,0 a •^r. .oV' K^-^ ■'"■. v5 -'-^ \0o^ c^^^ -^^^ ■-^' 'G 0' c5 -^z. ^-V oo' 'i- •^v .\\^ 'y^ V vV '->, 'a "^ a I \ ' \ ^^..^v :S^> t/- V^' \^' C> -'rP ■,^ ■J- ^^. ^y^ y "^y. ^:^ ^■f,. ^ ^^ "'- -. f S^ '^. .\V '^y. V ,-N -C' ^' 'V aX^'-. '/- -<,, cV' O- \^ 'V- >" CHRONOLOQY PAPER AND PAPER-MAKING. ]'apjTUS. V/' BY J. MUNSELL, ALBANY : J. MUNSELL, 78 STATE STREET. LoxDON : TRUBNER & CO., 60 Pateknoster Row, 1857. p PREFACE. The facts embraced in the following pages have been gathered from so many sources, that it would have materially encumbered the work had it been attempted to give authorities in all cases. The work of Matthias Koops, who made extensive experiments in the beginning of the present century, has furnished numerous data. The Jury Report of the London Tn- dustrial Exhibition, has been used to a considerable extent for more modern statistics of European coun- tries. For the remainder, almost every available work has been consulted, English, French, German, and Nederdutch. It will be seen by the number of experiments made for the attainment of the same object by the same means, in England and America especially, that paper- makers have but little intercommunication. There is IV. great want of an American work, practical and expe- rimental, on this most important art. An account of the modes that have been pursued by the experimenters who have so long and arduously sought after a substi- tute for rags in the manufacture of paper, would of itself form an instructive volume. These experiments began in Europe more than a century ago, and were induced by the same cause which has ever since given rise to efforts in the same direction, the scarcity of rags. They have continually exercised the minds of manufacturers and others in this country during the present century, and the records of the patent office attest the fertility of invention which has been expended in this field of discovery. The following list of sub- stances which have been experimented upon, and of which it is claimed that paper has been produced of fair qualities, will show in a measure the extent of the effort which has been made to procure material to meet the increasing demand for paper fabrics. Paste board scraps, Bamboo, Carduus nutans, Animal substances, Mulberry, Old sacks, Wheat straw. Bark, Floss silk, Rice straw, Silk, Liquorice wood, Raw cotton, Flax, Pine shavings, Muscovy mats, Hemp, Bullen of plants, Alga marina, Satin, Blue grass, Hornets'' nests, Asbestos, Ulva marina, Coton du peuplier, Leaves, Decayed wood, Grape vines, Tan, White wood, Lily of the valley, Moss, Banana leaves. Moth wort, Beech, Gutta percha. Masse d'eau. Willow, Mummy cloth. Cabbage stumps, Aspen, Scotch ferns. Broom corn, Clematite, Gnaphalium, Bavarian peat. Ropes, Flag leaves. Bass w^ood, Tow, Sultana bark. Couch grass, Bagging, Cotton stalks. Marsh mallow, Fir, Dwarf palm. Spindle tree. Peat, Water broom, Wayfaring tree, Pine, Southern cane. Willow twigs. Aloes, Brazilian grass. Leather cuttings. Arroche, Beet root, Cotton waste. Thistles, Swingle tow, Printed waste, Conferva, Corn stalks, Corn husks, Linden, Seratula ervensis, Plantain, Erigerone, J'appus, Hay, Oakum, Wool, Bracken, Manures, Rushes, Flags, Hollyhock, Bran, Saw dust, Hop vines, Sea weed. Nettles, Reeds, Elm, Lime, Oak, Poplar, Burdock, Stone, Spartum, Asparagus. VI. In short, almost every thing has undergone a test. Not only have Bumerous patents been procured for useless modes of producing paper from many of the above articles, but costly machinery has in some cases been erected to assist in bringing them into use, after they had been experimented upon repeatedly and con- demned. This will continue to be the case until some- thing is published on the subject in such a shape as to be accessible to the trade. It is hardly necessary to say that this work does not aim to supply the desidera- tum, yet to a considerable extent it will serve as an index to those experiments. It also indicates what has been done towards bringing machinery to perfection, while those efforts W'ere being made to discover new materials for paper stock. It is in this department that great results have been attained. In a little more than a quarter of a century, the machines have entirely superseded the diminutive hand-mills which sparsely dotted the country, and gigantic establishments have risen up in their places. Paper-mill villages, and bank- ing institutions even, have grown out of this flourishing branch of industrial art, and we behold with satisfaction and amazement, what has been brought about by the aid of a commodity so insignificant in the eyes of the world as linen and cotton rags. The reader will observe some discrepancies in the fol- lowing pages ; the facts have been given as they were found, it being impossible to reconcile them. The com- piler will be obliged by anything that may be sent to vn. him ill regard to this subject, either by way of correction or addition. A few errors of the press occur, Aviiiclt will be so readily observed and understood as to render a particular notice of them unnecessary. Several specimens intended to accompany this edi- tion came too late for insertion, the work having- been promised at a certain time. SUBSTANCES USED IX THE MANUFACTURE OF PAPER. In early times the materials used for writing upon were chiefly such as required but little mechanical fashioning to fit them for that purpose. Characters were engraved on flat stones made smooth, or were impressed in clay, which was afterwards dried or hard- ened by sun or fire, as in the Babylonian bricks. Thin boards of wood, covered with wax or a similar composi- tion, and plates of ivory and metal, have been used; but a more convenient material was afforded by the leaves of certain species of trees. The skins and intestines of animals have also been made fit for writing upon; but when the Egyptian papyrus was introduced, all these things fell into disuse, except parchment, which is still preferred for certain purposes. The first successful attempt to manufacture an article resembling modern paper, as far as we know, was made in Egypt at a very remote time. An aquatic plant, known to us as papyrus, having a soft cellular flower- stem, aftbrded the material. The stem of the plant grew from ten to twenty feet high, of a triangular shape, from the thin coats or pellicles of which the paper was made. These were separated by means of a pin, or pointed muscle-shells, and spread on a table sprinkled with Nile 2 water, in such a form as tlie size of the sheets required, and washed over with the same. On the first layer of these slips, a second was placed cross-wise, so as to form a sheet of convenient thickness, which, after being pressed and dried in the sun, was polished with a shell or other hard and smooth substance. Twenty sheets was the utmost that could be separated from one stalk, and those nearest the pith made the finest paper. With respect to the time when this paper was invent- ed, there are diiferent opinions. Some authors have attempted to prove its antiquity from the earliest Greek writers; while Yarro states that the invention was unknown in the time of Alexander the Great, about four hundred years before the Christian era. But Herodotus, who lived nearly a century earlier than Alexander, testifies that it was an article of commerce and a material for writing long before his time. The Romans at a later day improved upon the papyrus made by the Egyptians; they sized it in a similar manner to that pursued with rag paper, making their size of the finest flour. The paper of the Romans was very white; that of the Egyptians of a yellowish or brown tinge. The Egyptian paper was manufactured in Alexandria and other cities of Egypt in such large quantities, that one individual boasted that he possessed so much paper that its revenue would maintain a numerous army. Alexandria was for a long time solely in the possession of this manufacture, and acquired immense riches by it. Europe and Asia were supplied therefrom for several centuries. The commerce of Egyptian paper was flourishing in the third century, and continued to the fifth century, when Theodoric abolished the impost upon it in Italy, where it was used occasionally until the eleventh century, at which time the use of parchment and paper made of cotton superseded it. The art of making paper from fibroUs matter reduced to a pulp in water, appears to have been first discovered by the Chinese about eighteen hundred years ago. The Chinese paper is commonly supposed to be made of silk; but this is a mistake. Silk by itself, can not be reduced to a pulp suitable for making paper. Refuse silk is said to be occasionally used with other ingredi- ents, but the greater part of the Chinese paper is made from the inner bark of the bamboo and mulberry tree, called by them the paper tree, hempen rags, &c. The latter are prepared for paper by being cut and well washed in tanks. They are then bleached and dried • in twelve days they are converted into a pulp, which is then made into balls of about four pounds weight. These are afterwards saturated with water, and made into paper on a frame of fine reeds; and are dried by being pressed under large stones. A second drying operation is performed by plastering the sheets on the walls of a room. The sheets are then coated with gum size, and polished with stones. They also make paper from cotton and linen rags, and a coarse yellow sort from rice straw, which is used for wrapping. They are enabled to make sheets of a large size, the mould on which the pulp is made into paper being sometimes ten or twelve feet long, and very wide, and managed by means of pulleys, . The Japanese prepare paper from the mulberry as follows: in the month of December, the twigs are cut into lengths, not exceeding thirty inches, and put together in bundles. These fagots are then placed upright in a large vessel containing an alkaline ley, and boiled till the l)ark shrinks so as to allow about a half an inch of the wood to appear free at the top. After they are thus boiled, they are exposed to a cool atmo- sphere, when the bark is stripped from the wood and dried, and laid away for future use. When a sufficient quantity has been thus collected, it is soaked in "water three or four days, when a blackish skin which covered it is scraped off. At the same time also the stronger bark, which is of a full year's growth, is separated from the thinner, which covered the younger branches, and which yields the best and whitest paper. After it has been sufficiently cleansed out and separated, it must be boiled in clear ley, and if stirred frequently, it soon becomes of a suitable nature. It is then washed, a pro- cess requiring much attention and great skill and judg- ment ; for, if it be not washed long enough, the paper, although strong and of good body, will be coarse and of little value ; if washed too long, it will afford a white paper, but will be spongy and unfit for writing upon. Having been washed until it becomes a soft and woolly pulp, it is spread upon a table and beat fine with a mallet. It is then put into a tub with an infusion of rice and breni root, when the whole is stirred until the ingredients are thoroughly mixed in a mass of a proper consistence. The moulds on which sheets are formed are made of reeds cut into narrow strips, instead of wire, and the process of dipping is like that of other countries. After being allowed to remain a short time in heaps, under a slight pressure, the sheets are exposed to the sun, by which they arc properly dried. The Arabians in the seventh century, appear to have either discovered, or to have learned from the Chinese, or Hindoos, quite likely from the latter, the art of making paper from cotton ; for it is known that a manufactory of such paper was established at Samarcand about the year 706 a. d. The Arabians seem to have carried the art to Spain, and to have there made paper from linen and hemp as well as from cotton. The art of manufacturing paper from cotton is sup posed to have found its way into Europe in the eleventh century. The first paper of that kind was made of raw cotton ; but its manufacture was by the Arabians extend- ed to old worn-out cotton, and even to the smallest pieces thereof. But as there are cotton-plants of vari- ous kinds, it was natural that they should produce papers of dilTerent qualities; and it was impossible to unite their woolly particles so firmly as to form a strong, substantial paper, for want of sufficient skill and proper machinery, using, as they did, mortars and rude horse- mills. The Greeks, it is said, made use of cottou paper before the Latins. It came into Germany through Venice, and Avas called Greek parchment. The Moors, who were the paper-makers of Spain, having been expelled b}' the Spaniards, the latter, acquainted with water-mills, improved the manufacture, so as to produce a paper from cotton nearly equal to that made of linen rags. It is not known when cotton paper was introduced into England, but it appears that its use continued until the latter part of the fourteenth century, when it was gradually supplanted by linen paper, which began to be used in 1342. Paper manufactures early became very flourishing in France, and the ])a])er-makers in that country soon excelled their neighbors in the art, and were therefore enable to export considerable quantities, which increased so much yearly, tliat in 1658 two millions francs in value was exported to Holland alone; and it provided Spain, England, Switzerland, Denmark, Sweden, Russia, but chiefly Holland and the Levant, with paper for print- ing and writing; and as late as the beginning of the present century twenty-five thousand reams were annu- ally exported to Switzerland and Germany. But at this time the art of paper-making