5 ; hydrogen 6.9 to 7.3 ; nitrogen 15.4
to 16.5 ; oxygen 26.9 to 23.5 ; sulphur
0.8 to 2.0. Its approximate formula is
C 72 H U2 N 18 22 S. The white of egg, often
called albumin, is very largely composed
of it. Other varieties are called after
their sources or characteristic reactions, as
acid-albumin, alkali-albumin, muscle-, se-
rum-, ovum-, vegetable-, albumin, etc.
A., Circulating, that found in the fluids of
the body. A., Organic, that forming an
integral part of the tissue. See, also,
Proteids and Native Albumins.
Albuminate. The compound of albumin
and certain bases, as albuminate of iron,
or of iron and potassium, etc.
Albuminoid {albumin, eiSog, form). Re-
sembling albumin. Applied to certain
compounds having many of the character-
istics of albumin.
Albuminoids. Substances resembling
true proteids in their origin and composi-
tion. They are amorphous non-crystalline
colloids, occurring as organized constitu-
ents of the tissues, and also in fluid form.
Mucin, Nuclein, Keratin, Fibroin, Spon-
gin, Elastin, Gelatin, Chondrin, etc., are
the principal members of the group.
Albuminuria {albumin and ovpov, urine).
The presence of albumin in the urine.
The term is not now used, as it formerly
was, as synonymous with Bright's disease.
Albumin in the mine may result from a
number of causes, e. g., mechanical inter-
ference with renal circulation ; from toxic
substances in the blood ; from changes in
the blood due to various diseases; from
lesions and diseases of the kidneys them-
selves, etc. A., Tests of. See Albumi-
meter, Acetic Acid and Ferrocyanide, Boil-
ing, Esbactis Method, Heller, Picric Acid,
Roberts' Reagent, Tanret.
Al'bumoses. The first products of the
splitting up of proteids by enzymes, inter-
mediate between the food-albumins and the
typical peptones. After the precipitation
and filtering off of the para-peptones, e. g.,
in the peptic digestion of fibrin, the clear
solution of albumoses thus obtained, treated
with sodium chloride, yields in precipitate
form, Proto-albumose, Dys-albumose and
Hetero-albumose ; a fourth, Deutero-albu-
mose, remains in solution. The Deutero-
albumose is the nearest to peptones. A.,
Vegetable. See Phytalbumoses.
Al'chemy (Arabic, of doubtful derivation).
The supposed art of the transmutation of
metals (into gold) and of finding a remedy
for all diseases. Modern chemistry is the
development of this chimerical mediaeval
dream.
Alcohol (Arab, al, the, kohol, finely pow-
dered antimony). Ethyl alcohol, C,H 6 0.
A liquid obtained by the distillation of fer-
mented grain or starchy substance. Used
in pharmacy as a solvent for resins, and as
a base for all tinctures. Commercial alco-
hol contains 91 per cent, of absolute alco-
hol, with 9 per cent, of water. Is in-
flammable, colorless, and possesses a pun-
gent odor and burning taste. Sometimes
used externally as a stimulant lotion. In-
ternally, it is a powerful cerebral excitant ;
in large doses a depressant, narcotic poison,
producing muscular incoordination, deli-
rium and coma. A food within the limits
of 3J-^j per day; continued use is
apt to result in epilepsy, amblyopia and
insanity. In form of wine, whisky or
brandy, it is invaluable in diphtheria, ady-
namic fevers, and poisoning by cardiac
depressants. A., Absolute, spirit contain-
ing no water. A., Ethyl. See Alcohol.
A., Methyl, CH 4 0, commonly known as
"Wood Spirit." A., Amyl, C 5 H 12 0, com-
monly known as " Potato Spirit " and
" Fusel Oil." A., Phenic. See Acid
Carbolic. A., Dilute, composed of equal
parts each of alcohol and water.
Alcoholism. The morbid results of ex-
cessive or prolonged use of alcoholic
liquors. The term acute A. has been
used as a synonym for inebriety. The
chronic form is associated with severe
lesions or disturbances of the digestive,
respiratory and nervous systems. Delirium
tremens is a common result of alcoholism.
Al'dehyde [al, the first syllable of alco-
hol, dehyd, from dehydratus). Alcohol
deprived of two atoms of hydrogen, or
acetic aldehyde. It is a colorless, limpid
liquid, with a characteristic odor, having
the composition C 2 H 4 0. Internally it
produces intoxication, anaesthesia and as-
phyxia. A., Benzoic, the oil of bitter
almonds, C 7 H 6 0. Chemically, the alde-
hydes are bodies containing the group CO,
associated with a monatomic alcohol radi-
cal, and with hydrogen. They are easily
converted into the corresponding acid by
oxidation, or into the corresponding alco-
hols by nascent hydrogen. They are
powerful reducers.
Ale. An alcoholic beverage brewed from
malt and hops. It contains from 3 to 7
per cent, of alcohol. See Malt Liquors.
ALEMBIC
32
ALLEN'S TEST
Alem / bic (Arab, al, apBdjj a cup). A
vessel used for distillation.
Alep'po Boil, or Evil. See Furunculus
OrientaHs.
Ale / tris. Star Grass, Unicorn Root, Star-
wort, Colic Root. The root of A. farinosa.
Tonic, diuretic and anthelmintic. Formerly
a popular domestic remedy in colic, dropsy
and chronic rheumatism. Dose of tid. ext.
rt^x-xxx; of aletrin, the extractive, gr.
%-\v. Unof.
Alexander's Operation. An operation
consisting in shortening the round ligament
of the uterus in order to bring the uterus
into its normal position.
Alex / ia (a, Ae^c, word). Word-blindness.
A form of aphasia and a special type of
psychical blindness, in which the patient
is unable to recognize ordinary written or
printed characters.
Alexipharm / ic [aTie^o, to repel, (pap/uanov,
a drug). A medicine neutralizing a poi-
son.
AlexipyretTc {alel-u, Trvperog, a fever).
A febrifuge.
Aleze / (aAefw, to protect). A cloth to
protect the bed from becoming soiled from
excreta, etc.
AFgae {algor, coldness). A group of
acotyledonous plants, of simple vegetable
construction, living mostly in the water.
AFgaroth (It. Algarotti, the Veronese phy-
sician). A name formerly used to desig-
nate an oxychloride of antimony.
Alge'do (a^yoc, pain). A name applied to
severe pain in the generative and extend-
ing to the urinary organs, sometimes arising
from a sudden stoppage of gonorrhoea.
-algia {akyoq). A suffix denoting pain,
as odontalgia, neuralgia, etc.
Algid {algidus, cold). Cold, chilly. A.
Fever, a pernicious intermittent fever, with
great coldness of the surface of the body.
A. Cholera, Asiatic cholera.
Alienation {alieno, to withdraw). Men-
tal derangement, insanity.
ATienist. One who treats mental diseases ;
a specialist in the treatment of insanity.
AFiment {alimentum, from alo, to nour-
ish). Nourishment, food. A substance
that, acted upon by the digestive and as-
similative organs, yields the sources and
repairs the losses of heat, force or the tis-
sues of the body.
Alimentary. Nourishing. A. Bolus,
the food after mastication and just prior
to swallowing. A. Tube, System, or
Canal, the digestive tube from the lips to
the anus, with its accessory glands.
Alimentation. The process of the recep-
tion and conversion of" food into material
fit for nourishment.
AFizarine. The red coloring principle
occurring in the madder plant, Rubia tinc-
torium, and in anthracene, a coal-tar pro-
duct. Its composition is C 14 H 8 4 .
AFkali (Arab, al, and kali, the plant from
which soda was first obtained). The term
includes the hydrated oxides of the alkali
metals; these are electro-positive, are
strong bases, uniting with acids to form
salts, turn red litmus blue and saponify
fats. A., Caustic (usually potash) , when
so concentrated as to possess caustic pro-
perties ; potash and soda are called fixed
alkalies, because permanently solid ; soda
is called a mineral, potash a vegetable,
and ammonia a volatile alkali.
AFkali- Albumin. A derived albumin;
a proteid having been acred upon by dilute
alkalies and yielding an alkaline reaction.
AlkalinVeter {alkali, and fierpeu^ to mea-
sure). Alkalimetry, the measurement of
the amount of an alkali in a substance.
AFkaloid {alkali and Eidog, likeness).
Resembling an alkali. The alkaloids are
nitrogenous organic compounds, basic and
alkaline in character, highly complex in
chemical constitution and usually of vege-
table origin. Most are solid and crystal-
lizable ; but nicotin and conein are liquid.
Most are toxic. A., Putrefactive. See
Ptoinaines.
AFkanet (Arab, alkanah, a reed). The
root of Anchusa tinctoria, now used in
medicine as a coloring material.
Allantiasis {aXAag, a sausage). Sausage
poisoning, due to putrefactive changes in
imperfectly cured sausages, or in those
made from bad materials.
Allant'oin. C 4 H 6 N 4 3 . Occurs in
traces in normal urine, and prepared from
uric acid by oxidation processes.
Allant / ois (a/Uac, eidog, like). One of
the foetal appendages or membranes, de-
rived from the mesoblastic and hypoblas-
tic layers. Its function is to convey the
blood-vessels to the chorion. The lower
part finally becomes the bladder, the rest,
the urachus.
Allant / o-tox / icon [a?2ag, rogtuov, a poi-
son). A name applied to a poisonous sub-
stance, probably a ptomaine, which devel-
ops during the putrefactive fermentation
of" sausage, especially that made of blood
and liver.
Allen's Test for Zinc. A few drops of
potassium ferrocyanide added to boiling
ALLIACEOUS
33 ALPHA-OXYNAPHTHOIC ACID
water slightly alkaline yields a white pre-
cipitate if zinc be present.
Alliaceous [allium, garlic). Resembling
garlic or pertaining to the same.
ALligator Pear. The seeds of Persea
gratissima, or Avocado pear. A Mexican
remedy for intercostal neuralgia, and, in-
ternally, an anthelmintic (?). Dose, in-
ternally, of the fid. ext. TTLxxx-^j.
ALlium (aAeu, to avoid). Garlic. The
bulb of A. sativum. Contains a pungent
volatile oil (allyl sulphide), which is found
also in the leek and the onion. The tubers
of each are used both as a food and as a
condiment, and are stimulants to digestion.
A. Syr., contains, garlic 15, sugar 60, dil.
acetic acid 40 parts. Dose 3 j-3 iv.
Allochi / ria (al?iog, other, x £i P> hand).
An infrequent tabetic symptom, in which,
if one extremity be pricked, the patient
locates the sensation in the corresponding
member of the other side. The better
name, allcesthesia, has been suggested.
Allop'athy (aZAoc, other, rradog, affection).
According to Hahnemann, the inventor of
the term, that method of the treatment of
disease consisting in the use of medicines
whose action upon the body in health pro-
duces morbid phenomena different from
those of the disease treated. Opposed to
homoeopathy. It need hardly be said that
modern scientific medicine is based upon
no such theoiy, or definition, as that sup-
plied by homoeopathy. See Regular.
Allorhytb/mia (aXkoq, pvdjuoc, rhythm).
Variation in interval of the pulse. See
Pulse and Pulsus.
Allotriopb/agy (a/lAoT/Moc, strange, dayo,
to eat). Depraved or unnatural appetite.
The Italian epidemic disease called pica.
Allot / ropism [aTCkoq, rporroc, method).
The term expresses the fact of certain
elements existing in two or more condi-
tions with differences of physical properties.
Thus carbon illustrates allotropism by ex-
isting in the forms of charcoal, plumbago,
and the diamond. See Isomeric.
Allox / an. An oxidation product (C 4 H 2 -
N 2 4 ) of uric acid. Passes into alloxanic
acid, C 4 N 2 H 4 5 by the action of alkalies.
Occurs in the intestinal mucus in case of
diarrhoea.
AlLspice. See Pimenta.
ALlyl. C 3 H 5 . A non-saturated univalent
alcohol-radical of the oils obtained from
alliaceous plants. A. Alcohol, C 3 H 5 HO.
A. Aldehyde, C^H^O, a synonym of Acro-
lein. A. Sulphide, (C 3 H 5 ) 2 S, the essen-
tial oil of garlic.
3
Al'men's Test. A test for haemoglobin
or blood in urine. Add to urine freshly
prepared tincture of guaiacum and ozo-
nized ether; a blue color indicates the
presence of blood.
AFmond. See Amygdala.
ALnus. Alder Bark. The bark of the
American Alder. A. Serrulata, contains
tannic acid. Decoction of bark and leaves
is astringent, and used as a gargle and as
a lotion for wounds and ulcers. Dose of
powdered bark gr. x.
Al'oe (aloT], gen. alorjq). The inspissated
juice of several species of aloe, of which
the A. Socotrina, A. Barbadensis, and
A. Capensis are most commonly used.
Properties due to a glucoside, aloin. A
tonic astringent, useful in amenorrhcea,
chronic constipation, and atonic dyspepsia.
Dose gr. j-v. A. Purificata, the com-
mon drug purified by solution in alcohol
and evaporation. Dose gr. j-v. A. Ext.
Aquosum, prepared by mixing I with
10 parts boiling water, straining and evapo-
rating. Dose gr. ss-v. A., Tinct., con-
sists of aloes 10, glycyrrhiza 10, dil. alco-
hol 100 parts. Dose gss-^ij. A. et
Myrrh, Tinct., aloes 10, myrrh 10, alco-
hol 100 parts. Dose 3 ss— 3 ij . A., Vin.,
has aloes 6, cardamon I, ginger I, str.
white wine 100 parts. Dose ^j-giv.
A., Pil., aloes and soap aa gr. ij. A. et
Asafcetida, Pil., aloes and asafoetida aa
gr. 1 3/3. A. et Ferri, Pil., contains gr. j
each of aloes and ferrous sulphate incorpo-
rated with confection of roses. A. et
Mastich, " Lady Webster's " pill, contains
each aloes gr. ij, mastich and red rose gr.
ss. A. et Myrrh, Pil., contains each aloes
gr. ij, myrrh, gr. j, aromatic powder gr. ss,
mixed with syrup. A. et Canellae, Pulv.,
contains powdered bark of Canella alba.
Dose gr. v-xx.
Aloin. See Aloe.
Alope / cia {ak^Trrj^ a fox). A general
term to designate all forms of baldness.
May be congenital, senile, idiopathic pre-
mature, or symptomatic premature. A.
Areata, Porrigo Decalvans, Tinea De-
calvans, Area Celsi. A. Circumspecta,
an atrophic affection of the hair marked
by the appearance of circumscribed bald
spots. It sometimes affects the beard, eye-
brows and pubes, and is thought to be non-
parasitic. A. Pityro / des Universalis.
See Seborrhcca.
Al / pha-Oxynaphtho / ic Acid. A deri-
vative of naphthol. Soluble in glycerine
and oils only. A disinfectant. Unofficial.
ALSTOXIA COXSTRICTA
34
AMAUROSIS
Alsto'nia Constricta. See Ditta Bark.
Altera 'tion Theory. See Difference
I
Al'terative [alter, another ). A medicine
that alters the processes of nutrition and
excretion, restoring, in some unknown way,
and without sensible evacuation, the nor-
mal functions of an organ or of the system.
It seems to be a necessary or convenient
term covering our ignorance of the modus
:.ii of certain medicines, as mercury,
iodine, etc. A. Compound, a domestic
remedy consisting of bamboo, brier-root,
stillingia, burdock-root, and poke-root, aa
fl. ext. ^iij, prickly-ash bark fl. ext. ^j.
Recommended by Sims in scrofulous affec-
tions. Dose 3J-ij.
Alternations of Generation. That form
of reproduction in which some of the
members of the cycle can produce new
beings non-sexually, while in the final stage
reproduction is always sexual. Taenia or
tapeworm, is an example. The segments,
(tides, are hermaphrodite, and are
evacuated with the faeces. From the egg,
fertilized after it is shed, is developed
the embryo, that is swallowed by another
animal, in whose tissues it forms an en-
cysted stage {Cysticercus, Camurus, or
Echinococcus). To undergo further de-
velopment the cysticercus must find an-
other host, where it forms new seg-
ments.
Althae / a. Marsh-mallow. The peeled root
of A. officinalis, a plant of the mallow
family. Consists about one-third of vege-
table mucus and starch, together with the
alkaloids Asparagin and Althein. Em-
ployed as a mucilaginous drink. A.
Syrupi, contains 4 per cent, althaea. Dose
indefinite. Asparagin possesses sedative
and diuretic properties. Useful in ascites
and gout. Dose gr. ij-iij.
AFum or AFumen. See Aluminium.
Alumin'ium. Al = 27. Quantivalence 11,
iv. A silver white metal distinguished
by its low speci^.c gravity, about 2.6. A.
Hydrate, Al 2 (HO) 6 , a tasteless white
powder, feebly astringent. Dose gr. iij-
xx. A. Sulphate, A1 2 (S0 4 ) 3 , an anti-
septic and astringent used as a lotion in
5 per cent, solution. A. Potassium
Sulphate, K 2 AL,(S0 4 ) 4 , alum of com-
merce, a valuable astringent used in ca-
tarrh, leucorrhcea, gonorrhoea. Dose gr.
x-xx. In teaspoonful doses, an emetic.
A. Exsiccatum, alum deprived of its
water of crystallization. Dose gr. x-xx.
Used also as an escharotic. A. Acetate,
unof. ; a disinfectant. A. Acetotartrate,
unof. ; a disinfectant.
Al'um Root. The root of Heuchera
americana. Properties due to gallic and
tannic acids. Very astringent. Dose of
fid. ext. gtt. x-xx. Unof.
Alve'olar {alveolus, a small hollow). Per-
taining to the alveoli or sockets of the
teeth. A. Abscess, a gum-boil. A.
Arch, the alveolar surface of the jaw. A.
Artery, a branch of the internal maxillary.
A. Process, the border of the superior
maxilla in which the alveoli are placed.
Alveola / rium {alveus, a bee-hive). A
name sometimes applied to the external
meatus of the ear. It is so called because
the wax of the ear gathers in that place.
Alve / olez. An extractive from Euphorbia
heterodoxa, having diuretic properties. It
is highly recommended as a topical appli-
cation in cancer. Unof.
Alve / olus, pi. Alveoli. The bony socket
of a tooth. A. of the Stomach, or the
alveolar structures, are depressions, like
honeycomb cells, found in the stomach,
intestines and oesophagus. A. of the
Lungs, are the air cells. A. of Glands,
the ultimate sacs of a racemose gland.
Al'veus {alveus, a trough). A trough, tube
or canal, applied to ducts and vessels of
the body. A. Communis, the utricle.
A. Hippocampi, certain structures in the
cerebral hemispheres.
AFvine {alvus, the belly). Pertaining to
the belly. A. Discharges, the faeces.
AFvus. The belly, or its contents.
AnVadou. German tinder or touchwood,
a fungus found on old tree-trunks, used to
stanch local hemorrhage, as a dressing of
wounds, etc.
AmaFgam (a/aa, together, yajj-Eo, to wed).
A combination of mercury with any other
metal, used for filling teeth.
Ama'ra {amarus, bitter). Bitters.
Amaranth / us Spino'sa. Fresh root of
the shrub used in India as a specific in
gonorrhoea. Dose indefinite. Unof.
Ama / rin. A bitter alkaloid, C 21 H li X 2 ,
derived from bitter almonds.
Amast / ia [a, fiacrog, breast). Without
breasts.
Amauro'sis (auavpou, to darken V A
term that, from its vagueness, is happily
becoming disused, signifying partial or
total loss of vision. "When partial, the
word amblyopia is now used; when com-
plete, blindness. The word is still some-
times used to express blindness when the
cause is unknown or doubtful.
AMAZIA
35
AMINES
Ama / zia. See Amasiia.
Am'ber. See Succinnm.
Am / bergrease, or
Am'bergris {amber and Fr. gris, gray).
A substance excreted by the sperm whale,
Physeter macrocephalus. It is not known
whether it is a pathological product or the
thickened, insoluble part of the faeces.
Exhales a fragrant, musky odor when
wanned. Used in adynamic fevers, chronic
catarrh and nervous diseases. Dose, gr.
j-iij. Unof.
Ambidextrous {ambo, both, dexter, the
right hand). Able to use both hands
equally well.
Amblyo / pia (a///3At>c, dulled, of, eye).
Subnormal acuteness of vision, due neither
to dioptric abnormalism nor to visible or-
ganic lesion. It may be congenital ; or
from disuse {exanopsia); from the use of
tobacco or alcohol or other toxic influences;
from traumatism', or it may be hysterical.
Nyctalopia or day-blindness, and hemeral-
opia or night-blindness, are other forms;
it may arise from entoptic phenomena, such
as muscce volitantes, micropsia, ?negalopsia,
metamorphopsia, etc. It may take the form
of contracted fields of vision, of color-
blindness, or ancesthesia of the retina.
Amboy / na Button. See Frambcesia.
Am / bulance {ambulo, to walk about). In
Europe the term is applied to the surgical
staff and arrangements of an army in
service. In the U. S. the word is re-
stricted to a vehicle for the transference
of the sick or wounded from one place
to another.
Ambus / tion {ambustio, a burn). A burn
or scald.
Ame / lia (a neg., /nslog, a limb). Absence
of the limbs from arrested development, or
atrophy.
Amelop / sin. See American Ivy.
Ame / lus (a priv., fieXog). A monstrosity
without limbs.
Amenoma / nia {amoenus, agreeable, jiavia,
madness). A mild form of mania in which
the symptoms are manifested under the
form of gayety, fondness of dress, exaggera-
tion of social condition, etc.
Amenorrhce / a (a priv., /xrjv, mouth, p£u,
to flow). Absence, irregularity or sup-
pression of menstruation when it should
normally be present. The secretion may
not take place, or be retained, or be sup-
pressed during menstruation. Primitive,
is a term applied to those cases when the
catamenia have not appeared at the proper
time, and secondary, when the discharge
has been arrested after it has existed, and
during the reproductive period of life.
Amen / tia (a neg., mens, mind). Defective
intellect; a vague term synonymous with
idiocy, imbecility.
American Colum / bo. The root of Fra-
sera carolinensis. Tonic, aperient ; in
large doses, purgative. Dose of the fid.
ext. YX\xx—£'). Fraserin, a concentrated
extract. Dose gr. j-iij. Unof.
American I / vy. The twigs and bark of
Amelopsis quinquefolia. Alterative, tonic,
astringent and expectorant. Dose of the
fid. ext. TT\,xxx-3J. Amelopsin, the con-
centrated ext. Dose gr. ij-iv. Unof.
American Spike / nard. The rhizome of
Aralia racemosa. Aromatic, diuretic and
alterative. Used in rheumatism, dropsy
and scrofulous affections. Dose of the
decoction, indefinite. Unof.
Amertume {French). A disease of wine,
characterized by bitterness, and caused by
a specific bacillus.
Ametrom / eter. An instrument for meas-
uring ametropia by means of the diffusion-
circles formed by two small flames.
Ametropia (a neg., /uerpov, a measure).
Ametropia exists when an imperfect image
is formed upon the retina, due to defective
refractive power of the media, or to abnor-
malities of form of the eye. In myopia
the antero -posterior diameter is too great,
or the power of the refractive media is too
great ; hypermetropia (or hyperopia) is the
exact reverse of the last; astigmatism is
due to imperfect curvature of the cornea,
or of the retina, or to inequality of refract-
ing power in different parts of the lens ;
presbyopia is due to the growing inelas-
ticity of the lens, producing insufficient
accommodation; aphakia, or absence of
the lens, produces both insufficient refract-
ing power and loss of accommodation.
Am / ides. Organic compounds derived
from ammonia by the substitution of acid-
radicals for hydrogen. Most nitrogenous
animal bases are amides. NH 2 , their
hypothetical radical, is called amidogen.
Am'idin (Fr. amidon, starch). Starch in
a state of solution, or altered by heat into
a horny, transparent mass.
Am / ido-my / elin. See Myelin.
Amid'ulin. Soluble starch.
Amim / ia (a, ficjuog, a mimic). An aphasic
symptom consisting in loss of the power of
imitation or of pantomime speech.
AnVines. Basic compounds, regarded as
derivatives of ammonia by the substitution
of alcohol radicals. They are called mona-
AMMONIA
36
AMPERE
mine's, diamines, triamincs, etc., according
to the number of amidogen molecules,
N 1 L, substituted for H. The lower mem-
bers are gases, the higher, oily liquids.
Ammo'nia. See Ammonium.
Ammoni / acum. Ammoniac. A gum
resin obtained from a Persian plant, Do-
retna ammoniacum. A stimulating expec-
torant and laxative, resembling asafcetida.
Employed in chronic bronchial affections.
Dose gr. x-xxx. A. cum Hydrargyro
Emplastrum, ammoniac 72, mercury 18
per cent., with sulphur, acetic acid and
oil, q. s. A. Emplastrum, 100 parts of
ammoniac, digested with 140 parts of acetic
acid, dil., strained and evaporated. A.
Mistura, a 4 per cent, emulsion in water.
Dose gss-j.
Ammoniae / mia {ammonia and ai/ua,
blood). The theory explaining the pro-
duction of uraemia as due to a decomposi-
tion of urea in the blood, yielding ammo-
nium carbonate.
Ammo / nium (from the name of Jupiter
Ammon, because first discovered near his
temple in Libya). A hypothetical alkaline
base, having the composition NH 4 . Exists
only in combination. Occurs most com-
monly in the form of ammonia gas, NH 3 ,
which, dissolved in water, is the water of
ammonia of commerce. Inhalation of gas
causes suffocation and oedema of glottis.
The salts first stimulate and then paralyze
the motor nerves. Useful as a stimulant,
as an antagonist in cardiac depressants,
and locally in bites and stings of venomous
reptiles and insects. Ammonia Aqua,
water of ammonia, a solution containing 10
per cent, of the gas in water. Dose TT\v-
gss, well diluted. A. Aqua Fortius,
contains 28 per cent, of the gas in solu-
tion. A., Aromatic Spt., spirit of ammo-
nia, with A. carb., A. Aq., 01. Lemon,
Lavender and Pimenta, Alcohol and water.
Dose gss-ij. Ammonii Acetas Liq.,
dilute acetic acid neutralized with ammo-
nia. Dose 3J-,^j. A. Benzoate. Dose
gr. v-xv. A. Bromide. Dose gr. x-
3 ss. A. Carbonate, a mixture of car-
bonate and dicarbonate. Dose gr. v-x. A.
Chloride, sal ammoniac. Dose gr. j-xx.
A. Chloridum Trochisi, each lozenge
contains gr. ij of the salt. A. Glycyrrhi-
zate. Unof. An expectorant. A. Iodide.
Dose gr. ij-x. A. Liniment, A. Aq. 30,
cottonseed oil 70 per cent. A. Spt.,
a 10 per cent, solution of aqua ammonia
in alcohol. Dose rc\x-%), diluted. The
following salts and their preparations are
official : A. Nitrate, used only in preparing
nitrous oxide. A. Phosphate. Dose
gr. v-xx. A. Sulphate, used only in the
preparation of other ammonium salts. A.
Valerianate. Dose gr. j-v. RaspaiVs
Eau Sedatif (unof.), am. aq. gij, sodium
chloride t ^ij, spt. vini camph. ^iij, aq.
^xxxij. For local use.
Amne / sia (a/j,v7]Gia, forge tfulness). Defect
of memory. Loss of the memory for
words.
Am / nion (a/ivtov, the membrane of the
foetus). The inner membranous layer
surrounding the foetus and inclosing the
liquor amnii, or amniotic fluid. It is a
double non- vascular membrane, the inner
layer or sac derived from the epiblast, the
outer from the mesoblast. The cavity of
the inner folds is called the true amnion,
that of the outer, the false. A., Dropsy
of the, excessive secretion of liquor
amnii.
Amni'ota. Animals with an amnion and
allantois, comprising mammals, birds and
reptiles. Those without an amnion are
called anamnia.
Amnioti / tis. Inflammation of the am-
nion.
Amoe / ba (aueifio, to change). A color-
less, single-celled, jelly-like protoplasmic
organism found in sea and fresh waters,
constantly undergoing changes of form,
and nourishing itself by surrounding ob-
jects. The white corpuscles of the blood
perform ajnozboid movements, i.e., changes
of form, consisting of protrusions and with-
drawals of its substance.
Amcenoma / nia (amosnus, pleasant). A
symptom of monomania or partial insanity
in which the feelings and hallucinations
are mirthful or pleasant.
Amorphous (a neg., juopcj)?], a form).
Formless, shapeless, non-crystallized.
Amorphous quinine, Quinoidine, its salts
being non-crystallizable.
Amor / phus (a, fiop^ f ). An acardiacus
without head or extremities.
Ampere (a French physicist). A.'s Laws,
relate to the forces between conductors
carrying electric currents. Avogadrds
law, that equal volumes of a gas when
under the same conditions, contain the
same number of molecules, is also called
Ampere's Law. In honor of Ampere,
the unit of measurement of an electric
current is called an Ampere. It is the
electro-motive force of one volt produced
in a circuit with one ohm of resistance,
equal to j 1 ^ C. G. S. (Centimetre-Gramme-
AMPHI-
37
AMYLENE
Second) electro-magnetic unit. It is suffi-
cient to deposit .3 grain of copper per
minute on the plate of a copper voltameter,
or decompose sufficient acidulated water to
generate 10.32 c.c. of mixed hydrogen and
oxygen per minute. A. -Hour, the equiva-
lent of 3600 coulombs.
Am / phi- (a/zt } fiiog, life). A class of
the Vertebrata, living during their life both
in the water and upon the land, as the
frog, newt, etc.
Amphi-cre / atine. One of the muscle-
leucomaines. In its properties it resem-
bles creatine, and Gautier thinks it may be
a combination of creatine with the base
C 5 H 10 N 4 O 2 -
Amphicreat / inine. A member of the
creatinine group of leucomaines said to
have toxic qualities.
Amphidiarthro / sis {aiitpL, diapOpuacc, an
articulation). The articulation of the lower
jaw, as it partakes of the nature both of
ginglymus and arthrodia.
Ampho-pep / tone. See Peptones.
Amphor / ic (ajUQopevg, a two-handled ves-
sel). A. Resonance, in auscultation, a
metallic sound like that of blowing into a
bottle, caused by the reverberation of sound
in a cavity of the lung.
Amphoteric (a/i^orepog, both of two).
Substances neither acid nor alkaline, as
glucose, gums, etc.
AnVplitude [amplitudo, the extent of a
thing). The range or extent, as of vibra-
tions and undulations, the pulse, etc.
AmpulTa. A Roman wine jug. The
trumpet-mouthed or dilated extremity of a
canal, as of the lachrymal canal, the recep-
taculum chyli, the Fallopian tubes, mam-
mary ducts, semi-circular canals, vas de-
ferens, etc. Chemically, the term denotes
a large-bellied bottle.
Amputation [amputo, to cut away). The
removal of a limb or part of the body, by
the knife, ligature or other means, or as a
result of gangrene, constriction {e.g., of
the cord, in the foetus) or the disease,
ainhnm. It is termed primary, if done
very soon after an injury; secondary, if
after the limb has passed through the stage
of inflammation. In the circular method
the division is vertical to the plane of
the limb ; in the cutaneous, the flaps are
composed exclusively of the integuments;
in the flap method, the soft parts are cut
obliquely and are composed of both skin
and soft parts. Spontanemts amputation
occurs in the foetus, and in ainhum; sub-
pei-iosteal is when periosteal flaps are made
to cover the cut end of the bone.
Amy / elus (a neg., pvt'/.oq, marrow). A
foetal monstrosity, with partial or complete
absence of the spinal cord.
Amyenceph'alus {eynetyalov, the brain).
A foetal monstrosity with absence of the
spinal cord and brain.
Amyg / dala. Almond. The seeds of A.
amara and A. dulcis, containing the
principle Ei?iulsin or Synaptase. The
former contains Amygdalin. The ex-
pressed oil of the sweet almond is a de-
mulcent useful in skin affections ; in doses
of gj-ij, a mild laxative. That of A.
amara is used in cosmetics and is poison-
ous internally. A. Amara, Aq., a 1 : 100
solution of the oil in water. Dose in-
definite. A. Amara, Ol., a volatile oil
bitter to the taste Contains 3-14 per cent,
of hydrocyanic acid. Dose tt\,X - J- ^-
Expressum Ol., oil of sweet almonds.
A. Mistura, oil of sweet almonds 6 per
cent., sugar, water, and acacia q. s. Dose
^j-^ss. A. Syr., contains oil of bitter
almonds 3, sweet almonds 10, syrup 87 per
cent.
Amyg'dalae. A term used to denote the
tonsils.
Amyg / dalin. See Amygdala.
Am'ykos. An antiseptic fluid used in
Russia and Sweden, composed of boric
acid and thymol. Of reputed service in
gonorrhoea and catarrhs. Unof.
Am/yl. The hypothetical radical C 5 H n of
amyl alcohol, the fifth term of the series
of alcohol radicals, CnH.^-j-j. A. Alco-
hol. See Amylic Alcohol. A. Nitrite,
nitrite of amyl, C 5 H n N0 2 , a clear, yel-
lowish liquid, ethereal, aromatic, volatile ;
produces vascular dilatation and great car-
diac activity, and hence is useful in angina
pectoris, respiratory neuroses, etc.
Amylaceous {amy turn, starch). Con-
taining starch ; starch-like.
Am'ylene. C 5 H 10 . A transparent, liquid
hydrocarbon, having anaesthetic properties,
but dangerous to use. A. Hydrate, a
AMYL HYDRATE
38
ANAESTHESIA
tertian- alcohol having hypnotic effects.
Dose TTlxxx-^j. Unof.
Am'yl Hydrate, or
AmyFic Alcohol. Fusel Oil. Potato
Starch Alcohol. Amyl Hydrate. An al-
cohol having the composition C 5 H 12 0.
Occurring in the continued distillation of
fermented grain. The pure substance has
considerable value as a hypnotic. In large
doses it suppresses tactile sensibility, and
produces motor paralysis. It is employed
with advantage in mental disorders. Dose
TT^ 15-75. Unof. It was formerly much
used to adulterate whiskey.
Am / yloid {amy/ttm, starch, eidog, form).
Starchlike. A. Bodies, pathological pro-
ducts resembling starch grains found in
the membranes of the brain and other
nervous tissues, the prostate, etc. A. De-
generation, waxy, fatty or lardaceous de-
generation ; a disease occurring in most of
the organs of the body, and indicative of im-
paired nutritive function. It is a nitrogenous,
not starchy body, of uncertain composition.
Amylolyt / ic (amy /urn, Ivu, to loosen).
Pertaining to ferments, like the saliva and
pancreatic juice, that convert starch into
sugar.
Amylop / sin. See Ferments.
Amylo'ses. One of the divisions of the
carbohydrates, comprising starch, glycogen,
dextrin, inulin, gum, cellulose and tunicin.
Amy / lum. Starch, C 6 H 10 O 5 . The internal
cells of Triticum vulgaris, common wheat,
all other cereals and many tubers, piths,
and roots, such as potato, cassava, etc. ;
constitutes nearly the whole of arrow -root,
tapioca, and sago. Converted into glu-
cose by boiling with mineral acids. The
most valuable nutrient. Inert medicinally.
A. Glyceritum, a jelly for external ap-
plication. Starch 10, glycerine 90 per
cent. A. Iodatum, contains starch 95,
iodine 5 per cent., triturated with rose
water and dried. Dosegj-^ss.
Amyosthe / nia (a neg., five, muscle,
cdevoQ, force). Deficient muscular power
without obvious disease or lesion.
Amyosthen / ic. Pertaining to amyosthe-
nia. Also, a medicine or agent depressing
muscular action.
Amyotrophic (a, /ivg, rpcxpy, nutrition).
Muscular atrophy. A. Paralysis, that
which is due to muscular atrophy.
Am / yous (a, without, (tug). Weak;
deficient in muscle or muscular strength.
Ana (ava). A Greek preposition signify-
ing through, tip, again, etc. In prescrip-
tions contracted to aa, meaning of each.
Anabiosis {ava, fiiou, to come to life again).
The phenomenon of a restoration of vi-
tality possessed by certain organisms after
drying, or even after heating to 140 C.
Anab / olism (ava6a/./.u, to throw or build
up). Synthethic or constructive metabol-
ism. Diminished activity and repair of
function. Opposed to Katabolism. The
process by which simpler elements are
built up into more complex. See Meta-
bolism.
Anacar'dium. The oil of the pericarp of
the cashew nut. Of reputed value in
leprosy. Unof.
Anac / rotism (avaKporeo), to lift up and
strike together). A peculiarity of the
pulse-curve, when a series of closely-
placed elastic vibrations occur in the upper
part of the line of ascent, so that the apex
appears dentate and forms an angle with
the line of descent. It takes place in
dilatation and hypertrophy of the left ven-
tricle, when extensibility of the arterial
wall is diminished, in great diminution in
the velocity of the blood-stream, after lig-
ature of an artery, etc.
Anadicrot / ic (ava, upward, dig, twice,
Kporoc, a stroke). Dicrotism of the venous
pulse-wave occurring in the upward stroke.
Anse / mia (av neg., ai/ua, blood). Defi-
ciency of blood, or deficiency of the rela-
tive number of its red corpuscles, the latter
being the most generally understood mean-
ing and use of the term. Idiopathic, per-
nicious, essential, progressive, malignant,
etc., are terms denoting a type resisting all
treatment and of fatal prognosis.
Anaemic [av, aiua). Pertaining to anaemia.
A. Murmur, blood murmur, or soft mur-
mur heard at the base of the heart over the
great vessels.
Anaemot'rophy (av priv., acua, -poor],
nourishment). A deficiency of blood
nourishment.
Anaero'bia (a neg., ar/p, air, fiiog, life).
The quality of living without oxygen. A.
Facultative, normally or usually living
in the presence of oxygen, but under cer-
tain circumstances acquiring anaerobia.
Anaero'bic. A term used of microorgan-
isms, leucomaines, ptomaines, etc., that
are produced or that live in the absence
of oxygen (or air).
Anaesthesia (avaio&r/cia, want of feeling).
A condition of insensibility or loss of feel-
ing due to pathological conditions of the
centres, conducting paths of the nerves, or
the peripheral terminations of the same, or
to artificial production by means of ancesthe-
AN^STHESIMETER
39
ANAMNIA
tics. A., Bulbar or Central, due to
central disease. A. Dolorosa, loss of
touch but preservation of pain in the part.
A., Local, of a limited part of the body.
A., Muscular, loss of muscular sense.
A., Peripheral, depending upon condi-
tions of the end-organs of the nerves. A.,
Surgical, by means of anaesthetics for the
purpose of preventing pain, producing re-
laxation of muscles, or for diagnostic pur-
poses.
AnaesthesinFeter. An instrument to mea-
sure the amount of an anaesthetic adminis-
tered in a given time.
Anaesthetic (a privative, aiodavo/ucU) to
feel). A substance which produces insen-
sibility to feeling or to acute pain, dimin-
ished muscular action, and other phe-
nomena. May be local, general, partial
and complete. The following are the sub-
stances most commonly used : Carbon
Tetrachloride, not so irritating to organs of
respiration, but far more dangerous than
chloroform. Chloral Hydrate, action indi-
rect and incomplete. Rarely, if ever, used.
Chloroform, by inhalation. Largely em-
ployed in general surgery. Fatal I : 3000
in 500 cases. Death by cardiac paraly-
sis. Cocaine. Local, and of short dura-
tion. Used mainly in eye, throat, and
mucous tissues. Ether, by inhalation. Fre-
quently causes spasmodic action and sus-
pension of respiratory action. Twenty
cases (i : 16,000) of death reported from
its use. Ethylene Chloride, chlorinated
muriatic ether; closely resembles chloro-
form, but less of a cardiac depressant.
Safer than chloroform, and recovery from
the effects prompt. Ethylene Dichloride.
Dutch liquid; chloric ether. Rapid and
powerful in its effects. Paralyses respira-
tory centers. Nitrons Oxide, by inhala-
tion, much used by dentists for extraction
of teeth. Symptoms resemble those of as-
phyxia. A., Local, an anaesthetic which,
locally applied, produces absence of sensa-
tion in the organ treated. Methylene Di-
chloride. Not much used. Several deaths
(cardiac paralysis) having occurred from
its employment. A. Mixtures, those for
producing anaesthesia. The following are
considered among the best : Nussbauni 1 s —
ether 3, chloroform I, alcohol I ; Vienna
Gen. Hospital — ether 9, chloroform 30,
alcohol 9; " Vienna Mixture" — ether 3,
chloroform I ; Medico- Chirurgical Soc. of
London — ether, 3, chloroform 2, alcohol I.
AnagaFlis Arven'sis. Pimpernel. An
herb having some local reputation on the
Pacific coast as a remedy for rheumatism.
Unof.
Anaku / sis (av, a/cww, to hear). Nervous
deafness.
A'nal [amis, the fundament). Pertaining
to the anus.
Analeptic (ava^fig, recovery). Agents
restoring strength after illness, as nourish-
ing foods and tonics.
Analge / sia (av, without, akyoq, pain). In-
sensibility to or absence of pain.
Analgesic. A remedy which relieves pain
either by depressant action on the nerve-
centres or by impairing the conductivity of
nerve fibres.
AnaFgia. Paralysis of the sense of pain.
AnaFogous (ava'Aoyoq, conformable). Con-
forming to, proportionate, answering to.
See, also, Analogue. A. Tissues, mor-
bid tissues similar to the elementary and
normal tissues of the body.
An / alogue. A part or organ having the
same function as another, but with a differ-
ence of structure. The correlative term
homologue, denotes identity of structure
with difference of function. The wing of
the butterfly and that of the bird are analo-
gous, but the wing of a bird and the arm
of a man are homologous.
AnaFysis (avalvu, I unloose). The reso-
lution of compound bodies into simpler,
or constituents. A., Gasometric, the de-
termination of the constituents of gaseous
compounds, especially the determination of
the amount of oxygen in samples of atmo-
spheric air. A., Gravimetric, the quan-
titative determination by weight of the
elements of a body. A., Organic, the
determination of the elements of matter
formed under the influence of life. The
analysis of animal and vegetable tissues.
A., Proximate, the determination of the
simpler compound elements into which a
substance maybe resolved. A., Qualita-
tive, the determination of the nature and
number of elements which compose a body.
A., Quantitative, the determination of
the proportionate parts of the various ele-
ments of a compound. A., Ultimate,
the resolution of a compound, not into
its simpler constituents, but its ultimate
elements. A., Volumetric, the quan-
titative determination of a constituent
by ascertaining the volume of a liquid
which is required to complete a given
reaction.
Anamnestic (ava, again, {ivrjctc, memory).
Recalling to mind ; remembering.
AnanFnia. See Amniota.
ANAFEIRATIC
40
AXEXCEPHALUS
Anapeirat'ic (ava-eipaouai, to do again).
A general term for such affections as
writers* and telegraphers' cramp, or pa-
ralysis.
Anaphrodis'iac (ar. a6po6i-7j,Verms,). An
agent which allays sexual passion.
An'aplasty [ava-?.acau, to form again).
Operation for the renewal or restoration of
lost parts, commonly called "grafting," or
a "plastic operation."
Anap / nograph (ava~vor/ } respiration,
ypaoo, to write). An apparatus register-
ing the movements of inspiration and ex-
piration, together with the quantity of air
inhaled.
Anar / thria (avapdpia, want of vigor). Par-
tial aphasia from partial destruction of the
paths of the motor tracts of speech.
Anasarca (ava, through, caps, the flesh).
An accumulation of serum in the areolar
tissues of the body. General dropsy. If
the affection be local it is called cedema.
Anaspa / dias (ava, upward, arrau, to draw).
An urethral opening upon the upper sur-
face of the penis.
Anastomosis (avaorouou, to bring to a
mouth). The junction or intercommuni-
cation of vessels. Anastomotic arteries
of the thigh, etc., branches of the brachial,
femoral, etc., whereby the collateral circu-
lation is established after ligature for
aneurysm, etc. The term has been in-
accurately used of the junction of nerve-
filaments.
Anat / omy (avareuvu, to cut up). The
dissection of organic bodies in order to
study their structure, the situations and
uses of their organs, etc. A., Compara-
tive, the investigation and comparison of
the anatomy of different orders of animals
or of plants, one with another. A., Mor-
bid or Pathological, is a study of dis-
eased structures. A., Regional, a study
of limited parts or regions of the body, the
divisions of which are collectively or pecu-
liarly affected by disease, injury, operations,
etc.
Anazotu / ria {an negative, azotum, nitro-
gen, uria, the urine). A name applied
to that form of chronic diuresis in which
urea is deficient or absent from the urine.
Anchie / ta Saluta / ris. Vegetable mercury.
The root of a violaceous plant growing in
Brazil. Highly recommended as an altera-
tive in syphilitic affections. Possibly iden-
tical with Manaca, q. v.
An'chilops. See Anchylops.
Anchyloglos / sia. See Tongue-tie.
An'chylops {avxi, near, orp, eye). Abscess
at the inner angle of the eye, prior to
rupture.
Anchylo'sis. See Ankylosis.
Ankylostomiasis (aynv/.oc, curved,
croua, mouth). A peculiar anaemia pro-
duced by the parasite Dochmius Duode-
nalis sucking the blood from the walls of
the duodenum. Especially prevalent among
brickmakers and other workmen in Europe.
Called also Brickmakers' Anaemia, Tunnel
Anaemia, Miners' Cachexia, Egyptian Chlo-
rosis, Tropical Chlorosis, etc. Male fern
and thymol expel the worm.
Anchyiosto / mum. A worm found in the
human intestine. The duodenal variety
is common in Italy and Egypt. See Anchy-
lostomiasis.
An / con {aynuv, the elbow). Originally the
olecranon process; applied to the elbow
generally.
Anco / nad. Toward the olecranon or
elbow.
Ancona / gra. Arthritic pain at the elbow.
Anco / nal. Pertaining to the elbow.
Ancone / us. A small muscle, an extensor
of the forearm, inserted into the olecranon.
Anco / noid. Resembling the elbow.
Ancyloglos / sum. See Tongue-tie.
An / da Assu. The oil expressed from the
seed of a plant found in Chili. Laxative.
Unof.
Andrce / cium (avijp, a man, OLtcia, a house).
Male spores taken collectively.
Androg / yna [avrjp, man, yvvrj, woman).
An hermaphrodite ; a female in whom the
genital organs are similar to those of the
male.
Androg'ynus. A male with genital or-
gans similar to those of the female.
An 'drum. A form of elephantiasis Arabum,
characterized by oedema of the scrotum.
Anelectrot / onus (av neg., rf/jzurpov, elec-
tricity 7 , rovoc, tension). The condition of
diminished excitability at the positive pole
when a nerve is traversed by a current of
electricity. See Electrotonus and Catelec-
trotonus.
Anemia. See Antzmia.
Anemom'etry (aveuoc,, wind, /uerpov, to
measure). The art of measuring the ve-
locity and direction of the wind, princi-
pally by means of the anemometer.
Anem / onin. The active principle (C^-
H^Og") of the atiemone. See Pulsatilla.
Anencepb/alus [av, without, evusda/og,
brain). A monster with a rudimentary or
brainless head, and with an arrest of de-
velopment of the vertebral column, the
spinal cord being absent.
ANEROID BAROMETER
41
ANGULAR
An / eroid Barom / eter. See Barometer.
Anerythrop / sia [av neg., epvdpog y red,
o\jhc } sight). Subnormal color perception of
red. See Blindness.
Aneurysm [avevpvafia^ an aneurysm). A
tumor consisting of a dilated artery or com-
municating with an artery. In the early
stages there is expansive pulsation of the
tumor, and a systolic murmur. In the later
stages the laminated coagulum increases,
so that pulsation may be absent, and there
may be secondary troubles from pressure
upon adjacent organs. It may be caused
by the rupture, wound, disease or weakness
of the arterial walls. Cardiac dilation is
sometimes spoken of as aneurysm of the
heart. A., Cirsoid. See Varix, Arterial.
A., Diffused, follows rupture of all the
arterial coats with infiltration of surround-
ing tissues. A., Dissecting, when the
blood forces its way between the media
and adventitia. A., False, or spurious,
indicates a rupture of one or more coats ;
true, when there is only a dilatation. A.,
Varicose, opens both into a vein and an
artery.
AnfraCtuosTty (anfracius, a bending
round). The furrows or sulci between the
cerebral convolutions.
Angeiec'tasis (avyeiov, a blood vessel,
SKraaig, dilatation). Abnormal dilatation
of a vessel, as in aneurysm, etc.
Angeioglio / ma (avyetov, yXca, glue, o/ua).
A gliomatous vascular tumor of the spinal
cord.
Angei / ograph (avyecov, ypcupo, to write).
A form of sphygmograph invented by
Landois.
Angeioleuci / tis [avyetov, a vessel, "kevnog,
white, trig), inflammation of the lym-
phatic vessels.
Angeiol'ogy (avyeiov, loyog, account).
A description of the blood-vessels and
lymphatics.
Angeiolympho / ma. A tumor formed of
lymphatic vessels.
Angeio / ma. A tumor formed of blood
vessels. Called also Erectile or Vascular
Tumor. Cavernous A., with commu-
nicating alveolar spaces. See Varix,
Cirsoid. Capillary and venous angeio-
mata are called JVcevI, or Mothers' 1 Marks.
Angeioneuro / sis. A neurosis of the
blood vessels ; a disturbance of the vaso-
motor system, — a symptom of many dis-
eases.
Angeioparal'ysis. Vasomotor paralysis.
Angeiosarco / ma. A vascular sarcoma of
the spinal cord.
An'geiospasm. A convulsive neurosis of
the blood vessels ; a vasomotor spasm.
Angelica. The seeds and root of Arch-
angelica officinalis and other species. An
aromatic stimulant and emmenagogue.
Dose of the fid. ext. : Seeds tt\v-x ; root
5jss-j. Unof.
Angi'na {ango, to strangle). A sense of
choking or suffocation ; a symptom of in-
flammatory affections of the pharynx. A.
Acuta or Simplex, simple sore throat.
A. Parotidea, mumps, or parotitis. A.
Pectoris, a paroxysmal neurosis with in-
tense pain and oppression about the heart.
The exact cause is unknown. A. Ton-
sillans, quinsy.
An / gio-. See Angeio-.
Angioder'ma Pigmentosum. See At-
rophoderma.
Angiograph. See Angeiograph.
An / gio-myo / ma. See Myoma.
Angle [angulus). The degree of diverg-
ence of two lines that meet each other ;
the space between two such lines. A.,
Alpha, the angle formed by the intersec-
tion of the visual line and optic axis.
Cephalic angles, measurements for com-
paring the skulls of different races. A.,
Facial, that formed by a horizontal line
from the external auditory meatus to the
alveolar border of the upper jaw, with
another from the most prominent part of
the forehead to the edge of the alveolar
border of the upper jaw opposite the in-
cisor teeth. A. of Incidence and of Re-
flection (of light or sound), that between
the incident and the reflected ray respec-
tively, and the perpendicular to the reflect-
ing surface. A. of Refraction, that
made by a ray of light in passing through
a transparent substance with a line at right
angles to it. A., Visual, that between
lines drawn from the extremities of an
object to the nodal point. The smallest "is
about 30 seconds.
AngTicus Su / dor. English Sweating
Fever. A contagious malignant fever, also
known as Ephemera maligna, character-
ized by black or dark-colored sweat.
An'gor (angor, a strangling). Synonymous
with Angina. Applied by some to epi-
gastric pain.
Anguil'lidae (anguilla, an eel). The small
nematoid worms that live in vinegar and
sour paste.
An'gular [angulus, an angle). Pertaining
to an angle. A. Artery and Vein, the
terminal branches of the facial artery and
vein. A. Gyrus or Convolution, the
ANGULARIS SCAPULA
42
ANKLE
pit courbe, a convolution of the brain. A.
Processes, the external and internal ex-
tremities of the orbital arch of the frontal
bone.
Angularis Scapulae Muscle. The Le-
anguh scapula.
Angustu'ra. The bark of Galipea ctis-
paria. A stimulant tonic and febrifuge.
In large doses emetic. Dose of fid. ext.
R^x— xxx. Unof.
Anhalo'nium Lewin'ii. The active
principle of the cactus of this name.
Intensely poisonous. Resembles strych-
nine in action. Unof.
Anhela / tion [anhelo, to pant). Shortness
of breath ; dyspnoea.
Anhidrosis [av neg., tdpug, sweat). Ab-
sence or deficiency of sweat.
AnhidrotTc. An agent that checks
sweating.
Anhydrae'mia. The opposite of hydraa-
mia, or an abnormal decrease in the rela-
tive proportion of the water and salts of
the blood.
Anhy / dride ( av, vfiup, water). In chem-
istry, any oxide, either basic or acid, un-
combined with water.
Anhy / drous (av, without, vSop). In
chemistry, a term used to denote the
absence of hydroxyl or of constitutional
water.
Ani'dous (av neg., eidog, form). Fcetal
monsters, formless, from general arrest of
development.
Anidro / sis. See Anhidrosis.
An / iline (Port, anil, indigo). A thin,
colorless liquid alkaloid, having the struc-
ture C 6 H 7 N, derived from coal-tar. Com-
bined with chlorine, the chlorates and
hypochlorites, the various aniline dyes are
produced. Poisonous. Unof. A., Red.
See Fuchsin.
An'ilism. An acute or chronic disease
produced in workmen in aniline factories,
by the poisonous fumes.
An'imal (anima, the spirit, breath or life).
An organic being having life and power of
motion. Pertaining to the same. The ani-
mal kingdom is composed of the Vertebrata,
Mollusca, Articulata and Radiata. A.
Charcoal, bone-black, ivory-black, etc.,
is the product of calcining bones in close
vessels. A. Chemistry, that concerning
itself with the composition of animal bodies.
A. Magnetism, mesmerism, hypnotism,
etc. A. Starch. See Glycogen.
Animal'cule (dim. of animal). An or-
ganism so small as to require the micro-
scope for its examination.
Animaliza / tion (ani malis, animate). The
process of assimilating food to the tissues
of the body.
An'imal Tis'sue. A general name for
any of the textures which form the ele-
mentary structures of the body. T., Ade-
noid or Retiform, a variety of tissue found
in the lymphatic glands. T., Adipose, a
variety of areolar tissue constituting a re-
servoir for fatty substances. T., Areolar,
Cellular or Connective, a tissue of easily-
distended meshes, used to bind the various
parts of the body together. T., Cartilagi-
nous. See. Cartilage. T., Erectile, tissue
of a spongy nature, which is expanded
when turgid with blood or other fluid. T.,
Fibrous, the membranous tissue covering
the bones and cartilage. T., Gelatinous,
or Mucoid, a form of tissue found chiefly
in the foetus. T., Muscular. See Muscle.
T., Nervous. SeeA T erve. T., Osseous.
See Bone.
Animation (anima)-e, to have life or ex-
istence). To be possessed of life. Formerly
used to denote the effect of the vital principle
by which the foetus acquires the power of
continuing its existence. A., Suspended,
a condition marked by interrupted respira-
tion and consciousness ; caused by strangu-
lation, the inhalation of carbon dioxide or
other gases, etc.
An / ion (ava, up, ei/ii, to go). A word
employed in electrolysis to designate an
electro-negative element. See Ion.
Aniridia (av neg., iris). Absence or de-
fect of the iris.
Anischu / ria (anneg.,isc/iztria). A word
sometimes used to denote enuresis or in-
continence of urine.
Anisoco / ria. See Isocoria.
Anisometropia (av neg., tcog, equal,
fierpov, a measure, uib, the eye). A differ-
ence in the refraction of the two eyes.
Anisot / ropous (avicoq, unequal, rpe-co, to
turn). Pertaining to the power of doubly
refracting a ray of light, like Iceland spar.
AnTsum. Anise. The fruit of Anisum
pimpinella. Properties due to a volatile
oil. Slightly stimulant to heart action.
Useful chiefly to liquefy bronchial secre-
tions, and is therefore a favorite ingredient
in cough mixtures. Dose, gr. x-xx. A.
Aqua, oil of anise I, water 500 parts.
Dose indefinite. A. Oleum, an ingre-
dient in tinct. opii camph. Dose TT\j-v.
A. Spt., a 10 per cent, solution of the oil
in alcohol.
An / kle. The joint between the tibia and
fibula above and on the sides, and the
ANKYLOBLEPHARON
43
ANTEVERSION
astragalus. It is a ginglymus joint, with
three ligaments, the anterior, internal and
external. A. Clonus, " foot-clonus,"
"foot-phenomenon," a clonic series of
spasmodic contractions elicited by putting
the extensors of the ankle joint on a con-
tinuous stretch. They are uniform and
number from six to nine contractions per
second.
Ankyloblepharon (aynv^r), a thong or
loop, ftletyapov, eyelid). The adhesion of
the ciliary edges of the eyelids.
Ankyloglos'sia. See Tongue-tie.
Ankylosis (aynvkoc, curved). Union of
the bones, forming a joint resulting in a
stiff-joint. A., False, or Spurious, is
due to the rigidity of surrounding parts.
A., True, or Bony, when the connecting
material is bone. A., Ligamentous, when
the medium is fibrous.
Ankylos / tomum (ayavTioc, aro/ua, mouth).
A nematoid worm inhabiting the duodenum
of man.
Ankylo'tia (ay/aAoc, ovc, otoq, ear). Union
of the walls of the meatus auditorius.
Annat / to. See Annotto.
Annot / to. Annatto, arnotto. A coloring
matter obtained from the pellicles of the
seeds of Bixa orellana. Used to color
plasters. Also employed as an artificial
color for butter.
An / nual {annus, a year). Yearly. In
botany, plants that mature and die in one
' year.
Angular (annulus, a ring). Ringlike.
A number of ligaments of the joints are
called annular, as those of the ankle, wrist,
etc. A. Muscle pf M tiller, the circular
fibres of the ciliary muscle. A. Carti-
lage, the cricoid cartilage. A. Process,
or Protuberance, the pons varolii.
An'nulus (dim. of annus, a ring). A
ring-shaped or circular opening. A cir-
cular or rounded margin. A. Abdomi-
nalis, the external and internal abdominal
rings. A. Abdominis, the inguinal ring.
A. Fibrosus, the external part of the
intervertebral discs. A. Membrani
Tympani, an incomplete bony ring which
forms the foetal auditory process of the
temporal bone. A. Ovalis, the rounded
or oval margin of the foramen ovalis. A.
Umbilicus, the umbilical ring.
An / ode (ava, up, o6oq, a way). The posi-
tive pole of a galvanic battery.
An / odyne (av, o8vvtj, a pain). A medicine
that gives relief from pain. From their
tendency to produce sleep they are called
hypnotics. A., Hoffman's. See Ether.
Anom / alous (avu/uaXoc, not equal). Ir-
regular, deviation from the common order.
A monster is- an anomaly.
Anonychia (av neg., owl;, nail). Ab-
sence or defect of the nails of the ringers
or toes.
AnophthaPmos (av, otydaApog, eye).
Congenital absence of the eyes.
AnopsTa (av neg., oipig, vision). Disuse
of the eye, not from retinal or cerebral
disease, but because of defects of the
media, strabismus, errors of refraction, etc.
A. Amblyopia, ex-, amblyopia from
disuse.
Anor'chus (av neg., opxiQ, the testicle).
A person in whom the testicles are absent
or not descended. The adj. is anorchous,
the condition, anorchisi7t.
AnorexTa (av neg., opegig, appetite). Ab-
sence or diminution of appetite.
Anos / mia (av neg., oaprj, smell). Partial
or complete loss of the sense of smell.
Anosto'sis (av neg., outeov, bone). De-
fective development of bone.
Anoves / ical. Pertaining conjointly to the
anus and bladder.
Ant-, Anti- (avn, against). Prefixes to
compound words signifying opposed to,
against, counteracting, etc.
Antac / id (avn, acidus, acid). A substance
counteracting or neutralizing acidity ; an
alkali.
Antagonist (avrayoviareg, counteracting).
A term applied to drugs that neutralize the
therapeutic effects of one another. In
anatomy, muscles that act in opposition to
each other. Applied also to diseases that
seem to exclude each other. See Drug.
AntaFgic (avrc, alyoc, pain). Remedies
relieving pain.
AntaPkaline. An agent neutralizing alka-
lies, as acids.
AntaphrodisTac (avn, aQpodioia, sexual
desire). Agents lessening the venereal
desires.
AntarthritTc (avn, apOpinc, the gout).
Medicines for the relief of gout.
AntasthmatTc (avn, aodjua, short breath).
Remedies for the relief of asthma.
Anteflexion (ante, before, fie do, to bend).
A bending forward. A. of Uterus, a con-
dition in which the fundus sinks between
the cervix and the neck of the bladder.
Anten'nae (antenna, a yard-arm). The
paired feeler-like appendages of certain
insects.
An'te Part / um (Lat.). Before delivery.
Ante version (ante, verto, to turn). A
turning forward. A. of Uterus, the fun-
ANTHAROBIN
44
ANTIDOTE
das is bent toward the symphysis pubis,
the cervix toward the sacrum.
Antharo / bin. A derivative of alizarine,
similar to chrysobarin. A soluble alkaloid
useful in psoriasis. Unof.
Anthelmintic (aim, against, elfxivg), a
worm). A vermicide. An agent either kill-
ing or rendering powerless intestinal para-
sites ; a vermifuge expels worms.
Anthe / mis. Chamomile. The flower-
heads of A. mobilis. Properties due to
a volatile oil, a camphor and a bitter
principle. Useful in coughs and spas-
modic infantile complaints. An excellent
stomachic tonic. Infusion of 3 iv to Oj,
given in doses of ^ j-ij. No official prepa-
rations. A. Ol., the volatile oil of chamo-
mile. Dose rryj-x, in sugar.
An / ther (avQiipoq, in full bloom) . The male
sexual organ in plants ; the summit and
essential part of the stamen. It contains
the pollen or fecundating substance of the
flower.
Anthony's Fire, St. A popular name
for Erysipelas.
Anthracno / sis. Black rot, a fungus dis-
ease of vines, caused by the Phoma uvi-
cola, or Sphaceloma ampelium.
Anthracom / etry (avQpaZ,, carbon, /uerpov,
measure). The determination of the
amount of carbon dioxide in air.
Anthraco / sis {avdpa^, carbon). Carbun-
cular disease. An affection of the lungs
in miners from the inhalation of coal-dust.
Anthrax (avdpat;, a coal or carbuncle). A
carbuncle ; a painful, dark-colored tumor
of the cellular tissue, ending in mortifica-
tion of the part and the discharge of a
foetid, bloody pus. The benignant variety
has no fatal consequences. The malig-
nant, called also malignant pustule, is
caused by the infection from animals suffer-
ing from splenic apoplexy, and is due to a
specific bacillus, which, from a single cen-
ter, may extend over the body and invade
the intestinal tract, producing in this way,
or by direct infection of diseased meat, the
intestinal type of the disease. See Bacillus
[anthrax).
Anthropog / eny {avdpuiroq, man, yevvau,
to produce). The study or science of the
descent of man.
Anthropog / raphy (avdpwrroc, ypcupo, to
write). A treatise upon the human struc-
ture or organism.
Anthropoid (cxvOpuiroq, etdog, form). Re-
sembling man.
Anthropology (avOpco-nrog, "koyog, dis-
course). The science of the nature, physi-
cal and psychological, of man and of man-
kind.
AnthroponVetry (avdpuiroq, fierpov, a
measure). The determination of the
measurement, weight, strength and pro-
portions of the human body.
Anthropophagy (avdpopoq,/4, inches from the
middle of the sternum. A. Murmur, a
murmur heard over the apex of the heart.
Apices of the Lungs, the upper extremity
of the lungs behind the border of the first
rib.
Apha / kia (a neg., cpanoc, a lentil, and the
crystalline lens). Condition of an eye
without the lens, whether the result of con-
genital defect, luxation, traumatism or cata-
ract operation.
Aphakia (a, qfii, to speak). Motor
aphasia; inability to articulate words or
sentences from focal and not from periphe-
ral disease of the organs of speech [Alalia).
Apho / nia (a, doyyog, sound). A
peculiar form of aphasia due to spasm of
the muscles supplied by the hypoglossal
nerve.
A / pices (plural of apex). Summits.
A / piol. A non-volatile, oily liquid of acid
properties, derived from common parsley,
Petroselinum sativum. Carminative, diu-
retic, and in larger doses an emmenagogue.
Employed in intermittent fever, amenor-
rhcea and dysmenorrhcea. Somewhat
fashionable as an abortifacient, but worth-
less. Dose Tnjij-x. In doses of rr^xxx
is narcotic. Unof.
Aplanat / ic (a, tz "kavau, I wander). Not
wandering; rectilinear. A. Lens, a lens
corrected for all aberration of light and
color. A rectilinear lens.
Apla / sia (a neg.,7r/a<7crw, to form). A type
of incomplete structure by reason of the
non-formation of a necessary cell-group
during the developmental stage. Called
also Hypoplasia.
Aplastic {a, TT?.aaau). Structureless, form-
less. A. Lymph, one of the products
of inflammation or disease. A non-fibrin-
ous material incapable of coagulation or
organization.
Apleu'ria (a, irlevpa, a rib). A word
employed to denote congenital absence of
ribs.
Aplotom / ia (arr/lot'c, simple, tojitj, section).
Simple incision.
Apneumato / sis (a neg., Trvevfiaruaig, in-
flation). Collapse of the air cells of some
parts of the lung caused by blocking of the
bronchial tubules, and resulting in a condi-
tion of non-inflation whereby the lung tis-
sue is reduced to a condition similar to that
of atelectasis, or congenital apneumatosis.
Apnce / a (a, Ttveu, to breathe). Breath-
lessness. Difficult respiration ; partial or
complete suspension of breathing. Sy-
nonymous with Asphyxia. A. Neonato-
rum, of the new-born child, caused by
difficult labor, pressure upon the cord, etc.
Apo- . A Greek prefix denoting/rcw, away,
separation.
Apocen'osis [arroKevoo), to drain). An
increased flow or evacuation of blood or
other humors.
Apochromat / ic Lens (arro, from, away,
off). A lens for microscopic and optical
purposes, with high correction of spherical
and chromatic aberrations, and better " de-
finition." Professor Abbe, through Dr.
Schott, of Witten, in Westphalia, as a re-
sult of extended research, discovered crown
and flint glass in which the dispersions for
the different regions of the spectrum should
approximately possess the same ratio, and
thus avoid the "secondary spectrum." A
manufactory has been established in Jena
for the production of these lenses.
Apocy / num. Canadian Hemp. The root
of A. cannabinum . Properties due to
an alkaloid, apocynin. In full doses an
emetic and cathartic. Valuable in dropsy.
Dose gr. v-xx; of the alkaloid, gr. %.-%.
Should not be confounded with Cannabis
Indie a. Unof.
APOLAR
48
APRAXIA
Apo'lar (a neg., -o/.oc, the end of an
axis). Having no pole. A. Cells, nerve-
cells without processes.
Apollina'ris Water. A German alkaline
mineral water, highly charged with car-
bonic acid, largely used for gout, rheuma-
tism, etc. See Mineral Water.
Apomorph/ia or Apomor'phine {cltto,
morphia). C n H 17 0. 2 N,= morphia — H 2 0.
An artificial alkaloid, derived from mor-
phine. The hydrochlorate is the salt used,
and is a grayish crystalline powder. It is a
systemic emetic acting directly upon the
vomiting center, and is the quickest, most
certain and least irritating of all emetics.
Unof.
Aponeurosis (arro, from, vevpov, a ten-
don). A fibrinous membranous expansion
of a tendon giving attachment to muscles
or serving to enclose and bind down mus-
cles. Remarkable for their size or import-
ance are the infra-spinous, enclosing the
infra-spinous muscle ; that of the arm, of
the deltoid muscle, of the external oblique
or abdominal, of the forearm, of the leg,
of the transversalis, of the head, etc., etc.
Apopb/ysis [a-ofyvid, to put forth). A
bony protuberance or process of bone;
when separated by cartilage it is called
Epiphysis.
Apoplectig / enous [a-o~?,e^ia, yevvaco).
That which produces apoplexy or cerebral
hemorrhage.
Ap / oplexy (a-noir/^gia). The symptom-
complex resulting from cerebral hemor-
rhage, affusion, or from the plugging of a
cerebral vessel. Modern writers mostly
describe the post-mortem appearances by
other terms, as cerebral hemorrhage, effu-
sion, thrombosis, etc. The chief symptom
is sudden loss of motion, sensation and
consciousness, the patient falling and lying
as if dead. The bursting of a vessel in the
lungs, liver, etc., is sometimes called apo-
plexy of the lungs, liver, etc. A., Capil-
lary, from rupture and effusion of capil-
laries.
Aposte'ma (cnrooTjjfia). A term formerly
employed to denote an abscess.
Apothe / ca (a-oOr/Kq, a store, shop). A
store or shop where medicines are sold.
Apothecaries' Weight. A system of
weights and measures used in compound-
ing medicines. The Troy pound of 5760
grains is the standard. It is subdivided
into 12 ounces. The ounce is subdivided
into 8 drachms, the drachm into 3 scru-
ples, and the scruple into 20 grains. For
fluid measure the quart of 32 fluid ounces
is subdivided into pints, the pint into 16
fluid ounces, the ounce into 8 fluid drachms,
and the fluid drachm into 60 minims. The
following abbreviations are used : —
])\, minim. 3, uncia, an ounce
gtt., gutta, a drop. (480 grains).
3,scrupulus, a scru- ft), libra, a pound.
pie (20 grains). O., octarius, a pint.
3, drachma, a %x.,granum, a grain,
drachm (60 gr.). ss., semis., one half.
See Weights and Measures.
Apotb/ecary. A druggist. One who pre-
pares and sells drugs, fills prescriptions,
etc. In Great Britain the apothecary is
also a physician, filling his own prescrip-
tions. In the United States it frequently
happens that an authorized practitioner is
also an apothecary, but without the degree
of M. D. the practice of medicine is illegal.
Apothe / ma (otto, from, depia, a deposit).
A brown powder formed by the open-air
evaporation of a vegetable infusion or
decoction.
Apoze / ma [ano, r ea>, to boil). A decoc-
tion.
Apparatus [apparatus). The instruments
used in any science, art or surgical opera-
tion. Anatomically the word is used to
designate collectively the organs effecting
any specified work or action. A. Liga-
mentosus Colli, the occipito-axoid liga-
ment, a broad band at the front surface of
the spinal canal, which covers the odontoid
process.
Appendicitis. Inflammation of the ap-
pendix vermiformis.
Appendix (pi. appendices) [appendo, to
hang upon or to). What is accessory to
or dependent upon another. An append-
age. A. Auricularis, the auricular ap-
pendage, a process of the auricles of the
heart. A. Caeci Vermiformis, a worm-
shaped process of the caecum. A. Epi-
ploicae, pouch-like, fatty projections of
the peritoneum of the large intestine.
Ap / perts' Pro / cess. The preservation
("canning") of meat, fruits and vegetables
by exclusion of air and germs ; effected by
hermetically sealing the substances in tin
cans after heating the contents to no° or
more.
Ap'petite [appeto, to desire). The desire
for food; also any natural desire ; lust. A.,
Perverted, that for unnatural and undi-
gestible things, frequent in disease and
pregnancy. Anorexia, loss of appetite ;
Bulimia, insatiable appetite ; Hunger, the
strong desire and need of food.
ApraxTa (a neg., Trpaaau, to do). De-
fective thought and memory associated
APRON, HOTTENTOT
49
ARBUTIN
with aphasia ; especially concerns the use
of objects and methods of doing things.
A / pron, Hottentot. Artificially elongated
labia minora.
AprosexTa (a, Trpoaex^, to give heed).
A mental disturbance consisting in inability
to fix the attention upon a subject.
Aproso / pia (a, Trpoauirov, the face). A
fcetal monstrosity with partial or complete
absence of face.
Apselaphe / sia (a, ^"ka^rjOiQ, touch). Pa-
ralysis of the tactile sense.
Aptitude {aptitudo, fitness). Fitness,
tendency. The natural proneness of an
organism toward certain functions or patho-
logical conditions.
Apty / alism (a, without, tttvoXl^o, to spit).
A term applied to a condition marked by
deficiency or absence of saliva.
A'pus (a, 7rwc, foot). A monstrosity con-
sisting in absence of the lower limbs, or feet.
Apyrex / ia [a neg., Trvpecoo, to have a
fever). Without fever; especially used of
the intermission-periods of ague, etc.
A 7 qua. Water. An oxide of hydrogen
having the composition H 2 0. Is a solid
below 32 , a liquid between 32 and 212°,
vaporizes at 2 1 2° at the sea level (bar. 760
mm.), giving off vapor of tension equal to
that of the air. Covers four-fifths of the
surface of the earth, but is never pure in
nature, containing from a trace of soluble
matter, in rain water, to 26 per cent, of
soluble mineral salts, in the Dead Sea.
Water is an essential constituent of all ani-
mal and vegetable tissues. In the human
body it forms 2 per cent, of the enamel of
the teeth, 77 per cent, of the ligaments,
78 per cent, of the blood, and 93 per cent,
of the urine. Externally, water has a
stimulating effect upon the skin, either by
direct or reactionary means. Cold water
when continued too long may lower the
general temperature of the body so as to
produce serious depression of circulation
and muscular power. Hot water and
vapor increase circulation and produce
diaphoresis. Its too long-continued use
debilitates. Internally, water is a diuretic.
It is the most useful of all the solvents
in pharmacy. The following are the offi-
cial preparations and forms. A. Bulliens,
boiling water. A. Communis, common
water. A. Destillata, distilled water. A.
Fervens, hot water. A. Fluvialis, river-
water. A. Fontana, well- or spring-water.
A. Marina, sea-water. A. Pluvialis,
rain-water. See also Mineral Water.
In pharmacy, a solution of a volatile
4
soluble substance in water. There are
15 official aquce, all of arbitrary strength.
Also, A. Fortis. See Acid, Nitric. A.
Regia, a mixture of hydrochloric acid 3,
and nitric acid I part. A solvent of gold
and platinum. A. Vitae, spirit, q. v. In
anatomy, A. Labyrinthi, the clear liquid
existing in the labyrinths of the ear.
Aqueduct / us {aqua, water, ductus, a lead-
ing). Used of ducts or canals in various
parts of the body. A. Cerebri, the in-
fundibulum. A. Cochleae, aqueduct of
the cochlea. A. Fallopii, the canal of the
portio dura in the petrous portion of the
temporal bone. A. Sylvii, the aqueduct
of Sylvius from the third to the fourth
ventricle. A. Vestibuli, aqueduct of the
vestibule of the ear.
A / queous. Referring to water. A. Cham-
ber of the Eye, the space between the
cornea and the lens ; the iris divides it into
an anterior and a posterior chamber. A.
Extract, solid preparations of drugs made
by evaporation of aqueous solutions. A.
Humor, the fluid filling the anterior cham-
ber of the eye.
Aquocapsuli'tis [aqua, capsula, a small
box). A disused name for what is now
classed as Serous Iritis, q. v.
Arabic Acid. One of the constituents
(C 12 H 22 O u ) of acacia, or gum arabic, a
gummy exudation of Acacia.
Arachnitis {apaxvtov, a spider's web, itis).
Inflammation of the arachnoid membrane
of the brain.
Aracb/noid (apaxvtov, eiSog, form). Re-
sembling a web. A. Cavity, the space
between the arachnoid membrane and the
dura mater. A. Membrane, the deli-
cate serous membrane of the brain and
cord between the dura and pia mater.
Sub-arachnoid fluid. See Cerebro-
spinal Fluid.
Ar'ack (Ind.). A spirituous liquor dis-
tilled from rice or cocoanut juice, used in
India.
Araeom / eter (apatoc, light, thin, /uerpov,
measure). An instrument for estimating
the specific gravity of fluids.
Aran'tii. See Corpora.
Ar'bor Vi / tas. A term applied to the
arborescent appearance of a section of the
cerebellum, and also to a similar appear-
ance of the folds of the interior of the cervix
uteri.
Arbu / tin. A bitter glucoside, C 24 H 32 O u -
H 2 0, obtained from uva ursi, or bear-
berry. It is neutral, crystalline, and re-
solvable into glucose and hydroquinone.
ARCANUM
50
ARGYRIA
Arbutin is an efficient diuretic. See Uva
I 'rsi.
Arca'num [arcanum, a secret). A medi-
cine whose composition is kept secret.
Arch [L. arcus, a bow). A term applied
to the curved shape of several various parts
of the body. A. of Aorta. See Aorta.
A. of Colon. See Colon. A., Crural.
See Pouparfs Ligament. A., Palmar,
the arch formed by the radial artery in
crossing the bones of the metacarpus.
Archebi / osis [apxog, the beginning, Slugic,
life). The theory of the origin of living
organisms from non-living matter. See
Generation, Spontaneous, and Biogenesis.
Archegen'esis. The same as Archebiosis.
Archespo / rium [apxq, a beginning, a~upa,
a seed). The cells from which spore
mother-cells are immediately derived.
Arcb/etype [apxe, chief, rv~oq, a type).
A word employed in comparative anatomy
to denote an ideal type or form to which
other individuals or classes may be com-
pared. A standard type.
Archiblast / ic [apxv, the beginning, fiTiao-
ruc, bud). A term used by His, of the
three layers of the embryo, in contra-
distinction to Parablastic cells or ele-
ments that he thinks wander in between
the epiblast and hypoblast from the margins
of the blastoderm, from which are devel-
oped the blood vessels, blood and con-
nective tissue.
Ar / chil. A coloring matter somewhat like
litmus, chiefly obtained from the lichen
Rocella tinctoria; used for staining animal
tissues.
Arcta / tion [arcto, to draw close together).
Contraction or lessening of an opening or
of the lumen of a canal.
Arcua / tus [arcus, a bow). Bent or curved
in an arched form. A. Morbus, a former
name for jaundice.
Arc / us [arcus). A bow or arch. A. Den-
talis, the dental arch. A. Senilis, the
ring of fatty degeneration of the corneal
tissue about the periphery. A. Zygoma-
ticus, the zygomatic arch.
Ar'dent Spirits. Alcoholic liquors. See
Spiritus.
Ar / dor [ardor, to burn). Violent heat,
burning ; applied to fevers and the sexual
passion. A. Urinae, burning pain in the
inflamed urethra in micturition.
A / rea [area, an open space). Any space
with boundaries. A. Celsi. See Alopecia
areata. A. Germaniti'va, or E?nbryonic
Spot, the oval germinating spot of the
embryo. A. Pellucida, the light central
portion of the last. A. Opaca, the opaque
circle about the same. A. Vasculosa,
the vascularization of the A. Opaca.
Are'ca Nut. See Betel.
Ar / ecin. An organic base (C 23 H 26 X 2 0)
isomeric with brucin, derived from cinchona
bark.
Arefac / tion [a?'eface)-e, to make dry). Ex-
siccation or desiccation. The removal of
structural or constitutional water from a
substance. Applied to the process whereby
certain water}' medicines may be reduced
to a dry powder.
Arena / tion [arena, sand). A sand-bath.
The application of hot sand to a limb or
part of the body.
Are / ola (dim. of area, an open space).
The brownish space surrounding the nipple
of the female breast. This is sometimes
called Areola papillaris. A secondary
areola, surrounding this, occurs during
pregnancy. The pigmentation about the
umbilicus is called the timbilical areola.
A. Tissue, connective tissue.
AreonVeter [apatog, thin, light, fierpov,
measure). An instrument for estimating
the specific gravity or strength of liquids,
especially alcoholic liquids.
Argen / tum. Silver. Ag = 108 ; quanti-
valence, I. A malleable and ductile
metal of brilliant white luster. Tarnishes
only in presence of free sulphur, sulphur
gases and phosphorus. An excellent sub-
stance for vessels used in pharmacy, and
for sutures used in surgery. The follow-
ing salts are used: A. Cyanidum, used
in the preparation of hydrocyanic acid.
A. Iodidum, sometimes used internally in-
stead of A. nitrate. Dose gr. %-]. A.
Oxidum, explosive when treated with am-
monia. Dose gr. }i~i). A. Nitras,
" nitrate of silver," argentic nitrate, " lunar
caustic," a powerful astringent and an
escharotic of moderate strength. Stains
skin and other tissue black when applied
in strength. In small doses stimulates
heart and nerve centers. Too long con-
tinued, leaves a slate-colored, insoluble
deposit of silver under the skin [Argyria).
Dose gr. Yf>~Y- A. Nitras Fusus,
"stick caustic." Contains 4 per cent, of
silver chloride. Used locally. The miti-
gated or dilute stick is fused with an equal
weight of potassium nitrate.
ArgilTa [apyCO.oq, potter's clay). "SYhite
or potter's clay, alumina.
Ar'gol. See Tartar.
Argyll Robertson's Pupil. See Pupil.
Argy / ria (L. argentwn, silver). A form
ARISTOLOCHIA
51
ARTERIA
of chloasma or discoloration of the skin
and mucous membrane produced by the
prolonged administration of nitrate of silver,
the molecules of silver being deposited in
much the same position as those of the
natural pigment of the skin. It may be
general, from internal administration, or
local, from its local application.
Aristok/chia. See Serpentaria.
Aristolo'chin. A bitter principle found
in Virginia snake-root. See Serpentaria.
Aristotle's Experiment. The double
feeling experienced by the fingers when a
single pebble is placed between the crossed
fingers of one hand.
Arm (Sax. Ann, G. A7'm, Lat. Annus).
That part of the upper extremity from the
shoulder to the wrist.
Armamentarium (Lat., an arsenal). The
outfit of medicines or instruments of the
physician or surgeon.
Armarium. See Armamentarium.
Armature [armatura, equipment). A
mass of soft iron at the extremity of a
magnet. Also, the core of iron around
which coils of insulated wire are wound
or disposed.
Arnica. A plant commonly known as
" Leopard's bane," — A. montana. Both
flowers and root are used in medicine.
Properties probably due to an alkaloid,
tri-methyl-amine. In small doses a car-
diac stimulant ; in larger doses a depres-
sant. In toxic doses frequently causes
death. A popular remedy, when locally
applied, for sprains, bruises and surface
wounds. Valuable also in typhus and
typhoid fevers as an antipyretic. A.
Tinct., 20 per cent. Dose n\v-xxx. A.
Infusum, 20 parts flowers, 100 parts
water. Superior to tincture for local use.
A* Ext. Radicis. Dose gr. j-iij. A. Ext.
Rad. Fid. Dose rt\v-xx. A. Tinct.
Rad., 20 per cent. Dose Tt^v-xxx. A.
Emplastrum, contains ext. of root 50,
lead plaster 100 parts. Tri-methyl-amine
(unof.). Dose gr. ij-iij in syrup.
Ar / nicin, C 26 H 30 O 4 . A brownish, bitter
glucoside extracted from the flowers of
Arnica montana.
Arnot'to. See Anatto.
Aro / ma [apo/ua, spice). The imponder-
able fragrant or odorous emanation of
vegetable substances.
Aromat / ic (apufxa, spice). A substance
characterized by a fragrant, spicy taste and
odor, as cinnamon, ginger, the essential
oils, etc. A stimulant to the gastrointes-
tinal mucous membrane. A. Acids, those
of the benzine group of hydrocarbons. A.
Group, a series of hydrocarbons having
the composition C 10 H 16 . A. Vinegar,
any mixture of aromatic oils in vinegar.
Used as a stimulating agent.
Ar'rak. See Arack.
Arrect'or PiTi Muscle. A fan-like ar-
rangement of a layer of smooth muscular
fibers surrounding the hair follicle, whose
contraction erects the follicle and produces
cutis-anserina or " gooseskin."
Arrest 7 (ad, to, resto, to withstand). Stop-
page, detention. Arrested development,
is when an organ or organism fails in its
normal evolution, stopping at the initial or
intermediate stages of the process. Ar-
rested head, when in parturition the child's
head is hindered but not impacted in the
pelvic cavity.
Ar'row-Poison. See Curare.
Arrowroot. (Doubtful derivation.) A
kind of starch derived from Maranta
arundinacea of the West Indies, South-
ern States, etc. It is a popular remedy for
diarrhoea; widely used as a food.
Arsenic, Arsenicum, or
Arsen / ium. As =75; quantivalence in,
v. A non-metal having a metallic lustre
and crystalline structure. In small doses
a stomachic and general tonic, promoting
appetite and cardiac action, and stimu-
lating mental activity. Of great value in
irritative dyspepsia. Sometimes used in-
ternally to blanch and clear the skin. In
larger doses creates skin eruptions, and
becomes a violent corrosive poison, acting
with cumulative effect. Externally, is a
powerful escharotic, used in cancer. Only
the salts and oxides are used in medicine.
A. Acid., arsenious acid, white arsenic,
"ratsbane," As 2 3 . Dose gr. -jo-tV A.
Acid., Liquor, a 1 per cent, solution of
the acid in hydrochloric acid and distilled
water. Potassii Arsenit., Liq., Fow-
ler's solution, contains A. acid 1, potass,
dicarbonate I, comp. tinct. lavender 3, and
distilled water q. s. ad 100 parts. Dose
nyj-x. Sodii Arsenias. Dose of the
dried salt gr. ^VrV Sodii Arseniat.,
Liq. Dose mjj-xv. A. Iodid. Dose
g r - ?W- A - et Hydrargyri Iod., Liq.,
liquor of the iodide of arsenic and mer-
cury, Donovan's solution, contains A.
iodide I, mercuric iodide I, distilled
water 100 parts. Dose H\ij-x. See
Reinsc/Vs Test, Marshes Test and Fleit-
manrfs Test.
Arte / ria (aprepia, the trachea). The plural
was applied to the bronchial tubes. The
ARTERIOGRAM
52
ARTIFICIAL
ancients supposed these filled with vital
spirit during life. See Artery.
Arteriogram. See Sphygmogram.
Arterio'lse Rectae. The small blood ves-
sels which supply the medullary pyramids
of the kidneys.
Arteritis {artery and itis, inflammation).
Inflammation of an artery. The acute
form is generally consecutive to trauma,
thrombosis, or embolism, and may be puru-
lent in character ; the chronic, more prop-
erly endarteritis, arterial sclerosis, leading
to atheroma or atheromatozes changes, is a
frequent disease of the aged. A. De-
formans, the result of atheromatous
changes producing crumpling or irregu-
larities of the walls. A. Obliterans, an
increase of connective tissue ending in ob-
literation of the lumen.
Ar / tery (arteria, arjp, air or spirit, rr/peo),
to preserve, because supposed to contain
the spirit or soul). Arteries are the tube-
like vessels through which the blood is
propelled by the heart to the peripheral
organs. They end in arterioles and capil-
laries. They are composed of three layers :
the outer, or tunica adventitia ; the middle,
or tunica media, the muscular coat ; the
internal, or intima, composed of nucleated
epithelial cells, connective and elastic tis-
sue. A table of the chief arteries is ap-
pended (pp. 53, 54, 55). _
Arthralgia (apdpov, a joint, clKjoq, pain).
Pain in a joint ; gout ; arthritis ; rheuma-
tism.
Arthri'tis (apdpov, -itlq, inflammation).
Inflammation of the joints. A. Defor-
mans, chronic inflammation of the bone-
tissue of a joint with deformity. A.,
Rheumatic, acute rheumatism of the
joints with gouty complications.
Arthrocla'sia (apdpov, kJjkj, to break).
The breaking down of ankyloses in order
to produce free movement of a joint.
Arthro'dia (apdpoco, to fasten by a joint).
A form of joint permitting a gliding move-
ment. See Diarthrosis.
Arthrodyn'ia (apdpov, odwrj, pain). See
Arthralgia.
Arthroempy / esis (apdpov, efxirvrjCLc, sup-
puration). Suppuration in a joint.
Arthrography (apdpov, ypa 'arthroses, or movable joints,
subdivided into the arthro f dia, or gliding
joints, the gingly'mus, or hinge-like, the
en f arthroses, or ball-and-socket joints; 3.
A?ri 'phiarthroses, or those of a mixed
type.
Articulation. The enunciation of spoken
speech. Confluent A., the clipping of
words, or running syllables together — a
symptom of certain cerebral diseases.
Articulation Positions. See Consonants.
Artic / ulo Mortis (Lat.). The moment of
death. In the act of dying.
Artificial (artificialis). Made or imi-
tated by art. A. Anus, an opening in
the abdomen to give exit to the feces ; an
opening made in case of imperforate anus.
A. Eye, a film of glass, celluloid, rubber,
etc., made in imitation of the front part of
the globe of the eye and worn in the
socket or over a blind eye for cosmetic
reasons. A. Joint, ox false joint, the non-
united ends of a broken bone. A. Leech.
See Leech. A. Vitreous. See Eviscer-
ation. A. Pupil, removal of a piece of
the iris (iridectomy, iridodialysis, etc.), to
allow the light to pass through the open-
ing. A. Respiration, the aeration of the
blood by artificial means. A method of
inducing the normal function of respira-
tion when from any cause it is temporarily
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ARYTENOID
56
ASPARAGIN
in abeyance, as in asphyxia neonatorum,
drowning, etc. //all s Method, by turning
the body alternately upon the side or face.
Howard's Method, by pressure upon the
lower ribs every few seconds. Sylvester s
Method, chiefly by movements of the
arms.
Arytenoid (apvraira, a pitcher, eidog, like-
ness). Resembling the mouth of a pitcher.
A. Cartilages, two cartilages of the
larynx regulating, by the means of the at-
tached muscles, the tension of the vocal
cords. A. Muscle, arises from the pos-
terior surface of one arytenoid cartilage
and is inserted into the corresponding parts
of the other. It is composed of three
planes of fibres, two oblique and one trans-
verse. It draws the arytenoid cartilages
together.
Arytb/mic. Irregular; without rhythm.
Asafcet/ida. Asafetida. A resinous gum
obtained from the root of Ferula narthex
and F. scordosoma. Somewhat soluble
in alcohol, and forms an emulsion with
water. Properties due to allyl sulphide,
C 6 H 10 S. A powerful antispasmodic,
stimulant and expectorant. Very service-
able in hysteria and bronchial affections.
Dose gr. v-xx. A. Tinct., strength 20
per cent. Dose gss-ij. A. Emplas-
trum, asafoetida 35, lead plaster 35, gal-
banum 15, yellow wax 15, alcohol 120
parts. A. Mistura, a 4 per cent, emul-
sion. A. et Magnesiae Mist., Dewer's
carminative, magnesium carb. 5, tinct. asa-
foetida 7, tinct. opii I, sugar 10, aq. dest.
ad 100 parts. Dose ^ss-^ss. A. Pil-
lulae, contain each gr. iij of asafoetida
and gr. j of soap. Dose j-iv. A. et
Aloes Pil., have gr. iy£ of each ingre-
dient. Galbani PH., comp. See Gal-
banum. Ammonia Foslidus Spt., con-
tains asafoetida I ]/ z , liq. ammoniae fort. 2,
spirit 20 parts. Dose gss-j. Unof.
A / sak. See Sacara Indica.
Asca'ris (plural Ascarides) (a<7naptZo, to
jump). A genus of the family Ascarida.
A class of parasitical worms inhabiting the
bodies, and especially the intestine, of most
animals. A. Lumbricoides, is found
in the ox, hog and man. It inhabits the
small intestine, especially of children. A.
Vermicularis (the thread worm), a syno-
nym of Oxyuris Ver7?iicularis. A. Mys-
tax, the round worm of the cat, and A.
Alata have rarely been found in man.
Ascep'tol. A sulpho-carbol resembling
carbolic and salicylic acids. Highly anti-
septic and disinfectant. Unof.
Ascites {aaKiT7]g, from clokoc, a bag). An
abnormal collection of serous fluid in the
peritoneal cavity. There is uniform en-
largement of the abdomen, fluctuation,
percussion dullness, etc.
Ascle / pias. Pleurisy Root. The root of
Asclepias tuber osa. A popular remedy
in the Southern States for pleurisy. A
powerful diaphoretic and a moderate
emetic and cathartic. The infusion re-
commended has a strength of ^j of the
powdered root to ^ xxxij of water. Dose
teacupful every 3 or 4 hours. Unoffi-
cial. Also, A. Curassavica, Blood
Flower. An herb common to tropical
America. Astringent, styptic and anthel-
mintic against the tapeworm. A popular
remedy for checking capillary hemorrhage.
Dose of fld. ext. gj-ij. Unof.
Ascococ / cus {actios, a leather bag, kokkoc,
a kernel). A genus of the family of Coc-
cacees; with elements united in massive
colonies surrounded by tough, thick, gela-
tinous envelopes. A. Billrothii, found
in putrefied meat; its natural habitat is
the air. Details of culture, etc., are
wanting.
Ascomyce / tes (aonog, uvktjc, a mushroom).
A large family of fungi, of which the
truffles, or Ttiberacea, the ergot of rye and
mould of dried fruits are examples.
Ascopb/ora Muce / do. A microscopic
fungus, of which the mould of bread is an
example.
As / cospore (acme, c-opa, a spore). A
spore developed within a sac-like fungus-
cell.
Asep / sis (a neg., arjTro, to putrefy). The
condition of non-putrefaction ; absence of
all septic material or pathogenic micro-
organisms.
Asep / tic. Free from contaminating or
septic matter. The antiseptic treatment of
wounds, including aseptic and antiseptic
dressings, renders the wound aseptic.
Asep / tin. This term has been given to a
secret preparation containing boric acid,
used for preserving articles of food.
Asep / tol, C 6 H 6 S0 3 , a reddish liquid, with
an odor of carbolic acid, recommended as
a disinfectant and antiseptic. Used ex-
ternally I : 1000, and internally in about
the same dose as carbolic acid.
Asit / ia (a, without, oiroc, food). The want
of food. Also a loathing for food.
Aspar'agin. A crystalline organic princi-
ple, C 4 H 8 N 2 0;,, found in asparagus and
many other plants. It is diuretic, and
sedative to the circulation. See AltJuza.
ASPARAGUS
57
ASTHMA
Aspar'agus. The green root of Aspara-
gus officinalis. A mild diuretic. Dose
of fid. ext. ^ss-j. Unof.
Aspar'tic Acid. C 4 H 7 N0 4 . A dibasic crys-
talline substance obtained from asparagin.
It occurs in the body as a result of the
action of the pancreatic juice on the fibrin
of the blood.
Aspergillus (aspergo, to scatter). An
order of fungi. A. Auricularis, a fungus
found in the wax of the ear. A. Glaucus,
the bluish mould found, e. g., upon dried
fruit. A. Mucoroides, a species found
in tuberculous or gangrenous lung tissue.
Asperm / atism (a neg., CTrep/xa, seed).
Non-emission of semen, whether owing to
non-secretion or non-ejaculation.
Asper / sion [aspergo, to sprinkle). The
act of besprinkling, medicines being some-
times thus applied.
Asphyx / ia (a neg., ccj)v^tg, the pulse). The
effect upon the body of the non-oxygena-
tion of the blood ; the suspension of vital
phenomena when the lungs are deprived
of air. The excess of carbon dioxide in
the blood at first stimulates, then paralyzes
the respiratory center of the medulla. Arti-
ficial respiration is therefore required in
cases of sudden asphyxia. A. Neonato-
rum, the inability of new-born infants to
begin respiration spontaneously, or to con-
tinue it.
Aspidiosper / mine. An alkaloid extracted
from Quebracho, a. v.
Aspid / ium. The rhizome of several spe-
cies of A., especially A. marginale. Pro-
perties due to a resin containing filicilic
acid. Valuable chiefly as a vermicide
against tapeworm. Dose ^ss-^ss. A.
Oleoresina, an ethereal extract. Dose
3ss-j.
As / pirates. See Consonants.
Aspiration [aa 7 , to, spiro, to breathe).
Used as a synonym of inspiration, also of
imbibition. The act of using the aspira-
tor. A method of withdrawing the fluids
and gases from a wound to prevent con-
tamination. A. of Cataract Extrac-
tion. See Extraction of Cataract, Suc-
tion Method.
As / pirator. An instrument for withdraw-
ing the contents of an abscess, tumor, etc.,
without the admission of air.
Assafce / tida. See Asafcetida.
Assimilation {assimulo, to make like).
The process of transforming food into such
a nutrient condition that it is taken up by
the circulatory system, and forms an inte-
gral part of the economy ; synthetic or con-
structive metabolism; anabolism. A., Pri-
mary, that concerned in the conversion
of food into chyle and blood. A., Sec-
ondary, that relating to the formation of
the organized tissues of the body.
Association [associatid). The act of com-
bining; union with. Associated Move-
ments, coincident or consensual move-
ments of other muscles than the leading
one, and which by habit or unity of pur-
pose are involuntarily connected with its
action. Both eyeballs move alike in read-
ing, though one be a blind eye. Move-
ment of the normal arm will sometimes
produce slight motion of the opposite para-
lyzed arm. An uniformity of innervation
is usually the cause of these movements,
and such an example as the rigidity of the
jaw in lifting a heavy weight should hardly
be called an associated movement. Asso-
ciated Paralysis, a common paralysis of
associated muscles.
As / surin. A name given by Thudichum
to a complex substance occurring in brain-
tissue. Properties not investigated.
Asta'sia (a neg., araaig, standing). Motor
incoordination for standing.. See Abasia.
Asteato / des (a neg., areap, callow, uStjc,
fullness). Deficient or absent secretion of
sebaceous matter by the sebaceous glands.
As / ter. See Karyokinesis.
Aster'ion. See Skull.
Astern / al (a neg., crepvov, the breast bone).
Not connected with the sternum. A.
Ribs, the five lower pairs, because not
joined directly to the sternum.
Astern'ia. Absence of the sternum.
Asthe / nia (a neg., cdevoc, strength). Gen-
eral loss or absence of strength; adynamia.
Asthenopia (a neg., cdevog, uip, eye).
Weakness, speedy fatigue of the ocular
muscles or visual powers, due to errors of
refraction, insufficiency, over-use, anaemia,
etc. A., Accommodative, due to hy-
peropia, astigmatism, or a combination of
the two, producing strain • of the ciliary
muscle. A., Muscular, due to weakness
or strain of the external ocular muscles,
most commonly the internal recti — insuf-
ficiency. A., Retinal, or Nervous, a
rare variety, caused by retinal hyperesthe-
sia, anaesthesia, or other abnormality, or by
general nervous affections.
Asth / ma (aadjua, panting). Paroxysmal
or intermittent dyspnoea, generally accom-
panied by cough and bronchial secretion,
a feeling of constriction and suffocation.
The etiology is obscure, being ascribed to
heredity, nasal disease, gout, exhalations
ASTIGMATISM
58
ATELECTASIS
of plants and atmospheric impurities, colds,
etc It has been thought to be due to re-
flex neuroses and spasm of the muscular
tissue of the bronchial tubes. When de-
pendent upon disease of the heart, the kid-
neys, stomach, thymus, etc., it has been
designated cardiac, renal, peptic, thymic,
etc. A. Dyspepticum, due to nervous
reflexes through the vagus. A., Nervous,
from reflex stimulation of the pulmonary
plexus.
Astig'matism (a neg., oriyfia, a point,
because rays of light from a point are never
brought to a point by the refractive media
of the eye). That condition of the eye
wherein homocentric rays of light are not
brought to a focus by the media. It is
usually due to inequality of curvature of
the different meridians of the cornea (cor-
neal A.), but may be caused by imperfec-
tions of the lens (lenticular), unequal
contraction of the ciliary muscle, or may
perhaps be due to retinal imperfection. It
may be acquired or congenital, and may
complicate hypermetropia or myopia, pro-
ducing either simple hypermetropic A.,
in which one principal meridian is emme-
tropic, the other hypermetropic ; or com-
pound hypermetropic A., in which both
meridians are hypermetropic, but one more
so than the other. Complicating myopia,
we may in the same way have simple
myopic or compound myopic A. In
mixed A., one principal meridian is
myopic, the other hypermetropic. Regular
A. is when the two principal meridians
are at right angles to each other. Irregular
A., when different parts of a meridian have
different refracting powers.
Astigmom / eter {a, arr/fia, /lerpov, a meas-
ure). An instrument for the measurement
of astigmatism.
Astragalus (acrpaya?^, a die ; the analo-
gous bones of the sheep were used by the
ancients as dice). The ankle-bone, upon
which the tibia rests. Also a genus of
leguminous plants from some varieties of
which gum tragacanth is derived. A.
Mollis / simus (Loco Plant). The active
principle of this plant has mydriatic proper-
ties. Unof.
Astrapapho / bia {aoTparrri, lightning, (f>o-
ftog, fear). A symptom of mental disease
consisting in fear of lightning and thunder.
Astric / tion [ad, to, stringo, to bind). Con-
stipation or any condition resulting from
the use of astringents.
Astrin / gent. An agent producing con-
traction of organic tissues, or which arrests
haemorrhages, diarrhoeas, etc. Tannin,
alum, opium, alcohol, the salts of silver,
lead, etc., are examples.
AsyTum {asylum, a place of refuge). An
institution for the support, safe-keeping,
cure, or education of those incapable of
caring for themselves, such as the insane,
the blind, etc.
Asym / metry (a, avfijuerpia, symmetry).
Unlikeness of organs or parts that are nor-
mally of the same size, etc., as e.g., Asym-
metry of the two halves of the skull or
brain.
Asyner'gia [a, owepyia, cooperation).
Faulty coordination of the different organs
or muscles normally acting in unison.
Atactic (ara/croc, irregular). Irregular.
Pertaining to muscular incoordination, es-
pecially in aphasia. Also used of atypical
fevers.
At / avism {atavus, a forefather). The
reappearance of an anomaly, physical,
mental or pathological, in an individual
whose more or less remote progenitors had
had it, but in whose immediate ancestors it
had not been shown.
Ataxapha / sia. See Aphasia.
Atax'ia, or
Atax'y (ara^ia, want of order). The
word means primarily, irregularity or want
of order, but is most commonly used to
express incoordination of muscular action ;
an excess or deficiency in contraction of
the various muscles concerned in a given
action. Since innervation of many muscles
is required in a fixed position of the body
or of a limb, the term A., Static, describes
the failure of muscular coordination in
standing still or in fixed positions of the
limbs, whilst A., Locomotor, expresses
the same essential phenomenon as regards
movements, and especially in walking.
A., Hereditary, Friedreich's Disease, is
an inherited disease of children and the
young. See Friedreich's Disease. Both
static and locomotor ataxy are prominent
symptoms of tabes or disease of the pos-
terior columns of the cord, but it is absurd
to speak of ataxy, as if it were a disease
itself instead of being only one of many
symptoms of many diseases.
Atelectasis {a-e/.rjc, imperfect, suraac,
expansion). Failure of dilatation of the
pulmonary air-cells in the new-born. The
condition is due not to disease of the
lungs, but to nerve injuries, weakness, etc.
In this case the lung has never been
inflated, whilst in apneumatosis it has
been.
ATELIA
59
ATROPA
Atel'ia [areleia, imperfection). A terato-
logical term for imperfection or failure of
development of some part of the foetus.
The word is compounded with others to
designate the member wanting, as atelo-
cardia, atelocheilia, ateloencephalia, atelo-
viyelia, ateloprosopia, etc., expressing such
a defect of the heart, lip, brain, spinal cord,
face, respectively.
Athelas / mus {a, d?fiayog, science).
The science of microorganisms. Bacterio-
logical investigation consists in the study
by the microscope of forms present, the
artificial cultivation or culture of the same,
and the study of the effects of pure cul-
tures upon animals.
Bacteriopur'purine. The coloring matter
of Beggiatoa roseo-persicina, isolated and
studied by Ray Lankester. Insoluble in
water, alcohol, chloroform, ammonia, ace-
tic and sulphuric acids, etc.
Bacte / rium. An individual of the order
of Bacte?ia. B. Chauvaei. See Bacil-
lus Chauv&i. B. Chlorinum. See Ba-
cillus Chlorinus. B. Janthinum. See
Bacillus Janthinus. B. Phosphores-
cens. See Bacillus Phosphoreus. B.
Termo. See Bacillus Ter mo. B.Xanthi-
num. See Bacillus Synxanthus. {Table.)
Bag of Waters. The foetal membranes
enclosing the liquor amnii, projecting
through the os uteri, which usually rup-
tures when the cervix is dilated.
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74
BAIN-MARIE
75
BANDAGE
Bain-Marie (Fr.). An instrument for
immersing solutions, microorganisms, etc.,
in water or chemical solutions, thus keep-
ing them at a desired temperature.
Bakers' Itch. An eczematous affection
of the hands, caused by the irritation of
the yeast.
Bakers' Salt. A synonym for smelling
salts, or the subcarbonate of ammonia.
BaFanic. Pertaining to the gland of the
penis or clitoris.
Balanitis {fiaXavoq, glans penis, trig, in-
flammation). Inflammation of the glans
penis, sometimes called Balano- posthitis,
or External Gonorrhoea. Some authors
limit the term to inflammation of the pre-
puce, and call that of the gland, Posthitis.
Phymosis is a frequent complication.
Bala / nus [fiakavoq, an acorn). The glans
penis or glans clitoridis.
Balbu / ties {balbutio, to stammer). Stam-
mering.
Bald. Wanting hair. A term applied to
one who has lost the hair of the scalp.
Bald / ness. Alopecia, whether congenital
or acquired. When the loss of hair is
circumscribed it is called tinea decalvans ;
when general, it is called alopecia. Senile
baldness is called calvities. Premature
baldness is caused by disease.
Ball-and-Socket Joint. See Diarthrosis.
Ballotte / ment (Fr. from ballotte, a ball).
A method of diagnosticating pregnancy
from the fourth to the eighth month. A
push is given the uterus by the finger in-
serted into the vagina, and if the foetus
be present, it will move up and fall again
like a heavy body in water.
Balm [balsamum, a balsam). A popular
synonym of balsamum. Any soothing
application or ointment. B. of Gilead.
See Balsam. See also Melissa.
BaFmony. The herb Chelone glabra.
Cathartic and anthelmintic. Dose of fld.
ext. ,^ss-j. Chelonin, the concentrated
ext. Dose gr. j-iv. Unof.
BalneoFogy {Balneum, a bath, Xoyoc, a
treatise). The science of baths and their
effects upon the system.
Balneotherapy {balneum, Bepaireia, heal-
ing). Systematic bathing for therapeutical
purposes.
BaFneum. A bath. See Bath.
BaFsam (flaXoajuov). The resinous, vola-
tile, aromatic vegetable substance, liquid or
concrete, obtained from certain trees by
natural exudation or by artificial extraction.
Balsams are divided into two classes, those
with, and those without benzoic and cin-
namic acids. In general they are mixtures
of various essential oils, resins and acids.
B., Canada ; a turpentine gathered from
the natural blisters of the bark of Abies
balsamum. It is much used as a mounting
medium by microscopists. B. of Copaiba.
See Copaiba. B. of Fir. Same as
Canada Balsam. B., Friar's. See Ben-
zoin. B. of Gilead ; the balm of the Old
Testament, an oleo-resin obtained from
the Balsamodendron Gileadense. B. of
Peru ; the balsam obtained from Myroxy-
lon pereirce, antiseptic ; stimulant to cir-
culation, and sedative to nervous system.
Generally a tonic, and expectorant in
bronchitis. Applied locally is useful in
chronic inflammatory skin diseases. Dose
of the emulsion H\x-xxv. B. of Tolu-
tan, or of Tolu, obtained from Myroxy-
Ion tolufera. Properties due to a volatile
oil, toluene. Possesses an agreeable odor,
and is a basis for many cough mixtures.
A fair expectorant. The tincture contains
io per cent, of the balsam in 90 per cent,
of alcohol. Dose rr\,x-xxx. The syrup,
balsam 4 parts ; simple syrup 96. Dose
Bamboo 7 Brier. The root of Smilax
sarsaparilla. Habitat, Southern States.
Properties identical with those of sarsa-
parilla. Dose of the fid. ext. gss-ij.
Unof.
Banan / a. The root of the common banana,
Musa sapientem. Said to be a valuable
alterative, and useful in strumous affec-
tions. Dose of the fid. ext. tr^x-ocxx.
Unof.
Band'age. Bandages are usually strips of
muslin or other material of varying widths
and lengths used in surgery for the pur-
pose of protecting, compressing, etc., a part,
or for the retention of dressings and appli-
cations. A simple bandage or roller con-
sists of one piece ; a compound, of two or
more pieces. According to their direction
they are classed as : I. Circular, circular
turns about the part. 2. Figurc-of-8, the
turns crossing each other like that figure.
3. Oblique, covering the part by oblique
turns. 4. Recurrent, the turns returning
successively to the point of origin. 5 . Spica,
the turns resembling the arrangement of
the husks of an ear of corn. 6. Spiral,
each turn covering one-half of the preced-
ing. 7. Spiral reverse, the bandage is re-
versed in order to better adapt it to the
part. Bandages are also classed according
to the part to which they are applied. Of
Bandages of the head we have : I. Cir-
BANDAGE
76
BAPTOTHECORRHCEA
cular, of the forehead, to retain dressings
to the head. 2. Circular, of the eyes. 3.
.'. of the eyes, to hold dressings to one
or both eyes. 4. Crossed, of the angle of the
jaw. to support the parts in fracture of the
angle of the jaw. 5. Knotted, of the head,
a double-headed roller with compress, to
make compression in wound of the tem-
poral artery. 6. Recurrent, of the head,
single- or double-headed roller, to retain
dressings to the head. 7. Gibson's, for the
body of the lower jaw, to support the parts
in fracture. 8. Rhea Barton's, for the same
purpose. Of Bandages of the trunk
there are : I. Circular, of the neck. 2. Fig-
ure-of-8, of the neck and axilla, to retain
dressings over the shoulder or in the axilla.
3. Anterior figure-of-8, of chest, to draw
the shoulder forward and to retain dressings
on the anterior surface of the chest. 4.
Posterior figure-of-8, of chest, to draw the
shoulders back in fractured clavicle, or to
retain dressings on posterior part of chest.
5. Crossed, of one or both breasts, to support
the breasts in excessive lactation or in
mammary disease. J3. Spica, of shoulder,
to retain the head of the humerus in place
after dislocation. 7. Spiral, of the chest, to
make compression in fracture of the ster-
num or ribs. 8. Circular, of the abdoi?ien,
to support the abdominal walls. 9. Spiral,
of the abdomen, to compress the abdominal
walls or retain dressings. 10. Spica, of one
or both groins, to compress groin or retain
dressings. II. Spiral reverse, of the penis ,\.o
retain dressings to the organ. The Band-
ages of the hand are : I. The Spiral,
of the finger. 2. Spiral, of all the fingers,
or gauntlet. 3. Spiral, of palm, or de?ni-
gauntlet. 4. Spica, of ' thuvib — all used in
cases of fracture or to retain dressings.
The Bandages of the arm are : 1. The
Circular, of the wrist. 2. Figure-of-8, of
•wrist, to compress the joint or retain dress-
ings. 3. Figure-of-8, of elbow. 4. Circular,
ofarmorforear??i. 5. Oblique, of ar?7i or
forearm. 6. Spiral, of arm, to retain dress-
ings. 7. Spiral reverse, of tipper extremity,
to support the arm in dislocations, fractures,
etc. The Bandages of the lower ex-
tremity are : I. Figure-of-8, of ankle, to
cover the part or retain dressings. 2. Figure-
of-8, of knee, to cover the same or compress
it. 3. Figure-of-8, of thighs, to compress the
same after wounds or operations. 4. Spica,
of instep, to compress the parts. 5. Spiral
reverse, of whole lower extremity, to sup-
port the limb after fracture, etc. B. of
Scultetus, a compound bandage, similar
to a spiral reverse in appearance and
action, used in compound fractures, so
that the short pieces of which it is com-
posed may be removed without motion of
the limb. B., Recurrent, for stumps,
is used after amputations, to support the
flaps. Velpeau's B. is used to sup-
port the arm in fracture of the clavicle, the
neck, or acromion process of the scapula.
The hand of the injured side being placed
on the sound shoulder an oblique turn
is made from the axilla of the sound side
across the back of the chest to the shoulder
covering the fracture, down under the
elbow in front to axilla of sound side,
then across the back over the outside of the
point of elbow to axilla of sound side, thus
continuing the oblique and circular turns
alternately and advancing over the arm till
it is held firmly. Desault's Apparatus
consists of an axillary pad held by tapes
about the neck, a sling for the hand, and
two single-headed rollers. The forearm is at
right angles with the humerus, held in place
by many circular and oblique turns about
the shoulder and body. T-Bandages are
compound, and resemble that letter; the
menstrual napkin is an example. Starch,
Flaster-of- Paris, Silica, Dextj-ine, Tripo-
lith, etc., etc., are used or recommended
for making a stiff and imniovable dressing
or bandage.
Bandl, Ring of. The superior limit of
the cervical canal, in pregnancy at a level
with the pelvic inlet, marking the bound-
ary between the lower uterine segment and
the rest of the uterus.
Band / oline. See Cydonium.
Bang or Bangue. See Cannabis Indica.
BantTngism. (From name of the in-
ventor.) A method proposed for the re-
duction of corpulence, by abstinence from
saccharine and farinaceous foods.
Baptis / ia. Wild Indigo. The root bark
of B. tinctoria. Properties due to an im-
pure resin, the so-called Baptisin. Laxa-
tive and stimulant in moderate doses;
emetic and cathartic in large doses. Valu-
able in amenorrhcea, typhus and typhoid
fevers. Excellent for local application to
indolent ulcers and gangrenous sores. B.
Extract. Dose gr. j-x. B. Ext. Fid.
Dose mjj-xx. B. Tinct. Dose ttlv-xxx.
Dose of the resin gr. j-v. All unof.
Baptorrhce / a (j3a~rog, infected, pea), to
flow). A generic term for any infectious
discharge from a mucous surface.
Baptothecorrhce / a (3a~roc, dipa/, vagina,
peu). Gonorrhoea in woman.
BAR/ESTHESIOMETER
77
BASILAR
Baraesthesiom'eter (fiapog, weight, ata-
OrjGLQ, perception by the senses, /uerpov, a
measure). An instrument for estimating
the sense of pressure in disturbances of
sensibility.
Barba'does Leg. See Elephantiasis
Arabum.
Barberry. See Berberin.
Barriers. A paralytic affection common
in India. Confounded with beriberi.
Bar'egine. Colonies of beggiatoa floating
in the waters of sulphur springs.
Ba / rium (fiapvq, heavy). Ba = 136.8;
quantivalence II. A metal of the alkaline
group, of pale yellow color, characterized
by strong affinity for oxygen. Neither the
metal nor its salts are employed in medi-
cine; all are poisonous. B. Carbonate,
used in the preparation of the chloride.
B. Chloride, soluble, used as a reagent.
B. Monohydrate, caustic baryta reagent.
B. Oxide, baryta. B. Sulphate, used as
a pigment. All unof.
Bark. The cortex or covering surrounding
the wood of exogens. Sometimes used
as a synonym for cinchona or calisaya
bark.
Barney (Welsh, bara llys, bread-plant). A
cereal belonging to the order Graminecs ;
the most common variety, Hordeum dis-
tichon, is much used as a food, and also
in the preparation of malt. B., Pearl,
is the decorticated grain rounded and pol-
ished. B. Water, decoctum hordei, a
decoction consisting of 2 ozs. of Pearl B.
boiled in 1)4 pints of water and afterward
strained. B. Sugar, saccharum hordea-
tum ; practically a glucose. Applied also
to an amorphous mass obtained by melting
cane sugar.
BaronVeter (/?apoc, weight, /xerpov, a meas-
ure). An instrument for determining
weight and tension of the atmosphere. It
consists essentially of a glass tube about 36
inches long, closed at one end, £lled with
mercury, and inverted in a basin of mer-
cury. The mercury will sink in the tube
until it rests at a height of about 30 inches
at the sea level, the height varying as the
atmospheric pressure increases or dimin-
ishes. B., Aneroid, a metallic box from
which the air has been exhausted, the ten-
sion being indicated by the collapsing or
bulging of the thin corrugated cover, which
is connected with a movable index.
Baroscope (/3apoc, gkottbg), to observe).
An instrument used for determining the
loss of weight of a body in air, compared
with its weight in a vacuum. A form of
baroscope was invented by Esbach for the
quantitative determination of urea.
Baros / ma {ftapog, oa/aa, smell). A plant
of the order Rutacece, native to Cape of
Good Hope and vicinity ; several species
of which yield the Buchu of commerce.
Barrenness. Sterility in the female.
Bartholi'ni's Glands. See Gland.
Barton's Bandage. See Bandage.
Barton's Fracture. See Fracture.
Baryglos / sia (j3apog, yXuaGa, a tongue).
Thick, slow utterance.
Baryphonia (fiapog, tyuvr], a voice). A
difficulty of speech.
Bary / ta, or Bary / tes. See Barium.
Ba / sal. Pertaining to or located at the
base. B. Ganglia. See Ganglion.
Bascula'tion (Fr. basculer, to swing).
The movement by which retroversion of
the uterus is corrected when the fundus
is pressed upward and the cervix drawn
downward.
Bascule Movement (Fr. bascule, a swing).
The recoil of the heart in its systolic motion.
Base {/3aaig, a foundation). The lower
part, as, the base of the brain. In chem-
istry ', an element or radical which com-
bines with an acid to form a salt. The
electro-positive molecule or radical of a
compound. In dentistry, the plate upon
which artificial teeth are held. In phar-
macy, the most important part of the pre-
scription. B., Organic, a term including
a large number of organic compounds,
especially nitrogen compounds, which, like
ammonium, unite with acids to form salts.
They are commonly called alkaloids.
Basedow's Disease. An exophthalmic
bronchocele; called, also, Exophthalmic
Goitre, and Graves' Disease. See Goitre.
Ba / sham's Mixture. See Ferrum.
Ba / sic. Having properties the opposite of
those of acids. An acid capable of uniting
with a single monad atom or radical is
called monobasic. One which will unite
with two monad or one dyad atom or radi-
cal, etc., is said to be dibasic. This meas-
ure of the power of an acid is called its
basicity.
Basidiomyce / tes {^aatq, a step, pivnoq, a
mushroom). A parasitic, microscopic fun-
gus developed on the leaves of grasses;
the cereal rust.
Basihy / al. The two bones, one on each
side, which form the principal bones of the
hyoid arch.
Basilar (basilaris). Pertaining to the base,
usually of the skull. B. Artery, the artery
extending along the border of the Pons Va-
BASILIC
78
BAYCURU
rolii, which supplies the Fineal Gland, and
the valve of Yieussens. B. Aspect, the
view of the head looking toward the base
of the skull. B. Membrane, a mem-
branous division-wall separating the scala
vestibuli from the scala tympani extending
from the base to the apex of the cochlea
and supporting the organ of Corti.
Basil'ic ((iaoikiKOQ, royal). Any structure
or medicine of importance (obsolescent).
B. Vein, a large vein of the arm on the
inner side of the biceps.
Basil'icon Ointment. An ointment com-
posed of yellow wax, yellow resin, and
Burgundy pitch aa I lb., olive oil fl.
5xvj, to which, when melted, turpentine
.5 iij are added. Called also the " four
drug " ointment. There are several other
ointments bearing this name.
Basi-occip / ital (fiaatg, occipitalis os). A
bone, separate in many of the lower ver-
tebrate animals, forming the central axis
of the skull.
Ba / sio-glos / sus. That part of the hyo-
glossus muscle which is attached to the
hyoid bone.
Ba / sion. See Skull.
Ba / siotribe (fiaccg, Tpc(3a, to grind or
crush). An instrument used in craniotomy
for perforating and crushing the fcetal
head.
Basiot / ripsy. The operation of crushing
the foetal head.
Ba / sis. Base, q. v. The Latinized form
is used to designate the lower or funda-
mental part of any organ, as B. Cerebri,
B. Cordce, etc.
Basi-sphen'oid. The lower part of the
sphenoid bone.
Bass-deafness. Deafness to certain
bass-notes, the perception of the higher
notes being retained.
Bas / sorin. The active principle of Bas-
sora gum. It is an inodorous, white,
translucent substance becoming gelatinous
in water. Used to adulterate gum traga-
canth.
Bast (Sax. bast, a lime tree). The inner
bark of exogenous .plants. The fibrous
parts of the bark which are used in mak-
ing cordage.
Ba / sylist (ftacug, a base, 2,voig, a loosen-
ing). An instrument for use in crani-
otomy, designed to perforate the cranial
vault and break up the base of the skull.
Bath [balneum). A bathing place or
room. The medium in which the body
is wholly or partly immersed. As thera-
peutic agents, baths are classified accord-
ing, as water, vapor, air, etc. is used;
according to the temperature, as hot, tem-
perate, cold, etc. ; according to the end de-
sired, as nutritional, medicinal, stimulant,
etc. B., Chemical, in chemistry, an ap-
paratus for regulating the temperature of
chemical processes by surrounding the
substance with water, sand, oil or mer-
cury, through which the heat is communi-
cated. B., Hot Air, one in which the
body is surrounded by air at a temperature
of ioo°-I30° F. Used as a sweating bath.
B., Medicated, a bath in which medicinal
substances, as mineral salt, sulphur, etc., are
dissolved or held in suspension. B.,
Pack, or Sheet, one in which the body is
wrapped in cloths. B., Russian, one in
which the air of the room is saturated
with steam by throwing water upon heated
mineral or metallic substance, after which
the bather is rubbed down, finishing with
a cold douche. B., Sea, a bath in sea-
water. B., Shower, or Douche, one in
which a fine spray is projected against the
body. B., Turkish, one in which the
bather is placed successively in rooms of
higher temperature, then shampooed or
rubbed and finally stimulated by a douche
of cold water. B., Vapor, one in which
the body is exposed to air saturated with
steam at a temperature of I22°-I45° F.
B., Water, a bath of water. It may be
cold (6o°-75°) or tepid (85°-95°).
Bat / tery. A term applied to a number of
connected Leyden jars or galvanic cells.
B., Galvanic, one or more jars or cells
containing a plate of zinc and one of cop-
per (or carbon) suspended in acidulated
water. When the plates of a cell are
connected, a current of electricity is gener-
ated. A current from twelve to twenty
cells will heat a coarse platinum wire,
several inches long, to whiteness. In this
form it is much used for cautery. See
Cautery. t
Bat / tey's Operation. See Oophorectomy.
Battledore Placenta. One in which
there is a marginal insertion of the cord.
Bau / hin, Valve of. The ileo-caecal valve.
Baun'scheidism. A mode (named from
the inventor) of treating rheumatism by
counter-irritation, the latter being pro-
duced by pricking the exterior of the
part affected by very fine needles dipped
in oil of mustard, formic acid or other
irritant.
Baycu / ru. The root of a S. American
plant, Statice Braziliensis. One of the
most powerful astringents known. Used
BAY RUM
79
BELLADONNA
for ulcers of the mouth and glandular en-
largements. Dose of the fid. ext., rr\v
xxx. Unof.
Bay Rum and Bay, Oil of. See Myrcia.
Bay Tree. The Laurus nobilis ; also
Primus laurocerasus ; commonly called
the laurel and the cherry laurel.
BdelTium (Heb. VdolacJi). A resinous
gum exuding from various species of bal-
sa?nodendron. B., Indian, somewhat valu-
able as an emmenagogue.
Bdellom / eter (j3del'Aa, aleech). A me-
chanical substitute for the leech, consisting
of cupping glass, scarificator and exhausting
syringe.
Bearer. A wide-mouthed glass vessel
much used in chemical laboratories.
Bean. The seed of several species of
leguminostz, especially that of the common
bean, Fab a vulgaris. B. of St. Ignatius.
See Ignatia.
Beard. The hair on the lips, cheeks and
chin of adult men and certain species of
apes.
Beading-down. The feeling of weight
or pressure in the pelvis in certain diseases.
B.-d. Pains, uterine pain in labor.
Bear's-foot. Leaf cup. A popular remedy
for enlargement of the spleen, or the " ague-
cake" of malarious regions. B.,Ext. Dose
gr. ss-j. B., Fid. Ext. Dose nyij-x.
B., Infus, 3J of a gj to Oj. Unof.
Beat. The pulsations of the blood in the
arteries, or the impulse of the heart. See
Pulse.
Bed. The couch or support on which the
body may rest in sleep ; usually a mattress
of straw, hair or similar substance. B . , Air,
a mattress of rubber or leather which can
be inflated with air. B.-bug an apterous
insect, Cimex lectularius, which infests
filthy bedsteads, and at times parasitic
upon the human body. B.-case, a form
of hysteria or illness in which the patient
persistently remains in bed. B. Sore, a
sore produced on any projecting part of the
body by prolonged pressure against the
bed, and by nutritive changes in paralyzed
parts. B., Water. See Water Bed.
Bee. A genus of insects belonging to
the Hymenoptera, commonly used to des-
ignate the common Honey Bee, Apis nielli-
fica. B. Bread, a resinous substance
with which bees line their hives and fill
certain cells. B. Poison, the irritating
secretion discharged through the sting of
the bee. See Fonyiic Acid.
Beef. The flesh of domestic cattle. Good
beef should be of red color, possess firm
texture, and be free from unpleasant
smell. Beef consists mainly of water
73, fibrin 15, gelatin 4, albumen 3, fat and
other substances 5 per cent. B. Extract,
the soluble fibrin of lean meat partly des-
iccated. B. Tea, the soluble extractive
matter of beef, made by steeping finely-
cut lean beef with its weight of water, and
straining.
Beer. See Malt Liquors.
Beer's Cataract Knife, a knife with trian-
gular-shaped blade, for making section of
cornea in the removal of the crystalline
lens.
Bees / wax. See Cera.
Beggiato / a. A genus of the family of
Beggiatoacees, whose filaments are not
enclosed in a gelatinous envelope. B.
Alba, a very common variety in sulphur-
ous and stagnant waters, frequently in wells
and cisterns, forming white mucoid flakes
that may extend to large masses. Spiril-
lum volutans may form one part of its de-
velopmental cycle. B. Arachnoidea,
also common in sulphurous and stagnant
water; likewise B. Leptomitiformis. B.
Mirabilis, common in sea water among
decomposing algae. B. Nivea, found in
sulphurous waters. B. Roseopersicina,
the source of Bacteriopurpurine, common
in fresh and sea water.
Beggiatoa'cees. A family of Bacteria,
comprising the genera Beggiatoa and Cre-
nothrix. The elements are in rods or fila-
ments with a basic part, often fixed, and a
free apex or top. Forms within its articu-
lations spherical bodies that are probably
true spores.
BeTa. The dried, half-ripe fruit of Aegle
marmeloo, or Bengal quince. It is a valu-
able remedy in chronic diarrhoea and
dysentery. The ripe fruit is slightly laxa-
tive. Dose 3 ss-j. Unof.
Belcb/ing. The expulsion or throwing up
of wind violently from the stomach.
Eructation.
Belladonna. Deadly Night-shade. A
perennial plant of the order Solanacece,
indigenous to Southern Europe and Asia,
and cultivated in the U. S. Properties
due to two alkaloids, atropine and bella-
donnine, the latter thought to be identical
with hyoscyamine. Both leaves and flowers
are employed. A mild narcotic and ano-
dyne and a powerful mydriatic. Valuable
in inflammation of rheumatism, gout and
neuralgia. Dose of the root and leaves
gr. j. B. Extractum Alcoholicum.
Dose gr. ^-\. B. Tinct., 15 per cent.
BELL'S LAW
80
BI
Dose Ti\j-xxx. B. Unguent., contains
extract io, dilute alcohol 6, benzoated
lard S4 parts. Atropine Sulphate, an
excellent antidote in opium poisoning.
See Atropine. Dose gr. t |q— gV Horn,'
atropine. See Atropine.
Bell's Law. The discovery that the an-
terior roots of the spinal nerves are motor,
and the posterior sensory. See also Wal-
lerian Degeneration.
Bell's Paralysis. Paralysis of the facial
nerve.
Belly. See Abdo??ien.
Belt. A girdle about the waist. B., Ab-
dominal, a broad, elastic belt worn about
the abdomen as a support during preg-
nancy. B., Magnetic, a belt consisting
of plates of metal fastened upon a strip of
felt moistened with dilute acid. It is a
cure-all largely sold by empirics.
Beng. See Cannabis Indica.
Benign 7 (benignus, kind). A term applied
to medicines which are characterized by
mildness. Used chiefly to distinguish tu-
mors which are not malignant [a. v.) or
cancerous.
Benne Oil. See Sesame Oleum.
BenzFnum. See Benzol.
Ben / zoin. A resin obtained from Sty rax
benzoin, a tree native to Sumatra and Siam.
Occurs in tears consisting of several resins
agglutinated by a balsam. Yields benzoic
and cinnamic acids. Antiseptic and disin-
fectant. Used mainly as a stimulant ex-
pectorant in chronic bronchitis. Sodium and
potassium compounds are sometimes used
in place of like salicylic acid compounds.
Adeps Benzoinatus, benzoinated lard,
contains 2 per cent, of benzoin. B. Tinct.,
20 per cent, of the resin in alcohol. Dose
3 ss-j. B. Tinct. Comp., Friar's Balsam,
benzoin 12, aloes 2, styrax 8, balsam of
Tolu 4, alcohol, q. s. ad 100 parts. Dose
5 ss-ij. Benzoic Acid, alcohol best solvent.
A constituent of opii, tinct. camphorat.
Dose gr. x— xxx. Ammonium Benzoate,
water best solvent. Dose gr. v-xxx. Lith-
ium Benzoate, dose gr. v-xxx. Sodium
Benzoate, water best solvent. Dose gr.
Ben / zol. A hydrocarbon formed by the
dry distillation of organic substances. De-
rived chiefly from coal tar. Composition,
C 6 H 6 . Inflammable and very volatile. An
excellent solvent for grease. Used inter-
nally to destroy epizoa. Vapor used in
whooping-cough. Dose gtt. v-x.
Ber'beris. Barberry. The root of B.
aquifolium, or Oregon grape. Properties
due to an alkaloid, berberine. An astringent,
bitter tonic. In large doses a cathartic.
Used locally in conjunctivitis, and inter-
nally in malarial and typhoid fevers. B.,
Ext. Fid., dose v-xxx. B., Tinct., con-
tains 20 per cent, of the root. Berberine,
the alkaloid. Dose gr. j-x. B. Muri-
ate, an efficient injection in gonorrhoea.
All unof.
Berga / mii Oleum. Oil of Bergamot. See
Bergamot.
Bergamot 7 , Oil of. An essential oil de-
rived from the rind of the Citrus bergami.
Composition, C 10 H 16 . Used mainly as a
perfume.
Beriberi, or Beri Beri (Cingalese, beri,
weakness). A dropsical ailment charac-
terized by the appearance of multiple
neuritis, and accompanied by anaemia and
paraplegia. Prevalent in India and Cey-
lon. Possibly of microbic origin.
Bert's Experiment. Bert removed the
skin from the tip of the tail of a rat,
stitched it into the skin of the back of the
animal, and after union had taken place
the tail was divided at its base. Sensation
was preserved. Nerve fibers were thus
proved capable of transmitting impulses in
both directions.
BestiaFity [bestia, a beast). Unnatural
intercourse with an animal.
Beta / ine. A ptomaine obtained from both
animal and vegetable substances. It has
been found in human urine and in poison-
ous mussel, but not in putrid mussel. It
has been procured from beet-root juice
and cotton seed. It is not poisonous;
belongs to the Choline group.
Beta-naphthol. See Naphthol.
Be / tel. A masticatory used in the East.
A few grains of the nut of the Catechu
palm, Areca C, are rolled up with a
small amount of quicklime in a leaf of
Piper betel, and chewed. Tonic, astrin-
gent, stimulant and aphrodisiac. Increases
powers of endurance. Dose of fid. ext.
3J-iij. Unof.
Beth Root. The rhizome of Trillium
erecta. Astringent and tonic. Dose of fid.
ext. TTLxxx-^j. Trilliin, a concentrated
ext. Dose gr. ij-iv. Unof.
Be'tol. Naphthalol. A salicylic ether of
naphthol. Of alleged value in rheumatism
and cystitis. Resembles salicylic acid in
properties. Dose gr. x— xv. Unof.
Bezo / ar. See y£gag7'opili.
Bhang. See Cannabis Indica.
Bi {bis, twice). A prefix signifying " twice "
or "two;" as fo'-cuspid, two cusps; ^-lobed,
BIBULOUS
81
BIOPHAGUS
twice lobed; fo'-valved, with two valves;
fo'-lateral, two-sided, etc. In chemistry the
prefix di, is commonly employed.
Bit/ulous (bibere, to drink). Having the
property of absorbing moisture or other
liquids. B. Lapis, pumice stone. B.
Paper, blotting paper.
Biceps {bis, twice, caput, the head). A
term applied to several muscles, as B.
brachii, B. extensor, B. flexor cruris. So
called from their double origin.
Bicipital. Pertaining to the biceps muscle.
Bi-con'cave. See Lens.
Bi-con'vex. See Lens.
Bicuspid (bi and cuspis, the point of a
spear). Having two cusps, as B. Teeth, the
fourth and fifth teeth, which are distin-
guished by having each two cusps or points.
B. Valve, the mitral valve of the heart.
Bidder's GangTion. A ganglion situa-
ted between the auricles and ventricles,
in the walls of the heart.
Bien'nial {bi, two, annus, a year). Every
two years. In botany, plants that pro-
duce foliage and a root-stalk the first year,
flowering and maturing the second.
BPfid [bis, twice, findo, to cleave). Divided
in two ; cleft, as the spina bifida.
Bifo / cal. With a double focus. Used of
a system of lenses or spectacle glasses
with two foci, for the correction of presby-
opia, when there is at the same time an
error of refraction for distant vision. The
distance lens is above that for near work.
Sometimes called Pantoscopic lenses, and
also Franklin spectacles, because the de-
vice was first made by Benjamin Franklin.
Bile (Lat. bilis, Gr. x ^ 1 ?)- The juice
secreted by the liver. B. is mucilaginous,
golden brown in man, golden red in car-
nivora, brownish green in herbivora, and
green in birds. Composed of biliary salts,
cholesterin, mucus and certain pigments.
The principal acids are taurocholic and
glychocolic, both commonly combined with
sodium.
Bile Pigments. Bilirubin and Biliverdin.
B. P., Test for. See Gmelin Heintz Re-
action.
Bilhar'zia Haemato / bia. See Distoma.
BiPiary. Pertaining to the bile. B.
Acids, Glycocholic and Taurocholic
Acids, formed in the liver. Tests for B.
A. in the urine. See Oliver's Test, Petten-
kofer's Test, and I/ay's Test. B. Ducts,
the hepatic, the cystic and the ductus com-
munis choledochus. The first leads from
the liver, the second from the gall-bladder.
The third is a common excretory duct.
6
Bilicy / anin. A blue pigment obtained
from bilirubin.
Bilifus / cin (bilis, fuscus, brown). A pig-
mentary matter occurring in bile, and in
human gall-stones.
BiPious. A term popularly applied to
disorders supposed to arise from a too free
secretion of bile. B. Fever, a term
loosely applied to certain enteric and mala-
rial fevers.
Bilipra / sin [bilis, irpaaov, a leek). A pig-
mentary substance occurring in gall-stones,
icteric urine and bile. It is bilirubin
+ H 2 + O.
Bilirubin [bilis, ruber, red). A pigment-
ary substance found in bile.
Biliverdin [bilis, viridis, green). A pig-
mentary substance found in bile.
Bima / na (bi, two, manus, a hand). An
order of the division of mammalia in-
cluding man only.
Bimanual. Two-handed. Ambidextrous.
Binary [binus, a couple). In chemistry,
compounded of two elements. In anat-
omy, separating into two branches.
Binaural [bis, twice, auris, ear). Per-
taining to or having two ears.
Binder. A wide bandage about the abdo-
men, worn by women during or after labor,
to support the abdominal walls.
Binoc / ular (bi, two, oculus, an eye). In
anatomy, having, or pertaining to two eyes.
In optics, an instrument with two eye-pieces
for use with both eyes at once. B. Vision,
the faculty of using both eyes synchron
ously and without diplopia.
Biogenesis (ftiog, life, yeveotg, origin).
The doctrine that living things are pro-
duced only from living things — the reverse
of abiogenesis.
Biological Law. See Phytogeny.
BioPogy ([3 tog, Xoyog, a discourse). The
science embracing the structure, function,
and organization of life forms.
BioPysis (/3iog, 2,vu, to loosen). The
destruction of life. The devitalization of
living tissue.
BionPeter ((3tog, /xerpov, measure). Dr.
Farr speaks of the Life-Table (a. v.) as a
B., and of equal importance in all inquiries
connected with human life or sanitary im-
provements with the barometer or ther-
mometer, etc., in physical research; and
the keystone or pivot on which the whole
science of life assurance rests.
Biopb/agus (fitog, ayo), to eat). A mode
of nutrition of plants, in which the organs
of the plant seize and dissolve the bodies
of insects.
BIOPLASM
82
BITUMEN
Bioplasm (fiiog, irlaana, form). Any liv-
ing matter. A matter possessing repro-
ductive vitality. See Protoplasm.
Bioplast ((3ioc,7r?Mooio, to form). A mass
or cell of bioplasm which is a unit of living
matter.
Bios / copy (fiiog, ckotteo), to examine). Ex-
amination of the body to ascertain whether
life be extinct. B., Electro-, examination
by the aid of the electric current. The
muscular reaction is lost to Faradic stimu-
lation in about two hours after death in the
tongue ; 3-4 hours in the extremities ; 5-6
in the trunk. Galvanic reactions persist
somewhat longer.
Biot'ic (j3iog). Pertaining to life or to the
laws of animal and vegetable progress and
evolution.
Biot's Respiration. That occurring with-
out variation in the size of the individual
respirations, as, e.g., during sleep.
Bi / ped (bi, two, pes, a foot). With or hav-
ing two feet.
BipoTar. Having two poles. B. Nerve-
cells, nerve-cells which have two pro-
longations of the cell matter. Found
chiefly in the ganglia of the gray matter of
the brain.
Bird's Form / ula. The two last figures
of the specific gravity of urine nearly repre-
sent the number of grains of solids to the
ounce contained in the urine. The same
two figures multiplied by 2 (Trapp's Fac-
tor) give the parts per 1000. Haeser's
Factor is 2.33.
Bird's-nest Cells. The cells of certain
forms of epithelial cancer, distinguished by
the concentric arrangement of their cell
walls.
Bird's-nest, Edible. The nest of certain
species of swallow, used by the Chinese as
food. Consists of marine algae, Gelidium,
cemented by salivary mucus of the bird.
Birth (Sax. beortK). The delivery of a
child. B., Plural, the birth of more than
a single child. B., Posthumous, a child
born after the death of its father. B., Pre-
cocious, the occurrence of natural labor
in a shorter time after coition than is usual.
B., Premature. See Labor. B., Still.
See Still-born.
Birthmark. See Ncevus Pigmentosus.
Bisca / ra Button. See Furunculus Orien-
talis.
Bisex / ual. Having the reproductive or-
gans of both sexes. Hermaphrodite.
Bisb/op's Weed. See Ajowan.
Bis / kra Boil. See Fui-unculus Orien-
talis.
Bis / muth, or
Bismu'thum. Bi = 2io; quantivalence I,
III, v. A pinkish-white crystalline metal.
Not used in medicine in its metallic form.
Commercial salts apt to contain arsenic.
The insoluble salts of B. are feebly astrin-
gent. Useful in disordered digestion,
acne, eczema, etc. B. et Ammonii
Citras, soluble in water. Dose gr. j-v.
B. Citras, soluble in water of ammonia.
Used only for pharmaceutical purposes.
B. Oxychlorid., pearl white. Unof.
Used as a cosmetic. B. Subcarbonas,
insoluble. Best given in emulsion with
milk. Dose gr. x-^j. B. Subnitras,
the salt chiefly used in medicine. Used
also as a cosmetic. Dose gr. x-gj.
Bis / tort. The rhizome of Polygonum bis-
torta. An astringent. Dose of fld. ext.
rr\xx-xl. Unof.
Bist / oury (Fr. Bistouri ) . A small (straight
or curved) knife used in surgery. B.-
cache, has the blade concealed for pass-
ing to the point to be incised, and by
pressure on the handle the blade is ex-
posed and the incision made.
Bit'ter (Sax. bitan, to bite). A peculiar,
well-known taste, of which quinine pre-
sents an example. B. Almond, the nut
of the A?7iygdalum amara. Contains
hydrocyanic acid. B. Apple, the fruit
of the colocynth. Purgative. B. Bugle-
weed, the herb Lycopus Europceus. Alter-
ative and tonic. Dose of fld. ext. jfss-j.
Unof. B. Cup, a cup made of quassia
wood. Tonic. B. Purging Salt, sul-
phate of magnesia. B. Root, the root of
Gentiana Catesbcei. Tonic. B. Tincture,
tincture of bitter almonds. B. Wine of
Iron, a solution of white wine, syrup, citrate
of iron and quinine. Tonic. See Ferrum.
Bit / ters. Medicines characterized by a
bitter taste. B., Aromatic, medicines
that unite the properties of aromatics with
those of simple bitters. B., Simple, medi-
cines that stimulate the gastro-intestinal
tract without influencing the general sys-
tem. B., Styptic, medicines that add
styptic and astringent properties to those
of bitterness.
Bit/tersweet. See Dtdcamara.
Bitu / men {bituj?ien, Gr. capa/l-roc). Min-
eral pitch or oil composed of various hydro-
carbons. In solid form it is usually called
asphalt; in liquid form, petroleum. An
intermediate form is known as mineral tar
or maltha. By distillation, bitumen yields
benzol, naphtha, paraffine, and various
other hydrocarbons, liquid and gaseous.
BIURET REACTION
83
BLENNORRIICEA
Biu / ret Reaction. A test for proteids — a
violet color by adding a few drops of Fehl-
ing's solution.
Biva / lent. See Quantivalence.
Biven'tral (bi, two, ventrum, a stomach).
Having two stomachs.
Black (Sax. blcec). Absence of color or
light. The appearance of an object from
whose surface none of the spectrum colors
are reflected. B. Alder. See Prinos. B.
Antimony, antimonium tersulphide, Sb-
S 3 . B. Ash, the bark of Fraxinus sambuci-
folia, a mild tonic and astringent. Dose of
fid. ext. ^ ss-j. Unof. B. Blood, venous
blood. B. Cancer. See Melanosis. B.
Cohosh. See Cimicifnga. B. Death. See
Plague. B. Draught. See Senna. B.
Drop See Opium. B. Eye. See Ecchy-
mosis. B.Haw. See Viburnum. B. Hel-
lebore. See Hellebore. B. Lead, a form
of carbon properly known as the mineral
graphite. B. Walnut, the leaves of Jug-
lans nigra, a tonic, alterative and deobstru-
ent. Dose of Ad. ext. TT^xx-xxx. Unof.
B. Willow, the buds of Salix nigra, a
bitter tonic with aphrodisiac properties.
Dose of fld ext. TTLxv-^ j. Unof.
Blackberry. See Rubus.
Black-Tongue. See Glossophytia.
Blad / der (Sax., blasan, to blow). The
membranous, sac-like reservoir or recep-
tacle of the urine. B., Atony of, inability
to expel the urine, from deficient muscular
power. B., Catarrh of. See Cystitis. B.,
Extrophy or Extroversion of, absence of
the anterior wall of the B.,and more or less
deficiency of the corresponding part of the
abdomen. B., Fasciculated, the walls
thrown into ridges by chronic cystitis. B.,
Herniaof. See Cystocele. B., Inflamma-
tion of. See Cystitis. B., Inversion of,
a protrusion or an invagination of the blad-
der through the urethra. B., Irritable, a
condition characterized by constant desire
to urinate. B., Neck of, the constricted
portion continuous with the urethra in front.
B., Paralysis of, the same symptoms as in
atony, but more marked and due to nervous
or central disease. If affecting the neck
alone, there is incontinence ; if the body of
the organ, retention of urine. B., Saccu-
lated, pouches formed between the hyper-
trophied muscular fibres.
Bladder-wrack. See Fucus Vesiculosus.
Blae / sitas or Blae'sus (/3Aaicroc, one limp-
ing). A stammerer. Also one having a
distortion of the limbs — a bow-legged per-
son. Also one having an angular curvature
of the spine. The term is loosely used.
Blain. A blister; an elevation of the
cuticle containing serum.
Bland {blandus, mild). A term applied to
mild and soothing medicines and applica-
tions.
Blank / et (Fr. blanc, white). A woolen
covering, so called because originally of
white color. B., Bath. See Bath, Sheet
or Pack.
Blastema [jUaaravcd, to germinate). The
formative lymph or pabulum of capillary
exudation. A synonym of protoplasm.
Blastoderm (faaoTavto, dep/ia, skin). In
embryology, the germinal membrane formed
by the cells of the morula, lying on the
internal surface of the vitelline membrane
of the impregnated ovum. The whole hollow
sphere, with its surrounding cells, is called
the blastodermic vesicle, and is formed
about the tenth day. The ectoderm (or
epiblast) and the endoderm [entoderm or
hypoblast} layers are simply due to a pro-
liferation of the blastodermic cells about
the germinal area, whereby the blastoderm
is doubled, thus forming these outer and
inner layers. The mesoblast or middle
layer is developed after the latter, and
probably from the hypoblast. The Blasto-
pore is the point where the covering in of
the germinal area is temporarily incom-
plete.
Blast'omere. See Morula.
Blastopore. See Blastoderm.
Blast'osphere. The embryonic segmenta-
tion sphere formed by the union of the male
and female elements.
Blat'ta OrientaTis. The powdered body
of the cockroach. A popular remedy for
dropsy among Russian peasants. Increases
the amount of urine and diminishes the
amount of albumen. Dose gr. iv-xx. Unof.
Bleach. To make white or pale, to dimin-
ish the intensity of color. Bleaching
Powder, chlorinated lime, a mixtme of
calcium chloride and calcium hypochlorite,
containing free chlorine gas. Much used as
a disinfectant. Bleaching Fluid, eau de
Javelle, a similar composition obtained by
passing chlorine gas into an emulsion of
calcium hydrate.
Blear Eye. See Blepharitis Ulcerosa.
Bleb. See Bulla.
Bleed / ers' Disease. See Hcemophilia.
Blennorrha / gia (filevvoq, mucus, piiyvvfit,
to burst forth). An excessive discharge
of mucus from the urethra or vagina. See
Gonorrhoea.
Blennorrhce / a (ftXevvog, peu, to flow).
Same as Blennorrhagia.
BLENNOSIS
84
BLOOD
Blenno / sis. A generic name for diseases
of the mucous membrane.
Blepharitis [fS/.^apov, the eyelid). In-
flammation of the eyelids. B. Ciliaris,
inflammation seated in the hair follicles.
B. Marginalis, inflammation seated in
the marginal border of the lids. B. Ulcer-
osa, a catarrhal or ulcerous inflammation
of the eyelids, occurring as the sequel of
catarrhal conjunctivitis.
Bleph / aro-adeni / tis (filefyapov, adrjv,
gland, trie). Inflammation of the Meibo-
mian glands.
Blepharophimo / sis (Q/uocng, a shutting
up). Abnormal smallness of the palpebral
opening.
Bleph'aroplasty {nlaaau, to form). An
operation for the formation of any part of
the eyelid destroyed by wound or lesion, by
ingrafting or transplanting from a contigu-
ous healthy part.
Blepharople / gia. See Ptosis.
Blepharopto'sis. See Ptosis.
Blepharospasm (a7tac>juog). Spasm of
the orbicularis palpebrarum muscle.
Blepharostat [igtt]/lu, to stand). An in-
strument for holding the eyelids apart or
firm whilst performing operations upon
the eyes or lids.
Blessed Thistle. See Carduus.
Blight. A partial paralysis of certain
facial nerves, arising from sudden or
extreme cold. B. of the Eye, an extra-
vasation of blood within the conjunctiva.
Blind (Sax. blind). Without sight. De-
prived of sight. B. Spot, that part of the
area of the fundus of the eye where the optic
nerve enters.
Blindness. Want of vision. Color-B.,
subnormal perception of colors. This con-
dition is found in about 4 per cent, of people,
is more frequent in men than women, and
is probably due to non-exercise of the color
sense. Complete Color-B. is very rare,
the different colors probably appearing as
different intensities or shades of white light.
In Partial Color-B., subnormal percep-
tion of red is the most frequent, green,
blue and yellow, respectively, being next in
order. Tests for Color-B., usually con-
sist in matching and classifying colored
yarns. Cortical B., B. due to lesion of
the cortical center of vision. Day-B. See
Nyctalopia. Moon-B., a rare condition
of retinal anaesthesia said to be due to expo-
sure of the eyes to the moon's rays in sleep-
ing. Night-B. See Hemeralopia. Psy-
chical B., loss of conscious visual sensa-
tion from destruction of the central area
of the visual center; there is sight but
not recognition. Snow-B., photophobia
and conjunctivitis due to exposure of the
eyes to the glare of sunlight upon snow.
Blis'ter. A vesicle resulting from the
exudation of serous fluid between the epi-
dermis and true skin. Also the agent by
which the blister is produced. B., Fly, a
beetle, Cantharis vesicatoria, the body of
which is used as a blistering agent. B.,
Flying, a blister which remains long
enough to produce only a redness of the
skin and not vesication.
Blood. The fluid which circulates through
the heart, arteries and veins, supplying
nutritive material to all parts of the body.
In the human being the blood of the arte-
ries is bright red ; that of the veins dark
red. Blood consists of colorless plasma
in which are suspended the red and white
corpuscles. When exposed to the air it
coagulates, forming a red clot, and a yellow-
ish fluid called serum. Healthy blood
consists of 79 per cent, of water and 21
per cent, solids. B. Corpuscles, small,
circular, biconcave discs floating in the
blood. Red corpuscles are circular in
mammals (except the camel), and elliptical
in birds and reptiles. They are about
■jjos inch in diameter and p^otf mcn
thick. White corpuscles are about one-
third larger in diameter and comparatively
few. They exhibit a movement similar
to those of amcebce. The coloring matter
of the B. is found in a substance known
as haemoglobin, and is said to be due to
minute quantities of the salts of iron. B.
Crystals, crystals of a substance known
as haematoidin. B. Heat, a temperature
varying from 98 to ioo° F. B., Loss of.
See Hemon-hage. B. Plasma, the liquor
sanguinis, or fluid part of the blood. B.
Poisoning, a common term denoting any
ailment arising from the introduction of
decomposing organic matter or putrefactive
germs into the blood. See Anthrax, Pye-
mia and Septicemia. B. Plates, pale,
colorless, oval, round or lenticular discs of
variable size, found in healthy normal
human blood, 18,000 to 250,000 per cubic
millimeter. Their function is not cer-
tainly known. Also called (Hayem) hae-
matoblasts. B. Pressure, the force of
compression exerted by the blood upon the
walls of the vessels under the influence of
the heart's action, the elastic walls, etc.
Various instruments have been devised to
estimate the amount of this pressure, the
Hcemadynamometer ofPoiseuille, L udwig's
BLOOD-ISLANDS
85
BONE
Ky??iograph, Fields Spring Kymograph, v.
BascJis Sphygmomanometer ; the Gradu-
ated Sphygmograph, etc.
Blood-Islands. A term applied to the
groups of corpuscles developed in the fowl
during the first days of embryonic life,
within the large branched cells of the
mesoblast.
Bloodless Operations. Surgical opera-
tions, such as amputations, in which the
member is so bandaged by compresses and
elastic rings that the blood is expelled from
the part to be operated upon.
Bloodletting. The artificial abstraction
of blood from the body. B., General,
venesection or phlebotomy ; it acts by re-
. ducing the heart's action and diminishing
the quantity of blood. Occasionally used
with excellent results in pneumonia, sun-
stroke, etc. B., Local or Topical. See
Cupping, L eech ing or Sea rifi cation . Useful
in certain inflammatory conditions.
Blood-root. See Sanguinaria.
Bloodshot. Extravasated with blood.
Bloody. Having the nature of, or filled
with blood. B. Flux. See Dysentery.
B. Sweat. See Ephidrosis.
Blow / pipe. A short tube bent at one
end and tapering to a point, used in direct-
ing the flame of a lamp in a fine conical
tongue. B., Oxyhydrogen, an appa-
ratus for producing intense heat by burn-
ing hydrogen or illuminating gas at the
end of a mixing nozzle.
Blue. One of the colors of the spectrum.
B. Disease. See Cyanopathy. B. Flag.
See Iris. B. Gentian, the root of Gen-
tiana Catesbm, tonic and stomachic. Dose
of fid. ext., TTpc-xl. Unof. B. Gum.
See Gingival. B. Gum Tree. See Eu-
calyptus. B. Ointment. See Hydrargy-
rum. B. Pill. See Hydrargyrum. B.
Stone. See Copper.
Boat-belly. See Scaphoid Abdomen.
Body. The animal frame with its organs.
Also, a cadaver or corpse.
Body Louse. See Pediculus.
Bcet'tcher's Test. For sugar. First
eliminate the albumin, if any present.
Add a small amount of bismuth subnitrate
to equal amounts, mixed, of suspected
urine and potassium hydrate ; boil ; if
sugar be present the white powder turns
gray, brown or black, from reduction to
metallic bismuth.
Boil (Sax. by I). A furuncle, — a local-
ized inflammation of the skin and subcu-
taneous connective tissue attended by the
formation of pus. B., Aleppo or B.,
Delhi, a peculiar ulcerative affection en-
demic in India, due to a specific and patho-
genic microbe. It has been proposed by
Heydenreich to call this Tropical Boil.
Other names are Penjdeh Boil and Bouton
Biskra.
BoiFing. The vaporization of a liquid
when it gives off vapor having the same
tension as the surrounding air. Most tis-
sues, animal and vegetable, are softened
and rendered more or less soluble by boil-
ing. Albumin and most albuminoids,
however, are rendered insoluble. The
temperature of B. water at the level of the
sea is about 212 F. (ioo° C.) ; it de-
creases with increasing altitude.
Boiling Test. For albumin. Acidulate
an alkaline urine and heat upper half to
boiling. Turbidity indicates albumin.
Bois / sons {Br.). Cheap fermented liquors
made from raisins or other dried fruits to
which sweetened water is added and fer-
mentation allowed.
BoTa. See Myrrh.
Bol / do-glu / cine. An aromatic glucoside
obtained from B. fragrans and other
species. A hypnotic in doses of gr. xx-
3J. Unof.
BoFdus. Boldo. The leaves and stems
of an evergreen, B. petimtis, native to
Chili and vicinity. Sometimes used in
anaemia and general debility as a substi-
tute for quinine. B., Tinct., contains 20
per cent, of the drug. Dose TT\v-viij.
Bole (fiuloQ, a clod of earth). A trans-
lucent, soft variety of clay formerly much
used in medicine, internally as an astrin-
gent, externally as an absorbent.
Bologn / a Phosphorus. A sulphide of
Barium, having the property of emitting a
pale, feeble light in the dark.
Bo / lus. A mass of medicine exhibited
in the form of a large pill.
BonVbus {(3ofj.[3og, the humming sound of
bees). A ringing or buzzing sound in the
ears. Also a sonorous movement or
rumbling flatus of the intestines.
Bone. (Sax. ban). A hard tissue which
constitutes the framework or skeleton of
the body. Composed mainly of tri-calcium
phosphate and cartilage. A single articu-
lation of bone usually consists of a compact
outer mass covered with periosteum, sur-
rounding a reticulated inner structure
which encloses a central cavity filled with
marrow. A transverse section shows bone
tissue to be composed of a number of nearly
circular zones, each having a central tube,
the Haversian canal, through which the
BONESET
BOW
blood circulates. Surrounding the H. canal
are concentrically arranged belts of oblong
cells called lacuna. Each lacuna is the
outlet of a number of canaliculi, through
which the nutrition is conveyed to all parts
of the bone. B. Ash, the calcic phos-
phate remaining after bones have been
incinerated.
Bone / set. See Eupatorium.
Bonnet's Capsule. See Ocular (Sheath).
Boot, Junod's. See Junod's Boot.
Borac / ic Acid. See Boron.
Bo / rage. The plant B. officinalis. A
demulcent, mild refrigerant and diapho-
retic. Dose of fid. ext. £j. Unof.
Bo / rax. See Boron.
Borboryg / mus. See Bombzts.
Bo / ric Acid. See Boron.
Bor / neol. A principle derived from Drya-
balanops camphorce, a tree native to the
East Indies. It produces spasms of epi-
leptiform character.
Bo / ro-glyc / eride. A preparation made
by heating boracic acid and glycerine.
Used as a local application in eye and
skin affections. Unof.
Bo / ron. B = II; quantivalence III, v.
The base of boric acid and of the mineral
borax. Boracic, or, more properly, Boric
Acid, a crystalline substance, H 3 B0 3 ,
found native in the volcanic lagoons of
Tuscany. Occurs in white, transparent
crystals, soluble in water and alcohol. A
powerful antiseptic, and much used in
parasitic diseases of the skin. Borax,
sodium diborate. Occurs in lacustrine de-
posits as white, transparent cystals, soluble
in water, alcohol and glycerine. Used as
an antiseptic wash for ulcers and indolent
lesions. Valuable also as an emmenagogue,
and in leucorrhoea. All unof.
Bot (do fas, a belly- worm). The larva of
certain species of flies of the genus GEstrus,
which are conveyed into the stomach of
man, where they hatch. Also the thread-
worm, Oxyurus vermicularis.
BotalTi, Foramen of. The foramen ovale
of the foetal heart.
Bot'any (flo-avTj, an herb). The science
of plants — their classification and struc-
ture.
Bothriocepb/alus La / tus. See Tape-
worm.
Bot'ryoid (Jjorpvr, a cluster of grapes).
Resembling the shape of a bunch of
grapes.
Bottler's Test. See Bcettcher's Test.
Bot / tle (,3ovnc, a flask, Fr. bouteille). A
vessel, usually of glass with a narrow neck.
B., Feeding, a flat flask with a nipple of
India rubber attached, used in feeding
infants. B. Nose, a common name for
Acne Roseola. B., Specific Gravity, a
Florence flask graduated to contain 500-
1000 grains of water, with the weight of
which any other equal volume of liquid
may be compared.
Botulin'ic Acid. An acid asserted to
exist in putrefying sausages, forming their
specific poison.
Bougie (Fr. bougie, a candle). A
slender, cylindrical instrument made of
waxed silk, catgut, etc., for introduction
into the urethra or other passage, for the
purpose of dilation, exploration, etc. Some-
times coated with preparations that are
thus conveyed to the inner mucous sur-
faces. B., Armed, a bougie with a piece
of nitrate of silver or other caustic attached
to its extremity. B., Filiform, whale-
bone or other bougies of very small size.
Bou'hou. A name given to a malarial
disease resembling dengue, which is preva-
lent in the Sandwich Islands.
Bouillon (Fr.). An alimentary broth
made by boiling meat, usually beef, in
water. A soup. Also a liquid nutritive
medium made by boiling meat for the cul-
ture of microorganisms. Peptonized bouil-
lons and solutions of powdered meats have
also been used. B. of Liebig, made
by dissolving Liebig' s meat extract, 5
grammes, in boiling water, 100 grammes,
neutralizing with bicarbonate of soda and
filtering. It becomes more nutritive by
adding glucose.
Bounc / ing Bet. See Soapwort.
Bou / quet. The peculiar flavor of wines
which have been aged, supposed to be due
to cenanthic ether.
Bourdon / nement (Fr. bourdonner, to
buzz.) Any buzzing sound. The mur-
mur which is heard when the stethoscope
is applied to any part of the body. Thought
to result from contraction of muscular
fibrillae. See, also, Bombus.
Boutonniere Operation (Fr. bcuton-
niere, button hole). An operation for
urethral stricture. The location of the
stricture is fixed by a catheter and an in-
cision is made in front of it ; a probe is
then passed to the bladder. The stricture
is then divided.
Bouton's Terminals (Fr.). The en-
largements of the free ends of certain sen-
sory nerves.
Bow. A bending. B. Leg, a bending
outward of the lower limbs.
BOWELS
87
BREAD
Bow / els (botellus, a sausage). The intes-
tines.
Bowman's Glands. Peculiar tubular
glands in the olfactory region of the
nasal distribution of the olfactory nerve.
B. Probe. See Lachrymal. B. Tubes,
artificial productions made by forcing air
or fluids between the corneal lamellae.
Box Pulse-measurer. An instrument for
measuring the pulse by its action upon a
column of liquid when the exposed artery
is placed within an oblong box communi-
cating with the column.
Brachial {brachium, the arm). Pertain-
ing to the arm. B. Artery, the con-
tinuation of the axillary which extends
along the inner side of the arm. B. Di-
plegia. See Paralysis. B. Glands, the
lymphatic glands of the arm. B. Plexus,
the plexus of the fifth, sixth, seventh and
eighth cervical and the first dorsal pair.
B. Veins, the veins of the arm which
accompany the B. artery.
Bracb/ium {brachium\ The arm. An
extensor process of an organ. B. Cere-
bri, or B. of Optic Lobes, the bands
connecting the nates and the testes with
the optic thalamus.
BrachycephaFic ((3paxvg, short, Kecpal??,
head). Skulls of an egg-like shape, the
larger end behind. See Index.
Brachydac / tylous {fipaxvq, SanrvTiog,
finger). Pertaining to an abnormal short-
ness of the fingers or toes.
Brachymetro / pia. See Myopia.
Bradycardia (fipadvg, slow, napdca, the
heart). A term used by Eichhorst to indi-
cate the phenomena associated with slow
pulse — the opposite of tachycardia.
Bradylalia {(ipadvg, lalia, a babbling).
A slow and disordered utterance.
Braid / ism. The hypnotic state produced by
fixation of the eyes upon a shining object.
Bradypha / sia. See Aphasia.
Brain (Sax. brcegeri). The general con-
tents of the cranium, especially the cere-
brum. B., Compression of, may arise
from injury or disease, from serous exuda-
tion, blood extravasation, etc. B., Con-
cussion of, is the result of injury pro-
ducing symptoms of loss of power and
function generally. B. Fever. See Men-
ingitis. B., Irritation of, follows injury
and is marked by symptoms of irritability
and often convulsive phenomena. B.,
Little, the cerebellum. B. Pan, the
cranium. B. Sand, a gritty mineral mat-
ter found in and about the pineal gland,
consisting mainly of calcium and magne-
sium carbonates and phosphates. Its func-
tion is not known.
Bran. The epidermis or outer covering
of the seeds of most cereals. Contains
woody matter 35, starch 22, albumin and
gluten 13, water 12, gum 8, other matters,
including a small amount of silica, 10 per
cent. It contains, also, a diastatic ferment,
which converts the starch into dextrine.
B. Tea, a decoction of bran, used in
coughs.
Branch. A name given to the divisions
or offshoots of blood vessels, lymphatics,
or nerves, from the trunk or main stem.
Branch / iae. The gills of fishes.
Branchial Openings. See Clefts, Vis-
ceral.
Bran / dy. See Spiritus.
Brash (Dutch braaken, to vomit). A
common name indicating almost any dis-
order of the digestive system. B., Water.
See Pyrosis.
Brass. An alloy of copper with 25-40
per cent, of zinc.
Bras / sica. A genus of plants, Nat.
Order, Cruciferce, including the common
cabbage. B. Acidulata, sour crout (or
sauer kraut). B. Asperifolia Escu-
lenta, the common turnip. B. Cauli-
flora (or Florida), the cauliflower. B.
Cumana or Rubra, the red cabbage.
B. Napus, the rape plant. B. Nigra,
the black mustard. B. Sativa, the com-
mon cabbage.
Braye / ra. Kousso. The female flowers
of B. anthelmintic a. Contains tannic
acid, a volatile oil and a crystalline prin-
ciple, Koussin. In large doses produces
nausea and emesis. Valuable mainly as
an anthelmintic against tapeworm. Dose
^ij-^ss, in infusion of boiling water.
B., Ext. Fid., dose ^ij-gj.
Bread (Sax. bredan, to nourish, Lat.
panis, Gr. aproq). A mixture of flour
and water made porous by carbon dioxide
and then baked. The flour may be of
wheat, corn, oat or rye. The carbon diox-
ide may be introduced by decomposing an
alkaline carbonate (sodium or potassium)
by an acid ("cream of tartar"), or by
fermenting the starch with yeast. B.,
Brown, a kind of bread made from
a mixture of com, rye and wheat flour.
B., Graham, made from unbolted wheat
flour; it contains more gluten, diastase
and mineral phosphates than ordinary
bread. B., White, bread made from
bolted wheaten flour, and therefore defi-
cient in diastase, gluten and mineral phos-
BREAD-PASTE
BRONCHITIS
phates. Other kinds, such as rye (or
black), corn, bran, barley, etc., indicate
their composition in their name.
Bread-paste. A culture medium for
bacteria. Stale, coarse bread is dried,
ground to powder and made into a paste
with water. "Well suited for the growth
of moulds.
Break. See Make.
Break-bone Fever. See Dengue.
Breast. The upper anterior part of the
body between the neck and abdomen.
Also the mamma.
Breath (Sax. brceth). The air exhaled
from the lungs. It has lost a part of its
oxygen and gained a certain but varying
amount of ammonia, aqueous vapor and
carbon dioxide from the oxidation of the
waste matter of the blood. Also applied
to the air inspired.
Breech Position. See Position.
Breeding- season. The period during
which certain species of animals, espe-
cially the lower forms of vertebrates, beget
and rear their young.
Breeze. See Head-breeze and Static-breeze.
Brefeld and Nagele's Method. See
Fractional Cultivation.
Breg'enin (Low Ger. bregan, brain). A
name given by Thudichum to a soluble,
crystalline substance found in brain-tissue.
Breg / ma. See Skull.
Brenner's Formula. The feeble tone
heard when the anode is opened in gal-
vanic stimulation of the auditory nerve.
This tone corresponds with the resonance
fundamental tone of the sound-conducting
apparatus of the ear itself.
Brick-makers' Anae / mia. See Anchylos-
tomiasis.
Bridge of Nose. A term applied col-
lectively to the nasal bones.
Bright's Disease. A name formerly in-
correctly used as a synonym of albuminuria
and at present covering several forms of
disease of the kidney associated with albu-
min in the urine. May be either acute or
chronic. Considered by Fothergill as a
secondary condition arising from a ten-
dency toward the reversion to that pre-
anthropic type in which the liver per-
formed the additional office of excreting
uric acid.
Brim of Pelvis. See Pelvis.
Brim / stone. See Sulphur.
Broad-leafed Laurel. See Kalmia.
Broad Ligament. See Ligament.
Bro / mal Hydrate. A fluid of oily con-
sistence, having a structure similar to that
of chloral hydrate. More iritating and
narcotic than the latter. Dose gr. j-v.
Unof.
Bromid / rosis (/fyw/zoc, a stench, Wpwc,
sweat). Osmidrosis. Offensive sweating,
due to functional disorder of the sweat
glands or fermentation of the sweat after
excretion. Frequently symptomatic of
scrofula, rheumatism, uraemia, syphilis, etc.
Bromi'dum. Bromide.
Bro / mine, or
Bro / mum (fipojuog). Br = 80 ; quantiva-
lence I. A reddish-brown liquid, which,
at ordinary temperatures, gives off a
heavy, suffocating vapor. In its element-
ary form it is a very active escharotic,
and internally a violent poison. The salts
of bromine are cerebral and cardiac de-
pressants, and highly valuable as hypnot-
ics. The salts of the alkaline metals are
those most commonly used. Ammonii
Bromidum, prismatic crystals. Dose gr.
v-xx. Calcii Bromidum, granular and
deliquescent. 'Dose gr. v-^j. Ethyl
Bromide, useful in spasmodic coughs.
Ferri Bromidi, Syr., contains 10 per
cent, of the salt. Dose^ss-j. Lithii
Bromidi, granular and deliquescent. Dose
gr. v-xx. Potassii Bromidum, color-
less, cubical crystals. Dose gr. v-gj.
Sodii Bromidum, colorless, monoclinic
crystals. Dose gr. v-^j. Zinci Bro-
midum, granular, deliquescent powder.
Dose gr. ji-ij.
Bro / moform. A bromide, CHBr 3 , having
a structure like that of chloroform, CHC1 3 .
A powerful anaesthetic. Use not followed
by vomiting. Causes irritation of con-
junctiva and respiratory organs. Unof.
Broncb/i (/3povjoc, the windpipe). The
two tubes into which the trachea divides
opposite the third dorsal vertebra, called
the right and the left bronchus.
Bronchiectasis (enTaciq, dilatation). A
term denoting the dilatation or relaxation
of the walls of the bronchi, arising from
inflammation and other causes.
Bronchioles (dim. of bronchus). The
smallest subdivision of the bronchi.
Bronchitis. Inflammation of the mucous
membrane which lines the bronchial tubes.
Usually attended with soreness, cough,
alteration of the voice and febrile symp-
toms. B., Acute, the initiatory stage of
the disease. B., Capillary, a stage in
which the minute tubes of the lungs are
involved. B., Catarrhal, a form at-
tended with muco-purulent discharges.
B., Croupous or Plastic, attended with
BRONCHOCELE
89
BUDDING
expectoration of the casts of the bronchial
tubes. B., Mechanical or Potter's, a
form caused by the inhalation of dust, etc.
B., Summer, synonymous with " Hay
Fever."
Broncb/ocele. See Goitre.
Bronchophony (Quvij, the voice). The
resonance of the voice within the bronchi
as heard and diagnosticated by the stetho-
scope.
Broncho-pneumo'nia. A term applied
to inflammation of the lungs, which, be-
ginning in the bronchi, finally involves the
parenchyma of the lungs.
Bronchorrhce / a (peo, to flow). A form
of bronchitis attended by profuse expec-
toration.
Bronchot / omy (ppovxog, re/j.vo, to cut).
A surgical operation upon the bronchus,
trachea, etc.
Bronchus. See Bronchi.
Bronzed Skin. A symptom of Addison's
Disease.
Brood-cells. In cell-division, the mother-
cells enclosing the daughter-cells.
Broom. See Scoparhis.
Brown'ian Movement. An oscillation
or agitation observed under the microscope
in very fine granules, drops, etc., when
suspended in a liquid. The movement is
not locomotion, and is to be distinguished
from that of the self-motility of living
microorganisms. Its cause is not de-
finitely known, but it may be due to heat,
light, electricity, osmosis, etc.
Brown Mixture. See Glycyrrhiza.
Brow Presentation. See Position.
Bru / cine. See Nux Vomica.
Bruise. See Contusion.
Bru'it (Fr., a noise or report). A term
used by French physicians to designate the
various specific sounds of auscultation.
B. de Diable, a venous murmur, of a
whistling or rushing character, arising in
the bulb of the common jugular vein, and
due to anaemia, lead-poisoning, or other
specific disease, more common in the
young, and caused immediately by the
vibration of the blood flowing from the
narrow part of the common jugular vein
into the wide, bulbous portion of the
vessel. See also Murmur.
Brunner's Glands. See Glands.
Bryg / mus. Same as Odontoprisis.
Bryo'nia. Bryony. The root of B. alba ;
indigenous to Europe. Properties due to
an intensely bitter glucoside. Bryonin, a
strong irritant when applied to the skin
or mucous membrane, often producing
vesication. A remedy of great value in
pleurisy, pleuro-pneumonia and rheumatic
fever. An excellent agent in colds. Dose
of the root gr. x-xxx. B., Tinct., a 10
per cent, solution of the root in alcohol.
Dose nyc-gj. B., Infusum (unof.),
has a strength of ^j to the Oj of water.
Dose §ss-ij.
Bryoplas / tic (flpvov, moss, TrXacoo, to
form). A descriptive term loosely applied
to such abnormal growths of tissue as re-
semble vegetable forms.
Bu / bo (j3ov/3o)v, the groin). Inflammation
and swelling of a lymphatic gland, prop-
erly and generally of the groin, and usually
following chancroid, gonorrhoea or syphi-
litic infection. B., Parotid. See Paro-
titis. B., Primary, a slight adenitis of
the groin due to mechanical irritation,
or other cause; formerly supposed to be
due to syphilis without a chancre having
preceded. B., Sympathetic, one caused
by irritation, friction, injury, etc., and not
from infectious disease.
Bubonocele (flovftiov, Krfkri, tumor). In-
guinal hernia when the gut does not extend
beyond the inguinal canal.
Buc'cal (bucca, the cheek). Pertaining to
the cheek.
Buccinator. The thin, flat muscle of the
cheek. See Muscle.
Bu / chu. The leaves of several species of
Barosma, yielding a volatile oil, to which
its properties are probably due. Causes a
sensation of glowing warmth over the
body, stimulates the appetite, and increases
the circulation. Useful in urethritis and
affections of the genito-urinary mucous
membrane. Dose of the leaves, gr. xv-
xxx. B. Ext. Fid. DoseTr\x-zj. B.
Infusum (unof.), g j to Oj. Dose 3 ss-ij.
Buck / bean. The rhizome of Menyanthes
trifoliata. Tonic, antiscorbutic, and em-
menagogue. Has been recommended as a
vermifuge. Dose of fld. ext. rr\xv-3J.
Unof.
Buck'eye Bark. The bark of JEsculus
glabra. Astringent and tonic. Service-
able in rectal irritation, prolapsus, -and va-
rious uterine derangements. Dose of fld.
ext. gtt. iij-v. Unof.
Buckthorn. See Frangula.
Bucne / ma Tro / pica. See Elephantiasis.
Bucne / mia (j3ov, increase, kvjj/uij, the leg).
A kind of inflammation of the leg character-
ized by tenseness of swelling.
Bud / ding. A form of reproduction or cell
division, occurring among the polyps and
infusoriae, in which a bud is given off by
BUGLEWEED
90
BUTYRIC ACID
the parent and comes to resemble the latter.
The bud may remain permanently attached
or may form a colony, each member ac-
quiring a differentiation of function, even
to the formation of male and female ele-
ments. The process is also called Gemma-
tion.
Bu / gleweed. The herb, Lycopus Virgini-
cus. Narcotic and astringent. Dose of
fid. ext. gss-ij. Lycopin, concentrated
ext. Dose gr. j-iv. Unof.
Bu'hach. See Insect Powder.
Bulb (t3o?. i 3og ) a bulb). The expansion or
dilatation of a canal or vessel. B . of Aorta,
the dilatation of the aorta near its beginning.
B. of Corpus Cavernosa, the muscle
beneath the bulb of the urethra. B. of
Fornix. See Corpora. B. of Rachi-
dichus. See Medulla Oblongata. B.
of Urethra, the posterior expanded part
of the corpus spongiosum penis. B. of
Vena Jugularis, the dilatation at the
beginning of the external jugular vein. "
Bulb'ar. A descriptive term applied to
certain diseases, especially of the medulla
oblongata or bulbus rachidichus. B. Dis-
ease or Paralysis, a term applied to
the progressive and symmetrical paralysis
of the facial muscles about the mouth, in-
cluding those of the tongue, pharynx, and
sometimes those of the larynx. Called
also Labio-glosso-laryngeal paralysis.
Bulb / i Vestib / uli. A name sometimes
given to the glands of Bartholini.
Bulb / us Arteriosus. Pertaining to a
stage in the development of the heart, in
which the upper aortic enlargement is so
called.
BulinVia ([3ov, increase, lifiog, hunger).
Excessive, morbid hunger; frequently
occurs in idiots and insane persons.
Bul'la {bulla, a bubble). A bleb or "blis-
ter," consisting of a portion of the epider-
mis detached from the skin by the infiltra-
tion of watery fluid. The bulla differs from
the vesicle mainly in size. B., Hemor-
rhagic. See Purpura.
Bunion (fiovvoq, a hillock). A swelling
of a bursa of the foot, especially of the
great toe.
Buphthal / mos. See Keratoglobus.
Burc / quism. See Metallotherapy .
Burdock. See Lappa.
Burette. (Fr.) A graduated tube designed
for measuring small quantities of a reagent.
Usually held vertically in a stand and pro-
vided with a stopcock.
Burn (Sax. boernan, to scorch). The de-
struction or injury of tissue by dry heat or
flame.
Burner. A common name for a lamp or
heating apparatus used in laboratories for
chemical and pharmaceutical purposes.
B., Argand, uses gas or oil, and contains
an inner tube for supplying the flame with
air. B., Bunsen, a form in which the
gas is mixed with a sufficient quantity of
air to produce complete oxidation before
ignition.
Burs / ae [bursa, a purse). A name used to
designate small sacs interposed between
parts which move one upon another. B.
Mucosae, situated in subcutaneous areolar
tissue. B., Synovial, found between
tendons and bony surfaces.
Burs / al. Pertaining to a bursa, sac or
follicle.
Bursitis. Inflammation of a bursa.
But / ter {butyrum, butter). The fatty part
of the milk obtained by rupturing the cells
of the fat globules by " churning " or
mechanical agitation. Also, various vege-
table fats having the consistency of butter,
as B. of Caca'o. See Theobro7?ia.
Also applied to certain chemical products
having the appearance or consistence of
butter, as B. of Antimony, antimonious
chloride; B. of Tin, stannic chloride ; B.
of Zinc, zinc chloride. See, also, Acid,
Bidyric.
Butternut. See Juglans.
But / tocks. The arse. The fleshy part
of the body posterior to the hip-joints,
formed by the masses of the glutei
muscles.
But / tonbush. The bark of Cephala7ithus
occidentalis. A tonic febrifuge and diu-
retic. Dose of fld. ext. ,^ss-j. Unof.
Buttonhole Operation. See Boutonniere
Operation.
But / ton Snakeroot. The root of Liatris
spicata. A stimulant tonic, diuretic and
emmenagogue. Dose of fld. ext. 3 ss-j.
Unof.
Bu'tyl Chlo / ral. See Chloral Butylicum.
Bu / tyric Acid. See Acid, Butyric.
91
CESAREAN OPERATION
C. The chemical symbol of Carbon. Abbre-
viation of centigrade.
c.c. Abbreviation of cubic centimeter.
cm. Abbreviation of centimeter.
C. M. Abbreviation of eras mane, to-
morrow morning.
C. N. Abbreviation of eras node, to-
morrow night.
Cab / bage Rose. See Rosa Centifolia.
Cacae / sthesis {kclkoq, bad, atcdrjaiq, sensa-
tion). A term used to denote morbid sen-
sation.
Caca'o. See Theobroma.
Cachexia (naicog, bad, e£ig, a habit). A
term used to designate any morbid ten-
dency, dyscrasia, or depraved condition of
general nutrition, etc., used particularly of
scrofula, syphilis, cancer, etc. C. Strumi-
priva, the condition allied to, if not iden-
tical with, myxcedema, occasionally follow-
ing the extirpation or arrest of function of
the thyroid gland. It is a cretinoid state,
characterized in monkeys by hebetude, mal-
nutrition, muscular tremor, puffy oedema,
leucocytosis, and the presence of mucin in
the blood and connective tissues. C. Vir-
ginum. See Chlorosis.
Cacoe'thes (naiioe, rjdoq, a habit). A gen-
eral term used to designate any bad habit
or disorder.
Cacogen'esis (mnoc, yeveatg, origin). A
general term expressing a morbid, mon-
strous or pathological growth or product.
Cacot / rophy (/ca/coc, rpecpu, I nourish). A
term applied to disordered or defective
nourishment.
Cada / ver {cadere, to fall). The dead body,
especially that of man. A corpse.
Cadav / erine. A ptomaine, isomeric with
neuridine, and, like it, occurring very
frequently in decomposing animal tissues.
Obtained from human hearts, lungs, livers,
etc., after three days' decomposition in
ordinary temperature, — also from horse-
flesh, from putrid mussel, from herring
and haddock. It is a constant product of
the growth of the comma bacillus, irre-
spective of the medium. It does not
occur in cultures from which bacteria are
absent. It is a thick, water-clear, syrupy
liquid, having an exceedingly unpleasant
odor, somewhat resembling that of coniine
and semen. It is certainly identical with
so-called "animal coniine." Putrescine
and cadaverine were both formerly be-
lieved to be physiologically indifferent ; but
recent investigations show both bases capa-
ble of producing strong inflammation and
necrosis. The necrosis of the intestinal
epithelium in Asiatic cholera seems due to
their presence. They also have the power,
even in small quantities, of preventing
blood from coagulating, and rendering it
"laky." Cadaverine is believed by Graw-
itz to hinder the growth of bacteria. Ca-
daverine hydrochloride, on dry distillation,
decomposes into ammonium chloride, NH 3 -
HC1, and piperidine, C 5 H U N. Whether
this change, whereby the non-poisonous
cadaverine becomes a toxic base, can take
place under the influence of bacteria dur-
ing putrefaction, is not known.
