;1 v^euptfrafMsv) ».. 1= 1S"3 look Mai { ,< 7 J: *'** ,-» ^-^ »*' fr " s** V' u fS.^ « Fr Sury«^s made, 1881 under direotfon o£ Ml .1 "W. Wilson, ChiaF Enjlnefin by- HuoQ dolemaia) Aasrstant Engintor'*., Dtn t^ H.EaXonColaman— ■ ■ ' I qoaa .4oafl\ i KSBt. L. 1 MilB' J* REFERENCE. A Point Tunnel ....216' lon^.... B Jarre tts.. . . .do^ 12.5. . .da.. , * . C Lick Log......^. ....562'..... D lYl? Elroy.,...„ 89,'......... E. Hfg-h Ridff©.. ,451' „.... F. Burgin...... . ....... .»2i5&,...,^..... G Swannanoa...™.. ISOO.. ..o,..,.. J -= i^**^% ■,'^\ ;i ''^.ji ^^ VcTiPied, l£^^JZd^^^^'^* Ch£, Bxigr. Western N. C^ ailroad —Mountain DiTision. \_ WESTERN NORTH CAROLINA Nature's Trundle-Bed of Recuperation FOE TOURIST AND HEALTH-SEEKER. BY HINTON A. HELPER. "GUY CYRIL." ILLUSTRATED AND PRINTED BY THE S-OUXH PUBLISHINQ COMPANY, 85 Warren Street, New York. ' 0%, INTRODUCTORY. The purpose of this little pamphlet is to present to the reader the advantages, resources and possibili- ties, together with the attractions the mountainous section of North Carolina, along the line of the West- em North Carolina Railroad, offers to immigrants, capi- talists, manufacturers, invalids, tourists and others. H. A. H. ASHEVILLE, N. C, JUNE 1, 1886. CONTENTS. Introductory, 3 Historical Notes, 5 Some of the Early Settlers, ....... 6 Itinerary of the Western North Carolina Eailroad, . 9 Scenery of Western North Carolina, 32 Height of some of the Mountains 35 Elevation of Prominent Places, etc., » 35 North Carolina Mountains Highest of any in the United 36 States, East of the Mississippi, Metropolis of the Land of the Sky, 37 How to Get to Asheville — the Radiating Center of Western North Carolina, 42 Tahle of Estimated Rates, etc., 44 Climatology, 45 Average Temperature, 49 The Climate Compared to Famous European Resorts, 49 Popularity as a Health Resort, 51 Places of Interest, 54 Mountain Excursions, 59 Pleasant Places of Sojourn in Western North Carolina, 63 Asheville's Steady and Uniform Growth, ... 66 Commercial Advantages, 67 Resources, 69 Railroad Facilities, ........ 70 The People, ' . . . . 73 Indian Names, 74 Mountain Breezes, . 74 "Swannanoa," 78 "Racing Water." ..... . SO 4 ASHEVILLE, NORTH CAROLINA. HISTORICAIj ^^r-'^^-^m- jae^^^=^^^pmi\ NOTES. F THE earli- I est traditional knowledge of the mountain- ous section, or the Southern Highlands of North Carolina, it may be said that it has been handed down by the Cher o k e e Indians, as stat- ed by Col. Thomas several years ago in an interview while acting as Chief of the Cherokee tribe. Long before the Cherokees came to the Southern Highlands the country was inhabited by a people known as the moon-eyed race, who were unable to see during certain phases of the moon. The Creek Indians inhabited this section before the Cherokees, took advantage of these moon-eyed people, and during their period of blindness killed them out- right. The Cherokees afterward conquered the Creeks, nearly annihilating the whole tribe. In 1729 the Lords Proprietors sold to the king for $45,000 their whole right and title in North Carolina, which then lay between the parallels of 31 and 36 degrees north latitude, and extended from the Atlantic ocean westward to the South sea. In 1749, twenty years there- after, emigrants from the west of Scotland flocked to the Cape Fear region, and one year later the first settle- ment of the Upper Yadkin was begun by the Scotch- Irish. One among the early settlers on this water-course was Daniel Boone, who in 1754 chased the bear on Bear creek, a small tributary of the South Yadkin, near Mocksville, N. C. Several years later there came an- other class of immigrants to the State, known as the Pennsylvania Dutch, who also largely settled along the banks of the Yadkin, and gradually dilTused themselves among the valleys of the Catawba and Yadkin. After the Kevolution immigration to the mountains became very large. In the year 1795, says Wheeler the historian, the first wagon passed from North Carolina to Tennessee by the way of Warm Springs, and from this time forward this beautiful, wild and picturesque sec- tion began to fill up. On the French Broad at the mouth of the Swannanoa the first white child was born, on the inter-montane plateau, and the name of the child was James M. Smith. SOME OF THE EAELY SETTLEES. " O happy days of innocence and ease, Blest with each charm, where every charm could please." Daniel Smith, who settled at the mouth of the Swan- nanoa in 1785, was one of the first white men to press the soil of the present limits of Buncombe county. He maintained a warfare, generally single-handed, against 6 the Cherokee Indians for many years, and it is said that over one hundred bit the dust from his old flint rifle. John Patton, the father of Montravelle Patton, set- tled here in 1790, and made his first clearing on the Swannanoa, near "Patton's Mills." He was the first county surveyor of Buncombe, and held the position for many years with great fidelity and trust. Samuel W. Davidson, a man of most noble parts, re- moved from Morganton to the Swannanoa in 1786. He was a man noted for his great liberality and broad views. His descendants are men of note in the State. James Patton came from Ireland to this country in 1783, first settling in Virginia. He came to Buncombe county in 1792. He purchased from James M. Smith for a small sum the present site of Asheville. . Zebulon Baird, the maternal grandfather of Gen. E. B. and Senator Z. B. Vance, came to this county in 1795 from Georgia in a four-wheeled wagon across the moun- tains. Mr. Baird built the first storehouse and court- house as well as jail on the present site of Asheville. He was an industrious and progressive man in those days, and represented this county in both branches of the State Legislature. CoL David Vance, grandfather of Gen. E. B. and Sena- tor Vance, came to this county from Virginia, settling on Keen's creels. He was a brave soldier and a man of dauntless courage. He took an active part in the battle of King's Mountain, October 7, 1780. David L. Swain was born in Buncombe county in 1801. By the exercise of native talent he afterward became Governor of the State, closing his remarkable career as President of the University of North Carolina. There are the Alexanders, Weavers, Whitsons, Chums, Brevards and others, whose illustrious deeds and courage have made this county rich in personal narrative, but space forbids the further mention of their names or doings. 7 SUGAB FORK FALLS, NOETH CAfiOLTNA, ITINERARY OF WESTERN NORTH CAROLINIl R. R. A KAEE EAILWAY HIDE, OVEB AND THKOUGH MOUN- TAINS 6,000 FEET HIGH. — PLEASANT GLIMPSE OF FERTILE VALLEYS, BABBLING BEOOKS AND MOUNTAIN PEAKS. The tourist to the mountains of North Carolina be- gins his journey on the Western North Carolina Divi- sion of the Eichmond and Danville Eailroad system at Salisbury, and gradually passes through the heart of the State, in a direction almost due west, traversing the counties of Eowan, Iredell, Catawba, Burke and McDowell, to the top of Swannanoa Pass, of the Blue Eidge, a distance o£ more than 150 miles. Probably no railroad in the country holds out to the tourist and pleasure seeker, as well as the invalid, as many delightful and surprisingly fine views of mountain scenery as this road. In fact, at almost every revo- lution of the car wheel. Nature presents pictures so in- effably charming that the mind at once begins afresh its work in calling up pleasant and gentle reminders of " days which have as happy been." SALISBUEY is the starting point to the mountains and the county-seat of Eowan, 760 feet above sea-level. which was formed in 1753. This place derives its name from a city in England. It is a word of Saxon origin, meaning a dry town, and is situ- ated on the Piedmont Air Line and Western North Car- olina Eailroad, 118 miles from Ealeigh. Population, 3,800. Here the old Confederate prison pen stood during the war between the States, which at one time held over 20,000 Federal prisoners. Surface moderately uneven, 9 < o -*! M o P3 Q W H O M 05 M pq- w w water power plenty and soil very fine. Near the rail- road depot is the Mt. Vernon Hotel, one of the most pleasant hostelries in the State to stop over on your way to the mountains of North Carolina. Mr. Peter Frecks, the proprietor of the Mt. Vernon, ably assisted by Messrs. Vernon & CJobb, with Mr. Scott Brown as ad- jutant, has given the Mt. Vernon a distinctive name and reputation as a first-class hotel. Leaving Salisbury, our first point of note reached is Statesville. We have passed through a fine rolling country to this point, fertile and well cultivated. States- ville, the capital of Iredell county, is a town of some 3,000 souls. The station is some distance from the town. This district abounds in fine fruit. The Atlanta, Tennessee and Ohio Division of the Charlotte, Colum- bia and Augusta Kailroad connects the town with Charlotte. STATESVILLE is the county-seat of Iredell, which was formed from Eowan in 25 miles from Salisbury, -.rrorv j • -, ^r- •-, j_ /. 940 feet above sea-level. ^^^^ ^°^ '^ ^^^ "^'^^^ ^^^^ «^ ■ Kaleigh, and immediately on the Western North Carolina Kailroad at the junction of the Atlantic, Tennessee and Ohio Eailroad. It is a growing mountain town, in the center of a fine farming section. Leaving Statesville, we soon pass the divide between the Yadliin and Catawba rivers, and on the line between the counties of Iredell and Catawba cross the Catawba river when we come to CATAWBA, a small station on the line of this road and a place destined to grow as a 38 miles from Salisbury, ..... -r. „„^ ^ ^ , , manufacturing town. Its pop- 62 feet above sea-level. ° -"^ ^ ._ ulation is notably thrifty. For some distance before we reach the next station we begin to be aware of the mountains, sighting Brushy Bidge on the north and the South Mountain on the south of the line. The South Mountain is quite impos- 11 J. G. HALL'S RESIDENCE, HICKORY, N. C. ing, and to the northwest we catch a glimpse of the Linnville Mountains, a high range running parallel with the Blue Kidge. NEWTON is the county-seat of Catawba and was cut off from Lincoln county,in 1842, 51 miles from Salisbury, j - i -i. j. 1.1. , „^, ^ , ^ , , and takes its name from the 1,021 feet above sea-level. beautiful river which forms its northern boundary. It is a thriving and progressive town and very prosperous in manufactures of several kinds. HICKOEY, a beautiful and picturesque mountain town,with a population of 2,500, 61 miles from Salisbury, . „ , , . ^„,„„ , , , 1 IS one of the most prosper- 1,010 feet above sea-level. ^ ^ ous manufacturing towns in the State. There are two good hotels at Hickory — the Central and the Western. Here is manufactured the celebrated " Piedmont wagon," so popular in the South- em and Western States. The land is moderately un- even, and most of it quite productive ; it is well watered and has plenty of water-power for immense machinery. Catawba is a prosperous county, out of debt, taxes low, and money in the treasury — a desirable place to settle. The celebrated Sparkling Catawba Springs are in this county, Froni this place we catch a fine glimpse, on the right hand side, of High Brighton Mountain, formerly known as "Turkey Cock" — once the home of Daniel Boone while a hunter in the wilds of Western North Carolina. ICAKD is a flourishing little place and probably one of the healthiest we have yet 71 miles from Salisbury, , , -n, .