had arrived at a great degree of perfection in England and Holland, whereby the export from France was so greatly reduced, that, of four hundred paper-mills in two provinces, three hund- red were discontinued. Peter the Great, of Russia, visited the paper-mill at Dresden, in 1712, and was so much pleased with the art, that he immediately engaged paper-makers, whom he sent to Moscow, to establish a paper-mill at his own expense. In the manufacture of paper, any fibrous vegetable substance may be used. Bark and straw are much employed, but the process of manufacture has hitherto been found too expensive. A French paper-maker claims to have obviated, by the aid of chemistry, all difficulties in the use of straw, and the experiments of Mr. Beardslee of Albany, were so far successful as to lead many to hope for an economical mode of con- verting the forests into paper to supply the all-devouring maw of the press. Yet it is still thought that Ave shall never find anything to answer the purpose so well as linen and cotton rags. The Chinese employ a vast number of fibrous substances for this manufacture, and apply paper to a variety of uses little thought of in other countries. In all kinds of paper-making, whether from the bark of trees or other fibrous matter, or from rags, the gene- ral process is the same. The fibrous material is cut and bruised in water till it is separated into fine and short filaments, and becomes a sort of pulp. This pulp is taken up in a thin and even layer upon a mould of wire-cloth, or something similar, which allows the water to drain off, but retains the fibrous matter, the filaments of which are, by the process of reduction to pulp, and subsequent drying and pressing, so interwoven and fitted together, that they can not be separated without tearing, and thus form paper. But the manufacture of paper, though an interesting process to witness, is difficult to describe intelligibly. Like the art of printing, it has undergone a wonderful change within a quarter of a century, calling into use immense steam and water power, and ponderous machinery, that consume the cast-off habiliments of the population of the whole world, and now require other material for consumption, to keep pace with the demand for their fabrics. CHRONOLOGY OF PAPER. 670 B. c. Nuraa, who lived three hundred years before Alexander, left several works written upon papyrus, which were still found at Eome a long time after his death. This is perhaps the earliest authenticated use of papyrus. 600 B. c. Manufactories of Egyptian paper from papy- rus, are supposed to have existed at Memphis. But papyrus manuscripts are found in the Catacombs, apparently several thousand years old. 440 B. c. Herodotus alludes to the general use of parchment among the lonians at tliis time, under the term of sheep and goat skins. 300 B. c. For at least three hundred years before Christ papyrus was exported in large quantities from Egypt- 270 B. C. The Jewish elders, by order of the high priest, carried a copy of the law to Ptolemy Philadelphus in letters of gold upon skins, the pieces of which were so artfully put together that tlie joinings did not appear. 200 B. c. A better method of dressing parchment was found at Pergamus about this time, which led to the supposition that parchment was invented there, and hence derived its name. 3 10 15 A. D. About this time, durino; the reign of Tiberius, a popular commotion arose in consequence of the scar- city of papyrus ; the commerce in which had flourished a long time, but the supply seems to have been always less than the demand, 79. Herculaneum was overwhelmed, a city so obscure that very little account has been given of it by ancient writers; 3^et eighteen hundred manuscripts on papyrus have been taken from its ruins, 95. Du Halde says it was in this year that a mandarin of the palace manufactured paper of the bark of differ- ent trees, old rags of silk and hemp. 290. About this time the value of papyrus was so great, that when Firmus, arich and ambitious merchant, striving at empire, conquered for a brief period the city of Alexandria, he boasted that he liad seized as much paper and size as would support his whole army. 500, About this time Theodoric abolished the duty on papyrus, which contributed to the revenue of the Ilomau empire, and fresh imposts had been laid upon it by successive rulers, until they became oppressive. Cassio- dorus congratulates " the whole Avorld on the repeal of the impost on an article so essentially necessary to the human race," the general use of which, as Pliny says, "polishes and immortalizes man." 572. There is a manuscript in the British Museum, which appears to have been written at this time, upon a roll of papyrus eight feet and a half long, and twelve inches wide. The longest specimen of papyrus known is the one at Paris, measuring thirty feet. 600. About this time paper made of bark was used by the Longobards, for the imperial protocols, in order to render the forging of diplomas more difficult. 648. There was a manufactory of paper at Samarcand, similar to that which had long been made by the Chinese. 11 650. The Saracens having become masters of Egypt, the intercourse botwceu that country and Home was so much interrupted that the supply of papyrus became scanty and precarious. Previously to that event, all public records had been executed on pap3^rus, while it is found that at a date immediately subsequent parchment was substituted. 704. Tlie Arabians are supposed to have acquired the knowledge of making paper of cotton, by their con- quests in Tartary. 706. Casiri, a Spanish author, attributes the invention of cotton paper to Joseph Amru, in this year, at Mecca ; but it is well known that the Chinese and Persians were acquainted with its manufacture before this period. 900. The bulls of the j)opes in the eighth and ninth centuries were written upon cotton paper. 900. Montfaucon, Avho on account of his diligence and the extent of his researches is great authority, wrote a dissertation to prove that charta bombycine, cotton paper, was discovered in the empire of the east toward the end of the ninth or beginning of the tenth century. But see 706. 1007. The plenarium, or inventory, of the treasure of the church of Sandersheim, is written upon paper of cotton, bearing this date. 1049. The oldest manuscript m England written upon cotton paper, is in the Bodleian collection of the British Museum, having this date. 1050. The most ancient manuscript on cotton paper that has been discovered in the lloyal Library at Paris, having a date, bears record of this year. 1085. The Christian disciples of Moorish paper-makers at Toledo in Spain, worked the paper-mills to better advantage than their predecessors. Instead of manu- 12 facturing paper of raw cotton, which is easily recog- nized by its yellowness and brittleness, they made it of rags, in moulds through which the water ran off; for this reason it was called parchmcrd cloth. 1100. The Jifhorisms of Hippocrates, in Arabic, the manuscript of which bears this date, has been pro- nounced the oldest specimen of linen paper that has come to light. 1100. Arabic manuscripts were at this time written on satin paper, and embellished with a quantity of ornamental work, painted in such gay and resplendent colors that tlie reader might behold his face reflected as if from a mirror. 1100. There was a diploma of Roger, king of Sicily, dated 1145, in which he says that he had renewed on parchment a charter which had been written on cotton paper in 1100. 1102. The king of Sicily appears to have accorded a diploma to an ancient family of paper-makers who had established a manufactory in that island, where cotton was indigenous, and this has been thought to point to the origin of cotton paper. 1120. Peter the A'eneral)le, abbot of Cluui, who flourished about this time, declared that paper from linen rags was in use in his day. 1150. Edrisi, who wrote at this time, tells us that the paper made at Xativa, an ancient city of Valencia, was excellent, and was exported to the east and west. 1151. An Arabian author certifies that very fine wliite cotton paper was manufactured in Spain, and Cassim aben Hegi assures us that the best Avas made at Xativa. The Spaniards being acquainted with water-mills, im- proved upon the Moorish method of grinding the raw cotton and rags ; and by stamping the latter in the mill, I 13 they produced a better pulp than from the raw cotton, from which various sorts of paper were manufactured, nearly equal to those made from linen rags. 1153. Petrus Mauritius, who died in this 3'ear, has the following passage on paper in his Treatise against the Jews: "The books we read every day are made of sheep, goat, or calf skin ; or of oriental plants, that is, the papyrus of Egypt ; or of rags, ex rasauris veterum pannorum ; " supposed to allude to modern paper. 1170. The time when papyrus wholly ceased to be used is not certainly known ; but Eustathius, the scho- liast on Homer, says it was disused before this time. 1 178. A treaty of peace between the kings of Arragon and Castile, is the oldest specimen of linen paper used in Spain with a date. It is supposed that the Moors, on their settlement in Spain, where cotton was scarce, made paper of hemp and flax. The inventor of linen rag paper, whoever he was, is entitled to the gratitude of posterity. 1200. Casiri positively affirms that there are manu- scripts in the Escurial palace near Madrid, upon both cotton and hemp paper, written prior to this time. 12^1. Frederic II of Germany, in consideration of the bad quality of paper made of cotton, its subjection to humidity, to alteration, and other defects, issued an order, nullifying all public acts which should be uj)on cotton paper, allowing two years to transcribe upon parchment all such as then existed. 1239. One of the earliest specimens of paper from linen rags, which has yet been discovered, is a docu- ment, with the seals preserved, with this date and signed by Adolphus, count of Schaumburg. It is preserved in the University of Rinteln in Germany, and establishes the fact beyond dispute that linen pajoer was already in use in Germany. 14 1270. By far the oldest manuscript written in France upon modern paper, is a letter from Joinville to St. Louis, which bears date a short time before the death of that monarch in 1270. 1270. Notwithstanding the most diligent search of the learned antiquary Montfaucon, both in France and Italy, he could find no book nor leaf of paper made of linen rags, before this year ; whence it was concluded that there was no hope of finding an exact date to the invention. 1280. At this time very little use was made of Egyp- tian paper for diplomas, in England and Germany, but parchment was the universal substitute; and yet no map of parchment made before the sixth century is known to have been discovered. 1308. Meerman satisfied himself that linen paper was used in Germany at this time, but was not able to decide in what country its invention originated. 1311, No other than Egyptian papyrus and cotton paper, it is asserted, was known in France before this time ; although a letter is produced which is claimed to be linen paper, written before 1270. (See 1270.) 1314. The earliest undisputed French manuscript on linen paper is of this date, but it is not conclusive that it was fabricated in France. 1318. In Deutschland kommt leinenes Papier vor 1813 schwerlich vor; von diesem Jahre aber hat das Archiv des Hospitals Kauf beuern Urkunden auf leine- nem Papier aufzuzeigen — Conversations-Lexikon. 1319. Linen paper is said to have been found at Nuremberg by Von Murr of this date. (See 1342.) 1320. The earliest Euglish manuscript on linen paper with a date that has been discovered is of the fourteenth year of Edward III. 1338. Peter II of Valencia issued a command to the 15 paper-makers at Valencia and Xativa, under pain of punishment, to manufacture better paper, which was to be equal to that formerly made ; showing that the manu- facture had degenerated. 1339. From a piece of very coarse cotton paper, bearing this date, in the possession of Meerman, who wrote about 1760, he argues that the art of paper-making was neglected by the Spaniards, and that prior to the middle of the fourteenth century no linen paper had been manufactured in that country, yet the scientific men of Spain persist in its being linen paper. 1340. Tiraboschi, in his history of Italian literature, places the establishment of paper-making at Padua in this year, deriving his authority from a passage of the ancient history of that city by Cortusius. 1340. Peignot says it was about this time that the manufacture of paper was established in France, in the neighborhood of Troyes and Essonne. Lombardy furnished paper to the French before this time. 1342. It has been claimed that the earliest manuscript in England on linen paper has the above date (see 1320). In the Cottonian Library of the British Museum, it is said there are several writings on this kind of paper, as early as the year 1335. Linen paper gradually sup- planted that made of cotton. 1342. The Royal Society of Gottingen adjudged to John Daniel Fladd a prize medal of twenty-five ducats for the discovery of the most ancient linen paper, which bears this date. It is claimed that earlier specimens have been found. (See 1319.) 1350. There was a large paper manufactory at Fab- riano in Italy, which, according to the description of Bartolus, had been long established, and enlarged from time to time, till it consisted of several mills belonging 16 to different persons, although the whole formed only one manufactory of cotton paper. 