Cadaveriza'tion. The passage of a living
' body to the state of a cadaver. Applied
to the algid and cyanotic stage of cholera.
Cade. See Juniperus.
Cad / mium. Cd = 112 ; quantivalence 11.
A bluish-white metal resembling zinc in
its general properties ; only the sulphate
and iodide are used in medicine. In
physiological action it is escharotic and
astringent, producing in large doses, emesis
and violent gastritis. C. Iodid., used as
an ointment, I to 8 of lard. C. Sul-
phas, a valuable astringent in gonorrhoea
and in corneal opacities ; used in a lotion
in strength of gr. j or ij to %') of water.
Unof.
Cae / cal. Pertaining to the caecum.
Cae / citas VerbaTis. See Word-blind-
ness.
Cae / cum {cams, blind). The large blind
pouch or cul-de-sac in which the large
intestine begins.
Caesa / rean Operation {ccedo, to cut). Ex-
traction of the foetus through an incision
made in the abdomen. Gastro-elytrot-
omy, an incision into the vagina (after
the abdominal section) instead of into the
uterus, and if the child cannot be extracted
in this way, the incision of the os uteri is
made. Gastro-hysterec / tomy. See
Porrds Operation below. Gastro -hys-
terotomy, a general name for the C. O.,
according to the best modern methods.
C. O., Improved. See Sanger, below.
Kehrer's Operation consists in a trans-
verse incision through the anterior convex
surface of the uterus at the level of the in-
ternal os. Laparo-elytrot'omy. See
cj:sium
92
CALCIUM
Gastro-elytrotoviy, above. Laparotomy,
an incision into the abdominal wall ; im-
properly used as a synonym for any C. O.
Porro's Operation consists in compression
of the cervix prior to the prompt longitudi-
nal uterine incision, and the removal of
the child, after which the uterus is lifted
out of the abdomen, the cervix and broad
ligaments clamped, the uterus, tubes and
ovaries removed. Porro-Miiller Opera-
tion, the uterine mass is raised out of the
abdomen before incising it. CO., Post-
mortem, extraction of the child after the
mother's death. Sanger's Operation,
gastro-hysterotomy , Sanger having greatly
improved the technique of the operation.
Sigault's Operation, or Symphyseot-
omy, delivery by the division of the pubic
joint. Thomas' Operation, consists in
certain improvements in gastro-elytrotomy.
Caesium. Cs = 132.6; quantivalence I.
A rare alkaline metal resembling potas-
sium in physical and chemical properties.
C. Chloride, unof, lowers pulse rate and
raises arterial pressure. Dose gr. ij-v.
CaFfea. Coffee. The seeds of C. Ara-
bica. The dried and roasted seeds are
almost universally used in infusion as a
beverage, forming a cerebral stimulant and
stomachic tonic. Valuable in promoting
digestion and allaying hunger and fatigue.
Frequently causes excessive palpitation of
the heart. Properties due to an alkaloid.
Caffein, identical with Thein. See Tea.
Dose of the alkaloid gr. j-v. C. Citrate.
Unof. Dose gr. j-v.
CaFfein. See Caffea.
Cais'son Disease. The symptoms due
to increased atmospheric pressure some-
times occurring in divers, caisson workers,
etc. Paraplegia, hemiplegia, anaesthesia
or apoplectic attacks are common, but
paralysis of the legs is the most frequent
symptom, coming on only after return to
the normal atmosphere. The nature of
the lesion is obscure.
Cajupu / ti Oleum. Oil of Cajuput. A
volatile oil distilled from the leaves of
Melaleuca cajuputi. Resembles oil of tur-
pentine in its general effects, being irri-
tant externally and producing a sense of
warmth internally, with accelerated pulse.
Dose n\j-v.
CaFabar Bean. See Physostigma.
Calage (Fr., wedging). A method of
prophylaxis or treating sea-sickness by
fixation of the viscera by pillows placed
between the stomach and wall of the
cabin and between the back and edge
of the berth, the patient lying upon the
side.
CaFamus. Sweet Flag. The rhizome of
A corns calamus. Properties due to a vola-
tile oil, acorin. The root is an aromatic,
stomachic tonic, and a common ingredient
in many popular "bitters." C. Ext.,
Fid. Dose rr\xv-gj.
CaFamus Scripto / rius (a writing pen or
reed). The groove on the anterior wall
of the fourth ventricle, at the end of which
is the ventricle of Arantius.
Calca'neum [calx, the heel). A common
name for the os calcis or heel bone.
Calcareous [calx, limestone). Pertaining
to or having the nature of limestone. C.
Degeneration. See Degeneration.
Calcification [calx, fio, to become). The
deposit of calcareous or other insoluble
crystalline matter within the tissues of the
body.
Calcination. The process of driving off
the volatile chemical constituents from
inorganic compounds. The expulsion of
carbon dioxide from carbonates.
Calcine. To separate the inorganic ele-
ments of a substance by subjecting it to
an intense heat.
CaFcium. Ca = 40; quantivalence II.
A brilliant, silver- white metal, the basis of
lime and limestone, characterized by strong
affinity for oxygen and isolated with great
difficulty. Best known in the form of
calcium oxide, quick lime; C. Hydrate,
slaked lime; and C. Carbonate, chalk.
The preparations of lime used in medicine
are usually alkaline and slightly astringent.
Calcium oxide is a powerful escharotic.
C. Bromidum. See Bromine. Calcis,
Liquor, lime-water, contains about \y z
parts lime in 1000 of water. Calx, cal-
cium oxide, quick lime, not used internally.
C. Carb. Precipitatus, insoluble in water,
but soluble in acids, with effervescence.
Dose gr. v-xx. C. Chloridum, soluble
in water. Dose gr. x-xx. C. Chlorinata.
See Chlorine. Creta, native calcium car-
bonate, chalk. C. Hypophosphis. See
Phosphorus. C. Linimentum, carron
oil, liniment of lime, contains equal parts
liquor calcis and cotton-seed oil. C. Mist.,
consists of C. pulv. comp. 20, cinnamon
water 40, water 40. Dose^ss. C. Phos-
phas. See Phosphorus. C. Preparata,
chalk freed from impurities by washing
and elutriation. Dose gr. v-xx. C. Pulv.
Comp., compound chalk powder, consists
of C. prep. 30, acacia 20, sugar 50 parts.
Dosegr.v-^j. C. Sulphidum. See Sul-
CALCULUS
93
CAMPHOR
phur. C. Syr., saccharated syrup of
lime, contains 5 per cent, lime, 30 per cent,
sugar, 65 per cent, water.
Cal'culus (dim. of calx, chalk). A cal-
careous or stone-like concretion found in
the bladder, kidney, etc. C, Cutane-
ous. See Milium. C, Lacteal, or
Mammary, a calcareous nodule some-
times obstructing the lactiferous ducts.
C, Mulberry, oxalate of lime variety,
resembling a mulberry in shape and color.
C, Nasal. See Rhinolith. C, Pros-
tatic, in the prostate gland. C, Renal,
uric acid calculus found in the kidney,
producing what has been called nephritic
colic. C, Salivary, forming in the
ducts of the salivary glands. C., Vesi-
cal, may have originally descended from
the kidney or formed primarily in the
bladder.
Calefa'cient (L., calidus, warm, and facio,
to make). A medicine, externally applied,
which causes a sensation of warmth.
Calend / ula. Marigold. The flowering
plant known as the garden marigold, C.
officinalis. C, Tinct. contains 20 per
cent, of the leaves and stems. Used ex-
clusively as a local application in wounds,
ulcers and lesions.
Ca / lices of the Kidneys. The cup-like
tubes of the ureter which encircle the
apices of the Malpighian pyramids of the
kidneys.
Cal'ico Bush. See Kalmia.
California Laurel. The leaves of
Umbellaria Califomica, common to the
Pacific slope. Recommended by Mann in
nervous headaches, cerebro-spinal menin-
gitis, neuralgia, etc. Dose of fid. ext. gtt.,
X— XXX.
Calisa'ya. See Cinchona.
Calisthenics (/ca/loc, beautiful, cOevog,
strength). A term used to express various
rhythmic movements of the body intended
to develop the muscles and produce grace-
fulness of carriage.
Callos / ity or Callos / itas (L. callus, hard-
ness). Tylosis, Tyloma, Keratoma. A
hard, thickened patch on the skin pro-
duced by excessive accumulation of the
horny layers.
CalTus {callus). The exudative deposit
between and about the fracture of
a broken bone. C, Permanent, the
permanent bond of bony union after the
re-absorption of the C, Provisional, or
cartilage-like, plastic material first thrown
out. C. of Skin, induration and thicken-
ing of same.
Calm / ative. That which produces a calm-
ing or depressing effect upon the various
centres of motor nerves.
Cal'omel. See Hydrargyrum.
Calorimeter (calor, heat, juerpov, a mea-
sure). An instrument for transforming
the potential energy of the food into heat,
and to measure the number of heat-units
produced. Two forms are principally
used, the Water- and the Ice-C.
Calum / bo. Columbo. The root of C.
Jateorrhiza, native to South Africa and
parts of E. Indies. An excellent example
of simple bitters. Is not astringent, and
may be prescribed with salts of iron. Use-
ful in atonic dyspepsia, and as a mild,
appetizing tonic in convalescence. C,
Fid. Ext. Dose ff\v-xxx. C, Tinct.,
contains 10 per cent, of C. Dose gss-ij.
Calva / rium or Calva / ria (calvus, bald).
The upper part of the skull.
Calvit'ies (calvus). Baldness.
Calx. The heel. In chemistry, formerly
applied to any oxide of a metal, especially
an alkaline metal.
CaTyx (nalv!-, a cup). In anatomy, the
truncated extremities of the ureters in the
kidneys. C. of Ovum, the wall of the
Graafian follicle from which it has escaped.
In botany, the outer envelope of the
flower, — the sepals taken collectively. In
biology, that part of a coral or crinoid
which surmounts the stem.
Cambo / gia. Gamboge. A resinous gum
from Garcinia Hanburii, a tree native to
Southern Asia. Properties due to gam-
bogie acid. A drastic hydragogue cathar-
tic, decidedly diuretic. Officially a con-
stituent of Pil. Comp. Cath. See
Colocynth. Dose gr. ij-v.
Cam / era {jia/iapa, an arched roof or
chamber). In anatomy, a chamber or
vaulted structure. C. Cordis, the en-
veloping membrane of the heart, the peri-
cardium. C. of Cranium, the chamber of
the skull. C. Lucida, a four-sided prism
with sides cut at such an angle that rays of
light entering it are divided, part continu-
ing in a right line, the remaining rays
being reflected at an angle of 90 . C.
Oculi, the chamber of the eye. In op-
tics, the chamber or adjustable dark box
of the apparatus used for photography.
Cam / phor. A solid volatile oil obtained
from Cinnamomum camphora, a tree in-
digenous to Eastern Asia. Yields cam-
phoric and camphretic acids, also C.
Cynwl when distilled with zinc chloride.
A valuable antispasmodic, anodyne and
CAMPIMETER
P4
CANNABIS
diaphoretic. Applied locally, is an ex-
cellent rubefacient. A moderate cerebral
excitant. Effectual in cholera, vomiting,
cardiac depression and affections requiring
an antispasmodic. C, Aqua consists of
camphor 8, alcohol 1 6, distilled water q. s.
ad iooo parts. Dose ^j-iv. C, Car-
bolated, a mixture of 2)' z parts of camphor
with one each of carbolic acid and alcohol.
C. Ceratum, consists of camphor liniment
3, olive oil 12, simple cerate 85. C,
Chloral, a fluid prepared by mixing equal
parts of camphor and chloral hydrate. An
excellent solvent for many alkaloids. Used
externally. C. Linimentum, has cam-
phor 20, cottonseed oil 80 parts. C,
Monobromated, camphor in which one
atom of hydrogen has been replaced by an
atom of bromine. Resembles the bro-
mides in therapeutical action. C. Sali-
cylate, prepared by heating together 14
parts of camphor with 1 1 of salicylic acid.
Used as an ointment. C. Spt., contains
camphor 10, alcohol 70, water 20 parts.
Dose rr\v-xx. C. Tinct., Rubini's.
Unof. A saturated solution of camphor
in alcohol. Dose ttyv-xx. Raspail's
Eau Sedatif. Unof. Contains aq. am
monia t ^ij, sodium chloride §ij, camph.
spt. wine ^iij, water Oj. Used exter-
nally.
Campim'eter. See Perimeter.
Can'ada Snake / root. The root of Asa-
rmm Canadense. Aromatic stimulant and
carminative. Dose of fid. ext. TT^xv-^ss.
Unof.
Can / adol. A transparent volatile liquid
resembling benzine in smell. It is an
excellent local anaesthetic for minor surgi-
cal operations. Unof.
Canal', or Canal'is (canna, areed ortube).
A tube or duct for carrying the fluids of the
body. Also a hollow instrument used as a
splint C. Arteriosus, the foetal artery
uniting the aorta and pulmonary artery. C.
of Cloquet, a tube in the vitreous humor
of the eye, transmitting, in the foetus, an
artery to the lens. C. of Corti, a canal
between the membrana tecloria and lamina
basilaris of the cochlea. C. of Cochlea,
the spiral canal of the cochlea or anterior
part of the labyrinth of the ear. C. of
Fontana, a small canal in the eye of
lower animals formed by the pectiniform
ligament. C, Haversian. See Haver-
sian Canal. C, Hunter's, an aponeu-
rotic canal in the middle third of the thigh
containing the femoral artery. C. of
Nuck, a sheath surrounding the round
ligaments of the uterus. C. of Petit, the
space between the anterior and posterior
leaflets of the suspensory ligament of the
lens of the eye. C. of Schlemm, a cir-
cular canal in the sclerotic coat of the eye
close to its juncture with the cornea. C.,
Semicircular, three bony canals of the
ear, the superior, posterior and external,
each enclosing the membranous canals.
C, Semicircular, Function of. See
Goltz's Statical Theory. C. of Stilling,
the same as C. of Cloquet. C, Verte-
bral, the canal extending longitudinally
through the vertebral column, which con-
tains the spinal cord.
Canaliculus (dim. of canalis). A small
canal ; especially that leading from the
punctum to the lachrymal sac of the
eye, and in the plural, the minute canals
opening into the lacunae of bone. See
Bone.
Cancellous (cancellus). Resembling lat-
tice work. C. Tissue. See Tissue.
CancelTus (cancelli, lattice). A term
used to describe the spongy, lattice-work
texture of bone.
Can'cer. See Carcinoma.
Can'croid Ulcer. See Rodent Ulcer.
Can'crum O'ris. Canker of the mouth,
gangrenous stomatitis, characterized by foul,
deep ulcers of the buccal surfaces of the
cheeks or lips.
Can'dlefish Oil. See Eulachoni Oleum.
Cane Sugar. See Saccharum.
Canine' (cam's, a dog). Partaking of the
nature of, relating to, or resembling a dog.
C. Fossa. See Fossa. C. Teeth, the
cuspid teeth next the lateral incisors, so
called from their resemblance to a dog's
teeth.
Canities. (Lat) Grayness of the hair. May
be due to old age, or, in young persons, to
intense emotion, illness, etc.
Cannab'inon. See Cannabis.
Can'nabis. Hemp. Indian hemp. The
flowering tops of C. saliva, of which there
are two varieties, C. Indica and C. Ameri-
cana, the former being the most potent.
Contain a resin, cannabin, an alkaloid, can-
?iabition (hypnotic. Dose gr. j-v), and a
volatile oil. An antispasmodic, anaesthetic,
narcotic, and a powerful aphrodisiac. In
large doses produces mental exaltation, in-
toxication and sensation of double con-
sciousness. A valuable hypnotic in de-
lirium tremens. Useful in painful affec-
tions of the bladder and in functional im-
potence. Bhang, Chimin and Haschisch
are the various Indian names by which
CANNULA
95
CAPSULE
the drug is known. C. Indica, Ext.,
dose gr. )/(>-]. C. Ind., Ext. Fid., an al-
coholic preparation. Dose W\j-v. C. Ind.
Tinct., contains 20 per cent, of the drug.
Dose rr\xx-3J. Cannabin Tannate,
the tannate, a glucoside containing canna-
bin. Dose as a hypnotic gr. v-x.
Can / nula (dim. of canna, a tube). A
surgical instrument consisting of a tube or
sheath obliquely pointed, and a stiletto.
Used for tapping and draining tumors and
cavities.
Canthar'ides. PI. of Cantharis.
Cantha / ris. Cantharides. Spanish Fly.
The dried body of a species of beetle,
C. vesicatoria (nat. ord. Coleopterd). Con-
tains a powerful poisonous principle, can-
tharidin. Locally applied, cantharis is a
rubefacient and vesicant. Internally an
irritant, causing gastralgia and vomiting.
In toxic doses produces severe gastroen-
teritis, strangury and priapism. Used
chiefly as an external counter-irritant in the
form of " blisters." C. Ceratum, can-
tharides 35, yellow wax 20, resin 20, lard
35, alcohol q. s. C. Charta, cantharides
I, Canada turpentine I, olive oil 4, sper-
maceti 3, white wax 8, water 10 parts,
spread on paper. C. cum Collodio,
cantharides 60, flexible collodion 85, chlo-
roform q. s. C. cum Picis Emplast.,
Burgundy pitch 92, cerat. canthar. 8
parts. C. Liniment., cantharides 15,
oil of turpentine q. s. ad 100. C. Tinct.
contains 5 per cent, of the drug. Dose
TuJ-xx.
Can / thoplasty (navdog, the angle of the
eye, irlaaao), to form). A surgical opera-
tion for increasing the size of the palpebral
fissure by cutting the outer can thus.
Canthor / raphy (/cav#oc, pafyy, a seam). A
surgical operation to reduce the size of the
palpebral fissure by a suture of the can-
thus.
Can / thus (mvdog). The inner or outer
angle formed by the juncture of the eyelids.
CanutiFlo. See Tepopote.
Caoutchouc (a Caribbean word). The
concrete, prepared juice of a Brazilian tree,
Siphonia elastica. Valuable for its elastic
qualities. Similar properties are found in
the juices of other trees. See also Gutta
Percha, q. v.
Capillary (capillus, a hair). A minute
blood vessel connecting the smallest rami-
fications of the arteries with those of the
veins. Also a very minute fissure of the
skull. Also the intercellular biliary pass-
ages. Capillaries, Pulmonary, a name
used to designate the plexuses beneath the
mucous membrane, on the walls and septa
of the lungs. C. Naevus. See Ncevus
Vascularis.
Capital {caput, the head). Pertaining to
the head, or to the summit of a body or
object.
CapiteFlum (dim. of caput). The rounded,
external surface of the lower end of the
humerus.
Capit / ulum (dim, of caput). A general
term applied to any protuberance of bone
received into the hollow part of another
bone.
Cap're. See Mulatto.
Caproylam / ine (Hexylamine). A pto-
maine found in the putrefaction of yeast.
CapryFic Acid. An acid combined with
glycerine, forming a glyceride existing in
various animal fats.
CapseFla. The leaves and stems of C.
dursa-pastoris, common in temperate cli-
mates. It is considered by Ehrenwell an
excellent hemostatic. Unof. See Lycoper-
don Gigantea.
Cap / sicum. Cayenne Pepper. The fruit
of C. fastigiatumi native to tropical Africa
and America. Odor and hot taste due to
a volatile oil, capsicin. Irritant to skin
and mucous membranes. Internally, a
stomachic tonic, diuretic and aphrodisiac.
Useful in atonic dyspepsia, flatulent colic,
and in intermittent fever. C, Emplas-
trum, prepared from the oleoresin and
resin plaster. C, Ext. Fid. Dose n\v-
3J. C, Oleoresin, ethereal. Dose
Try-v. C., Tinct., contains 5 per cent,
of capsicum. Dose TT\,x- % j .
Capsular Lig / ament. The sac or mem-
branous bag which surrounds every mov-
able joint or articulation. It contains the
synovial fluid.
Cap / sule (dim. of capsa, a chest) . A tunic
or bag which encloses a part of the body
or an organ. Also, in pharmacy, a
small spheroidal shell composed of gly-
cerine and gelatine, divided so that the
parts fit together like box and cover. Used
for the administration of nauseous and re-
pulsive medicines. C. -filler, a contrivance
consisting of a funnel tube and plunger, or
other device, used for introducing medicine
into capsules. C. of Glisson, the cellulo-
vascular membrane enveloping the hepatic
vessels. C, Malpighian. See Alalpig-
hian Bodies. C, Suprarenal, the duct-
less glandular body at the apex of each
kidney. C. of Tenon, the tunica vagi-
nalis, of the eye.
CAPSULOTOMY
96
CARDAMOMUM
Capsulot / omy {capsula, a capsule, Tefivo,
to cut). The operation of rupturing the
capsule of the crystalline lens in cataract
operations.
Cap / uron, Cardinal Points of. See
Pelvis.
Caput (Lat.). The head; also the chief
part or beginning of an organ, as C.
Coli, C. Gallinaginis. See Veru-
montanum. C. Succedaneum, a tumor
composed of a sero-sanguineous infiltra-
tion of the connective tissue situated upon
the presenting part of the foetus.
Car / amel. Cane sugar deprived of two
molecules of water. A viscid, brown-
colored liquid.
Caraway. See Carum.
Carbolic Acid, See Acid, Carbolic.
Car / bon. Charcoal. C = 12 ; quantiva-
lence 11, IV. A non-metal occurring in
the various forms of diamond, graphite or
" black lead," and charcoal. In medi-
cine only the last-named form is employed,
which may be, — C. Animal. Useful as
a deodorant and disinfectant. Readily
absorbs and aids in oxidizing many gases.
Used internally to absorb fermenting pro-
ducts of digestion. C. Animal., Purifi-
cat., purified animal charcoal. Dose gr.
xx- 3 j. C. Dioxide. The acid, gaseous
product having the composition of C0 2 ,
commonly known as " carbonic acid gas,"
or carbonic acid. It is a colorless gas
having a sp. gr. of 1. 52, soluble in cold
water, and possessing a pungent smell and
an acid taste. Inhaled, it destroys animal
life by asphyxiation. In solution, an ex-
cellent refrigerant and stomachic. Its in-
halation is fatal in a short time, even when
diluted with 95 parts of air. It is a product
of respiration. C. Disulphide, bisulphide
of carbon, CS 2 , a colorless, transparent liquid
of offensive odor, highly inflammable, very
poisonous. A good solvent for caoutchouc.
Diluted spray recommended in diphtheria.
Dose rr^ss-j. C. Ligni, wood charcoal.
C. Tetrachloride, anaesthetic, recom-
mended locally in asthma, by inhalation.
Unof.
Carbonae / mia [carbon, atfia, the blood).
A word denoting the accumulation of
carbon dioxide in the blood.
Carbon / ic Acid. See Carbon Dioxide.
Carbo / nis Deter'gens Liq. See Fix.
Carbonization. The process of decom-
posing organic substances by heat without
air, until the volatile products are driven
off and the carbon remains.
Carbuncle, or
Carbun / culus (carbo, a live coal). A hard,
circumscribed, deep-seated, painful inflam-
mation of the subcutaneous tissue, accom-
panied by chill, fever and constitutional
disturbance. Differs from a boil in having
greater size, a fiat top, and several points
of suppuration. Erroneously called an-
thrax.
Carcino / ma [naptuvog, a crab, from appear-
ance of the veins). A malignant tumor,
characterized by a network of connective
tissue whose areolae are filled with cell
masses resembling epithelial cells. It is
prone to affect the lymphatics. C, Chim-
ney-Sweepers'. See Epithelioma. C,
Colloid (Alveolar, or Gum), affects
chiefly the alimentary canal, uterus, peri-
toneum, etc. ; the delicate connective tissue
stroma are filled with colloid matter in
alveoli or cysts. C, Encephaloid, is of
rapid growth, small amount of stroma,
large alveoli, and greater amount of cells
and blood vessels. C., Epitheliomatous,
or Squamous-celled, the cells resemble
squamous epithelium, and they invade the
adjacent tissue in a columnar manner. C,
Medullary. Same as Encephaloid. C,
Schirrus, or Hard, most commonly in
the breast ; has a stout fibrillated stroma,
closely packed with large nucleated cells.
Hcematoid (bloody), Melanotic (pigmen-
ted), Osteoid (in bones), Villous (papil-
lary), etc., are other varieties, encephaloid
in character. C. Lenticulare, C. Me-
lanodes, C. Tuberosum. See Carci-
noma Cutis.
Carcino / ma Cu / tis. Cancer of the skin.
(See also Epithelioma). C. Lenticulare,
a form of scirrhous cancer, confined at first
to the skin, characterized by smooth, glis-
tening, pinkish-red papules or nodules, at
first separate, but finally involving adjacent
glands. C. Melanodes, similar to C.
Lenticulare, but marked by dark-blue,
brown or black papules, which break into
fungous growths. C. Tuberosum, a rarer
form, characterized by large tubercles which
usually break into ulcers.
Cardamo / mum. Cardamom, Cardamon.
The fruit of C. elettaria, cultivated in
Malabar. Properties due to a volatile oil.
An aromatic, carminative stomachic, used
as an ingredient in several "bitters." Use-
ful when combined with purgatives to pre-
vent griping. C. Infusum. Unof. Consists
of cardamom £j, water Oj. Dose wine-
glassful. C, Tinct., 15 per cent, strength.
Dose ^j-ij. C, Tinct. Comp., carda-
mom 20, cinnamon 20, caraway 10, cochi-
CARDAMON
97
CARPUS
neal 5, glycerine 60, dilute alcohol, q. s.
ad 1000 parts. Dose ^j-ij.
Car'damon. See Cardamomum.
Car'dia (napdia). The heart. C. of
Stomach, a name sometimes used to
designate the cardiac orifice of the stomach.
Cardiac (napdia). Pertaining to the heart.
C. Cycle, the total cardiac movement or re-
volution. C. Dullness, the region cover-
ing the position of the heart, as shown by
percussion. C. Ganglia, lie in the grooves
and substance — the principal are Remak's
and Bidder's, the first on the surface of
the sinus venosus, and the latter (two) at
the auriculo-ventricular groove. C. Im-
pulse, the elevation in the fifth left inter-
costal space, caused by the movement of
the heart. C. Murmurs. See Murmurs.
Cardial'gia (napdia, alyog, pain). A term
loosely used as a synonym of gastrodynia
in general, heartburn, and stomachic pains
on the left side.
Cardinal (cardo, a hinge). A chief or
principal part. C. Flower, a common
name for several species of lobelia. C.
Points. See Eye. Diagrammatic. C.
Veins, the venous trunks which, in the
embryonic stage, form primitive jugular
veins.
Cardiogram (napdia, ypafijirj, a line). The
tracing made of the cardiac impulse by the
aid of the cardiograph.
Cardiograph (napdia, ypatyo, to write).
An instrument for registering graphically,
by curved lines, the modifications of the
pulsations of the heart.
Cardio-inhnVitory. Pertaining to the
diminution of the heart's action. C.-i.
Center, located in the medulla. C.-i.
Nerves, the fibres of the spinal accessory
supplied to the vagus.
Cardio-pneumat'ic (napdia, irvev/ia, the
breath). Pertaining to the heart and the
breath. C. -p. Movements. Those move-
ments of the air in the lungs which are
caused by the pulsations of the heart and
the larger vessels.
Cardio-pneu'mograph (napdia, izvev/ia,
ypacpo), to write). An instrument designed
for graphically recording cardio-pneumatic
movements.
Car'duus. The seeds of C. marianus,
St. Mary's thistle, and C. benedictus,
blessed thistle. A decoction of the former,
^ij ad Oj, constitutes an old and popular
remedy in haemoptysis. The latter is also
a popular cure-all, used mainly as a tonic
bitters. Unof.
CarTcin. See Papain.
7
Ca / ries (carlo, to rot). A chronic inflam-
mation of bone with rarefaction or absorp-
tion of bony tissue, followed usually by
pus-formation. Called, also, rarefying os-
teitis. C. Fungosa, when there is great
rapidity of formation and extension of
granulation tissue. C, Necrotic, when
portions of bone lie in a suppurating cav-
ity. C. of Spine, or Pott's Disease,
osteitis of the bodies of the vertebrae and
intervertebral fibro-cartilage producing cur-
vature of the spine.
Ca / rious. Pertaining to caries.
Carminative (carmen, a charm). A
calming or soothing medicine, chiefly for
children, that acts by relieving pain from
flatulence.
Carmine. A coloring matter extracted
from cochineal, q.v. Also, a leucomaine
isolated from American meat-extract, but
not from muscle-tissue itself, — also obtained
from yeast and wine. It is not thought to
be very poisonous, but experiments made
by Briicke showed a fluctuation in the rate
of the heart-beat apparently caused by in-
ternal administration of the leucomaine.
Carnau / ba. The root of Corypha cerifera.
Used in Brazil as an alterative. Resem-
bles sarsaparilla in properties. Dose of
the fid. ext. TT^xxx-gj. Unof.
Carnifica / tion (caro, flesh, fieri, to make).
A term indicating the alteration of tissue
to an unnatural, fleshy appearance. Also,
the amyloid degeneration of certain tissues.
Carnivorous (caro, voro, to devour). In
surgery, a name applied to caustic sub-
stances. In zoology, flesh-eating animals.
Car / nose (carnosus, fleshy). Resembling,
or having the consistence of flesh.
Caro / ba. The leaflets of Jacaranda pro-
cera. A popular Brazilian remedy as an
alterative and tonic in syphilis. Dose of
the fid. ext. TTpcv-gj. Unof.
CarotTd (napoo, to produce sleep). The
great arteries of the neck. (They were
thought to give origin to sleep.) See
Artery.
Car / pal (carpus, the wrist). Pertaining to
the wrist.
Carphol'ogy (naptyog, chaff, and Xeyu, to
collect). A term applied to that symptom
in delirious and dying persons consisting
in picking at the bed clothes.
Carpozy / ma (napirog, fruit, r v/uj, ferment).
An alcoholic ferment. C. Apiculata, a
widely diffused alcoholic ferment found in
all fruits.
Carp / us. The wrist. The eight bones
collectively forming the wrist.
CARRIAGE
96
CASTANEA
Carriage. See Ward-carriage.
Car'ron Oil. See Linum.
Car-sickness. The well-known symp-
toms of sea-sickness produced by journey-
ing in railway cars.
Cartha / mus. American Saffron or Saf-
fiower. The flowers of C. tinctorius. An
infusion, " Saffron tea,'* is a popular domes-
tic remedy as a diuretic in measles and
other exanthematous affections. Unof.
Car'tilage. Gristle. A white, semi-opaque,
non-vascular tissue composed of a matrix,
containing nucleated cells. C, Hya-
line, distinguished by granular or homo-
geneous matrix. C, Fibro-, distinguished
by a fibrous matrix. When boiled, cartilage
yields a substance called chondrine, q. v.
Cartilages of Larynx. The cartilages
of the larynx produce the various modula-
tions of the pitch and intensity of the voice.
Consist of the thyroid, cricoid, epiglottis,
and a pair each of arytenoid, cornicula
lar\nps and cuneiform. C. of San-
torini, a nodule at the apex of each aryte-
noid cartilage, the corniculum laryngis.
C. of Wrisberg, the cuneiform cartilages,
one on each side of the fold of membrane
stretching from the arytenoid cartilage to
the epiglottis.
Ca'rum. Caraway. The seeds of C. carui,
indigenous to Europe and an allied species
native to the Pacific coast of America.
Odor and taste due to a volatile oil. Valu-
able in infant colic, but used chiefly as a
flavor. C. Infusum, unof., fjj-ij, ad Oj.
Dose ^ss-ij.
Car 'uncle (dim. caro, flesh). A small,
abnormal fleshy growth. C, Lachrymal,
upon the conjunctiva near the inner can-
thus.
Carun / culae (cutis, the skin). The nym-
phse. C. Myrtifor'mes, the projections
of membrane near the orifice of the
vagina, thought to be the remains of the
hymen after its rupture. They have also
been found in the imperforated hymen.
CaryophylTus. Clove. The unexpanded
flowers of Eugenia caryophyllata, distin-
guished by their pungent, spicy taste.
Properties due to a volatile oil, which is
antiseptic, stimulant and irritant. Useful
as a stomachic, and to prevent griping
when combined with purgatives. Used
also by microscopists to clarify preparations
and tissues for mounting. C. Infusum.
Unof. A strength of I to 40 recom-
mended. Dose 3J-ij- C. 01., contains
an acid and a phenol compound. Dose
rrU-iv.
Cas'ca Bark (Sassy Bark, Ordeal Bark).
The bark of Erythrophlccum Guincnse, a
tree native to Africa. Properties due to
an alkaloid. Produces nausea and vomit-
ing. Valuable in intermittent fevers. C.
Tinct., 25 per cent, in strength. Dose
TT\x. Unof. Erythrophline, the active
alkaloid, unof., locally an anaesthetic.
Casca / ra Amar'ga. Honduras Bark. The
bark of a tree native to Mexico. Much
used as an alterative tonic in syphilis and
skin affections. C, Fid. Ext. Dose
2jss-j. Unof.
Casca / ra Sagra'da (Chittem Bark, Sa-
cred Bark). The bark of Rhamnus pur-
shiana, or California Buckthorn. Properties
due to a volatile oil. Useful in treatment
of chronic constipation. C. Cordial, a
trade preparation. All unof.
CascariPla. The bark of Croton eluteria.
Native to the Bahama Islands. An aro-
matic bitter, increasing the natural secre-
tions of the digestive organs. A tincture
and an infusion, both I to 10, freshly pre-
pared and used in 3J-^j doses. Unof.
Caseation [caseian, cheese). The precipi-
tation of casein during the coagulation of
milk. Also a fatly degeneration of pus,
tubercle, etc., in which the structure is
converted into a soft, cheese-like substance.
Ca'se'in (caseum). A derived albumin;
the chief proteid of milk, precipitated by
acids and by rennet at 40 C. It is closely
allied to alkali-albumin, but contains
more nitrogen and a large amount of phos-
phorus. It constitutes most of the curd of
milk. Two varieties of C, Vegetable
have been described, — Legumin, in peas,
beans, etc., and Conglutin. in hops and
almonds.
Ca'seous [caseuni). Having the nature or
consistence of cheese.
Cassa / va. The fecula of manioc, Jani-
pha manihot, separated from the juice.
Commonly known as bread fruit. Unof.
Casser'ian GangTion. A large crescent-
shaped ganglion of nerves, situated in a
depression in the petrous portion of the
temporal bone. It is the ganglion of the
larger or sensory root of the fifth nerve.
From it arise the ophthalmic, the superior
and inferior maxillary divisions. Called
also the Gasserian Ganglion.
Cas'sia. Purging cassia. The fruit of a
tree, C. fistula, growing in tropical regions.
The pulp in .^j-ij doses is a mild laxative.
Castan'ea. Chestnut. The leaves of C.
vesca. Contain tannic and gallic acids
and other principles whose value is not
CASTOR BEAN
99
CATHETER
known. Used in decoction as a remedy
for whooping-cough. C, Fid. Ext. Dose
3 ss-ij .
Cas / tor Bean and C. Oil. See Ricini.
Castration (castro, to cut off). The ex-
cision of one or both testicles. C, Fe-
male, removal of the ovaries.
Casts. See Tube Casts.
Catacau / sis [Kara, naico, to burn). Spon-
taneous combustion.
Catacla / sis (/cara, K^acj, to break). A
distortion of the eyelids. Also, a fracture.
Catacrot / ic (/cara, uporog, a striking). Ele-
vations interrupting the line of descent in
a sphygmogram.
Cat'alepsy (Kara, Xa/nj3avo, to seize). A
spasmodic disease marked by suspension
of consciousness and sensation, with rigid-
ity of muscles, without material alteration
in circulation, etc. See Somnambulism.
Catalysis (Karahvo, to dissolve). In
chemistry, a reaction which takes place
owing to the mere presence of another
body which apparently undergoes no
change.
Catame / nia (aara, jutjv, month). The re-
current monthly discharge of blood during
sexual life from the genital canal of the
female.
Catapha / sia (naTa gravel). A disease
of the lungs caused by the inhalation of
dust or sand by workmen.
Chalk {calx, lime). Carbonate of lime. See
Calcium. C. Stone, gout-stone — deposits
in the hands and feet of gouty patients.
Chalybeate {x a ^ v ^>, iron). Containing
iron.
Cham'berland's Bougie or Filter. See
Filter.
Chamomile. See Anthemis.
Chan / cre (Fr., same). There is an un-
fortunate difference and even absolute con-
tradiction in the definitions of authorities
regarding this term. The trend of opinion
seems to be to consider chancre as the
initial lesion of syphilis, a true infecting
sore, followed by constitutional symptoms ;
and chancroid as a non-infecting sore. C,
Hard, Hunterian, Indurated, Infect-
ing, Non-suppurating, or True, the
ulcer of venereal origin, that is followed by
constitutional syphilis. C, Non-incuba-
tory, Non-infecting, Simple, or Soft,
a contagious, suppurating, non-syphilitic
venereal ulcer, more properly called chan-
croid. C, Phagedenic, chancroid with
a tendency to erosion. C, Serpiginous,
a variety of the last that spreads superficially
in curved lines.
Chan / croid. See Chancre.
Change of Life. A common term for the
cessation of the catamenia.
Char / bon. The French term for anthrax,
or pus tula maligna.
Char / coal. See Carbon.
Cha^cot-Neumann Crystals. See
Spermine.
Cha^cot-Robin Crystals. Crystals
forming upon leucocythaemic blood when
allowed to stand exposed for a few days.
Charcot's Disease. An affection of the
joints, due to disseminated insular scle-
rosis.
Charp / ie (carpo, to pluck). Linen shreds
for dressing wounds.
Char / riere's Guillotine. An instrument
for excising the tonsils.
Char'ta [x a P Tr l < ^y paper). A paper. In
pharmacy, a strip of paper as an excipient,
the fibers of which are impregnated with the
prescribed medicinal substance. Of the
three official chartce, two are intended as
vesicants. C. Epispastica, blistering
paper. C. Sinapis, mustard paper. Also
a wrapper for holding powders or medi-
cines.
Chaulmoo / gra Oil. An oil expressed
from the seeds of Gynocardia odorata, a.
tree native to the E. Indies. Soluble in
alcohol. Properties due to gynocardic acid.
Thought to be useful in leprosy. Recom-
mended in scaly eczema, psoriasis and
syphilitic skin affections. For external
use, gr. xx ad ^ j of petrolatum. Internally,
dose gtt. v-x of the oil, or gr. ss-iij of the
acid. All unof.
Chechen. The leaves of C. myrtus. Pro-
perties due to an alkaloid and a volatile oil.
Diuretic and expectorant. Similar in ac-
tion to eucalyptus. Serviceable in chronic
catarrh, laryngitis, etc. Dose^ss-j. Unof.
Cheeks. The sides of the face. Com-
posed of fat, areolar tissue, muscles, etc.
Cheese-rennet. See Ladies' Bed-straw.
CheiFoplasty {xuJioq, lip, 7T?,aaao), to
form). Plastic operations upon the lip.
Cheiropom / phlox. See Pomphlox.
Chelido / nium. Celandine. The leaves
and stems of C. ma/us. Properties due to
a number of alkaloids and acids. A drastic
cathartic, and externally an irritant. Of
service in jaundice, whooping-cough, and
catarrhal pneumonia. Dose of the plant
gr. x-xxx; of the juice rr\v-xx. Unof.
CheToid. See Keloid.
CheTonin. See Balmony.
Chemistry (Arab, al-kimid). The sci-
ence of the molecular and atomic structure
of bodies.
Chemo / sis {xr} 110010). Conjunctival and
sub-conjunctival swelling.
Chenopo / dium. American Wormseed.
The fruit of C. amdrosoides, a plant native
to the United States. Properties due to a
volatile oil, the only preparation used. A
mild cardiac stimulant, promoting the se-
CHERRY
104
CHLORINE
cretions of skin and kidneys. A very
efficient anthelmintic against the round
worm. Dose of the oil TTyv-xv.
Cher / ry. The bark of the common
cherry, Pr units scroti 'na. A mild bitter
and tonic, containing tannin. Dose of fid.
ext. sjss-j. Prunin, a concentrated ext.
Dose gr. j-iij. C. Compound, each Oj
represents cherry bark ^viij, lettuce ^iij,
horehound ^iijss, bloodroot, £j, veratrum
viride ^ss. Dose rr^xv-^j. All unof.
Chest. See Thorax.
Chest'nut. See Castatiea.
Chew / stick. The bark of Gouania Domin-
getisis. A popular aromatic bitter in the
West Indies. Dose of the fid. ext. g j-iij.
Unof.
Cheyne-Stokes Respiration. See Res-
piration.
ChLasm (^ia^w, to make a cross, as an X).
The optic commissure.
Chicken-pox. See Varicella.
Chi / cot. Kentucky Coffee Bean. The
seeds of Gy?nnocladus Canadensis. Con-
tains a volatile oil and a glucoside. Pro-
bably a cerebro-spinal stimulant. Some-
times used as a substitute for coffee. Unof.
Chignon 7 Fun / gus. A name given to
the formation of nodular fungoid growths
on the hair. Probably due to bacteria.
Chig / oe. See Pulex.
Chilblain (Sax. cele, cold, blegafi, boil).
An erythematous local inflammation and
swelling of the skin due to cold.
Child'bed. The popular term for the con-
dition of a woman during and after labor.
C« Fever. See Pue?pe)-al Fever.
ChilT Saltpeter. See Sodium.
ChimaphiTa. Pipsissewa, Prince's Pine.
The leaves of C. umbellata, an evergreen
found in the U. S. An astringent tonic
and excellent diuretic. The bruised leaves
are used as a rubefacient. Valuable in
dropsy, several forms of kidney disease
and affections of the urinary 7 passage. C,
Fid. Ext. Dose ^ss-ij. C, Decoc-
tum. i to 17. Dose % j-iij. Unof.
Chi'na Grass. A soft, silky vegetable
substance used as a surgical dressing.
Chi'nium Amorph / ium Bo / ricum.
Amorphous Borate of Quinia. See Quinia.
Chin-j erk. See Jaw-jerk.
Chinoid / in,or Chinoidin'um. Quinoidin.
A mixture of amorphous alkaloids ob-
tained in the manufacture of quinine. Has
the therapeutic properties of quinine.
Chinoli / na. Chinoline, Leucoline. An
alkaloid derivative of quinine and cincho-
nine, occurring also in coal tar. Now
generally prepared by heating aniline or
nitro-benzol with glycerine and a dehydrat-
ing agent. A valuable antiseptic and anti-
pyretic. Useful in pneumonia and typhus.
Commonly used in form of tartrate because
of the deliquescence of other salts. Dose
gr. v-xx. Unof.
Chira'ta. Chiretta. The leaves and lighter
stems of C. Ophelia. Resembles gentian
in its therapeutic properties. An excellent
tonic. Dose of the powdered plant gr.
xv-xxx. C, Fid. Ext., in glycerine and
alcohol. Dose rr^xv-xxx. C., Tinct.,
ten per cent, in strength. Dose 3 ss— ij .
Chiret / ta. See Chirata.
Chirop'odist (x £L P> th e hand, rrovq [gen.
rrodoc] the foot). A surgeon or person
who professionally treats diseases of the
hands and feet, especially corns, bunions,
etc.
Chirur / gia (x ei P> epyov, work). Surgery.
Chirur'gical. Pertaining to surgery.
Chit'tim Bark. See Cascara Sagrada.
Chloas'ma. See Tinea Versicolor.
Chlo / ral, or Chloral Hydrate. A colorless
crystalline solid having the composition
C 2 'HC1 3 (H0) 2 ; the hydrate of chloral,
QHClgO, improperly called by the latter
name. A powerful hypnotic, antispas-
modic and depressant to the cerebral,
medullar}' and spinal centers. To a lim-
ited extent an anaesthetic. Serviceable in
fevers accompanied by cerebral excite-
ment, in chorea, convulsions, and all affec-
tions requiring a cerebral depressant. Ex-
cellent in delirium tremens, but should be
used with great caution. Dose gr. v-xx ;
smaller if combined with potassium or
sodium bromide. C. Butylicum, croton
chloral. A solid occurring in crystalline
scales, resembling chloral hydrate, but
made with butyl, C 4 H 9 , as a base, instead
of ethyl, C 2 H 5 . In properties parallel to
chloral but "much feebler. Dose gr. v-xx
in syrup. Unof.
Chloralam'ide. A name inaptly applied
to chloral formanidate. La doses of 45
grains it is a hypnotic.
Chlo / ric Ether. See Ethyl Chloride.
Chlorides, Test for. Add a few drops
of nitric acid, then gradually add a solu-
tion of nitrate of silver. A white precipitate
of silver chloride forms.
Chlo'rine (x'opog, green). CI = 35.5;
quantivalence I. A non-metallic element.
At ordinary temperatures a greenish-yel-
low gas, prepared by decomposing sodium
chloride, NaCL Highly irritative to the
skin and mucous membrane, producing
CHLORODYNE
105
CHOLERINE
spasmodic closing of the glottis. The
most valuable of disinfectants. Chlori
Aqua, chlorine water, contains 4 per cent,
of the gas in solution. A good antiseptic
wash. Dose, internally, TT^x-xxx. Calx
Chlorinata, " chloride of lime," a hypo-
chlorite of calcium containing free chlo-
rine. A valuable disinfectant. Dose, in-
ternally, gr. iij-vj. C. Chlorat. Liq. con-
tains 1 lb. of the salt per gallon of water.
Sodium Chlorat., Liq., Labarraque's
Solution, sodium carbonate 10, calx chlori-
nata 8, water ad 1 00. Dose TT^x-^j.
Chlo / rodyne. A proprietary remedy pre-
pared by a physician of London. Supposed
to contain chloroform, ether, morphine,
cannabis Indica, hydrocyanic acid, and
capsicum. The various imitations differ
widely. Dose tr^x— xxx, with care. Unof.
Chloroform. Methyl Terchloride, CHC1 3 .
A heavy, colorless liquid obtained by the
action of chlorinated lime on methyl alco-
hol. (Commercial article, C. Venale, con-
tains 2 per cent, of impurities and unfit for
administration. Internally, produces nar-
cosis and violent gastro -enteritis.) C. is ex-
cellent in true cholera and similar diseases
of stomach and bowels. Externally, much
employed as an ingredient of rubefacient
and anodyne liniments. Mixed with at
least 96^ per cent, of air and inhaled,
it is the most valuable of general anaes-
thetics, but occasionally (i : 3000) caus-
ing death by cardiac paralysis. Deep
injections in the vicinity of the sciatic
nerve are recommended in sciatica. C,
Ammoniated, equal parts of ammonia
in alcohol and chloroform; antipyretic and
anodyne. Unof. C. Liniment, commer-
cial chloroform 40, soap liniment 60 parts.
C. Mistura, pure chloroform 8, camphor
2, fresh yolk of egg 10, water 80 parts.
Dose ^j-,^j. C. Spt., pure chloroform
10, alcohol 90 parts. Dose ttyc-gj
Chlo / rophane. See Chromophanes.
Chlorophyll [xkupoq, crearufia, a seba-
ceous tumor). A tumor consisting of a
spermaceti-like substance, occurring most
frequently at the base of the brain, but
occasionally in subcutaneous tissue.
Cholesterae / mia [cholesterin, aifia, blood).
The retention of cholesterin in the blood
instead of being excreted by the bile ; sup-
posed (probably erroneously) by Flint to
produce grave nervous symptoms.
Cholest/erin {x°^V, areapov, stearine). A
monatomic alcohol, a constituent of bile, a
normal ingredient of nervous tissue. Also
the fatty substance forming the acid prin-
ciple of biliary calculi.
Cholelithiasis '(x°^V, ^Ooq, stone). For-
mation of calculi in the gall-bladder.
Cholet / elin. An amorphous, soluble, yel-
low pigment derived from bilirubin.
Cho'lic (#o/b?). Pertaining to the bile.
Cho / lin. Same as Nenrine, q. v.
Choline. A ptomaine found both in animal
and vegetable tissues. It has been obtained
from flesh, fish and eggs, and cultures of
vibrio-proteus and comma-bacillus ; it has
been found also in toad-stool (Agai'icus
muscarius), in hops (and hence in beer),
in ergot, in numerous vegetable seeds, in
extracts of belladonna and hyoscyamus, in
beetroot-sugar molasses, in cotton-seed, etc.
It is believed that choline is derived from
the decomposition of lecithin, a complex
ether, and one of the most widely-distri-
buted compounds occurring, in greater or
less quantity, in all of the animal tissues. The
existence of lecithin in plants is no longer
doubtful. It is a remarkable fact that in
ordinary putrefaction, as choline disappears,
the diamines appear and increase in quan-
tity, according as the time of decomposition
is extended. Free choline ordinarily forms
a strongly alkaline syrup, which combines
readily with acids to form salts. Choline
possesses a toxic action when given in
large quantities, paralyzing like curara.
Atropine antagonizes the action of choline,
as well as of the far more poisonous neu-
rine.
Choline Group of Ptomaines. Four
ptomaines — Choline, Neurine, Beta'ine,
and Muscarine — have been thus classified.
All these bases may be considered as oxi-
dation products of trimethyl-ethyl-ammo-
nium hydrate.
CholoidhVic Acid. Derived from Cho-
lalic Acid, and probably a mixture of this
with Dyslisin ; all three decomposition pro-
ducts of bile acids.
Chol'olith (xo^V, Mdog, stone). A gall-
stone, or biliary calculus.
Cholu'ria {x°^V> ovpov, the urine). The
presence of bile in the urine. Also the
greenish coloration of the urine.
Chon / drin (xovdpog, cartilage). A sub-
stance obtained from the matrix of hyaline
cartilage by boiling. Resembles gelatine
in general properties, but differs from it in
not being precipitated by tannic acid. The
substance yielding it is chondrogen, prob-
ably an anhydride.
Chon / drogen. See Chondrin.
Chondro / ma (xovdpog). A cartilaginous
tumor. See Enchondroma.
Chondrot / omy (xovdpog, re/ivo, to cut).
The dissection or anatomical analysis of
cartilage.
Chon'drus. Irish Moss. The substance
of the algae C. crispus and C. mammillosus.
These yield, on boiling with water, a sol-
uble colloid consisting mainly of mucilage.
Demulcent and somewhat nutrient. Some-
times used in making blanc mange. Unof.
Cho / part's Operation. Medio-tarsal am-
putation of the foot.
Chor'da (Lat. a cord). A cord, tendon,
or filament of nerve. C. Dorsalis. See
Notochord. C. Tendinae, the tendinous
strings connecting the carnece colamnoe of
the heart to the auricular valves. C.
Tympani, a filament of the vidian nerve,
which enters the tympanum. C. Vocalis,
one of the vocal cords or thyroarytenoid
ligaments.
Chordee / [x°P^V> a cord). A symptom in
gonorrhoea characterized by painful erec-
tion and downward curvature of the penis.
Chore / a (xopeia, dancing). St. Vitus'
dance. A functional nervous disorder,
usually occurring in youth, characterized
by spasmodic and convulsive contraction,
and non-rhythmic action of the muscles
of the extremities, face, etc. It may
be caused by a number of conditions,
among which are fright and reflex irrita-
tions, but it is essentially a disease of the
later period of childhood, and affects girls
about three times as frequently as boys.
C, Electrical. See Dubinins Disease.
C, Habit. See Spasm. C. Major, the
hysterical C. of the French, the movements
wide in range and regular in sequence,
causing regular oscillatory movements of
the parts. C. Minor, that first above de-
scribed.
Cho'reoid. Pertaining or similar to chorea.
CHORIO-BLASTOSES
107
CHRYSOPHANIC
Chorio-blasto'ses {chorium, skin, ftkao-
Tavco, to germinate). Anomalies of growth
of the corium and connective tissue of the
skin.
Cho / rio-capilla / ris. The inner layer of
capillary vessels of the choroid coat of the
eye.
Chorioiditis. See Choroiditis.
Cho / rion (x°P i0V > th e foetal membrane).
The enveloping membrane of the foetus,
external to the amnion, internal to the
decidua. C, Primitive, the Vitelline
membrane (or Zona pellucidd) during the
time of the development of the hollow,
structureless villi upon its surface. C,
Shaggy, or C. Frondosum, when cov-
ered by villi. C. Lseve, the smooth or
non- villous portion of the chorion.
Cho / rio-retini / tis. See Choroido-retini-
tis.
Cho / roid (xopwv, the chorion, etSog, like-
ness). The second or vascular tunic of
the eye continuous with the iris in front
and lying between the sclerotic and retina.
C. Plexus, a vascular plexus in the lat-
eral ventricles of the brain.
Choroiditis. Inflammation of the choroid.
Choroids-retinitis. Choroiditis with re-
tinitis. C.-r., Ametropic, caused by
Ametropia.
Choroma / nia (xopoc, a dance, /uavia,
madness). A nervous disorder manifest in
various times and places, and characterized
by dancing or other rhythmic movements.
Chris'tison's Formula. To estimate the
amount of solids in the urine : Multiply
the two last figures of a specific gravity
expressed in four figures by 2.33 (or by
2, Trapp ; or by 2.2, Lcebisch). This
gives the amount of solids in every 1000
parts.
Chromat / ic (xpu^a, color). Relating to
or possessing color.
Chro / matin (^pw/m). The delicate retic-
ular network or plexus of fibrils permeat-
ing the achromatin of a typical cell in
process of division. Called also Nucleo-
plasm, Karyoplasma, and Karyomiton.
See Cell-body.
Chromatog / enous (xpcoua, yevvato, to be-
get). Producing color.
Chromatol'ogy. The science of colors.
Also the spectroscopic investigation of
color.
Chromatopho / bia (^pw/za, 0o/?e&>, to ter-
rify). Abnormal fear of colors.
Chro / matophore (^pcj/za, (popeo, to bear).
Spaces in the skin of cephalopoda filled
with colored granules.
Chromatops / ia (xpcofia, ux[jig, vision). Ab-
normal sensations of color. It may be due
to disorders of the optical centers, or to
drugs, especially santonin.
Chromid / rosis (^pw/za, iSpog, sweat).
Stearrhcea Nigricans, Seborrhcea Nigricans,
Pityriasis Nigricans. Colored excretions
of sweat, usually black, or sepia in color.
Most commonly from the eyelids, but
sometimes also from the cheek. In some
instances has involved the axillae and
groins. Of rare occurrence. Certain
forms of chromidrosis are due to the
presence of bacteria.
Chro / mium [xpufia). Cr=52.2; quan-
tivalence 11 and iv. One of the elements
of the iron group. The various salts of
chromium, especially chromic acid, Cr 2 3 ,
are much used in the manufacture of pig-
ments and in dyeing textile fabrics. Potas-
sium dichromate (bichromate of potash),
K 2 Cr 2 7 , is used in various pharmaceutical
and chemical operations.
Chro'mophanes (;t;p£j/za, (pcuvu, to bring
into sight). Coloring matters derived from
the retina. There is a green, Chloro-
phane ; a yellow, Xanthophane, and a
red, Rhodophane.
Chromop / sia. See Chromatopsia.
Chromoptom / eter (xpup-a, fxerpov, a mea-
sure). A contrivance used by Weber for
determining the extent of development of
color-vision.
Chron / ic (xpovog, time). A term applied
to the long continuance of a disease, as
distinguished from the acute or violent
stage.
Chronograph [xpovog, ypa depp-a, heat).
Pertaining to the theory that all diseases
are characterized by periods of intermitting
chill and heat.
Chrys / alis (xP V( * C, gold). The pupa or
secondary stage in the transformation of
insects. So called from the golden color
of certain chrysalides.
Chrysobar'in, or Chrysobar'inum. A
substance improperly called " chrysophanic
acid," extracted by alkaline solutions from
Goa powder, the product of the decay of
Andira araroba, a. Brazilian tree. A
gastro-intestinal irritant, which is almost a
specific when applied locally in psoriasis.
Dose, internally, gr. 1— xx. C, Ung.,
contains 10 per cent, of the drug with 90
per cent, benzoated lard.
Chrysopha / nic. See Chrysobarinum.
CHYLE
108
CINCHONINA
Chyle (£wA©£, juice). The milk-white
fluid absorbed by the lacteals during diges-
tion. On standing, separates into a thin,
jelly-like clot and a substance identical
with serum.
Chylifica / tion {xv).oa,facio, to make). The
process by which the chyle is formed,
separated and absorbed by the villi of the
small intestine.
Chylo-pericard / ium. An effusion of
chyle within the pericardium.
Chylorrhce / a (x vAo £> P £W > to flow). The
excessive flow of chyle. Also, a diarrhoea
characterized by a milky color of the faeces.
Chylu / ria (^t'Aoc, ovpov, urine). The pas-
sage of milky-colored urine. Thought to
be caused by disordered condition of the
lacteals, and also connected with Filaria
sanguinis hominnm.
Chyme (^u/zoc, juice). Food that has
undergone gastric and intestinal digestion
from which chyle is absorbed. The con-
tents of the small intestines after having
been acted upon by the salivary, gastric,
biliary, pancreatic and intestinal secretions.
Chymi fixation (,£u//oc, facio, to make).
The change of food into chyme by gastric
and intestinal digestion.
Cicatricial Deformities. Abnormal con-
tractions caused by cicatrices.
Cicatric / ula. The Blastoderm of a hen's
egg-
Cicatrix (Lat., same). The scar or mark
left after the healing of a w T ound.
Cicatrization. The process of healing.
Cicu / tia Viro'sa. See Ccnubane.
Cil'ia {cilium, the eyelids or lash). The
eyelash. Also, hair-like appendages of
. certain epithelial cells, whose function it is
to propel fluid or particles along the pas-
sages that they line.
CiFiary [cilium). Pertaining to the eye-
lid or eyelash, and also by extension to the
C. Apparatus, or the structures related
to the mechanism of accommodation. C.
Arteries, — anterior, posterior long, and
posterior short, branches of the ophthalmic
artery, supplying the recti muscles, the cili-
ary apparatus, and the posterior structures
of the eye, with the exception of the retina.
C. Body, the ciliary muscle and pro-
cesses. C. Ganglion, the ganglion at
the apex of the orbit, supplying the ciliary
muscle and iris. C. Muscle, the muscle of
accommodation, whose contraction lessens
the tension upon the suspensory ligament
of the lens. C. Nerves, branches of the
ophthalmic ganglion supplying the anterior
structures and accommodative apparatus.
C. Neuralgia, neuralgic pain of the eye,
brow, temple, etc. C. Processes, circu-
larly arranged choroidal foldings continu-
ous with the iris in front. C. Region,
the pericorneal or "danger"' zone corres-
ponding to the position of the ciliary body.
Cilium. See Eyelash.
Ci'mex Lectula / rius. The common bed
bug. A disgusting insect which infests
beds, furniture, and the walls of bedrooms,
and which fe'feds on the human body, punc-
turing the skin and injecting an irritating
fluid to increase the flow of blood. Char-
acterized by the repulsive odor of its se-
cretion.
Cimicifu / ga. Black Snake Root, Black
Cohosh. The root of C. racemosa, nat.
ord. Ranunculaceae. A stomachic, anti-
spasmodic, aphrodisiac, and diuretic. Acts
on the heart similar to digitalis. Efficient
as a tonic in many cardiac diseases, in
functional impotence, and ovarian neural-
gia. C, ext. fid. (alcoholic). Dose Vi\x-
3J. C, Tinct., 20 per cent, in strength.
Dose gss-ij. Macrotin (unof.), a resin-
ous extract. Dose gr. J^-ij.
Cincho / na. Peruvian Bark. The bark
of several varieties of cinchona, a tree
native to the eastern slopes of the Andes
and cultivated in India, the most valuable
being C. calisaya. Other varieties are C.
succirubra, red bark, C. conda?ninea, pale
bark, C. pitayensis, pitaya bark, and C.
micrantka. C. bark contains 21 alka-
loids, of which 4, quinine, cinchonine,
quinidine and cinchonidine are the most
important. Cinchona has the same physio-
logical action and therapeutic uses as its
chief alkaloid quinia. See Quinia. It is
also an astringent, bitter and stomachic
tonic, stimulating appetite and promoting
digestion, beneficial in atonic dyspepsia
and adynamia. C, Ext. Dose gr. j-v.
C, Fid. Ext. Dose tt\x-3J. C, In-
fusum, bark 6, arom. sulph. acid I, water
93 parts. Dose ^j-^j. C, Tinct., 20
per cent, of the bark. Dose 3 ss— ij . C,
Tinct., Comp., red bark 10, bitter orange
peel 8, serpentaria 2, alcohol 80 parts.
Dose ^j-^ss.
Cinchonid / ia, or Cinchonidine. An
alkaloid derived from cinchona. Resem-
bles quinia in general properties. C.
Salicylate (unof.), has decided antima-
larial properties. C. Sulph., less bitter
than quinine and valuable as an antipyretic.
Dose gr. j-xx or more.
Cinchoni / na, or Cin / chonine. An offi-
cial alkaloid derived from cinchona. Simi-
CINERARIA MARITIMA
109
CLARIFY
lar to quinine in therapeutic effects, but
less active, producing much headache and
some muscular weakness. C. Sulph.,
difficultly soluble in water, but soluble in
acidulated water. Dose gr. v-xxx.
Cinera / ria Mariti'ma. The juice of this
plant has been long used in Venezuela for
the absorption of cataract. Unof.
Cineri / tious {cineres, ashes). Ash-like or
pertaining to ashes. Applied also to the
cortex of the brain, from the color of the
same.
Cin / nabar (Ktvvaj3npi, a pigment). Mer-
curic sulphide, HgS. See Hydrargyrum.
Cinnamo / mum, or
Cin / namon. The inner bark of the shoots
of several species of Cinnamomum y native
to Ceylon and China, the latter being
known in commerce under the name of
cassia. Properties due to a volatile oil.
An agreeable carminative and aromatic
stimulant. Useful combined with opium in
flatulence, cramp of the stomach, enteralgia,
etc. C, Aqua, 2 parts of oil in 1000
of water. C, Ext. Fid. Arom., contains
aromatic powder 10 parts, alcohol 8 parts.
C, Oleum, the volatile oil. Dose gtt. j-v.
C, Spt., 10 per cent of the oil in spirit.
Dose TT\v-xxx. C, Tinct., 10 per cent,
of the powdered bark in alcohol. Pul-
vis aromaticus, aromatic powder, cinna-
mon, ginger aa 35, cardamon, nutmeg aa 15.
Dose gr. x-xxx.
Cioni / tis (auov, the uvula). Inflammation
of the uvula.
Cionot / omy (tciuv, TOfirj,a section). Exci-
sion of the uvula.
Circle of Diffusion. See Diffusion.
Circle of Willis. The passage between
the anterior cerebral arteries anteriorly,
and the internal carotids and cerebral
arteries posteriorly, by communicating ves-
sels.
Circulation. The passage of the blood
through the various vessels, distinguished
as capillary, foetal, portal, pulmonary, etc.
C, Collateral, that through branches and
secondary channels after stoppage of the
principal route. C, First or Primitive,
that of the embryo, a closed system, carry-
ing nutriment and oxygen to the embryo.
C, Second, the foetal circulation replacing
the omphalo-mesenteric system. C, Third,
that of the adult.
Cir'cum-. A prefix meaning around,
about.
CircumcisTon {circumcido, to cut around).
Excision of a circular piece of the pre-
puce.
Circumduction. See Motion.
Circumflex {circumflccto,\.o bend about).
Surrounding or enclosing; applied to a
number of arteries, veins and nerves.
Circumpolariza'tion. The quantitative
estimation of sugar in a suspected liquid by
the amount of the rotation of polarized
light, sugar rotating the ray to the right,
albumin to the left.
CircumvalTate (circumvallo, to surround
with a wall). Surrounded by a wall or
prominence. C. Papillae, certain papillae
of the tongue.
Cirrho / sis (mppog, reddish-yellow ; from
the color of the cirrhotic liver). Increase
and thickening of the connective tissue of
an organ, especially of the liver.
Cir / socele (nipcog, a varix, Krjlrj, tumor).
A varicose tumor, especially of the sper-
matic cord.
Cir / soid (Kipoog, eidog, likeness). Resem-
bling a varix, or dilated vein.
Cirsom'phalos (tupcog, o//0a/loc, navel).
A varicose condition of the navel.
Cirsot / omy (/apcroc, re[ivu, to cut). Ex-
cision of a varix.
Cistern of Pequet. See Receptaculum
Chyli.
Chorine Oint / ment. See Hydrargyrum.
Citrus. See Aurantium.
Clad / othrix (/cAadoc, a branch, dpi!;, a
hair). A genus of the family Bacteriacees,
having long filaments, in pseudo-ramifica-
tions, with true spores. C. Dichotoma,
found in soft or brackish waters, a sapro-
phytic fungus, non-pathogenic, precipitates
oxide of iron and calcareous concretions.
C. Forsteri, found in the lachrymal canal
in concretions; is probably identical with
C. Dichotoma.
Clamp (Ger. Klampe). An instrument
for compressing the parts in surgical opera-
tions to fix them or to prevent haemorrhage,
etc.
Clap. A popular designation of gonor-
rhoea.
ClarTficant [clarus, clear). A substance
used for the purpose of clearing solutions
from insoluble matter.
Clarification [clarus). The operation of
making a liquid or naturally transparent
substance clear. May be accomplished by
allowing the suspended matter to subside,
by the addition of a clarificant or substance
which precipitates suspended matters, or
by moderate heating.
ClarTfy [claries). To free a liquid or solu-
tion from insoluble or heterogeneous sub-
stances. To make clear.
CLARIFYING REAGENT
110
CLONUS
Clarifying Rea'gent. Any preparation
used for purifying microscopic and ana-
tomical preparations that have been
mounted in gummy media. Oil of cloves,
turpentine, creasote, xylol, and oil of berga-
mot are the chief.
Clasp-knife RigidTty. A reflex spas-
modic action of the legs in increased myo-
tatic irritability of the cord, in which ex-
tension is completed with a "spring," as
in the knife.
Classification (classis, a class, facto, to
make). An orderly arrangement of names,
objects, diseases, etc., according to their
properties and peculiarities.
Clathrocyst / is (K/.?]6pa, a trellis, Kvartg,
pouch). A genus of microbes with round
or oval cells, forming zooglceae in the form
of circular layers.
Claus / trum {claudo,to shut). A barrier;
used of several apertures that may be
closed against entrance. Also applied to a
layer of gray matter in the cerebrum near
the lenticular nucleus.
Clav / iceps (clava, club, caput, head). A
genus of fungi. C. Purpura, the fungus
producing sclerotis, or the ergot of rye.
Clav / icle (clavus, a key). The collar-
bone. The bone forming the anterior part
of the shoulder.
Cla / vus [clavtis). A corn. A small, cir-
cumscribed, flat and deep-seated callosity
caused by thickening and excessive devel-
opment of the epidermis. Usually caused
by pressure, and occur most frequently on
the toes. Occurring between the toes,
there is frequently considerable maceration,
causing the "soft" corn. C. Hysteri-
cus. A local neuralgic pain in hysteria,
anaemia, etc., in the head, as if a nail
were being driven in.
Claw-hand. A popular expression to
signify the condition of the hand resulting
from atrophv of the interosseous muscles.
(French, main-en-giHffe?)
Cleans / ings. The lochia.
Cleav / ers. See Galium Aparine.
Cleft Pal'ate. A congenital malformation
of the palate, usually occurring with hare-
lip.
Clefts, Vis / ceral. The four slit-like open-
ings each side of the cervical region, in
the foetus, sometimes called the Branchial
ope?iings. The slits close (in the human)
except the upper, from which are devel-
oped the auditory meatus, tympanic cavity
and Eustachian tube.
Clei / do- (tO^ig, the clavicle). A prefix,
meaning a relation to the clavicle.
Clerk - Maxwell's Experiment. See
Lowe's Ring.
Climacteric (n7afiaKTr)p, the round of a
ladder). A period of the lifetime at which
the system was believed to undergo marked
changes. These were at yearly periods
divisible by seven. C. Age, in women
the time of cessation of the catamenia.
C, Grand, the 63d year.
Climatol'ogy {jO^/ia, Aoyog, a discourse).
A treatise upon climate.
Clim / ato-ther / apy. The uses of residence
in different climates as a therapeutic agent.
Climbing-staff Tree. False Bittersweet.
The bark of the root of Celastrus scandens.
Alterative, diuretic and slightly narcotic.
Has been advantageously employed in
syphilitic and scrofulous affections. Dose
offld. ext. ^j-ij. Unof.
Clin'ic (k/.lvlkoq, pertaining to a bed).
Medical instruction given at the bedside,
or with the patient present, whose symp-
toms are studied and treatment considered.
Clinodac / tylous (k/.lvo, to flex or lie,
dah'-v/Mg, finger). Pertaining to an ab-
normal flexure, deviation or curvature of
the fingers or toes.
Cli'noid {kXlvt), a bed, etdog, likeness).
Resembling a bed. Applied to sundry
bony structures of the body, as the clinoid
processes, plate, walls, etc.
Cliseom'eter (KAicig, inclination, \izrpov,
a measure). An instrument for measur-
ing the degree of inclination of the female
pelvis,
Clitoridec / tomy (a/.eiropig, enre/Ltvco, to
excise). Excision of the clitoiis.
Cli / toris {jiAELTOpLg). The analogue in the
female of the penis, attached by two crura
or branches to the ischio-pubic rami, which
meet in front of the pubic joint to form the
body, or corptis. The so-called " gland "
is such only in appearance or name. C.
Crises, paroxysms of sexual excitement in
women suffering from tabes.
Cloa / ca (cloaca, a sewer). In early foetal
life the common orifice of the intestine and
the allantois. In surgery the long canal
of escape of pus from a necrotic seques-
trum. The chamber into which open the
large intestine and urogenital ducts of
birds, amphibians and monotremata.
Clon / ic (k/.ovoc, commotion). Applied to
convulsive and spasmodic conditions of
muscles in which alternate contractions
and relaxations occur involuntarily.
Clo / nus (n/iovog). Involuntary, reflex,
irregular contractions of muscles when
put suddenly upon the stretch. Accord-
CLOQUET, CANAL OF
111
COCILLANA
ing to the part stimulated, the phenomenon
is spoken of as ankle, foot, or rectus C,
etc. A valuable diagnostic sign in certain
cord lesions. See ankle C.
Clo / quet, Canal of. See Hyaloid Artery.
Clostridium. See Bacillus Butyricus.
Clot. See Coagulum.
Clot / tage of the Ureters. An operation
proposed in case of haematuria from a kid-
ney hopelessly crushed or with advanced
carcinoma. The procedure consists in
blocking or corking up the ureter with a
clot.
Cloudberry. The leaves of Rubus
chamannorus, much used in Russia as a
diuretic. Dose gj to a cupful of boiling
water. Unof.
Cloudy Swelling. Parenchymatous de-
generation, — a swelling up of the elements
of a tissue by imbibition or accretion, a
form of hypertrophy with a tendency to
degeneration.
Clove. See Caryophyllus.
Club-foot. See Talipes.
Club-hand. A deformity of the hand
similar to that of club-foot.
Clys / ter (nXvGTtjp). An enema.
Cnido / sis. See Urticaria.
Coag'ulative Necro / sis. See Necrosis.
Coag / ulum (coagulo, to curdle). Clot.
A name applied to the mass of fibrin
that forms from the plasma of the blood
after the latter has been drawn from the
body. Also, the curd of milk, and the
insoluble form of albumin.
Coalescence (coalesco, to grow together).
The union of two or more parts or things.
Coaptation (con, together, apto, to fit).
The proper union or adjustment of the
ends of a fractured bone, the lips of a
wound, etc.
Coarctation (coarcto, to put together).
A compression of the walls of a vessel or
canal, thus narrowing or closing the lumen.
Coarse Disease. Macroscopic organic
lesions, such as tumor, haemorrhage, etc.
Coat (coitus, a tunic). A cover, or mem-
brane covering a part or substance. C,
Buffy, the upper fibrinous layer of the clot
of coagulated blood, marked by its color,
and absence of red corpuscles. Coating
of the Tongue, a condition of the tongue
indicative of abnormality of the digestive
tract. Coating of Pills, a covering of
various substances to render them tempo-
rarily tasteless.
Co / ca. See Erythroxylon.
Co / cai'ne. The chief alkaloid extract of
Erythroxylon Coca. At first stimulant and
afterward narcotic. Resembles caffein in
its action on nerve-centers, and atropine
in its effects on respiratory and circulatory
organs. Long-continued use (cocaine
habit) is followed by insomnia, decay of
moral and intellectual powers, emaciation,
and death. Locally, a powerful anaesthetic
to a limited area of surface. Acts most
rapidly on mucous tissues. Applied to
conjunctiva of the eye causes also dilata-
tion of pupil and paralysis of function of
accommodation. Applied to tongue tempo-
rarily destroys sense of taste. Dose gr.
Y%-\}. C. Hydrochlorate, more properly
cocaine chloride, most commonly used for
local. anaesthesia in 2-5 per cent, solution.
Dose, internally, gr. y%-\}. C. Oleate, a
5 per cent, solution in oleic acid, for ex-
ternal use.
Cocca / cees (ko/c/coc, a kernel). According
to Mace, the first family of Bacteria, includ-
ing as genera the Micrococcus, Sarcina,
Ascococcus and Leuconostoc. The ele-
ments are normally spherical, reproduction
usually taking place by division, sometimes
by spores either in one or several direc-
tions.
Coccobacte'ria (kokkoc, akernel, fianTqpiov,
a little rod). Applied by Billroth to the
rod-like or spheroidal bacteria found in
putrefying liquids, and called by him C.
Septica. See Bacterium.
Coc / culus Ind / icus. See Picrotoxin.
Coc'cus (kokkoc). A cell or capsule. C.
Cacti, the cochineal insect. See Cochineal.
Coccygeal. Pertaining to the coccyx.
Coccygody / nia (kokkv^, odvvrj, pain).
Pain in the coccyx.
Coc'cyx (kokkv^, the cuckoo) (resembling
the bill). The last bone of the spinal
column, formed by the union of four rudi-
mentary vertebrae.
Coch'ineal. The dried insects of a species
of plant lice, Coccus cacti, parasitic upon
the cactus of Mexico and Central America.
Contains a rich red coloring matter, rar-
mine. Used mainly as a coloring matter.
Thought to be valuable in infantile whoop-
ing-cough. Dose gr. y z .
CochTea (/co^/loc, a concha-shell) . A cavity
of the internal ear resembling a snail shell.
Describes two and a half turns about a
central pillar called the modiolus or colum-
nella, forming the spiral canal, about I yi
inches in length. The latter is divided
into three canals or scalae, — the scales tym-
pana, vestibuli and medicc.
Cocilla'na. The bark of a species of Gua-
rea, of the family Muliacece, an emetic and
COCKLEBUR
112
COLLIDINE
purgative ; poisonous as an lrntant narcotic
in over-doses. It acts locally upon the
mucous membrane when directly applied
or when absorbed. Commended in bron-
chial catarrh. Dose of ext. TTLviiss. Unof.
Cock'lebur. The leaves of Xatithium
:. -narium. A popular domestic remedy
for bites of poisonous insects and reptiles.
An active styptic. Dose of the fid. ext.
3J-ij. Unof.
Co'co, or
Co'coa (Port, cacao). The fruit of TTieo-
broma cacao, largely used as an article of
diet. See TTuobroma.
Co'deine. An alkaloid extract of opium.
Mildly calmative. Dose gr. ss-ij.
Cod-liver Oil. See Morrhuee.
Cce'lia {noOua, the belly). The belly.
Cce'liac. Pertaining to the belly. C.
Artery, same as C. Axis. See Artery.
C. Ganglion. See Ganglion Semilunar.
C. Plexus. See Plexus.
Cce 'lorn [motkufia, a cavity). The body
cavity.
Cce'loscope (kouju, the belly, CKorreu. to
observe). An instrument for examining
the cavities of the body, by means of the
electric light, enclosed in a flask and
mounted upon a glass shank.
Cce'nurus. See Alternations of Genera-
tion.
Coffee. Ser : - :.
Cohabitation [con, together, habito, to
dwell). The hving together of a man
and woman without legal marriage. Sex-
ual connection.
Cohesion (co/uero, to stick together).
The force whereby molecules of matter
adhere to each other. The " attraction of
aggregation."
Cohn's Liquid. A culture liquid devised
by Cohn, composed of the following parts,
in grammes : Distilled water 200 ; tar-
trate of ammonia 20; phosphate of po-
tassa 20 ; sulphate of magnesia 10 ; tribasic
phosphate of lime o.l.
Co'hosh, Black. See CimiciAiga.
Coil'ing of the Cord. See Cord.
Co'itus {coitus). The act of sexual con-
nection. Copulation.
Cola'tion (colo, to strain). The operation
of straining.
Colchicine. See Colchicum.
Colcb/icum. Meadow Saffron, The conn
and seed of C. autumnale. Properties
due to an alkaloid, colchicine. An emetic,
diuretic, diaphoretic and drastic cathartic.
Valuable in acute gout, and used with
good results in gonorrhoea. C. Rad. Ext.,
dilute acetic acid
powdered root 100
parts, water q. s. Dose gr. ) 2 ~K
Rad. Ext. , Fid. Dcsetr.ii
C. Sem.
Ext., Fid. Dose rnjj-v. C. Rad. Vini.,
40 per cent, in strength. Dose TTlt-xv.
C. Sem., Vini., 15 percent, in strength.
Dc;e )'■"_:■:-:■::::•:. C. Tinct.. zrtzzrzi :::rz
the seed; strength 15 per cent Dose
rr\x-xxx.
Cold Sax. ceald). The comparative want
of heat. Used popularly for coryza and
catarrhal conditions of the respiratory
tract.
Cold-blooded. See Pozkilothermic.
Coli-spots. See Temperature Sense.
Colec'tomy {k6)jov, the colon, ektojij}, cut-
ting out). Excision of a portion of the
Col'ic (colicus). Pertaining to the colon.
The condition vulgarly called belly-ache,
or a severe griping pain in the bowels, or
adjacent organs, as, e. g. , hepatic, nephritic,
-:::. C, Lead, or C., Saturnine, that
due to lead poisoning. See below.
Col'ica Picto'num. Painters' Colic. A
form of colic due to the absorption by the
s stem of lead in poisonous quantities. It
is common among those who use or work
with lead.
Coric Root. SeeAlefris and Dioscorea.
C oli 'tis (ko/jov, the large intestine). In-
flammation of the colon.
Col'lagen {ko'/ja, glue, yewau, to produce).
A substance existing in various tissues of
the body, especially bone and cartilage ;
converted into gelatine by boiling.
Collapse' {ccJJabs-r, to fall together' . Ex-
treme depression and prostration from fail-
ure of nervous force, as in cholera, shock,
haemorrhage, etc.
Collar Bone. See Clavicle.
Collecting Tubes of Kid'ney. A name
given to ducts discharging into the calices
of the kidneys.
Collector. A device by which any num-
ber of cells may be taken from or added to
an electric current.
Col'les' Fracture. See J 7 : v.
Col'lidine. A name given to Nencki's
ptomaine-base, C-H :: X. isomeric but .not
identical with aldehyde-collidine. The
ptomaine was obtained from pancreas and
gelatine allowed to putrefy together in
water. Its constitution is still unknown.
The free base is oily, and possesses a
peculiar, agreeable odor. Xencki believed
it an aromatic base. Its physiological
action appears to be doubtful. But an
isomer of it discovered in ox-blood fibrin
COLLINSONIA CANADENSIS
113
COLPOCELE
and in putrefied jelly-fish has a poisonous
effect resembling curara. Frogs poisoned
by the isomer give out an orange-flower
odor. Nencki's collidine is isomeric with
collidine obtained from coal-tar.
Collinso'nia Canadensis. Knob-root,
Horse-weed, Stone-root. A popular do-
mestic remedy used in the Southern States
as a cure-all. Has antispasmodic proper-
ties. Dose gr. xv-lx in decoction. Unof.
Colliqua'tion {colliqueo, to melt). The
liquefaction or breaking down of a tissue
or organ.
Collo'dion {ko7j.u6t]q, glue-like). See Py-
roxylin.
ColToid (Ko/v.a, glueV A non-crystallizable
and generally soluble organic substance.
See Dialysis. Also, having the nature of
glue. In chemistry, amorphous and non-
crystalline. C. Degeneration of the
Skin. A rare disease, occurring chiefly
on the upper part of the face, in the form
of small, glistening, translucent, flattish ele-
vations, and yielding by pressure a small,
jelly-like mass.
Col Turn (Lat.). The anterior part of the
neck.
CollyrTum ( no/./.vptov, an eye-salve). An
astringent, antiseptic or medicinal lotion
for the eyes.
Colobo'ma (ko/.oSocj, to mutilate). A
cleavage or fissure of parts of the eye, of
congenital or traumatic origin. Con-
genital C. are due to imperfect closure
of fissures during foetal development.
Col'ocynth, or
Colocyntb/is. Colocynth. The fruit of
C. Citndlus, from which seeds and rind
have been rejected. Properties due to a
bitter glucoside, colocynthin. A tonic and
astringent purgative. Used mainly as an
ingredient in compound cathartic pills.
Somewhat useful in colic, sciatic rheuma-
tism and neuralgia. C. Ext., alcoholic.
Dose gr. ^-ij. C. Ext., Comp., con-
tains colocynth extract 1 6, aloes 50, car-
damon 6, resin of scammony 14, soap 14,
alcohol 10. Dose gr. v-xx. Pilulas,
Comp. Cathartic, compound cathartic
pills ; contain each, comp. ext. of colocynth
gr. 1.3, abstract jalap gr. j. calomel gr. j,
gamboge gr. j. Dose j-iij pills. Laville's
Anti-gout Remedy, contains colocynth
iy z , quinine, cinchonine aa 5, Spanish wine
800, alcohol 100, water 1000 parts.
Colo / gne. See Spirits.
CoTon (ku7.ov, the colon). The first or su-
perior part of the large intestine. In the
various parts of its course it is known as
8
the ascending C, the descending C, the
transverse C, and the sigmoid flexure.
Coloph / ony. See Resin.
CoTor (color). The differences in the ap-
pearance of a thing seen, other than those
due to shape, relief, etc. The tint or hue
of an object, dependent upon the number
of vibrations of the ethereal stimulus.
C. -blindness. See Blindness. C,
Complementary, any color that added
to another color, or to a mixture of colors,
produces white. C. Contrast, any two
that, when mixed, supplement the prevail-
ing tone of the light. Colors, Mixed,
those produced when the retina is excited
by two or more simple colors. C, Simple,
those of the spectrum. C, Saturated,
those containing little or no white.
Color-blindness. See Blindness.
Color-hearing. The hypothesis of the
excitation of the chromatic centers through
the auditory nerve.
Colorimeter [color, fxerpov, measure).
An instrument for determining the quan-
tity of coloring matter in a mixture.
Color-sensation. Depends on the num-
ber of vibrations of the ether, the same as
the pitch of a note depends on the number
of vibrations of the sounding body. Her-
ing's Theory of C.-s. predicates dis-
assimilation and assimilation (decomposi-
tion and restitution) of the visual sub-
stance in vision — white, red and yellow
representing the sensation of disassimila-
tion, black, green and blue of restitution ;
thus endowing the visual substance with
three modes of chemical metabolism.
Young-Helmholtz's Theory, assumes
three kinds of nerve-elements correspond-
ing to the three primary colors. Stimula-
tion of the first causes red, of the second,
green, of the third, violet.
Color-top. A top containing on the sec-
tors of its disc a number of colors to be
" mixed " by rapid whirling.
Colos'trum (colostnrm). The t first milk
in the mother's breasts after the birth of
the child. It is laxative, and assists in
the expulsion of the meconium.
Colot'omy [ko/.ov, teuvu, to cut). Incision
of the colon, either lumbar or inguinal,
according to the region of entrance.
Colpeur'ynter (ko/.~oc, vagina, evpwu, to
widen). An instrument for dilating the
vagina by means of an inflatable bag or sac.
Colpitis (/vo/rroc). Inflammation of the
vagina.
Col'pocele (ko/.-oc, nrf/.i], tumor). Hernia
or tumor in the vagina.
COLPOHYPERPLASIA
114
COMPOUND OXYGEN
Colpohyperplasia. A cystic hyperplasia
of the vagina.
Colpoperine'oplasty. Plastic operations
for abnormalities of the vagina and peri-
neum.
Colpopto / sis (ko/.-oc, tttuoiq, a falling).
Prolapse of the vagina.
Colpor / rhaphy (noz-og, pa&], seam). Su-
ture of the vagina.
Colt'sfoot. The leaves of Tussilago far-
fara. Demulcent and tonic. Sometimes
prescribed in chronic coughs. Dose of
Jj to Oj decoction, a teacupful ; of fid. ext.
gj-ij- Unof.
Colum / bo. See Cahimbo.
Columella. The column-like rod of birds
and reptiles corresponding to the auditory
ossicles of the higher animals.
Colum / na. A column or pillar. C. Bertini.
That part of the cortical structure of the
kidneys which separates the sides of any
two pyramids, through which the arteries
and nerves enter, and the veins and lymph-
atics emerge. C. Nasi, the anteropos-
terior septum between the nostrils. C.
Vertebralis, the spinal column. C. Car-
neae, muscular columns projecting from the
cardiac ventricles.
CoLumn {columna). A pillar or column.
Applied to sundry column-like organs of the
body, and especially to certain parts of the
spinal cord. C. of Burdach, the postero-
external column of the cord. C. of Clarke,
a group of nerve cells in the inner part of
the neck of the posterior horn in the dorsal
and lumbar cord. C. of Goll, the postero-
median column of the cord. C.of Turck,
the anterior or direct pyramidal tract. Lat-
eral pyramidal, Direct cerebellar C, etc.,
are other columns or tracts of the cord.
ColumnelTa Cochleae. See Cochlea and
Modiolus.
Co / ma (noua, deep sleep). Abnormally
deep and prolonged sleep, with the cerebral
functions in abeyance; due to compression
of the brain, haemorrhage, etc. C. Vigil,
a comatose condition in which the patient
lies with open eyes, but unconscious and
delirious.
Co / matose. In a, condition of coma.
Combustion [comburo, to burn up). The
process of oxidation, attended with the
liberation of heat, and sometimes light.
Loosely used as a synonym of inflammation.
C, Spontaneous, that due to heat from
chemical changes, such as the spontaneous
ignition of oiled waste or shoddy in woolen
mills, factories, etc. C, Spontaneous
Human, the supposed burning of the
body without the external application of
heat.
Com / edone [comedo, a glutton). Black-
head. A black-pointed cylindrical plug
formed by the lodgment of sebaceous mat-
ter within the orifice of the duct. Nearly
always occurs on the face, neck and chest.
ComTrey. The root of Symphytum offi-
cinale. Demulcent, slightly astringent and
tonic. A common ingredient in domestic
cough mixtures. Dose of decoction indefi-
nite; of fid. ext. 3J-ij. Unof.
ConVma BacTllus. See Spirillum
Cholerce.
Comminution [comminuo, to break in
pieces). The process by which a solid
body is reduced to pieces of varying sizes.
It includes the various operations of cutting,
rasping, grating, slicing, pulverizing, levi-
gating, triturating, elutriating, granulating,
etc. See, also, Fracture, Comminuted.
Com/missure [committo, to unite). A join-
ing or uniting together. C. Magna, the
corpus callosum. C, Optic, the union
and crossing of the two optic nerves in
front of the tuber cinereum.
Commu / nicans [commumco). Communi-
cating. C. Noni. See Nerve.
Commutator {commuto, to exchange),
An instrument for automatically interrupt-
ing or reversing the flow of an electric
current, making and breaking the same
with desired frequency.
Co / mose [coma, hair). Having much hair.
Com / pass Plant. See Rosin Weed.
Complement^ Air. See Air.
Complementary Colors. See Color.
Complexes (cotnplexus, complex). The
totality of symptoms, phenomena or signs
of a morbid condition. C. Muscle. See
Muscle.
Complication {complico, to fold together).
Used of intercurrent or succeeding disease
or morbid conditions that render treatment
of the principal affection different or more
difficult. Complicated Fracture. See
Fracture.
Composition [compositio, a putting to-
gether). Compounding; used of medi-
cines. The constituents of a mixture.
ConVpound Cathar / tic Pills. See Colo-
cynth.
Compounding. The mixing, manipula-
tion, and preparation of the drugs ordered
in a prescription.
Com'pound Oxygen. A quack cure-all
consisting of a strong solution of potassium
nitrate or chlorate through which the air
to be inhaled is drawn.
COMPRESS
115
CONIUM
Com'press (compressus, pressed together).
P'olded cloths wetted and applied firmly to
the part for relief of inflammation. C,
Fenestrated, with a hole for drainage or
inspection. C, Graduated, the strip
applied directly is narrow, the others, pro-
gressively wider, cover it.
Compression of Brain. See Brain.
Compressor {comprimo, to press together).
An instrument for compressing an artery,
vein, etc. Used of muscles having a com-
pressing function, as the C. naris, C. vena
dorsalis penis, etc.
Cona'rium. See Pineal Gland.
Concentration [con, together, centrum,
the centre). Evaporation of part of the
water of a mixture, thus rendering it re-
latively stronger.
Concentric. Arranged in an equidistant
manner about a centre.
Conception (concipio, to conceive). The
fecundation of the ovum by the spermato-
zoid. See Pregnancy.
Con'cha (/coy^a, a shell). A shell. Used of
organs having seme resemblance to a shell,
as the patella, vulva, etc., and especially of
the C. Auris, or hollow part of the external
ear, C. Narium, the turbinated bones.
Concoction [concoquo, to boil together).
The act of boiling two substances together.
Concrete (concresco, to grow together).
Solidified or condensed.
Concretion. The solidification or con-
densation of a fluid substance ; used, also,
of union of parts normally separate, as the
fingers.
Concu/bitus {concubo, to lie together).
Copulation.
Concussion of Brain. See Brain.
Condiment [condimentum, spice). Spice,
sauce, or other appetizing ingredients used
with food.
Cond'om, or Cun'dum (corrup. oiconton,
a physician). A sheath worn over the
penis, during copulation.
Conduction [conduco, to draw together).
The passage or transfer of force or mate-
rial from one part to another.
Conduran / go Bark. A remedy much
used in S. America as an alterative in
syphilis. Introduced into the U. S. as a
remedy for cancer of the stomach, with
uncertain results. Dose gr. x-xxx. Unof.
Condyle (novdvloQ, a knuckle). The
rounded eminences in the joints of many
of the bones, especially the femur, hu-
merus and jaw.
Condyloid. Resembling or pertaining to
the condyle.
Condylo / ma [kovSvIoq). A wart-like
growth or tumor about the anus or pu-
dendum of either sex. Applied also to
syphilitic patches and discolorations.
Cone / in. See Conium.
Cones, Graduated. Cone-shaped bodies
used for measuring the size of orifices of
vessels, etc., especially in post-mortem ex-
aminations.
Confection {confectio, a making). A
confection. In pharmacy a mass of sugar
and water, or of honey, as an excipient
with a prescribed medicinal substance.
There are two official confectiones.
Confectioners' Disease. A disease fre-
quently occurring in the workpeople manu-
facturing candied fruits, nuts, etc. It is
confined to the nails of the fingers of the
hands; the nail loses its polish, becomes
black, the periungual portion becomes
loosened and raised up.
Confinement. The condition of women
during childbirth.
Confluent {confluo, to flow together). In
medicine, a term applied to eruptions which
run together. The opposite of discrete.
In anatomy, the blending of two or more
bones originally separate into one.
Congenital {con, together, genitus, born).
Existing from birth.
Congestion {congero, to heap up). Ab-
normal collection of blood in a part or
organ. Used of other liquids besides
blood.
Con / gius (a Roman measure). A gallon.
Conglomerate (conglomero, to heap up).
A mass of units without order. C.
Glands, synonymous with acinous glands.
Conglu / tin. See Casein.
Con / gress {congressus, a meeting together).
An assemblage for deliberative purpose.
C, Sexual, coition, or carnal intercourse.
ConTcal Cor'nea. See Kerato-globus .
Coni'um. Hemlock. The green, full-
grown fruit of the spotted hemlock, C.
maculatum. Contains several alkaloids
and a volatile oil, Properties mainly due
to alkaloids conine and metliylconine.
Produces motor paralysis without loss of
sensation or consciousness. In toxic doses
death ensues from paralysis of organs of
respiration. Valuable in tetanus, blepharo-
spasm, asthma and whooping-cough. C.
Abstract, made from conium 200, dilute
hydrochloric acid 6, sugar of milk and
alcohol q. s., to make 100 parts of abstract.
Dose gr. ss-iij. C. Ext., alcoholic, each
grain representing 1 gr. of drug. Dose
gr. ij-v. C, Fid. Ext., same strength as
CONJUGATE
116 CONTINUITY, SOLUTION OF
preceding. Dose Tr^ij-v-xl. C. Tinct.,
15 per cent, strength. Dose TTLx-^j.
Conine, unof., volatile alkaloid of conium.
Dose gr. ^V~tV Coniine Hydrochlor.,
unof. , recommended in spasmodic affections.
All preparations uncertain in strength.
Conjugate [con, together, jifgum, a yoke).
Yoked or coupled. C. Focus. See
Focus.
Conjugation. A form of reproduction or
cell-division in unicellular gregarinae.
Conjunctiva {conjunctivus, connecting).
The mucous membrane covering the ante-
rior portion of the globe of the eye. re-
flected on and extending to the free edges
of the lids. Its parts are called palpebral,
ocular or bulbar.
Conjunctivitis. Inflammation of the
conjunctiva. It may be catarrhal, croup-
ous, diphtheritic (or membranous), gonor-
rhoea!, phlyctenular, purulent, etc., in char-
acter or origin. C, Egyptian, and C,
Granular. See Trachoma. See also Oph-
thalmia.
Con / nate. See Co7ijluent.
Connective Tis / sue. See Ani??ial Tis-
sue.
Consanguinity [con, together, sangui-
nis, blood). The relationship arising from
common parentage. Allied in blood descent.
Conser'va, or Conserve' [conserzv, to
keep). A confection, a. v.
Consonants {con, sono, to sound). Non-
vowel sounds produced in speaking at cer-
tain parts of the resonance-chamber. They
are sounded only with a vowel. They con-
sist of Explosives, Aspirates, Yibratives
and Resonants ; they are also divided into
four classes, according to the position in
which they are produced — the Articula-
tion Positions, — the first being between
the lips ; the second between the tongue
and hard palate; the third between the
tongue and soft palate ; the fourth between
the true vocal cords. Labials, made at
the lips, may be explosive (b, p), aspirate
{/, v, to), vibrative (the " burr "), and
resonant {m). These form the consonants
of the first articulation position. Those of
the second position are the explosives / and
d; the aspirates s, z, sell, th ; the vibrative
r; the resonant n. Those of the third
position are the explosives k and g; the
aspirates are the unvoiced aspirates, un-
voiced ch and /; the vibrative, palatal r;
the resonant, palatal n. That of the fourth
position is the aspirate, the glottis-formed h.
Constant Battery, Element, or Cell.
One yielding a constant current. A gal-
vanic batten - , of which the most common
types are those of Bunsen, Callaud, Daniell,
Grenet, Grove, Leclanche and Smee.
Constipation {constipo, to crush tightly
together). Costiveness. Retention and
hardness of the faeces, from functional
inactivity of the intestinal canal, or from
abnormalism of the biliary or other secre-
tions.
Constituents of Organism. The In-
organic C, are Water, forming 58.5 per
cent, of the body ; Gases, such as oxygen,
marsh gas, etc ; Salts, of which the chief
are sodium chloride, calcium phosphate
(forming more than one-half of the bones),
sodium phosphate, sodium carbonate, so-
dium and potassium sulphates, potassium
chloride, calcium fluoride and carbonate;
Free Acids, as hydrochloric, sulphuric,
etc. ; Bases, such as silicon, manganese,
iron. The Organic C, comprise the
large classes of the proteids, albuminoids,
fats, etc.
Constitution {constiheo, to dispose). In
chemistry, the atomic or molecular compo-
sition of a body. In pharmacy, the com-
position of a substance. In physiology,
the general temperament and functional
condition of the body.
Constitutional. Pertaining to the state
of the constitution. C. Diseases, in
pathology, such diseases as are inherent,
owing to an abnormal structure of the body.
Also, inherited diseases. Also, a condition
in which the disease pervades the whole
system.
Constrictor (constringo, to bind together).
A name applied to any muscle that con-
tracts, tightens or straightens any part of
the body.
Constrin / gent. Same as astringent.
Consultation (consulto, to take counsel).
Now applied to a deliberation between
two or more physicians concerning the
diagnosis of the disease of a patient and
the proper method of treatment.
Consumption (consumo, to consume or
wear away). Wasting, denutrition or
atrophy. A term loosely used as a syno-
nym of phthisis, q. v.
Conta'gion {contingo, to touch). A word
loosely used to designate the process by
which a specific disease is communicated
between persons, either by direct contact
or by means of an intermediate agent.
(See, also, In/ection.) Also the specific
germ or virus from which a communicable
disease develops.
Continuity, Solution of. See Solution.
CONTRACTILITY 117
Contractility [contralto, to draw together).
That property of certain tissues, especially
a muscle, manifested in shortening under
the application of a stimulus.
Contraction (contralto). Approximation
of the elements of a tissue or organ,
thus diminishing its volume or content.
C. -remainder, the stage of elastic after-
vibration or residual contraction persist-
ing in a muscle after withdrawal of the
stimulus.
Contra-indica / tion [contra, against, in-
dico, to point out). A term applied to
that pathological or modifying condition in
which a remedy or a method of treatment
is forbidden which under ordinary cases
might be proper.
Contrayer'va. The root of Dorstenia C.
Stimulant, tonic and diaphoretic. Decoc-
tion mucilaginous. Serviceable in low
fevers and malignant eruptive diseases.
Dose sjss. Unof.
Con / tre-coup (Fr.). Counter-stroke, a
variety of injury by indirect violence.
Contu / sion [contundo, to bruise). A bruise
or injury by a blunt weapon, or by collision,
without breaking the skin or covering.
Co / nus (kovoc, a cone). A crescentic
patch of atrophic choroidal tissue surround-
ing the optic papilla.
Convalla'ria maja'lis. Lily of the Val-
ley. All parts of the plant. Properties due
to convallarin and convallamarin, glu-
cosides. A prompt cathartic, diuretic, and
cardiac stimulant. Valuable as a heart
tonic. Unlike digitalis, has no cumulative
effect. C, Ext., soluble in water. Dose
gr.v-xxx. C, Ext., Fid., alcoholic. Dose
% ss-ij. C, Infusum, prepared with three
times its weight of water. Dose ^ ss-ij.
Convallamarinum, soluble in water.
Dose gr. ^(-ij. All unof.
Convalescence [convalesco, to become
well). A term applied to the recovery of
strength after the disappearance of a dis-
ease or ailment.
Convolution [convolvo, to roll together).
A term applied to the folding and turning
upon itself of any organ, as the cerebrum
and the smaller intestines. C, Broca's,
the third left frontal, the speech-center in
right-handed people.
Convolvulus pandura / tus. Wild Po-
tato. The tuber is a mild cathartic. Dose
gr. xl. Unof.
Convul'sant (convello, to pull together).
A medicine that causes convulsions.
Convulsions. The manifestation of
nervous disorder commonly called fits.
COPROLITH
Eclampsia. Loss of consciousness and
voluntary control of the muscles, with
clonic, tonic or mixed contractures, etc.,
constitute the chief symptoms. May be
due to epilepsy, other functional or or-
ganic disease of the brain, circulation, etc.
C, Infantile, due to a number of causes,
such as rickets, exhaustion, etc. ; sometimes
called " screaming fits." C, Puerperal.
See Eclampsia. C, Uraemic, due to the
altered state of the blood in disease of the
kidney. See, also, Epilepsy.
Coordination [con, together, ordino, to
regulate). The harmonious function and
proper sequence of operation of the various
organs of the body.
Copaiba. Balsam of Copaiba. The oleo-
resin of C. Langsdorffii ; native to Sourh
America. A stimulant diuretic, and an
expectorant. Much used in gonorrhoea,
but now considered of doubtful value. C.
Massa, copaiba 94, magnesia 6 parts.
Dose tt\x-3J. C. Mist. Comp., La-
fayette's mixture, unof., copaiba gvij,
oil cubebs gj, glyceriti vitelli ^vij; tri-
turate and add syr. aq. piperit. 3 iiss ; then
add, with constant stirring, liq. potass. % ss,
tinct. cardamon comp. g ij, spt. nitrous
ether ^ss, aq. piperit. q. s. to make §viij.
Dose ^j-^ss. C. Ol. Dose TT\x-xv.
C. Resina, mainly copaibic acid. Dose
gr. j-v.
Cop'per (Cu'prum). A reddish-brown
metal not used in medicine in its metallic
form, but represented by several salts.
The latter are gastro-intestinal irritants,
producing nausea and emesis. C. Acetas,
verdigris, used in pulmonary diseases, and
as a lotion in skin diseases. Dose gr. jq—\.
C. Aceto-arsenite, Paris Green, used as
a pigment and an insecticide. C. Ammo-
niatum, unof., ammonium carbonate 3,
copper sulphate 4 parts. Useful in chorea,
hysteria, etc. Dosegr. l /e-}- C.,Potassio-
tartrate Sol., Fehling's solution, unof.,
copper sulphate gr. 70, distilled water
TT\/i-00: also dissolve Rochelle salt, gr.
488, in water 11^1600; when required,
mix and add water to make 1^2720.
Used as a test for glucose. C. Sulphas,
soluble in water, valuable as an emetic.
Dose, as an emetic, gr. ij-v, as a tonic, gr.
Ve-Yz-
Cop / peras (cupri rosa, rose of copper [?]).
A common name for ferrous sulphate. See
Ferritin.
Cop / rolith (noTrpog, dung, ?.r&og, stone). A
term applied to hard masses of faecal matter
which sometimes form in the bowels.
COPTIS
118
CORONA
Cop/tis. Goldthread. The root of C.
trifolia. A simple bitter tonic resembling
quassia. Contains berberine. Dose gr. x-
xxx.
Copula / tion {copulo, to couple). The act
of sexual intercourse.
Coraco- {nopal-, a crow). Pertaining to
muscles attached to the coracoid process,
as C. Brachialis. See Muscles.
Cor / acoid {nopal-). A term applied to any
part having the shape of a crow's beak.
C. Ligament, a triangular, beak-shaped
ligament joining the coracoid process to
the acromion. C. Process, a beak-shaped
process of the scapula.
Cor'al Root. Crawley. The root of
Corallorhiza odontorhiza. A prompt and
powerful diaphoretic, much employed by
the " eclectic " school of practitioners.
Used in fevers. Dose gr. xxx. C, Fid.
Ext. Dose tt\xv-xxx.
Cord {chorda). Used as a synonym for
the Umbilical Cord, the vascular, cord-like
structure connecting the placenta and
foetus. C, Coiling of, loops about the
foetus or its members. C, Knots of, real
knots of the cord formed by the passage
of the foetus through a loop. False Knots,
accumulations of Wharton's jelly at parti-
cular points. C, Presentation of, descent
of the cord at the beginning of labor be-
tween the presenting part and the mem-
branes. C, Prolapse of, descent at the
rupture of the bag of waters, incomplete,
if remaining in the vagina, complete, if
protruding therefrom. C, Torsion of,
twisting upon its axis. The blood vessels
make about 40 spiral turns. Wharton's
Jelly, the gelatin-like connective tissue of
the cord.
Cor / dial {cor, the heart). Pertaining to the
heart. In pharmacy, an aromatic spiritu-
ous stimulant.
Corec / tomy. See Iridectomy, and Pupil,
Artificial.
Corecto / pia {nopij, pupil, £/cro7roc, mis-
placed). An anomalous position of the
pupil.
Coredial'ysis (/cop??, dialva, to liberate).
The production of an artificial pupil at the
ciliary border of the iris.
Corel'ysis {nopr/, Ivacg, a loosening). The
detachment of iritic adhesions to the lens.
Coremorpho'sis. See Pupil, Artificial.
Coreom / eter {noprj, fierpov, a measure).
An instrument for measuring the pupil of
the eye.
Cor'eplasty. See Pupil, Artificial.
Corian / der, or
Corian / drum. Coriander. The fruit of
C. saliva. An aromatic carminative and
stimulant. Used mainly to give flavor to
other remedies and as a corrective to griping
purgatives. Dose gr. x-xx. C. Ol., the
volatile oil. Dose rryj-v.
Co / rium {corium, leather). The deep layer
of the cutis.
Corm {nopfiog, the trunk of a tree). The
bulbous underground part of certain plants,
as the crocus.
Corn {cornu, horn). Local induration and
thickening of the skin from friction.
Cornea {cornu). The transparent an-
terior portion of the eyeball, its area oc-
cupying about one-sixth the circumference
of the globe. It is continuous with the
sclerotic, and nourished by lymph from the
looped blood vessels at its peripheral bor-
der. It is lined posteriorly by Descemet's
membrane, and the conjunctiva is firmly
adherent to its substance in front. C,
Conical. See Keratoglobus. C, Leu-
coma of. See Leucoma. C, Tattooing
of. See Tattooing. C, Transplantation
of, the operation of engrafting a section of
transparent cornea from some animal into
the space of an excised portion of leuco-
matous human cornea.
Cornei'tis. See Keratitis.
Cornic / ula Laryn / gis. A small, horn-
shaped mass of cartilage on the arytenoid
cartilages; called also the Cartilages of
Santorini.
Corn Smut. See Stigmata Maydis.
Corn'u. (Lat.) A horn. A name applied
to any excrescence resembling a horn. C.
Ammonis, the hippocampus major of the
brain. C. Cervi, hartshorn or ammonium
hydrate. C. Cutaneum. A horn of the
skin. A horny excrescence bearing a resem-
blance to the horns of lower animals.
Maybe any size from that of a pin's head
to that of the finger. Of rare occurrence.
C. Sacri, the prominence on each bone
of the sacrum.
Corpus. Dogwood. The bark of the
root of C. Jlorida. Properties due to a
crystalline principle, cornin. A simple
stomachic, bitter and somewhat antiperi-
odic. C, Fid. Ext. Dose n\x-£j.
Corn / utin. One of the active principles
of Ergot. Unof.
Cor'ona {corona, a. garland). A crown.
C. Ciliaris, the ciliary ligament. C. Glan-
dis, the ridge of the glans penis. C. Ra-
diata, the convolutions of the brain. C.
Veneris, syphilitic blotches occurring on
the forehead.
CORONAL SUTURE
119
CORROSIVE
Corc/nal Suture. The suture joining
the frontal with the two parietal bones.
Cor / onary. A terra applied to vessels,
nerves, or attachments which encircle a
part or organ.
Coroner {coronator, a crown, an officer
appointed by the Crown). An officer who
inquires by authority of the law into the
causes of deaths of sudden or violent oc-
currence. C, Inquest of, the legal
inquiry before a jury concerning the causes
of a sudden or violent death.
Coronil'la. The plant C. scorpeoides,
abundant in southwestern Europe. Has
doubtful value in cardiac affections where
increased amplitude of pulsation is re-
quired. Unof.
Corpora (pi. of corpus, a body). A gene-
ral term applied to any part of the body,
especially of the brain, having a rounded
or ovoid shape. C. Albicantia or Mam-
millaria, the two rounded masses of white
matter forming the bulbs of the fornix. C.
Arantii, the tubercles, one in the center
of each segment of the semilunar valves.
C. Cavernosa, the cylindrical bodies of
erectile tissue forming the chief part of the
penis. Also the two masses of erectile
tissue composing the clitoris. C. Genicu-
lata, two small eminences projecting from
the optic thalami. C. Olivaria, the two
oval masses behind the pyramids of the
medulla oblongata. C. Pyramidalia, the
two bundles of white matter of the medulla
oblongata, situated below the pons varolii.
C. Quadrigemina, the optic lobes of the
brain, the four rounded eminences situated
under the corpus callosum. The anterior
pair are the nates, and the posterior the
testes. C. Restiformi, the large columns
or cord-like bodies extending from the
medulla to the cerebrum. C. Striata,
two organs in the lateral ventricles of the
brain, composed of the caudate and lenti-
cular nucleus. The first, or intra- ventricular
portion, extends into the lateral ventricle.
Corpulency {corpulentus, a large body).
Obesity; fatness of the body.
Corp / us (pi. corpora), {corpus, a body).
A body; the human body. C. Aran-
tius, the cartilaginous tubercle of the
semilunar valves. C. Callosum. See
Commissures. C. Cavernosum Vaginae,
the spongy tissue of the vagina. C.
Fimbriatum, the lateral thin edge of the
taenia hippocampi. C. Luteum. See
Corpus Luteum. C. Spongiosum, the
spongy body enclosing the urethra, etc.
C. Striatum. See Corpora.
Corpuscle (dim. of corpus). A name
loosely applied to almost any small,
rounded, or oval body. C. of Blood, the
minute, biconcave, flat discs, circular in
man, elliptical in the camel, and oval in
birds and reptiles. Corpuscles of the blood
have been distinguished, according to their
size — into normoblasts (normal in size),
megaloblasts (of excessive size),mikro-
blasts (abnormally small), and poikilo-
blasts, of irregular shape and size. The
red corpuscles in the blood of man are
about -g-^oo" hi. in diameter and T2T0 o' m -
.thick. They consist of a colorless stroma
(paraglobulin, cholesterin, lecithin and neu-
rin) infiltrated with coloring matter (haemo-
globin). The white corpuscles are
flattened, bi- or tri-nucleated cells, about
23V0 m - m diameter, and exist in the ratio
of I : 400 compared with red corpuscles.
They possess a contractile power, alter
their shape readily, and in general appear-
ances closely resemble amoebae. They are
most numerous in venous blood. C. of
Krause, the spherical or ovoid corpuscles
occurring on the ends of the nerve tubules
which emerge from a nerve plexus. They
occur in the conjunctiva, the edges of the
lips and various mucous and glandular sur-
faces. C, Malpighian, a name applied
to the splenic corpuscles. Also to the
Malpighian bodies. C, Pacinian, certain
small corpuscles occurring in the subcuta-
neous cellular tissue of the fingers and toes.
C, Tactile, of Wagner, the small oval
bodies found in the papillae of the skin
and enveloped by nerve-fibers.
Corpuscula / tion. A condition in which
the corpuscles of the blood have undergone
hyperplasia, being more large and numer-
ous than in the normal state.
Corp / us Lute / um. The yellow body.
Hypertrophy of the membrana propria, or
reticulata of the ovisac, after the escape
of the ovule. C. L., False, that result-
ing when pregnancy does not occur, called
also the C. L. of Menstruation. C. L.,
True, that when pregnancy takes place,
called also the C. L. of Pregnancy, and
differing in several respects from the first.
Corrective (corrigo, to correct). A sub-
stance used to modify or make more pleasant
the action of a purgative or other remedy.
Correlation. Interdependence; relation-
ship.
Corro / sive {con, rodo, to gnaw). A sub-
stance that destroys organic tissue either
by direct chemical means or by causing
inflammation and suppuration.
CORROSIVE SUBLIMATE
120
CRAMP
Corro'sive Sut/limate. See Hydrar-
gyrum.
Corruga / tor {corrugo, to wrinkle). That
which wrinkles. See Muscle.
Cor'tex (Sanskrit krit, to split). The
bark of an exogenous plant. The external
layer of gray matter of" the brain.
Cor'ti. A celebrated Italian anatomist. C,
Cells of, the external hair-cells of the
organ of Corti. C, Organ of, a series of
some 3000 arches contained on the floor of
the basilary membrane, within the ductus
cochlear is of the internal ear. C, Rods
of, the pillars of the arch of the organ
of Corti. C, Rolls of, the fibers forming
the inner limb of the arches of Corti.
Cort / ical {cortex, bark). Pertaining to the
cortex or bark. Used of the gray matter,
cortex, of the brain.
Coryda / lis. Turkey corn. The tuber of
C. formosa (Dicentra Canadensis of de
Candolle). Tonic, diuretic and alterative.
Dose of fid. ext. rt^x-xl. Corydalin, the
alkaloid. Dose gr. j-v. Unof.
Cory / za (nopvg, the head). Catarrh of the
mucous membrane of the nasal passages
and adjacent sinuses. Popularly called a
" cold in the head."
Cosmet / ic (nocfieo, to adorn). A remedy
designed to improve or to hide the defects
of the skin or other external parts. May
be a white powder, such as starch, mag-
nesic oxide, calcium carbonate (levigated),
zinc oxide, mercurous chloride, or bismuth
subnitrate applied externally ; it may be a
white substance dissolved in dilute alco-
hol, which is left upon the face after the
evaporation of the solvent ; or it may be a
stimulant to the skin used internally, such
as arsenic. C. Operation. A surgical
operation to give a natural appearance to
a defective or unsightly part.
Cos / moline. See Petrolatum.
Cos / tal (costa, a rib). Pertaining to the
ribs. C. Cartilages. The 12 cartilag-
inous extensions of the ribs.
Cos / tiveness [constipo, to be bound). An
abnormality of digestion characterized by
retention and hardness of the faeces.
Cos / to- (costa, a rib). A prefix denoting
connection with the ribs.
Coto / ine. See Coto.
Cot' to. Cotto Bark. The bark of a tree
native to Bolivia. Irritant to skin and
mucous membranes. Therapeutic proper-
ties not known. Recommended in diar-
rhoea and zymotic fevers. Dose gr. j-xv.
Cot'ton. See Gossypium.
Cot'ton-seed Oil. See Gossypium.
Cotyloid Cav / ity. See Acetabulum.
Couch-grass. See Triticttm.
Couch / ing (Fr. Coucker). The operation,
now fallen into disuse, of depressing a
cataractous lens into the vitreous chamber,
where it was left to be absorbed.
Cougb/ing. A sudden violent expiratory
explosion after deep inspiration and closure
of the glottis. C. Center. See Center.
Cou / lomb. The unit of measurement of
electrical quantity; the quantity of elec-
tricity that passes during one second in a
conductor having a resistance of one ohm,
with one volt of electromotive force. The
micro-coulomb is the millionth part of
this amount.
Counter-extension. See Extension.
Count / er-irrita / tion. Superficial and arti-
ficially produced inflammation, in order to
exercise a good effect upon some adjacent
or deep-seated morbid process. Generally
effected by vesicants, rubefacients, etc.
Count / er-o / pening. An incision made
in an abscess or cavity, opposite another,
generally for purposes of drainage.
Cours / es. See Menses.
Court Plaster. See Ichthycolla.
Couveuse'. See Incubator.
Cow / age. The external hairs of the pod
of Mucuna pruriens.
Cow / bane. Water Hemlock. The leaves
of Cimta virosa. An acrid narcotic, highly
poisonous to cattle, but not affecting sheep
and goats. Causes intoxication and spasm.
Sometimes used externally as an anodyne
in rheumatism.
Cow'per's Glands. See Glands.
Cow / pox. See Vaccination.
Cox / a [coxa, hip). The hip-joint.
Coxal'gia (coxa, alyog, pain). Pain in the
hip-joint. See Hip-joint Disease.
Coxe's Hive Mixture. See Scilla.
Crab Louse. See Pediculus.
Crachot 7 em ent . A peculiar reflex follow-
ing operations upon the utero-ovarian or-
gans, marked by a desire to spit without
the ability to do so. It is usually accom-
panied by a tendency to syncope.
Cracked-pot Sound. A peculiar sound
elicited by percussion over a cavity of the
lung communicating with a bronchus.
Cra'dle. In surgery, a wire or wicker
frame so arranged as to keep the weight of
the bed-clothing from an injured part of
the body. Employed in fractures, wounds,
etc.
Cramp (Teut. kramp~). A spasmodic con-
traction of the muscles attended with sharp
pain.
CRANE'S-BILL ROOT.
121
CROCUS
Crane's-bill Root. See Geranium.
Cra / nioclasm (upaviov, the skull, ulao,
to break). The operation of breaking the
foetal head by means of the cranioclast.
CranioLogy (upaviov, Xojog, a discourse). A
treatise on the comparative study of skulls.
Craniom / eter (upaviov, /uerpov, a meas-
ure) . An instrument for gauging the dimen-
sions of the skull.
CranionVetry. See Index.
Cranios / copy. See Phrenology.
Cranios / tosis (upaviov, oareov, a bone).
Congenital ossification of the cranial sutures.
Craniotomy (upaviov, rofirj, a cutting).
The operation of reducing the size of the
fcetal head by cutting or breaking it up,
when delivery is otherwise impossible.
Cra / nium (upaviov, the head). The skull.
The cavity which contains the brain, its
membranes and vessels. Consists of 22
bones, of which 14 belong to the face, and
8 to the cranium proper. See Skull.
Crassamen / tum (crassus, thick). The
clot of the blood.
Craw - Craw. See Filaria Sanguinis
Ho minis.
CrawTey. See Coral Root.
Cream of Tartar. See Potassium.
Creamom / eter. An instrument for esti-
mating the amount of cream in milk.
Cream / or (cre?nor, broth). Cream. Any
thick substance formed on the surface of a
liquid.
Cre / asote, or Creaso / tum (upeag, flesh,
aco^o), to preserve). The product of the
distillation of wood tar, consisting of a mix-
ture of phenol compounds. An inflam-
mable oily liquid differing in this respect
from carbolic acid. Does not coagulate
albumin and collodion. Most of the com-
mercial creasote consists of carbolic acid
or contains a large percentage of it. Valu-
able for its antiseptic, astringent, styptic,
anaesthetic and escharotic properties. C.
Aqua, a one per cent, solution. Dose
3H V :
Cre / atin (upeag). A weak organic base
occurring in various tissues of the body,
especially in muscle.
Creafinin (upsag). See Kreatinin.
Creche (Fr. a crib). See Infant Shelter.
Cremas / ter (tcpe/nao, to support). The
muscle which draws up the testis.
Cremasteric Re / flex. Retraction of the
testicle on the same side by exciting the
skin on the inner side of the thigh.
Cremation (cremo, to burn). The de-
struction of the body by burning, as distin-
guished from interment.
Cre / nated (crena, a notch). Notched or
scalloped. In botany, leaves which are
serrated. See Crenation.
Crena'tion (crena). A notched or mul-
berry appearance of the red corpuscles of
the blood ; may be spontaneous or due to
poisoning with Calabar bean.
Cre / nothrix (Kprjvjj, source, Opit;, hair). A
genus of the family Beggiatoacces, whose
filaments are enveloped in a gelatinous
sheath. C. Kuhniana, abundant in fresh
waters. The pathogenic role attributed to
this variety by Kiinsther in the production
of typhoid is unjustified.
Cre / olin. A coal-tar product deprived of
carbolic acid. Haemostatic and highly anti-
septic. It is more active than carbolic
acid on pure cultures of pathogenic mi-
crobes, but less efficacious in putrefying
masses. An excellent non-poisonous de-
odorizer.
Crepitation, or Crepitus (crepito, to
crackle). The noise produced by escaping
flatus, by the grating of fractured bones, by
the crackling of the joints, and by the
pressure upon tissues containing an abnor-
mal amount of air or gas. Also the pecu-
liar murmur of respiration observed in
pneumonia.
Cres / cent, Myopic. See Myopia.
Crest. The surmounting part of an organ
or process.
Cre / ta. Chalk. See Calcium.
Cretinism. (Doubtful etymology.) The
condition of a cretin. An endemic dis-
ease characterized by goitre, and a condi-
tion of physical, physiological and mental
degeneracy and non-development.
Cribriform (cribrum, a sieve, forma,
form). Similar to a sieve in being per-
forated, as the cribriform Plate of the
Ethmoid Bone.
Cri'co- (itpiKog, a ring). A prefix denoting
connection with the cricoid cartilage.
Cricoid Cartilage. See Cartilages of
the larynx.
Crisis (crisis). The turning point in a
disease, fever, time of life, etc., and in
disease, marking a change either for the
better or worse.
Crist / a AcuVtica (Lat). A yellow ele-
vation projecting into the equator of the
ampulla of the ear.
Crist'a Gal'li. Cock's Crest. The superior
triangular process of the ethmoid bone.
Critical (crisis). Pertaining to a crisis in
disease, period of life, etc.
Cro / cus. Saffron. The stigmas of the
flowers of C. sativus. (Should not be con-
CROSSED REFLEXES
122
CUBEBS
founded with American Saffron, Cartha-
mus tinctorius). An aromatic stimulant
and emmenagogue, commonly used as a
cooling agent. C. Tinct., 10 per cent,
in strength. Dose ^j-ij; of the drug, gr.
v-xx.
Crossed Re / flexes. An exception to
the usual law of reflex movements, in
which, e. g., excitation of one fore limb
produces movement in the opposite hind
limb.
Cross-legged Progression. A method
of walking in which one foot gets over or
in front of the other. A symptom of cer-
tain cord lesions.
Cro / ton Chlo'ral. See Chloral Butylicum.
Croton-oil. See Tiglii Oleum.
Croup (Sax. kropan, to cry aloud). A dis-
ease of the larynx, trachea, etc., of children,
of which prominent symptoms are a peculiar
cough, difficulty of breathing, and often
accompanied by the development of a
membranous deposit or exudate upon the
parts. There is doubt as to the real nature
of the disease, some contending that it is
either an acute spasmodic laryngitis or a
laryngeal diphtheria, while others believe
it a special type of disease.
Cru/cial {crux, a cross). Resembling
or pertaining to a cross, as a crucial in-
cision.
Cru'ra (pi. of crus, a leg). A name
applied to certain parts of the body from
their resemblance to a leg or root. C.
Cerebelli, the peduncles of the cerebellum.
C. Cerebri, the peduncles of the cere-
brum. C. of Diaphragm, the muscular
bundles arising from the vertebrae, etc., and
inserted into the central tendon. C. of
Penis, the corpora cavernosi.
Cru / ral [crus). Pertaining to the thigh.
C. Arch. See Ligament. C. Hernia,
femoral hernia.
Crus (crus). The leg; structures resem-
bling a leg. See the plural, Crura.
Cru so -creatinine. A leucomaine, iso-
lated from muscle-tissue. In this and other
leucomaines of the Creatinine Group, as
well as in those of the Uric Acid Group,
hydrocyanic acid plays an important part
in the molecular structure of the bases.
Very little is yet known as to the function
of this Cyanogen Group in relation to the
vital activity of tissues, but recent investi-
gations seem to show that the seat of the
cyanogen formation lies within the nucle-
ated cell, and is intimately connected with
the functions of the nuclein molecule. A
number of leucomaines of fresh muscle-
tissue are credited with possessing an in-
tensely poisonous action ; and, if this be
the case, any accumulation of such bases in
the system, due to interference with elimi-
nation, may cause very serious disturb-
ances.
Crus / ta. The inferior part of the crura
cerebri. C. Lactea. See Achor. C.
Petrosa, a thin layer of bone covering the
fang of a tooth. C. Phlogistica, the
yellowish layer of the upper stratum of a
blood-clot coagulating slowly.
Crypt (upvTTTG), to conceal). A small sac
or follicle. Crypts of Lieberkiihn, mi-
nute tubular depressions of the mucous
membrane of the small intestine.
Cryptoceph / alus (/cpwroc, hidden, K£(pa?irj,
head). A monster foetus with imperfectly
formed and concealed head.
Cryptoga / mia (apvizToq, yapiog, marriage).
A division of the vegetable kingdom com-
prising all plants with concealed sexual
organs, without pistils or stamens.
Cryptophthal'mos (upviTToc, o(j)6a?ijuog, the
eye). Congenital union of the eyelids,
usually over imperfect eyes.
Cryptor'chid, or Cryptorchis (/cpwrw, to
hide, opx^, testicle). A person with re-
tained testicles, i. e., not descended into
the scrotum. Monorchid, with one re-
tained testicle.
Cryst / allin. The globulin of the crystal-
line lens.
Crystalline Lens. See Lens.
Crystallization (upvoTa/ikoQ, ice). The
process by which the molecules of a sub-
stance arrange themselves in geometric
forms when passing from a gaseous or a
liquid to a solid state. C, Water of,
the water of salts that cannot be extracted
without destruction of their crystalline
nature.
Crystallography (tcpvarallog ypatyu, to
write). The science of crystals, their for-
mation, etc.
Crystalloid [tipvaraWoq, eidog, likeness).
Having a crystalline structure, as distin-
guished from colloid.
Cu'beba. The unripe fruit of C. officinalis,
cultivated in Java. Properties due to a
volatile oil and an organic acid. An aro-
matic stimulant, diuretic in small doses.
Useful in affections of the bladder and
urethra. A good remedy (applied by in-
sufflation or smoked in cigarettes) for
disease of the fauces, in catarrh of the air
passages, etc. Dose gr. x-^ij. C, Fid.
Ext., alcoholic. Dose rr\,x-xxx. C.
Oleoresina, ethereal. Dose TT\v-xxx.
CUBIC SPACE
123
CURRENT
C. Ol., the volatile oil. Dose TT^v-xx.
C, Tinct., ioper cent, in strength. Dose
T»\x- 3 iij. C. Trochisci, oleoresin gr. J^,
oil sassafras gr. y 1 ^, ext. glycyrrhiza gr. iv,
acacia gr. ij, syr. tolu q. s., in each troche.
Dose j-iij.
Cubic Space (of air). The amount of
space required by the patient in hospitals,
etc. About iooo cubic feet to each patient
is necessary to proper ventilation.
Cu / bitus {cubitus, the elbow). The fore-
arm.
Cu / boid Bone. A bone of the foot situ-
ated at the outer anterior part of the
tarsus.
Cu / ca. See Erythroxylon.
Cud Weed. See Life Everlasting.
Cul-de-sac (Fr. cut, the bottom, de, of,
sac, bag). A cavity of the body closed at
one end. Douglas's C, a pouch between
the anterior wall of the rectum and the
posterior wall of the uterus formed by the
reflection of the peritoneum. Called, also,
the recto-uterine or retro-titerine C.
Cu'lex. A mosquito. A well-known in-
sect which punctures the skin to obtain its
food, the blood.
Culture {colo, cultum, to till, cultivate).
A name loosely and indiscriminately ap-
plied to the act, the liquid or solid me-
dium used, and the product of the process,
in culture experiments upon microorgan-
isms. The culture media are of various
kinds : mineral liquids (see Raulin's Li-
quid, Cohn's Liquid, etc.), bouillons of
various kinds, gelatinous fluids, gelose,
potato, serum, etc. These media are first
sterilized, usually by heat (see Oven, Ster-
ilization), but possibly also by chemicals,
by filtration, by cold, by steam, etc. The
infectious matter is then taken upon a ster-
ilized platinum needle point, pipette, or
other instrument, and transferred to the
culture-medium. When the latter is of
semi-solid consistency, as gelatin, the inocu-
lation by the needle is called Stichcultur
(Gr.) or par piqure (Fr.), the needle being
thrust into the substance. When sown
along the surface in a line it is called
Strichcultur (Gr.), or en stries (Fr.). The
macroscopic features of the subsequent de-
velopment give important means of differ-
entiation. For example, when the inocu-
lated matter forms a mass in the medium,
pointed below and rising like a nail-head
above, it is called en clou, nail-shaped.
Then the medium may be liquefied or not,
variously colored, peculiarly changed, sedi-
ment deposited or not, etc. Subsequent
microscopical examination of the culture-
product, inoculation experiments upon ani-
mals, etc., complete the study.
Cul'ver's Root. See Leptandra.
Cuneiform Bones (L. cuneus, a wedge).
The name of three wedge-shaped bones at
the anterior part of the tarsus.
Cune / us [cuneus). A wedge-shaped con-
volution on the internal aspect of the cortex
of the occipital lobe.
Cu / pola {cupola, a dome). The dome-
shaped extremity of the canal of the coch-
lea. Also, the summit of a solitary gland
of the small intestines.
Cup / ping. The application of cupping
glasses; a method of blood-abstraction.
C., Dry, without the abstraction of blood
— a form of counter-irritation. C, Wet,
with the abstraction of blood after scari-
fication.
Cu / prum. See Copper.
Cura're. Woorara. A vegetable extract
obtained from Paulinia C. and certain
members of the Strychnos family. A pow-
erful paralyzer of the motor nerves and
the voluntary muscles. Used in S. Amer-
ica and elsewhere as an arrow poison. In
toxic doses death occurs by paralysis of
the organs of respiration. Reported ef-
fectual in two cases of hydrophobia, and
has been successful in tetanus. Dose by
hypodermatic injection gr. -%^-\.
Curd. The coagulum of milk which sepa-
rates on the addition of rennet or an acid.
Curette (Fr.). An instrument shaped
like a spoon or scoop, for detaching sub-
stances from one another, as the placenta
from the uterine wall, etc.
Current {curro, to run). In electricity, a
term applied to the transference of the
force, which is arbitrarily likened to the
flow of a liquid in a confined passage.
C, Action, that obtained when an in-
jured muscle contracts. C, Alternat-
ing, a term applied to a current which, by
means of an interrupter, is alternately di-
rect and reverse. This current is em-
ployed (in New York) for the execution of
capital sentences. C, Battery, a gal-
vanic current. C, Continuous, a con-
stant, uninterrupted current in one direc-
tion. C, Demarcation, the muscle-cur-
rent of Du Bois Raymond, the current
obtained from an injured muscle. C,
Galvanic, a current generated by the
decomposition of acidulated water by
means of metallic plates. C, Induced,
or Secondary, a momentary current pro-
duced when a coil of insulated wire is in-
CURTATE
124
CYSTICERCUS
troduced within the field of another coil
through which a continuous current is
passing. When the coil is removed from
the field there is a momentary current in
the opposite direction.
Curtate. See Expectation of Life.
Curv / ature of Spine. See Caries.
Cusp (cuspis, a point). The crown or pro-
jecting part of a tooth.
Cuta'neous [cutis, the skin). Pertaining
to the skin. C. Calculus. See Milium.
C. Horns. See Cornu Cutaneum. C.
Respiration, the transpiration of gases
through the skin.
Cu / ticle (dim. of cutis, the skin). The
epidermis or scarf-skin. See Skin.
Cu / tis. The derma, or true skin. C,
Anserina. See Goose Skin.
Cut-off Muscle. A popular designation
of the compressor urethrae muscle.
Cyan / ogen {mavog, blue, yevvacj, to pro-
duce). A radical molecule having the
structure CN, an acid compound of carbon
and nitrogen existing as a colorless, com-
bustible gas, exceedingly poisonous. Forms
with hydrogen, hydrocyanic or prussic
acid ; with metals, the cyanides ; with
oxygen, the compound known as fulminic
acid. Cyanogen and hydrocyanic acid
are usually distinguished by the odor of
almonds.
Cyanop / athy. See Cyanosis.
Cyano / sis (nvavog). A bluish discolora-
tion of the skin from non-oxidation of the
blood, caused by local or general circula-
tory diseases.
Cyanotic. Pertaining to Cyanosis.
Cycli / tis (avuTiog, a circle, trie, inflamma-
tion). Inflammation of the ciliary body,
causing a pericorneal circle of congested
sclerotic tissue. A serious condition, often
implicating adjacent structures. May be
serous, plastic, or suppurative. Irido-
cyclitis, when the iris is also implicated
in the inflammatory process.
Cyclocepb/alus (/cwc/loc, Ke^alrj, head).
A monstrosity with a Cyclopean eye and
atrophy of the nose.
Cyclopia. See Synophthalmia. •
Cyclople / gia (/ewe/ioc, irlrjyr), a stroke).
Paralysis of the ciliary muscle of the
eye.
Cy / clops (/cwoloc, uip). A congenital mal-
formation consisting in a fusion of the two
eyes into one. See Rhinocephalus.
Cyclofomy (/cm/loc, to/j.?}, section). An
operation proposed for the relief of glau-
coma, consisting in an incision through
the ciliary body.
Cydo / nium. Quince Seed. The seeds of C.
vulgaris. Employed mainly for the muci-
lage contained in the epithelial covering,
which consists of a compound of gum and
glucose. C. Mucilago, quince seeds 2,
macerated in water ioo parts. A bland
demulcent, known in commerce as Bando-
line, and used as a hair dressing.
Cylindrical Lenses. See Lenses.
Cylindroma (nvALv8poq, a cylinder). A
tumor peculiar to the orbit of the eye and
to the stomach, composed of cylindrical or
club-like hyaline processes.
Cynan / che {kvwv, a dog, ajx^, to strangle).
An old name for cases of diphtheria,
croup, tonsillitis, etc., in which the patient
struggles for breath (as a panting dog). C.
Tonsillaris. See Quinsy.
Cynanthro / pia [kvuv, avdpo-og, man). A
mania in which the patient believes him-
self a dog.
Cypho / sis. See Kyphosis.
Cypripe / dium. Lady's Slipper. The roots
of C. pubescens and C. parvffortwi, Ameri-
can valerian. Properties due to a volatile
oil and acid. An antispasmodic and
stimulant tonic. Used instead of valerian,
which it resembles, in certain parts of the
U. S. C, Fid. Ext. Dose rr\x-xxx.
Cypripedein, unof., an impure alcoholic
extract. Dose gr. ss-iij.
Cyrtom / eter (/cvproc, curved, fierpov a
measure). An instrument adapted for
measuring curves, and especially those of
the chest.
Cyst [kvctlq, a pouch). A cavity contain-
ing fluid and surrounded by a capsule.
C, Cutaneous. See Dermoid C. C,
Dentigerous, containing teeth ; one form
is found in the ovaries. C, Dermoid,
congenital; the cyst- wall is like the skin.
C, Meibomian. See Chalazion. C,
Retention, formed by closure of the ducts
of secreting organs, as in mucous or seba-
ceous cysts. C, Exudation, from increase
of exudation, or from exudation into a
closed cavity. C, Primary, newly formed,
not from distention. C, Secondary, a
cyst within a cyst. C, Sublingual. See
Ranula. C, Synovial, from the disten-
tion of bursa? or synovial sheaths. C,
Tarsal. See Chalazion.
Cystal'gia (nvgrcg, a/,yog, pain). Pain in
the bladder.
Cys / tic. Pertaining to a cyst, especially
of the urinary or gall bladder.
Cysticer'cus Cellulo / sae Cu / tis. See
Alternation of Generation. A hydatid,
or immature form of Tcenia solium, which
CYSTIN
125
DANCE
is sometimes parasitic upon the subcutane-
ous tissues of the skin.
Cyst / in. A substance, C 6 H 12 N 2 S 2 4 , found
in urine in small amount. Test : boil with
a solution of lead oxide in sodium hydrate.
If cystin is present, black lead sulphide is
precipitated.
Cyst'is. See Cyst.
Cysti / tis. Inflammation of the bladder.
Cyst / itome. See Cystotome.
Cyst / ocele [Kvarig, a pouch, ktiIt], tumor).
Vesical hernia.
Cyst'oplasty [kvgtl^, irlaaau, to form).
Plastic operation upon the bladder, espe-
cially for vesico-vaginal fistula.
Cyst / oscope (kvgtlq, GKoiveu, to examine).
An instrument for examining the interior
of the bladder.
Cyst / otome {kvgtiq, refiva, to cut). A
knife used in cystotomy and in rupturing the
capsule of the lens in cataract operations.
Cystotomy. Incision of the bladder.
CythaemoFysis (kvtoq, cell, aifxa, blood,
Ivaig, dissolution). Dissolution of the
corpuscles of the blood.
Cy / tisin. A crystalline alkaloid of Cytisus
laburnum. It has marked hypnotic pro-
perties, with diminution of pulse. It has
been used hypodermically with advantage
in migraine. Dose of the nitrate gr. -fa.
Unof.
Cy / toblast (/a>roc, (31aoTog, germ). The
cell-nucleus.
Cytoblaste / ma (/curoc, fikaoTrjjia, germ).
The germinative liquid in which cells
grow.
Cytodier'esis (nvrog, diaipecig, division).
Cell segmentation or division.
Cytogen / esis. See Cell.
Cy'toid (nvrog, etdog, likeness). Resem-
bling a cell.
CytoFogy (/o>roc, Tioyog, account). The
science of cell-formation and cell-life.
Cy / to-mito / ma. See Cell-body.
Cy'toplasma. See Protoplasm.
Cytozo/on (/cvroc, £oov, animal). Proto-
plasmic cell masses, probably parasitic in
nature, with independent movement; found
by Gaule in defibrinated blood and other
structures.
D
D. Abbreviation of Dioptry and Dexter.
DacryoadenFtis (daupvov, a tear, adrjv, a
gland). Inflammation of the lachrymal
gland.
Dacryoblenorrhce / a. Chronic inflamma-
tion and discharge of mucus from the
lachrymal sac.
Dacryocystitis (daKpvov, kvgtiq, a sac).
Inflammation of the lachrymal sac.
Dac'ryolite. See Dacryolith.
Da / cryolith (datcpvov, 1l6oq, a stone).
Calcareous concretions in the lachrymal
passages or palpebral conjunctiva.
Dacryo / ma (daupvu, to weep). The clos-
ure or obstruction of the puncta lachry-
malia, causing epiphora, or superabundant
secretion of tears.
Dac / ryops (Saupvov, uip, sight). Cyst of
the ducts of the lachrymal gland.
Dac / tylate (SanTvAog, a finger). Resem-
bling a finger. Possessing five rays or ap-
pendages.
D3emonoma / nia (dat/uov, a devil, mama,
madness). A form of madness in which
a person imagines himself possessed of a
devil.
Dalt / onism. A synonym for color-blind-
ness. See Blindness.
Damia / na. The leaves of Turnera aphro-
disiaca, found in Mexico and Lower Cali-
fornia. A stimulant tonic and said to be
a powerful aphrodisiac. The basis of a
great number of quack remedies. D.,
Ext. Dose gr. ij-x. D., Fid. Ext.
Dose tt\,x-3_j. Dose of the leaves ^j
daily. All unof.
Damping Apparatus. The union of
the tympanic membrane of the ear with the
auditory ossicles acting as a damper to pre-
vent excessive sympathetic vibration for its
own fundamental note.
Dance (Fr., danser). Any measured tread
or system of steps accompanied by music.
Also, any motion of the body caused by
DANCING MANIA
126
DECORTICATION
an abnormal nervous stimulus. D., St.
Vitus'. See Chorea.
Dan'cing Mania. See Choromania.
Dan / delion. See Taraxacum.
Dan / druff. See Seborrhea and Pityria-
sis.
D'Arsonvals' Oven. See Oven.
Darto'ic Myo'ma. See Myoma.
Dart / os (daproc, flayed). The contractile
fibrous layer beneath the skin of the scro-
tum.
Darwinism. The theory of descent by
evolution, as modified by the doctrine of
the survival of the fittest. Named after
Charles Darwin, a celebrated naturalist.
Datura. A genus of Solanacese, or night-
shade family. D., Stramonium. See
Stramonium. D., TatuTa, a plant be-
longing to the nightshade family, closely
resembling stramonium in its therapeutic
and physiological properties. Has been
smoked with advantage in asthma. Unof.
Dat'urine. See Stratnonium.
Daughter-Nuclei. See Karyokinesis.
Day-Blindness. See Ilemeralopia.
Deaf (Sax. deaf). Without the sense of
hearing. A condition of impaired hear-
ing. D. -mutism, a condition of deafness
or impaired hearing, accompanied by im-
perfect development (congenital), or loss
of speech.
Deafness. The condition of being deaf.
D., Paradoxical, called also Paracousia
Willissii, deafness for speech in silence,
but with ability, e. g., to hear the same
voice in a noisy car or street. Said to be
caused by compression of the labyrinth. A
form of otopiesis. D., Psychical, the
deafness from destruction of the central
area of the auditory center ( Munk) . Sounds
are heard but not recognized or under-
stood.
Death (Sax. death). The cessation of
life. D., Apparent, a term applied to
a cataleptic state in which respiration and
circulation are so feeble as to be unnotice-
able. D., Black, an exceedingly fatal
epidemic called the " Plague," which oc-
curred in Europe during the 14th century,
during which it is estimated that 20,000,-
000 people died. D. Rate, a term arbi-
trarily expressing the mortality of a place,
based upon the number of deaths for each
1000 of population during a period of one
year. D., Signs of, certain indications
of death, such as cessation of the heart's
action, and respiration, vigor of the body,
healthiness of the tissues, etc. D., So-
matic, death of the organism as a whole,
in distinction from localized D., or necro-
sis, and gangrene.
Debove's Membrane. A deep, germi-
nal layer of flattened cells in the mucous
membrane of the trachea and extra-pulmo-
nary bronchi.
Debridement (Fr.). The enlarging of
a gunshot wound or a hernia with the
knife.
Decagramme. See Metric System.
Decalcification {Be neg., calx, lime).
The loss of the lime constituent of bone
in some cases of osteitis.
Decalcifying Fluid. Solutions for the
purpose of depriving tissue of its earthy
salts. Chromic acid I grm., water 200 c.c,
then add 2 c.c. nitric acid, — is commended.
Decanta'tion. The operation of removing
the supernatant fluid from a sediment. It
may be poured off by means of a guiding
rod, or drawn off by means of a siphon.
Decapitation (de, from, caput, head). Di-
vision of the neck of the child in labor,
when delivery and turning are both im-
possible. Sometimes called decollation.
Decid'ua {deciduus, a falling off because
shed at birth). The membranous envelope
of the ovum derived from the mother and
cast off at birth with the placenta, etc. D.
Reflexa, that part of the decidua growing
about the ovum and enclosing it as a sac.
D. Serotina, that part of the decidua vera
upon which the ovum lies, and where the
placenta is subsequently formed. D . Vera,
the thickened, vascular, spongy mucous
membrane of the uterus.
Decid / uous Teeth. The temporary or
milk teeth.
Decagramme, Decaliter, Decimeter.
See Metric System.
Decoc / tion {decoquo, to boil down). A
decoction, or "tea." In pharmacy, a
preparation obtained by boiling vegetable
substances in water. There are 2 official
decocta.
Decollation. See Decapitation.
Decollator. An instrument for decapita-
tion.
Decoloration. The operation of discharg-
ing the color of an organic substance,
usually by bleaching or by filtration
through animal charcoal.
Decomposition [de, from, compono, to
put together) . The separation of the com-
ponent principles of a body, either by chemi-
cal analysis or by putrefactive fermentation.
Decortication {cortex, the bark). The
operation of removing or stripping the
bark or husk of a plant.
DECREPITATION
127
DELIRIUM
Decrepitation {crepitus, crackling). The
crackling noise made by certain crystalline
bodies when their water of crystallization
is driven off by heat. Caused by the con-
version of the imprisoned water into steam.
Decubitus {dec umbo, to lie down). A
term denoting a recumbent or horizontal
position. Also, the position of a sick
person while in bed. D., Acute, a form
of bed-sore, due to cerebral lesions.
Decus / sate {decusso, to divide crossways).
To intersect. A term applied to nerve and
to muscle fibers which interlace.
Dedenti'tion {de, and dens, a tooth). The
shedding of the teeth, especially the milk
teeth.
Dee / linae / leum. A highly refined
petroleum oil manufactured on the Dee
River. Said to be valuable for local appli-
cation in eczema, etc. Unof.
Defaeca / tion {defceco, to separate from
dregs). The evacuation of the bowels, or
discharge of feces.
Deferens. See Vas.
Defervescence {defervesco, to cease boil-
ing). A tenia applied to periods during
the course of fevers in which the tempera-
ture falls.
Defibrination {de, from, fibrin). The
removal of fibrin from blood or lymph.
Definition {definio, to bound by limits).
In optics, the power of an object-glass to
show clear outlines of area or structure,
free from aberration or distortion.
Deflagration {deflagro, to be consumed).
The oxidation of inorganic substances by
mixing with an easily decomposing oxide,
such as the alkaline chlorates and nitrates.
Usually attended with violent combustion.
Defloration {de, and flora, a flower). On
the part of the female the first sexual
connection effected by consent, not by
rape. The loss of those marks or fea-
tures which indicate virginity, as rupture
of the hymen.
Deformation {deformo, to disfigure or
distort). A process by which the body or
any of its parts acquire an abnormal shape.
Deformity {deformo). That condition of
a body or any part marked by abnormal
shape or structure.
Degeneration {degenero, to differ from
ancestors). Deterioration, degradation or
retrogression of the molecular or cellular
structure of a tissue, organ or cell, so
that it can no longer maintain its function.
Atrophy is a form. D., Amyloid or D.,
Albuminoid, now regarded as an infiltra-
tion from without, and not of a degenera-
tion of the proper cells and fibers. D.,
Calcareous, the deposition of insoluble
compounds of lime and magnesia within
the tissues. Caseation, the proteid con-
stituents undergo dry fatty degeneration,
and are converted into cheese-like masses.
Cloudy Swelling. See Cloudy Swelling.
D., Colloid, akin to mucoid, the dis-
organized material becoming of a struc-
tureless, semi-solid, jelly-like consistence.
D., Fatty, the conversion of the proteids
of a cell or fiber into oil. D., Hyaline,
the disorganized tissue becomes shining
and translucent. D., Mucoid, hyper-
secretion followed by disorganization of
the mucus cells. D., Reaction of. See
Reaction of Degeneration. D., System,
when the degenerative process affects a
system of fibers, in contradistinction to
insular or scattered D.
Deglutition {deglutitio, to swallow). The
act of swallowing.
Degree 7 {de and gradus, a step). Posi-
tion in a graded series ; quality. The units
or intervals of thermometric scales. Also,
a charter or testimonial of qualification
granted by a medical or other college. In
trigonometry the j^ part of the arc of a
circle.
Dehydration {de and vdcjp, water). The
removal of the constitutional water of an
organic substance, or the water of crystal-
lization of a chemical salt. Called, also,
anhydration.
Dei'ter's Cells. Certain cellular struc-
tures between the outer hair cells of the
organ of Corti. Also certain nucleated
cells at the intersection of the fibers of the
white substance of nerves.
Dejec / tion {de and jacio, to throw). The
discharge of fecal or other excrementitious
matter. Also, a state of despondency.
Deleterious {deleterhcs, baneful). Hurt-
ful, injurious.
Del'hi Boil. See Furunculus Orientalis.
Deliquescence (L. deliquesco, to melt
away). The absorption of water from the
atmosphere, characteristic of certain sub-
stances. Such substances are said to be
hygroscopic.
Delir'iant {de, out of, lira, the furrow).
An agent which acts on the brain, so as to
disorder the mental faculties and produce
confusion of will-power.
Delirium {de, lira). A disturbance of
the cerebral functions manifested in
the impaired action of the nerve centers,
characterized by hallucinations, an inco-
herence of speech, a staggering gait, etc.
DELITESCENCE
128
DENUTRITION
D., Alcoholic. See D. Tremens. D.
Ambitiosa, a condition of boastfulness
which is sometimes manifest in the deli-
rium of the insane. D., Febrile, the
delirium of fever. D. Nervosum, the
delirium following severe surgical opera-
tions, or injuries. D., Senile, the delirium
of old age, dotage. D., Toxic, the deli-
rium caused by poisons. D. Tremens,
the delirium arising from alcoholic poi-
soning, manifested in trembling and hal-
lucination; called, also, mania a potu.
Delitescence [delitesco,\.o lie hid). The
sudden disappearance of inflammation by
resolution. Also, the period of incubation
of the virus of contagious diseases, such
as smallpox, etc.
Delivery (Fr. delivrer). Parturition,
childbirth.
Delomorph / ous [prfkoq, conspicuous,
fioptpr], form). With open or conspicuous
form. D. Cells of Rollet, collections
of large, oval or angular, well-defined,
granular reticulated, nucleated cells, be-
tween the membrana propria and the
adelomorphous cells of the fundus glands
of the gastric mucous membrane. Called,
also, Parietal cells of Heidenhain, or
oxyntic cells of Langley. The lining
of the secretory part of the tubes is by
cells called Adelomorphous, Central,
or Principal Cells.
Delphin'idae, OTeum. The oil of the
common porpoise. It is said to have all
the medicinal virtues of cod-liver oil with-
out the disagreeable properties of the
latter.
Delph'inine. See Staphisagria.
Delt / oid [delta, the Greek letter A).
Having the shape of a delta, or a triangu-
lar form, as the D. Muscle. See Muscle.
Delu / sion [de and lusus, play). A term
signifying false judgment of objective
things, as distinguished from illusion and
hallucination. See Hallucination.
Dementia [de, out of, mens, mind). A
mild form of insanity marked by imperfect
conception, illogical sequence of expres-
sion, loss of reflection and impaired per-
ception. Often a final stage of other forms
of insanity.
Demi-. A Latin prefix denoting one-half.
De / modex Follicuk/rum. An animal
parasite of the skin which infests the se-
baceous glands.
Demog / raphy (Srjfioc, the people, ypayog, a treatise).
A treatise on the skin, its nature, structure
and functions.
Dermatol'ysis (depjua, Tivaig, a loosing).
A loosened and pendulous condition of the
skin. A name given to a rare form of
Fibroma, q. v., marked by hypertrophy of
the skin, which is thickened by infiltration
into unsightly pendulous folds, soft and lax.
Dermatomes {dsp/ia). Disorders or dis-
eases of the skin.
Dermatozo / a {dep/ua, r oov, an animal.)
A term applied to animals parasitic upon
the skin.
Derm'oid. See Dermatoid.
Derod / ymus (depr/, neck, didv/uog, double).
A sysomic monstrosity with a single body,
two necks and heads, two upper and lower
extremities, with other rudimentary limbs
occasionally present.
Des / ault's Apparatus. See Bandage.
Des / ault's Splint. See Splint.
Des / cemet's MenVbrane. The internal
or posterior lining membrane of the cornea.
Descemetitis, inflammation of Descemet's
membrane.
Descend / ens (descendo, to go down).
Having a downward movement. D.
Noni, a branch of the hypoglossal nerve.
Descent 7 {descendd). The act of going
down. D. Stage of Labor, one of the
stages in labor, consisting in the descent of
the foetal head into the pelvis. D. of Tes-
ticle. See Testicle. D. of Womb. See
Prolapsus.
Desiccation {desicco, to dry up). The
process of removing moisture from solids
and organic tissues.
Des / iccative [desicco). A medicine hav-
ing the property of drying moist tissues,
especially of drying ulcers and running
sores.
Desmobacte / rium (Aec/iog, a band,
flanTT/piov, a small staff). A group of
microbes, so-called by Cohn, correspond-
ing to the genus Bacillus of Klein.
Desmog / raphy (deajuog, a ligament, ypaou,
to write ) . The description of the ligaments.
Des / moid (deo/u^, a bundle, etdog, like).
Like a small bundle.
Despuma / tion {despumo, to skim froth).
The purification of a liquid by removal of
the scum or froth. Also, the formation of
froth.
Desquamation {dcsquamo, to scale off).
The exfoliation or falling off of the cuticle
in scales.
Detergent (detergeo, to cleanse). A drug,
compound, or solution, used for cleansing
wounds, ulcers, etc.
Determination (determino, to prescribe
bounds). The direction to a part or an
organ, as of blood to the head.
Detrition {detero, to wear off). The act
of wearing or wasting of an organ or part,
especially the teeth.
Detri / tus {detero). The waste matter re-
sulting from ulcerative processes.
Deutero-aFbumose. See Albumose.
Deuterop / athy (devrepog, second, rca-frog, a
disease). A disease that is secondary to
another, arising from sympathetic action or
influence of the first affection.
D ectoplasm {devrepog, TT/.ac/Lta, a form).
The granules of proteid and fatty matter
occurring in the ova of certain echinoder-
mata.
Development (Fr. developper, to unfold).
The sequence of organic changes, by
which the vitalized ovum becomes the
mature animal or plant.
Deviation {devius, out of the way). A
turning aside from the normal. D., Pri-
mary. In strabismus the deviation of
the visual axis of the squinting eye. D.,
Secondary. That of the covered healthy
eye when the squinting eye fixes.
Devitalize (de, from, vita, life). To de-
stroy vitality, as that of living tissue.
Dewees's Carminative. See Asafoetida.
DexiocardTa (degiog, on the right, napdia,
the heart). Transposition of the heart to
the right side of the thorax.
Dex'ter (Lat.). Right; upon the right
side.
D ex 7 trad. Toward the right side.
Dex / tral. Pertaining to the right side;
right-handed.
Dex / trine {dexter, the right hand). A
mucilaginous substance produced by the
action of mineral acid on starch. Inter-
mediate between starch and glucose. Turns
polarized ray to the right. The adhesive
agent of postage stamps and gummed
labels.
Dex'trose. See Sugar and Glucose.
Diabe / tes (dia, through, fiaivu, to pass).
The common name for diabetes mellitus.
D. Insipidus, a disease with many of the
symptoms of diabetes mellitus, but without
glycosuria. D. Mellitus, a disease of
the metabolic functions of the system
without great or clearly defined anatomical
lesions, manifesting itself by glycosuria,
polyuria, thirst, and progressive loss of
flesh and strength. See Glycosuria.
DIABETIC
131
DIETHYLAMINE
Diabe / tic (dia^ijTTig). Pertaining to dia-
betes. D. Gangrene. See Sphaceloderma.
Diach / ylon Plaster, or Ointment. See
Lead.
Diagnosis (dia, yvuoig, knowledge). The
distinguishing, fixation, or interpretation
of a disease from its symptoms. D., Dif-
ferential, the qualitative distinguishing
between two diseases of similar character,
by comparative symptoms.
DiaPysis (dia, through, Xvo, to loose).
The operation of separating crystalline
from colloid substances by means of a po-
rous diaphragm, the former passing through
the diaphragm into the pure water upon
which the dialyser rests.
DiamagnetTc {dia, p,ayvr]Tig, magnetism).
The east-and-west orientation of certain
substances, notably antimony, copper, and
gold, when placed in the magnetic field.
Diamine. See Amine.
Diapede / sis (diairrjdfjaig, a jumping
through). The escape of the elements of
the blood, especially the white corpuscles,
through the vessel wall in inflammation,
arrest of circulation, etc.
DiaphanonPeter. See Lactoscope.
Diaphanos / copy (dia color). The phe-
nomenon of difference of color in bodies
when viewed by reflected or by trans-
mitted light.
Dicrotic (diKporog, double beat). Double
beating. D. Pulse, a term applied to a
pulse which imparts the sensation of a
double beat at each pulsation.
Dielectric (dia, rjlenrpov, amber). A non-
conducting substance that transmits elec-
tricity by induction.
DPet (diaira, a system or mode of living).
An arranged selection of food required to
meet the needs of the body.
Dietary (dtaira). A system of food regu-
lation so as to meet the requirements of the
animal economy.
Dietetic. Pertaining to diet.
Dietet/ics. A systematic regulation of
the diet for hygienic or therapeutic pur-
poses.
DiethyPamine. A ptomaine, obtained
from pike-fish allowed to putrefy for six
days in summer. It is an inflammable
DIFFERENCE THEORY
132
DILUENT
liquid of strong basic properties, soluble in
water, boils at 57. 5 . Non-poisonous.
Difference Theory. A theory to explain
the galvanic phenomena of living tissues.
The theory is an expression of the facts :
Protoplasm when injured or excited in its
continuity becomes negative to the unin-
jured part ; when heated becomes positive ;
and the surface-polarization diminishes with
excitement and in the process of dying.
Called also Alteration Theory (Hermann).
Differencial. Pertaining to, or creating,
a difference. D. Diagnosis. See Diag-
nosis. D. Rheotome. See Rheotome.
D. Tone, a tone produced by two pri-
mary tones when sounding simultaneously,
the number of whose vibrations corres-
ponds to the difference between the two
primary tones. D. Staining, a method
of staining tubercle bacilli, syphilitic ba-
cilli, etc., founded upon the fact that if
deeply colored, and especially with a mor-
dant, they retain the color in presence of
certain reagents that decolorize the sur-
rounding tissues. Koch, Ehrlich and
Weigert, Ziehl and Neelson, Fiitterer,
Gibbes, etc., have devised different methods
of D. S.
Differentiation. Specialization of tis-
sues, organs or functions. The gradual
change of homogeneous material into
special tissues or organs.
Diffraction (de, apart, fractus, broken).
The deflection suffered by a ray of light
when it passes through a narrow slit or
aperture. D. Grating, a strip of glass
closely ruled w T ith fine lines; it is often
used in the spectroscope in the place of
the battery of prisms.
Diffuse 7 [de, /undo, to pour over). Scat-
tered or spread about. In medicine, applied
to diseases that involve a large part of the
body. D. Aneurism, one caused by a
rupture of the walls of a blood vessel. D.
Inflammation. See Inflammation.
Diffusion (diffundo, to spread). A spread-
ing or dissemination. D. Circle, the
imperfect image formed by incomplete
focalization, the position of true focus not
having been reached or passed.
Digas'tric (dig, double, yaarrjp, the
stomach or belly) . Having two bellies. D .
Muscle. See Muscle.
Dige'rent (digero, to digest). A digest-
ant ; also a medicine which excites the
healthy secretion of pus in wounds.
Digest'ant. A ferment or organic acid
that effects solution of the food in the
mouth, stomach and intestines.
Digestion (digero). The action of the
organs of the digestive tract and of their
secretions upon the food. D., Artificial,
the production of peptones outside of the
body.
Digit (digitus, a finger). A finger or toe.
Digital. Pertaining to the fingers or toes.
D. Arteries, the arteries of the hands and
feet supplying the digits. D. Compres-
sion, the stoppage of a flow of blcod by
pressure with the finger. D. Dilatation,
the enlarging of a cavity by means of the
finger. D. Examination, examination or
exploration with the finger. D. Nerves,
the nerves of the hands and feet. D.
Phalanges, the bones of the fingers or of
the toes.
DigitaTis (digitus). Foxglove. The
leaves of D. purpurea. Contains an amor-
phous complex substance, digitalin, that
does not, however, represent the full prop-
erties of the leaves. A cardiac stimulant
and excito-motor. In larger doses causes
severe gastric disturbance. Employed
mainly in affections of the heart where the
latter is rapid and feeble. Dose of the
leaves gr. ss-iij. D. Abstractum,
strength 200 per cent. Dose gr. X - /^-
D. Ext. ; leaves yield 25 per cent, of ex-
tract. Dose gr. yi-yi- D. Ext. Fid.,
strength 100 per cent. Dose Tr\j-ifj. D.
Infusum, 1% per cent, in strength. Dose
^ss-j. D. Tinct., 15 per cent. Dose
TT\v-xv. Digitalin. Unof. Varies greatly
in strength. Dose eV - " 3V
Digitus (Lat.). A finger or toe.
Dilatation (dilato, to spread out). An
increase of size of the walls of a cavity or
vessel. D. of Blood-vessel. See Tele-
angiectasis.
Dila / tor (dilato). An instrument for stretch-
ing or enlarging a cavity or opening.
Barnes' D., an instrument for dilatation
of the os and cervix uteri, consisting of
a rubber bag that, being inserted, is dis-
tended by water. D., Intra-uterine,
for dilating the uterine cavity by means of
air or water. D., Laryngeal, an instru-
ment with two or three blades that may be
spread for freeing or dilating the larynx.
Dilem / ma (6ta, /.afifSavu, to take). In
experiments to determine the reaction-time
of psychical processes, if the person is told
which side is to be stimulated, or what
colored disc is to be presented, etc., the
time is shorter. Lack of such foreknowl-
edge is called the dilemma.
Dilu / ent (diluo, to wash away). An agent
that dilutes the secretions of an organ,
DILUTION
133
DIPSOMANIA
or one which increases the fluidity of secre-
tions.
Dilution. The process of mixing with a
neutral fluid or substance in order to attenu-
ate.
Dime / diate. Half round.
Dimethyl'amine. A ptomaine found in
putrefying gelatine, old decomposing yeast,
certain forms of fish-decomposition, etc.
Not poisonous.
Dimorpb/ous (dig, double, fiopcpr/, a form).
Existing in two forms. In chemistry,
having the quality of two forms of crystal-
lization. In biology, having two forms
independent of those of sex.
Dinner Pills. A name applied to various
mild cathartic pills taken after meals.
Dice / cious (dtg, two, oaaa, a house). Hav-
ing distinct sexes.
Diop / ter, or Dioptric. See Dioptry.
Diop / trics {6ca, through, otttcj, to see). A
branch of optics treating of the refraction
of light by transparent media, especially
by the media of the eye.
Diop'try (Sea, otttcj). The new and most
commonly accepted unit of measurement
for optical lenses. A positive (or plus)
spherical (biconvex) lens of one dioptry
has a focal distance of one meter ; one of
two dioptries, a focal distance of one-half
a meter, etc.
Dioscor'ea. Wild Yam, Colic Root.
The rhizome of D. villosa, a creeping
plant, indigenous to the eastern U. S. Con-
tains an extractive, Dioscorine. Claimed
to be expectorant, diaphoretic and stimu-
lant to the intestinal canal ; in large doses
causing neuralgic pains and erotic excite-
ment. Used successfully in bilious colic.
D., Fid. Ext., standard strength rt\xv-
xxx. All unof.
Diphtheria (didSepa, a skin or membrane).
An epidemic, infectious disease, generally
regarded as of specific contagious origin,
attacking the mucous membrane of the air
passages, and producing profound depres-
sion of the vital forces. It is characterized
specifically by the formation of layers of
whitish or yellowish membrane, apparently
the zooglceic or mycodermic form of a
microbic organism. D., Gangrenous, a
gangrene of the skin and mucous mem-
brane sometimes accompanying the disease.
D., Laryngeal, a form involving the
larynx, threatening death by suffocation.
D., Malignant, a very fatal form, begin-
ning with rigor, vomiting, and attended with
typhoid symptoms. D., Nasal, a form in
which the diphtheritic membrane spreads to
the nasal passages, and is accompanied by
a fetid, brown discharge. D., Secondary,
a term designating the occurrence of the
disease with other acute affections, such as
typhoid fever, scarlatina, etc.
Diphtherh/ic (dupdepa). Pertaining to
diphtheria. D. Conjunctivitis, a form
of conjunctivitis attended with an infiltra-
tion of coagulable matter or inflammatory
products. D. Membrane, the zooglcea,
mycoderma, or pellicle forming on the
parts involved. D. Paralysis, a paralysis
frequently affecting the muscles of the soft
palate and larynx, after the healing of the
lesions of these parts.
Diphthon / gia (dis, twice, cpOoyyog, a
voice). The production of a double tone
of the voice by the incomplete unilateral
paralysis of the recurrent nerve, or by
some lesion of the vocal cords that causes
each portion of the glottis to produce its
own sound.
Diplacu / sis (Sctt loog, double, aKvaig, hear-
ing). The hearing of a tone as higher by
one ear than by the other. Called D.
Binauralis.
Diplococ'cus {diTrloog, kokkoq, kernel).
Micrococci whose cocci are united in a
double manner. See Micrococcus.
DipToe (SlkIotj, a fold). The cellular
osseous tissue between the tables of the
skull.
Diplomyel'ia (SarXoog, double, t uvs2,oc, the
marrow). An apparent doubleness of the
spinal cord, produced by a longitudinal
fissure.
Diplo'pia (&tt/Iooc, aiffig, sight). Double
vision, one object being seen by the eye
or eyes as two. D., Binocular, the most
frequent, is due to a derangement of the
visual axes, the images of the object being
thereby thrown upon non-identical points
of the retinae. D., Crossed, the result
of divergent strabismus, the image of the
right eye appearing upon the left side, and
that of the left upon the right. D., Direct,
or D., Homonymous, the reverse of
Crossed D., due either to paralysis of the
external rectus or over-action of the inter-
nal. D., Physiological, that produced
when an imperfect image is seen beyond
or within the distance of the object accom-
modated for and transfixed by the visual
axes. D., Monocular, or D., Uniocu-
lar, diplopia with a single eye, usually
due to polycoria or other imperfections of
the media.
Dipsoma / nia (Siipa, thirst, pavia, mad-
ness). The uncontrollable desire for spir-
DIPTEROCARPUS
134
DISPENSARY
ituous liquors. Generally considered a
disease.
Dipterocarp / us. See Giirjun Balsam.
Direct 7 {directus, straight). In a right or
straight line. D. Current. See Current.
D. Vision, the perception of an object
whose image falls upon the maculae.
Director {dirigo, to guide). D., Grooved,
an instrument grooved to guide the knife
in surgical operations.
Dis- (dig, twice). A prefix used to denote
two or double. Also, a prefix to denote
apart from.
Disarticulation [dis, apart, articulum, a
joint). To disjoint, or separate the bones
of a joint. A method of amputation.
Disc {discus, a quoit or round plate). A
circular, plate-like organ or body, espe-
cially the papilla of the eye, the entrance
of the optic nerve into the eyeball. Its
area corresponds with that of the blind
spot. D., Choked. See Papillitis. D.,
Cupping of. See Excavation of the Optic
Nerve.
Discission. See Cataract.
Discrete 7 {discretus, separated). A term
applied to exanthematous eruptions in
which the pustules or papules remain dis-
tinct. The opposite of confluent.
Dis 7 cus Prolig / erus {dec/cog, a quoit,
proles, offspring, gero, to bear). The ele-
vated cells of the membrana granulosa of
the ovum, whereby the ovum is attached
to the same.
Discu 7 tient (discuto, to shake apart). A
medicine supposed to have the power of
resolving tumors.
Disdi 7 aclasts (dec, 6ta, through, uTiaccg, a
breaking down). Small doubly-refractive
elements in the contractile discs, changing
their position during muscular contraction
and relaxation.
Disease 7 [dis negative, ease, a state of
rest). A condition of the body marked
by inharmonious action of one or more of
the various organs, owing to abnormal
condition or structural change. D., Acute,
a disease marked by rapid onset and
course. D., Addison's. See Addison's.
D., Bright's. See Bright' s. D., Chron-
ic, one that is slow in its course. D.,
Constitutional, one in which a system
of organs or the whole body is involved.
D., Duchenne's, a pseudohypertrophic
paralysis, q. v. D., Focal, a centrally
localized disease of the nervous system as
distinguished from peripherally localized
affections. D., Functional, abnormality
of function without discoverable organic
lesion. D., Graves. See Goitre. D.,
Hodgkin's. See Lymphadenoma. D.,
Idiopathic, one that exists by itself
without any connection with another dis-
order. D., Intercurrent, a disease oc-
curring during the progress of another.
D., Septic, one arising from the putrefac-
tive fermentation of some foreign sub-
stance within the body. D., Specific,
one caused by the introduction of a spe-
cific virus or poison within the body. D.,
Symptomatic, a disease caused by or
connected with another ailment of the
body. The opposite of idiopathic disease.
D., Zymotic, a term used to include the
whole class of germ diseases, or those
arising from the introduction and multipli-
cation of some living germ within the
body.
Disinfectant {dis neg., inficio, to cor-
rupt). An agent that destroys disease
germs and the noxious properties of fer-
mentation and putrefaction.
Disintegrate {dis, apart, integer, the
whole). The act of breaking up or de-
composing.
Dislocation {dis, divided, loco, to place).
The luxation or abnormal displacement of
one or more bones of a joint, or of any
organ from its natural position. D., Com-
plete, the bones entirely separated. D.,
Compound, the coverings of the joint
ruptured. D., Consecutive, the displaced
bone is not in the position as when originally
misplaced. Diastasis, dislocation of an
amphiarthrotic joint. D. of Eyeball, dis-
placement of the eyeball outside of the
lids. D. of Lens, the crystalline lens
thrown out of the capsule, or misplaced so
that it does not occupy its proper position
behind the pupil. D., Old, inflammatory
changes having ensued. D., Partial, or
Incomplete, the articulating surfaces re-
maining in partial contact; called, also,
Subluxation. D., Primitive, the bones
remaining as originally displaced. D.,
Recent, no inflammatory changes having
ensued. D., Simple, without laceration
of the surrounding parts.
Dis 7 parate [dispar, unequal). Not alike;
unequal or unmated. D. Points, non-
identical points of the two retinae. Diplopia
is produced when the images of a single
object fall upon such points.
Dispareu 7 nia (Svc-apevvog, ill-mated).
Painful or difficult performance of copula-
tion from physical incompatibility.
Dispens 7 ary {dispenso, to distribute). A
charitable institution where medical treat-
DISPENSATORY
135
DONNE'S TEST
ment is given the poor and medicines dis-
pensed on prescription.
Dispensatory (dispensatorutm, an apothe-
cary's diary). A treatise on the composi-
tion and preparation of medicines.
Dispensing. The measuring, weighing
and issuing the drugs ordered in a prescrip-
tion.
Dispersion [dispersus, scattered). The
scattering of an inflammation or other mor-
bid condition. In physics, the separation
of a ray of white light into colored rays ;
also, any scattering of light, as that which
has passed through ground glass.
Dis / pirem. See Karyokinesis.
Dis'pora Caucas / ica. See Bacillus Cau-
casian.
Dissection (disseco, to cut up). To dis-
sect and dissociate the organs of a body.
D., Aneurysm. See Aneurys/n. D.
Wound, injury during dissection, with
consequent introduction of septic material.
It may become constitutional and result in
septicaemia, or may take the form of warts,
Verruca necrogenica. The sore resulting
directly from the prick or abrasion is called
Post-mortem pustule.
Dissemination (dis, apart, semino, to
sow). The scattering or dispersion of dis-
ease or disease germs.
Dissipation [dissipatus, scattered). A
dispersion of matter or of the morbid con-
ditions which cause disease.
Dissociation (dis, apart, socius, fellow-
ship). In physiology, the separation of
the component elements of a compound.
In chemistry, the decomposition of a com-
pound by means of high temperature.
Dissolution (dissolutus, loosened). A
solution of the continuity of a part. De-
composition arising from the death of the
body or its parts.
Dissolvent. A solvent.
Dissonance (dissono, to disagree in
sound). When the number of beats of
two tones are different by a less number
than 66 ; the maximum D. being when
the difference is 33.
Dist'al (disto, to be at a distance). The
greatest distance from the trunk, heart, or
mesial line.
Distichi / asis (Sig, twice, otlxoq, a row).
A double row of eyelashes, the inner rub-
bing against and inflaming the globe.
Distillation (destillo, to drop little by
little). The double process of vaporiza-
tion and condensation of the vapor. Used
mainly in purifying liquids, by separating
them from non- volatile substances. D.,
Destructive, the decomposition of organic
substances by heat, and the condensation
of their volatile constituents. D., Frac-
tional, the successive separation, by distil-
lation, of substances which vaporize at
different temperatures.
Dis / toma [6 eg, twice, aro/ua, a mouth). An
intestinal worm belonging to the family
Disto7nce, parasitic in its first stage, usually
upon a mollusk, and known in this form
as Cercarice. In its second stage it becomes
again encysted, and develops into the form
known as Distoma. It completes its de-
velopment as a parasite within the body of
a third host, frequently that of sheep or
cattle. Making its way to the liver, it be-
comes the dreaded liver-fluke, the cause
of the disease known as rot.
Di'ta Bark. The bark of Alstonia scho-
lar-is, native to the Philippine Islands. Em-
ployed as a tonic and antiperiodic in inter-
mittents. Dose 3 j-iv. Unof.
Dita'na Digitifo / lia. A Mexican plant
said to possess galactagogue properties.
Diure / sis (61a, through, ovpeu, to make
water). Abnormal increase in the secretion
of urine.
Diuret/ic (Ata, ovpeu). A medicine that
increases the secretion and flow of urine.
Divers' Paral'ysis. See Caisson Disease.
Diverticulum (dim. of divertus, turning
aside). A small cul-de-sac or pouch.
Variation from a normal structure ; mal-
formation. D., Meckel's, a sacculation
of the ileum, owing to the non-obliteration
of the vitelline duct.
Doch'mius Duodena / lis. See Anchylo-
stomiasis.
Doc'tor (doctor* a teacher). A teacher.
A title conferred by a university or college.
A licensed medical practitioner.
Dog Button. See Nux Vomica.
Dog / ma (doneo, to think). A tenet or
principle taught by authority. A statement
of medical science.
Dog 7 wood. See Cornus.
Dolichocephalic. See Index.
Dolichohier'ic. See Platyhieric.
DolichopePlic. See Platypellic.
DoTor (doleo, to feel pain). Bodily pain
or suffering.
Dolo / res Presagien / tes. Precursory pains
felt by women in advance of labor.
Don / ne's Test. For pus in the urine.
Allow pus to settle and decant ; stir a
piece of potassium hydrate into the deposit.
Pus will grow thick, tough and gelatinous,
while mucus will form flakes and become
thin.
DONOVAN'S SOLUTION
136
DRUG
Don'ovan's Solution. See Arsenic.
Dor / sal {dorsum, the back). Pertaining
to the back, or to the posterior part of
an organ. D. Artery. See Artery. D.
Nerves. See A r erve.
Dor'so- {dorsum). A prefix used in con-
nection with the names of such organs as
have their attachment to or about the back.
Dor'sum. The back. The rounded part
of the back.
Dose {Soaig, a portion). The measured
portion of medicine to be taken at one
time. D., Divided, a mode of adminis-
tration in which the dose is to be taken in
fractional portions at intervals of a few
minutes. D., Maximum, the largest
portion of medicine ordered to produce a
given result, or the largest consistent with
safety. In this work both minimum and
maximum dosage is given under each
medicine or preparation.
Dosimetry {docig, [xerpov, a measure).
The accurate and systematic measurement
of a dose or prescribed portion.
Do / sis. See Dose.
DoubTe {duo, two, plica, a fold). Two-
fold. In pairs. D. Staining. In micro-
scopy, an ingestion of two colors into a
structure in order to show its details.
Bacteriologically the application of such
staining reagents as will stain the spores
one color and the rods another. D. Touch,
the exploration of the vaginal and rectal
walls by inserting the thumb into the one
cavity, and the index finger into the other,
so that, e. g., the presence of any abnormal
growth may be ascertained. D. Vision.
See Diplopia.
Douche (Fr. douche). A stream of water
directed against a part, or one used to flush
a cavity of the body.
Doug'las, Cul-de-sac or Pouch of.
See Rouch.
Do / ver's Powder. See Opium.
Doyere, Eminence of. See Sarcoglia.
Drachm {6paxp-rj, a Greek weight). The
eighth part of the apothecaries ounce, equal
to 60 grains or 3.8 grammes. Also the
one-sixteenth part of the avoirdupois ounce,
equal to 27.34 grains. D., Fluid, the
eighth part of a fluid ounce, equal to 60
minims.
Dracun'culus. See Guinea Worm.
Drag'on Root. Indian Turnip. The root
of Arum tryphyllum. Acrid, expectorant
and diaphoretic. Dose of fid. ext. Tt^xv-
3j. Unof.
Drain'age (Sax. drehnigean, to strain).
The insertion of a tube or strands of other
material in a wound or abscess to withdraw
the fluids therefrom. D. Anchor, a rub-
ber filament inserted in an abscess or cav-
ity. D. Tube, a rubber tube with per-
forations. D. Tube, Decalcified, a de-
calcified bone (chicken, etc.), used as a
drainage tube.
Dras / tic {dpao, to draw). Powerful and
irritating purgatives, such as scammony and
gamboge.
Drench (Sax. drencan). In veterinary
practice, a draught of medicine.
Drepanid / ium Rana'rum. A (probably)
parasitic cytozoon of frogs' blood.
Dressing. The application of a bandage,
lint or other substance to a wound or
ulcer.
DronVograph {dpo/uog, a course, ypa cartilage).
A tumor growing from cartilage.
Ecchondro / sis. See Ecchondroma.
Ecchymo / ma (eKxvfiojua). A tumor made
up of extravasated blood.
Ecchymo / sis (enxv/noofiai, to extravasate
blood). Sanguineous extravasation of
blood into the areolar tissue of the lids, or
skin, the result of traumatism. See, also,
Purpura.
Eccoprot'ic (e/c, out of, Korrpoc, dung). A
medicine that empties the bowels without
causing liquid discharge.
Ecdem / ic (e/c^/zoc, away from home).
Used of diseases originating in a distant
locality or people.
Ec / dysis (endoo, to cast off). In zoology,
the sloughing or casting off the skin.
Echinococ / cus (e%ivvg, a hedgehog, kok-
koc, a berry). An hydatid, or bladder-
worm, one of the larval stages of growth
of the small tapeworm, Tcenia echinococ-
cus y of the dog and wolf, infesting the hu-
man digestive tube. See Alternations of
Generation.
Echinorhyn / cus (exivog, pvyx°C> a beak).
A worm parasitic within certain animals,
and occasionally found in man.
EcholaFia {vx^y echo, lakia, talking).
An aphasic symptom consisting in a repe-
tition of words spoken to the patient by
others.
Echophot / omy {jjx^, (jxorog, light). The
production of the sensation of color by the
stimulus of serial waves, or sound.
Echo-speech. A peculiar method of ut-
terance in one type of hypnotism.
Eclamp / sia {enlafiTTu, to shine or burst
forth, from the suddenness of the attack).
Puerperal convulsions. Convulsive or epi-
leptiform seizures suddenly coming on in a
woman prior to or during labor, or in the
puerperal state. The convulsions are first
tonic and then clonic, finally affect the in-
voluntary muscles as well as the voluntary ;
consciousness is lost, and the attack is fol-
lowed by coma or sleep. The etiology is
obscure, the attack generally repeated, the
prognosis grave. The term E. is also used
as a general designation of convulsions,
and besides the puerperal form above de-
scribed there are the infantile and uraemic
types. See Convulsions.
Eclectic (e/cAe/cr^/coc). Pertaining to a
choosing or selection. Used by a certain
school of physicians, of themselves, to de-
note a principle or plan of selecting or
choosing that which is good from all other
schools.
Eclecticism. The doctrine and practice
of the Eclectics.
Economy (oiiua, house, vop.og, a law). A
general name for the human being con-
sidered as a whole.
EcouviFlon. See Ecouvillonage.
EcouviFlonage (Fr.). The operation of
cleansing and carrying medicinal agents
to the inside of the uterus by means of a
brush.
Ecraseur' (Fr.). An instrument used in
amputation of parts, consisting of a chain
or wire loop, tightened by a screw, whereby
the tissue is slowly crushed apart rather
than cut, thus rendering the operation
easier and bloodless.
Ec'stasy (sKaraaig, a trance). A trance-
ECTASIS
140
ELASTIC
like, exalted condition of mind, with in-
sensibility, immobility, etc. A species of
hypnotism.
Ec / tasis (e/craeuc, extension). Abnormal
distention or dilatation of a part.
Ecthy / ma (e/ctfyua, a pustule). An affec-
tion of the skin, considered by Crocker and
Tilbury to be a form of Impetigo contagiosa,
developed on the trunk and limbs.
Ecto- (e/croc, without). A prefix signifying
•without^ tipon the outer side.
Ec / toblast (ektos, fllacTog, germ). The
outside membrane or envelope of a cell.
Ectocard / ia (e/croc, napdia, the heart).
Abnormality of position of the heart.
Ec'toderm. See Blastoder?n.
Ectop'agus (e/croc, Trayeig, united). A
monomphalic monstrosity united laterally
the full extent of the thorax.
Ecto / pia (e/croTroc, displaced). An abnor-
mality of position. E. Cordis. See
Ectocardia. E. Lentis, dislocation or
congenital malposition of the crystalline
lens. E. Oculi, abnormal position of the
eyeball in the orbit. E. Vesicae, protru-
sion of the bladder through the wall of the
abdomen.
Ectopic. Pertaining to ectopia. E. Ges-
tation. See Gestation.
Ectozo / a (e/croc, r uov, an animal). Para-
sites of the external parts of the body, in
contradistinction from entozoa.
EctronVelus (enrpaoig, abortion, /ze/loc,
limb). A monstrosity with an arrested
development of all the limbs, which are
mere stumps.
Ectro / pium (e/crpe7rcj, to turn from). Ever-
sion of the eyelid and exposure of the
conjunctival surface.
Ec / zema (e/c£ew, to boil over). An in-
flammation of the skin or mucous surfaces,
accompanied by papules, vesicles, pustules,
scabs, etc., and usually attended with the
discharge of serum. E., Diabetic, from
the irritation of diabetic urine. E. Erythe-
matosum, marked by ill-defined patches,
usually on the face. E. Hypertrophi-
cum. See Mycosis. E. Palmare, a
form usually confined to the hands and
feet. E. Papillosum, or Lichen Sim-
plex, distinguished by papular eruptions.
E. Pustulosum, marked by pustular
eruption. E. Rubrum, an intense va-
riety, usually developed from the vesicular
or pustular form.
Edenta / tion (e, without, dens, a tooth).
A deprivation of teeth.
Ed / ible [edibilis, eatable). Food, the con-
dition of which is good and wholesome.
Efferent (effero, to bring out). Applied
to nerves or vessels carrying from the cen-
ter. See Centrifugal.