^ « j /-. n .„.„„,, , , reached. Eutherford College 1,240 feet above sea-level. '^ is situated here ; also the new hotel Happy Eetreat, just built by the Messrs. Meroney Bros., of Salisbury, which will be open for the recep- tion of guests by the middle of June. The mineral springs near by are highly endorsed by the medical pro- fession for their wonderful curative powers. 13 Leaving Icard, the route runs through a region whose features are increasing in boldness of outline at every mile — mountains on either hand, increasing in grandeur and interest. At Morganton, the next station, we are already in the midst of them. MOEGANTON, the county-seat of Burke, was laid off from Eowan county in 1777, 81 miles from Salisbury, , , . , » ,, i l.UO feet above sea-level. ^^^ ^^°^^^ ^^ ^^^^^ ^^ *he Cel- . ebrated English statesman and orator, Edmund Burke. Morgantown is called in com- pliment of General Daniel Morgan. The Western In- sane Asylum is situated here. Population 1,500. At this place the mountain scenery begins to show itself in gorgeous colors, while the valleys beyond give new zest and pleasure to the trip. The soil is rich, with clay subsoil, water excellent, and the scenery unsur- passed for beauty and sublimity in this or any other State. Table Kock, off in the distance, a bold promi- nence of the Linnville range looms up in sight, while the "Grandfather," a celebrated peak of the Blue Kidge, the oldest out-cropping of the globe and belonging in re- ality to the Archeean age, comes prominently into view. BRIDGEWATEK affords a view, far away through the mellow foreground of green, of 91 miles from Salisbury ^^^ ^ ^^^^ ^^ ^^^^^ ^^^^_ 1,104 feet above sea-level. ^ , tain, looming dimly purple against the evening sky. Then, nearer, the lesser heights of the Blue Ridge, and nearer still, the dreamy, fertile valley of the Catawba; the whole forming a picture of delightful contrasts — a landscape of unexcelled beauty at once grand and imposing, calm and peaceful. To the right of this station one can obtain a magnifi- cent view of the Linnville range of mountains, which for rugged beauty cannot be excelled. Marion, in McDowell county, is the next station. The road to this point abounds with views of the mountains, which seem to press nearer and nearer to the line of 14 !i|j|.!:j'||i!i|;;;ii;|iii!!||i:.j travel. . The village presents the usual appearance ot mountain villages, pretty green hills, and fine trees and grass, with no great attention paid to elegance in the houses. From this point, also, if the tourist prefers, he can reach Linnville valley and mountains. MARION is the county-seat of McDowell, and was formed from portions of Ruth- 102 miles from Salisbury, n j j -r. , 1,425 feet above sea-level. ^^*°^^ ^^^ ^^^^^^ Counties in 1842 ; it was named in honor of Col. Joseph McDowell, a distinguished officer of the Revolution. At this point we have reached the base of the mountains, and from this Juncture grand sights of mountains in the distance and sparkling cascades below greet the eye. Leaving Marion, we still pursue the course of the Catawba, crossing it again just before reaching Old Fort, the next station. OLD FORT. This is a small mountain village. It takes its name from an old fort 114 miles from Salisbury, , . , i .-li^ , 1,450 feet above sea-level. ^^^^^ ^^^ ^^^^^ ^^^® '^ ^^t®" revolutionary times, for the protection of the early back-woods settlers in this part of the State. Fair accommodations may be had here, and from this point those who desire to visit the Falls of Catawba river and Bald Mountain, the Restless, can best start. The Falls of Catawba, while not grand, are very beautiful, and are in a picturesque region. At this point it will be well to refer to the mountain map in the front page of the guide book, as we begin at this point to penetrate the stern and silent sentinels of God's great handiwork. The next place we reach is Round Knob, one of the prettiest and most picturesque stations on the line of road. The distance from Round Knob to the summit is eight miles, and presents one of the most splendid achievements of civil engineering in the world. Says a recent writer : " The line twists and turns and doubles itself on its own track in so many crooked trails that it 16 often puts the passenger in doubt whether he is going up or coming back, and while he gazes, out of one window to discover the route above, his eyes penetrate into some deep gorge where he sees the thread-like track over which he has already come, and before he can sat- isfy his astonished senses that he actually did come from that depth, he goes around some Jutting promon- tory of rock and the scenes at which he had Just been gazing are shut from his view. The train rolls easily along from ridge to ridge, Circling the knobs and dodg- ing the coves like a thing of life, but ever ascending higher and higher, until with a bound it plunges into the tunnel through which it burrows under the gap, and after a moment's suspense, emerges into the light of day on the western slope of the Blue Kidge." EOUNU KNOB may well be called an Arcadian nook of repose. It is a point of 119 miles from Salisbury, . i .. .. . .1 1,836 feet above sea-leyel. special attraction to the tour- ist. The fountain to the right as will be seen from the picture, throwing up a perpen- dicular Jet of pure mountain water to the height of 268 feet, is probably the highest if not the most attractive fountain in the world. The Bound Knob Hotel is quite a charming little mountain inn, with ample accommodations for 75 to 100 people. Many pleasant excursions are made to this point from places near by on account of its weird ap- pearance and the desirability of the place as a resting nook from toil, heat and worldly strife. The distance from Bound Knob to Swannanoa Gap is about seven miles. The elevation to be overcome is so great that in order to maintain a uniform gradient of say 120 feet to the mile, the line of the railroad makes a de- tour into the mountains, up a branch of Mill'Creek, and performs some most astounding gymnastics in the way of curves and cuttings in order to reach the summit and keep a uniform grade. It winds around the spurs and 18 up the steep slopes, now and then crossing the little stream over a high bridge or trestle in such a way as to gain the desired end, and in doing so presents many charming views of valley and mountain. The Pinnacle of Blue Eidge, the highest point of that ridge, is in full view — a noble, symmetrical peak, over 5,000 feet high, beautifully wooded. At one point the road winds around an isolated spur and crosses again the same culvert 120 feet above the first crossing ; at another point, by a similar loop, it runs fifty or sixty feet above the curve immediately below, into which a pebble may be thrown from the car window. The work here has been immense and very expensive. Not to speak of the deep cuttings and heavy embankments, there are six tunnels from 400 to 1,800 feet in length. The last one, at the summit, immediately under the stage road, is about 1,800 feet, through loose rock and earth, principally, but the other three tunnels are through solid rook of the sternest and most unyielding character. Great and laborious as have been the efforts of man to overcome nature at this point, it is interesting to stand upon some coigne of vantage and to see how puny are his greatest efforts in comparison with the everlasting grandeur of nature. The great road is at best a mere gash in the face of the everlasting hills, "and man's most ambitious embank- ments but puny ant-hills in comparison with the majes- tic heights which look down in silence upon these Lili- putian labors. SWANNANOA TUNNEL, or Swannanoa Gap, is the longest tunnel in the mountains, 126 miles from Salisbury, ^ „__ » , , .n , 2,658 feet above sea-level. ^'^OO ^^et long, aS Will be seen by reference to the guide book. After emerging from total darkness into the bright and clear light and mountain air, we see from a point above the tunnel the dividing water shed of this section from an old house, the one side of which lets its water fall safely and gently into the water courses moving 20 A GLIMPSE OF THE FEENCH BROAD. slowly away to the great Gulf of Mexico, while the other side of the house sends its current rapidly and furiously away into the blue and majestic waters of the Atlantic. Soon Black Mountain station is reached, where many tourists get off to visit the renowned Mt. Mitchell, 6,711 feet high. BLACK MOUNTAIN. This station derives its name from the Black Mountains, in 129 miles from Salisbury, ^^ , , , , ~ 2,312 feet above sea-level. ^^^^^^^ ^O^^^^' «« called from the dark color of the balsam fir that covers most of the higher peaks, giving the pecul- iar dark tint of its foliage to the mountains, which are the highest land east of the Kocky Mountains. The Blue Eidge at this point also rises to its highest elevation in the Pinnacle, and eastward sti"!! and parallel are the Linnville Mountains, also among the loftiest of the out- lying ridges of the Blue Ridge. So that the region, whether we look at it in detail or as a whole, constitutes the most remarkably elevated spot of the mountain system of the Atlantic slope. The general direction of the Black range is north and south, but its higher peaks lie in a kind of loop, in shape somewhat like a horse- shoe. In the accent the path so often shifts its direc- tion, and the mountains present appearances so differ- ent from the various points of view, that the traveler is bewildered and loses all idea of direction. It is only since 1845 that the true height of these mountains has been ascertained and the fact brought to light that Mt. Mitchell is a little higher than Mt. Washington, in New Hampshire. The discovery was due to Dr. Mitch- ell, professor at Chapel Hill, North Carolina, who meas- ured the height accurately and published the fact. At this station is a fine hotel, the Mountain House, in charge of J. C. S. Timberlake, an experienced hotel man, having gained an enviable reputation in Florida during the past few years. 