1350. Although cotton paper was early introduced into Germany, and at the commencement of the ninth century was known under the name of Greek parchment, and although cotton and flax were spun and wove in that country in the tenth century, the manufacture of paper can not be traced beyond the middle of the fourteenth century, when it was made by stamping mills. 1360. Ulman Stromer began to write at Nuremberg the first work ever published on paper-making. 1366. The senate of Venice granted an exclusive privilege to the paper-mill at Treviso, that no linen- paper shavings or offal should be exported from Venice than for the use of that mill. This would seem to show that linen paper was already in use there. 1367. It is thought that there was no linen paper used in Italy before this time. The knowledge of cotton paper came by means of the Greeks to Italy ; and the art of making it in Sicily, through the invasion of the Sara- cens. 1367. A document of a notary of this date proves the use of linen paper in Italy; and Maffei states that he possessed a family manuscript of linen paper of the same date, and he therefore attemjDts to appropriate the in- vention of linen paper to Italy. 1376. Du Cange cites the following lines from a French metrical romance written about this time, to show that waxen tablets continued to be occasionally used till a late period : Some ■with antiquated style In waxen tablets promptly write ; Others with liner pen, the while Form letters lovelier to the sight. There are many ample and authentic records of the 17 royal household of France, of the thirteenth and four- teenth centuries, still preserved, written upon waxen tablets. 1377. A charter of this date, given at Fabriano in Italy, relates to the lease of a mill with a waterfall, adfaciendas cartas. It was from the mills of this place that Bodoni, at the commencement of the present cen- turj^ obtained the paper for his beautiful editions. 1390. Ulman Stromer established a large paper-mill at Nuremberg, where were many Italian workmen. He employed two rollers, which set eighteen stampers in motion ; but when he would add another roller, he was opposed by the Italians whom he employed, who would not consent to the enlarging of his manufacture ; but they were imprisoned by the magistrates, and then they sub- mitted by renewing their oaths. He died in 1407. This is the first mill known to have been erected in Germany, which is said to have manufactured the first paper from rags in Europe. But see 1350, 1366, etc. 1400. There were paper-mills at Colic in Tuscany, which were moved by water power. 1450. It is said that copies of the Bible printed upon parchment, by Gutenberg, of this date, are found at Berlin, Brunswick, St. Blaise Monastery and Paris, in three volumes, folio. But it is presumed to be a mistake. 1453. After the fall of Constantinople some Greeks established the manufacture of paper at Basle, in S\vitz- erland. 146S. An edict of Charles VIII attests that there were paper manufactories at Troyes, Corbeil and Essonne. 1471. Sweynheim and Pannartz, in a petition to the pope for assistance, inform him that the number of books they had printed and which remained on their hands was so great that he would admire how and where they could have procured a sufficient quantity of paper, or 18 even rags, for such a number of volumes, which amounted to 12,475. This woukl probably have required about 1250 reams. 1498. An entry has been found in the privy purse expenses of Henry A'll, as follows : " For a rewarde yeven at the paper mylne, 16s. Sc/.," which establishes the fact that a paper-mill preceded that of Spilman nearly a century, and was probably the mill mentioned below. 1498. In Wynken de Worde's edition of De Proprietati- hus Jlerum, it is stated that the paper was made by John Tate the younger, in these quaint lines : "And John Tate the yonger Joye mote he broke Whiche late hathe in Englond doo make this papei' thynne, That now in our englyssh this book is j^rynted Inne." This mill was at Hartford. The water-mark he used Avas an eight-pointed star within a double circle. A print of it is given in Herbert's Typ. Antiquities, i, 200. 1500. Paintings of this date Ity Julio Clavio, on parch- ment, are preserved in the Vatican. The art of painting on parchment was common before the art of painting with oil colors was discovei-ed. 1514. John Tate died, who is supposed to have erected the first paper-mill in England, about 1498. 1539. An ancient water-mark (erroneously so termed) of this era, consisted of a hand with a star at the fin- gers' ends, and is supposed to have given the name to what is still termed hand paper. 1539. A favorite paper-mark of this time was the jug or pot, and is supposed to have originated the term pot paper, for a peculiar size. The /bo/'^ cap was of a later date, and has given place in England to the figure of Britannia. 1540. About this time Henry VHI of England, in the wildness of his hatred of the pope, used for his corre- 19 spondence a paper of which the water-mark was a hog with a mitre, 1558. Churchyard's Spark of Friendship was first printed this year, and mentions the paper-mill of Spilman, which is often quoted as the first paper-mill in England under the date of 1588, q. v. (See also 1498.) 1562. A work printed in this year mentions a paper- mill at Fen Ditton, near Cambridge, England. 1564. Charles IX of France having put an impost upon paper, the universit}^ brought the subject before the parliament, when Montholon and De Thou advocated the abolition of the tax, and the university gained its cause. 1565. Charles IX of France, at the remonstrance of the university and the decision of the parliament, abolished the duty which he had laid upon paper. 1588. Nicholls, in hh Progresses of Queen Elizabeth, gives a poem with the following title : A description and Playne Discourse of Paper, and the whole benefits that Paper brings, iirith Rehearsall, and setting foorth in Verse a Paper- myll built near Barthforth, by a high Germaine, called Master Spilman, Jeweller to the Queene''s Majestic. This is sup- posed to have been the second paper-mill in England, and is often mentioned as the first. It was erected by a German named Spielman, or Spilman, in reward of which he received from Elizabeth the honor of knight- hood. (See 1558.) 1635. Under the reign of Louis XIII of France, an impost upon paper was established, but with the condi- tion that the fermier should pay each year the sum of ten thousand livres to the royal printing office and the university of Paris. 1640. The manufacture of wall paper was begun about this time; as a substitute for the ancient hangings of 20 tapestry, or cloth, tliey reached a high state of beauty and perfection. 1646. Athanasins Kircher, a Jesuit of the seventeenth century, boasted of having paper, among other things made of asbestos. 1652. Christina of Sweden having invited one of the Jansens from Holland as a printer, granted him the valuable privilege of importing all his paper duty free. 1654. Under Louis XIV, the indemnity established by his predecessor for the tax upon paper was changed to an exemption tVom duty of thirty thousand reams of paper, of all qualities and fabrics, of which the distri- bution was left to the superior of the university. 1658. The French paper-makers produced fabrics so much superior to those of their neighbors, and their export trade had become so flourishing in consequence, that paper to the value of two millions of livres w^as this year sent to Holland ; and they provided Spain, England, Switzerland, Denmark, Sweden, Russia, but chiefly Holland and the Levant, with paper for printing and writing. 1661. Fuller, writing of the paper of his time, says that it partook in some sort of the characters of the countries which made it; the Venetian being neat, subtil and court-like; the French light, slight and slender; and the Dutch thick, corpulent and gross, sucking up the ink with the sponginess thereof. He complains tnat the English manufactories were not sufficiently encouraged, considering the vast sums of money expended for paper out of Italy, France and Germany. 1663. England imported from Holland alone paper to the amount of ^e 100,000. 1670. Post paper seems to have derived its name from the post horn, which at one time was its distin- guishing mark. It does not appear to Lave been used prior to the establishment of the general post office, here given, -when it became the custom to blow a horn, to which circumstance no doubt we may attribute its introduction. 1670. The manufacture of paper was still carried on with so little success in England, that the deficiency of that indispensable fabric was imported from the conti- nent, and principally from France. 1678. At the end of a book with this date is the fol- lowing singular advertisement : " To the King's most excellent majesty, this book is humbly presented, being printed upon English paper, and made within five miles of Windsor, by Eustace Burneby, Esquire, who was the first Englishman that brought it into England; attested by Henry Million, who was overseer in the making of this royal manufacture." (See 1498, 1558, 1588.) 1685. -Among the French refugees who went over to England, were a number of paper-makers, who are supposed to have greatly improved the manufacture in the latter country. 1688. It is stated in tlie British Merchant, that hardly any sort of paper except brown, was made in England previous to the revolution. 1689. Edmund Bohun says in his Jiutobiography, that " paper became so dear, that all printing stopped, almost, and the stationers did not care to undertake anything." 1690. Anderson states in his History of Commerce that it was in this year paper was first manufactured in England (see 1588) ; and that up to this time England imported paper from France to the amount of .£100,000 yearly ; but as the war with France occasioned very high duties to bo laid on foreign productions, some French protestant refugees settled in England, and introduced the manufacture of white writing paper. 22 1695. A company was formed in Scotland " for making white writing and printing paper," the articles of which are preserved in the library of the British Museum. 1696. It appears by a document in the British Museum entitled the Case of the Paper Traders, that a bill was now pending for levying 20 per cent upon foreign paper, parchment, vellum, and pasteboard, and 20 per cent upon English paper, &c. It is also stated that there were not at this time one hundred paper-mills in all Eng- land, and that the value of paper annually made was only about ^628,000. It is further said that the paper- makers were generally very poor and could scarce maintain their families. 1700. Though several unsuccessful attempts had been made to introduce the manufacture of paper into Bel- gium, it was not until about this time that it became regularly established, by the aid of government ; nor was its progress rapid during the eighteenth century. 1700. There were four hundred paper-mills in the provinces of Perigord and Angoumois, in France ; but the art of paper-making had now arrived to sucli a degree of perfection in England and Holland, that the trade of these mills began to decline, and finally three- fourths of them were shut up. 1701. An efibrt was made in parliament to affix a tax to cheap publications which had just come into vogue, yet the quantity of paper consumed by them was esti- mated at 20,000 reams a year. 1711. The excise duty on paper M'as first imposed in England during the reign of Queen Anne, occasioned by " the necessity of raising large supplies of money to carry on the present Avar." The necessity seems not to have ceased since. 1712. Peter the Great of Russia visited Dresden and witnessed the operation of paper-making, with which 23 be was so much pleased that he immediately engaged workmen to be sent to Moscow, where a mill was erected with great privileges. 1713. Thomas Watkin, a London stationer, revived the art of ])aper-making in England, which had gone to decay; he brought it to great repute and perfection in a short time. 1714. A paper-niill was erected upon Chester creek, Delaware, which is still in operation. The owner is a Mr. Wilcox, whose father made paper that was used in Franklin's printing-office. Paper is still made there by hand, by the same process as was in use a century ago. 1716. John Bagford, the most extraordinary connois- seur of paper ever known, died in England. His skill was so great that it is said he could at first sight tell the place where and the time when, any paper was made, though at never so many years' distance. He prepared materials for a history of paper-making, which are now in the British Museum, numbered 5891 to 5988. 1719. Reaumur, in an essay published at this time, seems to have been the first author who perceived that paper might be produced from wood. Observing that the fabric of wasps' nests was procured from wood, he took the hint, and explaining his own conceptions on the subject, desired that some one of those who had an opportunity should make the experiment. 1720. The kings of Spain having granted monopo- lizing privileges to many convents for the manufacture of paper, and when it came again into private hands, fixed such a low price upon printed books, that the trade went to decay. The Genoese availing themselves of the opportunity, and procuring considerable quantities of rags from Andalusia, in this year sent back paper to Spain to the amount of 500,000 piasters. 24 1721. The quantity of paper manufactured in Great Britain annually was estimated at three hundred thou- sand reams, which was equal to about two-thirds of the whole consumption. 1723. There were but few paper-mills in Holland; the Dutch importing great quantities of paper from France. 1723. The value of the paper annually made in Great Britain was estimated at .£780,000. 