Effieurage. See Massage.
Efflorescence {effloresco, to bloom). The
flowering of plants. The formation of
minute crystals on the surface of certain
crystalline bodies, due to their loss of a
part or the whole of their water of crys-
tallization.
Efflu / vium {effluo, to flow out). The
subtle emanations, especially those offen-
sively odoriferous, of a substance or per-
son.
Effu / sion {efftindo, to pour out). A pour-
ing out. The abnormal secretion or trans
fer of a liquid from its natural organ or
place of secretion. Used of gases also.
Eges / ta (pi. of egestum, faecal matter).
The discharges of the bowels.
Egg. See Ovule. E. Albumin, a native
albumin, or proteid constituent of the
human body, of which the unboiled white
of egg is the type. It is distinguished
from serum-albumin by its precipitation
when shaken with ether, and by its un-
changed reappearance in the urine when
injected under the skin or into the intes-
tine. E. Nog, a nutritious and stimulant
drink, consisting of an egg beaten up with
four or five ounces of milk, to which from
half an ounce to an ounce of whisky is
added. It may be sweetened and flavored
to the taste.
Egypt'ian Chloro / sis. See Anchylosto-
miasis. E. Ophthalmia. See Ophthal-
mia, Purulent.
Eich / horst's Corpuscles. A special
form of microcyte in the blood of those
suffering from pernicious anaemia.
Ejaculation (ejacztlor). The ejection of
the semen in coition. E. Center. See
Center.
Ejection {ejicio, to throw out). The
process of casting out ; applied especially
to the excretions of the body.
Elaboration {elaboro, to take pains with).
Careful and exact working. In physiology
the process of making crude food into
higher tissue products.
Ela / i'n. See Eleoptene.
Elastic (eXavvo, to urge forward). Re-
turning to the original form when sprung
from the same by external traction or force.
E. Bandage, an India-rubber bandage
exerting continuous compression of a part.
E. Stocking, a stocking of the same ma-
terial and acting the same way. E. Tis-
sue, a variety of connective tissue, of
ELASTIN
141
ELECTROTONUS
which some ligaments are composed, hav-
ing elastic properties.
Elast/in. An albuminoid substance, the
fundamental element in elastic tissue. It
yields 36 to 45 per cent, of leucin and y^
per cent, of tyrosin.
Elat / erin, or Elate / rinum. ' A neutral
principle obtained from Elaterium ecbal-
liuni, or squirting cucumber. A powerful
hydragogue cathartic. In toxic doses,
causes emesis, spasmodic respiration and
death. Dose gr. ^VtV E - Trituratio,
elaterin 10, sugar of milk 90 parts, thor-
oughly mixed. Dose gr. ss-j.
El'bow. The elbow-joint. That part of
the arm adjacent to the elbow -joint.
El'der. See Sambucus.
Election, Operations of. Considera-
tions of circumstances, such as age, condi-
tion in life, business, sex, etc., determining
whether to proceed with a certain surgical
operation or not. Called, also, Operations
of Complaisance.
Electrical [rfkzKxpov, amber). Having the
nature of or produced by electricity. E.
Chore / a. See Dubinins Disease. E.
Shower Bath, a device for general elec-
trization : One of the poles is immersed in
a tub containing an alkaline solution. The
patient beneath this reservoir stands on a
metallic stool connected with the other
pole. The falling water completes the cir-
cuit, dispersing the current over the whole
body. E. Sunstroke. See Stmstroke.
Electricity [rjTienTpov). One of the forces
of nature developed or generated by chem-
ism, magnetism, or friction, and probably
a mode of ethereal vibration, closely analo-
gous to and convertible into heat and light.
E., Faradic, that produced by induction.
E., Franklinic, frictional or static electri-
city. E., Frictional, that produced by
friction. E., Galvanic, that which is
generated by chemical action in a galvanic
cell. E., Inductive, that produced in a
body by proximity, without contact, to an
electrified body. E., Magnetic, that de-
veloped by bringing a conductor near the
poles of a magnet. See Current. E.,
Medical, that used for therapeutic pur-
poses. E., Static, frictional electricity.
E., Voltaic, same as galvanic or chemical
electricity.
Elec / tro- [rfkzKTpov). A Greek word used
as a prefix to denote connection with or
relation to electricity. E. -biology, the
science of the electrical relations and laws
of organic beings. E.-bioscopy. See
Bioscopy. E. -chemistry, the science
of the inter-relations and laws of elec-
tricity and chemistry. E. -magnetism,
magnetism induced within iron, steel or
nickel, by introducing it within a coil
through which a current is passing. E.-
pathology, the diagnosis of a disease by
the aid of electric irritation. E. -physi-
ology, the study of electric reactions,
properties, and relations of organs and
organic tissues. E. -therapeutics, the
science and art of the application of elec-
tricity for therapeutical purposes. See
Contractions.
Elec / trode {electricity, odog, a way). The
application of points or surfaces connecting
the body with the poles of a battery. E.,
Brush, one end fitted with a camel-hair
pencil. E., Non-polarizable, zinc wires
treated and so arranged as to prevent elec-
trolysis. See Anode and Cathode.
Electrogen'esis. The results, after with-
drawal, of the application of a current of
electricity to the spinal cord, a nerve or
part.
Electrolysis [electricity, Ivo, to release).
The dissolution of a chemical compound
by an electric current. Used in the treat-
ment of hydrocele, and other surgical dis-
eases.
Electro -mas sage. The transmission of
a current of electricity through the knead-
ing instrument.
Electrometer [rjlsurpov, electro-, flerpov,
a measure). An instrument for the meas-
urement of the difference of electrical
potential.
Electro-motive. Pertaining to the me-
chanical or motor effects of electricity. E.
Force, the potential, or tension of a cur-
rent. It is estimated in volts. See Volt.
Electromus'cular. Pertaining to the
action of electricity upon muscles. E.
Contractility, the contractile response of
a muscle to an electric current. E. Sensi-
bility, the impression upon a sensory nerve
by electric irritation.
Electropunctura / tion. The use of
needles as electrodes, which are thrust
into the cavity of an aneurysm, with the
object of coagulating the contained blood.
Electrostatics [electricity, arariKoc, sta-
tionary). The science of static electricity,
or that developed by friction and induc-
tion.
Electrot / onus [rovoq, tension). The
change of condition in a nerve during the
application of a current of electricity. See
Anelectrotonus, Catelectrotonus, and Elec-
trogenesis.
ELECTUARY
142
EMBRYONIC
Elect / uary. A confection. See Confectio.
Ele'idin. The granules of the superficial
cells of the stratum granulosum of the epi-
dermis.
EFement (elemcntum, a first principle).
In chemistry, a body that cannot be decom-
posed into simpler substances. The ele-
ments now number about 75. Used in
biology of the ultimate microscopic struc-
tures of a tissue. In electricity, one of the
generating plates in a galvanic cell.
EPephant's Foot. The herb Ele-
phantopus tomentosa. Diuretic, expecto-
rant and emetic. Dose of the fid. ext. TTLv-
xxx. Unof.
EFephant Leg. See Elephantiasis.
Elephantiasis (e/.epag, an elephant). Ele-
phantiasis Arabum, Elephant Leg, Buc-
nema Tropica, Morbus Elephas, Pachy-
dermia, Barbadoes Leg. A chronic, spo-
radic, cedematous disease of the skin and
subcutaneous tissue, characterized by enor-
mous hypertrophy. Thought to be due to
a parasitic worm known as Jilaria, which,
entering the blood and lymphatics, obstructs
the latter, resulting in a chronic enlarge-
ment. Most common in leg and genitals.
Elephantiasis Graeco'rum. See Lepra.
Eleopt / ene. The permanent liquid prin-
ciple of volatile oils. See Stearoptene.
EFevator (elevo, to lift). The same as
Levator. See Muscle. Instruments used
in surgery and dentistry.
Elimination (g). A clot of blood
brought by the blood current from a distant
artery, and forming an obstruction at its
place of lodgment.
Embrocation (eu3pexu, to soak in). A
fluid external application to some injured
or diseased part.
Embryon, or
Em / bryo (eu.3pvov). The ovum and the
product of conception up to the fourth
month of pregnancy.
Embryocard / ia (embryo, icapdia, the
heart). An affection of the heart, char-
acterized by a heart-beat like that of a
foetus. It is usually associated with tachy-
cardia, and a condition of collapse and
cyanosis.
EmbryoFogy (eu3pvov, ?-0}og, discourse).
The science of the evolution of the em-
bryo, or the study of foetal development.
Embryonic. Pertaining to the embryo.
E. Area. See Area. E. Connective
Tissue, the primitive condition of connec-
tive tissue when first formed, consisting of
small, round cells. E. Spot. See Area.
EMBRYOTOME
143
ENCEPHALOID
Em / bryotome. An instrument used in
embryotomy.
Embryotomy (eju(3pvov, to/uij, section).
An operation for reduction of the size of
the fcetus to render possible its transmis-
sion through the birth-canal. See Cepha-
lotripsy, Cranioclasm, Basiotribe, Busy list,
Decollation, Decapitation, Exenteration,
Evisceration, Lamination, Pej-foration,
Spondylotomy, Transformation.
Eme / sis (e/ueu, to vomit). Vomiting.
Emet'ic (e/uermog, causing vomiting). An
agent causing emesis. E., Direct, one
acting directly on the nerves of the
stomach. E., Indirect, or E., Systemic,
one acting through the blood upon the
vomiting center, or by reflex action from
other peripheral sources.
Emeto-cathar'sis. Vomiting and purga-
tion at the same time, or produced by a com-
mon agent.
Eminence (eminentia). A rounded or
protuberant part of an organ, especially of
a bone. E., Ilio-pectineal, a ridge on
the upper surface of the pubic bone. E.
of Doyere. See Sarcoglia.
Eminentia. See Eminence.
Emission (emitto, to send forth). An
ejaculation, or sending forth.
Emmen / agogue (efifirjva, the menses, ayu;
to expel). A medicine that stimulates the
menstrual flow. E., Direct, one acting
directly on the generative organs. E.,
Indirect, one acting only through other
functions and indirectly.
Emissa / rium (Lat.). A term for any
canal or channel conveying a fluid outward.
Used especially of the veins of the skull.
Emissary Veins. See Emissarium.
Emmetro / pia (ev, in; juerpov, measure;
oip, the eye). Normal or perfect vision.
The condition of an eye whose shape and
refractive media are such that, with sus-
pended accommodation, parallel rays of
light are brought to a focus upon the
retina. For practical tests, rays of light
from a point 20 feet away are considered
as parallel.
Em / met's Operation. See Trachelor-
rhaphy.
EmolTient (emollio, to soften). A sub-
stance used by external application to soften
the skin.
Emo / tional (emoveo, to move away). Per-
taining to the mental condition of feeling.
E. Insanity, characterized by exaggera-
tion and exaltation of feelings.
Emphract / ic (efityparTu, to obstruct.) A
term used by Hippocrates to designate any
agent which obstructs the function of an
organ.
Emphyse / ma (e/n^vaao), to inflate). The
abnormal collection of air in the connective
tissue of a part, causing swelling and crepi-
tation.
Empiric (efcrreipiKoc;, experiential, practi-
cal). One practicing medicine without
philosophical or scientific principles, simply
from the results of his own or others' expe-
rience. As commonly used, synonymous
with quack.
Emplas / trum (efnrlaGou, to plaster up).
A plaster. In pharmacy, a cohesive, tena-
cious substance, insoluble in water, as an
excipient containing a prescribed medicinal
substance intended to be spread thin upon
chamois, kid or muslin. The excipient
is usually lead oleate or Burgundy pitch.
(See Lead and Fix.) There are 17 official
emplastra.
Emprosthot / onos (e/uTrpocdev, forward,
teivco, to stretch). A tetanic condition of
the muscles of the front part of the body
whereby the body is bent forward.
Empye / ma (ev , in, ttvov, pus). Pus in
the pleural cavity or in the chest.
Empye / sis (e/uTrveu, to suppurate). Dis-
eases characterized by phlegmonous pim-
ples gradually filling with purulent fluid.
Empy / ocele (ev, in ttvov, pus, nrfXri, tumor).
A purulent scrotal tumor.
Emul'sin (emulgeo, to milk out). A fer-
ment contained in bitter almonds. Also
called Synaptase. Its union with amyg-
dalin forms hydrocyanic acid. See Amyg-
dalin.
Emul'sion. Water in which oil, in minute
subdivision of its particles, is suspended.
Emunc / tory (emwigo, to blow the nose).
An excretory duct or organ.
Enam / el. See Teeth.
Enanth / ema (ev, avdeu, to blossom). An
eruption within the body in distinction
from exanthema.
Enarthro'sis. See Diarthrosis.
Encan'this (ev, navdog, the angle of the
eye). A reddish -colored morbid growth
in the inner canthus of the eye.
EncephaFic (eynetyaXoc, the brain). Per-
taining to the encephalon.
Enceph / alin. A nitrogenous glucoside
extracted from brain tissue.
Encephalitis. General inflammation of
the encephalon.
Enceph / alocele (eynecpcikog, arfkr}, tumor).
A hernia of the brain.
Enceph / aloid. Resembling brain tissue.
See Carcinoma,
EXCEPHALOMA
144
EXDOSMOTIC
Encephalo / ma (e}K?6a?.og, oua, tumor).
Tumor of the brain.
Enceph'alon (ev, in, Ketpa7.Tj, the head).
The contents of the cranium. The brain.
Encephalopathy (ey/ce<£a/,oc,7ratfoc, pain).
A term for indefinite or general disease-of
the brain.
Enceph'alotome (evne^a7jjg, rofir], sec-
tion). An instrument for slicing the en-
cephalon or a part for examination or pre-
servation.
Enchondro / ma (ev, x ov dp°£> cartilage,
oma, tumor). A tumor arising from car-
tilage or resembling it in texture, etc.
Enchy / lema (ev, Xv7,og, juice). The fluid
enclosed in the meshes of the chromatin.
En Clou. See Culture.
Encyst/ed (ev, Kvarig, a bag). Enclosed
in a cyst, or capsule. Aneurysms, hernise,
tumors, etc., may become encysted.
End. The terminal point of a thing. E.
Bulb, the terminal bulb of a nerve in the
skin. End Bulb of K)-ause. See Cor-
puscle. E. Plate, the expanded terminal
of a motor nerve upon a bundle of muscu-
lar fibers. E. Organ, the general name
for the terminal organ or part of a sensory
nerve-fiber of whatever kind.
Endarteritis (evdov, within, arteritis).
Inflammation of the intima, or innermost
coat of an artery.
Endem / ic (ev, in, drj^og, a people). Used
of diseases that are not brought from with-
out a particular area or people, but that are
peculiar to it. E. Verrugas. See Eram-
boesia.
EndemioFogy (ev, drjfiog, 7joyog, a treatise).
The science of endemic diseases.
Ender / mic (ev, dep/ia, the skin). Within
the skin. Pertaining to a method of admin-
istering medicines through the skin, by
rubbing, etc.
End / o- (evdov, within). A prefix, meaning
within.
Endo-ausculta 7 tion. A method of auscul-
tation devised by Bianchi by using the
ordinary oesophageal tube passed into the
stomach, to auscult the gullet and stomach,
and through them to a certain degree the
heart and lungs.
End'oblast (evdov, (37,aarog, a germ). The
cell-nucleus.
Endocarditis (evdov, Kapdca, the heart,
trig). Inflammation of the endocardium
or lining membrane of the heart. Acute
rheumatism is the most frequent cause,
though pneumonia, gout and septic fever
may precede. The disease is prone to termi-
nate fatally or result in permanent injury
to the valves. Fibrinous deposits or vege-
tations project into the cavity of the heart ;
the thickened endocardium is liable to be-
come atheromatous, with chronic ulcera-
tion. E., Malignant, or Ulcerative, a
rapidly fatal type due to septic infection.
It has also been called Diphtheritic E., in
the sense of belonging to the diphtheritic
class of diseases. Microorganisms are
found in this form.
Endocardium (evdov, napdia). The color-
less, transparent membrane lining the inte-
rior of the heart.
Endocolpi'tis. See Colpitis.
End / oderm. See Blastodei-m.
End / ogen (evdov, yewau, to produce). A
plant whose growth is by means of new
matter deposited in the interior of the trunk
or branch. See Exogen.
End / olymph (evdov, lympha, water). The
fluid of the membranous labyrinth of the
ear.
Endometritis. Inflammation of the en-
dometrium. E., Cervical, of the cer-
vical portion. E., Decidual, of the de-
cidual membrane of the impregnated
uterus. It may be diffuse (thickening and
development of connective tissue) ox poly-
poid, with polypoid growths.
Endometrium (evdov, /uqrpa, uterus).
The fining membrane of the uterus.
Endomy / sium (evdov, fivg, muscle). The
extension of the perimysium between the
muscular fibers.
Endoneu / rium (evdov, vevpov, a nerve).
The delicate connective tissue holding to-
gether the fibrils of a bundle of nerves.
Endopath'ic (evdov, TraBog, suffering). Per-
taining to the rise of disease from condi-
tions or causes not derived from without.
See Exopathic.
Endopericardi'tis (evdov, Trepi, around,
Kapdca, the heart, trig, inflammation). Com-
bined endocarditis and pericarditis.
Endoscope (evdov, within, cr/correw, to ob-
serve). An instrument for examination of
a bodily cavity through its natural outlet.
Endoscopy (evdov, o-Ko-eo)). The exami-
nation of cavities or organs within the body
by means of an endoscope.
EndosmonVeter. An instrument for
measuring endosmosis.
Endosmo / sis (evdov, cjouog, a thrusting).
The interchange and passage of two liquids
through a dividing membrane.
Endosmot'ic. Pertaining to endosmosis.
E. Equivalent, the weight of distilled
water that passes into the flask of the endos-
mometer in exchange for a known weight
ENDOSTEITIS
145
ENTODERM
of the soluble substance. This, e. g., for
salt is 4.3 ; for sugar 7.1, etc.
Endostei'tis (evdov, oareov, a bone, trig).
Inflammation of the endosteum of bone.
Endost'eum. The vascular membranous
layer of connective tissue lining the medul-
lary cavity of bones.
Endothelk/ma. A tumor of the endo-
thelium.
Endothelium (evdov, drjlrj, nipple). The
internal lining membrane of serous, syno-
vial and other internal surfaces ; the homo-
logue of epithelium.
En'ema (eviq/M, to inject). An injection
of a medicine or food into the rectum.
EnepidernVic (ev, eiridep/uig, the epider-
mis). Pertaining to the treatment of dis-
ease by applications to the skin.
Energy (evepyeu, to be active). The
power or force displayed by an organism.
E., Conservation of, the law that the
various forms of energy can be transformed
one into the other without the loss of any
part. E., Kinetic, the power of a body
in motion. E., Potential, the possible
power of a body at rest. Physiologically,
its measure is the amount of heat that may
be obtained by complete combustion of the
chemical compounds representing the po-
tential energy.
Enervate (enervo, to weaken). To
weaken.
Eneure / sis. See Enuresis.
Engage / ment Stage of Labor. See
Descent- stage.
English Sweating Fever. See Anglicus
Sudor.
Engorgement (Fr. engorgement, a chok-
ing up). Over-distention of the vessels
of a part and stagnation of the circulation.
Vascular congestion.
EnophthaFmia (ev, o^dal/iog, the eye).
Retraction of the eyeball in the orbit.
Enosto / sis (ev, oareov, bone). A tumor
within the medullary canal of a bone, or
a bony tumor originating in bone.
En Piqure. See Culture.
Ens / iform Appendix (ensis, a sword). A
sword-shaped, cartilaginous process of the
sternum.
Ensompb/alus (ev, o//0a/loc, navel). A
double monstrosity with practically com-
plete and functional organisms, but united
together by some more or less superficial
bond.
Enta / sia (evraaig, a straining). A generic
term for spasmodic muscular action.
EnteraFgia (evrepov, intestine, alyog,
pain). Pain in the bowels.
io
Enterec'tomy (evrepov, intestine, eKrofiij,
excision). Excision of a part of the intes-
tine.
Enteric (evrepov). Pertaining to the in-
testines. E. Fever, typhoid fever.
Enteritis (evrepov, trig, inflammation).
Inflammation of the intestines.
Ent'ero- (evrepov). A prefix denoting
relation to the intestines.
Ent'erocele (evrepov, Kr^rj, a tumor). A
hernia containing a loop of intestine. E.,
Rectal, with a covering of the rectal wall.
E., Vaginal, with a covering of the
vaginal wall.
Enterocly'sis (evrepov, uTivatg, a drench-
ing). Injection of nutrient material with-
in the intestine in cholera, collapse, etc.
Entero-colFtis (evrepov, noXov, the colon).
Combined inflammation of the intestines
and colon.
Entero-epip / locele. See Hernia.
Entero-gas'trocele (evrepov, yaarrjp, the
belly, Krfkrj, tumor). A hernia containing
gastric and intestinal walls.
Enterolith (evrepov, XiOog, a stone). A
stony concretion formed in the digestive
tube.
Enteropathy (evrepov, nadog, suffering).
Disease of the intestines.
Entero-peritoni'tis (evrepov, Treptrovatog,
trig). Combined inflammation of the in-
testines and adjacent peritoneum.
Ent / eroplasty (evrepov, -xlaoou, to form).
Plastic operations upon the intestine to re-
pair injuries of its walls.
Enterorrha'gia (evrepov, prpyvvfii, to burst
forth). Intestinal hemorrhage. Excessive
discharges of any kind from the intestine.
Enteror'rhaphy (evrepov, pa^rj, a suture).
Suture of the intestine.
Enterostomy (evrepov, aro/ua, mouth).
Incision of the small intestine and suture
of the same to the abdominal wall for in-
troduction of food by this artificial mouth,
in case of impossibility of food-entrance
by the normal route.
Enterot / omy (evrepov, rejuvo, to cut). In-
cision of the intestine.
Enterozo / 6n (evrepov, £uov, an animal).
A parasite of the intestine.
Enthet / ic (evridrjpiL, to put in). Coming
from without, used especially of syphilitic
and other specific contagious diseases.
Ent / oblast (evrog, within, f3?iaarog, germ).
The nucleolus, or germinal spot.
Ent / ocyte (evrog, nvrog, cell). The con-
tents of a cell, including nucleolus, granu-
lations, etc.
Entoderm. See Blastoderm.
ENTOMOLOGY
146
EPIGENESIS
Entomology [evro/wv, an insect, 7x>^og,
treatise). The science of insect life.
Entomopb/ilous (evro/ua, vrov, a plant). A para-
sitic plant living upon another plant. Used
also of a parasitic plant upon an animal.
Epip / locele. See Hernia.
EpipToon (emirXeG), to float upon). The
omentum. E. Gastro-colic, the great
omentum. E. Gastro-hepatic, the les-
ser omentum.
Episcleritis (em, er/cA^poc, hard, mc). A
localized inflammation of the subconjunc-
tival tissues.
Episior'raphy (emcetov, pubes, patyri,
seam). An operation for the cure of pro-
lapsed uterus or procidentia.
Episiot / omy (emceiov, tojutj^ section). In-
cision through the vulva in childbirth to
prevent rupture of the perineum and facili-
tate labor.
Epispadias (em, crra^o, to pierce). Ab-
normal opening of the urethra upon the
upper part of the penis.
Epispast / ic (em,C7raotc, a drawing upon).
A vesicatory or substance producing a
blister.
Epistax / is (emara^u, to distill). Hemor-
rhage from the nose.
Epithelio / ma. Carcinomatous formation
of the skin or mucous membrane, composed
of epithelial cells.
Epithelium (em, upon, TLdrjpiL, to place).
The cuticle or cellular structure of mucous
surfaces, and also the skin of the body.
E., Ciliated, a form in which the cells
bear vibratile filaments or ciliae at their
free extremities. E., Columnar, distin-
guished by prismatic-shaped or columnar
cells. E., Nucleated, consisting of cir-
cular or hexagonal cells, each containing
a nucleus. E., Pavement, cubical or
polygonal cells covering the surface like the
stones of a pavement. E., Squamous,
the cells have been reduced to flattened,
scaly plates. E., Stratified, the cells are
arranged in distinct layers. E., Tessel-
lated. Same as E., Pavement. E., Tran-
sitional, intermediate between simple and
stratified.
EpitrochTea (em, rpoxakia, a pulley). The
internal condyle of the humerus.
Epizo'on (em, £cjov, an animal). An
animal living as a parasite upon another.
Epizootic. A contagious disease affect-
ing animals.
EponychTum (em, ovvt;, a finger nail).
EPOSTOMA
148
ERYTHEMA
A horny condition of the epidermis from
the 2d to the 8th month of fcetal life, indi-
cating the position of the nail.
Eposto / ma [em, uoteov, bone). An ex-
ostosis.
Ep / som Salts. See Magnesium.
Epu / lis (£-(, ov/.a, the gums). A hard,
fibrous tumor of the alveolar processes of
the gums.
Equilibrium [cequus, equal, libro, bal-
ance). An even balancing of a body or
condition. E., Stable, when, after slight
disturbance, the body will return to its
original condition or position. E., Un-
stable, when it will not"so return.
Equi'nia [equus, a horse). Glanders.
Farcy. A contagious, specific disease,
with both local and general symptoms,
derived from the horse or ass. Affects
chiefly the skin, mucous membranes and
lymphatics. Begins with purulent nasal
discharges, which extend to the respiratory,
ocular and oral membranes. Thought to
be of microbic origin.
Equivalence [cequus, equal, valeo, to be
worth). Of equal value. The saturating
power of an element as compared with
that of hydrogen.
Era'sion [e, out, rado, to scrape). The
act of scraping.
Erectile [erigo, to set up). Pertaining to
stiffening, rigidity or erection. E. Tis-
sue, that intermediating erection, consist-
ing of a network of expansile capillaries
that under stimulus becomes engorged with
blood.
Erection [erigo). The condition of full-
ness and firmness of the penis, clitoris, etc.,
due to sexual excitement, friction, etc., the
mechanism consisting in an overfilling of
the blood vessels. E. Center. See Center.
Erect / or [erigo). Pertaining to muscles
whose function is to erect or elevate a part.
See Muscle. E. Pili, the unstriped mus-
cular fibers causing the erection of the hair
and the phenomenon called goose-Jlesh or
goose-skin.
Er / ethism [spedta/nog, irritation). An ab-
normal heightening of nervous irritability.
Erg. See Unit.
Er / got, or Ergo / ta. A fungus, Clavi-
ceps purpura (or Sebum cormitum), para-
sitic upon rye. Contains sphacelinic acid,
ergotinic acid, and cornutin, to which its
properties are due. A powerful excito-
motor, haemostatic, and gastro-intestinal
irritant. Used most frequently to promote
uterine contraction in childbirth. Valu-
able internally in amenorrhcea and atonic
spermatorrhoea ; externally in gonon-hcea,
conjunctivitis and inflammations of mucous
membranes. Effects most prompt by hy-
podennic injection. Dose gr. x-gj. E.,
Ext. Fid., prepared with dilute hydro-
chloric acid, alcohol, and water. Dose
gss-ij. E., Ext., — Ergotin. Dose gr.
ij-xx. E., Vinum, 15 per cent. Dose
gj-.^j- Sclerotic Acid, thought to be
identical with ergotinic acid.
Er / gotism. The constitutional effects of
overdoses of ergot, or of the persistent use
of food containing ergot. These may be
acute, chronic, gangrenous, or spasmodic.
Erig / eron. Fleabane. The plant E.
canadense. Physiological action like that
of oil of turpentine, but less irritant. Effi-
cient as a haemostat in menorrhagia. E.,
Ol., the essential volatile oil of same.
Dose Y!\x- 3 ss. Unof.
Eriodic / tyon. Verba Santa. The leaves
of E. glutinosum, a shrub best known in
California. An excellent expectorant, and
valuable as an excipient for quinine, the
taste of which it largely conceals. Useful
in bronchial affections. E., Ext. Fid.
Dose Tt\xv-3J. E., Ext. Dose gr. ij-x.
All unof.
Ero / sion [erodo, to eat into). Disinte-
gration of tissue by mechanical, chemical
or morbid action.
Erot / ic [epug, love). Pertaining to the
sexual passion.
Erotoma / nia (epwc, /uavta, madness).
Morbid, abnormal exaggeration of love
generally ; more limited to the imaginative
than to the carnal aspect of the sentiment.
See Nymphoviania, Satyriasis.
Er'rhine [ev, in, pcv, the nose). A medi-
cine which, applied to the mucous mem-
brane of the nose, increases nasal secre-
tions. A sternutatory.
Eructation [eructo, to belch). Belching.
Eruption [erumpo, to burst out). A
bursting forth of any kind or from any
part, but applied especially to the chief
symptom of certain skin diseases, consist-
ing in pimples, vesicles, rash, etc.
Erysipelas [epvdpog, red, ire'/J.a, skin). A
constitutional febrile disease with a pecu-
liar redness and inflammation of the skin
and subcutaneous tissue, generally of the
face ; of possible bacterial origin.
Erysipeloid. A peculiar affection of the
palms of the hands or soles of the feet,
characterized by zones of violaceous red
eruption with burning and itching.
Erythe / ma [epvdrjua,a. blush). An affec-
tion of the skin commonly known as " rose
ERYTHRASMA
149
ETHER
rash" or " inflammatory blush." A con-
gestion or redness of skin that with pres-
sure temporarily disappears. E. An-
nulare or Circinatum, a form marked
by the spreading of the disease in ring-
shaped or circular patches. E. Fugax,
a transitory redness sometimes appearing
on the faces and trunks of children. Usu-
ally associated with worms. E. Inter-
trigo, a congestion arising from the fric-
tion of adjacent parts of the skin. E.
Laeve, the redness frequently occurring in
dropsical swelling of the legs. E. No-
dosum, a form marked by symmetrical,
node-like swellings over the tibia?, con-
sidered an expression of rheumatism. E.
Papulatum, an inflammatory form marked
by papules and vesicles. E. Paratrim-
ma, the red patches preceding the appear-
ance of bed-sores E. Pernio, a chil-
blain. E. Roseola, a form marked by
a dull red hue. May be idiopathic, or the
symptomatic eruption preceding scarlet
fever, measles, etc. E., Scarlatiniform,
somewhat like that of scarlet fever, but
usually in defined patches. Frequently
accompanies septicaemia, puerperal fever,
etc. E. Simplex, congestion due to ex-
ternal irritation. E. Urticaria, the early
stage of urticaria, q. v.
Erythras / ma (epvdpog). A vegetable para-
sitic disease producing brownish patches.
Appears usually on the folds of the axillae
and inguinal regions. Resembles Tinea
Versicolor, but is more insignificant. Due
to very minute microspores.
Erytb/roblast. See Leucocyte.
Erythrochloro / pia (epvOpoc, ^/Iwpoc,
green, uxjj, eye). A form of subnormal
color perception in which green and red
are the only colors correctly distinguished.
Erythrodex / trin. A dextrin formed by
the action of saliva on starch. It gives a
red color with iodine.
Erythrogran / ulose. A granular sub-
stance, found in starch grains, coloring red
with iodine.
ErythromelaFgia (epvdpoc, peloc, limb,
akyog, pain). An affection of the extremi-
ties characterized by great redness and
pain.
Erythroph'leme. See Casca Bark.
Erythrops / ia (epvdpog, uxptg, vision). An
abnormality of vision in which all objects
appear red.
Erythrox / ylon. Coca, Cuca. The leaves
of E. coca, a shrub indigenous to the
Andes Mountains. (Not to be confounded
with cocoa.) Contains an alkaloid, cocaine,
q. v., to which its properties are mainly
due. An aromatic tonic and cerebral
stimulant. Stimulates the brain, produc-
ing a remarkable power of enduring hun-
ger and fatigue. Large doses produce
hallucinations. Effects similar to those of
coffee, but more intense. Much used by
the natives for sustenance during long
journeys. The leaves, smoked, are bene-
ficial in hay fever. E., Ext. Fid. Dose
gss-ij. Difficult to obtain good leaves.
Wines and elixirs of coca are numerous.
Es'bach's Method. A test for albumin
in urine, the albumin being precipitated by
a solution of picric and citric acids (10-20-
970 parts of urine) ; the number of grammes
per 1000 c.c. being indicated on the gradu-
ated tube of the albumimeter.
Es / char (ecxapou, to scab over). The
slough or scab following cauterization,
burns, etc.
Escharot/ic. A substance which, applied
to the skin, produces an eschar. A caustic.
Es / culus Hippocasta / num. Horse-
chestnut. The fruit of the common
"buckeye," or horse-chestnut. Recom-
mended in hemorrhoids. Dose gr. iij.
Unof.
Es / erine. An alkaloid derived from Phy-
sostigma, q. v.
Es / march's Bandage, or Apparatus.
The bandage is of elastic rubber, and is
used upon a limb to be amputated, in order
to drive the blood out of it by progressive
application of turns about the limb toward
the trunk.
Esod / ic (sou, within, odoc, way). Pertain-
ing to afferent or centripetal nerves, or
those conveying impressions toward the
central nervous system.
Esopho / ria. See Heterophoria.
Esoteric (ecorepog, within). Secret, mys-
terious. Arising within the organism.
Esotropia. See Strabismus.
Es / sence [essentia). That quality of a
thing giving it peculiarity of power. The
peculiar qualities of a drug extracted and
reduced to a small compass.
Essential. Pertaining to the essence of
a substance. Pertaining to the peculiar
and distinctive characteristic of a disease.
E'ther {cether, the upper air). The tenu-
ous subtle fluid filling space and interpene-
trating all bodies, the medium of trans-
mission of the vibratory activities called
light, heat, electricity and magnetism.
Used also to designate a large class of
organic compounds. Spelled also (Ether.
E / ther. A thin, colorless, volatile, and
ETHEREAL
150
EUONYMUS
highly inflammable liquid, in composition
a di-ethylic oxide (C 2 H 5 ) 2 0. It is used
mainly as a solvent for fats and oils, and
as an anesthetic. Internally it is anodyne,
antispasmodic, diaphoretic, and narcotic.
Inhaled it is an anesthetic, and a cardiac
stimulant in toxic doses, paralyzing the
respiratory centers. E., Acetic, proper-
ties like ethylic ether. Dose n^ x- g j. E.,
Commercial, contains 94 per cent, of
ether. It is unfit for use except as a solvent.
E. Fortior, should contain 94 percent, of
ethylic oxide. Dose TTLx-^j. E., Hy-
driodic, unof. Dose for inhalation Tr^ xv.
E., Hydrobromic, unof. Dose TTLx-gj.
E. Oleum, contains equal parts ether
and heavy oil of wine. E., Spt., Comp.,
commonly known as Hoffman's anodyne.
It consists of ether 30, alcohol 67, ethereal
oil 3 per cent. Dose 1*1 v -3 j. E., Spt.,
Nitrosus, sweet spirit of nitre, a solution
of ethyl nitrite in alcohol. Dose 3 ss- ^ ss.
Ethe / real. Pertaining to the ether or to
ether.
Etherization. The administration of
ether to produce anaesthesia. This is
effected by inhalation of the vapor.
E / therism. The symptoms of etherization.
Eth / ics (rjdiKog, moral). The science of
human feelings, thoughts and actions rela-
ting to duty or morality. E., Medical,
the duties a physician owes to himself,
his profession and his fellow-men.
Ethmoceph'alus (rjd/xoQ, ethmoid, necpakri,
head). A cyclocephalic monstrosity with
a rudimentary nose, the two eyes being
closely approximated.
Etb/moid (r/Ojuog, a sieve). The cribri-
form bone of the nose, perforated for the
transmission of the olfactory nerves.
EthnoFogy (eOvog, a nation, Aoyoo, a dis-
course). The comparative study of the
races of mankind.
Ethoxy-caffei'ne. A remedy recom-
mended to relieve the pain of herpes
zoster, and migraine. It is also said to
prevent the gastric pain often caused by
cocaine.
EthyFamine. A ptomaine formed in putre-
fying yeast, in wheat-flour, and in distilla-
tion of beet-sugar residues. It is a strongly
ammoniacal liquid, boiling at 18.7 , — mis-
cible with water in every proportion, — com-
bustible, and possesses strong basic proper-
ties. Non -poisonous.
Etb/yl Chlor'ide. Chloric Ether. An
anaesthetic resembling chloroform in action.
Use sometimes followed by corneal opacity.
Unof.
Ethylene. A hydro-carbon radical, having
the molecular structure C 2 H 4 . It is char-
acterized by strong affinities, especially for
chlorine, with which it unites to form an
oily compound. Hence its common name,
olefiant gas.
Ethylidenedi'amine. A poisonous pto-
maine obtained from decomposing haddock.
Injections of the ptomaine in mice and
guinea-pigs produce abundant flow of se-
cretion from the nose, mouth and eyes.
Pupils dilate and eyeballs project. Violent
dyspnoea follows and continues until death,
that does not take place for twenty-four
hours or more. The heart is stopped in
diastole.
Etiolation (Fr. etioler, to blanch). The
paleness or blanching, in plants or man,
from confinement in darkness.
EtioFogy (airta, a cause, "Xoyog, a dis-
course). A treatise on or pertaining to
the causes of disease.
Eucalyptus. The leaves (lanceolate,
after 3 years' growth) of the E. globulus,
or Blue Gum, native to Australia, but now
cultivated in California. Contains a vola-
tile oil, which yields eucalyptol, a cam-
phor, by distillation. An aromatic bitter,
promoting digestion. Highly antiseptic
and anti-malarial. Valuable in atonic dys-
pepsia and in intermittent fevers. E.,
Fid. Ext., alcoholic. Dose Ti^x-^j. E.
Ol., the volatile oil. Dose nvx-xxx, in
emulsion. E.,Tinct. Unof. Dose 3 ss— ij.
Eudiom / eter (evdia, calm weather, /uerpov,
a measure). An instrument for ascertain-
ing the composition of the air.
Eudipleu / ra (ev, well, dig, twice, Tr?i£vpa,
the side). In biology a designation of
those organic forms composed of two
equal and symmetrical halves.
Eu / genol. A product obtained from the
residue of the distillation of oil of cloves.
Antiseptic. Unof.
Eu'kalyn. A substance similar to inosit,
arising from the fermentation of melitose.
Eulach / ion Oil, or
Eulacho'ni Oleum. Candle-fish Oil. Eu-
lachon Oil. The oil of the fish Thale-
ichthys pacificus, or candlefish. Less dis-
agreeable than cod-liver oil, for which it is
often substituted. Dose ^j-iv. Unof.
Eu'nuch {evvovxoq, guardian of the couch).
One from whom the genital organs have
been removed or mutilated so as to render
him impotent.
Euon / ymus. Wahoo. The bark of E.
atropurpureus. An astringent tonic and
purgative, resembling rhubarb, jalap, aloe,
EUPATORIUM
151
EXCLUSION
etc., but rather milder. Beneficially em-
ployed in dropsy and hepatic affections.
E., Ext. Dose gr. j-v. Euonymin,
unof., the essential principle. Dose gr.
ss-v.
Eupato / rium. Thoroughwort. Boneset.
The leaves and flowering tops of E. per-
foliatuni. A bitter tonic and diaphoretic,
of value in remittent and typhoid fevers.
Thought, also, to be a tsenifuge. E., Fid.
Ext. Dose V^x-fr).
EuperistaFsis. See Peristalsis.
Euphorb / ium PiluliFera. Has reputed
value in asthma and cardiac dyspnoea.
Dose of the extract gr. j. Unof.
Eupho'ria (evfyopoq, easily carried). The
sense of well-being or health.
Euphrasia. Eyebright. A small an-
nual, formerly much used in eye affections.
Of utility as an astringent lotion in con-
junctivitis. Valuable in breaking up nasal
catarrh and in hay fever. E., Tinct.,
strength 1.9. Dose rry-v.
Euplas / tic (ev, well, izXaaau, to form).
Pertaining to lymph of a healthy form,
consistency, etc.
Eupnce / a (ev, well, ttveu, to breathe).
Normal and easy respiration.
Eustachian Catheter. An instrument
for dilating the E. tube, introduced along
the floor of the nose.
Eustachian Tube. The canal extending
from the tympanum to the pharynx.
Euthanasia (ev, well, davarog, death).
An easy or calm death.
Euto / cia (ro/coc, childbirth). An easy
natural delivery.
Evac'uant (evacuo, to empty). A medi-
cine which increases the secretion or evacu-
ation of an organ, especially the bowels.
A purgative.
Evacuation (evaeuo). Defecation.
Evaporation (e, away, vapor, vapor).
In pharmacy, the process of converting a
liquid into vapor by the agency of heat.
Eve'ning Prim'rose. The flowering tops
of CEnothera biennis. Recommended in
asthma with gastric irritability. Dose of
the fld. ext. gss-sjj. Unof.
Eventration (e, out of, venter, the belly).
Pertaining to an extrusion of the abdomi-
nal viscera; especially in a monstrosity.
Used also as a synonym of Pendulous
Abdomen.
Ever'sion of the Eyelid. A folding of
the lid upon itself for the purpose of ex-
posing the conjunctival surface or sulcus.
Evisceration (e, out, viscera, the bowels).
The removal of the viscera. E., of the
Eye, removal of the entire contents of the
globe of the eye, leaving the sclerotic
intact. An operation in place of enuclea-
tion, and following which some operators
insert a glass or metal shell globe, called
artificial vitreous, to preserve the shape,
etc., of the eyeball. E., Obstetric, the
removal of the abdominal or thoracic
viscera, in embryotomy.
Evolution (evolvo, to unroll). The develop-
ment or unrolling of the organs and func-
tions, and the stages of growth of an organ-
ism. See Darwinism. E., Spontaneous,
a term expressive of the occurrence in child-
birth of a series of changes effected by the
organisms themselves, whereby a shoulder
presentation is transformed within the
pelvis into a combined breech and shoulder
presentation and delivery effected.
EvuFsion (evello, to pluck out). Forcible
tearing or plucking away of a part, as a
polypus, tonsil, etc.
Exacerbation (exacerbo, to be violent).
Increased violence of the symptoms of a
disease.
Exanthema, or Ex / anthem (etjavdr/fia,
eruption). An eruption of the skin.
Excavation of the Optic Nerve. A
hollowing or " cupping ' ' of the disc, or optic
nerve-entrance, that may be physiological
or congenital, and without particular signifi-
cance; ox pathological, the result of glau-
coma, optic atrophy, etc.
Excen'tric Pains. Radiating pains, symp-
tomatic of spinal disease, due to irritation
of the posterior nerve-roots. The pains are
felt to be in the peripheral organs, hence
the name above.
Excip / ient (excipio, to take up). In phar-
macy, any substance used to give an agree-
able or convenient form to the ingredients
of a prescription.
Excis / ion (excindo, to cut off). The opera-
tion of removing a part or tissue by cut-
ting.
Excitability (excito, to rouse). The qual-
ity of reacting to stimulus.
ExcFtant. A remedy that stimulates the
activity of an organ.
Excito- [excito), A Latin prefix denoting
stimulation ox excitation. E. -motor, per-
taining to nerves arousing motor function.
Also, a drug or agent that increases activity
of the motor nerve centers. E. -reflex,
pertaining to a reflex action that ends in
muscular action.
ExcFtor. See Sympathetic Ophthalmitis.
Exclusion (excludo, to shut out). A
shutting out. E., Diagnosis by, the
EXCORIATION
152
EXPECTORATION
reaching a final or most probable diagnosis
by successively excluding one hypothesis
after another as, from a consideration of the
symptoms, impossible.
Excoriation {ex, from, corium, the skin).
Abrasion of the skin, or removal, partial
or complete, of a limited portion of the
same.
Ex'crement {excerno, to sift out). The
faeces.
Excrementi / tious. Pertaining to the ex-
crement.
Excrescence {excresco, to grow out). An
abnormal outgrowth upon the body.
Excre / ta {excerno). The natural dis-
charges of the body, particularly those of
the bowels.
Ex / cretin. A substance extracted from
human faeces, related to cholesterin; of un-
known history and constitution.
Excre / tion {excerno). The separation of
the fluid waste products of an organ, or the
body as a whole, out of the blood. The
fluids so excreted.
Ex / cretory {excerno). Pertaining to ex-
cretion. E. Duct, a canal conveying the
excretion from the excretory organ to the
discharging point.
Exencepb/alus (ff, eynetycikov). A mon-
strosity with the brain outside the cranial
cavity, associated with vertebral fissure.
Exenteration (ef, evrepov, intestine).
Removal of the intestines or thoracic
viscera in embryotomy.
Ex / ercise {exerceo, to keep busy). Func-
tional activity of the muscles. E.,
Active, that exerted by the will of the
patient. E., Passive, when the part is
moved by another, or acted- upon, as in
massage.
Exfoliation [ex/olio, to shed leaves).
The lamellar (or other) separation of bone
or other tissue from the living structure
in Dry Necrosis, etc.
Exhalation {exhalo, to breathe out). The
vapor, subtle particles, etc., given off by
the body through the skin, lungs, etc.
Exhaustion {exhaurio, to pour out).
Drawing out or emptying. Applied espe-
cially to great loss of vital and nervous
power from fatigue, or protracted disease.
Exhibit {exhibeo, to give). To adminis-
ter medicine.
Exhil'arant {exhilaro, to cheer). An
agent to enliven and cheer the mind. E.
Gas, Nitrous Oxide gas.
Exhumation {ex, humus, ground). The
digging up after interment, or again bring-
ing a dead body out, for examination in
medico-legal inquiries, or for reinterment,
etc.
Exod'ic (ego, out of, odog, a way). Ap-
plied to nerves transmitting impulses out-
ward from the central nervous system.
Ex'ogen {ego, ysvvau, to produce). A
plant whose growth is by means of ex-
ternal deposit upon the trunk or branch.
See Endogen.
Exom / phalos. See Hernia.
Exopatb/ic (ego, ttclQoq, pain). Pertaining
to those causes of disease coming from
without or beyond the organism. See, also,
Endopathic.
Exophor'ia. See Heterophoria.
Exophthalmic. Pertaining to exophthal-
mos. E. Goitre. See Goitre.
Exophthalmos (ef, oofla/l/zoc). Abnor-
mal prominence or protrusion of the eye-
balls. E., Pulsating, that characterized
by a bruit and pulsation, due to an aneu-
rism that pushes the eye forward.
Exosmo / sis. See Osmosis.
Exostosis (ef, ogteov, bone). Abnormal
enlargement or growth of bone, especially
a deposit of bony tissue upon the surface
preexisting bone.
Exoteric {e^orepLKog, external). Synony-
mous with Exopathic.
Exot'ic {etjuTinog, foreign). Pertaining to
plants and products from another country.
Exotro / pia. See Strabismus.
Expectant {expecto, to look out for).
Awaiting or expecting ; applied to a plan
of treatment consisting in watching the
progress of a disease, and not interfering,
with therapeutical measures, unless war-
ranted by special symptoms.
Expectation of Life. The average num-
ber of years that persons of a given age,
taken one with another, live, assuming that
they die according to a given table of the
probabilities of life. It thus has no rela-
tion to the most probable life of a single
given individual. E. of L., Complete,
the addition of one-half year to the Cur-
tate Expectation to allow for that portion of
a year lived by each person in the year of
his death. E. of L., Curtate, the average
number of whole or completed years lived
by each person.
Expectorant {ex, out, pectus, the breast).
A remedy that acts upon the pulmonic mu-
cous membrane, to promote or modify its
secretions.
Expectoration {ex, pectus). The fluid or
semi-fluid matters from the lungs and air
passages expelled by coughing and spit-
ting.
EXPERIMENTUM MIRABILE 153 EXTRACTION OF CATARACT
Experimen / tum Mirat/ile of Kirch-
ner. An hypnotic phenomenon in ani-
mals; a hen, e. g., remaining in a fixed
position when the head is pressed down
and a chalk line made from its beak.
Ex / pert (expertus, proved). A person es-
pecially qualified in a science or art. E.,
Medical, a physician peculiarly fitted by
experience or especial learning to render
a true opinion in medico-legal or diag-
nostic questions.
Expiration (expiro, to breathe out). The
act of breathing forth, or expelling air
from the lungs.
Exploration (exploro, to search out). The
searching out the condition of a diseased
organ or part by means of auscultation,
palpation, percussion, etc. Also the search-
ing a wound to learn its nature, course,
etc., and if foreign bodies may be present.
Also the examination of the female geni-
tal organs by the finger or instrument for
diagnostic purposes.
Exploratory. Pertaining to exploration.
E. Puncture, the puncture of a cavity or
tumor and extraction therefrom of some of
the contents to learn the nature of the
same. E. Trocar, one especially adapted
for E. puncture.
Explorer. An instrument for use in ex-
ploration. E., Electrical, an instrument
for detecting a bullet by means of the elec-
tric current.
Explosives. See Consonants.
Expression. A pressing out. The forci-
ble separation of liquids from solids by
pressure. E. of Foetus or Placenta,
assisting the expulsion of the same by
pressure upon the abdominal walls.
Expulsion, Spontaneous. The extru-
sion of the foetus or the placenta without
external aid.
ExpuFsive (expello, to drive out). Per-
taining to the extrusion or driving out of
the foetus in childbirth, the voiding of the
feces, urine, etc.
Exsanguine (ex, sanguis, blood). Blood-
less.
Exsiccation (ex, sicco, dry). The process
of depriving a solid of its moisture or vola-
tile constituents by the agency of moderate
heat.
ExStrophy (etiGrpetpo, to evert). Con-
genital absence of the anterior wall of the
bladder and abdomen, with exti-oversion
of the bladder.
Extension (extendo, to stretch out) . Trac-
tion made upon a fractured or dislocated
limb in order to bring the parts in proper
apposition. E., Angular, a method of
reducing and maintaining old dislocations
of the hip. E., Counter, traction upon
the trunk or the trunk-end of a fractured
limb in addition to extension. E., Double,
upon both limbs in hip-joint disease, etc.
E. Stage in Labor, one of the stages
of labor, consisting in the bending of the
foetal head, the occiput toward the back.
ExtenSor (extendo). That which stretches
out or extends. E. Muscles. See Muscle.
E. TetSnus. In general spasms the
extensor muscles overcome the flexors, and
the spasm thus becomes an E. T.
Extirpation (extirpo, to root out).
Thorough excision or out-rooting of a part.
E. of the Eyeball, complete removal of
the globe of the eye. Enucleation.
Extra-. A Latin prefix, meaning outside,
without.
Extraction of Cataract. Removal of the
cataractous lens by surgical operation.
The methods proposed or practiced are al-
most numberless. Daviel's Method, im-
proved by Beer, was by a semicircular flap,
upward in Daviel's, downward in Beer's,
in the cornea, or at the margin, with rupture
of the capsule and expression of the lens.
This method is being revived and, with
modification, adopted by a large number
of modern operators, and is called the Flap
Extraction. The Discission Operation
is used in soft cataract, and consists in in-
troducing a needle, whereby the capsule is
broken and the aqueous humor gains access
to the lens-substance,which then is absorbed
or taken out by suction. In v. Graefe's
Peripheral Linear Method, the Graefe
lance-knife enters the sclerotic 1.5 mm.
from the corneal border, and 2 mm. below
the horizontal tangent of the upper border
of the cornea, and is at first directed down-
ward, but the counterpuncture is finally
made opposite the point of puncture. The cut
upward is then made parallel to the plane
of the iris, followed by an iridectomy, cap-
sulotomy, and expression of the lens. The
change in v. Graefe's Modified Linear
Extraction consists chiefly in bringing
the section to the corneo-scleral junction.
Needling, or the needle -operation.
See above, under Discission. The Sim-
ple Method, now advocated by many oph-
thalmic surgeons, consists in a flap-form-
ing section and an omission of the iridec-
tomy. The Suction Method consists in
the extraction of soft cataracts by sucking
the lenticular matter through a syringe
nozzle introduced into the lens substance.
EXTRACTOR
154
EYETEETH
Extractor {ex, traho, to draw). An instru-
ment for extracting bullets, sequestra, etc.
E., Screw, armed with a screw attach-
ment ; a tirefond.
Extract / um {extra ho). An extract. In
pharmacy, a semi -solid preparation ob-
tained by dissolving the soluble parts of
drags, and evaporating the solution thus
obtained. Alcohol and water are the most
common solvents. There are 32 official
extracta. E. Fluidum, a fluid extract.
An alcoholic extract or concentrated tinc-
ture of a strength such that I cubic centi-
meter represents the medicinal powers of
I gramme of the drug. Approximately
I minim of the fluid extract represents I
grain of the drug. In some of the fluid
extracts alcohol is used as the solvent ;
in others alcohol and water, and in still
others alcohol and glycerine. There are
79 official extracta fluida.
Extra-poFar Region. That lying outside
the electrodes, as opposed to the Intra-
polar Region, or area, that lying within
or directly beneath.
Extra-uterine {extra, uterus). Without
the uterus. E.-u. Pregnancy. See Preg-
nancy. E.-u. Life, that after birth.
Extravasation {extra, vas, a vessel).
Filtration or effusion of blood, serum or
fluid into adjacent tissues.
Extrin / sic {extrinsicus, from without).
External, outward. E. Muscles, those
attached to the trunk and extending to the
limbs.
Extroversion. See Exstrophy.
Exudation {exudo, to sweat). Filtra-
tion or oozing of the serum of the blood
through the walls of the vessels.
Eye (Sax. edge, Lat. oculus). The organ
of vision. E., Accommodation of. See
Accommodation. E., Appendages of,
the eyelids, brows and lachrymal appa-
ratus. E., Apple of, formerly the eye-
ball; the pupil. E., Artificial, a thin
shell of glass, celluloid or other substance,
colored like the natural eye, placed in the
socket after enucleation. E., Compound,
the organ of vision formed of several crys-
tal spheres, as in the lower crabs. E.,
Diagrammatic, of Listing, a diagram
of the eye for the more exact calculation
of the passage of rays of light through
the eye. E., Pineal or Epiphysial, the
rudimentary median eye in some lizards.
E., Schematic, an ideal or normal eye.
Eye / ball. The globe of the eye. E.,
Dislocation of. See Dislocation.
Eye / bright. See Euphrasia.
Eye / brow. The supercilium. The con-
nective tissue, skin and hairs above the
eye. The hairs serve chiefly to prevent
the sweat from falling into the eye.
Eye 7 - cells. Cup-shaped cells of porce-
lain enameled black to place over the eye
after operations.
Eye / glass. A lens worn in one eye.
Eye-glasses, pince-nez, worn instead of
spectacles, and held in position by a spring
acting upon the bridge of the nose.
Eye / -ground. A synonym of the fundus-
oculi or internal aspect of the vitreous
chamber of the eye.
EyeTash. The cilium; the hairs of the
eyelid. E., Evulsion of, pulling out
the same. E., Transposition of, shift-
ing an excised strip of cilia and lid edge
containing the hair bulbs to a new position,
or otherwise altering the direction of the
lashes by operation.
EyeTid. The protective covering of the
eyeball, composed of skin, glands, con-
nective and muscular tissue, the tarsus and
conjunctiva, with the cilia at the free edge.
Eye -strain. The excess and abnormalism
of effort with the resultant irritation, caused
by ametropia or insufficiency. Used also
of the effects of excessive use of normal
eyes.
Eye / teeth. The incisors. See Teeth.
155
FAR POINT
F. Abbreviation of Fahrenheit ; also of
Fac, make, and of Fiat, let there be made.
Fl. or Fid. Abbreviation of Fluid.
Ft. Abbreviation of Fiat.
Face [fades, the face). A name applied
to the lower and anterior part of the
head, including the eyes, nose, mouth,
cheeks, lips, etc.
Fac / et {Fr.facette,a. little face). A small
plane surface. The articulating surfaces
of bones. Also, the flat surfaces occa-
sionally seen in calculi, caused by friction
upon each other. In Zoology, a segment
of the compound eye of an insect.
Fa / cial {fades) . Pertaining to the face.
F. Angle, the divergence between a
line drawn from the upper jaw tangent
to the forehead, and another to the ex-
ternal auditory foramen. F. Artery. See
Artery.
Facultative {facultas, capability). Per-
taining to functional or acquired power.
In bacteriology, amphibious as to oxygen.
F. Aerobia. See Aerobia. F. Anaero-
bia. See Anaerobia. F. Hyperopia,
a division of manifest hyperopia. F. Para-
sites, those that develop in non-organ-
ized media. See, e.g., Raulins'' Liquid.
Fac / ulty {facultas). A special action of
the mind through the instrumentality of an
organ or organs. Also, the corps of pro-
fessors and instructors of a university and
its colleges. F., Medical, the corps of
professors and instructors of a medical col-
lege.
Fse'cal {fax, sediment). Pertaining to
the faeces.
Fae / ces {fax). The dregs of a liquor, as
wine. Also, the alvine discharges or
excretions of the bowels.
Fahrenheit's Thermom / eter. See Ther-
mometer.
Faint {fingo, to feign). A condition of
languor. Also, a state of syncope or
swooning.
Falciform {falx, a sickle). Having the
shape of a sickle. F. Process, a pro-
cess of the dura mater which separates the
hemispheres of the brain.
FallTng. Dropping; losing one's equi-
librium. F. of Womb. See Uterus.
F. Sickness, a common term for epilepsy.
Fallopian Tubes. See Oviducts.
Fall'-rheotome. An arrangement where-
by a weight injures a muscle, and also
breaks and makes a galvanometer circuit ;
by this instrument it was shown that the
demarcation current took a certain time to
develop.
False {fallo, to deceive). Not genuine.
Feigning or closely counterfeiting. F.
Bittersweet. See Climbing Staff-tree.
F. Gromwell, the root of Onosvwdium
virginianum. Reputed to be tonic and
diuretic. Dose of fid. ext. TTlxv-^ss.
Unof. F. Passage, a passage formed by
the laceration of the urethra, caused by the
forcible introduction of a catheter or other
instrument in the wrong direction. F.
Ribs. See Ribs. F. Water, a collection
of fluid in catarrhal endometritis.
Falx (Lat.). A sickle. F. Cerebelli, the
sickle-like processes between the lobes of
the cerebellum. F. Cerebri, the sickle-
like process of the dura mater.
FanVily {familia, a household). The per-
sons belonging to a household. In biology,
a class of genera similar in organic struc-
ture.
FanVine {famis, hunger). Severe and
continued hunger. Also, a general scarcity
of food, which results in the starvation of
many people. F. Fever. Same as Relap-
sing Fever, q. v.
Fang. See Teeth.
Fan'tome. See Phantom.
Farad / . The unit of electrical capacity.
Practically, a capacity sufficient to hold one
coulomb of current having a potential
of one volt. The micro-farad, toooooo"
part of the theoretical farad, is commonly
used. A practical form of condenser of
one farad capacity consists of 300 leaves
of tinfoil, each 16 centimeters in diameter,
separated by leaves of mica. The entire
surface is about 1. 1 sq. meters area.
Farad / ic. The induced current, named
from its discoverer, Michael Faraday. See
Current.
Faradization. The application of the
induced current to a diseased part, or in
disease.
Far'cy. See Fquinia.
Fari / na {farina). The ground or pow-
dered fecula of seeds, especially that of
corn, barley, rye and wheat.
Farinaceous {farina). Having the
nature of or yielding flour. Also, ap-
plied to very fine furfuraceous exfoliations.
Far Point. See Punctum Remotum.
FARR ANT'S SOLUTION
156
FEEDING
Far'rant's Solution. See Mounting
Fluids.
Far-sight'edness. A colloquial term for
Hypermetropic!,.
Fas / cia {fascia, a band). The membran-
ous fibrous covering of muscles and other
organs. F., Anal. See F. y Ischio-rec-
tal. F. of Arm {Brachial*), invests the
muscles of the arm, attached to the clavi-
cle, acromion and spine of the scapula.
F., Cranial, a firm, dense layer, adherent
to the skin and occipito-frontalis muscle.
F., Cervical, Deep, invests the muscles
of the neck and encloses the vessels and
nerves. F., Cremasteric, forms a looped,
thin covering of the spermatic cord. F.,
Cribriform, the sieve-like covering of the
saphenous opening. F. Dentata, a
serrated band of gray substance- of the
dentate convolution of the cerebrum. F.
of the Dorsum of the Foot, forms a
sheath for the dorsal tendons of the foot.
F., Iliac, lines the back part of the ab-
dominal cavity, covering the psoas and
iliacus muscles. F., Infundibuliform,
the funnel-shaped-membrane enclosing the
cord and testis in a distinct pouch. F.,
Intercolumnar, from the margins of the
external abdominal ring, forming a sheath
for the cord and testis. F., Ischio-rec-
tal, covers the perineal aspect of the leva-
tor ani muscle. F. Lata, the dense
fibrous aponeurosis surrounding the thigh,
called the Deep F. of the Thigh. F., Deep,
of Leg, continuous with the last, surrounds
the leg. F., Lumbar, the posterior
aponeurosis of the transversalis muscle,
divided into three layers. F., Obtura-
tor, continuation of the pelvic, surrounds
the obturator muscle. F., Pelvic, lines
. the cavity of the pelvis, continuous with
the transversalis and iliac fascia. F.,
Perineal, the deep, called the triangular
ligament, closes the front part of the out-
let of the pelvis, attached to the pubes and
rami of the ischium. F., Recto- vesical,
the visceral layer of the pelvic F. , invests
the prostate, bladder and rectum. F.,
Transversalis, continuous with iliac and
pelvic F., lies between transversalis muscle
and peritoneum.
Fascic / uli (dim. oifascis). A little bundle,
as the fasciculi of fibers that compose a
nerve.
Fat. See Tissue and Oil.
Fatigue / (fatigo). Weariness, tiredness.
That condition of diminished capacity for
work produced in a muscle by prolonged
activity. F. -stuffs, the accumulation of
decomposition products in the muscular
tissue and to which fatigue is probably due.
Fat / ty Degeneration. See Degenera-
tion.
Fau / ces (Lat.). The gullet or windpipe.
The space surrounded by the palate, tonsils
and uvula. F., Isthmus of, the space
at the back of the mouth enclosed by the
margin of the palate, the back of the tongue,
the pillars of the soft palate and the tonsils.
F., Pillars of, the fold of mucous mem-
brane • between the base of the uvula and
the posterior border of the tongue.
Fau / na (Faunus, the god of agriculture).
The animal life of a locality or epoch.
Fa'vus (favus, honeycomb). Honey-
comb Ringworm, Tinea Vera, Tinea
Lupinosa, Porrigo Lupinosa, Porrigo Fa-
vosa. A contagious parasitic affection of
the skin characterized by sulphur-yellow,
cup-shaped crusts within the epidermis,
especially in the scalp and hairy parts of
the body.
Febrifuge (febris, fever, fugo, to dispel).
An agent that lessens fever.
Fe / brile (febris, a fever). Pertaining to
or having the symptoms of a fever.
Fe / bris. See Fever.
Fe / ces. See Fceces.
Fecb/ner's Law. The more expanded
and accurate statement of Weber's Law
as to the relation between the intensity of
stimuli and the changes in the resulting
sensations, a constant ratio existing be-
tween the strength of the stimulus and the
intensity of the sensation. With increase
of the stimulus the sensation increases only
as the logarithm of the stimulus. As there
is a lower limit [threshold') of liminal in-
tensity of excitation, so there is an upper
or maximal height of sensibility. Between
the two is the Range of Sensibility.
Ferula (dim. of fcex, sediment). The
starchy part of a seed. Also the sediment
subsiding from an infusion.
Fecundation (feacndus, fruitful). Fer-
tilization ; impregnation ; the act of mak-
ing fruitful. F., Artificial, impregnation
by means of artificial intromission of the
spermatic fluid in the vagina or uterus.
Fecundity (fecunditas). The capability
of reproduction.
Feeding. The taking of food or aliment.
F., Artificial, the introduction of food
into the body by means of artificial devices,
such as the stomach-pump or in the form
of an enema. F. Bottle, a glass flask
armed with a rubber nipple, used in feed-
ing liquid food to infants. F. by Rec-
FEHLING'S SOLUTION
157
FERMENTS
turn, the introduction of food into the rec-
tum in the form of an enema or supposi-
tory.
Feb/ling's Solution. As this solution
does not keep well, Prof. Holland advises
its manufacture as follows : To be kept in
two distinct parts. A. Take copper sulph.
34.64 gms. and water enough to make
500 c.c. M. B. Pure Rochelle salt 173
gms.; sol. sodium hydrate (sp. gr., 1.33),
100 c.c, and water enough to make 500 c.c.
For use, mix equal volumes, and thus make
Fehling's solution. See Copper.
Feb/ling's Test for Sugar. Boil I inch
of Fehling's solution, and while hot add
urine and boil again. If no red or yellow
color appears, add more urine until the
volume is ify{ inches. Again raise to boil-
ing point and set aside. If yellow or red
cuprous oxide appears, the urine is saccha-
rine.
Fel Bo'vis (Lat). Ox-gall. The biliary
liquid of the domestic ox, Bos taurus. It
is a dark-green, ropy substance, consisting
mainly of sodium glycocholate and tauro-
cholate, together with cholesterine. A
tonic, antiseptic and purgative, useful in
emulsifying the fatty portions of food. F.
B. Inspissatum, 100 parts fresh ox-gall,
strained and evaporated to 15 parts. Dose
gr. v-xv. F. B. Purificatiim, ox-gall
3, alcohol 1 part. Should stand 24 hours
before straining; then evaporate to con-
sistence of pilular mass. Dose gr. v-xv.
FeFlic Acid. C^H^O^. A constituent
of the bile.
FelTows' Syrup of Hypophosphites,
proprietary. Unof. Each 3 contains hypo-
phosph. of iron gr. j, quinine gr. ^, strych-
nine gr. -Jj, calcium and manganese aa
gr. j, potassium q. s. Dose gj.
FeFon. See Paronychia.
Fe'male {femella, a young woman). The
sex that brings forth the young of a
species. In surgery, that part of a double-
limbed instrument that receives the com-
plementary part. In botany, the flower
that contains the ovary. F. Catheter, a
catheter having a short tube with a slight
curve.
Fem / oral {femur, the thigh bone). Per-
taining to the femur. F. Arch, that
formed by Poupart's ligament. F. Artery.
See Artery. F. Ring, the abdominal end
of the femoral canal, normally closed by
the crural septum and the peritoneum.
Fe / mur (Lat.). The thigh bone, the
longest and heaviest bone of the body,
articulating with the acetabulum and tibia.
Fenestra (Lat., a window). In anatomy,
a name given to two apertures of the ear,
the F. Ovalis and F. Rotunda.
Fenestrate {fenestra). Having apertures
or openings.
Fen / nel. See Fozniculum.
Fermentation (fermentum, leaven).
The molecular decomposition of an or-
ganic structure by means of an organized
or unorganized ferment. F., Acetic,
the fermentation whereby weak alcoholic
solutions are converted into vinegar ;
caused by the Bacillus aceti, etc. F.,
Albuminoid ; the agents of this decom-
position are the Bacillus albuminis, B.
catenula, B. claviformis, B. distortus, B.
filiformis, B. geniculatis, B. scaber, B.
tenuis, B. urocephalus, etc. F., Am-
moniacal ; the agent of the ammoniacal
fermentation of urine is the Micrococcus
urece. F., Butyric, the conversion of
butter into butyric acid, due to a microbe,
Bacillus butyricus. F., Gluconic ; glu-
cose is transformed by the action of the
Alicrococcus oblongus. F., Lactic, the
decomposition or " souring ' ' of milk, caused
by the microbe, Bacillus lacticus. F.,
Propionic ; the Bacillus cavicida decom-
poses' saccharine solutions, producing pro-
pionic acid. F., Putrefactive, the de-
composition commonly known as putrefac-
tion, caused by various microbes, especially
the Micrococcus pyogenes {albus, aureus,
citreus, tenuis, salivarius, etc.). F., Vis-
cous, the Alicrococcus viscosus, secreting
a gummy substance in the culture liquid.
See, also, Ferments.
Ferments {fermentum, leaven). Bodies
exciting chemical changes in other mat-
ters with which they are brought in con-
tact. F., Organized, or Living, grow
and multiply at the expense of the sub-
stances in which they occur, — but only so
. long as the ferment is living. Yeast is the
representative of the class, causing fer-
mentation by splitting up sugar into C0 2
and alcohol. See Fermentation. F.,
Unorganized, non-living, nitrogenous
bodies produced within the body by the
vital activity of the protoplasm of the cells.
They are soluble in water, glycerine, and
can be precipitated by alcohol. The fol-
lowing is a list of this class: Ptyalin, in
saliva, converts starch into maltose. Pep-
sin, in gastric juice, converts proteids into
peptones in an acid medium. There are
also in the gastric juice milk-curdling,
fat-splitting, and lactic acid ferments,
whose function is indicated by the names.
FERN
158
FERRUM
In the pancreatic juice, there is F., Dias-
tatic or Amylopsin, converting starch
into maltose ; Trypsin, converts proteids
into peptones in an alkaline medium ;
F., Emulsive, emulsify fats ; F., Fat-
splitting, or Steapsin, splits fats into
glycerin and fatty acids and F., Milk-
curdling. In the intestinal juice, there is
a F., Diastatic, changes maltose into
glucose; F., Proteolytic, changes fibrin
into peptone ; Invertin changes cane-
into grape-sugar; and F, Milk-curdling,
and F. } Diastatic, are also found in blood,
chyle, liver, milk, etc. Pepsin and other
ferments are also found in muscle and
urine; and, lastly, a Fibrin-forming F.
is also found in blood.
Fern (Sax. /earn). A name given to the
cryptogamous plants of the order Filices.
See Aspidium.
Ferrein 7 , Tubule of. See Pyramid.
Fer / ro- {ferrum, iron). A prefix used
with the names of certain salts of iron.
Fer / rum. (Lat.) [Gen. Ferri.) Iron.
Fe = 56. Quantivalence II, IV. A metal
having a luster varying from silver white
to gray. In pharmacy, a fine non-elastic,
soft wire is used. F. Redactum, iron
by hydrogen, occurs in fine powder ob-
tained by the reduction of ferric oxide
by hydrogen. A constituent of the blood,
to the red corpuscles of which it gives
color. An irritant in large or long-
continued doses. In small doses a
stimulant and slightly astringent tonic.
Highly valuable in anaemia, but contra-
indicated in plethora. Externally many
of the soluble salts are excellent styptic
and astringent lotions. Dose gr. j— v.
Ferri Acetat., Liq., a 33 per cent, so-
lution in water. F. Acetat., Tinet., has
liq. ferri acetas 50, alcohol 30, acetic ether
20 parts. Styptic and stimulant. Dose
gr. x- 3 iij. F. Bromidi, Syr., contains 10
per cent, of ferric bromide. Sedative tonic,
recommended in nervous disorders. F.
Carb., Saccharat., contains 15 per cent,
of ferrous carbonate. Stimulant to diges-
tion. Dose gr. ij-x, with food. F. Carb.,
Massa, Vallet's mass; ferrous sulphate
100, sodium carbonate no, honey 36,
sugar 25, syrup and distilled water aa
q. s. ad fac. 100 parts. F. Comp., Mis-
tura, Griffith's mixture; ferrous sulphate,
myrrh, sugar, aa 18, potassium carbonate 8,
spt. lavender 50, rose water 900. Essen-
tially a carbonate of iron. Dose gr. iij-v.
F. Pilulae, Comp., Griffith's pill, con-
taining each, ferrous sulphate gr. %, so-
dium carb. gr. %{, myrrh gr. jss, syrup q. s.
F. Chloridum, strongly acid, astringent,
haemostatic and styptic. Never used in-
ternally. F. Chlor., Liq., an aqueous so-
lution containing 38 per cent, of the salt.
Dose Ttyj-x; rarely used. F. Chlor.,
Tinct., contains liq. chlor. ferri 35, alco-
hol 65 parts. Very commonly used, and
one of the best tonic preparations. Dose
TT\v-xx. F. Citras, soluble in water,
insoluble in alcohol. A mild stimulant.
Dose gr. ij-v. F. Citras, Liq., a solution
of ferri citras, 35 per cent, in strength.
Dose gr. v-xv. F. Citras, Vinum, am-
monio-ferric citrate 4, tinct. orange peel,
syrup, aa 12, stronger white wine 72 parts.
Dose gj-ij. F. Hypophosphitis, ferric
hypophosphite, soluble in very dilute
hydrochloric acid. Dose gr. v-x. F.
Iodidum Saccharat., soluble in water.
Tonic. Dose gr. v-x. F. Iod., Pil.,
contain reduced iron, iodine, liquorice,
sugar, acacia, and water, coated with
balsam of tolu in ether. Dose j-ij
pills. F. Iodidi, Syr., contains 10 per
cent, of the iodide. Dose rr\v-xxx. F.
Lactas, ferrous lactate, — best solvent,
sodium citrate. Dose gr. j-iij. > F. Ni-
tratis, Liq., aqueous, contains 6 per cent,
of salt, styptic and astringent. Dose H\v
—xv. F. Oxalas. Dose gr. ij in pill.
F. Oxid. Hydratum, ferric hydrate,
prepared by adding aq. ammonia 8 parts
to a solution of ferric sulphate 10 parts.
An antidote for arsenical poisoning, pre-
pared when needed. F. Oxid. Hydrat.
cum Magnesia, prepared when needed
from sol. ferric sulphate 1 000 gr., water
2000 grains, to which is added magnesia
150 gr. water ^xxxij. An antidote for
arsenic. F. Emplastrum, strengthen-
ing plaster; ferric hydrate, dried Canada
turpentine, Burgundy pitch, aa 10, lead
plaster 70 parts. F. Trochisci, have
each of ferric hydrate dried gr. v, vanilla
gr. jL, sugar and mucilage of tragacanth
q. s. Dose j-iij each day. F. Phos-
phas, an adjuvant to laxative pills, gr. v
-x. F. Pyrophosphas, tasteless and
non-astringent. Dose gr. ij-v. F. Sul-
phas, copperas, proto-sulphate of iron, fer-
rous sulphate, astringent and irritating.
An ingredient of pil. aloes et ferri, q. v.
F. Sulph. Precipitat., the foregoing pre-
cipitated from solution by alcohol. Dose
gr. ss-ij. F. Subsulph. Liq., Monsel's
solution, an aqueous solution of basic sul-
phate of iron, powerfully astringent, styptic
and haemostatic, rarely given internally.
FERRUM
159
FEVER
Dose gr. iij-x. F. Sulph. Exsiccat.,
dried ferrous sulphate, the most astringent
and irritating. Dose gr. ss-ij, in pill. F.
Valerianas, valerianate of iron, soluble
in alcohol. Dose gr. i-iij, in pill. F.
et Ammonii Citras, citrate of iron 3,
water of ammonia I part. Dose gr. ij-v.
F. et Ammonii Sulphas, ammonic-
sulphate of iron, ferric alum. Least astrin-
gent of sulphates. Dose gr. ij-v. F. et
Ammonii Tartras, ammonic tartrate of
iron. Dose gr. v-xx. F. et Potassii
Tartras, least disagreeable of all iron
preparations. Dose gr. v-x. F. et
Quininae Citras, has 12 per cent, of
quinine. Astringent and stimulant. Dose
gr. iij-v. F. et Quin. Cit., Liq., of
doubtful value. Dose Ti\v-xv. F. Vi-
num Amarum, bitter wine of iron, con-
tains liq. citrate of iron and quinine 8,
tinct. orange peel 12, syrup 36, stronger
white wine 44. A good substitute for the
various "elixirs of calisaya and iron."
Dose ^j-iv. F. et Strychninae Citras,
contains I per cent of strychnine. Astrin-
gent and stimulating. Dose gr. j-iij. F. et
Ammonii Acetas, Mist., Basham's mix-
ture, contains tinct. fer. chloride 2, acetic
acid 3, liq. ammonii acet. 20, elixir au-
rantii 10, syrup 15, water 50 parts. Very
agreeable, tonic and diuretic. Dose 3 ij-v.
UNOFFICIAL PREPARATIONS.
F. Dialysatum, dialysed iron, a ten per
cent, oxychloride in water. Astringent
and styptic, but only feebly chalybeate.
Dose TT^x-xxx. F. Arsenias (not to
be confounded with arsenzV^ of iron).
Dose gr. T V-|- F. et Manganesii
lodidi Syr., containing in each fid. ^ ,
50 gr. of iodides in proportion of 3 of iron
to I of manganese. Dose ttlx-xxx-3 j. F.
et Manganesii Phosphat., Syr., syrup
of phosphate of iron and manganese. Each
5 contains 2 gr. phosph. of iron and 1 of
manganese. Dose ^j. F. Mistura
Aromat., pale cinchona bark 4, ca-
lumba 2, cloves I, iron wire 2, tinct. carda-
mon comp. 12, tinct. orange peel 2, water
of peppermint 50. Dose ^j-ij. F. Mist.
Laxans, ferrous sulphate gr. ij, magnesia
sulphate gj, dilute sulphuric acid n\iij,
spt. chloroform TTlxx, water of peppermint
ad fac. ^j. Ferro-salina, Mist., mag-
nesium sulphate ^j, potassium ditartrate
3J, dried sulphate of iron gr. x, water
^xxxij. Dose a wineglassful. F. Phos-
phatum Quininae et Strychninae, Syr.,
Easton's syrup, unof. Each ^j contains
gr. j phosph. of iron, gr. j quinia and gr.
gJg- strychnia.
Fertile (fertilis, fruitful). Prolific, fruit-
ful. In botany, applied to flowers having
a pistil.
Fertilization of the Ovum. See Fe-
cundation.
Feru'la. Giant fennel. A genus of the
order Umbelliferae. Also, a splint.
Festina / tion (festino, to hasten). A symp-
tom of paralysis agitans and other diseases
in which the patient shows in walking a
tendency to take quicker and quicker steps.
Propulsion or retropulsion are coincident
symptoms.
Fe / ver (febris, a fever). A systemic dis-
ease or symptom of disease whose distinc-
tive characteristic is elevation of tempera-
ture, accompanied also by quickened cir-
culation, increased katabolism or tissue-
waste and disordered secretions. F.,
Abdominal. See Typhoid F. F., Af-
rican. See F, Yellow. F. and Ague.
See F, Intermittent. F., Anomalous,
one whose symptoms are irregular. F.,
Ardent, a malarial fever to which immi-
grants to a tropical country are peculiarly
liable. F., Articular. See Dengue.
F., Asthenic, one with a low fever tem-
perature, weak circulation and great loss
of nervous force. F., Atypic. See F.,
anomalous. F., Bilious, one accom-
panying affections of the digestive organs.
F., Catarrhal, that with catarrhal affec-
tions of the air-passages. F., Catheter,
a severe remittent fever sometimes follow-
ing the passage of the catheter. F.,
Cerebro- spinal, a malignant epidemic
fever characterized by spasmodic actions
of the muscles of the neck, retraction of
the head, hyperesthesia, etc., with lesions
of the cerebral and spinal membranes ; due
to a specific poison. F., Congestive, a
malignant form of a remittent or intermit-
tent malarial fever. F., Continued, one
in which there is a slowly continuous rise
of temperature until a not high crisis is
reached, whence the fever ends fatally or
slowly subsides. F., Enteric. See F,
Typhoid. F., Eruptive, that accom-
panied or succeeded by an eruption of the
skin. Examples are Scarlet F., Measles,
Rotheln, Smallpox, Vaccination, Vari-
cella, Erysipelas, Dengue. F., Essen-
tial. See F, Idiopathic. F., Idio-
pathic, one in which no local affection
causes the disorder. F., Inflammatory,
the same as simple Continued F. F.,
Intermittent, one in which the symptoms
FEVER BUSH
160
FICUS
intermit, with intermediate periods of free-
dom from the febrile attack. F., Mala-
rial, remittent, or Fever and Ague. F.,
Jungle, a remittent fever of India. F.,
Malignant, a severe and fatal form. F.,
Pernicious, a malignant fatal type of re-
mittent or intermittent malarial fever. F.,
Relapsing, an epidemic, contagious type
due to a specific poison, similar to yellow
fever. F., Remittent, a paroxysmal fever
with exacerbations and remissions, but not
intermissions. F., Septic, due to the
admission of septic matter into the system.
F., Typhoid, or enteric fever, an acute,
self-limited febrile affection due to a spe-
cific germ, and having characteristic lesions
in Peyer's patches and the solitary glands.
F., Typho -malarial, a malarial fever
with typhoid symptoms. F., Typhus,
ship or jail fever, a contagious specific type
connected with filth and overcrowding.
F., Yellow, an acute, infectious, paroxys-
mal, malignant fever, characterized by
three stages — the febrile, the remission, and
the collapse; due to a specific poison.
Destroyed by frost.
Fe'ver Bush. Spice-wood. The bark
and fruit of Benzoin odoriferum. An aro-
matic stimulant and tonic. Properties due
to a volatile oil. Dose of fid. ext. — bark
£j-ij, of the berries TT^xx-^j. Unof.
Fe'verfew. The herb Pyrethrum par-
thenium. A stimulant tonic with emmena-
gogue and anthelmintic properties. Dose
of fid. ext. 3J-ij. Unof.
Fi'ber [Jibra, a thread). A filamentary or
thread-like organ or part of an organ. Ap-
plied to the thread-like filaments of mus-
cular, cartilaginous and tendinous tissues.
F. of Corti. See Corti.
Fibers of Tomes. Elongated and
branched processes of the odontoblasts of
the pulp, filling the dentinal tubules of
teeth.
FibriFla (dim. oifibrd). A small fiber or
component filament of a fiber. A name
applied to minute nerve filaments.
Fibrillar. Pertaining to fibrillse. F. Con-
tractions, short contractions occurring
alternately in different bundles of muscular
fibers.
Fibrillation. See Fibrillar Contractions.
Fibrin (jibra, a fiber). A native albumin
or proteid, a substance that, becoming
solid in shed blood, plasma and lymph,
causes coagulation of these fluids. It then
exists in the shape of innumerable, excess-
ively delicate, closely-packed, microscopic,
doubly-refractive fibrils, entangling the
blood corpuscles, as in a spider's web, and
with them forming the blood clot or placenta
sanguinis. Fibrin forms about 0.2 per
cent, of the blood and is insoluble in water
and ether. It is changed into syntonin by
dilute hydrochloric acid.
Fibrinogen (Jibrin, yevvacj, to beget). A
native proteid of the globulin class, obtained
from blood plasma, serous transudations,
etc. According to Schmidt it is one of the
chief elements in the formation of fibrin
(the other being Paraglobulin), which
occurs dissolved in the plasma, aided by a
fibrin ferment.
Fibrinoplast'in. See Paraglobulin.
Fi'bro- {fibra, a fiber). A prefix used with
words to denote fibrous structure. F.-
blasts,the formation of new fibrous tissue.
F.- cartilage, a variety of cartilage having
fibrous structure. See Cartilage. F.-
myoma. See Myoma. F.-neuro-
myoma. See Neuroma. F. -plastic,
fiber- forming. F.-plastin. See Para-
globulin. F. -sarcoma, a tumor having
structural resemblance both to fibroma and
spindle-celled sarcoma.
Fibroid [Jib?-a, eidog, likeness). A term
applied to such structures as possess a fib-
rous appearance, but cannot be separated
into fibers. Also, a fibroid tumor.
Fi'broin. An albuminoid, the chief con-
stituent of the cocoons of insects and spider-
web.
Fibro / ma (jibra, oma, a tumor). Fibroma
Molluscum, Molluscum Simplex, Mollus-
cum Pendulum, Molluscum Fibrosum. A
disease of the skin marked by the pres-
ence of soft tumors within the connective
tissue of the deeper layers of the corium
and subcutaneous tissue. They are usually
hemispherical, and vary in size from a pin's
head to that of an orange. Occur on all
parts of the body, and frequently extend
to the nerve trunks, where they have
been found in post-mortem examination.
Thought to be due to obstruction of the
lymphatics. F. Fungoides. See Mycosis.
Fib / ula (L. a buckle). The smaller or
splint bone at the outer part of the lower
leg articulating above with the femur, and
below with the astragalus and tibia. It
forms the external malleolus.
Fi'cus. (Lat. a fig-tree.) The fig. The
fleshy receptacle of F. carica, native to
Asia Minor, and cultivated throughout
Europe and tropical America. Contains
62 per cent, of grape sugar when dry.
Somewhat laxative and fairly nutritious.
Constituent of confectio sennce.
FIELD OF VISION
161
FIT
Field of Vision. Sometimes spoken of
as simply the field. The extent of indi-
rect vision with fixation of the visual axis
upon one point. Its limit for white light
is about 90 outward, 70 inward and
above, and 6o° downward. The F. for
colors is more restricted, that for blue is
nearly as large as white, red and green
more narrow. F., Testing, the. See
Perimeter. F., Contraction of the, oc-
curs in certain retinal and cerebral affec-
tions.
Fig. See Fiats.
Fig 7 wort. The herb Scrophularia nodosa.
Alterative, diuretic and anodyne. Some-
times used in form of ointment in piles.
Dose of fid. ext. £ss-j. Unof.
Filament (filum, a thread). A small
thread-like structure or part of an organ,
as amuscle, nerve or tendon. F., Sperm-
atic, the caudal filament of the sperma-
tozoa.
Fila / ria (filum) . A genus of thread-like
worms belonging to the order Nematoda.
Many, if not all of them, are parasitic. F.
Medinensis, the Guinea Worm, q. v.
F. Sanguinis Hominis. Craw Craw.
A nematode worm native to the Guinea
coast of Africa, which, entering the blood
and lymphatics, causes lymph abscesses
and certain forms of Elephantiasis, q. v.
FiFiform {filum). Thread-like. F. Bou-
gie. See Bougie. F. Papillae, the small-
est and most numerous of the P. of the
tongue, occurring over its whole surface.
FiFlet, OFivary. A fasciculus' of nerve
fibers enclosing the olivary body of the
medulla.
Filo-pres / sure [filum). Compression of
a vessel by means of a wire.
FiFter (filtrum, felt). An apparatus for
straining and removing from water or other
liquid solutions the impurities it may con-
tain. F., Chamberland's, or C.'s Bou-
gie, a filter of peculiar construction that
allows no microbes to pass.
Filtration (filtrum). The operation of
straining through bibulous paper. The
best white filter-paper should be used for
filtering alkaline or alkaloidal solutions.
FFlum Terminate. The terminal strands
of the spinal cord, extending from the
first lumbar vertebra through the Cauda
equina.
Fim / briae [fimbria, a fringe). Threads;
a fringe. F. of Fallopian Tube, the
fringe-like processes of the outer extremity
of the oviduct.
Fing / ers. (Sax.) The digits of the hand.
H
Fire-damp. See Marsh Gas.
Fire / weed. The herb Erechthites hieraci-
fiolia. Infests peppermint fields of Michi-
gan. Tonic and astringent. Of reputed
service in dysentery. Dose of fid. ext.
3 ss-j. Unof.
First Intension. See Healing.
Fisher's Test. See Phenyl-hydrazin
Test.
Fish'-skin Disease. See Ichthyosis.
Fis / sile (findo, to split). That which may
be split or cleft.
Fis / sion (findo). Reproduction by split-
ting into two or more equal parts.
Fissipara / tion. See Cell.
Fissip / arous [findo). A sexual genera-
tion by fission.
Fis / sure (findo). A groove or cleft. A
term applied to the clefts or grooves in
various organs, as F. of Bichat, the
transverse fissure of the brain. F. Gla-
serian, the fissure of the glenoid fossa.
F. Longitudinalis, the cleft in the
median line on the upper surface of the
brain. F. of Sylvius, the cleft between
the anterior and middle lobes of the brain.
Fist (Sax. fiyst). The firmly-closed hand.
Fis / tula (findo). A suppurating, tube-
like passage in the body. F., Aerial,
opening into the larynx, trachea, etc. F.,
Anal, about the anus. F., Blind, a va-
riety of anal, urinary or other fissure with
but one opening. F., Blind, External,
an anal F. with but one opening external.
F., Blind, Internal, anal fissure with but
one opening internal. F., Blind, Uri-
nary, suppurating tracks opening into the
urethra, but without external openings.
F., Biliary, of the biliary ducts or gall-
bladder. F., Complete, with two open-
ings, internal and external. F., Fecal,
abdominal F., opening into the intestine.
F. in Ano. See Anal F. F., Mam-
mary, or Milk, of the mamma or its ducts.
F., True, one that discharges the secretion
of an organ. In F. recto-labial, recto-
urethal, recto-vaginal, and recto-vesi-
cal, the gut communicates by a fistulous
track with the labia majora, the urethra,
the vagina, or the bladder, respectively.
F., Thiry's, an artificial intestinal F.
made in the dog to obtain intestinal juice.
F., Vellas', the same, but so made that
the loop is supplied by its own blood ves-
sels and nerves, isolated, and with an
upper and lower aperture.
Fit (Sax. fit, a song). A popular name ap-
plied to any sudden paroxysm of a disease,
but especially to one of epilepsy
FIXATION
162
FLUXION
Fixation {flxus, fixed). A making firm
or rigid. F. Forceps, those used for fix-
ing or holding a part in position during a
surgical operation.
Flank (flaccus, soft). The part of the
body between the ribs and the upper bor-
der of the ilium.
Flap (0. E. flappan, to break). A loose
and partly detached portion of the skin or
other soft tissue. F. of Amputation.
See Amputation. F. Extraction. See
Extraction of Cataract.
Flat-foot. See Talipes.
Flatulence {flatus, breath). A condi-
tion marked by the presence of gases in
the alimentary canal. It arises mainly
from the fermentation of the contents of
the stomach and intestines.
Flatus {flatus). A term applied to gases
in the stomach and bowels.
Flaxseed. See Linum.
Flea. See Pulex.
Flea'bane. See Erigeron.
Fleece of Stealing. An interlacing of
fibers passing from the cortex about the
dentate nucleus.
Fleischl's Law of Contraction. That
the excitability of a nerve varies at certain
points in its course.
Fleit'mann's Test for Arsenic. Put
some strong potassium hydrate into a test
tube and a few pieces of pure zinc ; clasp
over mouth of tube paper wet with silver
nitrate and boil. If the paper is not
stained no arsenic is present.
Flesh (Sax. flcesc). The soft tissues of the
body, especially the muscles. F., Proud,
a colloquial term for the soft and inflamed
granulation of the edges of a wound.
Flexibil'itas Ce'rea. (Lat.) A condition
of the limbs in catalepsy in which they
resist passive movement and seem as if
made of wax.
Flexible (flexus, bent). That which may
be bent. F. Catheter, a catheter made
of flexible substance. F. Collodion.
See Pyroxyline.
Flexile {flexilis, pliable). Easily bent.
Flex / ion {flexus). The operation or pro-
cess of bending. F., Forcible, in surgery,
a mode of treating aneurism by a forcible
bending of the limb so as to compress
the popliteal artery, thereby reducing the
volume of blood; also, of breaking up
adhesions of the joints by mechanical
bending.
Flexion-stage of Labor. One of the
stages of labor consisting in a bending of
the head forward toward the chest.
Flex / or {flexus). A name applied to those
muscles which bend a limb or part. See
Muscle.
Flex / ura (Lat., a bending). A bending or
curve in an organ.
Floating Ribs. See Ribs.
Floc / culus (dim. of floccus, a tuft of
wool). A small lobule of the cerebellum.
Flooding. A popular name for the
copious bleeding from the womb during
child-birth.
Floor of Pelvis. See Pelvis.
Floor-space. The distance apart of beds
required for proper ventilation of hospitals.
It should be not less than ^ of the cubic
space.
FlorTda AlFspice. The leaves of Caly-
canthus jloridtis. A pleasant aromatic
stimulant. Dose of fid. ext. gtt. x-xxx.
Unof.
Flou / ren's Doctrine. That the whole of
the cerebrum is concerned in every psy-
chical process.
Flow (Sax. flow ait). The free discharge
of a liquid, as the blood.
Fluctuation {fluctuo, to float or roll).
The wave-like motion of contained fluid
upon pressure, or by succussion.
Flu 'id {fluo, to flow). A substance whose
molecules move freely upon one another.
Also applied to the liquid tissues of the
body.
FluidrachnV. See Weights.
Fluorescence [fluo). A property pos-
sessed by certain substances, consisting in
the emission of colors while light is being
passed through them. Quinine, fluorspar,
and several structures of the eye, possess
this power. See also Phosphoresce?ice.
Fluores / cin {fluo). An amorphous pro-
duct of the reduction of fluoresceine, the
latter an anhydride of resorcin. On account
of its neutral quality and green fluorescence,
it has been used to study the movements
of the intraocular fluids.
Flu'orine. F= 19; quantivalence I. One
of the elements. It has not been isolated,
but is probably a gas. All the salts are
highly corrosive and poisonous in their full
strength. Ammonium fluoride is recom-
mended by Lucas in hypertrophy of the
spleen. Dose rr^v of a gr. iv to %] solu-
tion. Unof.
Flux (fluxus, flowing). An abnormal flow
of any of the excretions of the body, espe-
cially the faeces. Also, a synonym for
Dysentery.
Flux / ion ( fluxus). Gathering of blood
or other fluid to one part of the body.
FOCAL
163
FORCEPS
Fc/cal (foctis, a fire-place). Pertaining to
or occupying a focus. F. Disease. See
Disease. F. Haemorrhage, localized H.,
in contradistinction to diffuse or dissemi-
nated. F. Meningitis, involving but a
small area of the membranes. F. Mye-
litis, localized, in contradistinction to
diffuse or disseminated. F. Sclerosis,
the chronic indurating form, sometimes
called Sclerotic Myelitis.
Fo / cus (focus). The principal seat of a
disease. The point (called principal focus)
whereto are gathered the rays of light by
a convex lens or a concave mirror. F.,
Negative, or Virtual, the imaginary
focus of an object placed within the princi-
pal focus. Conjugate Foci, interdepen-
dent foci.
Fcenic / ulum. Fennel. The fruit of F.
vulgar e. Properties due to a volatile oil.
A mild stimulant and aromatic carmina-
tive. F., Aq., 2 parts of the oil in loo
of water. Dose gss-^j. F., Ol., the
volatile oil. Dose rryj-v.
Fce / tal. Pertaining to the foetus.
Foeticide (fetus, unborn offspring, cado,
to kill). The killing of the foetus in the
womb by intent.
Fce / tid (fosteo, to become putrid). Hav-
ing a foul odor.
Fce / tus (foetus, offspring). * The product
of conception from the fourth month of
intra-uterine life to delivery. Often used
of the whole period of intra-uterine life.
F. , Altitude of, the general form and direc-
tion of the trunk and the position of the
limbs in relation to it. F., Papyraceous,
a retained dead foetus mummified and
compressed. F., Presentation of. See
Presentation.
Fold. A term applied to the plication or
doubling together of various parts of the
body. F., Recto-vaginal, the fold of
the peritoneum descending in front of the
rectum. (Called in the male the recto-
vesical fold '.)
Folie a deux (Fr.). See Insanity, Com-
municated.
FoPlicle (dim. of follis, a pair of bellows).
In anatomy a very small secretory cavity
or sac, as the follicles of Lieberkuhn. F.,
Graafian, the small vesicular bodies in the
cortical layer of the ovary, consisting of
flattened granular cells with oval nuclei
and membrana propria, each about T oVo
inch in diameter. F., Sebaceous, the
sacs lying within the skin which secrete
the oily fluid with which the skin is soft-
ened.
Follic'ulose (follis). Full of follicles.
Having the appearance of follicles.
Fomentation (f omentum). The appli-
cation of cloths soaked in hot medicinal
solutions, to reduce inflammation or allay
pain. Also, the application of hot dry
cloths. Also, the decoction applied.
Fons Pulsati'lis. See Fontanelle.
Fonta / na's Markings. Delicate micro-
scopic transverse folds of nerve-fibers, to
which is due their non-retraction when
divided.
Fontana's Spaces. Those between the
processes of the ligamentum pectinatum
iridis.
Fontanelle / (dim. of fontana, a spring,
from the appearance and feeling). The
membranous spaces of the infant's head,
from delayed ossification of the cranial
bones. F., Anterior, that at the point of
union of the frontal, saggital and coronal
sutures. See also Bregma. F., Pos-
terior, that at the point of junction of the
apex of the lambdoidal sagittal sutures.
Food (Sax. foda). Anything used for the
nourishment or formation of tissue. The
substances ordinarily employed as aliments.
Foods, Isodynamic. Those producing
an equal amount of heat. F., Plastic, pro-
teids. F., Respiratory, fats and carbo-
hydrates. (The nomenclature of the two
last rests upon an erroneous theory.)
Foot (Sax. fat). The organ at the ex-
tremity of the leg ; one of the organs of
locomotion. In bimana and quadrumana it
consists of the tarsus, metatarsus, and pha-
langes, or toes. F. Clonus. See Clonus.
Fora / men (foro, to pierce). A passage or
opening. F. Caecum, the blind passage
at the root of the spine of the frontal bone.
Applied also to other csecal foramina.
F. of Magendie, an opening in the inferior
boundary of the fourth ventricle. F.
Magnum. That in the occipital bone
communicating with the spinal canal. F.
of Monro, an opening under the arch of
the fornix. F. Ovale, an opening be-
tween the auricles of the foetal heart. F.
of Winslow, the aperture that extends
between the large sac of the omentum
and the cavity of the abdomen.
Force (fortis, strong). That which pro-
duces or arrests motion.
For / ceps [forceps, a pair of tongs). An
instrument with two blades and handles
for purposes of seizing, traction, etc., in
sm-gical, obstetrical, and other operations.
F., Angular, forceps bent for insertion into
a canal. F., Arterial, specially adapted
FORCIBLE
16-4
FRACTURE
for seizing an artery ; many varieties are
named after inventors. F., Bone, ex-
ceptionally strong, for use in operations
upon bones. F., Bullet, of peculiar con-
struction, to extract bullets. F., Canula,
long, slender forceps enclosed in a tube,
that open by protruding the blades. F.,
Craniotomy ; the halves are crossed and
adapted to embryotomy. F., Dental,
adapted for extraction of teeth. F., Ec-
tropion, adapted for seizing the lid in ec-
tropion operations. F., Gouge, cutting
forceps for operations upon bone. F., Iri-
dectomy, delicate forceps for seizing the
iris. F., Midwifery, or Obstetric, for
seizing the foetal head in labor and by
traction aiding its exit ; a great number of
varieties.
Forcible. With force or power. F. Ex-
tension. See Extension.
For / cipressure {force, and presser, to
squeeze). The arrest of a minor haemor-
rhage by pressing the end of the divided
vessel with a pair of spring forceps, the
pressure being continued for 24-36 hours.
Fore -arm. That part of the arm between
the wrist and the elbow.
Fore -brain. The anterior of the encepha-
lic vesicles into which the primary nerve-
system of the embryo divides at an early
stage.
Fore -gut. The cavity in the raised cephalic
end of the embryo, called also Head-
gut.
Fore / head. That part of the face between
the orbits of the eyes, the hair above, and
the temples at the sides.
Foreign Bod / y. A substance in a wound
or cavity acting as an irritant.
Foren / sic (forensis, belonging to the
forum) . Pertaining to a court of law. In
medicine, that part of the science con-
nected with judicial inquiry. Also, medi-
cal jurisprudence.
Fore / skin. The prepuce.
Forma / tio Reticularis (Lat.). The in-
tercrossing of the fibers in the medulla.
Form / ative Cells. Large spherical, re-
fractive cells beneath the hypoblast.
Formication (formica, an ant). A sensa-
tion like that produced by ants or other
insects crawling upon the skin.
Form / ula (dim. of forma, a form). A pre-
scribed method. In pharmacy, a list of
the names and respective quantities of sub-
stances entering into a composition. In
chemistry, a method of representing the
gravimetric structure of a compound by
symbols. F., Constitutional, one that
shows structure and proportionate compo-
sition of its component parts. F., Em-
pirical, that showing the constitution of a
body without showing how the molecules
are grouped. F., Graphic. Same as
Constitutional. F., Rational. Same as
Constitutional.
Fornix (fornix, zn arch). The triangular
lamina of the white substance of the brain,
extending into the lateral ventricles and
arching downward.
Fortification Spect/rum. A term used
of the appearance of a peculiar subjective
visual sensation in migraine. The luminous
shape of its outer edge assumes a zigzag
form, with angles like a fortification.
Fos'sa (fossa, a ditch). A depression, fur-
row or sinus. F., Canine, the depression
on the external surface of the superior
maxillary bone, forming the origin of the
levator anguli oris and compressor nasi
muscles. F., Cranial, any fossa of the
skull. F., Iliac, the smooth internal sur-
face of the ilium. F., Lachrymalis, the
depression in the frontal bone for the recep-
tion of the lachrymal gland. F., Nasal,
the nostrils. See Nasal Fossce. F.,
Navicularis, a fossa within the penis,
formed by a dilatation in the spongy por-
tion of the urethral passage.
Fossette' (Fr). A dimple or small de-
pression.
Fourchette' (Fr., a fork). A fold of mu-
cous membrane at the junction of the
labia majora.
Fove'a (fovea, a small pit). Applied to
many depressions in the body or its organs,
but more particularly to the fovea centralis
retincz, a little pit in the macula lutea op-
posite the visual axis, the spot of distinct-
est vision, where the retinal cones are
massed together and the rods and some
other parts are absent.
FowFer's Method. See Urea.
FowFer's Solution. See Arsenic.
Fox -glove. See Digitalis.
Fractional Cultivation. The isolation
of one variety of microSrganism from a
mixture of several in order to study or cul-
tivate it. This is done by attenuation of
the medium so that a drop will probably
contain but one organism. Distilled water
was first used as the attenuating medium,
but gelatinized media are now used. Bre-
feld and Xageli suggested the procedure,
and Lister isolated the first microbe, the
bacillus lacticus of Cohn.
Frac / ture (frango, to break). The break-
ing of a bone, either by external force, or
FILENUM
165
FRONTO-
by the action of the muscles of the body.
Applied also to the breaking of a cartilage.
F., Barton's, oblique, of the lower end
of radius, beginning in the articulating sur-
face. F.-Bed, a double inclined plane
for fractures of the hip. F., Capillary,
consisting of only a fine crack or fissure.
F., Comminuted, with shattering of the
bone. F., Colles', one of lower end of
radius with displacement backward. F.,
Complete, entirely through the bone. F.,
Complicated, with injury to adjacent
parts. F., Compound, with communi-
cating wound of the skin. F., Depressed,
with depression of the fractured part be-
low the normal level, as in fracture of the
skull. F., Double, one bone is fractured
in two places. F., Dupuytren's, frac-
ture of the fibula with retraction and dis-
placement outward, and with laceration of
the ligaments of the foot. F., Epiphy-
seal, with separation of the epiphysis of a
bone. F., Greenstick, one side of the
bone is broken, the other bent. F., Im-
pacted, with forcible compression of the
parts into each other. F., Pott's, same
as Dupuytren's, without laceration of
the inferior tibio-fibular ligaments. F.,
Simple, without rupture of the skin or
mucous membrane. F., Spontaneous,
with but a slight force to cause it, as in
diseases of the bone.
Frse / num (Lat., a curb). A ligament,
fold of integument, or other part which
checks or limits the movement of any
organ, as F. Labiorum, the fourchette or
lower commissure of the labia pudendi.
F. Linguae, the bridle of the tongue.
FragiFitas (Lat.). Brittleness. In phy-
siology, a want of flexile strength. F.
Cri / num, a brittleness of the hair, which
breaks or splits. F. Ossium. See
Osteo-malacia.
Fragmentation (fragmentum, a piece).
The subdivision into fragments. F. of
Calculi, Spontaneous, the exfoliation
and breaking up of a calculus by the action
of the uric acid or other morbid products
in the bladder.
Frambce / sia. Yaws, Pian, Amboyna But-
ton, Parangi, Coco, Endemic Verrugas.
A contagious disease of the skin character-
ized by dirty or bright red raspberry-like
tubercles ; appearing usually on the face,
toes and genital organs.
Frangu / la. Buckthorn. The bark (one
year old) of Rhamnus F., or alder buck-
thorn. Fresh bark a violent irritant ; old
bark a non-irritant purgative much used in
constipation of pregnancy. F., Ext. Fid.
Dose gss-ij.
Frankincense. A name given to a va-
riety of resinous aromatic substances, espe-
cially the exudation of Abies excelsa.
FrankTin Spectacles. See Bifocal.
Fra / serin. See American Columbo.
Frec / kles. See Lentigo.
Freezing. The congelation of liquids,
especially of water. F. Fluids, liquid
preparations, syrupy or gummy in con-
sistence, with boric acid, in which tissue
specimens are immersed prior to freezing
and section-cutting. F. Machine, an
apparatus for producing intense cold by the
evaporation of condensed gases. F. Mi-
crotome, a microtome attached to a con-
trivance for freezing artificially the tissue
to be sectionized. Used with very soft
tissues. F. Mixture, a mixture of salts
which in undergoing solution absorb heat.
Fremitus (Lat., a murmur). A tremor
caused by the sympathetic vibration of
the body in consonance with some other
vibrating body. Also a murmuring.
Friable (frio, to rub). Easily broken or
crumbled.
Fri'ar's Bal'sam. See Benzoin.
Fric / tion (frico, to rub). The act of rub-
bing. The process, in medicine, called
shampooing. Also the inunction of a
medicinal substance by rubbing. F.
Sound, the sound observed in ausculta-
tion, caused by the rubbing of adjacent
parts.
Friedreich's Disease. Hereditary
Ataxia, or Hereditary Ataxic Paraplegia ;
depending on combined posterior and lat-
eral sclerosis of the cord, differing from
tabes and ataxic paraplegia in the early
age, hereditary nature and some other
symptoms.
Frigorific (f-igtcs, cold, facio, to make).
That which produces extreme cold.
Fringe-tree. The bark of the root of
Chionanthns Virginica. A mild diuretic,
aperient and reputed alterative. Dose of
fid. ext. gss-j. Unof.
Fro / mann's Lines. Silver nitrate stain-
ings of the axis-cylinders of nerves at their
nodes.
Front / al (from). Pertaining to the an-
terior part or aspect of an organ or body.
F. Bone, the anterior bone of the skull and
superior of the face. F. Sinuses, the
cavities, one over each orbit, of the frontal
bone.
Fronto- (from). A prefix denoting an-
terior position.
FROST-BITE
166
FURUNCULUS
Frost-bite. Injury to the skin or a part
from extreme cold, resulting in inflamma-
tion and gangrene.
Frost-wort. See Helianthemum.
Fructification (fructus, fruit, facto, to
make). The formation and development of
the seed or fruit of a plant. Applied also
to animal reproduction.
Frugiv / orous (frux, fruit, voro, to de-
vour). Fruit-eating.
Friihlingskatarrh. See Vernal Conjunc-
tivitis.
Fruit (fructus). The developed ovary of
a plant, and especially the succulent, fleshy
parts gathered about the same. Also ap-
plied to the offspring of animals. F.
Sugar. See Sugar.
Fucb/sin. Rose'in, Magenta, Eosin, Ani-
line Red. The hydrochloride of rosanilin,
a lustrous, green, crystalline salt imparting
an intense red to solutions. In large doses
produces violent emesis and purging. In-
jected into a vein causes staggering and
trembling. Very efficient in reducing al-
buminuria. Dose gr. %-w.
Fu / cus Vesicuk/sus. Bladder-wrack,
Sea-wrack. A marine alga abundant on
the seashore. Alterative and tonic. Em-
ployed in goitre and glandular enlarge-
ments, but mainly as an empiric remedy
for the absorption of fatty tissue in obesity.
An extract for such purpose is sold under
the name of anti-fat. Unof.
Fulminate (fulmen, lightning). A com-
pound of fulminic acid with a base, usually
silver, gold or mercury ; characterized by
highly explosive qualities.
Fumigation (fumigo, to smoke). Disin-
fection by exposure to the fumes of a vapor-
ized disinfectant.
Function (fungor, to perform). The nor-
mal or special action of a tissue, organ or
part of the body.
Functional (fungor). Pertaining to the
special action of an organ, whether physio-
logical or pathological.
Fund / ament (/undo, to be at the bottom).
The foundation or base of a thing. Also
the anus.
Fund / us (fundus, the bottom). The base
of an organ. F. Glands, microscopic
tubular glands of the cardiac portion of the
gastric mucous membrane. F. Oculi, the
posterior and interior portion of the eye
seen by the ophthalmoscope, comprising
chiefly the retina, papilla, retinal vessels,
etc.
Fungiform (fungus, a mushroom). Hav-
ing the form of a mushroom. F. Papil-
lae, elevations over the middle and front
part of the tongue.
Fun'gus (fungus). An order of plants
without stems, leaves or roots, consisting
of juxtaposed cells, without chlorophyl.
They reproduce by spores. The chief
classes are the Hymenoinycetes, Basidiomy-
cetes, Ascomycetes, and Oomycetes. F. of
the Dura Mater, a tumor of the skull, of
malignant nature, originating in the layers
of osteal cells. F. of Brain, hernia
cerebri. F. Haematodes, a bleeding
tumor.
Fun'gus Foot. Madura Foot, Myceto-
ma, Ulcus Grave. An endemic disease
of India affecting the foot or the hand,
accompanied by mammillated pustules, in
each of which is a deep-seated sinus. It is
now thought that the presence of fungoid
growths is an incidental feature and not a
cause.
Fu'nic (funis, a rope). Pertaining to the
funiculus.
Funiculus (dim. of funis). The sper-
matic or the umbilical cord.
Fu / nis. See Umbilicus.
Fun'nel (Old Fr. fonel). A wide-mouthed,
conical vessel ending in a tube, designed
for the speedy and safe transportation of
liquids from one vessel to another. Also
used as a support for paper filters.
Furfura / ceous (furfur, bran). Resem-
bling bran. Applied also to dandriff-covered
skin.
Fu'ror Uteri'nus. See Nymphomania.
Furred (Old Fr. forre, a sheath). A
coating of granular or epithelial scales and
other matter upon the tongue.
Fur'row (Sax. furh) . A groove or trench.
F., Genital, a groove in the Wolffian
body, appearing about the sixth week of
pregnancy.
Furun'culous (furunculus, a boil). Per-
taining to the continuous production of
furuncles.
Furun / culus (Lat.). A boil. A local
inflammatory affection, commonly invest-
ing a skin-gland or hair-follicle, ending
in necrosis and central suppuration of
adjacent parts. It begins with a painful
induration, followed by a swelling, that
finally suppurates and sloughs the " core."
F. Orientalis. Oriental Boil, Aleppo Boil,
Delhi Boil, Biscara Button, Gafsa Button,
Kandahar Sore, Pendjeh Sore, Natal Sore.
A local disease, marked by the successive
formation of papule, tubercle, scab, and
sharply circumscribed ulcer, on the face,
especially the cheeks and angle of the
FUSEL OIL
167
GALL
mouth. Common along the shores of the
Mediterranean Sea.
Fu / sel Oil. See Alcohol
Fu'sible (fusus, melted). That which
can be easily fused or melted.
Fu / siform (fusus, a spindle). Spindle-
shaped.
Fu'sion (/undo, to pour out). The process
of liquefying a solid by the agency of heat.
Fustiga'tion (fustigo, to beat). Flagella-
tion. F., Electric, an application of elec-
tricity in which the surface of the body
is rapidly tapped with the electrodes of an
induced current.
G. Abbreviation of gramme.
Gal. Abbreviation of gallon.
Gr. Abbreviation of grain.
Gtt. Abbreviation of gittta or guttce.
Gad-fly (gad, a goad). A dipterous insect
belonging to the genus Tabanus. Also, ap-
plied to flies of the genus (Estris.
Gad / inine (from Gadus callarias, had-
dock). A ptomaine obtained from decom-
posing haddock, — also from cultures of the
bacteria of human faeces. It acts as a de-
cided poison when given in large doses.
Gad / uin (gadus, the codfish). A fatty
principle occurring in cod-liver oil.
Gaert / ner, Ducts of. Remains of the
Wolffian bodies persisting in certain ani-
mals.
Gaf'sa Button. See Furunculus Orien-
talis.
Gag (Mid. Eng. gaggen, to suffocate). An
instrument placed between the teeth to
prevent the closing of the jaws.
Galac / tagogue (yaAa, milk, ayo, to bring).
An agent that increases the secretion of
milk in the breast.
Galac'tia (yala). The family or class of
diseases, according to Good's Nosology,
embracing defective or abnormal secretion
of milk.
Galac / tocele (yala, Krjlrj, tumor). A cystic
tumor of the female breast owing to the
closure of the milk duct.
Galactom'eter. See Lactometer.
Galactopb/agus (yala, yoc, a treat-
ise). A treatise concerning old age.
GerTach's Network. An exceedingly
delicate fibrous network of the finest nerve
fibrils in the gray matter of the cord.
GerTach's Theory. Pertains to the con-
nection of the nerve-fibers and ganglionic
cells of the cord.
GerTier's Disease. An affection (of farm-
hands) characterized by sudden paroxysms
of ptosis, vertigo, muscular paresis, and
cervico-occipital pain.
Germ [germen, a sprout). The ovum,
spore, or zoospore that, by fecundation,
is capable of developing into an organism
like that whence it was derived. G. of
Disease, the special virus or spore by
which a disease becomes communicable.
G. of Sac, the vesicle constituting the
blastoderm of mammals. G., Specific,
same as Germ. G. Theory of Disease,
the theory that contagious and infectious
diseases are communicated by means of the
transference to and development of a spe-
cific seed or spore within the organism of
the animal infected.
German Breast Tea. A decoction of
althaea, q. v.
German Chamomile. See Matricaria.
Germ EpitheTium. Cylindrical cells on
the surface of the median plate of the me-
soblast.
Germinal. Pertaining to a germ or the
genesis of a tissue or organ. G. Area,
the area germinativa, or embryonal shield,
a white round spot upon one side of the
vitelline membrane in which the blasto-
derm becomes double. G. Matter. See
Protoplasm. G. Membrane, the blasto-
derm. G. Spot. See Zona Pellucida.
G. Vesicle. See Zona Pelhtcida.
Germination [germinatio, a sprouting).
The sprouting of a seed. The beginning
of the development of an ovum, spore or
germ.
Gero / ni Speck/sa. An Andean plant,
having a reputation as a local remedy in
syphilis and rheumatism. Unof.
Gerontox'on. See Arcus Senilis.
Gesta / tion [gero, to bear). Same as
Pregnancy.
Giacomini's Method of Preserving
the Brain. Immerse in a saturated solu-
tion of chloride of zinc ; turn several times
daily and inject 600 grms. of the liquid
through the carotids. Remove membranes
GIANT
173
GLAND
in 48 hours. Allow to remain in solution
until it begins to sink, then immerse in
alcohol for 10 days. Immerse in glycer-
ine until it sinks ; remove, allow to dry,
and varnish.
Gi / ant {gigds, large or ponderous). An
adult of a species excessively developed in
stature and proportions.
Gibbos / ity {gibbosus). The condition of
being gibbous.
Gib / bous {gibb osus, hunchbacked).
Bunched or bulged out. Abnormally
crooked.
Gi'bert's Syrup. See Hydrargyrum.
Gid / diness (Sax. gyddian, to be merry).
A sensation of whirling or unsteadiness
of the body, usually accompanied by more
or less nausea.
Gig / ger. See Pulex.
Gimbernat's Ligament. See Ligament.
Gin. See Spiritus ; also, Juniperus.
Gin'ger. See Zingiber.
Gingiva (Lat.). The vascular tissue sur-
rounding the necks of the teeth and
covering the alveoli. In the plural it is
popularly known as the gums.
Gingival {gingiva). Pertaining to the
gums. G. Line, the blue or purplish
line along the gums where they meet
the teeth, indicative of chronic lead-poi-
soning.
Gingivitis {gingiva). Inflammation of
the gums.
Gin / glymoid {yiyylvfiog, a hinge). Resem-
bling a hinge -joint.
Gin / glymus. See Diar'throsis.
Gin / seng. The fleshy root of several spe-
cies of Panax. An aromatic bitter with
tonic properties. Unof.
Giral'des, Organ of. The vasa aberrantia
of the Wolffian Bodies.
Gir'dle (Sax. gyrdel, a waistband). Any
band designed to go around the body. G.,
Pelvic, the bones (or cartilages) form-
ing the support for the lower limbs of
vertebrates. In mammals they consist of
the ilium, ischium and os pubis. G. Sen-
sation, or Pain, a sensation as though a
band had been tied around the pelvis, or
one of the limbs. A symptom of affections
of the spinal cord.
Giz'zard. (Old Fr. Gesier). The strong
muscular stomach of birds.
Glabella (dim. of glaber, smooth). The
triangular space between the eyebrows.
Gla / brous {glaber). Smooth. In botany,
destitute of hairs or dpwn.
Gla'cial {glacies, ice). Icy Resembling
ice in appearance.
Glacia / tion {glacies). Assuming a condi-
tion like that of ice. Also producing ero-
sive effects like those of moving ice.
Gladi / olin. A certain alkaloid occurring
in brain tissue.
Gladio'lus (dim. of gladius, a sword).
The middle or second piece of the sternum.
Glair'ine. See Baregine.
Glairy {glair, the white of egg). Slimy.
Also, albuminous.
Gland {glans, an acorn). A name given
to various small racemose or ovoid organs
of the body, both secretive and excretive
in function, withdrawing from the blood
material for other purposes, or that is
injurious or of no use to the economy. In
structure they may be simple, saccular or
tubular. Also, the bulbous end of the penis
and clitoris. G., Arytenoid, the small
muciparous glands in front of the arytenoid
cartilage. G. of Bartholini, two small
glands, one on each side of the vagina,
opening through ducts on the inner surface
of the nymphae. Also, the sublingual
glands. G., Bowman's, tubular glands
of the olfactory region. G., Brunner's,
the granular bodies occurring in the duo-
denum. G., Buccal, the glands between
the buccinator muscle (of the cheek) and
the adjacent mucous membrane. G.,
Cervical, the lymphatic glands of the
neck, also called cervical ganglion. G.,
Ceruminous, the glands that secrete
the wax of the ear. G., Coccygeal, a
gland at the tip of the coccyx. G., Cow-
per's, two small glands anterior to the
prostate gland. G., Duodenal. See G. y
Brunner^s. G., Ebner's, serous glands
of the tongue. G., Epiglottic, the mu-
ciparous glands about the epiglottis. G.,
Gastric, the glands of the stomach — tubu-
lar and peptic. G., Haversian, the
fatty bodies lying behind the synovial
fringes of most joints. G., Iliac, the
glands, six or eight in number, lying on
both sides of the iliac vessels, that re-
ceive certain lymphatics and the efferent
vessels of the inguinal glands. G., La-
bial, the racemose glands near the edges
of the lips. G., Lachrymal. See Lachry-
mal Glands. G., Laryngeal, the muci-
parous glands scattered about the region
of the larynx G., Lieberkiihn's, the
columnar glands distributed over the
mucous membrane of the intestines. G.,
Lingual. See Salivary Glands. G.
of Littre, the glands in the submucous
tissue of the urethra. G. of Luschka.
See Coccygeal Gland. G., Mammary,
GLANDERS
174
GLIOMA
the milk-secreting glands in the breasts of
the female. G., Meibomian, the minute
follicles between the cartilage and conjunc-
tiva of the eyelids. G., Molar, the
glands between the masseter and bucin-
nator muscles of the cheek. G., Moll's,
sweat glands opening into the hair-follicles
of the eyelashes. G. of Naboth, the small
glandular bodies within the mouth of the
uterus. G., Nuhn's, mixed glands near
the tip of the tongue. G., Odoriferae, the
glands behind the cervix of the penis, ex-
creting the smegma. G., Oesophageal,
the glands in the submucous tissue of the
oesophagus. G., Pacchionian, the so-
called granulations clustered about the outer
surface of the dura mater, pia mater, and
certain sinuses of the brain. G., Palatine,
the small glands forming a continuous
layer near the surface of the hard palate
and about the soft palate. G., Parotid.
See Salivary Glands. G., Peptic, the
glands situated all over the mucous coat of
the stomach secreting the gastric juice.
G., Peyer's, the clustered glands near the
lower end of the ileum. G., Pharyngeal,
the racemose glands of the pharynx. G.,
Pineal. See Pineal Gland. G., Pitui-
tary. See Pituitary Body. G., Pros-
tate. See Prostate Gland. G., Salivary.
See Salivary Glands. G., Sebaceous,
the minute saccular glands in the corium
of the skin, that secrete the sebum. G.,
Solitary, the glands scattered through the
mucous membrane of the smaller intes-
tine. G., Sublingual. See Salivary
Glands. G., Submaxillary. See Sali-
vary Glands. G., Sudoriferous, the
glands of the skin that secrete sweat. G.,
Suprarenal, the suprarenal capsules. See
Capsule. G., Thymus, a temporary organ
lying mainly in the neck, attaining its full
growth at two years and practically disap-
pearing at puberty. G., Thyroid, a tabu-
lated gland in the upper part of the trachea.
G., Tracheal, the minute ovoid glands
abundant in the posterior part of the trachea.
G. of Tyson. See G. Odoriferce. G.,
Uterine, the tubular follicles distributed
throughout the mucous membrane of the
uterus. G., Vulvo-vaginal, the gland
of Bartholini. G., Weber's, mucous
glands near the root of tongue.
Gland / ers. See Equinia.
Glans Pe / nis. The conical shaped body
forming the head of the penis.
Glass (Sax. glees). A brittle, hard, and
transparent substance consisting usually of
the fused, amorphous silicates of potassium
and calcium, or sodium and calcium, with
an excess of silica. When glass of a high
refractive index is required, lead silicate is
also added. G. -blowers' Disease, a
term formerly used to designate any infec-
tious disease of the lips, especially syphi-
litic eruptions. Also, applied to pulmo-
nary emphysema. G., Crown, a very
hard glass, made from sodium sulphate
and lime. Has a low refractive index but
considerable chromatic dispersion. Used
in lenses of optical instruments. G., Flint,
composed of lead and potassium silicates.
Has a very high refractive index. Used in
lenses of optical instruments. G., Solu-
ble, potassium or sodium silicate.
Glas / ses. A synonym of spectacles or
optical lenses.
Glau'ber's Salt. See Sodium.
Glauco / ma (ylavKog, sea-green). A dis-
ease of the eye whose essential and char-
acteristic symptom is an abnormally height-
ened intraocular tension, resulting in hard-
ness of the globe, excavation of the pa-
pilla or optic nerve, a restriction of the
field of vision, corneal anaesthesia, colored
halo about lights, and lessening of visual
power that may, if unchecked, proceed to
blindness. The etiology is obscure. G. Ab-
solutum, or Consummatum, the com-
pleted glaucomatous process, with blind-
ness. G. Acutum, the first or the re-
newed attack, with the characteristic and
inflammatory symptoms, generally intermit-
ting after a few days. G. Fulminans,
an acute attack coming on with great sud-
denness and violence. G. Haemorrha-
gicum, that associated with retinal haemor-
rhage. G., Secondary, that consequent
to other ocular diseases. G., Simplex,
without inflammatory symptoms.
Gleet (Sax. glidan, to slip down). The
chronic stage of gonorrhoea with muco-
purulent discharge.
Glen / oid {ylrjvri, a cavity. A name given
to any part or organ having a shallow
cavity.
Gli'a Cells. See Belter's Cells.
Gli'adin. See Ghiten.
Glio / ma (yXta, glue). A name given by
Virchow to a variety of round-celled sar-
coma, consisting of a tumor of neuroglia
cells, occurring in the central mass of the
brain, or of the spinal cord. G. of the
Retina (" encephaloid of the retina "), a
glioma springing from the connective tissue
of the retina, usually occurring in the young,
and involving the choroid, optic nerve,
and extending finally into the brain. G.,
GLIOMATOSIS
175
GLUCOSINE
Pseudo-, of the Retina, metastatic puru-
lent choroiditis, simulating the appearance
of retinal glioma.
Gliomato / sis. Exuberant masses of glio-
ma-like tissue in syringo-myelia.
Gliomyxo / ma. A term applied to tumors
having the character both of glioma and
myxoma.
Gliosarco / ma. Such tumors as have both
the neuroglia cells of glioma and the fusi-
form cells of sarcoma.
Glis / son. See Capsule.
Globe of the Eye. The eyeball.
Glo / bin (globus, a globe). A native pro-
teid of the globulin class, one of the
products of the decomposition of heemo-
globin.
Glob / ular (dim. of globus). Having the
shape of a globe or sphere.
Glob / ule (dim. oi globus). A small globe.
In biology, any minute spherical structure.
In pharmacy, a small pill or pellet.
Glob'ules of Donne. See Blood-Plates.
Glob / ulin. One of the native proteids of
the general class called globulins; it is
obtained from the crystalline lens.
Glob / ulins. A class of native proteids
comprising Globulin, Vitellin, Para-, or
Serum-globulin, Fibrinogen, Myosin and
Globin. They are insoluble in distilled
water, but soluble in dilute neutral saline
solutions. These solutions are coagulated
by heat, and precipitated by a large amount
of water. They yield acid-albumin when
acted upon by dilute acids, and alkali-albu-
min by dilute alkalies. Vegetable Glob-
ulins have been studied, and named vege-
table Myosin, Vitellin, and Paraglobulin, —
found in the seeds of plants.
Glo'bus (Lat.). A ball or globe. G.
Epididymis. See Epididymis. G.
Hystericus, the "lump" or choking
sensation occurring in hysteria, caused
probably by spasmodic contraction of the
oesophagus and pharyngeal muscles. G.
Major, the larger end or head of the epi-
didymis. G. Minor, the lower end of
the epididymis.
Glom / erate (glomero, to wind around).
A descriptive term applied to any gland
consisting of vessels bunched together like
a ball of thread.
Glomerulus, or Glom / erule (dim. of
glomus). A knot or small rounded mass.
G. Malpighii. See Malpighian Bodies.
Glos / sa (yAuoca). The tongue; also the
faculty of articulate speech.
Gloss / al (yAooca). Pertaining to the
tongue.
GlossaPgia (jAoooa, akyog, pain). Any
pain in the tongue.
Glossec / tomy [yluaaa, eKTOfirj, excision).
Amputation or excision of the tongue.
Glossitis (yAuoca, inq, inflammation).
Inflammation of the tongue.
Glos / so- (jAcooca). A prefix denoting
connection with the tongue. G.-hyah
pertaining conjointly to the tongue and
the hyoid bone. G. -pharyngeal, per-
taining jointly to the tongue and the pharynx.
G. -pharyngeal Nerve. See Nerve.
G. -spasm, spasm of the tongue.
Glossog'raphy {yXuaaa, ypacfxj, to write).
A descriptive treatise upon the tongue.
Glossology (yltoaaa, loyoq, a treatise).
A treatise concerning the tongue.
Glossophy / tia (yAcocaa, (pvrov, a plant).
Black Tongue. A dark discoloration of
the tongue, due to accumulations of spores,
dead epithelium and accidental impurities.
Glossople / gia (yAuoca, nAqyq, a stroke).
Paralysis of the tongue.
Glossot / omy (yAuaaa, tejuvo, to cut).
The dissection of the tongue. Also, the
excision of the tongue.
Glos / sy Skin. See Atrophoderma.
Glot / tis (yAoTTa, the tongue). The rima
glottidis. The opening between the ary-
tenoid cartilages, or the interval between
the vocal chords. Over it is the epiglottis,
a thin lamella of cartilage covering the
larynx during deglutition.
Glu / cose (ylvKVQ, sweet). Dextrose, Levu-
lose, Grape Sugar, Starch Sugar. A sub-
stance obtained from starch by the action
of the natural ferment diastase, and by the
catalytic action of mineral acids on starch.
Less soluble, and therefore less sweet than
cane sugar, but equally nutritious. Much
used as an adulterant of cane sugar.
Dextrose differs from levulose in its beha-
vior to the polarized ray that is turned by
the former to the right, and by the latter
to the left.
Glycoside (glucose, eidog, like). A name
given to a series of compounds that may
be resolved by the presence of acids into
glucose and another principle.
Glu / cosine. Various ptomaine-bases ob-
tained by the action of ammonia on glu-
cose. One of these, C 14 H 10 N 2 (C = 6),
corresponds in formula and general prop-
erties to a remarkable unnamed base
formed during the alcoholic fermentation
of sugar or molasses, — Morin's base,
C 7 H I0 N 2 : — a colorless, strongly refract-
ing, very mobile oil, with a nauseous,
pyridine-like odor. It produces stupor,
GLUE
176
GOITRE
paralysis, diminution of sensibility, dilata-
tion of pupils, lowering of pulse and
temperature, coma, and death. Alkaloidal
bases have also been found in petroleum,
paraffine-oil, chloroform, benzole, ether,
amyl alcohol, and in most solvents in com-
mon use.
Glue. An impure gelatine obtained from
the hides and hoofs of animals.
Glute'al (y?x>vrog, the buttock). Pertain-
ing to the gluteal muscles or to the but-
tocks. G. Artery. See Artery. G.
Nerve. See Nerve. G. Reflex, a con-
traction of the gluteal muscles when the
skin over the buttock is stimulated.
Glu / ten {gluten, glue). A substance re-
sembling albumin, with which it is proba-
bly identical. Occurs abundantly in the
seed of cereals in the form of cubical cells
surrounding the starchy fecula of the seed.
It consists mainly of gluten-fibrin, gluten-
casein, gliadin and mucedin.
Glyc / erine (ylMnvq). Propenyl hydrate.
A viscous, syrupy, colorless substance de-
rived from certain fats — mainly palm oil —
by decomposing them with superheated
steam. Pure glycerine is an emollient; the
impure article an irritant to the skin.
Glyc / erine Cu'pric Test (for sugar).
To an inch of potassium hydrate in a test-
tube add a few drops of copper sulphate
and a few of glycerine. Boil and add
suspected urine by small amounts up to
less than one inch in the tube. Sugar
will throw out the cuprous oxide, red or
yellow.
Gly'cerite, or
Glyceri'tum. A glycerite, or mixture of
medicinal substances with glycerine. There
are two official glycerites.
Gly'cin. Called, also, glycocoll, amido-
acetic acid, or gelatin sugar; derived from
gelatin.
GlycochoPic Acid (yXvuvq, x o ~ A V> bile).
An acid found in the bile.
Gly / cocol. See Glycin.
Glycogen (y?ivnvg, yevvaa), to produce).
A white amorphous powder, tasteless
and odorless, forming an opalescent solu-
tion with water, insoluble in alcohol. Com-
monly known as animal starch. Occurs
in the blood and the liver, by which it is
elaborated. Changed by diastasic ferments
into glucose.
Gly / conin. See Vitellus.
Glycosuria (yXvtcvg, ovpov, the urine).
The existence of grape sugar in the urine.
See Diabetes. G., Tests for. See Boett-
cher^s, Fehling's, Glycerine, Cupric, In-
digo- carmine, Pavfs, Picro sacchari-
meter, Phenyl-hydrazin, Roberts' Differ-
ential Density, Saccharomeler, Tronwiers.
Glycyrrhi / za. Liquorice Root. The root
of G. glabra. A demulcent and mild lax-
ative, of sweet taste. In combination with
other medicaments, an excellent expector-
ant. Much used as an excipient in pills,
troches, etc. G., Ext., the liquorice of
commerce, occurring in black rolls. G.,
Ext. Purum, made with aq. ammonia
and water by percolation and evaporation.
G., Fid. Ext., prepared with water and
alcohol. G., Mist. Comp., Brown mix-
ture, pure extract, sugar, acacia, aa 3 parts,
tinct. opium camph. 12, vin. antimony 6,
spt. nitrous ether 3, water 70. Dose %)-% ss.
G. et. Opii Trochisci, have each G. ext.
gr. ij, ext. of opium gr. ^, acacia, sugar,
oil of anise q. s. Dose j-ij. G. Ammo-
niatum, the sweet principle of the root
made soluble by ammonia. Dose gr.
v— xv.
Gme / lin-Heintz Reaction. A test for
bile-pigments in urine. Nitric acid con-
taining some nitrous acid is added to the
liquid, and if bile-pigments be present, a
play of colors follows, beginning with
green and passing through blue, violet, red
to yellow.
GmeTin's Test. See Gmelin-Heintz Re-
action.
Gnat (Sax. gncet). A dipterous insect, the
Ctdex pipiens, differing but slightly from
the common mosquito, with which it is
popularly included. The " bite " consists
in a piercing of the skin and the with-
drawal of a minute quantity of blood. It
has no sting nor poison glands.
Gnathic (yvaBog, the cheek boneV Per-
taining to the cheek or the upper jaw.
Goad'by's Solution. A solution of salt
and corrosive sublimate in water, for pre-
serving meat against putrefaction.
GobTet Cells. Chalice-like cells lying
between the epithelial cells of the intestinal
villi.
Gog / gles (E. goggle, to roll the eyes).
Spectacles w T ith colored lenses and wire or
cloth sides, to protect the eyes from ex-
cessive light, dust, etc.
Goi'tre (guttur, throat). Enlargement,
particularly if hypertrophic, of the thy-
roid gland. Called, also, Bronckocele and
Tracheocele. It generally accompanies
cretinism. G., Exophthalmic, a disease
characterized by one or more of three
symptoms — cardiac palpitation, goitre and
exophthalmos.
GOKRHU
177
GRACILLIS
Gok'rhu. The fruit of Pedalium murex,
found in East Indies. Much used by the
natives in enuresis and spermatorrhoea.
Used in infusion of ^j to Oj of boiling
water. Dose ad lib. Unof.
Gold. See Auruni.
Golden Rod. The leaves of Solidago
odora. Aromatic stimulant and carmina-
tive. A volatile oil distilled from the plant
is used in flatulence. Dose of the fid. ext.
gj-ij ; of the oil n\ij-x. Unof.
Golden Seal. See Hydrastis.
Gold-thread. See Coptis.
Goltz's Balancing Experiment. Ani-
mals lose their power of equilibrium with
removal of the mid-brain or corpora quad-
rigemina.
Goltz's Croaking Experiment. A pithed
male frog croaks when the skin of its back
or flanks is stroked.
Goltz's Embrace Experiment. During
the breeding season the body of the male
frog between the skull and fourth vertebra
embraces every rigid object with which it
is brought into contact.
Goltz's Statical Theory. Every position
of the head causes the endolymph of the
semicircular canals to exert the greatest
pressure upon some part of the same, thus
in varying degree exciting the nerve-termi-
nations of the ampullae.
Gompho / sis. See Synarthrosis.
Gona / gra {yovv, the knee, aypa, a seizure).
Gout of the knee or knee-joint.
Gonarthri / tis (yovv, apdpov, a joint). In-
flammation of the knee-joint.
Gonarthroc / ace (yovv, apdpov, naur), evil).
A cancerous or ulcerated affection of the
knee-joint, popularly known as white swel-
ling.
Gonarthrot / omy (yovv, apdpov, a joint,
Tefivo), to cut). Incision into the knee-
joint.
Gonecyst'ic (yovrj, semen, Kvartg, a blad-
der). Pertaining to the vesiculce seminales.
Gonepoiet / ic (yovrj, ttoieu^ to produce).
Pertaining to the secretion of semen.
Gonococ / cus (yovrj, kokkos, a kernel).
A microbe thought to be the specific cause
of gonorrhoea.. See Gonorrhoea.
Gon / ion. See Skull.
Gonorrhoea (yovrj, peu, to flow). Etymo-
logically, an involuntary discharge of se-
men, but generally applied to an infectious
pus-like discharge from the genital organs.
The gonococcus of Neisser is believed to
be the specific microbe of gonorrhoea. It is
a diplococcus, found in clumps of from io
to 20, surrounded by a mucous envelope.
12
G. Balani, affects the glans penis. G.
Ophthalmia. See Ophthalmia. G.
Rheumatism, a rheumatic affection of
the joints as a sequel of gonorrhoea.
Gonos / cheocele (yovrj } oax^ov, the scro-
tum, ktjXt], a tumor). A swelling of the
testicle with semen.
Gonyon'cus (yovv, the knee, oynoc, a
tumor). A tumor or swelling of the knee.
Goose Grass. See Galium Aparine.
Goose Skin. Cutis Ansera, Goose Flesh.
A popular name for a well-known condi-
tion of the skin marked by prominence
about the hair follicles of acute papules.
See Arrector Pili Muscle.
Gor'get (purges, a. chasm). A channeled
instrument similar to a grooved director.
It may be blunt, cutting, hooked, etc.
GossypTum. Cotton. The hairs of the
seed of G. herbaceum. Freed from impuri-
ties, and deprived of natural fatty matter,
it becomes the absorbent cotton of surgery.
Soluble in an ammonio solution of copper
sulphate. The root is thought to have
emmenagogue properties ; the oil is an ex-
cellent substitute for olive oil. G. Rad.
Cortex, cotton-root bark. Dose gr. xxx-
£j. G. Rad. Ext. Fid., prepared with
glycerine and alcohol. Dose TT^ xxx-^j.
G. Seminis Ol., the expressed oil, consti-
tutes most of the so-called olive oil of
commerce. See, also, Pyroxylin.
Gouge (Fr.). An instrument for cutting
or removal of bone or of other hard struc-
tures.
GouTard's Extract. See Lead.
Gout (gutta, 2l drop). A disease character-
ized by an excess of uric acid or alkaline
urates, especially sodium urate, in the fluids
of the body. The latter is first deposited
about the articular surfaces of the small
joints, but in time the arteries, cardiac
valves and connective tissue of the kidneys
may be involved. The metatarso-phalan-
geal of the great toe is, curiously, the
favorite point of attack, and the helix of
the ear is another favorite seat. Tophi form
about the affected part. To decreased
solubility of the urates, due to increased
acidity of the blood ; increased formation
of uric acid, and failure in function of the
kidney, — is ascribed the cause of gout.
Gow / ers' Method, — of counting the cor-
puscles of the blood by the haemacyto-
meter.
Graafian FolTicles. See Vesicle.
Gracilis. See Muscle. G. Experiment,
an experiment performed upon the gracilis
muscle of the frog, showing that pure
GRADUATED CONES
178
GRAVITY
muscular excitation does not travel back-
ward from the muscle to the nerve.
Grad / uate (gradzts, a step). To take a
degree from a college or university. Also,
a person on whom a degree has been con-
ferred. Also, in pharmacy, a glass vessel
upon which the divisions of liquid measure
have been marked.
Graduated Com / press. A compress
made of pieces decreasing progressively in
size, the apex or smallest piece being ap-
plied to the focus of pressure.
Graduated Cones. See Cones.
Grafe's Symp'tom. In exophthalmic
goitre, when the eyeball is directed down-
ward, the upper lid does not, us usual, fol-
low, but remains in a state of spasmodic
elevation.
Graft (ypaOig, a style). A small portion of
skin, bone, periosteum, nerve, etc., inserted
into or upon a raw surface or tissue deficient
in the special structure desired. G-,
Sponge, the insertion of antisepticised
sponge to act as a framework for the granu-
lations.
Grain (granum, corn). A general name
applied to starch-producing seeds, or those
of the cereals. Also, any small seed. In
pharmacy, a small pill. Also, the - 5 ^ -
part of the Troy pound.
Graminivorous ( gramen, grass, voro, to
devour). Feeding upon grass.
Gramme (jpaujua, a Greek weight). The
weight of a cubic centimeter of distilled
water at its maximum density. The gravi-
metric unit of the metric system of weights
and measures. See Metric System.
Gram's Method. See Grain's Solution.
Gram's Solution. A decoloring agent
used in bacteriological studies, consisting of
iodine I part, potassium iodide 2, water 300.
The preparation is taken from the color-
bath, washed and plunged into this solution
until it takes a blackish tinge, then washed
in alcohol until decoloration is complete.
This process is called Gram's Method.
Grana / tum. Pomegranate. The cortex
of the root of Punica G. contains a liquid
alkaloid, pelletierine. One of the most
efficient anthelmintics against tapeworm,
rarely failing to bring away the whole
worm. G., Fid. Ext. Dose ^ss-jss.
G., Decoctum, fresh bark ^xvij, water
5 xvij, boiled to ^ xij and strained. Dose
^iv-vj. Pelletierine Tannas, tannate
of the alkaloid, known as a patent medi-
cine under the name of Tanret's Pelle-
tierine. Dose gr. ss-j, followed by a quick
purgative. All unof.
Grandry's Corpuscles. Occur in the
beak and tongue of the duck and goose, in
the epidermis of man and mammals, etc.
They are terminations of sensory nerves,
and are also called Tactile or Touch Cor-
puscles of Merkel.
Gran / ular Lids. See Trachoma.
Granulation (dim. of granum, a grain).
The operation of reducing coarsely crystal-
line substances to particles of uniform size
by solution and rapid evaporation, with
constant stirring. Some substances, like
ferrous sulphate, are best granulated by
filtering a strong solution into alcohol.
Granulations (granulum). Papilla-, or
grain-like growths that spring up in the
healing of wounds and ulcers.
Gran'ule (gramilum). In anatomy, any
small rounded grain, such as is found in
the Malpighian bodies of the spleen. Also
a spore or an isolated cell. In pharmacy,
a small pill. G., Elementary, irregular
protoplasmic bodies in blood, smaller than
ordinary corpuscles.
Granuk/ma (gramdum). A term used
by Virchow to include such neoplasms as
do not advance beyond the stage of granu-
lation tissue. G., Fungoides. See
Mycosis
Gran / ulose. The starch granules or starch
enclosed by coats of cellulose.
Gran / um. See Grain.
Grape Sugar. See Glucose.
Gracing [grata). A frame or screen
composed of bars. Also a sound produced
by the friction of very rough surfaces
against each other. In optics, a glass ruled
with exceedingly fine parallel lines to pro-
duce chromatic dispersion in the ray of
light reflected from it.
Grattage / (Fr.). A method of mild
scraping or curetting the internal walls of
the uterus by means of a brush.
Grav / el. In surgery, a common name for
the larger calculi or urinary concretions.
Also, any difficult or painful micturition.
G. Plant. See Trailing Arbutus. G.
Root, Queen of the Meadow, the root
of Eupatorium purpureum. Therapeutic
properties like those of Boneset. See
Eupatorium.
Graves's Disease. See Goitre, Exoph-
thalmic.
Grav'id (gravo, to load). With child.
Pregnant. G. Uterus, the womb during
pregnancy or gestation.
Gravity (gravis, heavy). The property
of possessing weight. Also, a condition
of serious import. G., Specific, the
GRAY MATTER
179
GUANO
measured weight of a substance com-
pared with that of an equal volume of
another taken as a standard. For gaseous
fluids hydrogen is taken as the standard;
for liquids and solids, distilled water at its
maximum density.
Gray Matter. See Brain.
Great Lau'rel. The leaves of Rhododen-
dron maximum. An expectorant. Use-
ful in obstinate coughs. Dose of fid. ext.
TT\v-xv. Unof.
Green. A simple color of the spectrum.
G. Dragon. The corm of Arum dra-
contium. Expectorant and diaphoretic.
Dose of fid. ext. rr\j-x. Unof. G.
Osier, the bark of Cornus circinata. An
astringent tonic and febrifuge. Dose of
fid. ext. rrLxx-gj. Unof. G. Sickness.
See Chlorosis.
Gregarin / idae (grex, a herd). A class of
parasitic protozoa, of extremely simple na-
ture.
Griff e. See Mulatto.
Griffith's Mixture. See Ferrum.
Griffith's Pills. See Ferrum.
GrindeTia. The leaves and flowering top
of G. robusta, found in California. An
antispasmodic and motor depressant, in
large doses producing mydriasis. Valu-
able in asthma, bronchitis and whooping-
cough. Dose of the fid. ext. TTlx-^j.
G. Squarrosa, common ague weed. An
herb popular in the western U. S. as a
remedy for ague and malarial diseases.
Has proved serviceable in chronic rheuma-
tism. Dose of the fid. ext. TTlxv-xxx.
Unof.
Grind / ers' Asthma. A chronic affection
of the lungs resulting from the inspiration
of metallic or siliceous dust, accumulating
in the lungs, and producing symptoms
similar to those of consumption. Called
also G. Rot and G. Disease.
Grippe. See Influenza.
Groin. The depression between the belly
and the thigh.
Groove (~D.,groof, a channel). A furrow,
or channel. G., Dental. See Dental
Groove. G., Infraorbital, the furrow at
the posterior of the superior maxillary
bone on its orbital surface, which finally
develops into a canal of the same name.
G., Occipital, the furrow on the inner
surface of the temporal bone, in which
the occipital artery lies.
Ground Laurel. See Trailing Arbutus.
Ground-nut Oil. Peanut Oil. A fixed
oil expressed from the embryo of the seed,
of the peanut, Arachis hypogcea. Resem-
bles olive oil in general properties, for
which it is often substituted.
Growing Pains. A term applied to neu-
ralgic pains of the limbs occurring during
youth.
Growth (Sax. growan, to increase). The
augmentation of the body taking place
between infancy and manhood. Also,
the increase of any part of the body by
addition to the number of its cellular ele-
ments without the production of structural
abnormality or differentiation into unlike
tissues.
Gru / el (dim. of grutum, meal). A decoc-
tion of corn- or oat-meal boiled to a thick
paste in water.
Gru / mous. Knotted, or in granular masses.
Gru / tum. See Milium.
Guacha / ta. The flowers of a Mexican
plant ; contains several bitter tonic princi-
ples.
Gua / co. The leaves of Mikania G.,
much used in S. America in snake-bites.
Thought to be of value in chronic rheuma-
tism. Dose of fid. ext. gss-j. Unof.
Guai'acol. An active constituent of
creasote. Has been recommended instead
of creasote in phthisis. Doserr\J-iij. Unof.
Guai'acum. Lignum Vitas. The heart
of the tree, and also the oleo-resin of G.
officinale. A prompt diaphoretic, expecto-
rant and alterative. Efficient in tonsillitis,
neuralgic dysmenorrhcea, amenorrhcea and
rheumatism. Formerly much used as an
antisyphilitic. G., Tinct., strength 20
per cent. Dose rt\,v-gjin mucilage.
G., Tinct. Ammoniat., has guaiac 20,
arom. spt. ammonia 80 parts. Dose TT\,v
- 3 ss.
Guan / idine. A toxic derivative from
guanine.
Gua / nine {guano). A leucomaine dis-
covered by Unger in 1844, as a constituent
of guano. Since then it has been proved
one of the decomposition -products of nu-
clein in both animal and vegetable organ-
isms. In the case of the lower animals it
is evidently the end-product of katabolic
change. Guanine and creatine appear to
mutually replace each other — both being
substituted guanidines. It is an interme-
diate product in the formation of urea. It
is non-poisonous and a muscle-stimulant.
Gua / no (Peruv. huanu, dung). The
excrement of sea fowl found on certain
islands in the rainless regions of the Pa-
cific Ocean. Consists essentially of alka-
line urates and phosphates. Used exter-
nally in certain skin diseases.
GUARANA
180
GYRI
Guara'na. A dried paste prepared from
the seeds of Paullinia sorbilis, found in
Brazil. Contains an alkaloid, guaranine,
identical with caffeine. Employed chiefly
in nervous sick headache. Commercial
preparations not always trustworthy. Dose
of the fid. ext. Tt^ x-^ij.
Gubernac / ulum Testis (Lat.). The
conical-shaped cord attached above the
lower end of the epidydimis and governing
the descent of the testes in foetal growth.
Gubler's Tumor. A prominence over
the carpus of the dorsum of the hand in
chronic wrist-drop from lead-poisoning.
Guillotine. A surgical instrument for
excision of the tonsils or growths in the
larynx, etc.
Guin / ea Worm. A nematode worm of
tropical countries, that in the human tis-
sues in which it burrows may develop to a
length of several feet, producing inflamma-
tory ulceration, unless removed.
Gul'let. See (Esophagus.
Gum. A name loosely applied to con-
creted juices of plants. Chemically, a
substance yielding mucic acid when treated
with nitric acid. See, also, Gums.
Gum Arabic. See Acacia.
Gum -boil. Abscess of the jaw.
Gum Dammar. The resin of a species
of pine, Dammara orientalis, native to the
East Indies. An ethereal solution is
used by microscopists as a mounting fluid.
GunVma (Fr. Gomme). Gum-like tumors,
resulting from a peculiar caseation of terti-
ary syphilitic inflammatory deposit.
Gums. See Gingiva.
Gun Cotton. See Pyroxylin.
Gurgling Sound. The peculiar sound
caused by air passing through a liquid. It
is heard in breathing, when the bronchi
or pulmonary cavities contain a fluid sub-
stance.
Gur'jun Bal'sam. Balsamum Diptero-
carpus, Wood Oil. An oleo-resin obtained
from several species of Diptocarpus, a tree
native to Southern Asia. Similar to Copaiba
in therapeutic effects. Dose TTLx-^ij, in
emulsion. Unof.
Gus / tatory [gusto, taste). Pertaining to
the special sense of taste and its organs.
Gut. A common name for intestine.
Gufta (Lat.). A drop. Also, freely used
as a minim or sixtieth part of a fluid
drachm. G. Nigra, or Black Drop, a
dilute acetic acid containing saffron, and
flavored with sugar and nutmeg. Unof.
G. Rosacea. See Acne. G. Serena,
a synonym of Amaurosis.
Gut'ta Per'cha. The elastic gum exud-
ing from Isonandra gutta, a tree growing
in the East Indies ; the best solvents are
chloroform, oil of turpentine and carbon
disulphide. G. P. Liq., a solution in 91
parts of commercial chloroform with 9
parts lead carbonate. For protective appli-
cation to slight wounds and eruptions. See,
also, Traumaticine.
Gutta / tim (gutta). A pharmaceutical
term signifying drop by drop.
Guftur (guttur, the throat). The throat
with reference to the trachea.
Guttural (guttur). Pertaining to the
throat.
Gut'turo-tet'any (guttur, tetany). A
form of stuttering in which the pronuncia-
tion of such sounds as g, k, q, is difficult.
Gymna / sium (yvfivog, naked). A place
designed and fitted with appliances for the
systematic exercise of the muscles and
other organs of the body. Also, in Ger-
many, a high school.
Gymnast/ic (yv/uvoc). Pertaining to the
science of preserving health by bodily ex-
ercise.
Gymnastics (yv/uvoc). The science of
preserving (and formerly of restoring),
health by bodily exercise. G., Medical,
any physical exercise designed to restore
or promote health. G., Ocular, regular
muscular exercise of the eye, to overcome
muscular insufficiency of the eye. G.,
Swedish, a system of exercises to restore
paretic muscles.
Gynaecology (yvvrj, a woman, loyog). A
A treatise on the diseases of woman.
GynaecomastTa (ywrj, /uaarog, a breast).
A term used to denote the excessive devel-
opment of the breasts of a man, either with
or without atrophy of the testicles.
Gynan'dria (ywij, avrjp, a man). The
same as Hermaphroditism.
Gynatresia (ywrj, a, without, rt-p-npu, to
perforate). The obliteration or imperfora-
tion of the vagina.
GynoplastTc (yvv7j,Tr?MGTiKog, suitable for
moulding). Pertaining to the closing of
unnatural openings, or the dilatation of
contracted, narrow openings in the female
organs of generation.
Gyp / sum (yvipog, lime). Native calcium
sulphate. See Calcium.
Gyra / tion (gyro, to turn or whirl). A
turning in a circle. Also, giddiness.
Gy / ri (pi. of gyrus, a circuit). A name
applied to the spiral-shaped cavities of the
internal ear, and also to the convolutions
of the brain.
GYRUS
181
HEMATIC
Gy'rus {gyrus, a circle). A term applied
to the convolutions of the brain. Also, the
winding of the cochlea. G., Angular,
the posterior division of the lower parietal
lobule of the brain. G., Annectant, the
first and second external occipital gyri.
G., Ascending Frontal, the anterior
central gyrus. G., Ascending Parietal,
the posterior central gyrus. G., Anterior
Central, the convolution bounding an-
teriorly the fissure of Rolando, extending
from behind that fissure backward to the
margin of the great longitudinal fissure of
the brain. G., Posterior Central, the
convolution bounding posteriorly the fissure
of Rolando, joining the anterior central
gyrus at the upper and lower ends. G.,
Cuneus, the small convolution joining
the posterior end of the gyrus fornicatus
with the apex of the cuneus. G., Den-
tate, a small notched convolution of giay
matter in the hippocampal fissure. G.,
Frontal Inferior, a convolution of the
frontal lobe of the brain, called also the
third frontal convolution. G. Hippo-
campi, the convolution at the inferior
median edge of the upper lobe of the
brain. G., Marginal, the convolution on
the inner surface of the great longitudinal
fissure of the cerebrum. G., Occipital,
a name given to several convolutions, one
of which, the G. Occipital Primus, or
first annectant of Huxley, connects the
parietal and occipital lobes. G., Tem-
poral, a convolution on the under surface
of the temporal lobe.
H
H. Abbreviation of hypermetropia. In
chemistry, the symbol of hydrogen. In
pharmacy, the abbreviation of haustus, a
draught.
Haben / ula {kabena, a rein). A ribbon-like
structure. In anatomy, the superficial gray
nucleus of the optic thalamus in front,
and superior to the posterior commissure.
Hab / it {kabeo, to have). That condition
or quality that one naturally possesses, or
that may be acquired. The tendency to
repeat an action or condition. In biology,
the appearance and mode of living of an
organized being.
Habitat {habito, to dwell). The natural
locality, or geographical range of an ani-
mal or plant.
Habitation {habito). A dwelling place.
The natural locality of an animal or a
plant.
Hab / itus {habeo, to have). A habit.
Hae / ma- {aifia, blood). A Greek prefix
signifying blood.
Haemacy / anin {atjua, Kvavog, blue). A
blue coloring matter found in the blood
and the bile.
HaemacytonVeter. See Hcemocytometer.
Haemadynamom'eter. See Hcemodyna-
mometer.
Hae / magogue {aifza, ayo, to expel). A
remedy or agent that excites or increases
menstrual discharge.
Hae / mal {ai/ua). Pertaining to the blood
or vascular system.
Haemalo / pia {ac/ua, oip, the eye). Effu-
sion of blood in the eye. Erythropsia.
Haemarthro / sis {a//ua, apduaig, a joint).
Effusion of blood into a joint.
Haemastat / ics {ac/xa, craTitcog, standing).
That branch of physiology treating of the
laws of the equilibrium of the blood.
Haemastheno / sis {at/xa, aadevia, weak-
ness). A weakening or deterioration of
the blood.
Haematachom'eter. See Hg, the
navel, Krf/.rj, a tumor). A tumor or a her-
nia at the navel distended with blood.
Haematom / yces (aiua, ftvuqg, a fungus).
A haematoid variety of encephaloid cancer.
Called, also, Fungus nematodes.
Haematomye / lia (aiua, uve/.og, marrow).
Haemorrhage into the spinal cord. The
symptoms van- with the seat, but paralyses,
vasomotor and trophic changes, loss of
sensation, etc., are common.
Haematomyeli'tis (aifia, juve?Mg, nig, in-
flammation). An acute myelitis in which
there is paralysis arising from effusion of
blood into the spinal cord.
Haematopericar / dium [aiua, Trepinapdiov,
the pericardium). An effusion of blood
into the pericardium, due to rupture or
perforation of the walls of the heart.
Haematopb/agous (aiua, oayu, to eat).
Blood-eating ; pertaining to insects such as
the gnat, mosquito, etc., that suck the blood.
Haematoplast'ic (aiua } tt/xlotihoc, plastic).
Blood-forming.
Haematopoie'sis (aiua. ttoiecj, to make).
Blood-making. See, also, Hematosis.
Haematopor / phyTin (aiua, -opovpog, pur-
ple). Iron-free haematin, a decomposition
product of haemoglobin.
Haematops'ia (ai/ua, uib, the eye). An
extravasation of blood in the subconjuncti-
val tissues of the eye. Bloodshot.
Haemator / rhachis (aijua, 'pa%ig, the spine).
Spinal haemorrhage.
Haematorrhce / a (aiua, pea, to flow). A
passive flow or discharge of blood. A
haemorrhage.
Haematosal'pinx (aiua, aa/~iyS, a trum-
pet). A distention or obstruction of the
Fallopian tubes with blood.
Haematos / cheocele (aijua, ooxeov, the
scrotum, Krf/.ri, a tumor). A tumor or dis-
tention of the scrotum with blood.
Haematos / copy (aiua, ckottecj, to see.)
Examination of the blood and blood-discs.
Haematosep / sis. See Septicemia.
Haem / atosine. See Hematin.
Haemato / sis (aiuarnu, to make bloodyV
The process of the formation of blood and
the development of blood corpuscles.
Haematospon'gus. See Hematomyces.
H^EMATOXIC
183
HEMORRHAGE
Haematox'ic (aifia, rot-mov, a poison).
Pertaining to a poisoned or impure con-
dition of the blood.
Haematox / ylon. Logwood. The heart
of H. campechianutn. Occurs in dark
brown raspings or coarse powder. Con-
tains tannic acid and a coloring principle,
hematoxylin, that becomes grayish - red
by the action of light. A mild astringent.
H. Ext. Dose gr. v-xx. H. Decoc-
tum, strength I to 17. Dose Jj-ij. Unof.
Haematozo / on (aifia, £oov, an animal).
Any living organism or animal in the
blood.
Haematu / ria (aifia, ovpov, urine). Blood
in the urine. Called, also, hcematuresis.
It is due to injury, local disease, general
disorder, or the presence of entozoa.
Haemautog / raphy (aifia, avrog, self,
ypatyu, to write). The tracing of the pulse-
curve by the jet of blood from a divided
artery caught upon paper drawn in front
of it.
Haemid'rosis. See Hcemathidrosis.
Hse / min. Chloride of haematin. A doubly
refractive pleochromatic crystalline sub-
stance derived from blood. H. Test (for
blood in urine) ; from the colored earthy
phosphates haemin may be extracted in
several ways.
Haemochro'mogen (aifia, ^pw//a, color,
yevvau, to beget). A reduced alkali-hae-
matin.
Haemocryst / alline. See Hcemoglobin.
Haemocy / anin. A substance correspond-
ing to hemoglobin, found in the plasma
of invertebrata.
Hae'mocyte (aifia, nvroq, cell). A gene-
ral term for the corpuscles of the blood.
Haemocytol'ysis (aifia, nvrog, "Xvu, to un-
loose). The dissolution of blood cor-
puscles under heat.
HaemocytonVeter (aifia, nvrog, a cell,
fierpov, a measure). A device for esti-
mating the relative number of corpuscles
in the blood.
Haemocytotryp'sis (aifia, tcvrog, cell,
rpeiflo, to rub). The breaking up of blood
corpuscles under strong pressure.
Haemodromom'eter (aifia, dpofioq, speed,
fierpov, a measure). An instrument for
measuring the rate of the flow of blood
in the blood-vessels.
Haemodynamom / eter (aifia, dvvafiiq,
strength, fierpov, a measure). A con-
trivance for measuring the tension or pres-
sure of blood against the walls of the
arteries. Careful experiments show that
in man, the pressure of blood in the
carotid artery is about that of six inches of
mercury.
Haemoglobin (aifia, globus, a round
body). Haematoglobin, Haemocrystalline.
A doubly-refractive, pleochromatic colloid
or crystalline matter existing in the cor-
puscles of the blood, to which the red
color of the latter is due. In man the
amount is 13.77 per cent., in woman 12.59
per cent., reduced by pregnancy to 9 to 12
per cent.
Haemoglobinom'eter (hce?noglobin, fier-
pov, a measure). An instrument for the
quantitative estimation of haemoglobin by
comparing the color of a solution of an un-
known with that of a known strength.
Haemoglobinu / ria (hcEmoglobin, ovpov,
the urine). The presence of haemoglobin,
red coloring matter of the blood, in the
urine, due to its solution from the red
corpuscles and subsequent transmission to
the urine. It occurs after transfusion of
blood, during certain stages of septicaemia,
and after severe burns. It is not attended
with the presence of any structures of the
blood in the urine, thus differing from hcema-
turia. H. Test: to a suspected sample
add a drop of acetic acid and boil ; a red
coagulum indicates haemoglobin. See, also,
Almerfs Test, Heemin and Heller.
HaenVoid (aifia, the blood, eidoc, likeness).
Having the appearance of or resembling
blood.
Haemom / eter. See H-jq a tumor).
A hernia in which the part protrudes
through the notch of the ischium. Also,
prolapsus of the anus.
Heel (Sax. hela). The hinder part of the
foot.
Helco / sis (e/.nuGig, ulceration). The for-
mation and development of an ulcer.
Hel'coid (e/.Kog, an ulcer). Resembling
an ulcer.
Hel'enin. See Inula.
HelianthelTa. The root of H. tenuifolia.
Aromatic, expectorant, antispasmodic, and
in large doses emetic. Of reputed service
in pulmonary complaints. Dose of the
fid. ext. ttiv-xxx. Unof.
Helianth / emum. Frostwort, Rock Rose.
The herb H. canadense. Astringent, aro-
matic, tonic and alterative. Useful in
diarrhoea, scrofula and secondary syphilis.
Dose of fld. ext. rr\v-xx. Unof.
HeLicine (e/.it;, a spiral). Tortile, or
spiral in structure. H. Arteries, arteries
proceeding from the profunda? penis
tranches of the pudic, and from the dorsal
arteries of the penis.
Heli / coid {e/ug). Having a structure with
spirally arranged parts.
Helicotre / ma. The opening connecting
the scales tympani and vestibuli of the
spiral canal of the cochlea.
Heliother / aphy ('r//.ioc, the sun, 6epa~eia,
treatment). The treatment of disease by
exposure of the body to sunlight. Sun-
bathing.
Heliotro'pin. See Piper.
He'lix (i/.i^, a coil). The margin of the
external ear.
HePlebore, or Helleb / orus. The root of
H. niger, black hellebore. Properties due
HELLEBOREINE
187
HEMIEPILEPSY
to two glucosides, helleborin and helle-
boreln. A drastic hydragogue cathartic,
and emmenagogue. Formerly a popular
remedy in insanity, dropsy, and amenor-
rhcea. Helleborein is sometimes used in
cardiac affections as a substitute for digi-
talis, its action being obtained by smaller
doses. and less irritation. H. Nigri., Ext.
Unof. Dose gr. j-x, cautiously. H.
Nigri., Ext. Fid. Unof. Dose nyj-xv.
Helleborin. Unof. Poisonous, insoluble
in water. Helleborein. Unof. Very
soluble in water. Dose gr. jg- tV
Hellebore / ine. See Hellebore.
Heller's Blood-test. A test for blood in
urine : Add to urine half its volume of
solution of caustic potash and heat gently.
The earthy phosphates are precipitated and
carry the haematin with them, falling as
garnet-red flocculi.
Heller's Test (for albumin in urine).
Pour down the side of the test-glass con-
taining the urine, pure nitric acid. A
white zone of coagulated albumin between
the acid and urine indicates the presence
of albumin. (See, also, Roberts 1 Reagent).
Helminth / agogue. See Anthelmintic.
Helminthiasis (elfuvg, a worm). A con-
dition marked by the presence of parasites
in the body, especially of intestinal worms.
Also, disorders or lesions caused by worms.
Helminthics. See Anthelmintics.
HelminthoFogy (eA/uivg, loyog, a treatise).
A treatise on worms, especially those para-
sitic upon the body.
Helmintb/ous (elfiiv). Wormy.
Hek/des (e?iog, a swamp). Swampy, or
marshy. Also, a fever attended by profuse
sweating. Also, marsh fever.
He / ma-. See Hamato-.
Hem / atin. A synonym for hematoxylin.
See Hczmatoxylon.
Hemeralo / pia {'yj/nepa, day, uip, the eye).
Night-blindness, a symptom of several dis-
eases of the eye, of failure of general nutri-
tion, etc. Vision is good in day or strong
light, but fails at night. An unfortunate dif-
ference of definition prevails in reference to
this word and Nyctalopia. Sometimes it is
defined as a condition the reverse of that
given above.
Hemi- ('vfii, half). A Greek prefix, mean-
ing one -half. In anatomy and physiology
it is applied to one of the two lateral
halves of the body.
Hemiachromatops / ia {'Tj/uiavg, ^pw/za,
color, oi/>«c, sight). Defective, or absent
color vision in corresponding halves of the
field of vision.
Hemi-albumin. See Anti-albumin.
Hemialbu'minose. The same as Hemi-
albumose.
HemiaFbumose. See Peptones.
Hemianaesthe / sia ('ijfit, avaiad^aca, want
of feeling). Partial or complete loss of
the sense of feeling in a lateral half of
the body.
Hemiano / pia. See Hemianopsia.
Hemianopsia ('y/ui, half, av neg, oipig,
sight). Blindness of one-half of the visual
field. It may be bilateral (binocular) or
monolateral (monocular or uniocular), ac-
cording as it affects one or both eyes. H.,
Binasal, due to anaesthesia of the tem-
poral halves of the retina, the nasal fields
thereby becoming invisible. H., Bitem-
poral, the reverse of the last. H.,
Crossed or Heteronymous, a general
term for either binasal or bitemporal H.
H., Homonymous, the most common
form, affecting the inner half of one field
and the outer of the other. H., Inferior
and Superior, the upper or lower halves
of the retina are insensitive.
Hemiatax / ia ('tjjui, ara^ia, disordered
movement). Inability to produce orderly
or systematic movements on one side of
the body.
Hemiatheto / sis ('v^, aderog, without fixed
position). A term for athetosis or invol-
untary rhythmic movements of one side of
the body only.
Hemiatrophy ('fjfj-i, arpofpia, lack of nour-
ishment). Imperfect or impaired nutrition
confined to one side of the body.
Hemiceph'alus ('v/ii, Ke^ahj). A name
applied to a monster foetus in which the
cerebral hemispheres and skull are absent
or undeveloped. See Anencephalus.
Hemichore / a ('vfu, x°P eia > a convulsive
twitching). A form of chorea in which
the convulsive movements are confined to
one side of the body only.
Hemicra / nia ('?///£, Kpaviov, head). Neu-
ralgia or headache of one-half of the head.
Hemidiaphore / sis (77/^, duKpoprjag, sweat-
ing). Sweating of one lateral half of the
body only.
Hemidysaesthe / sia ('tffu, dug, difficult,
aiadf/aig, sensation). Enfeebled or dulled
sensation in a lateral half of the body, or
in half of one of the organs of sense.
Hemienceph'alus {'tj/ui, evuetyaAog). A
monstrosity without organs of sense, but
possessing otherwise a nearly normal
brain.
HemiepTlepsy ('r/fii, eTufyipia, epilepsy).
A form of epilepsy in which the con-
HEMIHIDROSIS
188
HEPATOGRAPHY
vulsions are confined to one lateral half of
the body.
Hemihidrosis ('?/,ut, Id pug, sweat). The
same as hemidiaphoresis.
Hemim'elus ('///«, ^e/loc, limb). An ectro-
melic monstrosity with deficient or atro-
phied forearms, legs, feet and hands, with
normal arms and thighs.
Hemiop / ia (V//zj, coijj, eye). The older term
for hemianopsia. Hemiopia refers to the
seeing half of the retina, hemianopsia to
that part of the field not seen.
Hemip'agus ('vfic, nayog, united). A
monomphalic monstrosity united by the
thoraces, and with a common mouth.
Hemiparaple'gia ('qfu, napairfyyca, paral-
ysis of the limbs). Paralysis of a lower
limb on one side only.
Hemipare / sis {'r/fii, Tcapeoig, impairment
of strength). Paresis, or weakening of the
strength on one side of the body only.
Hemi-pep / tone. See Peptones.
Hemipho / nia ('yfu, aipa, a ball). Half
a sphere. H., Cerebral, either lateral
half of the cerebrum.
Hem / lock. See Conium.
He'mo-. See Hcemo-.
Hemorrhage. See Hemorrhage.
Hemorrhoids. See Hemorrhoids.
Hen'bane. See Hyoscyamus.
Henle, Fenestrated Membrane of. The
layer of longitudinal elastic fibers of the
inner coat of arteries. H., Loop of. See
Tubuli Uriniferi.
Hensen's Experiment. Proving that the
so-called auditory hairs of the crustacean
My sis vibrated to a particular note.
HepataFgia ['r/jrap, the liver, aAyoc, pain).
Pain in the liver, but more especially the
paroxysmal pain occasionally affecting the
right hypochondrium.
Hepatec / tomy (^rjTcap, eare/Livo, to cut out).
Excision of a protruding portion of the
liver.
Hepat'ic ^rjirap). Pertaining or belonging
to the liver. H. Duct. See Duct. H.
Lobes, the natural anatomical divisions
of the liver, usually designated as right,
left, quadrate, spigelian and caudate lobes.
H. Zones, certain areas in an hepatic
lobule. The central area, capillaries and
cells form the Hepatic Vein Zone, specially
liable to cyanotic changes ; the area next
the periphery of the lobule is the Portal
Vein Zone; and the area between the
two the Hepatic Artery Zone.
Hepatization ('r/irap). An abnormal
change in lung-tissue, in which it becomes
solid and friable, somewhat resembling
that of the liver. H., Gray, the condition
of a lung in the third stage of pneumonia.
H., Red, that in the second stage of
pneumonia. H., White, the condition
of the lungs in stillborn syphilitic children.
H., Yellow, the condition of the lung in
the third stage of pneumonia when tinted
by numerous pus cells. See Pneumonia.
Hepatitis ('yjirap, trig, inflammation). In-
flammation of the liver.
Hep / atocele ('qirap, nrjlr], a tumor). A
form of hernia in which the liver pro-
trudes through an opening in the abdo-
minal wall.
Hepatocirrho / sis ('yrrap, ruppog, yellow).
Cirrhosis of the liver.
Hepatocystic ('Tjirap, Kvarog, a bladder).
Pertaining to the liver and gall-bladder.
Hepatodyn / ia ('fjTrap, odvvr], pain). Pain
in the liver.
Hepatogenic ('wrrap, yevvau, to beget).
Pertaining to conditions produced by the
liver, as H. Icterus, also called absorp-
tion icterus, or jaundice, caused by the
absorption of bile already formed in the
liver.
Hepatography {rjirap, ypaQo, to write).
A description of the liver.
HEPATOLITHIASIS
189
HERPES
Hepatolithi / asis [r/7rap,7ii.diaaig, presence
of calculus). A disease characterized by
gall-stones or other concretions in the
liver.
HepatoPogy [?)~ap, 2.oyoc, a discourse).
A treatise on the nature, structure and
functions of the liver.
Hepatomala / cia [ywap, fiaXanoc, soft).
Softening of the liver.
Hepator'rhaphy [wap, pa7j, suture).
Suture of the liver.
Hepatorrhex / is [qir a P, PV^C, a rupture).
Bursting or rupture of the liver.
Hepatot / omy [?)~ap, teuvcj, to cut). Inci-
sion of the liver.
Herb [herba, grass). Any annual or peren-
nial plant that yearly dies to the root. In
pharmacy, the leaves, stems and flowers of
an annual or perennial.
Herbiv / ora [herba, voro, to devour). A
name formerly given to a division of mam-
malia. Animals that feed on vegetation.
Herbivorous [herba, voro). A descriptive
term applied to animals that subsist on
vegetation.
Herbst's Corpuscles. Sensory end-
organs in the tongue of the duck.
Hereditary [heres, an heir). Acquired
by inheritance. H. Disease, one trans-
mitted to the offspring by the parent. H.
Syphilis. See Syphilis.
Heredity [heres). The law by which nat-
ural form, structure, and conditions, both
of mind and body, are repeated in offspring
or descendants.
Hering's Theory. See Color-sensation.
Hermann's Difference Theory. See
Difference.
Hermaphrodite [Epfir/c, Mercury, A(ppo-
6tT7/, Venus). One with some congenital
malformation of the genital organs, such as
epispadias, hypospadias, cleft of the scro-
tum, etc., that makes the determination of
sex somewhat doubtful. H., Apparent,
the external non-essential organs are the
only ones of the opposite sex. H., Bi-
lateral, a testicle upon each side. H.,
Female, essentially female, but with simu-
lated male organs. H., Lateral, a testicle
upon one side, an ovary upon the other.
H., Male, the reverse of H. Female H.,
Neuter, with no organs essentially male or
female. H., Spurious, non-essential pecu-
liarities (as the beard in a female) without
abnormality of the genital organs. H.,
Transverse, the external organs of one
sex, the internal of another. H., True,
essential organs of both sexes present. H.
with Excess, the individual possesses all
the organs of one sex with some of the
opposite sex.
Hermet'ical [Epp.?ig, the god Mercury, the
reputed founder of alchemy). Pertaining
to chemistry. Also, having resistance to
chemical action. H. Sealing, the closure
of an outlet by cementation or fusion, so
that it is impervious to air. Also, the
closing or covering of a wound by imper-
vious dressings.
Her'nia [hernia, from epvog, a sprout). A
tumor formed by the protrusion of the con-
tents of a cavity (usually the abdominal)
through its wall. Hernias may be called
after their locality, as Epigastric, Femoral,
Inguinal, Perineal, Scrotal, Umbilical, etc.;
according to their condition, as Encysted,
Reducible, Strangulated, Purulent, etc. ;
according to the contents, as Cerebral, In-
testinal, Omental, Vesical, etc. ; or, lastly,
according to their origin, as Acquired,
Congenital, Infantile, etc. H., External,
one appearing upon the external surface of
the body. H., Femoral, the protrusion
takes place through the femoral ring be-
neath Poupart's ligament. H., Humor-
al, swelled testicle. H., Incarcerated,
a strangulated, obstructed or irreducible
H., — variously used. H., Incomplete,
not fully passed through the opening. H.,
Inguinal, passing above Poupart's liga-
ment. H., Inguinal, Direct, to the inner
side of the epigastric artery, not following
the course of the spermatic cord. H.,
Oblique Inguinal, through the inguinal
canal following the course of the sperm-
atic cord. H., Irreducible, that cannot
be put back, but that is not strangulated.
H., Obstructed, obstruction, but not
positive strangulation. Hernial Sac, the
serous membrane pushed before it by a
hernia. H., Strangulated, such con-
striction as to prohibit passage of blood
and faeces. H., Umbilical, appearing at
the navel. H., Ventral, through the
abdominal wall in front other than at the
abdominal ring.
Herniopunc / ture [hernia, punctura, a
pricking). The puncture of a hernia.
Herniotomy [hernia, Tejuvo,tocni). Oper-
ation for the relief of hernia by section of
the constriction.
Heroph'ilus, TorcuTarof. SeeTorczilar.
Herpes [epTru, to creep). Formerly
creeping eruptions, now applied to erup-
tions marked by the presence of groups of
the same upon an exanthematous base.
H. Circinatus Bullosus. See Hydroa.
H.Esthiomenos. See lupus. H.Faci-
HERPETIC
190
HETEROTOPIA
alis or Labialis, an eruption on the lower
part of the face, most frequently about the
mouth. Thought to be of neurotic origin.
Called also H. Febrilis and Hydroa Fe-
brilis. H., Gestation. See Hydroa.
H. Iris. See Erythema. H. Progeni-
tal, consists of vesicles grouped upon an
inflamed base, on the genitals, especially
the prepuce and labia, frequently a sequel
of gonorrhoea and soft chancre. H.
Tonsurans. See Pityriasis Rosea. H.
Zoster. See Zoster, Herpes.
Herpetic (ep-rjg, a disease of the skin).
Pertaining to herpes.
Herpet'iform (eprrvg, forma, a form).
Having a likeness to herpes.
HerpetoFogy (ep-nrjg, Aoyog, a treatise).
A treatise on skin diseases.
Hes'selbach's Triangle. See Triangle.
Heteradelph / us (erepog, other, adeAqog,
brother). The same as Heteropagzis.
Heterade'nic (erepog, a6r/v, gland). Per-
taining to or consisting of tissue that is
unlike normal glandular tissue, though
essentially glandular.
Heteradeno / ma. Tumor formed of hetera-
denic tissue.
Het'ero- (erepog, other). A Greek prefix
denoting diversity or unlikeness.
Hetero-al'bumose. SeeAldumoses.
Hetero-autoplasty, grafting of skin from
one person upon the body of another.
Heteroceph'alus (erepog, Keoalrj, the
head). A foetal monstrosity with two heads
of unequal size.
HeterochronTc (erepog, xpovog, time). Ir-
regular in occurrence. Occurring at dif-
ferent times, or at other than the proper time.
Heterod'ymus (erepog, dtdvuog, twin). A
double monster, the accessory part being
but an imperfect head.
Heterogamy (erepog, ya/uog, marriage). A
term applied to different forms of sexual
development arising from difference in nu-
trition or environment. It is typified in
the Phylloxera vastatrix, the development
of which is far more complex when the
insects are bred under ground, on the
roots of the grape vine, compared with that
when the insects breed upon the leaves of
the vine. In the latter case the successive
generations consist of apterous, oviparous
females only ; in the former the cycle con-
sists of male insects, apterous females for
perpetuating and winged females for spread-
ing the species.
Heterogeneity (erepog, yevog, a kind).
The condition or quality of being hetero-
geneous.
Heterogeneous (erepog, yevog). Differ-
ing in kind or nature ; composed of differ-
ent substances, not homogeneous.
Heterogen'esis (erepog, yeveota, genera-
tion). Organic deviations in the situation
or character of organs, etc. Also, the fact
of a living parent giving rise to offspring
that pass through a totally different series
of states from those exhibited by the pa-
rent, and not returning into the parent's
cycle of changes.
Heterogenet'ic (erepog, yeveaic). Pertain-
ing to heterogenesis.
Heteroinfec'tion (erepog, injicio, to taint).
Infection transmitted by a person who is
himself not infected.
Heterologous (erepog, /.oyog, an account).
Differing in structure or form from the
normal. H. Series, a series derived from
each other by chemical metamorphoses.
H. Tissues, morbid tissues that have
no structural relation with the normal tis-
sues of the part. H. Tumors, tumors
having a different tissue from that of the
part in which they are situated.
Heteromorpb/ism (erepog, /nopdrj, form).
A condition marked by difference in form,
as compared with the normal form. In
chemistry, the property of crystallizing in
different forms.
Heteronymous (erepog, vouog, a law).
Abnormal. Deviating from ordinary laws
or types.
Heterop / agus (erepug, other, nay Log,
united). A parasitic monstrosity with nor-
mal head, upper and lower extremities,
but with a parasite attached to the anterior
abdominal wall.
Heterop / athy (ererog, iradog, affection).
The treatment of a disease by inducing a
different morbid condition to neutralize it.
Abnormal reaction to stimulus or irritation.
Heteropho / ria (erepog, different, (popog, a
tending). A tending of the visual lines in
some other way than that of parallelism.
It may be Esophoria, a tending of the
lines inward; or Exophoria, outward; or
Hyperphoria, a tending of the right or
left visual line in a direction above its fel-
low. Hyperesophoria, a tending of the
visual lines up and inward. Hyperexo-
phoria, up and outward.
Heteroplastic. See Heterologous.
Heterotax / ia (erepog, ragig, order). A
congenital, but not hereditary, displace-
ment of an organ or part. Especially a
malposition of internal organs.
Heterotopia (erepog, rorrog, a place). Ab-
normal position. Misplacement of an or-
HETEROTROPIA
191
HISTOGENESIS
gan or part. Also, any abnormal growth
of tissue foreign to that part of the body
wherein it is situated.
Heterotro / pia. See Strabismus.
Heterotypic (irepog, rvnog, a pattern). A
monstrosity consisting of a well -developed
foetus from which grows an immature secon-
dary foetus.
Heteroxantb/ine. A leucomaine isolated
from urine in 1884. In composition, it is
methyl-xanthine, and is intermediate be-
tween xanthine and paraxanthine or di-
methyl-xanthine ; exists in the urine of
man in the same proportion as paraxan-
thine. But it exists in urine of the dog
unaccompanied by paraxanthine, and the
same fact has been observed in the urine
of leucocythaemic persons. It is thought
by Solomon to have its origin in the kid-
ney. Its physiological action is not yet
fully known. Xanthine, heteroxanthine,
and paraxanthine form normally a homolo-
gous series of xanthine bodies in the urine.
Hewson's Experiments. To prove that
the blood vessels exert a restraining in-
fluence on coagulation.
Hexicol'ogy (egcg, state or condition, Aoyoc,
science). The relations of a creature to
its environment.
Hia'tus (hio, to gape). A space or open-
ing. Also, the vulva. H. of Fallopius,
the shallow groove on the petrous portion
of the temporal bone.
Hibernation (hibernus, winter). The
dormant condition or winter sleep of cer-
tain animals, notably bears, hedgehogs,
etc., in which animation is almost sus-
pended. Respiration and circulation are
greatly reduced, and nutrition is performed
mainly at the expense of the fatty tissues
of the animal.
Hic'cough {hie, a mimic word; cough).