22 ^ Prom the Mountain House to Mt. Mitchell is reckoned five miles. The route is pleasant — up and down, up and down — for it is necessary to keep along the backbone of the mountains, as the sides are too steep and rugged to be passed. And so it is that at the distance of two and a half miles we pass Clingman's Peak, 5,870 feet high, then down an inclination, then up past Holback's Peak, then down again, and up again, past Gibbs's Peak, then down again, and last up to the summit of Mt. Mitchell. The road is a mere trail from the Mountain House, narrow and deep, worn by cattle and by the rains, filled with stones, and here and there only a suc- cession of ledges. Leaving Black Mountain station, the pastoral loveli- ness and beauty of Western North Carolina comes prom- inently to view. Traveling along at a good rate of speed with the bold Craggies on the right, which intercept the view of the Black Mountains towering above to the northeast, as you reach the vicinity of the rippling Swannanoa, to the left, looming up and presenting a fine view are to be seen several conspicuous spires of the Blue Eidge. In this peaceful vale the beauty of scenery beggars all description ; the poet and the artist will find here material for pen and brush which cannot be equaled on the habitable globe. SPARTANBURG JUNCTION is the juncture of the Western North Carolina 140 miles from Salisbury, -r. ., , , ,, r^ . , 2,000 feet above sea-level. Railroad and the Spartanburg and Asheville Railroad, con- necting Western North Carolina with the large cities south, by diverging railroad lines in all directions. The opening of this railway link, which will transpire within a few weeks will be a great advantage to the people living in Charleston, Savannah, Augusta and At- lanta. It furnishes a considerably shorter line from the three first-named cities to the great trade cen- ters of Savannah, Louisville and Chicago, than the 24 ' ft It) toutes heretofore in operation and presents Vastly supe- rior advantages, especially , for summer travel. ASHEVILLE is one of the great summer resorts of "Western North Carolina, a full and minute description of which will be found in the main 145 miles from Salisbury, 2,250 feet above sea-level. body of the guide book. Rowling along where the French Broad and the Swan- nanoa meet in laughing melody of splashing sounds — MOUNTAIN PARK HOTEL, AT HOT SPRINGS, (FORMERLY WARM j SPRINGS) N. C. around towering curves of mountain peaks, with Mt. Pisgah and the Eat in the distance, we arrive at MARSHALL, which is the county-seat of Madison, formed in 1850 from Buncombe 165 miles from Salisbury, 1,684 feet above sea-level. and Yancey counties, and was _ named in honor of James Mad- ison, the fourth president of the United States. This town is situated on the beautiful French Broad, the sur- face mountainous with rich valleys interspersed, scenery 26 tinstirpaSsed for beauty and grandeur. After a short run of seventeen miles, the famous Warm Springs is reached. N] tOTEL AT HAYWOOD WHITE SULPHUR SPKINGS, NEAE A\ ATNESVILLE, N. C. WABM SPKINGS is in Madison county, near the Tennessee line, and is a place of great resort. The Mountain Park Hotel, just erected and 182 miles from Salisbury, 1,325 feet above sea-level. under the management of Mr. B. P. Chatfield, at this place, surpasses anything of its kind and character in the State, for beauty, convenience and comfort. The bathing houses have just been finished at a very heavy cost and fitted up in the most luxurious manner, resembling those 27 at Baden Baden. The grounds have been laid out in the most artistic manner. The Warm Springs are liter- ally warm pools rising to the surface near the river — the scale of heat from 102 degrees to 104 degrees Fahrenheit. Four miles from the Springs, near the Great Smoky Mountains, overlooking the French Broad, is PATNT EOCK, one hundred and fifty feet high, with " reddish hues ascribed to the 189 miles from Salisbury, , . , i- j_t- x j- 1.264 feet above sea-level. ^^^^ Pigments of the Indians. Near by is the famous Lover's Leap ; from its eminence can be seen a country unsur- passed for beauty, wild scenery and pastoral loveliness. At this point the "Western North Carolina Eailroad con- nects with the East Tennessee, Virginia and Georgia Kailroad and all points West. The railroad passes westward from Asheville through the opening caused by the recession of the Pisgah and the Newfound ranges, traversing what, from a distance, appears to be a valley, but which, in reality, is an undu- lating country marked by ranges of low hills transverse to the road, and crossed by beautiful streams. On the left is the tall and graceful pinnacle of the Great Pisgah, its summit 5,700 feet high, always in sight ; on the right the graceful outlines of the Newfound Mountains stretch toward the north, showing many beautiful peaks ; while in front, closing up the vista, are the grand and beauti- ful Balsam Mountains, capped by the symmetrical cone of Cold Mountain, 6,200 feet high. The next place of note reached, is WAYNESVILLE, the county-seat of Haywood, which 175 miles from Salisbury, as formed in 1808 from Bun- 30 " " Asheville, combe. The town is situated 2,766 feet above sea-level. q^ Eichland Creek, which flows through gently undulating grounds, shaded by maples and other trees of great beauty. One of the finest and most imposing Court Houses in the State adorns the town from a commanding position. Here are the celebra- 28 ted Haywood White Sulphur Springs, 2,716 feet above sea-level, and the great Balsam Mountains, ranging from 5.000 to 6,425 feet in height, two to ten miles distant, are eaay of access. The place is as free from malaria as are the peaks of the Kocky Mountains, with shady walks and pleasant drives for many miles, which offer rare inducements to those in search of either health or pleasure. The medicinal properties of the waters are of remark- able value in chronic diarrhoea, dyspepsia and diseases of the liver and kidneys. A magnificent new brick hotel has just been completed at this place at a cost of $45,000, which will be managed by Mr. J. C. S. Timberlake, in connection with the Black Mountain House. The grounds in the front and rear of this hotel at Waynesville cannot be equaled in "Western North Carolina. Leaving this mountain paradise, in a few minutes we arrive at BALSAM STATION, and here begins the descent into 183 miles from Salisbury, the far-famed valley of the 38 " " Asheviiie, Nantahala, from Balsam 3,411 feet above sea-level, mountains, over 6,000 feet high, which for scenery cannot be surpassed on this continent. In a compass of fourteen miles we soon come to WEBSTER STATION, the county seat of Jackson, 197 miles from Salisbury, formed in 1850 and named in- 52 " " Asiieviiie, honor of General Andrew Jack- 1,972 feet above sea-level. gon. The tourist will find here a rich mountainous country, watered by the Tuckaseege and Oconeeluftee rivers which run through the central part of the county, forming one of the finest valleys of the west. The next station is CHARLESTON, the county seat of Swain, romantic- 215 miles from Salisbury, ally situated on the Tuckaseege 70 " " Asheviiie, river. The surface is moun- 1,750 feet above sea-level, tainous ; watered by the Big Pigeon river and tributaries. Water-power is abundant, 30 and scenery fine. This county has some 250,000 acres of the finest grazing land in the world. In this county are the Cherokee Indians, numbering 2,000, their pres- ent settlement being known as Qualla Town. NAN T AH ALA is one stretch of magnificent valleys, 235 miles from Salisbury, where the SOul of man is made 90 " " Asheviiie, glad by the rich alluvial soil 1,695 feet above sea-level. deposits which produce abun- dantly all of the cereals known to man. J AEEE ITS is now the present terminus of this road, 245 miles from Salisbury, which will within a few years 100 " " Asbeviiie, be Completed to the Georgia 2,686 feet above sea-level. ijne, where railroad connec- tions will be made with the Georgia lines, and with other lines running to the far distant West. SCENERY. " Those beautiful States of the South— those regions than which the whole earth offers nothing more fertile or more lovely. — John Bright. Who would not take a trip through the mountains of North Carolina, provided the chance was offered ? Everybody would, I dare say. A country dame, on her first visit to the sea, looking over its vastness and men- tally contrasting it with the pent-up Utica that hitherto had contracted her powers, exclaimed: "I'm glad to see something that there is enough of." No doubt one passing along the Western North Carolina Railroad might make a similar exclamation on beholding Na- ture's grand and impressive scenery which lies every- where around, and say with equal delight, " Is not the scene magnificent ? Beauty nowhere owes to mountains » Lovelier haiints than these." The romancer's pen and the artist's pencil have al- ready portrayed with equal beauty the scenery of West- ern North Carolina. This lovely "land of the sky " has been a theme for many years past, and SQ it will bQ for 32 GUY CYRIL TKAMPING IN THE MOUNTAINS OF NOETH CAEOLINA. many years to come. Beautiful in picturesque loveli- ness, grand and imposing in majesty, awe-inspiring in natural, rugged beauty, and simply wonderful in all its character, the western section of this State can never be fully