1728. William Bradford owned a paper-mill at Eliza- bethtown, N. J., which Thomas think was the first in that state, and that it may have been the first in British America. 1728. A patent was granted b}^ the general court of Massachusetts to a company for the sole purpose of manufacturing paper, for a term of ten years, on condi- tion that in the first fifteen months they should make 115 reams of brown paper and 60 reams of printing paper ; the second year 50 reams of writing paper in addition to the above ; and the third year and afterwards yearly, 25 reams of a superior quality of writing paper in addition to the foregoing; and that the total annual produce of the various qualities should be less than 500 reams a year. 1730. The first paper-mill in New England went into operation in Milton, Mass., under a patent granted two years before. It was carried on several years, and is supposed to have been discontinued for want of a workman. This was probably the paper-mill of Daniel Henchman, an enterprising bookseller of Boston, who is said to have petitioned for and received some aid from the legislature of Massachusetts, and erected the first paper-mill in that colony. 1731. Daniel Henchman, who with legislative aid erected the first paper-mill in Massachusetts, produced a sample of his paper before the general court. 25 1732. Richard Fry, stationer, bookseller, paper-maker and rag-merchant, in Cornhill, Boston, returned the public thanks for following the directions of his former advertisement encouraging the gathering of rags, and hoped they would continue the like metliod, having received upwards of seven thousand weight already. 1734. Seba, a Flemish writer on natural history, whose first volume was published this year, called attention to the fact that his country " does not seem to want trees fit for making paper, if people would give themselves the necessary trouble and expense. Mga marina, for example, which is composed of long, strong, viscous fila- ments, might it not be proper for this purpose, as well as the mats of Muscovy, if they were prepared as the Japanese make their timber?" 1746. The English had manufactures o{ papiers peints about this time, and more recently the Messrs. Potter erected at IVranchcstcr a colossal establishment, which by an ingenious machine printed four colors at a time, and which, by the aid of eight machines, produced in a single day from 8 to 10,000 rolls, which was more than all the London manufactories together. 1748. The decrease of exports of French paper from Rouen was so great that many of the mills were con- verted to other uses, principally to fulling-mills. 1750. About this time the cylinder or engine mode of comminuting rags into paper pulp ap})ears to have been invented in Holland, but received very little attention abroad for several years after. 1750. It was in this year that Baskerville, to obviate the roughness of the laid paper of that time, had it made on wove moulds ; his beautiful edition of Virgil (see 1757) was chiefly printed on this wove paper. 1751. Many suitable vegetables had been discovered, and schemes proposed for converting them into paper, 26 as a substitute for rags, but none were carried into effect until now, when M. Guettard in France published his experiments and communicated new specimens of paper made from the bark, leaves, wood, igg, of England, obtained a patent for a simple and effectual process for bleaching rags and other substances suitable for the manufacture of paper. It consisted in using manganese and sea-salt for the bleaching department, and also in the vat. 1798. M. Louis Robert of France, a workman in the establishment of M. Didot at Essonnes, announced that he had discovered a way to make, with one man, and without fire, by means of machines, sheets of paper of a very large size, even twelve feet wide and tifty feet long. 1799. The largest paper-mill in France was at Montar- gis, having thirty vats, requiring 1,620,000 pounds of rags, and 135,000 pounds of size. Another atVougeot had twelve engines and twenty vats. The capacity of a mill in those times was computed by the number of vats it contained, handwork usually requiring a vat to each jngine. 1799. The revenue from the excise duty on paper in England amounted to .£140,000. The importation of rags from the continent was 6,307,117 pounds. It was estimated that twenty-four millions pounds of rags were annually manufactured into paper. 1799. Tlie first attempt to produce paper in an end- less web was successfully made in France by M. Eobert 35 at the paper-mill of Francois Didot, and a patent was procured for the same this year. 1800. The first paper-mill in Columbia county, N. Y., was transformed from a flour-mill on the upper great fall of Stuyvesant falls, by Elislia Pitkin. Its capacity was one vat. 1800. The marquis of Salisbury presented to the king of England a book printed upon paper manufactured of straw, which treated of the manner in which the ancients employed different materials to [)erpetuate the remem- brance of events before the invention of paper. 1800. Was printed by Burton, of London, a historical account of the substances which have been used to de" scribe events, and to convey ideas, from the earliest date to the invention of paper ; printed on the first use- ful paper manufactured only from straw. 1800. The duty on paper manufactured in England was je3 15,802. 1800. The government of France awarded Louis Ro- bert, the inventor of the paper machine, 8000 francs, in consideration of the usefulness of his invention, and a patent for fifteen years ; but the troubles in Avhicli France was involved caused delay in the necessary experiments, which were both tedious and expensive, and permission was given to carry over tlie small work- ing model to England, with a view of getting the benefit of British capital and mechanical skill to bring it into an operative state on the great scale. 1800. A successful experiment was carried out in England by Matthias Koops, by Avhich 700 reams of clean and white paper were turned outweekl}^ from old waste and written and printed paper alone, which had previ- ously been thrown away. 1800. A paper-mill at Jaroslow% in Russia, with twenty-eight engines and seventy vats, manufactured 36 1100 reams of paper weekly, and consumed 800 tons of rags annually ; and another of thirteen engines and thirteen vats ; they made j^aper-hangings principally for Moscow. 1800. There were upwards of 200 paper-mills in Spain, of Avhicli thirty-one were at Alcoi, and it was said that one Francisco Guarro manufactured paper as good as any Dutch. 1801. M. Seguiu, an inventor of some note, obtained a patent in France for the manufacture of paper from straw, hemp and other vegetables, which he alleged produced an excellent quality of i)a})cr when prepared by his process ; but this was so lengthy and expensive that it was not encouraged by paper-makers. 1801. John Gamble, an Englishman, who had accom- panied Leger Didot from Paris with Robert's invention for making an endless web of paper, obtained the first patent in England for that machine. Didot had agreed to pay Robert 25,000 francs for the patent and modeh 1801. There were twenty-six paper mills in Russia, and notwithstanding the plenty of rags, the exportation of which was prohibited, they imported paper annually to the amount of 220,000 rubles. 1801. The number of paper-mills in Germany proper Avas estimated to exceed 500, manufacturing two and a half millions pounds of paper annually. But they made principally coarse paper, the finer qualities being im- ported. 1801. ilatthiasKoops succeeded in making " the most perfect paper from straw, wood, and other vegetables, Avithout the addition of any other knoAvn paper stuff." He printed a book on these fabrics, from which many of the facts here given have been gathered. He asserted that paper could be manufactured from any vegetable substance. He seems to have been the first to discover 37 a mode of extracting printing and writing ink from waste paper, and obtained a patent for manufacturing paper from straw, hay, thistles, waste and refuse of hemp and flax, and dilTerent kinds of Avood and bark, fit for printing and almost all other purposes for which paper is used. He claimed to have produced the first useful paper that had ever been made from straw alone. 1801. There were 500 paper-mills in France, notwith- standing the diminution during a great number of years caused by the gradual decrease of export, arising from the activity with which the neighboring countries pur- sued the manufacture at home. These mills were sup- posed to consume annually twenty millions pounds of rags and coarse paper stuff; and that fourteen millions pounds of rags were annually exported, notwithstanding the severe prohibition. 1801. Robert Bage, an English paper-maker, died. William Hutton, the celebrated bookseller and author at Birmingham, purchased nearly all the paper which Bage made during forty -five years. 1802. A patent was secured in England ])y W. Plees for a mode of coloring paper pulp, which consisted of mixing Avith the pulp snuff, bran, hay, or any substance possessing the color which was desired to be imparted to the paper. 1802. Several patents were granted at this time in England and France, for improvements in paper-making machines, most of which were of value, and caused more progression in the art than the substances offered for the production of paper. 1802. Burgess Allison and John Hawkins obtained a patent for making paper of the husks of Indian corn. 1802, M. Lozanna offered to the Society of Agricul- ture at Turin, a number of specimens of paper made of 38 the papus of the seratula ervensis, the carduus nidans, and of the bark of the erigerone of Canada. 1802. The fourteen paper-mills at Alsace in France, which manufactured ahout 40,000 reams annually, ex- ported about two-thirds thereof to Switzerland and Germany. The manufacturers in Languedoc, Lyons, Guiennc, ]3retagne and Poitou wrought also principally for exportation. 1S03. Mr. Jh-yan Donkin, after nearly three years of intense application, succeeded in producing a self-acting machine on the plan of M. Robert of France. It was to him that Didot and Gamble, on their arrival in England, entrusted the attempt to construct the novel automaton. It performed in such a manner as to surprise every body. 1803. The average yearly import of rags into Great Britain was 3111 tons for this and the two previous years. 1803. In the cantons of Bern and Basil were several paper-mills, which manufactured paper so much admired for its strength and whiteness, that it tended to diminish the importation from France. 1804. About this time William Baily began the erec- tion of a paper-mill on the river Chateauga}', above the town of that name, in Franklin county, N. Y. ; but it was never completed. 1804. Peignot estimated the quantity of printing paper consumed in Paris annually at 228,000 reams. 1804. The American Company of Booksellers offered a gold medal of the value of fifty dollars for the greatest quantity of paper, of the best quality tit for printing, not less than fifty reams, of other materials than linen, cotton or woolen rags ; and a silver medal of the value of $20, for the greatest quantity of wrapping paper, not less than forty reams, manufactured of other materials than those usually employed for that purpose. 39 1804. Messrs, Henry and Sealy Fourdrinier, wealthy stationers and paper manufacturers of London, purchased the patents of Didot and Gamble in Robert's paper machine. It was by their improvements and extensive manufacture that the invention came to be called the Fourdrinier machine, by Avhich it is still known, on both sides of the Atlantic. Their first experiments were made at Boxmoor, where they erected a machine and pursued their experiments at great expense. 1804. ^Ir. Donkin, since so celebrated as a paper- machine maker, put up his second machine at Two Waters, in England, which was completely successful ; and the manufacture of continuous paper became one of the most useful discoveries of the age. 1805. Mr. Donkin, the builder of the Fourdrinier paper-machine, altered the position of the cylinders, so as to dispense with the use of the upper web, in improve- ment by which the machine was much simplified — the paper on the web being slightly pressed before passing through the pressing rollers — thus an all-important ad- vantage was attained. It was now capable of doing the work of six vats in twelve hours.* 1805. It was about this time that the rice-paper of the Chinese, used for artificial flowers, was introduced into England. It was an item of the gossip of the day that the princess Charlotte paid seventy guineas for a bou- quet made of this paper, which is not a manufactured article, but a vegetable production, cut spirall}^ and afterwards flattened by pressure. It seems to have come from the island of Formosa originally. 1806. Francis Guy, of ]5altimore, procured a patent * By the liaiid process it took tliree months to complete tht; paper ready for delivery, from the time of receiving the rags into the mill ; by the machine the paper may now be delivered the next day. 40 for paper carpets, which he cLiimed were equal to canvas floor cloths, much more beautiful and above 50 per cent cheaper. 1806. The patentees of the Fourdrinier machine laid a statement before the public containing a comparative estimate of the expense attending seven vats, and that attending a machine em])]oyed upon ])aper sized in the engine, performing the same (pumtity of work as seven vats, at the rate of twelve hours a day. The expense of seven vats per annum was ^62,604: 12; a machine doing seven vats' work was j£734:I2; balance saved by the machine per annum, jE 1,870. The expense of making paper by hand at this time was 16.s'. per cwt. ; by machine, 3^ 6d. 1807. The paper-mill of Nathan Benjamin at Catskil took fire by accident, and burnt, with a stock valued at $9,000. 