A spasmodic contraction of the diaphragm
causing inspiration, followed by a sudden
closure of the glottis.
Hickory. The bark of shellbark hickory,
Carya alba. Tonic and anti-intermittent.
Useful in malarial fevers. Dose of fid.
ext. gss-j. Unof.
Hide-bound Disease. See Scleroderma.
Hi'dro- (I6pug, sweat). A prefix signify-
ing sweat.
Hidroped'esis (I6pag, 7rr]6?jaig, a leaping).
Excessive sweating.
Hidropoie'sis (Id pug, rroieu, to make).
Causing the formation and excretion of
sweat.
Hidros / chesis (I6pug, ax^ig, retention).
Retention or suppression of the sweat.
Hidro / sis (16 pug). The formation and
excretion of sweat.
High / more, Antrum of. The large cavity
in the body of the superior maxillary bone.
Hi'lum (Lat. a little thing). A small fis-
sure, notch, or depression, especially the
notch on the internal or concave border
of the kidney.
Hind / brain (Ger. hinterhirn). A division
of the brain, developing from a funnel-
shaped tube in the embryo to an anterior
lobe that becomes the cerebellum, and a
posterior lobe that becomes the medulla
oblongata.
Hinge -joint. See Diarthrosis.
Hip (Sax. hype). The upper part of the
thigh at its junction with the buttocks.
Hip-joint Disease. An arthritis of the
hip-joint ; an affection of early life, and ac-
cording as it begins in the head of the
femur, the acetabulum, or in the synovial
membrane and proper structures of the
joint, is divided respectively into Femoral,
Acetabular and Arthritic. Its etiology is
obscure, its symptoms pain (coxalgia),
swelling, and deformity. Coxalgia is in-
correctly used as a synonym.
Hippocamp / us (i7T7roc, horse, Ka/nrog, a
sea monster). A name applied to the con-
volutions, H. major and H. minor, the
former situated in the inferior, and the lat-
ter in the posterior horn of the ventricles
of the brain.
Hippocory / za. See Equinia.
Hippu / ric Acid. Benzoylamidoacetic acid.
An odorless, monobasic acid occurring in
large amount in the urine of herbivora,
and in them the chief end-product of the
metabolism of nitrogenous substances.
Human urine contains a small amount
Hip'pus (i7T7roc, horse, from analogy to the
movement of the same). Spasmodic pupil-
lary movements, independent of the action
of light.
Hirsute (hirsutus, shaggy). Covered with
hair or bristles. Shaggy.
Hirsu / ties (hirsutus). Hypertrichiasis. Hy-
pertrichosis. Polytrichia. Trichauxis. Hy-
pertrophy, excessive, or abnormal growth
of the hair either in quantity or in position.
Histioid. See Histoid.
Histochemistry (Icrog, a web or tissue,
chemistry). The chemistry of organic
tissue.
Histodial'ysis (larog, dicikvaog, a resolu-
tion). The dissolution of organic tissue.
Histogenesis (carog, yevvau, to beget).
The study of the origin and development
of organic tissues.
HISTOHJEMATIN
192
HOMOLOGOUS
Histohae / matin ('corog, heematin). A pig-
mentary extractive of the suprarenal bodies.
Histoid (iorog, eidog, likeness). Pertain-
ing to tissue derived from the mesoblast,
as a histoid tumor. See iVeoplasm.
Histology (lotos, ^oyog, a treatise). The
study of the intimate structure of tissues.
Histolysis (lorog, Ivoig, dissolution). Dis-
integration and dissolution of organic tis-
sue.
Histon'omy (iorog, vo/xog, a law). The
laws of the development and arrangement
of organic tissue.
HistophysioPogy (iorog, (j>voig, nature,
loyog, a treatise). A treatise concerning
the functions of the various tissues.
Histot / omy (iorog, repvu, to cut). The
dissection of any organic tissue.
Hives. A name loosely applied to almost
any papular eruption of the skin. In
Great Britain, applied to croup and to
chicken-pox ; in the United States, limited
to a transitory form of urticaria.
Hoang Nan. A Chinese preparation ob-
tained from Strychnos gaultheria. Proper-
ties due to small percentage of strychnine.
Recommended as an alterative in syphilis,
leprosy and similar diseases. An alleged
preventive of hydrophobia if given in large
(gr. xv) doses during period of incubation.
Dose gr. %-y?.. Unof.
Hoarseness (Sax. has). Harshness of
voice depending on some abnormal condi-
tion of the larynx or throat.
Hodg / kin's Disease. See Lymphade
noma.
HofTs Malt Extract. See Malt.
HoPagogue (blog, whole, ayuyog, leading).
A medicine or remedy that expels or
drives out the whole of a morbid substance.
A radical remedy.
Holm'gren's Tests. See Blindness,
Color.
Ho'lo- (blog, entire). A Greek prefix sig-
nifying entirety.
Holoblast'ic (ohx>g, filaorog, a sprout).
Pertaining to the segmentation of the
ovum.
Homat / ropine. See Atropine.
Home / sickness. Nostalgia. An urgent
desire to return to one's home. May be
accompanied by a morbid sluggishness of
the functions of the various organs of the
body, developing into profound melan-
choly.
HonVicide (homo, a man, c- stands for
Acetylenes, C 9 H 2 n —o, ) anv number
of carbon atoms. Thus, if n
the
corresponding member of the Paraffine
All the hydro-
carbons are inflammable. They occur in
nature as marsh gas (^fire damp), natural
gas, naphtha, petroleum, asphaltum, ozocer-
ite, etc., in a multitude of forms.
Hydrocele (vdcop, nrf/.Tj, tumor). A collec-
tion of serous fluid in the tunica vaginalis,
or in connection with the testicle or cord.
Applied, also, to a serous tumor in other
locations.
Hydrocen'osis (idop, ksvcjgic, evacua-
tion). An evacuation of water either by
the use of hydragogue cathartics or by the
operation of "tapping"' the cavity contain-
ing the accumulation of fluid. See Para-
centesis.
Hydrocepb/alic (vSup,Keoa/.7j). Pertain-
ing to or affected with hydrocephalus. H.
Cry, the shrieks of pain of the hydroceph-
alic child during the exacerbations.
Hydrocepb/alocele {vdup, neoa/.r], the
head, vf/.r}, a tumor). Congenital hydro-
cephalus in which the encephalon pro-
trudes through the ununited or undeveloped
cranial wall.
Hydrocepb/aloid (iSop, K£oa/.7/,thehead).
Pertaining to or resembling hydrocephalus.
H. Disease, a disease resembling hydro-
cephalus, sometimes observed in poorly
nourished infants just after weaning.
Hydrocepb/alus (vSup, keoo/.t], head). A
collection of fluid in the cerebral ventricles,
preventing closure of the fontanelles and
causing enlargement of the skull.
Hydrocholecys / tis (vdcjp, x o/ V, the bile,
kvotiq, a bladder). Dropsy of the gall-
bladder.
Hydrocirs'ocele (vdop, Ktpcoq. a venous
enlargement, nrf/.rj, a tumor). Hydrocele
accompanied with varicose veins of the
spermatic cord.
HydrocceTia (vdop, koi/jo, the belly).
Dropsy of the belly or abdominal region.
Hydrocol'lidine. A highly poisonous
ptomarne-base, so named by Gautier and
Etard, and declared by them to be identi-
cal with the hydrocollidine obtained by
Cahours and Etard by the action of sele-
nium on nicotine. Xencki. on the other
hand, asserted its identity with a base iso-
lated by him in 1876, to which he had as-
cribed the formula C g H n X. The formula
of Gautier and Etard' s hydrocollidine is
C^H^X. This ptomaine was obtained from
chloroformic extracts, from putrefying
mackerel, and putrefying horse flesh and
ox flesh. The free base is an almost color-
less, alkaline, oily fluid, having a strong,
penetrating odor like seringa. So small a
HYDROCOLPOCELE
197
HYDROPHTHALMIA
dose as 0.0017 gram of the hydrochloride
injected into birds, produces dizziness,
paralysis and death. The pupils are nor-
mal, and the heart stops in diastole.
HydrocoFpocele (vdcop, koI-koq, Kr/fy,
tumor). A serous tumor of the vagina.
Hydrocot / yle. Pennywort. The leaves
of H. asiatica. Active principle vellarine,
a bitter tonic and alterative, very service-
able in skin diseases, syphilitic sores and
leprosy. Unof.
Hydrocyanic. See Cyanogen, and Acid,
Hydrocyanic.
Hy / drocyst (vdup, kvgtlc, a bladder). A
cyst containing a water-like liquid. Syn-
onymous with hydatid.
Hydroderm / a (vdop, dep/ua, the skin).
Dropsy of the skin.
Hydro-electric (vdop, electticily). Per-
taining to electricity developed by the phy-
sical action of fluids or in connection with
water. H. Bath, a bath in which the
metallic lining of the tub is connected
with one pole of a battery, the other being
in contact with the person of the patient.
Hy'drogen (vdop, yevvaco, to produce).
H = 1. Quantivalence 1. A gaseous ele-
ment, one liter of which weighs .0896
gramme. It is feebly basic and occurs in
nature combined with oxygen in the form
of water H 2 0. It has been liquefied at a
temperature of — 286 F. under a tension
of 650 atmospheres — a pressure of about
4.7 tons per square inch. In combination
with carbon, oxygen and nitrogen, it forms
a multitude of radicals formerly known as
" organic " compounds, but now often syn-
thetically formed. Used largely in the
qualitative determination of arsenic and
antimony, and for combustion with-oxygen
to produce intense heat. Has also been
used by inhalation in consumption. H.
Peroxide, an unstable compound having
the composition H 2 2 . A powerful anti-
septic and germicide. Used as a disin-
fectant in diphtheria, glandular swellings
and suppurative inflammations. It is the
basis of most hair-bleaching solutions.
Dose, gss-ij. Unof.
Hydrohae / mia (vdop, aifia, the blood).
Watery, or poor condition of the blood.
HydroFogy (vdop, loyoc, a treatise). A
treatise on the nature and uses of water.
Hydrolyt / ic (vdop, Tivo, to dissolve). Per-
taining to the decomposition of water, or
the liberation of water during a chemical
reaction. H. Ferments, those causing a
combination with the elements of water in
the substances they decompose.
Hydro / ma (vdop). A cyst or sac filled
with water or serous fluid. Also, an
cedematous swelling. Also, the dilatation
of a lymphatic of the neck from a cystic
tumor.
HydromeningFtis (vdop, fiTjviy^, a mem-
brane). Inflammation of the membranes
of the brain or cord, accompanied by ef-
fusion of watery fluids.
HydromenhFgocele (vdop, \iriviy$;, Krfkrj,
a tumor). A watery tumor of the men-
inges, protruding through the skull. Also,
a watery tumor in the arachnoid cavity
or in the continuation of the subarachnoid
space.
HydronFeter (vdop, /uerpov, a measure).
An instrument for determining the specific
gravity of liquids or solutions containing
water.
Hydrome / tra (vdop, [irjTpa, uterus). A
collection of water or mucus in the womb.
HydronFphalus (vdop, oju(f>a?ioc, the na-
vel). A tumor at the navel distended
with water. May arise either from ascites
or umbilical hernia.
Hydromy / elus (vdop, /uvelog, marrow).
A congenital cavity of the spinal cord.
Also, distention of the spinal cord caused
by the effusion of water or serous fluid.
Hydron'cus (vdop, oynoe, a mass). A dis-
tention or swelling caused by an accumu-
lation of water. See, also, (Edema and
Anasarca.
Hydronephrosis (vdop, vetypoc, kidney).
A collection of urine in the kidney from
obstructed outflow.
Hydrop'athy (vdop, Tradoc, suffering).
The treatment of diseases by the use of
water, externally and internally.
Hydropericar'dium (vdop, Trepinapdiov,
(the pericardium). Dropsy of the peri-
cardium. Also, an effusion of water or
serous fluid into the pericardium during
pericarditis.
HydroperitonaFum. See Ascites.
Hydrophobia (vdop, tyofioc, dread). A
symptom of rabies in man, consisting in
fear of water, or inability to swallow it.
Used commonly as a synonym of Rabies,
and particularly of the disease in man.
H., Pseudo-. See Pseudo-hydrophobia.
Hydrophobic (vdop, doflog). Pertaining
to or having the nature of hydrophobia.
H., Tetanus. See Kopf-tetanus.
Hydrophobopho / bia (hydrophobia,
cpofioc). A morbid and intense dread of
hydrophobia.
HydrophthaFmia (vdop, water, otydal/uoc,
eye). An increase of the fluid contents of
HYDROPHTHALMOS
198
HYGROMETRIC
the eye, resulting in glaucoma, kerato-
gl obits, staphyloma, etc.
HydrophthaFmos. See Keratoglobus.
Hydrophysom'etra (i-dup, ovoa, wind,
ftqrpa, the womb). An abnormal collec-
tion of water, or other fluid, and gas in the
womb.
Hydrop / ic (idpo-inog, dropsical). Per-
taining to dropsy.
Hy / droplasm. According to Xageli, a
fluid constituent of protoplasm.
Hydropneumato / sis [vdup, rrvevuaruacc,
inflation). An abnormal or morbid col-
lection of water, or other fluid, and air
within any of the tissues of the body.
See, also, Hydi'opieumonia.
Hydropneumo'nia (vdup, -vevuuv, the
lung). A disease thought to consist of a
serous infiltration within the lung; also,
an effusion within the pleura sometimes
accompanying pneumonia.
Hydropneumopericard / ium (vdup, ttviv-
fia, air, Trepinapdiov, the pericardium).
A morbid collection of air and water within
the pericardium. It causes the clacking
sound commonly known as the " water-
wheel'' sound.
Hydropneumotho'rax. See Pneiunato-
thorax.
Hy / drops ('vdpuip, dropsy). Dropsy; an
abnormal collection of fluid in a cavity or
part of the body. See Anasarca. H.
Paralyticus, that in paralyzed parts. H.
Spurious, from obstruction of the natural
outlet of a secreting organ.
Hydroquin / one. Obtained from Uua
Ursi. Yaluable as an antipyretic without
producing injurious after-effects. Effects
temporary. Dose, gr. xv-xx. Unof.
HydrorrhachPtis. See Spina ( Ventosa).
Hydrorrhce / a (vdup, poia, a flow). A
flow of water. H. Gravidarum. An ab-
normal discharge of liquid from the preg-
nant uterus.
Hydro sadenPtis ('vdup, adenitis). In-
flammation of the sudoriparous follicles.
Hydrosalpinx (vdup,Ga'/-r/^, atrumpet).
A distention of the Eallopian tube with a
fluid substance, and its obstruction at the
fimbriated extremity, caused by inflamma-
tion. Frequently a result of gonorrhoea.
Hydrosar / cocele. See Sarcocele.
Hydros / cheocele ('vdup, oax^ov, the scro-
tum, and ktj'/.t] , a tumor). Dropsical hernia
of the scrotum.
Hydrostatic (' vdup, eraac, standing). The
science treating of the conditions and
properties of liquids in a state of equilib-
rium.
Hydrotherapeu'tics ('vdup, depa-svu, to
heal). That part of balneology treating
of the hygienic use of cold water, and of its
therapeutic application to the body. See,
also, Bath and Aqua.
Hydrothionu / ria ['vdup, dtov, sulphur,
ovpov, the urine). Hydrogen-sulphide in
the urine.
Hydrotho'rax (vdup, dupa$, chest). Dropsy
of the chest.
Hydrot / omy ('vdup, reuvu, to cut). A
method of dissecting certain tissues by the
forcible injection of water into the arteries
and capillaries whereby the structures of
the tissues are separated.
Hydro va'rium ['vdup, ovarium, an ovary).
Ovarian dropsy.
HydroxyF amine. An amine having the
composition XH 2 (HO), and much re-
sembling pyrogallic acid in physiological
properties. It has been successfully used
as a local application in psoriasis. It does
not discolor the skin. The following
formula is used by Fabry : hydroxyl amine
hydrochlorate 2-5, alcohol 1 00 parts, chalk
to neutralize. Unof.
Hydrozo / a ('vdup, £uov, an animal).
A class of the Ccelenterata including
the Siphonophera, Ctenophora and Hy-
droids.
HygePa ('Yyeia, the goddess of health).
State or condition of health.
Hy / giene ('tyieivoc, good for the health).
That science treating of the laws of health
in its broadest sense.
Hygreche / ma ('17 poc, moist, tjxv, sound).
The peculiar sound produced by a liquid
as observed by the stethoscope, or by per-
cussion.
HygrhVic Ether. A substance of uncer-
tain composition, said to have mydriatic
properties. Unof.
Hy / gro- ('v}pog, moist). A prefix denot-
ing moist or wet.
Hygro'ma ('vypoc, oma, tumor). A serous
cyst. The bacillus of tuberculosis, has
been found in four cases of hygroma con-
taining rice bodies.
Hygrom / eter ('typoc, uerpov, a measure).
An instrument for determining quantita-
tively the amount of moisture in the air.
This amount, constantly varying, is ex-
pressed in terms of the percentage re-
quired to saturate the air at the particular
temperature observed.
Hygromet / ric {'vypoc, fierpuv). Per-
taining to hygrometry, or the quanti-
tative determinadon of atmospheric mois-
ture.
HYGROPHILIA SPINOSA
199
HYPERDICROTIC
Hygroph / ila Spinc/sa. A shrub used
in Ceylon and India as a diuretic in dropsy.
Unof.
Hygroscopic ('vypog*, ckottcg), to see).
Having the property of absorbing moisture
from the air.
Hy / lonite. See Celluloid.
Hy'men {^vfiTjv, a membrane). The fold
of mucous membrane at the vaginal en-
trance. H., Imperforate, a congenital
abnormality, the hymen without an open-
ing, thus closing the vaginal outlet or
inlet.
Hyme / nal ('v/ur/v). Pertaining to the hy-
men. H. Tubercles. See Myrtiform
Caruncles.
HymenoFogy ('vfirjv, "koyog, a treatise). A
treatise on the nature and structure of
membranous tissue.
Hymenomala'cia ('vfxrjv, jualanog, soft).
An abnormal softening of membranous
tissues.
Hymenomyce / tes ('v/nijv, p-VKrjg, a. fungus).
An order of fungi having the hymenium
or umbrella. All the edible mushrooms
belong to this class.
Hymenop / tera ('v/uqv, irrepov, a wing).
An order or family of insects distinguished
by two pairs of membranous wings. In-
cludes ants, bees, wasp, ichneumon, flies,
etc.
Hy / o-. A prefix denoting attachment to
or connection with the hyoid bone.
Hyoglossal {hyoid, y'AuGca, the tongue).
Pertaining to the hyoglossus. Extending
between the hyoid bone and the tongue.
Hyoglos / sus. See Muscle.
Hy / oid Bone ("Yoetdqg, similar to Greek
upsilon). A bone situated between the
root of the tongue and the pharynx, sup-
porting the tongue and giving attachment
to its muscles.
Hy / oscine. See Hyoscyamus.
Hyoscy / amus. Henbane. The older
leaves of II. niger. Contains an alkaloid,
hyoscyamine, isomeric with and similar to
atropine ; also, a derivative hyoscine. An
excellent narcotic, calmative and hypnotic,
less irritating than belladonna and stramo-
nium. Useful in mania and the delirium
of fevers. Hyoscyamine is useful when-
ever atropine is indicated. A powerful
but uncertain mydriatic. H. Abstract.
Dose gr. iij-v. H. Ext., Alcoholic.
Dose gr. j (of uncertain strength). H.
Ext., Fid. Dose n\v-xv. H. Tinct.,
15 per cent, in strength. Dose gj-iv;
as a hypnotic Jss-j. Hyoscyamine
Sulph. Dose, hypodermic, gr. T fo-^j ; by
mouth gr. %-]. Hyoscine Hydrobrom.
Unof. Dose ^^V
Hypacou'sis,
Hypacu'sia,
Hypacu'sis or
Hypaku / sis ('viro, ciKovaig, to hear). Hard-
ness of hearing from defect of the auditory
nerve.
Hypalbumino / sis. Morbid diminution
in the proportion of the albumin in the
blood.
Hypal'gia ('viro, aAyog, pain). Diminished
sensibility to pain.
Hy / per- ('virep, above). A Greek prefix
signifying above, beyond or excessive.
Hyperacou'sis. See Hyperakusis.
Hyperae / mia ('virep, atp.a, blood). A con-
dition of plethora or congestion of blood,
especially in the capillaries of the skin.
H., Active, caused by an abnormal sup-
ply of blood. H., Passive, caused by
an impediment to the removal of the
blood.
Hyperaesthe / sia ('virep, aicdr/aig, sensa-
tion). Excessive or exalted sensibility of
the skin. May be symptomatic or idio-
pathic.
Hyperaesthet'ic ('virep, aiodqaig). Per-
taining to hyperesthesia or an unusual
sensibility to impressions in the sensory
nerves.
Hyperaku / sis ('virep, atcovoig, hearing).
An excessive or exalted sensibility of the
sense of hearing. Also, a highly devel-
oped sensitiveness to the discernment of
pitch and timbre of musical sounds.
Hyperalbumino'sis. An unusual rich-
ness of albumins in the blood.
Hyperalgesia (*virep, aAyr/oig, sense of
pain). Excessive sensibility to pain.
Hyperal'gia ('virep, aAyog, pain). Exces-
sive pain. H., Acoustic, excessive hy-
perakusis.
Hyperaph / ia ('virep, atyr), touch). Exces-
sive sensitiveness of the tactile surfaces of
the body.
Hypercathar'sis ('virep, Kadapaig, cleans-
ing). Excessive purging, or too free use
of cathartic medicines.
Hyperchro / ma ('virep, xpuiua, color).
The hypersecretion of the pigment of the
skin, as in phthiriasis, syphilis, etc.
HypercrhVia ('virep, uptvu, to separate).
Abnormal or excessive secretion.
Hypercye'sis ('virep, KvrjOLg, conception).
Superfcetation.
Hyperdicro / tic. Pertaining to the pulse
when the pulse-curve shows the aortic
notch below the base line.
HYPERDISTENTION
200
HYPERTONIC
Hyperdisten / tion ('vrrep, distendo, to
stretch). Forcible or extreme distention.
HyperdiureSis ('vrrep, Stovpeu, to pass
urine). Excessive secretion of urine.
Hyperdynamia (^vrrep, dwajuig, energy).
Excessive strength or exaggeration of ner-
vous or muscular functions.
HyperemeSis ('vrrep, efieaig, vomiting).
Excessive vomiting.
HyperencephSlus ('vrrep, eynetyalov,
brain). An exencephalic monstrosity with
lack of the superior part of the cranium,
the brain protruding.
HyperephidroSis ('vrrep, erj). Excessive
nourishment or increase in size of any part
or organ of the body. H., Cardiac, may
be caused by valvular disease, or by dis-
ease of the kidneys and other distant
organs, or by constitutional disease. H.,
Concentric, though the wall be hyper-
trophied, the cavity of the heart is con-
tracted. H., Eccentric, cardiac H. with
dilatation. H., Idiopathic, when without
further disease of the heart's structure, or
those of other organs. H. Numerical,
an increase in the number of the con-
stituent cells or structures.
Hypertro / pia. See Strabismus.
Hyphae / mia {'vtto, aim, blood. Haemor-
rhage within the globe of the eye.
Hyphidro / sis ( f i>7ro, 'vdop, water). Defi-
ciency of water. Less than the normal
amount of water in the tissues of the
body.
Hypino / sis {'vtto, iq [gen. tvoc~], a fiber).
A deficiency of fibrin in the blood.
Hypino / tic ('vtto, iq [ ivog~\, the fiber of
flesh). Pertaining to hypinosis.
HypnoPogy ('vttv og, loyoQ, a treatise). A
treatise upon sleep and its hygienic effects.
Hyp'none. See Acetophenone.
Hypnop / athy ('virvog, rradog, disease).
Sleep due to a diseased or morbid condi-
tion of the body, brain, or mind.
Hypno / sis ('vKvog). An artificial condi-
tion produced by hypnotizing. Also, the
gradual approach of sleep.
Hypnotic (vjrvog). A remedy that causes
sleep. A soporific. Also, pertaining to
hypnotism.
Hyp / notism ('vttvoc). A state of artificial
somnambulism ; may be produced by vari-
ous means, as, for example, looking with
concentrated attention at any small object
so near that effort is required to converge
the axes of the eyes. It is characterized
by a partial or complete absence of volition,
sensation and self- consciousness, except
that which comes from the hypnotizer or
some dominating will or idea. See, also,
Somnambulism.
HypnotPzable. Susceptibility in being
hypnotized.
Hypnotiza / tion. The employment of the
means used to hypnotize a person.
Hypoblast ('vtto, under, j3Xac?Tog, a sprout) .
The internal layer of the blastoderm, called,
also, the endoderm, entoderm or epithelio-
glandular layer, from which is developed
the intestinal epithelium (except that of
the mouth and anus) and that of the glands
opening into the intestines ; also the epi-
thelium of the air passages.
Hypobro / mite Metb/od. A method of
estimating the urea in urine, based upon
the fact that when urea is acted upon by
sodium hypobromite (or calcium hypochlo-
rite) it is decomposed into nitrogen, car-
bon dioxide and water.
Hypochondriac (Wo, xovdpog, cartilage).
Pertaining to the hypochondrium.
Hypochondriasis {'vtto, ^o^d^na/coc, one
affected in the hypochondrium). A dis-
turbance of the functions of the nervous
system similar to melancholia, in which the
patient believes himself suffering from
bodily disease. Characterized by alternate
spells of moodiness and excitability.
Hypochon / drium. See Abdomen.
Hypochro / mia {'vtto, ^pw/zo, color). Ab-
normal pallor or transparency of the skin,
occurring in certain skin diseases.
Hypodermatic ('vtto, depfia, the skin).
Pertaining to that which is under the skin,
or to the introduction of medicines beneath
the skin.
Hypodermic. See Hypodermatic.
HypodermoclySis ('vtto, dep/ua, skin,
kIvglq, a drenching). The hypodermatic
injection of nutrient material beneath the
skin in the algid stage of Asiatic cholera,
collapse, etc.
Hypogastric {'vtto, yaarrjp, the belly).
Pertaining to the hypogastric region. See
Abdomen.
Hypogas'trium. See Abdomen.
Hypogeu / sia ('vtto, yevag, taste). Dimi-
nution in the sense of taste.
Hypoglossal ('vtto, yluaaa, the tongue).
Under the tongue. H. Nerve. See
Nerve.
Hypoglot / tis {'vtto, ylurra, the tongue).
The under part of the tongue, adherent to
the lower jaw. Also, a swelling at the
under part of the tongue.
Hypognath / us ('vtto, beneath, yvadog,
jaw). A monstrosity in which the parasite
is attached to the inferior maxillary bone.
Hypoma / nia ('vtto, fiavia, madness). A
moderate degree of maniacal exaltation.
HyponeuSia ('vTTo,vevpov,anerve). Slight,
or diminished nerve power.
Hypophysis ('vtto, (pvo, to be developed).
The pituitary body ; sometimes called the
H. Cerebri.
Hypoplasia. See Aplasia.
HYPOPSELAPHESIA
202
HYSTEROLITH
Hypopselaphe / sia ('rrro, f?/?.a(j)Tjaig,
touch). Diminution of the sensitiveness
of tactile sensation.
Hypop / yon ('vtto, tvvov, pus). A collection
of pus in the anterior chamber of the eye,
secondaiy to inflammation of adjacent
tissues.
Hypos / mia ('v7ro),oa/nr/, a smell). Diminu-
tion of the sense of smell.
Hypospadias ('twro, a-ao, to draw). An
abnormal opening and ending of the ure-
thra upon the under surface of the penis.
Hypostasis (WooTaoyc, a standing under).
A word loosely used to denote faeces, or
any sediment falling from a liquid, especi-
ally the sediment of urine. Also, a form
of passive hyperemia caused by the de-
pendent position of the part affected.
Hyposthen'ic ('vtto, adevog, strength).
That which reduces strength, especially
diseases that are more than ordinarily en-
feebling. Also, a medicine that reduces
the action of the heart without affecting its
rhythm.
Hypotb/enar ('vrrodevap). The fleshy
eminence on the palm of the hand over
the metacarpal bone of the little finger.
Also, the prominences on the palm at the
base of the fingers. Also, the ball of the
thumb.
Hypother / mal ('vrro, depjirj, heat). Tepid.
A temperature placed arbitrarily between
59° and 68° F., or 15 and 25 C. Also,
pertaining to the reduction of the temper-
ature of the body.
Hypothesis {'vtto, Oeglq, a position). A
supposition set forth for discussion or dem-
onstration. A theory.
Hypoxan / thine. A leucomaine, also
known as Sarcine or Sarkine. Occurs,
accompanying adenine and guanine, in
nearly all the animal tissues and organs
rich in nucleated cells. In minute quan-
tities it is a normal constituent of urine.
It has also been found in plants, seeds,
ferments and wines. Hypoxanthine ap-
pears to be one of the products formed by
the decomposition and successive oxidation
of proteid matter previous to formation of
uric acid and urea. It arises from adenine
by action of nitrous acid. It is non-poi-
sonous.
Hys / sop. The leaves and tops of H. offi-
cinalis. An aromatic stimulant, carmina-
tive and tonic. Much employed in chronic
catarrh. Dose of fid. ext. gj-ij. Unof.
Hys / tera ('varepa, the womb). The uterus
or womb. Also, the vulva. Also, the
placenta or afterbirth.
HysteraPgia ('varepa, a/yoc, pain). Any
pain in the womb. Also restricted to
neuralgic pains.
Hysteratre / sia ('varepa, a, without, rer-
paivo), to perforate). An imperforate or
impervious condition of the mouth of the
womb.
Hysterectomy ('varepa, enro[ir], a cutting
out). Excision or removal of the womb
by surgical operation.
Hyste / ria {'varepa). A functional dis-
turbance of the nervous system, supposed
by early physicians to be due to disor-
dered condition of the womb. It is now
often considered a reflex neurosis; not
with certainty known whether it is due
to structural alteration of any part of the
central nervous system, or to abnormal
blood supply, etc. Paralyses, impairment of
vision, convulsions, etc., are usually promi-
nent symptoms. Major and minor types
are differentiated. The popular signifi-
cance of the term is that of feigned disease.
The physician usually considers the affec-
tion real. Hypochondriasis is often the
analogue in men.
HysterTc ('varepa). Pertaining to hysteria,
q. v. Also, pertaining to the womb.
Hysterics. A popular term for hysterical
or convulsive movements and conditions.
Hysterics. See Afetritis.
Hysterocat'alepsy (^varepa, nara/^xbig,
catalepsy). A form of hysteria accom-
panied by catalepsy.
HysteroclePsis ('varepa,K/.eiaic, a closure).
The closure of the os uteri by scarifying
and suturing the labia — an operation for-
merly employed in vesico-uterine fistula.
Hysterocye / sis ('varepa, kvtjglq, preg-
nancy). Uterine pregnancy.
Hysterodyn / ia ('varepa, o6vvrj,-pa.m). Pain
in the womb.
Hys / tero-ep / ilepsy (hysteria, ercu.rjTbia,
falling sickness). A form of epilepsy ac-
companied by convulsions resembling those
of epilepsy. Gowers advises the term
hysteroid in reference to these seizures.
Hys'tero-epileptog'enous (hysteria,
E-nilrppia). Producing hysteria and epi-
lepsy.
Hysterogenic (hysteria, yevvao, to beget).
Causing or producing hysteria.
Hys / teroid. Resembling hysteria. See
Hystero-epilepsy. H. Convulsions, con-
vulsional movements with hysterical symp-
toms in various organic diseases of tie
brain, in epilepsy, and in hydrophobia.
Hys / terolith ('varepa, /.idoc, a stone). Cal-
culus or stone in the womb.
HYSTEROMALACIA
203
ICHTHYOLITE
Hysteromala / cia {'varepa, palanog, soft).
Softening of the tissues of the womb, ren-
dering it liable to rupture at time of labor.
Hysteromalaco / ma {'varepa, palanoq).
Softening of the womb or of any part of it.
Hysteroma / nia. See Nymphomania.
Hysterom'etry {'varepa, perpov, a meas-
ure). The measurement of the womb.
Hysteromyo'ma {'varepa, myoma). My-
oma or fibro-myoma of the womb.
Hystero-neuro / sis {'varepa, vevpov, a
nerve). A reflex action resulting from
irritation of the uterus.
Hystero-paral'ysis {'varepa, napaAvaiq,
palsy). Paralysis or weakness of the walls
of the womb.
Hysteropatb/ia {'varepa, iradog, suffering).
Any disease or disorder of the womb. Also
hysteria.
Hysteropexy {'varepa, nTj-yvvpi, to fasten).
Abdominal fixation of the uterus.
Hysteropto / sis {'varepa, wrtoaig, a fall-
ing). Falling of the womb. See Pro-
lapsus.
Hysterorrhex'is {'varepa, prjl-iq, rupture).
Rupture of the womb.
Hysterotomy. See Cesarean Opera-
tion.
Hystrici / asis {'varpig, a hedgehog). A
disease of the hair in which the latter
"stares" or stands out like the hair of the
hedgehog.
I. The symbol of Iodine.
Iamatol'ogy {tap, a, a remedy, Aoyoq,
science). A treatise on remedies.
Iate / ria {iar?jpioi>). Therapeutics.
Iatralip / tic {tarpoq, a physician, aleicpo), to
anoint). The cure of diseases by inunction.
Iat'ric (larpoq). Pertaining to the physi-
cian or to the science of medicine.
Iatro- {tarpevu, to heal). A Greek prefix
signifying to heal, and in composition,
relating to medicine or physicians.
Iatrophys / ics {tarpoq, (pvamog, pertaining
to nature). The relation of physics or use
of physics in disease or therapeutics. The
materialistic explanation of disease.
Iatrotech/nics {larpevo, rexvq, art). The
art of healing.
Ice (Sax. is). The solid form that water
takes below o° C. or 3 2° F. I. Bag, a
bag of waterproof material filled with ice,
for application to any part of the body.
I. Cap, a bladder or rubber cap filled with
pounded ice for application to the head
in congestion.
IceTand Moss. See Cetraria.
IceTand Spar. A transparent calcium
carbonate crystallized in rhomboidal prisms.
It has the property of dividing and doubly
refracting a ray of light.
I / chor {ix u P, pus). An acrid and thin
puriform discharge from an ulcer or wound.
ichorous {txo)p). Pertaining to pus con-
taining ulcerative, serum-like products.
Ichorrhae / mia (^wp, aipa, the blood).
The diseased condition of the blood due
to the absorption of septic matter. Also,
pyaemia.
Icb/thin, or Icb/thidin. An albuminous
substance obtained from fishes.
IchthyocoFla. Isinglass. The air blad-
der of the sturgeon, Acipenser. Occurs
in horny, translucent, white sheets, that
form a jelly with hot water. The purest
form of gelatine. Used as a food, for
clarifying liquids, and as a test for tannic
acid. I. Emplastrum, court-plaster;
consists of isinglass 10, glycerine I, alco-
hol 40, water and tinct. benzoin q. s., spread
upon fine white silk bolting cloth and
dried.
Ichthyography (fj^c, ypacpu), to write).
A description of fishes and their distribu-
tion.
Ichthyoid {lx^vq, eifioq, a form). Re-
sembling a fish.
Ich'thyol {lx^vq). A preparation ob-
tained from certain varieties of asphaltum
occurring in the Tyrolese Alps. It is
alleged to be efficient in eczema and
psoriasis.
Ich / thyolite {cx^ v C Atdoq, a stone). A
fossil petrifaction or imprint of a fish.
ICHTHYOLOGY
204
IDIOPLASM
Ichthyology h^fivg, loyog, a treatise).
A treatise on fishes.
Ichthyoph'agus {Lxdvg, qayeiv, to eat).
Fish-eating. A word applied to such ani-
mals as subsist on fish.
Ichthyosis (ixOvg). Xeroderma. Fish-
skin disease. A chronic, hypertrophic, con-
genital disease of the skin characterized
by extreme dryness and excessive develop-
ment of scales and warty growths. I.
Hys / trix, a form characterized by thick,
enormously hypertrophied warty papillae,
usually localized and morbid, and con-
sidered by Van Harlingen as a distinct
disease. I. Sauroderma, " lizard-skin,"
a variety of I. Simplex. I. Sebacea.
See Seborrhea. I. Simplex, a scaliness
developing most commonly on the arms,
legs and back, and not attended by con-
stitutional disturbance.
Ichthyotox / icum (ix@vg, rogiicov, poison).
A name loosely given to poisoning from
eating the flesh of certain birds, and also
to the poisonous principle. It may be due
to a natural poisonous principle, or to pu-
trefactive fermentation of the substance of
the fish. It is probably a ptomaine.
I / con (einuv, an image). An image or
model.
Iconography (elkuv, ypcujxj, to write). A
description by means of pictorial illustra-
tion.
Icterepati / tis (mrepog, jaundice, hepatitis,
inflammation of the liver). Jaundice at-
tended with inflammation of the liver.
Icteric (mrepog). Pertaining to jaundice.
Ic'terode (mrepog). Having jaundice or
affected by it.
Ic / teroid (mrepog). Resembling or having
the nature of jaundice.
Ic'terus (mrepog). Jaundice, q. v. I.,
Hepatogenic. See Hepatogenic. I .
Neonatorum, that which is sometimes
observed in an infant during the first few
days after birth ; probably an indirect result
of tying the umbilical cord.
Ic / tus (Lat.,a stroke). A stroke or attack
of disease coming without premonition.
-ide. A suffix used in chemistry to denote
a combination of two elementary sub-
stances.
Ide'a (idea, form or semblance). A men-
tal representation of something perceived.
I. Chase, a condition in acute mania in
which disconnected ideas and fancies flow
rapidly through the mind. A term much
used by German authors. I., Fixed, that
form of mania in which one dominant idea
controls all actions.
Identical Points. Corresponding points
of the two retinae, or the two positions in
normal eyes where the image of an object
is focused upon the retinae.
Ident'ist {idem, the same). A term formerly
applied to such writers as held gonorrhoea,
hard and soft chancre, to be due to the
same specific virus.
Identity [idem). Absolute sameness. I.,
Personal, that which is commonly proved
by establishment of similarity or sameness
of age, sex, physical characteristics, marks,
and peculiar habits.
Ideo-mo / tor [idea, a mental image, moveo,
to move). Pertaining conjointly to idea-
tion and movement. I. Center, that
part of the gray matter which, influenced
by ideation, excites muscular movement.
I. Movements. Unconscious movements,
due to impulses of the mind when the
attention is otherwise absorbed.
Ideoplast / ic [idea, appearance, rr/.aaao), to
form). That stage of Irypnotism in which
the idea impressed on the brain of the
agent is translated into action.
-ides (eidog, resembling in form). A suf-
fix denoting resemblance to the object with
the name of which it is combined.
-ideus (idiog, one's own). A suffix having
the sense of possession or ownership.
Idiempre / sis (idiog, efiTiprjaig, burning).
Spontaneous combustion. Also, sponta-
neous inflammation.
Id'io- (idiog). A Greek prefix signifying
peculiar to one's self.
Id / iocy (idiorr?jg, a private person). A con-
dition of mental deficiency, usually accom-
panied by physical degeneracy. See Idiot.
Idio-mus / cular (idiog, musctdus, muscle).
Peculiar to muscular tissue. I. Contrac-
tion, the contraction of a fatigued or tired
muscle under certain conditions of stimulus,
influence, etc.
Idioneuro / sis (idiog, vevpov, a nerve). An
affection due to some disturbed or abnor-
mal condition of the nerves supplying the
affected part.
Idiopathic (idiog, rradog, suffering^). Per-
taining to any disease not consequent or
dependent upon another. The antithesis
of sympathetic, deuteropathic, etc.
Idiophren'ic (idiog, oprjv, the mind). A
term employed by Tuke to denote insanity
due to disease of the brain.
Idioplasm (idiog, irAacua, anything
formed). A word sometimes used to de-
note the solid part of protoplasm, or that
part capable of transmitting to offspring
the peculiarities of the parent.
IDIOSPASM
205
ILIOLUMBAR
IdTospasm (idtog, ciraofioc, a convulsion).
A spasm or cramp confined to one part.
Idiosyncrasy (tdioGvynpacta, peculiarity
of temperament). Any special or peculiar
characteristic or temperament by which a
person differs from other persons of ordi-
nary habits.
Id / iot (iduorrjg, a private person). A person
of imperfect, deficient or arrested mental
development, either congenital, or due to
causes arising soon after birth.
Id / iotism. The state of idiocy.
Idro / sis. See Hyperidrosis.
Igasu / ric Acid. An acid occurring in
St. Ignatius bean, and certain other plants
containing strychnia.
Igna'tia. St. Ignatius Bean. The seed
of Strychnos Ignatii. Properties due to
the alkaloids strychnine and brticine, of
which the plant contains of each about I
per cent. Therapeutic effects similar to
those of nux vomica, q. v. Recommended
in hysteria. Highly efficient in control-
ling the functions of the cerebro-spinal axis.
I. Abstractum. Dose gr. ss-j. I.
Tinct., has io per cent, of the drug.
Ignipunct / ure {ignis, hre,J>unctura, punc-
ture). A method of cauterization and
treating certain forms of hypertrophy by
the introduction of platinum needles heated
to whiteness by the electric current.
Ig / nis (Lat.). Fire. Combustion distin-
guished by rapid oxidation. I. Actualis,
actual cautery. I. Fatuus, the phenome-
non known as Jack o' Lantern, Will o' the
Wisp, etc. Its origin is not known. I.
Sacer, an obsolete name for erysipelas.
I. Sancti Antonii, Saint Anthony' 's Fire,
a common name for erysipelas.
Ignition {ignis). The process of heating
solids, especially inorganic compounds, at
a white-hot temperature until all volatile
matter has been driven off.
Il'eac Passion (eiXeog, a colic or griping).
An ailment characterized by severe griping
pains and vomiting of faecal matter, to-
gether with spasm of the abdominal
muscles.
Ileadel'phus {ileum, ade/tfog, brother). A
monocephalic dual monstrosity with bodies
united at the pelvis, with four lower and
two upper extremities.
IFeo- (ileum). A prefix signifying con-
nection or relation to the ileum.
Ileo-cae / cal {ileum, ccecum). Pertaining
or belonging to both ileum and caecum.
I. Fossa, a depression in the lower part
of the small intestine at the base of the
vermiform process. I. Valve, a valve
consisting of two folds of mucous mem-
brane that guards the passage between the
ileum and caecum.
Ileo-colTc [ileum, colon). Pertaining con-
jointly to the ileum and the colon.
Ileo-coli / tis {ileum, colon). Inflamma-
tion of the lower part of the ileum and
the colon. It is commonly known as in-
testinal catarrh.
Il'eum (ecXeu, I turn). The lower half of
the small intestine. Receives its name
from its peristaltic movements.
IlTac {ilia, the flanks). Pertaining to the
ilium or to the flanks. I. Aneurism, one
occurring at the groin. I. Artery. See
Artery. I. Crest, the upper free margin
of the ilium to which the abdominal
muscles are attached. I. Muscle. See
Muscle. I. Region, one of the regions
into which the abdomen is conventionally
divided. See Abdomen.
Ili'acus. See Muscle.
IliadeFphus {ilia, ade?.oc, brother). A
term applied to foetal monsters united at
the pelvis but double above.
IlTo- (ileum). A Greek word used as a
prefix to denote relation to, or connection
with the ilium.
Ilio-capsula / ris (ilium, capsula, a little
chest). A muscle occasionally found in
man, originating at the anterior lower spine
of the ilium and inserted into the ilio-
femoral ligament.
Ilio-fenVoral (ilium, femur, the thigh
bone). Pertaining conjointly to the ilium
and the femur. I. Ligament, an inverted
V-shaped ligament extending obliquely
across the hip joint, from a spine of the
ilium to the trochanters of the femur, pre-
venting over-extension of the joint. I.
Triangle, a triangle consisting of a base
drawn from the summit of the great tro-
chanter to the anterior upper spine of the
ilium, with an apex formed by lines drawn
backward from the anterior upper spine
and upward from the summit of the tro-
chanter.
Ilio-hypogas / tric (ilium, viroyacrpiov,
the lower belly). Pertaining conjointly to
the ilium and the hypogastrium. I . Nerve.
See Nerve.
Ilio-in'guinal (ilium, inguen, the groin).
Pertaining to the ilium and the groin. I.
Nerve. See A T erve.
Ilio-lum / bar (ilium, lumbus, the loin).
Pertaining conjointly to the ilium and the
loins. I. Artery, a branch of the poste-
rior division of the internal iliac artery,
supplying the iliacus, and also the psoas,
ILIO-PECTINEAL
206
IMMUNITY
and quadratus lumborum muscles. I.
Muscle, that part of the quadratus lum-
borum muscle that is inserted at the tips
of the processes of the lumbar vertebrae.
Ilio-pectine / al. Pertaining conjointly to
the ilium and the pectineus muscle. I.
Ligament, that part of the iliac fascia
which attaches Poupart's ligament and the
sheath of the crural vessels to the os pubis.
I. Line, the ridge reaching from the spine
of the os pubis to the auricular surface of
the ilium.
Ilio-pePvic. Pertaining conjointly to the
ilium and the pelvis. I. Abscess, a sup-
puration sometimes occurring over the ili-
acus muscle during first labor, and com-
monly due to the laceration of muscular
fiber.
Ilio-pso / as. The iliacus and psoas mus-
cles taken conjointly.
IPium (Lat.). The upper part of the os
innominatum. The haunch bone.
Illaquea / tion (illaquea, to ensnare). A
method of changing the direction of mis-
placed cilia, by withdrawing them by a
noose, through an opening in the adjacent
tissue of the lid.
Illegitimacy (in, not, legitimus, according
to law). The condition of being unlaw-
ful, or not legitimate.
Illegitimate (in, legitimus). Not in ac-
cordance with statutory law. I. Child,
one born out of lawful wedlock ; a bastard.
Illequa / tion. See Illaqueation.
Illic / ium. Star Anise. The fruit of 77-
licium anisatum. Properties due to a
volatile oil identical with oil of anise.
Illumination (illumino, to make light).
A light produced by a luminous body,
and reflected by surrounding objects. I.
of Eye, the lighting up of the interior of
the eye by means of the ophthalmoscopic
mirror. I., Oblique, in microscopy, an
illumination produced by throwing the rays
upon the object at any angle of inclination.
In ophthalmology, of the cornea, etc., by
focusing a pencil of rays obliquely upon
the part.
Illusion (illusio, a mocking). See Hal-
lucination.
Im'age (imago, a likeness). The picture
of an object formed by the focalized rays
of light proceeding from it. I., Diffu-
sion of. See Diffusion. I., Erect, that
of the fundus oculi as seen by the ophthal-
moscope, the details of the fundus being
in their natural position. I., Inverted,
that obtained by interposing between the
mirror and observed eye, a high-power lens ;
it is an aerial image at the focus of the lens
used. I., Real, that made by the focal-
ized reflected rays. I., Virtual, that pro-
duced by the imaginary focus of the rays,
as, e.g., behind a mirror.
Imagination (zwa^v). The picture-mak-
ing power of the mind. The faculty by
which one creates mental ideas or pictures
by means of the data derived from ex-
perience, ideally revivified, extended, and
combined in new forms.
Ima / go. An image. Also, the mature or
winged stage of insects.
Im / becile (imbecillus, weak). Feeble in
mind.
ImbeciPity (imbecillus). Mental weak-
ness or defect. Similar to that of idiocy,
but of less degree.
Imbibe 7 (imbibo, to drink). To drink or
suck in.
ImbibPtion (imbibo). The sucking up, or
capillary absorption, of moisture, liquids,
or gaseous substances by inorganic, or by
dead or torpid organic bodies.
InPbricated (imbrex, a roof tile). Dis-
tinguished by overlapping. Applied to
the position and arrangement of scales in
certain squamous diseases of the skin.
Imitation (imitor, to be alike). A pro-
duction that is similar to or a copy of
another object or process. I., Morbid,
the occurrence of a convulsive or mental
affection brought about by observing a
similar affection in another.
Imme'diate (in, not, medio, the middle).
Direct. Without anything intervening. I.
Contagion, that from a direct source. I.
Union, union by first intention, or without
suppurative granulation.
Immedicable (in, not, medico, to cure).
That which does not yield to medicine or
treatment. Incurable.
Immer / sion (in, mergo, to dip). The
plunging of a body into a liquid. In medi-
cine, treatment by a continued bath. I.
Bath, the liquid employed for the immer-
sion. I. Battery, a form of battery in
which, by inclining the cell, the elements
are immersed in the liquid. I., Objective,
a microscope objective, usually of high
power, the lower lens of which is im-
mersed in a drop of water, glycerine or oil,
placed on the cover glass of the object
under examination.
Immis'cible (in, not, misceo, to mix).
Incapable of mixture.
Immu / nity (immzenitas, exemption). The
condition of an organ, or of" the body,
whereby it resists the development of in-
IMMUNIZATION
207
IN
fectious or morbid processes. The inocu-
lation of attenuated virus and of chemical
compounds are examples of methods by
which I. is gained. It has also been shown
that inflammatory action is destructive of
bacterial development. I., Acquired,
that from a previous attack of the same
disease or a modified form, as varioloid.
I., Natural, the natural resistance of the
tissues, or system. Immunization may be
transient or permanent.
Immunization. The act or process of
endowing with immunity.
Im'munize. To give or acquire immunity.
InVpact {in, pin°-o, to drive into). A for-
cible striking against.
Impacted {in, pingo). Driven against
and retained, as a wedge. I. Fracture,
one in which the fragments of bone are
driven into one another in such a manner
as to shorten the bone.
Impale / ment {in, pal, a pale or picket).
The perforation of the body or a part by a
rod or stake.
ImpaFudism {in, palus, a marsh). The
morbid predisposition to malarial diseases
common to dwellers in marshy regions.
InVpar [in, not, par, equal). Odd or un-
equal. I., Ganglion, a small ganglion on
the coccyx.
Imperforate {in, neg., perforo, to pierce).
Congenital and abnormal closure of an
opening of the body, as the anus, vagina,
etc. See Occlusion and Obstruction.
Imperfora / tion {in, neg., perforo, to bore
through). Occlusion, especially used of
the Anus, Hymen, Vagina, etc.
Impermeable {in, not, per, through, mea-
tus, an opening). Not capable of being
traversed.
Impervious {in, pervius, capable of pas-
sage). Not permitting a passage through.
Impetigo (Lat.). Porrigo contagiosa.
A term formerly used to include almost
eveiy form of pustular inflammation of the
skin, most of which are now classified with
other diseases. The following are recog-
nized by Tilbury Fox: I. Contagiosa,
marked by discreteness of vesicles and
pustules, caused by inoculation with morbid
pus. Lesions occur mainly about mouth,
nostrils, chin and occiput. I., Duhling's,
differs from the foregoing in being non-
infectious. I. Herpetiformis, an inflam-
matory disease of the skin described by
Hebra, consisting of superficial pustules of
pin-head size, densely crowded into groups,
usually circular in shape. Very rare in
America, and occasional in Europe.
Implantation {in, planto, to set). The
act of setting in. Also, the transplantation
of a tooth from the jaw of one person to
that of another. Also, the engrafting of
epidermis from the skin of one person upon
the body of another. I., Hypodermatic,
the introduction of a medicine in the form
of a soluble solid under the skin for thera-
peutic purposes. I., Teratological, a
foetal monstrosity consisting of an imperfect,
joined to a perfect foetus.
Imponderable {in, not, ponderabilis, that
which can be weighed). That which can-
not be weighed. I. Fluids, an obsolete
term, formerly applied to light, heat and
electricity.
Importation {in,porto, to carry). Trans-
ference from another locality or foreign
country. I. of Disease, the carrying of
the contagion of disease.
Impos / thume {airoarrjixa, standing away
from). A corrupt form of apostema. An
abscess.
InVpotence {in, not, possum, to be able).
Lack of power, applied especially to male
incapacity of procreation.
Impregnation {in,prcgnans, with child).
The state of being pregnant. Fecunda-
tion. Fertilization.
Impression {imprimo, to press upon).
A hollow or depression. Applied to a
number of such in the body. I., Digital,
the mark made by finger pressure.
Impu / beral {in, not,puber, ripe). Desti-
tute of hair on the pubes. Not of adult
age.
Im / pulse {impello, to drive against). Any
communicated force. Also, the shock and
reverberation on the chest- walls caused by
the beating of the heart. Also, a sudden
spontaneous emotion of the mind or in-
fluence acting upon it. I., Cardiac, the
systolic beat of the heart occurring at the
apex, and felt in the fifth intercostal space.
I., Morbid, any strong, unnatural im-
pulse, especially one of an insane charac-
ter.
Impulsion {impello). The act of driving
or urging onward, either mentally or physi-
cally.
Impunity {in, not, purus, pure or clean).
Want of purity or cleanliness. In chem-
istry the condition of containing some sub-
stance other than that desired. Adultera-
tion. In medicine, a want of clearness in
the sounds of the heart, but not sufficient
to cause a murmur.
In. A Latin prefix signifying in or within.
Also, a particle signifying negation.
-IN
208
INCUBATOR
-in, or -ine. A suffix added to the names
of the halogen elements, chlorine, bromine,
iodine and fluorine. Also, a distinctive
termination used to distinguish organic
bases, particularly the class known as al-
kaloids. It is also loosely applied to cer-
tain organic radicals.
Inanimate (in, not, animus, life). Not
animate. Dead. Without life.
Inanition (inanio, tomake empty). Empti-
ness of the organs of digestion for want of
food. Also, wasting of the body from
starvation or disease.
Inap / petence (in, not, appeto, to desire).
Loss or want of appetite.
Inartic / ulate (in, not, articulus, a joint).
Not jointed or articulated. Also, vocal
sounds not capable of arrangement into
syllables, or of being understood.
Inassim / ilable (in, not, assimulo, to make
like). Incapable of assimilation.
Incandescent (incandesco, to become
white hot). A term applied to a substance
that has been heated to the degree of emit-
ting light. I. Electric Light, one con-
sisting of a film of carbon of high resistance
enclosed in a vacuous glass globe. The
film emits a white light when the current
passes through it.
Incarcerated. See Hernia.
Incarceration (in, carcero, to imprison).
The condition of imprisonment or confine-
ment of a part. See Hernia.
Incarnation. See Conception.
In / cest (incestus, not chaste). Carnal in-
tercourse between persons of near relation-
ship.
Incidence (incido, to fall). A falling upon.
The direction in which one body strikes
another. I., Line of, the path of a ray
or a projectile. L, Point of, the point
upon which the ray or projectile is reflected
or strikes.
Incident (incido). Falling upon.
Incineration (cineres, ashes). The process
of heating organic substances in contact
with the air until all organic matter is
driven off, and only the mineral ash re-
mains.
Incased (incido, to cut). Cut. I. Wound,
one made by a sharp-edged instrument.
Incision (incido). The act of cutting into
any tissue of the body.
Incisive (incido). Having the quality of
cutting. Pertaining to the incisor teeth.
I. Teeth. See Incisor.
Inci / sor (incido). Any cutting instrument.
I. Nerve, the branch of the inferior dental
nerve supplying the incisor and canine
teeth. I. Teeth, the four anterior teeth
in each jaw.
Incisu / ra (incido). A notch. Also, an
incision.
Inclu'sio Fceta / lis. (Lat.) A form of
fcetal parasitism in which the parasite is
more or less included and overgrown by
the tissues of the autosite.
Inclusion (includo, to enclose or shut
in). The state of being shut in. Also,
the act of shutting in.
Incoherent (in, not, cohcero, to stick
together). Not connected or coherent.
Inability to express that sequence of
words or of ideas necessary to convey
meaning.
Incompatible (in, not, compatibilis, en-
durable). A term used to designate such
compounds as are incapable of mixture
without undergoing such chemical or phys-
ical changes as impair or destroy their
value. Also, substances physiologically
antagonistic, and therefore useless to pre-
scribe.
Incompetence (in, not, co)?ipatior, to
suffer together). Inability to perform
natural functions. L, Mental, a disorder
of mind sufficient to produce irresponsi-
bility. I., Valvular. See Insufficiency.
Incontinence (in, not, contineo, to con-
tain). Inability to restrain the faeces or
the urine ; involuntary evacuation. Some-
times used as a synonym of venereal indul-
gence.
Incoordination (in, not, con, together,
ordino, order). Not in natural or normal
order. In pathology, the inability to pro-
duce voluntary muscular movements in
proper order or sequence. I. of Ocular
Muscles. See Insufficiency.
Incorporation (in, corpus, a body). The
process of intimately mixing the particles
of different bodies into a practically homo-
geneous mass.
Incremation. See Cremation.
Increment (incrementum, growth). In-
crease or growth.
Incrustation (incrusto, to cover with
rind). The formation of a crust. Also,
the formation of a calcareous deposit in
organic tissue due to senility or disease.
Incubation (incubo, to sit on eggs). In
medicine, the period between the implant-
ing of the contagion and the development
of the disease.
In / cubator (incubo}. A device for the
artificial hatching of eggs or cultivation of
microscopic plants. I., Crede's, a copper
tube made with double walls, between
INCUBUS
209
INDOL
which water at the desired temperature
may be put, and withdrawn by means of
pipes and stop-cocks. I., Tarnier's, an
apparatus for the rearing of premature
children, consisting of a box with two
compartments, one containing the child,
the other, and lower compartment, being
filled with warm water, so as to keep a
uniform temperature of 86°-88°.
In'cubus. See Nightmare.
Incunea / tion. See Impaction.
Incu / rable (in, cziro, to care for). That
which cannot be cured or restored to
wholeness.
In'cus [incus, an anvil). A small bone
of the internal ear between the malleus
and stapes.
Indentation {in, dens, a tooth). A con-
dition of being notched or serrated. I. of
Tongue, the notches on the borders of
the tongue made by the teeth, and visible
especially during inflammation of the
tongue.
In'dex, (Lat.) The first finger. Also, the
relation or ratio of one part to another, taken
as a standard. I., Altitudinal, the height
of a skull multiplied by ioo and divided
by its length. I., Alveolar, the degree of
prominence of the jaws, measured by the
basi-alveolar length multiplied by ioo and
divided by the basi-nasal length. When
the alveolar index is less than 98, the skull
is orthognathic, when more than 103,
prognathic, when intermediate mesog-
nathic. I., Cephalic, the breadth of a
skull multiplied by 100 and divided by its
length. When this is below 75, the skull
is called dolichocephalic, when above
80, it is called brachycephalic, between
these limits, mesaticephalic. I., Nasal,
the greatest nasal width multiplied by 100,
and divided by the nasal length. When
the nasal index exceeds 53, the nose is
platyrhine, when less than 48, it is said
to be leptorhine, if between these num-
bers, mesorhine. I., Orbital, the or-
bital height multiplied by 100 and divided
by the orbital width. If the orbital index
be above 89, it is called megaseme, if
under 84, microseme, if between, meso-
seme. I., Thoracic, taken at its widest
part is 100 times the sagittal, divided by
the transverse measurement.
In / dian. Pertaining to India, the West
Indies, or to the aboriginal Americans.
I. Black-root, the root of Pterocaulon
pycnostachium. Has reputed alterative
properties. Dose of fid. extract TT\,xv-
xxx. Unof. I. Corn. See Zea Mays.
14
I. Physic, American Ipecacuanha, the
bark of the root of Gillenia trifoliata.
A mild emetic and cathartic. Dose of fid.
ext. TT\x-xl. Unof. I. Turnip. See
Dragon Root.
Ind / ia-rub / ber. The prepared concrete
juice obtained mainly from an Indian tree,
Ficus elasticus, and a South American
tree, Siphonia elastica. It is valuable
chiefly for its elasticity and its insolubility
in water. It is difficultly soluble in oil of
turpentine, and highly soluble in carbon
disulphide. Also, called Caoutchouc.
IndTcan. A glucoside forming the basis
of indigo. May be obtained from the leaf
in the form of a yellowish-brown syrup,
having an acid reaction.
Indigenous (indu, in, gigno, to be born).
Native. Originating or belonging to a cer-
tain locality or country.
Indigest/ion (in, digesto, to dissolve).
Same as Dyspepsia.
Indigita / tion (in, digitus, a finger). A
term applied to the displacement of a part
of the intestine by intussusception.
In / digo. A blue pigment formed during
the fermentation of Indigofera anil, I.
tinctoria and other species. It is insoluble
in alcohol or water, but freely soluble in
strong sulphuric acid. Used mainly in the
arts as a dye-stuff. Chemically, it is a
mixture of several principles, the chief
being a blue coloring matter, indigotin.
Therapeutically, it is an irritant to the
mucous membrane of the alimentary tract,
producing intense nausea. It has been
used advantageously in epilepsy, chorea
and convulsions, in doses varying from
3 ij- ^ ij daily. Unof. I. -Carmine Test
for Sugar. Put in 30 minims of water
one pellet indigo-carmine and sodium car-
bonate ; heat gently to solution ; add one
drop of urine and boil quietly. A change
to red or yellow indicates sugar.
In'digogen. See Uroxanthin.
Indirect 7 (in, dirigo, to be in a straight
line). Not direct. I. Vision, that per-
ception of an object in which the image
falls on some other spot than the macula.
I. Division of Cells. See Karyo-
kinesis.
Indisposition (in, dispono, to be out of
place). Any slight illness or disturbance
of the functions of the body.
Indissoluble. See Insoluble.
In / dol. A product of intestinal putrefac-
tion ; formed, also, when proteids are heated
with alkalies or by superheating with water
to 200 C.
INDOLENT
210
INFIRMARY
In'dolent (in, not, doleo, to feel pain).
Sluggish. Without pain ; applied to ul-
cers, tumors, etc.
Induced / (induco, to lead into). Made or
produced by the agency of any means. I.
Current. See Current.
Induction (induco). The establishment
of an abstract law or proposition by means
of specific or particular illustrations. I.
Balance, in physics, an instrument used
for the detection of currents too weak to
affect the galvanometer. I. Current. See
Current. I. of Labor, the bringing on
of labor by artificial means.
Inducto'rium. A magneto-induction ap-
paratus for physiological purposes.
In / durated (induro, to harden). Hard-
ened. I. Bubo, a hard inflammation of
the lymphatic glands, usually of syphilitic
origin.
Induration [induro). The hardening of
a tissue without alteration of structure. I.,
Brown, a hardening of lung-tissue with
accumulation of pigmentary matter. I.
of Chancre, a hard nodule, or a cup-like
ring, about the margin of a chancre or
syphilitic ulcer.
Inebriation (inebrio, to make drunk).
The condition of drunkenness.
Iner'tia (in, not, ars, skill). Sluggish-
ness. In physics, the inability of matter
to change its condition except by means
of an external force. In physiology, in-
activity of any organ or function of the
body. I., Uterine, the failure or slug-
gishness of uterine contractions in labor.
I., Intestinal, torpor of intestinal action,
or peristalsis. I. of Drugs, lack of
power of same, from inferior quality, to
produce their customary physiological re-
actions.
In extre'mis (in, at, extremis, end). A
Latin phrase, meaning at the end. The
common form, "in extremis mortis" is in-
excusable.
In / fancy (infans, a little child). Early
childhood. I., Diseases of, those to
which infants are peculiarly liable.
In / fant (infans). A babe. According to
English law, one not having attained the
age of twenty-one. I., Overlaying of,
suffocation of an infant by the lying upon
it of an adult in sleep. I. Shelter, a
day nursery where the infant children of
working mothers are kept at a moderate
expense during the hours of labor. In
France, a crdche.
Infanticide (infans, ccedo, to kill). The
murder of an infant.
InTarct (infarcio, to fill in). An obstruc-
tion or plug. In pathology, an organ or
part filled to distention with a coagulum.
Infarction (infarcio). The plugging or
clotting of a vessel by an embolus; the
masses of extravasated blood in the tissues
in embolism.
Infect 7 (inficio, to put in, or corrupt). To
communicate or transmit the specific virus
or germs of disease.
Infection (inficio). The communication
of disease-germs or virus, by any means,
direct or indirect.
Infectious (inficio). Having the quality
of transmitting disease or the agents that
cause it.
Infecund'ity (in, not, fecundus, fruitful).
Sterility, Barrenness.
Inferior (comp. of inferus, low). Lower.
Infibula / tion (in, fibula, a clasp). An
operation formerly employed to prevent
the retraction of the prepuce over the
glans penis in order to prevent copulation.
It consisted of passing a ring through
opposite edges of the prepuce. In a simi-
lar manner a ring was passed through the
labia of the vagina in order to insure the
chastity of females.
Infiltrate (in, Fr., filtrer, to strain). To
ooze into the interstitial spaces of a tissue;
also, the substance thus having passed.
Infiltration (in, Fr., filtrer). The ab-
normal diffusion of any fluid from with-
out into an organ or tissue, affecting it
mechanically so as to destroy its function.
I. of Bone, a tubercular infiltration of
bone, consisting either of matter that be-
comes puriform, or else of gray cancellous
matter. I., Calcareous, deposits of lime
or other calcium salts within any tissue
of the body. I., Cellular, the primary
exudation into a tissue, conveying white
corpuscles. I., Fatty, the existence of
oil or fat globules in the interior of a
cell. I., Plastic, that of a character
from which new normal growth may de-
velop. I., Sanguineous, an extravasa-
tion of blood. An ecchymosis. I., Tu-
berculous, a confluence of tuberculous
granulations.
Infinite Distance. A term in optics to
denote parallelism of the light-rays. Abso-
lute parallelism does not exist, but, practi-
cally, rays from an object 20 feet away
are so considered and called.
Infirm 7 (infirmus, not strong or firm).
Weak or feeble.
Infirm / ary (infirmus). A hospital. An
institution where ill and infirm people
INFIRMITY
211
INGRAVESCENT
are maintained during the period of treat-
ment.
Infirmity {infirmus). Weakness. Feeble-
ness due to disease or senility.
Inflame 7 {inflammo, to set on fire). To
undergo inflammation. To become unduly
heated and turgid with blood, owing to a
morbid condition.
Inflammation {inflammo). A condi-
tion of nutritive disturbance character-
ized by hyperemia, with proliferation of
the cells of a tissue or organ, and attended
by one or more of the symptoms of
pain, heat, swelling, discoloration and
disordered function. I., Adhesive, a
synonym of Healing by First I?ite7ition.
I., Aplastic, and I., Plastic. See
Lymph.
Inflammatory {inflammo). Pertaining
to inflammation. I. Exudation, the fluid
exuded from an inflamed part. I. Focus,
the central or culminating spot of an in-
flamed part, or that at which suppuration
begins. I. Fungoid Neoplasm. See
Mycosis. I. Infiltration, the exudation
escaping into the interstices of an inflamed
tissue and not removed by the lymphat-
ics. I. Zone, the area of gangrenous
formation bounded by the line of demarca-
tion between dead and living tissue. Also
the line of demarcation.
Inflation {info, to puff up). Distention
with air. In surgery, distention of the
bowels with air to relieve obstruction ; or
of the lungs for artificial respiration; or
of the Eustachian tube for the purpose of
examination.
Influenza (Lat., an influence [thought
to be due to the stars]). A contagious,
epidemic, inflammatory affection of the
mucous membrane of the respiratory tract,
accompanied by a muco-purulent discharge,
fever, and prostration. Popularly called
by its French name, la grippe.
Influx {in,fluo, to flow). An inflow. The
act of flowing in.
Infra- {infra, beneath). A Latin prefix
meaning beneath.
Infra-axillary {infra, axilla, the arm-
pit). Below the arm-pit.
Infraclavicular {infra, claviatla, the
collar-bone). Below the collar-bone.
Infracostal [infra, costa, the ribs). Below
the ribs.
Infraction {in, f radio, breaking) . Incom-
plete fracture of a bone. Also, an inden-
tation or driving inward.
Inframax / illary {infra, maxillium, the
jaw). Below or under the jaw.
Infra-orbital {infra, orbita, the orbit).
Beneath or below the orbit. I. Artery,
the branch of the internal maxillary artery
traversing the infra-orbital canal. I . Canal,
the canal in the superior maxillary bone
that transmits the infra- orbital vessels and
nerves. I. Foramen, the aperture in
the superior maxillary bone through which
the infra-orbital artery passes. I. Groove,
the groove leading to the infra-orbital
canal. I. Nerve, the name of the supe-
rior maxillary nerve at its entrance to the
infra-orbital canal.
Infrascap / ular {infra, scapula, the shoul-
der-blade). Below the shoulder-blade.
Infraspinatus. See Muscle.
Infrasternal {infra, sternum, the breast
bone). Beneath the sternum. I. Depres-
sion, the depression of the ensiform car-
tilage, commonly called the pit of the
stomach.
Infundib / uliform {infundibnlum, a fun-
nel, forma, a form). Funnel-shaped. I.
Fascia, the funnel-shaped membranous
layer that invests the spermatic cord.
Infundib'ulum {infundo, to pour into).
A funnel. I. of Brain, a funnel-shaped
mass of gray matter attached to the pitui-
tary gland. I. of Cochlea, a small cavity
at the end of the modiolus. I. of Heart,
the arterial cone from which the pulmonary
artery arises.
Infusion. See Infusion.
Infuso / ria {infusum, an infusion). A class
of microscopic, ciliated organisms belong-
ing to the order of Protozoa. They repro-
duce by fission and budding, and also by
eggs or germs.
Infu'sum (Lat.). An infusion. In phar-
macy, a preparation made by treating a
vegetable substance with hot or with cold
water without boiling. Infusions should,
in the absence of specific directions, con-
tain I part of the substance to io of water.
There are 5 official infusa.
Inges / ta {ingero, to carry into). Sub-
stances introduced into the body, especially
for purposes of alimentation.
Ingestion {ingero). The introduction of
food or nutrition into the mouth or stomach.
In / gluvin. A preparation obtained from
the gizzard of the fowl, used as a substi-
tute for pepsin and pancreatin. Very effi-
cient in the vomitiug of pregnancy. Dose
gr. xx.
Ingras'sias, Processes, or Wings of.
The lesser wings of the sphenoid bone.
Ingravescent {ingravesco, to become
heavy). Increasing in weight or in se-
INGRAVIDATION
212
INNOMINATE
verity. I. Apoplexy, probably due to
slowly increasing cerebral hemorrhage.
Ingravida / tion. See Impregnation.
Ingredient (ingredior, to step into). Any
part that enters into the formation of a
compound.
In-growing Nail. See Onychogryphosis.
In / guinal (inguen, the groin). Pertaining
to the groin. I. Canal, the canal trans-
mitting the spermatic cord in the male,
and the round ligament in the female. It
is situated parallel to and just above Pou-
part's ligament. I. Glands, the super-
ficial and the deep glands of the groin. I.
Hernia. See Hernia.
Inguino-Abdom / inal. Pertaining con-
jointly to the groin and abdomen.
Inhalation (inhalo, to draw in). The
in-breathing of air or other vapor. I.
Diseases, those due to the inspiration of
air containing dust or any finely divided
matter. See Grinders' 1 Disease. I. of
Medicines, the introduction into the air-
passages or lungs of medicinal substances,
in the form of vapor or fine spray.
Inhale 7 (inhalo). To inspire or draw air
or other vapor into the lungs.
InhaTer [inhald). An instrument for ap-
plying, or for inhaling the vapor of a liquid
medicine.
Inherited (inhcereo, to cleave to). De-
rived from an ancestor. I. Disease, a
disease that has been transmitted to a child
by its parent.
Inhibit (inhibeo, to check). To check,
restrain, or suppress.
Inhibition (inhibed). The act of check-
ing, restraining or suppressing. Inhibitory
nerves and centers, are those intermediating
a modification, stoppage or suppression of
a motor or secretory act already in pro-
gress. I., Vasomotor, an influence ex-
erted on the contractile walls of the blood
vessels, that causes their dilatation by a
diminution of their tone. I., Voluntary,
the checking or temporary restraint of a
reflex by force of will.
Inhibitory [inhibed). Having the power
to restrain or hold in check. I. Center
of Setschenow, a cerebral center in the
optic lobes of the brain of the frog, the
stimulation of which checks reflexes. I.
Nerves of the Heart, those of the vagus
supplied by the cardio-inhibitory center,
through the spinal accessory nerve. I.
Nerves of Respiration, certain afferent
fibers in the laryngeal branches of the
vagus nerve, that exert an inhibitory action
on the inspiratory act of respiration.
Inhumation (inhutno, to put in the
ground). Burial of the dead in the
ground.
In / ial (lvlov, the occiput). Pertaining to
the inion. The posterior aspect of the
head.
Inienceph / alus (lvlov, Eynetyalov, brain).
A class of exencephalic monstrosities, the
brain protruding through an occipital fis-
sure.
In / ion (lvlov). The external protuberance
of the occipital bone.
Initial [in, eo, to go). Beginning or
commencing. I. Sclerosis, the primary
induration of a hard chancre. I. Stage
of Labor. See Labor, Stages of.
Inject 7 (in, jacio, to throw). The introduc-
tion of a liquid into any cavity of the body,
natural or artificial, by means of a syringe
or similar instrument. In pathology, a
condition of distention of the capillaries
with blood.
Injec/tion (in, Jacio). Aqueous or other
solutions thrown into the vessels, beneath
the skin or into any cavity of the body.
I., Anatomical, filling, the vessels of a
cadaver or of an organ with preservative
or coagulating solutions, for purposes of
dissection, etc. I., Coagulating, injection
of coagulating solutions into the cavity of
an aneurism. I., Hypodermatic, by a
syringe in the tissue beneath the skin. I.,
Nutrient, injection of nutritive fluids into
the rectum or other cavity. I., Opaque
Naked-eye, for anatomical or microsco-
pical purposes, made of plaster-of- Paris,
tallow, vermilion and gelatine, acetate of
lead and bichromate of potash (yellow in-
jection), or acetate of lead and carbonate
of soda (white). I., Transparent Micro-
scopic, made with carmine for red, ferro-
cyanide of potassium for blue, chromate of
potash for yellow, etc.
Injury (in, not, jus, a right). Any dam-
age or harm to the body or any of its
parts.
In'let of the Pel'vis. The heart-shaped
space within the brim of the pelvis.
Innervation (in, nerviis). The discharge
of nervous impulse from a ganglionic
center. The manifestation of nervous
force.
Innom'inate (in, without, nomen, a.
name). A term applied to several parts
of the body to which no other definite
name has been given. I. Artery. See
Artery. I. Bone, the irregular-shaped
bone forming the sides and anterior wall
of the pelvic cavity.
INNUTRITION
213
IN SITU
Innutrition (in, nutrio, to nourish).
Want of nutrition or nourishment.
Inoculation (inoculo, to engraft). The
introduction into the circulation of the
virus of infectious diseases, or of certain
medicinal agents. I., Jennerian, vacci-
nation, or the I. of cowpox virus. I. of
Smallpox, inoculation with the contagium
of smallpox to produce a mild type of the
disease. I., Preventive, inoculation of
some virus to act as a preventive of a more
serious disease or type of the same disease.
I / nogen (eg [gen. ivog~\, sugar, jevvau, to
produce). A name given to a hypothetical
substance held to occur in muscular tissue,
and to be decomposed, during contraction,
into carbon dioxide, sarcolactic acid, and
myosin. Because of this behavior it is
considered the energy-producing substance
of muscle.
Inorganic (in, organum, an instrument).
A term applied to a body or a substance
that possesses none of the possibilities of
development, growth or life. I. Constitu-
ents. See Constituents.
Inosculation (in, osculo, to kiss). The
joining, at their mouths, of the branches of
blood vessels, especially the extremities of
arteries with the origins of veins.
Inosin'ic Ac / id. An ammonia derivative
from muscle ; of unknown constitution.
I'nosit. See Sugar.
In / quest (in, qucero, to ask). A judicial
inquiry. I., Coroner's, an inquiry con-
cerning the cause of the death of one who
has died by violence or in some other un-
known way.
Inquisition (in, qucero). The inquiry or
hearing before a jury or commission con-
cerning the sanity or lunacy of a criminal
or a person charged with crime.
Insaliva / tion (in, saliva, the spittle). The
mixture of the food with saliva during
mastication.
Insane 7 (in, not, sanus, sound). Deranged
or diseased in mind. I. Ear. See Hema-
toma Auris.
Insanity (in, sanus). A derangement or
abnormal condition of one or more of the
mental faculties, without loss of volition or
consciousness, arising from causes other
than bodily disease. I., Acquired, that
arising after a long period of life of mental
integrity. I., Alcoholic, that induced by
alcoholic excess, usually a result of he-
reditary tendencies. I., Communicated,
that transmitted by intercourse with an in-
sane person. I., Epidemic, a form occa-
sionally manifested among a number of
people in common association, as in con-
vents or schools. I., Febrile, a maniacal
form, occasionally resulting from acute in-
flammation, fever, or from similar cause.
I., Hereditary, that acquired by virtue of
hereditary weakness or taint, and not in-
duced by other apparent causes. I., Idea-
tional, a term applied to any form in which
there is marked perversion of the reasoning
powers. I., Impulsive, a form in which
the patient possesses an uncontrollable de-
sire to commit acts of violence. I., Moral,
a form marked by perversion and depravity
of the moral sense, without impairment of
the reasoning and intellectual faculties. I.
of Pregnancy, a form occurring during
pregnancy, characterized by melancholia,
suicidal intent, and abhorrence of friends
and relatives. I., Primary, a form, often
congenital, that arises with the develop-
ment of the body. It may also proceed
from injury or disease of the brain in early
life. I., Puerperal, a term sometimes
applied to the delirium of childbirth, but
more properly to the mania occurring after
delivery. I. Simultaneous, when two
or more persons hereditarily inclined be-
come affected at the same time. I., Voli-
tional, such forms as are marked by de-
rangement of the will.
Insatiable Appetite. See Bulimia.
Insectiv / ora (insectum, an insect, voro,
to devour). An order of plantigrade ani-
mals belonging to the ma??imalia.
In / sect Pow'der. The powdered flowers
of several species of Pyrethrum or " bu-
hach," an insecticide in common use. In
the United States the flowers of P. cinera-
folium are extensively cultivated for this
purpose.
Insemination (insemino, to plant seed).
The planting of seed. The introduction
of semen.
Insensible (in, not, sentio, to feel) . With-
out the sense of feeling. Incapable of
being perceived or recognized by the
senses.
Insertion (insero, to set in). The act of
setting or placing in ; or, that which is set
in. I. Velamentous, the insertion of
the margin of the umbilical cord upon the
chorion.
Insidious (insidia:, an ambush). Deceit-
ful. Hidden from external view. I.
Disease, one that shows no apparent
symptoms.
In si'tu (in, situ, position). A Latin
phrase meaning in a given or natural
position.
INSOLATION
214
INTENSIVE
Insolation (in, sol, the sun). Exposvire
to the sun, either as a prophylactic treat-
ment or a cause of disease. Sunstroke.
In pharmacy, the drying or bleaching of
substances by exposure to the sun.
InsoFuble {in, neg., solubilis, soluble).
Incapable of solution.
Insom'nia {in, neg., somnus, sleep).
Want of sleep. Inability to sleep.
Inspection {inspectus, a beholding). In
medicine, the examination of the body, or
of any part of it.
Inspiration {in, spiro, to breathe). That
part of respiration consisting of the draw-
ing in of the breath.
Inspissate {inspisso, to thicken). To
make thick by evaporation or by absorp-
tion of the liquid menstruum.
Instaura / tion {instauratio, a removal).
The first appearance of a physiological
condition.
In / step {instop, the bend of the foot).
The arch of the foot.
Instillation {instillo, to put in little by
little) . The pouring of a liquid guttatim,
or little by little.
In / stinct [instinguo, to impel). An in-
herited natural impulse unassociated with a
reasoning conception as to cause and effect.
Institute {instituo, to set up). A state-
ment of principles. Also, any establish-
ment for the statement or dissemination of
principles. I. of Medicine, the expla-
nation or philosophy of the laws of the
science of medicine ; pathological physi-
ology. Used sometimes as a synonym of
pathology.
Instrument {instruo, to build). Any
mechanical tool or device used in opera-
tion or treatment.
Insufficiency {in, sub, under, facio, to
make). Incapacity of normal action. I.
of Muscles, Active, a phenomenon of a
muscle acting on two or more joints when
the joints over which it passes are so
changed that it cannot contract actively
any further than to the extent of the short-
ening from which it begins to be active.
I. of Muscles, Passive, the analogue
of the phenomena of active I. in many
jointed muscles, whereby motion of the
part is prevented from the position of the
joint, the muscle being too short to act
under such circumstances. I. of the Ocu-
lar Muscles, weakness or paresis of the
same, in high degrees resulting in strabis-
mus, asthenopia, diplopia, etc. I. of the
Cardiac Valves, imperfect closure, per-
mitting regurgitation.
Insufflation {in, sufflo, to puff). The
blowing of any finely divided substance
upon a surface or into a cavity.
Insufflator {in, sufflo). A small instru-
ment for blowing fine powders into a cavity
or on a surface. Also, one for blowing air
into the lungs.
InSula (Lat.). In anatomy, the island
of Reil.
InSular {insula, an island). Isolated in
condition, also, pertaining to the island of
Reil. I. Sclerosis, or disseminated scle-
rosis — scattered islets of sclerosis in the
brain and cord. It is called sclerose en
plaques disse?ninees by the French, and
multiple sclerosis by the Germans. Its
etiology is obscure. The symptoms vary
according to the position of the islets :
Motor derangements, a jerky tremor, pare-
sis or paralysis, eye-changes, etc., are the
most common. The prognosis is grave,
and treatment of little avail.
InSulate {insula). To isolate or separate
from surroundings. In electricity, to sur-
round a conductor with a non-conducting
substance or with one having an exceed-
ingly high resistance.
InSult {in, upon, salto, to leap). The
beginning of a paroxysm or of an attack
of a disease. I., Apoplectic, an apo-
plectic stroke.
Integral {integer, whole). Entire. Es-
sential.
Integrity {integer). Wholeness. En-
tirety. Also, virginity.
Integ / ument [in, upon, tego, to cover). A
covering, especially the skin. In botany,
the envelope surrounding the ovule of
phanerogamous plants.
Intellect {inter, between, lego, to choose).
The mind or reasoning power. I., De-
ranged. See Insanity.
Intelligence {intellectus, a perceiving).
The understanding that comes from the
perception of qualities and attributes of the
objective world and manifested in the pur-
posive employment of means to attain an
end.
Intemperance {in, not, temperantia, mild-
ness). Want of moderation. Immoderate
indulgence, especially with reference to
alcoholic liquors.
Intensity {intensus, strong). Concentra-
tion of energy or activity. Also, a high
degree of energy or power. I., Specific.
See Specific.
Intensive {intensus). Increased in force
or energy. Strengthening or increasing
the sexual passions.
INTENTION
215
INTERNAL
Intension. See Healing.
Inter- {inter, between). A Latin prefix
signifying between.
Interartic / ular {inter, articulas, a joint).
Situated between joints. I. Fibro-carti-
lage, the flattened cartilaginous plates, ir-
regular in shape, between the articular
cartilages of certain joints.
Interca / dence {inter, cado, to fall). The
irregular beating of the pulse that seems
occasionally to have an additional beat
between normal pulsations.
Intercalary (inter, calo, to insert). Placed
or inserted between. I. Growth, a term
applied to growths of new material inter-
stitially deposited.
Intercellular {inter, cellula,a. small cell).
Among or between cells.
Intercen / tral {inter, centrum, a center).
Between centers.
Intercil'ium. See Glabella.
Interclavicular {inter, clavicula, the col-
lar-bone). Between the clavicles.
IntercolunVnar. See Fascia.
Intercondylar, or
Intercon / dyloid {inter, kovSvaoq, a knob).
Between condyles. I. Eminence, the
spine or knob separating the two con-
dylar portions of the tibia. I. Fossa, the
notch between the condyles of the femur.
I. Line, a transverse line separating the
popliteal and patellar fossae. I. Notch.
Same as I. Fossa.
Intercostal {inter, costa, a rib). The
space between ribs. I. Arteries, the
aortic arteries of the intercostal spaces.
I. Muscles. See Muscles. I. Nerves,
the anterior parts of the dorso-spinal nerves.
Intercosto-hu / meral {inter, costa, hume-
rus, the bone of the upper arm) . Pertaining
to the arm and the space between the
ribs.
Intercourse {intercursus, commerce).
Communication. I., Carnal, sexual com-
merce.
Intercurrent {inter, curro, to run). Oc-
curring or taking place between. I. Dis-
ease, a term loosely applied to diseases
occurring sporadically during a period of
prevailing endemic or epidemic diseases.
Also used of a disease arising or progress-
ing during the existence of another dis-
ease in the same person.
Interdental {inter, dens, a tooth). Be-
tween the teeth. I. Splint, a splint used
in fracture of the jaw, consisting of a me-
tallic frame at the neck of the teeth, held
by wire sutures passing between the teeth.
Interdig'ital {inter, digitus, a finger).
Between fingers. I. Membrane, the
skin between the toes of pal mate -footed
animals. I. Space, that between adja-
cent fingers.
Interdigita / tion {inter, digitus). The
locking or dovetailing of similar parts, as
the fingers of one hand with those of the
other ; or of the ends of the obliquus ex-
ternus muscle with those of the serratus
via gnus.
Interfascicular {inter, fasciculus, a bun-
dle). Situated between fasciculi.
Interference {inter, and ferio, to strike).
Interposition. I. of Light, the mutual
neutralization of waves of light, as shown
in Newton's rings, when the crest of one
wave falls upon the trough of another. I.
of Sound, the neutralization of two sound
waves, one by the other.
Interlobular {inter, lobus, a lobe). Be-
tween lobes or lobules.
Intermaxillary {inter, maxilla, the jaw-
bone). Between the maxillary bones. I.
Bone, a small bone between the superior
maxillary bones of the foetus that re-
ceives the incisors. It also occurs in most
mammals.
Intermediate {inter, medio, the middle).
Situated between.
Intermenin / geal {inter, [irjviyZ, the mem-
brane enclosing the brain). Between
the dura mater and the arachnoid ; or,
between the latter and the pia mater. I.
Haemorrhage, a haemorrhage between
the meninges.
Interment {in, terra, the earth). The
burial of the body.
Intermetacarpal {inter, metacarpzis).
Between metacarpal bones.
Intermetatar'sal {inter, metatarsus).
Between metatarsal bones.
Intermission {intermissis, a breaking-off ).
The interval between the paroxysms of a
fever. Also, an interval when the pulse
fails to beat in rhythmic time.
Intermittent {inter, viitto, to send or oc-
cur). Occuring at intervals. I. Fever.
See Fever. I. Pulse, a pulsation marked
by irregular pauses interrupting its rhyth-
mic action.
Intermuscular {inter, musculus, a mus-
cle). Situated between muscles.
Internal {internns, inward). On the in-
side. I. Capsule, the band of nerve mat-
ter between the optic thalamus and the
interventricular portion of the corpus stria-
tum. I. Capsule, Knee of, the angle
formed by the two divisions of the internal
capsule.
INTERNODE
216
INTESTINAL
In'ternode [inter, nodus, a knotV The
space between adjacent joints or knots.
That part of a nerve-fibril between Ran-
vier*s nodes is called the internodal seg-
ment.
Internun / cial (inter, nuncius, a messen-
ger). That which forms a connecting or
serving medium, as the nerves and their
relation to the muscles and the will.
Inter'nus. See Internal.
InterorbTtal [inter, orbita, the orbit).
Situated between orbits. I. Bone, the
median bone of fishes. I. Plate and
Septum, a structure of the fore-brain,
with its extension, found in certain fishes
and reptiles.
Interosseous {inter, ossa, a bone). Be-
tween bones. I. Arteries, a name given
to various branches of the dorsal, palmar,
plantar and metatarsal arteries of the
hand, foot and forearm. I. Muscles, a
name given to certain muscles of the
hand, foot and forearm. I. Nerves, the
nerves supplying the foregoing muscles.
Interparietal (inter, paries, walls). Be-
tween walls. I. Bone, a term sometimes
applied to the upper, squamous and non-
cartilaginous part of the occipital bone. I.
Suture, the sagittal suture, or that formed
by the parietal bones.
Interpeduncular (inter, peduncuhis, a
little foot). Situated between peduncles.
I. Space, the pons Tarini, or posterior
perforated space that forms the posterior
floor cf the third ventricle.
Interphalang / eal (inter, (pa/uzy^, a finger).
Between the fingers or the toes. I. Articu-
lations, the ginglymoid articulations of
the fingers and toes.
Interpu'bic (inter, pubis). Situated be-
tween the pubic bones. I. Disc, the fibro-
cartilaginous mass forming the symphyses
of the pubis.
Interscapular (inter, scapula, the shoul-
der-blade). Between shoulder-blades I.
Region, the part of the chest between the
inner border of the shoulder-blade and the
spine.
Interspi / nous (inter, spina, the spine).
Situated between the vertebrae.
Interstice (inter, status, fixed or set). A
space or interval. Also, a pore.
Interstitial (inter stitium, space between).
Pertaining to any space or interval between
parts or organs. I. Absorption, in ab-
scesses, the absorption of tissues between
a cyst and the skin. Also, any similar
absorption. I. Atrophy, a condition ob-
served in certain diseases of the bones
(arthritis deformatts), in which the min-
eral matter has been absorbed to such an
extent that only reticulated laminae remain.
I. Hypertrophy, a condition in certain
diseases of the bones in which there is an
excessive deposit of mineral matter in the
Haversian canals and lacunae. Often ac-
companied by diminution in the size of the
bone. I. Keratitis. See Keratitis. I.
Pregnancy. See Pregnancy.
Intertransversa'les (inter, transversus,
turned across). A name given to the short
bundles of muscular fibers extending
between the transverse processes of con-
tiguous vertebrae.
Intertrigo (inter, tero, to rub). An ery-
thematous eruption or lesion of the skin
produced by friction of adjacent parts.
See Erythema.
Intertrochanteric (inter, trochanter}.
Between the trochanters. I. Line, a ridge
on the upper end of the femur between
the great and the lesser trochanter.
Intertu / bular Sub'stance. The translu-
cent, granular substance of the dentine of
the tooth, containing most of its earthy
elements.
Interval (inter, vallum, a rampart). A
space or lapse either of time or distance ;
as the interval between the paroxysms of
a fever, or between two organs or parts of
the body. I., Focal, the distance between
the anterior and posterior focal points.
Interventricular (inter, ventriculum, a
ventricle). Between ventricles, as, of the
heart. I. Septum, the fibrous septum or
partition between the ventricles of the
heart.
Intervertebral (inter, vertebra, a. bone of
the spine). Between the vertebrae. I.
Discs, the lenticular discs of fibro-cartilage
between the adjacent surfaces of the verte-
brae. I. Notch, the notch at the base of
the pedicle of the laminae on the sides of
each vertebra. I. Substance. Same as
I. Discs.
Intestinal (intestinum, the intestine). Per-
taining to the intestine. I. Absorption,
the absoiption of the peptonized products
of digestion by the capillaries, veins and
lacteals of the inner surface of the intestine.
I. Arteries, the arteries of the intestines,
of which the principal trunks are the cceliac
axis and the mesenteric branches. The
* lower part of the rectum is supplied by the
haemorrhoidal branches of the iliac and
pudic arteries. I. Canal, the entire in-
testinal passage from the stomach to the
anus. I. Fistula, a fistula or unnatural
INTESTINE
217
INULA
.aperture in any part of an intestine. I.
Obstruction, any cause or agent that ar-
rests or impedes the progress of the faeces.
I. Tract, or Tube. Same as /. Canal.
Intestine {intus, within). The part of
the digestive tube extending from the
stomach to the anus. I., Large, com-
prises the caecum, colon and rectum. I.,
Small, consists of the duodenum, jejunum
and ileum.
In / tima {intimus, lowest). Used instead
of tunica intima ; the innermost coat, or
thin, transparent endothelium of vessels,
consisting of a layer of irregular, long, fusi-
form, nucleated, squamous cells.
Intolerance {in, tolero, to bear). Want
of endurance or ability to stand pain. Im-
patience. Also, the inability to endure the
action of a medicine.
Intonation {intono, to thunder). The
rumbling or gurgling sound produced by
the movement of flatus in the bowels.
Intoxication {in, toxicum, a poison). A
word popularly used to denote the excessive
use or an overdose of an alcoholic liquor.
L, Septic. See Septicemia. I.,Uraemic.
See Urczmia.
In'tra- {intra, within). A Latin prefix
signifying within. I. -abdominal, within
the cavity of the abdomen. I. -articular,
within a joint. I. -capsular, within the
capsular ligament of a joint.
Intracranial {intra, cranium, the skull).
Within the skull. I. Haemorrhage, cere-
bral haemorrhage.
Intralobular {intra, lobus, a lobe). Within
a lobe or lobule. I. Vein, the vein ex-
tending from the apex to the base of the
liver.
Intrameninge / al {intra, iirfvvy^, the me-
ninges). Situated within the substance of
the membranes of the brain and spinal
cord. I. Haemorrhage, an effusion of
blood into the sac of the dura mater.
Intramural {intra, mura, a wall). In-
traparietal. Within the substance of the
walls of an organ.
Intra-oc / ular {intra, oculns, the eye).
Within the globe of the eye. I. Haemor-
rhage, an effusion of blood into any part
of the eye. I. Pressure, or Tension.
See Tension.
Intra-or'bital {intra, orbita, an orbit).
Within the orbit. I. Aneurism, an
aneurism within the orbit of the eye,
and usually involving a branch of the
ophthalmic artery. I. Haemorrhage, a
haemorrhage taking place within the orbit
but behind the capsule of Tenon of the eye.
Intrapari'etal {intra, paries, a wall).
Within the walls or the substance of the
walls of an organ.
Intraperitonae / al {intra, neptrovaiov, the
^peritonaeum). Within the peritonaeum or
membranous sac that contains the viscera.
Intrapolar {intra, polns, the end of an
axis). Between the poles or ends of an
axis. See, also, Extrapolar
Intra-uterine {intra, uterus, the womb).
Within the womb. I. Amputation, a
spontaneous amputation occurring occa-
sionally to some part of the fcetus in utero
that becomes constricted by the umbilical
cord or from other causes. I. Fracture,
that which occurs to a fcetus in ute7-o. I.
Life, that period of the existence of an
animal between conception and birth.
Intravenous {intra, vena, a. vein).
Within the vein. I. Infusion, the intro-
duction of a solution or a liquid into the
vein. I. Injection, same as I. Infusion.
Intrinsic {intrinsecus, on the inside). In-
herent, inward.
Intro- {intro, within). A Latin prefix
signifying within.
Intro / itus {intro, eo, to go). Any aperture
or opening in the body. I. Pelvis, the
inlet of the pelvis. I. Vaginae, the ex-
ternal aperture of the vagina.
Intromission {intro, initio, to send). The
introduction of one body within the walls
of another, as of the penis into the vagina.
Introsuscep / tion {intro, suscipio, to re-
ceive). The slipping or telescoping of a
part of the intestine upon itself.
Introversion {intro, verto, to turn). A
turning within, as, introversion of the
uterus.
Intubation {in, tubus, a pipe). The pas-
sage of a tube into or past the larynx, to
allow the entrance of air to the lungs in
croup, diphtheria, etc., or to dilate a stric-
ture, etc.
Intumescence {intumesco, to swell). A
swelling, of any character whatever. Also,
an increase of the volume of any organ or
part of the body.
Intussusception {intus, within, suscipio,
to receive). Invagination or involution of
one part of the intestine by another, pro-
ducing obstruction, etc.
In'ula. Elecampane. The root of /.
helenium. Contains a crystalline substance,
helenin, and from 20 to 40 per cent, of a
starch, known as inulin. A gentle stimu-
lant employed in bronchitis and to hasten
the appearance of the skin-symptoms in
exanthematous fevers. Dose gr. xx-^j
INULIN
218
IODOFORM
of the root, or £J-ij of a ^ss to the Oj
decoction.
In / ulin. A form of starch occurring in
Inula helenium and other plants. It is
colored yellow by iodine, being different
in this respect from normal starch, which
is colored blue.
Inunction {inungo, to anoint). The act
of rubbing an oily or fatty substance into
the skin. Also, the substance used for
anointment.
Invagination {invagino, to ensheathe).
The sheathing or telescoping of a part or
organ by a canal-like structure, as the in-
testine. An operation for obliterating the
canal of a hernial opening by the inflam-
mation resulting from pushing the skin
inward and suturing the part fast.
In 7 valid (in, valeo, to be well). One who
is not well, especially one who is chroni-
cally ill or whose convalescence is slow.
Inva / sion {in, vado, to go). The begin-
ning or attack of a disease. Also, the
manner in which the disease begins its
attack.
Invermina / tion {in, verminatio, wormy).
A condition of having intestinal worms.
Inversion {in, verto, to turn). A turning
or placing in a position the opposite of the
normal position. I. of Bladder, a con-
dition in which the bladder is in part or
completely pushed into the dilated urethra.
Occurs in females only. I. of Eyelashes.
See Entropion. I. of Image, an image
projected by a convex lens or concave
mirror, at a point beyond the focus.
Invertebra / ta {in, vertebra, backbone). A
term applied to animals that have no spinal
column. One of the four divisions in
which it was formerly customary to divide
the animal kingdom.
In vermin. See Ferments.
Invert-sugar. A variety of glucose that
turns the polarized ray to the left. It is
practically a mixture of dextrose and levu-
lose, or fruit-sugar.
Invisca / tion {in, viscum, bird-lime). The
mixing of food with the saliva during
mastication.
Involu / crum {involvo, to enwrap). The
covering of a part. The sheath of bone
enveloping a sequestrum in dry necrosis.
Involuntary {in, not, volo, to will). Not
by an act of the will. A term applied to
certain motions and functions of the vari-
ous organs of the body that are not con-
trolled by, or are not dependent on the will.
I. Contraction, muscular contractions
not resulting from an act of will. I.
Muscles, those that are not governed by
the will.
Involution {involvo, to roll upon). The
retrogressive change to their normal con-
dition that certain organs undergo after
fulfilling their functional purposes. I. of
Uterus, the return of the uterus, that after
gestation weighs about two pounds, to its
normal weight and condition.
I'odine, or Iodum. I = 127 ; quan-
tivalence I. A non -metallic element with
metallic luster. Volatilizes at a low tem-
perature, giving off crimson-purple vapor.
Occurs in cod-liver oil, most marine plants,
and shell-fish. Soluble in alcohol, in solution
of potassium iodide, and in solution of salt.
In its elementary state an irritant to the skin,
and much used as a tincture to produce coun-
ter-irritation. Potassium iodide, the princi-
pal form for internal use, is an alterative,
ranking as a specific in tertiary syphilis,
and with mercury, available in all forms of
that disease. An excellent remedy in
hepatic cirrhosis and chronic bronchitis.
Combined with ammonium it is valuable in
catarrhal affections. Acidi Hydriodici
Syr., contains I per cent, of the absolute
acid. Dose 3J-iv. Ammonii Iodidum.
See Ammonium. Iodized Phenol, unof.,
a mixture of iodine and carbolic acid,
usually I to 4. For local use. Iodi Liq.
Comp., Lugol's solution — iodine 5, po-
tassium iodide 10, water 85 parts. Dose
TT\, j-x, diluted. I., Tinct., 8 per cent, in
alcohol. For local use. I. Trichlorid.,
unof., recommended by Langenbach as an
antiseptic in surgery. I., Ung., iodine 4,
potassium iodide I, water 2, benzoated lard
93 parts. Amylum Iodatum, iodized
starch, iodine 5, starch 95 parts, distilled
water 100 parts, triturated and dried. Dose
gj-Hjj. Potassii Iodidum. Dose gr.
v-^j. Potass. Iodid., Ung., contains
potass, iodide 12, sod. hyposulph. I, boiling
water 6, benzoated lard 81 parts. Sodii
Iodidum, deliquescent. Dose gr. v-^ij.
I'odism {ojddrjq). A condition arising from
the prolonged use of iodine or iodine com-
pounds, marked by redness of conjunctiva
and mucous membrane of the respiratory
passages, furry throat, and lachrymation.
Iod / oform. Tri-iodo-methane, CHI 3 . A
compound containing about 91 per cent,
of iodine. An antiseptic and feeble an-
aesthetic highly useful for local application
to wounds, abrasions and indolent sores.
Internally a tonic. Its odor may be cov-
ered with thymol or oil of rose. Dose, in-
ternally, gr. j-v.
IODOL
219
IRREDUCIBLE
I'odol. An iodo-carbamide in the form of
an amorphous brown powder, soluble in
ether and oil. More antiseptic than iodo-
form and free from odor. Locally anaes-
thetic. Favors granulation. Of reputed
service in syphilitic sores, etc. Unof.
Io / dum. See Iodine.
I / on (i(ov, going). An element set free by
electrolysis, and classified as an anion or
kation, according as it is set free at the
positive or negative plate. I., Migration
of, the transference of an ion from one
pole to another.
Ip / ecac. See Ipecacuanha.
Ipecacuanha. Ipecac. The root of
Cephaelis I, found in Brazil. Contains
an alkaloid, emetine. An emetic, expecto-
rant, and cholagogue ; in very small doses,
gr. %, a mild tonic. Used mainly as a
safe and prompt emetic, in membranous
croup, and in the summer dysentery of
children. Dose as an expectorant gr. ss-ij ;
as an emetic gr. xv-xxx. I., Ext. Dose
n\J-v. I., Syr., 5 per cent, strength.
Dose gj-^ss. I., Vin., 7 per cent, in
strength. Dose rr\, j-gj. I. Trochisci,
contain each ^ gr. of the drug. I. et Mor-
phinse, Trochisci, contain each, morphine
sulph. ^L, ipecac -fa , with flavoring oil and
sugar. I. et Opii, Pulvis, Dover's pow-
der, contains ipecac and opium each 10,
sugar of milk 80 parts. Dose gr. ij— xv.
I. et Opii, Tinct., deodorized tinct. of
opium 100, evaporated to 85, fid. ext. ipecac
10, alcohol q. s. ad 1 00. Dose Tt\v-xxx.
Em / etine. Dose as expectorant gr. T | 7
-&■ ; as emetic I-?-
Ipomae / a Caeru'lea. The seeds of this
plant have been recommended as a stimu-
lant of the intestinal glandular appa-
ratus.
Iridectomy (iptc, enro^r}, excision). The
cutting out of a part of the iris. I., An-
tiphlogistic, one performed in inflamma-
tory processes to reduce the same. In
Optical I., the piece of iris excised is
over a portion of the lens or beneath a
portion of cornea clearer than that exposed
in the natural pupil, whence additional
vision is gained by the iridectomy. See
Pupil, artificial. I., Preliminary, is per-
formed in advance of the extraction of
cataract, instead of at the same time.
Iridenclei / sis, or Iridenklei'sis. See
Iridodesis.
Iridere / mia. See Aniridia.
Fridin. See Iris.
Iridochoroidi'tis. Combined inflamma-
tion of the iris and choroid of the eye, the
form usually assumed in sympathetic oph-
thalmia.
Iridocyclitis. See Cyclitis.
Iridode / sis (iptg, deoi$, a binding together).
A disused method of displacing the normal
pupil by ligature, instead of iridectomy.
IridodiaFysis. See Coredialysis.
Iridodone / sis (iptc, dovr/cic, a trembling).
Tremulousness of the iris.
Iridon'cus (iptc, oynoc, a mass). A tumor
or swelling of the iris.
Iridople / gia (tptg, tt^VJV, a stroke). Paraly-
sis of the sphincter of the iris.
Iridot'omy (iptc, rofirj, section). An in-
cision of any kind into the iris.
I'ris. Blue Flag. The roots of I. versi-
color. Contains a resinous principle, iridin.
The fresh rhizome is purgative, emetic and
diuretic. Serviceable in catarrh of the
duodenum, malarial ailments, etc. I., Ext.
Dosegr.j-v. I., Ext. Fid. Dose n\v-3J.
Iridin. Unof. Dose gr. j-v.
I'ris (iptc, a colored halo or circle). The
anterior portion of the vascular tunic of
the eye, attached to the pectinate ligament
and ciliary body; its central aperture
forms the pupil. I., Absence of. See
Irideremia. I., Angle of, that formed by
the cornea and iris. I., Prolapse of (or
Hernia of), protrusion through a corneal
or scleral aperture; when adherent it is
called an anterior synechia ; when adher-
ent to the lens behind, it is called posteHor
synechia. I., Tremulous, arises from
non-support of the iris in aphakia or dislo-
cation of the lens.
Irish Moss. See Chondrus.
Iri'tis (tptc, trig, inflammation). Inflam-
mation of the iris, called after its origin, or
character, blennorrhagic, rheumatic, syphil-
itic, plastic, serous, etc., etc.
Irit / omy. See Iridotomy.
I / ron. See Ferrum.
I'ron Wood. The heart wood of Ostyra
Virginica. Tonic, antiperiodic and altera-
tive. Has been successfully used in ma-
larial diseases, neuralgia and strumous
affections. Dose of the fid. ext. gss-j.
Unof.
Irradiating (irradio, to emit rays in every
direction). Radiating from a center, as a
pain arising from a definite focus of irrita-
tion. In physics, that phenomena causing
any light-colored object in a dark back-
ground to stand out stereographically and
appear larger than it really is.
Irreducible (in, not, reduco, to lead
back). That which cannot be reduced or
restored to its normal condition. In chem-
IRRIGATION
220
ISOBAR
istry, applied to a compeund that cannot
be separated. In surgery, applied to a
fracture or dislocation that cannot be re-
placed. I. Hernia. See Hernia.
Irrigation [irrigo, to lead water to). The
application of water, especially a stream,
to an inflamed or abnormal tissue for pur-
poses of moistening, antisepsis, cooling, or
flushing the part.
Irritability [irrito, to provoke). The
quality of being susceptible to excitement
or irritation. I., Faradic, the muscular
contraction caused by a secondary or
induced current. . I., Galvanic, the mus-
cular contraction produced by the direct
current. I., Muscular, the inherent
contractile quality of a muscle. I.,
Nervous, the capacity of a nerve to trans-
mit an impulse after receiving a stimulus.
Ir / ritable [irrito). Easily inflamed. Sus-
ceptible to irritation. I. Bladder, a con-
dition of the bladder marked by constant
desire to void urine. I. Breast, a neu-
ralgic condition of the mammary glands
usually associated with uterine affections,
or with intercostal neuralgia.
Ir'ritant [irrito). An agent or remedy
that produces irritation or inflammation.
I., Chemical, one acting by virtue of its
affinity for the elements or compounds of or-
ganic tissue, as nitric acid, caustic potash,
etc. I., Mechanical, that causing lesions
or inflammations by mechanical operation,
as cuts, contusions, pressure or distention.
I., Nervous, one acting through the me-
dium of the nerves, as in sympathetic in-
flammations, etc.
Irritation [irrito). A condition of undue
excitement. Also, an inflamed state. Also,
the stimulus necessary to the performance
of the functions of an organ.
Ischae'mia [iox u > to check, aifia, blood).
Bloodlessness. Imperfection of the sup-
ply of blood to a part. Local anaemia.
Is / chial [icxiov, the ischium). Pertaining
or belonging to the ischium.
Ischiadic [loxiov). Pertaining to the
ischium. I. Notches, the notches, greater
and lesser, of the ischium. The former
transmits the pyriformis muscle, gluteal
vessels and superior gluteal nerve, the
latter, the tendon of the obturator internus,
its nerve, and the pudic vessels and nerve.
Called also sacro- sciatic notches.
Ischidro / sis [icx^, to suppress, cdpog }
sweat). Suppression of sweat.
Is / chio-. A Greek prefix indicating re-
lationship to the ischium. I. -anal, pertain-
ing to the ischium and the anus. I. -bul-
bar, pertaining to the ischium and the bulb
of the urethra. I.-cavernosus, the mus-
cle that compresses the veins of the cms
penis and assists in the erection of the
penis. It has a similar relation to the
clitoris. See Muscle. I. -neuralgia,
sciatica.
Is / chiocele [lcfxcov, m?^V> a. tumor). Is-
chiatic hernia.
Ischiop / agus [iox lov , ^ayeic, united). A
monomphalic monstrosity united by the
ischiae.
Ischioperinae / al [icxlov, Ttepivaiov, the
perinseum). Belonging to or pertaining to
both ischium and perinaeum, the space be-
tween the anus and scrotum.
Ischiorect / al [laxtov, rectuni). Pertaining
to both ischium and rectum. I. Abscess
or I. Cellulitis, an inflammation of the
areolar tissue of the ischiorectal fossa involv-
ing the rectum and thigh. Suppuration
may occur at any part of the inflammation,
but is ordinarily near the anus. I. Fascia.
See Fascia. I. Fossa, a deep fossa filled
with fatty tissue situated on both sides of
the intestine, between it and the ischium.
Is / chium [laxiov). The inferior part of
the os innominatum or hip-bone ; that
upon which the body rests in a sitting pos-
ture. It forms a part, also, of the aceta-
bulum.
Iscb/nous [lgxvoq, thin). Emaciated.
Is'cho- [icrx *, to suppress). A Greek pre-
fix meaning to suppress.
Ischo-galac / tia [iox^, yaXa, milk). Sup-
pression of the natural flow of milk in the
breasts.
Ischome / nia [icxu, ^viata, the menses).
Suppression of the menstrual flow.
Ischuret/ic [cax^>, ovpov, urine). A remedy
or agent that relieves retention or suppres-
sion of urine.
Ischuria [icxu, ovpov). Retention or sup-
pression of urine.
I / singlass. See Ichthyocolla.
Island of Reil. The central lobe of the
hemisphere of the brain, situated at the
base, behind the fissure of Sylvius.
Is'o- [icrog. equal). A Greek prefix signify-
ing equality.
Iso-amylam'ine. A ptomaine obtained
in the distillation of horn with potash ;
also occurs in the putrefaction of yeast.
Boils at 95 . Non-poisonous.
Iso-a / piol. A substance obtained from
apiol, exercising a powerful influence upon
the vasomotor system.
I / sobar [loos, fiapog, weight). In meteor-
ology, a term denoting a line drawn
ISOCHROMATIC
221
ITER
through points having the same synchro-
nous barometric pressure.
Isochromat / ic (taog, xpofia, color). Hav-
ing the same color.
Isochronous (/ "ypa/u/ua, pierpov,
a measure). A term denoting the energy
required to raise one kilogramme one meter
in height; equivalent to 7.233 foot-pounds.
Kilolitre (xMtoi, /urpa, a liter). One
thousand liters, or 61,027.05 cu. in.
Kilometre (x i ^ioi, /xerpov, a measure).
One thousand meters, or 1093.6 yards.
Kinsesthe'sis (ncvea, to move, aicOrjaig,
sensation). That quality of sensations
whereby we are aware of our positions and
movements, especially those of the auto-
matic type; distinct from the muscular
sense.
Kinematics (tuvq/ia, a motion). The
science of motion without reference to its
origin or effects.
Kinesiat / rics. Same as KinesipatJiy .
Kinesiom / eter (kivtjgiq, /uerpov, a meas-
ure). An instrument for determining
quantitatively the motion of a part.
Kinesioneuro / ses [Kivjjaig, vevpov, a
nerve). Functional abnormalism of the
motor centers or nerves.
Kinesip / athy (Kivqaig, Tzadog, suffering).
The treatment of disease by gymnastic or
calisthenic movements of the parts of the
body involved.
Kinesod / ic (ncvqcig, odog, a way). Per-
taining to those nerve fibers conveying
motor influences. Also, the motor tracts
of the nerve-system.
Kinet / ic (kivtjglq). That which produces
motion. Pertaining to those forces that
produce motion.
KING'S EVIL
227
KRESOL
King's Evil. A name formerly popularly-
applied to scrofula, on account of a belief
that it could be cured by the touch of the
king-
King's Yellow. See Orpiment.
Ki'no. The inspissated juice of Ptero-
carpus marsupium, found in India. Simi-
lar in action to tannic acid, and used
mainly as a constituent of gargles and
diarrhoea mixtures. K., Tinct., 10 per
cent, of the drug. Dose n^x-^ij. K.,
Pulv. Comp., unof., kino 15, opium 1,
cinnamon 4. Dose gr. v-xx.
Kinom'eter (klveo), to put in motion, /uerpov,
a measure). An instrument to measure the
amount of displacement of the uterus in case
of tumor or cellular inflammation of the
pelvis.
Ki'otome [kcuv, the uvula, tout], a section
or cutting). An instrument for amputating
the uvula, or for dividing strictures.
Kis / singen Water. A laxative tonic
mineral water of Bavaria.
Klang. See Timbre.
Kleptomania (/cXetttg), to steal, p.avia,
madness). A form of emotional insanity
manifested by a morbid desire to commit
theft. It is sometimes accompanied by
impaired intellect, and is often hereditary.
Knead / ing. The same as Petrissage.
Knee (Sax. cneo). The joint of the bones
of the thigh and foreleg. K. Cap, the
patella. K. Joint, a hinge-joint con-
sisting of the . articulation of the condyle
of the femur with the upper extremity of
the tibia and the posterior surface of the
patella. K., Housemaid's. See Ab-
scess, Bursal. K. Jerk, Patellar Tendon
Reflex, K. Reflex, or K. Phenom-
enon, a reflex of the tendon, consisting of a
slight convulsive kick, due to a light blow
on the patella tendon. K. Pan, the patella.
K. Knock. See Genu.
Knife (Sax. cnif). An instrument for cut-
ting. In surgery, knives are of various
shapes and sizes, according to their use.
Knit/ting. The union and becoming rigid
of a fracture.
Knock-knee. See Genu.
Knots of Cord. See Cord.
KnuckTes. The joints of the phalanges
with the caipal bones and with each other.
Kce / nig's Manomet / ric Flames.
Toothed or zigzag flame-pictures seen in
-a revolving mirror, and produced by the
vibrations of the voice against a thin mem-
brane that separates the gas chamber sup-
plying a small burner from the air chamber
into which one speaks. The form of the
flame picture is characteristic for each
vowel, and varies with the pitch.
KoTa Nut. The seed of Sterculia acu-
minata. Used in parts of Central Africa
as a substitute for tea and coffee. Contains
an alkaloid similar to caffein. A cerebral
stimulant and cardiac tonic. Dose of a 20
per cent, tincture, gj. Unof.
Kol'po-. See Colpo-.
Kolpo-perine / oplasty (nolirog, Treptvcuov,
TrXaaaco, to form). An operation for the
cure of procidentia.
Kommabacil'lus. See Spirillum Cholera:.
Koos'so. See Brayera.
Kopf-tet'anus. Cephalic tetanus, due to
wounds of the head, chiefly in the region
of the fifth nerve. Initial trismus is asso-
ciated with paralysis of the face on the side
of the injury. In some cases there is also
pharyngeal spasm, so that the name Hy-
drophobic Tetanus has also been given
to this form of tetanus.
Kopio / pia (/co7roc, weakness, (oip, the eye).
A Synonym of asthenopia. K. Hysterica,
a term applied to those symptoms which in-
dicate hyperesthesia of the fifth and optic
nerves.
Kor'e-. See Core-.
Koros / copy. See Rhinoscopy.
Kou'miss. See Ktwiyss.
Kous / so. See Brayera.
Krame'ria. Rhatany. The root of K.
triandra and K. tomentosa, shrubs native
to South America. Possesses the same
astringent qualities as tannic acid. A popu-
lar remedy for fissure of the anus, spongy
gums, etc. K. Ext., in water. Dose gr.
v-x. K. Ext., Fid. DoseTT\v-3J. K.
Syr., contains of the fluid extract 35, syrup
65. Dose 3 ss- :§ ss. K. Trochisci, con-
tain each gr. j of the extract.
Kraurosis (upavpoo/Liat, to become dry).
Shriveling and dryness of a part, especially
of the vulva.
Krause's End-bulbs. Terminal bodies
of sensory nerves in the skin and mem-
branes of all mammals. They are elon-
gated, oval, or round bodies 0.075 to 0.14
mm. long.
Kre / atin (iuoc,
the mind). A term denoting fainting or
syncope.
LEITER'S TUBES
235
LEPROSY
Letter's Tubes. Tubes of soft, flexible
metal designed for bending about any
part of the body. Cold water is passed
through the tubes, thereby reducing the
temperature of the parts encased.
Lem / on. See Li?non.
Lens (Lat., a lentil). A regularly-shaped
piece of glass or crystal for the refraction
of rays of light. The crystalline lens of
the eye. L., Achromatic. See Achro-
matic. L., Biconcave, a thick-edged lens
having concave spherical surfaces upon
its opposite sides, called also a negative or
minus lens; used in spectacles to correct
myopia. L., Biconvex {positive ox plus
lens), a thin-edged lens ; it has two con-
vex surfaces ; used to correct hyperopia. L. ,
Cylindrical (either minus or plus), one
ground upon a cylindrical tool, i.e., one
with a plane surface in one axis and a con-
cave or convex surface in the axis at right
angles to the same. L., Decentered,
one in which the optical center is not
opposite the pupil of the eye. L., Peri-
scopic, one with concavo-convex or
convexo-concave surfaces, the opposite
sides being of different curvatures; to
avoid spherical aberration, and to gain a
greater field of clear vision, called meniscus
lenses. L., Plano-concave, Plano-
convex, Piano-cylindrical, has a plane
surface upon one side and a curved surface
upon the reverse. L., Spherical, one
whose curved surface is a segment of a
sphere, either concave or convex, in con-
tradistinction to a cylindrical lens. L.,
Sphero-cylindrical, one with a spherical
surface upon one side, and a cylindrical
upon the reverse, used for the correction of
either myopia or hyperopia, combined with
astigmatism. See Spectacle- Lenses.
Lenticular (dim. of lens). Pertaining to
or resembling a lens ; also a descriptive term
applied to an instrument with a curved
cutting edge for removing the rough edges of
bone made by the trephine. L. Ganglion.
See Ganglion. L. Nucleus, the extra-
ventricular portion of the corpus striatum.
Lentigo (lens). Freckles, Ephelides.
Circumscribed spots or patches of pig-
ment, small in size and occurring mainly
on the face and hands. Freckles rarely
occur before eight years, and are not com-
mon in aged persons. Most frequent among
people of light complexion.
Len'tor (lentus, adhesive). Viscidity of a
liquid.
Leonti'asis (leo, a. lion). See Elephanti-
asis. L. Ossa. See Osteitis.
Lep'er {leirpoq, scaly). One affected with
leprosy.
Lep'ido- (Xe-iric, a scale). A Greek prefix
signifying a scale, or scaly.
Lep'idoid (/Ie7i7c). Having the appear-
ance of a scale.
Lepidoplas / tic (Ae^c, nlaacu, to form).
Forming scales.
Lepidop / tera (leinc, 7rrepov, a wing). An
order of insects distinguished by feather-
like scales and a spirally coiled suctorial
apparatus. The order includes butterflies
and moths.
Lepid / osis (lie-nic). Same as Ichthyosis.
Also, a synonym for Lepra.
Lep'ocyte {Tieiroc, a husk or sheath, /curoc,
a cell). A nucleated cell.
Lep / othrix [leiroc, dpi!;, a hair). A condi-
tion of the hair, especially that of the arm-
pits, in which the shaft becomes encased
in a sheath of hardened sebaceous matter.
Also, the typical thread-like form assumed
by certain species of bacteria of the order
Sch izomycetes.
Lep'ra (leirpa, a leper). Leprosy. Ele-
phantiasis Graecomm. Leontiasis. Psori-
asis. An endemic, chronic, and highly
malignant disease, somewhat analogous to
syphilis in pathological character. Preva-
lent in Europe and Asia, especially along
the Mediterranean shores. Rare in North
America, except on Pacific coast. A con-
stitutional disease preceded by malaise,
debility and languor, followed by character-
istic bullous, macular, or tubercular lesions
of the skin. L., Tuberculated, charac-
terized by massive infiltrations and the
formation of tubercles, commonly on the
face, breasts, scrotum and penis. L.,
Non-tuberculated, a form of the disease
characterized by macular patches that
spread peripherally, until much or the
whole of the skin is involved. In later
stages the disease extends into the subcu-
taneous tissues, muscles and bones, result-
ing in disarticulation and destruction of the
joints of the fingers and toes. This form
of leprosy is nearly always marked by
anaesthesia of the parts involved. L.,
Mixed Tuberculated, involves both
forms of the disease. There is very strong
evidence in favor of the contagious char-
acter of the disease, and, also, that it is
intimately connected with the develop-
ment of a specific bacillus.
Leprophthal'mia (Aeirpa, o^Ba'XpoQ,
the eye). Ophthalmia of a leprous char-
acter.
Lep / rosy. See Lepra.
LEPTANDRA
236
LEUCOCYTOSIS
Leptan / dra. Culver's Root. The rhizome
and rootlets of L. virginica. Properties
thought to be due to a glucoside, leptan-
drin. A tonic, laxative, and cholagogue.
Indicated in indigestion and chronic con-
stipation. Dose of the ext. gr. j-iij, of
the fid. ext. ff\xx-3J.
Lep / to- (XeTrroc, thin, small, slender). A
Greek prefix, signifying small or slender.
Leptocepb/alic, or
Leptocepb/alous (Ae7rroc, necpafy, head).
Having an abnormally small head.
Leptoceph / alus. A monstrosity with an
abnormally small head.
Leptomeningi / tis (Ae7rroc, [irjviy^, a mem-
brane). Inflammation of the pia and
arachnoid of the brain and the spinal cord,
in contradistinction to Pachymeningitis,
though meningitis alone usually signifies
the same as leptomeningitis. See Menin-
gitis. L. Cerebralis, an inflammation,
confined usually to the pia mater of the
convex surface of an anterior lobe of the
cerebrum. L. Spinalis, any inflamma-
tion of the pia mater of the spinal cord.
Lep / torhine. See Index.
Lep / tothrix (Ietvtoq, Opii-, a hair). A
genus of the family Bacteriacees, whose
elements form straight filaments, often of
great length. Possibly indistinguishable
from the genus Bacillus. The only L.
studied is L. Buccalis, very common in
the mouth, playing a large part in the for-
mation of dental tartar and the production
of caries of the teeth. L. Gigantea, found
in tartar of the teeth.
Lep / tus AutumnaTis. Harvest Bug.
Mower's Mite. A parasite that burrows
under the skin, causing lesions similar to
those of itch.
Le / sion (Iczdo, to hurt). Any injury, hurt
or wound in any part of the body. In
pathology, any morbid change. L. of
Continuity, a division or break in any
part that is normally continuous. L. of
Nutrition, any pathological alteration in
the capillary system, consisting of increase
or decrease in the amount of blood required
for assimilation and absorption.
Le / thal {"krjdrj, a forgetting). Deadly. Per-
taining to or producing death.
Leth'argy (fajtfq). A condition of drowsi-
ness or stupor that cannot be overcome by
the will. See, also, Somnambulism. L.,
African. See African Lethargy.
Lettuce. See Lactucarium.
Leucse / mia. See Lettcocythcemia.
Leucas / mus, Acquired. See Leuco-
derma.
Leuchae'mia. See Leucocythcemia.
Leu'cin (Xevnog, white). A crystalline
substance probably identical with amido-
caproic acid, occurring in the pancreas,
spleen, thymus gland and other parts of
the body. It is a product of pancreatic
digestion.
Leu / co- (Xevnog). A Greek prefix signify-
ing white.
Leu / coblast. See Leucocyte.
Leu'cocyte (Aev/coc, /orroc, cell). The col-
orless or white corpuscles of the blood,
probably derived from the lymph glands,
and also from the spleen and marrow.
Similar corpuscles are found in many other
tissues, and appear thickly wherever in-
flammation is set up. They are without
envelope, and are capable of amoeboid
movements. They average about ^Vo" °f
an inch in diameter, but three classes are
differentiated : The small, with one or two
nuclei, and a small amount of protoplasm ;
those the size of the red corpuscles ; the
large amoeboid, with much protoplasm. A
phagocytic function has been ascribed to
them. They are divided into two kinds,
leucoblasts and erythroblasts, the latter
transformed into colored blood corpuscles
in the spleen and bone marrow.
Leucocythae / mia (Xevnog, kvtoq, hollow,
ac/ua, the blood). A disease of the blood-
making organs, characterized by an abnor-
mal increase of the number of white cor-
puscles, together with enlargement of the
spleen, lymphatics, and disease of the me-
dullary substance of the bone. The liver
and kidneys are also sometimes involved.
The etiology is obscure; the haemoglobini-
zation of the leucocytes does not take place,
and hence the increase of untransformed
white corpuscles. Anaemia, breathlessness,
muscular lassitude, hemorrhages, retinal
and other pain in bones, etc., are the most
frequent symptoms. See Charcot- Rob in
Crystals.
Leucocytogen / esis (\evkoq, yevvau, to
beget). The formation of white corpuscles
in the blood.
Leucocyto / mata {Xevtcog, kvtoc, a hollow).
A word used to include all tumors contain-
ing cellular growths similar in constitution
to the white corpuscles of the blood, such
as tubercle, lupus, lepra, etc.
Leucocyto / sis (Tievnog, Kvrog). A tran-
sient increase in the number of white cor-
puscles in the blood, not accompanied,
as in leucocythaemia, by splenic and glan-
dular enlargement or disease of the bone
marrow.
LEUCODERMA
237
LEUCOPATHIA
Leucoder'ma ftevnog, white, dep/ia, skin).
Vitiligo ; acquired leucasmus ; leuco-
pathia; piebald skin. An acquired dis-
ease marked by the existence and growth
of white patches with irregular rounded
borders of darker skin. L., Congenital,
see Albinis7n.
Leu'coline. See Chinolina.
Leuco / ma (\zvkoq). An opacity of the
cornea the result of an ulcer, wound, or in-
flammation, and giving it the appearance
of ground glass.
Leu'comaines (Aevicofta, white of egg).
" Basic substances found in the living
tissues either as the products of fermenta-
tive changes or of retrograde metamor-
phosis." Bouchard and Schar believe
they are generated in the intestinal tract
and absorbed thence into the system. They
are divided into two groups, according to
their relations with the analogue chosen as
a type : the Uric Acid Group comprises
Adenine, Hypoxanthine, Guanine, Xan-
thine, Heteroxanthine, Paraxanthine, Car-
mine, Pseudoxanthine, and Spermine. The
Creatinine Group comprises Cruso-
creatinine, Xanthocreatinine, Amphicre-
atinine and two unnamed bases. Among
yet undetermined leucomaines are bases
known to exist in expired air, and animal
exhalations. The aqueous extract of
vapors exhaled by dogs has been found to
cause death within 24 hours, when injected
into the veins of other animals. The same
violent poison is said to produce pulmonary
phthisis in confined air by continuous in-
fluence. Sewer-air is thought to contain a
kindred poison. The leucomaines of the
saliva are also yet undetermined — though
it is known that normal saliva contains
several toxic substances, and that the
aqueous solution of saliva at ioo° poisons
or narcotizes birds. The leucomaines of
the venom of poisonous snakes are also
still undetermined. There are, also,
several undetermined leucomaines of urine
and of animal tissues. The following
table is from Vaughan : —
TABLE OF LEUCOMAINES. (vaughan.)
NAME.
FORMULA.
DISCOVERER.
SOURCE.
PHYSIOLOGICAL ACTION.
Adenine.
C 5 H 5 N 5
Kossel.
Nuclein-containing or-
gans.
Non-poisonous. Muscle-
stimulant.
Hypoxanthine.
C 5 H 4 N 4
Scherer.
Nuclein-containing or-
gans.
Non-poisonous. Muscle-
stimulant.
Guanine.
C 5 H 5 N s O
Ungel.
Nuclein-containing or-
gans; Guano.
Non-poisonous. Muscle-
stimulant.
Xanthine.
C 5 H 4 N 4 2
Marcet.
Nuclein-containing or-
gans; Calculi.
Non-poisonous. Muscle-
stimulant.
Heteroxanthine.
C 6 H 6 N 4 2
Salomon.
Urine.
Paraxanthine.
C 7 H 8 N 4 2
Thudichum,
Salomon.
\\
Carmine.
C 7 H 8 N 4 3
Weidel.
Liebig's Meat Extract.
Not known to be poison-
ous. Muscle stimulant.
Pseudoxanthine (?)
C 4 H 5 N 6
Gautier.
Muscle.
Spermine.
C 2 H 5 N
Schreiner.
Sperma. In tissues of
leucocytheemics.
Cruso-creatinine.
C 5 H 8 N 4
Gautier.
Muscle.
Xantho-creatinine.
C B H 10 N 4 O
"
"
Poisonous.
Amphi-creatine.
C 9 H 19 N 7 4
"
"
Unnamed.
C 11 H 24 N 10 O 5
C 12 H 25 N 11 5
'«
'«!
"
C 7 H 12 N 4 2
Pouchet.
Urine.
C 3 H 5 N0 2
Leuco / matous [AevKu/ua). Having the
nature of leucoma. Affected with leucoma.
Leucomyeli / tis (aevkoq, jiveAog, marrow).
Inflammation of the medullary substance
of the spinal cord.
Leuconecro / sis (Aevnog, veKpucig, death).
A form of dry gangrene, distinguished by
light or nearly natural color instead of the
usual dark color of gangrene.
Leuconos / toc. A genus of the family of
Coccacees having its elements disposed in
chains and enveloped in a sheath of tough
jelly. L. Mesenteroi'des, abundant in
molasses, beet-root juice, and in sugar
refineries.
Leucopath / ia (Aevnog, iradoQ, suffering).
Albinism. L., Congenital. SeeA/dmism.
L., Acquired. See Leucoderma.
LEUCOPHLEGMASIA
238
LIEBIG
Leucophlegma / sia (lev nog, (phey/ia,
phlegm). A condition marked by a ten-
dency to dropsy, accompanied by a pale,
flabby skin, and general oedema of the
whole body. Also, subcutaneous emphy-
sema.
Leucopla'sia (XevKog, TrXacig, formation).
A name given to formations of white spots
or plates on the epidermis and epithelium.
Leucorrhce / a (fay/cog, peu, to flow). An
ailment characterized by a muco-purulent
discharge from the female genital canal,
attended with catarrhal inflammation. The
pus is usually filled with Trichomonas vagi-
nalis^ a large rod-like bacterium, in addi-
tion to the various species of leptothrix and
micrococcus normally present. According
to the secreting part it is termed, cervical,
uterine, vaginal, vulvar, etc.
Leuco / ses (Xevnog). Diseases of the lym-
phatic system.
Leuco / sis (Xevnog). Abnormal whiteness
of the skin. Also, the development and
progress of leucoma.
Leukae'mia. See Leucocythcemia.
Leu / kocyte. See Leucocyte.
Leukocytosis. See Leucocytosis.
Leukoderma. See Leucoderma.
Leukoplakia {levnog, nlal-, aflat surface).
Certain white fungoid patches, sometimes
forming on the dorsum of the tongue and
mucous surface of the cheeks and lower
lip.
Leu / sin. A crystalline body found in
brain-tissue.
Levant 7 Wormseed. See Santonica.
Levator {levo, to lift). That which
raises. A name given to several muscles.
See Muscle.
Levato / res Costa 7 rum. See Muscle.
Leviga / tion {levigo, to make smooth). The
trituration of a substance made into a
paste with water or other liquid. When
performed with a muller on a slab of por-
phyry it is called porphyrization.
Lev'ulose. The natural sugar of fruits.
See Sugar and Glucose.
Ley / den Battery. A series of Leyden
jars connected tandem.
Leyden Jar. A glass jar coated within
and without with tinfoil, reaching nearly
to the neck, and surmounted by a knobbed
conductor connecting with the inner coat-
ing. It is designed for the temporary
"accumulation" of electricity, or rather
for the preservation of the high potential
to which the inner foil may be charged.
It is discharged by connecting the outer
foil with the knob.
Lia / tris Odoratis / sima. Southern Va-
nilla. Contains cumarin, the flavoring
principle of the tonka bean. Unof.
Libidinous (libidinosus, lustful). Char-
acterized by strong sexual desire.
Li'bra {libra). A weight of twelve troy
ounces, or 5760 grains. Also, applied to
the avoirdupois pound of sixteen ounces,
or 7000 grains.
Lice. See Louse.
License {licentid). An official permit or
authority conferring on the holder the right
and privilege of exercising his profession.
Licentiate {licentid). A term sometimes
applied to a person who practices a pro-
fession by the authority of a license.
Li / chen {leixqv, a lichen). A term now
restricted to those diseases in which in-
flammatory papulse undergoing no change
are the main feature of the disease. L.
Ruber, an inflammatory disease marked
by pin-head or pea-sized papules, which
may be smooth, but more often scaly, and
deep red. May be discrete or confluent.
The most common form in the U. S., known
as L. ruber, ox planus, is distinguished by
angular spots. The acuminate form, L.
Acuminatum, is rare. L. Scrofulosus,
characterized by small and chronic inflam-
matory, red papules, usually arranged in
circles, and occurring in scrofulous subjects.
According to Van Harlingen it is rarely
met with in the U. S. L. Pilaris. See
Keratosis Pilaris. L. Simplex. See
Eczema. L. Spinulosis. See Kerato-
sus pilaris. L. Tropicus. See Milia-
ria.
Licheni'asis. The condition of one af-
fected by the disease lichen.
Lichenoid of the Tongue. A peculiar
chronic and spreading rash of the tongue,
at first appearing in light crescentic bands.
The etiology is obscure.
Lid. See Eyelid.
Lie / ben's Test (for acetone in the urine).
Acidulate with hydrochloric acid and distill.
When treated with tincture of iodine and
ammonia there is a turbidity, due to the
formation of iodoform.
Lie / berkiihn's Jelly. An alkali-albumin
produced by the action of strong caustic
potash upon egg-albumin.
Lie / bermann's Reaction. A test for
proteids. A violet-red color is obtained by
boiling animal proteids with concentrated
hydrochloric acid.
Lie / big. A celebrated German physiolo-
gist. L.'s Beef Tea, the soluble extrac-
tive matter of lean meat. It is prepared by
LIEN
239
LIGHT
macerating a pound of lean meat, free from
fat and cut into small pieces, in a pint of
cold water, in which TTLxxx of hydro-
chloric acid and gr. xl of sodium chloride
have been dissolved. The liquid is ex-
pressed and strained. L.'s Bouillon.
See Bouillon. L.'s Extractum Carnis,
a proprietary preparation, consisting of the
soluble fibrin of meat with the natural
mineral salts and a flavoring principle os-
mazome. L.'s Infant Food, a proprie-
tary substance, having the following com-
position : wheat flour, malt flour, aa J ss,
potassium bicarbonate gr. vij, distilled
water ^ j, cow's milk J v, mix thoroughly
and boil. L.'s Method. See Urea.
Li' en (Lat.). The spleen.
Lienomala / cia {lien, /uaTiaKca, softening).
Softening of the tissue of the spleen of a
morbid character.
Li / entery {Xeioq, smooth, evrepov, an in-
testine). A kind of diarrhoea in which
the food passes rapidly through the bowels
without undergoing digestion.
Life (Sax. lif). The force or principle
underlying or causing the phenomena of
organized beings. The power by which
an organism exists and exercises self-move-
ments in response to emotions or sensations
and adapts itself to its environment. L.,
Change of, that period in the life of a
female at which menstruation ceases. L.,
Duration of. See Probable.
Life Everlasting. Cud weed. The
herbs Gnaphalium margaritaceum and G.
polycephahim. Tonic, astringent and ano-
dyne. A domestic remedy of some repute
in affections of the chest and bowels.
Dose of a decoction ad lib.; of the fld. ext.
Tlpcv-^j. Unof.
Life Root. Ragwort. The herb Senecio
aureus gathered in flower. Expectorant
and tonic. Formerly used by the Indians
as a vulnerary; a favorite remedy of the
eclectic practitioners. Dose of a decoction
ad lib.; of fld. ext. Tt^xxx-gj. Unof.
Life Table. A table constructed to show
the number and ages of the living, and the
number and ages of the dying in a com-
munity or society. Halley's, the earliest
English table, was constructed in the
second half of the 1 8th Century, and sug-
gested De Mowre's Hypothesis {q. v.).
Price's Northampton L. T. was used
by the Equitable Life Assurance Co., upon
its establishment in 1 762. These tables
were not constructed by a comparison of
the deaths and the living at each age,
but from the deaths only, and since births
and deaths are not equal, and since migra-
tion also disturbs the stationariness of
population, these tables are not correct, as
they overstate the mortality of young adults
and do not dissociate males and females.
Dr. Farr constructed three English L. T.,
designated respectively, Nos. I, 2 and 3,
and various other tables have been made,
called the Healthy Districts, the Upper
Class Experience, the Healthy Males,
the Clerical Experience Tables, etc.
The last noteworthy table is the New
English L. T., by Dr. Ogle, that starts
with a million males and a million females
and shows the number surviving at each
age, and the mean expectation of life at
each age.
Lig / ament {ligo, to bind). A band of
flexible, compact membranous tissue con-
necting the articular ends of the bones,
sometimes enveloping them with a capsule.
L., Poupart's, the crural arch or lower
border of the aponeurosis of the external
oblique muscle. L., Gimbernat's, that
part of the aponeurosis of the external
oblique muscle which is reflected down-
ward and outward, toward the os pubis.
Also called the third insertion of Poupart's
gland. L. of Zinn. See Zonula.
Ligation {ligo). The operation of tying;
used especially of arteries. L. of Cord,
applying a ligature about the umbilical
cord of the newborn child.
Lig / ature {ligo). A cord or thread of any
material for tying arteries, etc. L.,
Animal, made from sheep or catgut, the
tendons or sinews of various animals, etc.
L., Antiseptic, rendered free from infec-
tive material by soaking and cleansing with
germicidal solutions. L., Intermittent,
the tourniquet, relaxed at times. L.,
Lateral, partial occlusion only of the
lumen by a loose ligature. L., Metallic,
made of silver or other metal.
Light (Sax. led/it). That form of ethereal
vibration or undulation which, when im-
pinging upon the retina, produces the
sensation of vision. L., Diffused, that
reflected simultaneously from an infinite
number of surfaces, or that has been scat-
tered by means of a concave mirror or
lens. L., Dispersion of. See L., Spec-
trum of L., Electric, that produced by
the passage of electricity through a me-
dium having high resistance, such as the
carbon film of the incandescent, or the in-
terval of air between the carbons of the arc
light, the medium of high resistance being
heated to whiteness. L., Monochro-
LIGHTNING
240
LINE
matic, that which, on being analyzed by
a prism, consists approximately of waves
of one length only. L., Reflection of,
that property by which a ray of light strik-
ing an object rebounds, or is bent back.
Rays falling on a plane surface are re-
flected at an angle equal to that of the
incident ray. Objects are perceived by the
light reflected by them. L., Refraction
of, that property by which a ray or pencil
of light, when passed through a prism, is
bent out of its course. Refraction occurs
when a ray of light passes through media
of differing densities. L., Spectrum of,
a name given to a ray of light that has
been decomposed, its primary component
parts unequally refracted and projected
upon a screen. See Wave- Lengths.
Lightning. An atmospheric discharge of
electricity. In the form commonly known
as ''chain" or ''bolt" lightning, the elec-
tricity has an extremely high potential, and
a stroke under such circumstances is in-
variably fatal when the discharge passes
through a living body. The form known
as "sheet" lightning is a "brush" dis-
charge of low potential, and harmless. L.
Pains, the sharp, momentary pains occur-
ring in tabes.
Lig / neous [lignis, wood). Having the
nature of wood.
Lig / num Vi'tae. See Guaiacum.
Lig'ula (dim. of lingua, a tongue). A
little tongue. Also, a name given to the
tongue of an articulate. Also, a genus of
cestoid worms. See Lingula.
Li'lac. The leaves and fruit of Syringa
vulgaris. A bitter tonic with reputed anti-
periodic properties. Unof.
Lily of the Valley. See Convallaria
Majalis.
Limb (Sax. Urn, a twig). An arm or leg.
An organ of prehension or locomotion. L. ,
Artificial, a mechanical substitute for an
arm or a leg. L. Plexus, the supposed
rearrangement of nerve-strands so as to
connect nerves derived from different parts
of the spinal cord with particular groups of
muscles.
Lim / bus (limbus, a border). A border or
hem. The circumferential edge of any flat
organ or part. L. Corneae, the edge of
the cornea at its juncture with the sclerotic
coat.
Lime (Per. limu, a lemon). The fruit of
several species of Citrus. L. Juice, the
juice of the lemon or lime. Should con-
tain, when bottled, a small percentage of
sulphurous acid to prevent fermentation.
Lime. The popular name for calcium
oxide, CaO (quick lime), and calcium
hydrate, Ca(HO).
LimTc (/it/zof, hunger). Pertaining to
hunger.
Lim / inal Intensity. See Fechners Law.
Lim / itans, or
Limiting. Bounding. L. Membrane,
the thin membrane on which the epithe-
lial tissue of the various glands rests.
Limitro / phic {limitropus, a name given
to Roman lands furnishing subsistence to
soldiers). Remak's name for the great
ganglionic cord of the sympathetic nerve-
system.
Limnomephi / tis (?u/ivr/, a pond, mephi-
tis, a noxious odor). A general name for
noxious odors arising from marshy ground
or swamps.
Li'mon (gen. limonis). Lemon. The fruit
of Citrus limonum. Of the same genus as
the orange and the lime. The rind contains
a volatile oil identical in structure with oil
of turpentine. The pulp yields about 7 per
cent, of citric acid, which has about the
same properties as acetic acid, but has
much value as a refrigerant and antiscor-
butic. The expressed juice is largely em-
ployed as a refrigerant drink in fevers.
L. Ol., the volatile oil. Dose mj-v. L.
Syr., lemon juice 40, lemon peel 2, sugar
60, water q. s. ad 100. L. Spt., "essence
of lemon," 6 parts of oil and 4 of peel in
90 parts of alcohol. Acidi Citrici, Syr.,
citric acid, water, aa 8, spt. lemon 4, water
980.
Limopb/thisis (liiiog, hunger, (pdiOLQ, wast-
ing). The wasting of the body due to pri-
vation and lack of food.
Limopso / ra (/l///oc, ipopa). A kind of
scabies (or pruritus?) asserted to attack
man and other animals after long priva-
tion from food.
Limo / sis (?u[iog). Unnatural appetite.
Also, a name given to a class -of diseases
distinguished by depraved appetite.
Limother / apy [?u/hoq, deparreia). The
treatment of disease by partial or total de-
privation of food.
Line (linum, a thread of flax) . In geometry,
that extension of dimension which has
length, but neither breadth nor thickness.
Also, the -jig- part of an inch. In anatomy,
an imaginary conventional boundary or
guide-mark. L., Axillary, a vertical
line drawn through the anterior fold of the
axilla. L., Blue, or L., Burton's, the
gingival line. L., Curved, of Ilium,
projecting curved lines on the dorsum of
LINEA
241
LINI
the ilium. L., Curved, of Occiput, pro-
jecting lines arching outward on each side
of the occipital protuberance. L., Facial,
the line joining the most prominent part
of the forehead with the alveolar process
of the upper jaw. L., Focal, the meri-
dional or axis line of a cone of light-rays.
L., Holden's, a sulcus below the fold of
the groin, starting from the femoro-scrotal
furrow, and dying away between the
great trochanter and superior iliac spine.
It crosses the middle of the capsule of the
hip. Ls., Incremental, wavy lines of
dentine granules traversing the dentine of
a tooth, showing its stages of growth. L.,
Internal Supracondyloid, the lower ex-
tension of the inner angle of the shaft of
the humerus, to which the intermuscular
septum is attached. Ls., Lizars', a line
joining the posterior iliac spine and a point
midway between the tuber ischii and the
great trochanter; also a line from the
posterior iliac spine to the inner point of
trisection of a line between the tuber and
the trochanter. The upper point of trisec-
tion of the former indicates the emergence
of the gluteal artery ; the middle of the latter,
the spot where the sciatic artery leaves the
pelvis. L., Mammary, a vertical line
drawn through the nipple. Ls., Median,
Anterior and Posterior, the lines whose
plane divides the body into symmetrical
lateral halves. L., Nelaton's, the line
passing across the middle of the acetabu-
lum and over the top of the trochanter,
joining the superior spine and tuber ischii.
L., Parasternal, a line separating the
median from the lateral regions of the
thorax. Ls., Sternal, vertical lines dropped
from the sternal ends of the clavicles, one
on each side. L., Thompson's, a red
line of vascular tissue along the margin of
the gums, frequently noticeable in phthisis.
Lin'ea (Lat.). An imaginary or real line
used as an anatomical boundary or guide-
mark. L. Alba, the median fusion of the
tendons of the abdominal muscles, extend-
ing from the metasternum to the pubes.
L. Albicantis, certain irregular glistening
striae often observed in the skin after child-
birth. L. Aspera, the narrow, prominent
buttress ridge along the hinder aspect
of the femur. L. Cephalica, a line
of the palm of the hand, extending
from the level of the metacarpophalan-
geal joint to the middle of the fifth
metacarpal. L. Hepatica, a vertical
line of the palm of the hand, extending
from the rasceta to the vallecula of the
16
middle finger. L. Ilio-pectinea, or
Ilio-pubi, a line forming the brim of the
pelvic cavity. L.ae Nuchales Superi-
ores, lines on both sides of the occipital
protuberance passing outward and becom-
ing continuous with the hinder edge of the
mastoid process. L. Quadrata, a faint
line in the femur, descending from a small
roughness vertically above the level of the
lesser trochanter; it receives the insertion
of the quadrati femoris. L. Semilunaris,
a curved line, concave inward, extending
from the cartilage of the eighth rib to the
pubes ; it marks the outer edge of the rec-
tus abdominalis muscle. L. Solea, an
oblique line of the tibia at the attachment of
the soleus muscle. L. Splendens, the
line of pia mater substance along the an-
terior median fissure of the spinal cord. L.
Sterno-mastoides, a line drawn from
the interval between the two heads of the
sterno-mastoid to the mastoid process.
L.ae Transversa, white depressed ab-
dominal lines, one at the level of the um-
bilicus; one opposite the tenth rib; and
one at the seventh rib cartilage. They
mark the lines of the tendinous intersection
of the rectus abdominalis with its attach-
ment to the overlying tendons.
Lin / eament (linea, a line). The outline
of the face. Also, the outline of the em-
bryo.
Lin'ear {linea). A line. A twelfth part
of an inch. L. Extraction. See Cata-
ract.
Lin'gam. See Phallus.
Ling / ism. See Ling's System.
Ling's System. A method of treatment
of disease by gymnastic and other rhythmic
movements of the body, employed by Ling,
a Swedish physician.
Ling / ual. Shaped like the tongue. Per-
taining to the tongue. L. Bone. See
Hyoid.
Linguet'ta Lamino'sa. See Lingula.
LinguTa (dim. of lingua, a tongue). A
transversely lamellose lobule between the
valve of Vieussens and the central lobule
of the cerebellum. Called, also, the lin-
guetta laminosa. Also, a thin, lamellated
part of the petrous process of the sphenoid
bone. It is also called the ligula, and
also the processus petrosus anticus. L.
Mandibularis, the prominent, thin scale
of bone partly surrounding the large fora-'
men of the lower jaws; it serves as the
attachment of the spheno-mandibular liga-
ment.
Li'ni. PI. of linum.
LIXLMEXTUM
242
LISTERIAS" METHOD
Liniment / um [lino, to smear). A lini-
ment. A thin, liquid ointment for external
application, usually a solution of a medici-
nal substance in an excipient of oil or oil
mixtures. There are ten official linimenta.
Lin / seed. See Linum. L. Oil. See
Linum.
Lint [linum, flax). A loosely woven or
partly felted mass of broken linen fibres,
made by scraping and " picking " old linen
cloth. It is universally used as a dressing
for wounds and raw surfaces.
Li / num (Lat.). Flaxseed. Linseed. The
seeds of L. usitatissimum, the common
flax plant, containing 30-40 per cent, of
fixed (linseed) oil in embryo of seed, and
15 per cent, of mucilage in epithelium. A
demulcent, emollient and expectorant, use-
ful in all inflammations of mucous mem-
branes. L. Ol., the fixed oil of flaxseed
expressed cold, a glyceride of linoleic acid.
Dose ^ss-ij. L. Infus., unof., "flaxseed
tea," flaxseed 3 iij, liquorice root gj, water
^ x, infused four hours. Dose indefinite.
Carron Oil, linseed oil emulsified in lime-
water.
Lio-myo'ma. See Myoma.
Lipacidae / mia [/urrog, fat, acidus, sour,
aiua, blood). The presence of fatty acids
in the blood, with diminution of its alka-
linity.
Lipacidu / ria [?u~oc, acidus, ovpov, urine).
An excess of volatile fatty acids in the
urine.
Lipae / mia (/.crrog, aiua). The presence
of an emulsion of fine oil globules in the
blood.
Lip / arocele [Inrapog, fat, ktj/.tj, a tumor).
A tumor of the scrotum.
Liparom'phalus [/.i~apog, ouqo/joq, the
navel). A fatty tumor situated at the
navel, or involving the umbilical cord.
Liparoscir'rhus [?u~apoc, ciuppog, a can-
cerous growth). A fatty, scirrhous tumor.
Lip'arous [/.trrapog). Fat. Obese.
Lipemania. See Lypemania.
Lipo / ma [?.i~og, fat). A fatty tumor.
Lipomatosis [/.irrog). The production of
lipoma.
Lip'pia. The leaves of L. mexicana.
Demulcent and expectorant. Does not
nauseate. Dose of the tincture ^ss-j.
Unof.
Lippitu'do [lippus, watery condition of the
eyes). A condition marked by a moist and
raw margin of the eyelids, which discharge
purulent matter.
Lips. The fleshy folds surrounding the
orifice of the mouth. See also Labium.
Liquefaction [liquefacio, to change to
liquid form). The condition of having
been changed to a liquid.
Liq / uid [liquo, to melt). That form of a
substance in which the molecules are in a
state intermediate between attraction and
repulsion. Water between o° and ioo° C.
is the best example.
Li / quor (Lat.). A liquid. In pharmacy,
any solution in water of non-volatile sub-
stances, except infusions, decoctions, syrups,
but including the solution of gutta-percha
(in chloroform). There are 28 official
liquo?-es. In anatomy, any fluid of the
body. L. Amnii, the liquid in which the
foetus lies. At the middle of pregnancy
it equals in weight that of the foetus. It
serves a number of useful functions, and
in labor protects the foetus and cord from
pressure, dilates the os and lubricates the
genital canal. L. Cotunnii, the perilymph
secreted by the fibro-serous membrane of
the internal ear. L. Sanguinis, the serum
of the blood with one or more elements of
fibrin.
Liq / uorice. See Glycyrrhiza.
Lisp / ing. A kind of defect of speech,
natural or acquired, in which sibilant letters
are sounded like Unguals, especially s as th.
It sometimes arises from too great length
of the tongue.
Lister'ian Method of Dressing
Wounds. Carbolic acid was the first
antiseptic, but from its volatility and slow-
ness of action as a germicide, it was re-
placed by corrosive sublimate. But this
proved irritating and was precipitated by
the albumin of the blood serum. What
might be called the Third Method was
the antiseptic dressing called Sero-subli-
mate Gauze, consisting of a gauze charged
with a solution of corrosive sublimate in
the serum of the blood. This was found
difficult to manufacture and was harsh and
non-absorbent. The Fourth Method con-
sisted in a combination of chloride of
ammonium and bichloride of mercury,
called Sal-alembroth. This was likewise
objectionable because of its ready solubility
in the blood serum. Fifth Method, a
gauze containing three or four per cent, by
weight of the biniodide of mercury. This
was irritating to the skin. A Sixth
Method is the latest, and believed to be
the ideal antiseptic dressing. It consists in
the application of a gauze impregnated with
a solution of a double cyanide of zinc and
mercury. This is said to be non-volatile,
unirritating, insoluble in water, and only
LISTERISM
243
LITHOTRITY
soluble in 3000 parts of blood serum. It
possesses but little germicidal power, but
I : 1200 keeps animal fluids free from
putrefaction. Corrosive sublimate I : 4000
may be added as a germicide.
List'erism. A general name for the an-
tiseptic and aseptic treatment of wounds
according to the principles first enunciated
by Lister. See Listerian Method.
List'er's Method. See Listerian Method,
and also, Fractional Cultivation.
List'irig's Eye. See Eye.
Listing's Law. Pertains to the move-
ments of the eyeball : When moved from
the position of rest, the angle of rotation in
the second position is the same as if the
eye were turned about a fixed axis perpen-
dicular to the first and second positions of
the visual line.
Li / ter. See Metric System.
Lithagog / ue {TaQog, a stone, ayu, to drive
out). Any agent or remedy, not mechan-
ical, which tends to expel calculi from the
bladder.
Litb/arge. See Lead.
Lithect / asy (/uOog, ekteivu, to dilate).
. Dilatation of the urethra and neck of the
bladder for the removal of calculi.
Lithi / asis {lidog). The formation of cal-
culus.
Lith/ic Acid. See Uric Acid.
Litb/ium. Li = 7 ; quantivalence I. One
of the rarer alkaline metals, a few of the
salts only being used in medicine. Because
of its low atomic weight, its high saturating
power makes its salts more alkaline than
those of sodium and potassium. The car-
bonate and citrate are used largely in rheu-
matism and gout. L. Benzoas. See
Benzoic Acid. L. Bromidum. See
Bromine. L. Carbonas, not deliques-
cent. Dose gr. ij-xv. L. Citras, deliques-
cent. Dose gr. v-xxx. L. Salicylas.
See Salix.
Litb/o- (lidog, a stone). A Greek prefix,
signifying calculus, or stone.
Lithocen / osis (?adog, tcevoxjig, evacuation).
The extraction of the fragments of calculi
that have been crushed or mechanically
divided.
Litb/oclast. See Lithotrite.
Lithodial'ysis (?adog, dialvu, to dis-
solve). The dissolution of calculus in the
bladder.
Lithol'apaxy {liBog, lait a% 'ig, removal).
An operation of crushing and of removing
stone at the same time by irrigation.
Lithol'ei'n {Tadog, oleum, oil). A substance
similar to vaseline, and, because of its anti-
septic and antiparisitic qualities, proposed
as a substitute for it. It is oily, of neutral
reaction, without smell or taste, and con-
tains no fat.
Lithol'ogy (Xidog, loyog, a treatise). A
treatise on the nature and treatment of cal-
culi.
Lithol'ysis. See Litho dialysis.
Lithom/etra [hdog, fivrpa, the womb).
Ossifications in the womb.
Lithontrip / tic {ltdog, Tpt t 8cj, to wear down).
See Lithotriptic and Antilithic.
Lithop3e / dion (7uBog, Tccudcov, a child).
The calcified or mummified remains of a
dead foetus carried in the uterus or abdomi-
nal cavity long after the normal period of
gestation.
Litb/ophone (?adog, cpovTj, sound). An
instrument for detecting by sound the
presence of calculi in the bladder.
Lith / oscope (Xtdog, okottecj, to examine).
An instrument for the detection and ex-
amination of calculi of the bladder.
Lithot'omy (?udog, re//vw, to cut). Incision
into the bladder to remove calculus. L.,
Bilateral, the incision of the perinaeum is
curved, just in front of the rectum, and
the lithotome entered by an incision into
the urethra at this point. L., Lateral,
the perineal incision is about I l / z inches in
front of the rectum and to the left of the
raphe, the cut being downward and out-
ward. L., Median or Marian, the
perineal incision is in the median line one-
half inch in front of the anus, by a straight,
double-edged bistoury. L., Medio-lat-
eral, a modification of the lateral opera-
tion. L., Medio-bilateral, a modification
of the bilateral. L., Pre-rectal, a modifi-
cation of the bilateral. L., Recto-vesi-
cal, extraction of the stone by an incision
through the rectum. L., Supra-pubic,
by an incision above the pubis where the
bladder is not covered by peritoneum. L.,
Urethral, incision of the urethral mucous
membrane. L., Vaginal, by incision
through the vaginal wall.
Lithotresis. See Lithotrity.
Lithotripsy {lidog, rpi(3cj, to pulverize).
The operation of crushing calculi of the
bladder.
Lithotrip / tic. See LithontHptic.
Lithotrip / tor (?.tdog, Tpij3o). An instru-
ment designed for crushing calculi of the
bladder.
Lithot/rity {ltdog, rp//3w, to wear by fric-
tion). Crushing a stone in the bladder, by
the lithotrite, into fragments small enough
to pass the urethral canal.
LITHOUS
244
LOCHIOMETRA
Lith / ous (/.iftoc). Having the nature or
appearance of calculi of the bladder.
Lithure / sis {/.(Voc, ovp//aig, making water).
The voiding of small calculi with the
urine.
Lithu'ria (lithium, ovpov, urine). A con-
dition marked by the presence of lithic
acid, or of lithium salts in the urine.
Lit / mus. Archil. A blue pigment ob-
tained from Rocella tinctoria, a lichen.
Employed in chemical determinations to
detect the presence of free acids and free
alkalies. L. Paper, Blue, unsized paper
steeped in a solution of litmus ; turns red
in contact with acid solutions. L. Paper,
Red, unsized paper steeped in litmus tinc-
ture colored red with acid ; turns blue on
contact with alkaline solutions.
Lit/ter [lectica, a couch). An extemporized
stretcher or couch with handles for carrying
sick or wounded.
Live 7 do (liveo, to grow black). Same as
livor.
Liv'er. The largest glandular organ of
the body, situate on the right side of the
abdominal cavity just below the diaphragm ;
its principal function is the secretion of bile ;
it also affects the constituents of the blood
in its passage through the gland. It has
five divisions, the right lobe, left lobe, lobus
Spigelii, lobus quadratus, and lobus cau-
datus. The last two are considered pro-
longations of the lobus Spigelii.
Liv / id [lived). Discolored from the effects
of congestion or contusion.
Li'vor [lived). Lividness. The discolor-
ation consequent upon severe contusion and
congestion of the part.
Lix (/.iq, light). Wood-ashes or the lye
therefrom.
Lixivia'tion (lixivium). The process of
leaching ashes. Also, the process of dis-
solving any alkaline salt from the insoluble
impurities with which it is mixed.
Lixiv / ium (lixiviiwi). The filtrate ob-
tained by leaching ashes ; practically a solu-
tion of an impure potassium hydrate.
Loatb/ing. Intense disgust, that may
excite nausea.
Lo / bar (lobus, a lobe). Pertaining to a
lobe.
Lo / bate (lobus). Having lobes.
Lobe (?.o3og). A name used to designate
the parts or divisions into which an organ
may be separated by fissures and constric-
tions, as the lobes of the brain, liver, ear,
etc. Lobes of Brain, each half of the
outer cerebral surface is divided by fissures
into five lobes, the frontal, parietal, occi-
pital, temporo-sphenoidal and central, or
Island of Reil. Lobes of Liver. See
Liver. Optic Lobes. The quadrigemina
tubercula.
Lobe'lia. Indian Tobacco. The leaves
and tops of L. injlata. Contains a liquid
alkaloid, lobelin, the active principle. An
expectorant, antispasmodic and emetic.
In larger doses a motor-depressant and
narcotic. Valuable in asthma and dry
cough. The main ingredient of empiric
consumption cures. An excellent enema
in strangulated hernia. L., Acetum, 16
per cent, of the drug. Dose TTLv-gj. L.,
Fid. Ext. Doserry-x. L., Infus., unof.,
^j to Oj. Dose 3J-^j- L., Tinct., 20
per cent, of the drug. Dose rr\,v-xxx.
Lobelin, the impure resinoid. Dose
gr. ss-j.
Lo / belin. See Lobelia.
Lob / ular (lobulus). Like a lobule. Per-
taining to any lobule.
Lobulus (dim, of lobus). A small lobe or
division of an organ. L. Caudatus, the
tailed lobe or elevation of the liver that
separates the right extremity of the trans-
verse fissure from that of the vena cava.
L. Centralis. The Superior Vermiform
Process. L. Paracentralis, that part
of the motor cortical zone of Charcot on
the inner surface of the cerebral hemi-
spheres. L. Quadratus, the square lobe
under the right lobe of the liver. L.
Spigelii, the lobule projecting from the
back part of the under surface of the
liver.
Lo / bus (lobus, a lobe). A lobe. Any
well-defined, rounded part of an organ.
L. Caudatus. See Lobulus. L. Quad-
ratus. See Lobulus.
Localization (locus, a place). The desig-
nation of the seat of any pain, irritation or
disease. L., Cerebral, the designation
of the place of a localized irritation (neo-
plasm, injur}", etc.) by means of the study
of the symptoms of the patient ; often of
great importance in trephining. The posi-
tion of the motor and sensory centers of
the brain. See Center.
Locb/ia (/.uxoc, confinement). The dis-
charge from the genital organs during two
to four weeks succeeding labor. L. Alba,
the whitish flow that takes place from
about the seventh day. L. Rubra, the
sanguineous flow of the first few days. L.
Serosa, the serous discharge taking place
about the fifth day.
Lochiom / etra (/.oje«z, firjrpa, uterus). A
collection of the lochia in the uterus.
LOCHIOPYRA
245
LOXIA
Lochiop / yra [2,o^etoc, pertaining to child-
bed, nvp, fire). Puerperal fever. Same
as Lochopyra.
Lochiorrha'gia (loxeta, prjyvvpii, to burst
forth). An excessive flow of the lochia.
Lochiorrhce / a (loxeta, p£o>, to flow). Ab-
normal flow of the lochia.
Lochios / chesis (Xox^ca, the serous dis-
charge after childbirth, ff^eo, to retain).
Retention of the lochia.
Lochometri'tis (loxog, a woman just de-
livered, metritis, inflammation of the
womb). The inflammation of the womb
consequent upon puerperal fever.
Lochoperitoni / tis [Xoxog, peritonitis).
Inflammation of the peritoneum accom-
panying or following childbirth.
Lochop'yra [\oxoq, irvp, fire). Puerperal
fever.
Lochoty / phus [\oxog, tv^oq, stupor). Con-
tagious puerperal fever of a typhus type.
Locked-jaw. See Trismus.
Lock Hospital. An English hospital for
the gratuitous treatment of venereal dis-
Locomo / tion. Animal Movement.
Locomo / tor Atax'y. See Ataxy, and
Tabes.
Lo / co Plant. See Astragalus Mollissimus.
Lo / cus. An indefinite term in anatomy,
meaning a place or position, as L. Cseru-
leus, a bluish-tinted eminence on the
fasciculi teretes of the fourth ventricle of
the brain. L. Niger, a dark area in the
center of the section of the crus cerebri.
L. Perforatus, the anterior and posterior
perforated spots at the base of the brain
through which many vessels pass.
LoebTsch's Formula. See Christisorts
Formula.
LcemoFogy. See Loimology.
Lcewe's Ring. A demonstration of the
yellow-spot which in a strong light appears
surrounded by a bright area. Clerk-Max-
well's experiment consists in looking
through a solution of chrome alum when
there is seen an oval purplish spot due to
the pigment of the yellow spot.
Logople / gia {\oyoq, word, -Kkrjyri, a stroke).
An aphasic symptom, consisting in the
impossibility of uttering a word though the
memory of its sound, etc., is clear.
Logorrhce / a (hoyog, peu, to flow). Ab-
normal rapidity of speech ; a symptom of
cerebral irritation.
Log' wood. See Hcematoxylon.
LoimoFogy {\oip.oq, a plague, Tioyog, a
treatise). A treatise on the nature of con-
tagious epidemic diseases.
Loins. The lumbi, or lower part of the
back in the region of the hips.
Longevity [tonga, long, vita, life). Long
life.
Longi- [longus, long). A Latin prefix
signifying length or extent.
Long / ing. The earnest desire for any-
thing; often present in the female during
pregnancy.
Longis / simus (super, of longus, long).
Longest. L. Dorsi. See Muscle.
Long'itude [longitudo). Angular dis-
tance from any standard meridian perpen-
dicular to the plane of the axis.
Longitudinal [longitudd). In anatomy,
lengthwise, or in a direction the opposite of
transverse. L. Sinus, the triangular sub-
cranial canal extending from the crista galli
to the tentorium.
Longsightedness. See Hyperopia.
Lon / gus {longus, long). Long. L.
Colli. See Muscle.
Loop of Henle. See Tubuli Uriniferi.
Lordo'ma (Xopdoo, to bend inward). The
anterior or forward incurvation of the
spine.
Lordosis {lopdou). Anterior curvature
of the spine.
Lore / ta's Operation. The forcible
dilatation of the pylorus for the relief of
stricture, by laparogastrotomy.
LostorTer's Corpuscles. The granular
masses alleged by Lostorfer to have been
found in the blood of syphilitic patients.
Lo / tion {lotio, a wash). Any medicinal
solution for external use. L., Black. See
Hydrargyrtim. L., Goulard's. Liquor
Plumbi Subacetatis. See Plumbum. L.,
Red, zinci sulph. gr. x, spt. rosmarin.,
tinct. lavend. comp. aa gjss, aq. ^x. Use
locally. L. for Mouth, acid pyrolig. g j,
aquae ^viij. Use externally. Or, tinct.
myrrh, ^ss, potass, chlor. ^iij, aquae
^iv. L., Cold Evaporating, plumbi
acet. ^j, pulv. opii gj, aquae Oj. Or,
liq. plumbi subacetat. Jiv, tinct. opii, £ij,
aquae Oj. For external use.
Louse. See Pedi cuius.
Lov / age. The root of Ligusticum levis-
ticum and Levisticum officinale. Stimu-
lant, aromatic, carminative and emmena-
gogue. Dose of fld. ext. gj-ij. Unof.
Lower, Tubercle of. See Tubercle.
Lowe's Ring. See Loezve^s Ring.
Loxar'thron (lo^og, slanting, apOpov, a
joint). Any oblique or abnormal direc-
tion of a joint, not caused by spasm or luxa-
tion.
Lox / ia. See Torticollis.
LOXOTOMY
246
LYCOPODIUM
Loxot / omy (/.ofoc, te/uvcj, to cut). That
form of amputation commonly known as
the oblique section.
Loz'enge. A medicated tablet with sugar
as a basis. See Trochiscus.
Lubric / ity [lubrico, to make slippery). A
synonym of lasciviousness.
Lu'cid {lucid us, clear). Clear, shining,
unobscured. L. Interval, the transitory
return of normal mental action and sanity
in certain forms and cases of insanity.
Lu / es (avw, to loose). Formerly a pesti-
lential disease ; at present used as an
euphemism for syphilis.
Lu / gol's Solution. See Iodine.
Lumba / go {lumbus, the loin). Pain in the
structures about the loins, whether neural-
gic, rheumatic, etc.
Lum / bar {lumbus, the loin). Pertaining
to the loins, especially the region about the
loins. L. Abscess, an abscess in the
lumbar region. L. Region. See Abdo-
men.
LunVbi (pi. of Lumbus). The loins.
LunVbricoid {lunibricus, slippery, etdog,
likeness). Pertaining to, or resembling a
lumbricus.
Lum'bricus (Lat.). A name given to a
genus of worms, including the common
earth worm, and certain intestinal wonns.
Lu'men {lumen, light). A term applied
to the cavity of a vessel when examined
in transverse section.
Lu / nacy {luna, the moon). A popular
name for insanity, so called from the tra-
ditional belief that it was influenced by the
moon.
Lu / nar [luna). Pertaining to the moon.
L. Caustic. See Argentum.
Lu / natic [luna). Affected with lunacy or
insanity.
Lunette / (Fr.). A spectacle lens. Also,
a general term including telescopes, marine
glasses, spectacles, and all similar devices
to aid vision.
Lungs. The organs of respiration, in
which the impure venous blood is oxidized
by the air drawn through the trachea, bron-
chi, and air vesicles. Consist of right and
left lungs, the latter being divided into two,
the former into three lobes.
Lung'wort. The leaves of Pulmonaria
officinalis. Demulcent and mucilaginous.
A favorite medicine in lung complaints.
Dose of fid. ext. gss-j. Unof.
Lunula of Nails. The white convex or
semilunar area of the nails near their root.
Lup'ia (Xtwrew, to molest). A name given
to several kinds of malignant tumor, phage-
denic ulcer, and fungoid growth. See also
Molluscum.
Lu / piform. Same as lupoid.
Lu'poid. Having the nature of lupus.
Lu'pulin. See Humulus.
Lu / pulus. See Humulus.
Lu / pus. A descriptive term applied to a
number of skin diseases. L. Erythema-
tosus, Seborrhcea Congestiva, Lupus
Superficialis, Lupus Sebaceus. A cellular
infiltration of neoplastic matter, resembling
inflammation in its clinical behavior. First
appears in the form of grouped red spots,
that ultimately coalesce into slightly
raised patches. Most frequent on the face.
Unlike L. Vulgaris, does not end in ulcera-
tion. Initial lesions are always erythema-
tous. L. Exedens. See L. Vulgaris.
L. Vulgaris, Lupus Exedens, Herpes
Esthiomenos ; a form of disease thought to
be of tubercular origin, marked by a cellu-
lar infiltration of neoplastic matter, pro-
ducing brown-tinted tubercles or patches,
that either ulcerate or atrophy, leaving a
scar. On the face, it frequently extends
into and involves cartilage and mucous
tissue. Since the discovery of tubercle
bacilli in the lesions many pathologists
consider it a tuberculosis of the skin.
Common in Europe, but of rare occurrence
in America.
Lusch'ka's Gland. The coccygeal gland.
A small conglobate body lying near the tip
of the coccyx just above the coccygeal
attachment of the sphincter ani. Function
not known.
Lapsus Natu'rae {Judo, to play, natura,
nature). A freak of nature. Any abnor-
mal departure from that which is natural.
Lu'tein {luteus, yellow). A yellow-colored
principle occurring in the corpora lutea and
in clotted blood.
Luxation. See Dislocation.
Lux'us Consumption. The supposed
direct combustion or oxidation of the super-
fluous food-stuffs absorbed into the blood.
Lycan / thropy [Xvkoc a wolf, avOpurroc, a
man). A form of mania in which the person
imagines himself a wild beast.
Lycoper / don Gigante / um. Puff Ball.
The hypha of a fungus common to timber-
covered regions, the spore receptacle of
which attains to a size of 1)4-2)4 inches in
diameter. The dust, consisting mainly of
spores, is sometimes used as a haemostatic.
Ly / copin. See Bugleweed.
Lycopo / dium. The spores of L. clavatum,
common club moss. Used mainly in phar-
macy to facilitate the rolling of pills and
LYE
247
LYTTA VESICATORIA
to prevent their adhesion. Employed in
mucous inflammations by homoeopathic
practitioners.
Lye (Sax. Icex, to leach). Formerly the
solution of alkaline hydrates obtained by
leaching ashes. Any alkaline solution.
Lying-in. See Puerperal State.
Lymph [lympha, water). The fluid in the
lymphatic vessels, the product of the filtra-
tion of the liquid portion of the blood
through the walls of the capillaries. Ap-
plied, also, to certain products of lymph-
exudation in wounds, etc. L., Aplastic,
a lymph product of inflammation that will
not form embryonic tissue. Called, also,
Corpuscular ox Croupous L. L., Fibrin-
ous, same as L., Plastic. L. Follicles,
or Glands. Branched lacunar labyrinth-
ine spaces composed of adenoid tissue in-
tercalated in the course of the lymphatic
vessels. They are not true glands. L.
Hearts, exist in certain cold-blooded ani-
mals, the frog, e. g., having two axillary
and two sacral hearts for pumping the
lymph. L., Inflammatory, that thrown
out as a product of inflammation in wounds,
etc. L., Plastic, fibrinous lymph, that
forming embryonic tissue.
Lympha / den [lympha, adrjv, a gland). A
general name for a lymphatic gland.
Lymphadenitis [lympha, aS-rjv, irig). In-
flammation of a lymphatic gland.
Lymphadeno / ma. Hodgkin's Disease.
Malignant lymphoma or hypertrophic dis-
ease of the lymphatic glands of the body,
with anaemia, emaciation, etc. L., Leu-
ksemic, when associated with leucocythse-
mia and enlargement of the spleen.
Lymphangeiec / tasis [lympha, ayyeiov,
enraoig, widening). Abnormal dilatation
of the lymphatic vessels.
Lymphangiography [lympha, ayyeiov,
ypafco, to write). A description of the
lymphatics.
Lymphangeiol'ogy [lympha, ayyeiov, Ao-
yog, a treatise). A treatise on the lym-
phatics.
Lymphangei / oma [lympha, ayyeiov). A
dilated or varicose condition or tumor of
the lymphatic vessels. L. Tuberosum
Multiplex, the rare condition of new
growth of lymphatic vessels in the skin.
Considered by Van Harlingen as a form
of fibroma molluscum.
Lymphangio-myo / ma. See Myoma.
Lymphangitis. Inflammation of lym-
phatic vessels.
Lymphatics [lympha). The capillary
tubes extending to nearly every part of the
body, from which they take up the lymph,
forming the principal part of the absorbent
system.
Lymphenteri'tis [lympha, evrepov, the
bowels, irig, inflammation). Inflammation
of the bowels with serous infiltration.
Lymphoder'ma Pernicio / sa. A name
used by Van Harlingen to designate a cer-
tain form of Mycosis.
Lympb/oid [ly?npha, eidog, form) . Having
the appearance or character of lymph.
Lympho / ma [lympha). A lymph tumor.
Also, lymphadenoma. The term includes
formations not strictly tumors but hyper-
plasias of the tissue proper to lymphatic
glands.
Lymphorrha / gia. Effusion or flow of
lymph from a ruptured lymphatic vessel.
Lyon's Apparatus. See Urea.
Lypema / nia [Xvttt/, sadness, mania). A
form of dementia accompanied by severe
mental depression and refusal to take food.
LypothymTa [Xvtttj, dvjiog, the mind).
Severe mental prostration from grief. Not
to be confounded with Leipothymia.
Ly / ra of For / nix. Certain longitudinal,
transverse, and oblique lines on the under-
surface of the fornix, the arrangement of
which bear a fanciful resemblance to a
harp.
Ly / sis [Ivo, to loose). A term somewhat
loosely used, but now applied to the decline
of a disease, especially a fever.
Lys / sa [Ivaca, madness). A synonym of
Hydrophobia or Rabies.
Lys / sin. The specific virus or germ of
hydrophobia.
Lyssopho / bia. See Pseudo-hydrophobia.
Lytta Vesicato / ria. See Cantharis.
M
248
MAGISTRAL
M
M . The abbreviation of Myopia, of Min im ,
and of Misce, mix.
Ma. An abbreviation of Milliampere.
Mac. An abbreviation of Macera, macer-
ate.
ft. An abbreviation of Micro-millimeter.
Macdow'el's Fraenum. The accessory
fibers strengthening anteriorly the inter-
muscular septum of the deep fascia of the
arm attached to the great pectoral tendon.
Mace. See Myristica.
Maceration [rnacero, to make soft). Ex-
traction of the medicinal qualities of a
substance by steeping or infusing. Applied,
also, to a softening and non-putrefactive
decomposition of the dead foetus long car-
ried in the uterus.
Ma / cies {macies, a wasting). Atrophy,
leanness, wasting.
Mac / ro- (uanpog, long, great). A Greek
prefix signifying great, long, or ex ten; in.
Macrobiosis (uanpoc, 3loq, life). A con-
dition characterized by long life.
Macrobiotics (uaapoc. fieog). A name
given to a proposed system of living, con-
ducive to length of life.
MacrocephaTia (uanpog, KEoa'/.rj, the
head). Excessive development of the
head in size. A systematic deviation in a
genus or a species distinguished by abnor-
mally large heads.
Macrocephalous (/za/cpof, Keoa/.r,).
Characterized by an abnormally large
head.
Macrochei'lia (uanpog, xe&oc, a lip).
Excessive size or development of the lips ;
a characteristic of certain negro and ne-
groid tribes.
Mac / rocosm (uanpog, koguoc, world). The
world or cosmos in contradistinction to
man, the microcosm, or little universe.
Mac'rocytes (uaicpoc, kvtoq, cell). Giant
blood-corpuscles, found in the blood in
pernicious anaemia, leukaemia, etc.
Mac'rodont (uanpog, odovc, tooth).
Large-toothed. Used of the comparative
size of the teeth of different races. When
the dental length multiplied by ioo divided
by the basinasal length exceeds 44, the
skull is considered macrodont, if under
42 a microdont, if intermediate a meso-
dont.
Macroglos'sia (uanpoc, great, y?.avtov, a
plant). A cryptogamous plant thought to
be the cause of Sycosis.
MENTAL
258
MESOBLAST
Men'tal [mens, the mind). Pertaining to
the mind. Also, pertaining to the mention
or chin.
Mentha Piperita. Peppermint. The
leaves and tops of M. piperita, or common
peppermint. Properties due to a volatile
oil, in which form it is commonly used.
An aromatic, stimulant, carminative, and
antispasmodic. Valuable internally to re-
lieve flatulent colic, and externally to
relieve superficial neuralgia. Of reputed
value in typhoid fever, and as an antiseptic
in parasitic skin diseases. M.Pip., Aqua,
contains 2 parts of the oil in iooo of dis-
tilled water. Dose indefinite. M. Pip.,
Ol., the volatile oil, consists of a liquid
turpene and a camphor, ?nenthol, q. v
Dose n\j-v. M. Pip., Spt., essence of
peppermint, contains io per cent, of the
oil and I per cent, of the herb in alcohol.
Dose TTLx-xxx. M. Pip., Trochisci, each
contains ^\ of the oil, with sugar and
tragacanth. Dose indefinite.
Men/tha Viri / dis. Spearmint. The
leaves and tops of common "kitchen"
mint, M. viridis. Properties due to a
volatile oil, differing slightly in taste and
odor from oil of peppermint. Medicinal
properties like those of M. piperita. M.
Virid., Aq., 2 parts of the oil in iooo of
water. M. Virid., Ol., the volatile oil.
Dose n\ij-v. M. Virid., Spt., alcoholic,
contains io per cent, of the oil and I per
cent, of the herb. Dose n\x-xl.
Men'thol. Menthol Camphor. A stearop-
tene prepared by subjecting oil of pepper-
mint to a low temperature. The solid
substance deposited is the menthol of phar-
macy. Used externally in neuralgia, sci-
atica, etc. Unof.
Men / tum. The chin.
Mephit / ic {Mephitis, a mythological divin-
ity). A term applied to any foul or noxious
vapor.
Mercap / tan ( mercurius, mercury, captions,
seizing). An obsolescent name given to a
class of alcohols in which the oxygen is re-
placed by sulphur.
Mercier's Bar. The crescentic ridge of
submucous tissue forming the posterior
boundary of the trigone of the bladder.
Mercurial. Pertaining to mercury. M.
Rash, an eczematous eruption arising
from the continued use of mercury. M.
Palsy, a paralysis or an involuntary spas-
modic twitching of the voluntary muscles
sometimes affecting persons habitually ex-
posed to the vapor of mercury. M.
Tremors, same as M. Palsy.
Mercu'rialism. A name for the morbid
condition arising from the too free or the
long continued use of mercury. Its most
common form is described under Eczema.
Mercury. Set Hydrargyrum. M. Weed,
the herb MercuriaHs annua. Purgative,
diuretic and emmenagogue. Unof.
Merid'ian. An imaginary great circle sur-
rounding any globe and intersecting the
poles. M. of the Eye, an imaginary
circle surrounding the globe of the eye,
vertical if supposed perpendicular, or hori-
zontal if level. A lens is also described
in the same way.
Meridro'sis (uzpog, a part, tdpcjg, sweat).
A term denoting local perspiration.
Mehsmope / dia, or
Meris'ta. A bacterium multiplying by two
rectangular divisions, thus forming a group
of four cells in one plane.
Merkel's Touch Corpuscles. See Gran-
dry's Corpuscles.
Meroblas'tic [uepog, a part, S/.aarog, a
shoot). A term applied to those ova in
which the yolk is designed mainly for
nutritive purposes, and does not enter into
the structural development of the embryo.
Mer'ocele (uepog, mf/.r,, tumor). A syno-
nym of Femoral Hernia.
Mer'ycism [u?;pvKiauog, rumination). Re-
gurgitation and rechewing of food. Rumi-
nation ; a fact observed sometimes in man.
Mesaticepb/alic. See Index.
Mesencephalon (uscog, the middle, ey-
neoa/.o v, the brain). One of the divisions
of the brain, consisting of the lobe of the
left venti-icle together with the optic lobes,
the conarium and hypophysis.
Mesenteries (ueaog. svrepa, the bowels).
Those folds of the peritoneum which con-
nect certain parts of the intestine with the
abdominal wall.