appreciated until it is seen and traveled over. Here upon every height lies repose, and every land- scape extends a silent invitation to the sojourner to stay and enjoy its rest. Here the majestic forests seem to have " A harp for every wind, A voice for every sky." Here in the hot and sultry days of midsummer, among Nature's grand old peaks and sentinels, with their 6,000 feet of altitude, you are refreshed by " The winds stealing gently through the forests. Among the leaves that palpitate forever." Here you see fertile valleys, where cereals and fruits cheer the heart of man, while the circling mountains shut out the rest of the world from your vision. This is a country on which the red man of the forest has lavished a wealth of affection, breathed forth in the poetic names he has bestowed upon its hills and streams — names that in many cases have perished or lost their import to the white man. Here your eyes may dwell upon beds of mountain flowers and ferns of endless hue and variety, while wild roses and tendrils from hanging vines greet the vision in endless profusion, reminding you of a ver- itable Arcadia, Here are hills of majestic beauty, streams of sparkling water, gorges echoing with the roar of ti^ie torrent, cascades of tremendous force, chasms of wild, dreary fascination ; in fact, this is a region of mountain grandeur that will ever and anon tempt the prophetic soul and yearning heart of man to meditate over life's fitful change, and say, in the lan- guage of the poet, " But let me often to these solitudes Retire, and in Thy presence reassure My feeble virtue.'' 34 HEIGHT OF MOUNTAINS IN NOETH CAKOIilNA, ABOVE SEA LEVEL, NEAK THE WESTEKN NOETH CAEOIilNA EAILEOAD. Feet. Mitchell's Peak 6,711 Balsam Cone 6,671 Hairy Bear 6,610 Cat-tail Peak 6 611 These are the highest ou the Black'mountain (main chain), and are in Yancey county. Roan Mountain, Mitchell county 6,306 Big Craggy 6,090 Table Rock, Burke county 3^918 Hawk's Bill, " 4 090 Amos Piatt's Balsam, Haywood county 6,278 Brother Piatt, Haywood county 6,246 Jones' Balsam, " 6.223 Rocky Face, " 6,031 Rock Stand Knob, " . 6,005 Richland Balsam, " 6,422 Chimney Peak 6,234 Great Pisgah 5 757 Cowee Ledge, Macon county 4,402 Chimney Top, " 4563 Scaly Mountain, •' 4 835 Nona Mountain, " 5 542 Wayah Peak of Nantehaleh, Macon county 5,494 Nantehaleh Gap, Macon county 4,158 Tusquittah Mountain, Cherokee county , 5,314 Konahetah, Cherokee county 4 493 Valley River Gap, Cherokee county 3,564 Red Marble Gap, " 2,686 Chunky Gal, Clay county 4.986 Cheowah Maximum, Graham county 4,996 Pinnade of Linnville 2,869 HEIGHT OF PROMINENT PLACES, ABOVE SEA LEVEL. Feet Salisbury 76o Statesville 94O Morganton 1,140 Marion 1,425 Point Tunnel (first tunnel) 1,622 Swannauoa Gap 2,657 Swannanoa Tunnel 2,510 Mouth of Swannanoa 1,977 Asheville .• 2,250 Marshall 1.684 Warm Springs 1,325 Paint Bock • 1.264 Alexander's Bridge 1,796 Waynesville 2,756 Balsam Gap Bailroad Pass 3,411 Mouth of Scott's Creek 1,977 Webster C. H., Jackson county 2,203 Franklin C. H., Macon county 2,141 Munday 's Aquone on Nantehaleh 2,931 Qualla Town 1.979 Lenoir, Caldwell county 1,185 Babun Gap 2.168 Tennessee Biver, near Franklin 2,020 Tennessee Biver, at mouth of Alurka 1,596 Tennessee Biver, at State Line 1.114 Mouth of Valley Biver 1,514 Valley Town, Mrs. Walker'.- 1,911 Sherville, Cheowah Biver 2,072 NOBTH CABOLINA MOUNTAINS HIGHEB THAN ANY OTHEBS IN THE UNITED STATES, EAST OF THE MISSISSIPPI. Black Mountain Range. Feet. Mt. Mitchell 6,711 Balsam Cone 6,671 Potato Top 6,393 Mt Gibbs 6, 391 Bowland's Pyramid 6,348 Smoky Mountain Range. Clingman's Dome 6.660 Mt. Guyot ♦ 6,636 Mt. Buckley 6.599 Eoan Mountains 6,394 Balsam Mountain Range. Great Divide • • ■ 6,425 AmosPeott 6,278 Cold Mountains 6,063 Devil's Court House ,.,,...,,,,,, 6,049 36 THE METROPOLIS OF_THE LMD OF THE SKY. A SUMMEE EESOET AND WINTEE SANITAEIUM OF PECUN- IAE ADVANTAGES— EEST, QUIET AND EEPOSE IN MOUNTAINS 6,000 FEET HIGH — POETEY, MUSIC AND SONG ALONG THE EIPPDING SWANNANOA — NATUEE'S TEUNDIiE-BED OF EECUPEEATION. Asheville as far back as 1812 was a trading post, where the palefaces and the red men would oftentimes assemble to trade and barter and pass their leisure hours by throwing quoits for bear skins and whisky. Twenty-one years thereafter the place was incorporated, and for years was known as Morristown. This name, however, was afterward dropped, and the spot became known as Asheville, having been named in compliment to Samuel Ashe, of New Hanover. Asheville is the capital of Western North Carolina and the county seat of Buncombe, which county was formed in 1791 from Burke and Eandolph, lying imme- diately west of the Blue Bidge and the center of the transmontane section, occupying a beautiful rolling country down the Swannanoa and French Broad rivers, which streams water it freely, and along the valleys of which are found thousands of acres of very rich lands. Asheville, in the very heart of the Alleghany mountains, situated at the confluence of the Swannanoa and the French Broad rivers, among the foot-hills of the Black mountain range, thirteen peaks of which pierce the clouds at an altitude above that of Mount Washington, is pre- eminently a resort intended by Nature lor the invalid and tourist. Placed at an elevation of 2,339 feet above the sea, in a charming valley, with a genial, soft, yet bracing climate, in the midst of enchanting ssenery, this town has always been a place of great resort in summer 37 as well as in winter, and must become moi*e s6 when its many charms become better known. It has four or five hotels and numerous boarding-houses, at which pleas- ant lodgings and surroundings may be found. By day, in the season, the streets of the town are crowded with private equipages, parties on horseback and in buggies, MAIN STEEET, ASHEVILLE. enjoying excursions in the beautiful vicinity or going on to other resorts. At niglit the hotels are gay with music and dancing, and all goes ' ' merry as a marriage bell." The town has several fine churches and well- organized schools. The citizens are cordial and hospi- 38 table, at all times ready to oblige strangers and assist them in their plans. This town had so long been the resort of persons from the low country, before the war, that many of the wealthier class built themselves summer houses here, whither they come each year. Many of these residences are elegant, with neat lawns and pretty shrubbery, and nearly all embowered in fine shade trees of the natural growth, or of the fine evergreens transplanted from the PATTON AVENUE, FEOM COURT HOUSE, ASHEVILLE. higher lands. The court-house is a large building with a high tower— quite a striking object in the midst of the town. There is here also a college and a male academy, 39 with excellent and commodious buildings and fine grounds. All these give a very impressive and charm- ing aspect to this mountain town, especially when seen from any of the noble eminences which surround it to- ward the northwest. The climate in summer is simply delicious, while in winter it is invigorating and health- giving. It is highly recommended as a place of resort for consumptives, many of whom have been entirely cured in the first stages of the disease by a residence in this place. The streets are being macadamized, while water-works, erected to supply fresh water from a cluster of springs on the mountains overhanging, and other useful improve- ments, are being added in every direction. Thousands of people resort to this place every summer, seeking health and pleasure and rest, and from April to Novem- ber the hotels, boarding-houses and private residences are crowded with visitors ; costly equipages go rattling over the streets ; splendid horses prance along the ave- nues, bearing beauty and chivalry, wealth and joy, poetry and song, t6 the numerous romantic retreats, mountain views and gushing springs which abound in this lovely region. Everybody is gay in this joyous season, and Nature rejoices with her admirers. Nothing can excel the brilliant fiowers of the mountains. First, the graceful azaleas, bending under their load of red and yellow lily-like blooms ; then the pink clusters of the ivy, on their dark evergreen foliage for a back- ground, succeeded by the crowning glory of the season, the rich, waxy clusters, pink and white, of the royal rhododendron. There are great jungles of this hardy evergreen, with its large, glossy green leaves, matted in their luxuriance along every stream, and in July it breaks out with large bunches of flowers, made up of innumerable small blooms coming out from one foot-stalk, the whole making a most gorgeous and brill- iant display. No other summer resort in the country possesses so many attractions as this place. The 40 r&._ tourist or health-seeker may gratify his fondnes^ for hunting and fishing in the woods and streams. He will find the country rich in fauna, flora and minerals. He can take pleasant walks or rides and drives in every direction to points of special interest, as follows : Bat- tery Porter, Beaumont, Fernihurst, Tahkeeoskee Farm, Richmond Hill, Elk Mountain, Tennant's View, Straw- berry Hill, French Broad Eiver, Swannanoa Eiver, Chalybeate Springs, Yellow Sulphur Springs, White Sulphur Springs, Arden Park, Hickory Nut Falls, Bald STREET SCENE FKOM COURT HOUSE, ASHEVIELE. Mountain (of volcanic notoriety). Cave of the Winds, Pools, Chimney Bock, etc., Pisgah Mountain (altitude, 5,757 feet). Mount Mitchell (altitude, 6,717 feet). He will luxuriate in a climate which for pleasantness com- pares favorably with that of the cities of Southern Eu- rope. ^ 42 HOW TO GET TO ASHEVILLEi THE EADIATINa CENTEE OF WESTEEN NOETH CAEOLINA. From New York — Leave Pennsylvania depot at 4 p. m. (via Virginia Midland), through to Asheville in Pullman coaches, in twenty-six hours. From Cincinnati — Leave at 8.10 p. m., via Louisville and Nashville Railroad or Cincinnati Southern, reaching Asheville, in Pullman coaches, in twenty-one hours. Through cars from Louisville, Ky., to Asheville; close connections at Louisville with all trains from Cin- cinnati, Indianapolis and Chicago. From Florida, Charleston and the Southeast the route is via Charleston and Salisbury, also via Columbia, Spartanburg and Hendersonville. From New Orleans and the Southwest the trip to Ashe- ville is made via Atlanta and the Piedmont Air Line, either by way of Spartanburg and Hendersonville, or Charlotte and Salisbury. 