1807. Messrs. Fourdrinier stated before parliament that they had withdrawn from their stationery business the large sum of ^£60,000 to further the object of their enterprise ; so many difficulties did they encounter, in bringing the machinery to its then comparatively com- plete state, and so little encouragement or support did they receive from the paper manufacturers throughout the kingdom. The prices of their machines were from je715 to je]040. 1807. Gen. Walter Martin, i)roprictor of the township of Martinsburgh, Lewis county, N. Y., erected a paper- mill, which was run by John Clark ritish and Foreign Bible Society, one was found two years later crumbling to dust, although it had not been used, owing to the process used in bleaching the paper at the mill 1817. Thomas Amies, a noted paper-maker of Phila-' delphia, produced a quantity of paper for the purpose of printing the Declaration of Independence, which Avas designed to surpass everything that had been attempted in that Avay in America. The mould and felts Avere got 45 i\p expressly for the purpose, the size of the sheet Was 26x36 inches, and nothing was used but the finest linen rags. Each ream weighed 140 pounds, and the price was $125. 1817. Thomas Gilpin & Co., paper-manufacturers at Wilmington, Delaware, put in operation a machine for making paper, at their mill on the Brandywine, which appears by the notices of it to have been a cylinder machine, and an American invention. It was stated that it would do the work of ten paper vats, and delivered a sheet of greater width than any other made in America, and of any length required. 1817. Mr. Heath, an English pasteboard nianulac- turer, first introduced high glazing, now universally adopted ; but for many years his process was unknown. 1817. E. B. Ball, an English paper-maker, obtained a patent for making paper by the combination of new floss silk, flax, hemp, and Russia linen. These substan- ces, under the visual process, were said to produce a white and durable paper. 18 IS. Roger Didot, formerly a paper-maker in France, but at this time carrying on the business in England, obtained a patent for certain improvements upon the machine already in use for making wove and laid paper in continuous lengths or separate sheets. 1818. The Prince of Wales Island Gazette was printed on paper which was said to have been made from rice, by which was probably meant rice straw. • 1818. The value of rags gathered in the United States w^as estimated at $900,000 per annum. 1818. A bill was brought before congress to increase the duties on certain articles manufactured in America, among which were, paper for copperplate printing, or writing, 12^ cts. a pound, and on all other papers 10 cts. a pound. 46 1818. The first paper-machine was establislied at Berlin in Prussia. 1819. The London Society for the Encouragement of Arts and Manufactures, awarded 30 guineas to Mr. Finsley, for the invention of ivory paper, which was said to possess a surface having many of the properties of ivory, and at the same time tlie advantage of a much greater surface than ivory can possibly furnish. 1819, The paper-mill of Simonds, Case a- rated from the woody portion, when it was cut in small pieces and sent to the engine. 1824. A. Nesbit j)rocnred a patent in l-higland lor a modi! ol' ])rodncing ])aper From moss, which alVordcd u })nlp suitable for the manufacture of coarse paper. 1824. A beautiful jiaper was produced by the .lapan- ese at this time from the niulbeia-}' ti'ce, which w;is also of an excellent (pndity. Jt was prepared for manufac- ture in the usual maimer. 1824. Louis fjambert, a Frenchman, took out a patent in Kngland for certain improvements in the material and manufacture of papei*. 'fhey consisted in I'educing straw to pul[) and extracting the coloring and olhei* deletei'ious matter, so that it could be introduced into the oi'dinai'y rag engine, and cm]>loyed in making paper. 1825. William Van Jlouten, a Jlollandei", had a i)atent taken out in England, for a mode of mamd'acturing moss into |)aj)er and felt. Wo had patentetl the same in France; a year earlier. 1825. One of the ])aper-mills ludonging to ]\Iessrs. J. & J. (lilpin, on IIk' Ihandywine, was destroyeaper iVom wood, by which one hundred pounds of wood sliDidd be productive of from live to eevcn reams of paper, according to their estimates. 1830. Joseph K. Holmes and Lewis Wooster, of Ohio, manufactured paper of the lime and aspen, upon which an edition of the Crawford Messenger was printed. They also made wrapping paper and bookboard of superior quality. They had a process of reducing wood to shavings with great rapidity. But ]\Iagaw, who had obtained a patent lor making pa])er of " straw and other vegetable substances," chumed that their use of alkalies was an inlVingment of his patent, and the process was abandoned. 1830. Kicliard Ibotson, of England, invented an apa- ratus for separating the knots from paper-stulf, which the sieves or strainers in use were inadecjuate to do eiVectually. It superseded the operation of picking the lumps from paper after it was made, which caused much damaged paper, and freed it from imi»erfections which caused serious damage to types and wood cuts. 1830. About this time JNlessrs. Phelps and Spafford, of , Ct., succeeded in constructing paper- machines which did good execution. 1830. Kphraim F. and Thomas Plank, of the city of 59 Ng\V York obtained a patent for a composition called Icatlier i)a[)er. The art consisted of making paper from the rcCuse shavings or parings of leather, adapted to sheathing vessels. The process was the same as with rags. 1830. John Hall obtained a patent in England for a modification of Dickinson's cylinder mould continuous paper-machine, communicated to him ])y a foreigner. The leading feature of the invention was a mode of supplying the vat in which the wire cylinder is im- mersed, Avith a co[)ious flow of watei', for the jjurpose of creating a considerable pressure ui)on the external surface of the cylinder, and therel)y causing llu; fibres of the paper-pulp to adhere to the mould. 1830. John Wilks, an English machinist, improved the Fourdrinier machine by adding a i)erforated roller to facilitate the escape of the water from the pulp web? previously to its being subjected to the pressing rollers which was denominated a dandy. 1830. John Dickinson, of England, patented a mode of making paper in two layers or strata, which were brought together on the second cylinder, and Ibrmed into a single suljstance, a mode chiefiy advantageous in producing thick paper. 1830. A patent was granted to Thomas & Woodcock, of Brattleboro', Vt., for an improvement in the manu- facture of paper by means of a machine called a pulp- dresser. 1830. Thomas Gilpin, of P]iiladelj)hia, obtained a patent for an improvement in the mode of finisliing paper, which consisted of calenders, or cylinders be- tween which the paper passed to give it a polished surface. 1830. Thomas Barratt, an English paper-maker, ob- tained a patent for inserting the water mark and 60 maker's name to continuous paper, so as to resemble in every respect paper made by hand. It is to this inge- nious man that Ave are indebted for the improved means of finishing paper, owing to the perfection he attained in making cast iron rollers truer than was possible by the old mode of turning them in a lathe. This consists in grinding the rollers together, allowing merely a small stream of water to flow over them, without emery or any other grinding material ; and, by continuing the operation for many weeks, true cylinders are obtained. This is the mode now adopted in finishing rollers for all purposes requiring great accuracy. 1831. Jean Jaques Jaquier obtained a patent for making continuous paper with wire marks, similar to the laid papers usually made by hand ; to which the preference was still given for their greater strength and peculiar appearance. 1831. Frederick -A. Taft, of Dedham, Mass., patented an improvement in making pasteboard or other paper intended for sheathing. 1831. Edward Pine, of Troy, patented a machine for cutting paper made by cylinder machines, while it was wet. 1831. George Carvil, of Manchester, Ct., obtained a patent for a mode of cleaning rags. His apparatus was a common screen, with or without pins and knives, having wings composed of thin pieces of wood or metal, affixed upon its outside, extending from end to end, in order to create a wind by their motion. 1831. An impetus was now given to the manufacture of paper in the United States, by the recent introduc- tion of machinery, and changes in the mode of manu- facture, as Avell as the materials used. Old junk, rope, hemp, tow, bagging, raw cotton, cotton waste, colored and filthy rags, and other materials which had previ- 61 ously only been used in tlie making of coarser papers, were gradually brought into use for the finest grades, by the introduction of chlorine and other means of cleansing and bleaching, until they have risen 300 per cent in value. 1831. E. N. Fourdrinier invented a very ingenious apparatus for cutting the web of paper transversely into any desired lengths, which performed its dut}-^ well. 1831. Mr. Turner, an English paper-maker, obteaned a patent for a peculiar strainer, designed to arrest the lumps mixed with the finer paper pulp, whereby he can dispense with the usual vat and hog in which the pulp is agitated immediately before it is floated upon the endless wire web of the Fourdrinier apparatus. It could also be applied advantageously to hand paper- machines. 1831. The chiffonniers, or rag-collectors, of Paris, rose against the police because it was ordered in certain municipal regulations, that the filth of the streets should be taken away in carts, without time being allowed for its examination by those diligent savers of capital. 1831. John Ames, of Springfield, Mass., introduced a wire cloth cylinder for carrying off the dirt and filth which is beaten from the rags in the engine, as a sub- stitute for the screens or washers then in use. 1831. There were about 600 persons engaged in the manufacture of paper in Ireland. 1832. James Sawyer, of Newbury, Yt., took out a patent for a machine for cleansing paper, called the piston pulp strainer, which differed in its mode of action from that of Tliomas L. AVoodcock. 1832. Francis Goucher, of Pennsylvania, made an im- provement in the machinery for washing pulp, for which he took out a patent. 62 1832. Samuel Foster, of Brattleboro', Vt., introduced a machine for cleaning and dusting rags. 1832. Nearly 12,000 quintals of paper were imported into Germany to supply the deficiency of its manufac- ture. 1832. Thomas French, of Ithaca, patented a filtering machine, which was designed to supersede the pulp- dresser. 1832. John Ames, of Springfield, Mass., obtained a patent for an improvement in the mode of sizing paper by machiner3^, and for a pulp-dresser. 1832. M. Goumar received a medal of 200 francs value for a mode of neutralizing the acid in paper used for lithographic work. He simply passed it through lime water. 1832. The excise duty on paper in England had increased nearly <£ 100,000 in three years, being <£8l5,- 000. 1832. It was said by the New York Journal of Com- merce, that the improvements of paper-machinery had been so great in five years, that though they used a sheet a quarter larger, it cost them a quarter less money. 1832. Henry Brewer, of England, modified the par- allel rod-strainer of Mr. Ibotson, by constructing square boxes with gridiron bottoms, giving a powerful up-and- down vibration in the pulp-tub, by levers, rotatory shafts and cranks. 1832. Joseph Amies, an English pajoer-maker, im- proved the paper-machine by a peculiar mode of con- structing the bottom of a strainer or sieve for arresting the knots and lumps in pulp. 1832. Jarvis & French, of Tompkins county, N. Y., invented a mode of pressing paper by passing it between two hollow metallic rollers, which was used at the Falls 63 )reek mill at Ithaca, by wliicli the quality of the paper vas improved and much labor saved. 1832. The manufacture of paper in the United States i-as estimated at $7,000,000 per annum, of which $3,- )00,0C0 was paid for rags, and $1,200,000 for labor. ?he price of paper had declined from 20 to 25 per cent, vhile the quality had advanced in about the same ratio. 1832. Coleman Sellers, of Philadelphia, obtained a )atent for a pulp-dresser, for separating knobs and all jross particles from pulp. 1832. Mr. Towgood, of England, patented a paper- cutting machine, which dispensed with the reel and cut he paper as it came from the steam cylinders. 1832. Frederick A. Taft, of Dedham, Mass., obtained , patent for paper designed for covering buildings. He nixed finely ground coal and sulphur in the pulp, and idded salt and lime to render it less combustible. 1832. Samuel E. Foster, of Brattleboro', Yt., patented L mode of cleaning paper-makers' felts. They w^ere )assed over a perforated roller filled w'ith water or team. 1832. The paper-mill erected at Martinsburgh, N. Y. see 1807), fell into ruin. It manufactured writing, vrapping and wall paper by the hand process, having 10 machinery but an engine for grinding rags. 1833. Henry Davy, of England, patented a rag-cut- ing and lacerating machine, the invention of a for- iigner, which consisted of an endless feeding cloth, vhich conducted the rough rags to a pair of feed rollers, )n passing through which they were subjected to the )peration of rotatory cutters; thence passed down an nclined sieve, upon which they were agitated to sepa- •ate the dust. 1833. The value of paper exported from France was ),323,261 francs. 