Mesenteries {uscog, evrepov, an intes-
tine, trig, inflammation). Inflammation
of the mesenteric region.
Mesen'teron (uecog, evrspov). The middle
portion of the alimentary tract in the
embryo.
Me'sial (ueaog). Same as Median.
Mes / merism j Mesmer, an investigator of
the phenomena). The phenomena com-
monly known as animal magnetism, now
better known as hvpnotism.
Me'so- (ueaog, the middle). A Greek pre-
fix signifying middle.
Me'soblast (uecog, S/.aarog. sprout). The
middle layer of the blastoderm, probably
derived from the hypoblast, and from
which are developed the vascular, muscu-
MESOCyECUM
259
METANEPHROS
lar and skeletal systems, the generative
glands and excretory organs. Called also
Mesoderm.
Mesocae / cum (fteoog, ccecum). The mes-
entery that connects the back part of the
caecum with the right iliac fossa.
Mesocepb/alic. See Megacephalic.
Mesocepb/alon. See Pons Varolii.
Mesocolon (ueoog, colon). The mesen-
tery connecting the colon with the abdom-
inal wall. It is divided into ascending,
transverse and descending parts. M. Sig-
moid, the fold of the peritoneum joining
the sigmoid flexure to the left iliac fossa.
Mesoderm {jiecoc, depfia, skin). The
Mesoblast.
Mesod / me. See Mediastinum.
Mes / odont. See Macrodont.
Mesogas'tric (psaog, yaoTrjp, the stom-
ach). Pertaining to the umbilical region.
Mesogas'trium (//ecroc, yaorr/p). The
umbilical region of the abdomen.
MesognattPic. See Index.
Mesolo / bus. See Corpus Callosum.
Mesomet / rium (psaog, prjrpa, the womb).
The vascular membranous tissue connect-
ing the body of the womb with the ad-
joining parts.
Mesoneph'ros. See Reproductive
Organs.
Me / sophyll (/uecog, (pvAAov, a leaf). The
parenchyma or cellular tissue situated
within the epidermis of the leaf.
Mesor'chium (p-egoc, op%iQ, testicle). A
fold of the peritoneum holding the foetal
testes before their descent, at about the
fifth month.
Mesorec/tum. The narrow fold of the
peritoneum connecting the upper part of
the rectum with the sacrum.
Mes / orhine. See Index.
Mesos'celus. See Perinceum.
Mes / oseme. See Index.
Mesoster'num. See Gladiolus.
Mesothe / nar (psooq, devap, the palm).
The muscle drawing the thumb toward
the palm of the hand.
Mesotcechi / tis. See Mediastinum.
Mesova / rium (pEOoq, ovarium, the ovary).
A peritoneal fold connecting the embryonic
ovary to the Wolffian body.
Mesoxalyure / a. See Alloxan.
Metaba / sis (jietcl, flawo, to go beyond).
Any radical change in disease. Also, a
change in the treatment of a disease.
MetaboPic. Pertaining to Metabolism.
M. Equilibrium, the equality between
the absorption and assimilation of food,
and the excretion of effete or end-products.
Metabolism {jiEraftaAAu, to change). A
change taking place in the intimate con-
dition of cells whereby their molecule is
more complex or contains more force — ana-
bolism — or less complex — katabolism. The
former process is also called constructive or
synthetic M., the latter, destructive M.
Metacarpus (/uera, with, napiroc, the
wrist). The bones, five in number, of
the palm of the hand ; that part between
the carpus and the phalanges.
Metacb/ysis (psra, x vai S> an effusion).
The transfusion of blood. Also, the in-
troduction of any substance into the blood
by mechanical means.
Metacye / sis (//era, Kv^otg, uterine gesta-
tion). Extra-uterine gestation.
Metagenesis [jiera, yevvau, to beget). A
term used to denote the series of changes
in organic development commonly known
as alternation of generation.
Metakre / sol. See Kresol.
Met'al (jueralAov, a metal). In physics,
any elementary substance distinguished by
malleability, ductility and fusibility. .
MetaPbumin. See Paralbumin.
Metallography (psraAAov, ypacpo, to
write). A descriptive treatise on metals.
Met / alloid (hetclAAov, elSoc, form). Re-
sembling a metal, in luster and color.
Metallos / copy. See Metallotherapy.
Metallother / apy. A method of treating
certain hysterical or paralytic affections by
the application of different metals to the
affected part. There is usually a transfer
of the anaesthesia, etc., to the limb of the
other side. Called also Burcquism and
Metalloscopy.
MetamerTc. See Isomeric.
Metamorphop / sia (psrapop^ou, to change
shape, oipig, sight). An apparent dis-
tortion or change of form of objects, sup-
posed to be produced by changes in the
relative position of the retinal end-organs.
M etamor'phosis (psra, popcpoo, to change) .
A term denoting the structural changes in
form which all organisms undergo during
their development. Applied particularly to
that form of sexual reproduction in which
the embryo undergoes a series of marked
changes of external form (e.g., the chrys-
alis, the pupa stage, etc.), and in none of
which is reproduction possible until the
sexually developed form (the imago-stage
of butterflies) is produced.
MetaneprPros (pera, vEpoc, a kidney).
The posterior of the three segmental bodies
of the foetus, which forms the rudiment of
the permanent kidney and ureter.
METAPHENYLENDIAMIN
260
METRAUXE
Metaphenylendi / amin. A base similar
in action to the toxic ptomaines, quickly
producing death in animals, with ptyalism,
vomiting, diarrhoea, and excessive urinary
secretion. See Paraphenylcndiamin.
Metaphysics (pera, (pvaig, nature). That
science which includes the investigation
and discussion of the nature of mind and
all supersensible phenomena. M., Medi-
cal, the consideration of the essential
nature and cause of disease. The philoso-
phy of disease.
Metaplasia (psra, 7t?m(JG0), to form). A
type of morbid tissue-change consisting in
the transformation of one species of tissue
into another.
Metastasis (pedioTq/ui, to transpose).
The change in position, manifestation or
character of a disease, illustrated, e.g., in
mumps, the inflammation of the parotid
sometimes disappearing in a (metastatic)
orchitis. Such cases are probably explained
by supposing the transfer of the pathogenic
virus from one place to another by the
blood- current.
Metaster'num (//era, sternum, the breast-
bone). The xiphoid or ensiform appendix.
See Xiphoid.
Metatarsophalan / gian. Pertaining to
the metatarsus and phalanges.
Metatarsus {rapcog, the arch of the foot).
The bones of the arch of the foot, five in
number, situated between the tarsus and
phalanges.
Metath'esis (pera, rtdqpi, to change). An
operation designed to effect a transforma-
tion or change of the seat of disease from
one part to another.
Metatro/phia (pera, rpo^rj, nourishment).
Any morbid condition or process of nutri-
tion.
Metenceph/alon (pera, eyaetycikov, brain).
That part of the foetal brain which devel-
ops into the medulla oblongata.
Me / teorism (pereupi^o), to elevate). A
term used to denote the presence of gases
in the abdominal cavity.
Meteoriza / tion (pereupi^co). The forma-
tion of gas in the abdominal cavity.
Meteorology (psrsupov, meteor, Aoyoc, a
treatise). A treatise on the phenomena of
the atmosphere and the laws of its motions.
Me / ter. See Metric System.
Methac/etin. An analogue of phenace-
tine, having the same antipyretic qualities
as the latter, but more soluble. Unof.
Methaemoglo'bin. A mixture of albu-
min, haemoglobin and hsematin, supposed
at first to be a distinct substance.
Metb/ane. See Marsh Gas.
Methoma / nia {ped^, drunkenness, pavia,
madness). Same as Mania a Potu.
Metb/yl. In chemistry, a radical molecule,
having the composition CH 3 . It is the
base of a large number of compounds,
including an alcohol, methyl spirit and
several ptomaines. M.-guanidine, a pto-
maine, long known as a product of the
oxidation of creatine and creatinine. Has
been obtained from horseflesh after four
months' decomposition at low temperature,
and from cultures of the comma-bacillus.
A colorless, easily deliquescing mass, pos-
sessing a strong alkaline reaction. It
is highly poisonous. The symptoms are
dyspnoea, muscle-tremor and general clonic
convulsions. M.-hydrantoin, a leuco-
maine base isolated from dogs' flesh by
Albertoni, but long previously known as a
decomposition product of various nitro-
genous bases of the body. As it occurs in
muscle, it is probably derived from creatine.
It certainly belongs to the ureides, and is
intermediate between creatinine, sarconine
and urea. M. Hydride, marsh gas. M.
Spirit. See Alcohol.
Meth/ylal. A substance prepared by dis-
tilling methyl alcohol with sulphuric acid.
Hypnotic and antispasmodic. Dose gj.
Unof.
Methyl'amine. A colorless gas having
the composition N(CH 3 )H 2 , easily con-
densing to a colorless liquid. It is used
mainly as a reagent in certain organic
tests. It occurs also as a ptomaine in cer-
tain putrefactions, notably that of fish. It
is found in herring brine, to which it gives
odor.
Methylene Dichlo / ride. A general
anaesthetic, frequently used instead of
chloroform. Asserted by Genther and Eich-
holz to be more susceptible to management
than the latter in protracted operations.
Much of the methylene dichloride con-
tains 50-75 per cent, of chloroform.
Unof.
Me / tis. See Mulatto.
Metoa / rion (pera, after, ioapiov, the ovule).
The corpus luteum.
Metop / agus (prjru-ov, front, nayeig,
joined). An ensomphalic monstrosity with
united foreheads.
Me'tra (pvrpa, the womb). The uterus or
womb.
Metranae'mia {prjTpa, anczmia, lack of
blood). Uterine anaemia.
Me'trauxe (urjrpa, the womb, avfy, in-
crease). Hypertrophy of the uterus.
METRECTOPIA
261
MICROBE
Metrectopia [juerpa, the womb, eicroTrog,
displacement). Displacement of the
womb.
Metric System. A decimal system of
weights and measures employed in France
and Germany, and used generally in the
sciences of chemistry and physics. The
standard is the meter, the ro>o oVo o o P art °^
a quadrant of a meridian circle of the
earth. The standard of capacity is the
liter, a cubical volume ^ meter in each
dimension. The standard of weight is the
gramme, the weight of y^W liter of dis-
tilled water at its maximum density. The
multiples are expressed by the prefixes
deca, hecto and kilo ; the subdivisions by
the prefixes deci, centi and milli.
IOOO
meters
=
i kilometer.
100
meters
=
i- hectometer.
IO
meters
=
I decameter.
.1
meter
=
i decimeter.
.01
meter
=
I centimeter.
.001
meter
=
i millimeter.
IOOO
liters
=
i kiloliter.
IOO
liters
=
i hectoliter.
10
liters
=
i decaliter.
.1
liter
=
i deciliter.
.01
liter
=
i centiliter.
.001
liter
=
i milliliter.
IOOO
grammes
=
i kilogramme.
IOO
grammes
=
i hectogramme
10
grammes
=
i decagramme.
.1
gramme
=
i decigramme.
.OI
gramme
=
I centigramme.
.001
gramme
=
i milligramme.
In common practice, however, the follow-
ing divisions only are used, the others being
expressed in figures : —
io millimeters = i centimeter,
ioo centimeters = i meter,
iooo meters = i kilometer.
iooo cubic centimeters = i liter.
iooo milligrammes = i gramme,
iooo grammes = i kilogramme.
The following are the equivalent values : —
i meter
i liter
i gramme
i minim
39.37 inches.
2. 11 pints.
15.43 grains.
.016 centimeter.
See, also, Weights and Measures.
Metritis {jrqrpa, the womb, trig, inflam-
mation). Inflammation of the uterus.
Endometritis. See same. Parame-
tritis, inflammation of the tissues con-
nected with the uterus. Perimetritis,
inflammation of the uterine peritoneum.
MetrocoPpocele [prjrpa, /coAttoc, ktj'X.t),
tumor) . A tumor of the vagina and womb.
Metrodynia [fir)- pa, odvvrj, pain). Any
pain of the womb.
Metromalaco / sis {firjTpa, fialanoq, soft).
The condition and progress of softening of
the tissues of the uterus.
Metropatb/ic (jurjrpa, -rraOog, suffering).
Pertaining to affections of the womb.
Metroperitonitis {ji-qrpa, peritonitis).
Peritonitis involving inflammation of the
womb.
Metrophlebitis {jirjjpa, leij), a vein,
trig, inflammation). Inflammation of the
veins of the uterus.
Metrorrhagia (jurjrpa, prjyvv^aL, to burst
forth). Uterine hemorrhage not due to
menstrual discharge.
Metrorrhexes {fir/rpa, pr/gig, a rupture).
Rupture of the womb.
Metrorrhoe / a {jxrjTpa, pew, to flow). Any
morbid uterine discharge.
Metroscope {pirjTpa, cKOTreo, to observe).
An instrument for examining the uterus.
Mexican Ginger. The fresh root of
Zingiber officinale. Unof. See Zingiber.
Meynert/s Projection Systems. The
first is composed of the fibers from the
cortex of the brain through the corona
radiata in a radiate direction. The sec-
ond, longitudinal bundles of fibers pro-
ceeding downward to the ganglionic gray
matter reaching from the third ventricle
through the aqueduct of Sylvius to the
lowest part of the gray matter of the spinal
cord. The third, the peripheral nerves,
motor and sensory, proceeding from the
central tubular gray matter.
Meze / reon, or
Meze'reum. The bark of Daphne m.
A powerful sialogogue and irritant poison,
producing purging and gastro-enteric in-
flammation. Used as an antisyphilitic,
combined with sarsaparilla, but chiefly as
a local irritant to stimulate indolent ulcers.
M., Ext., used in preparation of liniment
of mustard. M . , Ext . Fid . , used in prepa-
ration of M. Ung., consisting of fld. ext.
mezereon 25, lard 80, and yellow wax 12
parts.
MPasm, or
Mias / ma (fuaivo, to pollute). A term
loosely applied to the floating germs of any
form of microbic life, especially those gen-
erating in marshy localities.
Miasmat / ic. Pertaining to or having the
nature of miasma.
MicristoFogy. See Histology.
Mic'ro- [/niKpog, small). A Greek prefix
signifying minute.
Mic / robe [jiLKpog, small, fiiog, life). The
general name of microorganisms, or
organic structures, whether animal or vege-
MICROBIAN
262
MICROSCOPE
table, that require the microscope for their
study. A large number, so far as known,
are not pathogenic. Those that are so are
eliminated by the kidney and other organs
under certain conditions, or by phago-
cytosis, or by natural antagonism. Their
thermal death point is from 129 to 140 F.
Micro / bian, or
Micro'bic. Pertaining to microbes or germ
action.
Microbiohae'mia (/impog, [3cog, at/ia,
blood). A designation of those diseased
conditions resulting from microorganisms
in the blood.
MicrobioPogy. The biology of microbian
life.
Mic / roblast. See Corpuscle.
Microblep / haron (pMipog, (3/,£
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Rapidly
clouds the
bouillon.
Persistent
cloudiness ;
reddish,
coherent,
viscous
deposit.
c
0,
A grayish
layer,
thickest in
the middle.
Thin
yellowish
pellicle,
lusterless,
but only
at 30 .
Yellow,
light
citron-
colored.
Mucoid
layer in
two days.
IT.
a
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grayish-
white
pellicles,
with
sinuous
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Thin band
of brilliant
white the
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the streak.
Large,
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rose-tii it id
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liquefy.
Cultures
grayish-
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colonies al
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pellicle ol
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Culture does
not liquefy.
Resembles
yellow wax.
White
1 iilluns,
slightly
tiatispaicnl
at surface.
Small, round
colonies at
Infecting
point.
Does not
liquefy.
Abundant
culture,
brick-red,
slightly rose-
colored.
Slides.
in circular-
shaped
colonies
with
regular
border ;
forming in
white
patches on
the surface.
Like that
oftlie
pin eding,
except that
the colonies
arc citron-
yellow.
Small,
Irregular,
yellowish
granular
discs.
3 o5
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264
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Inflammation
similar to prim-
itive infection,
but developing
more rapidly.
a
a
eS
t/J
Pathogenic. In-
fla m m a tion,
with redness
at point of in-
oculation.
a
05
CD *i cy
g|g
Somewhat mobile
coccus, i fj. ; re-
united in diplo-
cocci.
Mobile coccus,
0.5 to 1 ju. in di-
ameter.
co~
3
O
... CO
o-oo
CO u
111
T3 _0 *j
'o.ao
C/)'~'~
Cloudiness
from the
15th hour
at 35 ; very
abundant
deposit in
three days.
a*
two in
02
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51
Culture
orange
yellow, the
color
showing
from the
first day.
Cultures
not visible
to
naked eye.
Yellow
culture,
very
abundant
in two days.
Elevated
spots, at
first white,
then
orange-
yellow.
J3 .
W CO
=
P
55 ^
cd*£
E.21
Citron-yellow
colonies,
which
divide with
age. Do
not liquefy.
Liquefies the
gelatine and
produces
yellowish
flakes on
the surface.
Does not
liquefy. Dirty
yellow mu-
coid mass ;
colors jelly
yellow, with
greenish
fluorescence.
Does not
liquefy. In
streaks, the
medium band
whitish, with
indented
borders.
Glue-like yel-
low mem-
brane, invest-
ing surface.
Liquefies
slowly.
Small,
yellow,
homogene-
ous granu-
lar spots.
Small,
round,
granular
colonies.
Rounded
colonies,
with sinu-
ous bor-
ders, slight-
ly brown-
ish-yellow,
growing to
1 cm. The
gelatine
softening
around it.
il
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Blood of
patients
affected
with
Biskra
boil.
.
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Color does not
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by acids oralka-
lies.
Decolorized by
Gram's method.
^
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30
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Saprophytic.
a
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ri
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Fresh cultures
virulent, but
succeeding
cultures rapid-
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Pathogenic;
cultures quick-
ly lose their
virulence.
Action
of
Oxygen and
Heat.
w
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Somewhat large
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Asymmetric,
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mucoid
drops,
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coating.
cu
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to
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Clear,
transparent
lusterless
colonies at
35°.
Cultures do
not develop
except at
35 , attain-
ing their
maximum
in 48 hours.
Round,
brownish
colonies.
g
O
Rapid lique-
faction. The
clear liquid
deposits a
thick sedi-
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Does not
liquefy ; de-
velops slowly;
forms small,
yellow
colonies.
CO
tn >,
C33
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O
(XI
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to
c/5
Yellowish
colonies ;
liquefies
the gelatine
Round
colonies,
yellow or
dark
chrome.
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Blennor-
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in the
globules of
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epithelial
cells.
Exudate of
cerebro-
spinal
meningitis.
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Old cultures ex-
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odor.
Does not decolor-
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method.
Decolorized by
Gram's method.
Cultures have an
odor like tri-
methylamine.
Purulent infiltra-
tion at point of
inoculation.
Metastatic ab-
scesses.
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Spherical coccus,
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small mobile
chains.
Ovoid coccus, 1 to
1.5 ju- ; lanceola-
te d and sur-
rounded by a
capsule, which is
wanting in cult-
ures.
Cellules, often
united in diplo-
cocci with hya-
line capsule, not
found in the cult-
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Spherical or oval
cellules, 0.5 to 1
/a ; doubtfully
mobile.
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Milk is col-
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at its sur-
face after
5 or 6 days.
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Thick, yel-
lowish cult-
ure, some-
what viscid
Thick,
blood-red,
mucoid
layer with
metallic
luster.
O
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o
Brilliant
hyaline
drops at 35
°1
Large
bands of
carmine-
red, with
gold-green
luster.
c
C
Softens gela-
tine, after
having
formed a thin
membrane.
Sulphur at
center,
whitish at
borders.
Does not
liquefy. Cult-
ures white
and nail-
shaped.
Does not
liquefy.
Whitish
culture, nail-
shaped.
Liquefy
rapidly;
liquid very
clouded with
red. Rose-red
deposit.
12
CO
Round
colonies,
grayish-
white in
color,
growing
slowly.
Small,
whitish,
arched
colonies.
Rose eoloi -
ed discs,
darkening
in gelatine,
which they
liquefy.
<
Isolated
from urine.
Normal
saliva and
rusty spu-
tum of
pneumonia.
Rusty spu-
tum of
fibrinous
pneumonia,
pus of em-
pyema, and
of cerebro-
spinal men-
ingitis.
Air.
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in from 18 to 4«
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Cultures ca u Be
but a s i m pi e
erysipel a tons
redness.
Colors by Cram's
method.
Kills the rabbit
in twelve days.
Pound in the
walls of the ab-
scess.
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Dogs, chick-
ens and guinea
pigs refrai
lory; vii ulence
quickly lost.
o'li
•- Ed =
Saliva produces
a sort oi chro-
nic septicaemia
in hares.
Inoculation of
hare causes an
abscess.
In the rabbit
causes a sup-
puration that
tends tO e x -
lend.
Action
OF
( >xy<.kn and
Heat.
1
D
-J
Ed
U
Id
a
Rounded, solitary
coccus; double
or in masses.
Rounded coccus,
i to 2 ju ; d i s-
posed in long
chaplets; slight-
ly mobile.
oo
s
o
2 *
"o M
> o
0~
.Spherical coccus,
0.7 to 0.8 ix ; in
long chains.
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Quickly
clouds ;
numerous
chains.
Cloudiness
from 15th
hour at
35°. yel-
lowish de-
posit.
Potato.
Small, de-
pressed
colonies, of
a dirty-
white color.
Develop-
ment
hardly ap-
preciable.
V
ED
O
Round, iso-
lated colo-
nies.
1 >evelops
rapidly.
Ochre-yel-
low plaques
"3
o
Does not
liquefy. Very
small, whitish
colonies.
1 )oes not
liquefy •
Small, [sola
ted colonies.
Liquefies
alter produc-
ing colonies
of an ochre-
ous-yellow.
oi
o
c/3
Grayish
colonies,
not liquefy-
ing.
Oval colo-
nics ; gray
yellow, in-
dented bor-
ders.
Yellowish-
gray colo-
nies, granu-
lar toward
the 5th day.
<
n
<
Saliva of
puerperal
fever.
Putrid
blood of
anthrax.
Blood of
putrid
beef.
Saliva ; in
two eases
oi angina,
and in one
oi erysipe-
las of the
larynx.
Vaginal
mucus and
lochiss.
Pus of
mamillary
abscess.
Blennor-
rhagic pus
Putrefied
bl i.
U
s
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2;
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M. of septicae-
mia following
anthrax.
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M. Subflavus.
m. of progres-
sive suppura
lion ol rabbit
270
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271
MICROSEME.
272
MILK.
Mic'roseme. See Index.
Microso'mia [uinpog, acopa, the body). An
arrest of growth resulting in a dwarfing of
the whole body.
Microspo'ron [piKpog, cnopov, a seed). A
fungus to which several diseases of the
skin and hair are believed due. M. Au-
douini, the cause of Pelade, a. disease of
the hair-covered skin. M. Diphtheriti-
cum, micrococci or rod-like forms differ-
entiated by Klebs as the specific causes of
the affection. M. Furfur, the specific
fungus of Pityriasis versicolor. M.
Septicum, a round coccus found by
Klebs in the blood of septicaemia.
Mic'rostat (uinpog, LarrjuL, to stand). A
stage and finder, for attachment to a micro-
scope.
Microstoma (jumpog, arop.a, mouth). Ab-
normal smallness of the mouth.
Mic / rotome (pMcpog, rofii], a cutting). An
instrument for making thin sections for
microscopic examination. M., Freezing,
one in which the tissue is surrounded by a
freezing mixture and frozen, in order to
obtain the hardness required for section-
izing. The microtomes of Rutherford,
Hamilton, Williams, Lewis and Cathcart
are the most used.
Microzy / ma (pinpog, £vpog, leaven). Mi-
nute particles of living matter, the real
agents of the functions of the organism,
according to the theory of Bechamp, the
perversion of whose function constitutes
disease. They secrete a ferment, Zymase,
w T hich in disease is transformed into patho-
genic microbes. Microzymatous has lately
been proposed as a more correct term
than zymotic, and would include tuber-
culous, syphilitic, pneumonic, and other
diseases.
Micturition {micturiro, to pass water
often). An abnormally frequent desire to
urinate. Also, to urinate.
Mid / riff. See Diaphragm.
Mid 7 wife (Sax. mid, zvif, a wife). A
female obstetrician. A female nurse who
attends women in childbirth.
Migraine 7 . See Megrim.
Migration {jnigro, to wander). In zool-
ogy, the periodical departure of certain
animals, especially birds, to another climate.
M. of Ovum, its passage from the ovary
to the Fallopian tube. M. of White
Corpuscles, one of the phenomena of
inflammation, consisting in the passage of
the white corpuscles of the blood through
the vessel- wall.
Mik'ron. Same as Micromillimeter.
Mil'dew (Sax. mildeazv). Any fungus
producing discoloration, parasitic upon
vegetable matter.
Mil'foil. See Achillea.
Miliaria [milium, millet). Sudamina;
Miliaria Alba. A disorder of the sweat
glands, consisting of an obstruction to the
escape of their secretion. M. Crystal-
lina, a non-inflammatory form of the dis-
order. M. Papulosa, Lichen Tropicus,
or Prickly Heat, a form in which prior
inflammation causes the obstruction. M.
Rubra, or Vesiculosa, an inflamed con-
dition due to distention of the glands.
Red Gum, or Strophulus, a form occur-
ring in nursing infants; due to excessive
swathing. Miliary Fever, or Sweating
Sickness, an epidemic, febrile disease,
in which profuse sweating and miliaria are
prominent symptoms.
Miliary Fever. See Miliaria.
Military Med / icine, or Surgery. The
treatment of the diseases and wounds to
which soldiers and sailors are liable.
MilTtary Sur / gery. See Military Medi-
cine.
MilTum [milium, millet seed). Grutum;
Strophulus Albidus; Acne Albida; Tuber-
culum Sebaceum. A small pearly white
tumor seated just below the epidermis,
commonly about the forehead, orbit, cheeks
and scrotum. When the tumor receives an
infiltration of calcium carbonate and phos-
phate, it is known as cutaneous calculus.
Milk. A secretion by the mammary glands
of mammalia, consisting of an emulsion
of casein, albumen, fat, lactose and mineral
salts, in about 88 per cent, of water. Cream
consists mainly of the fats rising to the
surface of the milk. Skim-milk is the
residue left after the removal of the cream.
Buttermilk is cream from which the fatty
matter has been removed. The sp. gr. of
good milk varies from 1. 027 to 1. 034. It
should contain not less than 10 per cent,
of cream. M., Condensed, the milk of
cows from which a large part of the water
has been evaporated and sugar added. M.,
Deficiency of. See Agalactia. M., Ex-
cessive Secretion of. See Galactor-
rhcea. M. Fever, certain phenomena,
possibly with a slight rise of temperature,
attending the establishment of the secre-
tion of milk. M.-leg. See Phlegmasia
Alba Dolens. M. -plasma, the clear fluid
in which the milk-globules float. M.-
sickness, a disease supposably caused by
the milk from a cow that had eaten im-
proper food. M. Teeth, the first or tern-
MILKERS' CRAMP
273
M1TOMA.
porary teeth. M. -curdling Ferments.
See Ferments. M.-rice Culture
Medium. To ioo parts by weight of
finely powdered rice add 210 parts by
measure of a 3 to I mixture of milk and
bouillon. Beat together and sterilize. M.
Weed. Silk- weed. The root of Asclepias
comuti. Properties similar to those of A.
tuberosa. A popular cure-all in the South-
ern States. Dose of fid. ext. TT^x-zj.
Unof.
Milkers' Cramp. A spasmodic contrac-
tion of the extensors and flexors of the
forearm in consequence of continuous ex-
ertion in milking.
Milliam / pere. One-thousandth of an am-
pere, = I volt divided by 1000.
MillianPperemeter. An ammeter for ex-
ceedingly delicate electrical measurements.
Milligramme. See Metric System.
Milliliter. See Metric System.
MiFlimeter. See Metric System.
Millon's Reagent. Made by dissolving
10 grammes of mercury in 20 grammes of
nitric acid, diluting the solution with an
equal volume of water, and decanting in
twenty-four hours. Proteids warmed in
contact at 70 C. yield a purple-red color.
Mime / tic {fiifirjotQ, a mimicry). Imitating
or resembling something else.
MimTcism. Neuropathic imitation of
words, gestures, etc.
Mind. The understanding. The reason-
ing and intellectual faculties considered as
a whole. M. Blindness, loss of power
of recognition of the nature of objects,
though without loss of sight; due to cor-
tical lesion. M. Deafness, an analogous
fact in reference to hearing.
Mindere'rus, Spirit of. See Ammonii
Ac etas, Liq.
Min / eral {jninera, a mine). Any chemi-
cal combination containing an organic base
found in the earth. M. Oil, petroleum.
M. Pitch, bitumen. M. Water, water
naturally or artificially impregnated with
mineral salts or oxides. Owing to the great
and increasing importance, medically and
hygienically, of the natural spring waters
of the United States, a classified lis't of
the springs of the country has been pre-
pared and inserted as an appendix. The
general classes into which the springs are
grouped indicate the therapeutic actions of
the waters. Analyses of typical examples
of each class are given in full; of the rest,
the active ingredients are indicated by the
chemical formulae. Alkaline and Carbon-
ated springs are usually hot. Saline and Sul-
18
phur springs may be either hot or cold.
Silicious springs are always hot.
MineraFogy [minera, a mine, /.oyog, a
treatise). A treatise on minerals.
Miners' Cachexia. See Anc/iylostomiasis.
Miners' Nystag'mus. See Nystagmus.
Min'im (dim. of minus, little). The one-
sixtieth of a fluid drachm, or about one
drop.
Mint. See Mentha Viridis.
Mirage 7 (Fr. mirer, to look at carefully).
An illusion caused by the reflection of
objects against the surface at which two
layers of air of unequal density rest, the
lighter on the heavier.
Mir'ror (Fr. mirer*). A term applied to
any polished surface that reflects a large
proportion of the light falling upon it, espe-
cially a glass silvered on the anterior, or
coated with a tin amalgam on the posterior
surface. Mirrors, plane or focusing, are
used in the ophthalmoscope, laryngoscope,
otoscope, etc., to reflect light into the
cavity studied, and thus illuminate it for
observation.
Miry / achit (Rus.). A peculiar disease
observed in some oriental tribes, the chief
characteristic of which consists in mimicry
by the patient of everything said or done
by another. The same disease is called
Lata by the Javanese.
Miscarriage. See Abortion.
Mislacta / tion. See Galactia.
Mis / tletoe. See Viscum.
Mistu'ra (Lat). A mixture. In phar-
macy an aqueous preparation of an insolu-
ble substance held in suspension, usually
by the addition of soluble gum, egg-
emulsion, etc. There are II official mis-
turcB.
Mite. A term loosely applied to various
small insects, especially to Acarus siron.
Mitb/ridatism. That immunity from the
effects of a poison induced by the adminis-
tration of gradually increased doses. The
selection of the word has reference to the
fable concerning Mithridates, King of
Pontus, that he became so charged with
the poisons he experimented with, that he
obtained an immunity from them all.
Mitigated Stick, or Caustic. See
Argentum.
Mifigating (mitigo, to soften). Assuaging,
allaying. Also, a descriptive term applied
to anodynes.
MitoclPysis (juirog, thread, xvmg, liquefac-
tion). Cell-multiplication either direct or
by mitosis.
Mito / ma. See Cell-body.
MITOSIS.
274
MOXATOMIC.
Mito'sis (uiro^). The process of the for-
mation of rays or star-like forms prior to
cellular division. See Karyokinesis.
Mi'tral Valve. See Vah
Mixed Blood. See Mulatto.
Mix'ture. See Mistura.
Mnemonics [uir/ur;, the memory). The
act of remembering. The science of the
cultivation of the memory by systematic
methods.
Mobility (mobilis, movable). That prop-
erty by which the position of a body may
be changed. The condition of being
movable. M. of Fractures, Abnor-
mal, the condition of unusual motion of
parts consequent upon fracture.
Modio/lus. The central pillar or axis of
the cochlea, around which the spiral canal
takes two and one-half turns.
Mo'dus Operandi [modus, a mode, oper-
andus, an action). Method of the per-
formance of an action.
MogigraphTc {uo^tc, with difficulty,
■}papo), to write). Difficulty or inability to
execute writing movements.
Mogipho'nia (uo; /c, ouvr/, voice). Loss of
power, or difficult}' in the use of the voice.
Mohr'enheimer's Space. The groove
between the cephalic vein and humero-
thoracic artery on the deltoid muscle.
Mo'la. See Mole.
Mo'lar Teeth. See Teeth.
Molas / ses. See Theriaca.
Mole (mo/a, a mass). A proliferative
degeneration of the chorionic villi, pro-
ducing a mass of berry -like vesicles attached
to the placenta. Called vesicular M.. Jr. da-
tidiform or myxomatous degeneration of
the placenta. Also applied to a small, pig-
mented spot of the skin.
Molecule [mold). The smallest quantity
into which the mass of any substance
can be physically divided, or the smallest
quantity that can exist in a free state. A
molecule may be chemically separated into
two or more atoms. The integrity and
properties of a substance reside in its mole-
cules.
Molec / ular. Pertaining to molecules, or
composed of the same. M. Weight, the
weight of a molecule of any substance as
compared with the weight of an atom of
hydrogen. It is equal to the sum of the
weights of its constituent atoms.
Moli / men (Lat. an endeavor). Any effort
or attempt. M., Menstrual, the men-
strual act or function.
Molisch's Test ifor sugar). To 5 c.c.
of the fluid add 2 drops of a 1 7 per cent, alco-
holic solution of a-naphthol, or a solution of
thymol. Add I to 2 c.c. of concentrated
sulphuric acid, and shake. The presence
of sugar colors the a-naphthol mixture
deep violet, the thymol deep red.
MolTine {mollis, soft). A soap of potash
and cocoanut oil. proposed as a basis for
ointments. Unof.
Mollifies [mollis). Softness. M.Ossium.
See Osteo-malacia.
Molluscous (mclluseum, a shell fish).
Pertaining to the mollmca or second divi-
sion of the animal kingdom. Also, per-
taining to or having the nature of a mollusc.
Mollus / cum. (Lat.) A tenn applied to
several diseases of the skin. M. Con-
tagiosum, Molluscum Sebaceum, Molius-
cum Sessile, Acne Varioliforme, Molluscum
Verrucosum. Small, sessile, gland-like
tumors formed in the rete. The tumors
are discrete, nearly hemispherical, opaque
and of nearly pinkish luster. Usually con-
fined to the face, neck, scalp and breast.
Generally considered contagious. M. Fi-
broma. See Fibroma. M. Pendulum.
See Fibroma. M. Simplex. See Fi-
broma.
Molyb / do- (uo'/.v3Soc, lead). A prefix
denoting reference to or connection with
lead. In chemistry, sigriifying composition
with the element molybdenum.
Momentum [momen 1 a motion). Amount
of force. Also, the quantity of potential
energy possessed by a body in motion. It
is estimated as the product of its weight
expressed in units of gravity, by its velocity
expressed in units of time. It is usually
expressed in the formula m = zv v, and
may be estimated in foot-pounds or kilo-
gram meters.
Momor'dica Bu'cha. A species of cu-
cumber native to Brazil. It is a powerful
drastic purgative, useful in dropsy. Unof.
Mon- (uovoc, one). A Greek prefix de-
noting one or single.
Mon / ad. See Quantivalence.
Mon'amine. See Amine.
Mo'nas. M. Warmingii, M. Okeni, M.
Vinosa and Rhabdomonas rosea, are prob-
ably the vibratile cilia, from Beggiatoa,
disconnected and free in the water.
Monaster [uovoc, cum/p, a star). Applied
to the stage in development of the ovum
when a pencil of rays extends toward each
pole of the cell.
Monatom'ic (uovoc. atom). In chemistry,
an atom of an element, or a radical, which
is saturated by a single monad atom. See
Quantivalence.
MONELITHRIX.
275
MORBID.
Monelith / rix. A form of atrophy of the
hair characterized by a beaded appearance.
Mon'era (povog). An order of minute,
marine rhizopods, including some of the
lowest forms of life.
Mon'o- (/Ltovog). A Greek prefix signify-
ing one or single.
Monobrach / ius (povog, fipaxtcav, arm).
A developmental defect consisting in ab-
sence of one arm.
Monocepb/alus (povog, KeipaArj, head). A
double monstrosity consisting of a single
head with two bodies more or less fused.
Monochromatic (juovog, xpco/ua, a color).
Having but one color.
Mon / ocle (povog, ocuhis, eye). A single
lens or eye-glass.
Mon / oclinic (/novo?, kAlvtj, bed). Pertain-
ing to flowers that have the male and
female organs in a single perianth.
Monococ/cus (povng, noniiog, grain). A
single coccus; one not united in chains,
etc.
Monoc'ranus (p.ovog,Kpaviov,\\\e cranium).
A foetal monster with a single mass of
brain.
Monovular (/uovog, ocuhis, an eye). A
term applied to an optical instrument
having but one eye-piece. Also, having
but one eye, or pertaining to one of the
eyes.
Monoc / ulus (jiovog, ocuhis). In surgery,
a bandage for covering one eye.
Monce / cious (jiovog, oiKia, a house).
Having male and female organs united in
one animal.
Monogamous (p-ovog, yapog, marriage).
Having but one wife. In botany, flowers
which are isolated from one another or not
collected under a single capitulum.
Monoge / neous (povog, yevog, race). Of
one race or family. In botany, having but
one surface of increase.
Mon / ograph (povog, ypacpu), to write). A
treatise or memoir considering a single
subject.
Monoloc / ular {jiovoq, /ocuhis, a cell or
cavity). Having one cell. Unicellular.
Also, a one-celled cystic tumor.
Monoma / nia (fiovog, paivojiai, to rave).
A form of mania or madness in which the
person is insane or demented on one sub-
ject only, being sound on all others.
Monomaniac (povog, pavca). A person
who is insane or irrational on one subject
only.
Monomphalus (povog, opxpaAog, navel).
A double monstrosity united together with
a common umbilicus.
Monoplegia (povog, ixAriyq, a stroke).
Paralysis of a single limb.
Mon / opus. A developmental defect con-
sisting in absence of one lower limb.
Monor / chid. See Cryptorchid.
Monoso / ma (povog, oopa, body). A double
monstrosity with a single body and two
heads.
Mon / ospasm (fiovog, ciraoiiog). Convul-
sion or spasm due to cortical lesion and
affecting limited or localized areas, as the
facial, brachial, crural, etc.
Mon/sePs Solution. See Ferrum.
Mon'ster. See Monstrosity.
Monstrosity (monstrurri). A foetus or
being with an abnormal development or
deficiency of parts or some vice of con-
formation. These may be compound or
double, single or simple, according as the
monster is composed of the malformations
of one or more elementary organisms. M.,
Parasitic. A class of Compound M. in
which a subsidiary part is nourished by the
principal organism.
M on 7 strum. See Monstrosity.
Monthly, or Monthly Courses. A pop-
ular designation for the monthly menstrual
flow.
Mons Ven / eris (Lat.). The female pubic
eminence, bounded by the hypogastrium
above, the labia majora below, and the
groin upon either side.
Montic'ulus CerebePli (Lat.). The
small convex projection on the upper part
of the median line of the cerebellum.
Moon-blindness. Amblyopia caused by
exposure of the eyes to the moon's light
during sleep.
Moon'seed. See Menispermum.
Moore's Test (for sugar). Caustic potash
or soda is added until the mixture is
strongly alkaline, and it is then boiled.
If sugar be present, a yellow, brown or
brownish-black coloration is obtained. If
nitric acid be added, the odor of burned
sugar and formic acid is obtained.
Mor / al (mores, manners or customs). Con-
forming to those laws and customs neces-
sary for the healthy and righteous develop-
ment of the faculties. M. Insanity. See
Insanity.
Mor'bi. Plural of morbus. Agens
Morbi, the cause or agent of disease.
Ens Morbi, the being or essential quality
of disease.
Mor'bid (morbus, disease). Pertaining to
i disease or a departure from health. M .
I Anatomy, the anatomy of organs or tis-
/ sues in a state of disease. M. States of
MORBIDITY
276
:: . lution.
Mini, a melancholic or other abnormal
condition of the emotions that are not due
to external causes.
Morbid fry The quality of dis-
ihe conditions inducing dis-
ease. Also the statistics of the dl- e
a community at a given period.
Morbidity and Mortal'ity. A term ex-
e of the stadstical relations of disease
and the death-rate.
Morbific \morbus t fat , to make
ing or inducing disease.
Morbil'li. See Rubeola.
Mor'bus Lat.). A disease or illness.
M. Brightii. See Brigkfs Disease, if.
Caducus. See Epilepsy. M. Caeruleus.
M. Coxarius. See Cox-
M. Elephas. See Elepha
M. Senilis, the physiological retrogression
frequently seen in old age. M. Medico-
rum, the mania of those who seek the
advice of physicians for imaginary dis-
eases. Over-much doctoring. See also
_". i
Mor'dant (mordeo, to take hold). A name
given to such substances as precipitate or
" fix " ; dye colors within the fibers of any
texture, or to the staining reagents of bac-
teria,
Morgagn'i, Hy'datid of. See H\dziid.
Morgue ^Pers. Marg, death |. A dead
house. A place where unknown dead are
exposed for identification.
Mo'ria (fiupoc, fool). A form of dementia
characterized by talkativeness and childish
silliness .
Mor'ibund [morior, to die). Dying. Ripe
for dissolution. Dead.
Mor'ioplasty uopoov, part, ttaocgu, to
form). The same as autoplasty.
Moroco'nium. See Asylum.
Morodoch'ium. See Asylum.
Morphi / na, or
Mor'phir.e Me ztvc, god of sleep). The
principal alkaloid of opium, to which the
properties of that drug are chier.
Anodyne, hypnotic, and narcotic. : _ gr.
:>ne gr. opium of average strength.
M. Acetas, soluble in water. Dose gr.
- : — ; . M. Pulv. Comp.. TuLVs powder,
contains morphia sulphate I, camphor,
liquorice, and calcium carbonate aa, 20 parts.
Dosegr. v-xv. M. Hydrochloras, occurs
y crystals, soluble in water. Dose
gr. - 2 ] — j- M. et Ipecacuanhas. Troch.,
each contains gr. ■£$ of morphine. M.
Liq. Sulph., Magendie's solution, unof.,
contains morphine sulph. gr. xvj to each
r. 5. DoseTt\x-xv. M. 01eatum,unof.,
contains morphine 10, oleic acid 90 parts —
for local use. M. Sulphas, acicular crys-
tals, soluble in hot water. Dose gr. |— |.
Morphinism. The diseased condition
caused by the excessive and habitual use
of morphine.
Morphinoma'nia (H.opoevc,fiavia, mania).
Excessive use of morphine injections.
Morphae'a. A synonym of circumscribed
scleroderma. See Scleroderma and Ke-
:.-;_'.
Morphog'raphy (jjopoq, a form, ~}pa6u, to
write). A descriptive treatise or history of
natural forms.
MorphoFogy (jwpdrj, Aojoc, a treatise).
The science of the external form or shape
of organisms or of their parts.
Morpbom 'etry (uopcwy, fierpov, a measure).
The measuring or estimation of the external
:"::-_:
Morpho'sis (fwppoo, to form). Any mor-
bid formation or organic change.
Morrh'uae Oleum. Ccd- liver Oil. The
fixed oil from the livers of the cod-fish,
Gadus Morrhua and other species of
Gadus. The best and only official is pale
yellow in color, usually obtained from
drippings. An easily assimilated nutritive
food, indicated in phthisis, nervous debility
and strumous skin diseases. Black coffee
and oil of eucalyptus are the best vehicles
for administration. Dose 5jj— ij on a full
stomach, or J j— ij by inunction. Glyconin
Emulsion, contains ol. morrhuie 5 : ■'.
glyceritum vitelli (glyconin) £ix, arom.
spt. ammonia £j, sherry wine ^ij, dil.
phosphoric acid giv, essence of bitter
almond 5J to Oss. of alcohol. Lcse ~ :\
Morrhuol. Unof. An alcohplic extract
of the oil containing brcmine, iodine and
phosphorus. Alleged to have the thera-
peutic properties of the oil.
Mors Lat. . Cessation of life. Death.
M. Nigris. See Plague.
Mor'sus Diab'oli. See Fimbria.
Mortal {mors). Perishable. Liable to
death or dissolution.
Mortality m;rs . The state of being
mortal. Also, the Death-rate. M. Table.
See Life Table.
Mor'tar {mortarium, an urn). An urn-
shaped vessel for containing substances
for pulverization. It is usually of iron,
porcelain, or agate.
Mortifica'tion. See Gangrene.
Mor'ton's Solution. A solution consist-
ing of potassium iodide gr. xxx. iodine gr.
x. glycerine 3 j, used for injection in spina
': r. s's .
MORTUARY
277
MOXOSPHYRA
Mortuary {mortuarium, a tomb). A
house or tomb for temporary burial.
Mor / ula (morus, a mulberry). In embry-
ology, the mass of cells derived from the
cleavage and multiplication of the nucleus
of the impregnated ovum. Called, also,
the segmentation spheres, or the mulberry
mass. The cells themselves, from the fact
that all the tissues of the future embryo are
formed from them, are called Blastomeres.
Morgan's Disease. An ulcerative and
necrotic disease of the fingers, with anaes-
thesia, and extending to the hand, arm, and
even the head. The feet may be impli-
cated.
Morve. See Equinia.
Mos / chus. Musk. The dried secretion
obtained from the follicles of the prepuce
of the musk deer, M. Moschiferous. Al-
ways liable to adulteration, but the Chinese
musk is considered the best. A diffusible
stimulant acting on the nervous centres.
Used with advantage in the collapse of
typhoid fever and pneumonia. Used
chiefly as a perfume, the odor being
somewhat aphrodisiac. Dose gr. ij— x.
M. Tinct. 10 per cent, in strength.
Dose 5Jss.
Mosqui / to. See Culex.
Mother. A female parent. Also, any
nidus producing certain lower forms of
life, especially algae. Also, any residue
contained in a solution, as M . Liquor ; see
M. Water. M. Nucleus, see Karyokin-
esis. M. Water, the remaining solution
of salts and other substances that fail to
crystallize after the spontaneously crystal-
lizable salts have been removed. M. of
Vinegar, the filaments of Mycoderma
aceti found in vinegar, so called because,
when introduced into a saccharine solution,
it converts the same into vinegar.
Mother's Mark. See Angeioma
Motherwort. The herb Leonurus cardi-
aca. Emmenagogue, nervine, and anti-
spasmodic. A popular remedy in amenor-
rhoea and hysteria. Dose of fld. ext.
gss-ij. Unof.
Mo / tion {jnoveo, to move). Continuous
change of position. Also, an evacuation
of the bowels. M., Involuntary, a
movement of an organ or part which is not
an act of volition. M., Voluntary, any
change of position of an organ or part due
to an act of will.
Mo 7 tor {moved). A mover. A term applied
to various muscles and to a class of nerves.
M. Centers, see Center. M. Nerves,
those efferent nerves that induce muscular
contraction and relaxation. M. Oculi, see
Nerve. M. Vaso-, see Vaso- Motor.
Moto / res Oculo / rum. See lYerve, Motor
Oculi.
Moto'rial End-plates. A name given
by Kuhne to the form of termination of
motor nerve filaments in minute discs.
Mouches Volantes. See Muscce Voli-
tantes.
Mould. See Fungus.
Mound / ing. The rising in a lump of
muscle-fibers when struck by a slight firm
blow. It is observed in the thin and feeble,
and in certain diseases, as late ataxia.
Mountain-climbing. See Terrain-cure.
Mountain Laurel. See Kalmia.
Mountain Sickness. See Marea.
Mounting Fluids. Viscid solutions for
mounting section-cuttings of microscopic
specimens. Camphor, iodine, glycerine
jelly, Canada balsam, gum dammar, glycer-
ine, turpentine, etc., are used; but Farrant's
Solution, as modified by Hamilton, is highly
commended : Make a saturated solution of
arsenious acid in distilled water by boiling.
Let it stand for twenty-four hours, and
filter. Mix equal quantities of this, glycer-
ine and water, and add picked gum acacia
to make a syrupy liquid. Filter.
Mouth. The superior terminus of the ali-
mentary canal. The oval-shaped cavity in
which mastication takes place.
Mouvements de Manege. A form of
forced movement where the animal runs
about in a circle.
Movement. A motion or action. M.,
Acquired, those acquired after much
practice and the exercise of voluntary con-
trol. M., Forced, unsymmetrical move-
ments of the body from unilateral injury
of the motor centers or the conducting
paths, as in the following: Index M.,
when the anterior part of the body is
moved about the stationary posterior part.
Rolling M., when the animal rolls on its
long axis. M. Cure. See Kinesipathy.
Mower's Mite. See Leptus Autumnalis.
Mox / a. A term used to designate com-
bustible organic matter which, by burning
in contact with the skin produces deep-
seated cautery. The Chinese moxa con-
sists of bundles of Artemesia. In modern
surgery, rolls of cotton half an inch in di-
ameter, impregnated with nitre ^ j to 3 viij
are used. Unof. M. Bearer, or Porte-
Moxa, an instrument for applying the
above.
Moxosphy'ra {moxa, ovpa, a hammer).
A hammer heated in boiling water and ap-
MUCEDIX
278
MULTIPAROUS
plied to the skin for purposes of counter-
irritation.
Muce'din. See Gluten.
Mu / cigin. A substance found in goblet-
cells, which, upon the addition of water,
yields mucus.
MiFcilage. See Mucilago.
Mucilaginous. Pertaining to mucilage
or gum.
Mucilago. (Lat.) A mucilage. In phar-
macy, a thick, viscid liquid found by ex-
tracting the soluble mucilaginous principles
of certain plants in water. There are 5
unofficial mucilagines.
Mu'cin. An albuminoid tissue, the char-
acteristic substance in mucus, occurring
also in saliva, bile, mucous tissue, synovia,
etc. Decomposed it yields leucin and
tyrosin.
Mu / cocele (mucus, ktj^j}, tumor). A mucus
tumor or distention of the lachrymal sac.
Mu'coid. Resembling mucus.
Muco-pu / rulent (juvga, sap, rrvpog, putre-
fying). In the condition of secreting
mucus mingled with pus.
Mu/cor. One of the polymorphic forms of
Penicilliwn, a mould-fungus growing on
many substances, but chiefly on articles
of food, excreta, etc. Like Eurotium,
Aspergillus, etc., this fungus is not consid-
ered the specific cause of diseased condi-
tions of the mucous passages, though in
cases of bronchiectasis vomicae, pulmonary
gangrene, etc., it produces hyphse condiae
and sometimes condiophores.
Mu'cosine. An albuminoid substance
derived from mucus, — isomerous with
keratine.
Mu / cous (fivfja). Containing or having
the nature of mucus. A term applied to
those tissues that secrete mucus. M.
Membrane. See Membrane.
Mu / cus (uvga). The viscid liquid secre-
tion of the mucous membrane, composed
essentially of mucosine holding in suspen-
sion desquamated epithelial cells, leuco-
cytes, etc.
Mug / wort. The leaves and tops of
Aj-temisia vulgaris. Therapeutical prop-
erties similar to those of wormwood. See
Absinthium. Dose of fid. ext. rrvxx-^j.
Unof.
Mulatto (Sp. muleto, dim. of mule, a
mule). The offspring of a negro mother
and a white father, or of a white mother
and negro father. The term is also loosely
used of other and all degrees of intermix-
ture. According to the classification adopted
and recognized in the French slave-colonies,
the people of color were supposed to repre-
sent a whole of 128 parts white and 128
parts black. Xine different varieties of
mixed race were recognized ; but between
each of these existed a vast number of in-
termediate shades and interblendings for
which no classification was attempted, or
could be made, even in theory : —
Parts.
1. The sacratra, nearest of
all to the pure negro type,
may be the result of 5
combinations, and may
have
2. The griffe, result of 5
comb
3. The capre, or marabou,
result of 5 comb
4. The mulatre (mulatto), re-
sult of 12 comb
5. The quart eron (quadroon),
result of 20 comb
6. The metis, result of 6 comb.
7. The mamelouc, result of 5
comb j 116-120
8. The quarteronne, result of
4 comb 122-124
9. Thesa7i£--me/e (lit. "mixed
blood "), the result of 4
comb. 125-127
White. Black.
8- 16
21- 32
40- 48
7I-.76
1 04-1 1 2
96-104
80- 88
58- 72
32- 57
16- 24
8- 12
4- 6
Mulberry CaFculus. See Calculus.
MuFberry Mass. See Morula.
MuFder's Test. See Neubauefs Test.
MuFlein. See Verbascum.
Muller's Duct. See Reproductive Orgatis.
Muller's Fluid. For hardening tissue
specimens : Potassic bichromate grm. 45 ;
Sodic sulphate grm. 20; Water 2 liters.
Muller's Ring. The internal os uteri, the
upper limit of the cervical canal.
Muller's Ring Muscle. Certain fibers
of the ciliary muscle lying near the ciliary
border, abnormally developed in hyper-
opia.
MuFti- (pi. oi multus, much). A Latin pre-
fix signifying many.
MuFtifid. See Muscle, Multijidus Spince.
MultigravTda (multus, many, gravidus,
pregnant) . A woman who has been preg-
nant several times.
Multilobular [multus, lobus, a lobe).
Many lobed.
Multilobular {multus, loculus). Many-
celled.
Multipara (multus, pa rire, to bring forth V
One bearing several offspring at a birth.
Also, applied to one who has borne several
children. See Pregnancy, Multiple.
Multip / arous. Referring to a multipara.
MULTIPLE NEURITIS
279
MUSCULAR
Multiple Neuritis. A disease in which
many nerves are attacked by inflammation
at the same time. Beri-beri is commonly
regarded as an endemic multiple neuritis.
Multiple neuritis may be spontaneous,
or without assignable cause ; toxic, due
to alcohol and chronic poisoning ; infec-
tious, or complicated with other diseases ;
epidemic or endemic. The symptoms are
pain, tenderness of nerves and muscles,
anaesthesia, motor-paralysis, spasms,
cramps, vaso-motor changes, etc.
Multiplica / tor, or Multiplier. An in-
strument for detection of an electric cur-
rent and for measuring its strength.
Multipolar (multus, pokes, a pole). Hav-
ing more than two poles. Also, nerve
cells having more than two processes.
Multiv / orous (multus, voro, to devour).
Voracious.
Mummifica / tion. See Gangrene, Dry.
Mum/my (mumia). An embalmed body,
especially a body embalmed after the
Egyptian process.
Mumps. See Parotitis.
Munro's Foramen. See Foramen.
Murex / ide Test. A test for the presence
of uric acid. The suspected substance is
moistened by nitric acid, evaporated to
dryness, and again moistened with ammo-
nium hydrate. The residue, after evapo-
ration, has a yellow or pink-yellow color,
if uric acid be pres'ent, which turns to a
rich purple-red on the addition of ammo-
nium hydrate.
Muriat / ic [muria, brine). Pertaining to
sea-salt. Also, the common name for
hydrochloric. See Acid, Hydrochloric.
Mur'mur. A mimetic name for the rhyth-
mic sounds observed in auscultation, made
by the friction of moving currents in the
organs of respiration and circulation. See
Bruit. M., Arterial, the sound made by
the arterial current. M., Cardiac, those
sounds, diastolic or systolic, produced in
health or disease by the muscular actions
of the heart and the passage of the blood
through the same. M., Haemic, the
sounds due to changes in the quality or
amount of the blood itself, and not to
changes in the vessels or valves. M.,
Respiratory, the normal or abnormal
sounds of the passage of the air through
the bronchi and lung tissue during inspira-
tion and expiration. M., Uterine. See
Souffle. M., Venous. See Bruit de
diable.
Mus / cae Volitan'tes (Lat. same; Fr.
Mouches volantes). Floating spots or im-
perfections in the field of vision, due to
shadows of vitreous cells.
Mus'ca Hispanio'la. See Cantharis.
Mus / cardine. A disease of silkworms,
due to the mycelial fungus Botrytis bassi-
ana.
Muscarine. A ptomaine, the well-known
toxic principle obtained by Schmiedeberg
from poisonous mushrooms (Agaricus mus-
carius), and, later, obtained by Brieger
from haddock after five days' decomposi-
tion. Very small doses of this ptomaine
produce in rabbits profuse salivation and
lachrymation, contraction of pupil, profuse
diarrhoea, and passing of urine and semen,
and, finally, convulsions and death. Mus-
carine belongs to the Choline group, and,
like that of the other ptomaines of that
group, its action may be antagonized by
subsequent injection of atropine.
Mus'cle (Afusculus). Organic tissues pos-
sessing contractile power under nervous or
other stimulus; they provide the means
of movement in animals, and are of two
kinds, the striped and smooth, the first be-
ing voluntary, the second not directly sub-
ject to the will. M. of Animal Life,
Striped or Voluntary M., those under
the control of the will ; they are composed
of fasciculi of fibers enclosed in a delicate
tissue called internal perimysium. M. of
Organic Life, Unstriped or Involun-
tary M., those composed of spindle-
shaped, contractile fibers and nucleated cells
collected in bundles. A table arranged
alphabetically is appended, showing the
principal muscles of the human body, with
their origin, insertion, innervation and func-
tion. (See pp. 280-290.) M. -plasma,
the liquid obtained from fresh muscle by
expression, preferably after freezing. Its
coagulation is the essential condition of
rigor mortis, and is comparable to the coagu-
lation of blood. The solid proteid thus
separated is called myosin. Two of its pro-
teids, paramyosinogen and myosinogen go
to form the clot, while the other three, myo-
globulin, albumin and myoalbuminose re-
main in the muscle serum. M. -serum,
the liquid residue left after the separation
of the clot by coagulation of muscle-plasma.
See Muscle-plasma.
Mus / cular. Pertaining to a muscle or to
muscles. M. Fiber, the fibers, each
sheathed in a delicate membrane, which
compose the mass of muscular tissue. It
consists of two varieties, striped and
unstriped, the latter being associated
with involuntary, the former with vol-
TABLE OF MUSCLES (arranged alphabetically).
Name.
Origin.
Insertion.
Innervation.
Function.
Abductor miuimi Pisiform bone. First phalanx little Ulnar.
digiti. finger.
Abductor of littli
finger.
Abductor minimi Outer tuberos., os First phalanx little Ext. p'antar.
digiti. calcis and plantar toe.
fascia.
Abducts little toe.
Abductor polli- Trapezium,
cis.
First phalanx of Median,
thumb.
Draws thumb from
median line
Abductor polli- Inner tuberos., os
cis. calcis.
Accelerator uri- Central tendon of
nae. j perinaeum and me-
j dian raphe.
Adductor brevis. Ramus of pubes.
First phalanx great Int plantar,
toe.
Abducts great toe.
Bulb, spongy a n d Perinseal.
cavernous part of
penis.
Ejects urine.
Upper part linea as- Obturator,
pera of femur.
Adducts and flexes
thigh.
Adductor longus. Front of pubes. Middle of linea as- Obturator. Adducts and flexes
pera of femur. thigh.
Adductor mag- Rami of pubes and All linea aspera of Obturator and great Adducts thigh and
nus. ischium. femur. sciatic. rotates it out-
ward.
Adductor polli- 3d metacarpal. First phalanx of Ulnar,
cis. ! thumb.
Draws thumb to
median line.
Adductor polli- Tarsal ends 3 mid- Base first phalanx Ext. plantar,
cis. 1 die metatarsal. of great toe.
Adducts great toe.
Anconeus.
Back of ext. condyle
of humerus.
Aryteno- epiglot-
tideus inferior.
Arytenoid (anteri-
orly).
Olecranon and shaft Musculo-spiral. Extends forearm.
of ulna..
Epiglottis.
Recurrent 1 a r y n- Compresses saccule
geal. . of larynx.
Aryteno- epiglot-j Apex of arytenoid. Aryteno- epi g lot- Recurrent lar yn- Constricts aperture
tideus superior. tidean folds. geal. : of larynx.
Arvtenoideus.
Post, and outer bor- Back of other aryte-
der of one aryte-! noid
noid.
?up. and recurrent Closes back part of
laryngeal. glottis.
Attollens aurem. Occipito-frontalis Pinna.
I aponeurosis.
Branch cerv ical Elevates pinna,
plexus.
Attrahens aurem Lateral cranial apo- Helix,
neurosis.
Facial.
Advances pinna.
Azygos uvulae. Post, nasal spine Uvula.
I of palate bone.
Facial through Raises uvula,
spheno -palatine:
ganglion.
Biceps (2 heads). 1. Long — Glenoid T u b e r o s i ty of
cavity. 2. Short — radius.
Coracoid process.
Musculo-cutane- Flexes and supi
ous. nates forearm.
Biceps {2 heads). 1. Ischial tuberos- Head of fibula,
ity. 2. Linea as-
pera.
Great sciatic.
Flexes and rotates
leg outward.
Bi venter cervi- Transv. processes, Sup. curved line of:
cis. 2-4 upper dorsal. I occipital.
Portion of com- Retracts and ro-
plexus. tates head.
Brachialis an ti- Lower half shaft Coronoid proc. of
cus. of humerus. ulna.
Musculo-cutane- Flexes forearm.
ous, musculo-spi-
ral.
280
TABLE OF MUSCLES (ARRANGED ALPHABETICALLY).— Continued.
Name.
Origin.
Insertion.
Innervation.
Function.
Buccinator.
Alveolar process of
maxillary bones
and pterygo-max-
illary ligament.
Orbicularis oris.
Facial.
Compresses cheeks
Cervicalis ascen-
dens.
Angles of 5 upper
ribs.
Tra n s v e r s e pro-
cesses of 4th, 5th
and 6th cervical.
Branches of cervi-
cal.
Keeps neck erect.
Coccygeus.
Ischial spine.
Coccyx.
Sacral
Supports coccyx,
and closes pelvic
outlet.
Complexus.
Transv. process 7th
cervical and 3 up-
per dorsal, and
artic. processes of
4th to 6th cervical.
Occipital bone.
Sub-occipital, great
occipital, and
branches of cervi-
cal.
Retracts and ro-
tates head.
Compressor na-
ris.
Sup. maxillary.
Fellow muscle.
Facial.
Dilates nostril.
Compressor na-
rium minor.
Alar cartilage.
Skin at end of nose.
Facial.
Dilates nostril.
Compressor ure-
thras.
Ramus of pubes.
Fellow muscle.
Perinaeal.
Compresses ure-
thra.
Crico- arytenoi-
deus lateralis.
Side of cricoid.
Angle and ext. sur-
face of arytenoid.
Recurrent laryn-
geal.
Closes glottis.
Crico - arytenoi-
deus posticus.
Back of cricoid.
Base of arytenoid.
Recurrent laryn-
geal.
Opens glottis.
Crico-thyroid.
Cricoid cartilage.
Thyroid cartilage
(lower inner bor-
der).
Sup. laryngeal.
Tenses vocal cords.
Constrictor (in-
ferior).
Cricoid and thyroid
cartilages.
Pharyngeal raphe.
Glosso- pharyngeal,
pharyngeal plexus
and external laryn-
geal.
Contracts pharyn-
geal caliber.
Constrictor (mid-
dle).
Cornua of hyoid
and stylo-hyoid
ligament.
Pharyngeal raphe.
Glosso - pharyngeal
and glosso-p ha-
ryngeal plexus.
Contracts pharyn-
geal caliber.
Constrictor (su-
perior).
Int. pterygoid plate,
pterygo-max, lig.,
jaw and side of
tongue.
Pharyngeal raphe.
Glosso -pharyngeal
and pharyngeal
plexus.
Contracts caliber of
pharynx.
Coraco - brachi-
alis.
Coracoid process
of scapula.
Inside shaft of hu-
merus.
Musculo-cutaneous
Draws arm forward
and inward.
Corrugator su-
percilii.
Superciliary ridge.
Orbicularis palpe-
brarum.
Facial.
Draws eyebrow
down and in.
Crureus.
See Vastus Interims
Deltoid.
Clavicle, acromion
and spine of scapu- 1
la.
Shaft of humerus.
Sub-scapular.
Rotates humerus
inward.
Depressor anguli
oris.
Ext. obi. line inf. Angle of mouth,
maxillary.
Facial.
Depresses angle of
mouth.
Depressor alas
nasi.
Incisive fossa sup. Septum and ala of
maxillary. 1 nose.
Facial.
Contracts nostril.
281
TABLE OF MUSCLES (ARRANGED AIJ»HABETICALLY).— Continued.
Name.
Origin.
Insertion. Innervation.
Function.
Depressor labii Ext. obi. inf. max- Lower lip.
inferioris. illarv.
Facial.
Diaphragm.
Ensiform cart., 6 or Central tendon. Phrenic.
l 7 lower ribs, liga-
menta arcuata , :
bodies of lumbar
verteb.
Digastric (ante- Inner surface inf. Hyoid bone,
rior belly)- m axi 1 1 ary , near
symphysis.
Inf. dental.
Digastric (poste- Digastric groove of Hyoid bone,
rior belly). mastoid process, i
Facial.
Dilator naris an- Alar cartilage,
terior.
Border of ala.
Facial.
Dilator naris Nasal notch sup. Skin at margin of Facial,
posterior. maxillary. nostril.
Depresses lip.
Respiration and ex-
pulsion.
Elevates hyoid and
tongue.
Elevates hyoid and
tongue.
Dilates nostril.
Dilates nostril.
Dorsal interos- Sides metacarpal. Bases of phalanges. Ulnar,
sei, 4.
Dorsal interos- Sides metatarsals. Base 1st phalanx Ext. plantar,
sei. corresponding toe.
Abduct fingers from
median line.
Abduct toes.
Erector penis. Ischial tuberosity, Crus penis,
crus penis and pu-
bic ramus.
Perinaeal.
To maintain erec-
tion.
Erector spinae. Iliac crest, back of Divides into sacro-lumbalis and longissimus dorsi.
sacrum, lumbar
and three lower
dorsal spines.
Extensor brevis Os calcis, external- 1st phalanx great Ant. tibial,
digitorum. ly. toe and tendons of
extensor longus.
Extends toes.
Extensor carpi Ext. condyloid Base 3d metacarpal. Post, interosseus.
radialis brevior. ridge of humerus.
Extends wrist.
Extensor carpi Lower % ext. con- Base 2d metacarpal Muscuio-spiral.
radialis longior. dyloid ridge of hu-
Extends wrist.
Extensor carpi Ext. condyle of hu- Base 5th metacar- Post, interosseus. Extends wrist.
ulnaris. | merus.
pal.
Extensor coccy-
gis.
Last bone of sacrum Lower part of coc- Sacral branches,
or first of coccyx. cyx.
Extends coccvx.
Extensor com-
munis digito-
rum.
Exter. condyle of All 2d and 3d pha- Post, interosseus.
humerus. langes.
Extends fingers.
Extensor indicis. Back of ulna.
2d and 3d phalanges Post, interosseus.
index.
Extends index.
Extensor longus Outer tuberosity of 2d and 3d phalanges Ant. tibial,
digitorum. tibia and shaft of of toes,
fibula.
Extends toes.
Extensor minimi
digiti.
External condyle of 2d and 3d phalanges Post, interosseus.
humerus. little finger.
Extensor primi Back of radius,
internodii pol-
licis.
Base 1st phalanx of Post, interosseus.
thumb.
Extensor of little
finger.
Extends thumb.
283
TABLE OF MUSCLES (ARRANGED ALPHABETICALLY).— Continued.
Name.
Origin.
Insertion.
Innervation.
Function.
Extensor ossis Back of radius and
metacarpi pol-l ulna,
licis.
Base of metacarpal
of thumb.
Post, interosseus.
Extends thumb.
Extensor pro-
priuspollicis.
Middle of fibula.
Base last phalanx
great toe.
Ant. tibial.
Extends toe.
Extensor secun-
di inter no dii
pollicis.
Back of ulna.
Base last phalanx
of thumb.
Post, interosseus.
Extends thumb.
Flexor accesori-
us {2 heads).
1. Inner; 2. Outer
surface os calcis.
Tendon flexor lon-
gus digit.
Ext. plantar.
Accessory flexor of
toes.
Flexor b r e v i s
digitorum.
Inner tuberos. os
calcis and plantar
fascia.
2d phalanges lesser
toes.
Int. plantar.
Flexes lesser toes.
Flexor brevis
pollicis.
Trapezium, trape-
zoid, os magnum,
base of 3d metacar-
pal.
Base 1st phalanx of
thumb.
Median and ulnar.
Flexes thumb.
Flexor brevis
minimi digiti.
Unciform bone.
1st phalanx of little
finger.
Ulnar.
Flexes little finger.
Flexor brevis
minimi digiti.
Base 5th metatar-
sal.
Base 1st phalanx of
little toe.
Ext. plantar.
Flexes little toe.
Flexor brevis
pollicis.
Cuboid and ext. cu-
neiform bones.
1st phalanx of great
toe.
Int. plantar.
Flexes great toe.
Flexor carpi ra-
dialis.
Internal condyle.
Metacarpal bone of
index.
Median.
Flexes wrist.
Flexor carpi ul-
naris {2 heads).
1. Inter, condyle.
2. Olecranon and
ulna
5th metacarpal
annular lig. and
pisiform bone.
Ulnar.
Flexes wrist.
Flexor 1 n g u s
digitorum.
Shaft, of tibia.
Last phalanges of
toes.
Post, tibial.
Flexes phalanges
and extends toes.
Flexor longus
pollicis.
Shaft of radius.
Last phalanx of
thumb.
Ant. interosseus.
Flexes the phalanx.
Flexor longus
pollicis.
Lower % shaft
fibula.
Last phalanx of
great toe.
Post, tibial.
Flexes great toe.
Flexor profun-
dus digitorum.
Shaft of ulna.
Last phalanges by
4 tendons.
Ulnar and ant. in-
terosseus.
Flexes the pha-
langes.
Flexor sublimis
digitorum (j
heads).
1. Inner condyle.
2. Coronoid pro-
cess. 3. Oblique
line of radius.
2d phalanges by 4
tendons.
Median.
Flexes 2d pha-
langes.
Gastrocnemius (2
heads).
Condyle of femur.
Os calcis by tendo
Achillis.
Int. popliteal.
Extends foot.
Gemellus infe-
rior.
Tuberosity of ischi-
um.
Great trochanter.
Sacral.
Ext. rotator of
thigh.
Gemellus supe-
rior.
Ischial spine.
Great trochanter.
Sacral.
Ext. rotator of
thigh.
Genio-hyoid.
Inf. genial tuber-
cle of inf. maxil-
lary.
Body of hyoid.
Hypo-glossal.
Elevates and ad-
vances hyoid.
283
TABLE OF MUSCLES (ARRANGED ALPHABETICALLY).— Continued.
Name.
ORIGIN.
Insertion
Innervation.
Function.
Genio-hyo-glos-
sus.
Gluteus maxi
mus.
Gluteus medius.
Gluteus mini
mus.
Sup. genial tuber-
cle of inf. maxil-
lary.
Hyoid and bottom
of tongue.
Sup. curved iliac
line and crest, sac-
rum and coccvx.
Ilium between sup.
and mid. curved
lines.
Gracilis.
Hyo-glossus.
Ilium between mid.
and inf. curved
lines.
Rami of pubes and
ischium.
Cornua of hvoid.
Fascia, and femur
below great tro-
chanter.
Hypoglossal.
Inf. gluteal and sac-
ral plexus.
Retracts and pro-
trudes tongue.
Extends, abducts,
and rotates thigh
outward.
Oblique line great Sup. gluteal,
trochanter.
Rotates, abducts,
and advances
thigh.
Great trochanter. jSup. gluteal.
Rotates, abducts,
! and draws thigh
[ forward.
Tibia, upper and in-: Obturator,
ner part.
Side of tongue. Hypoglossal.
Flexes and abducts
leg.
Depresses side of
tongue.
Iliacus.
illiac fossa, crest, Lesser trochanter. I Ant. crural.
i base of sacrum.
I Flexes and rotates
, femur outward.
Infracostals, 10.
• Inner surface ofjnner surface of : Intercostal.
j ribs. 2 or 3 ribs below. I
Inspiration.
Infra-spinatus. i Infra-spin ous
fossa. Great tuberosity of Supra-scapular.
i humerus.
Rotates humerus
I outward.
Intercostals, ex-
ternal, n.
Intercostals, in-
ternal, 12.
Inter-spinales.
Inter- transver-
sales.
Latissimus dorsi.
Outer lip of inf.Sup. border of ribs Intercostal,
costal border. above.
Raise ribs in inspi-
ration.
Inner lip of inf. Sup. border of ribs Intercostal,
costal border. I below.
Depress ribs in ex-
piration.
Between spines of contiguous vertebrae.
Between transv. proc. of contiguous vertebrae.
Spines of 6 lower Bicipital groove of Subscapular,
dorsal and lumbar humerus,
and sacral verte-|
brae, crest of ileum,
and 3 or 4 lower
ribs.
Draws arm back-
ward and down-
ward.
Laxator tympani
major.
Spinous process Neck of malleus,
sphenoid and!
tube.
: Facial.
Relaxes membrana
tympani.
Levator a n g u 1 i
oris.
Levator anguli
scapulae.
Canine fossa sup. Angle of mouth,
maxillary.
Facial.
Elevates angle of
mouth.
Transverse pro- Post, border of sea- 5th cervical and Elevates upper
cesses of 4 upper pula. cervical plexus. angle of scapula,
cervical.
Levatores costa-
rum, 12
Trans, proc. of dor- Each to the rib Intercostal.
I sal vertebrae. J below.
Raise ribs.
Levator ani.
Levator labi
inferioris.
Post, body and Rectum, c occyx, Sacral and perineal.
I ramus of pubes, and fibrous raphe,
pelvic fascia, ischi-
al spine.
Incisive fossa inf. Skin of lower lip. Facial.
maxillary.
Supports rectum
vagina, etc.
Elevates lower lip.
284
TABLE OF MUSCLES (ARRANGED ALPHABETICALLY.— Continued.
Name.
Origin.
Insertion.
Innervation.
Function.
Levator labii
superioris.
Lower margin of
orbit.
Upper lip.
Facial.
Elevates lip.
Levator labii su-
perioris alaeque
nasi.
Nasal process sup.
maxillary.
Alar cartilage and
upper lip.
Facial.
Elevates lip, dilates
nostril.
Levator palati.
Petrous portion of
temple.
Soft palate.
Spheno-palatine
ganglia (.facial).
Elevates soft pal-
ate.
Levator palpe-
bral sup.
Lesser wing of
sphenoid.
Upper tarsal carti-
lage.
Third.
Lifts upper lid.
Lingualis.
Under surface of
tongue.
Chorda tympani.
Elevates center of
tongue.
Longissimus
dorsi.
Erector spinae.
Transverse pro-
cesses of lumbar
and dorsal 7-11
ribs.
Branches of lumbar
and dorsal.
Erects spine and
bends trunk back-
ward.
Longus colli : —
i. Superior ob-
lique portion.
2. Inferior ob-
lique portion.
3. Vertical por-
tion.
Transverse pro-
cesses 3d~5th cer-
vical.
Bodies of ist-3d
dorsal.
Bodies of 3 dorsal
and 3 cervical.
Anterior tubercle
of atlas.
Transverse pro-
cesses 5th-6th cer-
vical.
Bodies of 2d-4th
cervical.
Lower cervical.
Flexes cervical ver-
tebrae.
Lumbricales, 4.
Tendons of deep
flexor.
Tendons of com-
mon extensor.
Median and ulnar.
Flex 1st phalanges
Lumbricales, 4.
Tendons flexor
longus.
Second phalanges
lesser toes.
Int. and ext. plan-
tar.
Accessory flexors.
Masseter.
Zygomatic arch.
Angle and ramus
of jaw.
Inf. maxillary.
Muscle of masti-
cation, molar
teeth.
Multifidus spi-
nas.
Sacrum, iliac
spine, artic. proc.
lumbar and cer-
vical verteb., and
transverse proc.
of dorsal.
Laminae and spines
next 4 vertebrae
above.
Post, spinal branch-
es.
Erects and rotates
spinal column.
Musculus acces-
sorius ad sacro-
lumbalem.
Angles of 6 lower
ribs.
Angles of 6 upper
ribs.
Branches of dorsal.
Erects spine and
bends trunk back-
ward.
Mylo-hyoid.
Mylo-hyoid ridge
of inf. maxillary.
Body of hyoid and
raphe.
Inf. dental.
Elevates and ad-
vances hyoid.
Forms floor f
mouth.
Obliquus capitis,
inferior.
Spinous proc. atlas.
Trans, proc. same.
Sub. and great
occipital.
Rotates atlas and
cranium.
Obliquus capitis,
superior.
Trans, proc. atlas.
Occipital bone.
Sub. and great
occipital.
Draws head back-
ward.
Obliquus exter-
nus.
8 lower ribs.
Middle line, iliac
crest Pouparts
ligament.
Intercostal ilio-
hypogastric, ilio-
inguinal.
Compresses viscera
and flexes thorax.
Obliquus, in fe-
rior.
Orbital plate sup.
maxillary.
Sclerotic.
Third.
Rotates eyeball up
and out.
285
TABLE OF MUSCLES (ARRANGED ALPHABETICALLY).— Continued.
Name.
Origin.
Insertion.
Innervation.
Function.
Obliquus inter- Lumbar fascia, iliac Four lower ribs, Intercostal, i 1 i o
nus. crest, Poupart's linea alba, pubic hypogastric, ilio-
ligament. crest, pec t i n ea 1 inguinal.
line.
Compresses viscera
and flexes thorax.
Obliquus s u p e- Above optic fora-
rior. men, through pul-
lev.
Sclerotic.
Fourth.
Rotates eyeball
I down and out.
Obturator inter- Obturator foramen
nus. and membrane.
Great trochanter. Sacral.
Obturator exter- Obturator foramen
nus. and membrane.
Digital fossa, base Obturator,
of great trochan-
ter.
Occipito- front- Sup. curved 1 in e Aponeurosis.
I of occiput and
angular process of
I frontal.
alis.
Omo-hyoid.
i Upper border of
I scapula.
Ext. rotator of
thigh.
Ext. rotator of
thigh.
Body of hyoid.
Opponens mini- Unciform bone. 5th metacarpal.
mi digiti.
Post, auricular, Moves scalp. Facial
small occi p it al, expression,
facial.
Descendens a n d Depresses and re-
communicans tracts hyoid.
noni.
Ulnar.
I Flexes little finger.
Trapezium.
Opponens polli
cis.
Orbicularis oris. Nasal septum and
I canine fossa of
inf. maxillary,
( by accessory fibers
Metacarpal of
thumb.
Median.
Flexes thumb.
Forms lips and
sphincter of mouth
Facial.
Closes mouth.
Orbicularis pal-
pebrarum.
Internal margin of
orbit.
Outer margin of
orbit.
Facial.
Palato-glossus. Soft palate.
Closes evelids.
Side and dorsum of
tongue.
Spheno-palatinelC on strict s the
ganglion.
Palato-p haryn
geus.
Palmaris inter-
ossei.
Soft palate.
Thyroid c a r t i
lage and p h a
rynx.
Spheno-pal a t in e
ganglion.
Palmaris brevis.
Palmar surfaces 2d,
4th and 5th meta-
carpals.
Bases of ist phalan-
ges of correspond-
ing fingers.
Ulnar.
Annular ligament
and palmar fascia.
Skin of palm of
hand.
Ulnar.
Palmaris longus. Internal condyle.
Annular lig and
palmar fascia.
Median.
Pectineus.
Ilio-pectineal line
and pubes.
Femur below lesser
trochanter.
fauces.
Closes posterior
nares.
Adductors of fin-
gers.
Corrugates skin of
palm.
Tenses fascia.
Ant. crural, obtura- Flexes thigh and
tor. rotates it out.
Pectoralis major. Clavicle, sternum Ext. bicipital ridge Ant. thoracic. Draws arm down
and costal carti- of humerus. I and forward.
'■ lages.
Pectoralis minor. 3d, 4th, and 5th ribs Coracoid process.
Ant. thoracic.
Depresses point of
shoulder.
Peroneus brevis. I Middle Y 3 shaft'Base 5th metatar- Musculocutaneous Extends foot.
fibula, externally.
Peroneus longus. Head and shaft of
fibula.
sal.
First metatarsal Musculocutaneous Extends and everts
great toe. foot.
286
TABLE OF MUSCLES (ARRANGED ALPHABETICALLV).— Continued.
Name.
Origin.
Insertion.
Innervation.
Function.
Peroneustertius.
Lower Vi, of fibula.
5th metatarsal
bone.
Ant. tibial.
Flexes tarsus.
Plantaris inter-
ossei.
Shafts 3d, 4th and
5th metatarsal.
Base 1st phalanges
of same.
Ext. plantar.
Adducts toes.
Plantaris.
Outer bifurcation
of linea asp era
and post. lig. of
knee.
Os calcis by tendo-
Achillis.
Int. popliteal.
Extends foot.
P 1 a t y s m a ray-
oides.
Clavicle, achromion
and fascia.
Inf. maxillary,
angle of mouth,
etc.
Facial and super-
ficial cervical.
Wrinkles skin and
depresses mouth.
Popliteus.
Ext. condyle of fe-
mur.
Shaft of tibia above
oblique line.
Int. popliteal.
Flexes leg.
Pronator quad-
ratus.
Lower % of ulna.
Lower % shaft of
radius.
Ant. interosseus.
Pronates hand
Pronator 'radii
teres.
Int. condyle and
coronoid process.
Outer side shaft of
radius.
Median.
Pronates hand.
Psoas magnus.
Bodies and trans-
verse process, last
dorsal and all lum-
bar vertebrae.
Lesser trochanter.
Lumbar.
Flexes aud rotates
thigh outward,
and flexes trunk
on pelvis.
Psoas parvus.
Bodies last dorsal
and 1st lumbar
vertebrae.
Ilio-pectineal emi-
nence and iliac
fascia.
Lumbar.
Tensor of iliac
fascia.
Pterygoid (ex-
ternal).
Two heads. Ext.
pterygoid plate of
sphenoid.
Neck of condyle.
Inf. maxillary.
Draws inf. maxil-
lary forward.
Pterygoi d (in-
ternal).
Pterygoid fossa of
sphenoid.
Inner surface of
angle of jaw.
Inf. maxillary.
Raises and draws
inf. maxillary for-
ward.
Pyramidalis.
Pubes.
Linea alba.
Ilio-hypogastric.
Tenses linea alba.
Pyramidalis nasi
Occipito-frontalis.
Compressor naris.
Facial.
Depresses eyebrow
Pyriformis.
Front of sacrum,
through great sci-
atic foramen.
Great trochanter.
Sacral.
External rotator of
thigh.
Quadratus fem-
oris.
Tuberosity ischium
Quadrate line of
femur.
Sacral.
Ext. rotator of
thigh.
Quadratus lum-
borum.
Crest of ilium,
transverse process
lower 3 lumbar
vertebrae.
Last rib, transverse
process last 3 lum-
bar vertebrae.
Lumbar.
Flexes thorax later-
ally.
Quadriceps ex-
tensor.
Includes the rectus, vastus int. and ext., and crureus muscles. Common tendon
contains the patella.
Rectus abdomi-
nis.
Pubic crest.
Cartilages 5th to 7th
ribs.
Intercostal, ilio-
hypogastric, i 1 i 0-
inguinal.
Compresses viscera
and flexes thorax.
Rectus capitis
anticus major.
Transverse pro-
cesses 3d-6th cer-
vical.
Basilar process.
Cervical plexus.
Flexes head.
Rectus capitis
anticus minor.
Transverse process
and lateral mass
of atlas.
Basilar process.
Cervical plexus.
Flexes head.
387
TABLE OF MUSCLES (ARRANGED ALPHABETICALLY).— Continued.
Name.
Origin.
Insertion.
Innervation.
Function.
Rectus capitis
posticus major.
Spine of axis.
Inf. curved line oc-
ciput.
Sub. and great oc-
cipital.
Rotates head.
Rectus capitis
posticus minor.
Post, arch atlas.
Below inf. curved
line occipital.
Sub. and great oc-
cipital.
Draws head back-
ward.
Rectus externus.
Two heads, outer
margin optic fora-
Sclerotic.
Sixth.
Rotates eyeball out-
ward.
Rectus femoris.
Ant. inf. iliac
spine, brim aceta-
bulum.
Tuberosity of tibia.
Ant. crural.
Extends leg.
Rectus inferior.
Lower margin optic
foramen.
Sclerotic.
Third.
Rotates e y e b a 1 1
downward.
Rectus internus.
Inner margin optic
foramen.
Sclerotic.
Third.
Rotates eyeball in-
ward.
Rectus lateralis.
Transverse process
of atlas.
Jugular process.
Cervical plexus.
Draws head lat-
erally.
Rectus superior.
Upper margin optic
foramen.
Sclerotic.
Third.
Rotates eyeball up-
ward.
Retrahens aurem
Mastoid process.
Concha.
Posterior-auricular.
Retracts pinna.
R h o m b o i deu s
major.
Spines of 5 upper
dorsal.
Root of spine of
scapula.
5th cervical.
Elevates and re-
tracts scapula.
Rho mboideus
minor.
Spines of 7th cer-
vical and 1st dor-
sal.
Root of spine of
scapula.
5th cervical.
Retracts and ele-
vates scapula.
Risorius.
Fascia over mas-
seter.
Angle of mouth.
Facial.
Draws out angle.
Rotatores spinas
Transv. proc. 2d to
12th dorsal.
Lamina next dorsal
above.
Dorsal branches.
Rotate spinal col-
umn.
Sacro-lumbalis.
Erector spinas.
Angles of 6 lower
ribs.
Branches of dorsal.
Erects spine and
bends trunk back-
ward.
Sartorius.
Ant. sup. spine ili-
um.
Upper int. shaft
tibia.
Scalenus anticus
T ubercl e on 1st
rib.
Scalenus medius
:st rib.
Scalenus pos t i
cus.
2d rib.
Semi-membrano
sus.
Tuberosity of ischi
um.
Se m i spi na lis
colli.
Se m i s p i n a 1 i s
dorsi.
Transv. proc. 4 up-
per dorsal and
artic. proc. 4 lower
cervical.
Transverse p r o -
cesses 3d-6th cer-
vical.
Transv. processes
6 lower cervical.
Transv. processes
3 lower cervical.
Inner tuberosity of
tibia.
Spines 2d to 5th cer-
vical.
Ant. crural.
Flexes and crosses
legs.
Lower cervical.
Flexes neck later-
ally.
Lower cervical.
Flexes neck later-
ally.
Lower cervical.
Great sciatic.
Cervical branches.
Bends neck later-
ally.
Flexes leg and ro-
tates it inward.
Erects spinal col-
umn.
Transv. proc. lowerSpines last 2 cervi-! Branches of dorsal. Erects spinal col-
dorsal, vical and 4 upper umn.
dorsal.
288
TABLE OF
MUSCLES (ARRANGED ALPHABETICALLY).— Continued.
Name.
Origin.
Insertion.
Innervation.
Function.
Semi-tendinosus
Tuberosity of ischi-
um.
Jpper and inner
surface of tibia.
Great sciatic.
Flexes leg on thigh.
Serratus magnus
1 upper ribs.
Inner margin post,
border scapula.
Post, thoracic.
Elevates ribs in in-
spiration.
Serratus posticus
inferior.
Spines of last two
dorsal and first
three lumbar.
Four lower ribs.
Post, branches of
dorsal.
Depresses ribs i n
expiration.
Serratus posticus
superior.
Spines of 7th cervi-
cal and two upper
dorsal.
2d, 3d, 4th, and 5th
ribs.
Post, branches of
cervical.
Raises ribs in in-
spiration.
Soleus.
Shaft fibula, oblique
line tibia.
Os calcis by tendo-
Achillis.
Int. popliteal.
Extends foot.
Sphincter ani.
Tip of coccyx.
Tendinous center
of perinaeum.
Hemorrhoidal.
Closes anus.
Sphincter va-
ginae.
Central tendon of
perinaeum.
Corpora cavernosa
and clitoris.
Homologue of accelerator urinae in
male.
Splenius capitis
et colli.
Half of lig. nuchae
and spines of 6 up-
per dorsal.
Into occiput and
mastoid, also trans-
verse processes of
4 upper cervical.
Post, branches of
cervical.
Retracts head and
keeps neck erect.
Spinalis colli.
Spines of 5th and
6th cervical.
Into spine of axis,
or 3d and 4th cer-
vical spines.
Cervical branches.
Steadies neck.
Spinalis dorsi.
Last two dorsal and
first two lumbar
spines.
Remaining dorsal
spines.
Dorsal branches.
Erects spinal
column.
Stapedius.
Interior of pyra-
mid.
Neck of stapes.
Facial.
Depresses base of
stapes.
Sterno-c 1 e i d o -
mastoid.
Two heads, sternum
and clavicle.
Mastoid process.
Spinal accessory
and cervical plexus
Depresses and ro-
tates head.
Sterno-hyoid.
Sternum and clavi-
cle.
Hyoid bone.
Descending & com-
municating branch-
es hypoglossal.
Depresses hyoid.
Sterno-thyroid.
Sternum and carti-
lage of first rib.
Side of thyroid
cartilage.
Hypoglossal.
Depresses larynx.
Stylo-glossus.
Styloid process.
Side of tongue.
Hypoglossal.
Elevates and re-
tracts tongue.
Stylo-hyoid.
Styloid process.
Body of hyoid.
Facial.
Draws hyoid up
and back.
Stylo-pharyn -
geus.
Styloid process.
Thyroid cartilage.
Glosso-pharyngeal,
and pharyngeal
plexus.
Elevates pharynx.
Subanconeus.
Humerus above
olecranon fossa.
Post. lig. of elbow.
Musculo-spiral.
Tensor of ligament.
Subclavius.
Cartilage of 1st rib.
Under surface of
clavicle.
5th and 6th cervi-
cal.
Draws clavicle
downward.
Subcrureus.
Ant. inf. part of fe-
mur.
Synovial sac be-
hind patella.
Ant. crural.
Draws sac up.
Supinator brevis
Ext. condyle hu-
merus, oblique
line of ulna.
Neck of radius and
its bicipital tuber-
osity.
Post, interosseus.
Supinates hand.
Supinator longus
Ext. condyloid
ridge of humerus.
Styloid process of iMusculo-spiral.
radius.
Supinates hand.
Supra-spinales.
Lie on spinous processes in cervical region.
19
289
TABLE OF MUSCLES (ARRANGED ALPHABETICALLY).— Continued.
Name.
Origin.
Insertion.
Innervation.
Function.
Supra-spinatus. Supra-spinous fossa Great tuberosity of Supra-scapular.
j humerus.
Supports shoulder
joint, raises arm.
Temporal. Temporal fossa and Coronoid process Inf. maxillary,
fascia. 1 inf. maxillary.
Brings incisor
teeth togethor.
Tensor palati. Scaphoid fossa of About hamular pro- Otic ganglia,
i sphenoid. | cess into soft palate
Renders palate
tense.
Tensor tarsi. .Lachrymal bone. Tarsal cartilages. Facial.
Tensor tympani
Temporal bone, Handle of malleus. .Otic ganglia.
Eustachian tube!
and canal.
,Compresses puncta
' and lachry mal sac.
Renders tense mem-
! brana-tympani.
Tensor vaginae
femoris.
Teres major.
Teres minor.
Iliac crest and ant,
sup. spinous pro-
Inf. angle scapula
Axillary border of
scapula.
Thyro-a r y t e n ■
oideus.
Thyro-epiglot-
tideus.
Thyro-hyoid.
Thyroid and crico-
i thyroid m embrane
Inner surface of
| thyroid.
Fascia lata.
Int bicip. ridge of
humerus.
Sup. gluteal.
Sub-scapular.
Great tuberosity of Circumflex,
humerus.
Tensor of fascia.
Draws arm down
and back.
Rotates humerus
outward.
Arytenoid, inf. and
ant. surface.
Recurrent laryn-
geal.
Relaxes vocal
I cords.
Epiglottis.
(Side of thyroid
I cartilage.
Body and greater
cornu of hvoid.
Recurrent laryn
geal.
Depresses epiglot-
tis.
Hypoglossal.
Elevates larynx.
Tibialis anticus.
Tibialis posticus.
Outer tuberosity
and upper part of
shaft of tibia.
Trachelo -mas-
toid.
Transversalis.
Shaft of fibula and
tibia.
Int. cuneiform and
ist metatarsal.
Tuberos. scaphoid
and int. cunei-
form.
Ant. tibial.
Transv. proc. o f Mastoid process.
3d-6th dorsal, and.
artic. proc. of 3 or
4 lower cervical.
Post, tibial.
Flexes tarsus and
| elevates inner bor-
j der of foot .
Extends tarsus and
inverts foot.
Branches of cervi-
cal.
Poupart'slig., iliac
crest, 6 lower ribs,
lumbar vertebrae.
Linea alba, pubic
crest, pectineal
line.
Intercostal, ilio-
hypogastric, ilio-
inguinal.
Steadies head.
Compresses viscera
and flexes thorax.
Transversalis
colli.
Transverse pro- Transverse pro- Cervical branches.
cesses of 3d -6th
dorsal.
Trans versus Head 5th metatar- ist phalanx of great Ext. plantar
pedis.
Transversus pe-
rinaei.
Trapezius.
i sal.
Ramus of ischium.
Sup. curved line of
occipital, spinous
processes, last
cervical and a 1 1
dorsal.
Tri angulari s Ensiform cart.,
sterni. costal cart, of 3 or 4
lower true ribs,
and sternum.
Triceps (j heads)
Vastus externus.
cesses of 5 lower
cervical.
Keeps neck erect.
Adducts great toe.
Central tendon.
Perinaeal.
Tensor of central
tendon.
Clavicle and spine Sp i n al accessory Draws head back
of scapula,
achromion.
and and cervical plex-
Border of inner sur- Intercostal.
faces 2d, 3d, 4th
and 5th costal
cartil
Ext. and Int. near Olecranon
musculo -spiral! of ulna.
groove, shaft of
humerus, middle
or long, lower mar-'
gin glenoid cavity. I
process
Musculo-spiral.
Ant. Border great Tuberosity of tibia. Ant. crural,
trochanter and
linea aspera. I |
Vastus internus Inner lip linea Tuberosity of tibia. Ant. crural,
and crureus. | aspera of femur. I
ward.
Expiration.
Extends forearm.
Extends leg.
Extends leg.
Zygomaticu s Malar bone,
major et minor.
Angle of mouth. Facial.
Elevates lip
, ward.
290
MUSCULATION
291
MYCOSIS
untary motion. M. Force, the energy
produced in muscular motion. It is thought
to be derived from the oxidation of the fats
or carbo-hydrates of muscular tissue. M.
Motion, the phenomena attending a self-
produced change of position of the body
or any of its parts. It consists of volun-
tary, involuntary, and mixed movements.
See Motion. M. Rheumatism, rheu-
matism seated in or affecting the muscles.
M. Sense, the sense of motion and
weight upon which the adjustment of the
body to its surroundings depends. Sen-
sory nerve-fibrils probably exist in muscles
that intermediate these sensations. M.
System, all the muscles of the body in
their co-relation. M. Tumor. See
Myoma.
Musculation {musculus, a muscle). The
muscular endowment of the body or a part.
The action of the muscles of the body, in-
cluding the study of voluntary motions and
locomotion.
Mus / culine. The semi-solid albuminoid
of which is composed the principal part of
the contractile fibers of muscle.
Mus / culi Pectina / ti (pecten, a comb).
Small muscular columns traversing the
inner surface of the appendix auriculae and
the adjoining portion of the wall of the
sinus.
Mus / culo- [musculus). A Latin word used
as a prefix to denote connection with or
relation to muscular tissue. M. -cutane-
ous. See Nerve. M. -spiral. See
Nerve.
Mus' cuius. Muscle.
Muse / um (Movoa, a muse). Formerly,
any library or place devoted to the arts
and sciences, because these were supposed
to be presided over by the Muses. Any sys-
tematic collection of objects of nature, or
of art. M., Anatomical, a collection of
the various specimens of the natural parts
of the body in their normal or pathological
state.
Musk. See Moschus. M. Root. See
Sumbul.
Muskeg Moss. A plant of the North-
western United States, recommended as a
cheap and excellent absorbent material for
surgical dressings.
Mus / sel-Poi / soning. The toxic effects
in man sometimes resulting from eating
mussels, especially the mytilus ednlis. See
Mytilotoxine.
Mussita / tion (mussito, to mutter). The
muttering frequently observed in severe
illness, consisting of the movement of the
lips without the production of articulate
speech.
Must. The unfiltered and unfermented
juice of the grape.
Mus'tard. See Sinapis.
Mute. Dumb. Unable to use articulate
speech.
Mutilation (mutilo, to cut off). The
state of being cut or excised. Also, the
condition of those parts remaining after
the excision or amputation of a member
or part.
Mutis / ia. The seeds of M. vicicefolia, a
plant native to Andean regions. Has
reputed qualities as a cardiac tonic among
the natives, and also in various affections
of the respiratory organs. Unof.
Mu'titas (mutus, mute). Dumbness. M.
Atonica, dumbness arising from disorder
of the nerves of the tongue. M. Organ-
ica, that from loss of the tongue. M.
Surdorum, dumbness consequent upon
congenital deafness.
Myal'gia (fivg, akyog, pain). Any pain
of the muscles.
Mya / sis. The presence of worms in the
nasal cavities.
Myasthenia (//i»c, aadeveia, weakness).
Muscular debility.
Myce / lium (p«)/f, a fungus). The ten-
drils or filaments of germinating fungi-
spores.
Myceto / ma. See Fungus Foot.
Mycoder / ma [jjlvktjq, mucous, depjua, skin).
A genus of fungi forming like a membrane
upon or in fermenting liquors. M . Aceti,
the microbe of the acetous fermentation,
constituting the mother of vinegar. M.
Saccharini and M. Vini, alcoholic fer-
ments.
Mycoder'mis (juvkt/c, depjia). The various
species of microbic or fungoid organisms
found in the excreta of certain skin dis-
eases, especially of favus.
Mycodermosphac / elus [mycoderma,
sphacelus). A gangrenous affection of the
mucous membrane of any part.
Mycohse / mia (/hvktj^, at/ua, blood). A
generic name for those affections caused by
the presence of microorganisms in the
blood.
Mycon'ostoc Grega / rium. A class of
microorganisms, little studied, probably
identical with the genus Cladothrix.
Myco / sis. Granuloma Fungoides; Ec-
zema Hypertrophicum; Inflammatory Fun-
goid Neoplasm ; Lymphoderma Perniciosa.
Ulcerative Scrofuloderma; Fibroma Fun-
goides. A disease of the skin charac-
MYDALEINE
292
MYLO-
terized by soft mammillated tumors, show-
ing an abnormal growth of lymphatic
glands, which frequently develop into fun-
gous ulcers. A mucous tumor or polypoid
growth. M., Acute, of the Blood, a
name proposed by Neelson for septic
intoxication from microbes in the blood.
M., Toxic, of the Blood, putrid intoxica-
tion or sapnemia, death being due to
ptomaines. M. of Brain, colonies of
micrococci in the brain as a result of septi-
caemia, diphtheria, etc.
MydaTeine (fivdaleog, putrid). A
ptomaine obtained from putrefying cada-
veric organs. It is apparently present in
liver, spleen, etc., after seven days' putre-
faction, but it is not obtainable before the
third or fourth week. It has an entirely
specific action as a poison, producing maxi-
mum dilatation of pupil, injection of ear
vessels, increase of temperature, peristaltic
action of intestines. Post-mortem shows
contraction of the bladder and intestines,
and the stopping of the heart in diastole.
Animals recover from small doses.
Mydatox / ine. A ptomaine obtained from
horseflesh and human flesh after 4 months
of decomposition. It is toxic, producing
lachrymation, diarrhoea, and dyspnoea in
animals; but is not a strong poison. A
base, C 7 H 17 N0 2 , with which it is associ-
ated, is, however, a very violent poison,
producing effects partly like curara and
partly like mussel-poison — paralysis a few
minutes after injection, during which cer-
tain reflexes are preserved, but the animal
cannot move from its place. The same
effects are produced by mydatoxine, but
more slowly.
My / dine [/uvdaco, to putrefy). A non-
poisonous ptomaine obtained by Brieger
from the putrefaction of human internal
organs. The free base is strongly alkaline,
has an ammoniacal odor, and is character-
ized by its strong reducing properties.
Mydriasis (juvdpiacig). Abnormal dilata-
tion of the pupil of the eye.
Mydriatic. A medicine or agent which
causes mydriasis, or dilatation of the pupil.
MyelaFgia (/uveTiog, marrow, akyog, pain).
Any pain in the spinal cord.
Myelano / sis (fxvelog, avaXoaig, wasting).
Same as my el atrophy.
Myelap / oplexy (/ivelog, aTroTrTiyt-ta, a
stupor). Apoplexy due to a haemorrhage
in the spinal cord.
Myelat'rophy (juve?iog„ arpoayeiv, to eat).
A term applied to those animals that feed
on dead or putrid flesh. Carrion-eaters.
Necrop / sy (ve/cpoc, oxptc, seeing). The
examination of a dead body.
Necroscopy. See Necropsy.
Necro / sis (veKpou, to kill). Mortification
or death of bone, corresponding to gan-
grene of the soft parts, and, like it, acute
or chronic, dry or moist, inflammatory,
senile, etc. See, also, Exfoliation, Seques-
trum, Involucrum. The term is also used
of local death of any parts, and may be
due to mechanical, chemical, thermal, or
denutritional causes. N., Coagulative,
the precipitation of fibrin by a (supposed)
ferment, in death of tissue cells from denu-
trition, so that the part becomes hard and
swollen. The process is believed analo-
gous to that taking place in coagulation of
the blood.
Necrotomy (i/f/cpoc, repivo), to cut). The
dissection of a dead body.
Needle (Sax. nedl). An instrument used
in surgery for puncturing tissues, ligating
vessels and for other purposes. N., Aneu-
rism, with a handle, and with the eye at
the point, especially adapted for ligating.
N., Cataract, for operating upon the cata-
ractous lens or its capsule. N., Des-
champ's, with the eye at the point, and
with a handle for ligating arteries. N.,
Discission, for insertion through the cor-
nea, and breaking the lens-capsule and
substance. N., Stop-discission, with
a shoulder on the shank so it will not enter
too far. N., Exploring, grooved to
bring away a few drops of the contents of
a tumor or abscess. N., Hare-lip, with a
small canula for leaving in the lips after
withdrawing the needle. N. -holder, a
handle for clasping a needle. Also, an
insulated handle for holding the needles
employed in certain forms of electro-cau-
tery. N. Operation. See Extraction
of Cataract.
Nee / dling (of Cataract). See Extraction
of Cataract (Discission).
Neef s Hammer. An automatic arrange-
ment for opening and breaking the current
in an inductorium.
Neg / ative. That quality the opposite of
positive. N. Pole, that pole of a galvanic
cell connected with the carbon or least
oxidizable plate. Also, that pole of an
electric generator toward which the as-
sumed electric current flows.
Ne'gro (niger, black). A race of people
distinguished mainly by woolly hair, black
skin, and thick protruding lips. The
melanochroi of Huxley's classification.
Also, an individual of the race. See
Mulatto.
NeFaton's Line. One drawn from the
anterior superior spinous process to the
tuber ischii.
Nematachom / eter (vTjjua, thread, raxoq,
rapidity, /uerpov, measure). An instrument
for measuring the rapidity of transmission
of nervous impulses in peripheral nerves.
Nem / atoid {vrjpia, etSog, form). Filiform.
Resembling a thread.
Nematoid / ea (vn/ia, eidog). A name ap-
plied to certain species of parasitic, in-
testinal worms.
Neme / us (yrjfia). In botany, a term ap-
plied to certain cryptograms characterized
by filamentous or thread-like spores.
Ne / o- (veog, new). A Greek prefix signi-
fying new.
NeogaTa. See Colostrum.
Ne'oplasm (veog, irlaafjia, a growth). The
abnormal and exaggerated growth of
tissue existing in body, either normally or
NEOPLASTIC
298
NEURAL
abnormally located. N., Compound
Histioid, derived from compound tissue
elements — angeioma, carcinoma, etc. N.,
Mesoblastic, derived from the mesoblast,
include the Sarcomata, and the Histioid
(Fibroma, Lipoma, Chondroma, Osteoma,
Myoma).
Neoplastic. Pertaining to a neoplasm.
Applied, also, to plastic operations for re-
storing lost tissue. See Autoplasty.
Ne / oplasty. See Autoplasty.
Nepen'the. An old name for an Egyp-
tian anodyne, probably opium. Also, a
genus of plants including the pitcher plants.
NepheFium. See Nebula.
Nephraemorrha / gia {yepog, the kidney,
aifia, the blood, prj-yvvfii, to pour out).
Hemorrhage from the kidney.
Nephralgia (veippog, alyog, a pain). Any
pain of the kidney.
Nephrapost'asis (ye$pog, airooTaoLQ, sup-
purative inflammation). Abscess, or sup-
purative inflammation of the kidneys.
Nephrat / ony (yetypog, a negative, rovog,
tone). Atony or paralysis of the kidneys.
Nephrau'xe {vetypog, avt-ij, increase). En-
largement of the kidney.
Nephrectomy (vetypog, enrofiT], excision).
Excision of the kidney.
Nephrelco / sis (vecppog, eTinocug, ulceration).
A condition of ulceration of the kidneys.
NephreFcus (vzcppog, cXnog } an ulcer). An
ulcer of the kidney.
Nephremphrax / is (vecppog, e/bLcppatjig, ob-
struction). Obstruction of the vessels of
the kidneys.
Nephrit'ic. Pertaining to nephritis.
NephrFtis. Inflammation of the kidneys.
See Bright' 's Disease.
Nephrocele (vecppog, ktjIt], a tumor).
Hernia of the kidney.
Nephrolith (veippog, XiOog, a stone). Cal-
culus or stone in the kidney.
Nephrolithotomy (vecppog, Xtdog, roprj,
cutting). Operation for calculus of the
kidney.
Nephropyo / sis (vecppog, irvuaig, suppura-
tion). Suppuration of the kidney.
Nephror / aphy (vecppog, pacp-q, suture).
Suture of the kidney to the wall of the
abdomen, in floating kidney, instead of
nephrectomy.
Nephrotomy (vecppog, tejuvg), to cut).
Incision of the kidney.
Nephrozy / mose. An animal gum some-
times found in urine.
Ne'reum. The leaves or root of N.
odorum, the common oleander. The ex-
tractive principles exert a marked effect on
the motor centers, in lethal doses, produc-
ing paralysis and death from heart failure.
In small doses, a cardiac tonic resembling
digitalis. Dose of the extract gr. ^. Unof
Nerve (nervus). Nerves are fibrillar or
tube-like cords of albuminous tissue pro-
ceeding from ganglia, chiefly of the cord
and encephalon, to other ganglia or
plexuses, or to peripheral organs, forming
the routes of intercommunication for motor,
vasomotor, sensory, volitional, trophic, or
other stimuli, whereby the organism is
bound into a unit, and controlled from a
central source. N., Anabolic, one di-
rectly or indirectly bringing about con-
structive metabolism. N., Augmentor,
the cardiac sympathetic nerves. N.,
Katabolic, one producing chemical de-
structive changes in a muscle or tissue.
N., Vaso - Motor. See Vaso- Motor.
An alphabetical list of the principal
nerves, with their function, origin, dis-
tribution, and branches, is appended. (See
pp. 299-304.)
Nerve -stretching. Mechanical elonga-
tion or tension of an exposed nerve, for
neuralgia, spasmodic contraction, etc.
N.-s., Subcutaneous, by flexion or
massage of the part instead of exposing
the nerve.
Nerve Tumor. See Neuroma.
Ner / vine (nervus). A remedy that calms
nervous excitement or acts favorably on
nervous diseases.
Nervi Nervorum. A term sometimes
applied to the small nerves supplying the
nerve sheaths.
Ner / vous. Pertaining to nerves. Applied
to conditions of nervous hyperdssfhesia and
neurasthenia. N. System. See Cerebro-
spinal.
Nestle. The root of Urtica dioica, the
common stinging nettle. A common
domestic remedy in nephritic complaints
and hemorrhages. Astringent, diuretic and
antiscorbutic. Dose of fld. ext. ir^xx-xl.
N. Rash. See Urticaria.
Neu / bauer's Test (for sugar). A solution
of indigo-carmine, rendered alkaline with
sodic carbonate, is added to the suspected
solution until a slight bluish color is ob-
tained. With heat, if sugar be present,
the color passes into purple, red and yellow.
Shaken with air, the fluid again becomes
blue.
Neuradyna / mia. See Neurasthenia.
Neu'ral. Pertaining to nerves. N.Axis,
the spinal cord. N. Tube, the closed
medullary groove of the epiblast.
TABLE OF NERVES (alphabetical).
Name.
Function.
Origin.
Distribution.
Branches.
Abducens (6th
cranial).
Motion.
4th ventricle.
External rectus of
eye.
Articular.
Trophic, sensory (?)
Ant. crural.
Knee-joint.
Capsular, synovial.
Articular., 2.
Trophic, sensory (?)
Ulnar.
Elbow-joint.
Filaments.
Auditory (8th
cranial, portio
mollis of 7th).
Hearing.
4th ventricle.
Internal ear.
Vestibular, coch-
lear.
Auricular (Ar-
nold's).
Sensation.
Pneumogastric.
External ear.
Filaments.
Auricular {post.).
Motion.
Facial.
Retrahens a u r e m
occipito-frontalis.
Auricular, occipital.
Auricularis mag-
nus.
Sensation.
Cervical plexus 2d
and 3d cervical.
Parotid gland, face,
ear.
Facial, posterior
mastoid.
Auriculo- tempo-
ral.
Sensation.
Inf. maxillary.
Pinna and temple.
Ant. and post, tem-
poral.
Buccal.
Sensation. (Mo-
tion ?)
Inf. maxillary.
Cheek.
Sup. and inf. buc-
cinator and ext.
pterygoid.
Cardiac (cervical
and thoracic).
Motion.
Pneumogastric.
Heart.
Branches to cardiac
plexuses.
Cervical, 8.
Motion and sensa-
tion.
Cord.
Trunk and upper
extremities.
Ant. and post,
divisions. See
Plexus.
Cervical, ist(ant.
div.).
Motion and sensa-
tion.
Cord.
Rectus lat. and two
ant. recti.
Branches and com-
municating to
pneumogast., hy-
poglos., symp.
Cervical, 1st
(post. div.).
Motion and sensa-
tion.
Cord.
Recti, obliqui, com-
plexus.
Branches, commu-
nicating and cuta-
neous filaments.
Cervical, 2d (ant.
div.).
Motion and sensa-
tion.
Cord.
Communicating.
Ascending, de-
scending, commu-
nicating and fila-
ments.
Cervical, 2d
(post div.)
Motion and sensa-
tion.
Cord.
Obliq. inf., scalp,
ear, complexus,
splenius, trach.
mastoid.
Internal or occipi-
talis major, and
external.
Cervical, 3d (ant.
div.).
Motion and sensa-
tion.
Cord.
Communicating.
Ascending, de-
scending, commu-
nicating filaments.
Cervical, 3d
(post. div.).
Motion and sensa-
tion.
Cord.
Occiput, etc., sple-
nius, complexus,
etc.
Internal, external
and filaments.
Cervical, 4th
(ant. div.).
Motion and sensa-
tion.
Cord.
Shoulder and com-
municating.
Communicating fil-
aments, muscular,
etc.
Cervicals, 5th to
8th (ant. div.).
Motion and sensa-
tion.
Cord.
Brachial plexus.
Communicating.
Cervicals, 4th to
8th (post. div.).
Motion and sensa-
tion.
Cord.
Muscles and skin
of neck.
Int. and ext.
branches.
299
TABLE OF NERVES (ALPHABETICAL).— Continued.
Name Function.
Origin.
Distribution.
Branches.
Cervicofacial.
Motion.
Facial.
Lower part face and
part of neck.
Buccal, supra-max-
illary, infra-max-
illary.
Chorda tympani.
Motion.
Facial.
Tongue, etc.
Filaments.
Circumflex.
Motion and sensa-
tion.
Brachial plexus.
Teres minor and
deltoid.
Upper and" lower.
Colli, superfici-
alis.
Sensation.
Cervical plexus.
Platysma muscle
and antero-lateral
parts of neck.
Ascending and de-
scending branches
and filaments.
Communicans
noni.
Motion and sensa-
tion.
2d cervical, 3d cer-
vical.
Descendens noni.
Omo-hyoid and fila-
ments.
Communicating.
Motion and sensa-
tion.
Cervical plexus.
Spinal accessory.
Branches.
Communicating.-
Sensation and mo-
tion.
1st and 2d cervical.
Pneumogastric, hy-
poglossal, sympa-
thetic.
Three branches and
filaments.
Crural, anterior.
Motion and sensa-
tion.
Lumbar plexus.
Thigh.
Middle and int.
cutaneous, long
saphenous, muscu-
lar, articular.
Cutaneous.
Sensation.
Musculo-spiral.
Skin of arm, radial
side forearm.
One internal, two
external.
Cutaneous.
Sensation.
Ulnar.
Wrist and palm.
1st and palmar cu-
taneous.
Cutaneous {dor-
sal).
Sensation.
Ulnar.
Little and ring fin-
gers.
Filaments and com-
municating br.
Cutaneous (ext.).
Sensation.
2d and 3d lumbar.
.Skin of thigh.
Anterior, posterior.
Cutaneous (int.).
Sensation.
Brachial plexus.
Forearm.
Ant. and post,
branches and fila-
ments.
Cutaneous (less-
er int.) {"Wris-
berg.")
Sensation.
Brachial plexus.
Inner side of arm.
Filaments.
Cutaneous (mid-
dle and int.).
Sensation. Motion?
Ant. crural.
Thigh and commu-
nicating.
Com mun icating
and filaments.
Dentals (post,
and ant.).
Sensation.
Sup. maxillary.
Teeth.
Filaments.
Dental (inf.).
Sensation.
Inf. maxillary.
Teeth, muscles,
gland.
Mylohyoid, incisor,
mental, dental.
Digastric.
Motion.
Facial.
Post, belly of digas-
tric.
Filaments.
Dorsal, 12 (ant.
and post. div.).
Motion and sensa-
tion.
Cord
Muscles and skin
of chest and
trunk.
External, internal,
cutaneous, etc.
Facial (7th cra-
nial , port io
dura).
Motion.
4th ventricle.
Face, ear, palate,
tongue.
Petrosals, tym-
panic, chorda-tym-
pani, post. -auricu-
lar, digastric,
stylo- hyoid, tem-
poro-facial, c e r -
vico-facial.
300
TABLE OF NERVES (ALPHABETICAL).— Continued.
Name.
Function.
Origin.
. Distribution.
Branches.
Frontal.
Sensation.
Ophthalmic.
Forehead and lids.
Supra-orbi ta 1,
supra-trochlear.
Gastric.
Motion.
Pneumogastric.
Stomach.
Filaments.
Genito- crural.
Motion and sensa-
tion.
2d lumbar.
Cremaster and
thigh.
Genital, crural,
communicating.
Glosso-pharyn -
geal, 9th cranial
Sensation and taste
4th ventricle.
Tongue, middle ear,
tonsils, pharynx.
Tympanic, carotid,
pharyngeal, mus-
cular, tonsillar, lin-
gual.
Gluteal (supe-
rior).
Motion.
Sacral plexus.
Glutei, tensor vagi-
nae fern.
Filaments.
Gustatory.
Taste and sensation
Inf. maxillary.
Tongue and mouth.
Branches and fila-
ments.
Hepatic.
(?)
Pneumogastric.
Liver.
Hepatic plexus.
Hypoglossal,
12th cranial.
Motion.
4th ventricle.
Glossus and hyoid
muscles.
Descendens noni,
muscular, thyro-
hyoid.
Ilio-hypogastric.
Motion and sensa-
tion.
1st lumbar.
Abdominal and
gluteal regions.
Iliac, hypogastric,
communicating.
Ilio-inguinal.
Motion and sensa-
tion.
1st lumbar.
Inguinal region
and scrotum.
Muscular, cutane-
ous and communi-
cating.
Infra-orbital.
Sensation.
Sup. maxillary.
Nose and lip.
Palpebral, nasal,
labial.
Interosseus
(anterior).
Motion.
Median.
Deep muscles of
forearm.
Branches and fila-
ments.
I n t e r os seu s
(posterior).
Motion and sensa-
tion.
Musculo-spiral.
Carpus and radial,
and post, brachial
regions.
Branches and fila-
ments.
Lachrymal.
Sensation.
Ophthalmic.
Gland and conjunc-
tiva.
Filaments.
Laryngeal (r e-
current or infe-
rior).
Motor.
Pneumogastric.
Larynx.
Branches to all
muscles except
crico-thyroid.
Laryngeal (supe-
rior).
Sensation and mo-
tion.
Pneumogastric.
Larynx.
External — c r i co-
thyroid muscle and
thyroid gland. In-
ternal — m u co us
memb., larynx, etc.
Lumbar (5).
Motion and sensa-
tion.
Cord.
Lumbar and genita!
tissues, etc.
Ant. and post, di-
visions, lumbar
plexus, etc.
Masseteric.
Motor.
Inf. maxillary.
Masseter muscle
(and temporal ?).
Filaments.
Maxillary (in-
ferior).
Sensation, motion,
and taste.
Trigeminus.
Muscles of mastica-
tion, ear, cheek,
tongue, teeth.
Masseteric, auricu-
lotemporal, buc-
cal, gustatory, inf.
dental.
Maxillary (su-
perior).
Sensation.
Trigeminus.
Cheek, face, teeth.
Orbital, sphenopa-
latine, dentals,
infra-orbital.
301
TABLE OF NERVES (ALPHABETICAL).— Continued.
Name.
Function. Origin.
Median.
Motion and sensa- Brachial plexus,
tion.
Distribution.
Branches.
Pronat. rad. teres, Muscular, ant. in-
flexors, 2 lumbri-i terosseus, palmar
cales, fingers,! cutaneous,
palm, etc.
Motor oculi (3d Motion,
cranial).
Floor aqueduct Syl-
vius.
All muscles of eye.
Except rectus ext.,
obliq . sup., and
orbic. palpeb.
Muscular.
Motion and sensa-
tion.
1 st and 2d cervical
Muscles.
Rec. cap. lat., rec.
ant. major et
minor.
Muscular.
Motion and sensa-
tion.
Cervical plexus.
Sterno-mastoid,lev.
ang.scap., scalenus
med., trapezius.
Branches.
Muscular.
Motion.
Brachial plexus.
Longus colli, sca-
leni, rhomboidei,
subclavius.
Branches.
Muscular. Motion
Muscular.
Musculo-spiral.
Triceps, anconeus,
supinat. long., ex-
tens, car pi rad .
long., brach. antic.
Internal, posterior,
external.
Motion.
Median.
Superficial muscles Branches and fila-
of forearm. i ments.
Muscular.
Motion.
Ulnar.
Flex. carp, ulnaris, 2 branches,
flex, pr of un d .!
digit.
Muscular.
Motion.
Great sciatic.
Biceps, semimem- Filaments,
branosus, semi-
tendinosus, adduc-
tor magnus.
Muscular.
Motion.
Sacral plexus.
Pyriformis, obtura- Filaments,
tor int., gemelli,
quadratus femoris.
Muscular.
Musculo- cutane-
ous.
Musculo- cutane-
ous.
Motor.
Ant. crural.
Pectineus and mus-
cles of thigh.
Motion and
tion.
sensa- Brachial plexus.
Filaments.
Coraco-brach., bi- Branches, ant. and
ceps, brach. anti-i post,
cus, forearm.
Motion and
tion.
sensa-JExt. popliteal.
Musculo-spiral.
Nasal.
Obturator.
Motion and
tion.
Sensation.
Muscles of fibular Internal, external,
side of leg, skin of
dorsum of foot.
Brachial plexus.
Back of arm and Muscular, cutane-
forearm, skin of ous, radial, post,
back of hand. 1 inteross.
Ophthalmic.
Motion and
tion.
sensa- Lumbar plexus.
Iris, ciliary- gangli- Ganglionic, ciliary,
on, nose. j infra-trochlear.
— i
Obturator ext., ad- An t. and post,
ductor, joint and articulating and
skin. , communicating.
Obturator, (a c
cessory).
Motion and
tion.
sensa-i Lumbar plexus.
Pectineus and hip- Branches and fila-
joint. ments.
Occipitalis m i
nor.
Sensation.
(Esophageal.
Motion.
|Sec. cervical.
jPneumogastric.
302
jO c c i pito-frontalis Communicating.au-
ear, etc. j ricular filaments.
;Stomach.
GEsophag. plexus.
TABLE OF NERVES (ALPHABETICAL).— Continued.
Name.
Function.
Origin.
Distribution.
|
Branches.
O 1 fa c t ory (ist
cranial.)
Smell.
Frontal lobe, optic
thai., island Reil
Schneiderian mem-
brane of nose.
20 branches.
Ophthalmic.
Sensation.
Trigeminus.
Forehead, eyes
nose.
Frontal, lachrymal,
nasal.
Optic (2d cranial)
Sight.
Cortical center in
occipital lobe.
Retina.
None.
Orbital.
Sensation.
Sup. maxillary.
Temple and cheek.
Temporal and ma-
lar.
Palmar Cutane-
ous.
Sensation.
Median.
Thumb and palm.
Outer and inner.
Palmar (deep).
Motion.
Ulnar.
Little finger, dorsal
and palmar inter-
osseous, 2 inner
lumbricales ab-
ductorpollicis, etc.
Branches and fila-
ments.
Palmar (super-
ficial).
Sensation and mo-
tion.
Ulnar.
Palmaris br ev i s,
inner side of
hand and little
finger.
Filaments and two
digital branches.
Patheticus (4th
cranial).
Motion.
Valve Vieussens.
Sup. oblique of
eye.
None.
Petrosals.
Motion.
Facial.
Ganglia and plexus.
Great, small, ex-
ternal to Meckel's
gang., otic gang.,
and mening. plex-
us, respectively.
Pharyngeal.
Motion.
Pneumogastric.
Pharynx.
Pharyngeal plexus,
muscles and mu-
cous membrane.
Phrenic.
Motion and sensa-
tion.
3d, 4th, and 5th cer-
vical.
Diaphragm, peri-
cardium, pleura, etc
Branches and fila-
ments.
Plantar (exter-
nal).
Motion and sensa-
tion.
Post, tibial.
Little toe and deep
muscles of foot.
Superficial and
deep.
Plantar (inter-
nal).
Sensation and mo-
tion.
Post, tibial.
Sole of foot, adduct.
pollic, flexor brev.
dig., toes, etc.
Cutaneous, muscu-
lar, articular, digi-
tal.
Pneumogast ric
(10th cranial
" Par Vagum").
Sensation and mo-
tion.
4th ventricle.
Ear, pharynx,
larynx, heart,
lungs, oesophagus,
etc.
Auricular, pharyn-
geal, sup. laryn-
geal, recurrent la-
ryngeal, cardiac,
pulmonary, oeso-
phageal, gastric,
hepatic.
Popliteal (exter-
nal).
Sensation and mo-
tion.
Great sciatic.
Extensors of skin
of foot.
Ant. tibial.musculo-
cutaneous.
Popliteal (inter-
nal).
Motion and sensa-
tion.
Great sciatic.
Knee, gastrocne-
mius tibialis, plan-
taris, soleus, popli-
teus,skin of foot, etc
Articular, muscu-
lar cutaneous, ext.
saphenous, pi a n-
tar.
Pulmonary (ant.
and post.).
(?)
Pneumogastric.
Lungs.
Branches to pulmo-
nary plexuses.
Pudic.
Motion and sensa-
tion.
Sacral plexus.
Perineum, anus,
genitalia.
Inf. Hemorrhoidal
perineal, cutaneous
dorsal of penis.
Radial.
Sensation.
Musculo-cutaneous
Thumb and 3 fin-
gers.
External and in-
ternal.
303
TABLE OF NERVES (ALPHABETICAL).— Continued.
Name.
Function.
Origin.
Distribution.
Branches.
Sacral, 5.
Motion and sensa-
tion.
Cord.
Multifidus spinae,
skin gluteal re-
gion, etc.
Filaments and sa-
cral plexus.
Saphenous (long
or int.).
Sensation.
Ant. crural.
Knee, ankle, etc.
Cutaneous, patellar,
c m m u n icating,
filaments.
Sciatic (great).
Motor and sensa-
tion.
Sacral plexus.
Skin of leg, muscles
of back of thigh
and those of leg
and foot.
Articular, muscu-
lar, popliteals.
Sciatic (small).
Sensation and mo-
tion.
Sacral plexus.
Perineum, back of
thigh and leg, glu-
teus maximus.
Muscular, cutane-
ous.
Spheno-palatine.
Sensation.
Sup. maxillary.
Meckel's ganglion.
See Ganglion.
Spinal accessory
(nth cranial).
Motor.
4th ventricle.
Sterno-cleido mas- j Branches and fila-
toid, trapezius. ments.
Splanchnic
(great).
Sympathetic.
Thoracic ganglia.
Semilunar gan-C ommunicating
glion, renal and su- and filaments,
pra-renal plexus.
Splanchnic
(lesser).
Sympathetic.
10th and nth tho-
racic ganglia great
splanchnic.
C celiac p lexus'C om mu n icating
and great splanch- and filaments,
nic.
Splanchnic
(renal).
Sympathetic.
Last thoracic gan-
glion.
Renal and cceliac
plexus.
Communicating
and filaments.
Stylo-hyoid.
Motion.
Facial.
Stylo-hyoid mus-
cle,
Filaments.
Subscapular, 3.
Motion.
Brachial plexus.
S ub s c a p . , teres
maj., and latiss.
dorsi.
Filaments.
Supra -clavicular
(descending).
Sensation.
3d and 4th cervical.
Skin of neck, Sternal, clavicular,
breast and shoul- acromial,
der.
Supra-orbital.
Sensation.
Frontal.
Upper lid, fore-
head.
Muscular, cutane-
ous and pericra-
nial branches.
Supra-scapular.
Motion and sensa-
tion.
Brachial plexus.
Scapular muscles.
Branches and fila-
ments.
Supra -trochlear.
Sensation.
Frontal.
Forehead.
Muscular and skin
branches.
Sympathetic.
See Sympathetic, Ganglion, and Plexus.
Temporo-facial.
Motion.
Facial.
Upper part of face.
Temporal, malar,
infra-orbital.
Thoracic (post,
or long).
Motion.
Brachial plexus.
Serratus magnus. j Filaments.
Tibial (anterior).
Motion and sensa-
tion.
Ext. popliteal.
Tibialis antic, ex-
tensor long, digit.,
peroneus ter., etc.,
joints of foot, skin
of great toe, etc.
Muscular, external,
internal.
Tibial (poste-
rior).
Motion and sensa-
tion.
Great sciatic.
Tibialis post., flexor
long, digit, flexor
long, pollic, skin
of heel and sole,
knee-joint.
Plantars, muscular,
plantar cutaneous,
articular.
Thoracics (ante-
rior and ext.)
Motion.
Brachial plexus.
Pectoralis major et Branches and fila-
minor. ! ments.
Trigeminus or
trifacial (5th cra-
nial).
Motion and sensa-
tion. (Taste.)
Medulla.
Skin and structures
of face, tongue and
teeth.
Ophthalmic, sup.
and inf. max. divi-
sions.
Tympanic.
Motion.
Facial.
Stapedius and laxa-
tor tympani mus-
cles.
Filaments.
Ulnar.
Motion and sensa-
tion.
Brachial plexus.
Muscles, etc., shoul-
der and wrist
joints, and skin of
little finger.
Two articular, mus-
cular, cutaneous,
dorsal, sup. pal-
mar, deep palmar.
304
NEURALGIA
305
NEURO-EPITHELIUM
Neural'gia (vevpov, alyoc, pain). Nerve-
pain. It may be spontaneous or due to
external cause. Spontaneous or idiopathic
N. is probably central in origin. The
pathology is obscure, as also the origin of
the " tender-points," or hyper- sensitive
areas, especially at emergent spots. The
causes of N. differ widely, and depend also
upon the special situation or nerves affected.
If of the fifth nerve it is called tic doulour-
eux, or prosopalgia, and is the most fre-
quent variety. Others are ocular, cervico-
occipital, cervico-brachial and brachial,
trunk, leg (sciatica), visceral, etc. Accord-
ing to character, classed as epileptiform,
reflex or sympathetic, traumatic, herpetic
(zoster), hysterical, rheumatic, gouty, dia-
betic, anaemic, malarial, syphilitic, de-
generative, etc. N., False. Nerve-pains
due to mechanical compression of a nerve.
Neuranagen / esis {vevpov, avayevvau, to
renew). Regeneration or renewal of
nerve tissue.
Neurasthenia [vevpov, acdeveta, weak-
ness). Deficiency or exhaustion of nervous
force. Debility of the nervous centers.
N. Gastrica, feeble digestion of a purely
nervous origin.
Neurectasis. See Nerve-stretching.
Neurectomy (vevpov, eKTOjujj, excision).
The operation of excising the whole or
part of a nerve.
Neu'ridine. A ptomaine, the first diamine
isolated from animal tissues by Brieger in
1884. It is one of the most common
products of putrefaction ; has been obtained
from putrid human flesh, horseflesh, fish,
gelatine and cheese. It can be obtained
from fresh eggs in the preparation of cho-
line by heating with baryta, and from fresh
brain by heating with 2 per cent, hydro-
chloric acid. It is almost invariably accom-
panied by choline in the process of putre-
faction: according to the duration of
putrefaction, choline decreases and yields
corresponding increase in trymethylamine,
while neuridine increases in quantity ac-
cording to nature of decomposing organ.
The greatest yield is from gelatinous tissue,
such as intestines ; tissues like those of the
liver and spleen yield little. Neuridine is
isomeric with cadaverine. The free base
has an excessively repulsive seminal odor.
It is soluble in water; not in ether and
alcohol. Pure neuridine is not poisonous,
but when mingled with the products of
putrefaction, has a toxic effect like pepto-
toxine. This holds true of other non-
poisonous bases.
20
Neurilemma (vevpov, lefifia, the bark of
a plant). The sheath encasing a nerve.
NeuriFity (Fr. nevrilite). The stimulus
or power possessed by a nerve fiber to
cause contraction of a muscle.
Neu / rin. The albuminous basis forming
the substance of nerve tissue.
Neu / rine. A highly-poisonous ptomaine-
base of the choline group. Its genesis is
still rather obscure ; but it has been found
to occur with choline in a manner sug-
gesting its derivation from choline by the
removal of water. Has been obtained
from human brains and human flesh, horse-
flesh, and beef. The free base has a strong
alkaline reaction, and yields a cloud on
contact with fumes of hydrochloric acid.
As a poison its action resembles that of
muscarine. The injection of a few milli-
grams into frogs produces in a short time
complete paralysis of the extremities, with
deadening of reflex excitability. Respira-
tion first stops, then the heart decreases its
action, and finally is arrested in diastole.
At this point an injection of atropine does
away with the effect of neurine, so that the
heart begins to beat again. Direct appli-
cation of the poison to the eyes of animals
produces contraction of the pupil; the
same symptom follows injection. The
peristaltic action of the intestines is so
heightened that continual evacuation takes
place until death, which is accompanied
by clonic convulsions. Atropine possesses
so strong an antagonism to neurine, that
the injection of even a small quantity is
sufficient to dispel these symptoms.
Neurit / ic. Pertaining to neuritis.
Neuritis (vevpov, trie, inflammation). In-
flammation of a nerve, especially of a nerve-
trunk. The nerve-structure itself is little
subject to inflammatory lesions, which are
usually confined to the coverings, and
therefore is more properly termed peri-
neuritis. N., Multiple. See Multiple
Neuritis. N., Peripheral, is confined to
the terminal filaments of nerves. N., Op-
tic, of the optic nerve. See Papillitis.
Neu / ro- (vevpov). A Greek prefix signify-
ing connection with or relation to a nerve.
Neurocyte (vevpov, kvtoc, cell). A nerve
cell; the essential element of nervous struc-
tures.
Neurodynam / ic(v£i» j oov, Swa/uic, strength).
Pertaining to the power of a nerve-current
or of the nervous forces of the system.
Neurodynia. See Neuralgia.
Neu / ro-epithe / lium. The retinal layer
of the rods and cones.
NEUROFIBROMA
NIGHT-BLINDNESS
Neurofibroma. A tumor of the neuri-
lemma, composed of cellular and fibrous
tissue.
Neuroglia. A name given by Virchow
to the connective tissue of nerve, brain and
spinal-cord substance.
Neurography (vevpov, ypa^o), to write).
A descriptive anatomy of the nerves.
Neuro-ker'atin. See Keratin.
NeuroFogy (vevpov, Aoyoc, a treatise). A
treatise on the nerves.
Neuro / ma {yevpov). An abnormal en-
largement in the course of a nerve ; a nerve
tumor. Also, N. Cutis, a tumor of the
skin, resembling myoma, consisting mainly
of firm connective tissue, starting from the
neurilemma. Pathologically considered as
fibro-neiiro-myoma.
Neuromala'cia {yevpov, /ualanog, a soften-
ing). A softening of nerve tissue.
Neuromatous (vevpov). Having the na-
ture of a nerve tumor.
Neuromime / sis {vevpov, juipirjo-cg, imita-
tion). Nervous or hysterical mimicry of
disease.
N euro-muscular (vevpov, mtisculus, a
muscle). Pertaining conjointly to nerves
and muscles.
Neuromyelitis (vevpov, piveloq, marrow).
Inflammation of nerve tissue or medullary
substance.
Neuromy / elous (vevpov, fiveloq). Per-
taining to or of the nature of nerve or
medullary substance.
Neuropathic (vevpov, iraOoQ, suffering).
Pertaining to nervous diseases.
Neuropathology (vevpov, iradog, loyog,
a treatise). A treatise on diseases of the
nerves.
Neuropathy (vevpov, rradoq). Any dis-
ease of the nerve system.
Neurophysiology (vevpov, dissolved
in alcohol; by inhalation, Tryj-v. Nitro-
glycerine, an oily liquid soluble in alco-
hol, and extremely explosive. Therapeu-
tic action like that of amylic nitrite. Dose
Tt\ zcro^V Dose of the tincture, I per
cent, in alcohol, nL^-x. N., Sodium,
like amylic nitrite, but less prompt. Em-
ployed in desquamative nephritis when
accompanied by weak action of heart.
Dose gr. J^-v.
Nitro- {yirpov). A Greek prefix denoting
composition with nitrogen. Also, denoting
composition with the radical N0 2 .
Ni / trogen {yirpov, yevvao), to produce).
N=I4; quantivalence I, III, v. One of
the non-metallic elements, gaseous at ordi-
nary temperatures. A component element
of ammonia, various acids, and a great
number of animal and vegetable tissues.
Forms about 79 per cent, of the air. Most
active in combination with oxygen. The
salts of nitric acid are called nitrates, of
nitrous acid nitrites.
Nitroglycerine. See Nitrite.
Nitrous Ox'ide. Laughing Gas. A gase-
ous compound, having the structure N 2 2 .
Inhaled, produces mental exaltation and
cerebral excitement, followed by anaesthe-
sia. Much used in dentistry.
Njin'io Wood. A remedy used in West
Africa against gastric pains and loss of appe-
tite. Effects similar to those of coca. Unof.
Nocturnal {nox, night). Pertaining to the
night-time; operating or performing nor-
mal functions in the night instead of during
the day. N. Blindness. See Hemera-
lopia. N. Emission, and N. Pollu-
tion. See Spermatorrhea.
No / dal Point {nodus, a knot). The point
of intersection of convergent rays of light
with the visual axis of the eye. The First
N P. is 6.9685 mm. behind the summit
of the cornea. Second N. P. is 7.3254
mm. behind the summit of the cornea, or
0.1254 mm. behind the lens.
Node {nodus). Oblong, indurated swell-
ings or tumors upon bone in some forms
of periostitis and osteitis. N., Parrot's,
bosses of new bone on the outer table of
the skull, the result of syphilis. N.,
Ranvier's, certain constrictions occurring
in the course of medullated nerve-fibers, so
that the sheath of Schwann lies upon the
axis-cylinder. The part of the nerve be-
tween the nodes is called an interannular
or internodal segment.
Nodose 7 {nodus). Characterized by nodes
or nodosities.
Nodo / sis {nodus). The condition of hav-
ing or forming nodes.
Nodosity. See Node.
Nod / ule (dim. of nodus). A little knot or
excrescence. N. of Arantii. See Cor-
pus. N. of Cerebellum, the anterior
termination of the inferior vermiform pro-
cess of the cerebellum situated in front of
the uvula.
Nceud Vital. See Center, Respiratory.
NoTi Me Tan'gere. See Rodent Ulcer.
No / ma {vejuo, to eat away). A synonym of
ulcerative stomatitis. Applied also to other
corroding ulcers. Said to be of bacterial
origin.
Nomenclature {nomen, a name, calo, to
call). A term denoting the systematic ap-
plication and arrangement of the distinctive
names employed in any science.
NON
308
NUCLEUS
Non- [non, not). A Latin prefix denoting
negation.
Non Com'pos Mentis. (Lat.) A legal
term denoting an acquired unsoundness of
mind, of such character that one is incap-
able of conducting his own affairs.
Nor / ma (Lat. a measure). In anatomy,
a view or aspect — essentially of the skull.
N. Basilaris, a view or aspect of the skull
looking toward the under side. N.
Facialis, an aspect looking toward the face.
N. Lateralis, the aspect looking toward
either half; a profile view. N. Occipi-
talis, the aspect looking toward the back
of the skull. N. Verticalis, the aspect
viewed from above, or that looking at the
top of the skull.
Normal [norma). That which conforms
to the natural order or law.
Normoblast. See Corpuscle.
Nor'ris's Invisible Corp / uscle. Color-
less transparent biconcave discs of the
same size as the red ones, invisible in the
serum because their color and refractive
discs are the same as that of the liquor
sanguinis ; believed by Norris to exist in
the blood. Probably colored discs that
have lost their haemoglobin.
Nose. The organ of smell, composed of a
framework of bone and cartilage, covered
externally by the skin and internally by
mucous membrane, the membrana pituita-
ria. N. Bleeding, haemorrhage from
the nasal passages. Epistaxis.
Nosoco / mium (yococ, disease, ko/ueu, to
take care of). A place designed for the
care of the sick. A hospital.
Nosog / eny [voaocyevvao, to beget). The
development and progress of diseases.
Nosog / raphy [vocoq, ypa(j>u } to write). A
descriptive treatise on the character and
nature of diseases.
Nosol'ogy [vouog, Xoyog, a treatise). A
treatise on the classification of diseases.
Nosoma / nia [voooc, juavca, mania). The
belief that one suffers successively from
many diseases.
Nosophobia [voaog, (pofiog, fear). The
exaggerated fear of disease.
No / sophyte [voaog, chyle). A
deficiency of chyle.
Oligochylia (oliyog, X v [ Ji0 ?i juice). A
deficiency of chyme.
Oligocythemia (oXiyog, nvrog, a cell,
acfia, the blood) . A deficiency of red cor-
puscles in the blood.
Oligogalactia {pliyog, yaka, milk). De-
ficiency in the secretion of milk.
OHgoh3e / mia {okiyog, aifia, blood). De-
ficiency or poverty of the blood.
Oligomenorrhea {oliyog, /llt/v, month,
peco, to flow). Insufficiency of the men-
strual flow.
Oligo spermatic [okiyog, anepfia, seed).
Pertaining to Oligospermia.
Oligospermia {okiyog, want of, airep^ia).
A deficiency in the secretion of semen.
Oliguresis [okiyog, ovpeo), to pass urine).
A diminution in the quantity of urine se-
creted or passed.
Oli'vae 01e / um. Sweet Oil; Olive Oil;
Salad Oil. The expressed oil from the
fruit of Olea Europa, cultivated in Southern
Europe and California. A greenish-yellow
oil, of neutral reaction, consisting of olein,
a glyceride of oleic acid, 72 per cent., and
palmitin, a glyceride of palmitic acid, 28
per cent. In commerce, usually adulterated
with cotton-seed oil. Nutritive and laxa-
tive. Useful locally in burns and acute
inflammation of the skin. Dose ^ ss-j.
Ol'ivary Bodies. The oval-shaped bodies
behind the anterior pyramids of the medulla
oblongata.
Ol'ive Oil. See Oliva> Oleum.
Oliver's Test (for biliary acids). The
Reagent : Dissolve gr. xxx of pulverized
meat peptone, gr. iv salicylic acid, and
Tr^xxx strong acetic acid in water q. s. ad
fac. ^viij. The Test: Mix fl^j of the
reagent with TT^xx of urine previously di-
luted to a standard specific gravity of 1 .008.
A faint haze is produced by the trace of
biliary salts in normal urine, but if these
are in excess a milky cloud appears.
Omal'gia [topog, scapula, akyog, pain).
Neuralgia of the shoulder.
Omarthritis [tofiog, arthritis, inflammation
of a joint). Inflammation of the tissues
involved in the shoulder joint.
Omei're. A vinous and acetous fermented
milk used in parts of Africa.
Omental {omentum, the caul) . Pertaining
to the omentum.
Omenti / tis {omentum, itis, inflammation).
Inflammation of the omentum or caul.
Omentum {omen, a sign). A fold of the
peritoneum covering or enclosing the vis-
cera. The hepato-gastric or smaller O.
surrounds the liver; the great O. the
stomach ; the colic O. the transverse colon ;
the gastro-splenic O. connects the spleen to
the stomach.
Omnivorous [omnis, all, voro, to de-
vour). Subsisting on all kinds of food.
/ mo- [co/^og, the scapula). A Greek word
which, prefixed to another root, denotes
connection with or relative to the scapula.
/ mo- [o/uog, raw). A Greek prefix signi-
fying raw or crude.
Omo-hy / oid [ujuog, hyoides, the hyoid
bone). Pertaining conjointly to the scapula
and the hyoid bone. O. Muscle. See
Muscle.
Omophagia [ujuog, raw, tyayeiv, to eat).
A term applied to the practice of eating
raw food.
/ moplate. See Scapula.
Omoto / cia (w^oc, unripe, roKog, a birth).
A premature birth. A miscarriage.
Omphalelco / sis [o/i(j)akog, the navel,
e/iKuoig, ulceration). Ulceration of the
umbilical cord.
OmphaFic [o/Lupakog). Pertaining to the
navel or umbilicus.
Omphalitis [oficpakog, trig, inflammation).
Inflammation of the navel or its adjacent
tissues.
Omphal'o- [ojutyakog, the navel). A Greek
word prefixed to another root, to denote
connection with or relation to the umbilicus
or navel.
Omphalocele [ojuakog nrfkr}, a tumor).
A synonym of umbilical hernia.
Omphal / o-mesenter / ic {ofxpakog, /necev-
repov, the mesenteries). Pertaining con-
jointly to the navel and the mesenteries.
OMPHALONCUS
314
OPERATOR
Omphalon / cus (ouoa/.og, oytcog, a tumor).
A tumor or swelling at the navel.
Omphalorrhagia [ouoa/.og, ptfywfit, to
burst forth). Hemorrhage from the um-
bilicus.
Omphalorrhoe / a (ouoa/.og, peu, to flow).
An effusion of lymph at the navel.
Omphalosite [ouoa/.og, cirog, nourish-
ment). A monster that lives only so long
as connected with the mother by the um-
bilical cord.
Omphalotomy (ouoa/.og, refivo), to cut).
The surgical separation of the cord at the
umbilicus.
Om / phalus (ofjupa/.og). The umbilicus.
/ nanism. See Masturbation.
Oncograph. The registering portion of
an oncometer.
Oncol'ogy (o;. vcoc, tumor, Ijoyog, a treatise).
A treatise on boils, tumors and abscesses.
Oncometer (oynog, fierpov, measure). An
instrument for measuring the size of a
tumor, or the volume of any lobular organ.
Oncot / omy (oynog, reuvu, to cut). The
lancing or opening of a boil or abscess.
Oneirodynia (oveipov, a dream, o6wtj,
pain). A term loosely applied to restless-
ness and disquietude of the mind during
sleep. Nightmare.
Onoba'io. An arrow-poison used by the
natives of Obock.
Ontogenesis (ov, existence, yewau, to
beget). The development of the indi-
vidual cell into the mature being.
Ontog / eny [av, yewau, to beget). The
history of the development of single beings,
or of the individual from the ovum to death.
See Phylogeny.
Ontolog / ic [av, /-oyog, a treatise). Per-
taining to Ontology.
OntoVogy (o)v,/Myog). The metaphysical
inquiry into the nature and essential quality
of beings, or of being in the abstract.
Onychauxes (owt;, the nail, av^r], in-
crease). A hypertrophied condition of
the nail.
Onycb/ia (ovif). A chronic inflammation
of the matrix of the nail. See Paronychia.
Onychitis (ovvZ, ircc, inflammation). In-
flammation of the nails.
On / ycho- (ow? ). A Greek prefix denot-
ing connection with or relation to the
nails.
Onycho'cline (ovtf , k/xvtj, a bed). Same
as Onychostroma.
Onychogrypho / sis. A thickened, ridged
and curved condition of the nail. Some-
times takes the well-known form of in-
growing nail.
Onychoid (orv^, eidog, resembling). Re-
sembling a nail. Having a texture like
that of the nails.
Onychomycosis (ow^fivKrjg, fungus). A
parasitic disease of the nails of men and
the hoofs of the horse, mule, etc. In man
it is termed Dry Caries. It is caused by
the fungus Achorion keratophagus.
Onychonosus (wif, voaoc, a disease).
Any disease of the finger- or toe-nails.
Onychophosis. A disease of the toe-
nails, consisting of thickened, horny layers
of the epidermis accumulated beneath the
nail, raising it from its bed, and sometimes
altering its growth.
Onychophyma (oruf, the nails, ovua, a
tumor). A morbid degeneration of the
nails sometimes observed in leprosy and in
tertiary syphilis.
Onychoptosis (ovrf, tttoglc, a falling).
The falling off of the nails.
Onychostro / ma [ovv;, Grpufia, a mattress).
The matrix or sensitive tissue of the finger
forming the bed of the nail.
On'yx (w»f, from the resemblance to the
lunule). A collection of pus between the
corneal lamellae, at the most dependent
part. See Hypofy'on.
Onyxes (owt; ). An abnormal incurvature
or ingrowing of the nails.
/ 6blast (cjov, an egg, fi/.aGTog, germ).
The primordial ovule.
OogSmous (oov, yauoc, marriage). Ap-
plied to organic beings that are reproduced
by means of an ovum.
Oophoralgia (oophorum, an ovary, a'/.^og,
pain). Any pain of neuralgic character in
the ovaries.
Oophorectomy (oophorum, ektout], ex-
cision) . Excision of the ovary of the female.
Battey's Operation, the removal of one
or both ovaries to hasten the menopause.
Oophoritis. See Ovaritis.
Opacity (opaciis, dull). A condition dis-
tinguished by impenetrability to light.
Non-transparency. O. of Lens. See
Cataract.
Opaque Nerve Fibres. Persistence of
the medullary sheaths of the optic nerve
fibres beyond the lamina cribrosa forming
brilliant white patches upon the retina as
seen by the ophthalmoscope.
Operation (operor, to labor, to do). A
surgical procedure upon the body. O.,
Major, the more serious and important of
surgical operations. O., Minor. See
Sio-gery, Minor. O., Plastic. See Sur-
gery.
Op'erator. A surgeon.
OPERCULAR
315
OPHTHALMOSCOPY
Opercular (operculum, a lid). Pertaining
to an operculum. Designed for closing a
cavity.
Operculum. (Lat.) A lid or cover. In
botany, the cover of the peristoma of
mosses. In ichthyology, an osseous forma-
tion which, in part, closes the great open-
ing of the gills. O. Ilei, the valve of
Bauhin. O. Laryngis, the epiglottis.
O. Oculis, the eyelids.
Ophid / ia (otyiQ, a serpent). An order of
reptiles including snakes.
Ophidom / onas Sanguin'ea. An old
name for Beggiatoa roseo-persicina.
Oph/ryon (opvg, eyebrow). The gla-
bella. See, also, Skull, Landmarks of.
Ophthalmatrophy. Atrophy of the eye-
ball.
Ophthalmia (ofydalfiog). An inflamma-
tion of the superficial tissues of the eye,
and especially of the conjunctiva. O.,
Catarrhal, a synonym of simple conjunc-
tivitis, a hyperemia of the conjunctiva with
a catarrhal or muco-purulent secretion.
O., Egyptian, Granular, or Military.
See Trachoma. O., Gonorrhceal, an
acute and severe form of purulent conjunc-
tivitis, caused by infection from urethral dis-
charges. O. Neonatorum, a gonorrhceal
or purulent O. of the New-born, the
eyes having been infected by the mother's
urethral discharge. O., Neuro-paralytic,
ocular disease from lesion of the Gasserian
ganglion or nerves supplying the eyeball.
O., Phlyctenular, or O., Pustular,
characterized by the formation of blebs,
phlyctenular or pustules upon the bulbar
conjunctiva. O., Purulent, a conjuncti-
vitis with purulent discharge. O., Sym-
pathetic. See Sympathetic. O., Tarsal.
See Blepharitis.
OphthaPmic (o6akfj.og, o6vvT/,pam).
Any violent pain in the eye not resulting
from inflammation.
Ophthalmography (oopog, a tend-
ing). Stevens' term for a tending of the
visual lines in parallelism.
Orthopnce / a (opdog, txvotj, breathing). A
condition marked by quick and labored
breathing in which the patient finds relief
only by maintaining an upright position.
Orthopraxy (opdog, Tvpaoau, to work).
The mechanical treatment of deformities
of the body.
Orthop / tic (opdog, orrTojuai, to see). Per-
taining to normal binocular vision. O.
Training, a method of correcting the
monocular or defective vision of those
having strabismus or insufficiency, by
stereoscopic and other ocular exercises of a
gymnastic kind.
Orthoscope (opdog, straight, gkotteo, to
see.) An instrument for examination of
the eye through a layer of water, whereby
the curvature, and hence the refraction of
the cornea is neutralized and acts as a
plane medium.
Orthoscope (opdog, ckotteu). Pertaining
to an orthoscope or orthoscopy. Applied
to lenses cut from the periphery of a large
lens in such a manner as to act as a decen-
tered lens.
Orthoscopy (opdog, gkotteo). The exami-
nation of the eye by the orthoscope ; also,
the microscopic examination of objects in
such a way that they appear as flat bodies
without relief.
Orthot / onos (opdog, rovog, tension).
Tetanic cramp in which the body lies rigid
and straight.
Oryctog / raphy (opvurog, anything dug
out, ypapco, to write). A description of
minerals, or of fossils.
OryctoFogy (opvurog). A treatise on the
nature and character of minerals and fos-
sils.
Ory / za (apv^a). The common rice plant,
O. sativa, belonging to the graminece.
Its seed consists mainly of starch, and is
one of the most nutritious of the various
grains. Also, in pathology, descriptive of
the faecal discharges of cholera which
closely resemble rice water.
Os. The mouth. O. Externum, the
opening or entrance to the vagina. O.
Internum, the orifice of the womb. O.
Uteri. Same as O. Internum.
Os (ogteov, a bone). A bone.
Os / cheal (oa^eov, the scrotum). Pertaining
to the scrotum.
OscheFtis (oax^ov, trig, inflammation).
Inflammation of the scrotum.
Oscheocele. A synonym of scrotal hernia.
OSCHEOLITH
319
OSTEO-DENTINE
Os / cheolith (ogteov, ?adog, a stone). Scro-
tal calculus.
Oscheon / cus (oer^eov, oynog, swelling).
CEdema, swelling or tumor of the scrotum.
Oscheoplas / tic (ogxeov, kImggcj, to form).
Pertaining to plastic operations upon the
scrotum.
Oscillation (oscillo, to sway back and
forth). A swinging or vibration. Also,
any tremulous motion.
Oscita / tion (oscito, to yawn). The act
of yawning or gaping.
Osculation (dim. of os, a mouth). The
union or anastomosis of vessels or tubes
by their mouths. Also, the act of kissing.
Os / culum (dim. of os). A small aperture,
the mouth of a small vessel or tube.
-ose. A Latin suffix signifying full of.
-osis. A Greek suffix signifying the pro-
gress or condition of.
Os / mazome (og(itj, a smell, (^cj/ueuv, a
flavor). An extractive substance of a
brownish-yellow color developed by heat
in muscular fibers, which imparts to cooked
meats their peculiar flavor.
Osmidrosis. See Bromidrosis.
Os / mium (oofirt). One of the rarer chem-
ical elements. Its soluble combinations
are poisonous. O. Acid, Os0 4 , has been
used advantageously in sciatica, in hypo-
dermatic injections of gr. -J^-. Unof.
Osmometer (ug/ioq, an impulse, fierpov, a
measure). An instrument for measuring
or testing osmosis or the osmotic action
of a liquid.
Osmo / sis (o)G/uog) . That property by which
liquids and crystalline substances in solu-
tion pass through septa which ordinarily
are impervious.
Osmotic (cdGfioq). Pertaining to osmosis.
Osphyal'gia (oafyvg, the loin, aXyog, pain).
Sciatica. Also, any pain in the hips and
loins.
Os / sa (pi. of os, abone). Bones. O. In-
nominata, the irregular bones forming the
sides and anterior wall of the pelvis. O.
Lata, the broad or flat bones composing
the walls of cavities, as the bones of the
cranium in distinction from O. Longa,
the long bones, as those of the limbs.- O.
Triquetra. See Wormian Bones. O.
Wormian. See Wormian Bones.
Os'sem {os, a bone). A combination of
proteids, mainly collagen, and an albumin-
oid composing the organic structure of
bone.
Os / sicles (dim. of os). A name by which
the small bones of the ear are sometimes
known.
OssicAila. See Ossicles.
Ossiculum (dim. of os). A little bone.
An ossicle.
Ossiferous (os, fero, to bear). Bearing
or producing bone tissue.
Ossification (os, facio, to make). The
formation of bone.
Ostse / mia (ogteov, a bone, ai/ua, the blood).
A morbid condition of bone, distinguished
by its turgescence with blood.
Ostal'gia (ogteov, akyoq, a pain). Any
pain of nervous origin in a bone.
Osteallce / osis (ogteov, aXXoiuGtg, altera-
tion). A metamorphosis or metabolism of
the substance of bone, as exemplified in
osteosarcoma.
Osteanaph / ysis (ogteov, avatyvo, to pro-
duce). The reproduction of bone tissue.
Ostearthroc'ace (ogteov, apdpov, a joint,
nemos, bad). A cancerous ulceration or
malignant caries of the bones of a joint.
Os / teIne. The organic constituents of
bone.
Ostei'tis (ogteov, ltlc). Inflammation of
bone, producing a softening or medulliza-
tion of the bone tissue. O. Deformans,
the bones yielding to pressure, and be-
coming distorted.
Ostem / bryon (ogteov, Epifipvov, a fcetus).
A hardening or ossification of the foetus.
Ostempye / sis (ogteov, ejj.ttvt]glq, suppura-
tion). Abscess or any suppurative lesion
of a bone.
Os / teo- (ogteov). A Greek word which,
prefixed to another, signifies connection
with or relation to bone.
Osteo-an / eurysm (ogteov, avEvpvvu, to
expand) . Aneurysm of the osseous arteries.
Osteo-arthri / tis (ogteov, arthritis, inflam-
mation of a joint). A chronic inflamma-
tion of the joints accompanying rheumatism
or caused by it.
Osteoblast (ogteov, (31a.GTog, germ). The
germinal cells deposited in the development
of bone.
Osteocamp / sia (ogteov, KafnrTG), to bend).
Abnormal curvature of bone without
fracture.
Os / teocele (ogteov, ktjXtj, tumor). A bone-
like substance found in old hernial sacs.
Osteoclasia (ogteov, nXau, to break).
Therapeutic fracture of bones.
Osteoclast (ogteov, dao). An instru-
ment for performing osteoclasia.
Osteocop / ic (ogteov, tcoirog, pain). Per-
taining to pain. in bones.
Osteo-dent / ifie (ogteov, dentine). A tis-
sue of the nature of, and intermediate in
structure between bone and dentine.
OSTEODERMIA
320
OTO-
Osteoder / mia (oareov, depua, skin). The
existence of osseous formation in the skin
or outer covering. Occurs normally in
many animals, and occasionally abnormally
in man.
Osteodiastasis (oareov, diaaraatg, a sepa-
ration). Separation of bone without frac-
ture.
Osteodynia (oareov, odwrj). Same as os-
talgia. Also, a chronic pain in the bone.
Osteogenesis (oareov, yevvao, to beget).
The development and formation of bone
tissue.
Osteogeny. See Osteogenesis.
Osteography (oareov, ypavu, to produce). A
bony outgrowth or nodosity.
Osteophy / ton (oareov, (pvrbv, a plant). An
abnormal or morbid growth of bone. A
bone-tumor.
Os'teoplaque. A layer of bone.
Osteoplast (oareov, rc/.aaou, to form). A
form of cell occurring in the growth or
formation of bone.
Osteoplastic (oareov, rr/Maau). Pertain-
ing to plastic operations upon bone.
Osteoporosis (oareov, izeipcd, to pierce).
A retrogressive change of compact into
cancellous form of bone, either from dis-
ease or from growing senility.
Osteography (oareov, paor/, suture). Bone-
suture.
Osteosarcoma (oareov, sarcoma). A
fleshy, medullary, or cartilaginous tumor
with bony framework growing within a
bone, at first attended by enlargement, but
afterward by absorption of bone tissue.
Osteoscir'rhus (oareov, aiappog, a hard
tumor). A term loosely applied to scir-
rhous tumors of bone.
Osteosclerosis (oareov, aKl.rjpuaig, hard-
ening). Induration of bone.
Osteot / omy (oareov, re/nvo), to cut). In-
cision, or surgical operation upon bone.
Osteotrite (oareov, rpipo, to wear away).
An instrument for operations upon bone.
Ostitis. See Osteitis.
Os / tium [ostium, mouth). The door or
mouth of a tubular passage. O. Inter-
num, the minute orifice at the beginning
of the oviduct. O. Abdominale, the
orifice of the oviduct communicating with
the peritoneal cavity.
Otacous / tian, or
Otacous / tic (ovg [gen. urog~], the ear,
anovaig). Pertaining to or aiding audition.
Otalgia (ovg, a/.yog, pain). Any pain in
the ear. Earache.
Oten / chytes (ovg, eyxvo, to pour in). A
syringe for the ear.
Othaemato / ma (ovg, hcematoma). Hema-
toma of the ear.
Othelco'sis (ovg, e?.nog, an ulcer). Sup-
purative ulceration of the ear.
Otiat'rics (ovg, tarpinog, pertaining to the
healing art). A consideration of the na-
ture and principles involved in the proper
treatment of diseases of the ear.
/ tic (ovg). Pertaining to the ear. O.
Ganglion. See Ganglion.
Oticodin / ia (ovg, divr), vertigo). Vertigo
from disease of the ear.
Oti / tis (ovg, trig, inflammation). Inflamma-
tion of the ear. O. Externa; interna;
media ; of the external, internal, and mid-
dle ear, respectively.
Oto- (ovg [gen. cjtoc], the ear). A Greek
word which, prefixed to a root, signifies
connection with or relation to the ear.
OTOBLENORRHCEA
321
OVEN
Otoblenorrhce / a (ovg, ftlevva, mucus, psu,
to flow). Any abnormal discharge of
mucus from the ear.
Otocatarrh / (ovg, narap'pog, an outflow).
Catarrh of the ear.
Otoclei / sis (ovg } kIelcj, to close). Closure
of the ear.
Otoco / nia (ovg, Kovig, dust). The fine
granules of calcium carbonate that are
found in the labyrinth of the internal ear.
/ tocrane (ovg, Kpaviov, the head). The
cavity of the skull holding the osseo-carti-
laginous capsule of the labyrinth of the ear.
Otodynia (ovg, odvvrj, pain). Pain in the
ear.
Otoganglion. See Ganglion, Otic.
Otog'raphy (ovg, ypatya, to write). The
descriptive anatomy of the ear.
/ toliths (ovg, ltdog, a stone). The two
rounded bodies, consisting of granules of
calcium carbonate held in a delicate sac,
which are contained in the labyrinth of
the ear.
Otol'ogy (ovg, "koyog, a treatise). A treat-
ise on the ear.
Otomy / ces, (ovg, fivKrjg, fungus). A fungus
growth within the ear.
Otomyco / sis (ovg, (ivKrjg). The condition
of the growth of fungi within the ear.
Oton / cus (ovg, oynog, tumor). An aural
tumor.
Otoneuralgia (ovg, neuralgia). Neuralgia
of the ear.
Otop / athy (ovg, nadog, suffering). Any
affection of the ear.
Otopharyngeal. Pertaining to the ear
and pharynx. O. Tube, the Eustachian
tube.
/ tophone (ovg, (j)0)V7/, the voice). An ear-
trumpet, or other device for gathering and
intensifying sound-waves.
Otopie / sis (ovg, irie^co, to press). Exces-
sive pressure upon the labyrinth and conse-
quent deafness.
Otoplasty (ovg, Trlaaaco, to form). The
operation of repairing certain lesions of
the external ear by the engrafting of healthy
tissue from some other part of the body.
Otopyorrhoe / a (ovg, irvov, pus, peu, to
flow). Same as Otopyosis.
Otopy / osis (ovg, irvov, pus). A discharge
of pus from the ear.
Otorrhagia (ovg, pr/yvvfic, to burst forth).
A discharge of blood from the external
auditory meatus.
Otorrhce / a (ovg, peo, to flow). A dis-
charge from the external auditory meatus.
Ovoscope (ovg, OKoireid, to observe). An
instrument for examining the ear.
Otos'teal (ovg, qgteov, a bone). Pertain-
ing to the bones of the ear.
Ototomy (ovg, tejxvu, to cut). Dissection
of the ear.
Oua / baine. A glucoside extractive of the
wood of a species of Apocynea. Highly
poisonous. A cardiac stimulant. Unof.
OuToid (ovTiov, a scar, eidog, resemblance).
Resembling a scar. Also, a form of cica-
trix characteristic of lupus, elephantiasis
and syphilis.
Oulorrha'gia (ovlov, the gum, pqyvv/xi,
to burst forth). Haemorrhage from the
gums.
Ounce (uncia, a contraction of tmdecia,
a twelfth part). A twelfth part of the Troy
pound, or 480 grains. Also, a sixteenth
part of the avoirdupois pound, or 437.5
grains.
Ourol'ogy (ovpov, loyog, a treatise). A
treatise on the nature and secretion of urine.
Ouros / copy (ovpov, okotceo, to examine).
The examination of the urine for purposes
of diagnosis.
Ova (pi. of ovum, an egg).
Ovalbumin (ovum, albumin). The albu-
men of the egg, in distinction from that of
the blood.
Ovaral'gia, or
Ovarialgia (ovarium, an ovary, alyog, a
pain). Pain in the ovaries.
Ova / rian (ovarium). Pertaining to the
ovaries.
Ovariocele (ovarium, ktjXij , tumor).
Tumor of the ovary. O., Vaginal, in-
version of the vaginal wall by one or both
ovaries.
Ovariocentesis. Puncture of the ovary.
Ovariotomy (ovarium, te/ivcj, to cut).
The surgical removal of the ovaries.
Ovari / tis (ovarium, trig, inflammation).
Inflammation of the ovaries and their
adjacent membranes.
/ vary (ovum, an egg, avium, place of).
The organ for the deposit and evolution of
the primordial ovules corresponding to the
testicle of the male, and situate in the pos-
terior wing of the broad ligament. O.,
Bulb of (or Spongy Portion) a mass of
blood vessels of the O., communicating
with the uterine plexus. O., Bulbous
Portion of, the main body of the ovary.
Oven. An instrument used in experiments
upon microbes, for sterilization of culture
media, for maintaining the cultures, etc.,z.\.
a constant temperature by an automatic
mechanism. Those of Pasteur, d'Arson-
val and Babes, especially the two last, are
the ones most used in laboratories.
OVER-CROWDING
322
OXYNTIC
Over- crowding. The fact of too many
people living or sleeping in an apartment,
with the consequent failure in sanitary and
hygienic arrangements, whence result dis-
eases peculiar to such conditions.
Overlying. See Infant.
Over-pressure. Applied chiefly to the
unhealthy results of a school-system that
forces too long and continuous periods of
study upon the pupils, with consequent
abnormal or unhealthy conditions of mind
or body.
Overriding. Overlapping of one end of
a fractured bone upon another.
O'viducts [ovum, ductus, a canal). Small
tubes upon either side of the uterus through
which the ovule passes to the uterus. O.,
Ampulla of, or O., Pavilion of, the ex-
panded portion of the abdominal end of
the oviduct, whose fringed edge is called
the fimbria.
O vifica / tion [ovum, facio, to make) . The
production of ova.
/ viform (ovum, forma, a form). Having
the form of an egg. Oval.
Ovina'tion (ovis, a sheep). The process
of inoculation with the specific virus of
sheep-pox.
Ovip / arous {ovum, pario, to bring forth).
A term applied to those species of animals
the females of which bring forth their
young in the egg-stage of development.
Oviposi / tion (ovum, potto, to place). The
act of laying or depositing eggs by the
females of oviparous animals.
Ovipositor .(ovum, pond). An organ in
insects by which eggs are deposited.
/ visac (ovum, sad). The ovum in its
capsule with the membrana granulosa and
the liquid of the ovisac. Called the
Graafian Follicle or Vesicle.
O'vula of Naboth. See Ovule.
Ovulation. The maturation and escape
of ovisacs.
Ovule (dim. of ovum, an egg). The un-
impregnated ovum. O., External Mi-
gration of, the transfer of an ovisac from
the right ovary to the left oviduct, or from
the left to the right. O., Migration of,
the transfer of the ovisac to the oviduct.
O. of Naboth, cystic obstructions of the
ducts of the cervical glands of the uterus.
O., Polar Cells of, certain cells thrown
off upon the surface of the vitellus of the
unimpregnated ovum. O., or Cells,
Primordial, the primitive ovules in the
substance of the ovary.
/ vulum. See Ovule.
/ vum. See Ovule.
Oxal'ic. See Acid, Oxalic. Also, per-
taining to wood sorrel.
Oxal'is (otjvg). An order of plants in-
cluding the plant familiarly known as
wood sorrel. Many of the species contain
oxalic acid.
Oxalu / ria (o^aloc, ovpov, the urine). A
term used to indicate the presence of
calcium oxalate in the urine.
Oxalu / ric Acid. A product derived from
oxalyurea.
Oxalyure / a. Parabamic acid. An acid
derived by oxidizing uric acid or alloxan
with nitric acid.
Oxeo'le (o%vs). Any medicated vinegar.
Oxida / tion (ogvg). In chemistry, the
process of the atomic combination of oxy-
gen with any other element.
Ox / ide (otjvg). Any binary combination of
oxygen.
Oxy- (o%vc, sour or sharp). A prefix de-
noting chemical combination with oxygen.
Oxyaesthe / sia (otjvg, atdqcig, sensation).
A condition of increased acuity of sensa-
tion.
Oxyakoi / a (o%vq, anovr], auditory sensation).
Same as Hyperakusis.
Oxyapb/ia. See Oxycesthesia.
Ox'ydum. See Oxide.
Ox'ygen (o%vq, yevvau, to beget). O =
16; quantivalence II. One of the ele-
ments. A colorless, tasteless, odorless
gas, constituting one-fifth of the atmos-
phere, eight-ninths of water, three-fourths
of organized bodies, and about one-half the
crust of the globe. It is eliminated by
vegetable life, and is characterized by its
affinity for the other elements, with every
one of which it unites excepting fluorine.
It is an active element in most of the acids,
and in all the corrosive alkaline hydrates.
In medicine, it is usually administered in
combination, but its value in this respect is
incidental. It is inhaled as a therapeutic
agent in diseases of the respiratory organs
and blood, acting as a prompt, tonic stimu-
lant to the centers governing respiration
and circulation. Unof.
Oxygenation (oft»c, yevvaco). The satura-
tion of a substance with oxygen, either by
chemical combination or by mixture.
Oxyhaemoglo'bin (ogvc; , hemoglobin).
Normal haemoglobin in which the oxygen
is easily detected. Forms from 86 to 94
per cent, of dry, red human corpuscles.
Oxyn / tic (ofuc). A name applied to the
glands of Heidenhain, that secrete the
acid principle found in normal gastric juice.
See Delomorphous.
OXYOPIA
323 PAGENSTECHER'S OINTMENT
Oxyo'pia (ogvg, sharp, oip, the eye). More
than ordinary acuity of vision.
Ox'y-salts (ofvc). In chemistry, a salt
containing oxygen in combination with
both base and acid.
Oxytoc / ic (ofi'c, ronog, bringing forth). A
medicine that hastens child-birth by stimu-
lating uterine contraction.
Oxytoc / ous. See Oxytocic.
Ozae / na (of% a stench). A fcetid ulcera-
tion and discharge of the nose.
Ozo/kerite. Earth-wax, fossil-wax.
/ zone. An allotropic form of oxygen
having the structure 3 ; an active oxi-
dizing agent, possessing antiseptic proper-
ties.
P. Used in chemical nomenclature as the
symbol of Phosphorus.
Pab / ulum(Lat.). Food. Anything nutri-
tive.
Pacchic/ni's Glands. A name given to
certain granulations occurring in the upper
longitudinal sinus of the cerebral mem-
branes.
Pachulo / sis. See Pachylosis.
Pacb/y- (iraxvg, thick). A Greek word
which, used as a prefix, denotes thickness
of a part or organ.
Pachyae / mia (-naxvg, aijua, the blood).
Abnormal or morbid thickening of the
blood.
Pachybleph / aron (rraxvg, (31e(papov 7 the
eyelid). Thickening of the eyelids arising
from tubercles or other excrescences on
their margin.
Pachy cephalic (rraxvg, Kecpafy, the head).
A condition of unusual thickness of the
skull.
Pachydermatous (Traxvg, Seppa, the
skin). Thick-skinned. In zoology per-
taining to an order of mammalia.
Pachydermia. See Elephantiasis.
Pachylo / sis (naxvg, thick). An extra-
ordinary development of epidermis, arising
from hypertrophy of the skin.
Pachymeningi / tis (naxvg, prjvcy^, the
meninges). Inflammation of the dura
mater; called also external meningitis,
peripachymeningitis, and perimeningitis.
Usually due to extension from adjacent
disease, especially caries. The symptoms
are much the same as in internal menin-
gitis.
Pachy n'tic (-rraxvg). Pertaining to an ab-
normal thickening or hardening of a part.
Pacini's Corpuscles. See Vater.
Pack. A blanket wrung out of hot or cold
water and quickly wrapped about the
patient.
Pac / quelin's Caut/ery. See Cautery.
Pad. A small bag stuffed with cotton,
hair, etc., used as a cushion for the support
of any part of the body.
Paedarthroc'ace (natg, apdpov, a joint,
Kan??, ulceration). A necrotic ulceration or
caries of the joints of children.
Paederas / tia (naig, epug, passion). An
unnatural lust for a boy, a vice much prac-
ticed during the decline of the Greek and
Roman civilizations.
Paedia'tric (irate, tarpta, medical treat-
ment). Pertaining to Paediatrics.
Paediatrics (natg, larpia). The treatment
of the diseases of children.
PaedonVeter (nacg, perpov, a measure).
An instrument for determining the weight
and height of a new-born child.
PaedonosoFogy (naig, voaog, a disease,
loyog, a treatise). A treatise on diseases
peculiar to infancy and childhood.
Paedon / osos (naig, voaog). A disease of
childhood.
Paedop / athy (naig, nadog, suffering). The
science of the diseases of children, their
treatment, etc.
PaedophthFsis (naig, (pdiaig, wasting).
Tabetic or other wasting disease of children.
Paedotropb/ium (naig, rpe(f)0), to nourish).
A foundling hospital, or one for orphan
children.
Pagenstecb/er's Ointment. One to three
grains of the yellow oxide of mercury to
the drachm of vaseline. Used in oph-
thalmic practice.
PAGET' S DISEASE
324
PALPEBRAL
Paget's Disease of the Nipple. See
Dermatitis and Carcinoma.
Pain (iroivq, a penalty). Suffering. Dis-
tressing or agonizing sensation. It is
usually symptomatic of disease or morbid
condition of a part or organ.
Pains of Labor. A synonym for uterine
contractions, since these are attended by
pains, increasing in severity according to
the intensity and frequency of the con-
tractions. After-P., those following labor,
and caused by the uterus contracting to
expel clots, etc., or to resume its normal
proportions. P., False, those occurring
in the latter part of pregnancy, not pre-
ceded by the premonitoiy signs of labor,
and not directly caused by labor. P.,
Irregular, those not recurring according
to the normal periodic or rhythmical nature
of uterine contractions. P., Premoni-
tory, so-called painless contractions pre-
ceding the advent of true labor.
Painters' Colic. See Colica Pictommi.
Palaeo- (rraZaf, long ago). A Greek root
used as a prefix denoting early, long ago, etc.
Pala^oPogy (TraAai., 'Aoyog, a treatise). A
treatise on antiquities.
Palse / ontog / raphy (TraAai, ovra, life-
forms, -ypcKpco, to write). A description of
the forms and conditions of early, or at
present extinct forms of life.
PalaeontoPogy (-rra?Mi, ovra, Aoyog, a treat-
ise). A treatise on the early life-forms of
the earth.
Palaozo'ic (TraAai, ^uov, an animal). Per-
taining to the geological age preceding
that of the carboniferous age, the age in
which the first life-forms appeared. Also,
pertaining to the life-fonns of that age.
PaPate {palatum, a roof ). The upper wall
or roof of the mouth. Consists of a hard
palate adjacent to the gums and alveolar
arches, and a soft palate forming an in-
complete septum between the mouth and
pharynx.
PaPatine [palatum). Pertaining or be-
longing to the palate. P. Arches, the
arches, posterior and anterior, upon each
side of the throat. P. Canals, several
canals in the palatal portion of the superior
maxilla.
PalatPtis. Inflammation of the palate.
Palatoglossus. Pertaining to the palate
and the tongue. P. Muscle. See Muscle.
Palatogna / thus [palatum, }vadog, jaw).
Cleft palate.
Palatopharyngeal (palatum, (papvy^,
the pharynx). Pertaining conjointly to the
palate and the pharynx.
Palator'raphy. See Staphylorraphy.
Palatoschisis (palatum, ox i &, to split).
Cleft or split palate.
Palatum (Lat.). The palate.
Pale (Fr. pale). Deficient or wanting in
color natural to health. P. Bark. See
Cinchona. P. Rose. See Rosa centifo-
lia.
Pale / ness. Same as Pallor.
Palindro / mia (7ra7.Lv, again, dpo/iog, a
course). Recurrence or growing worse
of a disease.
Palingenesis (rraAiv, yevvao, to beget).
Rebirth ; regeneration.
Palliative (pallio, to dissemble). A drug
relieving or soothing the symptoms of a
disease without curing it.
PaPlor (Lat.). Paleness. The whiteness
or loss of color arising from lack of cir-
culation, loss of blood, morbid condition
or diminution of blood in the capillaries.
It is frequently a sign of disease.
Palm (palma). The inner side of the
hand.
PaPma. See Palm.
PaPmae Plica / tae. The arborescent rugae
of the interior of the ce?~vix uteri.
PaPmar (palma). Pertaining to the palm
of the hand. P. Arches, the curved an-
astomotic extremities of the arteries — radial
and ulnar — of the hand. P. Arteries.
See Artery. P. Fascia, the sheath invest-
ing the muscles of the hand. P. Mus-
cles. See Muscle.
Palma / ris. See Muscle.
PaPmature (Palma). Union of the
fingers, either congenital or from burns,
wounds, etc.
PalmiPla. A family of Algae believed by
Salisbury to be the origin of the spores
that produce malarial fever.
PaPmipede (palma, pes, the foot). Hav-
ing palmated or webbed feet.
PaPmitine. A solid crystallizable sub-
stance which, with stearine, composes the
greater proportion of solid fats. It occurs
both in animal and in vegetable fats. It is
a constituent of palm oil, from which it
derives its name. Chemically, it is a salt
of palmitic acid with glyceryl as a base.
Palm Oil. The fixed oil expressed from
the fruit of the Guinea palm, Elais guin-
ensis. Used in the manufacture of soap
and glycerine. Unof.
Palpa / tion (palpo, to handle gently).
The sense of touch. In medicine, diagnosti-
cation or exploration with the hand.
PaPpebra (Lat.). The eyelid.
PaPpebral. Pertaining to the palpebrae.
PALPITATE
325
PANPHOBIA
PaFpitate (frequentative of palpo, to
quiver). To nutter, tremble or beat ab-
normally fast; applied especially to the
heart.
Palpitation (palpo). Any spasmodic
fluttering or tremor, especially the abnor-
mally rapid beating of the heart.
Pal/sy. See Paralysis.
Palu / dal (pains, a marsh). Pertaining to
a marsh or the exhalations of marshes.
Palu / dous (palus). Marshy or swampy.
Having the nature of or affected with
marsh fever.
Palus / tral (pa/us). Pertaining to or having
the nature of marsh fever.
Pampiniform (pampinus, a tendril,
forma, form). Having the form of a
tendril. P. Plexus. See Plexus (sper-
matic).
Pan- (neuter of nag [gen. navrog\ all,
everything). A Greek word signifying all,
everything. The form panto- is frequently
employed.
Panace / a (navaneta, a cure-all). A cure-
all; a name applied to various empiric
preparations alleged to cure a multitude
of diseases.
Pana / do (Sp. panadd). Bread softened in
water. Also, a bread poultice.
Pana / ris. Phlegmonous inflammation of
the finger or toe. Whitlow.
Panarthritis (nag, apdpov, joint). General
inflammation of the structures of a joint.
Pan'as's Solution. A mild antiseptic
collyrium serviceable in conjunctivitis, ble-
pharitis, etc. Contains hydrarg. biniodide
I, absolute alcohol 400, distilled water ad
20,000 parts.
Pan' ax. Ginseng. The root of P. quinque-
folium. Much used in China as a cure-all.
A demulcent and mild purgative.
Panchres / tus (nag, all, xPW T og, useful).
Same as Panacea.
Pan'creas (nag, upeag, flesh). A large
racemose gland, from six to eight inches
in length, lying transversely across the
posterior wall of the abdomen. It secretes
a limpid, colorless fluid for the digestion
of oils and fats. The sweetbread of ani-
mals. P., Small, a glandular mass fre-
quently found under the true pancreas,
and similar in structure.
Pancreatalgia (pancreas, ciXyog, a pain).
Pain in the pancreas.
Pancreatectomy (pancreas, earoprj, ex-
cision) . Excision of a portion or all of the
pancreas.
Pancreatic. Belonging to the pancreas.
P. Duct, the efferent duct carrying the
secretions of the pancreas. P. Fluid or
Juice, the fluid secreted by the pancreas.
Pancre / atin. The juice of the pancreas.
Contains several ferments. Emulsifies fats
in alkaline solutions. An active digestive
of amyloids and albuminoids. Recom-
mended with soups, gruel, milk, etc., which
it partly peptonizes. An excellent ad-
juvant to cod-liver oil. Pancreaticus
Liquor, prepared by digesting pigs' pan-
creas with four times its weight of alcohol.
Dose 3J-^ss. Unof.
Pancreatitis (pancreas, ircg, inflamma-
tion). Inflammation of the pancreas.
Pancreaton'cus (pancreas, oynog, a tumor).
A tumor of the pancreas.
Pancreatot / omy (pancreas, re/ivu, to cut).
Incision of the pancreas.
Pandem / ic. See Epidemic.
Pandiculation (pando, to stretch out).
The act of yawning or stretching the limbs,
especially on waking from sleep. It is
sometimes symptomatic of fever, hysteria,
and of malarial affections.
Pang. A sharp momentary pain.
Pangenesis (nag, all, ■yevvau, to beget).
Theory of Darwin to give a physical ex-
planation of hereditary transmission by the
hypothesis of a primordial living matter
through whose gradual modification all
living forms have arisen.
Pan / gens (nag, yevvacS). The active parti-
cles regarded as the vehicles of hereditary
characters in Darwin's hypothesis of pan-
genesis.
Panidro / sis (nag, idpug, sweat). General
perspiration.
Pan / is (Lat.). Bread.