43 TABIiE OF ESTIMATED EATES OF FAEE, DISTANCE AND TIME IN TRANSIT BETWEEN ASHEVILLiE, N. C, AND POINTS NAMED. To Asheville from Fare. Distance H'rs. Route. New York $23 55 21 65 21 65 17 20 14 15 14 15 13 25 22 45 22 45 20 20 14 90 10 70 13 30 26 50 17 05 12 25 12 40 12 75 756 646 646 519 431 386 758 617 437 262 383 915 712 553 400 427 26 31 25 24 24 28 24 18 13 16 45 34 24 19 24 Pa. R. E.. Va. Mid., and Jacksonville Jacksonville Savannah R. &D. S. F. & W., B. &W.. Cent. Ga., and R. & D. S. F. & W., Cent. Ga., and R. and D. Cent. Ga., and R. & D, Charleston S. C. Ry., and R. & D. Charleston At Coast L. andR.&D. Augusta R. & D. New Orleans New Orleans Mobile L. & N., W. Ala., A. & W. P., and R. & D. Q. & C, Ga Pac, and R. &D. L. & N., W. Ala., A & Montgomery Atlanta W. P., andR.&D L. & N., W. Ala., A & W. P, andR. & D. R. & D. Richmond R. &D. Hot Springs, Ark. . . St. L. I. M. & So., M. & L. E., N, C & St. L.. W. & A., and R. & D. L. &N., N. C. &St. L., Nashville W. & A., and E. & D. N. C. & St. L., W, & A., Louisville and E. & D. L. &N., E. T.,Va. & Ga. Cincinnati and W.N. C. Cin. So., orL.&N..E.T. Va. & Ga..and W.N.C. Explanation. — Pa. E. R. Pennsylvania Railroad; Va. Mid., Vir- ginia Midland; R. & D., Richmond and Danville Railroad System; S. F. & W., Savanuah, Florida and Western Railway; B. & W., Bruns - wick and Western Railroad; Cent. Ga,, Central Railroad of Georgia; S. C. Ry., South Carolina Railway ; L. & N., Louisville and Nash- ville Railroad ; W. Ala., Western Railway of Alabama ; A. & W. P., Atlantic and West Point Railroad ; St. L., I. M. & So., St. Louis Iron Mountain and Southern Railway ; M. & L. E., Memphis and Little Eock Eailroad ; N., C. & St. L., Nashville, Chattanooga and St. Louis Eailway : W. & A., Western and Atlantic Eailroad ; E. T., Va. & Ga., East Tennessee, Virginia and Georgia; W. N. C, Western North Carolina Eailroad. 44 CLIMATOLOGY. ONDITIONS of climate form one of the first considerations in a place that sets up a claim as a resort for invalids. The advantages of Asheville in this respect have long been re- cognized and the place was a health resort before the war. A well known physician in a let- ter addressed to me regarding the climate of Buncombe county, says : Many of the most prominent physicians in the great cities have of late years turned their attention to the climate of this region, and it has been steadily growing in favor with invalids and tourists. People come from all parts of the civilized world on account of the climate and other advantages. It is especially desirable be- cause of its being an all-the-year climate ; in other words, the four seasons are equally beneficial in promoting the recovery of patients suffering with pulmonary, malarial, 45 nervous and other diseases. Thousands of invalids and tourists now visit Asheville annually in search of health and pleasure. During the January cold wave, which swept over the country from Manitoba to the southern extremity of Florida, Asheville, notwithstanding its elevation of 2,339 feet, had a minimum temperature surprisingly high as compared with other points in the South. The Savannah river, at Augusta, Ga., in the latitude of Aiken, S. C, was frozen over, while the French Broad at Asheville was not. At Greenville, S. C, 1,500 feet below and many miles south of us, the mercury fell to within two degrees of the temperature of Asheville. And it is a well-known and conceded fact that a dry atmosphere in an elevated region makes a difference in the sensations of from ten to twenty degrees, according to the elevation and dryness. This was noticeable and remarked upon by visitors here for their health. THE AIB of this region has a peculiarly bracing and invigorating quality, electrical in character ; so much so that a dis- tinguished visitor and patient remarked to the writer : •'I feel as if breathing champagne." A large propor- tion of the days during the year are sunny, the average of clear days being 259, comparing well with other mountain resorts. There are many days in winter when one feels as comfortable in the sunshine as he would in June ; and in February there are days when ladies can go to the woods with their lunch baskets on picnicking excursions. DRYNESS. The rainfall is very small, being 40.2 inches, while that of Aiken is 55; Atlanta, 62.7; and Jacksonville, Fla., 65.6 inches. The configuration of the surface is such that the water runs off very rapidly, and the air does not become saturated with moisture, as it does 46 elsewhere, being as dry soon after a shower as though it had not rained. According to the climatic maps prepared by Prof. Charles Denison, A. M., M. D., of Denver, Col., and based on data furnished by the Signal Service Bu- reau, at Washington, D. C, a small tract of country surrounding Asheville is dryer in winter than any other point east of the great plains. During the spring months the air is shown to be as dry as that of Middle Kansas ; in the summer months the air of Asheville corresponds in humidity to the dry region surrounding San Antonio, Texas ; while the atmosphere during the autumn is as dry as that of New Braunf els, a few miles east of San Antonio. TEMPEKATUEE. Asheville possesses a winter temperature several de- grees warmer than that of Geneva, Switzerland, and Turin, Italy, and fourteen degrees warmer than that of Davos, in the Swiss Alps, where a thousand patients are sent every winter by the specialists of Europe for the beneficial effects of its mountain air. Regarding the spring and summer months, it is suffi- cient to state that during a period of eight years the mercury but twice rose above 88 degrees, and that the maximum temperature of St. Paul, Minn., is from 12 to 15 degrees higher than that of Asheville. I wish especially to impress upon the mind of the reader the fact that nearly all invalids going to the very high altitude of Colorado on the one hand, or to the low country in the vicinity of the Gulf or Atlantic coast on the other, must become acclimatized before real im- provement can take place ; while to any one coming to the medium altitude and relatively equable climate of Western North Carolina nothing of the kind is neces- sary. HEALTHFULNESS. Nearly all of the great authorities on climate in its 47 relation to pulmonary diseases agree upon the impor- tance of the following conditions : 1st. Altitude. Prof. Loomis writes that his "best results, when evidences of consolidation were present, have been obtained in mountain regions 1,500 to 2,000 feet above the sea," and mentions Asheville as a place where his ' ' most decid- edly beneficial and permanent results have been ob- tained." 2d. Dryness and purity of air. The air of Asheville -possesses these qualities in an eminent de- gree. 3d. Coolness of air temperature and warmth of sun temperature. These also obtain at Asheville. 4th. The rarefaction and low pressure of the air. 5th. The intensity of the light. Asheville possesses the advan- tage of all the above qualities, and their effect on the visitor is to increase the appetite and strength, cause sound sleep, and aid toward nervous energy and the ac- tivity of the skin. Dr. Huntington Richards, of New York, writing in "Wood's Reference Hand-Book of the Medical Sci- ences," states that Asheville is a " medium-altitude " resort, "and, short of the often inconveniently distant Rocky Mountain Plateau, no better elevated winter and summer resort for phthisical (consumptive) patients exists in the territory of the United States— probably none as good." And J. A. Reagan, A. M., M. D., of Weaverville (six miles from Asheville), states that in his thirty years' practice he has not seen a case of " spo- radic" consumption. It should be remembered that the same conditions which tend to prevent and cure diseases of the lungs will have a similar effect upon such affections as mala- ria, scrofula and diseases of women and children. Re- garding malaria, its absence from this region may be easily understood when, according to Prof. Henry 0. Marcy, A. M., M. D., of Boston, Mass., who went through this entire section in the saddle and carriage, « ' not a lake or a swamp is to be found in the entire re^ gion — a fact perhaps without parallel, for an area of equal extent, in the world." In concluding his paper on • ' Western North Carolina AS a Health Eesort," Dr. Marcy says : "The pure air, water and climate hold out a hopeful helpfulness to in- valids from every land. The wise legislator seeking far-reaching results would do well to consider the ad- visability of securing, under State control, a large res- ervation of the higher ranges as a park. Its cost at present would be merely nominal. Like the peaks and glaciers of Switzerland, its indirect returns of monetary gain would be more sure than bonded interest, and its sanitary advantages would be of a value incalculable to millions yet unborn." AVEKAGE TEMPEKATUEE AT ASHEVILLE. Degrees. January 38.1 February 39.8 March 44.7 April 53.9 May 61.5 June 69 1 July 71 9 August 70.7 September 63.8 October 52.8 November 43 9 December 37.3 THE CLIMATE OF ASHEVILLE COMPAEED TO FAMOUS EUEOPEAN EESOETS. Spring. Summer. Autumn. Winter. Tear. Asheville 54.3 71.3 55.3 37.2 55.3 Geneva 52.2 70 3 54 2 34.0 52.7 Turin 53 7 71.5 53 8 33.5 53 1 Vienna 56 2 71.8 54 6 38,7 55.3 Milan 549 72 8 55.9 36 1 54 9 EAINFALL AT ASHEVILLE. Spring 10 1 in, ] Autumn 7.1 in. Summer 13 5 in. I Winter 9 5 in. Total 40.2 in. 49 EEASONS WHY WESTEEN NOETH CAEOLINA IS THE MOST DESIEABLE HEALTH EESOET IN THE UNITED STATES. Because it has a large proportion of sunny days. Because Prof. Chas. Denison's " climatic maps" show it to possess an air as dry as that of Middle Kansas, and San Antonio, Texas. Because it has an altitude of 2,000 to 4,000 feet above th« sea. Because it is within easy reach of all the chief cities of the United States. Because it possesses the only all-the-year climate. Because it is in a region of the most beautiful scenery. Because it has a smaller rainfall than any other Southern resort. Because the summer temperature is cooler than that of St. Paul, Minn. Because the winters are sufficiently mild for most in- valids to take daily out-of-door exercise. Because it is recommended by Prof. Alfred L. Loomis, M. D., Henry 0. Marcy, M. D., Charles Kearns, M. D., G. C. E. Weber, M. D., Henry F. Biggar, M. D., and hundreds of other physicians of eminence. HAPPY VALLEY. POPULARITY AS A HEALTH RESORT. BEAT crowds in both summer and winter attest Ashe- ville's growth and popularity as a health resort, as well as a winter san- itarium. Says Dr. Henry 0. Marcy, of Boston, a distin- guished " physician : "Within the last two or three years I have sent a considerable number of invalids to Asheville, with excellent results." From all parts of the country flock people to this mountain city of peculiar beauty and interest. There were re- gistered last year in the city over 30,000 visitors, and in contemplation of a large increase of invalids, tourists and pleasure seekers, a magnificent hotel has been con- structed on Battery Porter, one of the most commanding sites in the city, and christened Battery Park Hotel. 