64 1833. M. Tripot, of France, patented a process of manufacturing paper from seaweeds. ]833. Howland & Griswold patented a mode of ap- plying the shearings or flocks of cloth, taken from the same in the manufacture thereof, for the purpose of covering the surfaces of papers, muslin, linen, leather and wood, for useful and ornamental purposes. 1833. Sydney A. Sweet, of Tyringham, jSIass., in- vented a pulp-sifter, which was simply a sieve with a slight modification of similar machines. 1833. The Penny Magazine of the Society for the Dif- fusion of Useful Knowledge, in London, consumed 14,- 000 reams of paper a year. This required the constant working of two machines through the year. At the same time a paper-mill with one machine was held to carry on a notable business, requiring the labor of forty workmen. 1833. Edmund Blake, of Alstead, N. H., invented an apparatus for sizing paper in the sheet, without hand- ling it in the usual manner, thereby preventing the lia- bility to tear, and facilitating the operation by sizing a much larger portion at once than could be done in the way ordinarily pursued. 1834. Of an edition of 30,000 copies of a book pub- lished in England in 1818, it was said that not a perfect copy existed ; all of them having fallen to pieces owing to the process of excessive bleaching with chlorine, in manufacturing the paper. 1834. The quantity of paper annually manufactured in Great Britain during the five years ending with 1834, was 70,988,131 pounds. 1834. Clark Rice, of Watertown, N. Y., made an im- provement in the washers for paper engines, which con- sisted in the })eculiar manner in which the vellum or wire cloth is kept free from rags or pulp, in the various 65 stages of washing, and in which the egress of water is accomplished. 1834. A French inventor patented a mode of produc- ing paper from the leaves of trees and the ligaments of asparagus. It was of no utility whatever. 1834. John Ames, of Springfield, Mass., invented an apparatus for cutting machine-paper into sheets of any required length, as it comes from the drying cylinders. He at the same time patented machinery for cutting or trimming paper in the ream, which was said to have been an old and well known contrivance. 1834. Writing paper was introduced in England, which, by means of a chemical operation it underwent, became perfectly black where it was touched with a fluid. On writing with a pen dipped in water, a legible character was produced. 1834. Joseph Truman, of Bridgejjort, Pa., conceived a mode of preventing the fibres, in the manufacture oJ" paper, from arranging themselves in one direction, as they were inclined to do. He did not seem to know Avhat had already been done to obviate that difficulty by the agitator. 1834. A book was published this year in Sweden, the paper of which was made entirely of beet root. The paper was strong and durable, but not of a line texture, nor white in appearance. Paper was also manufactured in that country at the same time, of husks and of llussia matting. 1834. There were about a dozen paper machines in operation in France at this time, mostly constructed in England. The}' were henceforth to afford the only mode of manufacturing paper which could be pursued without loss ; before which tlie ancient system of hand- work was rapidly to disappear. 10 66 1835. Paper was made in Ireland from peat, but was of inferior quality. 1S35. Hayti exported 31,192 pounds of rags. 1835. William Debit, of Hartford, Ct., improved the common duster by a combination with it of a shaft and knives and beaters. 1835. The Thibetans had a process of reworking old paper made from the bark of the Sultarua, which, how- ever, was inferior to the paper of the Hindoos, made of the same material. 1835. John Ames, of Springfield, Mass., took out a patent for an improvement in the machinery for manu- facturing paper, which seems to have been the manner of applying a drying cylinder to the machines in use. 1835. The quantity of paper manufactured in England was 70,655,287 jjounds, on which the government duty- was ^838,822. 1835. The royal printing office at Paris consumed about three hundred reams of paper a day, nearly a hundred thousand reams a year. 1835. There were 750 paper-mills in operation in England, and the annual value of i)a|)er manufactured is stated by :\IcCulloch as high as $6,000,000. Paper was burdened with an excise duty amounting to more than three times as much as the total wages of the workmen employed in making it, and the quantity annu- ally produced did not exceed 50,000,000 pounds of first class, and 16,000,000 of second class paper, requiring a supply of about 100,000,000 pounds of rags. 1836. James Brown, of Esk Mills, near Edinburgh, adopted a new contrivance for rarefying the air under the web of the ])aper-machine, by using a rectangular box transversely beneath the horizontal wire-cloth with- out the interposition of any perforated covering. 67 1836. Robert Rose's administrator, of East Hartford, Ct., patented an improvement in the paper machine, which consisted of a mode of sustaining the web of wire in a slanting position, so as to form the end and in part the bottom of the vat containing the stulf, which by draining tlirough the web was properly deposited on the web for the formation of the paper. 1S36. The quantity of paper charged with duties of excise in the United Kingdom Avas 82,145,287 pounds, and 8,032,577 yards of paper-hangings. The amount of duty was jeS 12,782. 1837. Edmund Shaw, of London, claimed to have made an improvement in the manufacture of paper, by the application of a certain vegetable substance not before used for that purpose. This was none other than the husks and stalks of Indian corn. He was aware that some attempts had been made to produce paper from these materials, and also that they were abandoned because of the failure to produce good white paper from them. 1837. John Ames, of Springfield, Mass., patented a machine for sizing paper, without the use of feltings or jackets. 1838. The gross amount of paper-duty in Great Britain for the year, ending on the 5th January, was ^£554,497. 1838. J. V. Degrand, of London, obtained a patent for a certain pulpy product or material for manufac- turing paper and pasteboard. He claimed to use only while woods, such as poplars, and excluded every pos- sible bark or epidermis. 1838. Homer Holland, of Westfield, Mass., obtained a patent for preparing the fibrous portion of corn husks, so as to be a suitable base for paper. His patent was for a process of macerating the husks in a solution of carbonated alkali, and then rendering the alkali caustic 68 by adding the hydrate of lime, leaving the fibre strong and capable of being perfectly bleached. 1838. M. De Breza, of Paris, invented a chemical compound for rendering paper and other substances indestructible by fire, and for preserving them from the ravages of insects. 1838. The quantity of paper imported into the United States during this year was $164,179; the quantity exported $94,335. The import of rags was $465,448. 1839. The import of paper into the United States amounted to $186,418; the export was $80,146. The import of rags was $588,318. 1839. Ilcnry Crosby of London, obtained a patent for manufacturing paper from refuse tan (after it had been used for tantiing, or any other purpose in wliich the fibre had not been destroyed), and hops. The latter substance was onl}' used in combination wath the tan (a species of bark) when it retained its fibre. These sub^ stances, when combined, were treated the same as rags. The claim of the invention was to the combination and products. 1839. Mr. T. B. Crompton, of England, succeeded in producing a uniform rarefaction under the wire-cloth of the paper-machine, by means of a fan. 1839. At the French exhibition of this year w^cre specimens of paper made of the leaves of the banana tree and similar plants, but the experiments showed great waste in converting them into paper. With a view of reducing the cost of carriage by freeing the substances from foreign matter, M. Rocques established powerful Avorks at Havana, to wash and convert them into pulp for the European markets ; but even in this state the absolute necessity of strong bleaching caused a waste of more than one-third of the original weight. 1840. The number of paper-mills in England was computed to be 700; uearl3^80 in Scotland, and an incon- 69 siderable number in Ireland. About 27,000 individuals were supposed to be engaged in the trade in the United Kingdom, producing about £1,200,000 worth of paper. 1840. Lagrange Bull, of Martinique, made known the invention of a paper pulji which was manufactured from the leaves of the banana tree. 1840. The quantity of paper imported by the United States this year was $146,790; the export $76,957. The import of rags was $564,580. 1840. Nothing, says Dr. Ure, can place the advantage of the Fourdrinier machine in a stronger point of view than the fact of there being 280 of them now at work in the United Kingdom, making collectively 1600 miles of paper, of from four to five feet broad, every day; that they have lowered the jjrice of paper fifty per cent, and that they have increased the revenue, directly and indirectly by a sum of probably .£400,000 per annum. 1841. The rags used in the manufacture of writing paper in Great Britain were collected at home. But those used in the manufacture of the best printing paper were imported principally i'rom Italy, Hamburg, and the Austrian States, by the way of Trieste. 1841. The United States imported paper this year to the amount of $60,193; and of rags $496,227. The export of paper was $83,483. 1842. Es gingen zwar nocli ungefahr 10.000 Ctr. aller Gattungen, ganz altgesehen von den Papiertapeten, welche das Ausland noch znm grossen Theil liefert, ein, besonders nach Sachsen und Schlesien aus Bi3hmen, nach Baden aus der Schweiz, dafur aber auch iiber 12,000 Ctr. wieder aus. 1842. Der ZoUverein besass 950 Fabriken fiir Papier, worunter mindestens 50 fur Maschinenpapier; die Total- production ist, da alle Anhalte fehlen, schwer zu berech- nen, steigt aber alle Jahre, ohne der Consumtion voraus- zueileu. 70 1842. The United States imported paper to the amount of $92,771 ; and $468,230 of rags. The export of paper was $'69,862. 1842. There were 356 paper machines employed in the mills of Great Britain and Ireland, having 372 vats. 1843. James Phelps, of West Sutton, Mass., made improvements in the washing machine, wliich consisted of an adjustable, rotating water elevator and strainer, which could be raised or lowered in the vat of the wash- ing or beating engine. Also a rotating prismatic screen, or strainer, for straining the water from the paper-stock, in the vat of a washing or beating engine, in combina- tion with devices for discharging the strained water, being not only more efficient than a cylindrical screen, but also admitting of more ready repair. 1843. The number of machines employed in the paper- mills of England, Ireland and Scotland, was 367, requir- ing 362 vats. 1843. The United States imported paper to the amount of $19,997; and exported $51,391; the import of rags $79,853 : a great diminution in the annual business of these articles, owing to the enforcement of a new duty upon rags, which all'ected the paper trade also. 1843. The English, although they made a sufficient quantity of most sorts of paper for their own use, and exported annually about jG 100,000 worth of books, still continued to import certain descriptions of paper for engravings, from France, and a small supply of paper- hangings ; the duty on both of which amounted to about ^2800 a year. 1844. There were 600 paper-mills in operation in the United States, giving active use to a capital of $16,000,- 000, manufticturing at least a sum equal to its capital per annum, and atl'ording maintenance to at least 50,000 persons. 71 1844. The amount of paper imported into the United States was $104,648, and ol' rags S295,5S6. The export of paper was $83,108. 1844. The paper-mills of England, Scotland and Ire- land em])loyed 370 machines, and 359 vats. 1844. The German Zollverein imported annually abont 8000 thalers worth of gray blotting and packing paper, and exported papers of finer qualities, to the amount of more than 256,000 thalers. 1845. The quantity of rags consumed in the United States was estimated to amount to $6,000,000. 1845. There were 89 paper mills in Massachusetts which consumed annually 15,886 tons of stock, produc- ing 607,175 reams of paper, valued at 1,750,200, and employing 1369 workmen. 1845. The amount of paper imported into the United States was $98,000; the export $ 106,190. The import of rags amounted to $421,080. 1845. The number of paper-mills in Austria having machines was 40 ; the number working by the old pro- cess was 940. The total product was 314,000 quintals, selling at an average of 13 cents a pound. The number of persons employed was 12,000, besides rag sorters. 1845. R. A. lirooman, of London, obtained a patent for producing paper from gutta percha, and an inter- mixture of other substances. The fibre of the gutta percha tree is said to be very strong. 1846. The import of paper into the United States this year was $194,220; of rags $385,397, being 3*89 cts per pound. The export of paper was $122,597. 1846. The Thuringian States of Germany had 41 paper-mills, with 53 vats, and employing 274 j^ersons. 1746. E. F. Vidocq, of Paris, secured a patent for obtaining paper, by the usual process, from a combina- tion of leather cuttings, scraps, &c,, hemp, cotton, wool, oakum, and other substances. 1846. There were in Prussia 394 paper-mills, employ- ing 6,393 workmen, and having 503 vats and 12 paper- machines. 1846, Bavaria had 176 paper-mills, Avitli 257 vats and 11 machines, giving employment to 1884 workmen. 