Panneuritis. A synonym of multiple
neuritis.
Pannic / ulus (dim. of pannus, a piece of
cloth). A small piece of cloth. In anatomy,
a small membrane.
Pan / nus (pannus). Corneal vasculari-
zation, due to irritants or long-continued
inflammation. (The cornea is normally
non-vascular.)
Panopho / bia. See Panphobia.
Panophthalmia. See Panophthalmitis.
Panophthalmitis (nag, otyQalpog^ eye).
A synonym of parenchymatous, metastatic,
or suppurative choroiditis ; -or an acute and
severe general inflammation of the eyeball.
It usually leads to loss of the eye.
Panotitis (nag, ovg, ear, trig, inflamma-
tion). General inflammation of the ear.
Panphobia (nag, (po/3og, dread). A ground-
less dread or fear of everything. A form
of hypochondriasis.
PANSPERMIA
326
PARAGLOBULIN
Panspermia [~ag, c-epua, germ). The
theory that the germs of disease are uni-
versally disseminated in the air and earth,
awaiting only a suitable soil in which to
germinate.
Pansperm'ism. See Abie-genesis.
Pansphyg'mograph. See Sphygmograph.
Pan'sy. See Viola Tricolor.
Pantamorphic {~ag, auoppia, shapeless).
Completely deformed.
Pantanenceph'alic [~ag,av, without, evke-
oa/.ov, brain). A foetal monstrosity desti-
tute of brain.
Pantatrophia {~ag, arpooia, atrophy).
General atrophy, or that involving all parts.
Pan 'to-. See Pan-.
Pantoscopic. See Bifocal.
Pap'ain. Papaiva. A ferment obtained
from papaw milk, the juice of Carica pa-
paya, a tree native to South America. Has
the digestive properties of pepsin, but is
far more active, dissolving the fibrin in
neutral, acid, or alkaline liquids. An excel-
lent solvent of false membranes. Unof.
Papayotin, the coagulated juice.
Papa / ver. The poppy, whose juice and
extracts possess narcotic properties. Opium
is obtained from the P. somniferum.
Papaverine. An alkaloid extractive of
opium. Reported inert by some observers,
and a convulsant narcotic by others. Unof.
Pa / paw. The seed of Asmina triloba. A
prompt emetic. Dose of fid. ext. rr^x-
xxx. Unof.
PapilTa (Lat., a nipple). In anatomy,
any small conical eminence, as the nipple.
In pathology, a pimple or pustule. P.
Circumvallate, the lenticular papillae at
the root of the tongue. P. of Eye. See
Disc. P. of Kidney, the projections of
the apices of the cones of the kidneys.
P. Lachrymal, the opening into the
canaliculus of the eyelid. P. Medul-
lary, the small eminences on the medulla
oblongata.
Papillary {papilla). Pertaining to a
papilla. Also, pertaining to the nipple.
Papillitis {papilla, trig). Inflammation
of the papilla of the eye, the ophthalmo-
scopic indication of inflammation of the
optic nerve, or optic neuritis. The old
terms choked disc, descending neuritis, etc.,
implied unproved theories of causation,
and have led to the adoption of the better
term papillitis. Intracranial diseases, tu-
mors, etc., are the most frequent cause.
Papillo / ma of the Skin. A term loosely
employed to include corns, warts, horns,
and certain narui.
Pap'pus {~a~-og, down). The fine down
first appearing on the cheeks and chin.
Pap / ule {papula, a pimple). A small ele-
vation of the skin. If the papule enclose a
fluid or serum it is termed a vesicle; if it
contain pus it is termed a pustule.
Papyraceous {papyrus, parchment). Pa-
per-, or parchment-like.
Paquelin's Cautery. See Cautery.
Para- {-apa, beyond, reverse, etc.). A Greek
prefix signifying beyond, beside, the oppo-
site of, etc.
Paraba / nic Acid. See Oxalyurea.
Parablas / tic. See Archiblastic.
Parabulia. Abnormal action of the vo-
lition.
Paracentesis {~apa, by, Kevreo), to pierce) .
Piercing or tapping a cavity of the body,
such as the chambers of the eye, the
thorax, etc., for the evacuation of fluid, etc.
Paracentral Lobule. See Lobulus.
Paracine / sis {-apa, nn-t/cig, motion).
Morbid movements of the voluntary
muscles arising from a diseased condition
of the motor nerves or centers.
Paracolpitis {-apa, by, no/.-og, vagina,
trig, inflammation). Inflammation of the
structures about the vagina.
Paracou / sis {?rapa, anovu, to hear). Any
perversion of the sense of hearing. P.
Willissii. See Deafness (Paradoxical).
Paracusis. See Paracousis.
Paracye / sis {-apa, nvrjOLg, pregnancy).
Any morbid form of pregnancy, especially
extra-uterine pregnancy.
Paradidymus. See Giraldes.
Paradox'ia Sexua / lis (Lat.). The ab-
normal exhibition of sexual instincts in
childhood or prior to puberty.
Paradoxical Muscular Contraction. A
slow tonic contraction occurring in a muscle
when suddenly relaxed or when its course
is suddenly shortened.
Paresthesia {-apa, aiaOTjcig, sensation).
Morbid or altered sensation.
ParaesthetTc {-zapa, aiodrjcng). Pertain-
ing to or having the nature of paraesthesia.
Par'affine {pa rum, little, affinis, affinity).
A white, odorless, translucent, crystalline
hydrocarbon obtained from coal-tar, or by
the destructive distillation of wood. In a
pure state it resembles white wax in physi-
cal properties.
Paragen'esis. See Hybrid.
Parageu / sis {-apa, ^evcig, taste). Any
depraved condition or perversion of the
taste.
Paraglob'ulin. A native proteid of the
globulin class obtained from blood-serum
PARAGLOSSA
327
PARAMYOTONE
and other fluids of the body. Called, also,
Fibroplastin, Fibrinoplastin, and Serum-
globulin.
Paraglos / sa (irapa, y^uaaa, the tongue).
Swelling of the tongue. Also, an hyper-
trophy of the tongue, usually congenital.
Paragrapb/ia (irapa, ypacpu, to write). An
aphasic symptom in which there is inability
to express words in writing.
Parakre / sol. See Kresol.
Paralbumin. This and metalbumin are
two proteid substances or native albumins
found by Scherer in ropy solutions in ova-
rian cysts.
Paraldehyde. A modified form of alde-
hyde, of which it is a polymeric form,
C 6 H 12 3 . Hypnotic and diuretic, with
many of the properties of chloral and none
of its dangers. Valuable in insomnia,
mania and fever. Dose tt^xx— g ijss.
Paralexia (irapa, fo/yu, to read). An
aphasic symptom consisting of inability to
read.
Paralgesia (irapa, alyoc, pain). Absence
of pain or of sensation. Anaesthesia.
ParaLgia (irapa } alyog). Certain dis-
agreeable cutaneous sensations, as formi
cation, cold, burning, etc.
Paralogism (irapa, loyog). The logical
error of considering effects or unrelated
phenomena as the causes of a condition.
Paralysis (irapa, Xvu, to loose). A com-
plete loss or great diminution of the power
of motion in one or in a number of the
voluntary muscles. It may be confined to
a lateral half of the body, or it may affect
the entire lower half. P., Acute As-
cending, palsy beginning in the legs and
ascending to the other muscles of the
body. Its pathology is obscure, and it is
a very fatal malady. P., Agitans, " Shak-
ing Palsy," a form marked by constant
tremor or alternate contraction and relaxa-
tion of the muscles of the part involved.
The motions are regular and rhythmic
(distinction from insular sclerosis). P.,
Alternate. See Hemiplegia. P., Bell's,
a paralysis of the facial muscles arising in
a lesion of the portio dura. P., Bulbar,
Labio-Glosso- Pharyngeal P., a form of
paralysis, the chronic form of which is pro-
gressive, attacking the bulbar nerves, and
involving at first only the muscles of the
lips, tongue, and pharynx. It is sometimes
a sequel to exposure to severe cold, etc.,
but more frequently it follows morbid
growths and syphilitic affections. It is
usually confined to the latter half of life,
and its prognosis is always grave. P.,
Diphtheritic, a form sometimes occurring
in patients convalescent from diphtheria.
It rarely extends beyond the palate. P.,
Divers'. See Caisson Disease. P.,
Duchenne's. Same as Pseudohyper-
trophic P. P., Hemiplegic. See Hemi-
plegia. P. of Insane, a form usually
progressive and incurable, and increasing
as the powers of the brain diminish. P.,
Landry's. See P., Acute Ascending.
P., Paraplegic. See Paraplegia. P.,
Pseudohypertrophic, a form character-
ized by diminished power of motion, but
marked also by increased volume of the
muscles affected. P., Reflex, a palsy
arising from irritation reflected from an
irritated or diseased peripheral organ to
parts themselves healthy. It takes various
forms, frequently that of* paraplegia. P.
Venenata, that arising from the absorption
of poisonous substances, such as lead, anti-
mony, curare, etc. P., Writers', paralysis,
with incoordination of the muscles of the
wrist and fingers from overuse.
Paralyt / ic (irapa, Xvo). Having the na-
ture of paralysis. Affected with paralysis.
Also, a person suffering from paralysis.
Paramagnetic (irapa, magnetic). A term
applied to the ordinary form of magnetism,
in which the orientation is north and south,
in distinction to diamagnetism.
Paramastitis. Inflammation of the tissue
about the mammas.
Parame / nia {irapa, fiqveg, the menses).
Difficult or disordered menstruation.
Parametritis. See Metritis.
Paramimia. Gesture not accordant with
the meaning of the words used.
Para-mito / ma. See Cell-body.
Paramnesia (irapa, p.vrjGiq, remembrance).
Loss of the memory of the meaning of
words spoken or written.
Paramor'phia (irapa, floppy, form). Ab-
normality of form.
Paramor'phine. See Thebaine.
Paramyoclonus Multiplex. See Myo-
clonus.
Paramyosinogen (irapa, myosin, yevvau,
to beget). One of the proteids of muscle-
plasma. Coagulates at 47 C. See Muscle-
plasma.
Paramy / otone Congenital. A rare,
obscure and strange family affection, allied
to Thomsen's Disease in general features.
The chief symptom is tonic spasm, lasting
from 15 minutes to several hours, affecting
chiefly the facial muscles, but also those
of the extremities ; directly excited by cold
and allayed by warmth.
PARANEPHRITIS
328
PARENCEPHALIS
Paranephritis {rzapa, nephritis, inflamma-
tion of the kidneys). Inflammation of the
supra-renal capsule.
Paran'gi. See Frambccsia.
Parance'a. See Paranoia.
Paranoia [rzapa, voeu, to think). Pri-
mary monomania ; a mental disease charac-
terized by delusions arising without apparent
cause. Mental vigor and control are not
lost. Heredity usually plays an important
role. Most cases run a chronic course,
and degenerate finally into gradual weak-
ening of the mental powers or the domina-
tion of fixed ideas. A paranoiac is com-
monly called a " crank."
Para-pep / tone. See Peptone.
Paraphasia {rzapa, 6tjul, to- speak). A
form of aphasia in which there is inability
to connect ideas with the proper words to
express the ideas.
Paraphenylendi / amine. An isomer of
metaphenylendiamine. It causes great ex-
ophthalmos when injected into the bodies
of animals.
ParaphTa [rzapa, ayog, a treatise).
Pertaining to pathology. Morbid or dis-
eased. P. Anatomy. See Anatomy.
PathoPogy {rzadog, /.oyog). That branch
of medical science treating of diseases and
morbid physiological conditions, their na-
ture, causes and phenomena.
PathoPysis {rzadoc, avo, to dissolve). The
dissolution of tissues or substances by the
influence of disease.
PathononPia {rzadog, vofiog, law). The
study of pathological laws.
Pathophobia {rzadog, oo^oc, fear). Ex-
aggerated dread of disease.
Pathopoie / sis. The creation of disease.
Pa'tient {potior, to suffer). One who is
under the care of a physician. A sick
person.
Papulous {pateo, to be open). Expanded;
open.
Paunch. The abdominal cavity and its
contents. In comparative anatomy, the
largest stomach of cud-chewing animals.
Pave'ment Epithe'lium. See Epithe-
Ihtm.
PaviPion {papilio, a canopy). A name
sometimes given to the expanded portion
of a canal or tube. P. of Ear, the au-
ricle. P. of Fallopian Tube, the free
expanded extremity.
Pavy's Disease. Intermitting or recur-
rent albuminuria.
PAVY'S TEST
331
PELLAGRA
Pavy's Test. The use of ammonia in-
stead of caustic alkali in Fehling's solu-
tion.
Pearl Barley. See Barley.
Pearl White. See Bismuth.
Pearly Bodies. Birds' nest bodies; epi-
dermic spheres. Peculiar laminated grains
found in epithelioma.
Pearson's Solution. See Arsenic.
Pec / cant {pecco, to sin). A term formerly
denoting any abnormal condition of what
were termed the "humors" of the body.
Pathogenic; morbid.
Pec / tase. An albuminoid substance de-
rived from fruits, roots, etc.
Pec / ten {pecten, a comb). The foetal os
pubis.
Pectinate Ligament. Fibers of connec-
tive tissue at the angle of the anterior
chamber of the eye, between the iris and
cornea.
Pectine'us. See Muscle.
Pectin / iform {pecten, forma, a form).
Having the form of or resembling a comb.
Fimbriated or serrated.
Pec / toral {pectus, the breast). Pertaining
to the breast. Also, a descriptive term
applied to certain muscles of the breast.
PectoraTis. See Muscle.
Pectoriloquy {pectus, loquor, to speak).
A peculiar resonance over pulmonary cavi-
ties, made by the voice, cough, or rales.
Pec / tose. A term formerly applied to a
gelatinous compound occurring in fruits,
intermediate between starch and glucose.
Its exact composition is not known.
Pec / tus (Lat., the breast). That part of
the body between the neck and the ab-
domen.
Pe / dal {pes, the foot). Pertaining to the
feet.
Ped / erasty. See Pcederastia.
PediaPgia [pes [gen. pedis'], the foot,
akyoq, a pain). Pain in the foot.
Ped / icle (dim. of pes, the foot). In botany,
a slender stalk. In pathology, the narrow
part of a tumor or morbid growth by which
it is attached or which supports it.
Pedic / ular (dim. of pes). Pertaining to a
pedicle or little foot-stalk.
Pedicula / tion {pediculus). The state of
being lousy.
Pediculosis. A term used to designate
the symptoms produced by lice. Consists
of lesions caused by intolerable itching and
scratching.
PedicAilus (Lat. pes, a foot). A louse.
The name of a genus of the subdivision of
Ectozoa parasitic upon human beings. P.
Capitis, Head Louse, a variety that in-
fests the scalp. P. Pubis, Crab Louse,
a variety infesting the region of the geni-
tals. P. Vestimenti, Body Louse, a
variety living in dirty clothes. Sometimes
produces phthiriasis.
Ped / icure. See Chiropodist.
Ped / igree (possibly from Fr. pied de grue,
a crane's foot, from the irregular lines on
charts of descent). An account of gene-
alogy or descent.
Pedilu'vium {pes, lavo, to wash). A foot
bath.
PedonVeter {pes, fierpov, a measure). An
instrument for automatically measuring the
distance traveled. As formerly constructed,
it registered the number of footsteps.
Peduncle (dim.* of pes). In botany, the
footstalk of a plant. In anatomy, any sup-
porting part. P. of Brain, the white
cords outside of the corpora albicantia.
P. of Cerebellum, the parts, six in num-
ber, connecting it with the rest of the en-
cephalon.
Peinother / apy {ireiva, hunger, depairevu,
to heal). The cure of disease by the de-
privation of food.
Pelade 7 (Fr.). A disease of the skin cov-
ered with hair, caused by the Microsporon
Audouini. The fungus develops in the
superficial horny layer of the epidermis,
causing shedding of the hair and epidermis.
It does not penetrate the hair follicles; it
is composed of round spores. Recent re-
search seems to show that pelade is iden-
tical with the Pellagra of Italy, and the
Rose Sickness of Spain. Ergot of maize
produces similar phenomena.
PePage {irsXAa, the hair). The hairy
system of the body as a whole.
Pelargon'ic Acid. A complex ether
that imparts the specific flavor to gera-
nium and certain other aromatic oils.
Pelk/sis Rheumat / ica. Purpura Rheu-
matica. An acute disease distinguished
by acute pain in the joints, and accompa-
nied by an eruption of livid patches, gen-
erally raised, and which do not fade by
pressure. Sometimes associated with acute
rheumatism.
Pella / gra (It.pelle, skin, and agra, rough).
A disease formerly common in Italy, first
manifesting itself as an erythematous
eruption followed by lesions of the mucous
membrane and general disturbance of the
cerebro-spinal and diges'.ive systems. Sup-
posed to be caused by a fungus parasitic
on maize. Called, also, Italian leprosy.
See also Pelade.
PELLAGROCEINE
332
PELVIS
Pellagro / ceine. A name given by Lom-
broso to a poisonous substance found in
decomposed corn meal; but this was really
a mixture of poisonous ptomaines, some
of which produce narcosis and paralysis;
others, symptoms like those of nicotine
poisoning.
Pellet / ierine. See Granatum.
Periicle (dim. of pellis, a skin). A thin
skin, especially the mycodermatous skin
of solutions of organic matter connected
with acetous fermentation.
Pellicular (rreXla, a hide). Resembling
a pellicle or thin skin.
Pel/lis (neUa). The skin.
PelTitory. See Pyrethnwi.
Pelvic {pelvis, a basin). Pertaining to
the pelvis. P. Aponeurosis, the ten-
dinous lamina having its origin at the
brim of the pelvis and lining the pelvic
cavity. P. Canal, the birth canal. P.
Cavity, the cavity forming the lower part
of the abdomen. P. Cellulitis, inflam-
mation of the tissues in the vicinity of the
uterus, or between the uterus and peri-
neum. P. Index, the relation of the
antero-posterior to the transverse diameter.
Pelvimeter {pelvis, fierpov, a measure).
An instrument for measuring the pelvic
dimensions.
Pelvimetry (pelvis, /nerpov). The esti-
mation of the dimensions of the pelvis.
P., External, measurement of the external
parts of the pelvis, by which to estimate the
dimensions of the internal parts. P., In-
ternal, best effected by the hand. See
Pelvis.
Pelviot / omy (pelvis, tojuij, a cutting). Any
section or cutting of the bones of the pelvis,
especially the division of the symphysis
pubis in case of difficult labor.
Pelviperitonitis. Inflammation of the
pelvic portion of the peritoneum. Peri-
metritis.
Pel' vis (pelvis, a basin). The basin-like
cavity of the inferior part of the trunk con-
taining the urinary and genital organs, and
bounded anteriorly and laterally by the
innominate bones, posteriorly by the sacrum
and coccyx, and inferiorly by the floor of
the pelvis. P. i*Equabiliter justo-
major, one equally enlarged in all diam-
eters with preservation of the normal
proportions. P. .^Equabiliter justo-
minor, a normally proportioned pelvis, but
with all diameters reduced. P., Axes of,
of inlet or outlet, a perpendicular to the
middle of the antero posterior diameter. P.,
Brim of, the entrance to the cavity, vari-
ously called the inlet, superior strait, mar-
gin, or isthmus. Capuron, Cardinal
Points of, four fixed points of the pelvis,
the two ileo-pectineal eminences anteriorly,
and the two sacro-iliac joints posteriorly.
P., Diameters of, of the inlet, the antero-
posterior (sacro-pubic , or conjugate), from
the sacro-vertebral angle to the pubic sym-
physis ; the transverse, from side to side at
the widest point ; the obliques (right and
left), obliquely between the points of Cap-
uron; of the outlet, the anteroposterior
from the tip of the coccyx to the sub-pubic
ligament ; the transverse between the
ischial tuberosities ; the obliques, from the
under surface of the sciatic ligaments to the
junction of the ischio-pubic rami. P.,
Dynamic, that of the woman in labor.
P., False, that part of the pelvis (called,
also, the superior or large pelvis) above the
ileo-pectineal line. P., Floor of, the
united mass of skin, connective tissue,
muscles, and fasciae forming the inferior
boundary. P., Funnel-shaped, narrowed
progressively from above; called, also, P.,
Masculine. P., Kyphotic, with a pos-
terior curvature of the lumbar spinal
column, with increase of the conjugate
diameter. P., Lordotic, with an anterior
curvature of the lumbar spinal column.
P., Naegele's Oblique, a pelvic de-
formity with anchylosis of one sacro-iliac
synchondrosis and other defects that distort
the diameters and render the conjugate ob-
lique in position. P., Obliquity of, called,
also, the Inclination, the normal differ-
ence between the axis of the P. and that
of the body. P., Obstetric, the static
pelvis //z«- the last lumbar vertebra. P.,
Osteo-malacic, a distortion causing les-
sening of the transverse and oblique diam-
eters with great increase of the antero-
posterior. P., Outlet of. The inferior
opening of the pelvic canal. P., Planes of,
a surface touching all points of the circum-
ference. P., Pseudo-osteo-malacic, a
pelvis deformed by rickets, resembling that
formed by osteo-malacia. P., Rachitic,
the distortion produced by rickets usually
consists in a sinking in and forward of the
sacro-vertebral angle, with other deformi-
ties. P., Roberts', consists in an anchy-
losis of both sacro-iliac joints and rudiment-
ary sacrum, with other malformations, the
oblique and transverse diameters being
much narrowed. P., Scoliotic, distortion
produced by lateral curvature of the spine.
P., Static, the bony pelvis, called, also,
the P., Anatomical. P., Straits of,
PEMPHIGOID
333
PEPTONES
superior and inferior, the planes of the
inlet and outlet. P., True, that below the
ilio-pectineal line, called, also, the small,
or inferior pelvis, or the pelvic cavity.
Pemphigoid [tte/li.^, a blister, eidog, re-
semblance). Resembling or having the
nature of pemphigus.
Pem / phigus (TrefiQitf). An acute or
chronic eruption marked by successive
crops of bullae, which occur usually with-
out antecedent lesions. P., Chronica,
marked by oval bulla? with translucent
contents, which develop bi-laterally, and
are followed by superficial excoriation,
healing with pigmented stain. Includes
several varieties, such as P. solitarius, P.
diutinous, P. diphtheriticus, and a fatal
form, P. vegetans, which extends rapidly,
involving large surfaces of the skin, and
developing fungoid excrescences of the
skin. P., Foliaceous, marked by turbid,
flaccid bulla? which rupture and become
purulent, leaving deep excoriations of the
skin. P., Pruriginosis. See Hydroa.
Pen / cil Flower. See Stylosanthes.
Pendin / ski Ulcer. See Funmculus Ori-
entalis.
Pen / dulous Abdo / men. See Abdomen.
Penetration {penetro, to enter). The
entrance of the penis within the vagina,
proof of which is a pre-requisite of the
crime of rape.
Penetrating {penetro, to pierce). Enter-
ing beyond the surface. Piercing. P.
Wound, one that pierces any of the larger
cavities of the body.
PenicilTium (penicillum, a brush). One
form of a polymorphous parasitic fungus,
of which aspergillus and mucor are others ;
the P. glaucum, or common blue mould
is a common example, the spores resem-
bling those of the trichophyton tonsurans
and other skin diseases.
Pe'nis (Lat.). The principal male organ
of generation. Consists of two elongated
bodies of erectile tissue, the corpora caver-
nosa, the corpus spongiosum, which en-
close the urinary canal, and the glans
penis.
Peni'tis {penis, trie, inflammation). Phleg-
masia of the prepuce, skin or cellular tissue
of the penis.
Penj / deh Sore. See Furunculus Orient-
alis.
Pennyroyal. See Hedeo??ia.
Pen / nywort. See Hydrocotile.
Pentagon {Tzevra, five, yovta, an angle).
A plane figure having five equal sides and
angles.
Pe / ony. The root of Pceonia officinalis.
Of reputed value in the convulsions of
children. Dose, inf., gij-^j. Unof.
Peot / omy (7reoc, the penis, to/lct/, a cutting).
Amputation of the penis.
Pe'po. Pumpkin seed. The seed of cu-
curbita P. Properties due to a resin con-
tained in the inner covering of the embryo.
Highly recommended as a taeniafuge. Dose
of the resin gr. xv, of the seeds ^j-ij,
made into a suitable emulsion.
Pep / per. See Piper.
Peppermint. See Mentha piperita.
Pep / sin [iretpig, digestion). A name of
indefinite meaning given to the digestive
principle of the gastric fluids. Commonly
called a solvent, but more properly a
ferment which converts albuminous sub-
stances into peptones, in the presence
of an acid. Prepared by digesting the
mucous lining of pigs' stomachs in acidu-
lated water. One gr. should peptonize
3000 grs. of albuminous matter. P. Sac-
charat., a mixture of pepsin and sugar of
milk. Dose gr. v-gj. P. Liq., contains
saccharated pepsin 40, hydrochloric acid
12, glycerine 400, water q. s. ad 1000 parts.
Dose gij-iv. See, also, Lactopepsin,
Ingluvin, and Ferments.
Pepsinogen {pepsin, yevvaco, to beget).
The mother-substance, zymogen or propep-
sin, existing in the granules of the cells,
changeable into pepsin by hydrochloric
acid or sodium chloride.
Pep / tic (iTETpig). Pertaining to, or that
which promotes digestion. P. Glands,
the fundus glands of Heidenheim, gastric
follicles, especially numerous near the car-
diac portion of the stomach.
Peptonae / mia. The artificially-produced
existence of peptone in the blood.
Pep / tones (ireTrro), to digest). A class of
animal proteids produced during digestion
by the action of pepsin and dilute hydro-
chloric acid upon the proteids of food,
transforming them into a soluble form. The
proteid molecule is split up into two groups,
Anti-peptone and Hemi-peptone. The
former can be split up into leucin and
tyrosin by trypsin, while the latter does not
undergo the change. The mixture of the
two is called Ampho-peptone. An in-
termediate body, really a mixture of several
bodies, is called Pro-peptone, Para-
peptone, or Hemi-albumose. Peptones
are soluble in water, diffuse through mem-
branes easily, and are lasvogyrous. They
are the chief sources of energy and of re-
pair of waste for the economy.
PEPTONIZED
334
PERICARDIAC
Peptonized. Ingested with or containing
pepsin, either naturally or artificially, for
the purpose of aiding digestion. Food,
especially milk intended for invalids, is
thus treated.
Peptonuria {peptone, ovpov, urine). The
presence of peptones in the urine.
Peptotox'ine. A poisonous ptomaine found
by Brieger in some peptones, in digestion
of fibrin, and in putrefying albuminous
substances, such as fibrin, casein, brain,
liver and muscles. It is a well-known
fact that animal tissues, in the early stages
of putrefaction, possess strong toxic prop-
erties, even before decomposition has ad-
vanced far enough to effect the splitting-up
of the proteid and carbohydrate molecules.
An early peptonization of theproteids by fer-
ments in the tissues, which begin their
action at once after death, has been offered
as an explanation of this toxicity. Pepto-
toxine has not as yet, however, been defi-
nitely isolated.
Pequet's Res / ervoir. The receptaculum
chyli, a triangular dilatation forming the
beginning of the thoracic duct.
Per- {per, through). A Latin prefix signi-
fying through. Also, more than ordinary.
Peracepb/alus {per, a, without, /ceoaZ^, a
head). A term applied to certain foetal
monstrosities characterized not only by
want of upper extremities, but also by
malformation or absence of the thorax.
Peracute' {per, acutus, sharp). More than
ordinarily sharp or severe.
Perception {per, capio, to receive). The
act of receiving impressions or obtaining
knowledge of external things through the
medium of sensation and attention. Also
the impression or idea itself. P., Differ-
ential, the ability to distinguish differences
between small changes in the intensity of
stimulation.
Perceptivity {per, capio). The faculty
or capability of receiving impressions or
ideas.
Percolation (L.percolo, to strain through).
The process of obtaining the soluble con-
stituents of a substance by allowing the
solvent to trickle through the powdered
mass placed in a long conical vessel; a
process similar to lixiviation.
Percolator. A long, conical-shaped vessel
with a delivery-tube at the lower extremity,
employed for the displacement of the solu-
ble constituents of a body by lixiviation.
Perclu / sion {per, claudo, to shut up). The
condition resulting from peripheral lesion
of an organ, in contradistinction to that
resulting from lesions of the central ner-
vous system or some distant organ.
Percussion {percussio, to strike). The
striking lightly upon any part of the body,
especially the chest or abdomen, with the
view of ascertaining morbid conditions by
the resonance of the stroke. It is termed
immediate if made direct with the fingers;
mediate, if with an instrument, as the
pleximeter, interposed.
Per'forans {per,foro, to bore). The act
of perforating. Also, a name given to va-
rious muscles whose tendons pass through
other structures.
Perforating Ulcer of the Foot. A sinus
occurring usually on some part of the foot
which is subject to pressure. It is sur-
rounded by a thick collar of epidermis,
and extends to the bone. Caused by
pressure or injury to the nerve which leads
to the locality affected. In nearly every
case painless.
Perforation {per,foro). In surgery, the
act of drilling or boring through any hard
tissue as in trephining the skull. Also, an
opening in the continuity of an organ or
part arising from internal or from external
causes.
Perforator {per, foro). An instrument
for boring through the skull.
Perfrica / tion {per,frico, to rub). Same
as inunction.
Perfume 7 {per,fw?io, to give off a vapor).
The odor of a volatile substance, especially
if pleasant or agreeable. Most commercial
perfumes belong to the terpene series, and
have the uniform composition C 10 H I6 . In
a few instances they are manufactured
synthetically, but in most they are ex-
tracted from the petals of flowers.
Per'i- {izzpi, around). A Greek prefix
signifying around, or surrounding.
Periarteritis {-rrepi, apT-qpta, an artery,
irig, inflammation). Inflammation of the
external sheath of the arteries.
Periarthri / tis {-jrepi, arthritis). Inflamma-
tion in the. bursae and periarticular tissues
of a joint.
Periarticular. About or around a joint.
Periblast {Trepi, j3/xi dpog) The
membrane that invests cartilage.
Perichoroidal (wept, choroid}. Surround-
ing the choroid. Pertaining to that which
surrounds the choroid coat of the eye.
Pericolpitis (wept, nolwog, the vagina,
trig). Inflammation of the areolar tissue
surrounding the vagina.
Pericon / chal (wept, noyxv, a shell, and by
application the cavity of the ear). Sur-
rounding the cavity of the ear. P. Sulcus,
a sulcus separating the helix and the convex
hinder surface of the concha.
Pericorneal. Surrounding the cornea.
Pericranium (wept, npaviov, the skull).
The periosteum of the skull.
Pericystitis (wept, Kvartg, the bladder,
LTLg, inflammation). Inflammation of the
areolar tissue surrounding the bladder.
Perides / mium (wept, decjiog, a ligament).
The delicate membrane or covering that
invests a ligament.
Perididymi / tis (wept, dtdv/uog, a testicle,
trig, inflammation). Inflammation of the
areolar tissue surrounding the testicles.
Periglot'tis (ire pi, y2,uaaa, the tongue).
The mucous membrane or villous coating
of the tongue.
Perilaryngi'tis (wept, laryngitis). In-
flammation of the areolar tissue surround-
ing the larynx.
Perilymph. See Aqua Labyrinthi.
Perimeningitis (wept, meningitis). In-
flammation of the dura mater.
PerinVeter (wept, /Lterpov, measure). An
instrument for measuring the extent of the
field of vision.
Perimetritis. See Metritis.
Perimetry (wept, /Lterpov). The science
of measuring the extent of the field of
vision.
Perimysium (/uvg, a muscle). The sheath
of areolar tissue that invests muscle and
its fasciculi.
Perinae'um. See Perineum.
Perineal (weptveov). Pertaining to the
perineum. P. Body, the elastic and mus-
cular tissue in the center of the perineum.
Perineocele (weptveov, nrfkri, a tumor or
rupture). Perineal hernia.
Perineoplasty (weptveov, wlaooo, to form).
Plastic operations upon the perineum.
Perine'orraphy (weptveov, patyrj, a suture).
Suture of the perineum, usually from its
having been torn in childbirth.
Perineosyn / thesis. A plastic operation
upon the perineum in which a graft of
vaginal mucous membrane is made to cover
the wound.
Perinephritis (wept, vetj>pog, the kidney,
trig, inflammation). Inflammation of the
enveloping membrane of the kidneys.
Perineph'rium (wept, vetppog). The en-
veloping membrane of the kidney.
Perine / um (weptveov). Externally and in
the female, the pelvic floor, bounded by the
anus behind, the ischial tuberosities at the
sides, and by the vulval opening. The
walls of the rectum and vagina form its in-
ternal boundaries. In the male, the deep
boundaries are usually given as the rami
of the pubes and ischia meeting anteriorly
at the pubic arch.
Perineu'rine, or
Perineurium (wept, vevpov, a nerve). The
tubular sheath investing nerve-fibers.
Periocular Space. That between the
globe of the eye and the orbital walls.
Pe / riod (weptodog, an interval of time).
The interval of time between pathological
phenomena, or paroxysms of disease. P.,
Monthly, the recurrence of menstruation.
Periodicity (weptodog). A word signifying
the aptitude of certain diseases or patho-
logical phenomena to recur at regular inter-
vals.
Periodontitis (wept, oSovg, a tooth, trig,
inflammation). Inflammation of the mem-
branous tissue lining the socket of the tooth.
Periorbital (wept, orbita, the orbit of the
eye). Pertaining to the membrane or
*
PERIORCHITIS
336
PERMANENT TEETH
periosteum of the socket of the eye. Used
indefinitely of tissues adjacent to the
orbit.
Periorchitis [~epi, opx^C, the scrotum,
trig). Inflammation of the tissue surround-
ing the testicle, or of its cellular tissue.
Periosteals. See Periostitis.
Periosteophyte [rrepi, ogteov, bone, vtov,
a growth). A morbid, osseous formation
upon or proceeding from the periosteum.
Periosteum (wept, ogteov). A tough con-
nective tissue surrounding bones, serving
as an attachment for tendons, and the
means of their nourishment and regen-
eration, by acting as the medium of inter-
communication for the vascular supply.
Periostitis. Inflammation of the perios-
teum.
Periostoma (jrepi., ostoma, a bone-tumor).
Any morbid, osseous growth occurring on
or surrounding a bone.
Periosto'sis [irspi, ogteov). Inflammatory
hypertrophy of bone.
Periot/ic [rrepi, ovg, the ear). A descriptive
term applied to the petrous and mastoid
parts of the temporal bone, and to adjacent
parts.
Peripachymeningitis. See Pachymen-
ingitis.
Peripatetic {irepi, iraTEto, to walk). Walk-
ing about. Also, a disciple of Aristotle,
who instructed his pupils while walking.
Peripha / cus [rcEpt, (panog, a lentil). The
capsule surrounding the crystalline lens.
Peripheral [riEpi, a/.ay^). A
name given to any one of the small bones
of the fingers and toes.
PhallaFgia (pa/l/loc, alyog, pain). Pain
in the penis.
Phallan / eurysm (0a/l/loc, aneurysm).
Aneuiysm of the penis.
Phallon'cus {(paTJjog, oynog, a tumor).
Any tumor or swelling of the penis.
PhaFlus (apvy^, Te/u.vu, to cut).
Incision of the pharynx.
Pharynx (tyapvyf; , the throat). The mus-
culo-membranous sac or cavity behind the
mouth, nose and larynx.
Phase (0acnc, an appearance). The con-
dition or stage of a disease or physiological
function at a given time.
Phenac / etine. A phenyl compound hav-
ing antipyretic properties. Recommended
in neuralgia and acute rheumatism. Dose
gr. iv— xxx. Unof.
Phengopho / bia. See Photophobia.
Phe / nol. See Acid, Carbolic.
Phenolsulphon / ic Acid. The " phenol-
forming substance " found sometimes in
urine, from which phenol is obtained.
Phenomenal ((paivo/uac, to show). Per-
taining to phenomena. Also, apparently
contradictory, or exceptional to the ordi-
nary course of events in nature.
Phenomenon (cpaivujuac). Anything ex-
traordinary or unexpected in nature. In
physiology, any change in an organ or
function appreciable to the senses, as that
of respiration, circulation, etc. In pathol-
ogy, a symptom.
Pheno-resor / cin. A mixture containing
carbolic acid 67, resorcin 23 P er cent -
Unof.
Phen / yl. See Acid, Carbolic. P. Glu-
cosazon. A complex crystalline sub-
stance separating in yellow rosette-shaped
crystals in Fisher's test. P. Hydrazin,
a colorless oil having the composition
C 6 H 5 (N 2 H 3 ), soluble in water, the hydro-
chloride of which is used in Fisher's test
for glucose. P. Hydrazin Test (for
sugar). Into a test-tube put y z in. dry
phenyl-hydrazin hydrochlorate, add pul-
verized sodium acetate an equal volume,
and fill y 2 tube with urine. Agitate until
sodium acetate is dissolved, gently heating
up to boiling point and boil for 30 seconds.
Examine the sediment with microscope
for yellow-branching needle-shaped crys-
tals of phenyl-glucosazon. P. Salicyl.,
See Salol.
Phi'al. See Vial.
Philosophy [(pi^oc, a lover, coyia, wisdom).
Literally, a love of wisdom. The coordi-
nation of human knowledge. Knowledge,
natural, moral, or mental. P., Natural.
See Physics. P., Positive, Comteism,
or the philosophy of Auguste Comte.
Phimosis (l/llog), to constrict). Elonga-
tion of the prepuce and constriction of the
orifice, so that the foreskin cannot be re-
tracted to uncover the glans penis.
PHLEB-
340
PHONOGRAPH
Phleb- {o/.sv, a vein). A Greek root
meaning vein, frequently used as a prefix
to other words.
Phlebec'tasis. See Varix, Varicose.
Phlebecto'pia j.'cv, etc, out of. ;.
place). The dislocation or abnormal po-
sition of a vein.
Phlebemphrax'is. Plugging of a vein.
Phlebi'tis o>.;v, inc). Inflammation of
a vein. P., Uterine, puerperal sep-
ticemia.
Phleb'ogram. A tracing of the move-
ments of a vein by the sphygmograph.
Phlebography {o/.sv, ~}papo, to write).
The descriptive anatomy of the veins.
Phleb 'olith '.o/.sy, '/.idog, stone). Vein-
stone, caused by the calcareous degeneration
of clots, etc.
Phlebol'ogy (o/^b, ?^r/og, a treatise). A
treatise on the nature and functions of the
veins.
Phleborrha'gia {o/.z\i\ prr- vvui, to burst
forth). Same as Phleborrhexis.
Phleborrhex'is z'/.v., pr;~ic, rupture). A
rupture of a vein. Also, haemorrhage from
a vein.
Phlebotomy. See Bloodletting.
Phlegm o/.e}-aa). A watery humor.
Also, the viscid, stringy mucus expectorated
or vomited.
Phlegmasia o'/.r.u, to bum). A syn-
onym of inflammation. P. Alba Dolens,
painful white swelling. An adhesive
phlebitis of one or both legs occurring after
childbirth, and characterized by pain, swell-
ing, and whitish discoloration of the part.
Formerly called milk-leg.
Phlegmatic o/.c;w). Unfeeling, indif-
ferent. Abounding in phlegm,
Phleg'matous fteyd). Pertaining to or
having the nature of phlegm.
Phleg'mon z/.;] uovr/, inflammation . An
inflammation of an acute suppurative char-
z.z.t: '^rr.titji :..= ;~-::n.
Phleg / monous o'/.£\uovt]\. Pertaining to
an acute suppurative inflammation of sub-
cutaneous tissue.
Phlogis'tic [o//}-/oc, flame). Pertaining
to the energy of heat.
Phlogiston o/.0;oci. An obsolete term
used by early chemists to denote fire or
flame as a chemical element which was
united with oxidizable substances, and
which was separated from them during
combustion. The term disappeared with
the discovery of oxygen.
Phlogogen'i: yewau, to beget).
An obsolete name for hydrogen. Also,
causing inflammation.
Phlogo'sis :•'.;; oo. Any superficial or
external inflammation. Also, erysipelatous
inflammation.
Phlorid'zin, or
Phlorizin. A bitter crystalline substance
occurring in the root and trunk of the apple,
pear, and similar fruit trees. It has reputed
value in intermittents. It is thought to be
identical with salicylin. Dose gr. x-xx.
Unof.
Phloroglu'cin. A phloridzin derivative
used for testing for hydrochloric acid, with
which it produces a red tinge.
Phlyctae'na [O/.vKTcuva, from o/.vu, to
bubble up). A tumor formed by the effu-
sion of serum under the epiderm i s.
Phlyc'tenoid yo/.inraaa). Resembling
phlyctsena. Also, a term applied to a
variety of herpes.
Phlycten'ula (dim, of oavktoivo). A
little vesicle or blister. An elevation of
the epidermis, cornea, or conjunctiva, by an
accumulation of serous fluid beneath.
Phlyctenular. Having the nature of
phlyctenula. P. Ophthalmia, herpetic
eruption of the conjunctiva.
Phlyc'tis. .^ee P : :'; :::•:.':..
Phly'sis. See F
Phlyza'cium :"-_."... to inflame). A pus-
tular vesicle on an indurated base.
Phocom'elus \oukj], a seal, fie/XK, limb).
An ectromelic monster with shortened or
atrophied arms and thighs, the hands and
feet being attached almost directly to the
trunk.
Phce'nicism oo::./.rei . A synonym of
Rubeola.
Phce'nodin (ooivudr/g, blood red). Same
as Haematin.
Phona'tion (ouvtj, the voice, or sound).
The production or art of vocal sound and
articulation.
Phonet / ic [cxji-r;). Pertaining to the sounds
and articulations of the voice.
Phon'ic o)vtj, fierpov, a measure).
An instrument for measuring the intensity
of sound, or a current of air expired during
phonation.
Phonopathy ((povr/, iradog, disease). Dis-
order of the vocal organs.
Phorom / eter (6jc, light, fierpov, measure).
An instrument for measuring the intensity
of light; also, for measuring the relative
strengths of the ocular muscles.
Phos / phate. Any salt of phosphoric acid.
P., Tests for, in Urine, add a few drops
of potassium hydrate and boil. The earthy
phosphates are thrown out and separable
by filtering. To the filtrate add one-third
its volume of magnesia mixture. The pre-
cipitate represents the phosphoric acid once
held by alkaline bases, now in the form of
triple phosphate. Teissier's Method,
a sediment of the phosphates is ob-
tained by magnesia mixture in a 50 c.c.
graduated tube. I c.c. of sediment is
equal to 0.60 to 0.70 gramme of phos-
phates per liter, or 0.06 to 0.07 per cent.
PhosphatTc. Relating to or having the
nature of phosphates. P. Diathesis, that
condition of the body favoring the deposi-
tion of phosphate salts in the urine.
Phos'phenes («c, light, (paivo, to show).
Subjective luminous circle or sensation
caused, e.g., by pressure upon the eyeball.
Phos / phine. A name formerly given to
hydrogen phosphide PH 3 .
Phosphorescence (, to bear) . A
term applied to the spontaneous luminosity
of certain substances, such as phosphorus,
calcium sulphide (Canton phosphorus,
Bologna phosphorus), white sugar. It is
observed in putrescent organic matter, such
as dead fish, wood, etc. ; in the bodies of
plants and animals, such as the marigold,
fire-fly, in the excreta of animals, the
sweat of miliaria and the breath of
phthisical patients.
Phosphorhidro'sis {(f>o)g, idpug, sweat).
Phosphorescent sweat.
Phosph/orism. The symptoms of chronic
phosphorus-poisoning.
Phosphoru / ria {phosphorus, ovpov, the
urine). Phosphorescence of the urine.
Also, urine containing an excess of phos-
phates.
Phosphorus {cpug^epa, to bear). P = 3i ;
quanti valence in. A non-metal existing
in three allotropic forms: yellow P., of
waxy consistence, soluble in carbon disul-
phide ; red P., pulverulent and insoluble;
" metallic " P., metallic luster, insoluble and
inert at ordinary temperatures. An essen-
tial element in bone, brain, and nerve tis-
sues. In form of phosphoric acid combined
with calcium, forms 50 per cent, of the
bones. Yellow P. in small doses is a brain
and nerve stimulant and tonic. In toxic
doses a powerful gastro-intestinal irritant,
producing death by failure of respiration
and circulation. Best administered in the
form of hypophosphites, similar in action
but less severe. Soluble phosphates are
laxative and cholagogue. Phosphorus and
its compounds are indicated where the nerve
centers are implicated in such ailments as
cerebral softening, progressive locomotor
ataxia, paraplegia from excessive venery,
etc. A specific in impotence. Alkaline
hypophosphites are highly beneficial in
diseases of imperfect nutrition, chronic
phthisis, etc. Calcii Hypophosphis.
Dose gr. x-xxx. Calcii Lacto-phos-
phat. Syr., contains of the preceding 22,
lactic acid 33, orange flower water 80,
sugar 600, hydrochloric acid, water of
ammonia and water aa q. s. ad 1 000.
Dose gj-^j- Calcii Phosphas Pre-
cipitat. Dose gr. ij-x. Hypophos-
phitum cum Ferro, Syr., contains of the
syrup of hypophosphites 99, lactate of
iron I. Dose ^j-^j. Hypophosphi-
tum Syr., contains calcium salt 35,
sodium and potassium salts aa 12, citric
acid I, spt. lemon 2, sugar 500, water
q. s. ad 1000 parts. Dose gj-^j- Ferri
Hypophosphis, soluble in sodium citrate.
Dose gr. v-x. Ferri. Quininae et
Strychninse Phosphat., Syr., contains
phosphates of iron and quinine aa 133,
strychnine 4, phosphoric acid 800, sugar
6000, distilled water q. s. ad 10,000 parts.
Dose 3J-ij. Phosphatum Comp.,
Syr., Parish's Chemical Food, unof., con-
tains in each gj phos. of iron gr. ijss,
phos. of calcium gr. j. Dose Jjj— ij.
Oleum Phosphoratum, phosphorated
oil, contains phosphorus 1, stronger ether
9, expressed oil of almond q. s. ad 100.
Dose TT\j-v. P. Pil., each contains gr.
yl^ of the drug. Dose j-v. P. Tinct.
(Bellevue Hosp.), unof., contains phos-
phorus gr. xxxij , absolute alcohol ^ xlvj ,
essence vanilla ^j, ol. orange peel, ghj,
alcohol q. s. ad ^xlviij. Dose TT^x-gj.
P., Tinct. (Thompson's), unof., contains
phosphorus gr. i, absolute alcohol 3 v,
PHOSPHORUS NECROSIS
342
PHTHISIS
glycerine 5Jss, spt. peppermint lr^xl.
Dose rt\,xx-3J. Potassii Hypophos-
phis. Dose gr. v-x. Sodii Hypo-
phosphis. JDose gr. v-x. Sodii Phos-
phas. Dose 3J-3J- Sodii Pyrophos-
phas. Dose Jjss-^ss. Zinci Phos-
phidum, soluble in hydrochloric acid,
irritant and poisonous. Dose gr. ^g— jV
Phosphorus Necro'sis. A disease char-
acterized by necrosis, chiefly of the jaw-
bone, which affects workmen exposed to
the fumes of phosphorus.
Phosphu / ria (dog, ovpov, urine). An ex-
cess of the phosphates in the urine.
PhotaPgia ((bog, light, a?i,yog, pain). Pain
arising from too great intensity of light.
Pho / to- (g>og). A Greek prefix denoting
connection with or relation to light.
Photo-chem / ical ((bog, xil JLia > chemistry).
Pertaining to the chemical action of light
as manifested in silver salts and certain
other compounds.
Photogenic (owe, yevvao, to beget). Pro-
ducing light.
Phonograph ((bog, ypatyo, to write). A
fac-simile of any object or design reproduced
by the chemical action of light.
Photography [(fag, ypaog, ovpov, the urine). Phos-
phorescence of the urine.
Phrenasthe'nia (fprjv, diaphragm or the
mind, acOevog, weak). Paresis of the dia-
phragm. Also, a congenital phrenopathy
consisting in imbecility, idiocy, cretinism,
etc.
Phrenetic. Maniacal, delirious.
PhrenTc ((pprjv). Pertaining to the dia-
phragm. P. Nerve. See Nerve.
Phrenogas / tric ((bprjv, yacrrjp, the stom-
ach). Pertaining conjointly to the stomach
and diaphragm.
Phren / ograph ((bprjv, ypcxbo, to write). An
instrument for registering the movements
of the diaphragm.
PhrenoPogy ((bp?/v, hoyog, a treatise). A
theory that the characteristics and pecu-
liarities of the mind may be determined by
the conformation of the skull.
Phrenop'athy (typnv, -rraOog, suffering).
A general term including diseases charac-
terized by perversion or debility of one or
more faculties of the intellect. Mental
alienation.
Phreno / ses. See Phrenopathy.
Phren'osin (fpr/v). A nitrogenized, non-
phosphorized cerebroside occurring in
brain-tissue.
Phren'sy (6prjv). Insanity, mania, frenzy.
PhthirPasis. See Pediculus.
Phthisical ((bdeeig, a wasting). Pertain-
ing to or affected with phthisis.
PhthPsis ((pdictg, (bdivofiat, to consume).
Formerly any dyscrasia producing emacia-
tion and death ; restricted now to designate
all pulmonary lesions followed by dis-
organization of lung tissue, the forma-
tion of cavities, loss of function and health,
and death. P., Abdominal, the forma-
tion of tuberculous deposits in the ab-
dominal cavity. P. Bulbi, progressive
PHYGOGALACTICS
343
PHYSOSTIGMA
shrinkage and atrophy of the eyeball. P.
Pulmonalis, pulmonary phthisis. P.
Tuberculosis, the formation of deposits
of the bacillus tuberculosis, now considered
the specific pathogenic cause, directly or
indirectly, of the large majority of cases of
phthisis. The progress of the disease is
attended with night-sweats, cough, diar-
rhoea, and emaciation.
Phygogalac'tics (evyo, to flee, ya?.a,
milk). Medicines stopping the secretion
of milk.
Phyllox / era (v(o } to write). A
description of the surface of the earth as
modified by the forces of nature. Earth-
sculpture.
PhysioFogy ((f>vcig, loyog, a treatise).
The science of the functions and properties
of organized bodies and especially the
human body, the mutual relation and func-
tions of its organs, and vital phenomena.
Physiol'ysis ((pvaig, "kv u, to dissolve). The
disintegration of dead tissue by the natural
processes of putrefaction, etc.
Phy / socele {isum, a pea). A small,
nearly circular bone of the carpus on the
inner and anterior side.
Pis / til [jnstillium, a pestle). The essen-
tial female organ of a flower. It receives
the pollen or impregnating semen of the
stamens.
Pit. An indentation. A pock-mark. A
hollow place. A depression in cedematous
tissues remaining after pressure by the
finger. P. of Stomach, a name popu-
larly given to that part of the abdomen
just below the sternum and between the
cartilages of the false ribs.
Pitch. See Pix.
Pith (A. S. pidd). The soft cellular tissue
found in the center of the stalks of plants.
Also, the marrow of bones.
Pitb/ing. The removal of the cerebral
lobes of a frog or animal for the purpose
of physiological experimentation.
Pitb/ode. See Karyokinesis.
Pitting. Indenting. Marking with pits
or pock-marks.
Pitu'ita. See Phlegm.
Pituitary. Pertaining to phlegm. P.
Body, a small, reddish-gray vascular body,
weighing about ten grains, contained within
the Sella Turcica. Formerly called the
P. gland. P. Membrane, the Schneide-
rian membrane.
Pityriasis (7rtTvpov, bran). A term for-
merly used by Willan to designate several
forms of mild dermatitis characterized by
fine scales. The different forms have no
pathological affinities beyond the common
feature of scaliness. See, also, Seborrhea.
P. Nigricans. See Chromidrosis. P.
Pilaris. See Keratosis Pilaris : P. Ro-
sea, Herpes Tonsurans of Hebra, an acute,
widespread, inflammatory affection of the
skin marked by an eruption of pale red
patches, scaly and usually of circular shape.
May be P. Maculatum, or P. Circina-
tum, as the patches are irregular or circu-
lar. P. Rubra, dermatitis exfoliativa; an
inflammatory affection of the skin involv-
ing the whole surface of the body, marked
by a deep red color with an abundant
bran-like desquamation. Begins in the
form of diffused redness or small red
patches which spread rapidly at the edge
of the lesion. P. Versicolor. See Tinea
Versicolor.
Piv / oting. The fixation of an artificial
crown to a tooth by means of a pivot or
pin.
Pix. Pitch. The resinous exudation of
certain coniferous trees. The varieties in
common use are chiefly Burgundy pitch,
from the Norway spruce, Abies excelsa,
and Canada pitch, from A. canadensis.
Melts about the temperature of boiling
water and softens by the heat of the
human body. Soluble in glacial acetic
acid. Used mainly as the base of plas-
ters. P. Burgundicae Emplast., contains
Burgundy pitch 90, yellow wax 10 parts.
P. Canadensis, Emp.,has Canada pitch
90, yellow wax 10 parts. P. cum
Cantharide, Emp., Burgundy pitch 92,
cerate cantharidis 8 parts. P. Liquida,
tar, an empyreumatic oleo-resin obtained
by the destructive distillation of various
species of pine; blackish-brown in color
and possessing the well-known taste and
odor. Yields oil of tar, pyroligneous acid,
creasote and carbolic acid. A complex
mixture of resins and hydrocarbons. Ex-
ternally, a stimulant to the skin ; inter-
nally, a gastro-intestinal irritant. Ser-
viceable in scaly diseases of the skin and
of benefit in bronchitis. Dose gj-ij. P.
Liq. Ol., a volatile oil distilled from tar —
consists of various hydrocarbons, phenols,
etc. Used locally. P. Liq., Syr., con-
tains 6 per cent, of tar in syrup. Dose
^ij-^ss. P. Liq. Ung., equal parts of
tar and suet. P. Liq. Infus. Unof.,
made by shaking I part of tar with 4 of
water frequently for 24 hours. P. Liq.
Vin., wine of pitch, unof., tar ^xyj, gly-
cerine, white wine, honey aa ]|viij, acetic
acid ^j, boiling water Oyj. Carbonis
Detergens, Liq., unof., an alcoholic solu-
tion of coal tar — an useful antiseptic in
putrid sore throat, etc.
Place / bo (fut. of placeo, to please). Any-
thing prescribed for the purpose of pleas-
PLACENTA
347
PLATE
ing or humoring the whim of a patient
rather than for its therapeutic effect.
Placen / ta (irAanovg, a cake). The flat,
circular, spongy body adherent during ges-
tation to the inner wall of the uterus and
connected by the cord to the foetus, and
forming the organ of nutrition and respira-
tion for the foetus. P., Adherent, ab-
normal adherence of the placenta to the
uterine wall after childbirth. P., Battle-
dore, insertion of the cord to the margin
of the placenta. P., Duplex, when com-
posed of two masses or lobes. P., Multi-
lobed, composed of many separate lobes.
P., Praevia, when fixed to that part of the
uterine wall that dilates as labor advances,
so that it precedes the birth of the present-
ing part of the foetus. P., Retained,
not expelled by the uterus after labor. P.,
Subsidiary, a distinct and separate lobe
in addition to the usual placental mass;
called Placenta SuccenturiatcB. P., Tri-
partite, with three parts or masses.
Placental (irlatiovg). Pertaining to the
placenta. P., Souffle, a sound erron-
eously attributed to the circulation of the
placenta.
Placenta / tion. The form and place of
attachment of the placenta.
Placentitis. Inflammation of the pla-
centa.
Plagioceph / alus (ivlayLog, twisted; ne-
(pa?i7j, head). An asymmetry of the head,
giving it a twisted appearance.
Plague {Trlrjyrj, a stroke; so called from
its suddenness and fatality). A contagious
and highly fatal epidemic which occurred
in Europe in the 14th century, and also at
later periods. The disease had many of
the characteristic symptoms of malignant
typhus fever, accompanied by buboes,
melanosis of the skin, carbuncles, and
similar affections.
Pla / nat's Tincture. See Picrotoxin.
Piano 7 dia [TrTiavrj, a wandering, odog, a
way). Any false or artificial passage.
Planta / go, or
Plantain. The leaves of P. major and
P. lanceolata, or common ribbed grass.
Bruised fresh leaves a popular remedy in
hemorrhage, painful abrasions of the skin,
burns, erysipelas, etc. Unof.
Plantar {planta, the sole). Pertaining to
the sole of the foot. P. Aponeurosis,
the triangular-shaped aponeurosis occupy-
ing the middle and sides of the sole of the
foot. P. Arch, a name given to one of
the parts into which the external plantar
artery is divided. P. Arteries. See
Artery. P. Muscle. See Muscle. P.
Nerve. See Nerve.
Planta / ris. See Plantar. P. Muscle.
See Muscle.
Pla / num. (Lat.) A plane or surface.
Planu / ria {jzlavr], ovpov, urine). The dis-
charge of urine through passages other
than the normal duct.
Plaque. (Fr ) A patch or spot.
Plas / ma. Liquor Sanguinis. The fluid
part of the blood, composed of serum and
fibrin-making substances, the latter uniting
spontaneously to make fibrin after the blood
has been drawn from the body. See, also,
Blood.
Plas / mine. See Denises.
Plasmodium (jr^aocto, to form). Tissue
formed by the coalescing of amoeboid cells.
Also, the intracellular substance of the
amoeboid cells in the blood corpuscles of
malarial patients.
Plas / ter ( efiir Tiaaau, to spread upon). An
adhesive, solid or semi-solid medicinal sub-
stance spread upon cloth or other flexible
substance, for application to the external
part of the body. According to the prin-
cipal ingredient, called Emplastrum Aco-
niti, Ammoniaci, Arnicae, Belladonna, Cap-
sici, Hydrargyri, Picis cum cantharidae,
Resinae, Saponis, etc. P., Adhesive, resin
plaster. P., Antiseptic, any plaster ren-
dered aseptic. P., Isinglass, a substi-
tute for adhesive P., used in superficial
wounds. P.-of-Paris, gypsum, or sul-
phate of lime, used for making stiff or im-
movable bandages or dressings.
Plastering of Wine. A method of clari-
fying wine by sulphate of lime. It is con-
sidered not harmful to health, though it
renders the wine more laxative.
Plas / tic (jrlaacG)) . Capable of being
formed or moulded. P. Operations, the
restoration of lost parts by the transfer and
engrafting of tissue from an adjacent part.
P. Surgery, the art of performing plastic
operations.
Plasticity (irAacau). Plastic force. The
quality of being plastic.
Plasticule, or Plastidule. A protoplas-
mic molecule.
Plastodynam / ic (rrAaaau, dvvafiig, force).
Referring to nutritive power.
Plate. A name sometimes given to a flat,
protecting process of bone, as P. Cribri-
form, the anterior fossa of the base of
the skull ; P. Pterygoid, one of the pro-
cesses of the sphenoid bone. P. Culture,
The culture of microbes upon a slab or
plate by culture media.
PLATINUM
348
PLEUROTHOTONOS
Plat'inum. Pt = 194.4 ; quantivalence
II, IV; sp. gr. 21. A metal of silver-white
luster, soluble in nitro-hydrochloric acid
only. Employed in making vessels for chem-
ical and pharmaceutical use. P. Chloride,
has alterative properties. Dose gr. ss-ijss.
Unof.
Plat / y- (ir?MTvg, broad). A Greek adjec
tive which, as a prefix, signifies broad.
Platyceph'alous (kTmtvc, Ke^aArj, the
head). Having a broad skull ; with a ver-
tical index of less than 70 per cent.
Platycne / mic (rrXarvg, kvtjjlitj, the leg).
Applied to a bone of the leg which,
because of abnormal development, is ex-
aggerated in breadth. Platycnemism of the
femur is a characteristic of many tribes
of the African race, and is generally asso-
ciated with pilastered femur.
Platyhier / ic (irAarvg, tepa, holy, and there-
fore applied to the sacrum). Having a
broad sacrum, in distinction from doli-
chohieric, with narrow sacrum. As a rule,
females are platyhieric.
PlatypePlic, or Platypel'vic (irAarvg,
ireAvtj, a basin, and applied to the pelvis).
Having a broad pelvis, in distinction to
dolichipellic, with narrow pelvis.
Platypodia. Flat-footedness.
Plat'yrhine. See Index.
PlatyrhinTc (irAarvg, pcv, the nose). Ap-
plied to individuals characterized by a
width of nose the index of which exceeds
53. See Index.
Platys / ma (irAarvg). Anything of con-
siderable superficial dimensions. Also, a
plaster. P. Myoides. See Muscle.
Pled / get. A small compress of lint, flat-
tened and trimmed as required, designed
for application to the surface of a wound or
lesion to prevent contact with the air, and
to absorb discharges.
Pleochromat / ic (irAeog, full, xpufia, color).
Pertaining to a high or exaggerated condi-
tion of coloration.
Pleomas / tia, or
Pleoma / zia (irAeuv, more, paarog, a
breast). A foetal monstrosity having more
than one breast; also, the condition of
having more than two mammae.
Ple / onasm (irAeovaojiog, an exaggeration).
Any abnormal or faulty formation marked
by superabundance or over- growth of parts.
Pleonex / ia (irAeove^La). Greediness. Arro-
gance or overbearing temper due to cerebral
disease.
Plessim / eter. See Pleximeter.
Ples / sor (irAeacu, to strike). A plexor.
Any instrument used in percussion.
Pletb/ora (irhjdog, a throng). Abnormal
fullness of the blood-vessels, or super-
abundance of blood. See Polycemia.
Pletb/oric (irArjdog). Pertaining to pleth-
ora, or an excessive amount of blood.
Plethys / mograph (irArjOog, ypafcj, to
write). An instrument for ascertaining
changes in the volume of any organ or
part.
Pleu / ra (irlevpa, a side). The serous
membrane which envelops the lung (P.
pulmonalis), and, being reflected back,
lines the inner surface of the thorax [P.
Costalis).
PleuraPgia (irAevpa, akyog, pain). Same
as Pleurodynia.
Pleurapopb/ysis (irAevpa, apophysis, pro-
cesses). A term sometimes applied to the
true ribs.
Pleurapos / tema (irAevpa, apostema, an
abscess). A collection of blood or pus
forming in the cavity of the pleura, result-
ing from inflammation, which, instead of
disappearing by resolution, passes to the
suppurative stage.
PleurTsy. See Pleuritis.
Pleuri / tis (irAevpa, a side, irtg). Inflam-
mation of the pleura, commonly called
pleurisy.
Pleu'ro- (irAevpa). A Greek word used as
a prefix to denote connection with the
pleura.
Pleu / rocele (rlevpa, ktjAtj, tumor). Pul-
monary hernia.
Pleurodynia (rrlevpa, odwrj, pain). A
spasmodic or rheumatic pain seated in the
muscles of the chest, especially the inter-
costal muscles. It is generally accompa-
nied by a sharp, pricking sensation vul-
garly known as a stitch in the side.
Pleuro-pneumo / nia (irAevpa, pneumo-
nia). Inflammation of the pleura and the
lung at the same time. Also, an infective
disease of cattle, characterized mainly by
red hepatization with acute interlobular
and pleural inflammation. It is thought
to be due to a microbe, the micrococcus
pneumoniae.
Pleurorrhce / a (irAevpa, peo, to flow). An
effusion of fluid into the pleura.
Pleurorthop / ncea (irAevpa, opdog, erect,
irveo, to breathe). Pain in the side, which
permits free respiration only when the pa-
tient is in an erect position.
Pleurosthot'onos, or
Pleurothot / onos (irlevpodev, from the side,
recvo), to bend). A bending of the body to
one side from a spasmodic or tetanic con-
dition of the muscles.
PLEXIFORM
349
PNEUMATODYSPNCEA
Plex / iform. Resembling a plexus.
Plexim'eter [rr/iTjaaio, to strike, /lerpov, a
measure). An ivory disc or other substance
placed on the body to receive the stroke in
percussion of the chest.
Plex / or. The instrument for striking upon
the pleximeter.
Plex / us (plecto, to knit). A network. The
junction of two or more nerves or branches
of nerves. The term is also used of venous
networks, the principal being the Ovarian,
Pampiniform, Pharyngeal, Pterygoid, Sper-
matic, Uterine, Vaginal, etc. The prin-
cipal Plexuses are alphabetically tabulated
on pages 350, 351.
Pli'ca (Lat). A fold. P. Palmatae,
oblique projections of the mucous mem-
brane of the cavity of the neck of the ute-
rus. P. Semilunaris, a conjunctival
fold, in the inner canthus of the eye, the
rudiment of the membrana nictitans of
birds. Also, a matted condition of the
hair due to a fungous parasite. See Tricho-
matosis.
Pli'cate [plica). Folded or plaited.
Pli Courbe (Fr.). The angular gyrus.
Plongeade' (Fr.). The physiological con-
dition of a diver with suspended respira-
tion. The blood accumulates in the veins
and right side of the heart.
Plugging. See Tampon.
Plum / bic {plumbum, lead). Pertaining
to the element lead.
Plumb / ism. Lead-poisoning.
Plum / bum (Lo.t. gen. plumdz). Pb = 2c>7;
.quantivalence 11. Lead. A silver, bluish-
white metal, having a specific gravity of
1 1.4; fuses at about 6oo° F. The acetate,
nitrate, oxide, and iodide are used in
medicine. Soluble lead salts are poisonous,
producing gastro-intestinal irritation, with
vasomotor paralysis. Chronic lead-poison-
ing is commonly due to the action of
drinking water from lead pipes, to hair
dyes, handling lead pigments, etc. See
Lead Poisoning. Soluble lead salts are
astringents, useful locally in haemorrhages
and various skin affections. Sometimes
indicated internally in diarrhoea. P.
Acetas, astringent. Dose gr. ss-v. P.
Carbonas, locally as an ointment. P.
Emplastrum, lead plaster, contains lead
oxide 32, olive oil 60, water 10 parts,
triturated and boiled until homogeneous.
P. Iodidum, locally and internally. Dose
gr. \. P. Nitras, locally; astringent,
escharotic, and disinfectant. P. Oleatum,
unof., lead oxide 20, oleic acid 80 per cent.
P. Oxidum, litharge, a constituent of
lead plaster. P. Subacetat., Ceratum,
Goulard's cerate has — Goulard's ext. 20,
fresh cerate of camphor 80 parts. P Sub-
acetat., Linimentum, Goulard's extract
40, cotton-seed oil 60 parts; anodyne. P.
Subacetat., Liq., Goulard's extract, lead
acetate 170, lead oxide 120, distilled water
q. s. ad 1000 parts ; an astringent and cool-
ing solution. P. Subacetat., Liq. Dil.,
3 parts of the foregoing and 97 of water.
P. Ung. Carbonat., finely powdered lead
carbonate 10, benzoinated lard 90 parts.
Ung. Diachylon, Diachylon ointment,
contains lead plaster 60, olive oil 39,
oil lavender I. P. Ung. Iodidi, finely
powdered lead iodide 10, benzoinated lard
90 parts.
Plum / mer's Pills. See Antimoninm.
Plural {plus [gen. phiris~\, more). More
than one. P. Birth, bringing forth more
than one offspring at a time.
Pluriloc / ular. With several loculi.
PluriparTty. The condition of having
borne several children.
Plu / vial (pluvia, rain). Pertaining to rain
or telluric moisture.
PneodynamTcs (ttveo, dvafwcog). The
philosophy of respiration.
Pneom / etry. Same as Pulmometry.
Pne / ophore {ttveco, (popoc, carrier). An
instrument to aid artificial respiration in
the asphyxiated.
Pne / oscope (nvea, okotceu, to examine).
An instrument for measuring respiratory
movements.
Pneumarthro/sis (jrvevfta, air, apdpov, a
joint). An effusion of air into an articular
cavity.
Pneumathae / mia {wvev/Lta, ai/ua, blood).
The presence of air in the blood-vessels.
Pneumatic (irvevfid). Pertaining to gaseous
fluids. P. Cabinet, a device for enclosing
a limb or part so that it may be subjected
to compressed or rarefied air. P. Trough,
a trough partly filled with water for facili-
tating the collection of gases.
Pneumatics (nvev/ua). That branch of
physics treating of the mechanical proper-
ties of gas.
Pneu / mato- (nvEVfia). A Greek word
used as a prefix to denote connection with
the air or breath.
Pneumatocele (irvev/ua, K7/l?j, tumor). A
tumor or hernia of the lung or other part
filled with gas or air.
Pneumatod / ic. Filled with air.
Pneumatodyspnce / a {irvevfia, dvq, diffi-
cult, uvea), to breathe). Emphysematous
dyspnoea.
TABLE OF NERVE PLEXUSES.
Name.
Location.
Derivation.
Distribution.
Aortic.
Sides and front aorta. Semilunar and lumbar Inf. mesenteric, sper-
ganglia, renal and matic and hypogastric
solar plexuses. plexuses, filaments to
inf. vena cava.
Brachial.
I
Lower part of neck to Ant. branches 4 lower Median, ulnar, musculo-
axilla. cervical and greater spiral, etc., of upper ex-
Cardiac (great
deep).
cervical and greatei
part 1st dorsal. tremity,
or Front of bifurcation of Cardiac nerves of cer- Pulmonary, coronary
trachea.
vical gangiia of sym- and cardiac plexuses,
pathetic, branches rec.j
laryng. and pneumog. 1
Cardiac (superficial or Beneath arch of aorta. Left sup. car diac, Coronary and pulmonary
anterior). branches pneumogas- plexus.
trie and deep cardiac
plexus.
Carotid.
Outer side int. carotid. 6th nerve and Gasserian Carotid artery, petrosals,
ganglion. communicat'g branches.
Cavernous.
Cavernous sinus.
3d, 4th, 5th, 6th nerves Wall of inf. carotid,
and oph. ganglion.
Cervical.
Opposite 4 upper verte-
brae.
Anterior branches 4 up- Superficial : to skin of
per vertebrae.
head and neck. Deep.
Phrenic, communicans
noni, 2 muscular, 2 com-
municating.
Cceliac.
Cceliac axis.
Solar plexus splanchnic Coronary, hepatic, pylo-
(lesser), pneumogas- ric, gas tro- duodenal,
trie. gastro- epiploic and
splenic plexuses.
Coronary (anterior).
Below arch of aorta.
Superficial and deep Anterior surfaces of
cardiac plexuses. I heart.
Coronary (posterior)
Coronary artery at back Deep cardiac plexus, Filaments to ventricles,
of heart. etc.
Cystic.
Gall bladder.
Hepatic plexus.
Gall bladder.
Diaphragmatic.
See Phrenic.
Epigastric.
See Solar.
Gastric. i Gastric artery.
Cceliac plexus.
Stomach.
Gastro-duodenal.
Pancreatico-duod. ar-
tery, right gastroepi-
ploic artery.
Cceliac plexus.
Pancreatico -duodenal
gastro-epiploic plexuses.
Hemorrhoidal (inf.).
Rectum.
Pelvic.
Rectum.
350
TABLE OF NERVE PLEXUSES.— c*»///W
Name.
Location.
Derivation.
Distribution.
Hepatic.
Hepatic artery.
Cceliac plexus, left
pneumogastric, right
phrenic.
Liver.
Hypogastric.
Promontory of sacrum.
Aortic plexus and lum-
bar ganglia.
Pelvic plexuses.
Lumbar.
Psoas muscle.
Anterior division 4 up-
per lumbar.
Ilio-hypogas., ilio-ingui-
nal, genito-crural, ext.
cutaneous, obturator and
accessory, ant. crural.
Mesenteric (inf.).
Inf. mesenteric artery.
Left side aortic plexus.
Parts supplied by
artery.
Mesenteric (sup.).
Sup. mesenteric artery.
Solar plexus.
Parts supplied by
artery.
Ovarian.
See Spermatic.
Pelvic.
Side of rectum and
bladder.
Hypogastric plexus
2d to 4th sacral nerves,
first two sacral gan-
glia.
Viscera of pelvis.plexuses
of pelvis.
Phrenic.
Phrenic artery.
Solar plexus.
Diaphragm and supra-
renal capsule.
Prostatic.
Vesical arteries.
Pelvic plexus.
Bladder.
Pulmonary (anterior).
Root of lungs, anteri-
orly.
Ant. pul. branches
pneumogastric and
sympathetic.
Inferior anterior part of
lungs.
Pulmonary (posterior).
Root of lungs, posteri-
orly.
Post. pul. branch es
pneumogastric and
sympathetic.
Root of lungs, posteriorly
Renal.
Renal artery.
Solar and aortic plexus-
es and semilunar gang.
Kidney, inf. vena cava,
spermatic plexus.
Sacral.
Front of sacrum.
Lumbo-sacral cord, ant.
div. 3 upper sacral
nerves, and part of 4th
Muscular, pudic, sup.
gluteal, great sciatic,
small sciatic.
Solar.
Behind stomach.
Splanchnics and right
pneumogastric.
Semilunar ganglia, phre-
nic, suprarenal, renal,
spermatic, cceliac, sup.
mesen., aortic plexuses.
Spermatic.
Spermatic vessels.
Renal plexus.
Testes (ovaries in fe-
male).
Splenic.
Splenic artery.
Cceliac plexus, left
semilunar ganglia, R.
' pneumogastric nerve.
Spleen, pancreatic plexus,
left, gastro- epiploic
plexus.
Tonsillar.
Tonsil.
Glosso-pharyngeal.
Tonsil, soft palate, fau-
ces.
Uterine.
Uterine arteries.
Pelvic plexus.
Cervix and lower part of
uterus.
Vaginal.
Vagina.
Pelvic plexus.
Vagina.
Vesical.
Vesical arteries.
Pelvic plexus.
Vesiculae seminales, vas
deferens.
351
PNEUMATOGRAM
352
PODAGRA
Pneumat / ogram {^rrvevfia, ypaio, to
write"). A tracing showing the duration
of the respiratory movements.
Pneumatol / ogy^n-i'fr//a,Ao}oc, a treatise).
A treatise on breathing and the breath, or
the gases, natural or pathological, of the
economy.
Pneumatom / eter. See Puhnometer.
Pneumatom / etry {Tivevjia, fierpov, a meas-
ure). Same as Pulmometry.
Pneumatosis (irvev/na). The condition
of flatulent distention of the stomach and
bowels. Also, emphysema.
Pneumatotho / rax (Twevjiarou, to distend
with flatus, dupat;, the chest). Distention
of the pleural cavity with air or gas. If
there be also serum or liquid present it is
called Hydro-pneumo-thorax, or pneumo-
thorax with effusion.
Pneumatu / ria (rrvevjua, ovpov, urine).
Escape of gas from the urethra.
Pneu'mo-. Same as Pneumon-.
Pneumobac / illus. See Micrococcus Pas-
teuri and Pneumonia.
Pneu/mocele. See Pneumatocele.
Pneumococ / cus (nvevficdv, lung, /co/c/coc,
a kernel). Any micrococcus of the lung.
P. of Frankel. See Micrococcus Pas-
teuri. P. of Friedlander. See Micro-
coccus Pneumonia.
Pneumoconiosis (Tvvevfxuv, kovlq, dust).
Disease of the lungs arising from the inha-
lation of dust.
Pneumodynam'ics (irvEvpiov, dwa/ntc,
power). That branch of medical physics
treating of respiration.
Pneumogas / tric (irvevpiov, yaorrjp, the
stomach). Pertaining conjointly to the
lungs and the stomach, or to the pneumo-
gastric nerve. P. Nerve. See Nerve
Table.
Pneumograph (irvevfiuv, ypacpu, to write).
An instrument for measuring the move-
ments of the chest in respiration.
Pneumography [Ttvevfiuv, ypacpcS). The
descriptive anatomy of the lungs.
Pneumohsemotho'rax. A collection of
air or gas, and blood, in the pleural cavity.
Pneumohydrotho / rax. A collection of
air or gas, and water, in the pleural cavity.
Pneu / molith (nvev/iuv, XlOoq, a stone). A
calculus in the lungs.
Pneu / mon- (irvevjucjv). A Greek word
which, in composition, denotes connection
with or relation to the lungs.
Pneumonse / mia (wvev/u-ov, acfia, blood).
Congestion of the blood in the lungs.
Pneumonec / tasis {rrvev/j.cjv, e/cracr^, dila-
tation). Pulmonary emphysema, or dila-
tation of the vesicles or bronchi of the
lungs.
Pneumo / nia (ttvev/uiov). Lung Fever.
Inflammation of one or more lobes of the
lungs, usually the symptom of specific, in-
fective disease. P., Croupous, that com-
monly called simply pneumonia, an acute
disease, the anatomical change consisting
in the appearance of a firm or solid exuda-
tion in the pulmonary alveoli. The dis-
ease proceeds through the following stages :
I. Congestion, in which there is intense
congestive hyperemia. 2. Red Hepatiza-
tion, in which the lung is bulky, heavy,
firm and airless, its red tint due to extrava-
sated corpuscles and distended capillaries.
3. Gray Hepatization, due to the decolor-
ization of the exudation and pulmonary
anaemia. 4. Colliquation and Resolution.
Pneumon / ic [wvevjucov). Pertaining to the
lungs.
Pneumonitis [ttvevjuuv, cng, inflamma-
tion). Same as Pneumonia.
Pneumon'o- (irvev/Ltov, a lung). A Greek
word which, in combination, denotes con-
nection with or relation to the lungs.
Pneumon'ocele. Hernia of the lung.
Pneumoncede / ma {rrvev/xov, czdema, a
swelling). GEdema of the lungs.
Pneumonomelano / sis. Melanosis of the
lung.
Pneumono / sis (ttvevjliov) . A generic term
including all affections of the lungs.
Pneumopericardium [izvevfia, pericar-
dium). An effusion of air into the cavity
of the pericardium.
Pneumophthi'sis. See Phthisis.
Pneumopyotho / rax (TTvevfia, air, izvov,
pus, dopaZ, the thorax). An accumulation
of air in the cavity of the thorax accom-
panied with an effusion of purulent matter.
Pneumother'apy. The use of air or
ventilation of a part as a therapeutic agent,
as in Politzer's method of filling the
Eustachian tube and tympanic cavity.
Pneumothorax. See Pneumatothorax,
the more proper term.
Pock (D. pok, a little pouch). A pustule
of smallpox.
Pock / eting. A name given by Storer to
a mode of treating the pedicle in the opera-
tion of ovariotomy. It is accomplished by
bringing the extremity of the pedicle be-
tween the inner lips of the incision, at its
lower angle, thus securing its attachment
to the raw surface of the abdominal wall.
Pockmarked. Marked with the cicatrices
of the smallpox, pustule.
Poda'gra. See Podarthritis.
PODALGIA
353
POLIOSIS
Podal'gia (irovg [gen. n-odoc], aXyog, a
pain). Any pain of the feet.
Podal'ic (irovg). Pertaining to the feet.
P. Version, in obstetrics, the operation
of bringing down one or both feet when
the position of the foetus is such that it
cannot be delivered by natural labor.
Podarthri / tis (rrovg, apOpov, a joint, trig,
inflammation). Gouty inflammation of the
joints of the feet.
Podelco / ma. See Fungus Foot.
Podencepb/alus (wove;, eyx.e(pa?iog, brain).
A class of exencephalic monstrosities hav-
ing the brain protruding through a fissure
in the cranial vault as a pedunculated
tumor.
Podobromhidro / sis (irovg, fipofiog, a
stench, idptog, sweat). Offensive sweating
of the feet. See Bromidrosis.
Podcede / ma (irovg, otd^jua, a swelling).
CEdema or swelling of the foot.
Podophyllum. May Apple. The root
of mandrake, P. peltatum. Contains a
resinous active principle. A tonic astrin-
gent, cholagogue and purgative. Apt to
produce nausea. Recommended in remit-
tent fever, bilious vomiting, and malarial
jaundice. Dose of the root gr. v-xx ; of
the resin, podophyllin, gr. ^-j. Dose of
the abstract gr. %-} ; of the ext. gr. v-x;
of the fid. ext. TnJ-xxx.
Poikil'oblast. See Corpuscle.
Poikil'ocyte (iroitciXog, varied, Kvrog, a
cell). An irregular shaped red blood-cor-
puscle.
Poikilocyto / sis (irouciliog, nvrog). A con-
dition marked by irregularity in the shape
of the red corpuscles of the blood; it
occurs in anaemia, chlorosis, etc.
Poikilother'mic (rcoiKikog, Oep/iTj, heat).
Varying in temperature according to sur-
roundings. A term applied to cold-blooded
animals, such as fishes, etc.
Point. See Puncture. P. Apophysaire,
a name given by Trousseau to a tender spot
over the spinous process of the vertebrae,
which, in neuralgic affections, corresponds
to the origin of the nerve involved.
Pointillage (Fr.). Massage by means of
the finger tips.
Pointing of an Abscess. The conical
part where softening and fluctuation take
place.
Points Douloureux (Fr.). Tender spots
in the course of an inflamed nerve.
Poiseuilles' Space. The lateral, trans-
parent plasma-current in the capillaries,
the red corpuscles flowing in the center or
axial current.
23
Poison. A substance that deranges the
functions of the various organs by action
other than mechanical, endangering or ar-
resting vitality. P., Irritant, one pro-
ducing irritation or solution, such as min-
eral acids, alkalies, caustics and other cor-
rosive compounds. P. Ivy, or Oak. See
Rhus Toxicodendron. P., Narcotic, one
affecting the brain and nerve centers, pro-
ducing stupor, delirium, etc., such as opium,
hydrocyanic acid, and carbon monoxide.
P., Narcotico-acrid, one that produces
both irritation and narcotism, such as strych-
nia, etc. See, also, Antidote, and Drug.
Poisoning. The act of administering any
substance destructive to life or to health.
P., Blood. See Septica-
lov, the brain, irtg, inflammation). An in-
flammation of the gray matter of the cortex
of the brain, — a theory advanced by Strum-
pell to explain the occurrence of infantile
hemiplegia.
Poliomy eli / tis ( tto2 tog, myelitis) . A variety
of myelitis in which the gray matter of the
cord is alone or chiefly affected.
Poliomyelop'athy (iroTnog, jivehog, iradog,
disease). Disease of the gray matter of
the cord.
Polioplas / ma. See Protoplasm.
Polio / sis (iroTiiog, hoary or gray). A con-
dition characterized by absence of pigment
in the hair. Grayness of hair.
POLITY
354
POLYMELUS
Pol'ity {-o/ug, a city). A form of govern-
ment. The functions of the government
of a city or town. P., Medical, the sani-
tary regulations of a community.
Politzer's Ear-Bag. An instrument for
rilling the tympanic cavity with air; fre-
quently used by aurists.
Politzer's Method. A method of inflat-
ing the middle ear, clearing the Eustachian
tube or rendering it pervious, by filling one
nostril — the other being closed — with air
from a rubber bag, the patient, at the mo-
ment of inflation, exerting the act of
swallowing.
Pollakiu / ria [~o/2aKtg, often, ovpov,
urine). Abnormal frequency of micturi-
tion.
PolTen [rro?.n, meal). The fecundating
dust contained in the anthers of flowers.
PolTex (Lat). The thumb or the great toe.
Pollution (flolluo, to defile). In sanitary
science, the introduction or dissemination
of any deleterious or filthy substance about
a locality where its presence would be
conducive to disease. Especially the de-
filement of potable water by sewage or
excreta. In physiology, the production of
the orgasm in either male or female by
means other than sexual intercourse. See
Masturbation. P., Nocturnal. See Noc-
turnal.
Pol'y- (~o?Lvg, many) . A Greek adjective
which, prefixed to a root, denotes much or
many.
Polyade'nous (ttoAuc, adrjv, a gland).
Having many glands.
Polyae / mia (nolvg, ai/ua, blood). Abnormal
increase of the entire mass of the blood.
After major amputations, with little loss of
blood, there is a transient increase, rela-
tively speaking, and this is called P. Apo-
coptica. A simple increase of the water
of the blood is called P. Aquosa. P.
Hyperaibuminosa, an increase of albu-
mins in the plasma. P. Polycythaemia,
an increase of the red corpuscles. P.
Serosa, an increase of the serum.
Polyaesthe'sia (ttoAuc, atadTjata, sensation).
An abnormality of sensation in which a
single touch is felt as if it were two or
more.
Polyan / dry (rro/.vg, avr/p [gen. av5pog~\, a
man). The state or practice of having
more than one husband.
Polychrest'us (iro/^vg, xPV^'og, useful).
An obsolete term formerly applied to a
medicine efficacious in many diseases.
Polychromatic (~oavc, xpuua, a color).
Having many colors. Variable in color.
Polyclinic (TtoTivg, Kkivr), a bed). A hos-
pital with many beds or where all diseases
are treated.
Polyco / ria {jroJivg, nopr], pupil). Having
more than one pupil or opening in the iris.
Polycrot / ic (rro/rc, tcporog, pulse). Per-
taining to a pulse that appears to have
more than two rhythms for each cardiac
impulse.
Polycye / sis {jzo/.vg, nvrjoig, pregnancy).
The occurrence of frequent pregnancy.
Polycystic {jio?jvg, Kvang, a sac). Con-
taining many cysts.
Polycythae / mia (7ro?.vg, nvrog, cell, acfia,
blood). Excess of red corpuscles in the
blood.
Polydac / tylism (rro/tt'c, danrv/xig, a fin-
ger). The condition of having one or
more supernumerary fingers or toes.
Polydipsia (rcolvg, diibog, thirst). Ex-
cessive thirst. It is usually present in
fever and diabetes.
Polygalactia. See Galactorrhea.
Polyg / alin. See Setiega.
Polyg / amy (tto/.dc, ya/wg, marriage). The
state or practice of having more than one
wife.
Polygen / esis (jroZvg, yevvao, to beget).
Producing many offspring. Fecundity.
Polyglot / tides. See Alternations of Gen-
eration.
Polygon (7ro?.vg, yuvia, an angle). A
figure having three or more sides. A regu-
lar polygon is equilateral and equiangular.
Polygonum Hydropipero'ides. Smart
Weed. Water Pepper. A plant common
in the United States. Active principle
thought to be polygonic acid. Stimulates the
action of heart and increases arterial ten-
sion. Diuretic, emmenagogue and aphro-
disiac. Externally, rubefacient and vesi-
cant. Valuable in amenorrhoea and im-
potence. Dose of the ext. gr. j-v, of the
fid. ext. n\,x-gj. All unof.
Polyhae / mia {■no/.vg, aijua, the blood).
Plethora. Excessive fullness of blood.
Polyhydramnios {jzo/.vg, 'vdup, water,
auviov). A disease of the amnion con-
sisting in an excessive production of the
amniotic liquor.
Polymastia (-o/.vg, many, uaarog, breast).
The condition of a woman having more
than two breasts or nipples. They may
be either in the axilla or elsewhere about
the trunk.
Polymazia. See Polymastia.
Polym'elus {jzo?.vg. ue?.og, a limbV A
fcetal monstrosity having more than the
normal number of limbs.
POLYMENORRHEA
355
POPULUS
Polymenorrhce / a (irolvg, /^v, month, pew,
to flow). Excessive menstrual flow.
Polymeric. See Isomeric.
Polym / erism (irolvc, fiepoc, a part). A.
term applied to such monstrosities as are
distinguished by having more than the
normal number of parts.
Polymorphous (jrolvg, p-optyi], a form).
Having, or existing in many forms. In
crystallography, applied to any substance
that crystallizes in more than one form.
Polyneuritis. See Multiple Neuritis.
Polynu'cleate [tvoTivq, nucleus). With
more than one nucleus.
Polyo / pia (jroTivg, uip). A condition of
the eye wherein more than one image of
an object is formed upon the retina.
Polyor'chis {iroTivg, opxiQ, a testicle).
One who has more than two testicles.
Polyparesis (irolvg, Trapeaig, weakness).
General progressive paralysis of the insane,
or paralytic dementia.
Polypatb/ic (woXvg, iradog, disease). Per-
taining to many diseases coexisting in one
person, or to one disease affecting many
organs.
Polyphagia. See Bulimia.
Polypharmacy (iroTivq, fyapfianov, a drug).
The prescription of many drugs at one
time.
Polypif'erous (polypus, ferro, to bear).
Bearing or giving origin to a polypus.
PoFyplast (tvoIvq, irXaaou, to form).
Composed of many cells.
PoFypoid [polypus, etdog, resemblance).
Resembling or having the shape of a poly-
pus.
Pol'ypus (tcoXvs, rrovg, from the erroneous
idea that it has many roots or feet). A
pedunculated tumor found especially in the
cavities of the nose, ear, rectum, etc. It
may be simple or malignant, and either
cystic, mucous or fibrous.
Polysar'cia {tvoTivq, cap%, flesh). Exces-
sive corpulency.
Polysar / cous [ttoIvc, cap£). Pertaining
to excessive corpulency or polysarcia.
PoFyscope (irolvq, gkotteo, to observe).
An instrument for examining the cavities
of the body.
Polyske / lus (tto^vq, oneloc, leg). A
monster with an excess of limbs.
Polyso / mia (iro'Avc, owfia, body). A mon-
ster with more than a single body or trunk.
Polytechnic {rcoAvg, re^vi?, an art). Com-
prising many arts.
Polytricb/ia. See Hirsuties.
Polytroph'ia {j:okvq, rpocbrj, nourishment).
Abundant or excessive nutrition.
Polyuria (jroAvg, ovpov, the urine). Ex-
cessive secretion of urine.
Pomade' (pomu/u an apple). Any perfumed
ointment or preparation for inunction of
the scalp or other parts.
Pomatum. Same as Pomade.
Pomegranate. See Granatum.
Pommeliere (Fr.). Bovine phthisis.
PonVpholyx (jrofupoAvt;, a bubble). Cheiro-
pompholyx ; Dysidrosis. A disease of rare
occurrence, consisting of vesicular and bul-
lous eruptions limited to the hands and feet.
Thought by Tilbury Fox to be a disease
of the sweat glands. Sometimes used
as a synonym for Pemphigus.
Po'mum Ada / mi (Lat., Adam's apple).
The ridge or prominence in the front of
the neck caused by the projection of the
thyroid cartilage.
Pond's Extract. See Hamamelis.
Ponga / mia. Kurung Oil. The oil ex-
pressed from the seeds of P. glabra, na-
tive to India. Not well known, but recom-
mended in parasitic diseases of the skin.
Efficacious in pityriasis versicolor. Unof.
Pons (Lat. a bridge). A process or portion
of an organ communicating between two
parts. P. Hepatis, the hepatic sub-
stance bridging the two lobes of the liver.
P. Tarini, the whitish-gray matter con-
necting the peduncles of the cerebrum.
P. Varolii, the bond of white fibers
arching the medulla oblongata and con-
necting the lateral lobes of the cerebrum.
Pontic / ulus Hepat'icus (dim. oipons, a
bridge, rjTrap, the liver). A bridge of tis-
sue, containing a plexus of blood vessels
extending from the surface of the spige-
lian to that of the right lobe of the liver.
PopTar. See Populus.
Poplite / al (poples, the hock or knee).
Pertaining to the hinder part of the knee-
joint or ham. P. Space, the lozenge-
shaped space occupying the lower third of
the thigh and the upper fifth of the leg.
Poplite / us (poples). The ham or hinder-
part of the knee-joint. P. Muscle. See
Muscle.
Population (populi, the people). The
mass of people dwelling within a given
geographical or political area. P., Mal-
thusian Law of Increase of, that the
number of individuals of a society tends to
increase faster than the food product, so
that there is always a pressure on the
means of subsistence.
Pop / ulus. Poplar. The resin of the leaf-
buds of several species. Used in Europe
for pectoral and nephritic troubles. Unof.
PORENCEPHALIA
356
POSOLOGICAL
Porencephalia ^-o r K'C, cavity, eineoa/.ov).
- . ace of the brain-substance, with des-
truction of the white cortical substance.
Pores of Skin. A common name used to
designate the efferent ducts of the seba-
ceous and sudoriferous glands.
Pork paraa ■ The flesh of swine, Sus
P., Diseases of. The muscular
tissue of swine is liable to contain worms
or cysticerci, which constitute the " meas-
les"" of pork. This cysticercus, derived
from the excrement of man, contains the
eggs of the tapeworm. Tania solium. The
cysticercus of the pig, introduced into the
intestines of man develops into the tape-
worm. Pork may also contain a small
nematode worm, the Trichina spiralis.
The latter, in its encysted state, will retain
vitality for several months, or even years.
Introduced into the intestines of man it
multiplies rapidly, soon migrating to the
muscles, where it is encysted.
Pornograpb/ic {jzopveia, prostitution,
-)paou, to write). A descriptive treatise
on prostitution, with reference to public
hygiene.
Poro'ma. Same as Porosis.
Poro'sis (Ga\). A condition of induration
or hardness arising from inflammation.
Poros'ity (~opoc, a ford or passage). The
condition of being porous.
Porot'omy {~opoc, -euro, to cut). The
operation of enlarging by incision the
meatus of the urethra.
Po'rous ^rropoc). Having small spiracles
or pores.
Por'phyra -ooovpa, purple). An erup-
tive rock. The leaf or tablet of the same
used by pharmacists in the preparation of
compounds. The name has been used to
designate scurvy.
Porphyriza'tion. See LevigaUon.
Por'poise Oil. See Delphinidtz Oleum.
Porret's Phenomenon. When a gal-
vanic current is conducted through living
scle the fibers swell at the negative pole.
Porri / go {porrum, a leek l. A term ap-
plied to several diseases of the scalp. P.
Contagiosa. See Impetigo. P.. De-
calvans. See Alopecia Areata. P. Fa-
vosa. S P. Lupinosa. See
Flaunts.
Por'ro's Operation. See Cesarean Op-
eration.
Por / ta ( Lat. a gate). The hilus, or that
part of the liver or other organ where the
s enter, as by a gate.
Por / tal | porta). Pertaining to the venous
supply of the liver. P. System, the sys-
tem of veins collecting the venous blood
from the digestive tract. P. Vein, the
large vein of the liver.
Porte-, or Port- {porto, to earn- . A
carrier, or holder. P. Aiguille. See
--holder. P. Caustic, a holder
for the stick of caustic. P. Moxa. See
Moxa.
Por'ter. See Malt Liquors.
Por'tio Du'ra. (Lat). The facial nerve.
That part of the seventh pair controlling
the muscles of the face.
Por / tio Mol'lis. The auditorv nerve. See
Nerve.
Port -wine. See Vinum.
Port-wine Mark, or Stain. See Ntevus
Vascularis.
Po'rus (Lat.). A callosity. Also, a
canal, duct, or pore.
Position of the Foetus. The relation
of the presenting part to the cardinal
points of Capuron. For the vertex, the
face and the breech, there are each four posi-
tions : a right anterior, a right posterior,
a left anterior and a left posterior. For
each of the shoulders there is an .
and a posterior. In order to shorten and
memorize these positions, the initials of
the chief words are made use of as fol-
lows : For vertex presentations the word
occiput is indicated by the letter 0. y and
preceded by the letters R. and L., for
right or left and followed by A. or P., ac-
cording as the presenting part is anterior
or posterior. "VYe thus have the initials
L. O. A., left-occipito anterior, to indicate
that the presenting occiput is upon the an-
terior left side. In the same way are de-
rived the terms, L. 0. P., R. 6. A.. R.
O. P. For facial presentations we have in
the same wav. L. F. A. (left fronto- ante-
rior), L. F. P., R. F. A.\ R. F. P. For
breech or sacral presentations, L. S. A..
L. S. P., R. S. A., R. S. P., and for
shoulder {dorsal} presentations, L. D. A.,
L. D. P., R. D. A., R. D. P.
Pos'itive. In static electricity, a conven-
tional term denoting that quality of the"
force produced by rubbing glass with silk.
In galvanic and dynamic electricity the
current flowing from the least oxidizable
element through the wire or conductor.
P. Element, die most oxidizable element
of a battery — usually a plate of zinc. P.
Pole, the pole connected with the nega-
tive plate or element.
Posolog 'ical ~c7oc, quantity, /.o;- oc. a dis-
sertation). Pertaining to posology or
quantitative dosage.
POSOLOGY
357
POTASSIUM
Posol'ogy (iroaog, Tioyog). A considera-
tion of the proper amounts of medicines
to be exhibited in order to produce de-
sired results. The science of dosage.
Possession (possedeo, to possess). In
pathology, affected with epilepsy or similar
disease. In this sense the word is a relic
of the belief in demonology.
Post- ( Lat.). A Latin preposition mean-
ing after. Prefixed to words it places them
in antithesis to those combined with prce
or pre.
Postax / ial. See Preaxial.
Posterior (comp. oi poster, after, behind).
A descriptive term denoting a position rela-
tively the opposite that of anterior or front.
Poster'ula (dim. of poster). The small
space at the posterior ends of the turbinated
bones of the nose.
Postglen / oid {post, glenoid). A process
or tubercle of either temporal bone which
descends behind the condyle of the jaw
and prevents backward displacement dur-
ing mastication.
Posthaet'omy, or
Posthet / omy. See Circumcision.
Posthitis [ttogO/], the prepuce, trig, inflam-
mation). Inflammation of the prepuce.
Balanitis.
Posthumous (post, humus, the ground).
Occurring after death. P. Child, one born
after the death of its father, or taken from
the body of its mother after death, by the
Csesarean operation.
Post-mortem (mors [accus. mortem~\,
death). Pertaining to a period or condition
after death. P.-m. Caesarean Opera-
tion. See Ccesarean Operation. P.-m.
Examination, investigation of the dead
body for purposes of pathological or medico-
legal inquiry. P.-m. Pustule. See
Dissection Wounds. P.-m. Warts. See
Dissection Wounds.
Post-par'tum (partum, childbirth). Used
particularly in connection with hsemor-
rhage, etc., occurring after childbirth.
Pos / tural (posititm from pono, to place).
Pertaining to posture or position. P.
Respiration, a treatment of apnoea by the
induction of respiration through changes
of posture.
Pos / ture (positum). A position, espe-
cially the position of the body in health and
in disease.
Po / table (poto, to drink). Fit or whole-
some to drink — applied to waters for
drinking in distinction to those for medici-
nal use.
Pot'ash. See Potassium.
Potas / sa. See Potassium.
Potas / sic. Referring to Potassium.
Potas / sium. K — 39; quantivalence I;
sp. gr. 0.865. A metallic element of
silvery luster, alkaline and characterized
by intense affinity for oxygen. Decom-
poses water violently, replacing one or
both of its hydrogen atoms. Only the
salts and oxides are used in medicine. All
salts except the platino-chloride are soluble
in water. In small doses, promotes the
secretion of gastric juice ; in larger doses,
neutralizes the free acids of the stomach,
impeding digestion; in very large doses
a cardiac poison, paralyzing the muscles
and exerting baneful effects on nerve tis-
sue. P. Acetas, in small doses renders
blood alkaline ; in large doses purgative.
Dose gr. v-£j. Purgative doses 3 ij— iv.
P. Carbonas, useful locally in acne and
acute eczema, internally in rheumatism,
acid urine and jaundice. Dose gr. ij-xx.
P. Chloratis Troch., each contains gr. v
of the salt. P. Chloras, an excellent
mouth wash and deodorizer and lotion for
ulcers in solutions of gss-^ j. Useful in
mercurial salivation, and also in diph-
theria, typhoid fever. Dose gr. v-xx.
Should not be triturated with sulphur or
organic matter. P. Citras, properties
like those of acetate. Dose gr. x-xxx.
P. Citratis, Liq., citric acid 8, P. dicarb.
40; filter and add distilled water ad 50
parts. Dose ^ss-j. P. Citratis, Mist.,
" neutral mixture " — lemon juice 100, P.
dicarb. q. s. ad saturatum. Dose j§ss-j.
P. Cobalto-Nitiite, unof., has been
used successfully in angina pectoris and
asthma. Dose gr. ss-j. P. cum Calce,
potassium, with calcium. " Vienna paste,"
consists of equal parts of hydrate and
lime. An escharotic. P. Bicarbonas,
properties like carbonate, to which it is
preferable. Dose gr. v-xxx. P. Bitar-
tras, " cream of tartar," properties like
those of acetate. Dose gr. xx-5 ss. Pul-
vis Effervescens, Comp., effervescing
powder, " Seidlitz powder," contains of
the preceding gr. 120, mixed with sodium
dicarb. in the blue paper; and tartaric
acid gr. 35 in the white paper. P. et
Sodii Tartras, " Rochelle salt," laxative.
Dose ^ss-j. P. Hydrate, potassa,
" caustic potash," deliquescent and very
alkaline. A powerful escharotic. P.
Liq., "solution of potassa," consists of
hydrate 56, distilled water 944 parts, com-
bined with bitter tonics is useful in atonic
dyspepsia. Locally, a wash in scaly skin
POTATO-PASTE
358
PRECUNEUS
Dose ttl v ~o ?? - diluted. P.
Nitras, M saltpeter,"' refrigerant and
diuretic in fevers. Dose gr. v-x. P
Nitratis, Charta, unsized paper saturated
with a 20 per cent, solution. Used, when
burnt, for inhalation. P. Permanganas.
P. Tartras, refriger-
ant and laxative. Dose gr. XX-5SS. P.
Sulphas, hepatic stimulant and cathartic.
Dose gr. xx- 5 ss.
Pota'to-paste. A substitute for the solid
potato as a culture medium for bacteria,
when a very extensive surface is desired.
It is a stiff paste made with water from
the dry, flour}- centers of well-boiled pota-
toes.
Pota'to Spirit. See Alcohol.
Po'tency [potens, from posse, to be able).
Power. Efficacy.
Potential [potens). Able or powerful.
A term applied to remedies or agents that
are energetic. In electricity, the tension
or pressure of the current. It is estimated
quantitatively in volts. P. Cautery. See
Cautery.
Po'tio (Lat.), or
Po'tion. A drink or draught of a medi-
cinal preparation.
Potoma'nia. See Mania.
Pott's Disease or Curvature. See
Caries.
Pott's Fract'ure. See Fracture.
Pouch (Fr.poc/ie, a pocket). Any pocket-
shaped cavity or receptaculum. P. of
Douglas, the cul-de-sac of Douglas, a
pouch formed by the recto-uterine fold of
the peritonaeum. P.'s, Ileo-caecal, nar-
row-necked folds of the peritonaeum, at
the termination of the ileum. P., Ingui-
nal, a fold of the peritonaeum behind the
abdominal ring. P. of Rathke, the hy-
pophysial pouch in the embryo prolonged
through the base of the skull to form the
anterior element of the hypophysis. P.
of Seesel, a pouch in the embryo behind
the summit of the hypophysis. P., Sub-
caecal, a fold of the peritonaeum behind
and below the caecum.
Poul'tice (rro'/.Toc, porridge). An emul-
:f some soft substance, as slippery 7
elm, meal, etc., for application to the skin.
Pound (A. S. pund). A weight of 5760
grains Troy, or 7000 grains avoirdupois.
Pou / part's Lig / ament. See Ligament.
Pow'der. See Pulver. P., Insect. See
Insect Powder. P., Seidlitz. See Potas-
sium. (Pulv. effervesc. comp.)
Pox (pocks, pi. of pock). A term applied
tp several contagious, pustular, eruptive
diseases. P., Chicken. See Via
P., French. See Syphilis. P., Small.
See Jar:.
Practice (x/nutzh?). The official duties
of a physician or surgeon in his professional
work.
Practitioner (Fr. practicien). One who
practices a profession, especially that of
medicine. P., General, one who treats
all ailments, in distinction from the special-
ist, who treats only one or more diseases,
or the diseases of one or a few organs.
Prae- (Lat.). A Latin preposition meaning
before, used as a prefix to denote position.
It places the words with which it is com-
bined in antithesis to those combined with
post.
Prae cor 7 dia (prce, cor [gen. cordis^, the
heart). A name applied variously to the
diaphragm, the thoracic viscera, and the
epigastric region.
Praepu'tium. See Pri
Prae 7 via {pro:, via, away). A condition in
which an organ or part stands in the wav,
thereby preventing the functions of another
organ. P., Placenta. See Pic:,
Prax'is. See Practice.
Preatax'ic. Pertaining to a time or phase
preceding the development of ataxy.
Preax'ial (pro; axis). In the anatomy of
the spinal skeleton all parts which, in man,
are superior (in other mammals anten'or)
to an imaginary axis drawn at right angles
to the general direction of the vertebral
column. The remaining i?iferior (or pos-
terior) parts are classified as post a _ i
Precipitant (prevdqs, apdpov, a joint).
The condition of having a false joint or
articulation.
Pseudenceph / alus {ipevdqc, eyaeoaAoc,
brain). An exencephalic monstrosity with
absent cranial vault and brain, and in place
of the last a vascular tumor.
PSEUDO-
365
PSYCHIC
Pseud'o- (ifjevdyg). An adjective prefix
denoting false or seeming.
Pseudo-buFbar ParaFysis. Symmet-
rical disease of both hemispheres involving
the centers or paths of the nerves of speech,
and thus resembling the defect of disease
of the medulla.
Pseudo-cye / sis (Tpevdqg, Kwiciq, preg-
nancy). False pregnancy. The belief in
the existence of pregnancy on the part of a
woman (usually the result of desire) accom-
panied, perhaps, by uncertain signs.
Pseudo-gan / glion {ipevdqg, ganglion}.
A false ganglion, usually a slight thicken-
ing of a nerve. P. of Bochdalek, an
enlargement of a branch of the middle
alveolar nerve from which fibers descend
to supply the canine teeth. P. of Cir-
cumflex Nerve, an expansion of a branch
of the nerve which goes to the teres major.
P. of Cloquet, a thickening of the pala-
tine branches of the naso-palatine nerve.
P., Valentin's, a slight thickening at the
junction of certain divisions of the middle
alveolar branch of the maxillary nerve.
Pseudo-glio / ma of Retina. See Glioma.
Pseudo-hydropho / bia (ipevdqg, hydro-
phobia). Hysterical convulsions in one
believing himself to have been bitten by a
rabid animal. There is, however, absence
of the true respiratory spasm. It has also
been called Lyssophobia.
Pseudo-hypertro / phic ParaFysis (ipev-
6rjg) . A term applied to loss or diminution
of the power of motion, accompanied by
hypertrophied muscles.
Pseudoma / nia {tyevdrig. fmvia, madness).
A form of insanity in which the person
affected accuses himself of a crime or
crimes of which he is innocent. It is
usually a form of hysteria.
PseudomenFbrane (ibevdrjg, membran-
utri). A false membrane, such as the my-
celium of the fungus of diphtheria.
Pseudomembranous (ipevdrjg, membran-
ous). Pertaining to false membranes.
PseudophthFsis (ipevdqg, Qdioig, decay).
Emaciation and general wasting arising
from other causes than pulmonary tuber-
culosis.
Pseudosclerosis. An affection similar
in symptoms to sclerosis but without the
anatomical lesions.
Pseud / oscope (ipevdrig, (jKoireo, to see).
A prismatic instrument so arranged that,
e. g., if a spherical surface be looked at
with the instrument the image formed in
each eye is inverted laterally. Shadows
are reversed and the ball appears hollow.
Pseudos / mia (xfjevdr/g, oa/ur/, a smell). A
defective or illusive sense of smell.
Pseudo-sto / mata {^pevdrjc, arofia, a
mouth). Small holes or outlets in the
cement substance of the alveoli of lung
tissue.
Pseudoxan'thine. A name given, it is
thought inappropriately, by Gautier to a
leucomaine-base, C 4 H 5 N 5 0, isolated from
fresh muscle-tissue of beef. It so much
resembles xanthine, however, that it may
have been often mistaken for that com-
pound — hence, the name given by Gautier;
but it differs from xanthine in its empirical
composition, solubility, and crystalline
form. The name Pseudoxanthine was
also given by Schultzen and Filehne to a
body isomeric with xanthine, obtained by
action of sulphuric upon uric acid.
Psik/sis [ipiAou, to remove the hair). The
removal of the hair from a part. De-
pilation.
Pso / se (ipaa, the loins). The psoas mus-
cles.
Pso'as (ipo)a). The loins. P. Muscle.
See Muscle. P. Abscess. See Abscess.
Psod / ymus (ipoac, loins, didvfiog, double).
A sysomic monstrosity with two heads and
thoraces, and conjoined abdominal and
pelvic cavities. There are two legs, and
occasionally the rudiments of a third.
PsoFtis (ipua, trig, inflammation). Inflam-
mation of the psoas muscles, or of the re-
gion of the loins.
Pso / ra [ipupa, from ipoo, to scratch). Same
as Scabies.
Psorelco / sis (ipupa, eA/cwcYC, ulceration).
The ulceration frequently occurring during
the progress of scabies.
PsorFasis (ijjopa, the itch). Lepra;
Lepra alphos ; Alphos. A chronic, inflam-
matory affection of the skin, distinguished
by dry, red, roundish patches, covered with
silvery scales. Commonly affects the ex-
tensor surface of the limbs, the scalp and
the trunk. Begins as a small papule,
that enlarges at the margin and becomes
covered with white scales. It may be
diffuse, universal, punctate, guttate, circi-
nate, gyrate, inveterate (thickening of the
skin) or rupoid (when pus forms under the
crust).
PsorophthaFmia. See Ophthalmia.
Pso / rous (fopa). Pertaining to or affected
with the itch.
PsychFatry (ipvxv, tne mind, larpmog, the
healing art). Treatment of the diseases
of the mind.
Psy / chic (tpvxv) • Pertaining to the mind.
PSYCHOGENESIS
366
PTOMAINES
Psychogen'esis {i>vx r h yevvau, to beget).
A term used of the causes and develop-
ment of mental characteristics.
Psychology [il'i'XU, Ao}oc, a treatise). A
treatise on the nature and phenomena of
the mind.
Psychopathic {t\)vxv, ^adoc;, suffering).
Pertaining to psychopathy.
Psychopathy [tyvxt], TraOog). Disease of
the mind or of the intellectual faculties.
Psycho-physical Law. See Fechners
Laze.
Psychophys / ics. The study of mental
processes by physical methods, especially
the determination of the difference of
stimulus required to produce recognizable
differences of sensation.
PsychophysioFogy (ipvx??, physiology).
Mental physiology. A study of the physi-
ology of the brain as related to mental
and emotional processes.
Psycho / ses (ipvxv). Diseases of the mind
or of the intellectual faculties.
Psycho / sin {ibvxv)- A cerebroside resemb-
ling sphyngosin, occurring in brain-tissue.
Psychotherapeutics. The cure of men-
tal disease ; also the treatment of disease
by mental influence.
Psychrom / eter {iwxpog, cold, juerpov, a
measure). An instrument for determin-
ing the amount of telluric moisture by
precipitation on a cold surface.
Psy'chrophore (tbvxpog, (popeu, to carry).
An instrument for the conveyance of cold
to parts deeply placed, as by a double-
current catheter to the prostate gland.
Psydra / cium (tpvSpa^, a blister or pimple).
A term loosely applied to various eczema-
tous and psoriform eruptions of the skin.
Ptar'mic {ir-apfioq, a sneezing). Pertain-
ing to the act of sneezing. Sternutatory.
Also, a substance that produces sneezing.
Pte'lea Trifolia'ta. Wafer-ash; Wing-
seed. The bark of a shrub yielding a
bitter tonic extractive. A popular tonic
in debility and dyspepsia. Unof.
Pter'ion. See Skull.
Pter'o- (-nrepov, awing). A Greek word
used as a prefix to denote resemblance to
a wing, or wing-shaped.
Pterygium (irrepov). A triangular patch
of thickened conjunctiva, the apex point-
ing toward the pupil, the fan -shaped base
extending toward the can thus. Also, an
abnormal growth of skin over the finger-
nail.
Pter'ygo- (irrepov). A Greek word that,
prefixed to another, denotes connection
w ith, or relation to, the pterygoid process.
Pterygoid (rrrepov, eidog, a form). A name
given to two wing-shaped processes of the
sphenoid bone. P. Muscle. See Muscle.
Pterygo-max / illary. Pertaining con-
jointly to the pterygoid process and the
superior maxillary bone.
Pterygo-paFatine. Pertaining conjointly
to the pterygoid process and the palate.
Ptik/sis. See Madarosis.
Ptis / an [nTLGCu, to bruise). Barley water.
Any decoction of barley designed as a
medicinal drink.
Pto'mames (ttto/llo., corpse). Putrefac-
tive alkaloids ; a class of nitrogenous alka-
loidal bases, of both animal and vegetable
origin, formed during the putrefaction of
organic matter. Some are poisonous, but
the greater number of those isolated are
not so. But all toxic products of putre-
faction are not ptomaines. Since all pu-
trefaction is dependent upon microorgan-
isms, the formation of ptomaines is also
dependent upon them, each distinctive
ptomaine being probably due to a pecu-
liar bacterium or combination of such. The
dependence may sometimes be indirect and
complicated with or also dependent upon
purely chemical changes. The kind of
ptomaine is also dependent upon the stage
of putrefaction, as they are " transition
products in process of putrefaction," inter-
mediates of katabolism, finally becoming
the end-products of excretion. Foods have
been found to contain ptomaines, the
principal being mussels, oysters, eels,
sausage, ham, canned meats, cheese, milk,
ice-cream, etc. The pathogenic action of
many bacteria is probably due to their pro-
duction of ptomaines. In addition to the
ptomaines given in the following table, a
number of unnamed substances have been
studied that possess reactions and physio-
logical effects similar or identical with
well-known vegetable alkaloids. These
at present can only be called after ana-
logues, e. g., Coniine-like Substances ;
others are called Nicotine-like, Strych-
nine-like, Morphine-like, Atropine-
like, Digitaline-like, Veratrine-like,
Delphinine-like, etc. Selmi found
ptomatropines or cadaveric ptomaines so
closely resembling the vegetable product
that when treated with sulphuric acid and
oxidizing agents they gave the odor of
blossoms (Reuss's test) as distinctly as
the vegetable atropine. A powerful poison
has been found in exhumed bodies giving
reactions similar to strychnine, though by
no means identical with the latter. Selmi
PTOMATROPINES
367
PTYALIN
believed for some time in a " cadaveric
coni'ine " — so difficult was it to discern the
proteid product from a vegetable alkaloid ;
and even now it is very difficult for the
chemist to state with certainty that he has
found true coni'ine in the dead body, unless
the analysis be made before decomposi-
tion sets in, and enough of the base be
found for physiological experiment. Other
ptomaines have been actually mistaken
by experts for morphine, as in the Sonzogna
trial, at Cremona, in Italy. In the trial of
General Gibbone's servant, in 1870, on the
charge of having caused his master's'death
by poison, the experts reported delphinine
in the viscera ; but Selmi found, by careful
study, that although the substance re-
sponded to delphinine reactions it was
not delphinine at all. Vaughan gives
in detail the methods of extracting pto-
maines. The following table is copied
from him : —
TABLE OF PTOMAINES
FROM VAUGHAN).
Name.
Formula.
Discoverer.
Physiological Action.
Methylamine.
CH 5 N.
Non-poisonous.
Dimethylamine.
C 2 H 7 N.
"
Trimethylamine.
C3H3N.
"
Ethylamine.
C 2 H 7 N.
"
Diethylamine.
C 4 H U N.
"
Triethylamine.
C 6 H 15 N.
"
Propylamine.
C 3 H 9 N.
Amylamine.
C 5 H 13 N.
Hexylamine.
C 6 H 16 N.
Tetanotoxine.
C 6 H 1X N(?).
Briege
r.
Poisonous.
Collidine (?).
C 8 H 1X N.
Nencki.
Hydrocollidine (?).
C 8 H 13 N.
Gautier and Etard.
Poisonous.
Parvoline (?).
C 9 H 13 N.
" "
Unnamed.
C 10 H 1B N.
Guareschi and Mosso.
Poisonous.
Ethylidenediamine (?).
C 2 H 8 N 2 .
Brieger.
"
Trimethylenediamine.
C 3 H 8 N 2 .
"
"
Putrescine.
C 4 H 12 N 2 .
"
Non-poisonous (?).
Cadaverine.
C 5 H 14 N 2 .
"
;; (?).
Neuridine.
C 5 H 14 N 2 .
"
Saprine.
C 5 H 6 N 2 .
"
"
Unnamed.
C 7 H 10 N 2 .
Morin.
"
Methylguanidine.
C 2 H 7 N 3 .
Brieger.
"
Unnamed.
C 13 H 20 N 4 .
Oser.
"
C 17 H 38 N 4 .
Gautier and Etard.
Mydine.
CsH^NO.
Brieger.
Non-poisonous.
Neurine.
C 5 H 13 NO.
"
Poisonous.
Unnamed.
CbH^NO,.
E. and H. Salkowski.
Non-poisonous.
Choline.
C 5 H 1B N0 2 .
Brieger.
Poisonous.
Betaine.
C 5 H 13 N0 3 .
"
Non-poisonous.
Muscarine.
C 5 H 16 N0 3 .
"
Poisonous.
Mydatoxine.
C 6 H 13 NO a .
"
"
Mytilotoxine.
C 6 H 15 N0 2 .
"
'.'
Gadinine.
C 7 H 17 NO s .
"
Non-poisonous.
Typhotoxine.
C 7 H 17 N0 2 .
"
Poisonous.
Unnamed.
C 7 H 17 N0 2 .
"
"
"
C 6 H 12 N 2 2 .
Pouchet.
"
"
C 14 H 20 N 2 O 4 .
Guareschi.
Tetanine.
C 13 H 30 N 2 O 4 .
Brieger.
Poisonous.
Unnamed.
C 7 H 18 N 2 Q 6 .
Pouchet.
"
Tyrotoxicon.
Vaughan.
•'
Mydaleine.
Brieger.
"
Spasmotoxine.
"
"
Peptotoxine.
Ptomat / ropines. Ptomaines found in the
cadaver.
Pto / sis (tttoo, to fall). Complete or par-
tial drooping and inability to raise the
upper eyelid, due to paralysis of the third
nerve, or of the levator palpebral or to
thickening of the lid.
Ptyal'agogue {tttvoIov, saliva, ayto, to
drive). A medicine producing salivation
or increased flow of saliva. A sialagogue.
Pty / alin [izrvalov). A diastasic ferment
existing in saliva, having the property of
changing starch into dextrine and a sugar
called ptyalose. See Ferments.
PTYALIXE
368
PULSE
Pry 'aline m A. The saliva. Also, one
of the constituent ferments of the saliva.
Pty'alism (mrwuUw). A condition marked
by an excessive secretion oi saliva, arising
either from the use of masticatories, siala-
go^ues. or from constitutional causes. P.,
Mercurial, that produced by mercury. It
is attended with profuse salivation, a
coppery taste, and sometimes by looseness
of the teeth.
PtyaFocele. See Ah*
Pty'alum. See Saliva.
Pu'berty {pubes, to grow to maturity).
The age when the young become capable
of reproduction.
Pu'bes (LaL)> That portion of the os in-
nominatum forming the front of the pelvis.
Also, the fleshy and hairy part covering
the same.
Pu'bic. Pertaining to the pubes.
Pubiot'omy {pubes, to/utj, a cutting). An
operation for enlarging the diameter of the
pelvis to facilitate delivery in cases of pel-
vic malformation.
Pu'bo-. A Latin root; prefixed to another
word denotes relation to the pubes.
Pudenda. See Pudendum.
Pudendag'ra (pudenda, ay pa, a seizure).
Any pain in the genital organs. Also,
syphilis.
Puden'dum (p7ideo, to be ashamed).
Those parts of the female genital organs
visible externally. These are the mons vene-
ris, the labia, chtoris, nymphs and hymen.
Pu'dic (pudeo). A descriptive term ap-
plied to the genital organs or related parts.
Also, to any part of the body habitually
concealed. P. Nerve. See Nerve.
Pu'erile (puer, a boy). Pertaining to
boyhood or childhood. P. Respiration,
a resonant respiration sometimes observed
in adults similar to that heard in vigorous,
healthy children.
Puer'pera (puer, pario, to beget). A
female in labor, or one recently delivered.
Puerperal (puer, parid). Pertaining to
the state of a woman in childbed. P.
Convulsions. See Eclampsia. P.
Fever, an acute, heterogenetic, contagious,
febrile affection of women in childbed. P.
Mania, a delirious condition of women
sometimes occurring in the puerperium.
P. Septicaemia. See P. Fever. P.
Tetanus, a fatal tetanic condition of the
body ; occurring rarely in the puerperium.
Puerpe'rium (Lat.). The condition of a
woman from childbirth to a reinstatement
"raal health.
Puff-ball. See Ly coper don Giganteum.
PugilTus (Lat., a handfull). In practice,
the amount of a substance that can be
grasped between the thumb and two or
three fingers.
Pu'lex (Lat.). A flea. A genus of epizoa
parasitic upon the skin. P. Irritans, the
common flea. P. Penetrans, the chigoe
or jigger flea, a species burrowing under
the skin to deposit ova. Found mainly in
tropical America.
Pullula / tion (pullulo, to bud). Any
morbid growth taking the form of a bud,
as certain forms of condyloma,
Pulmom'eter (puhno, a lung, fierpov, a
measure). Any instrument for measuring
the capacity of the lungs. Also, an instru-
ment for measuring the air of respiration.
Pulmom'etry (pulmo, fisrpov). The quan-
titative deterrnination of the air concerned
in respiration. Also, the determination of
the volume of the lungs.
PuFmonary (puhno). Pertaining to the
lung. P. Consumption. See Phthisis.
Pulmonic (pulmo). Same as Pulmonary.
Pulp (pulpa). A part of certain fruits.
P. Cavity, a cavity containing soft, amor-
phous matter, as P. of Spleen, the sub-
stance within the cavity of the spleen.
P. of Tooth, the tissue of the pulp-cavity
of a tooth.
Pulpitis (pulpa, itis, inflammation). An
inflammation of the pulp or organic portion
of a tooth.
Pulsatilla (Lat.). Pasque Flower.
Meadow Anemone. The leaves and tops
of Anemone P. Properties due to a cam-
phoraceous principle, anemonin. Lowers
heart and arterial tension ; in larger doses
produces nausea and paralyzes motion and
sensibility. Recommended in amenorrhoea,
dysrnenorrhoea and scaly skin diseases. A
valuable alterative. An unofficial tincture,
consists of equal parts of the juice and al-
cohol. Dose TT\jyo~ v ; of the active prin-
ciple gr. Jg-ij.
Pulsation (pello, to drive). Any beating
or throbbing sensation. The visible or
sensible elevation of a vessel sj-nchronous or
following the heart's beat. P., Retinal,
arterial and venous pulsations are some-
times seen in the eye as a consequence of
the disturbance of the relative intraocular
and extraocular pressure.
Pulse (pulsus). The expansile impulse of
the arteries from variations in the blood-
pressure, and following the contractile
action of the heart. P., Allorhythmic.
See Allorhythmia. P., Anacrotic. See
Anacrotism. P., Capillary, seen when
PULSIMETER
369
PUPIL
the capillaries are dilated and the blood-
pressure is high. P., Catacrotic, eleva-
tions or secondary waves in the line of
descent of the pulse-tracing. P. Curve,
the tracing, called sphygmogram or arterio-
gram, of the pulse, made by the sphygmo-
graph or sphygmoscope. P., Dicrotic,
an exaggerated dicrotic wave, or recoil
wave, the larger of the catacrotic eleva-
tions corresponding to the closure of the
aortic valves. P., Entoptical, the sub-
jective illumination in a dark field, after
violent exercise, corresponding to each
pulse-beat. P., Hard, one with charac-
ters of high tension and rigidity. P.,
Hyperdicrotic, when the aortic notch
falls below the base line, a symptom of
great exhaustion. P., Intermittent, one
in which the beats are irregular or occa-
sionally fail. P., Monocratic, absence
of the dicrotic wave. P., Paradoxical,
failure of the beat during inspiration,
owing to pathological conditions of the
heart and adjacent parts. P., Recurrent,
the appearance of the pulse on the distal
side of the point of compression of an
artery. P. Tracing. See P. Curve and
Sphygmogram. P., Venous, pulsatile
phenomena occasionally observed in veins,
especially in the eye, owing to the intra-
ocular pressure permitting the escape of the
venous current during the heart's diastole.
See also Pulsus.
Pulsim / eter {pulsus, the pulse, fierpov, a
measure). Any instrument for the quanti-
tative determination of the rate, quality or
force of the pulse.
Pul'sus (Lat.). The pulse. P. Alter-
nans, a pulse in which there is a regular
alternation of a high and low beat. P.
Bigeminus, the beats occur in pairs, so
that a longer pause follows every two beats.
P. Intercurrens, when an extra beat is
intercalated in a normal series. P. Inter-
mittens, when in an otherwise regular
rhythm a beat is omitted. P. Myurus,
the beats becoming smaller and smaller,
and after a certain time beginning as large
as before. P. Quadrigeminus and P.
Trigeminus, the irregularities occurring
after every fourth and third beat. See
Pulse.
Pulta'ceous {puis, pottage). Having the
consistence of pap or pottage. Applied to
any semifluid substance.
Pul'ver {pulvis, a powder). In pharmacy,
one or more medicinal substances reduced
to a state of very fine division. There
are 9 official pulveres.
24
Pulverization {pulvis). The operation
of reducing a substance to a powder.
Pul'vinar ( Lat.). A pillow. The pos-
terior eminence of the optic thalamus.
Pul'vis. See Pulver.
Pump. A machine that, by creating a
vacuum between its valves, is used for
drawing or transferring a liquid to or from
a reservoir. P., Breast, a pump for re-
moving milk from the breast. P., Stom-
ach, a pump for removing the contents of
the stomach in cases of poisoning. It con-
sists of a barrel, a delivery tube and a
flexible tube to be introduced into the
stomach.
Pump / kin Seed. See Pepo.
Puncta (pi. of punctum, a point). Points.
A term variously used in anatomy. P.
Dolorosa, tender or painful points in the
course of nerves in an inflamed condi-
tion. P. Lachrymalia, the orifices of
the lachrymal canaliculi in the eyelids near
the inner canthus.
Punc / tate (punctu??i). Having many
points. Dotted. Full of minute punc-
tures.
Punc / tum (Lat.). A point. P. Au-
reum. See Macula lutea. P. Caecum.
See Blind Spot. P. Proximum, the
point nearest the eye at which an object
can be seen with distinctness and without
diplopia. P. Remotum, the farthest
point at which an object can be distinctly
seen with suspended accommodation. In
the emmetropic eye it is theoretically
at an infinite distance; in the hyperopic
eye it is theoretically beyond this, as such
an eye is adapted only for convergent
rays.
Punc / ture (punctum). A wound or hole
made by a pointed instrument.
Pun / gent (pungo, to prick). Acrid. Pene-
trating. Producing a pricking or painful
sensation.
Pu'pa (Lat., a doll). That form of an
insect intermediate between its larval and
mature states. A chrysalis.
Pupil (pupilla). The round aperture in
the iris of the eye. P., Argyll Robert-
son's, one of the early symptoms of tabes,
in which a myotic pupil responds to accom-
modative effort but not to light. P., Adhe-
sions of the, are the result of inflammation,
and, if to the lens-capsule, are called pos-
terior synechice ; if to the cornea, anterior
synechice. P., Artificial, an iridectomy or
opening made by surgical operation in an
iris without a normal pupil, or in which the
normal pupil is opposite opacities of the
PUPILLARY
370
PUTRESCINE
cornea or lens. P., Exclusion of, total
posterior synechia, the entire pupillary
edge being adherent to the capsule. P.,
Occlusion of, the pupillary area is filled
with semi -opaque exudation - products of
inflammation. P., Pin-hole, extreme
myosis.
Pu'pillary (pupilla). Pertaining to the
pupil of the eye. P. Membrane, a foetal
membrane covering the eye until the
seventh month of gestation. P. Mem-
brane, Persistent, fibrillar bands spring-
ing from the iris, passing to or across the
pupil, and sometimes attached to the lens-
capsule, — the remains of unabsorbed pupil-
lary membrane.
Pupilom'eter {pupil, uerpov, a measure).
An instrument designed for the measure-
ment of the pupil of the eye.
Purga'tion (purgo, to cleanse). The act
or condition of being purged. Evacuation
of the bowels.
Pur'gative (purgo). A medicine produc-
ing watery evacuations of the bowels.
Purging Ag / aric. See Agaricus.
Piriform (~vov, pus). Having the form,
nature or appearance of pus.
Purkinje's Cells. The pear-shaped cells
with long processes occurring in the deep
layers of the cortex of the cerebellum.
Purkinje's Figures. Shadows of the
retinal blood vessels upon the retina.
Purkinje-Sanson's Images. Three
pairs of images of one object seen in an
observed pupil, the first, erect, from the
anterior surface of the cornea ; the second,
erect, from the anterior surface of the lens ;
the third, inverted, from the posterior cap-
sule of the lens.
Pur / ple, Visual. See Rhodopsin.
Purpura. A haemorrhage into the cutis,
due to disease or trauma. The extravasa-
tion of blood may take the following forms :
Ecchymoses, bruises; Ecchy?no)nata, extra-
vasations due to the rupture of blood vessels
under the skin ; H&matidrosis, the lodge-
ment of bloody sweat in the sweat-folli-
cles ; Hemorrhagic Bull, to flow). A flow
or discharge of pus.
PyosaRpinx [ttvov, aaAiriy^, a tube). A
formation of pus in the oviduct.
Pyo / sis [ttvov). A condition marked by
the formation of pus.
Pyoxan'those. A yellow coloring ex-
tractive found in blue pus.
Pyr'amid' [Trvpa/utg). Any conical eminence
of an organ, as P. of cerebellum, P. of
tympanum, etc. P. of Ferrein, a term ap-
plied to the conical arrangement of the
uriniferous tubes of the kidneys. P. of
Malpighi, the conical masses composing
the medullary substance of the kidneys.
PyranVidal [Trvpafiig). Shaped like a
pyramid.
Pyramida / lis. See Muscle.
Pyre / thrum. Pellitory. The root of
Anacyclus P. Valuable mainly as a
masticatory and sialogogue in paralysis of
the tongue, and in rheumatic or neuralgic
affections of the head. Dose gss-j. P.
Tinct., 20 per cent, strong — used exter-
nally. P. Roseum, Persian Pellitory.
The powdered flower heads are used as an
insecticide.
Pyretic [irvperog, fever). Pertaining to or
affected with fever.
Pyretogen'esis [Trvperog, yevectg, origin).
The origin and progress of fever.
Pyretog / enine. A substance (probably a
ptomaine) formed by microorganisms.
Composition unknown. Has pyretogenous
qualities when inoculated into animals.
Pyretog / raphy [Trvperog, ypacjxj, to write).
The descriptive history and geographical
distribution of fevers.
PyretoRogy [Trvperog, Aoyog, a treatise).
A treatise on the nature and characteristics
of fevers.
PYREXIA
372
QUADRUMANA
Pyrex'ia (mp, fire, e\u\ to hold). Ele-
vation of temperature above the normal.
Fever.
PyrexiaTis. See JVarbwjs Tincture.
Pyr'idine. A liquid extractive of coal tar,
useful in angina pectoris, asthma and the
dyspnoea of laryngeal affections. Dose
gtt. vj-xv ; in asthma by inhalation.
Pyr'iform (pvuw, f 07 77? a, a. form). Pear-
shaped. P. Muscle. See Muscle- Table.
Py'ro- [Top, fire). A Greek word which,
prefixed to another, signifies connection
with or relation to fire.
Pyrocat'echin. Catechol. An anti-
pyretic obtained from coal tar.
Pyridine. A white, sparingly soluble
powder, a powerful antipyretic. Dose %
to 4 grains.
Pyrolig'neous (~vp, lignwn, wood). Per-
taining to the destructive distillation of
wood. P. Acid, wood vinegar. See Acid,
Acetic. '
Pyrorogy (rrvp, %oyog, a treatise). A trea-
tise on the application of heat, especially
with reference to surgical processes.
Pyroma / nia (jrvp, \mvia, madness). A
supposed form of moral insanity which
has been thought to actuate incendiarism.
Pyrom'eter [imp, fierpov, a measure). An
instrument for the measure of the intensity
of heat of too high a degree to be esti-
mated by the ordinary thermometer.
Pyro'sis (wp). An affection of the stom-
ach characterized by burning sensation,
accompanied by eructations of an acrid,
irritating fluid. " Heartburn."
Py'rosphyre {^vp, ccpvpa, a hammer).
Same as Moxosphyra.
Pyrot / ic (rrvpocj, to burn). Having the
property of inflammability. Also, a caustic
substance.
Pyroxylin. Gun Cotton. Ordinary
cotton fiber treated with strong fuming
nitric acid, the cellulose, C ]2 H 10 O 10 , being
changed to trinitro-cellulose, C^H-O-^-
(N0 2 ) 3 . Soluble in ether. Highly ex-
plosive by percussion. Collodium, con-
tains pyroxylin 4, ether 70, alcohol 26.
Solution should be complete. C. cum
Cantharide, flexible collodion 85, can-
tharides 60, chloroform, q. s. C. Flexile,
flexible collodion, contains collodion 92,
Canada turpentine 5, castor oil 3 parts.
C. Stypticum, styptic collodion, has col-
lodion 55, ether 20, alcohol 5, tannic
acid 20 parts. All forms of collodion are
used as protective coverings for superficial
wounds.
Pythogen'ic (ttvOu, to become putrid,
yevvau, to beget). Pertaining to enteric or
typhoid fever; supposed to arise from de-
composing matter.
Pyu'ria (ttvov, ovpov, the urine) . Pus in
the urine. See Donne's Test.
Q. L. Abbreviation of quantum libet —
as much as desired.
Q. P. Abbreviation of qua7itu77i placet —
as much as pleases.
Q. S. Abbreviation of quantum sufficit —
as much as suffices.
Quack. One who practices quackery.
Quackery. The pretence of medical
knowledge, skill, or success by one without
either. Medical charlatanism.
Quadrangular. Having four angles. Ap-
plied especially to a lobe of the cerebellum.
Quad / rant (quadratus, squared). The
fourth part of a circle, subtending an angle
of 90 degrees.
Quadra' tus (Lat). Squared. Having
four sides. Q. Muscle. See Muscle.
Quad'ri-. A Latin adjective, used as a
prefix to denote four, or four times.
Quad'riceps. See Muscle.
Quadrigem'inal Bodies. See Corpora
Quadrigemina.
Quadrigem'inous {quadrigemina). Per-
taining to the corpora quadrigemina.
Quadrilateral {quatuor, four, lotus, a
side). Having four sides.
Quadroon/' See Mulatto.
Quadruma'na (quatuor, manus, a hand).
An order of mammalia, including mon-
keys, apes, etc.
QUADRUPED
373
QUININE
Quad / ruped (quatuor, pes, a foot). In
zoology, any four-footed animal.
Quadruple [quatuor, plica, a fold). Four-
fold.
Qualitative [qualitas). Pertaining to
quality. Q. Analysis. See Analysis.
Quantitative (q uant us, \iovj much). Per-
taining to quantity. Q. Analysis. See
Analysis.
Quantiv'alence (quantus, valeo, to be
able). The chemical strength of an element
or radical expressed in terms of the num-
ber of monad atoms with which it will
unite. Univalent or monad atoms, as
hydrogen, H — , are saturated with one
atom. Bivalent or dyad atoms, as oxygen,
-0-, require two. Trivalent or triad atoms,
as Boron, -B-, take three. Tetravalent or
tetrad atoms, as carbon, -C-, take four, etc.
Nitrogen is a pentad, and sulphur a hexad.
Quarantine (It. quaranta, forty). The
time during which a vessel from ports in-
fected with contagious or epidemic diseases
is required by law to remain outside the port
of its destination, as a safeguard against
the spreading of such disease. Also, the
place of detention.
Quartan {quartus, a fourth). A form of
intermittent fever, the paroxysms of which
occur every fourth day.
Quar'teron, or
Quarteronne'. See Mulatto.
Quartz. See Silica.
Quas / sia. The wood of Picrcena excelsa y
native to the W. Indies and other tropical
regions. A bitter stomachic tonic. Prop-
erties due to a bitter principle, quassin.
Dose gr. xx-xxx. Q. Ext. Dose gr.
j-iij. Q. Fid. Ext. Dose gss-j. Q.
Infus., quassia chips gj, water 25 x. Q.
Tinct., 10 per cent, in strength. Dose
Quas / sin. The active principle of Quassia.
Quebra'cho. The bark of Aspidiosperma
Q. A bitter tonic. In large doses, lowers
heart action. Much used in Chili as an
antiperiodic. The alkaloid, aspidiosper-
mine, is used in cardiac neuroses, asthma,
and as an antipyretic. Q. Ext. Dose
gr. ij-viij. Q. Fid. Ext. Dose n\v~3J.
Q. Tinct., 20 per cent. Dose jj-^ss.
Q. Vinum, contains quebracho 1, alco-
hol 2, white wine 16 parts. Dose ^j-^j.
All unof.
Queen of the Meadow. A species of
Eupatorium.
Queen's Root. See Stillingia.
Quer'cus Alba. The bark of the white
oak. Properties due to quercitannic acid,
a variety of tannin, with which its medical
properties are identical. Much used as an
astringent lotion, and commonly exhibited
in a decoction of ^j to the Oj.
Quickening. The first feelings on the
part of the pregnant woman of foetal move-
ments, occurring about the fifth month.
QuickTime. The popular name for calcic
oxide. See Calcium.
Quicksilver. The popular name for mer-
cury or Hydrargyrum.
Quilla / ia. Soap Bark. The inner bark
of Q. saponaria, indigenous to the Andes.
Properties due to a glucoside, saponarin.
A sternutative, irritant to the mucous mem-
brane, and an expectorant. Dose of a
5 : 200 decoction ^ j-ij.
Quince Seed. See Cydonium.
QuhVia, or
Quini'na. Quinine. An amorphous white
alkaloid, soluble in alcohol, of extremely
bitter taste, derived from Cinchona. A
highly valuable tonic, antiseptic, antiperi-
odic, and antipyretic. Also, an active
germicide, extremely valuable in malarial
affections, intermittents, etc. As an anti-
pyretic, is highly valuable in pneumonia,
typhus and typhoid fevers. Advantageous
in all zymotic diseases. Dose gr. j-xx
or xl. Q. Bisulphas., very soluble in
water. Dose gr. j-xxx. Q. Hydro-
bromas, best salt for hypodermic use.
Dose gr. j-xx. Q. Hydrochloras, mu-
riate of quinine, antipyretic in gr. v-x
doses. Q. Hydrochlor. Carbamidat., a
compound salt of quinine and urea. Dose
gr. j-iij. Suitable for hypodermic use. Q.
Sulphas, soluble in hot and acidulated
water. Dose gr. j-xx or xl. Q. Valeri-
anas, the only salt affected by constituent
acid. Dose gr. j-iij. Chinnium Amorph.
Boric, borate of quinine. Unof. ; highly
recommended ; soluble, and causes but
little congestion of the membrana tympani.
Quinic Fever. Febrile symptoms with
an eruption ; occurs among the workmen
making quinine.
Quinidi'na. A derivative of quinia, with
which it corresponds in therapeutic effects,
but is thought to produce less unpleasant
symptoms in the head. Q. Sulph., readily
soluble in acidulated water and alcohol.
An excellent antipyretic and antiperiodic.
Dose gr. j-xx or more.
QuinTdine. See Quinidina.
Quini'na. See Quinia.
Quinine. See Quinia.
QUININE FLOWER
374
RADIUS
Qui'nine Flower. The root of Sabbatia
Elliottii, abundant in southeast U. S.
Tonic, febrifuge and antiperiodic. Of high
repute in malarial fevers. Dose of the fid.
ext. £ ss— j. Unof.
Quin'inism. The condition induced by
the continued use or by large doses of
quinine. It is marked by deafness, singing
in the ears, etc.
Quinoi'dine. See Chinoidinum.
Quin'one. In chemistry, a class of com-
pounds, derivatives of the benzene series of
hydrocarbons, belonging to the aromatic
group, and formed by oxidation of aromatic
bodies. In pharmacy, a solid, volatile
substance, C 6 H 4 2 , obtained from cinchona
by the oxidation of quinic acid.
Quinquini / na. An Indian preparation,
containing those alkaloids of cinchona
bark extracted by macerating in acidulated
water, and precipitated by a soluble alkali.
Quin'sy (nvov, a dog, ayxeo, to choke).
The popular name for Cynanche tonsil-
laris, an acute severe inflammation of the
tonsils and mucous membrane of the
fauces, accompanied by fever.
Quin / tan [quinius, fifth). An intermittent
fever, the paroxysms of which occur every
fifth day.
Quintessence (guintus, essentia). The
active principle of any substance concen-
trated to the utmost degree.
Quintuple (qtdntus, plica, a fold). Five-
fold.
Quiz. In medical pedagogics, an informal
recitation or exercise in which the student
familiarizes himself with his medical
studies.
Quiz'zer. The preceptor who conducts
the quiz exercise.
QuotidTan (Lat.). An intermittent fever,
the paroxysms of which occur daily.
R
R. The abbreviation of Recipe, take, and
also of Right.
R . or R. An abbreviation of recipe, used
in physicians' prescriptions, signifying
take.
Rab / id (rabidus). Affected with rabies or
hydrophobia.
RabTes (Lat.). Lyssa, or Hydrophobia.
The latter term is usually applied to the
human disease consequent upon the bite
of a rabid dog or other animal. Rabies is
commonly restricted to the animal's dis-
ease.
Ra / cemose (racemus, a bunch of grapes).
Having a shape resembling that of a bunch
of grapes. Applied especially to certain
glands.
Rachily'sis (pa^f, spine, Ivo, to loose).
A method of treating lateral curvature of
the spine by mechanical counteraction of
the abnormal curves.
Rachitis. See Rickets.
Rad / esyge. A disease popularly known
as Scandinavian syphilis, or Norwegian
leprosy, bearing more or less similarity to
the yaws, and characterized by malignant
ulceration. It is regarded by some au-
thorities as a syphilitic, and by others as a
leprous disorder.
Ra'dial (radius, a spoke). Pertaining to
the radius or bone of the forearm. R.
Artery. See Artery. R. Aspect, the
aspect or view from the side on which
the radius is situated. R. Nerve. See
A'erve.
Ra / diating Pains. See Excentric P.
RadTcal (radix, a root). In medicine, a
treatment designed to destroy the disease
instead of modifying it. The opposite of
palliative. In chemistry, a molecule com-
posed of two or more elementary sub-
stances that preserves its integrity either
as a base or an acid.
RadTcle (dim. of radix). A rootlet. Also,
the germ of a root.
Ra'dio-. A prefix denoting connection
with the radius.
RadioTus (dim. of radius, a spoke). In
surgery, a probe or sound.
Ra / dius (Lat.). The small bone of the
forearm, so called from its resemblance to
the spoke of a wheel. In geometry, the
RADIX
375
RATSBANE
line drawn from the center of a circle to
its circumference.
Ra'dix (Lat.). The root or lower ex-
tremity of a plant, constituting its organ of
prehension, and, to a great extent, of
nutrition. Applied also to root-like organs
or parts of the body.
Rage {rabies, madness). Violent passion
or anger.
Rag / wort. See Life Root.
Railway Kidney. An affection of the
kidney, said to be due to the constant jar
of railway journeys.
Railway Spine. A name given to a con-
sensus of morbid nervous symptoms sup-
posed to be due to concussion of the spine
from indirect causes, as after protracted
riding upon railroads and after railway
injuries.
Rak. See Arrak.
Rale (Fr. raler, to rattle). The rattling
sound caused by the breaking of air through
impediments in the lungs and bronchi.
R., Cavernous, the rale observed in
auscultation where there is a cavity filled
with pus. R., Crepitant, the crackling
sound symptomatic of the first stage of pneu-
monia. R., Dry, when the obstruction is
sticky. R., Moist, when the obstruction
is fluid. R., Mucous, the bubbling
sound produced by the passage of air
through bronchial mucus. R., Sibilant,
the sharp, hissing rale resembling the
foaming of sea-water. R., Sonorous, a
stertorous sound like a snore or a low
hum. R., Subcrepitant or Tracheal,
the sound made by the passage of air
through mucus accumulated in the trachea
or larger bronchi. It is popularly called
the " rattles," and is considered a premoni-
tory symptom of death. R., Vesicular,
fine crepitant sounds, heard especially in
pneumonia.
Ra / mi. PI. of Ramus.
Ramification {ramus, a branch, facio,
to make). The branching and division of
an organ or part, as observed in the nerves
and blood vessels.
Ramollissement (Fr.). A softening of
any tissue or part.
Ra / mus (Lat.). The branch of an organ,
especially of a vein or an artery. Also the
lower part of the os innominatum, and the
inferior maxillary bone. R. Communi-
cans, the connection between a spinal
nerve and its sympathetic ganglion.
Ran'cid {ranceo, to become sour). The
condition, marked by a sharp taste and
disagreeable odor, that fats and oils ac-
quire by oxidation and fermentation of
certain of their principles.
RancidTty {ranceo). The state of being
rancid.
Range (Fr. ranger, to dispose). Scope,
extent or compass. R. of Accommo-
dation. See Accommodation. R. of
Sensibility. See Fechne^s Lazu.
Ra / nine {rana, a frog). A branch of the
sublingual artery.
Ran'ula {rana). A cystic tumor beneath
the tongue, or in the floor of the mouth,
from an accumulation of saliva, etc.
Ran'vier's Nodes. See Node.
Rape {rapio, to seize). Forcible sexual
intercourse with a woman. According to
the laws of some states the intercourse
with a young girl is considered as rape
when not effected through force, but by
reason of her ignorance.
Rapha'nia {raphanus, a radish). A ner-
vous affection attended with spasmodic
disorder of the joints and the limbs. It
has been attributed to a poisonous prin-
ciple in the seeds of the wild radish,
which are apt, at certain times, to become
mixed with grain. Allied to ergotism and
pellagra.
Raphe 7 {pa^rj, suture). A descriptive
term applied to such lines and sutures as
have the appearance of a seam. Used
especially of the median line of the body.
Rap'tus {rapio, to seize). Any sudden
attack or seizure. R. Haemorrhagicus,
a haemorrhage. R. Nervorum, cramp
or spasm.
Rarefaction {rarus, rare, facio, to make).
The decreasing of the density or tension of
a gaseous substance. Especially the air.
RarTty of Atmosphere. See Atmos-
pheric.
Rasce'ta. The transverse lines or creases
of the skin on the inner side of the wrist.
Rash. Any exanthematous eruption of the
skin. R., Canker. Same as Scarlatina.
Raspatory {rado, to scrape). In sur-
gery a rasp or file for trimming the rough
surfaces of bones or for removing the peri-
osteum.
Rasp / berry. See Rubus idceus.
Ra / tio (Lat.). The mind or reasoning
faculties. In chemistry and pharmacy, the
proportion of ingredients or of atomic com-
position.
Ra'tion {ratio). The daily allowance of
food of a soldier or a sailor.
Ratsbane. A popular name for various
rat-poisons containing arsenic. See Rough
on Rats.
RATTLES
376
RECTO-UTERINE
Rat'tles. See Rale.
Rauce / do {mucus, hoarse). Hoarseness
arising from inflammation of the mucous
membranes of the larynx and throat.
Raulin's Liquid. A nutritive liquid com-
posed entirely of mineral constituents, upon
which the common mould Aspergillus niger
grows more perfectly and to a greater size
than upon any of the natural (organic) sub-
stances upon which the parasite habitually
develops. It is composed, in grammes, of
the following: water, 1500 ; crystallized
sugar, 70 ; tartaric acid, 4 ; nitrate of am-
monia, 4 ; phosphate of ammonia, 0.6; car-
bonate of potassa, 0.6; carbonate of mag-
nesia, 0.4; sulphate of ammonia, 0.25 ; sul-
phate of zinc, 0.07 ; sulphate of iron, 0.07 ;
silicate of potassa, 0.07. The suppression
or diminution of the quantity of a single one
of these salts diminishes the harvest, often
far more than the proportion of the weight
of the changed salt.
Ray. A beam, pencil or cone of light.
Ray-fungus. See Actinomyces.
Raynaud's Disease. See Sphaceloderma.
Re-. A Latin prefix signifying back or
again.
Reacquired Movements. See Acquired
Movements.
Reac/tion {re, ago, to act). The response
of an organ, tissue, or the system, to a stimu-
lus, agent, or influence. Also, recuperation
or return of power after depression. In
chemistry, the result of introducing a re-
agent or test. In electro-therapeutics, the
muscular contraction following the making
or breaking of the current. R. of De-
generation. See Reaction of Degenera-
tion. R. -impulse, the supposed recoil of
the cardiac ventricles after the discharge
of the blood into the aorta and pulmonary
artery. R. Time. See Ti7ne.
Reaction of Degeneration {"De. J?.").
Diminution and loss of Faradic excitability
in both nerves and muscles, the galvanic
excitability of the muscles remaining unim-
paired, sometimes notably increased, and
always undergoing definite qualitative
modifications. It is due to a degenerative
atrophy in the nerves and muscles, eventu-
ally in the muscles only, whose origin is
always nervous, paralytic or atrophic, and
whose seat is in the peripheral nerves,
motor roots or central gray substance.
Strict cerebral disease is excluded. The
lesion is either in the peripheral nerve or
spinal cord. De. R. is of especial value
in prognosis. When there is only Par-
tial De. R. {i. e., slight diminution of both
galvanic and Faradic excitability, " a less
maximum contraction rather than a later
minimum''), the disease will probably
last one or two months ; if complete it
will last much longer.
Rea / gent [re, ago). In chemistry, any-
thing used to produce a reaction, or to
test for the presence of an element. A
test.
Real'gar. An old name for arsenious di-
sulphide, As 2 S r
Real Im'age. See Image.
Reaumur's Thermometer. See Ther-
mometer.
Receiver {recipio, to receive). In chem-
istry and pharmacy, the vessel receiving
the products of distillation.
Receptac / ulum ChyTi. See Pequefs
Reservoir.
Recidive (Fr.). See Relapse.
RecTpe {recipio, to take). A Latin word
contracted to R , used as the caption of a
physician's prescription and signifying take.
See Prescription.
Reclina / tion {reclino). The act of lying
down. R. of Cataract. See Couching.
Recoil Wave. See Pulse.
Recrementi'tious {re,cerno, to separate).
Pertaining to such natural secretions as
bile and the gastric juice, that, after excre-
tion are again absorbed.
Recrudescence {re, crudesco, to become
raw). The beginning anew or increase in
the symptoms of a disease after a short
intermission.
Rec / tal. Pertaining to the rectum.
Rectal'gia {rectum, aAyoq, a pain). Pain
in the rectum.
Rectification {rectus, straight, facto, to
make). In chemistry, the redistillation of
weak spirit in order to strengthen it.
Rectified {rectus, facio). To make right
or straight. To refine. R. Spirit, alco-
hol 56 per cent, over proof, or containing
85 per cent, of spirit.
Recti'tis {rectum, -itis, inflammation). In-
flammation of the rectum.
Rec'to-. A Latin word used as a prefix to
denote connection with or relation to the
rectum.
Rec / tocele {rectum, kt]?v, tumorV Pro-
lapse of the rectum, causing a rectal tumor
and even protrusion of the rectum.
Rectot / omy {rectum, re/uvcj, to cut). In-
cision of the rectum for stricture, etc.
Recto-uterine {rectum, uterus, the womb).
Pertaining conjointly to the rectum and the
womb. R. Cul-de-sac, the pouch of
Douglas.
RECTO-VAGINAL
377
REFRACTION
Recto -vag / inal {rectum, vagina). Per-
taining conjointly to the rectum and the
vagina. R. Cul-de-sac, the pouch of
Douglas. R. Fistula, an opening — fre-
quently traumatic — between the vagina and
the rectum.
Recto-ves / ical [rectum, vesica, the blad-
der). Pertaining conjointly to the rectum
and the bladder.
Rec / tum [rectus, straight). The lower
part of the large intestine, extending from
the sigmoid flexure to the anus.
Rec / tus (Lat.). Right. In a straight line.
R. Muscles. See Muscle.
Recuperation (i-ecupero, to recover).
Convalescence. Restoration to health.
Recurrent (re, curro, to run). In anat-
omy, the bending back of an artery or
nerve toward its origin. R. Fever, same
as relapsing fever.
Red. The least refrangible color of the
spectrum. R. Baneberry, the root of
Acetata Rubra, a very violent purgative.
Dose of fid. ext. TT\v-x. Unof. R. Bark.
See Cinchona. R. - Blindness. See
Blindness. R. Bud. See Judas Tree.
R. Corpuscles. See Corpuscles. R.
Gum. See Miliaria, also, Eucalyptus.
R. Lip-salve. See Theobromce 01. R.
Osier, the bark of the common Cornus
Serica. Tonic and astringent. Dose of
fid. ext. gss-j. Unof. R. Precipitate.
See Hydrargyrum. R. Rose. See Rosa
Gallica. R. Root. Jersey Tea. The
root of Ceanothus americanus. Alterative
and astringent. A popular remedy for the
sore throat of scarlatina. Dose of decoc-
tion, ad. lib. Unof. R. Saunders. See
Santalum Rubrum.
Redintegration (re, integro, to make
whole). The complete restitution or re-
forming of a part that has been injured or
destroyed.
Reduced Eye. See Listing.
Reduction (reduco, to lead back). In
surgery, the replacing a. dislocated bone,
hernia, or other part, in its normal position.
In chemistry, the operation of extracting a
metal from its salt or other combination.
Reduplication (re, duplico, to double).
The doubling of the paroxysms in certain
forms of intermittent fever.
Reef-knot. A sailor's knot used in the
ligature of arteries. It is not liable to
slip or loosen.
Refi'ning ' (Fr. raffiner). In chemistry
and pharmacy, the separation of a sub-
stance from the foreign matter with which
it is mixed.
Reflection (re,flecto, to bend). In optics,
the bending or turning back of a ray of
light from a surface that neither absorbs,
transmits, nor scatters it. In pathology,
the bending back of an organ or part from
its normal direction.
Re / flex (i-eflectd). A bounding back or
return of an impulse or body. R., Ab-
dominal. See Abdominal. R. Arc, or
Movement, the stimulus of an afferent
nerve, and the transference or return, by a
center, of the impulse through an efferent
nerve, resulting in movement or function
of a peripheral organ. Reflexes may be
motor, secretory, tactile or inhibitory. R.,
Cremasteric. See Cremasteric Reflex.
R., Crossed. See Crossed. R., Cutane-
ous, that arising from stimulation of the
skin. R., Deep, the so-called tendon re-
flex, such as knee-jerk, ankle-clonus, etc.
R., Epigastric, the upper part of the
abdominal reflex. R., Gluteal, contrac-
tion in the gluteus muscle when the skin
over it is stimulated. R. Jaw-Jerk. See
Jaw- Jerk. R., Knee. See Knee. R.
Neurosis. See Neurosis. R. Patellar
(Tendon). See Knee. R., Pathic.
Motion following sensory stimulus. R.,
Plantar, a cutaneous reflex from stimulus
of the sole of the foot. R., Reinforced.
See Reinforcement. R., Scapular. Re-
traction of the scapular muscles following
irritation of the skin of the interscapular
region. R., Tendon, muscle reflex action;
myotatic reaction ; the Deep Reflexes. See,
also, Clonus.
Re / flux (re, fluo, to flow). Any return of
a current by reversal along its former
course.
Refraction (re, frango, to break). The
deviation of light from a straight line
in passing obliquely through transparent
media of different densities. R. of the
Eye, the influence of the ocular media
upon a cone or beam of light, whereby a
normal or emmetropic eye produces a proper
image of the object upon the retina. R.,
Errors of, departures from the power of
producing a normal or well-defined image
upon the retina, because of ametropia. R.,
Index of, the refractive power of any
substance as compared with air. R.,
Double, the power possessed, e.g., by
Iceland spar, of dividing a ray of light and
thus producing a double image of an object.
R., Dynamic. The static refraction of
the eye, plus that of the accommodative
apparatus. R., Static. That of the eye
with paralyzed accommodation.
REFRACTIVE
37S
REMEDY
Refractive [re, frango). Tending to re-
fract. Capable of being turned from a
straight line.
Refractom'eter {refraction, meter). An
instrument for measuring the refraction
of the eye.
Refrac'ture {re, frango). The re-break-
ing of fractured bones that have joined by
faulty or improper union.
Refrangibirity [re, frango). In optics,
capability of being bent away from a
straight line : a property shown by a ray
of light in passing obliquely into a denser
or a rarer medium.
Refreshing Action (of the electric cur-
rent ). The restoration of excitability
after fatigue by the effect of voltaic alter-
natives.
Refrig'erant {re, frigus, cold). A medi-
cine or agent having cooling properties, or
lowering bodily temperature.
Refrigeration {re, frigus). The act of
lowering the temperature of a body, by
conducting away its heat to a surrounding
cooling substance.
Refrigeratory {re, frigus). A condenser.
Also, a vessel filled with ice or with cold
water for preserving a low temperature.
Regeneration {re, gene ro, to beget). The
new growth or repair of structures or tis-
sues lost by disease or by injury.
Regime. See Regi?nen.
Reg / imen {rego, to govern). The me-
thodical and systematized use of food, and
the sanitary arrangement of surroundings
essential to the preservation of life, both in
health and in disease.
Re'gion {regio, a region). One of the
artificial and conventional divisions of the
body, as the abdo??iinal R. See Abdo?JU7i,
and Pectoral R. R. of Broca. The
third left frontal convolution of the brain.
Regional {regio). Pertaining to a region.
R. Anatomy, the anatomical study of a
definite and limited region of the body that
has close anatomical, surgical, or patholo-
gical inter-relations of parts or functions.
Re'gius [rex, a king). A descriptive term
applied to the golden or royal color ob-
served in certain forms of jaundice.
Regression {re, gradus, a step). Retro-
gression.
Reg'ular [regulo, to adjust). According to
rule, custom or normal procedure, opposed
to irregular or exceptional. Synonymous
colloquially with normal menstruation. R.
Practitioner, a physician of the school of
scientific medicine who follows no clique,
sect, "-pathy" or "-ism."
Regurgitation {re, gurgito, to engulf).
An eructation, flowing, or throwing back
of the contents of a canal or vessel.
Reid's Method. A manner of reducing
a luxation of the femur by manipulation.
Also applied to a method of treating aneur-
ysm by a compression bandage.
Rett. See Isla?id of A
Reimplantation. In dental surgery, the
replacing of a drawn tooth within its socket.
Re-infec / tion re, inficio, to put into.)
Infection a second time with the same
virus or contagium.
Reinforce'ment of Reflexes. Increased
myotatic irritability (or reflex response)
when muscular actions are synchronously
carried out or other stimuli are coincidently
brought to bear upon other parts of the
body than that concerned in the reflex arc.
It has been asserted that the synchronous
act of winking increases the knee-jerk or
patella tendon reflex. See Reflex.
Reinocula'tion re, inoculo). Inoculation
a second time.
Reinsch's Test (for arsenic). Add a few
drops of HCL, and a clean slip of copper,
and boil for a few minutes. When a steel-
gray deposit of arsenic has been reduced
on the copper, remove, dry with blotting-
paper and heat in an open glass tube.
Note the ring of sublimed arsenious oxide.
Reissner. See Membrane.
Rejuvenescence (re, juvenesco). Liter-
ally the growing young again, a super-
stition not wholly confined to mediaeval
times. Metaphorically used of increased
strength and health.
Relachement ,Fr. ). Same as Relaxation.
Relapse 7 [re, lapsus, from, labor, to fall).
The return or recurrence of a disease dur-
ing convalescence, or shortly afterward.
Relaps / ing re, lapsus). In pathology,
returning to a morbid condition. R. Fever,
or Famine Fever, a mild form of epidemic
malignant remitting fever.
Relation [re, lotus, [from fero\, to
Interdependence, mutual influence
or connection, between organs or parts.
Relax'ant [re, laxo, to loosen). Any
remedy or agent that diminishes tension.
Relaxation {re, laxo). A diminution of
tension in an organ or a part. Also, a
condition of languor.
Remak's Ganglion. See Cardiac.
Reme'dial. Having the nature of a
remedy.
Rem'edy. Any agent or substance used
in the treatment of disease. It may be
curative, palliative or prever::: - t
REMISSION
379
RESINA
Remis / sion (re, mitto, to send). The
period of diminution of any paroxysmal
disease, especially that of remittent fever.
Remrt/tent {remitter). In pathology, ap-
plied to any disease characterized by alter-
nate periods of increment and cessation.
R. Fever, a malarial fever characterized
by periods of remission and exacerbation,
but without periods of complete apyrexia.
Re / nal (ren, a kidney). Pertaining to the
kidneys. R. Apoplexy, ischuria, or sup-
pression of urine arising in the kidney.
R. Calculus, any concretion in the
kidney. R. Glands, the supra-renal cap-
sules.
Ren / iform (ren, forma, a form). Having
a shape like that of a kidney.
Ren / itent (renitor, to resist). Resisting
pressure.
ReiVnet. The prepared inner membrane
of the fourth stomach of a calf, or an infusion
of the same. It contains a milk-curdling
ferment, that decomposes the casein.
Renovation (renovo, to become new).
The repair or renewal of that which has
been impaired.
Reparative. Reinstating, or restoring to
the normal.
Repel 7 (repello). To drive back. To cause
resorption.
RepelTent (repello). Pertaining to or
having the power of acting upon morbid
processes to determine or repel them.
Repercussion. See Ballottement.
Repercu / tient (re, perctisso, to strike).
Pertaining to a process or function of
rebound, or reaction.
Reple / tion (re,pleo, to be full). The con-
dition of being full.
Replication (re, plica, a fold). A re-
folding or turning back of a part so as to
form a duplication.
Repose 7 (re, pono, to place). Rest, relaxa-
tion. To be at rest.
Reposition (re, pono). Return of an
abnormally placed part to its proper posi-
tion. Reduction of hernia, dislocation, etc.
Repos'itor (re, pono). An instrument for
putting back a presenting foot or prolapsed
cord in labor.
Repoussoir (Fr.). An instrument for ex-
tracting the roots of teeth.
Reproduce 7 (re, produco, to bring forth).
To bring forth offspring.
Reproduction (re, produco). The beget-
ting of other individuals similar to the
parent organism.
Reproductive (re, produco). Having the
functions of, or pertaining to, reproduction.
R. Function, the power and capability
of begetting. R. Organs, the organs
employed in the procreation of offspring.
Reproductive Organs, Development
of. The Primitive Kidneys or Wolf-
fian Ducts, or ducts of the Pronephros,
are the first indication of the urinary and
generative apparatus in the fertilized ovum.
They appear at the side of the provertebrae
from the fifth to the last vertebra. M til-
ler's Duct, parallel to the Wolffian Duct,
unites with it to open into the urogenital
sinus, the other end opening into the ab-
dominal cavity. The Mullerian ducts
become the Fallopian tubes, hydatid,
uterus and vagina, in the female, and in
the male the lower part becomes the male
uterus or vesicula prostatica and the hy-
datid of Morgagni. The Wolffian body
or mesonephros becomes in the female the
Parovarium (organ of Rosenmiiller) or
Paroophoron, and round ligament of the
uterus ; while in the male there are pro-
duced from it the vasa efferentia (coni vas-
culosi), the organ of Giraldes and the
gubernaculum testis. In the female the
Wolffian ducts become the chief tube of
the parovarium and the ducts of Gartner ;
in the male, they become the convoluted
tube of the epididymis, vas deferens, and
vesiculoe seminalis. See, also, Metane-
phros.
Reptil'ea (repo, to creep). A class of
vertebrates including snakes, lizards, etc.
Resec / tion (reseeo, to cut off). Excision
of a portion of bone, nerve, or other struc-
ture.
Reserve Air. See Air.
Res / ervoir. See Receptaculum.
Resid / ual Air. See Air.
Residue (residuum, a remnant). That
which remains after a part has been re-
moved. In pharmacy and chemistry any
part remaining after filtration.
Resid / uum (Lat.). The balance, or re-
mainder.
Resilience (re, salio, to leap). The act
of springing or leaping back. Healthy
reaction.
Resina, (pew, to run). A class of com-
pounds made by treating the substances
from which they are obtained with alcohol
and precipitation with water. The pre-
cipitate constitutes the resin of pharmacy.
There are 4 official resinae. R., Common,
Colophony, the residue after the distilla-
tion of the volatile oil from turpentine.
R., Ceratum, rosin 35, yellow wax 15,
lard 50 parts. R., Emplastrum, Resin
RESINOUS
380
RETE
Plaster, Adhesive Plaster, resin 14, lead
plaster So, yellow wax 6 parts.
Res'inous. Having the nature of a resin.
Resistance (resisto, to withstand). In
electricity, the opposition offered by a con-
ductor to the passage of the current. It is
estimated in ohms. See Ohm.
Resolution [resolvo, to resolve). R. of
Anaesthesia, when muscular and nervous
reactions are permanently absent. Com-
plete anaesthesia. R. of Inflammation,
the return of the tissues implicated in the
inflammatory processes to their normal
condition.
Resol'vent (reso/vo). That which causes
solution or dissipation of tissue. A dis-
cutient.
Resolving Power. The power of a mi-
croscopic objective to show small parts.
Res / onance [re, sono, to sound). The
peculiar quality given to sounds by their
reverberation and modification by the re-
sonance organs, or by the morbid condi-
tions of the chest in auscultation. R.
Organs, the supra-laryngeal cavities that
modify the quality of vocal s*ounds.
Res / onants. See Consonants.
Resonators. See Resonance Organs.
Resor'cine, or
Resorci'num. A fluid isomeric with
Hydroquinone. Resembles carbolic acid
in many of its properties ; odorless, anti-
septic, and a powerful germicide. Valu-
able chiefly as an antipyretic, in malarial
fevers, and locally as a lotion in diphtheria.
Dose gr. v-xx; as an antipyretic, 3J.
Resorption [re, sorbo, to absorb). The
absorption of morbid deposits, as of the
products of inflammation, exudations, etc.
Respiration (respiro, to breathe again).
The inspiration and expiration of air by
the lungs. R., Abdominal. See R.,
Diaphragi?iatic. R., Artificial. See
Aj'tificial Respiration. R., Biot's. See
Riot's Respiration. R., Bronchial, the
sound of the air in passing through the
bronchi. R., Cavernous, the sound
made by the passage of air through pul-
monary cavities. R., Cheyne-stokes,
a phenomenon observed in a form of
dyspnoea in which there is a rhythmical
increase of the respirations up to a certain
degree of rapidity, then gradually decreas-
ing again to temporary cessation. R.,
Cog-wheel, w r hen air reaches obstructed
parts of the lungs at irregular intervals.
R., Costal, that produced by the costal
muscles. R., Diaphragmatic, that pro
duced by the action of the diaphragm.
R., Puerile, increased respiratory mur-
mur in an adult similar to that normally
existing in the child.
Respirator [respiro). An instrument
through which one breathes to modify the
coldness of the air or to exclude its im-
purities.
Respiratory [respiro). Pertaining to
respiration. Also, to the murmur heard
in a healthy person during auscultation.
R. Pulse, modifications in the pulse pro-
duced by respiration.
Responsibility [respondeo, to answer).
In medical jurisprudence, the account-
ability of a person for an act committed.
It usually turns upon the question as to
whether or not the person was of sound
mind and capable of controlling his actions
and thoughts.
Res / tiform Bodies. A descriptive term
applied to certain cord-like bodies or pro-
cesses of the medulla oblongata.
Restitution. See Rotation.
Resuscitation [resuscito, to raise up
again). The bringing to life, or restora-
tion of one apparently dead from asphyxi-
ation or suffocation.
Retardation [reta?-do, to delay). Any
hindering or delaying of a function. In
obstetrics, the delay in expelling the foetus.
Retch (A. S. hrcecan, to cough). To strain
at vomiting. To suffer the spasmodic mus-
cular contractions by which the stomach is
emptied in vomiting, without discharging
any matter.
Re'te (Lat. a net). Any network or decus-
sation and interlacing, especially of capil-
lary blood vessels. R. Acromiale, the
network of vessels on the surface of the
acromion. R. Bipolar, applied to blood
vessels that unite into larger stems and
again divide and end in capillaries. R.
Carpi, Anterius and Posterius, the net-
work of fine vessels, one at the front and
the other at the back of the wrist. R.
Malleolare, Internum and Externum,
the network surrounding the inner and the
outer ankle. R. Malpighii, the layers
of epithelial cells above the corium. R.
Mirabile, when an artery splits into
branches and reunites in a trunk without
forming capillaries. R. Mucosum, the
three lower layers of living cells of the
epidermis. R. Olecrani, the network of
vessels around the olecranon and at the
back of the elbow, formed by the divisions
of the profunda and other arteries. R.
Patellare, that surrounding the patella.
R. Testis, the network of seminal tubules
RETENTION
381
REVERSION
in the corpus Highmori of the testicle. R.
Unipolar, the capillary divisions of blood
vessels which do not again reunite.
Retention (re, teneo, to hold). The hold-
ing back or stoppage of any of the natural
discharges of the body, as the feces, the
urine, the menses, etc. R.-Cyst, a cyst
formed by a secretion, the natural outlet
being closed.
Retic / ulated (dim. of rete, a net). Hav-
ing meshes like a net.
Reticulum (Lat.). A network.
Ret / iform Tissue. See Animal Tissue.
RetTna (rete). The chief and essential
peripheral organ of vision, the third or
internal coat or membrane of the eye,
made up of the end-organs or expansion
of the optic nerve within the globe. It is
composed of ten layers from without in
ward, as follows : I . Pigment-cells. 2
Rods and cones. 3. External limiting
4. External granular. 5. Outer molecular
6. Internal granular. 7. Internal molecu
lar. 8. Ganglionic. 9. Nerve-fibre. 10
Internal limiting. R., Detachment of
disconnection from the choroid. R. :
Epilepsy of, a symptom of migraine or
in epilepsy, characterized by transient loss
of sight. R., Pulsation of. See Pul-
sation. R., Central Artery of, a branch
of the ophthalmic, pierces the optic nerve
in the orbit, branching within the globe,
and supplying the retina.
Retinac'ula of Weitbricht. Bands of
ligamentous tissue situated on the neck of
the trochanter of the femur.
Retinac/ulum (retineo, to hold back). A
term applied to such bands or membranes
as hold back an organ or part, as the R.
of the ileo-caecal valve.
Retinal. Pertaining to the retina. R.
Apoplexy. Haemorrhage of the retina.
R. Purple. See Rhodopsin.
Retinitis (retina, trig, inflammation). In-
flammation of the retina, classed according
to its etiology into albuminuric, diabetic,
leucaemic, pigmentary (P. pigmentosa),
syphilitic, etc., most of which are charac-
terized by distinctive ophthalmoscopic ap-
pearances.
Retinos'copy {retina, okotteu, to observe).
A method of estimating the refraction of
the eye by observation of the movements
of the retinal images and shadows through
the ophthalmoscopic mirror.
Retort 7 . A vessel employed in distillation,
containing the liquid to be distilled.
Retrac'tile (re, traho, to draw). That
which may be drawn back.
Retraction (re, traho). The shortening
of a fractured limb from the broken ends
slipping past one another.
Retrac'tor (re, traho). An instrument
for withdrawing the lips or edges of a
wound, or for pulling the soft parts away
from the place of incision in amputations.
Retra / hens (re, traho). Drawing back.
R. Muscle. See Muscle -Table.
Retro- (retro, back). A Latin prefix mean-
ing backwaid or behind.
Retroaction. Reverse action.
Retroce / dent (retro, cedo, to fall). Per-
taining to a retrograde condition or action
of disease.
Retroclu / sion (retro, back, claudo, to
shut). A form of acupressure, in which
the pin is passed first above the artery,
twisted a half circle and then driven be-
low the artery into the tissues upon the side
first entered.
RetrocoPlic (retro, collis, the nape of the
neck). Pertaining to the muscles at the
back of the neck. R. Spasm, that form
of wry-neck involving the retrocollic mus-
cles. Spasmodic torticollis.
Re / troflex (retro, Jlecto, to turn). Turning
back abruptly,
Retroflexion (retro, Jlecto). Any abrupt
displacement, bending or changing of nor-
mal direction. R. of Uterus. See Uterus.
Retrograde (retro, gradus, a step). Re-
ceding, or going backward.
Retrooc / ular (retro, oculus, the eye). Sit-
uated behind the eyeball.
Retropharyngeal (retro, (frapvyf;, the
pharynx). Behind the pharynx. Pertain-
ing to parts situated behind the pharynx.
RetropuPsion (retro, pello, to drive). A
driving or turning back.
Retro-uterine (retro, uterus). Behind
the uterus. R. Hsematocele, a blood
tumor behind the uterus in the pouch of
Douglas.
Retrovaccina / tion (retro, vaccination).
Vaccination with virus from the cow that
had been inoculated with virus from a
human subject.
Retroversion (retro, verto, to turn). A
turning back; applied especially to such
organs as the bladder, the womb, etc. R.
of Uterus. See Uterus.
Reu / nion (re, unio, to become one). The
joining of parts whose continuity has been
destroyed. R. of Wound. See Healing.
Reuss's Test. See Ptomaines.
Reversion (reverto). A return in mor-
phology to the original type during or
after artificial selection.
/
REVULSANT
382
RHEUM
Revul'sant [revello, to push away). A
medicine or agent that, by irritation, draws
the blood from a distant part of the body.
Revulsive [revello). Pertaining to thera
peutic agencies designed to withdraw the
blood from or counteract the tendencies
toward a morbid focus or process.
Rhabdomyoma [pa t 36og, a rod, myoma).
A rare form of myoma characterized by
striated muscular fiber.
RhachiaPgia (paxtg, the spinal cord,
aAyoc, a pain). Any pain in the spine.
Rhach'io- (pa^c). A Greek word used
as a prefix to denote connection with or
relation to the spine.
Rhachiocamp / sis [paxtg, icafnpig, a bend-
ing). Curvature of the spine.
Rhachiochy / sis (paxtg, nvcng, a gather-
ing). An accumulation of water or watery
substance within the spinal canal.
Rhachiocypho / sis (paxtg, nvcpuag, a bend-
ing). Gibbosity or hunch of the back.
Rhachiodyn'ia (paxtg, odvvrj, pain). Pain
in the spinal cord.
Rhachiomyeli / tis (paxtg, myelitis). In-
flammation of the spinal cord. Myelitis.
Rachiople / gia (paxtg, ^V7V, stroke). Spi-
nal paralysis.
Rhachioscolio / ma (paxtg, vnol.iu/ua, a
curve). Lateral distortion and curvature
of the spine.
Rhachioscolio'sis (paxtg, GKo?uuaig). The
condition and progress of curvature of the
spine.
Rhachiot/omy (paxtg, repivu, to cut). An
incision into or dissection of the spine.
Rhacb/is (paxtg). The spinal column.
Rhachis'chisis (paxtg, GX l Z a > to cleave).
A cleft in the vertebral column.
RhachPtis. See Rickets.
Rhaco'ma (panog). Excoriation, rent or
chapping. Also, a pendulous, relaxed
condition of the scrotum.
Rhaco / sis (panog). The condition of one
afiected with rhacoma.
Rha / cous (panog). Wrinkled. Lacerated.
Rhag / ades, or
Rhaga / dia ('payag, a rent). Ruptures, ex-
coriations, or long and narrow ulcers which
form near the junction of the mucous mem-
brane and the skin, especially about the
anus. They are frequently of syphilitic
origin.
Rham / nus Purshia / nus. See Cascara
Sagrada.
Rhaphe. See Raphe*.
Rhat'tany. See Krameria.
Rheg'ma (prjyua). A rent, rupture or
puncture of the walls of a vessel or con-
taining membrane ; as, the coats of the eye,
the walls of the peritoneum. Also, the
bursting of an abscess.
Rheg'matous (prjy/ua). In a rent or rup-
tured condition.
Rhe / ocord. See Rheostat.
Rheom / eter (peog, current, fxerpov, a meas-
ure). A device for ascertaining the elec-
tromotive force or voltage of a given cur-
rent. A galvanometer. Also, an instrument
for measuring the amount of fluid [e.g.
blood) passing through a canal or vessel.
Rhe / ophore, or
Re'opore (pew, to flow, (pepo, to carry).
Any conducting substance leading from
the poles of a galvanic battery, coil or
dynamo. Practically the terminals or
electrodes which the patient receiving the
current grasps in his hands, or that are
applied to his body.
Rhe'oscope (peog, okottso), to examine).
An instrument for proving the existence
of an electric current. R., Physiologi-
cal, or Rheoscopic Limb, a moist con-
ductor placed upon a sensitive nerve-
muscle preparation.
Rhe / ostat (peog, tarrjfiL, to stand). An
instrument for the measurement or com-
parison of resistance of an electric current.
When a battery current of absolute uni-
formity of electromotive force is required,
a rheostat is usually introduced within the
circuit in order to effect such uniformity.
Rhe / otome (peog,reuvu, to cut). An instru-
ment for breaking and making the Faradic
current.
Rhe'um (Lat. [gen. R/iei']). Rhubarb.
The root of R. officinalis, the Chinese
variety being commonly used. Contains
several active extractives. A popular
tonic-astringent. In large doses purga-
tive. R. Ext. Dose gr. x-xv. R.
Ext. Fid. Dose gss-ij. R. Pil., each
containing rhubarb gr. iij, soap gr. j. Dose
i— iij. R. Pil. Comp., each contains rhu-
barb gr. ij, aloes gr. jss, myrrh gr. j, oil of
peppermint gr. J^. Dose ij— iv. R. Pulv.
Comp., rhubarb 25, magnesia 65. Dose
I teaspoonful. R. et Sodae, Mist., fid.
ext. rhubarb, sodium dicarb., spt. pepper-
mint aa 30, water ad 1 000 parts. Dose
Z 'J - ^ y- **■• Syr., rhubarb 90, cinnamon
18, potassium carb. 6, sugar 600, water ad
1000 parts. Dose ^j-^ss. R. Syr.
Aromat., arom. tinct. 10, syr., simp. 90.
Dose 3J-^ ss. R. Tinct., rhubarb 12,
cardamon 2, dil. alcohol ad 100 parts.
Dose 3J-Jss. R. Tinct. Aromat.,
rhubarb 20, cinnamon 4, cloves 4, nutmeg
RHEUMARTHROSIS
383
RHUBARB
2, dil. alcohol ad ioo parts. Dose ^j-iij.
R. Tinct. Dulcis, rhubarb 8, liquorice 4,
anise 4, cardamon I, dil. alcohol ad ioo
parts. Dose ^ ss-ij. R. Vinum, rhu-
barb 10, calamus I, stronger white wine
ad 100 parts. Dose 3 j - ^ ss.
Rheumarthro / sis (pev/ua,apOpov, a joint).
Rheumatism of the joints.
RheumataPgia (pevfia, akyog, a pain).
Rheumatic pain.
Rheumatism (pev/ua). A disease char-
acterized by severe, fitful and shifting,
lancinating pains in the joints, in the parts
surrounding the joints, and in the mus-
cles. It may be acute or chronic. It
is usually ushered in by febrile symp-
toms. The etiology and pathology are in
doubt. The difference between R. and
gout is not clearly defined. The blood
contains an excess of fibrin, and is said to
contain an excess of lactic acid. To this
latter cause, also to cold and to microorgan-
isms, is ascribed the origin of the affection.
R., Articular, characterized by inflamma-
tion of the joints, and a tendency to peri-
cardial inflammation. R., Gonorrheal,
is associated with gleet, and attacks the
wrist or ankle by preference. R., Muscu-
lar, especially affects muscles; is not com-
plicated with cardiac disease.
Rheumatoid (pevfia, eidog, resemblance).
Resembling rheumatism. R. Arthritis.
See Arthritis Deformans.
Rheumatopy / ra (pev/ia, irvp, fire). Rheu-
matic fever.
Rhinacan / thus. The leaves and root of
R. communis. Properties due to rhino-
canthin, a substance resembling hydro-
quinone. A local remedy for parasitic skin
diseases. Unof.
RhinaPgia [peg [gen. 'ptvog~\, the nose,
a2,yog, a pain). Pain in the nose.
Rhinencephal / ic (pig, evuecpaTiov, the en-
cephalon). Pertaining to or of the nature
of a rhinencephalus
Rhinencepb/alus. bee Rhinocephalus.
Rhineuryn / ter (pig, evpvvu, to widen).
An instrument consisting of a bag or sac,
to be inflated after insertion into the nostril.
Rhinitis (pig, trig, inflammation). In-
flammation of the nasal mucous membrane.
Rhi / no- (pig). A prefix denoting relation
to or connection with the nose.
Rhino'byon (pig, (3vo, to stop). A nasal
plug or tampon.