51 This establishment affords all the modern conven- iences, including hydraulic elevator and Edison electric lights, is luxuriously equipped throughout, has ample water supply, perfect sanitary arrangements, spacious rooms, and commands a view that is unequaled in America and seldom surpassed, even in Switzerland, re- nowned for its sublime landscape scenes. BATTERY PARK HOTEL, ASHEVILLE, N. C. As one stands in the hotel his glance first falls on the pretty town of Asheville, and as he looks further, the scene changes as if by magic, and the beautiful and fer- tile valley, with the two glistening streams winding through it like two silver threads, unfolds itself to his admiring eyes, and further still he sees on all sides high and rugged mountains, guarding jealously this pretty valley of Western North Carolina, in the same. manner as centuries ago, the high mountains of the Pelopon- nesus protected the beautiful and fertile land of the 52 Spartans from the inroads and attacks of the barbar- ians. Any information pertaining to the Hotel or its busi- ness will be cheerfully furnished by Charles H. South- wick, Proprietor. The increased building of summer houses by people from afar attests the popularity of this place as a resort of great attractiveness. The proprietors of the ever-popular Swannanoa, well and favorably known as the tourists' hotel, are making arrangements to meet the increased travel this spring and summer. This hotel is home-like, comfortable and convenient, and the proprietors, Messrs. Rawls Bros., are gentlemen of exceptional address, courtesy and affability of manner. Besides being hosts in the hotel* keeping sense, they are hosts in themselves in the way of making guests feel comfortable under the hospitable roof of the "Old Swannanoa." This hotel, recently enlarged and improved both for winter and summer travel, is ever keeping pace with the times in the pro- vision of all the modern appointments and comforts. Situated in a valley 3,000 feet high, with mountains around as high again, with invigorating breezes full of pure oxygenated air, with a climate mild, pleasant and invigorating ; having the advantages of altitude of country, freedom of its air from dust, excellent drain- age, clear skies, spring water and invigorating breezes, it is no wonder that Asheville recommends itself to the invalid, the tourist and the pleasure-seeker. 53 PLACES OF INTEREST IN AND ABOUND ASHEVILLE — SUGGESTIONS FOR WALKS, EIDES AND DBIVES. I am indebted to Mr. Charles Lathrop Pack, of Cleve- land, . Ohio, for the following excellent description of the many places of interest near Asheville. Mr. Pack has been an extensive traveler, not only in this country but throughout Europe, and his descriptions of the sev- eral places mentioned are exceedingly well drawn and true to nature. Mr. Pack rode or drove over the whole of the section described, specially for the purpose of insuring the strict fidelity of this account. ANY visitors to Asheville, and particularly seekers after health and lovers of Nature, find their greatest at- traction in the daily excursions which can be made into the surround ing country. The variety of agreeable walks for the pedestrian is sur- passed only by the attractiveness of the roads, paths and trails suitable for riding or driving. For a moun- tainous region, the roads about Asheville are numerous and excellent. Drives may be extended for miles up 54 and down the banks of the French Broad or Swannanoa river, or across the country, as fancy may suggest. Battery Porter, in the central part of the town, is a fine hill, commanding a beautiful view of the west- ern mountains, and is a popular morning or evening walk. A roadway from Patton avenue leads to the summit. Here the new Battery Park Hotel is erected. Beaucatcher is the popular name of the small mountain east of the town. Two good roads lead to the gap just at the entrance to Mr. Hazzard's private grounds on the summit. Visitors are permitted to ascend by the drive- way to the lawn surrounding the house, where the finest view of the town is obtained. The distance from the public square is about one mile, and the climb is highly commended for the view of sunrise or sunset. Town Mountain is about one mile northeast of the town. The way there is via College street, leaving the public square at the northeast corner. Passing the col- lege grounds on the left, the city reservoir is seen on the lower side of Town Mountain. The road to the summit turns sharply to the left and passes the reser- voir. Many think the finest view of the town is ob- tained from this road. A favorite drive is across the French Broad river to Richmond Hill about three and one-half miles north- west. The road thither is the first one to the right from Hayward street after passing Battery Park. About a mile from town the road enters the grounds of Mr. Eich- mond Pierson through the outer boundary gate. The French Broad river is crossed on a private bridge, after which the way passes up an easy slope to the inner gate ; thence along a shady ridge covered with forest trees, like an English park, a final climb leading to the rustic house on the summit. The charm of the view is its variety and the frequent gleamings of the river, with views of the town and mountains. Tahkeeoskee Farm, on the French Broad river, oppo 55 site the railway station, is some three miles from the square, via Patton avenue and the iron bridge. After crossing the river, the Sulphur Springs and Waynesville road turns to the left. The entrance to the farm, at which a sign is displayed, is a short distance beyond. The public are welcome, and the driveways are inviting and afford a pleasant view of the river and its pictur- esque and shady banks. Strawberry Hill, the property of Mr. J. Adger Clark, is a mile further on, and should be visited for the view. Sulphur Springs, further on in this direction, is about five miles from town. The road thither is pleasant, but the springs themselves are unattractive. Fernihurst, the property of Mr. Connally, is two miles south of Asheville, the route leaving the main road at the second turn to the right after crossing Town Branch, at the foot of Main street hill. The mountain view is grand, with a pleasant pastoral foreground of fields, river and valley. In the immediate foreground is the junction of the Swannanoa and French Broad rivers. Gouche's Peak and Elk Mountain are between four and five miles north of the town, and are favorite points for a morning trip on horseback. The way is via the Beaver Dam road, leaving the main street a short dis- tance north of the post-ofQce. Five miles southwest of Asheville is Antler Hall, or Tennant's, one of the best examples of an old-time plan- tation residence to be found in this region. The rich bottom lands along the French Broad river, with the mountains in the background, over which grandly tow- ers old Pisgah, nearly 6,000 feet high, combine to form a view well worth a much longer journey. The visitor should take the main Hendersonville highway south, down Main street to the biidge over the Swannanoa river (two miles) ; cross the bridge and turn immediately to the right. This road divides at the "Haunted 56 House," a picturesque ivy-covered building near the Swannanoa ford. In going to Tennant's, keep to the right hand along the river ; further on the road leaves the river, and after climbing a long hill and passing through two gates, the house and best point for a view is reached. The Swannanoa Drive is one of the best. The road leaves the Henderson ville highway just before crossing the iron bridge over the Swannanoa river, two miles south of town. The way is up the river, along its ro- mantic and picturesque banks. In the spring, when the wild rhododendrons, kalmia and azaleas are in bloom, the beauty of this excursion is greatly enhanced. In returning, take the road leading to town over the top of Beaucatcher, which is rather steep, but shorter than the way taken in setting out. The Beaucatcher road leaves the Swannanoa at Mr. Cheesborough's private wooden bridge, the first up the river after leaving the Hender- sonville highway. Arden Park Hotel is ten miles south of Asheville, a short distance to the west of the Hendersonville road. The hotel, with its cottages, attracts in summer a very congenial company, and the table is home-like and excel- lent. Visitors frequently drive or ride to Arden for din- ner, or remain to the frequent entertainments, returning to town by moonlight. The hotel is closed in winter. Alexander's was a celebrated old-time wayside house when the coach road through the French Broad pass was the only means of travel between Tennessee and the West and the Carolinas. Its inviting homeliness and its antiquated air of comfort and good cheer attract many strangers during the warm weath er . The distance is ten miles from Asheville, following Main street north and thence taking the load down the river. The trip is more pleasant on horseback than by carriage, as the old coach road is rocky and rough in places where it en- croaches upon the river. The view of the rapids of the French Broad well repays the time spent. The dis- 57 -So^'f^iTM/co A DEIVE ON THE FRENCH BKOAD EIVEE. tance to Alexander's by rail is the same as by the high- way. The foregoing list of places of interest and shorter ex- cursions