1846. The number of paper-mills in Saxony was 66, having 68 vats, and 6 machines, giving employment to 997 workmen. 1846. There were in the Grand Duchy of Hesse 21 paper-mills, employing 170 workmen ; having 18 vats and 1 paper-machine. 1846. The Electorate of Hesse, belonging to the Zoll- verein, had 28 paper-mills, having 39 vats and 6 ma- chines, giving employment to 299 workmen. 1846. Baden in Germany had 32 paper-mills, having 33 vats and 14 machines, and employing 624 Avorkmen. 1846. Xassau in Germany employed 196 persons iu the manufacture of paper ; having 27 mills, with 30 vats and 6 machines. 1846. The annual imports of paper by the German Zollverein was upwards of 9,000 Prussian dollars ; the exports $270,589. The exports were mostly fine papers, and the imports were of the coarser qualities. 1846. Genoa exported 1,178 tons of paper to Mexico, Spain and the Brazils. 1846. The quantity of rags imported into the United States from all countries was 9,837,706, of which 8,002,- 865 came from Italy. The aggregate value was $385,- 397, or 3-89 per pound. (See p. 71.) 1846. The quantity of paper manufactured in Great Britain and Ireland was 127,412,482 lbs., of which 4,836,556 pounds were exported. The paper-mills of those countries emplo3'ed 384 machines and 378 vats. 73 1847. Tlic quantity of" paper manufactured in Great Britain and Ireland was ]21,965.315 lbs., of wliicli 5,852,979 i)Ounds Avere exported. This gave employ- ment to 405 machines, with 373 vats. 1847. The paper-machine had been so universally introduced into all the new, as well as the old vat-mills in the United States, that there were now only two mills of any note engaged in making paper by hand, and those were employed in producing particular sorts, requiring great strength and firmness. 1847. Denmark imported about 300 tons of })aper from Belgium, France and other countries. 1847. The Netherlands imported chiefly from Bel- gium and the ZoUverein, 219 tons of paper valued at $7,167*60. The importation of rags was 700 pounds only. The exportation of paper the same year was 148 tons ; principally to Java. The exportation of rags was only 1200 pounds. 1847. There were 66 paper-mills in the kingdom of Saxony, with 6 machines, enq)loying 992 persons. The exports and imports were trifhng. 1847. The proprietors of the New Orleans Bulletin announced that they printed their paper on an article manufactured by themselves, at a mill in the third mu- nicipality, which they believed to be the only success- ful attempt to mamifacture pai)er so far south. 1847. The quantity of {)aper numulactured in the United States at this time was computed at 18 millions of dollars in value per annum. 1847. Two paper-mills were erected in Georgia this year, an event wliicli the editor of the Savannah Repub- lican remarked that a few years before he despaired of living long enough to see. 1847. The quantity of rags imported into the United States this year was 8,154,886, of which 6,529,234 came 11 74 from Italy; the aggregate value was $304,216, being 3'73 cents per pound; of paper $195,571. The export of paper was $88,731. 1847. The quantity of paper imported into Denmark this year was 334,000 kilogrammes, paying $13,020 duties. 1848. The import of rags from Denmark was 53,290 pounds, amounting to $1,614. 1848. The United States imported paper to the amount of $415,668 ; and of rags $626,607. The quantity im- ported from all countries was 17,014,587, of which 13,- 803,036 came from Italy ; the average price per pound was 3^68 cents. The export of paper was $78,507. 1848. The quantity of paper manufactured in Great Britian and Ireland was 121,820,229 lbs., of which 5,180,286 })Ounds were exported. The nimiber of ma- chines employed was 407, with 367 vats. 1848. Zenas ^I. Crane, of Dalton, Mass., obtained a patent for an improvement in machinery for cutting paper. Patents were also obtained for the same pur- pose hy George L. Wright, of Springfield, ]\lass.; by Mark Wilder, of reterborough, N. II.; by J. C. Knee- land and (Jeorge M. Phelps, of Troy, N. Y.; and Alonzo (iilman, of Troy, N. Y. 1848. The importation of paper in Hamburg was of the estimated value of $239,568. 1848. Leghorn exported rags and paper to the amount of 30,000 pounds, about half to England, and the other half to the United States. 1848. Sardinia produced paper Avhich amounted in value to $2,400,000, none of which was exported. 1848. Spain exported 140,000 reams of paper, to the following countries: Cuba, 94,000 reams; Chili, 16,- 000 reams ; Porto Rico, 10,000 reams ; to other coun- tries, 20,000 reams. 75 1849. There were 74 paper-manufacturers in Belgium, employing 1893 persons ; 22 steam engines of 254 horse power in the aggregate ; 2 horse mills of 2 horses each ; 68 w^ater mills, and 7 wind mills. The United States imported paper to the amount of $19,950 francs I'rom Belgium. 1849. W. Brindly obtained a patent in England for a mode of rendering paper water-proof. This was ac- complished by saturating the web of paper as it passed from the machine, with linseed oil, and subjecting it to a high temperature until dried, by which it was ren- dered impervious to water. 1849. Grimpe & Colas, of France, invented paper for bank notes, which was intended to defy fraud and for- gery. A committee of the Academy of Science had encouraged rival artists to make all possible experiments to test the infallibility of the paper, and no effort was spared to the accomplishment of that end, but without avail. 1849. x\n Englishman invented a method of splitting paper. The Bank of England sent him a one pound note, much worn, to test his skill. He returned it in two sections. 1849. The United States imported paper this year to the amount of $395,773 ; and of rags $524,755. The quantity imported from Italy was 11,009,668; the aggregate quantity brought from all countries was 14,- 941,236, at an average of 2*51. The exports were $86,827. 1849. The export of paper from Belgium amounted to .£36,040. 1849. France exported paper-hangings to the United States, to the amount of 214,000 lbs.; and imported up- wards of 1,620,000 pounds of rags. The total export of i)apcr was over 9,250,000 pounds. 76 1849. Messrs. Chambers, of Edinburgh, petitioned parliament for a removal or reduction of the excise duty on paper, which was especially severe on low-priced books. 1849. The im])ortations of rags and other materials into Belgium for the manufacture of paper, amounted to only 14.2 tons. Their exportations of paper were about $12,000. 1849. Amos . Dwarf ])alm for jtaper, 76. East Hartford mill, 29, 67. Edinburgh mills, 30. Edrisi, 12. Egyi)tian mill, 80. rags, 97. Elm tree paper, 31. Elizabethtown, 24. Embossing process, 57. Endogenous ])lanfs fur paper, 95, Endless W(d) produced, 34. Engines introduced, 25. improved, 96. England used parchment, 14. decay of trade, 23. No. of mills, 66, 68. art improved in, 6. imports paper, 20, 21, • 102 England, imports from France, 5, 20, 21, 70. linen paper supplanted cot- ton, T). excise, 30, 35, 3G, 50, 62, 60. (See Great Britain.) iiiauufacture, 21. pajMU- mill, lir.st, 18, 19. l»aper scane, 21. English paper mills, 18, 19, 22, 26, 92. workmen ilepressed, 22. l)roduft, 22, 24, 30. consumption for cheap works, 22. Erigerone paper, 38. Escurial specimens, 13. Esk mills, 66. Ksse.K mill burnt, 02. Esperauce mill burnt, 48. Essoune, 15, 17, 34. Eustathius, 13, Europe machines, 79. Evans, John, 8G. Oliver, 44. Evert, Mr., 77. Excise! (see imports.) Fabriaiio mill, 15, 17. Eairchild, Reuben, patent, 55. Fairhaven mill, 34. Falls creek mill, 63. Fan for rarefaction, 68. Farina, J. A. 81. Felt cleaner, 63. Felt guides improved, 96. Fellings dispensed with, 67. Fen Ditton mill, 19. Ferns, i)aper from, 88, 95. Finishing, 51, 60, 62. Fin.sley invented ivory paper, 46. Fir for paper, 84. Fire ])roof paper, 86. Firmus, 10. Fladd, John Daniel, 15. F'lax undre.ssed for paper, 13, 37,91. Flag leaves for paper, 55, 89. Floss silk paper, 45. Florence mill, 80. Pools cap, 18. Forgery ijreventer, 75. Formosa, 39. Foster, Samuel, 62. Foster, Samuel E., 63. Fourdrinier, E. N., 61. Henrv, died, 90. H. &"S. 39, 40, 41. Fourdrinier machine, 42, 44, 4G, 48,50,52, 56,59, 69,79, 81. speed of, 40. France, ancient paper, 14. art introduced, 15. exports, 6, 20, 21, 22, 25, 38, 63, 73, 75, 84, 94. exi)orts rags, 37. floiu'ishing state of the art in, 5, 20, 22. first nuichine, 44. imports, 15, 19, 20, 84. largest mill, 34. No. mills, 22, 37. No. machines, 65. product, 82, h3, 94. uses English machines, 48. Franklin, Benj. 23. N. J., ^i). French paper makers, 56. machine, 44, 56, 76, 79. academy, 28, 30, 75. ex])eriments, 29. paper merchants, 48. refugee ])aper makers, 21. .'iizing, 51. Thomas, patent, 62. Frederic II, of Germany, 13. Fredericksinirg, 50. Fredonia, 55. Frejus, 54. Fry, Richard, 25. Freshet, damages by, 97. Fuller, 20. Oamble, John, 36, 38, 41. (Jarde Count de la, patent, 51. Gavits' machine, 93. (Jaunt & Derrick, 91. Gelatine sizing, 51. Genoese export, 23, 72. Georgia mills, 73. German exports, 20, 81. imports, 5, 20, 38, 62. l):iper deteriorated, 33. water mills, 28. work with specimens, 28. Germany, art introduced, 16. first mill in, 17. linen ]>aper in, 13. machines, 79. No. mills, 31, 36. [5. paper introduced from Venice, product, 31, 36. used parchment, 14. Giersdorf, red pine, 89. Gilman, Alonzo, 74. Gilpin, Thomas, patent, 59. \ 103 Gilpin, Thos. & Co., 45, 46. mill burnt, 40. Glazing, introduced, 45. Glynn, Ilenrv, 93. Gnaplialie paper, 02. Goat skin.s, 9. Gottingen royal society, 15, 2G, 27. Goodman, Manuf. Co., 79. Gouclier, Francis, patent, Gl. Goumar, M., medal to, G2. Grass paper, 84, 89. Grape vine paper, 27. Grantless, Edward, 95. Great Britain exports, 87. product, 24, 43, G4, 72, 73, 74, 7G, 77, 78, 80, 82. 83, 87, 04. imports, 67, 74, 78, 83. excise, 87. consumption of rags, 38, 87, 92. No. mills reduced, 80, 92. machines u.sed in, GO, 70, 71, 72, 73, 74, 7G, 70. (See England.) Greaves, Mr., 32. Greece, imports, 78. Greeks used cotton paper, 5. Greek parchment, 5, IG. Green paper, 4G. Grimpe & Colas, 75. Grinding, improvement, OG. Guarro, Francisco, 3G. Guettard's experiments, 2G. Gutenberg's Bibles, 17. Gutermann, 32. Gutta percha paper, 71. Guy, Francis, 39. Haddock, Marsden, patent, 54. Hairarstown mill, 05. Hall, Chas. H., 03. Jolui, p.-itent, 59. Hamburg, imi)orts, 30, 74. No. mills, 30. rags, 69. Ilaud paper, 18. superseded, 65. process, 39, 44. improved, 54. mill, ancient, 23. in Aus'tria, 71. abolished, 73. Hartford, Ct., 66. press supplied, 29. England, 18. Hartzberg, Ewald von, 30. Havana works, liS. Hay paper, 52, 56. Hayti exported rags, 66. Heath, Mr., 45. Hemp paper, 13, 27, 36, 37, 49, 50, 51. Hemj)cn rag paper, 3, 4, 10. Henchman, Daniel, 24. Henry VI, IS. VHI, watermark, 18. Herodotus on parchment, 9. Herculaneum, 10. Herring, Richard, 03. Hesse, grand duchy mills, 72. electorate mills, 72. Herkimi'r mills sold, 08. Ilijipocrates, 12. Hill, v., 80. Hindoo ])a])er, GG. Hodgkins, II., 96. Hoes, J. R., 97. Hog dispensed with, 61. Ilo'hokus, 07. Holland, art improved in, 6. (^\l)c)rts, 20, Homer, patent, 67. imports from France, 5, 20, 24. paj>er makers, 85. invents engines, 25. paper, reputation of, 28, 30. No. of mills, 28. Hollyhock jiaper, 90. llolstein, machines, 79. Homer, 32. Hong Kong paper, 97. Hooper, Samuel, 32, 33. Hop stalks for jiaper, 68, 85. vine pajjcr, 27, 31, 49. Horizontal whirl wheel, 55. Hornet's nests, 27. Horse mills, 75. Horseradish paper, 89. Howland & (lilswold, patent, 64. Hunting, Mason, patent, 54. Husk pa])er, 37, 54, 55, 65, 67. llutton, VVm., 26, 37. Iluygeron, M., 4G. Ibotson, Richard, 58. rod-strainer, improved, 62. Impermeable paper, 77. Imposts, 62, 87. on American paper, 45. in England, 22, 56, 66. in France, 19, 20. in Great Britain, 76, 77, 78. in Massachusetts, 31. on foreign books, 48. on rags, 58. paper, 58. Improveraeuts in 1802, 37. 104 Incombustible paper, 77. Indestructible paper, 68. India, niacliines, 79. Indu.strial fair, 78. IngersoU's mill, 93. Ingales, J. W., 97. Ink extracted, 31, 37. Insects, protection against, 68. Intestines of animals for writing upon, 1. louians used parcliment, 9. island.s, imports, 7S. Ireland, 66. mills in, 69. "So. of paper makers, 61. product, 73, 74, 76, 80. Island mill, 89. Isle Royal moss, 97. Italian workmen imprisoned, 17. Italy, exports, 20, 75, 78, 82. machines, 7i). manufactures in, l."), 16. rags from, 69, 89, 92. Ithaca, N. Y., 62. Ivory plates for writing upon, 1. paper, 46. Jackets dispensed with, 67. Jamaica, 87. Japanese, 25. mode, 3, 49. Jaquier, J. J., patent, 60. Jaraslow mill, 35. Jarvis & French, 62. Java, imports, 73. Jeanbeaurt, M., patent, 47. Joyes, John, 86. Johannot, d'Annonay, 30. Journal of Commerce, 62, 88. Jullien, M., patent, 56. Junk paper, 60. Jury Report, 80. Kayaderosseras, 93, 97. Kelin, M., 85. Kellogg, James N., 91. Kentuckv mill.':, 42. Kingsland, J., 81, 96. Kinsey, Israel, 97. Kneeland, J. C, 74. Koch, Louis, 93. Kircher, Athanasius, 20. Knot separator, 58. Koops, Matthias, 35. Labor high, 32. Lace introduced, 54. Laferet, M., patent, 49. Laflin Uros., 98. Laid paper, rough, 25. Laid paper imitated, 60. Lake Superior moss, 97. Lambert, Louis, patent, 49. Lattemand, J., 89. Landolini, Chevalier, 42. Largest mills, 94. Latins used cotton paper, 5. Lavender & Lowe, 83. Leather cuttings for papei-,33,55,72. I)a])er, 33, 59, 72. scraps for paper, 95. Leaves, paper from, 26, 27, 32, 65, 68, 69, 85. used for writing upon, 1. Ledger, Philadelphia, Si). Lee mills, 80, 97. product, 80. Lefevre, 51. Letfingwell, Christopher, 27, 28. Leghorn, exports, 74. imports, 78. Levant imports from France, 5, 20. Lewis, S. (r., 86. Life everlasting paper, 92. Ligneous paper company, 90. paper, 92. Lily of the Valley paper, 27. Lime tree paper, 31, 58, 86. water used, 49, 84. Linden jiaper, 29. Linen paper, 32. prize specimen, 15, 27. in Venice, 16. first book on, 16. oldest specimen, 12, 26. in Spain, 13, 15. in (Jermany, 13, 14. in France, 14. in England, 14. paper sui)j)lanted cotton, 5,15. substituted for, 51, rag paper, 3, 4, 12, 13, 14, 27. Liquorice root jjaper, 51. Lithographic paper, 62. Little Falls mill, 89, 92. Lombardo-Venetian mills, 80. Lombardy exports to France, 15. London custom house, 58. Economist, 91. Times, consumption of paper, 91, 93. Long sheet, 58. Longobards, 10. Louis XIII, 19. XIV, 20. XVI, 30. Louisville, Ky., 91. 