Rhinocephalus (pig, Ke^akrj, head). A
cyclocephalic monster, the nose resembling
a tube or trunk, the eyes fused in the
median line and below the nose.
Rhinodyn'ia (pig, odvvrj, a pain). Any
pain in the nose.
Rhi / nolith (pig, Xidog f stone). A nasal
calculus.
Rhinolithi / asis (pig, Xidog). The con-
dition and progress of calculus of the nasal
fossae.
Rhinol / ogist (pig, loyog, science). A
specialist in the treatment of nasal diseases.
RhinoPogy (pig, 2oyog). The science of
diseases of the nose.
Rhinonecro / sis (pig, necrosis). Necrotic
disease of the nasal bones.
Rhinopho / nia (pig, P a X L S> tne
spine). A condition of cloven spine, the
canal containing two channels. Also,
spina bifida.
Schistotho / rax (ax^rog,6cjpa^). Fissure
of the sternum or chest.
Schizomyce / tes (er;^£w, to cleave, /uvKTjg,
fungus). The general name for bacteria or
microbes. During their developmental or
first stage, they are not true parasites, but
only when penetrating into the blood and
tissues. See Schizophyta.
Schizophy'ta (a^^co, vrov, a plant, to pro-
duce). Schizomycetes, or microbes in a
dried state, from the evaporation or desic-
cation of the moisture in which they were
contained; in which state they may pre-
serve their vitality for years, and be wafted
SCHLEMM'S CANAL
394
SCLEROGENOUS
through the air until striking a soil and
moisture suitable for their development.
Schlemm's Canal. See Canal.
Schneide / rian. See Membrane.
Schreger's Lines. Curved lines in the
dentine of teeth.
Schwann, Sheath of. The neurilemma
of nerve, a delicate, structureless membrane,
investing the white sheath.
Schwann, White Substance of. The
medullary sheath or myelin of a nerve
fiber.
Sciat / ic (contraction of ischiaticus, the
ischium). Pertaining to the ischium. S.
Nerve. See Nerve . S. Notch, the great,
a large notch of the ischium transmitting
the pyriformis muscle and the gluteal ves-
sels and nerves; the lesser, between the
posterior inferior iliac spine and the ischial
tuberosity. S. Spine, a triangular emi-
nence on the posterior border of the body
of the ischium.
Sciat / ica {sciatictis, pertaining to the
ischium). Neuralgia of the sciatic nerve.
Science [sew, to know). Classified knowl-
edge.
Scientific {scientia, knowledge, facio, to
make). That which is based upon knowl-
edge. Relating to science.
SciPla. Squill. The bulb of S. maritima,
found near the Mediterranean Sea. Prop-
erties due to a glucoside, scillitin, and
several other principles. An excellent ex-
pectorant and diuretic when combined
with digitalis and ipecacuanha. Useful in
cardiac dropsy, chronic bronchitis, and
with tartar emetic, in croup. In large
doses an emetic and gastro-irritant. Dose
gr. j-iv. S. Acetum, " vinegar of squill,"
io percent, in strength. Dose rr\x-gj.
S. Fid. Ext. Dose n\j-v. S. Syr., has
of the preceding 40, sugar 60, water q. s.
Dose gss-j. S. Syr. Comp., contains
squill, senna, aa 120, tartar emetic 3, sugar
1200, calcium phosphate 9, dil. alcohol
and water ad 2000. Commonly known as
Coxe's Hive Mixture. S. Tinct., 15 per
cent, strong. Dose TT\v-xxv.
Scintillation (scintillo, to sparkle). An
emission of sparks. Also a subjective vis-
ual sensation as of sparks.
Scir'rhoid (amppog, ecSog, like). Re-
sembling or having the nature of scir-
rhus.
Scirrhosar / ca [ciappo^ cap!-, flesh). The
scirrhous hardening of the flesh of new-
born infants.
Scirrhous {cKtppog). Pertaining to scir-
rhus or hard cancer.
Scirrhus, or
Scir / rus (cuippog). Hard tumor, a form
of carcinoma.
Scis / sion (scindo, to cut). A cutting or
splitting of anything.
Scis / sors (scindo). An instrument with
crossed, closing blades for cutting or divid-
ing tissue. The blades may be straight,
angular or curved. S., Canula, scissors
for slitting any canal or tube longitudinally.
S., Iris, those having flat blades which
are bent in such a manner that they may
press against the eyeball. Also, scissors
used in iridectomy. S. Uvula, those de-
signed for removal of the uvula. S.
de Wecker's, a peculiar modification of
iris scissors.
Scissu'ra (Lat.). A fissure, rent or
cleavage.
Scle / ra. See Sclerotic.
Scleral Extraction. See Extraction.
Sclerectasia (gkAtjpoq, hard, enraoig, ex-
tension). See Staphyloma.
Sclerectomy {onArjpoc, enro/Liy, excision).
Excision of a portion of the sclera.
Sclere / ma [oicfajpog). Sometimes used as
a synonym of Scleroderma. S. Adult-
orum, a synonym of Scleroderma. S.
Neonatorum, an induration of the skin,
becoming general and usually appearing
within two or three days after birth, though
sometimes congenital. Attended by de-
creasing strength and lowered vitality.
Rare, and always fatal. Has no relation
to Scleroderma.
Scleri / asis (ovo^poc). Any abnormal in-
duration or hardness affecting any part.
Scleri / tis. See Sclerotitis.
Scle / ro- (aa/iTjpog, hard). A Greek word
used as a prefix to denote hardness or in-
duration. S. -choroiditis. Inflammation
of the choroid coat of the eye, involving
the sclerotic coat. S. -conjunctival, per-
taining conjointly to the sclerotic coat of
the eye and the conjunctiva. S. -corneal,
pertaining conjointly to the sclerotic coat
and the cornea of the eye.
Scleroderma (gk/.jjpoc, deppa, skin). Scle-
rema; Scleroma adultorum; " Hide-bound
Disease." A subacute or chronic affection
of the skin marked by induration, rigidity,
and sometimes attended by change of
color. May be diffuse and symmetrical,
S. Diffusa; or confined to a particular
area, S. Localis, Morphcea, Circum-
scribed Sclerodoma. This disease is dis-
tinct from Sclerema neonatorum.
Sclerog'enous (onAiipog, yevvatj, to beget).
Becoming hard.
SCLEROMA
395
SCROFULA
Sclero'ma (ovc/l^poc). An abnormal hard-
ness or induration of a part.
Sclerome / ninx (onfo/pog, p,-qviy%, a mem-
brane). The dura mater.
Scleronyx / is {gkT^tjpoq, vv^lq, a pricking).
Puncture of the sclerotic.
SclerophthaPmia (ct/c/^ooc, ophthalmia).
A synonym of trachoma.
Sclerosarco / ma {aKArjpoq , sarcoma, a
fleshy tumor). A hard, fleshy tumor or
excrescence.
Sclero / sis (oKkrjpoo). The sclerotic pro-
cess consists essentially in an overgrowth
of the connective tissue (usually, but not
always, preceding the atrophy) of nervous
structures. S., Annular, extending about
the cord like a ring, in some cases of
chronic myelitis. S., Diffuse, when the
increase in connective-tissue elements is
through a large part of the brain or cord. S.,
Disseminated, or Insular. See Insular.
S., Lobar, Infantile Hemiplegia, the lesion
being sometimes a sclerosis and cavity of
the central hemisphere of the brain. S.,
Miliary, a microscopic lesion shown by
staining reagents in the cerebellar white
substance. S., Posterior Spinal. See
Tabes. S., Primary Lateral, or Primary
Spastic Paraplegia, from sclerosis of the
pyramidal tracts chiefly running in the
lateral columns. The symptoms are, first,
weakness of the legs, extensor spasm,
"clasp-knife rigidity," the dragging gait,
excessive myotatic irritability, etc. Chance
of recovery and danger to life both small.
Sclero-skeleton. Osseous deposit in liga-
ments and tendons.
Sclerot/ic (c/cA^poc). Hard, indurated.
Pertaining to the outer coat of the eye.
S. Coat. See Sclerotica.
Sclerotica (GKlypog). Commonly called
the sclerotic, or the sclerotic coat ; the firm,
tough, white, outer membrane of the eye-
ball, continuous with the sheath of the
optic nerve behind and with the cornea in
front.
Sclerot / ico-choroidi / tis. A common
inflammation of the sclerotic and choroid
tunic of the eye, either anterior or posterior.
SclerotinTc Acid. See Ergot.
Sclero / tis (oKkrjpoq, hard). The ergot of
rye, formed by the mycelium of the germi-
nation of the sphacelium. Called clavi-
ceps purpura.
Sclerotitis (cicfajpog, trig, inflammation).
Inflammation of the sclerotica.
Sclero / tium. Same as Ergot.
Sclerotome (citTiqpog, re/aw, to cut). A
knife used in sclerotomy.
Sclerotomy {oxXripoq, te/uvcj). The opera-
tion of incising the sclerotica.
ScolecoPogy. See Jlelminthology.
Sco / lex {oKukrj!;, a worm). An encysted
worm, taenia, or hydatid.
Scolio / ma (onoTiLujia). Curvature of the
spine.
Scoliosis (okoTlios, curved). Any morbid
distortion or curvature of the spine.
Scoliotic (okoXloc). Pertaining to scoliosis.
Scoop. In surgery, an instrument resemb-
ling a spoon, for the extraction of foreign
bodies from the softer tissues.
Scopa / rius. Broom. The tops of the
common broom plant, Sarothamnus S.
Properties due to a neutral principle, scopa-
rin, and an alkaloid, sparteine. Diuretic
and laxative; in large doses cathartic and
emetic. A favorite remedy in cardiac
dropsy and kidney complaints. Dose of
an ^j to Oj decoction, % ) ).
-scope [gkotteo, to examine). A Greek
verb used as a suffix, signifying to see or
examine.
ScopoTein. An alkaloid extractive of
Scopolia japonica. A powerful mydriatic
more rapid and more lasting than atropine.
Not overcome by eserine. Recommended
in keratitis and corneal ulcers. Unof.
Scoracra'tia (onup, faeces, anpar/.a, want
of control). Involuntary evacuation of
the bowels.
Scorbutus. See Scurvy.
Scoto / ma (ovcorow, to darken). A fixed
spot or space in the field of vision, corre-
sponding to some abnormality in the retina
or optical centres of the brain. Ring
S., zones of S. surrounding the centre
of the visual fluid. S. for Colors, may
exist without interruption of field for white
light. .
Scourge. Any severe epidemic disease
of a fatal character. Also, a religious
mania of the 13th and 14th centuries char-
acterized by the self-flagellation of the
persons affected. Also, to strike the skin
with light withes, or with knotted cords in
order to produce counter-irritation.
Scour / ing. • Purging. Also, diarrhoea.
S. Rush, the stalks of Equisetum hyemale.
Diuretic and astringent. Dose of fid. ext.
VC\xx-%]. Unof.
Scrivener's Palsy. See Paralysis,
Writer's.
Scrofula (dim. of scrofa, a sow). A
morbid condition, usually constitutional,
and frequently hereditary, characterized by
glandular tumors, having a tendency to sup-
puration, leaving indolent ulcers very stub-
SCROFULODERMA
396
SECERNING
born to treatment. It is apt to attack the
internal organs, and is not infrequently
precedent to phthisis and mesenteric affec-
tions.
Scrofuloderma {scrofula, 6ep/ua,the skin).
A term applied to several forms of suppu-
rating dermatitis. Most commonly occur-
ring in the skin over caseating and softening
lymphatic glands. Begins with a red, livid
node, which subsequently increases until a
large surface is involved, with infiltrations
and burrowing sinuses. Divided into two
classes, the large, and the small, pustular.
In rare cases takes the form of ulcerous,
wart-like, or fungous growths.
Scrofulous (scrofula). Having the nature
of scrofula. Affected with scrofula.
Scrophulelco / sis (scrofa, eTikuglq, ulcera-
tion). Scrofulous ulceration.
Scrophulophy / ma {scrofula, lXeo, to love).
A morbid ease or tendency of being thrown
into spasms.
Spasmotox / ine (ajraa/uog, to^lkov). A
ptomaine-base of composition yet undeter-
mined, obtained by Brieger from cultures
of the tetanus-germ, together with other
unnamed toxines, one of which produced
a complete tetanus with salivation and
lachrymation. Spasmotoxine produces in
animals violent clonic and tonic convul-
sions.
Spas / mous (airaafiog). Having the nature
of a spasm.
Spas / mus (art aa /nog). A spasm. S. Nic-
titans, spasmodic winking.
Spas / tic (ctttgcj, to draw). Pertaining to
spasms or characterized by them. Drawn
out of shape or contracted by disease ; ap-
plied especially to a muscle. S. An-
aemia, anaemia with abnormal smallness
of the arteries. S. Paralysis. See Pa-
ralysis.
Spatula (Lat). A flexible steel blade
used for spreading ointments, dispensing
medicines and other purposes in the man-
ipulation of medicines.
Spav / in. Inflammation of the hock -joint
in horses.
Spay (araSov, a eunuch). To castrate.
To remove the ovaries of a female.
Spearmint. See Mentha Viridis.
Specialist (specio, to see or distinguish).
One, especially a physician or surgeon,
who limits his practice to certain specified
diseases, or to the diseases of a single
organ or class.
Spe'cies (specio). That which may be
distinguished by its characteristics. Also, a
group of things having a number of com-
mon characteristics. S., Origin of, a term
employed by naturalists to denote the evo-
lution of differentiated groups or species,
from groups of individuals characterized
by general similarity or by homogeneity of
structure.
Specific (species, facio, to make). That
which distinguishes a thing or makes it of
the species of which it is. Also, a medi-
cine which has a selective curative influ-
ence on an individual disease. S. Dis-
SPECIFICITY
407
SPERMATOZEMIA
eases, those supposed to be directly
the result of the absorption and develop-
ment of a distinct contagion, virus or
microbe; especially used of syphilis. S.
Gravity. See Gravity. S. Heat, the
amount of heat given out or absorbed by a
definite weight ( I It) or I kilo) in under-
going a measured change of temperature
(i° C. or i° F.). S. Intensity, a term
used in vital statistics to represent the num-
ber living at any age divided by the num-
ber dying at that age. It is highest at
about 14 years of age.
Specificity. The quality of being specific,
or of accomplishing a determinate function
and not another. The qualities giving an
organ or tissue a distinct character.
Specil'lum {specio). A probe of silver
armed with a button-shaped head, for
exploring wounds, fistula;, etc.
Spectacle-Lenses. See Lens. The
difference between the old and new sys-
tems of numbering lenses is shown in the
annexed Table, from Landoldt (page 408).
Spectacles [specto, to behold). Optical
lenses mounted in a frame to wear before
the eyes for the correction of ametropia.
S., Bifocal. See Bifocal. S., Ortho-
scopic. See Orthoscopic. S., Peri-
scopic. See Periscopic. S., Protect-
ive, lenses usually tinted, to shield the eyes
from light, dust, heat, etc.
Spectroscope {spectrum, an image, cko-
tteo, to see). An instrument for the pro-
duction and examination of the spectrum.
Spec / trum (Lat.). The band of ether-
waves of a radiant body, having passed
through a prism, or having been reflected
from a diffraction grating, and thereby ar-
ranged regularly according to their wave-
lengths. S., Solar, is composed of three
great divisions, the infra-red (dark or in-
visible heat) waves ; the light waves, and
the ultra-violet or " actinic " waves. S.
Analysis, determination of the nature of
bodies by the character of their spectra.
Spec / ulum (Lat.). An instrument for
examining the ear, nose, etc. ; also, an in-
strument for dilating parts. S., Sim's, a
peculiar form of vaginal speculum, some-
times called duckbill S.
Speech (A. S., spcec). Vocal sounds con-
veying ideas. S. Center. See Center.
Spel'ter. Crude zinc.
Spend. To ejaculate the semen in coition.
Sperm, or
Sper'ma (arrepfia, seed). The semen, or
seed. S. Cell, the spermatozoon.
Spermaceti. See Cetaceum.
Spermacra / sia (c-irep/ua, atcpaoig, weak-
ness). Weakness or imperfection of the
semen.
Spermatic (cirepjua). Pertaining to the
semen. S. Artery, a branch of the aorta
supplying the testicle. S. Cord, the cord
from the testicle to the internal abdominal
ring.
Sper'matin {cKepjj.a). The odorous, mu-
cilaginous matter found in semen. Its
nature is unknown.
Sper / mato- (cTTep/ua). A Greek word
used as a prefix to denote connection with
the semen.
Spermatoblast (crrep/ua, filacTOQ, a germ.
A round or oval protoplasmic body of the
seminal tubules, the developmental state
of the spermatozoon.
Spermatocele {cTrepfia, ktjIt], tumor). A
spermatic cyst or encysted hydrocele of the
testicle or epididymis.
Spermatoclem / ma (airepfia, kIettto, to
steal). Involuntary emission of semen
during waking.
Spermato-cysti / tis. Inflammation of the
vesiculae seminales.
Spermatocyte [arrepjua, kvtoc, cell). The
germinal cell from which the spermato-
zoon develops.
Spermatog / eny(cr7rfp//a, yewaw, to beget).
The function of the genesis or secretion of
semen.
Spermatol'ogy {aitepjia^loyog, a treatise).
A treatise on the origin, nature, etc., of
the seminal fluid.
Spermatop / athy (uTrep/ua, iradog, disease).
Disease of the sperm-cells or of the se-
creting mechanism of the same.
Sper / matophore (owepfja, . rjv, maxilla, the
jaw). Pertaining conjointly to the sphe-
noid and maxillary bones.
Spheno - pal'atine (otyrjv, palatum, the
palate). Pertaining conjointly to the sphe-
noid bone and the palate. S.-p. Gan-
glion. See Ganglion.
Spheno-temp / oral (cfr/v, temporal') . Per-
taining conjointly to the sphenoid and tem-
poral bones.
Spher / ical {p^atpa). Having the shape of
or pertaining to a sphere. S. Aberration.
See Aberration.
Spherobacte / rium. See Sphcerobacterium.
Sphero-cer'ebrin (aa>, to
write). An instrument for registering the
movements of respiration.
Spi'roid {spira, a spiral). Resembling a
screw. Having spiral convolutions.
Spirometer {spiro, to breathe, jierpov, a
measure). An instrument used to measure
the quantity of air exhaled.
Spirometry {spiro, jierpov). The estima-
tion of the amount of air used in respiration.
Spirophore {spiro, v?i7j, refivu, to cut).
Amputation of the uvula.
Star Anise. See Illicium.
Starch. See Amylum. S. -sugar. See
Glucose.
Star Grass. See Aletris.
Starvation (Ger., sterben, to die). Death
from hunger.
Star / wort. See Aletris.
Sta / sis (larrjfit, to stand). A condition of
standstill of the current of any of the
fluids of the body, but especially of the
blood, which condition forms an early
stage of the inflammatory process, with
resultant migration of the white corpuscles
and serous exudation.
State (sto, to stand). A condition.
Stat / ic (sto). At rest. In equilibrium. S.
Breeze, a method of administration of
static electricity, consisting in the with-
drawal of a static charge from a patient by
means of a pointed electrode.
Statical Theory. See Goltz.
Statics (sto). The science relating to
forces in a condition of equilibrium. See
Mechanics.
Stationary (sto). Not moving. A de-
scriptive term applied to diseases that
remain in the same locality for a period
without changing their geographical en-
vironment, or that persist without growing
better or worse.
Statistics. A numerical collection of
facts relating to a subject. S., Medical,
that part of medicine pertaining to details
of mortality, climate and the geographical
distribution of diseases. S., Vital. Same
as S., Medical.
Stafure (sto). The height of any animal
when standing. In quadrupeds, it is
measured at a point over the shoulders.
In man, it is the measured distance from
the heel to the top of the head.
Stat / us (sto). A condition with the idea of
permanence or continuance. S. Epilep-
ticus, the fits of epilepsy following each
other at intervals of only a few minutes.
Staurople / gia (aravpog, cross, irTiriyT], a
stroke). Crossed hemiplegia, or those
cases in which the upper limb on one side
is paralyzed together with the lower limb
on the opposite side.
Staves / acre. See Staphisagria.
Steap / sin (areap, fat). A diastasic fer-
ment which causes fats to combine with
an additional molecule of water and then
split into glycerine and their corresponding
acids. See Ferments.
Ste / ar (areap). See Adeps.
Stearic (areap). A name applied to the
acid derived from stearine.
Stear / iform (areap, forma). Having the
appearance of or resembling fat.
Ste / arine. A white, solid, crystalline con-
stituent of the fat of animals. Chemically
it is a salt of stearic acid with the radical
glyceryl as a base.
Stearoc'onote. An insoluble but fusible
solid substance occurring in brain-tissue.
Stearop'tene. A name applied to several
crystalline substances held in solution in
volatile oils. Called, also, camphors. Some-
times isomeric with the oil, and sometimes
hydrates or oxides of it.
Stearrhce / a. See Seborrhcea. S. Nigri-
cans. See Chromidrosis.
Ste / atine (areap). Same as Stearine.
Also, consisting of fat.
Steat / ocele (areap, Krfkr}, a tumor). A
tumor formed by a collection of fatty mat-
ter in the scrotum.
Steato-crypto / ses (areap, Kpu-n-ru, to con-
ceal). Abnormalities of function of the
sebaceous glands.
Steato'ma (areap, oma). A sebaceous
encysted tumor. See Sebaceous Cyst.
Steatop / agous (areap, ttv/jj, buttocks).
Pertaining to an abnormal largeness of the
glutei muscles and adjacent parts.
Steatopath/ic (areap, iradoc, an affection).
Pertaining to diseases of the sebaceous
glands.
Steatorrhce / a (areap, peo, to flow.) An
increased flow of the secretion of the seba-
ceous follicles. S. Amianthaca, a form
of seborrhcea in which the excess of solid
constituents gives the appearance of scali-
ness of the skin. See, also, SeborrAosa.
S. Simplex, excess of sebaceous excretion
of the face.
STEATOSIS
416
STERNAL
Steato'sis (areap). The condition due to
the existence and progress of steatoma, or
fatty degeneration of a part. Also, any
abnormal accumulation of fat.
Steel. Iron chemically combined with a
certain proportion of carbon. It holds an
intermediate position between white cast-
iron and wrought-iron, partaking of the
most valuable qualities of both. Steel of
good quality is fine grained, elastic and
tough.
StelTate (stella, a star). Having the form
of a star. Studded with stars or star-
shaped points. S. Bandage, one that is
wound crosswise on the back.
Stel'liform (stella, forma, form). Having
the form of a star.
Stel'lula (dim. of stella, a star). In anat-
omy, a plexus of veins in the cortex of
the kidney.
Stell' wag's Symptom. Slight retraction
of the upper lid in exophthalmic goitre,
whether complicated or not with Graefe's
symptom.
Stem. The supporting stalk of a leaf or
plant.
Ste / no- (arevog, narrow). A Greek word
used as a prefix, denoting narrowness or
constriction.
Stenocar / pine. A fraudulent anaesthetic
and mydriatic, asserted to have been ob-
tained from the leaves of the tear-blanket
tree. It has been proved a mixture of
cocaine and atropine.
Stenocho / ria (crevog, x^pog, space). Nar-
rowness, stricture, or partial obstruction.
Also, contraction of the vagina.
Stenography (arevog, ypapu, to write).
A system of shorthand writing.
StenopaeTc (arevog, opau, to see). Ap-
plied to lenses that allow the passage of
rays only through a straight, narrow slit.
Stenora / ic. See Stenopeic.
Ste / no's Duct. Properly, Stenson's duct.
See Duct.
Steno / sis (arevog). Constriction or nar-
rowing of pores, ducts or vessels.
Stenos / tomy (arevog, aro/ua, a mouth).
The contraction of any mouth or aperture.
Stenothorax (arevog, thorax). Having
a straight, short thorax.
Stenot/ic (arevog). Reduced in size, con-
tracted.
Stephan'ion (aretyavrj, crowned). See
Skull.
Stercobi'lin (stercus, faecal matter, bilus,
bile). A coloring matter found in intesti-
nal excrement. Identical with hydro-
bilirubin.
Stercora / ceous {stercus). Having the
nature of faeces. Applied especially to
vomiting when faecal matter is mixed with
the ejected substances.
Stercorae / mia {stercus, ai\ia, blood).
Bouchard's term to designate that condi-
tion resulting from arrest of intestinal ex-
cretion. He estimates that the amount of
poisonous alkaloids formed in the intestines
of a healthy man would, if absorbed, cause
death in 24 hours.
Ster'corine (stercus}. A faecal extractive
derived from biliary cholesterine.
Stercus (stercus). Faeces. Excrement.
Stereophant/ascope, or
Stereophor / oscope (arepeog, solid, (j>epo>,
to carry, anoireco, to see). A stereoscopic
zoetrope ; an instrument for the production
of a series of images apparently in motion
and also in stereoscopic relief.
Ste'reoplasm (arepeog, irlaajia). Accord-
ing to Nageli, a solid, insoluble constituent
of protoplasm.
Stereoscope (arepeog, ckotceo, to see). An
instrument by which two similar pictures
of the same object are made to overlap so
that the reflected images are seen as one,
thereby giving the appearance of solidity
and relief. The stereoscope is used in
the treatment of strabismus, whereby it
becomes an excellent means of ocular
gymnastics. It is also of service in op-
tometry to nullify convergence and dimin-
ish accommodation.
Stereoscopic Vision. Binocular vision.
See Stereoscope.
Ster'ile (sterilis, barren). Not fertile or
capable of reproducing. Used of females.
Sterility (sterilis). The condition of
being infertile or incapable of reproducing.
Sterilization (sterilis). The condition
of being infertile or of rendering incapable
of reproducing. In bacteriology, the de-
struction by. heat of the spores or mature
forms of bacilli, micrococci, or other forms
of microscopic life. In most instances a
temperature of ioo° C. (21 2° F.) devitalizes
not only the mature forms, but the spores
as well. In a few instances this tempera-
ture is not fatal to either. This, e. g., is
the case with B. Temris, the rods resisting
ioo°, and the spores 115
Steriliza / tor (sterilis). An instrument for
sterilizing or killing germs by heat, includ-
ing the exact determination of the degree
required to effect this in the case of differ-
ent species.
Sternal (sternum, the breast bone). Per-
taining to the sternum.
STERNALGIA
417
STIMULANTS
Sternal'gia {sternum, dkyoq, a pain). Pain
in the sternum.
Ster / no- (sternum). A Greek word used
as a prefix to denote connection with
the sternum. S.- clavicular, pertaining
jointly to the sternum and the collar-bone.
S.-Gleido-mastoid; S.-hyoid; S. -thy-
roid. See Muscle -Table.
Sternocostal (sternum, costa, a rib). Per-
taining conjointly to the sternum and the
ribs.
Ster / noid {sternum, etdoc, resembling).
Resembling the sternum.
Sternop / agus (sternum, Trcr/e/c, united).
A monomphalic monstrosity united by the
sternum.
Sternum (crepvov, solid). The flat, nar-
row bone in the median line in the front
of the chest composed of three portions,
the manubrium, the gladiolus, and the
ensiform, or xiphoid appendix.
Sternu / tament (sternuto, to sneeze often).
A substance causing sneezing.
Sternutation (sternuto). The act of
sneezing.
Sternutatory. Provocative of sneezing.
Ster'tor (Lat., a snoring). Sonorous breath-
ing or snoring. The rasping, rattling sound
produced when the larynx and the air pas-
sages are obstructed with mucus.
Stertorous (stertor). Breathing with a
sonorous sound ; snoring, — a symptom ac-
companying certain diseases.
Stetb/o- (GTrjdog, the chest). A Greek
word used as a prefix to denote connection
with or relation to the chest.
Stenograph. See Pneumograph.
StethonVeter (gttjOoq, juerpov, a measure).
An instrument for measuring the amount
of expansion of the chest and the relative
expansibility of the two sides.
Stetb/oscope (arrjOog, ckoiteg>, to examine).
An instrument for ascertaining the condi-
tion of the organs of circulation and res-
piration by their sounds. It consists of a
hollow tube, one end being placed over
the locality to be examined, the other at
the ear of the examiner. A binaural form
of the instrument consists of a Y-shaped
tube, the flexible branches being applied
each to an ear of the listener. By this
means not only are all extraneous sounds
shut out, but an intensified sound is con-
veyed to the ear.
Sthenic (adevoq, strength). Strong, active.
S. Fever, synochia, a form of continued
fever, marked by high bodily temperature,
quick and tense pulse, and highly-colored
27
Sthenopy / ra (adevoq, rrvp, fever). Sthenic
fever.
Stib / ium. See Antimonium.
Sticb/cultur. See Culture.
Stictac / ne (orcKrog, punctated, acne). A
form of acne in which the pustule has a
red raised base with a central black point.
Stiff. Unyielding to flexion or pressure ;
applied especially to normally movable
parts. S. Joint. See Anchylosis. S.
Neck. See Torticollis.
Stig / ma ((jrcy/ia, a point). In botany, that
part of the pistil surmounting the style.
In pathology, a small red spot on the skin.
Also, a minute cicatrix.
Stigma / ta May / dis. See Zea Mays.
Stigmat / ic (arcyjua). Belonging or per-
taining to a stigma.
Stig / matism (ariyjua). A condition of
the refractive media of the eye in which
rays of light from a point are accurately
brought to a point on the retina. Synony-
mous with emmetropia. See, also, Astig-
matism.
Stigmatiza / tion (orcyjua). Ecchymotic
spots upon the body.
Stilette' (Fr., dim. of Lat. stilus, a point).
The small, sharp-pointed instrument en-
closed in the canula. Also, the wire of a
flexible catheter.
Still-born. Born lifeless.
Stillicid / ium (slilla, a drop, cado, to fall
down). The flow of a liquid drop by
drop. Also, the flow of the urine in stran-
gury. S. Lachrymarium, overflow of
tears from obstruction of the canaliculus or
nasal duct.
Stirling, Canal of. See Canal.
Stillin'gia. Queen's Root. The root of
S. sylvatica, or " queen's delight." Active
principle not known. Expectorant, diu-
retic and sialogogue, with reputed altera-
tive properties ; in larger doses emetic and
cathartic. Used with sarsaparilla as an
antisyphilitic in tertiary stages. Valuable
with quinine in intermittents. Dose of
the fld. ext. TTLx-gij ; of the tinct., unof.,
g ss-ij ; of the decoction, unof. (strength
3J t0 °J)» 5H-
Stim'ulants (stimulus, a goad). A term
somewhat loosely employed to designate
agents exciting the functions of an organ.
S., Cardiac, increase heart action. S.,
Cerebral, exalt action of cerebrum. S.,
Cutaneous, increase activity of skin, pro-
ducing diaphoresis. S., Diffusive, have
prompt but transient effect. S., Hepatic,
excite the liver. S., Intestinal, act upon
the digestive track. S., Local, those
STIMULUS
418
STRAMONIUM
acting directly on the end-organs of the
sensory nerves of the skin. S., Renal,
those producing diuresis. S., Spinal,
those exciting the spinal cord. S., Stom-
achic, those giving tone to the stomach,
aiding digestion, etc. S., Vasomotor,
those exciting the vasomotor centers.
Stim'ulus (Lat). Anything exciting the
animal economy, or any part thereof, to
increased functional activity. Stimuli,
Adequate or Homologous, those for
whose action the sense-organs are specially
adapted. S., Heterologous, those act-
ing upon the nervous elements of the sen-
sory apparatus along their entire course,
homologous S. only acting upon the end-
organ. Summation of S. See Sum-
mation.
Stitch. A popular name for any sharp,
lancinating pain.
Stocking, Elastic. A stocking of elastic
fibers for the compression of a limb affected
with varicose veins.
Sto / ma ((7ro//G, mouth). The mouth. Also,
the orifices of glands, tubes, etc.
Stomac / ace (aro/aa, nanoc;, bad). Canker
of the mouth. Fetor of the mouth with
ulcerated gums ; also, scorbutic sore mouth.
StonVach (oro/m). The most dilated part
of the alimentary canal, the principal or-
gan of digestion, situated in the abdomen
in the left hypogastric, the epigastric, and
part of the right hypochondriac regions,
above the transverse colon and below the
diaphragm. S. Pump, an instrument for
withdrawing the contents of the stomach.
S. Tube, a flexible tube for irrigation, etc.,
of the stomach.
Stomacb/ic. A stimulant exciting the
functional action of the stomach.
Sto / mata (pi. of stoma). Mouths.
Stomatitis (cro/za, mc). Inflammation
of the mouth.
Stomatodyso / dia {aro/na, dvcudta^ exhal-
ing an odor). The odor of the breath as
it leaves the mouth.
Stomatop / athy (oro//a, nadog, disease).
Diseases of the mouth.
Stomatoplasty (cro/ia, irlaaGu, to form).
Plastic operations upon or about the mouth.
Stomodae / um (arojua, daio, to divide).
The mouth of the embryo formed by a
pushing in of the epiblast.
Stone. See Calculus.
Stone Pock. See Acne Vulgaris.
Stool. The faeces. The evacuation of the
bowels.
Stoppage. Cessation of flow or action.
Sto'rax. See Styrax.
Strabismic. Relating to strabismus, or
affected with it.
Strabismom / eter. See Strabo??ieter.
Strabis / mus {arpa^L^o), to squint). That
abnormality of the eyes in which the visual
axes do not meet at the desired objective
point; due to incoordinate action of the ex-
ternal ocular muscles. S., Alternating,
when either eye fixes alternately. S.,
Apparent, due to a large Angle Alpha.
S., Concomitant, the squinting eye has
full range of movement. S., Constant,
when the condition is a permanent one.
S., Convergent, when the squinting eye
is turned to the nasal side. S., Diver-
gent, when the squinting eye is turned to
the temporal side. S., Monocular or
Unilateral, when the same eye always
deviates. S., Paralytic, due to the pa-
ralysis of one or more muscles. Stevens
has devised the following terms to express
the deviations of the visual lines in stra-
bismus : Heterotropia, a general term
for deviation of any kind ; Hypertropia,
of one visual line above another ; Eso-
tropia, deviation inward; Exotropia,
deviation outward.
Strabom / eter (orpafioc, squinting, fierpov,
measure). An instrument for the meas-
urement of the deviation of the eyes in
strabismus.
Straboscop / ic (crpafioc, ckotteo), to see).
Pertaining to the appearance of objects as
seen by one with strabismus. S. Disc,
an instrument producing distortion of ob-
jects.
Strabot / omy (arpa/3oc, tsjuvo, to cut). An
operation for the correction of strabismus.
See Tenotomy.
Strain. In pharmacy, to separate insoluble
substances from the liquid in which they
occur. To filter. In pathology, any ab-
normal tension put on an organ or part.
See, also, Eye-strain.
Strain / er. In pharmacy, a sieve for filtra-
tion.
Strait -jacket. A strong coat especially
designed to prevent injury of self or others
by the delirious or violent patient.
Straits of Pelvis. See Pelvis.
Stramonium. Thorn Apple. The seeds
and leaves of Datura S., the well-known
Jamestown or "jimpson" weed. Prop-
erties due to an alkaloid, daturine, iden-
tical with atropine (see Belladonna). Has
the general properties of belladonna, but
more powerful. S., Ext. Dose gr. Vd—Yz-
S., Fid. Ext. Dose rry-v. S., Tinct.,
io per cent. sLrong. Dose n\v-xxx. S.,
STRANGAL^ESTHESIA
419
STROPHANTHUS
Ung., contains of the extract io, water 5,
benzoinated lard 85 parts. Daturine,
the alkaloid. Dose gr. T |o _ 2 ; o-
Strangalaesthe / sia. See Zoucesthesia.
Strangulation [strangulo, to choke).
Choking. Constriction produced by a
ligature, stricture, etc. Strangulated
Hernia. See Hernia.
Stran / gury (orpat;, a drop, ovpov, urine).
Painful urination, and drop by drop.
Strass'burg's Test (for bile acids in
urine) : Dip filter paper into the urine to
which a little cane-sugar has been added ;
dry paper and apply a drop of sulphuric
acid ; a violet color is obtained after a short
time.
Stratification {stratum, a layer, facio, to
make). Existence in arranged layers.
Stratum (Lat, a layer). A layer or
lamina. S. Bowmani, the anterior elas-
tic layer of the cornea. S. Corneum,
the epidermis. S. Lucidum, one of the
layers of the skin.
Strengthening Plaster. See Ferrum.
Strepto-bacte / ria {arpeTTToc, twisted). A
term applied to bacteria, the rods of which
occur in chains or chaplets.
Streptococcus (orperrroc, /co/c/coc, a ker-
nel). Micrococci arranged in strings or
chaplets. See Micrococcus.
Strep / tothrix {orpeTtrog, dpi!;, hair). A
genus of Schizomycetes with long fila-
ments and false ramifications. S. Fors-
teri, found in nasal polypi, etc.
Stretcher (A. S., streccan). A portable
cot or litter for carrying the sick.
Stri'a (pi. strice, a streak). A streak or
line. S. Atrophicae, whitish, cicatricial
lines of the skin caused by the contractions
of skin that have been stretched by fat,
pregnancy, etc. Corpora Striata. See
Corpus. S. Longitudinales et Late-
rales, appearances of part of the corpus
callosum.
Striate [stria, a furrow). Marked with
minute ridges or furrows. S. Body. See
Corpora Striata.
Stricb/cultur. See Culture.
Stricture {stringo, to compress). The
abnormal narrowing or contraction of the
lumen of a canal or duct from external
pressure, or as a result of inflammatory or
other changes. The most constricted part
of the opening through which a hernia
protrudes. S., Annular, a ring-like ob-
struction produced by a fold of mucous
membrane or constriction all around the
urethra, gut, etc. S., Bridle, a fold of
mucous membrane forming a crescentic
obstruction, or perforated in its center;
called, also, S., Linear, S., Pack-thread,
S., Valvular and S., Hour-glass, ac-
cording to the peculiar appearances. S.,
Congestive, a temporary interference of
function from subacute prostitis or other
passing inflammation. S., Irregular, or
S., Tortuous, so-named from the com-
plications or peculiarities. S. Fever, the
constitutional disturbances sometimes the
result of acute stricture. S., Imperme-
able, or S., Impassable, not permitting
the passage of a bougie or catheter. S.,
Irritable, the passage of the instrument
causes great pain. S., Permeable or
Passable, permitting the passage of the
instrument. S., Recurrent or Contrac-
tile, the stricture returns after dilatation.
S., Simple, produces no interruption of
function, pain, etc.
Stridor Den'tium. See Odontoprisis.
Strid / ulous (strideo, to make a creaking
sound). Making a creaking or grating
sound.
String / halt. A popular name for a ner-
vous affection manifested in involuntary,
convulsive movements of one or both
hinder legs of a horse.
Stro / bic Discs. An illusion of motion
produced by the circular motion of a
sheet of paper on which concentric circles
have been drawn. The circles appear to
rotate.
Stroke. In pathology, a sudden and
severe seizure or fit of disease. S., Apo-
plectic. See Apoplexy. S., Back, of
the Heart, the supposed " reaction im-
pulse," or recoil of the ventricles at the
moment the blood is discharged into the
aorta. S., Paralytic, so called from the
suddenness of a paralytic attack.
Stro / ma [orptopia, abed). The tissue form-
ing the substratum or framework upon
which the essential structures of an organ
rest. S. -fibrin, fibrin formed direct from
fibrin ; formed in the usual way it is called
Plasma-fibrin.
Strom / uhr. See Rhecmeter.
Strongy / lus [arpoyyvkoq, globose). A
species of entozoon found occasionally in
the muscular tissue of the heart.
Strophantus. The seeds of a tropical
plant, S. kispidus or Kombe, yielding an
arrow poison. Properties due to strophan-
thin, a glucoside, and inseine, an alkaloid.
In medical properties it closely resembles
digitalis, producing loss of reflex sensibility
and of voluntary motion. Dose of the
tincture gtt. v-x. Unof.
STROPHAXTIXE
420
SUBCREPITANT
Strophan / tine. A toxic alkaloid, soluble
in water and alcohol, derived from stro-
phanthus.
Strophulus. See Miliaria. S. Albi-
dus. See Milium.
Struc / ture (struo, to build). In biology,
the molecular arrangement of the sub-
stances that compose tissue. In anatomy,
the arrangement of the various tissues that
compose an organ or a part. Also, an
organ, a part, or a complete organic body.
Stru'ma (struma). Scrofula. Also, a
scrofulous swelling or tumor. Also, Bron-
chiocele.
Strumipri'va, Cachexia. See Cachexia.
Stru / mous [struma). Scrofulous. Hav-
ing the nature of scrofula.
Strycb/nia, or
Strych/nine. See Nux Vomica.
Strych/nism (strychnia). The condition
of one under the influence of strychnine,
or affected by it.
Strycb/nos. See Nux Vof?iica.
Stulti'tia (stultus, a fool). Foolishness;
dullness of the intellect.
Stump. The extremity, pedicle, or basis
of the part left after surgical amputation,
excision, or ablation. S. of Eyeball, the
remainder of the globe after excision of an
anterior staphyloma or after other capital
operation on the globe that deprives it of
vision. S., Sugar-loaf, a conical stump
due to undue retraction of the muscles;
called, also, S., Conical. S. of Tooth,
that part remaining after removal or de-
struction of the corona.
Stun (A. S., stunian, to make a din). To
confuse and render one temporarily insen-
sible or unconscious, as by a blow.
Stupe. A fomentation. Also, the cloth
used.
Stu'por (Lat.). The condition of being
but partly conscious or sensible. Also, a
condition of insensibility.
Stu / prum (Lat.). Rape.
Stut / ter (Ger., stottern). To hesitate or
make repeated efforts to articulate a sylla-
ble.
Stye. See Hordeolum.
Style. See Stylus. S. Lachrymal. See
Lachrymal.
Stylis / cus (stilus, a pointed instrument
used for writing). A slender, cylindrical
tent.
Stylo- (stilus). A Greek word used as a
prefix to denote connection with or relation
to the styloid process of the temporal
bone.
Styloglossus. See Muscle -Table.
Stylohyoid. Set Muscle -Table.
Styloid (stihcs). Resembling a stylus or
slender, cylindrical column.
Stylo-mas / toid (stilus, mastoideus, the
mastoid process). Pertaining conjointly to
the styloid and mastoid processes. S.-m.
Foramen, a foramen of the inferior surface
of the petrous portion of the temporal bone.
It transmits the facial nerve.
Stylo-pharynge / us. See Muscle -Table.
Stylosan'thes. The herb S. elatior. Of
repute in relieving the irritability of the
uterus during gestation. Dose of the fid.
ext. n\x-xx.
StyTus (Lat.). A pointed instrument
formerly used for writing on wax tablets.
An instrument for writing on manifold-
ing paper. In surgery, a sound.
Stymato / sis (crvfia, stiffness). A violent
erection of the penis attended with haemor-
rhage.
Styp / tic (oTVKTinog, astringent). A medi-
cine or agent that causes vascular contrac-
tion of the blood vessels. A haemostatic.
Sty'rax (arvpa^). Storax. A balsam
obtained from the inner bark of Liqui-
dambar orientalis, or oriental sweet gum.
Contains a volatile oil, styrol, several resins
and cinnamic acid. Stimulant, expectorant
and antiseptic, acting like benzoin and tolu.
Used in bronchial affections and catarrh of
the urinary passages. Externally an anti-
septic and parasiticide. A constituent of
Friar" s balsam. Dose gr. v-xx.
Sty / rone. A derivation of Styrax. Chemi-
cally, it is an amyl alcohol, and a highly
antiseptic liquid.
Sub- (sttb, under). A Latin preposition.
Used as a prefix it denotes under or
beneath.
Subacute 7 (sttb, acutus, sharp). Less
than ordinarily acute or severe. Also, the
stage of a disease when it is intermediate
between an acute and a chronic form.
Subarachnoid (sub, arachnoid). That
lying directly beneath the arachnoid mem-
brane, as the subarachnoid space, subarach-
noid fluid, etc.
Subclavian (sub, clavis,\ht collar-bone).
Situated under the collar-bone. S. Artery.
See Artery- Table.
Subclavicular (sub, clan's, the collar-
bone). Pertaining to the subclavicular bone
or first rib.
Subcrep / itant (sub, crepito, to make a
crackling noise). Applied to a sibilant
rattle, or to rales produced by the bubbling
of air through a slightly viscous liquid, as
the mucus of the bronchi.
SUBCUTANEOUS
421
SUCK
Subcutaneous [sub, cutis, the skin).
Under the skin. Hypodermatic.
Subdural (sub, dura). Beneath the dura
mater. S. Space, the space between the
dura mater and the arachnoid.
Subenceph / alon (sub, eynetyalov, brain).
The medulla, pons and corpora quadrige-
mina taken together.
Su / berin. Pulverized cork ; used as a
dressing for wounds.
SubglossFtis. See Ranula.
Subgrunda / tion. The intrusion of one
part of a cranial bone beneath another.
Subinflamma / tion (sub,inflammatio). A
very slight degree of inflammation.
Subinvolution (sub, involvo, to roll up).
Imperfect involution. S. of Uterus, the
imperfect or incomplete contraction of the
womb after delivery.
Subject (sub, jacio, to throw). In anato-
my, a body for dissection. In hypnotism,
the person under hypnotic influence.
Subjective (sub, jacio). Having the
nature of a subject ; pertaining to one's
inner nature or personal self. S. Sensa-
tions, those not caused by external stimu-
lus. S. Symptoms. See Symptoms.
Sublig / amen (sub, ligo, to bind). A
form of truss used in hernia.
Sublimate (sublimis, high). The product
of sublimation. Applied to a substance
which, under the action of heat, passes at
once from a solid to a gaseous state, and
again condenses in a solid form without
intermediate liquefaction. S., Corrosive.
See Hydrargyrum.
Sublimation (sublimis). The vaporiza-
tion and condensation of a volatile solid.
The distilled product is called a sub-
limate.
Sublingual. Lying beneath the tongue.
S. Gland. See Saliva.
Subluxation. See Dislocation.
Submaxillary. Lying beneath the lower
maxilla. S. Gland. See Saliva.
Submental (sub, mentum, the chin). Sit-
uated under the chin.
Submerge 7 (sub, mergo, to dip). To im-
merse. To place under the surface of a
liquid.
Submersion (sub, mergo). The condi-
tion of being under the surface of a liquid.
In pathology, drowned.
Suboccipital. Situate beneath the occiput.
Subordination (sub, orao, a rack). In
physiology, the property of being under
normal subjection or control. Applied to
organs which depend upon or are con-
trolled by other organs.
Subscapular (sub, scapula, the shoulder-
blade). Under the shoulder-blade.
Subserous. Lying beneath a serous
membrane.
Subsidence (sub, sedeo, to sit). In path-
ology, the gradual cessation and disappear-
ance of an attack of disease. In pharm-
acy, the sediment falling from a liquid.
Subsistence (sub, sisto, to stand). That
which nourishes or gives support. Food.
Sub / stance (substantia). The material
substratum or basis of a tissue or organ.
See Substantia.
Substantia (Lat). Substance. S. Cineria
Gelatinosa, the gray or cortical matter
of the brain. S. Ferruginea, applied to
one of the layers of the cerebellar cortex.
S. Nigra, pigmented matter found in the
crura cerebri. S. Perforata. See Space,
Anterior Perforated.
Substitution (sub, statuo, to place). The
replacement of one thing by another. In
chemistry, the replacement of an atom or
a molecule of a compound by one of equal
valence.
Substratum (sub, stratum, a layer). An
under layer or stratum.
SubsuFtus (sub, salto, to leap). Any
morbid tremor or convulsive twitching. S.
Tendinum, involuntary convulsive twitch-
ing of the muscles, especially of the hands
and feet.
Subu / beres (sub, ubera, the breasts).
Children at the breast. Suckling children.
Succeda / neum (succedo, to take the place
of). A general term applied to medicines
that may be substituted for one another.
S., Caput. See Caput.
Suc / cinum. Amber. A fossil resin
found in the alluvial deposits of Central
Europe. Thought to be derived from an
extinct species of pine. Properties due to
a volatile oil obtained by destructive dis-
tillation. Ol. Succini, a stimulant and
antispasmodic useful in hysteria, epilepsy,
convulsions, etc. Externally, a rubefacient
employed successfully in rheumatic affec-
tions. Dose gtt. v-x.
Suc / culent (succus, juice). Juicy.
Suc / cus (Lat.). The juice of a plant.
Also, the natural fluid secretion of an
organ. S. Entericus, the secretion of the
intestinal mucous membrane. S. Gas-
tricus, the gastric juice.
Succus / sion (succussio). A slight shake
or blow on the chest or back given for the
purpose of ascertaining the presence of
a fluid in the thorax.
Suck (sugo, to draw in). To take nourish-
SUCKLE
422
SULPHUR
merit at the breast. To create a vacuum
with the mouth. To draw in by the aid
of the mouth.
Suck'le ugn To give suck. To nurse
at the breast.
Su'crose. See Saccharum.
Suc'tion [sago). The production of a
vacuum — withdrawing the air by the
mouth or other means. S. Method of
Cataract Extraction. See Extraction
of Cat a Tact.
Suda'mina. See Miliaria.
Suda'tion [sudo, to sweat). The act of
sweating.
Sudato'ria. See Hyperidrosis and Mili-
aria.
Sudato'rium {sudor). A room or apart-
ment for the administration of a sweat-bath.
Su'dor (Lat.). Sweat. S. Anglicus. See
Miliaria. S. Urinosus. See Uridrosis.
Sudoriferous {sudor, fero, to bear).
Sweat-bearing. That which carries sweat.
Sudorific [sudor). A medicine or agent
inducing sweating.
Sudorip'arous {sudor, fiario, to beget).
Producing or secreting sweat. Applied,
also, as a descriptive term to the sweat
glands.
Su'et. See Sevum.
Suffer (Fr. souffrir). To feel with sense
of pain ; to endure pain.
Suffocation {sub, under, fauces, the
throat). Stoppage of the respiration;
stifling.
Suffu / sion {sub, /undo, to pour). A spread-
ing or flow of any fluid of the body into
surrounding tissue ; an extravasation.
Sug / ar. See Saccharum. Chemically,
sugars are divided as follows : Cane sugar,
C 12 H 22 11 , the ordinary sugar of commerce
and pharmacy; glucose (grape sugar or
starch sugar), C 6 H 12 6 ; lactose, sugar of
milk ; and inosit, a variety found in certain
muscular tissues and in the juice of the
asparagus. Closely allied to sugar are
starch, cellulose, glycogen and dextrine,
q.v. S. of Milk. See Lactose.
Suggestion {suggero, to convey or lay
under). The transfer or production of
ideas, visions, volitions and mental condi- "
tions in the hypnotic subject according to
the will of the operator. S., Post-hyp-
notic, the command to do certain acts
given the subject while in the somnambu-
lic stage, which are executed by him after
his return to his normal condition.
Suggilla'tion {sugillo, to beat black and
blue). The condition of being affected
with ecchymosis. Also, the livid spots due
to incipient putrefaction. Also, the mark
made by a leech or a cupping-glass.
Su'icide [stats, one's self, cado, to kill).
The voluntary and intentional taking of
one's own life ; self-murder. Also, one
who commits suicide.
Sul'cated [sulcus, a furrow). Grooved or
furrowed.
Sul'cus (pi. sulci). A furrow or groove;
applied especially to those of the cortex
of the cerebrum. S. Spiralis, the grooved
extremity of the lamina spiralis of the
cochlea.
Sulph- See Sulfho-
Sulph'ates, Test for, in Urine. Acidify
with hydrochloric acid ; then add a solu-
tion of barium chloride, and if soluble
sulphates be present, a white crystalline
precipitate falls. Compare with that a ma
healthy urine as to abnormality of amount.
Sulph'ides. In chemistry, any combination
of sulphur with an element. The alka-
line sulphides are soluble in water, the
others are generally insoluble. Sulphi-
dum Calcii, unof., the u hepar sulphuris "'
of homoeopathy, used mainly in the ; iepa-
ration of other compounds. Lc::^ ;~ a
specific for itch. Sulphurata Calx,
sulphurated lime, a variable mixture con-
taining about 36 per cent of calcium sul-
phide and sulphate, narcotic and irritant
Dose gr. Yo~i- Sulphurata Potassa,
prepared by heating 1 part of potasshmi
carbonate with 2 of sulphur. Narcot .;
and irritant. Dose gr. ij-x. Sulphuris
Iodidum, used in ointment, gr. xxx to 5 j.
S. of Hydrogen, unof., a gas having
the odor of rotten eggs ; highly poisonous.
Used as a precipitant for certain metals in
solution.
Sulph'o- \sulpku A prefix denoting
chemical combination with sulphur, or a
sulphur radical.
Sulph'onal. A complex organic com-
pound having the structure diethyl sul-
phon-dim ethyl-methane (CH, \ = C =
(C 2 H 5 S0 2 ),. A prompt and reliable hyp-
notic without narcotic effect, and asserted
to have no unfavorable results. Contains
no halogen compounds. Difficultly s : tot 1 e
in cold water. Soluble in hot water and
alcohol. Dose gr. v-xxx. Unof.
Sulph'ur. Brimstone. S = J2; quan-
tivalence II. IV, VL A non-metallic ele-
ment distinguish ed y yellow color and
rr ysi-alltnp properties. One of the acid
elements. Unite - \ en to form the
most powerful acid radicals. Laxative and
diaphoretic. Long administered causes
SULPHURIC
423
SUPPOSITORIUM
emaciation and anaemia. S. Iodidum,
used as an ointment, gr. xxx-^j. S.
Lotum, washed sulphur, prepared by
digesting sublimed S. with water of ammo-
nia, and afterward washing. S. Precipi-
tatum, lac sulphur, "milk of sulphur;"
prepared by decomposing calcium sulphide
with hydrochloric acid. Dose gr. x-^j.
S. Sublimatum, sublimed sulphur. Dose
gr. x-lx. S., Ung., sublimed sulphur 30,
benzoinated lard 70 parts. S., Ung.
Alkalinum, washed sulphur 20, potassium
carbonate 10, water 5, benzoinated lard 65
parts.
Sulphu / ric [sulphur). In chemistry, a
technical name given to the anhydride and
derived acid of sulphur trioxide, S0 3 .
Sulphurous {sulphur). In chemistry, a
technical name applied to the acids and
anhydride derived from sulphur dioxide,
S0 2 .
Sum'bul. The root of Ferula S. Dis-
tinguished by a musk-like odor. Contains
angelic and valerianic acids. An excellent
nerve tonic, much used in Russia. Useful
as a substitute for musk in nerve affections,
typhoid fever, etc. Dose gr. xxx— 3J.
Summational Tones. Supposed pro-
duction of new tones by the summation or
addition of their number of vibrations.
Summation of Stim / uli. If a stimulus
in itself insufficient to cause contraction of
a muscle be repeatedly applied in proper
tempo and strength, contraction will finally
be produced. The same summation oc-
curs in nervous tissue, and the cardiac
contractions exhibit a rhythm of in-
creased force, called Staircase or Treppe
Rhythm.
Sum'mer. The season of greatest heat.
Also, applied to things connected with that
season. S. Rash, same as Lichen Trop-
icus. S. Savory, the leaves of Satureia
hortensis. Stimulant, carminative and
emmenagogue. Dose of fid. ext. gj-iv.
Unof.
Sunburned. A term applied to the skin
when superficially inflamed by exposure to
the sun. Also, the bronzing of the skin
from long exposure to the sun or heat.
Sun / dew. The plant Drosera rotundi-
folia. Has been found useful in pertussis,
asthma, and incipient phthisis. Dose of
the fid. ext. TT^ v-xx. Unof.
Sun-fever. A name loosely applied to
severe forms of various fevers of the trop-
ical regions.
Sun / flower. The seeds of Helianthus
annuus. Contains a fixed oil and other
extractive matters. The oil is not inferior
in taste to olive oil. Expectorant and diu-
retic. Dose of decoction ad. lib. ; of fld.
ext. ^i-ij. Unof.
Sunstroke. A popular term for insolation
or heat-stroke. See Heat-stroke. S.,
Electric, an illogical term for the symp-
toms, somewhat similar to those of heat-
stroke, produced by too close and unpro-
tected proximity to the intense light emitted
in welding metals by electricity.
Su'per- (Lat., above or upon). A Latin
form of a Greek prefix denoting above or
tip on.
Superciliary [super, cilium, the eyelid).
Pertaining to the eyebrow. S. Ridges,
the projecting apophyses at the anterior
surface of the frontal bone.
SuperciEium (Lat.). The eyebrow.
Superfecunda / tion {super, fecundus).
The fertilization of two ova at the same
menstrual period.
Superficial {super, fades, the face). Con-
fined to the surface. Not extending below
the surface.
Superficies. The surface or outside.
Superfceta / tion {super, foetus). A second
impregnation taking place at a later period
of pregnancy. This occurs either in a
double uterus or when menstruation per-
sists until the second impregnation.
Superimpregna'tion. The development
of more than one ovule at one time, as in
plural pregnancy.
Superior (comparative of superus, high).
In anatomy, the upper of two organs or
parts. S. Vermiform Process, the up-
per part of the median lobe of the cere-
bellum. It is divided into three lobes, the
lobulus centralis, monticulus cerebelli, and
commissura simplex.
Superlactation. Excess of the secretion
of milk.
Supernatant {super, natans, swimming).
Floating upon the surface of a liquid.
Su'persalt {super, salt). In chemistry,
applied to certain salts containing an ex-
cess of the acid. An acid, as distinguished
from a basic salt.
Supination {supinus, backward). In
anatomy, the turning of the hand upward.
In medicine, the condition of being supine.
Supinator. See Muscle- Table.
Su'pine {supinus). Lying flat. Also, ly-
ing on the back.
Supplemental Air. See Air.
Supposito / rium {suppono, to place under).
A solid body, usually of lard or stearine,
as an excipient, containing a prescribed
SUPPOSITORY
424
SUSCEPTIBLE
medicinal substance, intended for intro-
duction into the rectum or vagina.
Suppository. See Suppositorium.
Suppression hud, prima, to press). A
condition of being concealed or retained,
as applied to the natural excreta of the
body. S. of Menses, the abnormal ab-
stention of the menses beyond their time of
appearance.
Suppuration [sub, beneath, irvov, pus).
The formation of pus. The separation
from the organism of the products of in-
flammation. These products lose their
power of organization and break down to
constitute an abscess. The reason of
this necrotic tendency is either that the
effusion dies from lack of nourishment, or,
more probably (or at least more frequently),
that microorganisms gain access to it, and
bring about the result, in a manner not
yet definable.
Su / pra- (supra, above). A Latin preposi-
tion used as a prefix, and signifying upon
or above.
Supraclavicular (supra, clavis, collar-
bone). Above or upon the clavicle.
SupraoccipTtal (supra, occiput). Situated
above the occipital bone ; also, the upper
part of the occipital bone,
Supraorbital (supra, orbit). Situated
above the orbit of the eye. S. Arch or
Ridge, the curved prominent margin form-
ing the upper boundary of the orbit. S.
Foramen, at the inner third of the last,
transmits the S. artery, vein and nerve.
Sometimes it is a notch or groove, and
called the S. Notch.
Suprarenal (supra, ren, the kidney).
Above the kidney ; applied especially to
the suprarenal capsules or bodies.
Suprascapular (supra, scapula, the
shoulder-blade). Situated above the
shoulder-blade.
Supraspinal (supra, spina, the spine).
Situated on the spine or above its origin.
Supraspina / tus (supra, spina). A name
given to various organs situated upon
the spine or above its origin. S. Fossa,
the triangular depression above the spine
of the shoulder-blade. S. Muscle. See
Muscle- Table.
Su / ra (surd). The calf of the leg. The
projection formed by the gastrocnemius
muscle.
Su'ral (surd). Pertaining to the calf of
the leg. S. Nerve, Superficial, that
formed by the junction of the external cuta-
neus of the peroneal and the communi-
cantes fibulares. S. Vein, one situated
just beneath the skin on the calf; it opens
into the popliteal vein.
Sur'ditas VerbaTis. See Aphasia (word-
deafness).
Surdity. See Deafness.
Surdomute (surdus, mutus, mute). A
deaf and dumb person.
Sur / feit (Fr. surf ait, excessive). A sense
of fullness approaching nausea. More than
enough.
Sur'geon (xupovpyoq, a hand worker).
One who practices surgery.
Sur / gery (xetpovp-yug). Formerly that
branch of medicine concerned with man-
ual operations under the direction of the
physician. The scope of the word is now
widened, and is so bound up with general
medicine that a strict and succinct defini-
tion is impossible. Instrumental and man-
ual operative work is still the chief idea,
and, so far as related to diseases commonly
or possibly requiring operative procedure,
surgery usually includes the treatment of
systemic abnormalities. The term as lim-
ited to a special branch of medical science,
as the obstetric, the gyncecologic, aural,
ophthalmic, etc., is growing into disuse,
while, at the same time, the division of
these specialties has narrowed the field of
work of surgery as now commonly under-
stood. The surgeon has recouped him-
self by the inclusion in his department of
many subjects not strictly requiring opera-
tive treatment, such as inflammation, fever,
microbiology, syphilis, etc., etc. S., Mili-
tary, that pertaining to gunshot wounds
and other injuries peculiar to military life.
S., Minor, includes the lesser surgical
operations, bandaging, the making and
application of splints, dressings and su-
tures, counter-irritation, cauterization,
blood-letting, vaccination, etc. S., Or-
thopaedic, the remedy of deformities.
S., Plastic, repair of absent or defective
tissue by transference of tissue from an-
other part or person. See Transplanta-
tion, Autoplasty, Rhinoplasty, etc.
Sur / gical. Pertaining to surgery. S.
Kidney, suppurative disease of the kid-
ney. S. Tuberculosis, tuberculous dis-
ease that may be reached by operative
treatment.
Sursumduc / tion (sursum, upon, duco, to
lead). The power of fusing two images
of the two eyes when one eye has a prism
vertically before it.
Susceptible (suscipio, to undertake).
Sensitive to an influence. In pathology,
liability to become affected with disease.
SUSPENDED ANIMATION
425
SWEET
Suspended Animation. A term some-
times applied to the temporary cessation
of the vital functions. It may be due to
asphyxia, to syncope, or to the trance-like
condition that closely simulates death, in
which the patient may remain for some
hours, or even days.
Suspension {sub, pen-do, to hang). The
act or condition of hanging, as applied to
an organ or part. Also, a mode of treat-
ment of certain diseases, especially tabes,
in which the patient is so placed that the
whole weight of the body hangs upon the
neck, the head being supported at the chin
and occiput. The stretching of the spinal
cord sometimes removes the cause of" the
disease by a process not at present well
understood.
Suspenso'rium {sub, pendd). That upon
which anything hangs for support. S.
Hepatitis, the suspensory ligament of the
liver. S. Testis, the cremaster muscle.
Suspensory [sub, pendd). Designed or
useful for suspension. Suspending. S.
Ligament of Lens. See Zonula of
Zinn.
Sustentaculum [sustento, to support).
A support. S. Tali, a process of the os
calcis supporting the astragalus.
Susur / rus {susurro, to whisper). A soft
murmur in aneurism, cardiac diseases, etc.
Sutu'ra (Lat.). See Suture.
Su / tural [suturd) . Pertaining to or having
the nature of a suture.
Su'ture (or Sutu'ra) Anatomical {suo,
to sew). The marginal union of flat bones.
S., Coronal, connects the frontal and pari-
etal bones. S. Dentata, tooth-like, as be-
tween the parietal bones. S. Harmonia,
simple apposition of the articulating sur-
faces. S., Lambdoid, occipito-parietal.
S. Limbosa, a beveling and overlapping
of the parts. S. Notha, by apposition of
roughened surfaces. S., Sagittal, inter-
parietal. S. Serrata, the edges serrated
or like the teeth of a saw. S. Squa-
mosa, by a scale-like overlapping. S.,
Transverse, junction of frontal and facial
bones. S. Vera, when connected by inter-
locking processes or indentations. The
various sutures are mostly named after the
bones implicated, as the ethmo-sphenoidal,
fronto-malar, spkeno-temporal, etc.
Su'ture, Surgical [suo). The coaptation
of the lips of a wound by sewing. S.,
Button, the use of button-like discs to
prevent the thread from cutting through
the tissues and to bring in better apposition
masses. S., Continued. See Glo-
ver's S. S., Dry, adhesive plaster strips
applied to the lips of the wound, which are
drawn together by suturing the selvaged
edge of the strips. S., Gely's, so applied
as to invest the edges of the wound. S.,
Glover's, passes across the wound con-
tinuously in the same direction. S.,
Harelip, or, S., Figure-of-8, the liga-
ture is wound about a pin inserted through
both lips of the wound, in the form of a
figure 8. S., India-rubber, rubber rings
used instead of the ligature in the Harelip
S. S., Interrupted, or, S., Knotted,
separate stitches and knots in proximity.
S., Lace, single-thread stitches carried
around a fistula, which is closed by traction
upon the ligature acting like a sphincter,
to pucker the lips together. S., Lem-
bert's, similar to Gely's S. S., Quilled,
quills or rods laid beneath an Interrupted S.
S., Twisted. See Harelip S. See, also,
Synarthrosis.
Svap / nia. Denarcotized opium.
SwaPlowing (A. S., swelgan). The act of
passing food or liquids from the mouth into
the oesophagus.
Swal'low's-nest. A deep fossa of the
cerebellum between the commissure of
the flocculus and the nodulus and uvula.
Sweat. The secretion of the sudoriferous
glands. It consists of a transparent and
normally colorless aqueous fluid, holding
in solution free lactic acid, sodium lactate,
sodium and potassium chlorides, and traces
of alkaline phosphates. S. Glands, the
small, lobular, reddish bodies situated in
the true skin and subcutaneous areolar
tissue. Each consists of a convoluted tube
from which the excretory duct passes out-
ward through the skin. In its passage
through the epidermis the duct is moire or
less spiral.
Sweating. The excretion of the con-
tents of the sudoriferous glands in sensible
quantities. S. Fever or S. Sickness.
See Miliaria.
Swe / dish Sys / tem. See Ling's System.
Sweet. A quality of taste of which sugar
and honey furnish examples. S. Cicely,
the root of Osmorrhiza longistylis. An
aromatic stomachic, carminative and ex-
pectorant. Dose of fid. ext. ^j-ij. Unof.
S. Fern, the leaves and tops of Compto-
nia asplenifolia. Astringent, carminative
and alterative. Dose of fid. ext. gss-ij.
Unof. S. Flag. See Calamus. S. Gale,
the bark of Myrica Gale. Astringent and
stimulant. Dose of fid. ext. Tr^v-^ss.
Unof. S. Gum, the bark of Liquidambar
SWEET-BREAD
426
SYMPTOMATIC
styraciflua. Tonic and astringent. A
popular domestic remedy in diarrhoea.
Dose of fid. ext. £ss-j. The balsam ex-
uding from the tree is much used as a
corrigent of fetid breath. Unof. S. Oil.
See Olives Oleum. S. Sumach. See
Rhus Aromatica. S. -scented Water-
lily. See Nymphcea Odorata.
Sweet-bread. A popular name for the
Pancreas.
Swelling. Any morbid enlargement, in-
flation, tumor, or protuberance.
Swoon. See Syncope.
Syco / ma (avuov, a fig). A condition char-
acterized by warty or fig-like excrescences
on the soft tissues of the body, as the eye-
lids, tongue, anus, or genitals.
Syco / sis {gvkuciq, like a fig). Acne Men-
tagra; Ficosis; Lichen Menti; Folliculitis
Barbae. Chronic primary inflammation of
the follicles of the hairy parts of the
face.
Sydenham's Laudanum. See Opii
( Vinum).
Sylvester's Method. See Artificial.
Syl'vius, Aqueduct of. See Aqueduct.
S., Fissure of. See Fissure.
Sym-. An euphonic form of Syn-.
Symbio'sis (avu(3iG)otg). The dwelling
together of two or more individuals or or-
ganisms.
Symblepb/aron (aw, together, fiTiefyapov ,
the eyelid). The abnormal adhesion of
the eyelids to the eyeball in consequence
of burns, wounds, etc.
SynVbol (av/ufiolov, a pledge). A sign or
character denoting an idea. The follow-
ing are commonly employed in medicine :
R , Recipe, take of.
3 , Scruple.
3 , Drachm,
f £ , Fluidrachm.
^ , Ounce,
f J , Fluidounce.
Ti\,, Minim.
See, also, List of Abbreviations, p. VII,
VIII, IX.
Sym'ele. See Symelus.
Sym / elus (avfi, fie7x>g, limb). A mon-
strosity with fused extremities.
Syme's Operation. Amputation at the
ankle-joint, the malleoli being sawn
through, and a flap made with the skin of
the heel.
Symmetrical (aw, fierpov, a measure).
Pertaining to or governed by symmetry.
Sym / metry (aw, fierpov). In anatomy, a
harmonious correspondence of parts. In
pathology, the theory that constitutional
diseases affect both lateral halves of the
body impartially.
Sympathetic (from its supposed inter-
mediation of sympathy between organs).
Applied to the sympathetic nerve, or ner-
vous system, a series of ganglia connected
by commissural fibers upon each side of the
vertebral column from the base of the
skull to the coccyx. It may be also traced
into the head. It gives origin also to
numerous plexuses, ganglia, etc. See
Plexus and Ganglia. S. Bubo. See
Bubo. S. Inflammation, or Irritation,
affection of an organ arising by reflex ac-
tion, infection, or other unknown way, syn-
chronous or following similar affections of
other organs. S. Ophthalmitis. Inflam-
mation of the uveal tract of an eye arising
subsequent to some injury or affection of
the other eye. The eye first affected is
called the exciting eye, or excitor, the
other the sympathizer. The inflammatory
period may be preceded by sympathetic
irritation, in which there is lachrymation,
photophobia, etc. Removal of the excitor
is the treatment usually prescribed.
Sympathizer. See Sympathetic Ophthal-
mitis.
Sym / pathy (aw, rradoc, suffering). In
pathology, the mutual relations between
parts or organs more or less distant, as
shown in the translation of a morbid con-
dition from an affected to an unaffected
organ. A meaningless term for the facts
of reflex neuroses, metastasis, etc.
Sympex / is (avfiirrj^Lq). A concretion
found in the vessels of certain glands,
especially the thyroid and lymphatic,
and in the vesiculae seminales.
Symphyseotomy. See Cesarean Opera-
tion.
Symphysis (aw, vu, to grow). The
coalescence or junction of bones, usually
of symmetrical bones in the median line,
as S. pubis and S. of the jazv.
Sympie / sis (aw, -rrieatg, a squeezing). A
pressing together of parts.
Symp / tom (avfiKro/ia, a coincident hap-
pening). That change or phase which
occurs synchronously with a disease and
serves to point out its nature and location.
S., Objective, one observed by the physi-
cian. S., Subjective, that elicited by
inquiry and observed by the patient.
Symptomatic (avfiTTTOfia). That which
may be interpreted as a symptom. That
which may be a symptom of another affec-
tion, as opposed to idiopathic. S. Fever.
The febrile symptoms of a disease.
SYMPTOMATOGRAPHY
427
SYNNEUROSIS
Symptomatog / raphy (ovfiirrufia, ypatyo,
to write). A description of symptoms.
Symptomatology (ovfnrTu/ua, Xoyog, a
treatise). A treatise on the nature, pur-
port and interpretation of symptoms.
Symptom-complex. The ensemble of
symptoms of a disease.
Sym / pus (ovfiirovg). A vice of develop-
ment consisting in coalescence of the lower
limbs. A siren-monster. There may be
but one foot (S. monopus), or two (S.
dipus), or the feet may be represented only
by toes (S. apus).
Syn- (ovv, together). A Greek preposition
used as a prefix, signifying with or together.
Synaesthe / sia (ovv, cuoOrjotg, sensation).
A phenomenon consisting in a sensation
being felt or located in one part of the
body, the result of an irritation at some
removed or distant point.
SynaPgia (ovv, a'/iyog, pain). Pain felt in
a distant part from an injury or stimulus
to another part of the body.
Syn / aptase, See Emulsin.
Synarthrodia. See Synarthrosis.
Synarthrosis (ovv, apdov, a joint). A
form of articulation in which the bones are
immovably bound together (without any
intervening synovial cavity). The various
forms are : Sutura, in which the processes
are interlocked; Schindylesis, in which a
thin plate of one bone is inserted into a
cleft of another, and Gomphosis, in which a
conical process is held by a socket.
Syncepb/alus (ovv, together, Kevjua, a growth).
Any morbid growth or tumor of the tarsus.
Tar / soplasty [rapcoq, TrXaccu, to form).
Plastic operation upon the eyelid.
Tarsor'raphy (rapcoc, pafrj, a suture). An
operation upon the eyelids to diminish the
palpebral opening, for ectropion, lagoph-
thalmos, etc.
Tarsotomy (rnpaoc, te/llvu, to cut). Ope-
ration upon the tarsus in cases of entro-
pion, etc.
Tar'sus (rapoog). The instep, consisting
of the calcaneum, or os calcis, the astragalus,
cuboid, scaphoid, internal middle and ex-
ternal cuneiform bones. Applied, also, to
the cartilage of the eyelid and called the
tarsal cartilage.
Tartar {tartaruni). Argol. A popular
name given to the acid potassium tartrate
which is a natural product of certain fruits,
especially the grape. T., Cream of, puri-
fied argol or acid potassium tartrate. T.
Emetic, the tartrate of antimony and
potassium. See Antimony.
Tartaric {tartaruni). Having the nature
of tartar. Also, applied to the acid derived
from tartar.
Taste. The sense by which savors are
perceived and discriminated. The glosso-
pharyngeal and the lingual branch of the
fifth pair are the nerves mainly connected
with this sense, of which the tongue is
the chief organ.
Taste-bulbs, or Taste-buds. The end-
organs of the gustatoiy nerves.
Taste / less A / gue-drop. A solution of
a soluble salt of arsenic ; formerly used as
a remedy for intermittent and malarial
fevers.
Tattooing (Tahitian). The operation of
producing permanent colors in the skin by
the introduction of foreign substances, such
as carbon, indigo, and vermilion. It is a
common practice among sailors, the color
being introduced into the true skin by
pricking in with needles. T. of Cornea,
an operation to diminish the unpleasant
appearance of leucoma of the cornea by
TAURIN
432
TELEPHONE TINNITUS
tattooing the same so as to simulate the
appearance of the normal pupil and iris.
Tau'rin. Amido-ethyl-sulphonic acid. It
occurs in combination with cholalic acid
and as taurocholic acid in bile.
Taurocho / lic Acid. An acid occurring
in the bile, usually in combination with
sodium.
Tax / idermy (ragig, depjua, the skin). The
art of preserving and stuffing the skins of
animals.
Taxin / omy [ra^ig, an arrangement, vofiog,
a law). The science of systematic classifi-
cation.
Taxiol'ogy (ragig, loyog, a treatise). A
treatise on classification.
Tax / is {tclggu, to arrange). Arranging.
Usually applied to the manual reduction
of hernia.
Taxon / omy. See Taxinomy.
Tayu'ga. The root of a South American
plant used in syphilitic and skin diseases.
T-Bandage. See Bandage.
Tea. Thea. The leaves of Thea Chinen-
sis. The decoction of the leaves is a
popular astringent and restorative bever-
age. Properties due to thelne, a substance
identical with caffeine. A cerebral stimu-
lant. Dose of the fid. ext. TT\x-3J. Unof.
Tea / berry. See Gaidtheria.
Tea-leaf Eye. A muco-purulent con-
junctivitis caused by the prolonged appli-
cation of tea leayes to the eye for their
supposed therapeutic effect in ocular dis-
ease, — chiefly among the negroes of the
southern United States.
Teale's Amputation. A form of am-
putation in which two rectangular flaps are
left, the anterior being about four times as
long as the posterior.
Tears. The secretion of the lachrymal
gland.
Teat. The nipple : a part of the excretory
duct of the mammary gland.
Tecb/nical (renvrj, an art). Pertaining to
the arts.
Technocau / sis (rex v V, navatg, a burning).
Mechanical cautery, such as electro-cau-
tery, moxa, etc., in distinction from the
cautery produced by chemicals.
Technology (rexvy, hoyog, a treatise).
The science or explanation of the terms
used in science or art.
Tecnoto'nia (renvov, a child, ktcivo, to
kill). Child-murder. Infanticide.
Teeth. The organs of mastication. The
first set of teeth in childhood, twenty in
number, are called milk, temporary or
deciduous teeth. In the adult the per-
manent teeth consist of two incisors, one
cuspid, two bicuspids, and three molars in
each lateral half of the jaws. The poste-
rior molar of each half jaw is cut at an age
of from 20-25 years, and is therefore called
a wisdom tooth. In structure, the tooth
consists of a hard enamel encasing the
crown; the dentine, within the enamel,
constituting the whole of the root and inte-
rior of the crown ; and the pulp, a bulbous
prolongation of the mucous membrane of
the gums, which is traversed by blood ves-
sels and nerve filaments. The upper part
of the tooth is the crown, the middle part
the neck, and the lower part within the
alveoli the fang or root.
Teeth / ing. The development and appear-
ance of the first teeth in an infant. Den-
tition.
Teeto / talism (redup. of total). The prac-
tice of entire abstinence from alcoholic
beverages.
Tegmentum (tego, to cover). A cover-
ing. The cerebral surface of the crus
cerebri, formed of the deep longitudinal
fibres.
Teg / ument. See Integument.
Teichop'sia (reixog, coip, the eye). A
temporary amblyopia with subjective visual
images like fortification angles; probably
due to vasomotor disturbances of the
visual center.
Teissier's Method. See Phosphates.
Te / la (Lat.). A web or web-like tissue.
Telangiectasis [te/mc, the end, ayyeiov,
a vessel, EKracug, extension). A term used
to designate such forms of vascular dila-
tation and capillary distention as are ac-
quired and not congenital. See N&vus
Vascularis.
Telangio / sis (re?.og, ayyeiov, a blood ves-
sel). Disease of the capillaries.
Telegrapher's Cramp. A form of pro-
fessional neurosis similar to scrivener's
palsy, etc.
Teleol'ogy [relog, ^oyog, a treatise). The
doctrine of final causes.
Telep / athy {rr]7x, far, Tradog, a suffering).
Formerly an empiric form of treatment
whereby cures were guaranteed by the
exhibition of the remedy at a distance
from the seat of disease. The term is now
used of a certain form of clairvoyance in
which one is supposed to become conscious
by dream or vision of distant events.
Telephone Tin / nitus. A professional
neurosis of the auditory mechanism said
to be caused by constant use of the tele-
phone.
TELESCOPE
433
TENDO-SYNOVITIS
Tel/escope (rz/Ae, far, aaoTteu, to examine).
An instrument for observing objects situ-
ated at a great distance, especially the
heavenly bodies. T.-eye, an abnormal-
ism of the orbit said to be caused by the
constant use of optical instruments, like
the telescope, microscope, etc.
Telester'eoscope (r//Ae, crepeog, solid,
cuoTzeu, to view). An instrument for obtain-
ing a stereoscopic view of distant objects
by which such objects obtain a relief like
that of near objects.
Tellu / rium (reAAvg, the earth). Te = 128;
quantivalence II, iv and VI. One of the
elements resembling sulphur in chemical
properties. None of the preparations are
used in medicine. The element itself,
like selenium, imparts an extremely foetid
odor to the exhalations and excreta of the
body.
Telolem'ma (reXoc, end, /\a ( u/3avcj, to take).
The membrame covering the eminence of
Doyere.
TenVper (tempero, to regulate). That
mixture of mental and emotional qualities
that produces a predominant quality of
disposition or character. Moderation, equi-
poise of mind ; also, to mingle, modify.
Temperament {temper -amentum). A term
vaguely applied to the predominance of one
group or order of constitutional functions
over others in an individual. The various
divisions of temperament were based on the
former doctrine of the four humors of the
body — blood, lymph, bile and atrabilis or
black bile ; the predominance of any one
resulting respectively in a sanguine, lym-
phatic, bilious, or melancholic tempera-
ment. Although the doctrine of the tem-
peraments has long since lost its signifi-
cance, it is generally admitted that an in-
dividual may have a predisposition to types
of mental action not improperly classed as
nervous, phlegmatic, lymphatic, etc.
Temperance [tempero). Moderation in
satisfying desire ; especially as regards the
use of alcoholic beverages.
TenVperate {tempero). Moderate, without
excess. T. Zone, the zone of climate
situated between the isotherms of 30 and
7o°T.
Temperature (tempero). The intensity
of heat or molecular vibration. T., Abso-
lute, that reckoned from the absolute zero
of temperature estimated at 273 below the
zero of the Centigrade thermometer. T.,
Morbid, any considerable variation from
the normal temperature of the body. T.,
Normal, the temperature of the body in a
28
state of health — 98. 6° F., as estimated by
the clinical thermometer. See Thermo-
meter.
Tem / perature-spots. Variations of the
heat of the skin, showing a specific end-
apparatus arranged in a punctated manner
connected with the temperature-sense.
T.-S., are arranged in a linear manner or
in chains, usually slightly curved. Cold-
spots, spots where only the sensation of
cold will be felt. Hot-spots, where only
heat will be felt. Both are anaesthesic
toward pain and pressure. The cold- spots
are more abundant.
Tem / ple (tempus, time, from belief
that the hair first turns gray at this
place). The flat or depressed portion of
the head between the eye and ear and
neighboring parts.
TenVporal (tempora, the temples). Per-
taining to the temples. T. Artery. See
Artery. T. Bone, the bone situated at
the side and base of the skull. It is di-
vided into a squamous, a mastoid and a
petrous portion. T. Muscle. See Muscle-
Table.
Temporiza / tion (tempus). The expectant
treatment of disease. See Expectant.
Temporo- (tempus). A prefix denoting
connection with the temple, as, e.g., tem-
poro-facial, temporo-malar, temporo-occi-
pital, etc.
Tena / cious (tenax, tough). Having the
quality of toughness or ability to resist
mechanical strain or dissolution.
Tenacity (tenax). Toughness. Resist-
ance to fracture or dissolution.
Tenaculum (teneo, to hold). An instru-
ment, usually hook-shaped, for seizing and
holding divided vessels, etc.
Tendency (tendo, to stretch). The in-
clination or aim toward a given state or
condition.
Tenderness. The condition of abnormal
sensitiveness to touch. Soreness.
Tendinous (tendo). Pertaining to or
having the nature of tendon.
Ten' do, or
Ten / don (tendo). A white, glistening,
fibrous cord connecting its muscle with the
more movable or more peripheral organ or
part. Tendo-Achillis, the Achillis ten-
don or common tendon of the gastrocne-
mius and soleus muscles, the thickest and
strongest of the body. Patellar T. Re-
flex. See Reflex.
Ten'do- synovitis. The " compound
ganglion" of older text-books, now recog-
nized as a local tuberculosis.
TENDO- VAGINALIS GRANULOSA 434
TEREBINTHINA
Ten'do- vagina'lis Granulosa. See
Tcndo-
Tenes'mus {retvu, to strain). Rectal
pain with spasmodic contraction of the
sphincter ani. The painful desire to empty
the bowels without the evacuation of faeces.
Ten'nis-el'bow. A strain of the elbow,
said to be frequent in tennis-players.
Ten'nysin. A certain alkaloid occurring
in brain tissue.
Tenog'raphy. See Tenontography.
TenoFogy. See Terwntology.
Tenonitis. Inflammation of Tenon's cap-
sule.
Ten'on's Capsule. See Ocular.
Tenontog'raphy (raw, ypaou, to write).
Tlit iesiri-iive i::i::ziy ;: iTe renders.
Tenontol'ogy (revuv. /.cyce, a treatise).
A treatise on the nature, etc., of tendons.
Ten 'ophyte (, raw, ovrov, a growth). An
osseous or cartilaginous growth on a
t±ni::i.
Tenorrhaphy (reww, poor/, a suture).
The uniting of a divided tendon by su-
tures.
Tenosto'sis (revuv, ogteov, bone). C safi-
cation of a tendon.
Tenosynovitis (revov). Combined in-
flammation of tendons and of their sheaths.
Tenotomy (revuv, TEpva, to cut). The
operation of cutting a tendon to correct
deformities due to muscular contractions,
and for the correction of strabismus. See
Strabotomy. T., Graduated, cutting a
part of the fibers of the tendon of an ocular
muscle for insufficiency or slight degrees
of strabismus.
Ten'sion \tendo i to stretch'. In physics,
that force apparent in mutual repulsion of
the molecules of gases. It disappears
~Tit:i :".ie rrriTsicn is :Ti:i:ti :y gravita.-
tion. In physiology, the condition of an
organ when under a strain.
Ten'sion. Intra-ocu'lar. The pressure
of the intraocular contents upon the scle-
rotic. Abnormal increase of the same is
characteristic of glaucoma. Accurate
measurement of T. is made by means of
instruments called tonometers; for prac-
tical purposes it is estimated by palpation
with the fingers. The registration of T. is
indicated by the following terms : Tn. =
Tension normal; the varying degrees of
subnormality by the sign — , prefixed to
the figures I, 2, 3, the latter denoting ex-
treme flaccidity ; hypertension is indicated
by the sign — , prefixed to I, 2, 3, the lat-
ter indicating the extreme hardness of the
highest glaucomatous pressure.
Ten'sor (tendo, to stretch). Applied to an
organ or part whose function is to make
tense. T. Muscles. See Muscle-Table.
Tent \tendo). An instrument made of
compressed sponge, larninaria, tupelo, or
other material that will increase in volume
by the absorption of water ; used chiefly
for dilating the cervix of the uterus.
Ten'tacle. A mobile, tactile appendage,
as the antennae, or "feelers," of many
insects and invertebrata.
Tentorium (Undo). An arched lamina
of dura mater covering the upper surface
of the cerebellum, and supporting the pos-
terior lobes of the brain. T.-Cerebelii,
is the common form.
Tephromyeli'tis. See Poliomyelitis.
Tephxo'sis. See Incineration.
T ep 'id ; tepidu:. warm) . About blood-heat.
Tepida'rium (tepidus). A warm bath.
See Bath.
Tepo'pote. Teamsters' Tea. The twigs
of Ephedra antisypkitiiica. Commonly
known in the Southwestern L\ S. as canu-
tUlo or whorehouse tea. Serviceable in
venereal diseases. Dose of the fld. ext
3j-rj. Unof.
Ter- (Lat, three times). In chemistry,
joined to the names of certain compounds
in which three acid atoms or radicals take
part. A common prefix meaning three, or
threefold.
Teratog'eny (repac, a monster, yeirao, to
beget). The formation or bringing forth
c: musrsits
Ter 'atoid {repac, eidoc, resemblance). Re-
sembling a monster or anomalous organiza-
tion.
Teratol'ogy [repac, /0 ~ l °c, a treatise). A
treatise on monsters and other anomalies
c: ::ri--r.::n.
Terato'ma (repac). A congenital rumor,
which may contain various concretions of
organic tissue.
Ter'ebene, or
Terebin'thina. Turpentine. The oleo-
tesb obtained from the yellow pine, P.
_.:...::.. and other species. Properties
due to an essential, volatile oil, which is
the form mainly used. Stimulant, anti-
spasmodic, diuretic and anthelmintic: ex-
ternally a rubefacient. Useful in hemor-
rhage of the intestines, as a stimulant to
the heart and in various zymotic fevers.
Externally in neuralgia, gangrene and
rheumatism. Dose of the oil n\v-xv of
the oleoresin gr. v-^j). T., Canadensis,
" balsam of fir/' a liquid oleoresin. Dose
gr. v-xxx. Turpentine, Chian, of re-
TEREBRATION
435
TETRANERYTHRIN
puted benefit in cancer. Dose gr. iij-v.
T. Liniment., resin cerate 65, oil of tur-
pentine 35 parts. Turpentine Venice,
usually a solution of resin in oil of turpen-
tine. Terebene, prepared by the action
of sulphuric acid on turpentine. A disin-
fectant.
Terebra / tion [terebro, to bore). The oper-
ation of boring or trephining.
Te'res [tero, to rub). A name given to
various organs and parts characterized by
a round, smooth appearance. T. Muscle.
See Muscle- Table.
Term [rep/ua, a limit). The time during
which anything lasts.
Terminal [repfia). Pertaining to the
end.
Terminology [terminus, a name, loyog,
a treatise). A treatise on any systematiza-
tion of names.
Ternary [ter, three times). Pertaining to
the number three.
Ter / pine. A terpine hydrate derived from
turpentine. Useful in bronchial and
pulmonary diseases to loosen and facilitate
the expectoration of mucus.
Ter'ra (Lat.). Earth. T. Alba, white
clay. T. Cariosa, rotten-stone. T.
Oleum, petroleum. T. Ponderosa,
baryta or barium sulphate.
Terrain-cure (Fr.). A therapeutic method
consisting in mountain-climbing, dietetics,
etc., for plethora, corpulence, neurasthenia,
chlorosis, incipient phthisis, etc.
Terra 7 queous [terra, land, aqua, water).
Pertaining to or consisting of both land
and water.
Terrene 7 [terra). Terrestial.
Ter'tian [tertius, third). Applied to a
variety of intermittent fever the paroxysms
of which recur every third day.
Ter'tiary [tertius). Third in order. T.
Syphilis. See Syphilis.
Tes / selated [tessera, a square). Formed
into little squares. Chequered. Having
quadrangular arrangement.
Test. In chemistry, a characteristic reac-
tion which distinguishes one body from all
others. Also, the reagent for producing
a test.
Test'es (pi. of testis, a witness [of mascu-
linity]). The two glandular bodies, situ-
ated in the scrotum, that secrete the semen.
They lie in the abdominal cavity in early
foetal life, and descend into the scrotum
about the time of birth. T. of Brain.
See Corpora. T., Descent of, passage
through the inguinal canal into the scrotum.
T. Muliebris. See Ovaries.
Testicles. See Testes.
Testi'tis. See Orchitis.
Test / -paper. See Litmus.
Test'-types. Letters or figures of different
sizes to test acuteness of vision. Those
most in use subtend an angle of five min-
utes at the proper distance.
Tetan'ic. Pertaining to tetanus.
TetaniFla [tetanus). A form of tetanic
spasm affecting the fingers and toes. It is
observed mainly among children, and is a
concomitant of rachitis.
Tet'anine. A ptomaine obtained by cul-
tivating impure tetanus-microbes on beef-
broth. It has recently been obtained from
the amputated arm of a tetanus- patient by
Brieger, who thus demonstrated the pres-
ence of tetanine in tetanus-patients during
life. Nevertheless, it has not been found
in the brain and nerve-tissue of persons
dead from tetanus. The base produces the
characteristic symptoms of tetanus, though
probably not all, since three other toxines,
including spasmotoxine, occur with tetanine
in cultures of the tetanus-microbe.
Tetanoid [tetanus, etdog, resembling).
Resembling tetanus.
TetanonVeter [tetanus, fierpov, a measure).
An instrument for stimulating a nerve me-
chanically.
Tetanotox'ine [tetanus, toxicum, poison).
A poisonous ptomaine obtained as one of
the products of the culture of the tetanus-
microbe, by Brieger. It is tetanizing in its
action, — producing first tremor, then para-
lysis and violent convulsions.
Tet'anus [rtcvco, to stretch). A spasmodic
and continuous contraction of muscles,
causing rigidity of the parts they supply.
See Tris?7ius, Opisthotonos, Emprosthoto-
nos, Pleurothotonos . Brieger has isolated
four toxic ptomaine substances, from culti-
vations of so-called tetanus bacilli : Teta-
nin, produced symptoms of tetanus (mice) ;
Tetatoxin, caused tremors, paralysis and
convulsions ; Muriate of Toxin, produced
tetanus and salivation; Spasmotoxin, pros-
trated quickly with clonic and tonic spasms.
T., Acoustic. See Acoustic. T., Ceph-
alic, T., Hydrophobic, T., Kopf. See
Kopf- Tetanus.
Tetatox / in. See Tetamis.
Tet'ra- [rerpa, four). A Greek numeral
used as a prefix and denoting four.
Tetrama / zia [rerpa, fiaarog, breast). The
presence, normal or abnormal, of four teats
or mammary glands.
Tetraner'ythrin. A reddish pigment
found in the blood of some decapod cms-
TETRANOPSIA
436
THERIACA
taceans identical with that in the exoskele-
ton and hypoderm.
Tetranop / sia [rerpa, of, the eye). A con-
traction of the field of vision limited to
one quadrant.
Tetras / ter [re-pa, aarrjp, star). The karyo-
kinetic figure when there is a fourfold
division of the nucleus.
Tetrasto / ma [rerpa, c-o/ua, a mouth). A
parasitic worm infesting the kidneys.
Tet / ter. A form of herpes, commonly
known as ringworm. See Herpes.
Tex'ture [texto, to weave). In physiology,
any organized substance or tissue of which
the body is composed. Also, and more
correctly, the arrangement of the elemen-
tary parts of tissue.
Thalamencepb/alon [thalamus, evKeoa-
?.ov, the brain). In embryology, the pos-
terior portion of the anterior vesicle.
Thal'amus [Oa/.auog, bed). Used of the
Thalami Optici. Two large masses of
ganglionic gray matter at the base of the
brain, supposed (erroneously) to be the
origin of the optic nerves.
Thal'lin. A synthetic chemical product.
A powerful antipyretic. Effects not so
lasting as those of antipyrine. Apt to pro-
duce collapse. Dose gr. iv. Unof.
Than / atoid [Oavarog, death, eidog, resem-
blance). Resembling or having the ap-
pearance of death.
Thanato / des (davarog). Mortal. Lethal.
Thanatom / eter [davarog, /uerpov, meas-
ure). A thermometer introduced into the
stomach or rectum to determine if the de-
pression of temperature is so great as to
be a sign of death.
Thanatophid / ia (davarog, ocpig, a serpent).
The class of serpents whose bite produces
toxic symptoms or death.
Thanatophobia (davarog, go3og. a dread).
A morbid fear of death.
Thap / sia Gargan / ica. The root of the
plant is used by the natives of N. Africa
as a counter-irritant. Internally a tonic.
Dose of the fid. ext. n\x-xxx. Unof.
Thaumafropy (davua, a wonder, rpo~7],
change). The extraordinary transforma-
tion of one organ or part into another.
The'a. See Tea.
The'baine. Called, also, paramorphine.
A powerful tetanizer, exalting cerebro-
spinal centers and resembles strychnine in
effects. Unof.
The'bai'sm. The condition induced by
thebalne or paramorphine.
Thebe / sius, Foram / ina of. Numerous
minute veins opening on the inner surface
of the right auricle of the heart. They
return the blood directly from the muscular
tissue without entering the venous current.
The / ca (drjuj], a sheath or scabbard). A
sheath or investing membrane. T. Ver-
tebralis, the investing membranes of the
vertebral cord.
The / cal (dya?}). Pertaining to the theca.
T. Abscess, tenosynovitis, paronychia or
whitlow.
Theci'tis (drjur], trig, inflammation). In-
flammation of tendons and their sheaths.
The'ine. See Tea.
Thelal'gia (dif/.t], a papilla, a/.yog, a pain).
Pain in the nipples.
Thelitis (drf/jj, trig). Inflammation of
the nipples.
TheTium (dyp.rj). A papilla; also, a layer
of cells.
The / lothism (d?]?.Tj, odeu, to push). Pro-
jection of the nipple, caused by contraction
of the transverse muscular fibers.
The / nal (devap, the palm). Pertaining to
the palm or the sole ; also, towards the
palm.
The / nar (devap). The palm of the hand;
also, the sole of the foot.
Theobrom'ae Oleum. Butter of Cacao.
The fixed oil of the seed of the chocolate
tree, T cacao. Consists mainly of stearine
with a little olein. Demulcent, and does
not become rancid. Used in making sup-
positories. T. Ceratum, " red lip-salve,"
cacao butter, white wax, aa 35 ; oil of al-
mond 30 ; oil of rose, to flavor, and car-
mine to color, aa q. s. Theobromine,
the alkaloid ; properties hke those of caf-
fein.
Theoma / nia (Qeog, God, iiavta, madness).
Religious mania.
Theopb/yllin. An alkaloid discovered in
tea. It is isomeric with the base obtained
from cacao (theobromin) and with para-
xanthin, but differs from them in its re-
actions.
Theoretical (deopeo, to investigate).
Based on theory. Speculative.
The / ory (deopeo). The abstract princi-
ples of a science. Also, a reasonable sup-
position.
Therapei / a. See Therapeutics.
Therapeutic (deparreva), to cure). Per-
taining to Therapeutics.
Therapeutics (depa-evu). That branch
of medical science which considers the
application of remedies as a means of cure.
Therapy. See Therapeutics.
Theri'aca. Treacle, Molasses. The non-
crystallizing residue of the juice of the
THERMESTHESIA
437
THERMONEUROSIS
cane, left after the process of evaporation.
Consists of cane sugar solution, caramel,
and various impurities. Rarely used in
pharmacy. Formerly used as an antidote
to the bites of venomous snakes or insects.
Thermaesthe / sia (depfiTj, heat, aic6//Oig,
sensation). The sensation of heat or the
temperature of bodies.
Thermaesthesiom / eter (depfiij, aicdr/cnc,
perpov, a measure). An instrument for
measuring the sensibility to heat of different
regions of the skin.
Thermal {Oep/aj). Pertaining to heat.
Ther'mo- {Oepprj). A Greek word used
as a prefix to denote connection with or
relation to heat.
Thermo -cautery. See Cautery.
Thermo - chemistry. That branch of
chemical science embracing the mutual
relations of heat and atomic changes.
ThermochroTc {Qepprj, xpoo, to separate).
Pertaining to a quality of certain substances
that transmit some thermal radiations but
absorb or change others.
Thermo-electricity. Pertaining to elec-
tricity generated by heat.
Thermogen / esis (deppij, yevvau, to pro-
duce). The production of heat.
Thermogenic {depprj, yevvaco). Pertain-
ing to Thermogenesis.
Thermograph (Bepjiij, ypatpu, to write).
Any automatic device for registering varia-
tions of temperature.
Thermometer (OepuTj, heat, perpov, a
measure). An instrument for measuring
the intensity of heat, consisting of a res-
ervoir of mercury (or alcohol) expanding
into a vacuous capillary tube, the intensity
being measured by the length of the col-
umn of mercury. T., Centigrade, the
freezing point is o° and the boiling point
at ioo°. T., Fahrenheit's, the interval
between freezing and boiling is divided
into 1 80 equal parts, each called a degree,
the zero point being 32 degrees or divisions
below the freezing of water. T., Reau-
mur, the freezing point is o°, and the
boiling point 8o°. To convert the registra-
tion of one thermometer into that of an-
other the following formulae are useful : —
Let.F
" C
Then to convert
Fahr. to Cent.
5 (^-32)
No. of degrees Fahrenheit.
" Centigrade.
" Reaumur.
Cent, to Fahr
5
+ 32 = ^.
Fahr. to Reaum.
4 (^-32)
Comparison of
Thermometers.
Fahr.
Cent.
Reau.
FahrJ
Cent. '
1
Reau.
212
100
80
76
24.4
19.6
210
98.9
79.1
74
23-3
18.7
208
97-8
78.2
72
22.2
17.8
206
96.7
77-3
70
21. 1
16.9
204
95-6
76.4
68
20
15
202
94-4
75-6
66
18.9
15-1
200
93-3
74-7
64
17.8
14.2
198
92.2
73-8
62
16.7
13-3
196
91. 1
72.9
60
15-6
12.4
194
90
72
58
14.4
11.6
192
88.9
71. 1
56
13-3
10.7
190
87.8
70.2
54
12.2
9.8
188
86.7
69-3 1
52
11. 1
8-9
186
85.6
68.4
50
10
8
184
84.4
67.6
48
8.9
7-i
182
83.3
66.7
46
7.8
6.2
180
82.2
65.8
44
6.7
5-3
178
81.1
64.9
42
5-6
4.4
176
80
64
40
4.4
3-6
i74
78.9
63.1
38
3-3
2.7
172
77-8
62.2
36
2.2
1.8
170
76.7
61.3
34
1.1
0.9
168
75-6
60.4
32
0.
166
74-4
59-6
30
-1.1
-0.9
164
73-3
58.7
28
-2.2
-1 8
162
72.2
57-8
26
-3-3
-2.7
160
71.1
56-9
24
-4.4
-3-6
158
70
56
22
-5-6
-4.4
156
68.9
55 1
20
-6.7
-5-3
i54
67.8
54-2
18
-7-8
-6.2
152
66.7
53-3
16
-8.9
-7-i
150
65.6
524
14
-10
-8
148
64.4
51.6
12
-11. 1
-8.9
146
63-3
5°-7
10
-12.2
-9.8
144
62.2
498
8
-13-3
-10.7
142
61. 1
48.9
6
-14.4
-11.6
140
60
48
4
-15-6
-12.4
138
58.9
47.1
2
-16.7
-13-3
136
57-8
46.2
-17.8
-14.2
134
56.7
45-3
-2
-18.9
-15- 1
132
55-6
44.4
-4
-20
-16
130
54-4
43-6
-6
-21. 1
-16.9
128
53-3
42.7
-8
-22.2
-17.8
126
52.2
41.8
-10
-23-3
-18.7
124
5I.I
40.9
-12
-24.4
-19.6
122
50
40
-14
-25.6
-20.4
120
48.9
39-1
-16
-26.7
-21.3
118
47-8
38.2
-18
-27.8
-22.2
116
46.7
37-3
-20
-28.9
-23.1
114
45-6
364
-22
-30
-24
112
444
35-6
-24
-3I.I
-24.9
no
43-3
34-7
-26
-32.2
-25.8
108
42.2
33-8
-28
-33-3
-26.7
106
41. 1
32.9
-30
-34 4
-27.6
104
49
32
-32
"35-6
-28.4
102
38.9
3"
-34
-36.7
-29-3
100
37-8
30.2
-36
-37-8
-30.2
98
36.7
29-3
-38
-38.9
-3i- 1
96
35-6
28.4
-40
-40
-32
94
34-4
27.6
-42
-41. 1
-32.9
92
33-3
26.7
-44
-42.2
-33-8
90
32-2
25.8
-46
-43-3
-34-7
88
3i.i
24.9
-48
-44.4
-35-6
86
30
24
-50
-45-6
-36.4
84
28.9
23-1
-52
-46.7
-37-3
82
27.8
22 2
-54
-47.S
-38.2
80
26.7
21.3
-56
-48.9
-39-1
78
25.6
20-4
Reaum. to Fahr.
9*
4
+ 32 = ^.
Thermoneurosis (dtpprj, vevpov, a nerve).
Pyrexia of vasomotor origin.
THERMOSTAT
438
THYME, OLEUM
Thermostat {deppy, iottj/u, to stand).
Any automatic device for regulating tem-
perature.
The'sis {Oeatg, a proposition). A disserta-
tion. Usually, the essay presented by an
undergraduate at the time of his candida-
ture for a degree.
Thigh (Sax.). The Femur. The part of
the lower limb extending from the pelvis
to the knee. T.-bone, the os femoris.
Thim'bleweed. The herb Rubeckia lan-
ciniata. Diuretic and tonic. Has balsamic
properties. Dose of fid. ext. ttytv-zj.
Unof.
Thirst (A. S., thursf). The internal sensa-
tion causing a desire for water. It is
marked by dryness of the mouth and
fauces, together with constriction of the
pharynx and oesophagus.
Thomas's Operation. See Ccesarean
Operation.
Thomsen's Disease. A disease com-
monly congenital and occurring in families
characterized by tonic spasm or rigidity of
the muscles, coming on when they are first
put in action after a period of rest.
Thoracentesis (dopat;, the chest, Kevrqoig,
a piercing). The piercing of the thorax for
the removal of any abnormal collection of
matter.
Thorac / ic (dopaf;). Pertaining to the chest
or thorax, and also to certain of its organs.
T. Duct. See Duct. T. Index. See
Index.
Thoracocentesis. See Thoracentesis.
Thoracocyllo'sis {dupa%, Kvlluotg). De-
formity of the thorax.
Thoracodidymus (dapa^, dtdvfiog,
double). A double monster joined by the
thoraces.
Thoracodyn / ia (dopa^, odvvrj, pain). Pain
in the chest.
Thoracom / eter (dopat;, pirpov, a measure) .
A stethometer, an instrument for measuring
the movements of the walls of the chest.
Thoracopagus {dopa^, iryyvv/u, to join).
A double monster with portions of the
thorax or abdomen coalescent. T. Tri-
brachius, with two of the upper limbs
coalescent. T. Tripus, with two of the
lower limbs coalescent. Prosopothora-
copagus, heads, breasts and bellies coal-
esced ; it is also called Cephalo-T., or
Syncephalus.
Thoracoplasty (dopa^, irlaoou, to form).
Plastic operation upon the thorax.
Thoracoscopy {dopa^, ono-ireo, to ex-
amine). Examination of the chest for di-
agnostic purposes.
Thoracosteno'sis (flwpaf , arevoo, to con-
tract). Contraction or coarctation of the
chest.
Thoracotomy (dopa!- te/j,vo), to cut). In-
cision of the thorax.
Thoradel'phus (Oopat;, ade?ivjua, a tumor).
Enlargement of the thyroid gland.
Thyro- (Ovpeog). A prefix used, to denote
connection with or relation to the thyroid
cartilage or gland. T. -arytenoid, per-
taining conjointly to the thyroid and aryte-
noid cartilages. Also applied to a muscle.
T. -epiglottideus. See Muscle -Table.
T.-hyoid, pertaining conjointly to the
thyroid and hyoid cartilages. Also, the
name of a muscle.
Thy / roid (Ovpeog, eiSog, form). T. Axis.
See Artery- Table.. T. Body. See T.
Gland. T. Cartilage, the largest of the
laryngeal cartilages, united at an angle
in front, called the pomum adami. T.
Gland, a ductless gland-like body of un-
known function, at the upper part of the
trachea consisting of two lateral lobes,
one upon each side of the same. See
Cachexia and Myxcede??ia.
Thyroidectomy (Ovpeog, enTOfirj, ex-
cision). Excision of the thyroid gland.
Thyroidot / omy (Ovpeog, tojitj, incision).
Incision of the thyroid gland.
Thyrot / omy (Ovpeog, re/uvco, to cut). In-
cision of the thyroid body.
TriVia (Lat., a flute or pipe). The larger
of the two bones of the leg, commonly
called the shinbone, articulating with the
femur, fibula and astragalus.
Tib'ial (tibia). Pertaining or belonging
to the tibia. T. Artery. See Artery-
Table. T. Muscle. See Muscle- Table.
T. Nerve. See Nerve-Table.
Tic, or
Tic Douloureux (French). Neuralgia
of one or more branches of the fifth nerve.
The term has been used of painless spas-
modic twitchings or distortions of muscles
supplied by the seventh nerve. These
affections have been called, antalgia dolo-
rosa, dolor crucians faciei, neuralgia faciei,
prosopalgia trismus dolorificus, and trismus
maxillaris.
Tick. A name applied indiscriminately to
several species of acari.
Tic / kle. To cause a spasmodic muscular
contraction by a slight irritation of periph-
eral nerve fibers of the skin.
Ti'dal Air. See Air.
TigTii OTeum. Croton Oil. The fixed
oil of the seed of Croton T, native to
India. Externally a powerful irritant pro-
ducing pustular eruptions. Useful as a
counter-irritant in ovaritis, bronchitis, rheu-
matism, glandular swellings, etc. Inter-
nally a drastic hydragogue cathartic ; indi-
cated where prompt evacuation of the
bowels is required. Dose ttk^-ij.
Tim / bre (Fr.; Ger., Klang). The pecu-
liar quality of a tone other than pitch and
intensity that makes it distinctive. It de-
pends upon the overtones of the vibrating
body.
Time. The duration of an event or phe-
nomenon. Reaction T., that required
for the conduction of a sensory impulse to
the center, combined with that of the du-
ration of the perception, of the direction
of attention (apperception), of the volun-
tary impulse, and of the return of motor
impulse to the muscles with their conse-
quent activity. The Reaction-T. varies
according to the part and sense, etc., stimu-
lated. For shock on hand it is 12 seconds ;
on forehead, 13; on toe, 17; sudden noise,
13 ; vision of electric spark, 15 ; sound,
16; taste of sugar and acids, 16; of salt,
15 ; of quinine, 23. See, also, Dilemma.
Tin. Stannum. Sn = li8; quantiva-
lence II, IV. A silver-white metal, the thin
foil of which is sometimes used to protect
pharmaceutical preparations. Should be
free from lead. T. Chloride, stannous
chloride, a disinfectant. T. Pulvis, tin
powder, formerly used as an anthelmintic.
All unof.
TINCTURE
440
TONIC
Tinc'ture, or
Tinctu'ra {tingo, to tinge). A tincture.
In pharmacy, an alcoholic solution of the
medicinal principles of a drug, and, except-
ing the tincture of iodine, of non-volatile
bases. The strength of tinctures varies
from T 4 7 per cent, to 65 per cent, of the
active principles of the drug. There are
72 official tinctures.
Tin / ea {tinea, a moth-worm). A generic
term used of a class of skin diseases caused
by the presence of filamentous fungi. T.
Abestina. See Seborrhea. T. Ami-
antacea. See Seborrhea. T. Decal-
vans. See Alopecia Areata. T. Lupi-
nosa. See Favus. T. Tarsi. See
Blepharitis. T. Trycophytina, Ring-
worm. A parasitic, circular, inflamed spot,
which becomes scaly and spreads periph-
erally, clearing up in the centre, and thus
forming the ring-shaped condition which
is its well-known characteristic. On the
head it is known as T. Tonsurans ; on the
body, T. Circinata; on the beard, T.
JBarbcz, etc. All forms are contagious,
and due to the development of the " try-
cophyton" fungus. A similar but very
severe form, occurring in the Polynesian
Islands, is known as T. Imbricata. T.
Vera. See Favus. T. Versicolor,
Pityriasis Versicolor ; Chloasma ; Mycosis
Microspora. A disease of the skin char-
acterized by patches of brown color ; con-
fined mainly to the trunk. Due to the
development of fungous microspores.
Tin / nitus (tinnio, to tinkle). Any tink-
ling or ringing sound. T. Aurium, the
subjective ringing or hissing sound heard
in the ears in various affections of the
tympanum and internal ear. T., Tele-
phone. See Telephone -Tinnitus.
Tire-Balle (Fr.). An instrument for ex-
tracting bullets from a part.
Tire -Fond (Fr.). An instrument for pene-
trating a cavity or tissue, transfixing and
withdrawing foreign bodies.
TFsane (rrrtGav^, barley-water). Any
decoction or beverage having slight cura-
tive or restorative qualities.
Tis / sue (Fr. tissu). Any web-like struc-
ture. Applied generally to the organic
elements of a part or organ. T., Ani-
mal. See Animal Tissue. T., Cel-
lular, texture composed of rounded (or
dodecahedral) cells. T., Fibro-cellular,
tissue in the form of long fibres. T.,
Tubular or Vascular, tissue in the form
of long cylindrical tubes. T., Vegeta-
ble, a term used to distinguish the web-
like substance which composes vegetable
structure.
Titilla / tion {titillo, to tickle). The act of
tickling.
Tituba / tion [titubo, to stagger). The stag-
gering gait and incoordination of motion
accompanying certain diseases of the spine.
Tobac/co. See Tabacum.
Tobin's Tubes. A method of ventilation
of rooms by the introduction of air through
tubes placed in the walls.
TocoFogy (tokoc, childbirth, ?u)yog, a
treatise). A treatise on the science of
obstetrics.
Toe. A finger or digit of the foot.
ToFerance (tolero, to bear). The capacity
of a patient to withstand certain drugs or
certain doses of drugs without injurious
consequences.
ToFerant. Withstanding the action of a
medicine without injury.
ToTu. See Tolutan.
Toma / to. The ripe fruit of the common
tomato, Ly coper sicum esculentum. Claimed
to be useful in canker of the mouth, nurse's
sore mouth, etc. Unof.
Tomen'tose {tomentum, a lock of wool).
Woolly. Covered with down.
TomerFtum (Lat.). A lock of wool. T.
Cerebri, the plexus of small blood vessels
inside of the pia mater and penetrating
the cortex of the brain. When detached
they have a fanciful resemblance to a lock
of wool.
Tomes, Fibers of. See Fibers of Tomes.
Tomoma / nia (refivcd, to cut, fiavia, mad-
ness). A term used to denote an excessive
desire or habit on the part of a surgeon to
use the knife or to perform unnecessary
operations.
Tone (rovoc, from reivo, to stretch). The
normal activity, strength and excitability
of the various organs and functions as ob-
served in a state of health. Also, a sound.
Ton / ga. A drug obtained in the Fejee
Islands, consisting of a mixture of barks,
roots and leaves. Of reputed service in
neuralgia. Dose of the proprietary fid.
ext. TTLxxx— g]. Unof.
Tongue (Sax.). The organ of the special
sense of taste and the principal organ, after
the larynx, of speech. T., Taste-bulbs
of. See Taste-bulbs.
Tongue-tie. A congenital shortening of
the frsenum of the tongue, preventing its
mobility.
Ton'ic (rovor, tone). A medicine or agent
which promotes nutrition and gives tone
to the system. T. Spasm, in pathology,
TONICITY
441
TOURNIQUET
the continued rigid contraction of mus-
cular tissue observed in such affections as
tetanus.
Tonicity (rovog). The quality of muscu-
lar tissue when in a condition of excita-
tion.
TononVeter. See Tension, Intraocular.
Ton'sil {tonsilla). The tonsils are two
glandular organs on each side of the fauces,
between the anterior and posterior pillars
of the soft palate. T. of Cerebellum,
an elevation on either side of the great
median fissure projecting into the fourth
ventricle. T., Pharyngeal, a mass of
lymphoid tissue between the Eustachian
tubes in the pharynx.
Tonsillitis {tonsilla, itis). Inflammation
of the tonsils.
TonsilTotome {tonsilla, tejivu, to cut).
An instrument for abscission of the tonsils.
Called, also, Tonsil Guillotine.
Ton / sure {tendo, to clip). The shaving
or removal of the hair from any part.
To'nus (rovog, tone). The quality of ten-
sion or tonicity of an organ or part.
Tooth. See Teeth.
Tootb/ache. Any pain in or about one or
more teeth. It may be purely neuralgic ;
it may arise from caries, or it may be due
to alveolar abscess.
To'phi. PI. of Tophus.
Tophus (ro(j)oc, a stone). The hard, con-
cretionary matter that forms on the surface
of joints affected with gout. Also, con-
cretionary matter in the kidneys. Also,
the tartar of the teeth.
Top / ical [roTTog, a place). Pertaining to
the external situation of an organ or part
of the body, or to symptomatic localization.
T. Remedy, one applied locally.
Topographical (tokos, ypafyo, to write).
Pertaining to the relief features of a
locality. T. Anatomy, the study of the
comparative locality of the various organs
and parts of the body as determined by
external landmarks.
Topography (tokoq, ypa } the eye).
A form of polyopia, in which an object is
seen as three.
Trip / olith, or
Trip / olite. A substance composed of lime,
silicon and oxide of iron, sometimes used
in dressings and bandages instead of plas-
ter-of- Paris.
Trip 7 sis (rpc(3o, to rub). Same as Trit-
uration.
Tris / mus (rpifa, to gnash). Spasm of
the muscles of mastication, the condition
commonly called lockjaw, a tetanic con-
dition of the muscles of mastication. T.,
Traumatic, that resulting from some
wound or injury. See, also, Tic Doulou-
reux.
Trisplancb/nic (rpei.g, three, cizlayxvov,
the viscera). The descriptive name of
the sympathetic nerve, from the fact that
it is connected with the viscera of the three
largest cavities of the body.
Trit / icum. Couch-grass. The rhizome of
T repens deprived of its rootlets. Demul-
cent, emollient and feebly diuretic. A
popular drink in light fevers. Efficacious
in cystitis. Dose gj-^j in decoction;
of the fid. ext, jj-§j, diluted.
Trituration (tritus, a rubbing). The
process of reducing a solid substance to a
powdered state by grinding or rubbing.
In pharmacy, a class of powders having
sugar of milk as their diluent in the pro-
portion of ten parts of the substance to
90 of the sugar. There is but one official
trituration.
Tro'car (Fr., trois-quarts , from its triangu-
lar point). An instrument used in para-
centesis, or tapping a cavity, as in hydro-
cele. It consists of a perforator and a
metal tube.
Trochanter (rpoxog, a wheel or pulley).
The shoulders of the thigh bone. The
major and minor processes at the ex-
tremity of the femur which receive the
flexor and extensor muscles of the thigh.
Tro / che, or
Trochis / cus (rpoxioKog, a little wheel). A
troche, pastile, tablet or lozenge. In phar-
macy, a small flattened cake prepared from
a mass of sugar and mucilage as an excipi-
ent, with a prescribed medicinal substance.
There are 16 official trochisci.
Trocb/lea [rpoxog). A part or process
having the nature of a pulley. T. of
Humerus, an articulation at the ex-
tremity of the humerus over which a band
of cartilage passes.
Trochlea 7 ris (rpoxog). Pertaining to the
trochlea. Also, applied to the superior
oblique muscle of the eye.
Trom / mer's Test. A test for the pres-
ence of grape sugar or glucose. The liquid
to be tested is filtered, and to the filtrate a
solution of ammonio-cupric tartrate is added.
If glucose be present the copper is precipi-
tated in the form of a bright orange-red
basic cuprous oxide. Boiling facilitates the
precipitation, which is sometimes stubborn.
Tropb/ic (rpo(f>7], nourishment). Pertain-
ing to the functions concerned in nutrition,
digestion and assimilation. T. Centers,
those regulating the nutrition of nerves, or
through them, of organs.
Trophoneurosis [rpo^rj, vevpov, a nerve).
Atrophic processes due to injury or per-
verted action of the nerves or nerve centers.
Trophop / athy (rpotyrj, rradog, disease). A
nutritional disorder.
Troph / oplasts (rpotyrj, nlaaacS). The
granular bodies of the protoplast, their
function being nutritional.
Trop / ical Chloro'sis. See Anchylosto-
miasis.
TropTcal Fruit Lax'ative. See Senna.
Trousseau's Spots. Red spots of the
skin following pressure.
Trousseau's Symptom. Spasm or tetany
from pressure upon a nerve.
True (A. S., trowe). The opposite of
false. Organs functionally active or per-
fect. T. Ribs. See Ribs.
Trum / pet Plant. Venus Fly-catcher,
Huntsman's cup. The rhizome of Sar-
racenia Jlava ; common in Southern U. S.
Of high repute in cure of diarrhoea. Dose
of fid. ext. n\v-xv. Unof.
Trun / cated [truncus). Deprived of limbs
or accessory parts.
Trun / cus (Lat.). See Trunk.
TRUNK
446
TUMOR
Trunk. All of the body except the head
and limbs. Applied, also, to the main
stem or body of a nerve or vessel.
Truss (Fr., trousse). An instrument for
maintaining a part in proper position in
hernia, and other malposition of organs.
Trypsin. See Ferments.
Tryptonae / mia. See Peptonemia.
Tryp / tone. Pancreatic Peptone.
Tu'bal [tubus, a pipe). Pertaining to the
oviduct.
Tube (tubus). Applied to certain pipe-
like structures in the body, especially the
oviducts, or Fallopian tubes. Used also of
surgical instruments having a similar shape.
T., Enterotomy, an instrument used in
artificial anus to prevent protrusion of the
gut. T., Eustachian, or Oto-pharyn-
geal, extends from behind the soft palate
to the tympanum. T., Fallopian. See
Oviduct. T., Lithotomy or Perineal,
a form of instrument used in operations
for calculi, etc. T., Stomach, a flexible
tube for washing out the stomach, passed
down the oesophagus.
Tube-casts. Microscopic casts of the
renal tubules; indicative of kidney disease.
Blood T.-c, composed of coagulated
blood with corpuscles imbedded. They
show that the hematuria originates in the
secreting structure of the kidney. Epi-
thelial T.-c, composed of plastic matter
with imbedded cells, and denoting desqua-
mative inflammation. Fatty T.-c, free
fat globules in the coagulated matter, indi-
cating fatty degeneration. Granular T.-c,.
yellowish or opaque, mucoid or waxy.
Hyaline T.-c, transparent, soft, delicate
casts, called mucous casts ; or, well defined,
brittle, transparent, waxy casts — the latter
indicative of serious nephritis.
Tu'ber (Lat.). The enlarged root of cer-
tain plants; also, the generic name of
plants with such a thickened root. Also
used anatomically of any tuberosity or en-
largement of a part. T. Cinereum,
a prominence of the gray matter of the
brain lying between the optic tracts and
the corpora albicantia.
Tu'bercle (tuberculuni). In anatomy, an
eminence or small process of a bone serv-
ing as the attachment of a muscle. In
pathology, nodular masses of granular or
caseated cells, of various sizes, constitut-
ing the affection called tuberculosis. T.,
Lower's, a small projection on the right
wall of the auricle of the heart.
Tuber'cula Quadrigem'ini. See Cor-
pora.
Tubercular Disease of the Foot. A
disease known as Fungus Foot.
Tuberculosis (tuberculum). The infec-
tious disease commonly called consump-
tion or phthisis when the lungs are the seat
of the deposits, due to a specific bacillus
and characterized by the formation of tu-
bercles in various parts of the body.
Tuber'culum. See Tubercle.
Tuber'culum Sebaceum. See Milium.
Tuberosity [tuber, a swelling). In anat-
omy, any protuberance of a bone or pro-
cess. T. of Ischium, that part of the
ischium on which the body rests when in
a sitting posture.
Tubo-ova / rian. Pertaining conjointly to
the Fallopian tubes and the ovaries.
Tu'bular (tubulus, a small tube). Having
the form of a tubulus. T. Glands, the
glands occurring in mucous membrane of
the small intestines. T. Membrane. See
Neurilemma.
Tu / bule, or
Tu'bulus (dim. of tubus, a tube, pi. tubuli).
A small tube. In anatomy, any minute
tube-shaped structure. T., Dental, the
tubular structure of the teeth. T. of Fer-
rein. See Pyramid. T. Lactiferi, the
excretory ducts of the mammae, 15-20 in
number. T. Seminiferi, the tubular
threads, arranged in fasciculi, which com-
pose the substance of the testicle. T.
Uriniferi, the urinary tubes of the kid-
neys. Beginning at the Malpighian cap-
sules, each forms — 1st, a constricted neck;
2d, a wide canal, called the proximal con-
voluted tube ; 3d, a spiral tube, called the
spiral tubule of Schachowa ; 4th, the nar-
row, straight tube, called the descending
limb of Henle's loop; 5th, again enters
the cortical structure as the ascending limb
of Henle's loop.
Tu'bus {tubus). A tube. T. Proximus
Convolutus. See Tubulus (Uriniferi).
Tuft, Malpighian. See Malpighian
Bodies.
Tumefaction (tumeo, to swell, facio, to
make). A swelling or enlargement of a
part arising from any cause.
Tumescent (tumesco, to become swollen).
Swelling or enlargement due to absorption
of moisture.
Tu / mor (tumeo). An abnormal enlarge-
ment of a part from any cause, but usually
from a morbid growth. T., Floating,
abdominal tumors that are movable or
escape from the grasp, as a floating kid-
ney, etc. T., Malignant, comprise Car-
cinomata and Epitheliomata. They are
TUMULTUS SERMONIS
447
TYMPANUM
also classed as homologous or heterolo-
gous, solitary or multiple, prifnary or
secondary, etc. T., Non- malignant,
comprise most cysts, and solid tumors. T.,
Phantom, usually in hysterical patients,
consisting of a muscular contraction, an
accumulation of flatus, etc., that disappears
under an anaesthetic and during sleep.
T., Semi-malignant or Recurrent,
comprise Sarcomata, Myeloids, Fibroids.
Hamilton's classification of tumors is ap-
pended : —
TABLE OF CLASSIFIED TUMORS.
• A.
Simple Histoid : —
Fibroma, Molluseum fibrosum, Neuroma]
Mesoblastic and
(fibrous), Painful Subcutaneous Tuber-
- of fibrous-tissue
r>
B.
cle, J
type.
.benign, ••••«••••. ■
Compound Histoid : —
Blood-angioma, Aneurism, Lymph-angi-1
oma, j
Mesoblastic.
Neuroma (true),
Epiblastic.
' C.
Sarcomata : —
Round-cell, Giant-cell (Myeloid), Gli- '
Malignant,
oma, Alveolar Sarcoma, Angeio-sar-
coma, Malignant Epulis, Melanotic
■ Mesoblastic.
Sarcoma, Cylindroma, Lympho-sar-
coma, Psammoma (?),
Usually Benign,
D
Epitheliomata: —
Papilloma, Adenoma, )
Epiblastic, Hypo-
Benign,
E.
Cutaneous Horns, >
blastic and Me-
Malignant,
Carcinoma )
soblastic (?).
Due to MicroSrganisms : —
Tubercle, Lupus, Gumma (?), Condy-
loma (?).
F.
Anomalous Tumors : —
Malignant and Benign, . . .
Cysts, Polypi.
TumuFtus Sermo / nis. See Aphasia.
Tu / nica (L., a cloak). An enveloping or
covering membrane. T. Adventitia. See
Artery. T. Albuginea, the fibrous cover-
ing of the testis. Applied also to a ten-
dinous membrane of the sclerotic coat and
to the stroma of the ovary. T. Intima.
See Artery. T. Media. See Artery.
T. Mucosa, the mucous membrane of a
part. T. Ruyschiana, a name given to
the internal layer of the choroid coat of the
eye, consisting of a plexus of capillary ves-
sels. T. Vaginalis, a name given to the
serous coverings of the testis, and also to
the membranous sac (capsule of Tenon)
enveloping the eye. T. Vasculosa, the
vascular layer of the testis, called also the
pia mater of the testis.
Tun / nel-anas / mia. See Anchylostomi-
asis.
Tupelo. See Tent.
Turbinated Bones (turba, a top). A
name given to the inferior bones, one on
each side of the outer wall of the nasal
fossae.
Turges / cence (turgesco, to become
swelled). The swelling or enlargement
of an organ or part from any cause what-
soever.
Turgid (turgidus). Swollen.
Turkey Corn. See Corydalis.
Turmeric. The rhizome of Cucurma
longa. Aromatic and stimulant. The
coloring matter is used as a test for soluble
salts of boron. Dose of fid. ext. TT\xv-3J.
Unof.
Turning. See Version.
Turpentine. See Terebinthina.
Tus / sis (tussis). A cough.
Tutam / ina Oc / uli (tutamen, a safeguard,
oculus, the eye). The appendages of the
eyes — the lids, brows, lashes, etc.
Twin Leaf. The rhizome and rootlets of
Jeffersonia diphylla. Diuretic, alterative,
and antispasmodic ; in large doses emetic.
Dose of fid. ext. nvxx-^j. Unof.
Tylo / ma. See Callositas.
Tylo / sis {rvlog, a callosity). A form of
blepharitis in which the lid-edge is thick-
ened and hardened. See, also, Callositas.
Tym / panic Bone (rv/Lnravov, a drum).
The thin roof or plate of bone separating
the tympanic and cranial cavities.
Tympanites (rvfnravov). The disease
popularly known as " drum -belly." It
consists of a distention of the abdominal
walls with air or gases.
TynVpanum (jvjnvavov). The middle
ear. The irregular cavity within the
petrous portion of the temporal bone com-
municating with the pharynx through the
Eustachian tube.
TYPE
448
TYSON, GLANDS OF
Type {rmrog, a stamp). Imprint. Charac-
ter. A normal average example. In path-
ology, the distinguishing features of a
fever, disease, etc., whereby it is referred
to its proper class.
Typhlitis (rv(p?iog, the caecum, trig, in-
flammation). Inflammation of the caecum.
Typhoid Fe / ver (rix^oc, stupor). A con-
tinued fever due to a specific virus, the
bacillus typhosis, characterized by peculiar
intestinal lesions, splenic enlargement,
maculae of the skin, diarrhoea, prostration,
etc. The morbid changes are chiefly in
the lower part of the ileum and upper part
of the colon, and consist in a necrotic in-
flammatory infiltration of the follicular
structures and neighboring parts, commonly
called "Peyer's Patches," with a catarrhal
inflammation of the rest of the mucous
membrane.
Ty / pho-Mala / rial. Applied to fevers
exhibiting symptoms of both typhoid and
malarial disorders.
Typhoidette (Fr.). A mild or benign
type of typhoid fever.
Typhoma / nia (rvcpog, fiavia, madness).
The lethargic state with accompanying
delirium, observed in typhus.
TyphotoxTne [rv(pog, to$-ckov, poison). A
ptomaine discovered by Brieger, and be-
lieved to be the special product of the
Koch-Eberth typhoid-bacillus. It is iso-
meric with the base C 7 H 17 N0 2 obtained
from putrefying horseflesh, but is very dif-
ferent in its properties, being strongly
alkaline, while the other base possesses a
slightly acid reaction ; and the physio-
logical effects of each are also different.
Typhotoxine produces lethargy, paralysis
and death without convulsions, while the
unnamed base produces strongly marked
convulsive symptoms. After death from
typhotoxine the heart is found to be con-
tracted in systole.
Ty / phous (ru^oc). Pertaining to or having
the nature of typhus.
Ty'phus Fe / ver (rvtyoQ). An epidemic,
contagious, exanthematous fever due to a
specific, but not isolated, infecting germ;
characterized by a peculiar petechial erup-
tion and depression of the vital powers ;
without lesion. T., Walking, where the
vital powers are not greatly reduced.
TypTcal {tvtcoq, a stamp). Constituting
a type or form for comparison.
Ty / pus. See Type.
Tyr ell's Fascia. The recto- vesical fascia.
Tyreme / sis (rvpog, cheese, e/neatg, a vom-
iting). The vomiting of caseous matter;
an ailment common to nursing infants.
Ty / rosin (rvpog). An amido-acid of un-
known constitution, occurring in pancreatic
digestion ; a decomposition product of pro-
teids, etc.
Tyro 7 sis. See Caseation.
Tyrotox / icon (rvpog, to^ikov, poison). A
ptomaine obtained by Vaughan from poi-
sonous cheese, poisonous milk, poisonous
ice-cream, etc. Chemically, it is very un-
stable : it may disappear altogether in
twenty-four hours from milk rich with the
poison. It produces characteristic vertigo,
nausea, vomiting, chills, rigors, severe
pains in the epigastric region, dilatation
of pupils, griping and purging, a sensation
of numbness, or " pins and needles," espe-
cially in the limbs, and marked prostration,
or death. The symptoms may somewhat
vary in different individuals.
Ty / son, Glands of. The sebaceous glands
secreting the smegma of the prepuce and
of the labia pudendi.
UFFELMAN'S SOLUTION
449
UNCINATE
u
Uffelman's Solution. To distinguish
hydrochloric from lactic acid in suspected
gastric contents : Add a few drops neutral
ferric chloride solution to a 4 per cent,
solution of carbolic acid. This is turned
yellow by lactic, but not affected by hydro-
chloric acid when diluted to the strength
of gastric juice, 0.2 per cent.
Ulaemorrhag'ia (ovAov, the gum, hcemor-
rhagia). Haemorrhage or bleeding at the
gums.
Ul'cer {ulcus, a sore). Suppuration upon
a free surface. An open wound that re-
mains stagnant instead of healing, and
may even invade adjacent tissues. An
ulcer is distinguished from an abscess by
the fact that the latter is within some
cavity; and from sloughing or gangrene,
which consists in the death of visible
particles, while ulceration is "molecular
death." According to the diathesis of the
patient, ulcers are classed as gouty, scorbu-
tic, senile, etc., and according to character,
as corroding, hemorrhagic, rodent, etc.
U., Anamite, a phagedenic sore of hot
countries ; very obstinate to treatment.
U., Endemic, more or less local as re-
gards the countries in which they are
found, as Aleppo boil, Penjdeh sore, etc. U.,
Indolent, that with indurated elevated
edge, non-granulating floor, usually occur-
ring on the leg. U., Jacob's, rodent
ulcer. U., Weak, with exuberant and
flabby granulations.
Ulceration [ulcus). The process of the
formation of an ulcer.
Ulcerative Scrofuloderma. See My-
cosis.
Ul'cus. See Ulcer. U. Excedens.
See Rodent Ulcer. U., Grave. See Fun-
gus Foot.
Ulet'ic (ovlov, gum). Pertaining to the
gum.
Ulex / ine. An alkaloid found in the seed
of Ulex europcEus. Causes local anaesthe-
sia. Unof.
Ulig / inous {uligo, moisture). Pertaining
to, or growing in a marshy soil.
Uli'tis {ovlov, trig, inflammation) . Inflam-
mation of the gums.
UFmus. Elm, Slippery Elm. The inner
bark of U. fulva. Contains a large per-
centage of mucilage. Demulcent and
slightly astringent. Valuable in diarrhoea,
and an emollient in acute inflammations.
29
U. Mucilago, elm 6, boiling water 100,
macerated for two hours and strained.
Dose ad lib.
Ul'na (Lat., a cubit). The large bone
of the forearm.
UFnar {ulna). Pertaining to the ulna.
Ulna / ris (Lat.). Cubital. See Muscle-
Table.
Ulocarcino / ma {ovAov } carcinoma). Can-
cer of the gums.
Ulon / cus {ovAov, oynog, a tumor). A tumor
or swelling of the gum.
Ulorrha / gia {ovaov, pvyvvjui, to burst forth).
Same as Ulorrhcea.
Ulorrhoe / a {ovlov, pea), to flow). Bleeding
at the gums.
Ultimate {ultimus, super, of ultra, be-
yond). Farthest, or most remote. U.
Principle. See Principle. U. Analy-
sis. See Analysis.
-ulus. A Latin suffix denoting the di-
minutive degree.
Ultzmann's Test. For bile-pigment in
the urine. Make a solution of I part caus-
tic potash in 3 parts of water ; to this add
2 parts (to 1 of the solution) of the sus-
pected urine, shake and add hydrochloric
acid to excess. If bile pigment be present,
there will appear an emerald green color.
Umbil'ical {umbilicus, the navel). Per-
taining to the umbilicus. U. Cord. See
Cord. U. Hernia. See Hernia. U.
Region, the central region into which the
abdomen is conveniently divided. U.
Ring, the aperture, closed in the adult,
through which the cord passed in foetal
life. U. Vesicle, in embryology, a sphe-
roidal sac appearing early in the foetus and
disappearing about the seventh week after
fecundation. It is situated between the
chorion and the amnion.
Umbil'icated {u??ibiliczis). Having a de-
pression like the navel.
UmbiLicus (Lat.). The navel. The round
depressed cicatrix at the median line of the
abdomen, marking the site of the aperture
which, in foetal life, gave passage to the
umbilical vessels.
Un'cia (Lat.). An ounce. See Weights
and Measures.
Unciform Bone {uncus, a hook). The
hook-shaped bone in the lower row of the
bones of the carpus.
Uncinate {uncus). Hooked. U. Con-
volution, or Gyrus, the continuation of
UNCIPRESSION
450
URACRATIA
the superior occipital convolution or gyrus
fornicatus, ending in a hook-like process
near the end of the temporal lobe.
Uncipres / sion, or
Uncipres / sure [uncus). A method of
arresting hemorrhage by the use of two
hooks dug into the sides of the wound so as
to compress the vessel.
Unconsciousness. The state of being
without sensibility and having abolished
reflexes : a symptom of apoplexy, insola-
tion, asphyxia, etc.
Unc / tion [undid). The act of anointing.
Also, an ointment.
Un'dulated (dim. of un da, a wave). Pro-
pagated in waves, wave -like.
Un'dulatory [unda). Vibratory. Moving
like waves. In physics, the undulatory
theory of light presupposes the existence
of an imponderable, tenuous medium
called the ether, the undulations of which
give rise to the phenomena of light, heat,
and electricity. See Wave-length.
Unfruit / fulness. Barrenness. Sterility.
Un / gual [unguis, a claw). Pertaining to
a nail of the hand or foot. Applied to
nail-like structures, as the U. Bones. See
Lachrymal Bones.
Unguent, or
Unguent/um. Anointment. In pharmacy,
a soft, fatty mixture, usually of lard or of
vaseline as an excipient, with a prescribed
medicinal substance, intended for applica-
tion, by inunction, to the skin. The melt-
ing temperature of the ointment should
be below that of the body. Simple un-
guent consists of lard 80 and wax 20
parts. There are 26 unguenta.
Un'gues Adun / ci. See Onychogriphosis.
Unguic / ulate [unguis). Having or re-
sembling claws.
Un / guis | Lat). The nail of the finger or
toe. Also, the lachrymal bone which is
shaped like a finger nail.
Un'gulate [ungula, a hoof). Having
hoofs; applied to certain orders of mam-
malia.
U 7 ni- [unus, one). A Latin prefix denot-
ing one.
Unicellular [unus, cellula, dim. of cella,
a cell). Composed of or having but one
cell.
U / nicorn Root. See Aletris.
U / nicorn U'terus. An uterus with but a
single cornu.
Unilateral [unus, latus, a side). Per-
taining to or affecting but one side.
Unilocular [unus, loculus, dim. of locus,
a place). Having but one cell or cavity.
Uniovular [unus, oculus). With but a
single or Cyclopean eye.
U'nion. See Healing.
Unip / arous [unus, pario, to produce).
Producing but one offspring at a time.
UnipoTar (unus, polus, a pole). Applied
to nerve-cells having but one process.
U 'nit [unus). A single thing or value. The
lowest integral value. Ampere. See Am-
pere. Coulomb. See Coiclomb. U. of
Current, a conductor one cm. long which,
if bent into an arc of one cm. radius,
will act with a force of one degree on a
unit magnet pole at the center. Erg. See
Unit of Work. Ergten, 10,000,000,000
ergs. Farad. SeeEarad. Foot-pound,
the work spent in raising one pound one
foot, = 13,562,691 ergs. Horse-power,
1,980,000 foot-pounds per hour, or, 550
foot-pounds per second. Joule, 10,000.000
ergs. U. Magnet Pole, a magnet having
a strength of pole sufficient to repel a
similar pole at a distance with a force of
one degree. Megalerg, 1,000.000 ergs.
Ohm. See Ohm. U. Photometric, the
light emitted by one sq. cm. of melted pla-
tinum at its sohdification-temperature. U.
of Time, one second. Watt, 10 mega-
lergs per second. U. of Work, the Erg,
or the work done in raising I.9S1 gramme,
= 1 Dyne, to the height of I centimeter.
Volt. See Volt. See Metric System, and
Weights and Measures.
U / nitary [unus). Pertaining to or having
the qualities of a unit. Also, pertaining
to monsters having the organs of a single
individual.
Univalent [unus, valeo, to be able). An
atom or radical molecule which can grasp
but one monad atom.
Universal. General. U. Joint, a ball-
and-socket joint movable in any direction.
University. A collection of colleges,
each having a special curriculum of studies,
under one academic government.
Unorganized. Without organs, — but not
necessarily lifeless.
Unsoundness of Mind. Incapacity to
govern one's affairs.
U / pas (Malay). A name applied to several
trees found in the East Indies containing
a poisonous principle; probably identical
with strychnia. Used as an arrow poison.
Urachal [urachus). Pertaining to the
urachus.
U'rachus [ovpov, urine, ex<>>, to hold). A
fibrous cord from the bladder to umbilicus,
the upper part of the obliterated allantois.
Uracra / tia. See Enuresis.
UREMIA
451
URETHROTOMY
Ur3e / mia (urea, ai/ia, blood). The combi-
nation of symptoms due to the retention in
the blood of the excrementitious substances
normally excreted by the kidneys.
Ura / lium. A combination of chloral hy-
drate and urethan, discovered by Signor
Poppi, of Bologna, in 1889. Said to be
an excellent hypnotic.
Uranis / coplasty (uraniscus, the palate,
tt?mgou, to form). The plastic operation
for the repair of cleft palate.
Ura'nium. U = 120; quantivalence II.
One of the rare metals. Neither the metal
nor any of its salts are used in medicine.
The oxide is employed to give a fluor-
escent yellow to glass.
Uranoplasty. The same as uranisco-
plasty.
Uranos / chisis. Cleft palate.
Ura'rin. Same as Curarine, the active
principle of Curare.
U / rate. Combination of uric or lithic acids
with a base. Present in normal urine.
U. Test, heat upper part of a column of
turbid urine ; if turbidity be due to urates
it will clear up. Or, add potassium hy-
drate and the sediment of urates will dis-
solve.
Urbanization (urbs, a city). A term de-
vised to express the tendencies of modern
societies to develop into cities at the ex-
pense of the country population, with a
consequent influence upon disease, the
death-rate, etc.
Ure'a (ovpov, urine), CO(NH 2 ) 2 . The
chief solid constituent of urine, and princi-
pal nitrogenous end-product of tissue meta-
morphosis ; a carbamide, derived mainly
from the decomposition of uric acid. U.
Test, concentrate urine to syrupy con-
sistence by evaporation, add nitric acid.
The nitrate of urea will form a crystalline
precipitate of rhombic plates. The quan-
tity may be accurately estimated by Fow-
ler's method, by that of Russel and West,
by Liebig's volumetric method, or by Lyon's
apparatus {Described in Holland' 's The
Urine). See Hypobromite Method.
Uream'eter [ovpov, fierpov, measure). An
instrument for measuring the quantity of
urea in urine.
UrechPtis Suberec / ta. See Savana
Flower.
Urechy / sis (ovpov, exvaig, an effusion).
Any effusion of urine into areolar tissue.
Ure / do. See Urticaria.
Urelco / sis (ovpov, eTuadcig, ulceration).
Ulceration of the urethra or urinary organs.
Ure / sis (cpvpov). Same as urination.
-uret. In chemistry, a suffix formerly
used to denote a binary compound of car-
bon, sulphur, etc., with another element.
In modern chemistry the suffix ide is used.
Ure / ter (ovpeu, to urinate). The canal or
tube conveying the urine from the kidney
to the bladder.
Ureteral/gia [ureter, alyog, a pain). Any
pain in the ureters.
Ureteric (ureter). Pertaining to the ure-
ters.
Ureteritis (ureter, itlc, inflammation).
Inflammation of the ureters.
Ure / terolith (ureter, lidog, stone). Cal-
culus in the ureter.
Ureterotomy (ureter, tojitj, cutting). In-
cision of the ureter.
Ure / than. Ethyl Carbamate. A recently
discovered hypnotic and antipyretic. A
decided antagonist to strychnine and other
tetanizers. Has shown excellent results
in convulsions and in tetanus. Dose.gr.
xx-lx. Unof.
Ure / thra (Lat.). The excretory canal of the
bladder, extending from the neck of the
bladder to the meatus urinarius. It is di-
vided in the male into a prostatic portion,
a membranous portion and a spongy por-
tion. In the female it is about \y z inches
in length.
Urethral (urethra). Pertaining to the
urethra.
UrethraPgia (urethra, akyoq, pain).
Pain in the urethra.
Urethritis (urethra, itis, inflammation).
Inflammation of the urethra.
Urethrocele (urethra, Krfkq, a tumor). A
pouch-like thickening of the wall of the
urethra in females.
Urethroplasty [urethra, 7rlaaao), to form).
Plastic operation upon the urethra.
Urethrorrha'gia (urethra, p^yvv/ui, to
burst forth). Haemorrhage from the urethra.
Urethrorrhce'a (urethra, peu, to flow).
Any morbid discharge from the urethra.
Urethroscope (urethra, gkotteo, to ex-
amine). An instrument for examining the
interior of the urethra.
Ure / throspasm (urethra, anac fiog).
Spasm of the urethra.
Urethrostenosis (urethra, orevucng, a
constriction). Stricture of the urethra.
Urethrotomy (urethra, refiva, to cut).
Incision of the urethra for stricture by an
urethrotome, or other instrument. U., In-
ternal, incision of urethral stricture by a
blade entered through the natural urethra.
U., External, by incision through the ex-
ternal wall of the urethra.
URIC ACID
452
ur : TOXY
U'ric Acid. An acid found in the urine
of man and the carnivora — rarely in the
herbhrora — abundantly in the excrement of
birds, reptiles and mollusks. Crystallizes
in small, white, rhombic crystals, insoluble
in alcohol and ether, soluble in 1900 parts
of boiling water, and in hydrochloric acid,
usually in combination with the
metals of the alkaline group. Separated
from urine by adding 10 per cent of hy-
drochloric acid and allowing the crystals
to settle for 48 hours, when they may be
separated and weighed. Haycraft" s method
is a more exact but extended process.
ifnrexide Test. See Murexide.
Uridrosis (ovpov, urine, idpuQ, sweat).
Sudor Urinosus. A pathological condition
characterized by the presence of urea in
the sweat. Noticeable in cholera, uraemia,
atrophy of the kidneys, and in some cases
:: aruriiail;.- prciueef. liar.:: tresis.
Urinae'mia (ovpov, aiua, blood). The ex-
istertte :: urinary rr: iutts in the :.: : i.
U'rinal (ovpov). A vessel for receiving
trite
U'rinary (ovpov). Pertaining to the urine.
U. Organs, a general term : :ru: srtr me
kidneys, ureters, bladder and urethra.
Urina'tion (ovpov). The act of passing
urine. Micturition.
U'rine (ovpov). The secretion of the kid-
neys, tie titter" ::::::: iutt :: me meta: :-
lism of the proteids.
Uriniferous (ovpov, fero, to bear). Car-
rying or conveying urine. U. Tubules.
See Tubulus.
Urinol'ogy stience . Tne
sciente :: me anaiysis anf. :::^:-::: sity
mriiatrie :: urine.
Urmtm eter (ovpov, perpov, a measure).
A hydrometer for ascertaining the specific
gravity of urine.
U ::r.:us (ovpov). Having the nature of
Uro- (ovpov). As a prefix, denotes con-
nection with or relation to the urine, uric
atii ;v an urate.
Urobi'lin. A biliary pigment occurring in
the urine of fevers and in bile.
U 'rocele (ovpov, af/Ji, a tumor). A tume-
faction of the scrotum, arising from the
effusion of urine into its cavity or into the
aretiar tissue.
Uroch'eras (ovpov, xepac, sand). The
sabulous matter deposited in standing
•;-:.:
D r::':.:ome (ovpov, £p6>iia). The chief
coloring matter of the urine. Exposed to
the air the watery solution oxidizes, form-
ing Uroerythin. Uromelanin is a de-
composition product.
Urocyano / sis (ovpov, kvovoc, blue).
Urine colored blue by the presence of in-
dican.
Urocyst/is (ovpov, Kvcrtg, a bladder The
urinary ':1a; ier.
Urodial'ysis (ovpov, dtaMcic. a cessation).
The partial and temporary cessation of the
secretion of urine by the kidneys concomi-
tant with many acute diseases.
Urodochium (ovpov, dexo/iai, to receive).
An urinal.
Urcede / ma (ovpov, oedema, a swelling). A
tumefaction arising from the distention of
a tissue or cavity by the escape of urine.
Uro-er'ythin. See Urochrome.
Urogenital (ovpov. ^enitjIL). Pertaining
conjointly to tile urinary and genital organs.
U. Sinus, the anterior part of the cloaca
into which the Miillerian ducts open.
Uroglau'cin (ovpov, ^/.aifcoc. green). A
decomposition product of indican ; called,
also, urocyanin, and indigotin.
Uroha? / matin (ovpov, Jucmatin). Haema-
tin in the urine.
U'rolith (ovpov t liBog, a stone). An urinary
calculus.
Urolitb/ic (ovpov, ?u6oc). Pertaining to or
having the nature of urinary calculus.
Uromeranin. See Urochrome.
Urom'elus (ovpa, tail, fieloc, limb). A
class of symmelic monstrosities with a
single hand or foot
Urometer. S ee Urinometer.
Uropla'nia (ovpov, •srXuvq, wandering).
The abnormal appearance of urine in other
than the urinary organs.
Uropoe'sis (ovpov, ttoced, to make). The
secretion of the urine by the kidneys
Urty sam'rr.us .::::. ~r; .:;. sari.
(Jrinary sand.
Urorrha'gia (ovpov, pipfWfu, to burst forth).
Excessive secretion and, discharge of urine.
Urorrhoe / a [ovpov, pew, to flow ) . The ordi-
nary normal flow of the urine.
U r : r u b in (ovpov, rub us, red) . An urinary
pigment
CJiosche 'ocele. See Urocele.
Uros'copy {ovpov, oko~£u, to examine).
Examination and analysis of the urine.
Uro ses (urine). In pathology, diseases
of the urinary organs.
Uroste'alith ovpov, crreap, fat, "/jBoc,
stone). Fatty or saponaceous matters in
calculi.
Urotheobro'mine. See Pzraxanthine.
U 'rotoxy (ovpov, toEikov) . A term invented
by Bouchard to denote the standard of
UROUS
453
UTERUS
toxicity of urine necessary to kill a kilo-
gramme of living substance.
U / rous (ovpov). Having the nature of
urine. In chemistry, applied to an acid
derived from urine.
Uroxan / thin. Indigogen. A pigmentary
substance occurring normally in human
urine. Its secretion is enormously increased
in the first stage of cholera and certain
affections of the liver.
Urtica / ria (urtica, a nettle) . Nettle Rash ;
Cnidosis ; Uredo. A transient eruption
of the skin accompanied by inflammation
and marked by the presence of rapidly
formed and evanescent wheals. There are
several varieties distinguished by various
names. The following are noted by
Crocker: U. acuta, U. chronica, U. papu-
losa, and U. pigmentosa, in the last of
which the main lesions are permanent and
marked by the deposition of pigmentary
matter.
Urtica / tion {urtica). Flagellation with
nettles, a method of treatment formerly
employed in paralysis, and also to produce
irritation.
U / sage. Any common habit, custom or
manner.
Ustila / go May / dis. Corn Smut. A fun-
gus parasitic upon maize or Indian corn.
Zea Mays. Resembles nux vomica and
ergot of rye combined, in medical proper-
ties. Rarely employed. U., Ext. Fid.,
unof. Dose n\xv-^j.
Us / tion {tiro, to burn). A burning. In
chemistry, incineration. In surgery,
cauterization.
Us / tus (tiro). Calcined. Dehydrated by
intense heat.
U / terine (uterus). Pertaining to the uterus.
U. Anteflexion, or Anteversion. See
Uterus. U. Appendages, the ovaries
and oviducts. U. Gestation, the period of
time between conception and delivery. U.
Inertia. See Uterus. U. Inversion.
See Uterus. U. Involution. See Uterus.
U. Milk, a fluid between the villi of the
placenta in the cow. U. Pregnancy,
normal pregnancy. U. Souffle, a vascu
lar sound heard with the stethoscope, at
the abdomen of a 5-6 months pregnant
woman.
Uteri'tis {uterus, itis, inflammation). In-
flammation of the womb.
U / tero- (uterus). A Latin word used as a
prefix to denote connection with or relation
to the womb.
Utero-gesta / tion. The uterine period of
gestation.
Uterot / omy (uterus, re/ivo, to cut). In-
cision into the uterus.
Utero-ova / rian (uterus, ovarium). Per-
taining conjointly to the uterus and the
ovaries.
U / terus (Lat). The womb, the organ
of gestation and of parturition. U., An-
teflexion of. See Anteflexion. U.,
Anteversion of. See Anteversion. U.,
Arbor Vitae of, branch-like elevations of
the mucous membrane of the cervix. U.
Bicornis, when, from arrested develop-
ment, the upper part of the uterus is di-
vided into two horns or compartments.
U., Body of, that part above the isthmus.
U., Cervix of, that part below the isthmus.
U., Columns of, the ridges or elevations
of the mucous membrane of the cervix
from which extend the branches that with
three columnar central axes are called the
arbor vita?. U., Contraction of, the in-
termittent contractile function of the uterus
whereby the foetus is expelled. U. Cor-
diformis, an arrested development in
which the uterus is heart-shaped, or with
a depression in the fundus. U., Corpus
of. See Body. U. Duplex, a double
uterus from an arrested development. U.,
Fundus of, the portion above a line
drawn from one oviduct to the other.
U., Hour-glass Contraction of, the
formation of two distinct cavities of the
body and neck, the narrowed internal os
marking the boundary between them. U.,
Incarceration of, strangulation by pres-
sure or constriction. U., Inertia of, de-
ficiency of uterine contractions. U., In-
version of, the organ is " upside-down,
and wrong-side out." U., Involution
of, the process whereby the uterus is re-
duced to its normal size and weight after
labor. U., Isthmus of, a slight depres-
sion or constriction vipon the external sur-
face. U., Neck of, same as cervix. U.,
One-horned, an arrestation of develop-
ment resulting in a uterus composed of a
single lateral half, usually with but one
oviduct. Uteri, Os External, the ex-
ternal mouth or opening into the vagina ;
Internal, the internal anatomical limit
between the body and cervix. Plicae
Palmatae, the radiate branchings of the
arbor vita? from the central axis. U.,
Procidentia of, protrusion of the uterus
from the vulvar orifice. U., Prolapse
of, falling of the uterus, but not protruding
from the vulvar orifice. U., Retraction
of, the constant property of the uterus that
tends to keep the uterine walls in apposi-
UTRICLE
454
VAGINA
tion. U., Retroflexion of, a bending
of the posterior uterine surface upon itself.
U., Retroversion of, when the fundus
is so posteriorly misplaced that the axis of
the body forms an obtuse angle with the
axis of the pelvic inlet. U., Souffle of.
See Uterine. U. Unicornis. See U,
One-homed
U / tricle (dim. of titer, a small bag). Any
minute cell or vesicle. Also, a depression,
the sinus pocularis, between the ejaculatory
ducts. Also, a cavity communicating with
the semicircular canals of the ear.
Utric/ular {utricle'). Relating to the utricle.
Resembling a small bag or bottle.
U'va Ur'si. Bearberry. The leaves of
Arctostaphylos U. Contains gallic and
tannic acids, arbutin (resolvable into hy-
droquinone) and other extractives ; astrin-
gent, tonic and diuretic. Formerly much
employed in calculous disorders of the
bladder. Dosegr.x-gj. U., Ext. Fid.
Dose Tt\x-3J. Arbutin, the glucoside.
Unof. Dose gr. iij-v.
Uve / a (Lat., a grape, from the resemblance
to its color). Also called the Uveal tract.
The choroid membrane or vascular tunic
as a whole, especially the iris and ciliary
body.
Uveitis. See Iritis.
U / vula (Lat.). The conical membranous
appendix hanging from the free edge of the
palate. U. Cerebelli, a small lobule in
that part of the cerebellum which forms the
posterior boundary of the fourth ventricle.
U., Vesical, a prominence in the orifice
of the urethra.
U / vular [uvula). Pertaining to the uvula.
Uvulatomy. Excision of the uvula.
Uvuli'tis [uvula, itis, inflammation). In-
flammation of the uvula.
Uvulopto / sis [uvula, tttuglq, falling).
Relaxed and pendulous condition of the
uvula.
V. Abbreviation of Vision, or Acuity of
Vision.
Vaccina. Same as Vaccuiia.
Vaccinal [vacca, a cow). Pertaining to
vaccination or to vaccine.
Vaccination [vacca). The inoculation
of the body with the virus of a pustular
disease of bovidce, called cow-pox, in order
to protect from or modify the virulence of
smallpox. V. Rash, a rash sometimes
following vaccination ; usually transitory,
but sometimes taking eczematous or ery-
thematous forms. May also be syphilitic.
Vac / cine [vacca). The lymph occurring
within the eruptive vesicle of cow-pox.
V. Virus, the same prepared for use in
vaccination. V., Bovine, that derived
from the vesicles of heifers. V., Human-
ized, that from vesicles of man.
VaccinelTa [vacca). The secondary erup-
tion sometimes following cow-pox.
VacchVia [vacca). Cow-pox.
Vaccin'ium Crassifo / lium. A plant
having therapeutic properties resembling
those of uva ursi. Useful in catarrhal in-
flammations of the urinary tract. Dose
of the fid. ext. Tl\xxx-3J. Unof.
Vacci / no-syph / ilis. Syphilis conveyed
by vaccination.
Vac / uole [vacuus, empty). A small space
within cell-protoplasm, containing a clear
fluid.
Vac / uum (Lat.). A space from which
the air has been exhausted.
Vagi'na (Lat., a sheath). The musculo-
membranous canal extending from the vul-
val opening to the cervix uteri, the organ
of copulation in the female, the excretory
canal for uterine secretions, and a part of
the birth canal. V., Bulbs of, two erec-
tile organs upon the lateral and anterior
parts of the vagina. V., Columns of,
two longitudinal elevations of the mucous
membrane, on the anterior and posterior
wall. V., Cul-de-sacs of, four arches
[anterior, posterior, right and left lateral),
made by the junction of the vaginal walls
with the uterus. V., Double, an anomaly
of development consisting in a duplication
of the canal. V., Fornix of, the combined
VAGINAL
455
VARIATION
cul-de-sacs. V., Rugae of, transverse
elevations of the mucous membrane branch-
ing from the columns.
Vaginal {vagina). Pertaining to the
vagina.
Vag / inate {vagina). Sheathed.
Vaginismus {vagina). Pain, spasm and
hyperesthesia of the vagina and surround-
ing parts.
Vaginitis {vagina, ids, inflammation).
Inflammation of the walls of the vagina.
Vag'ino- {vagina). A Latin word used
as a prefix to denote connection with or
relation to the vagina.
Vaginotomy {vagina, rofirj, section). In-
cision of the vagina.
Vag'itus {vago, to cry). The cry of an
infant. V. Uterinus, the cry of a child
in utero.
Vagotomy (vagus, TOfirj, section). Sec-
tion of the vagus.
Va / gus {vago, to wander). See Nerve ',
Pneumogastric.
Va / lence. See Quantivalence.
Valeria / na. Valerian. The rhizome and
rootlets of V. officinalis. Properties due
to a volatile oil which yields several deri-
vatives. Antispasmodic and gently stimu-
lant to nervous system and organs of cir-
culation. In full doses increases heart
action, producing exhilaration; in toxic
doses, diarrhoea, vomiting, reduced sensi-
bility and mental disturbance. Excellent
in hysteria, convulsion due to worms, the
coma of typhus fever, and whooping-
cough. V., Abstr. Dose gr. v-xx. V.,
Ext. Fid. Dose tt\x-xxx. V., Tinct.,
20 percent. Dose gss-ij. V., Tinct.
Ammoniat., valerian 20, arom. spt. ammo-
nia to 100 parts. Dose gss-ij. V., Ol.,
the volatile oil. Dose TT\,ij-v. See, also,
Ammonium, Zinc, Iron, and Quinine.
Valetudinarian {valetudo, health). An
invalid.
VaFgus. See Talipes.
Vallecula (dim. of vallis, valley). A
small depression, — a name applied to sev-
eral slight furrows or pits of the body. V.
Cerebelli. See Valley of Cerebellum.
Valleix's Points. See Points Douloureux.
Val'let's Mass. See Ferrum.
Val'ley of Cerebellum. The depression
dividing the lateral hemispheres of the
cerebellum.
Valsalva's Experiment. Ventilation of
the middle ear by an expiratory effort, the
mouth and nose being closed.
ValsaFva, Si'nus of. See Sinus.
Val'va. See Valve.
Valve {valvcr, folding doors). A mem-
brane or lid so affixed to a tube or canal
that it opens to permit free passage one
way, but closes to intercept passage in the
opposite direction. A name used chiefly
to designate the valves of the heart. V.
of Bauhin, the ileo-csecal valve at the
back part of the large intestine. V.,
Coronary, protects the orifice of the
coronary sinus and prevents regurgitation
during contraction of auricle. V., Eusta-
chian, between the inferior vena cava
and right auricle. V. of Hasner, an
imperfect valve at the inferior meatus of
the nose. V. of Kerkring. See Duo-
denum. V., Mitral, the valve opening
from the left auricle to the left ventricle.
V., Semilunar, the three valves guarding
the orifice of the pulmonary artery ; also
the three valves around the orifice of the
aorta. V. of Thebesius, the coronary
valve or fold of the membrane of the auricle
which protects the coronary sinus. V.,
Tricuspid, opens from right auricle to
right ventricle. V. of Vieussens, a thin
leaf of medullary substance between the
processes which extend from the cerebellum
to the testes of the brain.
Val'vula (dim. oivalvd). A small valve;
a valvule. Valvulae Conniventes (or
valves of Kerkring). See Duodenum.
VanilTa. The fruit of V. planifolia, an
orchid found in tropical America. Odor
due to a methyl-ether, vanillin. An aro-
matic stimulant, sometimes employed in
hysteria and low fevers. Employed chiefly
as a flavor. V. Tinct., 10 per cent.
Dose as desired.
Vanillism. The symptoms, among the
workmen in vanilla factories, due to the
action of the volatile principles of vanilla.
Van Swieten's Solution. Corrosive sub-
limate I part, water 1 000 parts.
Va'por (Lat.). The gaseous form of a
substance which at ordinary temperatures
is a liquid.
Vaporization {vapor). The process by
which volatile matters are separated from
fixed substances by means of heat. The
conversion of a solid or liquid into a
vapor.
Variation (vario, to change). The change
or mutation which a part, an organ, an
individual, or a class, suffers under the modi-
fying influences of climate, food, habits of
life and environment. It may take the
form of an arrested development, a specific
development, or a general development of
any or all organs of the body.
VARICELLA
456
VASO-MOTOR
Varicella (dim. of variola, smallpox).
A specific, infectious disease of children,
popularly known as chicken-pox. It has
an incubation period of eight days, and is
rarely preceded by a premonitory stage
of slight fever and roseolous rash. It is
characterized by an eruption of glabrous,
transparent vesicles, which appear in suc-
cessive crops on different parts of the body,
bursting the third to the fifth day from
their appearance, finally leaving small,
punctured scabs. Slight febrile symptoms.
Var'iciform [varix, a swollen vein, for?na,
a form). Having the form of a varix or
swelled vein.
Varicocele (varix, Krfki], a tumor). Dila-
tation of the veins of the scrotum or of the
spermatic cord.
Varicose {varix). Applied to swollen,
knotted and tortuous veins. V. Aneu-
rism. See Aneurism.
Variety [varietas, change). In classifi-
cation, a subdivision of a species.
Variola [varius, variegated, spotted).
Smallpox. A specific infectious disease
ushered in with severe febrile symptoms,
which, in the course of two or three days,
is followed by a papular eruption spread-
ing over all parts of the body. During
the succeeding two weeks the eruption
passes through periods of vesiculation,
pustulation, and incrustation. The falling
off of the latter produces the well-known
pock-marks or pitted appearance on the
skin. The period of incubation is about
thirteen days. A secondary fever usually
sets in during the pustular stage. V.,
Discrete, a form in which the pustules
preserve their distinct individuality. V.,
Confluent, a severer form, in which the
pustules spread and run together. V.,
Malignant, often called black smallpox
and hemorrhagic smallpox. Its distin-
guishing feature is haemorrhage into the
skin. It is invariably fatal. V., Mitigated,
or Modified. See Varioloid.
Variolate (variola). Having small pus-
tules like those of variola.
Variolation, or
Varioliza / tion. The inoculation of small-
pox.
Varioloid [variola, eidoq, resemblance).
The slight form of the disease variola or
smallpox as modified by vaccination or in-
oculation. It is chiefly important from the
possibility that the patient may become a
source of infection for others.
Variolous (variola). Pertaining to or
having the nature of variola.
Va'rix (varus, crooked). A venous dila-
tation.
VaroTii, Pons. See Pons.
Va / rus. See Acne and Talipes.
Vas (Lat., a vessel, pi. vasa). A vessel.
A generic term for the tubules or canal-
like structures for the conduction of liquids,
secretions, etc., through the body or from
one organ to another ; used particularly of
vessels carrying blood. V. Aberrans.
See Vasculum Aberrans. V. Aberrantia,
sometimes connect the brachial or axillary
arteries with one of the arteries of the
forearm. V. Afferentia, the branches
of a lymphatic or lacteal vessel previous
to entering a gland. V. Brevia, gastric
branches of the splenic artery. V. De-
ferens, the excretory duct of the testis,
the continuation of the epididymis. V.
Efferentia, the terminal ducts of the rete
testis ; applied also to the efferent vessel
of a lymphatic gland. V. Intestini
Tenuis, small vessels arising from the
superior mesenteric artery and distributed
to the jejunum and ileum. V. Recta, the
tubules of the rete testis. V. Vasorum,
the vessels supplying the arteries and veins
with blood, — i. e., the vessels supplying
the vessels themselves. V. Vorticosae.
See Vena.
Vas / cular (vasculum, a little vessel). Per-
taining to vessels. V. System, the ve-
nous and arterial system.
Vascularization (vasculum). The for-
mation and extension of vascular capil-
laries.
Vas'culum (Lat.). A small vessel. V.
Aberrans, a tube extending from the
lower part of the epididymis into the cord.
Vas / eline. See Petrolatum.
Vas / o- (vasa). A Latin word used as
a prefix to denote connection with the
vessels.
Vaso-constricfor. See Vaso-motor.
Vaso-dila / tor. Pertaining to the positive
dilating motility of the non- striped muscles
of the vascular system. A nervous mech-
anism, with center and efferent nerves,
probably exists.
Vaso-hyperton'ic. See Vaso-motor.
Vaso- inhibitory. Pertaining to the
function of dilatation of the vessels.
Vaso-mo / tor. Pertaining to the motility
of the non-striped muscles of the arterial
system. V. Center. See Center. Sub-
ordinate centres are distributed throughout
the spinal axis. V. Nerves, the nerves
passing to the blood vessels ; stimulation
causing contraction, narrowing of the
VASTUS
457
VENTER
lumen, and consequent increase of blood
pressure. Paralysis of the center produces
the opposite effects.
Vastus. Set Muscle-Table.
Vater's Corpuscles. Tactile end-organs
lying in the subcutaneous tissue. Called,
also, Pacini's Corpuscles.
Vec / tis (veho, to carry). An instrument
similar to the single blade of a forceps used
in expediting the delivery of the head in
labor.
Vegetable (vegeo, to grow). A plant,
or pertaining to plant life. V. Albumin.
See Phytalbumose. V. Economy, the
systematic arrangement of the parts and
organs of plants. V. Mercury. See
Manaca and Anchieta salutaris.
Vegetable Pro / teids. See Proteids.
Vegetarian. One who eschews flesh of
every kind and subsists only on vegetable
food.
Vegetation {vegeo, to grow). Morbid
or fungous growths, such as abnormal
granulations, excrescences, warts, etc. V.,
Adenoid, morbid growths in the naso-
pharyngeal cavity.
Vegetative (vegeo). Having the power
of growth, like a vegetable ; applied to cer-
tain morbid tumors.
Veg / eto- (vegeo). A Latin word used as
a prefix to denote connection with or rela-
tion to the vegetable kingdom.
Ve / hicle (veho, to carry). Anything which
carries or conveys. In pharmacy, any ex-
cipient or substance serving as a medium
of administration.
Veil. See Velum.
Vein \vena). The veins are tube-like ves-
sels that gather the blood from the lungs
and peripheral organs of the body and
convey it to the auricles of the heart.
They are divided into three systems or
groups : the Pulmonary, Systemic and
Portal, the latter being an appendage of
the systemic, its capillaries ramifying in
the liver. Vena Cava Inferior, is formed
by the junction of the two Common Iliac
veins, and empties into the right auricle of
the heart. It receives Lumbar, Right
Spermatic, Renal, Suprarenal, Phrenic and
Hepatic branches. Vena Cava Supe-
rior, formed by the union of the innomi-
nate veins, conveys the blood from the
upper half of the body to the right auricle.
Venae Comites, veins that accompany
arteries in their course. V., Emissary,
small veins through the cranial foramina,
connecting the sinuses with external veins.
V., Jugular, the two large venous trunks,
the internal and external, from the head,
neck and face, emptying into the sub-
clavian. V., Portal, or Vena Arteri-
osa, the trunk uniting the superior and
inferior mesenteric, splenic and gastric
veins, and carrying the blood from the di-
gestive viscera to the liver. V., Pulmo-
nary, the only veins carrying arterial blood,
beginning in the pulmonary capillaries and
emptying into the left auricle. V., Vor-
ticosas, the venous network and trunks of
the choroid coat of the eye.
Vein 7 -brooch. An instrument for com-
pressing veins, in varicose vein.
Vein'-stone. See Phlebolite.
Velamen / tous. Veil-like.
Vela'men Vul'vae. See Apron.
Vel'larine. See Hydrocotyle.
Vellica / tion (vellico, to twitch). The
spasmodic twitching of muscular fiber as
observed in tic.
Velpeau's Band'age. See Bandage.
VeTum (veto, to hide). Used of several
curtain- or veil-like structures. V. Inter-
positum, avascular triangular membrane,
extending in a curved direction across the
floor of the fourth ventricle. V., Poste-
rior Medullary, the commissure of the
flocculus of the cerebellum. V. Pendu-
lum Palati, the soft palate.
Ve / na (vena). A vein. See Vein.
Ve'nae (pi. of vena). Veins. See Vein.
V. Galeni, the two trunks formed by the
union of the vein of the corpus striatum
and that of the choroid ; empty into the
straight sinus. V. Thebesii, the small
veins by which blood is transmitted from
the walls of the heart to the right auricle.
Venena / tion (venenum, a poison). The
condition of one affected by the venom of
a poisonous insect or reptile.
Vene / real ( Venus, the goddess of love).
Pertaining to the sexual passion. V.
Diseases, gonorrhoea, syphilis and chan-
cre. V. Sore. See Chancre. V. Wart.
See Verruca.
Ven / ery (venus). Sexual intercourse.
Venesection. See Blood-letting.
Ven'om (venenum). The poison secreted
by certain reptiles and insects, as the rattle-
snake, the scorpion, etc.
Ve / nous (vena). Pertaining to a vein.
V. Hum, the murmur or rushing sound
observed in the auscultation of a vein. V.
Naevus. See Navus Vascularis.
Ven / ter (venter, belly). Used of struc-
tures having a belly-like appearance. V.
of Ilium, the iliac fossa. V. of Kidney,
the pelvis of the kidney.
VENTILATION
453
VERNAL
Ventila'tion [zenti/o, to fan). The pas-
sage or act of passing currents of fresh air
through buildings, vessels, dwelling apart-
ments, mining shafts, etc., to replace foul or
vitiated air. In hospitals the fundamental
principle of ventilation observed is that each
adult person confined in a space of iooo
cubic feet requires 3000 cubic feet of fresh air
per hour in order to prevent the proportion
of carbon dioxide in the room from rising
above yf^ per cent. This estimate is based
on the fact that each adult expires, on the
average, T 6 ¥ of a cubic foot of carbon dioxide
per horn.
Ven / tral {venter, the belly or abdominal
cavity). Pertaining to the belly.
Ven / tricle (dim, of venter). Applied to
certain structures or parts having a bellied
appearance. V. of Arantius, a cul-de-
sac in the medulla. V. of Brain, the
third, fourth, fifth and two lateral : V.,
Third, between the optic thalami extend-
ing to the base of the brain ; V., Fourth,
the space between the medulla and pons
in front, and the cerebellum; V., Fifth,
the cavity between the lamina of the septum
lucidum; V., Lateral, formed by the upper
part of the general ventricular space in the
interior of the brain, V, of Cerebellum,
the fourth ventricle. V. of Corpus Callo-
sum, space between the labium cerebri
and corpus callosum. V. of Larynx, a
depression between the true and false vocal
cords. V., Left, of Heart, that at the
posterior and left side of the heart, and
which, through the aorta, forces the blood
over the general system. V., Right, of
Heart, that forcing the blood through the
pulmonary artery to the lungs.
Ven'tricose {venter). Swelled or dis-
tended like a belly.
Ventric / ulus. See Ventricle.
Ventriloquism {venter, loquor, to speak).
Peculiar vocal utterance without the usual
modifications of the resonance organs, so
that the voice seems to come from a closed
space or distance.
Ven'trose {venter). Having a belly, or a
swelling like a belly.
Ventrot / omy. The operation of surgical
incision of the abdominal cavity.
Ven / ula (dim. of vena, a vein). A little
vein.
Ve'nus Flycatcher. See Trumpet Plant.
Vera'trum Vir'ide. American Hellebore.
The rhizome and rootlets of the plant con-
tain jervine, veratrine and other alkaloids.
A powerful depressant of the heart and
paralyzant of the spinal cord. Action
similar to that of aconite, but regarded as
inferior. Highly esteemed in puerperal
fevers, pneumonia and aneurism. V. Al-
bum, the white hellebore; properties simi-
lar to those of V. Viride. V. Ext. Fid.
Dose TT\j-iv. V. Ol., veratrine 2, oleic
acid 98 parts. V. Tinct., 50 per cent.
Dose rrijj-x. V. Ung., veratrine 4, alco-
hol 6, benzoinated lard 90 parts. Vera-
trine, the alkaloid, prepared from seeds
of Cevadilla or Asagrcea. Dose gr. j -f .
Verbas / cum. Mullein. The leaves of
V. thaspus, or common mullein. Emol-
lient, demulcent and slightly anodyne. A
popular domestic remedy in phthisis and
other pulmonary affections, being palliative
to the cough. Useful in diarrhoea and in-
flammations of the urinary tract.
Ver / det [Fr.). A fungous disease of maize
due to the parasite Ustilago segetum, Uredo
carbo or Sporisorium maidis, on the grains.
It was erroneously believed to cause Pel-
Ver'juice {verd, green, jus, juice). The
expressed juice of unripe fruits.
VermicelTi 1 It., little worms K An Italian
paste consisting mainly of flour, cheese
and egg, rolled into small worm-like cylin-
ders. It is a favorite ingredient of soups.
Ver'micide {vermis, a worm, cado, to kill).
A medicine or agent that kills intestinal
worms.
Vermicular (dim. of vermis). Worm-
shaped or with worm-like motion.
Vermic / ulate {vermis). Resembling or
shaped like a worm.
Vermicula / tion {vermis). The peculiar
motion of certain tubular organs, such as
the oesophagus and intestines, consisting
in the progressive contraction of successive
parts of the tube.
Ver / miform {vermis, for?na, a form).
Having a shape like a worm. V. Ap-
pendage, a worm-shaped tube at the
lower back part of the caecum. V. Pro-
cess, two worm-shaped medullary projec-
tions connecting the two hemispheres of
the cerebellum.
Ver'mifuge {vermis, fugo, to flee). A
medicine or agent that expels intestinal
worms.
Vermina / tion {vermis). The condition
of one affected with worms.
Vernacular {vernaculus, native). The
language or dialect of one's own country.
Ver'nal {vernalis). Pertaining to the
spring. V. Conjunctivitis, a conjuncti-
val inflammation or congestion, occurring
chiefly in the young, and recurring each
VERNIER
459
VESICULA
spring or summer, and disappearing with
frost.
Vernier. In physics, a contrivance attached
to various instruments of precision for the
estimation of minute fractions of any unit
of distance.
Ver'nine. A leucomame-base found in
young vetch, clover, ergot, etc. ; yields
guanine on heating with hydrochloric acid.
Its discovery showed another well-defined
source of guanine beside the nucleins.
Ver'nix Caseo / sa. " Cheesy Varnish."
A sebaceous deposit covering the surface
of the foetus.
Verno / nine. The active principle of the
root of Vemonia nigritiana, an African
plant. Properties similar to digitalin, though
its poisonous properties are much less.
Verru / ca (Lat.). A wart. A small papillary
growth on the skin, variable in size, shape
and consistency. V. Condyloma Acu-
minata, venereal warts. Most frequent
in the glans penis, the prepuce, or labia
and vagina. According to Van Harlingen,
never a manifestation of syphilitic taint.
V. Digitate, with soft, flexible shaft and
horny cap. V. Filiform, small and with
pointed end. V. Plana, flat and slightly
elevated. See Dissection Wounds.
Verru / ga Perua'na. Peruvian Wart. A
specific, endemic, inoculable disease, geo-
graphically confined to the narrow gorges
of the Peruvian Andes, consisting of soft,
vascular tumors of connective tissue, which
finally crack or break at the surface. Fol-
lowed by severe haemorrhages and pro-
found anaemia.
Version [verto, to turn). An obstetric
operation whereby one end of the fcetal
ovoid is made to replace the other. V.,
Cephalic, turning the foetus so as to bring
the head to present. V. External, effected
by external manipulation. V. Internal,
by entering the hand within the uterus. V.,
Pelvic, turning the foetus so as to bring
about a breech presentation. V., Podalic,
bringing down one or both feet. V., Spon-
taneous, the process whereby a transverse
position is, without external influence,
changed into a longitudinal one, or by
which a normal position is changed.
Ver / tebra [verto). The vertebrae are the
33 bones forming the spine or vertebral
column, divided into 7 cervical, 12 dorsal,
5 lumbar, 5 sacral, 4 coccygeal. V. Den-
tata, the axis, or second cervical. V.
Prominens, the 7th cervical. Vertebral
Column, the spine, a designation of the
whole of the vertebrae.
Vertebra / ta {vertebra, a back-bone). In
zoology, a great division of the animal
kingdom, including all animals having a
spinal column.
Vertex (Lat.). The superior region of the
skull.
Vertical {vertex, a polar axis). Pertain-
ing to the vertex. In a direction the op-
posite of horizontal. V. Diameter of
Cranium, a line from the basion to the
bregma.
Vertiginous [vertigo). Affected with
vertigo.
Vertigo [verto, to turn). Giddiness, dizzi-
ness. The sensation of a lack of equi-
librium. It may be due to pathological
conditions of the ears (Auditory V.), the
eyes (Ocular V.), the brain (Cerebral V.),
the blood, etc. V., Aural, Labyrinthine
V., or Meniere's Disease. V., Essen-
tial, when no abnormalism of the body
exists to account for it. V., Objective,
when objects seem to the patient to move.
V., Subjective, when the patient himself
seems to move.
Verumonta / num [verus, true, mons, a
mountain). The caput gallinaginis, a
longitudinal ridge in the floor of the canal
of the male urethra.
Vesica (Lat.). The bladder.
Vesical {vesica, a bladder). Pertaining to
or having the nature of a bladder.
Ves / icant. See Blister.
Vesicatory {vesica). A medicine or agent
that, applied to the skin, produces a blister.
Ves / icle (Lat., dim. of vesica). See, also,
Paptrfe. A small blister or bladder-like
papule. V., Blastodermic. See Blasto-
derm. V., Germinal. See Macula and
Zona Pellucida. V., Graafian, the ovi-
sacs of the ovary containing the ova.
V. of Purkinje. See Macula. V.,
Seminal, the lobulated pouches of mem-
brane between the base of the bladder and
the rectum, that serve as reservoirs for the
semen.
Ves / ico- [vesica). A Latin word used as
a prefix to denote relation to or connection
with the bladder.
Ves / ico-rec / tal [vesica, rectum). Per-
taining conjointly to the bladder and the
rectum.
Ves / ico-vag / inal. Pertaining conjointly
to the bladder and vagina.
Vesic / ula (dim. of vesica, a bladder). A
vesicle or papule containing lymph. Ap-
plied, also, to a number of pouches or
bladder-like bodies. V. Graafianae, the
vesicles in the outer layer and stroma of
VESICULAR
460
VINUM
the ovary, each of which contains an ovum.
V. Nabothi, the small glandular bodies
within the mouth of the uterus. V. Pros-
tatica,the depression or cul-de-sac, called,
also, the sinus poadaris, which traverses
the prostate gland beneath its middle lobe.
It is the male homologue of the uterus,
developed from the Mullerian ducts. V.
Seminales, the two lobulated, membra-
nous pouches between the base of the
bladder and the rectum. They constitute
reservoirs for the semen. V. Serosa, the
false amnion. See Amnion.
Vesic / ular (vesicula). Pertaining to or
having vesicles.
VesiculiFerous [vesicula, fero, to bear).
Bearing or having vesicles.
Vespa'jus [yespa, a wasp's nest). A fol-
licular and suppurative inflammation of the
hairy part of the scalp.
Ves / sel (vas). Any tube or canal through
which the fluids, especially the blood, of
the body circulate. See Vas.
Vestibule (vestibuluni, a porch). A porch
or threshold. V. of Ear, the oval cavity
of the internal ear which forms the entrance
to the cochlea. V. of Vulva. See Bulbi
Vestibuli.
VestuVulum (Lat.). The vestibule or
cavity of the internal ear. It is situated
behind the cochlea and in front of the
semicircular canals.
Ve / ta. See Marea.
Veterinary (veterinarius) . Pertaining to
animals. V. Medicine, the art and science
of medicine as applied to the domestic
animals.
Viability [yiabilis). Ability to live ; ap-
plied to the condition of a child at time of
birth.