is by no means intended to exhaust the subject, but only to serve as a nucleus around which the reader may gather such facts as suit his individual taste. Only prominent localities are here outlined, leaving a wide field untouched. Few regions afford such opportunities 58 for individual exploration and discovery as the country about Asheville ; and every lover of Nature who makes a prolonged stay is sure to find many delightful nooks and corners, byways and paths that are unknown to the average resident. MOUNTAIN EXCUKSIONS. Asheville is the best starting point for a great variety of mountain trips, which are unsurpassed in beauty and grandeur of scenery by those possible in any region in the eastern portion of our country, not excepting the Adirondacks or the White Mountains. Conveyances and saddle horses and mules are to be had at several places in town. A guide, or driver who will also act as guide, is almost necessary in ascending Mount Mitchell, Craggy mountain, Mount Pisgah or Eoan mountain, and the trip to Hickory Nut Gap, Buck Forest or Caesar's Head will be found much more interesting with some one to point out the way and places of interest. Mr. Howells, to be found at Mr. J. V. Sevier's livery stable, just be- low the Swannanoa Hotel, is an excellent guide and a gentleman whom all will do well to consult in making plans for mountain expeditions. Mount Mitchell, the highest of the Black mountains, with an altitude of 6,717 feet, is the highest land east of the Eocky Mountains. Three days are required for a full enjoyment of the trip, including a night spent at the shelving rocks or cave on the summit to see the sun- set and sunrise. "Warm clothing and blankets also, if a night is to be passed on the top, are required even in summer, as the high peak has an atmosphere of its own. The way is up the Swannanoa, most of the way along the banks. Some eighteen miles from town is Patton's, the usual place for meals or spending a night. Here, too, guides and saddle animals can be obtained, as the real ascent must be made in the saddle, a steep climb of three or four hours. The scene from the summit is grand. The writer, who has ascended other mountains 59 in this country and in Europe, can recommend it very highly. Mount Pisgah, with an altitude of 5,757 feet, is some twenty miles southwest. A bridle path leads to the high MOUNT MITCHELL. peak, passing over the back of "The Rat." Saddle ani- mals for the ascent should be taken from town, but a good wagon road goes as far as the quaint and popular mountain farm-house known as "the Widow Davis's," at the foot of the mountain. Here good meals and lodging can be obtained. Everything is home-made, even to the hand-woven blankets and sheets. Visitors 60 go to this farm-house the first day, remain overnight, make the ascent and return to the house the next day, and on the third return to Asheville. This makes an easy and delightful three days' excursion. '^'T-HT&B^iV:) T C^SAE'b HEAD. Eoan Mountain, via Bakersville, is about seventy miles nearly northeast from Asheville. The Cloudland Hotel suggests an airy perch, as it is, being 6,250 feet 61 above the sea. The High Knob is 6,306 feet above the sea. Travelers going north can go to the Koan by car- riage, and thence to Johnson City, and north via the East Tennessee, Virginia and Georgia Kailroad. The rhododendrons on the Koan are a rare sight, with their blaze of color, when in bloom. Caesar's Head, a splendid eminence at the southern extremity of Transylvania, stretching across the South Carolina line, affords a sweeping and almost unlimited outlook over the lowlands. The distance is forty-five miles south from Asheville. A delightful trip can be made via Brevard, twenty-eight miles. The tourist can remain here over night, and drive to Cesar's Head (six- teen miles) the next day, via Buck Forest, famous for its fish and game. The hotel at Ctesar's Head is well patronized during the summer. Hickory Nut Gap claims manifold attractions, and the trip is readily accomplished on horseback, or by buggy or carriage. Crossing the Swannanoa, the road leads south- east after passing the railway. High Falls is twenty-two miles distant. The scenery is peculiarly beautiful. Chim- ney Kock and the Pools should not be out of the trip. By spending the night at Mrs. Sherrill's, near the top of the Gap, the beauties of the region can all be seen in two days. The following is a list of places of interest in and around Asheville, with distance in miles : Name. Miles. Tower of Swannanoa Hotel in town. Battery Porter " Beaumont (altitude nearly 2,800 feet) " Top Town Mountain " 1 Fernihurst (Connally's View) 2 Tahkeeosliee Farm 3 Richmond Hill (Pearson's View) 4 Gouche's Peak (Duffields View) 5 Elk Mountain 5 Tennant's View 5 62 strawberry Hill (Clark's Farm) 4: French Broad River, nearest point, 1 mile ; drives of 1 to 50 S wann an oa River, nearest point, 2 miles ; drives of 1 to 10 Lee's Chalybeate Springs (Iron) 2 Sulphur Springs (Yellow) 5 Blackwell's Sulphur Springs (White) 12 Arden Park 10 Reams Creek Falls 10 Alexander's Falls 10 Warm Springs, on French Broad River 37 Waynesville White Sulphur Springs 31 Hickory Nut Falls 22 Bald Mountain (of volcanic notoriety) 25 Cave of the Winds, Pools, Chimney Rocks, etc 25 Pisgah Mountain (altitude, 5,757 feet) 20 Swannanoa Gap 18 Craggy Mountain, to foot, 14 miles ; to top (altitude 6,090 It.) 18 Mt. Mitchell, to foot, 18 miles ; to top (altitude, 6,717 ft.).- • 28 Caesar's Head 45 Roan Mountain (altitude, 6,306 feet) 72 Henderson ville 21 Buck Forest 35 PLEASANT PLACES OF SOJOURN IN WESTERN NORTH CAROLINA. BATTERY PARK HOTEL. This new house, built by gentlemen interested in the Western North Carolina Eailroad, is completed and in readiness for the summer season of 1886. It is expected that the house will at once take a leading position. The situation is remarkably good , Just aside from the business of the town, yet near enough to be convenient. The view from the hotel porches is unsurpassed. The struct- ure is of wood after designs by Philadelphia architects, and there are modern conveniences, including a passen- ger elevator. LIST OF HOTELS AND OTHER BOARDING PLACES. Swannanoa Hotel, South Main street ; Battery Park Hotel, on Battery Porter; Eagle Hotel, South Main street; Carolina House, North Main street; Pease's, 63 SUNSET HOUSE, EESIDENCE OF L. lH. PEASE. South Main street, one mile from town ; Mountain Cot- tage, Main street ; Arden Park Hotel and Cottages, ten miles south of town; Antler Hall or Tennant's, five miles from town; Mrs. Cape's, College street; Chunn's, Patton avenue; McDowell's, South Main street. Beside these a large number of private houses are open for boarders during the summer season. 64 WAEM SPKINGS. Some forty miles from Astieville, down the valley of the French Broad, are the Warm Springs, which have had a considerable reputation for many years on ac- count of the valuable medicinal qualities of their waters. Before the war, as since, the large hotel at the Springs, which was burned in 1885, was a popular rendezvous for the people of the lower Atlantic and Gulf States. Since the burning of the hotel and buildings, the only accom- modations have been those obtainable at a tew private houses. Kecently (in 1886) a company composed of Northern and Southern gentlemen has purchased the Springs property, and is erecting a large, first-class hotel which will liave accommodation for several hundred guests. The grounds are being improved, and the baths thoroughly rebuilt in a luxurious manner. The Warm Springs are literally warm pools, rising to the surface near the river. The temperature is from 102 degrees to 104 degrees Fahrenheit. The water is efficacious in cases of rheumatism, paralysis, and similar muscular or nervous ailments. Nine hundred feet lower than Asheville, the place has an altitude of about thirteen hundred feet, and is very healthful. Passengers via the Western North Carolina Railroad from the West, enter the picturesque portion of the French Broad river country after leaving the Warm Springs. WATNESVILLE, HAYWOOD WHITE SULPHUK SPRINGS. Thirty-eight miles south of the Warm Springs, and thirty-two west of Asheville, being a day's ride from either place by carriage, are the White Sulphur Springs. From Asheville the trip can be made by railroad in a few hours. Here are situated the celebrated sulphur springs which have gained so much notoriety for the cure of rheumatism, gout, lassitude, and all of the cutaneous diseases. The new hotel is one of the most modern erections in this section of the country, and con- tains the latest improvements. 65 ^our^fTu^ (^^^^ A DillVE OJJ THE SWANNANOA EIVER. ASHEVILLE'S CONTINUOUS GROWTH. In 1860 Asheville had a population of 1,400 ; to-day the population is put down at 5,000. The assessed val- uation of property in 1860 was $300,000; in 1885 it was $1,095,292. I am indebted to the kindness and courtesy of Mr. T. W. Patton for the following official statistics regard- ing Asheville's progress from 1880 to 1885. Here are the figures as taken from the official record : ASSESSED VALUATION OF PKOPEKTY IN 1880. Number of acres of land in the county 333 fi33 ^*l^a*io" '.'.$1,322,294: Number of town lots 43g Valuation of town lots I51Y 281 Aggregate value of real and personal property $2,748,867 ASSESSED VALUATION OF PEOPEKTY IN 1885. Number of acres of land in the county 333 533 ^■^^^^t^on .'!!.' .'