105 Lowe, Henry, 04. Lozanna, specimens, 37. Lydig, David, 48. Lvon, Col., 34. Machine, Robert's, 34, 35, 36, 38, 39, 44. Gavit's, 93. success of, 38. improved, 45, 52, 81, 89, 92. plaining and cutting, 83. separating paper, 84. new ]iaper, 84. American, 45 . Machines, paper. 58. dryer for, 47. cheapened pax'er, G2. patented, 37. in Gt. Britain, 73, 74, 76, 79. Belgium. 79. Paxony, 73. Spain, 79. Germany, 70, 79. France, 52, 76, 79. Europe, north, 79. Italy, 79. ^ America, 79. Ihdia, 79. Austria, 79. Denmark, 79. Holstein, 79. Sweden, 79. Sardinia, 80. Tuscanv, 80. Switzerland, 80. Lomhardo-Venitian, SO. Roman states, 80. Smyrna, 80. United States, 46. Berlin, 46. Massachusetts, 57. rasping wood, 88. for cutting rags, 53, 63, 89. economy, 53. cuttinii paper, 47, 53, 54, 60, 61, V;3, 65. for cutting paper lengthwise, 52. for cutting waste, 43. McGuaran, J., patent, 49. Macon, France, 51. Maffei, Ki. Magaw, Wm., patent, 52, 58. Maidstone mill, 27. Maiden Bridge, 92. Malta, imports, 78. Manchester, Eng., 26. wall paper, 25. 15 Manchester, Ct., 60. Manganese for bleaching, 34. Manilla paper, 93. Manufacture, change in, 7. mode of, 6. degenerated, 14. Maniere, E., 86. Mansell, J., 81. Manures for paper, 89. Maps of parchment, 14. Marland, Obadiah, 89. Marseilles, 47. Mar.shmallow paper, 31. Martin, R. & J. C, 88. Walter, 40. Martinique, 69. Martinsburgh mill, 40, 63. Martonoi, (i., 92. Maryland mills, 42. Mas'sachusetts mills, 29, 42, 57, 71. first mill, 24, 26. im])0st, 31. product, 57. Masse d'eau paper, 27. Mats of Muscovy for paper, 25. Meadville, Pa.. 52, 58. Medal, French, 30. booksellers', 38. of World's fair, 27. Meernian, 15, 27. Memphis made papyrus, 9. Metal i)lates for writing upon, 1. Mexico, imports, 72. Miller Enoch, patent, 53. Milton, Mass., 55. mill at, 24. Mineral colors extracted, 55. Mississippi bamboo for paper, 91. Montargis mill, 34. Montfaucon, 11, 14. Montgollier, 57. Montserrat, W. I., 96. Moorish paper-makers expelled from Spain, 5, 11. Moscow, 23. lir.st mill, 6. Moss paper, 27, 31, 49, 52, 97. Moth-wort iiai)er, 27. Moulds, hollow, 83. improved, 52, 79. Mulberry for paper, 3, 27, 49. Mummy cloth paper, 97. Nassau, Germany, mills, 72. Nesbit, A., patent, 49.^ Netherlands, imports, 73. Nettle paper, 31, 43. Neustadt Elberwald, 77. 106 Nevin, J. N., 90. Newburv, Vt., 61. New England, first mill, 24, 26. New Hampshire, 20, 42. New Haven mill, 91. New Jersey product, 28. first mill, 24. New Orleans mill, 73. New York imports, 83, 84. consumption of paper, 52, 95. mercantile librarv, 94. mills, 42, 43. northern, 33. .'scarcity, 30. Tribune, 88. Times, 88. Niagara Falls mill, 91. Nic'hoUs, 19. Niles R.'gister, 57. Nolan, Samnel, 84. North America, 32. Carolina, mills, 87. Norwich, Ct., mill at, 27, 28, 94. Numa, xised papyrus, 9. Nuremberg, 14, 17. Oak paper, 31. Oakum paper,' 72. Obry's mode of sizing, 51. Ochs, Lasare, 95. Odent, Victor, patent, 53. Old Junk pai)er, 60. Oriental plants for paper, 13. Ornamenting paper, 64, 81. sacks, 43. Ouvrard's speculation, 32. Overland Mail, 67. Padua, art introduced, 15. Painting on ]iarchment, 18. water colors, 18. oil colors, 18. Palm for paper, 76. Palmer, James, patent, 52. Papyrus, 1, 2, 9, 10, 13. abundance of, 10. scarcity of, 10, II. MSS. in Herculanaeum, 10. in British Museum, 10. in Paris, 10. disu-sed, 13. in France, 14. specimen sold, 33. Landolini's theory, 42. discovered at Elephanta, 48. Parchment, 1, 12, 17. super-eded papyrus, 2, 11, 14. Greeks, 5. used by lonians, 9. Parchment improved at Pergamus, 9. substituted for paper, 13. paintings on, 18. cloth, 12. Paper-hangings (See Wall paper). Papier linge, 57. velin, 26, 30. Papiers peints, 25. Pa]ii)us for jjajxT, 38. Paris consumi»tion, 38, 50, 66. papyrus, 10. rag collectors, 61. Parker's mill burnt, 91. Parmewitz, Herr von, 89. Pasteboard from beet root, 97. scraps for paper, 51, 56. Paterson, N. J., 76. Pease, Satterly & Co., 89. Pea.se & Stone, 93. Peaslee, H. W., 92. Peat for paper, 27, 66, 89. Peignot, 15, 38. Pennsylvania, first mill, 23. l)roduct, 28. petition for tariff', 47, mills, 42, 47. Penny Magazine, 64. Per capita, 83, 85. Perforated roller, 59. Perfumed pa])er, 92, Pereramus improved parchment, 9. Peri go rd, 22. Perkins, E. L., 86. Persians, 11. Peter the Great, 6, 22. II, regulated paper makers, 14, the Venerable, 12. Phelps, George M., 74. k Spaftbrd, Ct., 58. James, 70. Phoenix mill, 89. Philadelphia, 88. consumption, 48. society, premium, 31. Persse & Brooks, 95. Pine, Edward, patent, 60. iwper, 27, 57, 84, 89. shavings for paper, 50, 83. Pitkin, Elisha, 35. Pittsburgh mill, 44. Plantain for pa])er, 85. Planing machine, 83. Plants, ])aper from, 26. Plees, W., patent, 37. Pliny, 10. Poetic advertisement, 40. 107 t"©!!!, Henry, 76. Poisson, L. P., patent, 51. Poitou, 33. Polishing paper, 8G. Poplar paper, 31, 56, 67, 86. Porto Rico, imports, 74. Post paper, 20. Pot paper, 18. Potato starch sizing, 51. Potter, Messrs., 25. Price of paper reduced, 63, Prince of Wales Island Gazette, 45, Printed paper used for paper stuff, 35, 54. Printing ink extracted j 37. Prussia, mills in, 46, 72. Ptolemy Philadelphus, 9. Publishing discouraged, 32 Pulp adjuster, 83. dresser, 50, 63. super.seded, 62. feeder, 97. improvement, 93, regulator, 76. strainer, 61, 80. Putney, Vt., 46. Quality of fjaper advanced, 63. Queen Anne's impost, 22. Quirini, patent, 56. Rag cleaner, 54, 60. engines, 25, 26. cutting machine, 53, 63, 89. Rags, 13, 17. 23, 25, 26, 51, 73, 74, 75, 76, 77^ 78, 81, 82, 85, 87, 88, 89, 91, 92, 95, 97. of no other value, 48. collected in Boston, 28. consumption of, 44, 63. in England, ^6, 92. from Egypt, 97. excise on, 58. gathered in U. S., 45. from Hayti, 66. import of, 68, 69, 70, 71. in (lermany, 69. in Great Piritain, 69. in Mas,sachusetts, 28, 42. price of, 34. required in Gt. Britain, 34. saved in U. S., 57. chemical substitute for, 51, scarce, 29. in Germany, 33. wanted, 40'> 41. paper without, 27, 51, Ratisbon, 29. Reaumur, 23. Reciprocity, 88^ Rfed paper, 31. Reel dis])ensed with, 63. Rees's Cyclopedia, 48. Refuse materials for paper, 55, 56^ 60. Regensburg, 29. Resinous bark ]iaper, 90. Revolution in France increased de- mand for paper, 32. Reward otl'ered for new paper ma- terials, 91. Rhode Island, 29, 42. Rice, Clark, 64. jiaper, 39, 45. straw jiapfr, 3. Richmond, S. M. & A., 90. Rinteln University specimen, 13. Rise in price, 87, 191. Robert, Louis, invented a machine, 34, 35, 36, 38, 39, 42, 44. Rock City mill, 91. Rocques, M., 68. Roger of ir icily, 12. Roll of paper, long, 78. Roman papyrus, 2. Rome, imports, 78. machines, 80. Rondeaux & Henn, patent, 55. Roofing, i)aper for, 77. Rope paper, 60. Rose, Robt., patent, 67. Rosin sizincf, 51. Rouen, decay of trade, 25. Royal liljrary specimen, 11. printing office, consumption of, 66. Russia, imports, 20, 36. matting for paper, 65. Russian mills, 31, 35, 36. Rush paper, 89. Saardam, 28. Salisbury, Marquis, 35. Sallow tree paper, 32. Samarcand manufactory, 4, 10. Sander.sheim records, 11. Saracens, 11. Saratoga Whig, 91. Sardinia, mills, 79. machines, 80. products, 74. Satin paper, 12. Saunde'-son, Isaac, patent, 55. Saunders, T. II., 94. Savannah Republican, 73. Saw dust paper, 27. Sawyer, James, patent, 61. 108 Saxon mills, 72, 73. Scarcity of paper, 30, 32. Scham'rs, J. C, 27, 20. Schaiimburgh, count of, 13. Sche-le, 29. Schenectady, paper scarce, 41. Schoharie mill, 41. Scotland, 22. Scotch tVrn paper, 95. Scotti.>;h mills, G8. Scutari mill, 41. Sea salt for bleaching, 34. Seaweed paper, 46, 04, 92. Seba, 25. Segnin, M., patent, 36. Seiim III, 41. Sellers, Coleman, 63. Separating paper, 84. Serapeum, 32. Seratiila ervensis paper, 38. Sharp's Gazetteer, 80. patent, 50. Shavings, mode of producing, 58. Shaw, Edmund. 67. Sheathing paper, 60. Sheepskins, 9. Sheet-forming rollers, 55. of great length, 58. Shrubs, paper from, 26. Sicily, 16. No. mills, 78. imports, 78. manufactory in, 12. lirst machine, 51. Silk rag i)aper, 3, 10. floss, 45. Simon, G. E., 92. Simouds, Case & Co., 46. Sinclair, James, 88. Sizing, 51, .54, 81. apparatus, 64. machinery, 62. machine, 67. and glazing, 54. French patent, 50. Skins used for writing upon, 9. Smith, Edward, 43. Smithsonian Institution, 29. Smyrna, mill, 80. South Carolina mills, 42. Hadley, 79. Southern canes, paper from, 83. Spain, art decays, 23. exports, 74. imports, 5, 20, 23, 72. machines, 79. product, 79. Spain, p.apcr made in, 4. Spanish manufacturers, 11. mills, 36. Sparganium paper, 92. Spartum, paper from, 81. Specimens, 93, 94. Spilman, his mill, 18, 19. Spindle tree paper, 31. Splitting paper, 75. Sprague, Me.--srs., patent, 55. Springfield mill, 49. Stamping process, 12, 16, 26. St. Domin£ro.31. Starin, H. W., 48. Steam engines, 75. power, 44. Stevenson's estimate, 43. Stifl', G., 84. Stimpson, Solomon, 46. Stockholm, imports, 30. Stockport mill, 43. Stone paper, 77, 95. Stones used for writing upon, 1. Straw boards, 93. Strainer, 7G. Straw paper, 6, 26, 27, 35, 36, 37, 43, 46, 49, 52, 55, 56, 57, 84, 85, 86, 91, 97, 98. mode of bleaching, 96. Stromer, Ulman, 16, 17. Stuyvesant Falls mill, 35, 97. Sun, New York, 88. Sweden, 20. imports from France, 5, 20. machines, 79. No. mills, 30, 79. Swedish jiaper, 05. Sweynheim and Pannartz, 17, SwingUtow paper, 88. Switzerland, 17. machines, 80. wages, 80. imports, 5, 20, 38. Syracuse, Sicily, 43. Standard, '97. Table cloths of paper, 57. Taft, F. A., patent, 60, 03. Tan paper, 68. Tate, John, 18. Tavlor, Enoch, patent, 52. T. G., 83. Tennessee, 42. Terry. Dr., 97. Theodoric abolished duty on papy- rus, 2, 10. Thibet paper, 66. Thick paper, 59, 86. 109 Thistle paper, 27, 31, 89. Thomas, Isaiah, 42. & Woodcoclv, patent, 59. Thread introduced, 54. Tiberiu-s, 10. Times, of London, 91, 92. Tissue paper, 93. Tow for paper, 60, 88. Tlraboschi, 15. Toledo mills, 11. Top press-roll(-r, 54. Towgood, Mr., patent, 63. Trees, paper from, 6, 25, 26. Trenton mill burnt, 91. Treviso, mill at, 16. Trieste, exports, 69, 76. Tripot, M., patent, 64. Troy, 60. Troves, mills at, 15, 17. Truman, Josejih, 65. Turin experiments, 56. Turingian mills, 71. Turner, Mr., patent, 61. G. W., bl. Turkish mill, 41, 80. Tuscany, machines, 80. mills in, 17. Twitch (or couch) grass for paper, 86. Ulva marina ])aper, 5.'J. United States imports, 31, 68, 69, 70, 71, 73, 74, 75, 76, 78, 82, 87, 89, 92. import rags, 43. exports, 68, 69, 70, 71, 73, 74, 75, 77, 82, 89. consumption, 52. products, 42, 47, 57, 63, 73, 87, 94. new impetus, 60. capital employed, 77. No. mills, 42, 43, 70^ 87. persons emiAoyed, 47. Upper web dispensed with, 39. Ure, Dr.,(;9. Valencia manufactures, 15. Van Ilouten, Wm., patent, 49, 52. Van Veghten & Son, 41. Vat requiring an engine, 34. Vegetables suitable for paper, 6, 25, 29, 36. ^"ellum paper, 30. Velvets put upon paper, 57. Venice sent paper to Germany, 5. Vermont mills, 42. Vidocq, E. F., i>atent, 71. Villette, Marquis de, 31. Virginia mills, 42. Vivien, M., 85. Voug<^ot mill, 34. Wasres in Switzerland, 80. Wait, P. II., 96. Wall paper, 25, 31, 57, 67, 75, 78. 90. introduced, 19. Russian, 36. Wa.sher improved, 61, 62, 64, 70, 92. Waste for paper, 35, 37, 54. Wasps' nests, 23. Water for ink, 65. broom, for paper, 81. marks, 18. in continuous paper, 59, 60. Waterman & Annis, 53. Water mills, 5. 12, 28, 75. power, 17, 79. proof paper, 75. Watertown, N. Y., 64. Watkins, Thomas, 23. Watt & lUirgess, 83, 90. Watts, Mr., 91. Watson & Ledyard, 29. Wax sizing, 51. Waxen tablets, 17. ^Vayl■aring tree paper, 31. Web sustainer, 67. Wt4isters, Ensign and Seymour, 33. West, George, 80. Western Budget, 41. West Sutton, Mass., 70. Westville mill burnt, 91. Watnuui, James, 27. Wheat straw paper, 27. Whii.ple, M. D., 91. White cSc Gale's patent, 51. Norman, 81. Avood )ia])er, 67. Whitehall mill, Eng., 58. Wilcox, Mr., 23. Wilder, Murk, 74. Wilks, .John, 59. Willow paper, 27, 31, 84, S(j. twig ]iaper, 32, 56. Wilmington mill, 45. Windham, Ct., 56 Windmills, 28, 75. Windsor Locks mill, 94. paper, 21. Wire marks, 59, 60. web improved, 52. Woodcock, Thos. L., 61. Woodpaper, 23, 25, 26, 37, 54, 58, 83, 86, 88, 91. 110 Wood sh.avings paper, 01. & Reddington, 42. "Woodvillc niiU, 94. Woodward & Bartlett, 89. Wool for paper, 72. Wooster & Holmes, patent, 58. Works on p:iper-nuiking : see Stro- mer, Bagt'ord, Guettard, .see p. 26, Sohallers, Frenclj, 29, Vil- lette, Salisbury, Burton, Hemng, Saunders. Workmen, 77. in U. S., .07. in Great Britain, 80. World's fair, 78. Wove paper inv^nteid, 25. Wrapping paper, 00. from pine shavings, 50. from leather scrap.s, 95, paper-mill, 90, 94. of straw, 57. from sacks and ropes, 49, Wright, George, L., 74. Writing materials used for, 1. Wynkin de Worde, 18. Xativa, manufactures of, 12, 15. Zollverein, exports, 72, 73, 76; imports, 72. No. mills, 69, PAPER MILLS FOR SALE. A Paper Mill making 1,400 lbs. of Paper daily, \VJTII RELIABLE WATER FOR ADDITIONAL MACHINERY. ALSO, A Paper Mill capable of making 1,200 lbs. of Paper a day. Both Mills well located for obtaining Stock and Shipping. ALSO, A GOOD WA TEll POWER, AND LOCATION FOR A FINE MILL, With a never-failing Spring of purest Water, suflTicierit for all the Washing. Some of the necessary buildings already erected. For Terms, (|-c., enquire of the Publisher of this work. i ^\i -'f •x'^- ■':.:. o 0^ .^^' '>-' • O' c 0^ vT^ 'ci-. ■'. .^' .V .X-. \. .^^^' <-, -S^