Viable [yiabilis). A child born in a con-
dition of development which will permit
of its living.
Vi'al. A small glass bottle.
Vi / and (Fr., viande). Food; Sustenance.
Vibi / ces [yibex, a wheal). See Purpura.
Vi'bratile (yibro, to shake). Capable of
vibrating.
Vibration {yibro). A swinging back and
forth like the cord of a musical instrument.
An oscillation.
Vi'bratives. See Consonants.
Vib / rio. According to Ehrenberg a genus
of microorganisms, now classed mostly
among the Bacilli, the remainder as Spirilli.
V. Butyrique. See Bacillus bidyricus.
V. Proteus. See Spirillum Finckleri.
V. Rugula. See Spirillum rugida. V.
Septicus. See Bacillus septicus. V.
Serpens. See Spirillum serpens. V.
Undula. See Spirillum undula.
Vibris / sae [yibro, to shake). The stiff
hairs within the nostrils.
Viburnum. Black Haw. The bark of
V. prunifolium. Contains a resin, viburnic
acid, identical with valerianic acid and
other extractives. Astringent and anti-
spasmodic, with decided nervine proper-
ties. Useful in the nervous diseases of
pregnancy. Dose of the fid. ext. £ss-ij.
V. Opulus. " Cranberry tree," " Crane-
bark," is an efficient remedy in uterine and
abdominal pains.
Vica / rious (vice, in the place of). Taking
the place of another; applied to the as-
sumption of the functions of one organ by
another. V. Menstruation. SeeMe?i-
struation.
Vice (Fr.). Defect, fault, or deformity.
V. of Conformation, defect of struc-
ture, organs or parts being either absent or
imperfect.
Vid'ian Nerve. The union of the great
petrosal and carotid nerves entering
Meckel's ganglion.
Vienna Paste. See Potassium.
Vieussens, Valve of. See Valve.
VilTate's Solution. A solution con-
sisting of copper sulphate 15, zinc sulphate
15, liq. plumbi subacetas 30, vinegar 200.
Used as a local injection in caries.
Villi. Plural of Villus. The villi are
small projections of the mucous membrane
of the small intestine, giving it a velvety
appearance. They are the chief organs of
the absorption of fatty emulsion. Applied
to fine hair-like processes in other parts.
VilTous (villus, hair). Pertaining to or
having the nature of villi. Having a pile
like that of velvet.
Vil'lus (villus). See Villi.
VhVcula Accesso / ria Ten / dinum. The
slender, tendinous filaments which connect
the phalanges to their tendons.
Vin / egar. See Acetum. V. Wood. See
Acid, Acetic.
Vi / nous (vinum, wine). Having the
nature or flavor of wine.
Vi / num (Lat.). Wine. The fermented juice
of fruits, especially that of grapes. White
wines are made from the pulp ; red wines
from pulp and skins, the latter yielding the
coloring matter. Each should contain
10-12 per cent, of alcohol. V. Album
Fortius, is made from V. alb. by fortify-
ing the latter until it contains 20-25 per
cent, of alcohol. Sweet wines, such as
Burgundy, Tokay, Muscatel, Angelica,
VIOLA TRICOLOR
461
VITAL
etc., seldom exceed 6-7 per cent, of alco-
hol unless fortified. Light red wines, such
as claret, contain normally about 5 per
cent. Sparkling wines, such as cham-
pagne, derive their quality from carbon
dioxide, being bottled before fermentation.
They contain 10-12 per cent, of alcohol.
V. Aromaticum, consists of strong white
wine 94 per cent., with I per cent, each of
lavender, origanum, peppermint, rosemary,
sage and wormwood. V. Portense, Port
Wine, is fortified with 25-30 per cent., and
V. Xericum, Sherry Wine, until it con-
tains about 25 per cent, of alcohol. There
are 14 official vini, of which II are medi-
cated.
Vio / la Tricolor. Pansy. A wild flower
sometimes known as heart' s-ease pansy.
Contains an alkaloid, violin, with emeto-
cathartic properties. Mucilaginous and
expectorant. Dose gr. x-gj.
Violation (yiolo, to ravish). Coitus with-
out force, but by deception.
Vi / olet {viola). The most refrangible rays
of the visible spectrum.
Virgin (virgo). A woman who has never
had sexual connection with a man.
Virgina / le Claus / trum. The hymen.
Virginia Snake-root. See Seipentaria.
Virile {vir, a man). Pertaining to mature
manhood. V. Member, the penis.
Viril'ity (vir). The condition of mature
manhood.
Virulence {virus, a poison). Malignity,
noxiousness.
Virulent {virus). Having the nature of
a poison. See Virus.
Vi'rus (Lat.). A poison which causes a
morbid process or disease ; any pathogenic
microbe. It was formerly applied to the spe-
cific contagium of an infectious disease, es-
pecially to that of cow-pox. V., Attenu-
ated, virus deprived of some of its patho-
genic quality by culture and modification
by animal-inoculation experiments, so that
inoculated in another person or animal it
preserves the same against attack or the
usual violence of the disease.
Vis (Lat.). Force or energy. V. Con-
servatrix, the healing power of nature.
V. Formativa, the energy of nature as
manifest in the formation of new tissue
to replace that which has been destroyed.
V. a Fronte, energy exerted from before.
V. Inertiae, that force by virtue of which
a body at rest remains at rest ; or, if in
motion, continues in motion. V. Medi-
catrix. Same as V. Conservatrix. V.
Vitse, vital force.
Vis / cera (pi. of viscus). A name some-
what loosely applied to the contents of the
abdomen.
Vis / ceral {viscera). Pertaining to the
viscera. V. Arches and Clefts, four
slit-like openings with intermediate thick-
enings of the lateral wall of the cervical
region of the embryo. They persist in
fishes.
Vis / cid. Same as Viscous.
Viscidity. Same as Viscosity.
Vis / cin {viscum, bird-lime). Bird-lime.
A mucilaginous extraction of the mistletoe,
Viscum Jlavescens, Gentiana lutea, and
other plants.
Vis / cose {viscum). A gummy secretion
or product of the micrococcus viscosus.
Viscos / ity [viscum). The property of
glutinousness, ropiness, or tenacity.
Vis / cous. Glutinous, ropy, sticky. Also,
pertaining to a viscus or internal organ.
Vis / cum. Mistletoe. The leaves and
stems of V. album, European, and V.
Jlavescens, the American species. Contains
a mucilage, viscin, bird-lime, and various
other extractives. In large doses produces
vomiting and purging. The American
plant has alleged properties similar to those
of digitalis. Dose gr. x- zj, in decoction.
Unof.
Vis / cus (Lat., pi. viscera). Any organ
of the thorax or abdominal cavity, as the
lungs, liver, etc. See, also, Visceral.
Visibility {video, to see). Capability of
being seen.
Vis'ion {video, visum). Sight. Acuity
(or acuteness) of V. See Acuteness. V.,
Binocular. See Binocular. V., Double.
See Diplopia. V., Field of. See Field.
V., Direct, the image is formed at the
macula. V., Indirect, upon the outlying
portion of the retina. V. for Form, the
acuteness of V. with white light. V.
for Color, pertains to the chromatic
sense. V., Peripheral, when the image
is not formed at the macula. V., Triple.
See Triplopia.
Vis / ual. Pertaining to vision. V. Acute-
ness or Acuity. See Acuteness. V.
Angle. See Angle. V. Axis. See
Axis. V. Field. See Field. V. Pur-
ple, a substance in the retina reacting to
light in a peculiar manner, and thought to
be intimately connected with vision. See
Rhodopsin.
Vi'sus {video). Vision.
Vi'ta (Lat.). Life.
Vi'tal {vita). Pertaining to life. V. Capa-
city, the volume of air that can be ex-
VITALISM
462
VOLUNTARY
pelled after a full inspiration. V. Princi-
ple, the energizing principle on which in-
dividual life depends. V. Statistics,
the statistics of vital facts, the science of
numbers as applied to the life-history of com-
munities and nations. See Appendix B.
Vitalism. The theory that life is a special
force different from all other forces.
Vitality {vita). The vital force or princi-
ple of life ; also, the condition of having
life.
Vitalize {vita). To endow with life.
Vi / tals (vita). Vulgar for the organs es-
sential to life.
VitelTin. A native proteid of the globu-
lin class, the chief proteid of the yolk of
e gg-
Vitelline (vitellus). Pertaining to the
vitellus, the yolk of an egg. V. Mem-
brane. See Zona Pellucida.
Vitel'lus. Yolk of egg. The yolk of the
egg of the common barnyard fowl, Gal-
lus domesticus. A viscid, orange-colored
liquid containing oil, cholesterin, vitellin,
and albumin. Nutritive and bland. Used
mainly to emulsionize oils and camphors.
Glyconin, glyceritum vitelli, " glycerite of
yolk of egg," consists of the yolk 45, gly-
cerine 55 parts, rubbed together. In anat-
omy, that part of the ovum containing the
germinal vesicle. See, also, Zona Pellu-
cida.
Vitiation (vitio, to corrupt). The con-
tamination of any substance, especially of
the air.
Vitiligo. See Leucoderma.
Vit / reous {vitrum, glass). Glass -like,
hyaline. V., Artificial. See Eviscera-
tion. V. Degeneration, disease of the
intima of arteries. V. Humor, or Body.
The transparent, jelly-like substance filling
that portion of the globe of the eye pos-
terior to the lens, called the Vitreous
Chamber. V. Tables, the dense osseous
laminae on the inner and outer surfaces
of the cranial bones.
Vit / riol {vitrum). In chemistry, a term
formerly used to designate any substance
having a glassy fracture or appearance.
V., Blue, copper sulphate or " blue stone,"
CuS0 4 . V., Green, ferrous sulphate or
" copperas," Fe S0 4 . V., Oil of, sulphuric
acid, H 2 S0 4 . V., White, zinc sulphate,
ZnS0 4 .
Vitus' Dance, St. See Chorea.
Viviparous (vivus, alive, pario, to bring
forth). In zoology, applied to the young
of animals which are brought forth alive.
Vivipa / tion (vivus, pario). In embry-
ology, that form of generation in which the
ovum, expelled from the ovary, clings to
the maternal organ and derives its nourish-
ment directly from the mother until birth.
Vivisection {vivus, seco, to cut). The
dissection of an animal, or experimentation
upon it, while still alive, for scientific pur-
poses.
Vo'cal {vox, the voice). Pertaining to the
voice or its organs. V. Cords, a name
given to certain membranes of the larynx
by which the sounds of the voice are pro-
duced. They consist of superior or false
cords and inferior or true cords. The
latter are thin bands of elastic tissue reach-
ing from the wings of the thyroid to the
arytenoid cartilage.
Voice. The sound produced by the vibra-
tion of the vocal cords and modified by the
resonance organs.
Vo / lar (vola, the palm). Pertaining to the
palm of the hand.
Vola / tic {volatwn, from, volo, to fly). Fly-
ing, momentary.
Volatile (volo). Capable of, or prone to
volatilization.
Volatilization (volatuni). The change
of a solid or liquid to a gaseous form by-
heat.
Volition (volo, to be willing). The will
or determination to act.
VolselTa (vello, to pluck). A forceps for
removing foreign bodies from the throat.
Volt. The unit of electro-motive force, or
the force sufficient to cause a current of
one ampere to flow against a resistance of
one ohm. The following is the voltage
of several popular cells: Smee 0.65, Bun-
sen 1.90; Daniell 1.05 ; Callaudo.6o; Le-
clanche 1.50. V. -ampere, the amount of
pressure developed by a current of one
ampere having an electro-motive force of
one volt. Its mechanical equivalent is
about 44.2 foot-pounds per minute. It is
sometimes called a Watt.
Volta / ic (Volta, an Italian scientist). Per-
taining to galvanic or battery currents. V.
Alternatives, in electro-therapeutics, cur-
rent-reversals.
Voltameter (volt, a unit of electro- motive
force, fierpov, a measure). An instrument
for ascertaining the electro-motive force of
a current in volts.
VoFume. In physics, the space which a
substance fills. Cubic dimension.
Volumetric Analysis. See Analysis.
Voluntary (voluntarius). Pertaining to
or under the control of the will. V.
Muscle, striped muscle.
VOLVULUS
463
WASH
Vol 7 vulus {yolvo, to roll). A twisting of
the bowel upon itself. An old name was
Ileac Passion.
Vo / mer (Lat., a plowshare). The thin
plate of bone which separates the nostrils.
Vom / ica (vomo, to vomit). A collection of
pus in the lungs or adjacent organs that may-
discharge through the bronchi and mouth.
VonVit [vomo). To expel from the stom-
ach by vomiting.
Vom'iting {vomo). The forcible, convul-
sive ejection of the contents of the stomach,
duodenum, or intestines through the mouth.
V. of Blood. See Hccmatemesis. V.,
Stercoraceous, the ejection of faecal
matter in emesis.
Vomito-ni / gro (vomo,niger, black). Black
vomit. A name for yellow fever.
VomTtory [vomo). Any agent or sub-
stance that induces emesis. Also, a vessel
to receive the ejecta.
Vom/itus [vomo). Vomited matters. V.
Cruentus, bloody vomit.
Vora / cious {voro, to devour). Having an
insatiable appetite or desire for food. See,
also, Bulimia.
Vorac'ity {voro). Greediness or rapa-
ciousness for food.
Vortex (Lat., a whirl). A name applied
to the spiral arrangement of the fibres of
the walls of the heart.
Vow / els. The chief sounds of the voice,
formed by the vibrations of the vocal cords
unmodified by the resonance organs.
Vox. See Voice.
Vul'gar {vulgaris). Common. Popular.
Vulnerary {vulnus, a wound). In thera-
peutics, any remedy or agent useful in
healing wounds.
VuFva {yolvo y to roll up). Same as
pudendum, though not, strictly speaking,
including the mons veneris. V., Garrulity
of, vaginal flatus.
Vulvis / mus. See Vaginismus.
Vulvitis. Inflammation of the vulva.
VuFvo- [vulva). A Latin prefix denoting
connection with or relation to the vulva.
Vulvo - vag / inal. Pertaining conjointly
to the vulva and the vagina. V. Glands,
the small glands situated one on each side
of the vulva near the vagina.
W
Wachendorf's Membrane. The foetal
membrane of the pupil of the eye. It
atrophies about the seventh month.
Wagner and Meissner's Corpuscles.
Tactile end-organs lying in the papillae of
the skin.
Wagner's Spot. See Macula.
Wahoo. See Euonymus.
Waist/coat, Straight. See Jacket.
Wale. See Wheal.
Wallerian Law of Degeneration.
From experiments Waller showed that the
trophic center of the anterior roots of spinal
nerves lies in the multipolar nerve cells of
the anterior horn of gray matter, while that
of the posterior root lies in the ganglion
placed upon it. Generalized, the law pre-
dicates that the course of the impulses in a
nerve may be ascertained by tracing the
course of the subsequent degeneration.
Wall' -eye. A vulgarism used to express
the appearance of leucoma of the cornea,
or of eyes with a light-colored iris.
Wall Pepper. See Sedum Acre.
Warburg's Tincture. Consists of aloes
fb j, rad. rhei ; sem. angelica? ; confec. Da-
mocratis aa ^iv; rad. helenii; croci
sativi ; sem. fcenuculi ; cretae prep, aa % ij ;
rad. gentianae; rad. zeodariae; pip. cubebae;
myrrh elect. ; camphorae ; bolet. laricis ;
aa ^j. Digest with proof spt. ^500, and
add quinia disulph. ^ x. Filter. Dose
.fij-
Ward -carriage. An apparatus for hospi-
tal-service mounted upon wheels, and
containing a reservoir of water, and other
materials, instruments, etc., used in surgi-
cal operations and dressings.
Wardrop's Operation. Ligature of the
artery beyond an aneurism.
Warm-blooded. Used of animals that
maintain an uniform temperature, whatever
the changes of temperature in the sur-
rounding medium.
Wart. See Verruca.
Wash. See Lotion.
WASHING
464 WEIGHTS AND MEASURES
Washing. The mechanical operation of
separating soluble from insoluble matter.
Wasting. See Atrophy.
Wa'ter. See Aqua. W.-bed, a rubber
mattress containing water ; used to pre-
vent the formation of bed-sores. W. on
Brain. See Hydrocephalus. W. -brash.
See Pyrosis. W. of Crystallization,
the water employed in giving molecular
structure to the crystals of chemical salts,
to which their physical qualities are due.
W.-cure. See Hydropathy. W., Dis-
tilled. See Aqua. W., Florida, a per-
fume consisting of oleum bergamii §iv,
comp. tinct. benzoini ^ ij, alcohol Oj. W.,
Hard, natural waters containing soluble
calcium salts, distinguished by their curd-
ling action on soap. W. Hemlock. See
Cowbane. W., Mineral. See Mineral
Water. W., Rice. See Oryza. W.,
Soda. See Soda Water.
Watt. In electro-mechanics, one volt-
ampere. See Volt.
Wave-Lengths and Frequencies of
Light. The ethereal wave-lengths, to-
gether with their frequencies, of the visible
portion of the spectrum are given in the
following table. The average vibrational
frequency of white light has been estimated
at 554 millions of millions per second.
TABLE OF THE WAVE-LENGTH
AND FREQUENCY OF LIGHT.
(FROM DANIELL.)
Line A,
Center of red, . .
Line B, .....
Line C,
Center of orange-
red,
Center of orange,
Line D\ . . . .
Line D 2 , . . . .
Center of orange-
yellow, . . . .
Center of yellow,
Center of green,
Line E,
Line b,
Center of blue-
green,
Center of cyan-
blue,
Line F,
Center of blue, .
Center of violet-
blue
Line G,
Center of puce-
violet,
Line H\ . . . .
Line H 2
Frequencies— Lengths
per sec in Cm.
395,000,000,000,000
437. 300,000,000,000
457,700,000,000,000
508,905,810,000,000
510,604,000,000,000
570,000,000,000,000!
617,900,000,000,000
697,300,000,000,000
756,900,000,000,000
763,600,000,000,000
.00007604
.00007000
. 00006867
.00006562
.00006208
.00005972
.00005895
.000058S9
.00005879
.00005808
.00005271
.00005269
. cc : 151S5
.000050S2
.00004960
.00004S61
.00004732
.00004383
.00004307
.00004059
.00003968
.00003933
Wax. See Cera and Cerumen.
Wax'y Degeneration. See Degenera-
tion.
Weal. See Wheal.
Wean. To cease to give suck to off-
spring at a period when the latter is capa-
ble of taking substantial food from external
sources.
Weber's Experiment. A tuning-fork on
the vertex is heard more distinctly with
the closed ear. W.'s Law. SeeFechners
Law. W.'s Paradox. When so loaded
that it cannot contract, a muscle may elon-
gate.
Wei de Meyer's Catarrh Remedy. A
proprietary remedy composed mainly of
sodium carbonate.
Weigert's Method. Hardening and stain-
ing medullated nerve-fibers, and so tracing
their course.
Weights and Measures. The U. S.
standard unit of weight is the Troy
pound; it was copied in 1 82 7, from the
imperial troy pound of England, for the use
of the U. S. Mint, and there deposited.
It is standard in air, at 62 Fah., the
barometer at 30 inches.
troy weight.
Grains.
24 = 1 dwt.
480 = 20 = 1 oz.
5760 = 240 = 12 = 1 lb. = 22.816 cu. in. of dis-
tilled water at 62 Fahr.
avoirdupois weight.
Drachms.
16 = ioz. = 437.5 grains troy.
256 = 16 = 1 lb. = 1.2153 lb. troy.
6400 = 400 = 25 = 1 quarter.
25600 = 1600 = 100 =4=1 cwt.
512000 = 32000 = 2000 = 80 = 20 = 1 ton.
apothecaries weight.
Grains.
20 = 1 scruple.
60:
480 = 24
5760 = 288
1 drachm.
8 = 1 oz.
96 = 12 = 1 lb.
apothecaries measure.
60 min. = 1 fluid-drachm.
8 fluid-drachms = 1 fluid-ounce.
16 fluid-ounces = 1 pint.
8 pints = 1 gall.
45 drops, or a common teaspoonful, make
about 1 fluid-drachm ; 2 tablespoonfuls about
1 fluid-ounce: a wineglassful about 1% fluid-
ounces ; and a teacupful about 4 fluid-ounces.
LIQUID, OR WINE MEASURE.
Gill = 7.2187 cu. in.
4 = 1 pint = 28.875 cu. in.
8 = 2 = 1 quart = 55.75 cu. in.
32 = 8 = 4 = 1 gallon.
2010 = 404 = 252 = 63 = 1 hogshead.
4032 = 1008 = 504 = 126 = 2 = 1 pipe.
8064 = 2 ° l6 = IooS = 252 = 4 = 2 = 1 tun.
WEIGHTS AND MEASURES 465 WEIGHTS AND MEASURES
The Standard Unit of Liquid Meas-
ure adopted by the U. S. Government is
the Winchester Wine Gallon, which
contains 231 cubic inches, and holds 8.339
lbs. Avoir, of distilled water, at its maxi-
mum density weighed in air, the barome-
ter being at 30 inches.
The Imperial Gallon adopted by
Great Britain contains 277,274 cubic
inches, and equals 1.20032 U. S. gallons.
The Standard Unit of the U. S. and.
British linear measure is the yard. It
was intended to be exactly the same for
both countries, but in reality the U. S. yard
exceeds the British standard by .00087
inch. The actual standard of length of
the U. S. is a brass scale 82 inches long
prepared for the Coast Survey and deposited
in the office of Weights and Measures at
the U. S. Treasury Dept., Washington.
The yard is between the 27th and the 63d
inch of this scale. The temperature at
which this scale is designed to be standard,
and at which it is used in the U. S. Coast
Survey, is 62 Fahrenheit.
LONG MEASURE.
Inches.
12= 1 ft.
36= 3 = 1 yd.
72= 6=2 =
198= 16.5= 55 =
7920= 660 = 220 =1
63360=5280 =1760 =£
SQUARE MEASURE.
Inches.
144= 1 foot.
1296= 9 =1 yard.
39204= 272.25= 30.25= 1 perch.
1568160=10890 =1210 = 40=1 rood.
6272640=43560 =4840 =160=4=1 acre.
An acre is 69.5701 yards square; or, 208.710321
feet square.
A township is 6 miles sqr. = 36 sections.
A section "1 " rt = 640 acres.
% " " y 2 " " = 160 "
1-16 " " % " " = 40 "
SOLID MEASURE.
Cu. in.
1728 = 1 cu. foot.
46656 = 27 = 1 cu. yard.
DRY MEASURE.
Pint = 33 6 cu. in.
2= 1 quart = 67.2 cu. in.
8 = 4 = 1 gallon = 268.8 cu. in.
16 = 8 = 2 = 1 peck = 537.6 cu. in.
64 = 32 = 8 = 4= 1 bushel.
The standard U. S. bushel is the
Winchester bushel, which is, in the
cylinder form, 18^ in. diameter and 8
in. deep, and contains 2150 42-100 cub.
inches.
1 fath.
2.75 = 1 pch.
o =40 =1 fur.
k> =320 =8 =1 m.
The English Impe- f 2218.192 cu. in.
rial bushel ( 1.03152 U. S. bush.
(8 Imperial bushels.
The Eng. quarter =< 8% (nearly) U. S. bu.
^10.2694 cubic feet.
Milligramme
Centigramme
Decigramme
Gramme
Decagramme
Hectogramme
Kilogramme
Myriogramme
Quintal
Tonneau
METRIC, OR FRENCH WEIGHTS.
Gramme. Troy Gr.
.001 = .01543
= 1.
= 10.
= 100.
= 1000.
= IOOOO.
= IOOOOO.
= IO000OO.
.01 = .15433 . . ^
.1 = 1.5433 Avoir. Oz.
= I5433I6 = .03528 =
= -3528 =
— 3-52758 =
= 35-2758 =
Avoir. Lb.
.0022047
.022047
.2204737
2.204737
22 04737
220.4737
2204.737
METRIC, OR FRENCH DRY AND LIQUID MEASURE.
Lit.
U. S. Cu. In.
Milliliter
=
.001 = .061
Centiliter
=
.01
= .61
Deciliter
=
.1
= 6.1
Liter
=
1.
= 61.02
Decaliter
Hectoliter
=
10.
100.
= 610.16
U. S. Cu. I
= 3-531
Kiloliter
=
IOCO.
= 35-31
Myrialiter
=
IOOOO.
= 353-1
30
Liquid
Dry
Liquid
Dry
Liquid
Dry
Liquid
I Dry
f Liquid
*• /Liquid
tDry
f Liquid
I Dry
( Liquid 2641.4
\ Dry 283.7
U. S.
.00845 giU-
.0018 pint.
.0845
.018
•845
.18
2.113
gill.
pint.
gill = 2113 pints.
pint.
pints = 1.057 quarts.
1.8 pt. = .908 qts.
2641 gallons.
9.08 qts. = 1. 135 p.
26.414
2.837
264.141
28.374
gallons,
bushels,
gallons,
bushels,
gallons,
bushels.
• "35 P-
.284 b.
WEIGHTS AND MEASURES 466 WEIGHTS AND MEASURES
METRIC, OR FRENCH CUBIC OR SOLID MEASURE.
Cu. Meters. U. S. Cu. In.
Cub. Centimeter =
Cub. Decimeter =
Centistere =
Decistere =
Stere =
Decastere =
Hectostere =
.0001
.001
.0610165
61.0165 U.
610.165 =
6101.65 =
S. Cu. Ft.
.353105
3-53io5
35-3105
353- 105
= 3531-05
U. S. Cu. Yd.
- .13078
= 1-3078
= 13.078
= 130.78
METRIC. OR FRENCH LINEAL MEASURE.
Millimeter* =
Centimeterf =
Decimeter =
Meter =
Decameter =
Hectometer =
Kilometer =
Myriameter
Meter.
.001 =
.1
1.
10.
100.
1000.
IOOOO.
U. S. In.
•03937 =
•3937 =
3-937 =
39-3685 =
Ft.
.00328
.03280
.32807 :
3.2807
32.807
328.07
3280.7
32807.
Yd.
.10936
1.0936
10.936 Mile.
109.36 = .0621347
1093.6 = .6213466
10936. = 6.213466
Sq. Centimeter
Sq. Decimeter
Centiare
Are
Hectare
Sq. Kilometer
Sq. Myriameter 38.607
* Nearly the 1-25 part of an inch. f Full y& inch.
METRIC, OR FRENCH SQUARE MEASURE.
Sq. Meter. U. S. Sq. In.
.01 = .155 Sq. Ft. Sq. Yd.
.1 = 15.5 = .10763= .01196
= 1. = 1549.88 = 10.763 = 1. 196 =
= 10. = 154988. = 1076.3 = 119. 6
= 100. = 107630. = 1 1959.
.38607 Sq. Mile.
Acre.
2
247
24708
00025
0247
47
The following table of approximate and
exact equivalents of the metric and com-
mon weights and measures may prove ser-
viceable.
LENGTH.
Approximate Accurate
Unit of Measurement. Equivalent. Equivalent.
1 inch, 2% cubic centime-
icenti meter ( x hv ters 2.539
meter), 0.4 inch 0.393
1 yard, 1 meter, 0.914
1 meter (39.37 inches), 1 yard 1.093
1 foot, 30 centimeters, . . 30.479
1 kilometer (1000 me-
tres), %mile, 0.621
1 mile, 1% kilometer, . . 1.609
SURFACE.
1 hectare (10,000 sq.
meters), 2% acres, 2.471
1 acre § hectare, .... 0.404
WEIGHT.
i gramme, 15K grains, . . .
1 grain, 0.064 gramme, . .
1 kilogramme (1000
grammes), 2.\ lbs. avoirdupois,
1 pound,.avoirdupois, % kilogramme, . .
1 ounce, avoirdupois,
437/^ grains 28% grammes, . .
1 ounce, Troy or
apothecary (480
grains), 31 grammes, . . .
15-432
0.064
2.204
o-453
28.349
31-103
BULK. \
i cubic centimeter, . 0.06 cubic inch, . . 0.061
1 cubic inch, 16% cubic centime-
ters, ...... 16.386
1 liter (1000 cubic cen- 1 U. S. standard
timeters), quart 0.946
1 United States quart, 1 liter, 1.057
1 fluid ounce, .... 29% cubic centi-
meters, ...... 29.570
COMPARISON OF U. S. AND FOREIGN WEIGHTS AND MEASURES.
Weights.
Name. U.S. ibs.Av.
Austria, Pfund = 1.235
Bremen, " = 1.099
Buenos Ayres, Libra =1.0127
China Catty = 1-3333
Cuba, Libra = 1.0119
Denmark, Pund = 1.1025
England, Pound = 1.
France, Kilo = 2.0246
Hamburg, Pfund = 1.0683
Japan, Monme =3.858
Mexico, Libra = 1.0119
Norway and Sweden, . . Skalpund = .937
Papal States, Libbra = .7475
Portugal, Libra = 1.0119
Russia, Fuat = 1.097
Turkey, Oke = 2.834
Liquid Measures.
Euner
Stubchen
Frasco
Arroba
Pott
Imp. gallon
Liter
Ohm
Masa
Frasco
Kamea
Barile (w'e)
Almude
Vedro
U. S. gals.
= 14-95
= .851
= .627
= 4.1
= -255
= 1.2003
= .2642
= 38.278
— -459
— -4
= .662
= 15-412
= 4.422
= 3 249
Dry Measures.
Name.
Nutze
Scheffel
Fanega
Sei
Fanega
Fonda
Imp. bushel
Hectoliter
Fass
Fanega
Rubblio
Alqueire
Chetviert
Kilo
U. S. bush.
= 1-745
= 2.103
= 3-894
= 3-472
= 3-124
= 3-948
= 1-0315
= 2.838
= 1.56
= 1-547
= .836
■*■ -393
= 5-956
WEIGHTS AND MEASURES
467
WEIGHTS AND MEASURES
Comparative Scales, showing the exact equivalent of ordinary weights and measures
in those of the Metric System, and vice versa.
CENTIGRADE
FAHRENHEIT
SCALE
s^ALE
-
Z — 107
4i°— =
=— 106
JZ.
^-105°
ArP "
— icu°
40 -- _
—
-E
^-103°
3 8°-5
37°—
36°-
— Tor>0
E— 97
E_ 9 5 c
300
FLUID
CUBIO
OUNCES
O
CENTIMETERS
_ O
I
=
2
ET
3
— 100
4
5
6
7
— 200
9 — -
13-
14
is
1 pint = 16
30-
40-
50-
jfl.dr.=6o-
70-
80-
90-
300
-400
500
CUBIC
CENTIMETERS
GRAINS DECIGRAMS
2
<
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
!
13
14
<
IS
16
17
18
19
20
FLUID
DRA CHMS
o
CUBIC
CENTIMETERS
_6
1 fl. oz.
CENTIMETERS
INCHE
O —
_ c
—
— -
—
-
I —
~
—
-
E
2 — —
z
3
—
3—=
—
-E
2
4—5
z
-
5— E
z
s
r
6-5
~
7— E
DRACHMS.GRAMS
iS = 8
o —
2 "~
5 Z
6 Z
8 L_
30
The equivalent of fractions, whether large or small, may be found with great nicety by
these scales. For instance, ^ grain = y% of the metric equivalent of 7 grains, and I-200
grain = 1-4000 of the metric equivalent of 20 grains. This method is, of course, reversible.
WEIL'S DISEASE
468
WRY-NECK
Weil's Disease. An infectious febrile
disorder somewhat resembling typhoid
fever, accompanied by muscular pain, and
grave disturbance of the digestive organs.
Welt. See Wheal.
Wen. See Sebaceous Cyst.
Westphal's Symptom. Loss of the
knee-jerk in tabes.
Wet-nurse. See Nurse.
Wet-pack. Wrapping a patient with a
wet sheet covered with dry blankets.
Weyl's Test (for kreatinin). Add to
urine a few drops of a slightly brownish
solution of nitro-prusside of soda, then
weak caustic soda solution, producing a
Burgundy-red color, which soon disappears.
Heated with glacial acetic acid the color
changes to green, and later to blue.
Wharton's Duct. See Duct.
Wharton's Jelly. See Cord.
Wheal. A raised stripe or ridge on the
skin. May be caused by a stroke or by
acute superficial inflammation. W.Worm,
the Acarus scabiei, or itch insect.
Wheat. The seeds of Triticum hibernum.
Wheel'house's Operation. The in-
cision into the urethra through the perin-
seum, for the treatment of stricture.
Wheez / ing. The half-stertorous, sibilant
sound occasionally observed in the breath-
ing of persons affected with croup, asthma
or coryza.
Whey. The liquid part of milk separat-
ing from the curd in coagulation.
Whis / ky. See Spiritus. W. Nose. See
Acne Rosacea.
White. In chromatics, the color-effect
produced by a mixture of the primary
colors. W. Leg. See Phlegmasia Alba
Dolens. W. Matter. See Brain. W.
Oak Bark. See Quercus alba. W. Pre-
cipitate. See Precipitate. W. Sub-
stance of Schwann. See Schwann.
W. Swelling. See Hyd?'arthrosis. W.
Vervain. The root of Verbena urtici-
folia. Of reputed value in malarial fevers.
Dose of Ad. ext. rr\xx-xl. Unof.
Whites. See Leucorrhcea.
Whitlow. See Panaris,
Whoop / ing Cough. See Pertussis.
Whore / house Tea. See Tepopote.
Wild (A. S.). Not domesticated. W.
Bergamot. The herb Monarda fistulosa.
In large doses a powerful diaphoretic. A
reputed antiperiodic. Dose of the fid. ext.
TT^xv-gj. W. Cherry. See Prunus
Vi7-ginia. W. Liquorice. See Abrus.
W. Yam. See Dioscorea.
Willis, Circle of. See Circle.
Willow. See Salix.
Winckel's Disease. An epidemic dis-
ease of children, characterized by cyanosis,
jaundice and hsemoglobinuria.
Wind'pipe. See Trachea.
Wine. See Vinum.
Winslow, Fora / men of. See Foramen.
Win / tergreen. See Gaidtheria.
Wirsung, Duct of. The pancreatic duct.
Wis'dom Teeth. See Teeth.
Witch Ha'zel. See I/amamelis.
Withering. The shriveling or atrophy of
an organ.
Wolffian Bodies and Ducts. See Re-
productive Organs.
Womb. See Uterus.
Wood Oil. See Gurjun Balsam.
Wools, Holmgren's. A collection of
colored wools used in the detection and
estimation of subnormal color-perception.
Wool-sorter's Disease. Wool-sorters
are liable to blood-poisoning from various
causes, especially to the disease anthrax.
Woora / ra. See Curare.
Word-blindness. See Aphasia.
Word-deafness. See Aphasia.
Wormian Bones. A name given to the
supernumerary bones of the skull, which
are frequently formed owing to the abor-
tion or imperfect ossification of the tabular
bones.
Worm Tea. See Spigelia.
Worm / wood. See AbsintJmm.
Wound (Sax., vund). A break or divi-
sion of continuity of the soft parts caused
by mechanical violence. W., Contused,
produced by a blunt body. W., Gun-
shot, caused by a projectile. W., Incised,
from a cutting instrument. W., Lacer-
ated, the tissues are torn. W., Poisoned,
toxic materials are carried into the wound,
as in Dissection W., etc. W., Punctured,
made by a pointed instrument.
Wreath. See Karyokinesis.
Wrisberg. See Cartilage.
Wrisberg, Nerves of. The nerves sup-
plying the skin of the arm, branching from
the second and third dorsal nerves.
Wrist-drop. A paralysis of the extensor
muscles of the hand accompanying lead-
poisoning.
Wrist-joint. The articulations of the car-
pal with the metacarpal bones.
Writer's Cramp. See Paralysis.
Writer's Palsy. See Paralysis.
Wry-neck. See Torticolllis.
XANTHELASMA
XIPHOID APPENDIX
X
Xanthelas / ma (gavdog, eTiaa/ua, a lamina).
Spots of yellowish discoloration of the skin
of the face, especially about the eyes.
Xan'thic (tjavdog). Yellow; applied to
the yellow color of the urine.
Xanthine (gavdog). A leucomaiine found
in nearly all the tissues and liquids of the
animal economy, and also in many plants ;
also, in minute quantities as a normal con-
stituent of urine. It is formed at the same
time with adenine, guanine and hypoxan-
thine, in the decomposition of nuclein by
dilute acids. Guanine is convertible into
it; and xanthine is thought to be one step
lower as an intermediate product of nuclein
decomposition, and nearer the uric acid
limit of oxidation. It probably is oxidized
in the body as fast as formed. It is non-
poisonous and a muscle-stimulant, espe-
cially of the heart.
Xan / tho- (gavdog). A Greek word used
as a prefix to denote yellow or yellowness.
Xantho-creat / inine. The most abundant
of muscle-leucomames, so called from the
sulphur-yellow color of its crystals, and its
resemblance to creatinine. It appears in
the physiologically active muscle at the same
time with creatinine, constituting sometimes
one-tenth of the creatinine present. It has
been found by Monari in the aqueous ex-
tracts of the muscles of a tired dog, and in
the urine of soldiers fatigued by marching.
In large doses it is decidedly poisonous,
producing depression, somnolence, extreme
fatigue, frequent defecation, and vomiting.
Xanthoderma (tjavdog, deppia, the skin).
Yellowness of the skin.
Xanthodont / ous (gavdog, oSovg, a tooth).
Yellow discoloration of the teeth.
Xanthokyan'opy (£javdog,Kvavog, blue, wi/>,
eye). Red-green blindness with undimin-
ished spectrum.
Xantho / ma (gavdog). Xanthelasma;
Vitiligoidea ; Molluscum Cholesterique ;
Fibroma Lipomatodes. Soft, fibro-fatty,
neoplastic growths occurring in the shape
of yellowish plates or tubercles in the
corium. Not a common disease. Occur-
ring in the eyelids, the most frequent seat
of the disease, it is called X. Palpebrarum ;
in the form of plates, X. Planum ; in the
shape of tubercles, X. Ttiberosujn, etc. X.
Diabeticorum. A rare disease bearing
some external resemblance to xanthoma,
but differing widely in pathology. Marked
by firm and solid lesions. A symptomatic
accompaniment of diabetes.
Xanthopathy [^avdog, irabog, a suffering).
Yellowness of the skin from morbid con-
ditions.
Xan / thophane. See Chromophanes.
Xan'thophyll (tjavdog, tyvXkov, a leaf).
The yellow coloring matter in leaves and
petals.
Xanthoproteic Reaction. The deep
orange color obtained by the addition of
ammonia to the yellow reaction of proteids
heated with strong nitric acid.
Xanthopsia (tjavdog, yellow, oiptg, vision).
The yellow vision sometimes accompany-
ing jaundice.
Xanthosis (gavdog). The yellow pig-
mentation sometimes observed in cancer.
Xanthrox'ylum. Prickly Ash. The bark
of,X. fraxineum and X. carolinianum.
A stimulant, aromatic, bitter sialagogue
and emmenagogue. Of repute in chronic
rheumatism and "biliousness." Dose gr.
x-xxx. X. Decoctum, unof., ^j-Oij.
Dose gj-ij. X. Ext. Fid. Dose ijss-j.
Xenogen / esis. See Heterogenesis.
Xenomenia. See Menstruation, Vica-
rious.
Xera / sia (Zypog, dry). A disease of the
hair marked by cessation of growth and
excessive dryness.
Xeroderma. See Ichthyosis. X. Pig-
mentosum. See Atrophoderma.
Xero / ma. See Xerophthalmia.
Xeropb/agy {j-rjpog, ov, animal, yXoiog, glue). A
mass of microbes in a gelatinous or gluey-
substance.
Zoogon'ia (C,oov, yewau, to beget). Vivi-
parous generation.
Zoogonol'ogy {zo'ogonia, Aoyog, a treatise).
A treatise on the origin and development
of animal life.
Zoog / onous (C«ov, yevvau). Viviparous,
in contradistinction to oviparous.
Zoog / raphy ((,uov, Qpayu, to write). A
descriptive treatise on the distribution of
animals.
Zool'ogy {C,uov, loyog, a treatise). That
branch of natural history treating of the
form, the nature and the classification of
animals.
ZoononVia {C,uov, vojioq, a law). The
principles or laws of animal life.
Zoopb/agous ((uov, .
. MgSO,.
C0 2 . Carbonic acid g
as.
I. DIURETIC WATERS.
These springs owe their action chiefly to the increased quantity of water taken by
patients, who thus flush out all the emunctories, especially stimulating the flow of urine.
* In a paper read before the American Climatological Association.
473
474
In practical medicine, waters of this class are used very extensively, and justly so. They
are of undoubted value in many conditions. It is needless to dwell upon the great benefit
to be derived from the increased use of ordinary, pure drinking water, as this is universally
recognized, but in practice it is found that patients take these diuretic waters more willingly,
in larger amounts and for a longer time than the ordinary drinking water, of which they
soon become satiated. Ordinarily it is best to take a large tumbler of this water before
breakfast, between meals and at bed-time, thus using two to three pints in the twenty-four
hours. I may be permitted to mention a few of the ordinary conditions in which these
waters produce their best results ; and as first in importance are the diatheses, lithaemic,
gouty, rheumatic, oxalic, phosphatic and uric acid. Good results have also been obtained
in renal calculus, acute and chronic congestion of the kidneys, acute nephritis and at times
in the course of chronic Bright's disease and diabetes. As the use of pure water, in large
amounts, produces an increase in the amount of bile and at the same time renders it more
thin, as was proven several years ago by Bidder and Schmidt, these waters are used with
excellent result in acute and chronic hepatic congestion, catarrhal inflammation of the
mucous membrane "lining the biliary passages, known as catarrhal jaundice and gall stone,
both during the attack and in the interval.
I append a few analyses in full of typical springs belonging to this group, followed by
a full list of springs of this class, with amount of each active ingredient in a U. S. gallon
of 231 cubic inches : —
SWEET SPRINGS, BEDFORD, PENNSYLVANIA.
(Analyst, F. A. Genth.)
One U. S. gallon (231 cu. in.) contains —
Carbonate of calcium, . . . . Q.522 grs.
" magnesium, . . . 0.135 "
Silicic acid, 0.654 "
Free carbonic acid .66 cu. in.
52-7° F.
.311 «
Temp.
POLAND SPRING, SOUTH POLAND, MAINE.
(Analyst, C. F. Chandler.)
One U. S. gallon (231 cu. in.) contains —
Sulphate of potassa, 0.1562 grs.
Chloride of sodium, 0.2636 "
Carbonate of sodium, .... 0.1333 "
" calcium, .... 1. 2287 "
" magnesium, . . 0.5412 "
Oxide of iron and alumina, traces.
Silica, i- IJ 97 "
Organic and volatile matter, . . 0.2332 "
SUMMIT MINERAL SPRING, HARRISON, CUM-
BERLAND COUNTY, MAINE.
(Analyst, F. L. Bartlett.)
One U. S. gallon (231 cu. in.) contains —
Carbonate of sodium and potas-
sium, 1. 4019 grs.
Chloride of sodium, 1 7 13 "
Carbonate of calcium, 9904 "
Carbonate of magnesium, . . .2476 "
Oxide of iron and aluminium, distinct trace.
Silicum, 9800 grs.
Silicic acid (in solution).
Organic and volatile matter, . . .2375 "
Total, 3.6759 "
BERKELEY SPRINGS, MORGAN COUNTY,
WEST VIRGINIA.
(Analyst, A. A. Hayes.)
One U. S. gallon (231 cu. in.) contains —
Calcium carbonate, 5.000 grs.
Sodium chloride, 896 "
Calcium chloride, 208 "
Magnesium sulphate, 360 "
Calcium crenate, 3-640 "
Ferrous crenate, 080 "
" silicate, 640 "
Loss, .064 "
Temperature, 46 F. Total, . 4.0287
Temperature, 74 F. Total, . 10.888
475
CAPON SPRINGS, HAMPSHIRE COUNTY, CRESSON MAGNESIA SPRING, CAMBRIA
WEST VIRGINIA. COUNTY, PENNSYLVANIA.
(Analyst, J. W. Mallet.) (Analyst, F. A. Genth.)
OneU. S. gallon (231 cu. in.) contains— One U - S - g allon ( 2 3* cu - in -) contains—
Sulphate of calcium, 477 grs. Sulphate of calcium, 0.109 grs.
potassium, 136 " Chloride of magnesium, . . . 0.559 "
Crenate of iron, 080 " " calcium, 1. 304 "
Chloride of sodium, 240 " " sodium, 1.229 «
Carbonate of calcium, .... 6.701 " Bicarbonate of iron, 0.017 «
sodium 475 " " manganese, . . trace
magnesium, . . . .160 " " magnesium, . . 0.414 "
iron, 033 " " calcium, . . . 0.022 «
Alumina, 014 " " sodium, . . . 1. 425 "
Organic matter, 164 " " potassium, . . 0.206 "
Phosphate of calcium, .... 0.004 "
9-774 " Alumina, 0.008 "
Carbonic acid, 6.898 " Silicic acid> a9H «
Nitrogen, 2.962 " Nitrous acid, trace
0x yg en > 1-416 " Carbonic acid, 0.663 "
Temperature, 65. 50 F.
6.874
BEDFORD CHALYBEATE SPRING, BEDFORD
COUNTY, PENNSYLVANIA.
One U. S. gallon (231 cu. in.) contains —
Sulphate of calcium, 2.741 grs.
Phosphate of calcium, 033 "
Carbonate of calcium, .... 8.885 "
" magnesium, . . . 1. 201 "
" iron, 44 2 "
" manganese, . . . trace
" sodium, 395 "
" potassium, . . . .132 "
Chloride of sodium, 120 "
Silicic acid, 793 "
14.942 "
Carbonic acid, 12 cu. in.
All Healing Spring, Catoosa County, Georgia. MgC0 3 7, CaS0 4 39.
Alum Spring, Onslow County, North Carolina.
Artesian Well, Winslow, Camden County, New Jersey.
Ashley Springs, North Carolina.
Augusta Springs, Augusta County, Virginia. See Stribling Springs.
Bath or Berkeley Springs, Morgan County, Virginia. 74 F.
Birchdale Spring, Concord, N. H.
Black Barren Spring, Lancaster County, Pennsylvania.
Bryant's Springs, Lincoln County, Kentucky. Numbers I, II and III.
476
Buffalo Lithia Springs, Mecklenburg County, Virginia. CaS0 4 and Ca(HC0 3 ) 2 39,
Li(C0 3 ) 2 2, H 2 S, 6.68 cubic inches. Temperature 6o° F.
Capon Springs, Hampshire County, West Virginia. 65. 5 F.
Chalk Creek Hot Springs, Chalk Creek, Colorado. 130 F.
Chalybeate Spring, Bedford Springs, Bedford County, Pennsylvania. CaC0 3 9, CaS0 4 3,
FeC0 3 trace, C0 2 21 cubic inches. 52.70 F.
Chenowith Chalybeate Spring, Bedford County, Pennsylvania.
Cherry Hill Phosphate Spring, Otsego County, New York. Ca 2 (P0 4 ) 2 14.
Cherry Valley Phosphate Spring, Otsego County, New York.
Clymerara Spring, Manor of Maryland, Maryland.
Cola Springs, Browns Mills, New Jersey.
Concord Spring, Concord, New Hampshire.
Daggy Spring. See Greencastle.
Dew Drop Spring. See Greencastle.
Epsom Spring, in Wyandotte Cave, Indiana. MgS0 4 24.
Estill Chalybeate Spring, Estill County, Kentucky. C0 2 41 cubic inches.
Estill Red Sulphur Spring, Estill County, Kentucky. C0 2 40 H 2 S .56 cubic inches.
Farmville Lithia Water, Farmville, Virginia. NaCl 5, NaS0 4 3, Li(C0 3 ) 2 3, Fe(C0 3 ) 2 I,
K 2 A1 2 (S0 4 ) 4 2.
Fayette Spring, Fayette County, Pennsylvania.
Field Spring, Lincoln County, Kentucky.
Florida Spring, Montgomery County, New York. (NaHC0 3 ) 2 22.
Glen Alpine Springs, Burke County, North Carolina.
Greencastle Daggy Spring. Ca C0 3 14.
Greencastle Dew Drop Spring, Putnam County, Indiana.
Grove Spring, Lincoln County, Kentucky. CaC0 3 10.
Hawkin's Mineral Springs, Wayne County, Indiana.
Healing Spring (New), Bath County, Virginia. Ca C0 3
" " (Old) " " " Ca C0 3
Hot Springs, Garland County, Arkansas. 93 to 105 F.
Howard Well, Lincoln County, Kentucky.
Hubbardston Well, Iona County, Michigan. CaC0 3 17.
Jerusalem Mineral Spring, Cannan, New Hampshire.
Jordan Chalybeate Spring, Rockbridge County, Virginia. Co 2 6.
Kimberling Springs, Bland County, Virginia.
Lebanon Spring, Columbia County, New York. 73 F.
Leslie Spring, Ingham County, Michigan. CaC0 3 18. C0 2 12 cubic inches.
Limestone Spring, Bedford Springs, Bedford County, Pennsylvania.
cubic inches. 5 1. 8° F.
McVittey's Saltillo Springs, Huntingdon County, Pennsylvania. Ca (HC0 3 ) 2 10.
Magnesia Spring (Cresson Springs), Cambria County, Pennsylvania.
Magnesia Spring. See Versailles Spring.
Marion Artesian Well, Grant County, Indiana.
Marranetta Mineral Spring, Harrisonburg, Virginia. CaC0 3 15, Mg C0 3 7. 50 F.
Massanutten Spring, Rockingham County, Virginia. 59-7° F.
Mineral Spring, ten feet from May's, Bedford County, Pennsylvania.
Mineral Spring, at the Mound in Madison County, Indiana.
CaC0 3 12.
18, C0 2 5 cubic inches.
88° F.
18, C0 2 4 "
85°F.
477
Minnequa Spring, Bradford County, Pennsylvania.
Missioquoi Springs, Franklin County, Vermont. NaHC0 3 8. C0 2 ?
Monitor Spring. See Versailles Spring.
New Spring. See Healing Spring.
Northport Mineral Spring, Northport, Maine.
Nucleoli's Springs, Grayson County, North Carolina.
Old Spring. See Healing Spring.
Orkney Springs (Bear's Wallow Spring), Shenandoah County, Virginia. C0 2 5.
Orkney Springs (Healing Spring), Shenandoah County, Virginia. C0 2 3.
Ourry Spring. See Versailles Spring.
Perry Springs, Pike County, Illinois. CaC0 3 14. 48 to 50 F.
Pine Grove Mineral Spring, Dover, Stratford County, New Hampshire. 45 ° F.
Plummer Bromine Arsenic Spring, Ashe County, North Carolina.
Poland Mineral Spring, South Poland, Maine.
Rawley Springs, Rockingham County, Virginia.
Red Sulphur Spring. See Estill Springs.
Red Sulphur Springs, Monroe County, West Virginia. 54 F.
Rock Spring, Lancaster County, Pennsylvania.
Saltillo Spring. See McVittey's Spring.
Santa Barbara Hot Sulphur Springs, near Santa Barbara, California. Na 2 C0 3 17. 112
to 122° F.
St. Helena White Sulphur Springs, No. 7, Napa County, California. CaCl + Na 2 S0 4 27.
64.5 to 97 F.
Stone Sulphur Spring, Lincoln County, Kentucky.
Stremmel's Gettysburg Lithia Spring, Adams County, Pennsylvania.
Stribling's Chalybeate Spring, Augusta County, Virginia.
Stribling's Sulphur Spring, Augusta County, Virginia.
Sweet Springs, Bedford, Pennsylvania. Temperature 52.7 F.
Thompson's Springs, Ashe County, North Carolina.
Underwood Spring, Falmouth Foreside, Maine.
Van Cleuve's Mineral Spring, Crawfordsville, Indiana. CaC0 3 10.
Versailles Magnesia Springs, Brown County, Illinois. C0 2 24 cubic inches. 58 F.
Versailles Monitor Springs, Brown County, Illinois.
Versailles Ourry Springs, Brown County, Illinois.
Virginia Arsenic, Bromine and Lithia Spring, Roanoke, Virginia. CaC0 3 6, Mg SO 43.
Warner Spring, Albion, Michigan. Ca(HC0 3 ) 2 17.
White Cliff Mineral Springs, Monroe County, Tennessee. Three grains of Mg(HC0 3 ) 2 .
Yellow Springs, Green County, Ohio. 5 2° F.
II. IRON WATERS.
These owe their virtues to the presence of iron, which usually exists in the form of the
bicarbonate of the protoxide, held in solution by an excess of carbonic acid gas. The
amount of carbon dioxide is often considerable, rendering the water decidedly acidulous.
In many of our mineral springs, like those at Cresson, for instance, the iron exists as
ferrous sulphate, with more or less feme sulphate from the oxidation of the former.
The ordinary indications for the use of iron are well met by the use of the waters
belonging to this class.
478
Those springs containing sulphate of magnesium and sodium, and alkalies, in addition
to iron, such as those chalybeate springs, containing alum, give excellent results in chronic
gastric or intestinal catarrhal inflammation, especially when associated with diarrhoea.
Thorp's Spring, Texas, or the New Almaden Vichy, of California, should be of special
sen-ice in chlorosis as well as in the ordinary anaemias. The following list comprises the
most important members of this group, together with several examples where the analysis
is given in detail : —
CHURCHILL ALUM, VIRGINIA.
One U. S. Gallon (231 cu. in.) contains —
Sulphate of magnesium, . . . 86.064 grs
" " calcium, .... 88.832 "
" " potassium, . . . 2.440 u
" " ammonium, . . 0.640 "
" " sodium, .... 1.944 "
Chloride of sodium, 4.624 "
Persulphate of the sesquioxide of
iron, .... 51.264 "
Bisulphate of the sesquioxide of
iron, 83-35 2 "
Sulphate of protoxide of iron, 24.184 "
Persulphate of alumina, . . . 72.928 "
Silica, 10.424 "
Phosphoric acid, trace
426.696 "
Iron and Alum Waters.
bath alum springs, bath county, va.
(Analyst, A. A. Hayes.)
One U.S. Gallon (231 cu.in.) contains —
Chloride of sodium,
Sulphate of calcium, .... 2.539 S rs -
" " magnesium,
" " potassium,
Crenate of ammonium,
Silicate of sodium, . .
Protosulphate of iron,
Alumina,
Silica,
1.282
0.258
1.776
3i5o
21.776
12.293
43.084
Free carbonic acid, 8 cubic inches.
CRESSON ALUM SPRINGS, CAMBRIA COUNTY,
PENNA.
One U. S. Gallon (231 cu.
in.) contains —
Sulphate
of ferric oxide,
. . 83.390 grs.
«
" aluminium, .
. 21.205 "
it
" ferrous oxide,
. 16.253 "
"
" magnesium, .
. 27.699 "
"
" calcium, . .
. 40.202 "
«
" lithium, . .
. 0.047 "
a
" sodium, . .
. 0.704 "
"
" potassium, .
. 0.426 "
Chloride of sodium, . .
. 0.023 "
Bicarbonate of iron, . . .
. 3784 "
u
" manganese,
trace
<<
" calcium, . .
Phosphat
e of calcium,
. trace
Silicic acid.
. 1.868 "
145-565
479
Simple Iron Water.
sharon chalybeate spring, schoharie schuyler chalybeate spring, schuy-
county, n. y. ler county, ill.
One U. S. Gallon (231 cu. in.) contains— (Analyst, Dr. Blaney.)
Sulphate of magnesium, . . . 20.56 grs. One U.S. Gallon (231 cu. in.) contains —
" " calcium, 16.27 " Grains. Grains.
" " sodium, 12.35 " Sulphate of calcium, . . 73-93 6 73-986
« « iron, 24.00 " " " magnesium, 2.984 2.982
" " iron, . . . 69.960 69.959
73-18 ' Alkaline sulphate, . . . 7.832
Sulphuretted hydrogen, I cubic inch. (i phosphate> # § 7.836
Temperature, 48° F. SiUca, 1-3" I.31S
156.024 156.028
Iron and Aperients,
new almaden vichy, santa clara thorp's spring, hood county, texas.
COUNTY, CALIFORNIA. ^ ^ g ^^ ^ cu [n) contains _
One U.S. Gallon (231 cu. in.) contains— Ferri carbonate, 40 grs.
Sodium bicarbonate, 201 grs. Sodium sulphate, ....... 80 "
" chloride, 33 " « carbonate, 100 "
Calcium sulphate, "» <4 "
" carbonate, J
Magnesium sulphate, 12 "
Ferri carbonate, 5 "
325 "
Free carbonic acid gas, 238 cu. in.
Adirondack Spring, Whitehall, New York. CaC0 3 15, MgC0 3 13, FeC0 3 4, C0 2 54.15
cubic inches. 5 2° F.
Bath Alum Spring, Bath County, Va. No. I. Alum 9, CaFeO 14, C0 2 II cu. in. No. 2.
FeO 21, Alum 12 C0 2 8 cu. in.
Bedford Alum Springs, Bedford County, Virginia. FeS0 4 23^, MgS0 4 , 13, CaS0 4 19.
Catter Spring. See Rock Enon Spring.
Cave Spring, Bath County, Virginia. FeC0 3 2.
Church Hill Alum Springs, Near Richmond, Va. Fe 2 (S0 4 ) 3 135, FeSO, 24, MgS0 4 86,
CaSO, 89, A1 2 (S0 4 ) 3 73-
Columbia Springs, Columbia County, N. Y. NaCl 84, CaS0 4 65, MgCl 2 31, CaCl 3 22,
FeCl 3 y/2, H 2 S 4.48 cubic inches.
Congress Spring, Santa Clara Co., California. NaC0 3 123, NaCl 118, FeC0 3 13.
Crab Orchard Acid Spring, Genesee County, New York. H 2 S0 4 83, CaS0 4 40, FeS0 4 14.
Cresson Springs, Cambria County, Pennsylvania.
Iron Spring. FeS0 4 and Fe(HC0 3 ) 2 29, CaS0 4 49, MgS0 4 23.
Alum Spring. FeS0 4 and Fe(HC0 3 ) 2 53, CaS0 4 40, MgS0 4 28, and A1 2 (S0 4 ) 3 21
grains.
Fauquier White Sulphur Springs, Fauquier County, West Virginia. FeS0 4 2. 55 F.
Geyser Spa Spring, Sonoma County, California. NaHC0 3 23, Mg(HC0 3 ) 2 10, FeC0 3 4.
Iron Ute Manitou Spring, Colorado. CaC0 3 70, Na 2 C0 3 70, FeC0 3 7, C0 2 ?. 44 F.
480
Jordan Rockbridge Alum, Rockbridge County, Virginia. FeS0 4 1 8^ C0 2 6 cu. in.
Kittanning Mineral Spring, Armstrong County, Pennsylvania. FeS0 4 24^, MgS0 4 27,
CaS0 4 65.
Linwood Spring, Linwood, Iowa. FeC0 3 27, XaCl 93, NaHC0 3 40, MgCl 2 23.
Manitou Spring. See Iron Ute.
Xapa Soda Spring, Napa County, California. FeC0 3 16, MgC0 3 52. 68° F.
Napa Soda Spring, Xapa County, California. MgC0 3 26, XaHC0 3 13, Fe 2 (C0 3 ) 3 8.
68° F.
New Almaden Vichy, Santa Clara County, California. NaHC0 3 201, XaCl 33, CaS0 4
and Ca(HC0 3 ) 2 73, MgS0 4 12, FeC0 3 5, C0 2 238 cubic inches.
Xew London Alum Springs, Campbell County, Virginia. FeS0 4 23^, MgS0 4 13,
CaS0 4 19.
Oak Orchard Spring, Genesee County, X. V. H 2 S0 4 133, FeS0 4 33, CaS0 4 13.
Ocean Spring, Jackson County, Mississippi. FeO 5, XaCl 48.
Ojo Caliente Spring, Ojo Caliente, Xew Mexico. Xa^Og 115, XaCl 32, FeC0 3 6.
ioo° F.
Owasso, Chalybeate, Owasso, Shiawassee County, Michigan. FeC0 3 12, MgC0 3 II.
Pacific Congress Spring, ten miles S. W. Santa Clara, California. FeC0 3 14, XaCl and
Na^COg 242. 50 F.
Pacific Congress Spring, near Santa Clara, California. XaCl 119, XagCOg 123, FeC0 3
14. 5o°F.
Ranch Spring, Estes Park, Colorado. Fe(HC0 3 ) 2 2. 5 8° F.
Richfield Iron Spring, Otsego County, Xew Vork. CaS0 4 and Ca(HC0 3 ) 2 1 7, Mg(HC0 3 ) 2
12, FeO 5, CO, 16. 4 6°F.
River Spring, Estes Park, Colorado. Fe(HC0 3 ) 2 4. 58 F.
Rockbridge Alum Spring, Rockbridge County, Virginia. FeS0 4 5, Alumina 1 8.
Rock Enon Spring, Frederick County, Va. FeC0 3 14, MgSO i 13.
Saline Chalybeate Spring, Schuyler County, Illinois. Fe 2 (S0 4 ) 3 70, CaS0 4 74.
Schuyler County Springs, Schuyler County, Illinois. CaS0 4 74, FeS0 4 70.
Sharon Chalybeate Spring, Schoharie County, Xew York. FeS0 4 24, MgS0 4 21. 48 F.
Sparta Artesian Well, Sparta, Monroe County, Wisconsin. FeC0 3 9 grains.
Stribling Springs, Augusta County, Virginia. KgAL^SOJ^ 1 6, FeS0 2 9, CaS0 4 12.
Stryker's Mineral Water, Stryker, Ohio. K 2 SO i 185, MgCl 2 1 19, XaCl 232, FeC0 3 10.
Tar Spring, Crawford County, Indiana. FeC0 3 4, CaC0 3 21.
Thorp's Spring, Hood County, Texas. FeC0 3 40, Xa 2 S 2 3 80, Xa 2 C0 3 100.
Variety Springs, Augusta County, Virginia. FeS0 4 5 (XH 4 ) 2 S0 4 12, CaS0 4 13.
III. CARBOXIC ACID WATERS.
These owe their chief virtue to the presence of carbonic acid gas, though many of them
contain alkalies and alkaline earths in sufficient quantity to give them a special action.
Though springs of this class are very numerous, it is remarkable to observe how fre-
quently information as to the exact amount of free carbonic gas is wanting, and that has
been noted where the analysis, as regards the mineral constituents, has been conducted
with great care and accuracy. Then, too, it would appear, in many instances, the water
is sent some distance for analysis, so that considerable escapes and the water at the spring
actually contains a larger quantity of the gas than is shown by the analysis. Many springs
containing free carbonic acid gas also contain such large quantities of active inorganic
481
substances as to compel us to classify them under some one of the other groups. The
waters belonging to this class are peculiarly agreeable both to the palate and to the eye.
Their bright, sparkling appearance constantly tempts one to their use, and thus patients
receive large quantities of water almost without effort. Fever patients find these waters
very agreeable, and the addition of this gas acts as a sedative to the gastro-mucous mem-
brane, and when taken cold and in sips relieves nausea and tends to check vomiting. This
water when added to milk is admirably received by some patients with irritable stomach,
and occasionally milk will be accepted in this form when it is absolutely refused in its pure
state. Another very popular use to which these waters are put is in diluting wines.
Wherever a water surcharged with the gas is indicated, these springs are of especial
value, particularly those containing a moderate amount of the alkalies. The following
analyses are offered as examples of this group, to which belong the well-known Apollinaris,
Giesshiibel and Vichy springs : — ■
SWEET SPRINGS, WEST VIRGINIA.
(Analyst, W. B. Rogers.)
One U. S. gallon (231 cu. in.) contains —
Chloride of sodium, 0.136 grs
" " magnesium. . . . 0.312 "
" " calcium, 0.144 "
Sulphate of sodium, 6.344 "
" " magnesium, . . . 10.392 "
" " calcium, 13.168 "
Carbonate of sodium, .... "
" " calcium, .... 30.556 "
" " magnesium, . . . 0.824 "
Oxide of iron, 0.144 "
Silicic acid, 0.021 li
Iodine, trace
Earthy phosphates, trace
Free carbonic acid,
62.041
cubic inches.
GIESSHUBLER (NEAR CARLSBAD), BOHEMIA
One U. S. gallon (231 cu. in.) contains—
Sodium carbonate, 56.768 grs
Calcium " 12.672
Magnesium" 2.720
Ferrous " ...... 0.032
Potassium " 5.248
" sulphate, J -776
" chloride, 3.008
Silica, 5- 2 4§
Aluminse, 0136
^936
CLYSMIC NATURAL SPRING WATER, WAU-
KESHA, WISCONSIN.
(Analyst, Rathbene.)
One U. S. gallon (231 cu. in.) contains —
Chloride of sodium, 1. 170 grs.
Sulphate of potassa, 0.456 "
Sulphate of soda, 0.560 "
Bicarbonate of lime, 16.044 "
Bicarbonate of magnesia, . .13.563 "
Bicarbonate of iron, 0.038 "
Bicarbonate of soda, .... 1. 261 "
Phosphate of soda, 0.032 "
Silica, 0.722 "
Organic matter, 1.616 "
Alumina, trace
Carbonic acid (?) 35-462
SUMMIT SODA SPRINGS, ALPINE COUNTY,
CALIFORNIA.
One U. S. gallon (231 cu. in.) contains —
Bicarbonate of calcium, .... 43.20 grs.
Carbonate of magnesium, . . . 4.20 "
" " sodium, .... 9.50 "
Chloride " " 26.22 '•
Oxide of iron, 1.75 "
Silica, 2.06 "
Alumina, 1.75 "
Potassium, trace
Carbonic acid,
88.68
:86.35 cubic inches.
APOLLINARIS SPRING, NEUENAHR
(Analyst, Mohr.)_
One U. S. gallon (231 cu. in
RHENISH PRUSSIA.
contains-
31
Chloride of sodium, 20.79
Sulphate of soda, 1 2. 2
Carbonate of soda, 55-°7
" " lime, 14.6
" " magnesia 2 3-93
Oxide of iron, 0.22
Silicic acid, 1.08
. 127.89
Carbonic acid, 376 cubic inches.
4S2
Bladon Sulphur Spring, Choctaw County, Alabama. C0 2 86 cubic inches, and H,S
1.30 cubic inches.
Bladon Vichy Spring, Choctaw County, Alabama. CO, no cubic inches.
Blue Lick Springs, Maysville, Kentucky. XaCl 8, MgCl 76, CaSO i 59, C0 2 46 cubic
inches, H 2 S 6 cubic inches.
Clarendon Gaseous Spring, Rutland County-, Vermont. C0 2 46.16 cubic inches. 50 F.
Clysmic Spring, Waukesha, Wisconsin. Mg(HC0 3 ) 2 14, Ca(HC0 3 ) 2 16, CO, amount not
given.
Saratoga Vichy Springs, Saratoga County, Xew York. Nad 128, Xa,C0 3 82, Ca(HC0 3 ) 2
95, MgC0 3 41, CO, 3.83 cubic inches.
Su mmi t Soda Springs, Alpine County, California. NaCl 26, Cai v HC0 3 ), 43, C0 2 186.35
cubic inches.
Sweet Chalybeate Spring, Alleghany Count}-, West Virginia. CaS0 4 ^, CO, 104 cubic
inches. 75 z F.
Sweet Springs, Monroe County, West Virginia. CaC0 3 and CaS0 4 43, CO, 85. S6 cubic
inches. 74 F.
IV. PURGATIVE WATERS.
These waters depend for their action largely upon sulphate of sodium and magnesium
and associated salts held in solution. An examination of the analyses of the springs thus
classified shows that chloride of sodium, carbonates of the alkalies and alkaline earths
with free carbonic acid are very frequently associated.
Some of these springs contain so small an amount of salts that their action is but mildly
laxative, while others are actively purgative.
When a gentle saline laxative is indicated these waters often give better results than the
same amount of Epsom or Glaubers salts dissolved in pure water, and are therefore of
greater service.
In congestion of the liver, chronic gastric catarrh, with atony, jaundice, lithaemia. gout,
and in the obese, the regular use of a water of this class, properly selected and adminis-
tered, yields excellent results.
Most of the Saratoga waters are purgative and are more agreeable than many others,
from the large quantity of free carbonic acid gas present. Analyses in full are given of
Congress, Hathom and Seltzer, as examples of these important and valuable springs.
Following the typical examples here given will be found analyses of Carlsbad, Hunyadi
Janos, Friedrichshall and Ofner Rakozy.
CRAB ORCHARD SPRINGS, LINCOLN COUNTY, KY.
(Analyst, Prof. A. Peters.)
One U. S. gallon (231 cubic inches) contains —
Carbonate of magnesium, 7.640 grs. Sulphate of magnesium, . 205.280 grs.
" " iron, . . . trace " " calcium, . . 10.792 "
" " calcium, . 53.1 84 w Silica, 3.264 "
Chloride of sodium, . . 17,728 " Less and moisture, . . . 34.584 "
Sulphate of potassium, . 9.912 " 401.454 "
" " sodium, . . 59.072 "
Carbonate of calcium, magnesium, iron and silica.
483
PAGASSA HOT SPRINGS, 25 MILES FROM HEADWATERS OF SAN JUAN RIVER, COL.
(Analyst, Prof. O. Loew.)
One U. S. gallon (231 cubic inches) contains —
No. 1.
Carbonate of sodium,
" " lithium,
" " calcium.
Grains.
2-745
O.415
34-456
2.832
" magnesium, . . .
Sulphate of potassium, 4.164
" " sodium, 129.449
Chloride sodium, 17.082
Silicic acid, 3-3 2 9
Organic matter trace
Temperature from 101 to 140 F.
194.472
No. 2.
Grains.
1-945
trace
34-748
2.289
4.076
128.597
17.146
3-043
trace
191.844
No. 3.
Grains.
trace
3I-834
2.149
3.872
130.769
18.227
3-230
trace
190.181
No. 4.
Grains.
34.298
2.127
4.146
131. 160
17.409
2.230
trace
•370
LOUISVILLE, OR DUPONT'S ARTESIAN WELL, LOUISVILLE, KENTUCKY.
One U. S. gallon (231 cubic inches) contains —
Carbonate of sodium, .
" " magnesium
" " iron, . .
" " calcium,
Chloride of potassium,
" sodium,
" magnesium,
" aluminum,
" calcium,
" lithium,
Sulphate of potassium,
Carbonic acid, 6.16
I.896 grs.
I.632 "
0.256 "
4.160 "
4.224 "
621.520 "
14.776 "
I.208 "
65.728 "
0.104 "
3.224 "
cubic inches.
Sulphate of sodium, .
" " magnesium,
" " aluminum,
" " calcium, .
Phosphate of sodium, .
Iodide of magnesium,
Bromide of magnesium,
Silica,
Organic matter, . . .
Loss,
Nitrogen, 1.36 cubic inches.
Sulphuretted hydrogen,
72.296 grs.
77-336 "
01.800 "
29.432 "
1-544 "
•352 •<
.464 "
.888 "
.712 "
8.120 "
911.672 "
2.00 cubic inches.
SARATOGA SPRINGS, SARATOGA COUNTY, N.
(Analyst, C. F. Chandler.)
One U. S. gallon (231 cubic inches) contains —
Congress.
Grains.
Carbonate of sodium, ...... 7-472
" " magnesium 75.152
" " iron, 0.248
" " calcium, * 99.992
" " lithium, 2.992
" " strontium, trace
" " barium, 0.760
Chloride of potassium, 8.048
" " sodium, 400.440
Sulphate of potassium, 0.888
Phosphate of sodium 0.016
Iodide of " 0.138
Bromide of " 8.552
Fluoride of calcium, trace
Biborate of sodium, trace
Alumina, trace
Silicon, O.840
Organic matter, trace
Carbonic acid gas,
602.636
. 362.00 cu.
Hathorn.
Grains.
2.976
IO4.756
O.808
118.520
trace
I.424
9-592
509.960
trace
0.008
0.200
1.556
trace
0.128
1.256
trace
750.992
376.00 cu.
Seltzer.
Grains.
20.416
23.904
I.240
62432
O.568
trace
trace
1.336
134.288
o.552
trace
0.032
0.632
trace
trace
0.376
2.560
trace
248.33 6
320.00 cu. in.
484
Alburgh Springs, Grand Isle County, Vermont, 15 grains of Na 2 S0 4 and K 2 S0 4 .
Avon New Bath, Livingston County, New York, CaC0 3 27, Na 2 S0 4 and NaCl 44. 50 F.
Ballston Springs, Saratoga County, New York —
Ballston Artesian Lithia Well. NaCl 750, CaC0 3 165, MgC0 3 107, Li 2 C0 3 6, C0 2
426 cubic inches. 5 2° F.
Franklin Artesian Well. NaCl 659, Ca(HC0 3 ) 2 202, Mg(HC0 3 ) 2 178, NaHC0 3 94,
KC1 34, LiHC0 3 7, C0 2 460 cubic inches. 52 F.
Sans Souci. NaCl 144, CaC0 3 43, Mg(HC0 3 ) 2 39, FeC0 3 6.
United States. NaCl 425, CaC0 3 29, C0 2 244 cubic inches. 50 F.
Washington Lithia Well. NaCl 645, Mg(HC0 3 ) 2 158, CaHC0 3 178, LLHCO II,
Fe(HC0 3 ) 2 2, C0 2 338 cubic inches. 49 F.
Bedford Springs, Bedford County, Pennsylvania —
Anderson magnesia. CaS0 4 1 00, MgS0 4 40. 5 7. 2° F.
Anderson magnesia. Iron CaS0 4 90, MgS0 4 39, FeC0 3 trace. 57. 2° F.
Bedford Sulphur. CaS0 4 73, MgS0 4 33, H 2 S trace, C0 2 6 cubic inches. 62.6 F.
Beer Springs, Oregon, MgS0 4 48, MgC0 3 12, CaC0 3 15, NaCl 9.
Benham's Carburetted Saline Spring, Crawford County, Indiana. NaCl 4850, CaC0 3 640,
MgC0 3 173, MgS0 4 84, Na 2 S0 4 21, FeC0 3 9.
Bryant's Mineral Well, Lincoln County, Kentucky. MgS0 4 53, CaS0 4 56.
Buttenvorth Springs, Kent County, Michigan. CaSC^ 75, MgCL 2 42. 54 F.
Charleston Artesian Well, Charleston, South Carolina. Na^C^ 52, MgS0 4 12. 87 F.
Cherry Valley Bath House Spring, Otsego County, New York. CaS0 4 85, MgC0 3 and
MgS0 4 42, Na 2 S0 4 11.
Cooper's Artesian Well, Hinds County, Mississippi. MgSO i 23, NajSO^ 12, CaS0 4 42.
5o°F.
Crab Orchard, Foley's Spring, Lincoln County, Kentucky,
Crab Orchard, Sowder's Spring, Lincoln County, Kentucky. MgS0 4 173, CaSOi 91,
NaCl 57, C0 2 ?.
Crab Orchard Springs, Lincoln County, Kentucky. MgS0 4 205, Na,S0 4 59.
Crab Orchard Salts. Contain in 100 grains MgS0 4 63.
Eaton's White Sulphur Spring, Crawford County, Indiana. NaCl 121, MgS0 4 42, MgC0 3
16, CaC0 3 46. 59° F.
Estill Spring. See Irvine Spring.
Foley's Spring. See Crab Orchard Springs.
Fruit Port Artesian Well, Ottawa County, Michigan. NaCl 464, CaCL in, MgCl 47,
N^SO^ 46, FeC0 3 5.44 grains. 48 F.
Glenn Springs, Spartanburgh County, South Carolina. MgS0 4 96, Na,S0 4 40, H 2 S 24
cubic inches.
Greenville Spring. See Harrodsburg Springs.
Harrodsburg Springs, Mercer County Kentucky —
Greenville Spring. MgS0 4 129, CaSOi &8, MgC0 3 23.
Saloon Spring. MgS0 4 223, CaS0 4 82, Fe(HC0 3 ) 2 4.
Hartford Sulphur Spring, Crawford County, Indiana. NaCl 59, MgS0 4 and Na 2 S0 4 20,
CaC0 3 20.
Hot Springs, Canon City, Colorado. Na 2 S0 4 166, Na^Og 155, Ca,C0 3 66. 102 F.
Hot Sulphur Springs, Middle Park, ninety miles from Denver, Colorado. Na. 2 S0 4 25,
Na2C0 3 22. Temperature no° to 117 F.
485
Idaho Warm Springs, Clear Creek County, Colorado. Na 2 C0 3 31, Na 2 S0 4 29. 106 F.
Indian Spring, Butts County, Georgia. MgS0 4 572, CaS0 4 57, K 2 S0 4 27. 63 F.
Irvine Spring, Estill County, Kentucky. MgS0 4 263, CaS0 4 and CaC0 3 62.
Le Roy Springs, Le Roy Station on the Northern Pacific Railroad, Wyoming. Na 2 S0 4
117, NaCl 270, MgC0 3 51, CaC0 3 and CaS0 4 100.
Louisville, or Du Pont's Artesian Well, Louisville, Kentucky. NaCl 622, MgS0 4 JJ,
Na 2 S0 4 72.
Midland Spring, Midland County, Michigan. K 2 S0 4 68, Na 2 S0 4 18. 47 F.
Mineral Spring, in dry wash leading from Detrital Valley (Forty-mile Desert) to the Colo-
rado River, Arizona. NaCl 232, MgS0 4 101, CaS0 4 76, Na 2 S0 4 30.
Pagosa Hot Springs, twenty-five miles from the headwater of the San Juan River,
Colorado —
No. 1. Na 2 S0 4 129. No. 3. Na 2 S0 4 131.
No. 2. Na 2 S0 4 129. No. 4. Na 2 S0 4 131.
Porter's Sulpho- Chalybeate Spring, Denver, Colorado. Na 2 S0 4 27, CaC0 3 10.
Rhea Springs, Rhea County, Tennessee. 70 grains of CaS0 4 .
Saloon Spring. See Harrodsburg Springs.
Saratoga Springs, Saratoga County, New York — ■
Champion. Ca(F£C0 3 ) 2 227, NaCl 702, Mg(HC0 3 ) 2 194, C0 2 462. 49 F.
Columbian. NaCl 267, CaC0 3 68, MgC0 3 28, FeCo 3 6, Co 2 272 cubic inches.
Congress. NaCl 400, CaC0 3 100, MgCGy 75, NaBr 9, Li 2 C0 3 3, C0 2 392 cubic
inches. 52 F.
Crystal. NaCl 336, CaC0 3 71, MgC0 3 45, Li 2 C0 3 3, C0 2 312 cubic inches. 50 F.
Empire. NaCl 507, CaC0 3 76, MgCo 3 25, C0 2 344 cubic inches.
Eureka. NaCl 117, CaC0 3 41, MgC0 3 29, FeC0 3 3, C0 2 232 cubic inches.
Excelsior. NaCl 371, CaCO s 77, MgC0 3 32, FeC0 3 3, NaC0 3 15.
Geyser. NaCl 562, CaC0 3 118, MgC0 3 83, Na 2 C0 3 49, Li 2 C0 3 4, C0 2 456 cubic
inches. 46 F.
Glacier. NaCl 702, CaC0 3 158, MgC0 3 115, Li 2 C0 3 6, KC1 40, C0 2 465.44 cubic inches.
Hamilton. NaCl 299, CaC0 3 98, MgC0 3 39, FeC0 3 5, Na 2 C0 3 34, C0 2 320.
Hathorn. NaCl 510, CaC0 3 n8, MgC0 3 105, C0 2 376 cubic inches.
High Rock. NaCl 390, CaC0 3 92, MgC0 3 33, C0 2 408 cubic inches. 52 F.
Pavilion. NaCl 460, CaC0 3 83, MgC0 3 45, Li 2 C0 3 6, C0 2 328 cubic inches.
Putnam Spring.' NaCl 214, Ca(HC0 3 ) 2 68, Mg(HC0 3 ) 2 51, C0 2 348 cubic inches.
51 F.
Red Spring. NaCl 70, CaC0 3 59, MgC0 3 21.
Saratoga Alum. NaCl 565, CaC0 3 57, MgC0 3 20, C0 2 212 cubic inches.
Seltzer. NaCl 134, CaC0 3 62, MgC0 3 24, C0 2 320 cubic inches. 50 F.
Star. NaCl 398, CaC0 3 86, MgC0 3 37, C0 2 400 cubic inches. 52 F.
Triton Spring. NaCl 238, CaC0 3 91, MgC0 3 42, Li 2 C0 3 3 grains, C0 2 360 cubic
inches. 6o° F.
United States. NaCl 142, CaC0 3 65, MgC0 3 43, Li 2 C0 3 3, C0 2 240 cubic inches.
Union. NaCl 458, CaC0 3 67, MgC0 3 65, C0 2 384.96 cubic inches. 48 F.
Vichy. See Alkaline Waters.
Walton or Iodine. NaCl 187, MgC0 3 75, CaC0 3 26, C0 2 330 cubic inches.
Washington Spring. NaCl 183, Ca(HC0 3 ) 2 84, Mg(HC0 3 ) 2 66, C0 2 364 cubic inches.
45° F.
486
Seltzer Spring, Boulder County, Colorado. Na,S0 4 ioS, Ca(HC0 3 ) 2 43. Temperature, 40 F.
Seltzer, Springdale, Colorado. Na,S0 4 230, Ca,C0 3 85, FeC0 3 S.
Spring Lake Well, Ottawa County, Michigan. NaCl 406, CaCL 2 1 13, Na^O^ 47. MgCl
36. 52° F.
Sowder's Spring. See Crab Orchard Springs.
Warm Spring, at edge of Salt Lake City, Utah. MgS0 4 60, NaCl 234.
Warren Springs, Warren Count}-, North Carolina. CaCl II, CaSO i and CaC0 3 and
CaCL 2 10, MgS0 4 8.
White Creek Springs, twelve miles from Nashville, Tennessee. 55 grains of CaC0 3 and
CaS0 4 .
V. ALKALINE WATERS.
These owe their alkalinity to the preponderance of carbonate and bicarbonate of sodium,
and also, though in small quantities, the carbonate of potassium, lithium, calcium and
magnesium. These waters are frequently surcharged with carbonic acid gas, which
enhances their therapeutic value very considerably, as it renders them more palatable and
converts the alkaline taste, so unpleasant to many, into an agreeable acidity. These
springs may be cold or hot, and may contain lime, salt or iron in varying amount
Typical examples of this class, that is, springs containing sodium carbonate or bicarbo-
nate with free carbonic acid gas, are, unfortunately, less numerous than we would wish, in
view of their enormous importance in so many chronic diseases. Most of our alkaline
springs contain other mineral substances which render them less valuable in the treatment
of disease. The conditions in which these waters produce their best effects are the follow-
ing : Chronic gastric catarrh, especially with hyperacidity, and catarrhal inflammation of
mucous membrane of the biliary passages. Good results have also been obtained in acute
catarrhal nephritis, and not a few observers have seen diabetics improve under its use.
In acute cystitis and urethritis springs of this class do good by diluting the urine and
diminishing its acidity, and so alleviate suffering and hasten recovery ; at times brilliant
results are obtained in certain diathetic conditions, such as lithaemia, gout and chronic
rheumatism. From this brief summary it is evident that these waters constitute a most
important addition to our means of combating disease.
Our country is so rich in mineral waters, it is in the highest degree probable that
numerous springs belonging to this class are in existence and only need analysis to make
known their value. It is to be hoped that before long many additions will be made to
our meagre list of springs belonging to this group.
The following analyses are examples of this class, and I would particularly call atten-
tion to that of Vichy, in France, as a type of an alkaline water : —
SARATOGA VICHY SPRING, SARATOGA CO., N. Y.
Contains in one U. S. gallon of 231 cubic inches —
Chloride of sodium, 128. 6S9
" " potassium, 14113
Bromide of sodium, 0.990
Iodide of sodium, trace.
Fluoride of calcium, trace.
Bicarbonate of lithia, 1.760
" " soda, 82.S73
" " magnesia, .... 41.503
269.928
487
269.928
Bicarbonate of lime, 95 .5 22
" " strontia, trace.
" " baryta, 0.593
" " iron, 0.052
Sulphate of potassa, trace.
Phosphate of soda, trace.
Alumina, °-473
Silica, 0.758
Organic matter, trace.
Total, 367.326
Carbonic acid gas in one gallon, 383.071 cubic inches.
Temperature 50 F.
VICHY GRANDE GRILLE AND HOPITAL
SPRINGS.
(Analyst, Mossier.)
One U. S. gallon (231 cu. in.) contains
OJO CALIENTE SPRING, OJO CALIENTE, NEW
MEXICO.
(Analyst, O. C. Marsh.)
One U. S. gallon (231 cu. in.) contains — ■
Grande-Grille.
Hopital.
Sodium carbonate, .
115 019 grs
Grains.
Grains.
Lithium "
0.123 "
Carbonate of soda, . . 259.03
254-75
Calcium "
2-435 "
" " lime, . . 12.23
18.62
Magnesium "
1.273 "
" " magnesia, 2.28
2.05
Iron "
. 59IO "
" " iron, . . 0.60
2-73
Potassium sulphate,
3.019 «
Chloride of Sodium, . 23.94
8.36
Sodium "
. 7-942 "
Sulphate of soda, . . 42.33
47-65
334.16
" chloride,
Silica,
32.209 "
340.41
. 0.123 "
Free carbonic acid 90-100 cu
. in.
168.053 «
Carbonic acid undetermined.
Temperature ioo° I
Adams Springs, Lake County, California. MgC0 3 99, Na 2 C0 3 57, CaC0 3 29,C0 2 300
cubic inches.
Borax Springs. See Hot Borate Springs.
California Seltzer Springs, Mendocino County, Cal. CaC0 3 67, MgC0 3 43, Na 2 C0 3 35.
Carlisle, near Pueblo, Colorado. 6o° F.
Clinton Spring, Cliff Street, New York City. NaCl 58, MgC0 3 35, CaC0 3 30, C0 2 68^
cubic inches.
Congress Spring, Santa Clara County, California. Na 2 C0 3 123, NaCl 1 18, FeC0 3 13.
Hot Borate Springs, Borax Lake, Lake County, California. NH 4 HC0 3 108, 103, NaCl
85, NaHC0 3 77.
Indian Spring, Martin County, Indiana. NaCl 39, CaC0 3 4- CaS0 4 53, MgC0 3 -f MgS0 4
49. 53° F.
Iron Duke, Canon City, Colorado. Na 2 C0 3 156, NaCl 170.
Olympian Springs, Bath County, Kentucky. NaCl 166, MgCl 2 55.
Richfield Sulphur Spring, Otsego County, New York. CaS0 4 and Ca(HC0 3 ) 2 92,
MgS0 4 and Mg(HC0 3 ) 2 39, NaCl 21, H 2 S 4 cubic inches. 48 F.
Saratoga Vichy Springs, Saratoga County, New York. NaCl 128, Na 2 HC0 3 82,
CaHC0 3 95, C0 2 383 cubic inches.
488
Sharon Magnesia Spring, Schoharie County, New York. CaS0 4 76, MgS0 4 -j- Mg(HC0 3 ) 2
53, H 2 S 3.3 cubic inches. 48 F.
Snowden Mineral Spring, Valley of Yoncalla, two miles south of Drain's Station, Oregon.
MgCli45, NaCl 173, CaCl 2 115.
St. Louis Magnetic Spring, St. Louis, Gratiot County, Michigan. NaHC0 3 86, Ca(HC0 3 ) 2
56, CaS0 4 54. 50 F.
Vichy Springs. See New Almaden Springs.
West Baden Springs, Orange County, Indiana. NaCl 78, CaC0 3 41, MgC0 3 39, MgS0 4
36, MgCl 2 11.
WQhoit Springs, Clackamas County, Oregon. MgC0 3 85, 1Ssl 2 C0 3 88, NaCl 201, FeO 6,
C0 2 338.41 cubic inches.
Wilson's Saline Chalybeate, Lexington, Fayette County, Kentucky. CaCl 2 33, MgCl 2 18,
MgC0 3 15, FeC0 3 2)4, C0 2 33 cubic inches.
VI. SALINE WATERS.
These waters are solutions of common salt, containing, also, small quantities of the chlorides
of the alkalies and alkaline earths, and occasionally minute traces of iodine and bromine.
It is plain that the effects produced by these springs are due to chloride of sodium and the
increased amount of water consumed. This salt, when taken into the stomach, dissolves
albumin and starches; promotes the digestion and absorption of food; supplies the intes-
tines with chyme rich in albumin and starches ; enters the blood, which carries it to all
the tissues of the body, after supplying its own needs.
In solutions of suitable strength it produces an agreeable effect on mucous membranes,
favoring free and healthy secretion. It is quickly absorbed, but when taken highly con-
centrated acts as an irritant and produces emesis and diarrhoea. The therapeutic dose
is from one to five drachms daily.
The usefulness of these waters is very restricted, and is indicated by what has been
said as to its physiological action. Good results may be expected in certain dyspepsias,
with defective gastric secretion and sluggishness of the bowels, as well as chronic inflam-
matory exudations which are being absorbed slowly or not at all. When rapid absorption
is necessary the water should be given hot, and in certain cases of dyspepsia these results
are best obtained by its administration early in the morning, before breakfast.
When it is desired to administer these waters, in ordinary cases, preference should be
given to those springs charged with carbonic acid, as this gas greatly increases the palata-
bility of this class of waters.
These waters, as well as the alkaline*earths, when carbonated, are especially valuable in
many acute affections attended with fever, particularly when nourishment is taken in small
amounts, as they supply the body with mineral substances absolutely needed. The proper
supply of salines in disease is too often overlooked.
The following analyses are good examples of these waters : —
HALLECK SPRING, ONEIDA COUNTY, NEW YORK.
(Analyst, Prof. Noyes.)
One U. S. gallon (231 cu. in.) contains —
Chloride of sodium, 624.00 grs.
" calcium, .... 104.00 "
il magnesium, . . . 32.00 "
Sulphate of calcium, .... 40.00 "
800.00 "
489
AKESION SPRING, SALINE COUNTY, MISSOURI.
(Analyst, C. P. W
One U. S. gallon (231 cu. in.) contains —
Chloride of sodium, .
" potassium,
" lithium, .
" magnesium,
" calcium, .
Bromide of magnesium,
Nitrate of magnesium,
" ammonium,
Sulphide of sodium, .
Sulphate of calcium, .
" barium, .
Phosphate of calcium,
Carbonate of calcium,
" iron, (ferrous
" manganese,
" alumina, .
Organic matter, ....
lliams.)
756.
28.
o.
87.
74-
o.
o.
o.
2.
57-
o.
o.
40.
o.
o.
o.
o.
114 grs.
594 "
294 "
313 "
791 «
131 «
178 "
172 "
609 "
934 "
150 "
243 "
251 "
267 «
199 «
167 "
513 "
1049.920 "
SALT SPRING, NEAR ALBA, BRADFORD
COUNTY, PENNSYLVANIA.
(Analyst, Genth.)
One U. S. gallon (231 cu. in.) contains-
Chloride of sodium, . .
. . 4693.608 gn
" iron, . . .
. . trace
" calcium,
. . 780.224 "
" magnesium,
. 110.960 "
Bicarbonate of iron, . .
• 5,256 "
" calcium,
1.752 "
Silicic acid,
2.950 "
Bromine not determined.
5594-750 "
WIESBADEN, THE KOCHBRUNNEN, NASSAU,
GERMANY.
One U. S. gallon (231 cu. in.) contains —
Chloride of sodium, 419.92 grs.
" potassium, .... 8.96 "
" lithium, 0.08 "
" calcium, .... 28.88 "
" magnesium, . . . 12.48 "
Bromide of magnesium, ... 0.16 "
Sulphate of lime, 5.52 "
Carbonate of lime, 25.68 "
" protoxide of iron, 0.32 "
Temperature, 15 6° F.
cubic inches.
502.00 "
Carbonic acid, 52
Akesion Spring, Brownville, Saline County, Missouri. NaCl 756, MgCl 2 87, CaCl 2 ,
CaS0 4 and CaC0 3 173.
Albany Artesian Well, Ferry Street, Albany, New York. NaCl 504, FeC0 3 8, MgC0 3
16, Na 2 C0 3 40, C0 2 224 cubic inches. 51 to 52 F.
Ballston Condo Dentonean, Saratoga County, New York. NaCl 480, CaC0 3 123, MgC0 3
93, C0 2 357 cubic inches.
Ballston Spa, Saratoga County, New York. NaCl 144, CaC0 3 43, Mg(HC0 3 ) 2 39.
Bangor's Company's Well, Bangor, Michigan. NaCl 159, MgCl 09, CaS0 4 56, CaCl.
Black Sulphur Spring, Bath County, Kentucky. 58 grains NaCl.
490
Blue Lick Springs (Lower), Nicholas County, Kentucky. NaCl 516, CaS0 4 41, MgCl 2
40, CaC0 3 23, C0 2 98, H 2 S 17.
Blue Lick Springs (Upper), Nicholas County, Kentucky. NaCl 516, CaS0 4 144, MgCl 2
37, CaC0 3 25, C0 2 48 cubic inches, H 2 S 8 cubic inches.
Borland Well, Wood County, West Virginia. NaCl 240, NaHC0 3 1 12, Na 2 S0 4 38.
Boulder Spring Water, Colorado. NaCl 514, CajCOg 125, MgC0 3 100, Na 2 S0 4 62, C0 2 .
Bryant's Spring, No. 4, Lincoln County, Kentucky. Na 2 S0 4 12, NaCl 54.
Canon City Mineral Springs, Canon City, Fremont County, Colorado.
Aqua Vida. NaCl 121, Na 2 C0 3 73, MgC0 3 18.
Big Ute. NaCl 132, CaC0 3 43, MgC0 3 15.
Congress. NaCl 38, MgC0 3 18.
Iron Duke. NaCl 80, NajCOg 74, MgC0 3 15.
Little Ute. NaCl 114, Na 2 C0 3 74, MgC0 3 14.
Condo Dentonean Springs. See Ballston Springs.
Des Chutes Hot Springs, Wasco County, Oregon. N^COg and NaCl 55. 143 to 145 F.
East Clarion Salt Spring, Elk County, Pennsylvania. NaCl 337, CaCl 2 52, MgCl 2 15.
East Saginaw Company's Well, Michigan. NaCl 103, MgCl 2 58, CaCl 2 14, CaS0 4 92.
Halleck's Spring, Oneida County, New York. NaCl 624, CaCl 2 104, MgCl 2 32, CaS0 4 40.
Highgate Springs, Franklin County, Vermont. NaCl 23, Na 2 C0 3 14.
Iola Mineral Well, Kansas. NaCl 782, Ca(HC0 3 ) 2 49, Mg(HC0 3 ) 21, KC1 14.
Kanawha Saline Spring, Kanawha Valley, West Virginia. NaCl 240, Na^COg 1 1 2,
Na^SO^ 38.
La Fayette Artesian Well, Tippecanoe County, Indiana. NaCl 325, MgC0 3 and MgCl 2
59, CaS0 4 56. 55 F.
Lansing Spring, Lansing, Ingham County, Michigan. NaCl 267, Na^Og 65, CaC0 3 62,
C0 2 198 cubic inches. 53. 5 F.
Liberty Hot Springs, or Wagon wheel Gap Springs, Morrison, 12 miles from Denver,
Colorado.
No. 1. Na 2 C0 3 41, NaCl 17. Temperature 150 F.
No. 2. Na^jCOg 84, NaCl 19. Temperature 140 F.
Livingston Artesian Well, Livingston, Sumter County, Alabama. NaCl 295 grains. 68° F.
Lodi Artesian Well, Wabash County, Indiana. NaCl 502, CaCl 2 and CaS0 4 104, MgCL, 54.
Lower Blue Lick Springs. See Blue Lick Springs.
Lubec Spring, Lubec Bay, Maine. NaCl 90, MgCl 2 60, NaS0 4 25.
Mineral Spring, Walnut Hill, Fayette County, Kentucky. NaCl 234, MgCl 2 19.
Mineral Water, Paint Lick, Madison County, Kentucky. NaCl 27, Na 2 C0 3 16.
Ott's Well, Crawford County, Indiana. NaCl 3781, CaC0 3 323, MgC0 2 86, FeC0 3 12,
MgS0 4 and Na 2 S0 4 58.
Parnassus Springs, 12 miles southward of Pueblo, Colorado.
No. 1. Na 2 C0 3 74, NaCl 60. Temperature 66° F.
No. 2. Na^COg 69, NaCl 61. Temperature 72.5 F.
No. 3. Na2C0 3 43, NaCl 31. Temperature 59 F.
Salina Spring (Mr. Peterson), near Tarentum, Pennsylvania. NaCl 1 927, CaCl 2 501,
MgCl 2 126, MgC0 3 80, CaC0 3 161.
Salina Wells, Syracuse, New York. NaCl 90, MgCl 2 7, CaCl 2 14, CaS0 4 36.
Salt Spring, near Alba, Bradford County, Pennsylvania. NaCl 4694, CaCl 2 780, MgCl 2
iii,Fe(HC0 3 ) 25 .
491
Salt Sulphur, Bath County, Kentucky. NaCl 1 66, MgCl 55.
Salt Water, near Conemaugh, near Saltzburg, Indiana County, Pennsylvania. NaCl 41 65.
CaCl 2 918, MgCl 2 232.
Sheboygan Well, Sheboygan, Wisconsin. 307 grains of NaCl. 50 F.
Siloam Springs, Garfield County, Colorado. NaCl 1137, Ca 2 S0 4 78. 103 F.
South Park Springs, Colorado. NaCl 198, Na 2 C0 3 156.
South Park Sulphur Springs, South Park, Colorado. NaCl 97, Na 2 C0 3 77.
Steamboat Springs, Colorado. NaCl 240.
St. Louis Artesian Well, St. Louis, Missouri. NaCl 347, MgCl 2 34, CaCl 2 27, C0 2 6, H 2 S 24.
Sweet Springs, Saline County, Missouri. NaCl 90, MgCl 2 22.
Syracuse Salt Wells, New York. NaCl 94, MgCl 2 85, CaCl 2 49, CaS0 4 32.
Tarentum Salt Well. See Salina Springs.
Terre Haute Spring, Clay County, Indiana. NaCl 316 grains.
Thomas Well's Brine, Fountain County, Indiana. NaCl 4573, CaCl 2 215, CaC0 3 107,
MgCl 2 53.
Upper Blue Lick Springs. See Blue Lick Springs.
Verona Spring, Oneida County, New York, NaCl 720, CaS0 4 60, CaCl 2 and MgCl 2 68.
Wagonwheel Gap Springs. See Liberty Hot Springs.
Waterloo Well, Waterloo, Wisconsin. NaCl and NaN0 3 60.
Williams Mineral Well, Woodford County, Kentucky. NaCl 137, MgCl 2 16.
Yampa Spring, Glenwood, Colorado.
VII. CALCAREOUS WATERS.
The efficacy of these waters depends upon the presence of the sulphate and carbonate
of calcium and other alkaline earths. They are generally produced as follows : The excess
of carbonic acid in the water, resulting from the decomposition of the carbonate by means
of sulphuric acid (this acid is produced by the addition of iron pyrites), acts upon the
sulphates and carbonates of the alkaline earths to dissolve them.
Most of the lime in these fountains exists in the form of a sulphate, which is popu-
larly known as gypsum. It is this salt that gives these waters the property called
hardness, i. e., that peculiar reaction to soap and the special effect upon the palate.
These springs have been used in cystitis and diabetes, but with doubtful results.
Occasionally diuresis may be excited and in rachitic children favorable results may be
obtained, though the constipating effect would be antagonized. It should be remembered
that 10 grains of sulphate of lime to the gallon tends to retard digestion and causes con-
stipation, and consequently they are often contra-indicated. In general, it may be said
that springs of this class are of doubtful utility, except when they contain other more
active mineral substances.
I append a few examples of this class of water : —
CATOOSA SPRINGS, CATOOSA COUNTY, GEORGIA. NO. I ALL-HEALING SPRING.
One U. S. gallon (231 cu. in.) contains —
Calcium sulphate, 39.000 grs.
Magnesium sulphate, . . . . | (t
" carbonate, . . . j 34 '
Carbonic acid, 4.422 "
77.422
492
TATE EPSOM SPRINGS, GRANGER COUNTY, TENNESSEE.
(Analyst, T. S. Anterelle.)
One U. S. gallon (231 cu. in.) contains —
Sulphate of calcium, 160.66 grs.
" magnesium, . . . 31.97 "
" sodium, 8.50 "
" potassium, .... 1. 54 "
Chloride of sodium, 40.27 "
" iron, 2.92 "
" manganese, ... 0.69 "
Iodide of sodium, trace
Phosphate of calcium, .... 1.14 "
Carbonate of calcium, . . . . 21.56 "
Silica, 2.70 "
Nitric acid, 0.02 "
271.97 «
Temperature 55 F.
Alleghany Springs, Montgomery County, Virginia. CaS0 4 96, MgS0 4 42. 53 F.
Aurora Saline Springs, Aurora, Oregon. CaCl 474, NaCl 356.
Beauty Spring. See Capon Springs.
Beloit Iodo-magnesian Springs, Beloit, Wis. Ca(HC0 3 ) 2 15, Mg(HCO H ) 2 12. 48 F.
Bishop's Well, New Brunswick, New Jersey. CaS0 4 149, MgS0 4 31.
Blue Ridge Spring, Botetourt County, Virginia. CaS0 4 100, MgS0 4 48.
Bordin's Well, Eaton Rapids, Michigan. CaC0 3 and CaS0 4 85 grains.
Butterworth Spring, Grand Rapids, Mich. CaS0 4 75, MgCl 41.
Capon Springs (Beauty Spring), Hampshire Co., W. Va. CaC0 3 66, C0 2 68 cubic inches.
6o° F.
Capon Springs (Main Spring), Hampshire Co , W. Va. CaC0 3 66, C0 2 68 cubic inches.
6o° F.
Carlisle Spring, on Arkansas River, twenty miles above Pueblo, Colorado. CaC0 3 22,
MgC0 3 11. 65 °F.
Catoosa Springs, Catoosa County, Georgia.
All-Healing. CaS0 4 39, MgS0 4 and MgC0 3 34.
Alum. CaS0 4 41, MgS0 4 and MgC0 3 36, Al 1.
Black Sulphur. CaS0 4 41, MgS0 4 and MgC0 3 36.
Buffalo. CaS0 4 45, MgS0 4 and MgC0 3 42.
Chalybeate. CaS0 4 42, MgS0 4 and MgC0 3 35, FeC0 3 trace.
Congress. CaS0 4 39, MgS0 4 and MgC0 3 34.
Cosmetic. CaS0 4 42, MgS0 4 and MgC0 3 36.
Magnesia. CaS0 4 42, MgS0 4 and MgC0 3 36.
Red Sweet. CaS0 4 44, MgS0 4 and MgC0 3 3S.
White Sulphur. CaS0 4 45, MgS0 4 and MgC0 3 40.
Cave Spring. See Chittenango Spring.
Chalybeate Spring, Estill County, Kentucky. CaS0 4 17, CaC0 3 9, MgS0 4 10, FeC0 3 2,
C0 3 32 cubic inches.
Cherry Valley North Spring, Otsego County, New York. CaS0 4 150, MgC0 3 10.
493
Chittenango Cave Spring, Madison County, New York. CaS0 4 106, MgC0 3 14, C0 2 25.6
cubic inches, H 2 S 3.2 cubic inches. 49 F.
Chittenango Magnesia Spring, Madison County, New York. CaS0 4 81, MgC0 3 13, C0 2
36 cubic inches. 49 F.
Chittenango White Sulphur Spring, Madison Co., N. Y. CaS0 4 80, C0 2 36 cubic inches.
Clifton Springs, Ontario County, New York. CaS0 4 and CaC0 3 79, MgS0 4 and MgC0 3 30.
Colorado or Manitou Springs, Colorado Springs, Colorado.
Iron Ute. CaC0 3 33, Na 2 C0 3 33, MgC0 3 8. 43.3 F.
Little Chief. CaC0 3 42, Na 2 S0 4 29, NaCl 27. 43 F.
Manitou. CaC0 3 62, Na 2 C0 3 26, MgC0 3 12. 56 F.
Navajoe. CaC0 3 72, Na 2 C0 3 70, MgC0 3 19. 50.2 F.
Shoshone. CaC0 3 61, Na 2 C0 3 50. 48.5 F.
Ute Soda. CaC0 3 22, Na 2 C0 3 13.
Eaton Rapids Well, Eaton Rapids in Eaton County, Michigan.
Bordine Well. CaC0 3 and CaS0 4 , 85 grains.
Frost Well. CaC0 3 and CaS0 4 , 42 grains.
Mosher Well. CaC0 3 and CaS0 4 , 65 grains.
Shaw Well. CaC0 3 and CaS0 4 , 69 grains.
Stirling Well. CaS0 4 , 46 grains.
East Clarion Spring, Elk County, Pennsylvania, NaCl 337, CaCl 2 52, MgCl 2 15, BaCl 2 1^.
Frost Well. CaC0 3 and CaS0 4 , 42 grains.
Gettysburg Katalysine Spring, Adams County, Pennsylvania. Ca(HC0 3 ) 9 16, MgS0 4 7.
57° F.
Greenbrier White Sulphur. See White Sulphur Spring.
Guilford Spring, Guilford Centre, Windham County, Vermont. 15.18 grains CaC0 3 .
Holston Springs, Scott County, Virginia. CaS0 4 20, MgS0 4 13. 68.5 F.
Liberty Hot or Wagonwheel Gap Springs, Morrison, twelve miles from Denver, Colorado,
No. 2. CaC0 3 18.
Magnesia Springs. See Chittenango Spring.
Main Spring. See Capon Springs.
Manitou Springs, Manitou, Colorado. CaC0 3 135. 5 6° F.
M'Carthy's Spring, Huntingdon County, Pennsylvania. 95 grains of CaS0 4 and Ca(HC0 3 ) 2 ,
42 grains MgS0 4 .
Mineral Park Bitter Spring, Arizona. CaS0 4 69, MgS0 4 38.
Montvale Spring, Blount County, Tennessee. 75 grains of CaS0 4 . 6o° F.
Mosher Well, Eaton Rapids, Michigan. CaC0 3 and Ca S0 4 , 65 grains.
Newburg Springs, Orange County, Vermont. 17.60 grains CaC0 3 .
Red Sulphur, Estill County, Kentucky. CaC0 3 and CaS0 4 22, C0 2 , 40 cubic inches,
H 2 S, .56 cubic inches.
Richfield Magnesia Spring, Otsego County, N. Y. CaS0 4 and Ca(HC0 3 ) 2 55, MgS0 4
and Mg(HC0 3 ) 2 23, C0 2 , 5 cubic inches. 53 F.
Saltillo Springs. See M'Vittey's and M'Carthy's Springs.
Shaw Well, Eaton Rapids, Michigan. CaC0 3 and CaS0 4 , 69 grains.
Sterling Well, Eaton Rapids, Michigan. CaS0 4 , 46 grains.
Tate Epsom Springs, Granger County, Tennessee. CaS0 4 , 161 grains. 55 F.
Warm Spring, Bath County, Virginia. CaS0 4 15. 98? F.
Warren Springs (cold sulphur), Warren County, North Carolina. CaS0 4 31.
494
Waukesha Springs, Waukesha County, Wisconsin.
Arcadian Spring. Ca(HC0 3 ) 2 16, Mg(HC0 3 ) 2 II.
Bethesda Spring. Ca(HC0 3 ) 2 17. 6o° F.
Fountain Spring. Ca(HC0 3 ) 2 14.
Glenn Mineral Spring. Ca(HC0 3 ) 2 16.
Hygeia Spring. Ca(HC0 3 ) 2 17.
Silurian Spring.
Waukesha Mineral Rock Spring. Ca(HC0 3 ) 2 10.
White Sulphur Spring. See Chittenango Spring.
White Sulphur Springs, Greenbrier County, West Va. CaS0 4 74, MgS0 4 19, H 2 S 1.54
to 3.03 cubic inches. 62 F.
Yellow Sulphur Springs, Montgomery County, Virginia. CaS0 4 63, MgS0 4 21. 55 F.
VIII. SULPHURETTED AND HOT SPRINGS.
These springs owe their properties to the presence of sulphuretted hydrogen and heat.
The sulphurets of sodium and potassium are often present. Sulphuretted hydrogen, next
to carbonic acid, occurs more frequently in mineral springs than any other gas.
It frequently issues from the earth in the neighborhood of some active volcanoes, and is
probably evolved through the decomposition of the sulphurets by hot water. When this
gas is brought in contact with the air it is readily changed, the hydrogen combining with
the oxygen and the sulphur is precipitated, giving to the water a milky appearance.
This gas is irrespirable, and quickly produces death if inhaled in considerable quantities,
and when employed for its local effect upon the respiratory mucous membrane must be
largely diluted with air. The first symptom of its poisonous action is a small, feeble
pulse, with excessive weakness, and later pulse and respiration may both fail, with un-
consciousness, followed by profuse perspiration.
Internally, in moderate quantities, peristalsis and perspiration are both augmented.
When the gas is locally applied to mucous membranes, it produces stimulation of secretion.
A sulphur spring of moderate strength contains not less than 12 cu. in. of sulphuretted
hydrogen in the gallon, though many springs contain so small an amount that therapeuti-
cally they are inert, and the good effects observed are due to the influence of the increased
use of water, change of scene and climate, cessation of work, regular meals, good hygiene
and hope, all of which contribute strongly to restore health at all springs, especially the
Diuretic Springs.
Many of these waters are hot, though some are cold. A few contain an excess of car-
bonic acid, and any member of the other classes may be charged with sulphuretted hydro-
gen on an increase of temperature, and consequently many of these springs are also classi-
fied under other heads.
Frequently these springs are used as baths, and with good results, especially in chronic
skin affections, as eczema, rheumatism" and gout.
Internally, they have been used for chronic mucous membrane inflammation, especially
of bronchial tubes and upper respiratory tract, and also in hepatic congestion and catarrhal
phthisis. The simple hot springs are largely used as baths, and are of unquestionable
value in certain cases of litheemia, chronic rheumatism and gout, as well as in dysmenor-
rhcea, syphilis and psoriasis, pityriasis and eczema. Given as a douche, good effects have
been observed in neuralgias, paralyses and enlarged joints with contractured muscles or
tendons. The principal hot springs are found in Virginia, Colorado and New Mexico.
495
The following analyses are types of sulphuretted and hot springs : —
ALPENA SPRINGS, ALPENA COUNTY,
MICHIGAN.
(Analyst, Prof. S. P. Duffield.)
One U. S.
gallon (231 cu.
in.) contains —
Carbonate ol
potassium, .
. trace
(<
sodium, . .
. 10.912 grs
"
magnesium,
. 37.28S «
«
iron, . . .
. I.360 "
"
calcium, . . .
. 38- 2 96 "
Chloride of sodium, . . .
. 68.256 "
Sulphate of calcium, . . .
. 30.056 tl
Alumina and silica, . . .
. 3.088 "
189.256 "
Sulphuretted hydrogen, . . . 35.36 cu. in.
Carbonic acid, 8.40 "
Nitrogen, 0.24 "
SHARON WHITE SULPHUR SPRING, SCHO-
HARIE COUNTY, NEW YORK.
One U. S. Gallon (231 cu. in.) contains —
Bicarbonate of magnesium, . . 24.00 grs.
Sulphate of " . . 34.00 "
" calcium, . . . . 85.40 "
Hydrosulphate of calcium and
magnesium, 3.00 "
Chloride of sodium and magne-
sium, 2.70 "
149.10 "
Sulphuretted hydrogen, 20.5 cu. in.
Temperature, 48 F.
HAGERS SPRING, HAGERS COUNTY,
TENNESSEE.
One U. S. gallon (231 cu. in.) contains — ■
Sulphate of calcium and hydro-
chlorate of sodium, .... 38.00 grs.
Sulphuretted hydrogen, . . . 51.52 cu. in.
Carbonic acid, 6.72 "
HOT SPRINGS.
LAS VEGAS HOT SPRINGS, LAS VEGAS,
NEW MEXICO.
(Analyst, Prof. F. V. Hayden, U. S. Geologist.)
One U. S. Gallon (231 cu. in.) contains —
No. 1. No. 2. No 3.
Grains. Grains. Grains.
Carbonate of sodium, 1.72 1.17 5.00
" calcium ^
" magne- > 1.08
sium, J
Sulphate of sodium, 14.]
Chloride of sodium,
Potassium,
Lithium, .
Silicic acid,
Iodine,
Bromine,
10.63
•43
14.12
1543
16.21
27.26
24-37
27-37
trace.
trace.
trace.
trace.
trace.
trace.
1.04
trace.
2-51
trace.
trace.
trace.
trace.
trace.
trace.
45.22
51.60
62.49
HOT SPRINGS, GARLAND COUNTY,
ARKANSAS.
One U. S. Gallon (231 cu. in.) contains —
Carbonate of magnesium, . . .0.128 grs.
" " calcium, 3-9°8 "
Chloride of sodium, 0.008 "
Sulphate " potassium, .... 0.232 "
" " sodium, 0.376 ■'
" " calcium 0.112 "
Sesquioxide of iron, 0.104 "
Iodine and bromine, trace "
Silicate calcium, 0.464 "
Silica, 1.864 "
Alumina, 0.448 "
Organic matter, 0.064 "
7.768
Temperature,. . 130 F. 123 F. 123 F. Temperature, 93-1 50 F.
496
HOT SPRINGS, BATH COUNTY, VA.
(Analyst, Wm. B. Rogers.)
One U. S. Gallon (231 cu. in.) contains —
Sulphate of magnesium, . . . 3.534 grs.
" " calcium, .... 3.007 "
" " sodium, 3-I48 "
Chloride of magnesium, . . . 0.242 "
Carbonate of calcium, .... 16.200 "
" " magnesia, . . . 3.058 "
" " iron, 0.221 "
Silica, 0.103 "
29.513 «
Temperature, 100-106 F.
SULPHURETTED AND THERMAL WATERS.
Alpena Well, Alpena County, Michigan. NaCl 68, MgC0 3 37, CaC0 3 38, H 2 S 35 cubic
inches. 52 F.
Arkansas Hot Springs. See Hot Springs of Arkansas.
Arrowhead Springs, San Bernardino, California. H 2 S .644 grain, NaS0 4 42.
Auburn Spring, 4 miles west of Auburn, New York. CaS0 4 120, MgS0 4 26, H 2 S 12
cubic inches.
Avon Lower Spring, Livingston County, New York. CaC0 3 and CaS0 4 87, MgS0 4 50,
H 2 S 10 cubic inches. 45 ° to 47 ° F.
Avon Sylvan Spring, Livingston County, New York. NaCl 97, CaC0 3 and CaS0 4 107,
and MgCl 2 and MgC0 3 and MgS0 4 91, H 2 S 20.64 cubic inches.
Avon Upper Spring, Livingston County, New York. CaS0 4 84, Na 2 S0 4 and NaCl 34,
MgS0 4 10, H 2 S 12 cubic inches. 51 F.
Bath Spring, Steamboat Springs, Colorado. 103 F.
Blount Springs, Blount County, Alabama. H 2 S 30.67 cubic inches.
Calistoga Hot Sulphuretted Spring, at the terminus of the Napa branch of the Pacific
Railroad. NaCl 22, H 2 S 10 cubic inches. 97 F.
Castilian Spring, Sumner County, Tennessee. 52 cubic inches H 2 S.
Chalk Creek Hot Springs, Chalk Creek, Colorado. 130 F.
Chittenango White Sulphur Spring, Madison County, New York. CaS0 4 115, MgC0 3 12,
H 2 S 12.8 cubic inches, C0 2 18.4 cubic inches. 49 F.
Delaware Sulphur Spring, Delaware County, Ohio. H 2 S 96 cubic inches.
Des Chutes Hot Springs, Wasco County, Oregon. Na2C0 3 and NaCl 55. 143-145 F.
French Lick Springs, Orange County, Indiana. NaCl 141, CaS0 4 61, Na 2 S0 4 23,
MgS0 4 18, H 2 S 25^ cubic inches.
Gardner Magnesia Spring. See Sharon Spring.
Gentlemen's Pleasure Bath. See Hot Springs, Bath County, Virginia. 78 F.
Hager's Spring, Hagers County, Tennessee. H 2 S 52 cubic inches.
Healing Springs, Bath County, Virginia. CaC0 3 18, C0 2 5. 88° F.
Hot Springs, Bath County, Virginia —
1. Ladies' Boiler Bath, no F.
2. Ladies' Sulphur Bath. 102 F.
3. Gentlemen's Pleasure Bath. 78 F.
497
Hot Springs, Canon City, Fremont County, Colorado. CaC0 3 32, MgC0 3 12, NaCl 18.
Temp. 95-102 F.
Hot Springs, Garland County, Arkansas. 93-105 F,
Hot Sulphur Springs, Middle Park, 90 miles from Denver, Colorado. Na 2 S0 4 25,
Na 2 C0 3 22. Temp. 110-117 F.
Idaho Warm Spring Clear Creek County, California. Na 2 C0 3 31, Na 2 S0 4 29. 106 F.
Jordan's White Sulphur, Frederick County, Virginia. H 2 S 2 cubic inches. 57 F.
Ladies' Boiler Bath. See Hot Springs, Bath County, Virginia. no° F.
Ladies' Sulphur Bath. See Hot Springs, Bath County, Virginia. 102 F.
Liberty Hot Springs, Morrison, 12 miles from Denver, Colorado. Temp. 140-150.
Main Spring. See Paso Robles Springs.
Massena Springs, St. Lawrence County, New York. NaCl 80, CaS0 4 61, MgCl 2 30, H 2 S
5 cubic inches.
Middle Park Springs, Colorado —
1. Bath Spring, Na 2 S0 4 51, Na 2 C0 3 46, NaCl 26. 117 F.
2. Red Sulphur, Na 2 C0 3 120, NaCl 30, CaC0 3 20. 109.5 F.
3. Saline, Na 2 C0 3 103, Na 2 S0 4 18. 91° F.
Mud Spring. See Paso Robles Springs.
Ojo Caliente Spring, Ojo Caliente, New Mexico, Na 2 C0 3 115, NaCl 32, F. C0 3 6, C0 2 ?
Temp. 100 F.
Orkney Springs, Shenandoah County, Virginia. H 2 S 4.88 cubic inches. 59. 7 F.
Pagosa Hot Springs, 20 miles from headwater of San Juan River, Colorado —
No. 1. Na 2 S0 4 129. No. 2. Na 2 S0 4 129.
No. 3. Na 2 S0 4 131. No. 4." Na 2 S0 4 131.
Paroquet Springs, Bullitt County, Kentucky. NaCl 310, MgCl 2 48, H 2 S 30 cubic inches.
Paso Robles Hot Sulphur Springs, San Luis, Obispo County, California —
1. Main Spring, NaCl and Na 2 C0 3 49, C0 2 47. 1 1 2° F.
2. Mud Spring, NaCl and Na 2 C0 3 108, C0 2 79. 122 F.
Pluto's Well. See French Lick Springs.
Proserpine Spring. See French Lick Spring.
Rochester or Longmuir's Sulphur Well, Rochester, New York. Na 2 S0 4 56, NaCl 52,
H 2 S 17.26 cubic inches. 52 F.
Salt Lake Hot Spring, Utah. Temp. ?
Salt Sulphur Springs, Monroe County, West Virginia. CaS0 4 68, CaC0 3 33, MgS0 4 and
Na 2 S0 4 44, H 2 S 19.12 cubic inches. 65.5 F.
Sharon Gardner Magnesia Spring, Schoharie County, New York. CaS0 4 93)4, MgS0 4
20, H 2 S 6 cubic inches. 48 F.
Sharon Red Spring, Schoharie County, New York. CaS0 4 and CaC0 3 186, MgS0 4 19,
H 2 S 10.5 cubic inches. 48 F.
Sharon White Sulphur Springs, Schoharie County, New York. CaS0 4 85, MgS0 4 34,
Mg(HC0 3 ) 2 24, H 2 S 20.5 cubic inches. 48 F.
Siloam Springs, Bath Springs, Colorado, NaCl 1100. 103 F.
St. Helena, White Sulphur, Napa County, California.
No. 2. NaCl 22, H 2 S 6.15 cubic inches. 64^° to 97 F.
No. 6. NaCl 23, Na 2 S0 4 11, H 2 S 4.25 cubic inches. 64^° to 97 F.
Unnamed Springs, Glenwood, Colorado, NaCl 2200. 124.2 F.
Wagonwheel Gap Springs. See Liberty Hot Springs.
32
498
Yampa Springs, Glenwood, Colorado, NaCl 2244. 124.2 F.
Ypsilanti Mineral Spring, Ypsilanti, Michigan. NaCl 832, CaS0 4 180, MgS0 4 68, MgCl 2
58, Mg 2 Br 4, H 2 S 21 cubic inches. 58 F.
UNANALYZED THERMAL SPRINGS.
Bear River Hot Springs, near Bear River, Utah. 134 F.
Cabello Springs, five and a half miles from Fort McRae, New Mexico. 136 F.
Canon Creek Springs, Colorado. Temperature, 136 to 15 8° F.
Genoa Hot Springs, Washoe County, Nevada.
Heartsell's Hot Sulphur Spring, South Park, Colorado.
Hine's Hot Springs, Lyons County, Nevada.
Hot and Cold Springs in Animas Valley, Colorado.
Hot Springs, near Boise City, Idaho. I96 F.
Hot Springs, near Idaho City, Idaho.
Hot Springs, near Pyramid Lake, Nevada. 208 F.
Hot Spring, near Utah Central Railroad, Utah. 175 F.
Hot Sulphuretted Spring, on Gila River, Arizona.
Jemez Spring, in San Diego Canon, fifty miles west of Santa Fe, New Mexico. 140 F.
Lake Tahoe Hot Springs, on border of Lake Tahoe, California.
Malhuer River Springs, Baker County, Oregon. 193 F.
Monroe Hot Springs, Castle Creek, sixty miles south of Prescott, Arizona. 150 F.
Ouray Mineral Springs, Ouray, Colorado. Temperature, 120 to 134 F.
Ouray Mineral Spring in Uncomphagre Park, Colorado. 120 to 140 F.
Ouray Spring, Uncomphagre Park, 9 miles northwest of Ouray, Colorado. Temperature,
140 F.
Platte Springs, near Fort Steele, Wyoming. 115 F.
Puncha Springs, 60 miles west of Canon City, Colorado. 120 F.
San Bernardino Hot Springs, San Bernardino County, California.
South Arkansas Mineral or Poncho Hot Springs, Lake County, Colorado. 120 F.
Thermal Springs in Arizona.
Warm Springs, II miles from Ogden City, Utah. 129 F.
Warm Sulphur Springs, Elko, Elko County, Nevada.
UNANALYZED SPRINGS.
The following list of more than 300 unanalyzed springs shows clearly how much work
yet remains before we shall possess a full knowledge of our wealth of mineral waters. It is t
highly probable that many of these springs are of great value, and only await chemical
analysis to demonstrate their usefulness. When this is accomplished the medical profession
will be quick to recognize their worth and make use of them in combating disease.
Abenquis Springs, Walpole, Cheshire County, New Hampshire.
Addison Mineral Spring, Addison Point, Washington County, Maine.
Alagone Spring, Western Springs, Cook County, Illinois.
Alkaline Spring, Yazoo County, Mississippi. 62 F.
Allen's Springs, Lake County, California,
Alum Spring, Lafayette County, Mississippi.
Alum Spring, Lewis County, Kentucky.
Alum Spring, Madison County, Mississippi.
499
Alum Spring, Marion County, Mississippi.
Alum Spring, Marshall County, Mississippi.
Alum Spring, Pike County, Mississippi.
Amherst Spring, Hillsborough County, New Hampshire.
Anchosa Spring, Anchosa Creek, near Quitman, Mississippi.
Aqua Caliente, or Warner's Ranch Springs, San Diego County, California.
Azule Mineral Spring, San Jose, Santa Clara County, California.
Armstrong Spring, eight miles west of Searcy, Arkansas.
Aspinock Mineral Springs, Windham County, Connecticut.
Auburn Mineral Spring, Auburn, Androscoggin County, Maine.
Bailey Springs, Lauderdale County, Alabama. 7 2° to 8o° F.
Bartlett Springs, Lake County California.
Bath Chalybeate Spring, Bristol, Pennsylvania.
Bedford Spring, Trimble County, Kentucky.
Beersheba Springs, Grundy County, Tennessee.
Bellbrook Magnesic Springs, Bellbrook, Greene County, Ohio.
Belle Cheney Springs, Calcasieu Parish, Louisiana.
Belmont Lithia Springs, New White House Station, New Kent County, Virginia.
Berkshire Soda Springs, near Great Barrington, Massachusetts.
Big Bone Springs, Boone County, Kentucky.
Big Lick, Gallatin County, Kentucky.
Birchdale Medical Springs, Bradford, Merrimack County, New Hampshire.
Black Earth Mineral Spring, Black Earth, Dane County, Wisconsin.
Black Sulphur Springs in Alabama.
Black Sulphur Springs, Van Buren County, Arkansas.
Blossburg Spring, Tioga County, Pennsylvania.
Blue Spring, near New Amsterdam, Harrison County, Indiana.
Bogard's Springs, Bogards Valley, Indiana.
Box Mountain Sulphur, west of Todd's Gap, Kentucky. 63 F.
Bozrah Mineral Spring, New London County, Connecticut.
Bradford Spring, Merrimac County, New Hampshire.
Brandywine Spring, Claiborne County, Mississippi.
Brunswick Springs, Brunswick, Essex County, Vermont.
Buenoventer Springs, Kentucky.
Burdell's Well, Caldwell County, Texas.
Burner's or Seven Springs, Shenandoah County, Virginia.
Burning Spring, Washington County, Alabama.
Byron Acid Spring, Genesee County, New York.
Catalytic Springs, one-half mile from Catalytic, Georgia.
Caledonia Spring, Franklin County, Pennsylvania.
Campbellsville Sulphur Water.
Campo Chalybeate Spring, California.
Carlisle Springs, Cumberland County, Pennsylvania.
Carroll White Sulphur Springs, Alleghany County, Maryland. 48 F.
Cascado Spring, Michigan.
Castalian Mineral Water, Olancha, Ingo County, California.
Castilian Springs, Holmes County, Mississippi.
500
Castle Rock Spring, near base of Mt. Shasta, California.
Cayner's Sulphur Springs, Botetourt County, Virginia.
Cemlian Springs, Kentucky.
Chameleon Springs, Edmonson County, Kentucky.
Chalybeate Spring, Rochester, Fulton County, Indiana.
Chalybeate Springs, in Van Buren County, Arkansas.
Chalybeate and Saline Springs are found in Putnam, Warren, Jackson, Clarke, Floyd, and
Scott Counties, Indiana.
Chalybeate Springs south of Williamsport, Indiana.
Chalybeate Spring at Leacher's Court House, Kentucky.
Chalybeate Springs abundant in Perry County, Kentucky.
Chalybeate Springs in Pulaski County, Kentucky.
Chalybeate Springs, several on Rockcastle River, Kentucky. •
Chalybeate Spring, Webster County, Kentucky.
Chalybeate Springs, Whitley County, Kentucky.
Chalybeate Springs, Clark County, Mississippi.
Chalybeate Spring, near Enterprise, Mississippi. 64.4 F.
Chalybeate Springs, Itawamba County, Mississippi.
Chalybeate Spring, near Warren's Mill, on Mackay's Creek, Mississippi.
Chalybeate Spring, Winston County, Mississippi.
Chalybeate Spring, Yallabusha County, Mississippi. 75-2° F.
Chalybeate Spring in Amherst, New Hampshire.
Chalybeate Spring, four miles from Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. Temperature, 54° F.
Chappaqua Spring, Rensselaer County, New York.
Chase City Mineral Water, Chase City, Mecklenburgh County, Virginia.
Cheltenham Spring, St. Louis County, Missouri.
Chick's Springs, Greenville District, South Carolina.
Choteau Spring, Cooper County, Missouri.
Chrystal Mineral Spring, Stoneham, Middlesex County, Massachusetts.
Clear Creek Sulphur Spring, Kentucky.
Cold Sulphur Springs, Rockbridge County, Virginia.
Coleman's Well, Jackson County, Mississippi.
Colfax Springs, Colfax, Jasper County, Iowa.
Columbia Springs, Marion County, Mississippi.
Commonwealth Mineral Spring, Waltham, Middlesex County, Massachusetts.
Corydon Artesian Well, Harrison County, Indiana.
Corydon Saline Sulphur Well, half a mile east of Corydon, Harrison County, Indiana.
Cotton Wood Hot Springs, ninety miles west of Colorado Springs, Colorado.
Crabtree Sour Wells, Sulphur, Hopkins County, Texas.
Crittenden Springs, Crittenden County, Kentucky.
Crystal Spring, Napa County, California.
Cullum Springs, Bladen Springs, Choctaw County, Alabama.
Curdwell's Springs, Caldwell County, Texas.
Daggar's Spring, Botetourt County, Virginia.
Da Gonia Springs, Warwick County, Indiana.
De Soto Spring, De Soto Parish, Louisiana.
Doubling Gap Springs, Cumberland County, Pennsylvania.
501
Dovepark Springs, Dovepark, Clark County, Arkansas.
Drennon Spring, Henry County, Kentucky.
Dryden Springs, Tompkins County, New York.
Dunbar's Mineral Springs, College Springs, Page County, Iowa.
Eggleton's Springs, Giles County, Virginia.
Electro-magnesic Springs (Fountain Park), Woodstock, Champaign County, Ohio.
Elk Spring, Pike County, Missouri.
Elkmont Springs, Giles County, Tennessee. 5 8° F.
Elko Warm Spring, Idaho.
Elgin Springs, Addison County, Vermont.
Englewood Spring, Minneapolis, Hennepin County, Minnesota.
Ephrata Spring, Lancaster County, Pennsylvania.
Epsom Spring, Trimble County, Kentucky.
Esculapia Springs, Lewis County, Kentucky.
Eureka Springs, Eureka Springs, Carroll County, Arkansas.
Excelsior Spring, Syracuse, New York.
Everett Crystal Spring, Everett, Middlesex County, Massachusetts.
Fairchilds Potash Sulphur Springs, Potash Sulphur, Garland County, Arkansas.
Fauquier White Sulphur Springs, Fauquier County, Virginia.
Fergusen's Chalybeate Spring, on southwest quarter of section 21, township II, range 6.
Flint's Springs, St. Joseph County, Michigan.
Fox Spring, Fleming County, Kentucky.
Frankfort Springs, Beaver County, Pennsylvania.
Franklin Spring, at head of Well's Creek, Mississippi. 64° F.
Garnet Springs, near Toccoa Falls, Georgia.
Garrett Spring, one and a half miles from Spartanburg, South Carolina.
Geron's Spring, in Northern Alabama.
Geuda Springs, Geuda Springs, Sumner County, Kansas.
Geyser Springs, Sonoma County, California.
Gihon Mineral Spring, Delavan, Walworth County, Wisconsin.
Glen Flora Mineral Springs, Waukegan, Lake County, Illinois.
Gower's Spring, Gainesville, Georgia.
Grand Ledge Spring, Eaton County, Michigan.
Grayson Springs, Grayson County, Kentucky.
Grayson Sulphur Springs, Carroll County, Virginia.
Green Spring, Green Spring, Seneca County, Ohio.
Green's Spring, Jefferson County, Illinois.
Greenwood Spring, Monroe County, Mississippi.
R. B. Grigsby's White Sulphur Mineral Water, Nelson County, Kentucky.
Harbon Springs,, twenty miles from Calistoga, California.
Hardinsville Sulphur Spring, Franklin County, Kentucky.
Hartford Cold Spring, Hartford, Oxford County, Maine.
Healing Springs, Washington County, Alabama.
Highland Rock Spring, Hartford County, Connecticut.
Highland Tonica Spring, Hartford County, Connecticut.
Holly Spring, Woonsocket, Providence County, Rhode Island.
Hopkinton Springs, Middlesex County, Massachusetts.
502
Horn's Mineral Spring, Lebanon, Wilson County, Tennessee.
Horeb Mineral Spring, Waukesha, Waukesha County, Wisconsin.
Howard's Springs, California.
Howell Mineral Water, Hardin County, Kentucky.
Huguenot Springs, Powhatan County, Virginia.
Hurricane Spring, Tullahoma, Coffee County, Tennessee.
Hyson's Iron Mountain Spring, Marshall, Harrison County, Texas.
Irondale Springs, Raccomy, Preston County, West Virginia.
Iron Lake Spring, near Silverton Pass, Colorado.
Irvin Sulphur Springs, Kentucky.
Jackson Springs, Clarke County, Alabama.
Johnson's Wells, near Meridianville, Alabama.
Jones' White Sulphur and Chalybeate Springs, eleven miles from Warrenton, North
Carolina.
Kansas Artesian Mineral Wells, Manhattan, Riley County, Kansas.
Kellum Sulphur, Grimes County, Texas.
King's Mineral Springs, Muddy Fork, Clark County, Indiana.
Kirk Spring, Lewis County, Kentucky.
Kittrell's Springs, Granville County, North Carolina.
Knightstown Spring, Henry County, Indiana.
Lampasas Springs, Lampasas, Lampasas County, Texas.
Lauderdale Spring, Mississippi.
Lane's Spring, Stanislaus County, California.
Lava Springs in Grand Canon of Colorado, Arizona.
Leinster Poison Springs, Statesville, Iredell Comity, North Carolina.
Lee's Springs, twenty miles northeast from Knoxville, Tennessee.
Lena-pi Magnesic Springs, Delaware, Delaware County, Ohio.
Limestone Springs, twenty-one miles from Spartansburg, South Carolina.
Little Geyser Springs, Lononia County, California.
Litton's Seltzer Spring, Litton's Station, Sonoma County, California.
Liverpool Well, New York.
Lower Soda Springs, Linn County, Oregon.
Low's Well, Saratoga County, New York.
Lunenburg Spring, Lunenburg, Essex County, Vermont.
Magnesia Spring, Tallulah Falls, Georgia.
Mammoth Spring, Fulton County, Arkansas. 6o° F.
Mammoth Well, Nelson County, Kentucky.
Manasquan Spring, Point Pleasant, Ocean County, New Jersey.
Massie's or Red Sulphur Spring, Chillicothe, Georgia. 54.5 F.
McCallister's Soda Springs, 35 miles east of Jacksonville, Jackson County, Oregon.
Mershon or WTiite Sulphur Spring, Georgia. 55° F.
Middleton Springs, Middleton, Rutland County, Vt.
Milford or Ponemah Springs, Milford, Hillsborough County, New Hampshire.
Miller's Mineral Spring, Knox County, Kentucky.
Mineral Springs in Toccoa, Georgia.
Mineral Springs, ten in number, at Waha, Idaho.
Mineral Springs, Pike County, Illinois.
503
Mineral Springs, Washington County, Illinois.
Mineral Springs at Cowpens Furnace, near Pacolet, South Carolina.
Mineral Springs at the base of Henry's Knob, South Carolina.
Mineral Spring near Parson's Mountains, Abbeville, South Carolina.
Mineral Spring on the Soluda, near Pinson's Ford, South Carolina.
Mineral Springs near Bingham City, Utah.
Mineral Water, two miles from Dowlingsville, Grant County, Kentucky.
Mineral Wells, Mineral Wells, Palo Pinto County, Texas.
Mineral Wells, Parkersburg, Wood County, West Virginia.
Mississippi Springs, Hinds County, Mississippi.
Missisquoi Springs, viz. : Central, Missisquoi, Vermont, and Sheldon, are in Franklin
County, Vermont.
Monagaw Sulphuretted Springs, St. Clair County, Missouri.
Montgomery White Sulphur Springs, Montgomery County, Virginia.
Mooresville Mineral Spring, Mooresville, Livingstone County, Missouri.
Morrison Springs, Morrison, twelve miles from Denver, Colorado.
Moultonborough Mineral Springs, Moultonborough, Carroll County, New Hampshire.
Mountain Valley Springs, io miles north of Hot Springs, Arkansas.
Mt. Clemens Spring, Macombe County, Michigan.
New Point Comfort Springs, Blue Lick, Clark County, Indiana.
Ochu Mineral Springs, Providence, Providence County, Rhode Island.
Oliver Springs, Daviess County, Kentucky.
Oliver Springs, Anderson County, Tennessee.
Ottumwa Mineral Springs, Ottumwa, Wapello County, Iowa.
Oxford Mineral Spring, New Haven County, Connecticut.
Panacea Springs, Panacea Springs, Halifax County, North Carolina.
Parkersburg Mineral Wells, Wood County, Virginia.
Pearson Springs, California.
Perry County Springs, II miles from Carlisle, Pennsylvania. 72 F.
Piedmont Sulphur Springs, 10 miles north-northeast of Navasota, Texas.
Ponce de Leon Spring, Fulton County, Georgia.
Powhatan Lithia, and Alum Springs, Ballsville, Powhatan County, Virginia.
Pulaski Alum Springs, Pulaski County, Virginia.
Quitman Red Sulphur, near Quitman, Missouri.
Randolph Mineral Springs, Randolph, Randolph County, Missouri.
Reed's Mineral Spring, Washington County, New York.
Reuben Jesse's Mineral Water, Woodford County, Kentucky.
Rockbridge Baths, Rockbridge County, Virginia.
Rockingham Springs, Rockingham, Rockingham County, Virginia.
Rinnah Wells Spring, Andalusia, Rock Island County, Illinois.
Roanoke Red Sulphur Springs, Roanoke County, Virginia.
Robinson's Spring, 20 miles from Nashville, Tennessee.
Rob's Chalybeate Spring, McCracken County, Kentucky.
Rochester Spring, 12 miles from Harrodville, Boyle County, Kentucky.
Roper's Wells, Butler County, Alabama.
Russell Chalybeate Spring, Kentucky.
Russell Sulphur Spring, Kentucky.
504
Riiger Springs, Mercer County, Missouri.
Saline Chalybeate, Colfax, Jasper County, Iowa.
Salt Springs at Geddes, New York.
Salt Springs, Lincoln, Nebraska.
Scarborough Mineral Spring, Scarborough, Cumberland County, Maine.
Schooley's Mountain Spring, Morris County, New Jersey. 50 F.
Searcy Springs, White County, Arkansas.
Sebra Springs, Kentucky.
Seigler Springs, Lake County, California.
Seven Springs, Seven Springs, "Wayne County, North Carolina (ditto for Virginia, Wash-
ington County).
Shannondale Springs, Jefferson County, Virginia.
Sheathil Rock Spring, Waukesha County, Wisconsin.
Shenandoah Alum Springs, Shenandoah County, Virginia.
Shelby Springs, Shelby County, Alabama.
Shocco Springs, Warren County, North Carolina.
Siloam Springs, Siloam Springs, Benton County, Arkansas.
Skaggs Springs, California.
Slatersville Magnesic Spring, Slatersville, Tompkins County, New York.
Social Hill Mineral Water, Kentucky.
Sour Lake Springs, Sour Lake, Hardin County, Texas.
Springdale Seltzer Springs, Boulder County, Colorado.
St. Croix Mineral Spring, East Farmingham, Polk County, Wisconsin.
Steamboat Springs, 10 miles from Carson City, Washoe County Nevada.
Stone Spring, Lincoln County, Kentucky.
Stoveall's Spring, Marion County, Mississippi.
Sudduth or Mud Spring, Kentucky.
Sulphuretted Chalybeate Spring, half mile northeast of Pittsfield, New Hampshire.
Sulphuretted Springs are found in Jasper, Lawrence and Pike Counties, Indiana.
Sulphur Spring, Tallulah Falls, Georgia.
Sulphur Spring, I y z miles east of Zoar, Georgia.
Sulphur Spring, southwest center of section 15, Illinois.
Sulphur Spring, Allen County, Kansas.
Sulphur Spring, Lmion County, Kentucky.
Sulphur Spring, in Calcasieu Parish, Louisiana.
Sulphur Spring, near Covington, Louisiana.
Sulphur Spring, near Enterprise, Mississippi.
Sulphur Springs, St. Clair County, Alabama.
Sulphur Springs, near Philadelphia, Mississippi.
Swayne's Mammoth Springs, Henry County, Tennessee.
Sweeney's Chalybeate Spring, Kentucky.
Syracuse Salt Well, Syracuse, New York.
Talladega Spring, Talladega County, Alabama.
Tea Spring, Bath County, Kentucky.
Texas Sour Springs, Luling, Caldwell County, Texas.
Thermal Spring, near Fort Laramie, Nebraska. 74 F.
Thompson's Bromine Arsenic Springs, Seven Mile Ford, Smyth County, Virginia.
505
Tipton Well, Jackson County, Mississippi.
Tolenas Soda Springs, near Suisun City, Solano County, California.
Topek Mineral Wells, Topek, Shawnee County, Kansas.
Trinity Springs, Martin County, Indiana. 57 F.
Tuscan or Lick Springs, near Red Bluff, Tehama County, California.
Unity Springs, Newport, Sullivan County, New Hampshire.
Valhermoso Springs, 18 miles from Huntsville, Alabama.
Victor Spring, Genesee County, New York.
Volcano Springs, Lander County, Nevada.
Wallawhatoola Alum Springs, Millboro Depot, Bath County, Virginia.
Warren White Sulphur Springs, Warren County, North Carolina.
Washington Bell's Sulphur Water, Marion County, Kentucky.
Weldon Spring, St. Alban's, Franklin County, Vermont.
West Baden Springs, West Baden, Orange County, Indiana.
Western Saratoga, Union County, Illinois.
White Rock Mineral Spring, Waukesha, Waukesha County, Wisconsin.
White Sulphur Springs, Sulphur Springs, De Kalb County, Alabama.
White Sulphur Mineral Water, Marion County, Kentucky.
White Sulphur, 6 miles east of Gower Springs, Georgia.
White Sulphur Spring, Catawba County, North Carolina.
White Sulphur Spring, Neshoba County, Mississippi.
White Sulphur Spring of San Juan Capitraus, 40 miles north of San Diego, California.
White Sulphur Springs, Breckenridge County, Kentucky.
White Sulphur Springs, Greene County, New York.
White Sulphur Springs, Ohio County, Kentucky.
White Sulphur Wells, Metcalf County, Kentucky.
Wilbur Springs, near Colusa, California.
Williamstown Springs, Anderson County, South Carolina.
Wilson's Springs, Spartanburg District, South Carolina.
Winchester Springs, Franklin County, Tennessee.
Wolf Trap Lithia Springs, Wolf Trap, Halifax County, Virginia.
Wooley's Springs, Limestone County, Alabama.
Wootan Wells, Wootan Wells, Robertson County, Texas.
Wyandotte Spring, Wayne County, Michigan.
Yates Mineral Spring, Boyle County, Kentucky.
Yellow Spring, Chester County, Pennsylvania.
Yelvington Spring, Daviess County, Kentucky.
Ypsilanti Mineral Spring, Washtenaw County, Michigan.
York Springs, Adams County, Pennsylvania.
Zonian Springs, near Elgin, Kane County, Illinois.
In preparing this article, the following works have been freely consulted : " Report on
Mineral Springs," by Committee of American Medical Association, 1 880; Dr. William
Pepper, Reporter; Moorman and Walton's "Mineral Springs of the United States;"
Peale's " Mineral Waters," 1887, Braun's " Curative Effects of Baths and Waters," 1875;
U. S. Dispensatory, 1884; " Mineral Springs of Colorado," by Charles Denison, M.D., and
Thesis on Mineral Springs of the United States, 1882, by Judson Daland, m.d.
APPENDIX B,
VITAL STATISTICS.*
I. POPULATION:—
POPULATION OF THE UNITED STATES.
Thousands Omitted.
1800.
1820.
1840.
i860.
1870.
1880.
New York . .
Pennsylvania
Ohio
Illinois ....
Missouri . . .
Indiana . . .
Massachusetts
Kentucky . .
Michigan . .
Iowa
Texas ....
Tennessee . .
Georgia . . .
Virginia . . .
North Carolina
Wisconsin . .
Alabama . . .
Mississippi .
New Jersey .
Kansas . . .
South Carolina.
Louisiana . .
Maryland . .
California . .
Arkansas . .
Minnesota . .
Maine ....
Connecticut .
West Virginia
Nebraska . .
New Hampshir
Vermont . . .
Rhode Island .
Delaware . .
Florida . . .
Colorado . .
Oregon . . .
Utah
Dakota . . .
Territories . .
e
5S9
602
45
'6
423
221
'106
163
880
478
9
211
346
342
152
, 251
'184
154
69
64
13
i,372
1,048.
58i
55
67
147
523
564
9
423
34i
1,065
639
'128
75
277
503
153
407
H
298
275
244
236
83
73
33
2,429
1,724
i,5i9
476
084
686
738
780
212
43
829
691
1,240
753
3i
59i
376
373
594
352
470
' 98
502
310
"285
292
109
78
54
50
3,881
2,906
2,340
1,712
1,182
1.350
1,231
1,156
749
67 s
604
1,110
1,057
i,596
993
776
964
791
672
107
704
708
687
380
435
172
628
460
29
326
315
175
112
140
34
52
40
5
189
4.383
3,522
2,665
2,540
1,721
1,681
i,457
1,321
1,184
i,i94
819
i,259
1,184
1,225
1,071
i,055
997
82S '
906
364
706
727
781
560
484
440
627
537
442
123
3i8
331
217
125
188
40
9'
87
14
344
5,083
4,283
3,198
3,078
2,168
i,978
i,783
1,649
1,637
1,625
i,592
1,542
1,542
i,5i3
1,399
i,3i5
1,263
1,132
1,131
996
996
940
935
865
803
781
649
623
618
452
347
332
277
147
269
194
175
144
135
567
The Union .
5,3oS
9-633
17,069
31,443
38,558
50,156
*Note. — These Tables, from the works of Newsholme and Mulhall, may be found suggestive
as to certain results, tendencies and relations of modern societies and medical science.
506
507
INCREASE OF POPULATION IN UNITED STATES.
Total
Natural.
Immigration.
Per Cent
1831-40 . . .
.... 28.02
4-65
32.67
1841-50 . . .
.... 26.19
.968
35.87
1851-60 . . .
.... 24.20
u.38
35-58
1861-70 . . .
.... 15-38
7-25
22.63
1871-80 . . .
.... 22.78
7.29
30.07
POPULATION OF THE CIVILIZED WORLD.
U. Kingdom
France . . .
Germany . .
Russia .. . .
Austria . . .
Italy . . . .
Spain . . . .
Portugal . .
Belgium . .
Holland . .
Denmark . .
Sweden . . .
Norway . . .
Switzerland
Greece . . .
Servia . . .
Roumania .
Turkey . . .
Europe . .
U. States . .
S. America .
British India
Canada . . .
Australia . .
Cape Colony
Total .
1800.
i5.57o
27,720
22,330
38,140
21,230
13,380
10,440
3,080
2,960
2,280
900
2,330
880
1,820
9,200
172,260
5>3'°
20,000
70,000
470
10
40
268,090
Thousands Omitted.
1820.
20,710
30.380
26,040
44,220
23,620
15.790
11,680
3,210
3,280
2,510
1,040
2,580
1,010
2,040
10,300 V
198,410
9,640
22,000
83,000
840
90
314,060
26,540
34,102
30,590
54,080
28,170
18,610
11,820
3.490
4,020
3,130
1,290
3,210
1,280
2,310
1,020
12,490
236,150
17,070
23,50°
98,500
1.730
410
270
377,630
i860.
28,730
37,290
36,410
65,730
32,240
21,820
15,560
4,030
4,690
3,620
1,580
3,870
1,590
2,530
1,310
1,240
4,390
10,230
275,860
3L440
24,800
143,300
3,360
1,330
420
480,510
34,650
37,430
45,260
84,440
37,830
28,910
16,290
4,35o
5,48o
4,060
1,960
4,610
1,950
2,810
1,690
1,920
5,330
8,310
312,990
50,410
25,600
191,400
4,34o
2,880
1,030
588,550
II. BIRTHS
BIRTH RATE PER 1000 INHABITANTS.
United Kingdom
France . .
Germany . . .
Austria ....
Hungary ....
Holland ....
Belgium ....
Denmark . . .
Sweden ....
Italy
Spain
Australia . . .
1861-70.
33-4
26.5
39-8
39-9
42.2
34-6
31.2
31.2
32.1
37-5
37-2
39-o
1871-80.
34-3
25-6
39-8
39-9
43-o
36.2
32.2
31-2
30-3
36.9
37-2
36.0
33-8
26.1
39-8
39-9
42.6
35-4
31-7
31.2
31.2
37-2
37-2
37-5
508
NUMBERS IN ALL COUNTRIES.
Daily.
One Year.
Excess Over
Deaths.
England
Scotland
Ireland
United Kingdom . . .
France
Germany
Russia
Austria
Italy
2,441
342
353
880,520
124,652
128,010
352,460
48,850
25,055
3,136
2,561
4,750
8,525
2,328
2,910
1,620
407
391
471
171
380
* 158
236
195
495
1,133,182
936,000
1,736,000
3,116,000
1,486,000
1,064,000
592,000
150,000
144 000
172,000
62,500
139,000
58,000
86,000
72,000
180,000
426,365
97,000
592,000
779, oco
324,000
228,000
115,000
30,000
49,000
48,600
24,000
62,000
29,000
20,500
17,000
40,000
Portugal
Holland
Belgium
Denmark
Sweden
Norway
Switzerland
Greece
Roumania
Europe
United States
Canada
Australia
Total
30,734
5,750
384
301
11,126,682
2,100,000
140,000
109,000
2,881,465
950,000
60,000
66,000
37,169
13,475,682
3,957,465
BIRTHS ACCORDING TO MONTHS (100 PAR).
France.
Germany, i Spain, j Italy.
January
February
March
April
May
June
July
August ......
September
October
November
December
105
in
109
106
99
95
96
96
97
95
97
95
103
105
I0 3
100
97
95
96
98
106
100
100
99
114
108
112
102
100
89
88
9i
98
ICO
97
100
107
114
no
106
95
89
9i
93
100
98
98
97
BIRTHS TO EACH MARRIAGE.
1861-70.
1871-80.
Difference.
England
Scotland
3-98
4-5i
4-95
4.18
3-09
3-95
4.09
364
4-27
4.16
4-43
5 46
4-33
2.98
4.21
4-34
3-55
4.01
+ 0.18
— 0.08
+ 0.51
+ 0.15
— O.l 1
+ 0.26
+ 0.25
— 0.09
— 0.26
United Kingdom
Holland
Denmark
Sweden
509
RATIO OF SEXES, BASTARDY, ETC.
Per iooo Births.
Male. Female.
Illegitimate.
Stillborn.
England
Scotland
Ireland
United Kingdom . . .
France
Germany
Russia
Austria
Italy
5ii
5i5
512
5i3
5H
508
516
5i7
516
5i5
5i3
5H
5i3
512
5i4
512
5i9
521
5^3
489
486
485
488
4S7
486
492
484
483
484
485
487
486
487
488
486
488
481
479
487
45
89
23
47
76
84
31
129
68
55
56
35
70
112
102
85
46
16
52
46
41
25
31
43
45
30
29
35
44
Portugal
Holland
Belgium
Denmark
Sweden
Norway
Switzerland
Greece
Roumania
Europe
III. DURATION OF LIFE:—
EXPECTATION OF LIFE (MEAN AFTER-LIFETIME) ACCORDING
VARIOUS LIFE TABLES AT SUCCESSIVE AGES.
TO
De Moi-
vre's
Hypo-
thesis.
North-
ampton
Car-
lisle
Eng-
lish
Life
Eng-
lish
Life
English Life
New English
Life Table
Years
OF
Table.
Table.
Table,
No. 1.
Table,
No. 2.
(Ogle;. .
Age.
Persons.
Males.
Females.
Males.
Females.
43-
25.2
38.7
41. 1
39-91
41.85
41-35
44.62
5
40.5
40.8
5i-3
50.0
49-71
50-33
50.87
53-o8
10
38
39 8
48.8
47.2
47-5
47.05
47.67
47.60
49.76
15
35-5
36.5
45-°
43-6
43 4
43.18
43-90
43 41
45-63
20
33
33-4
4i-5
40.3
40.0
39-48
40.29
39-4Q
41.66
25
30.5
30.9
37-9
37-o
36.6
36.12
37-04
35-68
37-98
30
28
28.3
34-3
33-6
33-i
32.76
33-8i
32.10
34-41
35
25-5
25-7
31.0
30-4
29.8
29.40
30 59
28.64
30-90
40
23
23-1
27.6
27.1
26.5
26.06
27-34
25-30
27.46
45
20.5
20.5
24-5
23.8
23.1
22.76
24.06
22.07
24.06
50
18
18.0
21. 1
20.6
19.9
19-54
20.75
18.93
20.68
55
15 5
15-6
17.6
17.1
16.7
16.45
17-43
15-95
17-33
60
13
132
14-3
14.0
13.6
13-53
14-34
13-14
14.24
65
105
10.9
11. 8
11. 1
10.9
10.82
11.51
10.55
11.42
70
8
8.6
9.2
8-7
8.6
8.45
9.02
8.27
8-95
75
5-5
6,5
7.0
6.7
6.6
6.49
6-93
6-34
6.87
80
3
4.8
5-5
5-i
5-o
4-93
5-26
4-79
5.20
85
0.5
3-4
4.1
3-7
3-7
3-73
3-98
3-56
3.88
90
2.4
3-3
2.7
2.84
3-oi
2.66
2.90
95
0.8
3-5
2.1
2.17
2.29
2.01
2.17
100
2.3
1.68
1.76
1.61
1.62
510
MEAN AGE AT DEATH OF MALES AND FEMALES WHO DIED FROM
CERTAIN DISEASES IN THE 25 YEARS, 1848-72. (Great Britain.)
Causes of Death.
Mean Age at Death.
Males.
Females.
Mean.
All Causes,
fr,
Whooping Couc
Measles,
Croup,
Diphtheria (1859-72), . .
Scarlet Fever (1859-72),
Smallpox
Diarrhoea, "
Typhus,
Cholera,
Erysipelas,
Rheumatism,
Influenza,
Carbuncle,
1-7
2.5
3-i
7-7
5-2
13-2
11.8
26.6
30.4
35-7
39 8
42.8
59-2
30.8
1.8
3-2
8.1
5-6
10.6
14.9
25-4
32.4
32-8
41.4
48.8
57-9
29-5
1.8
2.7
3-2
7-9
54
11.9
1.3-4
26.0
31-4
34-3
40.6
45-8
58.6
MEAN AGE AT DEATH OF PERSONS DYING FROM CERTAIN DISEASES,
1848-72; ALSO PROPORTION TO DEATHS FROM ALL CAUSES,
AND RATES OF MORTALITY. (Great Britain.)
Cause of Death.
Mean
Age at
Death,
1848-72.
Deaths to 1,000,000
Deaths from all Causes
Deduced from
•
Annual Rate of Mor-
tality to 1,000,000
Living of all Ages De-
duced FROM
Life Table.
Registered
Deaths.
Life Table.
Registered
Deaths.
Whooping Cough, . . .
Measles,
Scarlet Fever and Diph-
theria,
Smallpox,
1.8
2.7
5-8
11.9
26.0
31-7
15,161
12,865
34,966
6,521
38,107
6,921
23,145
19,134
48,247
8,535
40,170
7,364
37i
3i5
856
160
933
169
521
437
1,046
204
918
168
Childbirth, etc., .....
The probability that a live-born child will die of any of these 25 diseases is as follows
Smallpox, 006521
Measles, 012865
Scarlet Fever, 030021
Diphtheria, 004945
Whooping Cough, 015161
Typhus, 038107
Diarrhoea and Dysentery, 034366
Cholera, 006155
Other Zymotic Diseases, 027478
Cancer, 021311
Scrofula and Tabes, 014106
Phthisis, .114417
Hydrocephalus, 011252
Diseases of Brain, 121859
Diseases of Heart and Dropsy 076660
Diseases of Lungs 149585
Diseases of Lungs and Phthisis, . . . .264002
Diseases of Stomach and Liver, . . . .052497
Diseases of Kidneys, 014910
Diseases of Generative Organs, 003062
Diseases of Joints 003395
Diseases of Skin 002512
Childbirth and Metria, 006921
Suicide 003479
Other Violent Deaths, 030052
Other Causes, 198363
511
IV. DEATHS :—
DEATH-RATES PER iooo LIVING IN DIFFERENT COUNTRIES.
Countries.
England and Wales :
Scotland,
Ireland,
Denmark,
Norway, ...*'•
Sweden,
Austria
Hungary,
Switzerland
German Empire, . .
Netherlands, . . .
Belgium,
France,
Italy,
Mean Annual
Death-rate in
the 20 years,
l86l-80.
21.9
21.9
17.5 (17 years)
19.7
16.9 (10 years)
19.2
3i-i
38.7 (15 years)
23.6 (11 years)
26.9 (.9 years)
24.7
22.8
23.6
30.0 (18 years)
18.9
19-3
18.3
16.8
17.7
30.6
35-6
22.4
25-5
21-5
20.9
22.0
27.6
1882.
19.6
19-3
17.4
19-3
16.4
17.4
30.8
36.6
21.9
25-7
20.7
20.2
22.2
27 5
1883.
19-5
20.1
19.2
18.4
17.1
17-3
30.1
32 6
20.3
25-9
21.8
20.8
22.2
27-5
1884.
19-5
19.4
17.6
18.4
16.4
17-5
29.2
314
20.1
26 o
22.2
20.9
22.2
26.7
1885.
19.0
19.1
18.4
17.9
16.5
17.8
29.9
21. 1
25-7
21.0
20.1
21.9
19-3
186
17.9
18.2
16. 1
16.6
29.4
32.2
20.4
26.2
21.8
21. 1
22.5
28.3
1887.
18.8
18.7
18.3
18.3
28.9
24 2
19.7
193
20.0
27 7
DEATH RATE OF CITIES (1878-80) PER 1000 INHABITANTS.
Alexandria,
34-2
Dublin, .
27.1
New York , . .
. 26.2
Amsterdam,
23-7
Edinburgh,
20.2
Nottingham, .
. 22.4
Baltimore, .
2 1. 1
Geneva, . .
21.2
Oldham, . . .
. 22.8
Belfast, . . .
23.2
Glasgow, .
25-3
Palermo, . . .
• 28.5
Berlin, . . .
27.6
Hamburg,
24-5
Paris, ....
. 28.6
Birmingham.
19.8
Havana, .
45-7
Philadelphia,
. 20.3
Bombay,
33-7
Hull,. . .
23.8
Portsmouth, .
• 19-7
Bordeaux, .
267
Leeds, . .
21.6
Quebec, . . .
. 22.9
Boston, . .
23.5
Leicester,
21.8
Rio Janeiro, .
• 39-4
Bradford, .
21. 1
Leipsic, .
26.1
Rome
. 26.8
Breslau, . .
32.5
Liverpool,
26.7
Rotterdam, .
• 23.3
Brighton, .
19.0
London, .
21. 1
Rouen, ....
• 31-3
Bristol, . .
19.6
Lvons, . .
24.7
St. Louis, . .
• 19-3
Brooklyn, .
25.6
Madras, .
38.8
St. Petersburg,
• 51-4
Brussels, . .
23-9
Madrid, .
37-4
San Francisco,
. 18 1
Bucharest, .
24-5
Manchester
25-5
Sheffield, . .
. 21.6
Buda-Pesth,
35-2
Marseilles,
28.0
Stockholm, .
• 24.7
Buenos Ayres
3<>- 1
Mexico, .
3°-9
Sunderland, .
. 20.9
Calcutta, .
3I.-I
Milan, . .
30 6
Turin, ....
. 25.6
Chicago, . .
27.2
Montreal,
37-2
Valparaiso, .
. 64.6
Christiania,
18.8
Munich, .
32.8
Venice, . . .
. 22.7
Copenhagen,
22.1
Naples, .
33-1
Vera Cruz,
• 70-5
Cork, . . .
26.1
Newcastle,
21.8
Vienna, . .
. 29.0
Dresden, . .
• 25.4
New Orleai
s
22.7
Zurich, . . .
. 25.6
INFANT MORTALITY
PERCENTAGE WHO DIE UNDER
Norway, 17
Ireland, 17
Denmark, .... 20
Scotland, 20
Sweden, 22
England 26
Belgium, 27
France, 31
Prussia 32
Holland, ...... 33
YEARS.
Austria, ..... 36
Spain, 36
Russia, 38
Italy 39
Liverpool, 46
512
V. SICKNESS :-
PROBABLE SICK POPULATION.
England
Scotland
Ireland
United Kingdom .
France
Germany
Austria
Italy
Spain
Belgium
Holland
Denmark
Sweden and Norway
Switzerland
Greece
United States . . . .
Australia
Total
Thousands Omitted.
Sick. Invalids. Total
984
i45
180
1,309
1,682
2,288
2,360
1,672
990
242
190
76
214
126
62
i,978
75
13,264
492
72
90
654
841
1,144
1,180
836
495
121
95
38
107
63
6,631
1,476
217
270
1,963
2,523
3,432
3,540
2,508
1,485
363
285
114
321
189
93
2,967
19,895
Percentage
of Pop.
5-7
5-7
5-3
5-6
6.7
7.6
94
8-9
8-9
6.6
7-i
5-7
4-9
6.7
5-8
5-5
7-5
AVERAGE DURATION IN WEEKS OF ATTACKS OF SICKNESS.
NEISON, FROM THE RETURNS OF THE SCOTCH FRIENDLY SOCIETIES.
Age.
Total Number of
Attacks, including
those ending in
Recovery and those
ending in Death.
Total Amount of
Sickness, including
that ending in
Recovery and that
ending in Death.
Average Duration
of each attack of
Total Sickness, in-
cluding that ending
in Recovery and that
ending in Death.
10-15
15-20
20-25
25-30
30-35
35-40
40-45
45-50
50-55
55-6o
60-65
65-70
70-75
75-80
80-85
85-90
90-95
12
117
637
985
1074
872
758
519
537
491
350
135
116
29
19
1
39.428
749-571
2830.285
5483.000
5014.143
4524.714
4158.714
3445-714
6634.285
7171.571
9102.286
59347H
8867.999
4588.857
4027.000
353-000
3.286
6.407
4-443
5-566
4.668
5.188
5.486
6.639
12-354
14.608
26.004
43.960
76.448
158.236
211.947
353-ooo
All Ages.
10-95
6652
72,925.281
10.959
The statistics for the United Kingdom show that the average strength of the army at
home during 1886 was 92,601. The average number of daily sick was 4360.31, the aver-
age sick-time to each soldier 17.18 days per annum, and the average duration of each case
513
of sickness 20.38 days. The following table shows the chief causes of the 78,089 admis-
sions into hospital in the United Kingdom during 1886; also the number constantly sick
and the number dying during the year in proportion to 1000 of the troops.
Disease or Injury.
Admissions
into Hospital
DURING 1886.
Ratio per iooo.
Constantly
Sick.
Deaths.
Smallpox
Other Eruptive Fevers,
Enteric Fever,
Other Continued Fevers,
Dysentery,
Malarial Fevers,
SvDhilisl Primary '
b>phllls t Secondary,
Gonorrhoea,
Alcoholism,
Rheumatism,
Tubercular Diseases,
Diseases of the Nervous System, .
" Eye,
" Circulatory System,
" Respiratory ''
" Digestive "
" Generative "
" Skin
Other Diseases,
Injuries,
General Total,
145
842
87
562
8,236
3,097
10,632
308
3,709
362
924
1,281
835
7,323
9,233
4,814
8,450
7,662
8,978
.02
.46
.09
.06
.07
.04
1.17
•53
1.83
•49
.04
•5i
78,089
47.08
VI. INFLUENCE OF OCCUPATION, AND DENSITY OF POPULA-
TION, SANITATION, ETC., UPON THE DEATH-RATE :—
DEATH-RATES IN TOWN AND COUNTRY DISTRICTS OF ENGLAND,
1851-86.
Year.
Persons to
a Square
Mile in
England
and Wales.
Annual Deaths
to iooo Persons Living in
Deaths in
Town Dis-
tricts to IOO
Deaths in
Country Dis-
tricts, in
Equal Num-
bers Living.
England
and
Wales.
Town
Districts.
Country
Districts.
1851-60,
1861-70,
1871-80,
1881,
1882,
1883,
1884,
1885,
1886,
325
365
4i5
447
454
460
466
473
479
22.2
22.5
21.4
18.9
19.6
19-5
19-5
19.0
19-3
24.7
24.8
23.1
20.1
20.9
20.5
20.6
19.7
20.0
19.9
19.7
19.0
16.9
17-3
17.9
17.7
17.8
18.0
124
126
122
119
121
115
117
in
in
514
The ill effects of increased aggregation of population are much greater in the earlier
years of life. This is clearly shown by the following figures : —
Persons to a square mile, .
Death-rate at all ages, . . .
Death-rate under five, . .
166
16.94
37.80
186
19.18
47-53
379
21.90
63.06
1. 718
24.81
82.10
4,499
28.02
94.04
12,357
32.96
111.90
65,823
38.67
139-52
GROUPS OF DISTRICTS ARRANGED ACCORDING TO DENSITY AND
DEATH-RATES, 1871-80.
Annual Death-rate
per 1000.
Num-
ber OF
Dis-
tricts.
Ten Years, 1871-80.
Mean Pop-
ulation.
Deaths.
Mean
Annual
Death-
rate per
1000.
Mean
Density
(Acres
to A
Person).
Persons
to A
Square
Mile.
Cols, ......
14 and under 15,
15 " 16,
16 " 17,
17 " 18,
18 " 19,
19 " 20,
20 " 21,
21 " 22,
22 " 23,
23 " 24,
24 " 25,
25 " 26,
26 " 27,
27 " 34,
3i
62
102
129
95
50
46
42
30
27
14
5
6
171,244
503,594
1,379,250
2,166,690
2,787,836
2,308,721
2,450,483
2,551,807
2,692,101
2,666,484
2,088,340
1,375,652
350,681
850,906
24,804
78,57o
229,301
380,980
516,671
449,736
503,702
549,573
607,008
627,660
509,661
35i,3i8
92,062
257,247
14.48
15.60
16.63
17.58
18.53
19.48
20.56
21.54
22.55
23-54
24.41
25-54
26.36
30.23
2-53
3.20
2.48
3-04
3-30
2-94
1.40
o.95
0-49
o.35
0.30
0.23
0.22
0.10
253
200
258
211
194
217
458
677
1,301
1,819
2,166
2,819
2,944
6,144
Aberdeen, Scotland, which has 13.6 per cent, of its population living in one room, has
the lowest death-rate of eight great Scotch towns, the death-rate rising pari passu with
the diminution in size of the average house, until we come to Glasgow with 24.7 per cent,
of its population living in one room, and the highest death-rate. In comparing the twenty-
four districts into which Glasgow is divided, the same general relation is demonstrated.
The population of Glasgow in 1885 was 543,295, the number of deaths 13,439. The
distribution of population and deaths in the inhabited houses according to their size was as
follows : — -
Size of House.
Population.
Deaths.
Percentage of
Population.
Deaths.
134,728
243,691
86,956
32,742
38,647
6,531
3,636
6,325
1,747
581
434
427
289
24.7
44-7
16.0
6.1
7-i
1.4
27.0
47.0
13.0
4-3
3-3
32
2.2
Three "
Four "
Five " and upward, . " " "
Institutions,
Untraced,
Whole City
545,295
13,439
100.0
100.0
515
In the following table the rates per 100,000 inhabitants from certain classes of disease
are shown : —
One and Two-
room Houses.
Three and
Four-room
Houses.
Five Rooms
and upward.
478
985
480
32
799
246
689
235
11
764
114
328
91
590
Acute Diseases of the Lungs (including
Consumption),
Nervous Diseases and Diseases of
Nutrition in children,
Accidents and Syphilis in children, . .
Miscellaneous Unclassified Diseases, .
All Causes,
2774
1945
1123
Taking the average amount (in excess of outside air) of carbonic acid, organic matter
and microorganisms, respectively, in the atmosphere of houses of four or more rooms as
unity, then in one- and two-room houses the relative amount (Dundee) was as follows : —
Houses of
Four Rooms
and upward.
Two-room
Houses.
One-room
Houses.
Cubic Space per person,
Carbonic Acid,
0.13
i:l
3-1
5-5
o.ii
2.0
4.4
6.7
6.9
3-o
Organic Matter,
Microorganisms, total,
COMPARATIVE MORTALITY OF MALES IN CERTAIN DUST-INHALING
OCCUPATIONS FROM PHTHISIS AND DISEASES OF
THE RESPIRATORY ORGANS.
Comparative
Mortality Fig-
ure (1880-1-2),
that of all
Males being
1000.
Phthisis.
Diseases of
Respira-
tory
Organs.
The Two
Together.
891
820
958
969
1032
1088
1122
1309
1667
1742
1839
126
204
212
252
257
272
308
37i
433
473
690
202
i33
186
201
205
271
274
3S9
350
645
458
328
337
398
453
462
543
582
760
783
1118
1 148
Carpenter, Joiner,
Baker, Confectioner,
Mason, Builder, Bricklayer, . . .
Wool Manufacture,
Cotton Manufacture,
Cutler,
Earthenware Manufacture, . . .
Cornish Miner,
108
90
198
516
DEATH-RATES OF MALES. 25-6; YEARS OF AGE, IN DIFFERENT OCCU-
PATIONS. IN 1860-1-1871, AND IN 1880-2; AND THEIR COM-
PARATIVE MORTALITY FIGURES IN 1SS0-2.
Occupation.
Mean Annual Death-rates
per 1000 Living.
:S6:-:-:5-:.
Years of Age.
5 --:■ -:- --:■
AZ Males
'J- : :':■;:::
Malts :£ =
Districts,
Gardener Z _r;tryman, . . . .
Farmer, G-rarier
Laborer in Agricultural Counties,
Fisht
la-:
Z::>
Zarr:
Z ra:
:-r:::
::al
lis:
ieacaer
War eh.: :serr_a::
man, ...
:::;: :v Miners in
:r Architect,
Ziaer
milder
_ ; m m ;
7:':a::
_ a-" --
?rir:er
Wool. A
Z:.::::
Fhvsii:
Za : v ::
Er::he
ziass :
PlarrAt
:a:ler.
I ir.tr
Za~er
Za::r
Brewei
: Z-. ;
I-:-.::"
Irrr.kee
M-~er
FZema
Ea-ht
'-~-V-Y_.
5erv:;e
nfacture (West Riding)
iacture (Hancas fa . r t
General Practitioner
Saw, Tool-maker
Waterman, .
Wa:;h~ar
h dure
-.66
:: 1_
s •-
------
9.50
:: -i
--: ■-
•* 75
13-19
13-19
:: _ :
:: i:
:- 99
1 ' 94
15.11
19.26
15 94
'-- S3
: : . ::
:: ' 1-
--- 2
11.94
20.09
if 15
17-54
-- :-
-1 5:
17.15
«5 :-
21.36
21.36
22.97
-- : :
27.90
24.90
10.43
-- ■:"
10.39
22.30
:: 73
22.91
-.: --
29x0
9-32
26.65
10.72
26.39
'-- -3
27.16
:: :-
:: : =
14 '-:
-.\ \\
13 ::
21. j6
13.92
23-50
::.::
-~ \-
13-02
29-58
-- -: ;
37 »5
* 3-
29.32
34-«
\- 74
:: -;
:--'
30.10
---: K
35 !«
.: 1-
34 M
42 }t
_: ---
*i -;
:- ■:
•: :_
*2 -;
Years of Age.
:1Z:-:-:
25-45-
10.16
9-7i
32 -;
24.63
36.20
19-74
4.64
5-52
6.09
7-13
6.41
8.00
• :-
■ S3
' :-
- ---
5 S3
' -'-
" K
9.26
' 97
9-31
8-39
9.C4
8-4.O
8 -:
.-■-:
9-29
10.48
11.14
10.5S
IO.73
II. 12
9-71
9 99
:: f-
10.77
12.16
11.21
11.07
11.71
:: 5a
- 5
13 7*
13 --
13.90
15-59
«3 73
1S.02
:- :-
1529
13 -:
: • "
20.26
20.62
22.63
COMPARA
T1VE
Mortality
FlGURE
I 880-I-2
Years of
Age.
15 93
16.19
16-53
17.68
18.98
19.16
-'- "-
21 74
20-57
-: -- :
20.96
*3 **
25.II
:-- :-
22.64
?5 J"
-I 36
25-07
:-- :-
26.62
26.12
-: 55
-: --
-—-'-
-\ ---
25.16
2647
26.60
27.50
-.- —
zf ::
s« -;
29.0S
r- ---
32 49
34-42
31 »3
32 39
33 25
34 -:"
36 8(3
-- 54
33 SE
45 -
55-69
gouSfe
55 ;-
25-65-
root
218a
::_
556
599
BSi
701
719
77i
797
820
S25
842
891
896
903
911
921
921
948
.-:"
95*
969
996
1000
1015
1051
1071
1032
raffl
1122
"5»
1170
1190
1202
1273
1275
1505
1314
1327
1361
:_::
1519
1529
«5fi5
:::'-
:-_:
: ; -:
: ; -^
;:::
2205
517
EFFECT OF SANITARY WORKS ON THE GENERAL DEATH-RATE AND
ON THE MORTALITY FROM TYPHOID FEVER AND PHTHISIS.
Towns.
Banbury, . .
Cardiff, . . .
Croydon, . .
Dover, . . .
Ely,
Leicester, . .
Macclesfield,
Merthyr, . .
Newport, . .
Rugby, . . .
Salisbury, . .
Warwick,
Death-rate
before
Construction
of Works.
23 4
33-2
237
22.6
23-9
26.4
29.8
33-2
31.8
19. 1
27-5
22.7
Death-rate
after
Construction
of Works.
20.5
22.6
18.6
20.9
20.5
25.2
23-7
26.2
21.6
18.6
21.9
21.0
Reduction of
Typhoid
per Cent.
Reduction of
Phthisis
per Cent.
Mean Annual
Period of Years.
Death-rate per
1000 Living.
Ten Years, 1862-71
22.6
Public Health Act, 1872—
Four Years, 1872-75
21.8
Public Health Act, 1875 —
Five Years, 1876-80
20.79
Five Years, 1881-85
19.30
1886
19.28
1887
18.79
1888
7-83
VIII. DISEASES :—
There appears to be a definite connection between the number of good vaccination cica-
trices and the degree of protection from severe smallpox. This is shown in the preceding
table, and even more strikingly in the following table from Mr. Marson's well-known
figures, which give " the result of his observations, made during twenty-five years, in
nearly 6000 cases of post-vaccinal smallpox " in the London Smallpox Hospital.
Cases of Smallpox, Classified According to the
Vaccination Marks.
Unvaccinated,
(1) Stated to have been vaccinated, but having no cicatrix,
(2) Having one vaccine cicatrix,
(3) Having two vaccine cicatrices,
(4) Having three vaccine cicatrices,
(5) Having four or more vaccine cicatrices,
Number of Deaths
Per Cent, in Each
Class Respectively.
35%
21%
4/s
iH
3/
•
.-_. ..I'-Ser
S~i."bri. . .
' . - I..- rr
- . _ • tr. Fever . . .
_ , ;>r.^herl£._
V. ri:>:c:r_5 _ : . r: ...
7-. -.— ' I ■' -
------ , r:^iU: .■
.-£e— >er=_ rt~e: i.:. :
__ .>tirt: :_' _ r_ : : nr.
_ _i_rrr_ :ei_ I .= eu -e=
i.:. : e:
: : ._ ■ 5
Hvdr:.:T . - : .
:.::: . -:^::_.^r I :~-
_ ezsej
Difapgraes of Ners«B 1 !
BT = :t~ "irj ~lz i_~ z
_ :5e£.se= :: _:rr'__.i-i:i~
— ;-i_;t: :: • .r.-z .ri'. : ~
I : ea= -i : :' I _ ; :
I _selsel ::' 7: :_-
: ; : : -
_ ■ ;
" i
: r-: :
7 :
: : :>:.
:
.......
-"-
: : . : : : --.
--
: -_:
: i.-
: :;._
mi
-;-
- '-:
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--:
. - " - " :.;...: . . - .
: : J
-
■-
: : :
a
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-
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52
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: : -
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: 533 I ■-.'
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: 7.-7777-
77 77 7 77.77
77 7777 7777- .7
i JL. -. . -
■ - t
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I - 1
::_._.: ;.•
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-
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: E.--.I
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V : : er
.
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Arei f.
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i i ;:.:.:„. : ■:. : : _ r-
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timdl i *gP
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?:
;:-
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i er er_j i r i e i
: : " :
?:>:
-:-
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- "
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: : • :
_:■:
: . ~ '.
:--
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-r
--
:•:
'--".
?:
-■■
■
2; :
"-":
: --
; :
:-
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i
:.---
::
7-
:-:
; : :
:":-
. . ~:
: ' :
:H
: .--
::
:: :
: : —
7BB
-~:
; : : :
'.■:
:-~ :
i : . .r.i.-. :••* : : -
: v
:-■-
: " "-
-.-,.:■ : ;
_.
n : : r i: : er_-
: "-
:::
^
i : - : . : -. -— ■ : ■ : ■:
-
S
;:*:?:
: : -:
::■:
- :
catartly afined, _ i ifi&r
B:
zf "
• •;:
: ;•:
- -
: : -:
; ■ .;
-■
~
r-.j:
: : -
- - -
V
■•
: ^:
: ■ :_
::-
; :
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: ■ : ■ --
23* | SSJ- 1
:!■:::
iin:
- : . . :
519
A DIGEST OF 10,403 CASES OF SMALLPOX TREATED BY DR. GAYTON
IN THE METROPOLITAN SMALLPOX HOSPITALS, LONDON:—
Ages.
Vaccinated.
Good Marks.
Vaccinated.
Imperfect Marks.
"Vaccinated,"
but no Evidence
of Vaccination.
Not
Vaccinated.
Years.
Cases
X
H
<
W
Q
h
Z
w
u
ft!
W
(X,
Cases.
X
h
<
K
Q
h
Z
w
u
a
w
Cases.
c/j
X
h
<
W
Q
h
z
w
u
a
w
Cases.
X
<
W
Q
H
Z
w
u
01
W
Ph
0-2
2-5
5-10
10-15
15-20
20-25
25-30
30-40
40-50
50 +
4
57
206
439
606
389
189
147
29
19
2
5
12
n
12
14
4
2
I
I
2
3
6
10
14
11
32
150
532
939
1037
843
529
526
186
80
3
18
27
32
66
100
80
78
33
18
9
12
5
3
2
13
15
15
18
22j^
22
96
207
214
205
167
116
i37
85
46
9
38
40
42
39
56
35
49
24
20
41
40
19
20
19
34
30
36
28
43
276
401
5io
317
204
174
105
103
49
30
181
202
180
74
86
83
56
42
21
13
66
50
35
23
42
48
53
41
43
43
All Ages.
2085
62
3
4854
455
9
1295
352
27
2169
938
43
DISTRIBUTION OF DECREASED MORTALITY ACCORDING TO CAUSE.
In the following table the mortality of 1871-80, from certain denned causes, is con-
trasted with that of the preceding decennium. The contrast would have been more
striking had the years of the present decennium been taken instead.
ANNUAL DEATHS PER MILLION LIVING IN TWO DECENNIA — (ENGLAND).
Cause of Death.
1861-70.
1871-80.
Annual
Increase or
Decrease in
1871-80.
Smallpox,
Measles
Scarlet Fever,
Diphtheria,
Whooping Cough,
Fever
Diarrhceal Diseases,
Cancer,
Phthisis,
Hydrocephalus,
Other Tubercular Diseases
Diseases of the Nervous System,
" Circulatory System and Dropsy,
" Respiratory System,
" Digestive System,
" Urinary System,
Puerperal Fever, Childbirth,
Violence
All Other and Unstated Causes,
All Causes,
Balance of Decrease,
163
440
972
185
527
885
1,076
387
2,475
347
437
2,785
1,349
3,364
981
298
165
765
4,8i5
236
37 i
716
121
512
484
935
473
2,116
317
445
2,770
1,477
3,76o
978
392
167
733
4,262
22,416
21,272
+ 73
— 62
— 256
-64
— 15
— 401
— 141
+ 86
— 359
— 30
+ 8
— 15
+ 128
+ 396
— 3
+ 94
+ 2
— 32
— 553
POTTER'S HANDBOOK.
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