$1,651,443 Number of town lots 32^ Valuation of town lots |2 095 292 Aggregate value of real and personal property. $4,473,217 These figures speak volumes for Asheville's growth, and point clearly to the fact that within a few more years the figures reached will double those which illus- trate the present. This assertion is strengthened by the fact that within the past month several large sale& have been made to Northern capitalists, who propose to erect manufacturing establishments within the city limits. In every avenue of business there is an activity which argues well for the continued prosperity and growth of this charming mountain town. COMMEECIAL ADVANTAGES. The Western North Carolina Railroad, a part of the Eichmond and Danville System, affords the readiest and most interesting access to a country which has been well described by Mr. King in his articles on " The Great South " in Scribner's Monthly, and over which the pen of the gifted Miss Fisher, of Salisbury, N. C, has thrown, 67 the glamour of romance. It is a region which is to-day largely frequented both by tourists and invalids. Few regions present greater attractions of wild natural scenery, and none in the whole range of the AUeghanies holds greater promise of relief to invalids in its fine climate, its mineral waters, and pleasant summer re- treats. From almost any point of this railroad, after it enters the mountains, as also from its terminus, deli- cious cool resorts may be reached, where living is 'Cheap, the climate and water delightful, and the scenery enchanting. This road passes through the heart of the State in a direction almost due west, traversing the counties of Kowan, Iredell, Catawba, Burke and McDowell, to the top of Swannanoa Pass of the Blue Eidge, a distance of more than 150 miles. It is projected and constructed to Warm Springs, in Madison county, near the western boundary of the State, where it connects with the East Tennessee, Virginia and Georgia Kailroad, and in an- other direction toward Waynesville and "Webster, in the southwestern part of the State, thus forming a grand connection not only with the entire western part of North Carolina, opening up one of the finest regions ol the State, but giving also another line of trans- • port to the productions of the great West to the sea- board. Since the completion of the Spartanburg and Asheville Kailroad, the connections with Charleston, Augusta, Savannah, Atlanta and all points south and southwest afford expeditious travel from those sections. Said Mr. Edward King in his description of "The Great South," in Scribner's Monthly, in 1874 : *' Western North Carolina is not only exceedingly fer- tile, but abounds in the richer minerals, and needs but the magic wand of the capitalist waved over it to be- come one of the richest sections of this Union. Occu- pying one-third of the entire area of the State, and pos- sessing more than a quarter of a million of inhabitants, 68 its present prospects are by no means disagreeable ; but its prominent citizens, of all walks of life, are anxious for immigration and development of the rich stores of gold, iron, copper, mica, and other minerals now buried in the hills. Let no one fancy that this mountain re- , gion is undesirable as an agricultural country; there are few richer and better adapted to European emigra- tion. The staple productions are tobacco, corn, wheat, rye, oats and hay ; all vegetables grow abundantly, and the whole country is admirably fitted for grazing. The level bottom lands are under fine cultivation ; the up- lands and slopes produce rich wheat ; the ash, the sugar maple, the hickory and the oak are abundant ; and white pine is rafted down the Pigeon river in large quantities yearly. But the exceptional fertility of most of the ranges throughout all the counties is the great pride of the section. The sides and tops of the mountains are, in many cases covered with a thick vegetable mold, in which grow flourishing trees and rank grasses. Five thousand feet above the sea level one finds grasses and weeds that remind him of the lower swamp regions. Cattle are kept in excellent condition all winter on the "evergreen" growing along the sides of the higher chains. "Winter and summer, before the ravages of the war thinned out their stocks, the farmers kept hundreds of cattle on the mountains, feeding entirely on grasses. EESOUKCES. The valleys of the French Broad and Swannanoa offei for all kinds of husbandry an inviting field, while the climatic conditions are more than favorable. Agricul- ture is one of the great interests of the section tributary to Asheville, while the forest growth is a subject now attracting the attention of capitalists. In the country contiguous to the place there are to be found the yellow pine, oak of almost every variety, black walnut, chest- nut, locust, poplar, black birch, cherry, maple, syca- 69 more, mulberry, sassafras, dogwood, and other well- known varieties of native woods. Nearly 160 minerals, simple and compound, are found in Western North Carolina, many of them being ex- tremely rare and of great value. In the French Broad valley gold exists in many localities, while future ex- ploration will no doubt lead to other discoveries. This county possesses immense wealth in mica, this section supplying nearly one-half the world's demand. The water power is almost incomparable. The French Broad at Asheville is estimated at 125 horse power, and at Warm Springs, 170 horse power, which gives for the part of the river from Asheville to the state line 100,000 horse power. At Brevard, in Transylvania, the horse power is placed at 45, which adds 10,000 ; and the tribu- taries, like the Swannanoa, Ivy, Laurel, etc., represent 5,000 each, so that the French Broad may be set down at 175,000 horse power. As a fruit-growing section Asheville enjoys peculiar advantages. Apples, peaches, pears and apricots thrive well, and find a congenial home among these Southern mountains. As for apples, there is probably no section of country where they flourish so well as in Western North Carolina. The Centennial medal at Philadelphia awarded for fine apples was taken by a gentleman liv- ing not far from this place, and in the following year, at the American Pomological Society's meeting, in the city of Baltimore, the same individual was awarded the Wilder medal for 100 varieties of the finest apples. EAILEOAD FACILITIES. The great Piedmont Air Line, embracing the Virginia Midland Kailway, the Eichmond and Danville Eailroad, and the Atlanta and Charlotte Air Line, and connecting Washington, D. C, and Eichmond, Va., with Atlanta, Ga., presents not only one of the shortest and most picturesqe lines of travel between the North and 70 South, but offers excellent accommodations to the trav- eling public. The new management, ably assisted by Col. A. B. Andrews, one of the most progressive railroad men in the South, have determined to make this moun- tain road the route par excellence in every particular, equally as regards importance of country traversed. INTERIOE or ASHEVILLE CLUB. excellence of service, and comfort and luxury of travel. This railroad passes through four great states, and along a line nearly parallel with the mountains through al- most the finest portions of these states. The whole region traversed is emphatically a piedmont region — a fine undulating country, a country of " hills and run- ning streams," watered by noble rivers, bordered by the Blue mountains, and at one time, before the destruction of values by the war, the most productive and prosper- ous in the South ; and one which is destined, in the not distant future, to form the very body and substance of the several states in which it is comprised. Beside the attractions which the main line presents, its connections 71 at different points with lines of railroad leading west- ward, especially in its connections in North and South Carolina with roads leading into the mountains of North Carolina, . Georgia, South Carolina and Tennessee, have laid open to tourists and seekers after health and pleas- ure a region of romantic beauty hitherto almost unvis- ited by reason of inaccessibility. The mountain region of North Carolina — appropriately called "The Land of the Sky "—into the heart of which one is now comforta- ESMEKALDA'S CABIN, BALD MOUNTAIN. bly carried in the most luxurious of coaches, must nr - ^ssarily soon become a country of great resort, as well for pleasure as for health. No part of Ihe Appa- lachian range presents more attractive scenery, and none such excellence of climate. The Western North Carolina Kailroad, the great mountain artery of the Eichmond and Danville System, has been the life-giving principle to this region. It is 72 by far the most complete and thoroughly equipped mountain railroad in this country, and the most pic- turesque and pleasant to travel over. This road was first projected over thirty years ago. A charter was granted in 1854, the first ground being broken the same year At the beginning of the late war, Icard station had been reached. After many halts by the way, Mor- ganton was reached in 1866, Old Fort in 1871, Henry's in 1876, and Asheville in September, 1880. Now connec- tions are made at Paint Eock, the boundary line of Ten- nessee and North Carolina, with the East Tennessee, Virginia and Georgia system of railroads, and, by the completion of the Knoxville and Ohio Kailroad, Ashe- ville is only twenty-four hours from Louisville. Col. A. B. Andrews, the President of this road, has devoted time and energy, as well as labor, to its work- ing system, and his far-seeing ability and foresight as a railroad man have insured great good, not only to this mountain country, which for years was undeveloped, but to the State at large. In his work he has been ably assisted by Mr. V. E. McBee, the Superintendent, who is ever studying the interest of the great traA^eling public. THE PEOPLE. The people in the mountains of Western North Caro- lina are kind, hospitable and generous to a fault. In the most humble cabin, away from the sounds of trade and traffic, in their little mountain homes 4,000 or 5,000 feet above the ocean's roar, one can see the sim- plicity of rural life exhibited as nowhere else to be see^-, on this vast continent. Here these good people toil and labor, live and die amid Nature's great handiwork, ob- livious of the great throbs and pulsations of a cosmo- politan life. It may well be said they symbolize the myriads of earth's toiling masses, and as we listen to their passing footfalls, we seem to hear " The still, sad music of humanity." 73 A FEW INDIAN NAMES AND THEIE EQUIVALENTS. Alleghany — Endless. Chickamauga — Biver of Death. Tahkeeoskee — Racing river. Swannanoa l^oisy river, or Ocklawaha — Slowly moving water i Nymph of beauty. Minnehaha — Smiling water. Yona — Bear. Tuckaseege — Terrapin. Salucater — Corn bread. Nantahala l"^^® ^'^^ between, or Tawhalageska — Power. 1^ A maiden's bosom. Culasaga — Sugar. Potomac — Come by water. Toiusta — Coffee. Savannah — Place of beauty. Waka — Cow. CoJehmayeth — Raven water. Catate — Whisky. Pocasen — The land of lead. Kentneka— Negro. Satoola — Near at hand. Unaka — ^White man. B